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VERITAS
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
BUS UNUT
ZEPLURIEUX
TUEBOR
SCIENTIA
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18.31
A
TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
OF
ENGLA N D,
IN FOUR VOLUMES.
BENSLEY, PRINTER, ANDOVER.
A
TOPOGRAPHICAL
OF
ENGLAND,
COMPRISING THE
WITH
DICTIONARY
ILLUSTRATED BY
AND
SEVERAL COUNTIES, CITIES, BOROUGHS, CORPORATE AND MARKET TOWNS,
PARISHES, CHAPELRIES, AND TOWNSHIPS,
AND THE ISLANDS OF GUERNSEY, JERSEY, AND MAN,
>
→
HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL DESCRIPTIONS;
AND EMBELLISHED WITHI
1
>
MAPS OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES AND ISLANDS;
BY SAMUEL LEWIS.
1
A Map of England,
SHEWING
THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS, ROADS, RAILWAYS, NAVIGABLE RIVERS, AND CANALS;
Katik
"
IN FOUR VOLUMES.
VOL. III.
A PLAN OF LONDON AND ITS ENVIRONS;
ENGRAVINGS OF THE ARMS OF THE CITIES, BISHOPRICKS, UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, CORPORATE TOWNS,
AND BOROUGHS; AND OF THE SEALS OF THE SEVERAL MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.
LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY S. LEWIS AND CO., 87, ALDERSGATE-STREET.
M. DCCC. XXXI.
:
TOPOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
OF
ENGLAN D.
LAD
+
LACEBY, a parish in the wapentake of BRADLEY-
HAVERSTOE, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 4
miles (W. S. W.) from Great Grimsby, containing 523
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£ 12. 0. 10., and in the patronage of John Fardell, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Margaret. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Sarah
Stamford, in 1720, erected a school-house, and endowed
it with land producing a comfortable maintenance for a
master, who instructs the children belonging to the se-
veral parishes of Laceby, Bradley, and Barnoldby.
LACK-DENNIS, a township in that part of the
parish of GREAT BUDWORTH which is in the hundred
of Northwich, county palatine of CHESTER, 32 miles
(E. S. E.) from Northwich, containing 44 inhabitants.
LACKFORD, a parish in the hundred of THIN-
GOE, County of SUFFOLK, 5½ miles (N. W. by N.) from
Bury St. Edmund's, containing 163 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£19. 10. 5., and in the patronage of Sir Charles E. Kent,
Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Lawrence. The
navigable river Lark runs on the northern side of this
parish, and is there crossed by a bridge.
A
LACKINGTON (WHITE), a parish in the hundred
of ABDICK and BULSTONE, county of SOMERSET, 1
mile (E. N. E.) from Ilminster, containing 242 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells,
rated in the king's books at £7. 10., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and
the patronage of the Prebendary of White Lacking-
ton in the cathedral Church of Wells. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, has two small transepts and an
embattled western tower.
LACON, a township in that part of the parish of
WEM which is in the Whitchurch division of the hun-
dred of BRADFORD (North), county of SALOP, con-
taining 45 inhabitants.
LADBROOKE, a parish in the Southam division of
the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, county of WARWICK, 12
mile (S.) from Southam, containing 251 inhabitants.
VOL. III.
LAK
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Coventry,
aud diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the
king's books at £13. 10., and in the patronage of
Charles Palmer, Esq. The church is dedicated to All
Saints.
LADOCK, a parish in the eastern division of the
hundred of PoWDER, county of CORNWALL, 4 miles
(N. W.) from Grampound, containing 806 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £18.,
and in the patronage of Lord and Lady Grenville. The
church is dedicated to St. Ladoca. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The small village of
Pessick, in this parish, is remarkable for the picturesque
beauty of its situation. The Rev. John Elliott, in
1763, left £5 a year for teaching children.
LAINDON, a parish in the hundred of BARSTABLE,
county of ESSEX, 31 miles (S. by E.) from Billericay,
containing, with the chapelry of Basildon, 544 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the jurisdiction of the
Commissary of Essex and Herts, concurrently with the
Consistorial Court of the Bishop of London, rated in
the king's books at £35. 6. 8., and in the patronage of
the Bishop of London. The church is dedicated to St.
Nicholas.
LAINSON, a parish in the hundred of MANS-
BRIDGE, Fawley division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 3 miles (N. W.) from Winchester. The popu-
lation is returned with the parish of Sparsholt. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£2. 13. 4., endowed with £600 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of the Rt. Hon. W. H. Freemantle and
his Lady.
LAITH-KIRK, a chapelry in the parish of ROMALD-
KIRK, western division of the wapentake of GILLING,
North riding of the county of YORK, 9 miles (N. W.)
from Barnard-Castle. The population is returned with
the parish.
LAKE, a tything in the parish of WILSFORD, hun-
dred of UNDERDITCH, county of WILTS, 2 miles
(S. W.) from Amesbury. The population is returned
with the parish.
ተ
B
LAM
LAM
Q
LAKENHAM, county of NORFOLK. See NOR-
WICH.
Glagolsk
.
LAKENHEATH, a parish in the hundred of LACK-
FORD, county of SUFFOLK, 53 miles (N.) from Milden-
hall, containing 1042 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, with Undley, in the archdeaconry of
Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £4. 18. 11., endowed with £200 private be-
nefaction, £200 royal bounty, and £400 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of
Ely. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. There are
places of worship for Huntingtonians and Wesleyan
Methodists. The navigable Little Ouse runs on the
north of the parish.
LALEHAM, a parish in the hundred of SPELTHORNE,
county of MIDDLESEX, 2 miles (S. S. E.) from Staines,
containing 499 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Staines, in the
archdeaconry of Middlesex, and diocese of London. The
church is dedicated to All Saints.
LAMARSH, a parish in the hundred of HINCK-
FORD, county of ESSEX, 7 miles (N. E. by E.) from
Halstead, containing 331 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex
and Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial Court of
the Bishop of London, rated in the king's books at
£12. 0. 21., and in the patronage of Henry Sperling, Esq.
The church is dedicated to the Holy Innocents. The
navigable river Stour runs on the eastern side of the
parish.
LAMBCROFT, a hamlet in the parish of KELSTERN,
Wold division of the hundred of LOUTH-ESKE, parts of
LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN, containing 31 inhabitants.
LAMBERHURST, a parish partly in the hundred
of BRENCHLEY and HORSEMONDEN, lathe of AYLES-
FORD, county of KENT, but chiefly in the hundred of
LOXFIELD - PELHAM, rape of PEVENSEY, County of
SUSSEX, 15 miles (S. W. by S.) from Maidstone, contain
ing 1325 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Rochester, rated in the
king's books at £12. 10. 5., and in the patronage of
the Dean and Chapter of Rochester. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. Here is a place of worship for
Baptists. There were formerly very extensive iron-
works in this parish, the ore having been obtained in
the neighbourhood: the balustrades of St. Paul's ca-
thedral were cast at these works. Dame Elizabeth
Hanby, in 1712, bequeathed a rent-charge of £6, for
the instruction of children.
▾
LAMBETH, a parish in the eastern division of the
hundred of BRIXTON, county of SURREY, separated
from Westminster by the river Thames, comprising the
hamlets of Brixton, Kennington, Stockwell, Vaux-
hall, a part of Norwood, and the extra-parochial liberty
of Lambeth palace, and containing 57,638 inhabitants,
according to the census of 1821, since which period
the population has nearly doubled. The name of this
place, in the earliest records written Lambehith, and
in Domesday-book Lanchei, is variously written by
the ancient historians, and, according to Camden, de-
notes a muddy station, or harbour; by other antiquaries
it is supposed to have been originally Lamb's Hithe,
and to have denoted a haven belonging to some an-
cient proprietor of that name. Canute, on his invasion
of London, in 1026, is said to have cut a trench through
this parish, in order to convey his fleet to the west of
London bridge, of which Maitland, in his History of
London, affirms that he discovered evident traces; but
the origin of these trenches is by other historians at-
tributed, with greater probability, to a temporary diver-
sion of the course of the river, for the erection of London
bridge. At the end of Kennington-lane there were, till
very lately, the remains of a horn-work, forming part
of the lines of communication made, by order of parlia-
ment, round the metropolis, for its greater security
during the parliamentary war. The manor of Lambeth
was given by Goda, sister of Edward the Confessor, to
the see of Rochester, one of whose bishops, Gilbert de
Glanville, finding the buildings of his see greatly di-
lapidated, erected at Lambeth, in 1197, a mansion for
himself and his successors, which, being afterwards
exchanged for other lands with Hubert Walter, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, became the archiepiscopal resid-
ence. Archbishop Boniface having obtained from Pope
Urban IV. the grant of a fourth part of the offerings at
Becket's shrine, and permission to rebuild his house at
Lambeth, laid the foundation of the present palace,
which has been at various times enlarged and improved
by his successors. Many of the metropolitan councils
were held in the chapel of the palace while it belonged
to the see of Rochester; in 1100, Archbishop Anselm còn-
vened an assembly to take into consideration the propriety
of the marriage of Henry I. with Maud, daughter of the
King of Scotland, who had taken the veil, though not
the vows, as a nun. After the exchange, a council was
held here by Archbishop Peckham, at which a subsidy of
one-fifteenth was granted by the clergy for three years;
and in 1282, the same prelate convoked a synod, at
which all the bishops of the realm assisted, to delibe-
rate upon the state of the church of England, of which
complaints had been made at Rome by the Bishop of
Hereford. In 1381, the followers of Wat Tyler, after
having barbarously put Archbishop Sudbury to death,
attacked the palace, burnt the furniture and books,
and destroyed all the registers and public papers.
Henry VII. was, for some days previous to his corona-
tion, sumptuously entertained in the palace by Arch-
bishop Bourchier; and Catherine of Arragon, on her
first arrival in England, remained there with her attend-
ants for some days prior to her marriage. The palace
was completely furnished by Queen Mary, for the re-
ception of Cardinal Pole, whom she occasionally visited
during his primacy; and Queen Elizabeth, during the
time of Archbishops Parker and Whitgift, was a fre-
quent guest at Lambeth, where she sometimes remained
for several days. Prior to the Reformation, the arch-
bishops had a prison in the palace, for the confinement
of offenders against the ecclesiastical laws, and Eliza-
beth frequently made it a place of liberal confinement
for persons who had fallen under her displeasure;
to this place she committed the Catholic bishops,
Tunstall and Thirlby; the Earl of Essex, previously
to his being sent to the Tower; the Earl of Southamp-
ton, Lord Stourton, Henry Howard, brother of the
Duke of Norfolk, and various other persons.
In 1641,
Archbishop Laud was attacked by a puritanical mob of
five hundred persons, who assailed the palace at mid-
night; but having received intimation of their design,
he had so fortified it as to preclude their doing further
injury than breaking the windows.
LAM
LAM
ون
After the impeachment of Archbishop Laud, an ordi-
nance was issued by the House of Commons, for remov-
ing the arms from Lambeth palace, which was carried
into effect by Captain Roydon at the head of two hundred
infantry and a troop of horse; and in the November fol-
lowing, Captain Brown entered to take possession of the
palace for the parliament. It was afterwards converted
into a prison by the House of Commons, and among the
prisoners confined there, were the Earls of Chesterfield
and Derby; Sir Thomas Armstrong, who was afterwards
executed at Kennington for having taken part in Mon-
mouth's rebellion; Sir George Bunkley, and some others.
The palace being afterwards put up for sale, was pur-
chased by Thomas Scott and Matthew Hardy, the former
of whom, secretary to Cromwell, sat in judgment at the
trial of Charles I., and was afterwards hanged as a re-
gicide at Charing-Cross. After the Restoration, Lambeth
palace again reverted to its rightful owners, and became
the residence of the archbishops. During the riots oc-
casioned by the assembling of the Protestant Association
in 1780, under an impression that Archbishop Corn-
wallis was a favourer of the Roman Catholics, several
hundreds of the mob, which had collected in St. George's
Fields, proceeded to Lambeth, and raising the cry of No
Popery, knocked loudly at the gate of the palace, but
failing to obtain admission, withdrew, threatening to
return in the evening; in the mean time the archbishop,
with his family, retired to the house of Lord Hilsborough,
in the county of Kent, and a detachment of the military
being sent for the defence of the palace, it escaped fur-
ther violence. The palace has at various times afforded
an asylum to learned foreigners, whom the intolerant
spirit of their own countrymen had compelled to aban-
don their native land; among these were the early re-
formers, Martyr and Bucer, the learned Anthonio de
Dominis, Archbishop of Spalatro, and numerous others.
This venerable pile of building, now undergoing a
very extensive repair, and to which considerable ad-
ditions are being made, is situated on the southern
bank of the river Thames, and exhibits in its archi-
tecture the styles of various ages. The principal en-
trance, through an arched gateway, flanked by two
square embattled towers of brick, leads into the outer
court, on the right hand of which is the great hall, re-
built after the civil war by Archbishop Juxon, and since
converted into a library: it is a lofty structure of brick,
strengthened with buttresses, and ornamented with cor-
nices and quoins of stone; the interior is lighted by ranges
of lofty windows, and by a double lanthern turret rising
from the roof, which is finely arched, and richly orna-
mented with carved oak; in the windows are some he-
raldic devices in stained glass, and over the fire-places,
at each end, are the arms, richly emblazoned, of Arch-
bishop Bancroft, the founder of the library, and of Arch-
bishop Secker, by whom it was augmented. Beyond the
library is the chapel, which is by far the most ancient
part of the building it is in the earliest style of En-
glish architecture, lighted on the sides by triple lancet-
shaped windows, and by an east window of five lights.
The ancient painted glass, containing a series of subjects
from the Old and the New Testament, the repairing of
which was, on his trial, imputed as a crime to Archbishop
Laud, was afterwards destroyed by the parliamentarian
commissioners: the roof, which is flat and divided into
compartments, is embellished with the arms of that pre-
-
:
late. A massive oak screen, richly carved, separates a
portion of the western extremity from that part of the
chapel which is fitted up for divine service. Underneath
the chapel is a spacious crypt, the roof of which is finely
groined; and to the west of it is the Lollards' tower, a
lofty square embattled structure of stone, similar to
that of the chapel, and formerly used as a prison. The
guard-room has been taken down, and is at present
being rebuilt for a banquet hall; it is of Portland-stone,
and in the later style of English architecture: the ori-
ginal oak roof, of similar character to that of the li-
brary, has been carefully preserved, and will form a
prominent and interesting feature in the new edifice.
From the first court, a handsome archway on the right
leads into the area in which the additional buildings
are being erected; these form a fine range, also in the
later style of English architecture, decorated with
turrets, and containing the state apartments, lodging-
rooms, and the various offices requisite for the house-
hold establishment; in this part of the building are
several windows of fine proportion, and some oriel
windows of elegant design. The gardens and park,
comprising thirteen acres, are tastefully laid out, and
through the latter is a pleasant carriage road to the pa-
lace. Carlisle house, formerly the residence of the Bi-
shops of Rochester, and at that time called " La Place,"
was given by Henry VIII. to Aldridge, Bishop of Car-
lisle, and, after having been for many years occupied
as a private academy, it has almost disappeared in the
recent improvements of the parish, and only some
portions of the outer walls are remaining.
Lambeth, originally a detached village, is now in fact
united with Southwark, and may be considered as form-
ing a suburb of the metropolis. The great road from
London to Portsmouth leads through the parish, by
Vauxhall, and a new road, leading from Waterloo bridge
to Newington, communicates with the preceding, and
with other roads diverging into the counties of Kent,
Sussex, and Hampshire. There are two establishments
for supplying Thames water to this district; the Lam-
beth water works, situated in Belvidere road; and the
South London water-works, at Vauxhall bridge. Lam-
beth was formerly celebrated for its medicinal well, of
which the memoral is preserved in the name of a public
house called the Fountain; and for its numerous places of
public amusement, the principal of which were Cuper's
gardens, and Spring gardens, now Vauxhall; the former,
belonging to the Earl of Arundel, and constituting part
of the gardens of Arundel house, were, by Mr. Cuper,
the earl's gardener, converted into a place of entertain-
ment, consisting of music and fire-works; and upon
the demolition of that mansion, in order to form a new
street, became the depository of many of the Arunde-
lian marbles brought from Italy by that nobleman, and,
from their mutilated and imperfect state, deemed un-
worthy of a place in that splendid collection. Among
them were several beautiful, though imperfect, specimens
of sculpture, of which, the best were purchased for the
decoration of their seats, by several persons of distinc-
tion. The latter, as a fashionable place of public enter-
tainment, has continued, under the highest patronage, to
flourish with increasing splendour and additional at-
tractions; the beauty of the scenery, the brilliancy of
the illuminations, the rich and varied display of fire-
works, the efficiency and talent of the orchestra, the
B 2
LAM
4
LAM
gay assemblage of fashionable company, and the excel-
lence of the numerous arrangements provided for their
accommodation, have given to this scene of splendid
gaiety an irresistible claim to the public patronage. In
this parish are also Astley's amphitheatre, near West-
minster Bridge, and the Coburg theatre, in the Water-
loo-road. Lambeth, extending for a considerable way
on the banks of the river, and connected with the op-
posite shore by Waterloo, Westminster, and Vauxhall
bridges, is admirably situated for the carrying on of ex-
tensive works of every kind; and, in addition to what
may be considered as the general trade of the place,
there are, on the largest scale, lime, coal, and timber
wharfs; iron and other foundries; saw-mills; manu-
factories for axle-trees, carriages, patent buoys, floor-
cloth, Morocco and Spanish leather, pins, varnish, salt-
petre, soap, whiting, and patent shot (of which the
lofty towers form conspicuous objects on the bank of
the river); potteries of stone and earthenware; glass
works; distilleries; ale and beer breweries; vitriol and
other chemical works; vinegar works, and various others:
there is also a very extensive establishment for making
steam-engines and almost every other kind of machi-
nery, on the largest scale, conducted by Mr. Maudes-
ley; besides artificial stone works, and numerous other
establishments of various kinds. A weekly market and
a fair for fifteen days, granted in the reign of John,
have long been discontinued. The parish is within
the jurisdiction of a court of requests held in the bo-
rough of Southwark, for the recovery of debts under
£5, and within the limits of the New Police establish-
ment.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sur-
rey, and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's
books at £32. 15. 7½., and in the patronage of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, The church, dedicated to
St. Mary, adjoining the palace, and rebuilt in the latter
part of the fourteenth century, is a spacious structure in
the early and decorated styles of English architecture,
with some later insertions, and having a square embat-
tled tower of freestone, with an octagonal turret at one
of the angles. The interior comprises the chapels of the
Howard and Leigh families, subsequently erected, and
contains numerous ancient and interesting records: in
one of the windows of the nave is the figure of a pedlar
with his dog, painted in glass, supposed to be the rebus
of a person named Chapman, who is thought to have
given a piece of land to the parish, which is called Ped-
lar's Acre, formerly producing two shillings and six-
pence per annum, now more than £200. Among the
interments are those of Archbishops Bancroft, Secker,
Tenison, Hutton, and Cornwallis; of Tunstall, Bishop
of Durham; Thirlby, Bishop of Ely; and other dis-
tinguished prelates; several of the Howards, and other
illustrious families, together with a curious monument
of Col. Robert Scot, and one of Elias Ashmole, who pre-
sented to the University of Oxford the museum which
is distinguished by his name. Among the numerous
tombs in the churchyard are those of William Faden,
the original printer of the Public Ledger; and John
Tradescant, the original collector of the Ashmolean Mu-
seum. The burial-ground in High-street was conse-
crated in 1705. Four new district churches have been
erected in this parish by aid of the parliamentary com-
missioners, who granted one moiety of the cost, and a
loan of the other moiety to be repaid by a rate on the
inhabitants; all of them were completed in 1824. St.
John's, in the Waterloo-road, containing two thousand
and thirty-two sittings, of which eight hundred and fifty-
one are free, and built at an expense of £15,911. 16. 7., is
a handsome structure in the Grecian style of architecture,
with a tower of two stages, of which the upper is sur-
mounted by a neat spire, terminating in a ball and cross,
and having a fine portico of six columns of the Doric
order supporting an entablature and triangular pediment.
St. Mark's at Kennington, St. Matthew's at Brixton-
Causeway, and St. Luke's at Norwood, are described in
the accounts of these places: the livings are all district
incumbencies, in the patronage of the Rector of Lambeth.
St. Mary's chapel, at Lambeth Butts, erected in 1828,
also by grant from the parliamentary commissioners, at
an expense of £7634. 10. 4., and containing one thou-
sand nine hundred and sixty sittings, of which one thou-
sand three hundred and forty-seven are free, is a neat
edifice in the later style of English architecture, with a
campanile turret surmounted by a spire: it is a chapel
of ease to the rectory, as is also the chapel at Stockwell.
St. Mark's, Kennington lane, St. Matthew's, Denmark
Hill, and the chapel at South Lambeth, are proprietary
Episcopal chapels. There are places of worship for
Baptists, Independents, Wesleyan and Welch Metho-
dists, and Swedenborgians.
A parochial school for boys was established by sub-
scription, in the early part of the last century, and is
supported by the same means, together with a fund of
nearly £1200 in the three per cents.: the school-room
has been neatly rebuilt, on ground belonging to the see
of Canterbury, and let by the archbishop, at a pepper-
corn rent: there are about four hundred scholars in
this institution, of whom, from thirty to forty are
clothed annually, and several apprenticed. A parochial
school for girls was established in 1780: it is supported
by subscriptions, from the savings of which, and some
donations, it has realised a fund of £400 in the three
per cents. : there are two hundred girls in the school, of
whom, forty are clothed. Archbishop Tenison, in 1715,
founded a school which he endowed with a house and
land, for the clothing and instruction of twelve girls;
the endowment, augmented with subsequent benefac-
tions, produces about £350 per annum: the school-
room has been rebuilt upon an extensive scale, and the
number of girls (each of whom, on producing a certi-
ficate of good conduct during a service of three years,
receives a small gratuity,) has been increased. Richard
Lawrence, in 1661, gave two houses, with ground at-
tached to them, in trust, for the clothing and instruc-
tion of twenty children of Lambeth Marsh, in one of
which the school was formerly held, but becoming
dilapidated, it was removed to a neat and commodious
building, erected, in 1808, in the York road, by sub-
scription; in which the children, for whose benefit the
original endowment, producing £ 100 per annum, is ap-
propriated, are instructed, in common with the children
of the parish. St. John's school, in the Waterloo road,
was rebuilt by subscription, at an expense of £2200,
to which his late Majesty George IV. gave £100.
The Eldon school, on the road to Wandsworth, was
instituted, in 1830, for the instruction of the children
of the parishes of Lambeth, Battersea, and Clapham,
in the National religion, and for the training of young
LAM
LAM
5
men to act as teachers on the National system; the
children, on leaving school, are placed out apprentices :
the building, which is in the later style of English
architecture, was erected in commemoration of Lord
Chancellor Eldon, at the sole expense of Charles Francis,
Esq., by whom the school is supported. The Licensed
Victuallers' school, in Kennington-lane in this parish,
was established for the maintenance, clothing, and edu-
cation, of children of deceased and indigent members of
that society: the buildings are neat and commodious,
and the regulations, both of the house and the school, in
which there are at present eighty-nine boys, and eighty-
nine girls, are well adapted to secure the important ob-
jects for which it was established. The asylum for female
orphans, and for the reception of deserted females, the
settlement of whose parents cannot be found, was first
instituted in 1758, and incorporated in 1800: it is under
the patronage of Her Royal Highness the Duchess of
Cambridge, and the direction of a general committee
(of which His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge is
president), and of a ladies' committee: there are one
hundred and forty children in the school, who are main-
tained, clothed, and taught reading, writing, and arith-
metic; they are also instructed in plain needle-work, and
in household business of every kind requisite to qualify
them for being useful servants: at fourteen years of age
they are apprenticed for seven years, as servants in re-
spectable families; and, on the completion of that term,
receive from the institution a gratuity of £5. 5., and a
testimonial of good conduct. The buildings occupy
three sides of a quadrangle; in the central range is a
handsome chapel, with a portico of Corinthian columns
supporting an entablature and triangular pediment, sur-
mounted by a cupola, in which divine service is per-
formed every Sunday, in the morning and evening;
two morning preachers and one evening preacher are
appointed by the general court, and also a chaplain,
who reads the prayers, and instructs the children in
their religious duties. The general lying-in hospital, for
the reception of patients from all parts of the king-
dom, and for the delivery of out-patients at their own
habitations in the metropolis and its environs, was
instituted in 1765, and incorporated in 1830: it was
formerly in the Westminster bridge road, near Marsh-
gate, from which situation it has been recently removed
to York road, where a neat square building of white
brick, ornamented with stone, with a handsome receding
portico of the Ionic order, has been erected: the insti-
tution is under the patronage of Her Royal Highness
the Duchess of Kent, and the direction of a committee,
of which Earl Grosvenor is president. The Royal Uni-
versal Infirmary for children, in the Waterloo road, was
originally established at St. Andrew's hill, Doctors'
Commons, in 1816, and is supported by donations and
subscriptions: it administers relief in all diseases of
children, from the time of the birth till fourteen years
of age, being open in cases of emergency to all first ap-
plications for admission, without recommendation, and
is under the patronage of His Majesty. The Benevolent
Society of St. Patrick, instituted in 1794, for the relief
of the distressed Irish families in London and its en-
virons, and for the education of their children, is under
the patronage of His Majesty: a handsome and capa-
cious building was erected for this purpose in Upper
Stamford-street, in 1920, at an expense of £8000, com-
C
prising two school-rooms, with a house for the master
and the mistress, committee rooms, and other offices.
The society has a fund of £25,000, and is liberally sup-
ported by annual subscription: there are four hundred
and forty children in the schools, who are clothed and
instructed, and, on their leaving the institution, are
placed out apprentices, or to service in respectable fa-
milies. Sir Noel Caron, in 1623, gave a rent-charge of
£28 on his mansion at South Lambeth, for the main-
tenance of an almshouse which he had erected in the
parish, for the support of seven aged widows, to each
of whom he allowed £4 per annum, which has been
augmented by an appropriation of a part of large sums
of money bequeathed by Thomas, Earl Thanet, for
charitable uses, by his administratrix, the Dowager
Countess Gower. Almshouses have also been erected
in Coldharbour-lane, by the Company of Parish Clerks,
for eight widows of members of that fraternity; and
there are numerous and extensive charitable bequests
for distribution among the poor.
LAMBLEY, a parish in the western division of TIN-
DALE ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, Comprising
the townships of Ash-Holm and Lambley, and containing
261 inhabitants, of which number, 139 are in the town-
ship of Lambley, 6 miles (S. W. by S.) from Halt-
whistle. The living is a donative, in the patronage of
R. L. Allgood, Esq. The church has been recently re-
paired by subscription. The South Tyne runs through
the parish. Here are very productive mines of fine coal.
An abbey of Benedictine nuns, in honour of St. Patrick,
was founded here, in the reign of John, by the king,
or by Adam de Tindale, which, at the dissolution,
had a revenue of £5. 15. 8.: in 1296 this monastery
was burned, and the neighbourhood laid waste, by the
Scots. On Castle hill, the site of an old fortress, are
vestiges of a deep moat, and lower down the river have
been discovered some large coffins of oak, black as jet.
LAMBLEY, a parish in the southern division of the
wapentake of THURGARTON, county of NOTTINGHAM, 53
miles (N. E.) from Nottingham, containing 690 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £10. 16. 3., and in the patronage of the Rev.
A. D. Flamstead. The church is dedicated to the Holy
Trinity.
LAMBOURN,
LAMBOURN, a parish in the hundred of LAM-
BOURN, county of BERKS, comprising the market town
of Chipping-Lambourn, and the tythings of Blagrave
with Hadley, Eastbury with Bockhampton, and Upper
Lambourn, and containing 2299 inhabitants, of which
number, 1096 are in the town of Chipping-Lambourn,
5 miles (N.) from Hungerford, and 68 (W.) from London.
This place formed part of the dower of Ealswitha,
Queen of Alfred the Great, and continued in royal
demesne under Edward the Confessor; after the Con-
quest it was given to the baronial family of Fitzwarren,
at whose instance a market and three fairs were granted
to it by Henry III. The town is pleasantly situated
in a hilly district, near the source of a small rivulet of
the same name, and which has the peculiar property
that, during the summer months it has a full stream,
which, decreasing about October, for a few of the winter
months, sometimes leaves the channel perfectly dry. The
streets are neither paved nor lighted; the inhabitants are
supplied with water from wells: in the centre of the
LAM
LAM
6
town is an ancient cross, consisting of a tall pillar, ap-
proached by a circular ascent of steps, and surmounted
by an ornamented capital, supposed to have been origi-
nally the figure of a sphynx, but now nearly obliterated.
The market is on Friday; fairs are held on May 12th,
October 14th, and December 4th, chiefly for cattle.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Berks, and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's
books at £10. 11. 10., and in the patronage of the Dean
of St. Paul's. The church, which is dedicated to St.
Michael, is an ancient and handsome cruciform struc-
ture, in the early style of English architecture, with
a square embattled tower rising from the intersec-
tion, and containing a peal of eight bells; in the in-
terior are two chantry chapels, in one of which the
inmates of the adjoining almshouses assemble every
morning for prayers, kneeling around the tomb of the
founder, Mr. John Isbury, who died in 1372. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Here
are two free schools, one erected in 1735, by Organ
Hippisley, Esq., and endowed with a small rent-charge
for teaching eight boys to read and write: a Sunday
school has been united to this institution, in which from
sixty to one hundred children are taught to read, and
for this an additional stipend is raised by subscription.
Another school was founded, in 1792, by John Serjent,
and endowed with a messuage and rent-charge of £11,
for the education of twenty-five children; the master and
children to be appointed by the vicar and churchwardens
of the parish. On the north side of the church is an
hospital, founded, in 1502, by the son of the above-men-
tioned John Isbury, for ten poor men, who are nominated
by the Warden and Fellows of New College, Oxford.
LAMBOURN (UPPER), a tything in the parish
and hundred of LAMBOURN, County of BERKS, 1½ mile
(N. W.) from Lambourn, containing 354 inhabitants.
LAMBOURNE, a parish in the hundred of ONGAR,
county of ESSEX, 5 miles (S. by E.) from Epping, con-
taining 729 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of London, rated in
the king's books at £14, and in the patronage of the
Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary and All Saints, con-
tains a monument to the memory of Thomas Winniffe,
Bishop of Lincoln in the seventeenth century. Spencer,
the warlike Bishop of Norwich, who put down Ket's
rebellion, lived here; the square intrenchment called
Bishop's Moat, each side of which extends two hundred
yards, encompassed his residence, and still remains.
LAMBRIGG, a township in that part of the parish
of KENDAL which is in KENDAL ward, county of WEST-
MORLAND, 62 miles (E.N.E.) from Kendal, containing
164 inhabitants. A vein of copper-ore was formerly
worked here, but proving unproductive, from the great
quantity of water in the mine, it has long since been
abandoned.
LAMBROOK (EAST), a parish in the eastern divi-
sion of the hundred of KINGSBURY, County of SOMER-
SET, 6 miles (S. by E.) from Langport. The popula-
tion is returned with the parish of Kingsbury-Episcopi.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the Chancellor in the Cathedral Church of
Wells, rated in the king's books at £6. 6. 8., endowed
with £400 private benefaction, and £ 400 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Wells.
The church is dedicated to St. James. There is a place
of worship for Independents.
LAMBROOK (WEST), a tything in the parish of
KINGSBURY-EPISCOPI, eastern division of the hundred
of KINGSBURY, County of Somerset, 64 miles (S.) from
Langport. The population is returned with the parish.
LAMBTON, a township in that part of the parish of
CHESTER le STREET which is in the northern division of
EASINGTON ward, county palatine of Durham, 8 miles
(N.N.E.) from Durham, containing 293 inhabitants.
Harraton hall, the ancient seat of the D'Arcys, stood on
the side of Lambton castle, which is situated in a beau-
tiful park five miles in circuit, and intersected by the
river Wear. Just within the entrance is the site of an
ancient chapel; and near it Worm hill, of which tradition
says that it was anciently occupied by a formidable ser-
pent, which was cut to pieces by some hero of the Lamb-
ton family, cased in armour set with razors for the pur-
pose. Two brine springs, from which salt is made,
issue from the bottoms of two coal pits in the neigh-
bourhood.
-
LAMERTON, a parish forming, with the parish of
Sydenham-Damerel, à distinct portion of the hundred
of LIFTON, being surrounded by that of Tavistock,
county of DEVON, 24 miles (N.W.) from Tavistock, con-
taining 1069 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £13. 2. 1., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. H. H. Tremayne. The church,
dedicated to St. Peter, formerly belonged to Tavistock
abbey: it contains an interesting monument to Thomas
Tremayne and his wife, with their eight sons and eight
daughters. Collacombe, an old mansion built in the
reign of Elizabeth, and since converted into a farm-house,
has a large transome window containing three thousand
two hundred panes of glass. Here is a charity school
supported by subscription.
LAMESLEY, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of CHESTER le STREET which is in the middle division
of CHESTER ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 3½ miles
(S.) from Gateshead, containing 1720 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Durham, endowed with £600 private bene-
faction, and £2100 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of Lord Ravensworth. The chapel, which is of
ancient foundation, was rebuilt in 1759. There are ex-
tensive mines of coal, several quarries of stone for grind-
stones, and some beds of iron-stone, in the parish. A
free school was built in 1814, and is supported by Lord
Ravensworth, for the instruction of twenty-five boys:
Lady Ravensworth allows an annual stipend for the
education of girls.
LAMMAS, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of ERPINGHAM, County of NORFOLK, 3 miles
(N. W. by N.) for Coltishall, containing, with the parish of
Little Hautboys, 284 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, united to that of Little Hautboys, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty. The
church, dedicated to St. Andrew, contains, in the north
window, some specimens of ancient stained glass.
LAMONBY, a township in the parish of SKELTON,
LEATH ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 8 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Penrith, containing 274 inhabitants. Here
is a quarry of firestone.
LAN
7
LAN
LAMORRAN, a parish in the western division of
the hundred of POWDER, county of CORNWALL, 4 miles
(s. W. by W.) from Tregoney, containing 93 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £6,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Falmouth. The church
is dedicated to St. Moren. The parish is bounded on the
south by the navigable river Fal.
LAMPLUGH, a parish in ALLERDALE ward above
Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, 8 miles (E. N. E.)
from Whitehaven, comprising the townships of Ketton-
Quarter, Lamplugh, Murton, or Moor Town, and Winder,
and containing 661 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
rated in the king's books at £ 10. 4. 7., and in the pa-
tronage of the Trustees of E. Copeley, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Michael. The parish is bounded on
the east by Loweswater and Crummockwater; and two
branches of the river Marron have their source here.
There are extensive quarries of limestone, and some of
freestone; and near the ancient hall is a mineral spring,
the water of which is powerfully astringent. Richard
Briscoe, Esq., in 1747, gave a rent-charge of £ 12, partly
to the poor, and partly for the instruction of twelve
children.
LAMPORT, a parish in the hundred of Orling-
BURY, county of NORTHAMPTON, 83 miles (N.) from
Northampton, containing, with the hamlet of Hanging-
Houghton, 233 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of
Peterborough, rated in the king's books at £48.2.6.,
and in the patronage of Sir J. Isham, Bart. The church
is dedicated to All Saints. At Faxton, in this parish, is
a chapel of ease. There is a school endowed by Sir
Edmund Isham, Bart., who, in 1762, gave £1500 for
this purpose and for the benefit of the poor.
LAMYATT, a parish in the hundred of WHITE-
STONE, County of SOMERSET, 24 miles (W. by N.) from
Bruton, containing 243 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £12. 4. 2.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. George Ridout. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary and St. John.
LANCASHIRE, a maritime county, and a county
palatine, situated on the western coast, and bounded on
the north by the counties of Cumberland and Westmor-
land, on the east by that of York, on the south by
that of Chester, and on the west by the Irish sea: it
extends from 53° 23′ to 54° 24′ (N. Lat.), and from
2° 18′ to 3° 7' (W. Lon.); and contains one million one
hundred and seventy-one thousand eight hundred and
forty statute acres, or one thousand eight hundred and
thirty-one square miles. The population, in 1821,
amounted to 1,052,859, being an increase, during the ten
preceding years, of 224,549. The name of this county
is a contraction of Lancaster-shire. Its early British
inhabitants were the Setantii, a tribe of the Brigantes.
Under the Roman dominion it was included in the pro-
vince called Maxima Cæsariensis, and contained eight
stations belonging to that people, besides being tra-
versed by four great military roads, which severally led
through this county, from Carlisle to Kinderton in
Cheshire; from Overborough to Slack, or Almondbury,
in Yorkshire; from the Neb of the Nese, on the right
bank of the Ribble, eastward, and across Fulwood-moor,
to Ribchester; and from the ford of the Mersey, near
Warrington, through Barton, Eccles, and Manchester,
to Ilkley. The Britons, under their renowned King
Arthur, fought several great battles with the Saxons on
the banks of the river Douglas, in this county, which
was, however, at last conquered, about the year 559, by
the Saxon chieftain, Ella, and formed part of the king-
dom of Deira, over which that prince reigned. From
this period until the fifteenth century, we find little re-
markable on record relative to Lancashire. It shared
in the general devastation of the northern part of Eng-
land committed by the Conqueror; and, in 1323, it suf-
fered from an invasion of the Scots, under Robert
Bruce, who partly burned the town of Preston. The
year 1363, also, is remarkable in the Lancashire annals,
as that in which the county was erected into a palatinate
by Edward III., in favour of his fourth son, John of
Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. In the wars between the
rival houses of York and Lancaster this county was not
the scene of any important event, except that, after the
defeat of the Lancastrian party in the battle of Hexham,
Henry VI. was concealed for a year at Waddington hall,
where he was at length discovered and taken, and was
conveyed to London. In the reign of Henry VII., the
impostor, Lambert Simnel, with a body of Irish parti-
sans, and two thousand Germans, who had been sent to
his assistance by Margaret, widow of Charles the Bold,
Duke of Burgundy, landed at the Pile of Foudrey, in
the bay of Morecambe, in this county, and thence pro-
ceeded to Coventry. In the reign of Henry VIII., when
the "Pilgrims of Grace," as the rebels of the north were
called, were making their way southward, the malcon-
tents of Lancashire took up arms, but were speedily
subdued by the Earl of Shrewsbury, aided by the Earl
of Derby. During the great civil war in the reign of
Charles I., no county was more frequently the scene of
action than this. In the commission of array issued by
the king, James, Lord Strange, was appointed lord-lieu-
tenant of the counties of Lancashire and Cheshire: that
nobleman soon after had a severe skirmish with the in-
habitants of Manchester, for a magazine which they had
formed; and shortly after another skirmish ensued in
the same town, with some partisans of the parliament.
His lordship then mustered the county in three different
places,—on the heaths by Bury; on the moor at Orms-
kirk; and on the moor at Preston; at each of which
not less than twenty thousand men were assembled. Lord
Molyneux also raised a regiment in the royal cause in
this county;
but many of the other most influential men
were actively engaged in the parliamentarian interest.
The forces thus raised soon dispersed, but Lord Strange,
who immediately after, by the decease of his father, be-
came Earl of Derby, having been commanded by the
king to secure the town of Manchester, raised some
troops at his own expense, and commenced the siege of
that town on the 26th of September, 1642, at the head
of four thousand three hundred men, but raised it at
the end of the week following, in obedience to the com-
mands of the king, whom he proceeded to join without
delay. Early in 1643, Sir Thomas Fairfax repaired
from Yorkshire to Manchester, and there established
his head-quarters. On the 10th of Frebruary, Sir John
Seaton, Major-General of the parliamentarian forces,
marched at the head of a body of troops from Manches-
ter to Preston, which was then garrisoned by the king's
LAN
8
LAN
:
!
troops, and attacked that town with such vigour, that it
was taken after a combat of two hours; and soon after
Lancaster was secured by the parliamentarian forces,
with but little resistance. Sir John Seaton then marched
to Wigan, where the Earl of Derby was strongly in-
trenched, and taking that place after a gallant resistance,
compelled the earl to retreat to Blackburn, From
Wigan the victorious forces proceeded to Warrington,
which they obtained possession of after a short but re-
solutely-sustained siege. The united forces of the Earl
of Derby and Lord Molyneux retook the town of Lan-
caster on the 10th of March; and three days after, their
lordships advanced to Preston, which they carried by
assault; but Lord Molyneux being obliged to join the
king at Oxford, the Earl of Derby, with his forces, was
compelled immediately to retreat to his own mansion of
Latham house, which he had fortified. Early in the
year 1644 commenced the memorable seige of that
mansion, which was attacked by the parliamentarian
forces under Sir Thomas Fairfax, and defended for
three months by a strong garrison, inspirited by the
heroic conduct of Charlotte Tremouille, Countess of
Derby, until relieved by Prince Rupert, who pursued
the parliamentarian army to Bolton. Here, the prince
being joined by the Earl of Derby from the Isle of
Man, Bolton was taken in a second furious assault,
led by the earl at the head of two hundred chosen
Lancashire men; when Colonel Rigby, the commander,
and a number of his troops, succeeded in escaping from
the town, and crossed the Yorkshire hills to Bradford.
The prince forthwith advanced to Liverpool, which sur-
rendered after a vigorous siege of about three weeks.
He then hastened to York; but having been totally de-
feated, with the other generals of the royal party, at
the decisive battle of Marston moor, he drew off the
wreck of his army into Lancashire, where the strong
holds he had so recently captured were speedily re-taken.
In the summer of 1645, Latham house was again be-
sieged by the parliamentarian forces, under the com-
mand of General Egerton, and, after a gallant defence
by Colonel Rawsthorn, the garrison was at length com-
pelled to yield to superior numbers. In the year 1648,
the north of England being invaded by the Scottish army,
under the Duke of Hamilton, and by another body of
men which had been raised on the borders, under General
Langdale, acting in concert and on behalf of the royal
cause, Cromwell was ordered by the parliament to march
into Lancashire to resist their further progress. These or-
ders were promptly obeyed, and having joined the Lan-
cashire forces which had been assembled under the com-
mand of Colonel Ashton, he advanced to Preston, where,
on the evening of the 17th of July, he was met by the
opposing army, which had in the mean time been joined
by an Irish force under General Monroe. An action
immediately ensued, in which, after a sanguinary con-
flict of four hours' duration in the fields, the Duke of
Hamilton's troops began to give way, and were charged
through the streets of Preston at the point of the
bayonet, but beyond the town they made a stand for the
night: in this battle, Cromwell himself states that the
enemy lost one thousand men killed, and four thousand
prisoners. In the night of the 18th the duke retreated
with the remainder of his army to Wigan, and the next
day to Warrington, but, being still pursued, his troops
made a resolute stand at a pass near Wenwick, which
they maintained for many hours, being at last over,
come by the courage and discipline of the troops under
Cromwell, when about one thousand men were killed,
and two thousand made prisoners: the remainder were
pursued to the town of Warrington, where they passed
the bridge, and where General Bailey, to whom the
Duke of Hamilton had confided the command of this
division of his army, was compelled to surrender him,
self and all his officers and soldiers prisoners of war:
by this capitulation, four thousand prisoners, with their
arms, fell into the hands of the victors, and the infantry
of the Scottish army was totally ruined: the remainder
ultimately dispersed. The issue of this campaign com-
pelled Sir Thomas Tyldesley, a zealous supporter of the
royal cause, to abandon the siege of Lancaster castle, in
which he was at that time engaged. King Charles II.,
with his Scottish forces, marched through this county,
in 1651, on his route to Worcester; and the Earl of
Derby, having collected at Preston all the strength he
was able, consisting of about six hundred men, was pro-
ceeding to Worcester by way of Wigan, when he was
opposed in Wigan lane by a considerable force under
Colonel Lilburne, and his troops were totally routed :
the earl himself escaped with numerous wounds, but
shortly afterwards fell into the hands of the enemy, and
was beheaded at Bolton. In this year also Lancashire
suffered much from pestilence. William III., on his
way to Ireland, prior to the celebrated battle of the
Boyne, passed through the southern part of Lancashire,
and embarked at Liverpool, June 14th, 1690. In 1715,
a body of the Scottish insurgents on behalf of the Pre-
tender entered this county from the north, and having
passed through Kirkby-Lonsdale and Lancaster, arrived
at Preston on the 9th of November, their whole force
amounting to one thousand six hundred men; and here,
after some skirmishes of minor importance, they finally
surrendered to the king's forces. In 1745, the army
of the Young Pretender passed through Lancashire,
in its progress southward, being joined in its route
by small numbers of Lancashire men, and again, in its
precipitate retreat, it traversed the county in the con-
trary direction.
Lancashire lies within the diocese of Chester, and
province of York, being included partly in the archdea-
conry of Chester, and partly in that of Richmond, and
contains the deaneries of Blackburn, Leyland, Manches-
ter, and Warrington, comprised in the archdeaconry of
Chester; and those of Amounderness, Furness, Kendal,
and Lonsdale, in the archdeaconry of Richmond; in
these are sixty-six parishes, of which twenty-six are
rectories, twenty-seven vicarages, and the remainder, with
the exception of the three rectorial churches in the pa-
rish of Manchester, perpetual curacies: there is also a very
great number of chapels of ease throughout the county,
particularly in the densely-inhabited manufacturing dis-
trict. For civil purposes it is divided into the six hun-
dreds of Amounderness, Blackburn (Higher and Lower),
Leyland, Lonsdale (North and South of the Sands),
Salford, and West Derby. It contains the borough,
market, and sea-port towns of Lancaster and Liverpool;
the borough and market towns of Clitheroe, Preston,
and Wigan; the borough of Newton, the market of
which has been discontinued; the market and sea-port
towns of Poulton in the Fylde and Ulverstone; and the
market towns of Ashton under Line, Blackburn, Bolton,
·
LAN
LAN
9.
Burnley, Bury, Cartmel, Chorley, Colne, Dalton, Gar-
stang, Hawkeshead, Haslingden, Hornby, Kirkham,
Manchester, Middleton, Oldham, Ormskirk, Prescot,
Rochdale, Todmorden, and Warrington. Two knights
are returned for the shire, and two representatives for
each of the boroughs. This county is included in the
northern circuit: the assizes are held at Lancaster,
where are also held the quarter sessions for the hundred
of Lonsdale, on the Tuesdays in the first whole week
after Epiphany, Easter Sunday, the festival of St. Tho-
mas à Becket, and October 11th; at Preston, for the
hundreds of Amounderness, Blackburn, and Leyland,
on the Thursdays following the days above named; at
Salford, for the hundred of Salford, on the Mondays
following; and at Kirkdale near Liverpool, for the hun-
dred of West Derby, on the Monday fortnight after they
commence at Salford. The court of Annual General
Sessions is holden at Preston, on the Thursday next
after the feast of St. John the Baptist, and afterwards
by various adjournments until the multifarious causes
within the peculiar cognizance of this court are deter-
mined. The county gaol is at Lancaster; and there is
a county house of correction at Manchester, another at
Kirkdale, and a third at Preston: there are one hundred
acting magistrates. The rates raised in the county
for the year ending March 25th, 1827, amounted to
£545,737. 3., the expenditure to £539,388. 6., of which
£347,911. 18. was applied to the relief of the poor.
Prior to and under the Norman dynasty, Lancashire
was probably distinguished as an Honour, and was of the
superior order of seigniories. The Honour of Lancaster
was given by William the Conqueror to Roger de Poic-
tou, who in turn bestowed various parts of it upon his
followers. In the interval between the first division of
property among the Normans and the general survey,
the lands between the Ribble and the Mersey were for-
feited to the crown by the defection of that nobleman,
and are consequently mentioned in that record as the
property of the king. The Honour of Lancaster was,
however, restored to Roger de Poictou by William
Rufus, in whose reign he again forfeited it by rebellion;
and this princely inheritance was given to Stephen,
Count of Blois, and afterwards King of England. Ste-
phen, on ascending the throne, bestowed it on his son,
William de Blois, Earl of Mortaigne and Boulogne;
and, on the death of this nobleman, Richard I. gave it
to his brother John, afterwards King of England. At a
At a
subsequent period, Ranulph, fourth earl of Chester,
possessed all the land between the Ribble and the Mer-
sey, together with all the other territories which had
been held by Roger de Poictou. Henry III. made his
youngest son, Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster,
and gave him the Honour and estates. His son Tho-
mas, Earl of Lancaster, was beheaded at Pontefract,
March 22nd, 1322, for his distinguished share in the
insurrection to displace the De Spensers, the favourites
of Edward III.; but this sentence was afterwards re-
versed by parliament, and his title and estates devolved
upon his brother Henry, who left an only son, on whom
Edward III. conferred the title of Duke of Lancaster.
These possessions afterwards descended to John of
Gaunt, who married Blanche, daughter and co-heiress
of the Duke of Lancaster just mentioned, and the title
was revived in his favour. Edward III. also advanced
the county of Lancaster to the dignity of a palatinate by
VOL. III.
a royal patent expressed in these terms: "We have
granted for ourselves and our heirs to our son (John)
that he shall have, during life, within the county of Lan-
caster, his court of Chancery, and writs to be issued out.
under his seal belonging to the office of Chancellor; his
justices both for holding the pleas of the crown, and for
all other pleas relating to common law, and the cogni-
zance thereof, and all executions by his writs and officers
within the same; and all other liberties and royalties
relating to the county palatine as freely and fully as the
Earl of Chester is known to enjoy them within the
county of Chester," &c. This prince was succeeded in
his estates by the celebrated Henry of Bolingbroke, af-
terwards King Henry IV. of England, from whom the
duchy of Lancaster descended to his son Henry V.,
and from that monarch to his son Henry VI. But
when the latter was attainted, in the first year of Ed-
ward IV., this duchy was declared by parliament to be
forfeited to the crown, and an act was passed vesting
the whole in Edward IV. and his heirs for ever. In the
reign of Henry VII., however, another act was passed,
vesting it in that monarch and his heirs for ever, since
which time, the kings of England have always been
Dukes of Lancaster. The estates of the duchy were
greatly increased by Henry VIII., at the time of the
dissolution of religious houses, as well as by the act of
Edward VI. for the dissolution of colleges and chantries,
and by a charter of Philip and Mary, granted in pur-
suance of an act of parliament; but the necessities of
various succeeding monarchs compelled them to raise
money on these estates, by means of long leases, grants
in fee, &c., and the revenue arising from them is still
much curtailed by the leases with which they are en-
cumbered. In the first year of the Commonwealth, a
commission was appointed for the sale of the crown
and duchy lands, the transaction of which was cancelled
at the Restoration.
The county palatine and the duchy of Lancaster,
with regard to extent, are quite distinct; for there are
various estates forming part of the duchy in twenty-five
other counties in England. Belonging to the duchy
also is a considerable share of ecclesiastical patronage,
as also the appointment of sheriffs for the county pala-
tine. The peculiar jurisdiction and proceedings of the
courts of law in the county palatine of Lancaster are
the result of those privileges granted to its former
dukes, who had, in fact, sovereign authority within the
limits of their dominion; for, besides the privileges
already mentioned, they had power to pardon treasons,
murders, and felonies, and all offences were said to be
committed against their peace, sword, and dignity, and
not, as now, "against the peace of our Lord the King,
his crown and dignity." By the 27th of Henry VIII.,
however, which abridged the privileges of the counties
palatine, it was enacted that all writs and processes
should be made in the name of the king, but should be
tested, or witnessed, in the name of the owner of the
franchise. All writs, therefore, must be under the seal
of the respective franchises; and the judges who sit in
this county palatine have a special commission from
the duchy of Lancaster, and not the ordinary commis-
sion under the Great Seal of England. The court of
Chancery of the duchy has cognizance of matters
of an equitable nature, whether they relate to the
county palatine, or to the duchy, and of all questions of
+
с
LAN
10
LAN
revenue and council affecting the ducal possessions,
It is also a court of appeal from the Chancery of the
county palatine; and, being held at the duchy office in
Westminster, all its proceedings are dated before His
Majesty "at his palace at Westminster," and not, as
other royal acts, at the residence of the monarch for the
time being. The principal officers of the duchy court
are, the chancellor, the attorney-general, the king's ser-
jeant, the king's counsel, the receiver-general, the two
auditors, the clerk of the council and registrar, the de-
puty-registrar and secretary, and two clerks in court.
The court of Chancery of the county palatine is an
original and independent court, as ancient as the 50th
of Edward III.: the office is at Preston, and the court
sits at least four times in the year, namely, once at each
assize at Lancaster, and once at Preston in the interval
of each assize. The general practice of the court is
similar to that of the High Court of Chancery, with
which and the court of Exchequer it has concurrent
jurisdiction in all matters of equity, its cognizance of
which depends on the person or lands of the defendant
being amenable to the process of this court; but its
jurisdiction is exclusive of all other courts of equity
when both the subject of the suit and the residences
of the parties litigant are within the county. An
appeal from the chancery of Lancashire lies to the
duchy chamber at Westminster, and from that to the
king in parliament. Although the bills are addressed
to the chancellor of the duchy, the vice-chancellor of
the county palatine is the judge of the court: the
chancellor of the duchy, assisted by two judges in com-
mission for the county palatine, sits to hear causes at
Westminster. All original writs within the county pa-
latine issue from the Chancery of Lancashire, and writs
from the courts of Westminster are directed to the
chancellor of the duchy, who makes out his mandate
to the sheriff of the county to execute and return them
into the chancery; and the chancellor and vice-chan-
cellor are authorized by act of parliament to appoint
commissioners for the purpose of taking special bail, or
affidavits, in any of the courts within the county pa-
latine. The officers of this court are, the chancellor
of the duchy, the vice-chancellor, the registrar, exami-
ner, and first clerk; the five cursitors and clerks in
court, who are the attornies; the seal-keeper; and the
messenger. The court of Common Pleas for the coun-
ty palatine is an original superior court of record at
common law, having jurisdiction over all real actions
for lands, and in all actions against corporations
within the county, as well as over all personal actions
where the defendant resides in Lancashire, although
the cause of action may have arisen elsewhere: its re-
turns are on the first Wednesday in every month. The
court is held at Lancaster every assize, before two
judges of the courts at Westminster who have chosen
the northern circuit, and who are commissioned half-
yearly, one as the "Chief Justice," the other as one of
the justices of the Common Pleas at Lancaster." The
patent of the judges for the Common Pleas also appoints
one of the judges "Chief Justice," and the other " one
of the justices of all manner of pleas within the county
palatine; and under this, the causes sent by mittimus
from the courts at Westminster are tried at bar, as
well as all pleas of the crown. This court is of great
advantage to the commercial county of Lancaster, as
"C
""
well because its process for arrests extends to all parts
of the county, and may be had without the delay of
sending to London, as on account of the celerity and
excellence of its practice: a great majority of the cases
now tried at Lancaster are brought in this court. The
general official business of the court of Common Pleas
is transacted by the prothonotary's deputy: the office
of prothonotary is a patent office in the gift of the
crown, in right of the duchy of Lancaster. The court
of King's Bench and the court of Common Pleas at
Westminster have concurrent jurisdiction with the court
of Common Pleas for the county palatine of Lancaster
in almost all cases. The cases in which the jurisdiction
of these courts is excluded, and that of the Common
Pleas of Lancaster must be adopted, are chiefly pleas of
lands within the county, actions against corporations
existing in Lancashire, or suits in which a defendant
residing there is to be arrested for less than £20. All
writs out of the courts at Westminster, except those of
Habeas Corpus and Mittimus, are directed to the chan-
cellor, and not to the sheriff in the first instance; and,
where execution of them must be done by the sheriff,
the chancellor issues his mandate to that officer, and,
on receiving his return, certifies in his own name to the
court above, that the writ has been duly executed; and
if the chancellor return that he commanded the sheriff
and has received from him no answer, the court above
will rule the sheriff to return the mandate. There is
only one franchise in the county having the execution
of writs by its own officer, viz., the liberty of Furness,
to the bailiff of which the sheriff directs his precepts,
and receives from him the requisite returns. There are
an attorney-general and two king's counsel for the pala-
tinate. The duchy of Lancaster had its star chamber,
until that court was dissolved in the 16th of Charles I.
The form of this county is very irregular; for, be-
sides the deviousness of its boundaries on the land side,
its coast is indented by numerous bays and æstuaries;
the principal of which are, the estuary of the river
Mersey to the south of the county; that of the Ribble ;
the expanse of the bay of Morecambe, into which open
the estuaries of the Ken and the Leven; and the
æstuary of the Dudden, lying west of the northernmost
part of the county. On the north-west portion of
Lancashire is the island of Walney, a long strip of land
separated from the tract called Low Furness by a nar-
row channel of the sea. Various other small islands
lie scattered within the vicinity of this, and eastward of
the southern part of it, the largest being that of Old
Barrow, near which are Ramsey island and the island
of Dova Haw; and at the entrance of Pile harbour is
that on which Foudrey castle stands, and which forms
a triangle with Roe island, Sheep island, and Foulney
island. Lancashire is naturally divided into two grand
districts,—the high, montainous, heathy tract of the
northern and eastern parts, and the low, level tract
which spreads out to the south and west; the line of
division between which may be drawn in a sinuous
course, below the first rising grounds of the high heathy
tracts, from the south-eastern limit of the county, by
the towns of Oldham, Rochdale, Bury, Bolton, Chorley,
Preston, Garstang, Lancaster, and Kellet, nearly to
Burton, on the northern boundary. The two portions
of high craggy land situated in that part of the county
which lies furthest to the north-west may also be sepa-
I
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:
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11
rated from the more level tracts, by a line passing from
the boundary of the county just below Yealand, by
Warton, Lindreth, Silverdale, and Allithwaite, to New-
land, Ulverstone, and the line that forms the division
between High and Low Furness, passing above Dal-
ton, by Kirkby-Ireleth, to Dudden Sands. For the
clearer description of the surface and of the various
soils of these two districts, it will be necessary to
make the following subdivisions, viz.: the hilly and
high heathy division; the steep fell, or High Fur-
ness, division; the elevated craggy limestone division;
the valley-land division; the Mersey, or southern, divi-
sion; the Ribble and Fylde division; the Lune and flat
limestone division; the Low Furness division; and
the moss, or peaty, division. The first of these com-
prises different mountainous ridges which rise in suc-
cession from the south-eastern boundary of the county
towards the town of Rochdale, and terminate in the
high rocky tract above Leek, extending in breadth from
the great line of division already marked out to the
confines of Yorkshire. Throughout the whole of this
extent the land is almost invariably of the high moory
freestone kind, and generally produces a coarse black
heath, excepting only where the vales intervene. The
second division comprises the whole of those high
rocky tracts called fells, situated north of the sands (the
extensive flat tracts of the bay of Morecambe, which
are always dry at low water, and separate the northern
division of the hundred of Lonsdale from the rest of
the county), extending, in one direction, from the towns
of Ulverstone and Dalston to the river Brathy; and in
the other, from the river Dudden to the river Winster
at Bowland bridge. This tract is moory in different
places, but the heath where it occurs is weak in its
growth: the rock is in general of the blue, or whin-
stone kind. The third, or craggy limestone division, is
of much smaller extent, the principal part of it lying
chiefly in the north-western part of the county, and ex-
tending from a little above Warton and Yealand to the
point where it joins the sea-coast at Silverdale: there
are small tracts in the Furness districts, and at the two
Kellets, as well as at Chipping and Clitheroe towards
the eastern limits of the county. The fourth division
includes the various valleys formed by the hills that
constitute the two first divisions: some of these are of
very considerable extent, others very narrow, the more
extensive valleys being those which border on the larger
and less impetuous rivers: the aggregate quantity of
this kind of land is very considerable, and generally of
excellent quality. The Mersey division comprises a
fertile and level tract of land, and extends from the
northern bank of the Mersey to the southern border of
the Ribble, in one direction; and from the sea-coast to
considerably above the town of Oldham, in the other.
The sixth division is of less extent than the preceding,
but little inferior in fertility; and stretches from the
northern bank of the Ribble to the southern border of the
Lune, and from Lytham and Bispham to near Ingle-
white. The seventh division is of small size, commen-
cing at Sunderland point, at the mouth of the Lune, and
running northward, in a narrow tract along the sea-
coast, as far as the before-mentioned high, craggy, lime-
stone ridge, by Warton and Yealand: to the east of this
rises the ridge of high moory ground above Kellet. The
eighth division comprises a small portion of land on
A
the northern side of the sands, generally called Low
Furness: it extends from a little above Ulverstone and
Dalton to the extreme southern point at Rampside, be-
ing bounded on both sides by the sea, and includes the
The ninth
several small islands that lie to the south.
and last division includes the different peaty and boggy
tracts called mosses: they are found in both of the grand
natural divisions of the county, but they are by much
the most extensive in the flat district; the two largest
being Chat-moss near Worsley, in the southern part of
the county, and Pilling-moss, much farther north: in
some situations these mossy tracts have undergone great
improvement, but in others they remain nearly in their
original state. The lands of the first four of these di-
visions are chiefly in pasture, the more high and moun-
tainous parts being for sheep, the declivities and vales
for cattle and sheep. The next four divisions are under
various systems of cultivation, but grass land mostly
prevails, especially in the vicinities of the towns and
villages. The improved boggy tracts generally become
excellent land for either grass or grain. Besides the dis-
tricts above described, there are various tracts of sandy
marsh land, lying on the borders of the sea-coast, which
are liable to occasional inundations by the tide, and the
principal of which are situated towards the northern ex-
tremity of the county, being those near Lancaster, the
tract below Warton, the æstuaries of the Leven and
Dudden, and the marsh lands about Walney island.
The air of Lancashire, though every where pure and
salubrious, is much more cold and piercing in the ele-
vated mountainous tracts of the north and east, than
in the valleys formed by them, and in the lower districts
which shelve to the south and west, where it is generally
mild and genial. Great vicissitudes of heat and cold
are felt in the vicinity of the large mosses, in conse-
quence of the evaporation of the moisture which is there
so long retained. In the most northern part of Lanca-
shire, the breezes that come directly from the Irish sea,
and those that have crossed the mountains of Cumber-
land, in the spring and summer months, are frequently
cold and chilling. A greater quantity of rain falls in
this county than in most others of the kingdom. The
seed time and harvest in the districts contiguous to the
mountains of the north and east are later than in the
southern and south-western tracts.
The principal soils are loams of various kinds,
clay, sand, and peat-earth: the substrata on which
these rest are chiefly freestone, whin-stone, or lime-
stone rocks, fossil coal, marl, gravel, and sand. The
greater part of the high ranges of hills in the eastern
and northern parts of the county, their declivities
more especially, are overrun with the heath plant, which
rarely exists, except where there is a soil of peaty mat-
ter, which in these tracts is sometimes of considerable
depth: where these peaty materials are mixed with
earthy particles they form a good friable mould, which
constitutes the higher parts of the high ridges and of
the lower elevations.
the lower elevations. In some situations this peat-earth
is mixed with a sort of blue clay, having a marly sub-
tratum; the depth of these soils is from six or seven
inches to several feet. Lancaster and Scotforth moors
have most of the stiff clayey substance in the compo-
sition of their soils, which are generally of smaller
depth. The soils of the moors north of the sands are
generally much thinner than those to the south, but of
C 2
LAN
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12
Pendle hill. The surface of these limestone soils is
throughout very uneven, the rocks frequently pro-
jecting above it; but they nevertheless comprise many
fertile tracts of land: the soil in higher situations is
frequently thin, but very friable; in the flatter districts
it is of considerable depth. The island of Walney
contains some good land of a strong quality, resting on
a clay or on a sandy bottom: in the central part of the
island the soil is a clayey loam, sometimes blended with
sand: towards the north it is at some places mixed with
peat-earth: at each end of the island the land is sandy.
The soil of Old Barrow island is a fine turnip loam, of
tolerable depth. The small island of Foulney is chiefly
marshy alluvial land, under grass.
;
It has been computed that a little more than one-fourth
of the land of this county is under tillage: the principal
tracts of arable land lie towards its western border, in-
cluding those of the Fylde, the banks of the Lune, and
Low Furness: most of these are excellent wheat lands
but on the eastern side of the county the grain chiefly
cultivated is oats, great quantities being also grown in
all the corn districts. The principal object with most
of the farmers in the western part of the county is to
obtain crops of potatoes and wheat, with the interven-
tion of as few other crops as possible. The crops most
cultivated are wheat, barley, oats, beans, and potatoes.
The general average produce of wheat is estimated at
about twenty-five bushels per statute acre; that of barley
at about thirty-five bushels. There is a greater propor-
tion of oats than of any other grain grown in this
county, a great quantity of oaten bread being consumed
by the population of the northern and eastern parts
of it: the produce is about forty-five bushels per
acre. The produce of beans varies much, according to
the quality and fitness of the soils. Great attention is
paid to the cultivation of potatoes, which are extensively
grown in all parts of the county, the crop succeeding
extremely well on the various kinds of loam, and on the
drier peaty soils: the usual produce is from three hun-
dred to three hundred and fifty bushels per acre. Onions
are grown to a considerable extent in the neighbourhood
of Middleton, Stretford, and other places near War-
rington. Very fine crops of clover are cultivated in
this county, the seed being generally sown with wheat.
Rye, peas, tares, common turnips, Swedish turnips,
cabbages, carrots, and lucerne, are also cultivated, but
none of them to such an extent as the crops above-
mentioned. By far the greater part of the county is
under grass, immense quantities of hay being requi-
site for the supply of the horses and cows belonging
to the inhabitants of the towns: a great extent of grass
land is also occupied as bleaching-grounds. This kind
of land may be distinguished into the rich hay meadows,
the fine feeding and dairy grounds, and the coarse pas-
tures and elevated sheep tracts. The meadow lands
are chiefly the valley tracts on the banks of the numer-
ous streams of the county; the richest being those
which lie low and are frequently flooded. The richer
pastures are usually employed in feeding, or for the
dairy, generally the latter when near large towns: the
best feeding pastures are considered to be those on the
borders of the Lune and the Ribble. There are also
rich pastures on the banks of different streams in
various parts of the county, as well as some near Liver-
pool. There are some small tracts of excellent marsh
a better quality. Compared with the tracts just men-
tioned, the deep moss and peat lands are of very small
extent they are met with both in the hollows of the
high mountain ridges and on the declivities of the hills,
as well as in the extended plains below, but those in the
latter situation are the deepest and of the greatest ex-
tent they consist of two beds, the upper of which is
generally in thin lamina of a brownish colour, and very
open and spongy in its texture; the lower bed is a kind
of hard, compact, black, vegetable earth, generally
having below it clay or marl, occasionally mixed with
fine white sand: rocky strata are also sometimes found
below the peaty matter. On the banks of the numerous
streams is much rich valley land, provincially called
holme, the quality of which varies much according to
situation and other circumstances. The largest and
most fertile of these vales are those of the Ribble,
the Lune, and the Wyer, the soil being a rich loam,
varying in depth from one foot to upwards of four,
the ordinary depth being about two feet. The soil of such
valley tracts as have hardly any stream through them is
inferior in quality to those just mentioned, always bearing
affinity to the soils of the adjacent rising grounds: these
valleys form the richest pastures and meadows of the
county. A tract of rich loam occupies the whole space
between the Mersey and the Ribble, and between the
sea-coast and the eastern hilly tract the prevailing
colours of the loam are yellow, red, brown, and black :;
some of them have almost the tenacity of clay, while
others are light and sandy; and all of them are fertile,
excepting only the peaty loams. The greater part of
this district is under grass, and the remainder devoted
to tillage. Clayey loam of different qualities forms the
soil of the tract which stretches from the northern
bank of the Ribble to the southern border of the Lune,
and extends in breadth from the sea-coast to the foot
of the mountainous range on the eastern side of the
county the lower part of this constitutes the rich
tract of corn land commonly called the Fylde. Almost
the whole extent of land from below Stalmine, by Pree-
sall, to Pilling hall, having Pilling-moss on one side and
the sea on the other, has an alluvial soil intermixed in
different parts with white sand and peat-earth. About
one-third of this whole tract is under tillage; the rest
is chiefly appropriated to the dairy. In the northern
part of the county are tracts of dry loam and limestone
soils, which are separated from each other by the æstu-
aries of the Ken and the Leven, and by the bay of
Morecambe : one extent reaches from the northern
bank of the Lune and its æstuary to that part of the
boundary of the county which runs from Herring Syke,
by the crag at Dalton and Leighton Beck, to beyond
Yealand, spreading between the sea-coast and the hilly
moors: another tract extends from the point of sea-
coast near Rampside to above the towns of Dalton and
Ulverstone, being bounded by the sea on both sides;
this latter tract is called Low Furness, and includes the
islands of Walney, Old Barrow, &c., at its southern ex-
tremity. A small portion of this kind of land extends
from Allithwaite to beyond Flookborough, and is
bounded on one side by the sea, and on the other by the
high craggy ground: there is also a small tract on the
eastern side of the county, stretching from below the
town of Clitheroe, in a northerly direction, to the bound-
ary of the county, and from the banks of the Ribble to
LAN
13
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land at different places on the sea-coast. In the greater
part of the county, and more especially in the eastern
and northern parts of it, are large tracts of pasture
land of inferior quality and unimproved condition:
upon these much young stock is reared and kept. In the
vicinity of the large towns and villages numerous and
extensive dairies are kept, for supplying them with milk.
In the eastern parts of the county are many small dairy
farms; but the most extensive dairy pastures are those
on the strong soil north of the Ribble, the produce of
which is principally cheese, and those in different parts
of the Fylde. To the north of the Lune are some small
dairy pastures, which produce excellent butter and a
small quantity of cheese. North of Lancaster sands
are large dairy pastures furnishing both cheese and
butter of excellent quality: these are found in different
parts of Low Furness, and also around Hawkeshead, and
at different places in the northernmost portion of the
county. There are many extensive, mountainous, and
moory tracts of land in the northern and eastern parts,
provincially called "fells, which support vast numbers
of sheep through most of the year. These sheep are
frequently thus pastured in common, being brought
down into the enclosed pastures only for a short time
in the depth of winter. Besides the common manures,
the lands derive considerable benefit from the use
of marl as a manure: this substance is very gene-
rally met with, and is more valuable in proportion
to the quantity of calcareous matter it may contain.
Sea-sand and muscles are also esteemed of great value
in some situations, as well as peat-earth and a particu-
larly fat, unctuous kind of clay, which is dug close to
the sea-shore in some places. The breed of cattle,
commonly called "Lancashire long-horns," though in
much request in the midland counties, is not very
frequently met with in Lancashire: the cows do not
afford so much milk as some other breeds, but the
cream is generally richer, and in greater quantity.
Where feeding is the object in view, this and the
small Scotch breed are kept; but where much milk is
wanted, the short-horned or Holderness cows, the Suf-
folk poll cows, the Yorkshire red sort, and sometimes
the improved Derbyshire breed, are kept: the long-
horned breed are, however, found on the best dairy
farms of the middle and northern parts of the county.
In Lancashire cattle are seldom worked; but when
they are, the long-horned breed is mostly employed.
In most parts of the county the farmers rear the greater
part of their stock. The larger grass farms near popu-
lous towns supply them with milk, the smaller farms
with butter, cheese being made in the more remote parts
of the county. In several places cheese of excellent
quality is made, equal in many respects to that of
Cheshire: the cows commonly kept for this purpose
are of the long-horned or native breed; each cow
produces from two to three hundred weight of cheese
annually. Several long-horned and Scotch cattle are
fattened in the pastures, though but few cattle of any
sort are fed in stalls during the winter. The only
breed of sheep peculiar to the county are those on
the crags near Warton and Silverdale, of which tract
they are natives: they are of good size, have small
horns, and white spotted faces, and are much es-
teemed for the flavour of their flesh, their proneness to
fatten, and the fineness of their wool. Few sheep are
found in the southern part of the county; but in the
northern many are bred and kept upon the mountains
and the moors: these sheep are an inferior sort, being
of the heath and of the Welch breed, with coarse wool.
They are turned on the hills early in the spring, and
remain there until November, when they are brought
down into the enclosed pastures: at three or four years
old they are usually sorted, and sold off for fattening in
the pastures of the low lands. In this manner are also
managed numerous large flocks, which are kept on the
mountainous tracts of the eastern parts of the county,
as well as others on the mountainous lands north of
Lancaster sands: upon Furness fells it is reckoned that
not less than fifty thousand sheep are kept during the
summer months; some becoming quite fat, and afford-
ing meat of the finest quality. In this county sheep
are never folded with the view of improving the land.
The New Leicester, and the South-Down breed of sheep,
have been introduced into Lancashire, and found to suc-
ceed in most parts of it. Of hogs there is a middle-
sized white sort, with slouched ears, which is peculiar
to this county, and is frequently met with in the dis-
trict north of Lancaster; but there is no prevailing
breed, the main supply being obtained from dealers, who
bring them from Berkshire, Shropshire, Cheshire, and
Yorkshire, as also from Wales and Ireland. In almost
every part of Lancashire are bred good horses of va-
rious kinds: those in most request are strong team
horses; stout, compact saddle-horses; and a light mid-
dle-sized breed for mail-coach and post horses. Near
all the towns of magnitude are lands of considerable
extent applied to the raising of vegetables and fruit:
the horticultural fields in the neighbourhood of Liver-
pool more especially, are very extensive; for, besides the
supply of the town, great quantities of vegetables are
required for the shipping; quantities of dried herbs are
carried out to Africa, and onions also are exported.
There are pretty good orchards in different parts of the
county; the chief difficulty in raising the trees is that of
protecting them from the violence of the western and
south-western winds. The soil of the older orchards is
often under grass, but that of the younger plantations is
generally cultivated with either the spade or the plough.
Various agricultural societies have been established in
different parts of the county. The Manchester Agricul-
tural Society was instituted in the year 1767, its views
being at first confined to the hundred of Salford, but
they have since been extended to a district of about
thirty miles round it, comprehending the northern
and central parts of the county of Chester: its meet-
ings are held twice in each year, one time at Man-
chester, the other at Altrincham in Cheshire. Some time
after this, another society of the same kind was esta-
blished in the south-western part of the county, and,
from the name of the hundred in which it is situated,
it is denominated the West Derby Agricultural Society.
A similar institution has been formed in the eastern part
of the county, which holds its half-yearly meetings
at Whalley, and is called the Whalley Agricultural So-
ciety. Northward of all these, Lancaster has for some
time had its agricultural society; and one was esta-
blished at Ulverstone, in the year 1805, called the North
Lonsdale Agricultural Society.
The waste lands consist either of moors and moun-
tain land, or of the boggy tracts called mosses, and of
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marshes; they are of considerable extent, though of
late years different commons have been enclosed, and
some of the mosses have long been under tillage. The
quantity of waste mountain land is computed at about
sixty-two thousand acres; and that of the mosses and
marshes at about thirty-six thousand acres, of which
twenty thousand are contained in the mosses, and the
remainder in the marshes, which latter are chiefly found
on the western coast. The two most extensive tracts of
improved moss-land are Trafford-moss, which is now for
the most part converted into grass land; and Chat-moss,
the draining of which is of later date. The tracts which
formerly constituted the Forest of Myerscough, Fulwood,
Bleasdale, Wyersdale, and Quernmoor, situated in the
more northern parts of the county, in the hundreds of
Amounderness and Lonsdale, are the property of the King,
as Duke of Lancaster. The three first of these lie along
the side of the great road from Preston to Lancaster:
Myerscough Forest is wholly enclosed; but those of
Fulwood and Bleasdale still have large tracts of un-
enclosed ground, more especially where they approach
the high ridges of the eastern part of the county. The
Forest of Wyersdale now forms the township of that
name, which lies along the elevated tract on the York-
shire boundary: it is divided into twelve different por-
tions, which still retain the ancient name of vaccaries,
or cow-pastures; four of these divisions are wholly en-
closed, but the rest have all of them out-pastures, which
are high mountainous commons and fells, frequently of
great extent. The Quernmoor Forest tract is situated
further north, and is much smaller than that of Wyers
dale, but contains several vaccaries: the whole of it
is now enclosed. These two last-mentioned forests
have separate courts, which are held half-yearly by the
master forester.
In this county there are many stone fences: dry
stone walls are frequently found in the north and north-
eastern parts; dashed walls, and walls built with mor-
tar, are most commonly seen in the northernmost part
only; sod walls are met with in several places on the
borders of the sea. The woods of the county are chief-
ly in the more central parts, about Garstang, on the
banks of the Wyer, the Ribble, the Lune, and some other
rivers, and in the parks of several of the nobility and
gentry. The principal coppice woods are in the northern
parts of the county, the land on which they grow being
chiefly steep and rocky, and unfit for any other purpose:
their main produce is hoop-wood, charcoal, props for
the coal mines, and oak-bark. Various plantations have
been made in different parts of the county, and, amongst
other trees, of the alder, which is in great request in
the manufacturing districts, where it is used to hang
cotton yarn on to dry, the wood acquiring a fine polish
by use, and not splintering from exposure to the wea-
ther the bark of this is made use of in dyeing.
are often intermingled in a remarkable manner. Coal
is too deep from the surface to form the basis of soils
except in some places towards the eastern boundary of
the county, where it approaches very near the surface.
Clay and marl, both separate and mingled, frequently
form the subsoils of the flat tracts, and are met with at
the depth of from five or six inches to several feet.
Gravel and sand in flat situations, and the latter on
elevated ground also, are sometimes found to constitute
the subsoil. The chief mineral productions are coal,
copper, lead, and iron. The strata of coal seem to lie for
the most part in three distinct parallel ranges, running
across the county from south-west to north-east the
first begins near Worsley, and takes its course north
of Manchester, by Bury and Rochdale, to the eastern
boundary of the county above Todmorden; the next,
which is the most extensive tract, commences below
Prescot, and passes south of Blackburn, by Colne, to
the Yorkshire boundary, which it crosses; and the third,
which is by far the smallest, begins above Lancaster, in
the township of Quernmoor, and extends by Caton, Far-
leton, Tatham, and Winnington, to the borders of York-
shire. These strata lie in some places at a very great
depth, while in others they approach very near the sur-
face; their thickness and quality also vary greatly, even
in the different shafts of the same colliery: coal of a
black, compact, marbly appearance, called cannel coal,
is found chiefly at Haigh, near Wigan. Numerous coal
pits are sunk in various parts of the tracts above men-
tioned; most of the large collieries having steam-engines
of great power. Though coal is the ordinary fuel, yet,
in the vicinity of the mosses, peat and coal are burned
together. The principal tract in which copper is found in
any considerable quantity is among the rugged barren
mountains in the northernmost part of the High Furness
district, approaching the borders of Cumberland. Here
are only two mines, Conistone and Muckle Gill; the
former being the older. The ore obtained from both
mines is of the yellow sort, and but poor in metal:
after the ore obtained at Muckle Gill has been cleaned,
sorted, and broken, it is forwarded to Cheadle in
Staffordshire, there to be smelted and manufactured
into wire, and sheets for coppering the bottoms of ships.
Lead-ore is chiefly found in the northern and eastern
parts of the county, but it is no where obtained in great
quantities. The Anglezark mine has been worked for
a long time: the ore is of the common blue lead kind.
The only part of the county where iron is found in
sufficient quantity to be worked is in the liberty of Fur-
ness, on the north side of Lancaster sands: the principal
mines are Lindal Moor and Cross Gates. The ore
raised at Lindal Moor is generally either sent to the
furnace at Newland, or to Old Barrow, to be shipped for
Wales, the Carron works, and other places; that obtained
at Cross Gates mine is chiefly conveyed to the neigh-
bourhood of Broughton, where are extensive smelting-
works. The county produces abundance of slates, flag-
stones, limestone, and freestone, for the purposes of
building. The blue slate quarries are very numerous,
but are chiefly in the rocky mountainous tracts of the
northern parts of High Furness: slate of a lighter
colour and very inferior quality is raised at different
places in the county, south of the sands, and at the
same places flag-stones are likewise obtained. Quarries
The freestone substrata are of three kinds, yellow,
white, and red, and are found in almost every district of
the county. The blue rocky substratum prevails most
in the elevated tracts of the liberty of Furness, and the
division of Cartmel, north of the sands. The lime-
stone substrata, which are much dispersed, are mostly
white in the north-western part of the county, but near
the eastern boundary they are often of a dark brown or
black colour. The limestone and freestone substrata
100
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15
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at Manchester, Oldham, Bury, Bolton, Warrington, and
Heap. The manufacture of woollen goods is extensively
carried on at Manchester, Bury, Bacup, Newchurch,
Rochdale, and Heap: flannels are made at Manchester,
Rochdale, and Haslingden. There are several hat-ma-
nufactories at Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Denton,
Bolton, Audenshaw, Howley Hill, Colne, and Wigan.
Paper is made at Manchester, Bolton, Blackburn, Farn-
worth, Ashton, and Warrington. Lancaster, the county
town, possesses comparatively but little of the above
manufactures, its chief trade being in the manufacture
and exportation of mahogany furniture and upholstery.
In the town of Warrington are large manufactories for
pins, glass, and other articles; but the principal em-
At Ulver-
ployment is in the making of sail-cloth.
stone, as well as at Caton, are manufactories for the
working of flax, and at the former town some checks
are manufactured. There are many iron-works and
nail-manufactories in different parts of the county:
the principal works of this kind are those for smelting
iron-ore, in that portion of the county which lies
north of Lancaster sands. In this part of the county
also, on the banks of the Leven, are powder-mills. Glass
and earthenware establishments are very numerous,
the largest being at St. Helen's and Warrington; and
in the south-western part of the county, watches, watch
movements, and watch tools, are made to a consider-
able extent and in great perfection. In these various
branches of manufacture is employed an immense num-
ber of persons: it is supposed that not less than one
hundred and fifty thousand individuals are engaged in
the cotton trade alone in Lancashire; the economy of
labour produced by machinery at the same time being,
in some of its branches, the spinning more especially,
so great, that one man and four children will spin as
much yarn as was spun by six hundred women and
girls fifty years ago. Immense quantities of cotton yarn
are exported for the supply of the manufactures of
France, Germany, and Switzerland.
The commerce of Lancashire, like its manufactures
and in conjunction with them, has risen with unex-
ampled rapidity, and attained an importance unequalled
by that of any other county, Middlesex alone excepted.
Besides the great port of Liverpool, there are the minor
ones of Lancaster, Ulverstone, and Preston, which have
each a coasting trade, though very little foreign com-
merce. Great part of the foreign commerce of Lanca-
shire, of which Liverpool is the grand medium, consists
in the exportation of the manufactures of the county,
together with the woollens and cutlery of Yorkshire, the
produce of the salt-mines of Cheshire, the earthenware
of Staffordshire, and the hardware of Warwickshire,
which are poured into this great western emporium, and
thence forwarded to America and the West Indies,
Africa and the East Indies, and to the continent of
Europe, exclusively of the vast trade with Ireland. The
imports consist of cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, corn,
timber, and a variety of other commodities, the pro-
ductions of every civilized country and of all climates.
The canal system of inland navigation, which in this
county is peculiarly extensive, and to which may be
added the important ranges of newly formed rail-roads,
facilitate and expedite this immense traffic in an aston-
ishing degree.
The rivers and streams of Lancashire are very nu-
of freestone are wrought in most parts of the county,
south of the sands: the best sort of stones for sharpen-
ing scythes is found and prepared at Rainford. Tracts
of limestone, generally of small extent, exist in different
parts of the county, both north and south of the sands,
in which numerous quarries are worked.
The pre-eminence of the manufactures of Lancashire
over those of the other districts in England where the
inhabitants are similarly engaged, has long been known
and acknowledged. These manufactures are various;
These manufactures are various;
but that of cotton in its different branches is by far the
most important, and is one of the most extensive in the
world. Manchester is its grand centre, and from that
town it has extended over the adjoining and more
northern parts of Lancashire, as well as into the adjacent
counties on the east and south. Soon after the year
1328, about which time the emigrant clothiers from
Flanders were dispersed over England, Manchester
became famous for the manufacture of a species of
woollen goods, called Manchester cottons." In the
reign of Henry VIII. this county had made some further
progress in manufactures and commerce: and at the
period of the national disturbances, in the reign of
Charles I., the manufactures of linen and cotton, as well
as of woollen, were carried on here. Until the year 1760,
the sale of cotton goods had been almost entirely for
home consumption; but about that period, considerable
markets for this species of goods were opened on the
continents of Europe and America, and the consequent
urgent demand encouraged great and valuable improve-
ments in the machinery employed. These improvements,
the successfully attained object of which was to lessen
the requisite quantity of manual labour, on their first
introduction, gave rise to great tumults, the inhabitants
of the manufacturing districts destroying the machines,
in consequence of the groundless fear that they should
otherwise be thrown out of employment. One of the
most recent inventions of this kind is the power-loom.
A factory of steam looms was first erected in this dis-
trict at Manchester, in 1806, with two others at Stock-
port, and a fourth at West Houghton, since which period
they have been erected throughout the manufacturing
district generally. In each of these mills every process,
from the picking of the raw cotton to its conversion into
cloth, is performed; and on a scale of such magnitude
that in a single factory is done as much work as would,
in the last age, have engaged an entire district. The
steam looms are chiefly employed in the production of
printing cloth and shirting; but they also weave thick-
sets, fancy cords, dimities, cambrics, and quiltings, be-
sides silks, worsted, and woollen broad cloths. Inkles,
tapes, and checks, with woollens, flannels, baizes, and
linens, all rank among the manufactures of this coun-
ty, and have each their proper seat. The silk trade,
which had formerly flourished to a considerable extent,
but fell into decay in consequence of the rapid growth
of the cotton business, has of late revived, and is now
carried on with increased activity. The spinning and
manufacture of cotton prevail at Manchester, Oldham,
Colne, Burnley, Haslingden, Preston, Accrington, Bury,
Middleton, Ashton, Bolton, Chorley, Blackburn, Heap,
Stayley, Wigan, Eccles, Bacup, Chowbent, Rochdale, &c.;
calico-printing and bleaching at Manchester, Blackburn,
Bolton, Bury, Accrington, and Chorley; muslins at
Manchester, Bolton, Chorley, and Preston; and fustians
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merous the Mersey, the Ribble, and the Lune, or Loyne,
are its largest rivers; and next to these in magnitude
are the Irwell, the Douglas, the Wyer, the Leven, the
Crake, and the Dudden, all of which to some extent
are navigable. The Mersey constitutes the southern
boundary of this county, separating it from Cheshire,
and is formed by the small rivers Tame, Etherow, and
Goyt, which respectively rise in the counties of York,
Chester, and Derby, and unite at Stockport, from which
town the Mersey takes a winding south-westerly course,
and below Warrington spreads into a channel of consi-
derable breadth, the greater part of which is dry at low
water; but it is suddenly contracted by the projecting
point of land opposite Runcorn, below which it again ex-
pands, and having been augmented by various streams,
forms a large estuary, which opens into the Irish sea,
in a north-westerly direction a little below Liverpool,
being much narrower opposite that town than it is some
miles further inland. The tide flows up this river as
far as the vicinity of Warrington, where it is stopped
by a weir. In pursuance of an act of parliament ob-
tained in the year 1720, for making navigable the rivers
Mersey and Irwell, in that part of their course lying be-
tween Liverpool and Manchester, this river, by the aid
of an artificial cut from the south of Warrington to
some distance above that town, pursuant to an act ob-
tained in 1720, is made navigable for barges of from
sixty to seventy tons' burden, as far as the mouth of
the Irwell, which latter river in like manner is rendered
navigable up to Manchester: the Mersey yields salmon,
smelts, and soles, besides a great variety of other fish.
The Ribble rises in the moors above Craven in Yorkshire,
and having formed the boundary between that county
and Lancashire for a few miles in the vicinity of Clitheroe,
it enters the county, and intersects it from east to west,
passing by Ribchester and Preston, below which latter
town it soon expands into a broad æstuary which joins
the Irish sea. The tide flows up this river as high as
Preston, near to which place it is navigable for vessels
of small burden. Salmon of delicious flavour frequent
this river, and the fishery extends as high as Brockholes.
The Lune, or Loyne, has its rise in the mountainous
tracts of Westmorland, and entering this county a little
below the bridge at Kirkby-Lonsdale, pursues a south-south, the breadth varying from half a mile to three-
westerly course to Lancaster, and some distance lower quarters: its greatest depth is stated to be about forty
widens into a broad æstuary, and finally joins the Irish fathoms : its principal fish are char, trout, and perch,
sea at Sunderland point. This river is navigable for and of all an abundance. Only a small contracted por-
small vessels to Lancaster, but ships of great burden tion of the magnificent lake of Windermere is con-
can pass no higher than Glasson point: like the other tained in this county, but that piece of water bounds it
navigable rivers of Lancashire, it affords a plentiful on the east for the distance of eight or ten miles. Es-
supply of salmon. The Irwell is formed by several thwaite water is situated to the east of Hawkeshead,
small streams which rise in the hilly tracts to the south and is about a mile and a half in length, and some-
of Haslingden, and runs in an irregular southerly course what less than half a mile in breadth, being contracted
by Bury to Manchester, where it becomes navigable: in the middle by a projection from each side its fish
from this town it takes a south-westerly course, and falls are pike, trout, eels, and perch. Hareswater, which is
into the Mersey a little below Flixton : flowing through of no great extent, lies northward of Leighton-moss :
the most populous districts of the county, this river its fish are pike and eels. During the winter, Marten
affords great advantage to the different manufactories mere, near Ormskirk, is a large sheet of water but in
situated on its banks. The Douglas rises on the moors of summer it becomes nearly dry. In the northern parts
Anglezark, to the north of Rivington Pike, and taking of the county are different smaller lakes, commonly called
a southerly course to Wigan, runs from that town in a tarns. The springs which break forth from the more
north-westerly direction, and falls into the estuary of elevated grounds of the county are very numerous :
the Ribble at Hesketh Bank. In the year 1727 this some are medicinal, as at Cartmel, Flookborough,
river was made navigable from the Ribble as high as Wigan, and other places. The artificial inland naviga-
Wigan, under the provisions of an act passed in 1719: tion of this county is very extensive, and it was here
by means of this work the northern parts of Lancashire
and Westmorland are supplied with coal from this dis-
trict, which receives limestone and slate from those
parts in return: the navigation has been improved at
a later date by the substitution, in a part of its course,
of an artificial cut for the natural channel of the river.
The Wyer has its source in the hills on the eastern
border of the county, and flows in a south-westerly
direction to Lower Garstang, where it takes a more
westerly course, by Garstang Church Town, to Poulton,
in the neighbourhood of which town it fast increases in
breadth, and, turning towards the north, expands into a
spacious bason called Wyer Water, which is terminated
by a narrow passage through which the river flows
into the Irish sea. The Wyer is navigable for small
vessels up to Poulton: upon its banks are various fac-
tories; and the scenery of the valley through which it
flows is in many places bold and romantic. The Leven
is the rapid river which flows out of the lake of Win-
dermere, through the township of Haverthwaite, into a
large æstuary opening into the bay of Morecambe. The
Crake flows from the southern extremity of Conistone
lake into the æstuary of the Leven, near Penny-bridge.
The Dudden, which, through almost the whole of its
course, forms the boundary between this county and Cum-
berland, has its source among the small lakes, provin-
cially called tarns, above Seathwaite, in the hilly tracts
of High Furness, and, flowing southward, forms a large
bay to the south-west of Broughton. The mouth of
the Ken, from Westmorland, which opens into the bay
of Morecambe, isolates the northern division of the
hundred of Lonsdale from the rest of the county. The
smaller streams are numberless; those most worthy of
mention are the Alt, the East Calder, the West Calder,
the torrent of Leck-beck, which falls into the Lune, and
the Winster, which for some miles forms the boundary
between that portion of the county which lies north of
the sands and Westmorland. In the northernmost por-
tion of the county are different sheets of water: of these
Conistone lake, sometimes called Thurston water, is
situated in the northern part of the High Furness dis-
trict, between two ranges of rocky mountainous land,
and extends in length six or seven miles from north to
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that the canal navigation of modern times first took its
rise. The first attempts of this kind were in rendering
navigable the streams which run through these manu-
facturing and commercial districts; and after the deep-
ening of the rivers before mentioned, an act was passed,
in 1755, for making Sankey brook navigable, and in
1761 another act was obtained, which provided for the
extension of the same line: the present navigation is
called the Sankey canal, and runs entirely separate from
the brook, except at one spot about two miles below
Sankey bridge, where it crosses it on a level: at the
distance of about nine miles and a quarter from its ter-
mination in the Mersey, it divides into three branches ;
and from the Mersey to the extremity of the longest of
these the distance is eleven miles and three quarters,
with a fall of about sixty feet: this canal is of great be-
nefit to the collieries and the various manufactories
near it, in the vicinity of the populous town of St.
Helen's.
The magnificent plans which have rendered the
name of the Duke of Bridgewater so celebrated in the
history of canal navigation, began to unfold them-
selves in 1758 and 1759, an act having passed in the
former year enabling that nobleman to form a canal
from Worsley to Salford, and also to Hollin ferry on the
Irwell; and another in the latter year permitting him
to deviate from that course, and carry his canal from
Worsley across the river Irwell to Manchester. The
formation of this canal was the work of that eminent
self-taught engineer, James Brindley: at its upper ex-
tremity at Worsley it passes through a tunnel of almost
half a mile in length, partly arched with brick, and
partly formed by the solid rock, whence it has been ex-
tended in various directions to the distance of thirty
miles. As it was a main object to keep this canal as
much on the level as possible, the embankments and
aqueducts in its course are numerous; but of the latter,
that by far the most remarkable is at Barton, by which
it passes over the navigable river Irwell, and which con-
sists of three massive stone arches, of which the central
arch is sixty-three feet wide, and thirty-eight feet high
above the surface of the water, admitting the largest
barges which navigate the Irwell to go through with
masts and sails standing, and affording the curious and
interesting spectacle of one vessel sailing over the top of
another. But before this first design was completed,
the Duke of Bridgewater conceived the plan of extending
his canal, by a branch which, running through part of
Cheshire, in a line parallel with the river Mersey, should
at length terminate in that river, below the limits of its
artificial navigation. An act of parliament was accord-
ingly obtained for the formation of this canal, which
was completed in the five years following, and extends
from Longford bridge, in the township of Stretford, to
the river Mersey at Runcorn-gap, a distance of more than
twenty-nine miles: it is carried over the Mersey by an
aqueduct similar to that over the Irwell, but lower, as
the river is not there navigable. In consequence of the
formation of this canal, the rates of carriage between
Liverpool and Manchester were reduced, at least one-
half. Under the sanction of an act passed in 1795, a
branch has been cut from the Duke of Bridgewater's
canal at Worsley to Leigh. The act for the formation
of the Leeds and Liverpool canal, one of the greatest
works of the kind in the kingdom, was obtained in 1770,
VOL. III.
and the work was commenced the same year. From its
highest level in the basin of Foulridge, near Colne, the
fall on the Lancashire side is four hundred and thirty-
three feet four inches; and from this head it passes, in
a
south-westerly direction, by the towns of Burnley and
Blackburn, and having crossed the river Douglas makes
a large circuit round Ormskirk, at last reaching the
Mersey, at the lower part of the town of Liverpool. A
branch from this canal to Wigan is upwards of seven
miles and a half in length, with a fall of thirty-six feet,
and when first completed, which was with great expe-
dition, afforded to Liverpool a new and plentiful supply
of coal, and caused a considerable exportation of that
commodity from the port. Under the authority of acts
of parliament passed at various periods, different alter-
ations and improvements have been made in this canal
by the company to which it belongs; and one of these,
passed in 1794, gave them the power of navigating a
part of the then newly-formed Lancaster canal: in
pursuance of an act obtained in 1819, a navigable cut,
six miles in length, was made, from the canal near
Wigan to the Duke of Bridgewater's canal at Leigh.
The whole length of the Leeds and Liverpool canal (in-
cluding the portion of the Lancaster canal navigated by
the Leeds and Liverpool Company, the length of which
is nearly eleven miles) is one hundred and twenty-seven
miles and twelve chains: the distance from Liverpool to
its junction with the Lancaster canal is seventy-nine
miles and twenty-six chains.
In 1791, an act was passed for the formation of a
canal which should connect the towns of Manchester,
Bolton, and Bury: this commences at the Irwell, on
the western side of Manchester, and passes in a north-
erly course nearly parallel with that river, which it
crosses at Clifton, and again at Little Lever, at which
latter place there is a branch to Bolton, and another
to Bury: its total length is fifteen miles and one fur-
long, with a rise of one hundred and eighty-seven feet.
The district through which this canal passes abounds
in coal and other mineral productions, besides which,
its inhabitants are engaged in manufactures, and con-
sequently the traffic with Manchester and its vicinity,
by means of it, is very great. A cut thirteen miles in
length, called the Haslingden Extension, passing by
Haslingden, unites this with the Leeds and Liverpool
canal, between Blackburn and Burnley, about four miles
from the former town: the act for the formation of this
extension was obtained in 1793. In 1792 an act was
passed, sanctioning the formation of a canal from Man-
chester to Ashton under Line and the vicinity of Old-
ham: it commences on the east side of Manchester,
crosses the Medlock, passes Fairfield, and terminates at
Ashton under Line, there being at Fairfield a branch
to the New Mill, near Oldham, from which there is a
cut to Park colliery. The whole length of this canal is
eleven miles, with a rise of one hundred and fifty-two
feet coal, lime, limestone, and manure, are its chief ob-
jects of traffic: there is a branch from this canal to
Stockport. An act was passed in 1794, authorising
the opening of a line of navigation from the Duke of
Bridgewater's canal at Manchester to the Calder navi-
gation at Sowerby bridge, near Halifax, and this, being
completed, is called the Rochdale canal. Commencing
on the south-west side of Manchester, it leaves that
town at its north-eastern extremity, and pursues its
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:
course to Failsworth, whence, turning directly north, it
proceeds through the tract of coal country about Fox-
Denton, Chadderton, Middleton, and Hopwood, at a
short distance to the east of Rochdale, to which town
a small branch diverges having passed Littleborough,
it gains its summit level about Deanhead, whence it
proceeds to Todmorden, at which place it turns north-
east to Hebden bridge, and then inclines somewhat to
the south-east, until it reaches the Calder navigation at
Sowerby bridge; its whole length, from one extremity to
the other, being thirty-nine miles and a half, exclusively
of two short collateral branches of about a mile and a
quarter: from its summit level it falls two hundred and
seventy-five feet on the Halifax side, and four hundred
and thirty-eight feet seven inches on the Manchester
side great reservoirs have been made in the hilly coun-
try, near different parts of the course of this canal, suf-
ficient to supply it abundantly with water. The Hud-
The Hud-
dersfield canal, the act for cutting which passed in 1794,
has its western extremity at the Ashton under Line ca-
nal, and its eastern at Sir John Ramsden's canal to the
Calder its general direction is north-east; and from
Ashton it has its course parallel with the Tame (the
windings of which river it frequently crosses), to Stay-
ley-Bridge, and enters Yorkshire in the manufacturing
district of Saddleworth the extreme length of this
canal is nineteen miles and three quarters; and its fall,
from the head level on the Ashton side, is three hundred
and thirty-four feet eight inches. The Kendal and Lan-
caster canal, for the formation of which an act of parlia-
ment was obtained in 1792, commences at Kendal, hay-
ing a feeder from a rivulet about a mile beyond that town,
and proceeding directly southward, enters Lancashire
near Burton at Berwick, a little further south, it sinks
to its mid-level, which it preserves for upwards of forty-
two miles, making a very circuitous course, and in some
places approaching within a very short distance of the
sea-beach a little above Lancaster it crosses the Lune
by a magnificent aqueduct, and afterwards passes
eastward and southward of that town at Garstang it
crosses the Wyre, and having made a bend westward, by
which it is brought within two miles of Kirkham, it
next passes the western side of Preston, and crosses the
Ribble; then, ascending through a series of locks, it
joins the Leeds and Liverpool canal, and reaches its
highest level, on which it proceeds a little to the east-
ward of Chorley, across the Douglas, and through
Haigh, and bending to the east of Wigan, arrives at its
termination at West Houghton, after a course of upwards
of seventy-five miles and a half: the fall from Kendal to
the mid-level is sixty-five feet; and the rise thence on the
southern side two hundred and twenty-two feet. A col-
lateral cut in the neighbourhood of Chorley is nearly three
miles long; another near Berwick, nearly two miles and
a half; and a third, of about four miles in length, com-
municates with the dock at Glasson, near the mouth of
the Lune. The principal objects of this canal are to
make an interchange of produce between the coal and
the limestone countries, and to form a communication
between the port of Lancaster and the interior parts to
the north and south. The Ulverstone canal is a short
cut, about a mile and a half in length, from that town to
the navigable channel of the river Leven.
:
:
The railways of this county also hold an important
place among its facilities of commercial communication.
The most remarkable of these is the Liverpool and
Manchester railway, constructed pursuant to an act
passed in 1826, and designed to be opened for passen-
gers in August, and for the conveyance of goods, &c.,
in September 1830.
in September 1830. It commences at the Company's
yard in Wapping, Liverpool, by means of a tunnel,
which is accessible by an excavation twenty-two feet
deep, and forty-six wide, affording space sufficient for
four lines of railway, with intervening pillars support-
ing the beams and flooring of the warehouses built
over the excavation, under which the wagons pass to
be loaded or unloaded, by means of trap-doors com-
municating with the upper stories: wagons laden with
coal or lime pass under the warehouses to the wharfs
at the Wapping end of the station. Proceeding along
the tunnel, this level line of railway curves to the right,
till it reaches the bottom of the inclined plane, which is
perfectly straight, and one thousand nine hundred and
eighty yards long, with a uniform rise of three-quarters
of an inch in a yard, making the whole rise, from Wap-
ping to the mouth of the tunnel at Edge-hill, one hun-
dred and twenty-three feet. The tunnel is twenty-two
feet wide, and sixteen feet high, the sides rising perpen-
dicularly to the height of five feet, and is surmounted
by a semicircular arch of eleven feet radius: it is cut
through various strata of red rock, blue shale, and
clay, but principally through rock of almost every de-
gree of hardness: the space, from its roof to the surface
of the ground, varies from five feet to seventy: through-
out its entire length, it is lighted with gas, and the
sides and roof are white-washed. At the upper end is
a spacious and noble area, forty feet below the surface
of the ground, excavated in the solid rock, and sur-
mounted on all sides by embattled walls, from which a
small tunnel, two hundred and ninety yards in length,
fifteen feet wide, and twelve feet high, lighted also with
gas, returns parallel with the large one, but inclining
upwards in the opposite direction, and terminating at
the Company's premises in Crown-street, on the eastern
side of the town; this being the principal station for
the railway coaches, and the depôt for coal for sup-
plying the upper part of the town. Advancing east-
ward from the two tunnels, the road passes under a
Moorish archway, intended to connect the two engine-
houses, and forming the grand entrance to the Liver-
pool stations, whence it emerges into the open air, and
proceeds to a little beyond Wavertree-lane, where it
passes through a deep excavation, and under several
massive arches, thrown across to form the necessary
communication between the roads and farms on each
side. Beyond this, about half a mile north-west of the
village of Wavertree, is the great rocky excavation
through Olive Mount, seventy feet below the surface of
the ground; and a little further is the great Raby em-
bankment, formed of the materials dug out of the
mount: this embankment extends across the valley for
about two miles, varying in height from fifteen feet to
forty-five, and in breadth at the base from sixty to one
hundred and thirty-five feet. After leaving it, the liné
crosses the Hayton turnpike-road, and proceeds, in a
slightly-curved direction, to the bottom of the inclined
plane at Whiston: this plane forms a straight line a
mile and a half long, with a rise only of one yard in
ninety-six, which, however, causes a perceptible decrease
in the velocity of the carriage; but at its termination
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*....tat
**
there is a portion of the road, nearly two miles in
length, exactly level. About half a mile from the sum-
mit of the inclined plane, the railway passes under a
substantial stone bridge on the line of the Liverpool and
Manchester turnpike-road, at an angle of 34°: this
bridge is a curious and beautiful structure, on the
diagonal principle; the span of the arch is fifty-four
feet, while that of the railway, from wall to wall, is only
thirty; each face of the arch extends diagonally forty-
five feet beyond the square. It was in the vicinity of
this bridge that the trial of the locomotive engines,
which contended for a premium of £ 500, took place in
October 1829. Passing over the summit level at Rain-
hill, the road reaches the Sutton inclined plane, which,
descending in an opposite direction, is equal, in extent
and inclination, to the Whiston plane, the summit level
being eighty-two feet above the base of each. It then
crosses Par Moss, the foundation of the road along the
principal part of it being composed of a deposit of clay
and stone, twenty-five feet deep, dug out of the Sutton
inclined plane. Continuing its course, the railway is
carried over the valley of the Sankey, with its canal at
the bottom, by a noble viaduct of nine arches, each fifty
feet in the span, built principally of brick faced with
stone, at an expense of upwards of £45,000 : the
height, from the top of the parapets to the water in the
canal, is seventy feet, and the width of the railway twenty-
five. The approach to this structure is along a stupen-
dous embankment, formed chiefly of clay dug out of the
high lands on the borders of the valley. Approaching
the borough of Newton, the railway crosses a narrow
valley, by a short but lofty embankment, and a bridge
of four arches, each fifty feet span. A few miles be-
yond is the great Kenyon excavation, from which about
eight hundred thousand cubic yards of clay were dug,
part of which was applied in forming an embankment
to the east and west of the excavation, the remainder
being deposited in spoil banks on the adjacent lands.
Having crossed Bury-lane, and the small river Glaze-
brook, the road enters upon Chat Moss, a barren waste,
comprising an area of about twelve square miles, which it
crosses by means of an embankment consisting of about
two hundred and seventy-seven thousand cubic yards of
moss earth, in the formation of which, about six hundred
and seventy-seven thousand cubic yards of raw moss
were used; the bottom is composed of clay and sand:
the expense of carrying the railway over this moss was
£27,719. 11. 10. Beyond Chat Moss it traverses the
Barton embankment, crossing the low lands for about
a mile, between the moss and the Worsley canal, over
which it is carried by a neat stone bridge; thence it
proceeds to Manchester, passing through the town of
Salford. It is carried over the river Irwell, by a hand-
some stone bridge of two arches, each sixty-five-feet in
the span, and thirty feet high from the central summit
to the surface of the water; and then over a series of
arches to the company's station, in Water-street, and
the Liverpool-road. This railway is thirty-one miles in
length, and the expense of its completion, including the
cost of machinery and carriages, will amount to up-
wards of £800,000: there are sixty-three bridges, be-
sides sundry culverts and foot-bridges, along the line.
There is a railway from Bolton to Leigh, and thence to
the Liverpool and Manchester railway, communicating
with the latter at Kenyon, by two branches. A rail-
:
way from Wigan to Newton, with an extended line from
Newton to Warrington, crossing the great railway, is in
progress; as is also a line of railway from St. Helen's
to Runcorn Gap. There is an extent of iron-railway
from West Houghton, by Bulmer bridge, to Preston,
upon which coal and other articles are conveyed to the
Lancaster canal, at the last-mentioned town. Nearly all
the more extensive coal-works have similar roads on
a smaller scale; and various manufacturing establish-
ments are likewise provided with them.
The great road from London to Carlisle enters the
county from Knutsford in Cheshire, and passing through
Warrington, Newton, Wigan, Standish, Preston, Lan-
caster, and Bolton, quits it for Burton in Westmorland.
The great road from London to Manchester and Preston,
enters the county from Stockport in Cheshire, and
passes through Manchester, Bolton in the Moors, and
Chorley. The road from London to Halifax and Clith-
eroe enters Lancashire from Halifax in Yorkshire, and
passes through Burnley. The road from London to
Manchester and Clitheroe branches off from the Preston
road at Manchester, and passes through Bury and Has-
lingden. The extent of public roads in Lancashire is
very great those in the coal tracts about Manchester,
Bolton, and Wigan, are all paved. Lancashire has, of
late years, become celebrated for the many fine bathing
stations along its coast
stations along its coast; viz., Liverpool, Blackpool,
Bootle, Lytham, South-port, &c., which are resorted to
during summer by many thousands.
;
Eight Roman stations, according to Whitaker,
were established within the limits of this county dur-
ring the administration of Julius Agricola in Britain, viz.,
Ad Alaunam and Bremetonaca, in the north, which
are conjectured to have been at Lancaster and Over-
borough, respectively; Portus Sistuntiorum, in the west
Rerigonium and Coccium, about the centre, the latter sup-
posed to have been at Blackrod, or Ribchester; Colonea,
on the east, supposed to have been at Colne; and Verati-
num and Mancunium on the south, the latter having been
at Manchester. From this last station several Roman
roads diverged, viz., one south-easterly, towards Stock-
port; another south-westerly, into Cheshire, by Stret-
ford; a third north-westerly, to Blackrod, from which,
near Pendleton, a vicinal way branched off to Warring-
ton
; a fourth ran to Coccium, or Ribchester, and thence
to Bremetonaca, or Overborough; a fifth was carried
north-east, towards Halifax; and a sixth more easter-
ly, towards Almondbury in Yorkshire. The principal
Roman remains discovered in this county have been
found at Lancaster, Overborough, Colne, Ribchester,
Warrington, and Manchester, the sites of the Roman
stations. Of ancient churches the most remarkable
are the Collegiate Church at Manchester, and Cartmel
church. The number of religious houses before the
Reformation was twenty-one, including three hospitals
in different places, and the college of Manchester: the
principal remains of conventual buildings are those of
the abbeys of Whalley, Cockersand, and Furness, espe-
cially the latter, which are very extensive. Of ancient
castles the principal remains are those at Clitheroe, Dal-
ton, Gleaston, Greenhalgh, Hornby, and Lancaster, of
which the last is the most remarkable and entire, being
now used as the county gaol. Of ancient domestic ar-
chitecture, there are numerous remains throughout the
county, of which, Hulme hall, on the banks of the Ir-
D 2
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20
well, near Manchester, the ancient residence of the Prest-
wich family; and Speake Hall, on the banks of the Mer-
sey, near Liverpool, the ancient residence of the Norris
family, are the most curious and perfect specimens,
though now fast falling to decay; and among the more
distinguished modern seats are, Knowsley hall, the seat
of the Earl of Derby; Ashton hall, of the Duke of Ha-
milton; and Heaton house, of the Earl of Wilton. The
most remarkable ancient earthworks are at Aldingham,
Overborough, and Brierscliffe.
G
caster, but they adjourn to Preston, and business is
chiefly transacted there and in the duchy court at West-
minster. In 1322 and 1389, the town was burnt and
plundered by the Scots; and in the wars of the houses
of York and Lancaster it was nearly depopulated, in
consequence of the resolute adherence of the inhabitants
to the cause of the Lancastrians. During the parlia-
mentary war it suffered severely, and, in 1698, an acci-
dental fire destroyed a considerable portion of the town,
which also, in the rebellion of 1745, participated in the
agitations that disturbed the peace of the kingdom.
The town is pleasantly situated on the acclivities of
an eminence crowned with the stately towers of the cas-
tle, and on the southern bank of the river Lune, over
which a handsome stone bridge of five elliptical arches
has been erected, at an expense of £12,000, connecting
the town with the township of Skerton, about half a mile to
the east of an ancient bridge now in ruins, which had been
built over the narrower part of the river, near St. George's
quay. With the exception of a few which are spacious,
the streets are generally narrow; but considerable im-
provement in the general appearance of the town has
been made, under the provisions of an act of parliament
obtained, in 1784, for erecting the bridge; and more is
still in progress, under an act obtained, in 1824, for
cleansing, watching, lighting, and paving the town: the
houses, built of freestone found in the neighbourhood,
and covered with slate, are in general of handsome ap-
pearance; in various parts of the town are some noble
mansions, and in the environs, which abound with varied
and interesting scenery, are several elegant villas. The
theatre is occasionally opened; and assemblies are held
in a suite of rooms well adapted to the purpose: the
public baths are conveniently arranged, and provided
with every requisite accommodation: a book society,
called the Amicable, which was instituted in 1769, has
accumulated a library of four thousand volumes; and a
mechanics' library was opened in 1824. A society for
promoting the fine arts, by the purchase of paintings
by the most eminent living artists, was established in
1820, and is well supported.
Arms.
LANCASTER, a parish
comprising the borough,
port, and market town of
Lancaster, having separate
jurisdiction, the chapelries
of Caton, Gressingham, Over-
ton, Poulton, and Over Wy-
ersdale, and the townships
of Aldcliffe, Ashton with
Stodday, Bare, Bulk, Hea-
ton with Oxcliffe, Middleton,
Quernmoor, Scotforth, Sker-
ton, Thurnham, and Tor-
risholme, in the hundred of LONSDALE, South of the
sands, and the chapelries of Bleasdale, and Stalmine
with Stanall, and the townships of Fulwood, Myers-
cough, and Preesall with Hackersall, in the hundred
of AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine of LANCASTER, and
containing 19,372 inhabitants, of which number, 10,144
are in the borough of Lancaster, 240 miles (N. N. W)
from London. This place is supposed to have been the
Ad Alaunam of the Romans; and the discovery of coins,
urns, fragments of earthenware, calcined bones, votive
altars, sepulchral lamps, and other Roman antiquities,
confirms the probability of its having been occupied as
a station by that people. After the departure of the
Romans from Britain, it was destroyed by an incursion
of the Picts and Scots, and continued in a state of deso-
lation till the time of the Saxons, by whom it was re-
stored, and, from its situation as a fortress near the
river Lune, called Lun ceastre, from which its present
name is deduced. In the seventh century, according to
the same author, it had risen to such importance as to
be made the capital of the county, an honour which it
still retains; but it suffered so much injury during the
Danish incursions, that in the Norman survey it is no-
ticed only as a vill, or berewic, included in the manor of
Halton. At the time of the Conquest it was given by
William I. to Roger de Poictou, who is supposed to have
enlarged and adapted for his baronial residence, the an-
cient castle, of which the western tower is erroneously
said to have been built by Adrian, in 124, and that facing
the town, by the father of Constantine the Great, in 305:
the beautiful gateway tower was erected by John, Earl
of Morton and Lancaster, who, after his accession to
the throne, gave audience to the French ambassadors,
and received the homage of Alexander, King of Scotland
(whom he had subdued), in this castle. John of Gaunt,
the fourth son of Edward III., having succeeded to the
title of his father-in-law, Henry Plantagenet, Duke of
Lancaster, erected that tower in the castle which has ob-
tained the name of John of Gaunt's chair. On the ac-
cession of this prince to the dukedom, in 1376, the
county was constituted a palatinate. Separate courts
for this independent jurisdiction are still opened at Lan-
*

.
The port is subject to much inconvenience from the
difficulty of the navigation of the Lune, arising from the
accumulation of sand in its channel, and an elevation in
its bed, called Scaleford, probably the remains of a Ro-
man ford across the river, which renders it inaccessible
to vessels of large burden; in consequence of which, a
dock was constructed, in 1787, at Glasson, nearly five
miles down the river, capable of sheltering twenty-five
merchantmen, which discharge their cargoes by lighters
at St. George's quay, on which a custom-house, a neat
edifice with an Ionic portico, was erected, in 1764. The
foreign trade is chiefly with America and the West
Indies; the exports are mahogany furniture of every
description, sadlery, shoes, woollen, linen, and cotton
goods, soap, candles, and provisions; the imports are
sugar, coffee, rum, cotton, mahogany and dye woods.
Lancaster carries on also a very considerable coasting
trade: twenty-eight British ships entered inwards from
foreign ports, and twelve cleared outwards, in 1826; and
the number of vessels belonging to the port, in 1828, was
fifty-one, averaging a burden of one hundred and thirteen
tons: there is a considerable salmon fishery on the river
Lune, which also abounds with trout. The principal ma-
nufactures are mahogany furniture and upholstery, for
LAN
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21
exportation, cordage, sail-cloth, and cotton goods, for
which last there are three factories in the town, in two
of which two hundred power-looms are employed: cotton
and worsted yarn are also spun to a considerable ex-
tent: there are two yards for boat-building; and for-
merly vessels of considerable burden were built here.
The Lancaster canal, constructed in pursuance of an act
of parliament passed in 1792, opens a communication
with the mining district, and supplies the neighbour-
hood with coal and other necessaries; but the want of a
more extended line of internal navigation operates un-
favourably to the increase of the trade, and the scarcity
of fuel to the extension of the manufactures, of the
town. About a mile to the north-east, the canal is
carried over the river Lune, by an aqueduct of stone,
consisting of five semicircular arches, each seventy feet
in the span, erected, at an expense of £48,000, under
the direction of Mr. Rennie. The market days are
Wednesday and Saturday: the fairs, which are chiefly
for cattle, cloth, cheese, and pedlary, and which continue
for three days each, are May 1st, July 5th, aud October
10th, which last is the principal cheese fair in the
county.
Corporate Seal.
Lancaster was first in-
corporated by charter, in
the 4th year of the reign of
Richard I., of John, Earl of
Morton, afterwards King
John, who granted and con-
firmed to the burgesses all
the liberties he had before
granted to those of Bris-
tol, and Edward III. con-
firmed and extended those
privileges, allowing the
mayor and bailiffs the pri-
vilege of having the pleas and sessions held here, to
the exclusion of every other place in the county. The
government, under the charter of George III., granted
in 1819, is vested in a mayor, recorder, two bailiffs,
seven aldermen, twelve capital burgesses, and twelve
common council-men, assisted by a town-clerk, two ser-
jeants at mace, and subordinate officers. The mayor,
who acts as coroner for the borough, and the bailiff of
the brethren, are elected annually on the Thursday after
October 18th, by the aldermen and capital burgesses,
from their own bodies, and the bailiff of the commons,
by the free burgesses, from the common council-men.
The freedom is obtained by birth, or servitude, all the
sons of freemen being entitled to it on payment of a
small fee to the mayor, bailiffs, and commonalty.
Among the privileges may be reckoned an interest in
the tract of ground called Lancaster Marsh, consisting
of two hundred and ten acres, enclosed in 1795, the
rents of which are divided amongst eighty of the oldest
freemen, or their widows. The mayor is a justice of
the peace for the county, and he and the aldermen are
justices of the peace within the borough, holding quar-
terly courts of session for all offences not capital; also
a court of pleas every week, for the recovery of debts to
any amount. A court for the hundred of Lonsdale is also
held here, on the first Wednesday in every month, for the
recovery of debts under 40s. The town-hall is a neat
building, erected, in 1781, at an expense of £ 1300, and
containing a court-room and apartments for the trans-
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action of the public business of the corporation : it is
embellished with full-length portraits of the Rt. Hon.
William Pitt, and Admiral Lord Nelson, painted by Mr.
Lonsdale, a native of the town, and presented by him to
the corporation. The borough prison is a small edifice,
for the temporary confinement of prisoners, who are sub-
sequently sent to Lancaster castle. The borough first
exercised the elective franchise in the 23rd of Edward I.,
and continued to make returns till the 1st of Edward II.;
it afterwards intermitted till the reign of Edward VI.,
since which time it has regularly returned two members
to parliament: the right of election is vested in the free-
men generally, of whom there are about three thousand:
the mayor and bailiffs are the returning officers. The
court of pleas for the county palatine is held twice in
the year, before the judges of the northern circuit, and
the assizes and general quarter sessions for the county
are also held in this town, where also, as being the
county town, the election of knights of the shire takes
place. The remains of the ancient castle are used as the
county gaol, and additional buildings have been erected
upon a very extensive scale, at an expense exceeding
£140,000. The entrance, through a gateway of beau-
tiful design, over which is a statue of John of Gaunt,
Duke of Lancaster, is flanked by octagonal towers, and
leads into a spacious court-yard enclossed with em-
battled walls and strengthened with towers; opposite
to the entrance is the ancient square keep, a building
of prodigious strength, to the north of which are the
shire-hall and courts, with the room for the grand
jury, and other apartments: the hall is of a semicir-
cular form, and elegantly and commodiously arranged
for the business of the assizes: the nisi prius court,
in which are full-length portraits of Colonel Stanley and
Mr. Blackburn, presented by the late Sir Robert Peel,
Bart., exhibits some architectural beauty; and in the
crown court is an equestrian portrait of King George III.,
painted by Northcote, and presented to the county by
James Ackers, Esq., while high sheriff. The common
gaol comprises seventeen divisions for the classification
of prisoners, seventy-three work rooms, thirty-two day
rooms, and twelve airing-yards; there are two tread-
mills employed in pumping water and turning power
looms; a considerable portion of their earnings is paid
to the prisoners on their discharge. The castle hill and
terrace afford a fine promenade, commanding extensive
views of the surrounding scenery, which is most richly
diversified.

The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Rich-
mond, and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's
books at € 41, and in the patronage of Oliver Marton,
Esq. The church, dedicated to Mary, and to which
the privilege of sanctuary was anciently attached, was
originally erected by Roger de Poictou, who founded a
Benedictine priory here, as a cell to the abbey of St.
Martin de Seez in Normandy, which, on the suppression
of Alien priories, was by Henry V. annexed to the abbey
of Sion in Middlesex: the present edifice is in the
later style of English architecture, and contains some
fine specimens of screen-work and carvings in oak,
which are thought to have been brought from Cock-
ersand abbey, on its dissolution. The registry for this
division of the archdeaconry is kept in this church, in
which also the Commissary's court was formerly held.
Among the monuments is one by Roubilliac to the me-
LAN
22
LAN
mory of William Stratford, L. L.D.; and in the church-
yard is the shaft of a Danish cross, embellished with
sculpture, and bearing an inscription in Runic characters.
St. John's chapel was built by subscription, in 1755:
the living is a perpetual curacy, endowed with £400
private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £800 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar of
Lancaster. St. Ann's chapel was erected, in 1796, at
the sole expense of the Rev. Robert Houseman: the pa-
tronage of the living, a perpetual curacy endowed with
£800 royal bounty, will revert to the vicar in the course
of fifty years after the date of its erection. There are
places of worship for Baptists, the Society of Friends,
Independents, Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, and
Presbyterians, and a Roman Catholic chapel. The free
grammar school is of uncertain origin: it existed prior
to 1615, at which time Rundall Carter, of London, be-
queathed £10 per annum as a salary for an usher; and
it appears to have been generally supported by the cor-
poration, by whom it was most probably founded, and
who have the nomination of the head master: there are
about sixty scholars attending it, who pay a certain quar-
terage, and of whom a few receive classical instruction:
the salaries of the masters are paid by the corporation.
The Blue-coat charity school, established by subscription
in 1770, has been incorporated with the National school
for boys, for which a spacious stone building was erected,
in 1817, by subscription, at an expense of £1100, and
which in that year was endowed by Mr. Matthew Pyper,
one of the Society of Friends, with £2000 Navy five
per cent. annuities: there are in this school three hun-
dred and forty boys, of whom a certain number is clothed.
A National school for girls with a house for the mistress,
was built, in 1820, by subscription: there are one hun-
dred and twenty girls in the school, who are instructed
in reading, writing, and household work, to qualify them
for domestic service. A charity school, established in
1772, in which sixty girls are taught to read, write,
knit, sew, and spin, is supported partly by subscrip-
tion, and partly by the earnings of the children, a fourth
part of which is given to them. A school, in which are
eighty children, was established in 1820, and is sup-
ported by the Roman Catholics of the town; and there
are Sunday schools in connexion with the established
church and the several dissenting congregations. Gar-
dyner's almshouses, founded in 1485, consisting of four
tenements adjoining the vicarage-house, are appropriated
to four aged men, between whom the sum of £6. 11. 8.,
in quarterly payments, is divided by the corporation.
Penny's almshouses, consisting of twelve tenements,
with a chapel forming three sides of a quadrangle, the
area of which is laid out in gardens for the almspeople,
was founded, by a bequest from William Penny, Esq.,
in 1715, and endowed with lands producing about
£340 per annum, for twelve aged men or women, who
are appointed by the corporation, and receive each
£3. 6. 8. per quarter, a suit of clothes, and other allow-
ances: from the same fund a chaplain receives a small
stipend, for reading prayers to the almspeople, and some
apprentice fees are given with poor children. Eight
almshouses were founded, in 1781, by Mrs. Anne Gilli-
son, who endowed them with land and money producing
about £40 per annum, for eight unmarried women, to
cach of whom £4 and a gown are given annually. There
are numerous charitable bequests for distribution, among
which the most considerable is that of William Heysham,
M. P., who, in 1725, bequeathed an estate producing
£256 per annum, in trust to the corporation, for the
benefit of eight poor men resident within the borough;
and there are several for the relief of prisoners for debt
confined in Lancaster castle. The county lunatic asy-
lum, on Lancaster moor, was established in 1816, and
is conducted under the superintendence of a committee
of visiting magistrates, of whom the Rt. Hon. Lord
Stanley is president: the establishment consists of a phy-
sician, surgeon, superintendent, matron, house-steward,
treasurer, and chaplain. The premises comprise a spa-
cious quadrangular building of stone, with a handsome
portico of the Doric order, and, with the gardens and
grounds, occupy five acres of land: the buildings con-
tain hot and cold baths, with every accommodation re-
quisite for the patients, and under the long covered gal-
laries afford opportunities of exercise in bad weather
and the grounds furnish every kind of amusement that
may contribute to the health and recreation of the pa-
tients: there are about one hundred and forty males,
and about one hundred and twenty females, in this
asylum, who are individually treated with a due regard
to their several degrees and species of malady; and a
chapel has been erected, in which many of those whose
state of mind renders them susceptible of its influence,
derive the consolation of religion. A dispensary for
supplying the sick poor with medicine was instituted
in 1781; and connected with it is a house of recovery
for persons labouring under contagious diseases.
reigning sovereign enjoys the title of Duke of Lan-
;
The
caster.
LANCAUT, a chapelry in the parish of TIDENHAM,
hundred of WESTBURY, though locally in that of Bli-
desloe, county of GLOUCESTER, 2 miles (N.) from Chep-
stow. The population is returned with the parish. The
chapel, which is dedicated to St. James, is under the
rector of Wollastone, in the archdeacoury of Hereford,
and diocese of Gloucester.
LANCHESTER, a parish comprising the chapelries
of Ebchester, Esh, Medomsley, and Satley, and the
townships of Benfield-side, Burnop with Hamsteels,
Butsfield, Collierly, Conside with Knitsley, Billingside,
Greencroft, Heelyfield, Holmside, Ivestone, Kyo, Lan-
chester, and Langley, in the western division of CHESTER
ward, and the township of Comsay, in the north-west-
ern division of DARLINGTON ward, county palatine of
DURHAM, and containing 4979 inhabitants, of which
number, 659 are in the township of Lanchester, 8 miles
(N. W. by W.) from Durham. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Durham,
endowed with £1040 private benefaction, £200 royal
bounty, and £900 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Durham. The church, dedi-
cated to All Saints, is a venerable structure, in the early
style of English architecture, surmounted by a square
tower of hewn stone, adorned with battlements and fly-
ing buttresses: in the interior are several sculptured de-
corations, interesting monuments, and portions of stained
glass. It was made collegiate, for a dean and seven pre-
bendaries, by Bishop Anthony Beke, about 1283, and
valued, at the dissolution, at £49. 3. 4., and in the
Lincoln taxation at £90. 13. 4., per annum: the dean's
house occupied a plot of ground surrounded by a fosse,
a little northward from the church; but there are no
7
1
LAN
LAN
23
vestiges, excepting six carved oak seats under an arch
in the northern wall of the chancel, and a piscina on the
southern side of the altar. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists. A free school was established
by subscription, in 1748, and is endowed with £10 per
annum, the bequest of George Clavering, Esq., of Green-
croft. At Cornsey, in this parish, almshouses for the
maintenance of six poor men and six poor women, with
a master and a mistress, were founded, by the late W.
Russel, Esq. of Brancepeth castle, and endowed with a
rent-charge. Petty sessions are held here once a fort-
night, and a court for the recovery of debts under 40s.
twice a year. The new turnpike road frrom Durham to
Shotley bridge, made under an act of parliament ob-
tained in 1810, passes through the vale in this parish.
Lanchester occupies the site of a principal Roman sta-
tion, though its identity has been disputed by antiqua-
ries. Camden, Gale, and Hunter, call it Longovicum;
Horsley, Glambanta, or Glanoventa (considered the most
perfect Roman station in the kingdom); whilst modern
writers regard it as Epiacum: the period of its origin
is uncertain, but its restoration is ascribed to the Em-
peror Gordian: it stood on the line of the Watling
street, and was successively garrisoned by a portion of
the twentieth legion, the Varduli, and the Ligones. The
station occupied an eminence half a mile westward from
the village: the rampart, enclosing a cultivated area of
eight acres, is in most parts quite perfect: numerous
coins, altars, monuments, and other relics, have been
discovered at different periods; several of which are
preserved in the library at Durham.
LANCING, a parish in the hundred of BRIGHTFORD,
rape of BRAMBER, county of SUSSEX, 2 miles (E. N. E.)
from Worthing, containing 590 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Chichester, rated in the king's books at £6. 9. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Lincoln. The
church has lately received an addition of one hundred
and fourteen sittings, of which seventy are free, the In-
corporated Society for the enlargement of churches and
chapels having granted £30 towards defraying the ex-
pense. The parish is bounded on the east by the river
Adur and Shoreham harbour, and on the south by the
English channel.
LANDBEACH, a parish in the hundred of NORTH-
STOW, County of CAMBRIDGE, 4 miles (N. N. E.) from
Cambridge, containing 371 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Ely, rated
in the king's books at £10. 1. 3., and in the patronage
of the Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College,
Cambridge. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
LANĎCROSS, a parish in the hundred of SHEB
BEAR, county of DEVON, 2½ miles (S. by E.) from Bide-
ford, containing 83 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £ 5. 4. 9.,
endowed with £600 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of Lord Rolle. The church is dedicated to the Holy
Trinity. General Monk, afterwards Duke of Albemarle,
was born here, in 1609.
•
LANDEWEDNACK, a parish in the hundred of
KERRIER, County of CORNWALL, 10 miles (S. S. E.)
from Helston, containing 387 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£11. 16. 10., and in the patronage of Vivian Robinson,
Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Lanty, has a curious
ancient font. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. In this parish is the Lizard Point, the
most southern point of land in Great Britain, whence
ships leaving the channel date their departure, and upon
which are two lighthouses and a signal station. About
a mile from it is Kynan's Cove, one of the most remark-
able curiosities on the coast: it is formed of vast pro-
jecting rocks overhanging the sea, so as to resemble in
one part of it an arched grotto. The Soap rocks, three
miles distant, yield the celebrated steatite, formerly in
great request among the manufacturers of china.
•
LANDFORD, a parish in the hundred of FRUST-
FIELD, county of WILTS, 10 miles (S. E.) from Salis-
bury, containing 213 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £4. 3. 9., and in the pa-
tronage of T. Bolton, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. Andrew.
LANDGUARD-FORT, in the parish of FELIXSTOW,
hundred of COLNEIS, county of SUFFOLK, 12 miles
(S. E. by S.) from Ipswich, and 1 mile (E. S. E.) from
Harwich, which see. Here is a chapel for the garrison.
LANDICAN, a township in the parish of WOOD-
CHURCH, lower division of the hundred of WIRRALL,
county palatine of CHESTER, 53 miles (N.) from Great
Neston, containing 53 inhabitants.
LANDKEY, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of MOLTON, County of DEVON, 2 miles
(E. S. E.) from Barnstaple, containing 683 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to that of Swim-
bridge, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Consistorial
Court of the Bishop of Exeter, endowed with £200
royal bounty, and £1600 parliamentary grant. The
church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. At Herford,
in this parish, was anciently a chapel. Here is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LANDMOTH, a joint township with Catto, in that
part of the parish of LEAK which is in the wapentake
of ALLERTONSHIRE, North riding of the county of
YORK, 4 miles (E. by S.) from North Allerton, contain-
ing 59 inhabitants.
LANDRAKE,parish in the southern division of the
hundred of EAST, county of CORNWALL, 4 miles (W.N.W.)
from Saltash, containing, with the parish of St. Erney,
841 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
with the curacy of St. Erney, in the peculiar jurisdic-
tion of the Consistorial Court of the Bishop of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £18. 12. 4., and in the pa-
tronage of the Countess of Mount-Edgcumbe. The
church, dedicated to St. Peter, is remarkable for the
loftiness of its tower, which is a picturesque object for
miles around. The parish is bounded on the east by
Lynher river, where it is crossed by a bridge. Here are
fairs for cattle on July 19th and August 24th. A cha-
rity school was foundeû, in 1703, by Sir Robert Jeffrey,
Knt., who endowed it with lands now producing about
£40 per annum. There are five almshouses, with a
small endowment in land.
LANDULPH, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of EAST, county of CORNWALL, 5 miles (N.) from
Saltash, containing 579 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £20. 3. 64.
LAN
LAN
24
and in the patronage of the King, as Prince of Wales.
The church, dedicated to St. Dilpe, contains an inscrip-
tion, giving an account of the pedigree of Theodore Pa-
leologus, a lineal descendant of the last Christian em-
perors of Greece, who died in 1636, and whose remains
were interred here. The navigable river Tamer runs
on the east and south of the parish.
LANDWADE, a parish in the hundred of STAPLOE,
county of CAMBRIDGE, 4 miles (N. N.W.) from New-
market, containing 20 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Exning, in the
archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich. The
church is dedicated to St. Nicholas. The remains of
the ancient manor-house exhibit a specimen of the do-
mestic architecture of the sixteenth century.
LANEAST, a parish in the northern division of the
hundred of EAST, county of CORNWALL, 7 miles (W.)
from LAUNCESTON, containing 229 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, endowed with £400
private benefaction, and £800 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of W. T. Baron, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Gulwel.
LANE-END, a market town and chapelry in the
parish of STOKE upon TRENT, northern division of the
hundred of PIREHILL, County of STAFFORD, 4 miles
(E.S.E.) from Newcastle under Lyne, containing, with
Longton,7100 inhabitants. This place, which is situated
at the southern extremity of the district called "The
Potteries," and on the road between Newcastle and
Uttoxeter, has risen to opulence and importance within
a few years, in consequence of the flourishing state of
the earthenware and china manufacture. The population
is rapidly increasing; and among the indications of mo-
dern improvement may be mentioned the establish-
ment of a mechanics' institute. The Trent and Mersey
canal passes about two miles westward from the town,
and through it runs a small stream, on which are several
mills for grinding flints. The market is held on Saturday
for provisions, of which the supply is very abundant;
and there are fairs for woollen cloth, hardware, and
pedlary, on February 14th, May 29nd, July 22nd, and
November 1st. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, endowed with land for the erection of a par-
sonage-house, £ 1000 private benefaction, £600 royal
bounty, and £1500 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of certain Trustees. The chapel, which is a
brick edifice, rebuilt about 1795, has recently received
an addition of five hundred sittings, of which four
hundred and fifty are free, the Incorporated Society for
the enlargement of churches and chapels having granted
£800 towards defraying the expense. In 1827 an act
of parliament was obtained, authorising a sale of all
tithes and rectorial dues belonging to the rectory of
Stoke upon Trent, and which contained powers for fur-
ther endowing and converting the chapelry of Lane-End
into a distinct rectory. A new church is now being
erected by the parliamentary commissioners appointed
for the building of additional churches. There are
places of worship for baptists, Independents, Calvinistic
and Wesleyan Methodists, and Methodists of the New
Connexion, and a chapel for Roman Catholics. A
charity school was founded in 1760, and endowed by
John Bourne, Esq., the master having a salary of £ 15
per annum, and a rent-free residence, for which he in-
structs about forty children of both sexes. There is
also a National school.
LANEHAM, a parish within the liberty of SOUTH-
WELL and SCROOBY, though locally in the South-clay
division of the wapentake of Bassetlaw, county of
NOTTINGHAM, 63 miles (N. E. by E.) from Tuxford, con-
taining 347 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of
the Dean and Chapter of York, rated in the king's books
at £5. 3. 4., and endowed with £400 royal bounty. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter.
church is dedicated to St. Peter. The river Trent runs
through the parish,
LANERCOST-ABBEY, a parish in ESKDALE ward,
county of CUMBERLAND, 2 miles (N. E.) from Bramp-
ton, comprising the townships of Askerton, Banks,
Burtholme, Kingwater, and Waterhead, and containing
1512 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, endowed
with £200 royal bounty, and £1400 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Earl of Carlisle.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, is part
of the ancient abbey, and is principally in the early
style of English architecture, with portions in the
Norman. In this parish, which was crossed by the
great Roman wall of Julius Agricola, was the station
of the Cohors Prima Elia Dacorum, called Amboglana,
the site of which is an extensive plain terminating in
a precipitous descent to the river Irthing: the dimen-
sions of the castrum are one hundred and twenty
yards north and south, by eighty east and west: some
altars have been found here, dedicated to Jupiter
Optimus Maximus, as also dedications to Mars and
Cocis, with various monumental and other inscriptions,
though almost effaced by time: a fragment of the ancient
wall, ten feet in height, and five yards in length, is yet
standing at Harehill. On the north bank of the river
Irthing are the very interesting ruins of an Augustine
priory, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, founded in
1169, by Robert de Vallibus, lord of Gilsland, and en-
dowed by himself and others with a revenue valued at
the dissolution at £79. 19.: it was frequently visited by
Edward I., and partly destroyed by conflagration in
1296; in 1311, Robert Bruce, with his army, lay here
for three days. The ruins comprise vestiges of the
conventual church, cloisters, refectory, and other build-
ings; the nave has been fitted up as the parish church;
the dilapidated walls, which exhibit numerous speci-
mens of architecture in the early style, are covered with
ivy, ash, and other plants: the western gateway consists
of a circular arch, richly decorated and supported by
pilasters, and is surmounted by a statue of Mary Magda-
lene, the tutelar saint of the abbey. In a part of the an-
cient cemetery which has been converted into gardens,
several stone coffins and monuments lie among the trees.
Within this parish, and about seven miles from Laner-
cost, is Gilsland spa, the waters of which are sulphu-
retted chalybeate: the scenery is beautiful and romantic,
and there is every requisite accommodation for visitors,
with billiard-tables, music-rooms, libraries, &c. The
spring, anciently called Holy Well, acquired its present
name about the year 1770.
.
LANGAR, a parish in the northern division of the
wapentake of BINGHAM, county of NOTTINGHAM, 10/
miles (E. S. E,) from Nottingham, containing, with Barn-
·
LAN
LAN
25
stone, 287 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated
in the king's books at £10. 7. 11., and in the patronage
of the Rev. W. Bowerbank. The church, dedicated to
St. Andrew, is a large cruciform edifice, with a richly
ornamented tower: in it are several monuments of
the Lords Scroope, one of which, in memory of Lord
Scroope, who died in 1609, and his lady, is remark-
ably elegant: it contains also a handsome monument
to the memory of that distinguished officer Admiral
Earl Howe, who died August 5th, 1799, and was buried
here. On an elevation near the village is the site of
his lordship's once magnificent residence, which has
been very much curtailed.
LANGBAR, a.joint township with Nesfield, in that
part of the parish of ILKLEY which is in the upper
division of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding of
the county of YORK, 84 miles (E.) from Skipton. The
population is returned with Nesfield. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LANGCLIFFE, a township in the parish of BEN-
THAM, western division of the wapentake of STAIN-
CLIFFE and EwCROSS, West riding of the county of
YORK, 14 mile (N.) from Settle, containing 420 inha-
bitants. Here are cotton and paper manufactories.
mere.
LANGDALE, a chapelry, comprising Great and
Little Langdale, in the parish of GRASMERE, Kendal
ward, county of WESTMORLAND, 34 miles (S. E. by S.)
from Orton, containing 317 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Richmond,
and diocese of Chester, endowed with £800 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Rector of Gras-
The chapel is situated at Great Langdale, and
another once stood at a place now called Chapel-
Mire, in Little Langdale. On a hill called Wreynose
are placed three stones, denominated shire-stones, and
marking the point at which the counties of Cumberland,
Westmorland, and Lancaster, meet and terminate. Fine
blue slate, much of which is sent to London and other
parts, is obtained in the mountains on each side of the
river Brathy; the loftiest pike of these, called Harrison
Stickle, rises two thousand four hundred feet above the
level of the sea. Within the chapelry is Elter-water,
near which is a gunpowder-mill; there are also several
smaller lakes, and the two beautiful waterfalls, Colwith
Force and Skelwith Force. A school was erected, in
1824, by the Gunpowder Company, in consideration of
ground granted to them for the establishment of their
manufactory.
t
.
•
LANGDON (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
CORNILO, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, County of KENT, 33
miles (N. N. E.) from Dovor, containing 347 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's
books at £7, and in the patronage of the Earl of
Guildford. The church is dedicated to St. Augustine. A
fair for toys and pedlary is held on Old May-day. Here
is a workhouse for lodging the poor of this and some
of the neighbouring parishes, in which several of them
are employed in spinning and weaving linen, sacking, &c.
LANGDON (WEST), a parish in the hundred of
Bewsborough, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of
KENT, 3 miles (N.) from Dovor, containing 86 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory not in charge, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury, endowed with
VOL. III.
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury. The church, which was dedi-
cated to St. Mary, is in ruins. An abbey for White
canons, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and St.
Thomas the Martyr, was founded here, in 1192, by Wil-
liam de Auberville, which, at the dissolution had a re-
venue estimated at £56. 6.
LANGDON-HILLS, a parish in the hundred of BAR-
STABLE, County of Essex, 2½ miles (N. by E.) from Horn-
don on the Hill, containing 205 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex,
and diocese of London, rated in the king's books at
£ 10. 3. 9., and in the patronage of the Dean and
Chapter of St. Paul's, London. The church is dedicated
From the summit of this
to St. Mary and All Saints.
range of hills, the loftiest in this part of the county,
are some extremely fine and extensive prospects, espe-
cially towards the south, south-east, and south-west, of
the metropolis; the whole river and vale of the Thames
below London, and the hills and coast of Kent, as far as
the Medway, being visible in clear weather.
LANGENHOE, a parish in the hundred of WINS-
TREE, county of ESSEX, 54 miles (S. by E.) from Col--
chester, containing 131 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £ 14. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of Earl Waldegrave. The church is
dedicated to St. Andrew. The parish is bounded on the
east by the navigable river Colne.
LANGFIELD, a township in the parish of HALIFAX,
wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county of
YORK, 11 miles (W. by S.) from Halifax, containing
On Stoodley Pike, a lofty eminence
2069 inhabitants.
in this township, a column has been raised, commemo-
rative of the great military achievements of the Duke of
Wellington.
LANGFORD, a parish in the hundred of BIGGLES-
WADE, county of Bedford, 24 miles (S.) from Biggles-
wade, containing 631 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £ 8,
endowed with £ 400 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
LANGFORD, a parish comprising the tything of
Little Farringdon, in the hundred of FARRINGDON,
county of BERKS, and the township of Grafton, and the
hamlet of Radcutt, in the hundred of BAMPTON, County
of OXFORD, 31 miles (N. E. by E.) from Lechlade, and
containing 638 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Prebendary of Lang-
ford Ecclesia in the Cathedral Church of Lincoln, rated
in the king's books at £21. 19. 4., and in the patronage
of the Rev. John W. Peters. The church, dedicated to
St. Mary, has lately received an addition of two hundred
and two sittings, of which one hundred and thirty-nine
are free, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels having granted £ 80 towards
defraying the expense. It is said that the boundary
line of the two counties divides the church and church-
yard.
LANGFORD, a parish in the hundred of THURSTA-
BLE, county of Essex, 2 miles (N. by W.) from Maldon,
containing 251 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £10. 4. 9½., and in the
E
+
LAN
LAN
26
patronage of Mrs. Westcomb. The church is dedicated
The church is dedicated
to St. Giles. The Chelmer and Blackwater navigation
bounds the parish on the south.
LANGFORD, a parish in the southern division of
the hundred of GREENHOE, county of NORFOLK, 64
miles (W. S. W.) from Watton, containing 29 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged rectory, with that of
Ickborough united, not rated in the king's books, in the
archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, and
in the patronage of Alexander Baring, Esq. The church,
dedicated to St. Andrew, is an ancient building of flint,
with a square western embattled tower; it contains
several memorials of the Methwolds and Garrards,
formerly lords of the place.
LANGFORD, a parish in the northern division of
the wapentake of NEWARK, county of Nottingham,
32 miles (N. N. E.) from Newark, containing 147 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York, endowed
with £600 royal bounty, and £ 200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of
Trinity College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to
St. Bartholomew. The Fosse-road crosses the parish,
and the river Trent bounds it on the west.
LANGFORD (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
BRANCH and DOLE, County of WILTS, 54 miles (N. W.)
from Wilton, containing 32 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £7. 13. 4., and in the
patronage of the Earl of Pembroke. The church is
dedicated to St. Nicholas.
LANGFORD (STEEPLE), a parish in the hundred
of BRANCH and DOLE, county of WILTS, 53 miles (N.W.)
from Wilton, containing 557 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Salis-
bury, rated in the king's books at £34. 0.7., and in
the patronage of the President and Fellows of Corpus
Christi College, Oxford. The church is dedicated to
All Saints.
LANGFORD-BUDVILLE, a parish in the hundred
of MILVERTON, county of SOMERSET, 3 miles (N. W. by
W.) from Wellington, containing 564 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage
of Milverton, and in the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Archdeacon of Taunton. The church is dedicated to
St. James.
LANGHALE, a parish in the hundred of Loddon,
county of NORFOLK, 6 miles (N. N. W.) from Bungay.
The living is a rectory, united to that of Kirstead, not
rated in the king's books, in the archdeaconry of Nor-
folk, and diocese of Norwich.
LANGHAM, a parish in the Colchester division of
the hundred of LEXDEN, county of ESSEX, 12 mile (W.
by N.) from Dedham, containing 725 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Colchester,
and diocese of London, rated in the king's books at
£ 17. 11. 0½½., and in the patronage of the Chancellor of
the duchy of Lancaster. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. There is a place of worship for Baptists. The
navigable river Stour runs on the north of the parish.
There is a small endowment for the instruction of chil-
dren.
LANGHAM, a parish in the soke of OAKHAM,
county of RUTLAND, 2 miles (N. W.) from Oakham,
containing 571 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
~
curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Oakham, in the arch-
deaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough.
The chapel is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul.
LANGHAM, a parish in the hundred of BLACK-
BOURN, county of SUFFOLK, 34 miles (E. by S.) from
Ixworth, containing 268 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £5. 16. 10., and
in the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary.
LANGHAM (GREAT), a parish in the hundred
of HOLT, county of NORFOLK, 4 miles (W. S. W.) from
Cley, containing 324 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £4. 10. 2., and in
the patronage of the Bishop of Norwich. The church
is dedicated to St. Andrew.
LANGHAM (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
HOLT, county of NORFOLK, 3 miles (S. W. by W.) from
Cley. The living is a vicarage, united to the rectory of
Cockthorpe, Glandford, and Blakeney, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books
at £3. 6. 8. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
LANGLEY, a chapelry in the parish of HAMPSTEAD-
NORRIS, hundred of FAIRCROSS, County of BERKS, 31/
miles (S.) from East Ilsey. The population is returned
with the parish. The chapel has long since been dese-
crated.
LANGLEY, a township in that part of the parish of
LANCHESTER which is in the western division of CHES-
TER ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 5 miles (N. W.)
from Durham, containing 97 inhabitants. On the bank of
the river Browney are the ruins of an ancient mansion,
part of which has been converted into a farm-house.
LANGLEY, a parish in the hundred of CLAVERING,
county of ESSEX, 72 miles (W. S. W.) from Saffron-
Walden, containing 320 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Clavering,
in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese of Lon-
don. The church is dedicated to St. John the Evan-
gelist. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
LANGLEY, a parish in the hundred of EYHORNE,
lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 4 miles (S. E.)
from Maidstone, containing 263 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canter-
bury, rated in the king's books at £6. 19. 9., and in
the patronage of Mrs. Bouverie. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists.
LANGLEY, a parish in the hundred of LODDON,
county of NORFOLK, 7½ miles (S. S. W.) from Acle,
The living is a perpetual
containing 349 inhabitants.
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, endowed with £600 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of Sir T. B. Proctor, Bart. The church is de-
dicated to St. Michael. An abbey of Premonstratensian
canons, in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was
founded and endowed, in 1198, by Robert Fitz-Roger
Helke, the revenue of which, at the dissolution, was
valued at £128. 19. 9. Its site is now called the Grange,
and near it, in a fine park well stocked with deer, is
Langley house, a handsome structure, having a quad-
rangular turret rising from each of its four angles.
LANGLEY, a chapelry in the parish of SHIPTON
under WHICHWOOD, hundred of CHADLINGTON, county
LAN
LAN
27
of OXFORD, 5 miles (N. E.) from Burford, containing
63 inhabitants.
LANGLEY, a chapelry in the parish of ACTON-
BURNELL, hundred of CONDOVER, County of SALOP,
6 miles (W.) from Much Wenlock. The population is
returned with the township of Ruckley.
LANGLEY, a hamlet in the parish of CLAVERDON,
Henley division of the hundred of BARLICHWAY, county
.of WARWICK, 4½ miles (S. E. by E.) from Henley in
Arden, containing 192 inhabitants.
LANGLEY, a tything in the parish of KINGTON
ST. MICHAEL, northern division of the hundred of
DAMERHAM, County of WILTS, 24 miles (N.) from Chip-
penham, containing 504 inhabitants.
3
LANGLEY (ABBOT'S), a parish in the hundred
of CASHIO, or liberty of ST. ALBAN'S, county of HERT-
FORD, 12 mile (E. by S.) from King's Langley, contain-
ing 1733 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of St. Alban's, and diocese of Lon-
don, rated in the king's books at £15, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of Sir J. Filmer, Bart. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Lawrence, is partly Norman, and partly in
the later style of English architecture: it has a square
tower surmounted by a short spire, and contains some
handsome monuments, and other sepulchral memorials.
The Grand Junction canal passes through the parish.
Nicholas de Breakspear, who first instructed the Nor-
wegians in Christianity, and the only Englishman ever
raised to the popedom, was born in this parish, though
the place from which he took his name is situated in the
adjoining parish of St. Michael: he assumed the title
of Adrian IV., and was poisoned in 1159, in the fifth
year of his pontificate, by a citizen of Rome, whose son
he refused to consecrate bishop.
LANGLEY (KING'S), a parish in the hundred of
DACORUM, County of HERTFORD, 19 miles (W. S.W.)
from Hertford, containing 1242 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £8, and
in the patronage of the Bishop of Ely. The church,
dedicated to All Saints, is built of flint and stone,
with a square embattled tower surmounted by a short
spire, and is remarkable as containing the tomb of Ed-
mund de Langley, fifth son of Edward III., and Duke
of York, who was born at an ancient royal palace here;
he died in 1402, and was buried in the church of the
priory, from which, at the dissolution, his tomb was re-
moved to the parish church: it has lately received an
addition of two hundred and seventy-seven sittings, of
which two hundred and fifty-seven are free, the Incor-
porated Society for the enlargement of churches and
chapels having granted £ 200 towards defraying the ex-
pense. A priory, or house for friars preachers, founded
here by Roger, son of Robert Helle, or Helke, but af-
terwards enlarged and more liberally endowed by the
munificence of the kings Edward I., II., III., and IV.,
possessed, in the 26th of Henry VIII., a revenue of
£150. 14. 8. Queen Mary restored it for a prioress
and nuns, but it was totally suppressed in the 1st of
Elizabeth. A large paper-manufactory here affords em-
ployment to about fifty persons. The Grand Junction
canal passes through the parish, in excavating which a
human skeleton and jaw bones, of gigantic size, were
found in 1820, and an ancient sword and a spear in 1822.
LANGLEY (KIRK), a parish in the hundred of
MORLESTON and LITCHURCH, county of DERBY, 43
miles (W. N. W.) from Derby, containing, with the town-
ship of Meynell-Langley, 552 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£ 12. 2. 1., and in the patronage of Godfrey Meynell,
Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Michael, was nearly
destroyed by the violent tempest which happened in
1545. Courts leet and baron are annually held here. A
school-house was erected, by subscription, in 1750, and
endowed, in 1752, by the Rev. John Bailey, then rector,
with land now let at £12 a year, and again, in 1768,
with a rent-charge of £5, for the instruction of twelve
children. A Sunday school has also been established
by the rector.
LANGLEY (MEYNELL), a township in the parish
of KIRK-LANGLEY, hundred of MORLESTON and LIT-
CHURCH, County of DERBY. The population is re-
turned with the parish.
The
LANGLEY-BURREL, a parish in the hundred
of CHIPPENHAM, county of WILTS, 13 mile (N. by E.)
from Chippenham, containing 428 inhabitants.
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£ 12. 7. 34., and in the patronage of R. Ashe, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St Peter.
I
LANGLEY-DALE, a joint township with Shotton,
in the parish of STAINDROP, south-western division of
DARLINGTON ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 4
miles (N.) from Barnard-Castle, containing, with Shot-
ton, 198 inhabitants. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. The smelt works established here
yield weekly upwards of three thousand stone of lead,
and four thousand ounces of silver. Here is an ancient
tower, formerly an out-post belonging to Raby castle.
LANGLEY-MARISH, a parish in the hundred of
STOKE, county of BUCKINGHAM, comprising a portion
of the market town of Colnbrook, and containing 1616
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed
to the vicarage of Wyrardisbury, in the archdeaconry
of Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln. The church,
formerly a chapel of ease to the vicarage of Wyrardis-
bury, is dedicated to St. Mary, and was erected at the
expense of the Kedermisters, of whom, Sir John Keder-
mister left for public use a small library, consisting of
works chiefly on divinity; it is deposited in the church,
the place being separated from the rest of the building
by an ancient screen. He also founded, in 1649, alms-
houses for six poor persons; and Henry Seymour erected
others for four inmates, in support of which, Captain
Henry Seymour, in 1733, bequeathed £200 to purchase
lands the inmates receive about two shillings and six-
pence each per week. There are two places of wor-
ship for dissenters, one of which belongs to the Inde-
pendents. Courts leet and baron are annually held here.
:
LANGLEY-PRIORY, an extra-parochial liberty, in
the western division of the hundred of GoscoTE, County
of LEICESTER, containing 13 inhabitants. A priory of
Benedictine nuns, in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
was founded, in the beginning of the reign of Henry II.,
by William Pantulf and Burgia his wife, the revenue
of which, at the dissolution, was estimated at £34. 6. 2.
LANGO, a chapelry in the parish and lower division
of the hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of LAN-
E 2
LAN
LAN
28
CASTER, 54 miles (S. W. by S.) from Clitheroe. The po-
pulation is returned with the parish. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Chester, endowed with £200 private benefaction, £ 600
royal bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of the Vicar of Blackburn. Here, in
798, Duke Wada fought an unsuccessful battle against
Ardulph, King of Northumberland.
eGas
Corporate Seal.
LANGPORT - EAST-
OVER, a market town and
parish, having separate ju-
risdiction, though locally in
the hundred of Pitney, coun-
ty of SOMERSET, 4 miles
(W. S. W.) from Somerton,
and 130 (W.S.W.) from Lon-
don, on the great western
road, containing 1004 inha-
bitants. This place is of
great antiquity, and is sup-
posed to have derived its
name from the Saxon words long, extended, and port,
a town, from the length of its principal street in
the Norman survey it is called Lanporth. It was a
royal burgh in the time of William the Conqueror,
and contained thirty-four resident burgesses. In the
civil war between Charles I. and the parliament, Lang-
port, being considered a commanding station, was well
garrisoned, and alternately in the possession of the
royal and of the parliamentary forces. In July 1644,
the former were compelled to abandon the place, from
the result of an engagement here, in which three hun-
dred men were killed, and one thousand four hundred
made prisoners. The town is situated on the river
Parret, which is navigable for barges, near its junction
with the Yeo and the Ile: at the western entrance a
very ancient bridge of ten arches crosses the river, and
there are nine other bridges, which are repaired from
the funds of the corporation. At the eastern approach,
on the ancient lines of fortification, is an arch thrown
over the road, which supports a building called the
"Hanging Chapel," formerly devoted to religious uses,
and, during Monmouth's rebellion, having been the place
of execution, but now occupied as a private residence.
The principal part of the town is on an eminence, and
commands some pleasing and extensive views; but that
part near the river lying low is subject to frequent inun-
dations: since 1800, the general appearance of the whole
has been much improved, by the erection of many new
houses, and the inhabitants are supplied with excellent
water from an adjacent well. A considerable traffic in
coal, culm, iron, timber, salt, corn, &c., is carried
on with London, Bristol, and various other places; and
several boats, of from eight to fourteen tons' burden,
are constantly employed between this town and Bridg-
water. The market is on Saturday: fairs are held on
the Monday before Lent, the second Wednesday in
August, the last Monday but one in September, and the
last Monday in November, for cattle. The government
of the town is vested, by a renewed charter of James I.,
in the year 1617, in a corporation consisting of twelve
chief burgesses, including a portreeve, justice, two bai-
liffs, assisted by a recorder, town-clerk, serjeant at mace,
and other officers. The portreeve and bailiffs are elected
from the body corporate, annually on the 1st of Novem-
ANGEST
ATBVRGEDE
SIG:PRE
2279 22
PROST
WAHILINAR
1
S
ber, and the recorder, town-clerk, and serjeant at
mace, as vacancies occur. The portreeve, justice, and
recorder, are justices of the peace: the portreeve is
coroner for the borough and clerk of the market, and
his predecessor is justice. The corporation are em-
powered to hold a court of record before the portreeve,
recorder, and bailiffs, every Tuesday, for pleas not ex-
ceeding the value of 40s. The town-hall, which is a
neat edifice, was erected about 1733. This borough
sent members to parliament in the reign of Edward I.,
but the privilege was not subsequently exercised. The
living is a discharged vicarage, with that of Huish-Epis-
copi united, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage
of the Archdeacon of Wells, as Prebendary of Huish cum
Brent in the Cathedral Church of Wells. The church,
dedicated to All Saints, is an ancient structure, in the
early style of English architecture; in the eastern win-
dow, amongst other representations in ancient stained
glass, are those of the twelve Apostles: the church
has recently undergone new internal arrangement and
decoration. There is a place of worship for Indepen-
dents. The free grammar school was founded, about
the year 1675, by Thomas Gillett, for all boys residing
in the town: the present income is £70 per annum, and
the average number of scholars about thirty. A National
school, for children belonging to the parishes of Lang-
port and Huish, was erected in 1827, and is supported
by voluntary contributions. Two poor persons of this
parish are eligible to almshouses founded at Somerton,
in this county, by Sir Edward Hext, in 1626. An
hospital for lepers, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene,
stood here previously to 1310.
LANGŘICK-VILLE, a chapelry in the soke of
HORNCASTLE, parts of LINDSEY, county of Lincoln,
containing 195 inhabitants. Langrick-Ville was, with
six other districts, created a township, by act of par-
liament, in 1812, on the occasion of a very extensive
drainage of about fourteen thousand acres of Wildmore,
and the eastern and western fens, and is not dependent
on any parish.
on any parish. A chapel has been erected here, and
was consecrated in 1818.

LANGRIDGE, a parish in the hundred of BATH-
FORUM, county of SOMERSET, 4 miles (N. by W.) from
Bath, containing 103 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Bath, and dio-
cese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at
£5. 19. 44., and in the patronage of William Blath-
wayt, Esq. In rebuilding the rectory-house, a few years
since, several stone coffins and sculls, and a silver
mounted battle-axe, were discovered. At one of the
extremities of the parish is Lansdown hill, where a
bloody, though indecisive, battle was fought between
the royal and the parliamentarian armies in the year
1643.
-
LANGRIGG, a joint township with Mealrigg, in that
part of the parish of BROMFIELD which is in ALLER-
DALE ward below Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, 7
miles (W. S. W.) from Wigton, containing, with Meal-
rigg, 194 inhabitants.
LANGRISH, a tything in the parish and hundred
of EAST-MEON, Alton (South) division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON. The population is returned with the
parish. Langrish is within the jurisdiction of the Chey-
ney Court held at Winchester every Thursday, for the
recovery of debts to any amount.
LAN
LAN
29
LANGSETT, a township in the parish of PENISTONE,
wapentake of STAINCROSS, West riding of the county of
YORK, 5 miles (S. W. by W.) from Penistone, contain-
ing 325 inhabitants.
LANGSTONE, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of CALDICOTT, County of MONMOUTH, 44 miles
(E. by N.) from Newport, containing, with the hamlet
of Llandeber, 171 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £4. 1. 01., en-
dowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Rev. Charles Gore.
LANGTHORNE, a township in that part of the
parish of BEDALE which is in the wapentake of HALLI-
KELD, North riding of the county of YORK, 33 miles
(N. W. by N.) from Bedale, containing 135 inhabitants.
LANGTHORP, a township in the parish of KIRBY
on the Moor, wapentake of HALLIKELD, North riding
of the county of YORK, 1 mile (N. W.) from Borough-
bridge, containing 143 inhabitants.
LANGTHWAITE, a joint township with Tilts, in
that part of the parish of DONCASTER which is in the
northern division of the wapentake of STRAFFORTH and
TICKHILL, West riding of the county of YORK, contain-
ing 21 inhabitants.
:
LANGTOFT, a parish in the wapentake of NESS,
parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 2 miles (N.
N. W.) from Market-Deeping, containing, with certain
extra-parochial liberties in the Fens, 485 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£5. 5. 7., and in the patronage of Sir Gilbert Heath-
cote, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
■
LANGTOFT, a parish in the wapentake of DICKER-
ING, East riding of the county of YORK, comprising
the townships of Cotton and Langtoft, and containing
432 inhabitants, of which number, 416 are in the town-
ship of Langtoft, which is partly within the liberty of
ST. PETER of YORK, 6 miles (N. by W.) from Great
Driffield. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Prebendary
of Langtoft in the Cathedral Church of York, rated in
the king's books at £8. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
LANGTON, a township in that part of the parish
of GAINFORD which is in the south-western division
of Darlington ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 83
miles (E. by N.) from Barnard-Castle, containing 90
inhabitants.
LANGTON, a parish in the southern division of
the wapentake of GARTREE, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 1 mile (W. by S.) from Horncastle, con-
taining 100 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £7. 19. 4., endowed with
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Lincoln. The church is dedicated to St. Margaret.
LANGTON, a parish in the eastern division of the
wapentake of WRAGGOE, parts of LINDSEY, County of
LINCOLN, 1 mile (E. S. E.) from Wragby, containing
193 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £ 4. 13. 4., endowed with certain lands
in reversion, private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty,
The church is
and in the patronage of Earl Manvers.
dedicated to St. Giles.
LANGTON, a parish in the hundred of HILL, parts
of LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN, 32 miles (N. by W.)
from Spilsby, containing 167 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £10. 12. 34., and in the
patronage of B. Langton, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter.
LANGTON, a joint township with Bongate, in the
parish of APPLEBY ST. MICHAEL, EAST ward, county of
WESTMORLAND, 1½ mile (E.) from Appleby, with which
the population is returned. Langton, or Long Town,
was once a populous place, but was almost destroyed by
the Scots, in the reign of Edward II. At Kirkbergh
there was anciently a church.
LANGTON, a parish in the wapentake of Buck-
ROSE, East riding of the county of YORK, comprising
the townships of Kennythorpe and Langton, and con-
taining 363 inhabitants, of which number, 280 are in
the township of Langton, 34 miles (S. S. E.) from New
Malton. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
the East riding, and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £17. 4. 7., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
-
LANGTON (CHURCH), a parish in the hundred
of GARTREE, county of LEICESTER, 4 miles (N. by W.)
from Market-Harborough, comprising the chapelries of
Thorp-Langton, Tur-Langton, and West Langton, and
the township of East Langton, and containing 932 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £48. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Rev.
William Hanbury. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
The Rev. William Hanbury, remarkable for his benevo-
lent projects, and extensive and industrious cultivation
of trees and plants, indigenous and exotic, was for many
years rector of this parish, and died here in 1778.
LANGTON (EAST), a township in the parish of
CHURCH-LANGTON, hundred of GARTREE, county of
LEICESTER, 3 miles (N.) from Market-Harborough,
containing 309 inhabitants.
containing 309 inhabitants. Thomas Staveley, an anti-
quary and church historian, was born here in 1626.
LANGTON (GREAT), a parish in the eastern di-
vision of the wapentake of GILLING, North riding of the
county of YORK, comprising the townships of Great Lang-
ton and Little Langton, and containing 202 inhabitants,
of which number, 116 are in the township of Great
Langton, 5 miles (W. N. W.) from North Allerton. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Richmond, and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's
books at £6. 10. 10., and in the patronage of the Duke
of Leeds. The church is a small fabric without aisles
or tower; it stands in a retired situation about half a
mile from the village. The river Swale runs through
the parish.
LANGTON (HERRING), a parish in the hundred
of UGGSCOMBE, Dorchester division of the county of
DORSET, 8 miles (S. W.) from Dorchester, containing
152 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated
in the king's books at £7. 2. 11., endowed with £ 200
royal bounty, and in the alternate patronage of the
King, as Duke of Cornwall, and William Sparks, Esq.
This parish suffered much from an inundation of the sea
❤.
LAN
LAN
SO
in November 1824. It is bounded on the south-west by
West Fleet, which separates it from that remarkable
tongue of land termed the Chesil Bank. Beds of shells
abound here to a considerable depth, so that in many
parts there is no soil.
LANGTON (LITTLE), a township in the parish of
GREAT LANGTON, eastern division of the wapentake of
GILLING, North riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles
(W. by N.) from North Allerton, containing 86 inha-
bitants.
LANGTON (THORP), a chapelry in the parish of
CHURCH-LANGTON, hundred of GARTREE, county of
LEICESTER, 33 miles (N. by E.) from Market-Harbo-
rough, containing 215 inhabitants.
LANGTON (TUR), a chapelry in the parish of
CHURCH-LANGTON, hundred of GARTREE, county of
LEICESTER, 5 miles (N. by W.) from Market-Harbo-
rough, containing 318 inhabitants.
LANGTON (WEST), a chapelry in the parish of
CHURCH-LANGTON, hundred of GARTREE, County of LEI-
CESTER, 32 miles (N. by W.) from Market-Harborough,
containing 90 inhabitants. Walter de Langton, Lord
High Treasurer of England, a favourite of Edward I.,
was born here in 1296.
LANGTON-LONG-BLANDFORD, a parish in the
hundred of PIMPERNE, Blandford (North) division of
the county of DORSET, & of a mile (E. S. E.) from Bland-
ford-Forum, containing 160 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of
Bristol, rated in the king's books at £13. 10., and in
the patronage of John Ridout, Esq. The church, dedi-
cated to All Saints, is an ancient fabric, and had for-
merly a chantry, in honour of St. Mary and St. Thomas.
An hospital for lepers also existed here in the reign of
Edward I. The navigable river Stour runs through the
parish.
LANGTON-MATRAVERS, a parish in the hun-
dred of ROWBARROW, Blandford (South) division of the
county of DORSET, 4 miles (S. E.) from Corfe-Castle,
containing 628 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol,
rated in the king's books at £14. 8. 9., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. John Dampier. The church, dedi-
cated to St. George, is an ancient building with an em-
battled tower, and has lately received an addition of three
hundred free sittings, the Incorporated Society for the en-
largement of churches and chapels having granted £ 200
towards defraying the expense. It had formerly a chan-
try for the use of the small priory of St. Leonard at
Wilcheswode, which was founded before the time of Ed-
ward III. There is a remarkable oblong tumulus with-
in the parish on the south is the English channel.
LANGTREE, a parish in the hundred of SHEBBEAR,
county of DEVON, 34 miles (S. W.) from Great Torring-
ton, containing 778 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £29. 1. 3., and in the pa-
tronage of Lord Rolle. There was formerly a chapel at
Cross Hill in this parish.
LANGTREE, a joint township with Standish, in the
parish of STANDISH, hundred of LEYLAND, County pala-
tine of LANCASTER, 4 miles (N. W. by N.) from Wigan.
The population is returned with Standish.
LANGWATHBY, a chapelry in the parish of EDEN-
HALL, LEATH ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 42 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Penrith, containing 250 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage
of Edenhall, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle.
The chapel, dedicated to St. Peter, was erected by sub-
scription in 1718, on the site of a more ancient edifice.
This chapelry is separated from the parish by the river
Eden, over which is a bridge of three arches, built in
1686.
LANGWITH, a parish in the hundred of SCARS-
DALE, county of DERBY, 6 miles (N. by W.) from Mans-
field, containing 153 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and dio-
cese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books
at £4. 0. 21., and in the patronage of the Duke of Devon-
shire. The church is dedicated to St. Helen.
LANGWITH, a township in the parish of CUCK-
NEY, Hatfield division of the wapentake of BASSETLAW,
county of NOTTINGHAM, 72 miles (S. S. W.) from Mans-
field, containing 378 inhabitants.
LANGWITH, a township in that part of the parish of
WHELDRAKE which is within the liberty of ST. PETER
of YORK, though locally in the wapentake of Ouze and
Derwent, East riding of the county of YORK, 5 miles
(S. E. by E.) from York, containing 39 inhabitants.
-
LANHYDROCK, a parish in the hundred of PYDER,
county of CORNWALL, 23 miles (S. by E.) from Bodmin,
containing 251 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese
of Exeter, and in the patronage of G. Hunt, Esq. The
church, dedicated to St. Hydrock, though small, is an
elegant fabric, with an embattled tower overgrown with
ivy; a few years since it underwent a thorough repair,
the ancient style of the building being preserved entire.
Lanhydrock house, which is approached from the river
Fowey by a fine avenue of trees about a mile in length,
was garrisoned for the parliament in the civil war,
and surrendered to the royalists under Sir Richard
Grenville, in August 1644: it is an embattled struc-
ture of granite, forming three sides of a quadrangle,
in the style that prevailed in the early part of the seven-
teenth century, but of late years, through neglect, it has
been going gradually to decay.
LANIVET, a parish in the hundred of PYDER,
county of CORNWALL, 2 miles (S. W.) from Bodmin,
containing 803 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £24, and in the patron-
age of the Rev. William Phillipps. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. About a quarter of
a mile from the church are considerable remains of a
Benedictine monastery, called St. Bene't's, and supposed
to have been a nunnery subordinate to some foreign
house. There are certain lands, part of its former
possessions, in this and other parishes, producing an
income of about £110 per annum, vested in twelve
feoffees, for the maintenance of poor persons in an an
cient almshouse, with a charity school under the same
roof, the master of which has a salary of £8, and a rent-
free residence.
LANLIVERY, a parish in the eastern division of
the hundred of POWDER, county of CORNWALL, 1½ mile
(W. by S.) from Lostwithiel, containing 1318 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Corn-
wall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£13. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the Rev. William
LAN
31
LAR
Hocker. The church is dedicated to St. Brevita. There
is a place of Worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LANOVER, in the county of MONMOUTH. See
LLANOVER; and the same with regard to the other
places in that county, having the prefix LLAN.
LANREATH, a parish in the hundred of WEST,
county of CORNWALL, 6 miles (W. N. W.) from West
Looe, containing 629 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's book's at £32, and in the
patronage of John Buller, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Marnarch. Herod's Foot river, and the lakes
Ball Water and Trebant Water, are in this parish.
Fairs for cattle are held on Whit-Tuesday, November
18th, and the third Tuesday after Shrovetide. A charity
school, founded in 1711, possesses a small endowment.
LANSALLOES, a parish in the hundred of WEST,
county of CORNWALL, 6 miles (W. by S.) from West
Looe, containing 880 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £ 18, and in the patronage
of the Rev. W. Rawlings. The church is dedicated to
St. Alwys. The parish is bounded on the south by
Lantivet bay.
LANTEGLOS, a parish in the hundred of LES-
NEWTH, County of CORNWALL, 1½ mile (W. S. W.) from
Camelford, containing, with the borough of Camelford,
1256 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, with the
perpetual curacy of Advent consolidated, in the arch-
deaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in
the king's books at £34. 11. 3., and in the patronage
of the King, as Prince of Wales. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Lanty. The river Camel runs through the
parish. Here is an endowed school.
LANTEGLOS, a parish in the hundred of WEST,
county of CORNWALL, 2 miles (E.) from Fowey, contain-
ing 973 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £14. 7. 1., and in the patronage
of Lord Grenville. The church is dedicated to St.
Lanty. This parish is separated from the town of
Fowey by the river and harbour of the same name, for
the defence of which there is an old castle correspond-
ing with one on the opposite shore: it includes the
fishing village of Polrnan, which had anciently a mar-
ket and a fair, and appears to have been a place of some
importance, having furnished one ship and sixty
mariners to the fleet before Calais in the reign of Ed-
ward III. On the brow of a hill rising behind the village
are the remains of an ancient chapel, which was dedi-
cated to St. Saviour, still serving as a noted land-mark.
Wheal Howell, a copper mine lately discovered, is in
operation. The Barton, a manor-house in this parish,
having been garrisoned for the parliament, sustained
much injury in the civil war, in August 1644, and
ultimately surrendered to Sir Richard Grenville, who
placed in it a garrison for Charles I., that monarch
having narrowly escaped being shot here, whilst in-
specting the harbour from a fine promenade in the
grounds.
LANTON, a township in the parish of KIRK-NEW-
TON, western division of GLENDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 5 miles (N. W. by W.) from Wooler,
containing 69 inhabitants. It is bounded on the south
by the Glen river.
LAPFORD, a parish in the hundred of NORTH
TAWTON With WINKLEY, County of DEVON, 5 miles
(S. E.) from Chulmleigh, containing 674 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barn-
staple, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books
at £15. 1. 10½., and in the patronage of the Rev. W.
Radford. The church is dedicated to St. Thomas à
Becket.
LAPLEY, a parish in the western division of the
hundred of CUTTLESTONE, county of STAFFORD, 33
miles (W. by S.) from Penkridge, containing, with the
township of Wheaton-Aston, 916 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated
in the king's books at £5. 12. 3., and in the patronage
of John Swinfen, Esq. The church is dedicated to All
Saints. In 1669, Joan Scutt gave £10 per annum for
the instruction of poor children. Here was anciently
a priory of Black monks, subordinate to the abbey of
St. Remigius at Rheims.
LAPWORTH, a parish in the Warwick division of
the hundred of KINGTON, County of WARWICK, 3½
miles (N. N. E) from Henley in Arden, containing, with
a portion of the hamlet of Kingswood, 622 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Worcester, rated in the king's books at £9.9.7.,
and in the patronage of the Warden and Fellows of
Merton College, Oxford. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, contains specimens of the early, decorated, and
later styles of English architecture: the tower and spire
are on the north side of the north aisle. There is a
place of worship for Independents. Two schools for
boys and girls were erected and are supported by the
proceeds of divers united benefactions, amounting to
£412.5. 3. per annum, which is applied to various be-
nevolent purposes, as severally indicated on a tablet in
the church: about sixty boys and from twenty to thirty
girls are instructed. The Stratford on Avon canal passes
through this parish.
LARBRICK, a joint township with Little Eccleston,
in the parish of KIRKHAM, hundred of AMOUNDERNESS,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 4 miles (E. N. E.) from
Poulton, containing 224 inhabitants. There is a chaly-
beate spring in this township.
LARK-STOKE, a hamlet in that part of the pa-
rish of ILMINGTON which is in the upper division of
the hundred of KIFTSGATE, County of GLOUCESTER,
miles (N. E.) from Chipping-Campden, containing 5 in-
habitants.
LARKTON, a township in the parish of MALPAS,
higher division of the hundred of BROXTON, County
palatine of CHESTER, 8 miles (N. by W.) from Whit-
church, containing 60 inhabitants.
LARLING, a parish in the hundred of SHROPHAM,
county of NORFOLK, 2 miles (N. W. by N.) from East
Harling, containing 171 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £10. 0. 2., and
in the patronage of N. W. Ridley Colborne, Esq. The
church, which is dedicated to St. Ethelbert, presents a
very fine specimen of early Norman architecture in the
arch of the south porch.
LARTINGTON, a township in the parish of Rom-
ALD-KIRK, western division of the wapentake of GIL-
LING, North riding of the county of YORK, 3 miles
LAS
LAT
32
A
(W. N. W.) from Barnard-Castle, containing 243 inha-
bitants. Here was formerly a chantry chapel, and at-
tached to Lartington hall, the seat of Henry Witham,
Esq., lord of the manor, is a very handsome Roman
Catholic chapel, containing a painting of a crucifix, by
Le Brun, which is considered so good an imitation of
sculpture as to deceive the best judges. A school was
endowed, in 1686, by a benefaction of £60 from John
Parken, and one of £40 from Francis Appleby; the in-
come is £20 per annum : eight children are educated.
LARTON, a joint township with Newton, in the
parish of WEST KIRBY, lower division of the hundred
of WIRRALL, county palatine of CHESTER, 8 miles
(N. N. W.) from Great Neston, containing, with Newton,
48 inhabitants.
LASBOROUGH, a parish in the hundred of LONG-
TREE, county of GLOUCESTER, 43 miles (W. by N.) from
Tetbury. The population is returned with Weston-
Birt. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's
books at £7. 12. 5., and endowed with £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of Edward Estcourt, Esq.
LASHAM, a parish in the hundred of ODIHAM,
Basingstoke division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON,
4 miles (N. W. by W.) from Alton, containing 188 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£6. 18. 9., and in the patronage of G. P. Jervoise, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
LASKILL-PASTURE, a township in the parish of
HELMSLEY, wapentake of RYEDALE, North riding of
the county of YORK, 6 miles (N. W. by N.) from Helms-
ley, containing 91 inhabitants.
LASSINGTON, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of DUDSTONE and KING'S BARTON, county
of GLOUCESTER, 34 miles (N. W.) from Gloucester, con-
taining 52 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester,
rated in the king's books at £6. 10., and in the patron-
age of Sir B. W. Guise, Bart., and the Bishop of Glou-
cester; the former having two presentations, and the
latter one. The Herefordshire and Gloucestershire canal
runs parallel with the river Leadon, which bounds this
parish on the north and east, and falls into the western
branch of the Severn near the ancient camp, where both
rivers are crossed by the same bridge; here also the
canal is crossed by a branch of the Severn, and joins
the main branch at Gloucester. The petrifaction called
The petrifaction called
Astroites, or Star-stone, is met with in a hill in this
neighbourhood.
LASTINGHAM, a parish in the wapentake of RYE-
DALE, North riding of the county of YORK, comprising
the chapelry of Rosedale-West-Side, and the town-
ships of Appleton le Moors, Farndale-East-Side, Farn-
dale High-Quarter, Hutton le Hole, Lastingham, and
Spaunton, and containing 1834 inhabitants, of which
number, 225 are in the township of Lastingham, 7
miles (N. W.) from Pickering. The living is a dis-
The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Cleveland,
and diocese of York, rated in the king's books at
£ 17. 7. 6., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary. A Benedictine monas-
tery was founded here in honour of the Virgin Mary,
about 648, by Cedd, Bishop of the East Saxons, of
which the present church is probably the only vestige;
underneath the choir is a vaulted crypt, the massive
cylindrical columns and sculptured arches of which ex-
hibit fine specimens of Norman architecture; the east
end is circular, and at the west is a low tower: part
of the church is in the Norman, and part in a later,
style.
LATCHFORD, a chapelry in the parish of GRAP-
PENHALL, hundred of BUCKLOW, county palatine of
CHESTER, 1 mile (S. E.) from Warrington, containing
1252 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with
£400 private benefaction, £1000 royal bounty, and
£1400 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Rector of Grappenhall. The church, dedicated to St.
James, has lately received an addition of seven hundred
and eighty-seven sittings, of which four hundred are free,
the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels having contributed £400 towards defraying
the expense. The Duke of Bridgewater's, the Mersey,
and the Irwell, canals pass through this parish. A cot-
ton-manufactory has been recently established here.
Latchford had anciently two weekly markets and two
annual fairs, granted in the fourteenth century.
LATCHFORD, a hamlet in the parish of Great
HASELEY, hundred of EWELME, county of OXFORd, 24/
miles (W.) from Tetsworth. The population is returned
with the parish.
LATCHINGDON, a parish in the hundred of DENgie,
county of ESSEX, 54 miles (N. W. by W.) from Burnham,
containing 414 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Archbishop
of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £37. The
church is dedicated to St. Michael. This parish extends
across the hundred of Dengie, from Latchington creek
and Blackwater river on the north, to the navigable river
Crouch, on the south.
-
LATHBURY, a parish in the hundred of NEWPORT,
county of BUCKINGHAM, & of a mile (N.) from Newport-
Pagnell, containing 164 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£5. 6. 8., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Dean
and Canons of Christ Church, Oxford. The church is
dedicated to All Saints. A free grammar school was
founded and endowed with £12 per annum, in the reign
of Elizabeth, by Anthony Cave: the right of appointing
the master was vested in the Dean and Canons of Christ
Church College: he likewise gave two exhibitions, of
£6 each, for the scholars: the endowment has been lost,
and the school-room was taken down in 1698. The
learned Dr. Chelsam, celebrated for his defence of
Christianity, against Gibbon, held this living. The
parish is nearly surrounded by the river Ouse: an an-
cient monastery formerly occupied the site of the pre-
sent manor-house.
LATHOM, a township in the parish of ORMSKIRK,
hundred of WEST DERBY, county palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 3 miles (N. E. by E.) from Ormskirk, containing
2997 inhabitants. The free grammar school at New-
burgh, in this township, was erected, in 1714, by the
Rev. Thomas Crane, who endowed it with an estate at
Dalton, to which Richard Okell, the schoolmaster, in
1761, added another, producing, together with an ad-
ditional bequest of about £9 per annum, by Jonathan
LAU
LAU
83
Lucas, in 1793, a total income of £52 per annum: there
are one hundred scholars, of which number, forty poor
children of Latham and Newburgh are instructed gra-
tuitously. At Lathom park is an ancient almshouse
consisting of several tenements, with a chapel. There is
a domestic chapel connected with the mansion of Lord
Skelmersdale, by whom the officiating minister is ap-
pointed; his lordship has lately ornamented the chapel,
at an expense of £1200, and has likewise erected a
school-room, in which the children are educated at his
own charge. Lathom house, once "the chief seat of the
Stanleys," was originally built by the De Lathoms;
during the great civil war it sustained repeated sieges
from the parliamentary forces, its owner, the Earl of
Derby, being one of the most staunch supporters of the
royal cause. On the 28th of February, 1644, it was
besieged by General Sir Thomas Fairfax, with a force
of three thousand troops, but was most gallantly de-
fended by the Countess of Derby, with only a small
band of three hundred men, who, in several destructive
sallies, slew five hundred of the enemy, wounded one
hundred and forty, and repeatedly destroyed their
works: : on the 26th of May, the assailants were obliged
to raise the siege, on the arrival of the royalists under
Prince Rupert. In the following year it was again be-
sieged, by General Egerton, at the head of four thou-
sand men, to whom, after an obstinate defence, it was
surrendered, for want of ammunition, when it was
plundered and the fortifications destroyed: the fine seat
of the Wilbraham family now stands on its site. A
market and a fair, to be held at this place, were granted
to Robert de Lathom, in the 32nd of Edward I. Here
is a saline chalybeate spring, which also contains some
portion of natron.
LATTIMERS, a chapelry in the parish of CHESHAM,
hundred of BURNHAM, County of BUCKINGHAM, 3
miles (S. E. by E.) from Chesham, with which the po-
pulation is returned.
LATTON, a parish in the hundred of HARLOW,
county of ESSEX, 1½ mile (W. S. W.) from Harlow, con-
taining 378 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in
the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex and Herts,
concurrently with the Consistorial Court of the Bishop
of London, rated in the king's books at £7, and in the
patronage of M. Burgoyne, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. John the Baptist. Here was a priory of
Black canons, founded in the fourteenth century, and
dedicated to St. John the Baptist: some remains of the
conventual buildings have been converted into a barn;
they contain specimens in the decorated style.
LATTON, a parish in the hundred of HIGHWORTH,
CRICKLADE, and STAPLE, county of WILTS, 1 mile
(N. W. by N.) from Cricklade, containing 315 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, with which that of Eisey is an-
nexed, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese of Sa-
lisbury, rated in the king's books at £9. 3. 4., and in
the patronage of the Earl of St. Germans. The church
is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. A tesselated
pavement was discovered here in 1670.
K
The Grand Union
church is dedicated to St. Luke.
canal passes along the southern boundary of this parish.
LAUGHTON, a parish in the wapentake of AVE-
LAND, parts of KESTEVEN, County of LINCOLN, 13 milę
(S. by E.) from Falkingham, containing 76 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, united to the rectory of Falk-
ingham, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln.
The church has long been in ruins.
4
LAUGHTON, a parish in the wapentake of CORRING-
HAM, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, comprising
the township of Laughton, and the hamlet of Wilds-
worth, and containing 422 inhabitants, of which number,
319 are in the township of Laughton, 6 miles (N. E.
by N.) from Gainsborough. The living is a vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln, rated
in the king's books at £12, and in the patronage of the
Marchioness of Hertford. The church is dedicated to
All Saints. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
LAUGHTON, a parish in the hundred of GARTREE,
county of LEICESTER, 5 miles (W. by N.) from Market-
Harborough, containing 173 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £10. 10. 5.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. Mr. Humfrey. The
VOL. III.
·
LAUGHTON, a hamlet in the parish of KEttle-
THORPE, wapentake of WELL, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 10 miles (W. N. W.) from Lincoln. The
population is returned with the parish.
LAUGHTON, a parish in the hundred of SHIP-
LAKE, rape of PEVENSEY, County of SUSSEX, 6 miles
(E. by N.) from Lewes, containing 731 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Lewes, and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's
books at £9. 11. 3., endowed with £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Chichester. The
church is principally in the early style of English archi-
tecture, with insertions of a later date.
LAUGHTON en le MORTHEN, a parish partly
within the liberty of ST. PETER of YORK, East riding,
and partly in the southern division of the wapentake
of STRAFFORTH and TICKHILL, West riding, of the
county of YORK, comprising the chapelry of Letwell,
and the townships of Gilden-Wells, Laughton en le
Morthen, Throapham, and Woodsetts, and containing
1055 inhabitants, of which number, 652 are in the
township of Laughton en le Morthen, 7 miles (S. W.
by W.) from Tickhill. The living is a discharged vi-
carage, rated in the king's books at £6. 13. 4., en-
dowed with £1400 parliamentary grant, and in the
peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Chancellor in
the Cathedral Church of York. The church, dedicated
to All Saints, is a fine specimen of the early English
style: the tower and spire are visible at the distance of
sixty miles: the height to the weathercock is one hun-
dred and ninety-five feet. There is a place of worship
for Independents. The free school is endowed with a
dwelling-house, garden, and land, together with a rent-
charge of £2. Ten poor children are educated gra-
tuitously: five children are also instructed for £5 per
annum, the bequest of William Beckwith, in 1816.
LAUNCELLS, a parish in the hundred of STRAT-
TON, county of CORNWALL, 1 mile (E.S.E.) from Strat-
ton, containing 891 inhabitants. The living is a vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £10. 10. 10., and in
the patronage of L. W. Buck, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Andrew. The Bude and Holsworthy canal
passes through this parish, from west to east. There is
an almshouse for four poor persons. Here was a cell
to the abbey of Hertland in Derbyshire.
t
F
LAU
LAU
34
KAURIGJENTEM,
of Launceston, Colonel Basset being then the governor;
who, in March, 1646, surrendered the place to Sir
Thomas Fairfax. In the time of the Commonwealth, the
castle and park, being put up to sale by the government,
were purchased by Robert Bennet, Esq., but on the
Restoration, they reverted to the crown.
Seal and Arms.
LAUNCESTON, a bo-
rough, market town, and pa-
rish, possessing separate ju-
risdiction, though locally in
the northern division of the
hundred of East, county of
CORNWALL, 20 miles (N. E.
by E.) from Bodmin, and
213 (W.S.W.) from Lon
don, containing, exclusively
of those portions of the bo-
rough which extend beyond
the limits of the parish,
2183 inhabitants. The ancient name of Launceston
was Dunheved, the swelling hill: it was also called Lan-
stephadon, or Church Stephen Town. Its present
name seems to be a contraction of Lan-cester-ton, or
Church Castle Town; the word Llan signifying a
church in the British language. The manor and ho-
nour of Launceston, which had a very extensive juris-
diction, belonged from time immemorial to the Earls
of Cornwall, who had their chief seat at Launces-
ton castle: it was given by William the Conqueror to
his half-brother, Robert, Earl of Montaigne, whom he
made Earl of Cornwall. The church of the parish of
St. Stephen, now the borough of Newport, adjoining to
Launceston, and considered as part of it, was made
collegiate, before the Conquest, for Secular canons. King
Henry I. gave this college to the church of Exeter. Re-
ginald, Earl of Cornwall, was a great benefactor to
the college of St. Stephen, and used all his influence
with King Stephen to remove the bishop's see from
Devonshire to Cornwall, and constitute this the ca-
thedral church: but it was successfully opposed by
William Warlewast, Bishop of Exeter, who, being then
resident at Lawhitton, on his first triennial visitation,
suppressed the college of Secular canons, and in its stead
founded a priory of Augustine monks, in the parish of
St. Thomas, about half-way between St. Stephen's and
the castle. The castle of Launceston passed with the
earldom; and when Cornwall was erected into a duchy,
was annexed to it by act of parliament. Hubert de Burgh,
who had large possessions in Cornwall, was made go-
vernor of the castle, and sheriff for the county, by King
John. From its strong position, and its situation at the
entrance into the county, this castle was an important
post during the parliamentary war. It was at first in
the hands of the parliament, and under the governor-
ship of Sir Richard Buller, who, on the approach of Sir
Ralph Hopton with the king's forces, quitted the town
and fled. In 1643, Sir Ralph was attacked by Major-
General Chudleigh, without success. In August, 1644,
the place was surrendered to the Earl of Essex, but fell
into the hands of the royalists again after the capitula-
tion of the earl's army. In 1645, the Prince of Wales
sojourned for some time in Launceston. In November
of the same year the town was fortified, by Sir Richard
Grenville, who, being at variance with Lord Goring,
another of the king's generals, caused proclamation to
be made in all the churches of Cornwall, that if any of
Lord Goring's forces should come into Cornwall, the
bells should ring, and the people rise to drive them out.
Shortly after, Sir Richard Grenville, having refused to
take the chief command of the infantry under Lord
Hopton, as generalissimo, was committed to the prison

The town is pleasantly situated near the western
bank of the Tamar, on a steep ascent, at the foot of
which is the little river Attery; on the summit of a
hill is a high conical rocky mount, partly natural, and
partly artificial, upon which the keep of the ancient cas-
tle, with a Norman gateway and part of the outer walls,
is still standing: some portions of the old town wall,
and the north and south gates, one of which is on the
Exeter road, also remain. There are a few good houses,
but the streets are in general narrow and badly paved;
the inhabitants are well supplied with water, which is
brought by pipes from Dunheved Green: on the north
side of the church is a pleasant promenade, shaded by
an avenue of trees, and commanding a fine prospect over
the adjacent country. Assemblies are held at the White
Hart Inn during the assizes: there are two book clubs,
and a small subscription library. About two years since,
a library and philosophical institution, with a good appa-
ratus, was established here, and is supported by subscrip-
tion: lectures are given during the winter at the gram-
mar school, which is also occasionally used for concerts,
plays, &c. An extensive manufacture of serges was for-
merly carried on, but it has for several years been on the
decline. A branch of the Bude canal has recently been
brought within four miles of the town, and promises ma-
terially to improve the general trade; fuel has already
been reduced in price. The markets are on Thursday
for butchers' meat, and on Saturday for corn and pro-
visions of all sorts: fairs are held on Whit-Monday,
July 5th, November 17th, and December 6th, for cat-
tle; and on the first Thursday in March, and the third
Thursday in April, for cattle of all sorts, free of toll :
there are likewise three cattle fairs in the parish of St.
Stephen, on May 12th, July 31st, and September 25th..
Launceston was constituted a free borough in the
reign of Henry III., by Richard, Earl of Cornwall,
who granted various privileges to the burgesses, and
a piece of ground on which to build their guild-
hall, to be held of him and his heirs by the annual
tender of a pound of pepper: the borough extends as
far as Poulston bridge, on the Tamar, and into the pa
rish of Lawhitton. The charter of incorporation was
granted by Queen Mary, in 1555: the municipal body
consists of a mayor, eight aldermen, a recorder, and
freemen, in all about seventeen persons. The mayor is
elected by the freemen, from two persons nominated by
the aldermen; the aldermen are chosen by the freemen
from their own body, and the freemen are elected by
the whole corporation: the mayor, the late mayor, the
senior alderman, and the deputy-recorder, are justices of
the peace; and two general sessions of the peace are
held within a month after Easter and a month after
Michaelmas, when prisoners accused of petty offences
are tried; more serious offences are reserved for the
assizes. A court of pleas, for the recovery of debts to
an unlimited amount, is held every Monday, before the
mayor, three aldermen, and the recorder. Besides the
parish of St. Mary Magdalene, Launceston, the borough
comprises the extra-parochial district of St. Thomas-
•
;
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35
street, and portions of the parishes of Lawhitton and
South Petherwin. Petty sessions for the northern division
of the hundred of East are held here, on the first Tuesday
in every month. The assizes for the county, formerly
held wholly in this town, have, for more than half a
century, been held here alternately with Bodmin, on
which occasion only the county gaol at Launceston is
now used. The south gate, repaired about three years
since, is used as the town prison. This borough first
returned members to parliament in the 23rd of Ed-
ward I.: the right of election is in the corporation, and
the mayor is the returning officer: the influence of the
Duke of Northumberland is predominant.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeacon-
ry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, endowed with
£12. 10. per annum private benefaction, and £400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Mayor and
Corporation. The church, formerly the chapel of St.
Mary Magdalene, was made parochial in the early part
of the sixteenth century: it is in the later style of En-
glish architecture, built with square blocks of granite,
and covered with a profusion of grotesque ornaments:
the tower, which stands at the west end, is constructed
of different materials, and is apparently of much greater
antiquity. There are places of worship for Indepen-
dents and Wesleyan Methodists. The grammar school
was founded by Queen Elizabeth, and endowed with
£16 per annum, chargeable on the estates of the duchy
of Cornwall, to which an augmentation of £10 per an-
num was made, in 1685, by George Baron, Esq., whose
descendants have the right of nominating ten free
scholars; but the school has been discontinued for some
years. Two charity schools are supported by voluntary
contributions. Here was formerly an hospital for lepers,
dedicated to St. Leonard; the income, arising from cer-
tain fields which belonged to it, and amounting to about
£25 per annum, is vested in the corporation for charit-
able uses.
Launceston gives the title of viscount to
the reigning sovereign.
LAUNCESTON-TARRANT, county of DORSET.-
See TARRANT (LAUNCESTON).
LAUND-BOOTH (NEW), a joint township with
Reedly-Hallows and Filly-Close, in that part of the
parish of WHALLEY which is in the higher division of
the hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 2 miles (N.) from Burnley, containing, with
Reedly-Hallows and Filly-Close, 422 inhabitants.
LAUND-BOOTH (OLD), a township in that part of
the parish of MITTON which is in the higher division
of the hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 3 miles (N.) from Burnley, containing 390 in-
habitants.
LAUNDE, an extra-parochial liberty, in the eastern
division of the hundred of GoscoTE, county of LEI-
CESTER, 62 miles (W. N. W.) from Uppingham, contain-
ing 36 inhabitants. A priory was founded here, in the
reign of Henry I., by Richard Basset, and Maud his
wife, for Black canons of the order of St. Augustine,
the revenue of which, at the dissolution, was valued at
£510. 16. 5.: the chapel and burial-ground are still
preserved.
LAUNTON, a parish in the hundred of PLOUGHLEY,
county of OXFORD, 12 mile (E.) from Bicester, con-
taining 553 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry, and diocese of Oxford, rated in the king's
books at £ 11. 9. 44., and in the patronage of the Bishop
of London.
of London. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
LAVANT, a parish comprising East and West La-
vant, in the hundred of ALDWICK, though locally in
that of Box and Stockbridge, rape of CHICHester,
county of SUSSEX, 24 miles (N.) from Chichester, and
containing 364 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the peculiar jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, for the deanery of Pagham, the court for which
is held in the parish of All Saints, Chichester; it is
rated in the king's books at £20. 18. 1½., and in the
patronage of Lord Willoughby de Broke. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary. This parish has the privilege
of sending four children to the charity school, founded
by the Countess of Derby, at Boxgrove.
LAVANT (MID), a parish in the hundred of WEST-
BOURN and SINGLETON, rape of CHICHESTER, county
of SUSSEX, 22 miles (N. by W.) from Chichester, con-
taining 243 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual cu-
racy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chichester, en-
dowed with £600 royal bounty, and £200 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of L. G. Dorien, Esq.
LAVENDON, a parish in the hundred of Newport,
county of BUCKINGHAM, 22 miles (N. E.) from Olney,
containing 613 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of Cold Brayfield,
in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and diocese of Lin-
coln, rated in the king's books at £6, and in the pa-
tronage of Sir G. Noel, Bart. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary. An abbey of Premonstratensian canons
was founded, in the reign of Henry II., by John de Bi-
dun, and dedicated to St. John the Baptist, the revenue
of which, at the dissolution, was valued at £79. 13. 8.
Here was formerly a market on Tuesday, granted to
Paulinus Peyore, in 1248, but now disused: a fair is
held on the Tuesday before Easter.
LAVENHAM, a market town and parish in the
hundred of BABERGH, county of SUFFOLK, situated on
the river Brett, 18 miles (W. by N.) from Ipswich, and
61 (N. E.) from London, containing 1898 inhabitants.
The town, which is remarkably healthy, occupies the
declivities of two hills rising gradually from the river,
and consists of several small streets, which are neither
paved nor lighted; the houses are in general of mean
appearance; the inhabitants are well supplied with
water. The manufacture of blue cloth formerly flou-
rished here, under the direction of several guilds, each
of which had its separate hall; but at present wool-
combing and spinning, and these on a small scale, are
the only trades carried on. The market, now almost
disused, is on Tuesday: the market-place is a spacious
area, containing a stone cross. Fairs are held for
horses and cattle on Shrove-Tuesday, and October 11th,
12th, and 13th, for toys.
12th, and 13th, for toys. Lavenham was formerly go-
verned by six capital burgesses, who held their office
for life, assisted by inferior officers, but their authority
has long since ceased, and the rector, who is a magis-
trate, possesses considerable authority in the town.
Courts leet and baron are held at the will of the lord
of the manor. The county magistrates hold their meet-
ings at Lavenham; and there is a bridewell, which is
also partly used as a workhouse.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sud-
bury, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books
at £20. 2. 11., and in the patronage of the Master and
F 2
1
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36
i
!
Fellows of Caius College, Cambridge. The church,
which was dedicated to St. Peter, was rebuilt, in the reign
of Henry VI., partly by the De Veres, Earls of Oxford,
who formerly resided here, and partly by Mr. Thomas
Spring, a rich clothier, whose armorial bearings are
jointly displayed in many parts of the building. It is
It is
an eminently beautiful structure, in the later style of
English architecture, with a lofty clerestory, enriched bat-
tlements, and a fine square tower: the entrance is by a
porch, supposed to have been erected by John, the four-
teenth Earl of Oxford, and enriched with most elaborate
embellishments: the ceiling of the church is covered
with exquisite tracery; and the pews of the Earl of
Oxford, and the Spring family, are beautiful models of
the most highly-finished carving in the latest English
style. In the church is a curious mural monument to
Allaine Dister, a wealthy clothier of this town; and
another of alabaster and marble to the Rev. Mr. Copin-
ger. There are places of worship for Independents and
Wesleyan Methodists. The free school was founded, in
1647, by Richard Peacock, Esq., with an endowment of
£5 per annum, augmented, in 1699, by Edward Col-
man, Esq., with £16 per annum; a dwelling-house and
garden for the master have been added by subscription:
there are at present only five boys on the foundation.
Two National schools for boys and girls are supported
by the proceeds of a bequest of £2000 three per cent.
consols., by Henry Steward, in 1806; the income is
£53. 17. 6. per annum. There are thirty almshouses, the
maintenance of them being chargeable on the old town
lands, which produce an income of £186 per annum,
being partly distributed among the necessitous poor,
who enjoy the benefit of some other benefactions. The
Rev. George Ruggle, author of a Latin comedy entitled
Ignoramus," and other dramatic pieces, was born at
Lavenham, in 1575.
LAVER (HIGH), a parish in the hundred of ONGAR,
county of ESSEX, 4 miles (N. N. W.) from Chipping-
Ongar, containing 464 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of
London, rated in the king's books at £14. 1. 8., and in
the patronage of the Rev. Philip Budworth. The church
is dedicated to All Saints. Here is a National school.
The celebrated John Locke resided at the mansion-house
of Otes in this parish, during the last two years of his
life he died in October 1704, and was interred on the
south side of the churchyard: over his remains is a
black marble tomb, enclosed within iron rails, and on
the wall of the church is his epitaph in Latin, composed
by himself.
LAVER (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
ONGAR, County of ESSEX, 5 miles (N.) from Chipping-
Ongar, containing 107 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of Lon-
don, rated in the king's books at £15. 10. 5., and in
the patronage of Robert Palmer, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary.
LAVER-MAGDALEN, a parish in the hundred
of ONGAR, County of ESSEX, 5 miles (N. W. by N.)
from Chipping-Ongar, containing 236 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex,
and diocese of London, rated in the king's books at
£16. 12. 1., and in the patronage of the Rev. J. W.
Burford. D.D. The church is dedicated to St. Mary
Magdalene.
:
LAVERSTOCK, a parish comprising the hamlet of
Ford in the hundred of ALDERBURY, and the tything
of Milford in that of UNDERDITCH, County of WILTS,
1 mile (N.E.) from Salisbury, and containing 904 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury, and in the pa-
tronage of the Vicars Choral of the Cathedral Church
of Salisbury. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
Here is a celebrated establishment for lunatics, under
the superintendence of Dr. Finch.
LAVERSTOKE, a parish in the hundred of Over-
TON, Kingsclere division of the county of SOUTHAMP-
TON, 23 miles .(E. N. E.) from Whitchurch, containing
101 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's
books at £8. 10., and in the patronage of William Por-
tal, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. The
river Test runs through the parish. Laverstoke is
within the jurisdiction of the Cheyney Court held at
Winchester every Thursday, for the recovery of debts
to any amount.
LAVERTON, a hamlet in the parish of BUCKLAND,
lower division of the hundred of KIFTSGATE, county of
GLOUCESTER. The population is returned with the
parish.
LAVERTON, a parish in the hundred of FROME,
county of SOMERSET, 3½ miles (N.) from Frome, con-
taining 189 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £6. 18. 6.,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Bath and Wells.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place
of worship for Baptists.
LAVERTON, a township in the parish of KIRKBY
MALZEARD, lower division of the wapentake of CLAro,
West riding of the county of YORK, 64 miles (W. by N.).
from Ripon, containing 430 inhabitants.
LAVINGTON, otherwise LINTON, a parish in the
wapentake of BELTISLOE, parts of KESTEVEN, county
of LINCOLN, 6 miles (N. N. E.) from Corby, comprising
the township of Osgodby, and the hamlets of Hanby
and Keisby, and containing 330 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £14. 7. 1., and in the pa-
tronage of Sir G. Heathcote, Bart. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter.
;
LAVINGTON (EAST, or MARKET), a parish in
the hundred of SWANBOROUGH, county of WILTS, com-
prising the market town of East Lavington, and the
tything of Easterton, and containing 1438 inhabitants,
of which number, 1061 are in the town of East Laving-
ton, 6 miles (S.) from Devizes, and 90 (W. by.s.) from
London. The town is situated in a fertile valley, at the
base of the chalk hills which form the northern boun-
dary of Salisbury plain, and consists principally of one
street: the trade is chiefly in corn and malt. The mar-
ket is on Wednesday; and a fair is held on the 10th of
August. A court baron for the manor is held twice a
year. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£14.2.6., and in the patronage of the Dean and Canons
of Christ Church, Oxford. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, stands on a lofty eminence, hence the popular
name of Steeple-Lavington given to the town. There
are two places of worship for Independents. Here is a
•
LAW
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37
free school for the education of thirty-six children. The
learned and laborious antiquary, Dr. Thomas Tanner,
Bishop of St. Asaph, and author of the "Notitia Mo-
nastica," was born here, in 1674, his father having been
vicar of the parish; and at his death, in 1733, he be-
queathed £200 for the benefit of the poor.
-
LAVINGTON (WEST), a parish in the hundred of
POTTERNE and CANNINGS, County of WILTS, 1 mile
(S. w. by s.) from Lavington, containing, with the
tything of Littleton-Pannell, 1123 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £11. 16. 3.,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Salisbury. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. A free school was
Liberally endowed with land, in 1542, by William Daunt-
şey. There are three almshouses for as many poor
women.
LAWFORD, a parish in the hundred of TENDRING,
county of ESSEX, 1 mile (W.) from Manningtree, con-
taining 688 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese of London, rated
in the king's books at £15, and in the patronage of the
Master and Fellows of St. John's College, Cambridge.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, has recently received
an addition of one hundred and sixty sittings, of which,
one hundred and ten are free, the Incorporated Society
for the enlargement of churches having contributed
£100. In 1723, John Leach bequeathed a rent-charge of
£22. 4., for teaching ten poor children, and clothing ten
poor persons not receiving parochial relief. The navi-
gable river Stour runs on the south of this parish.
LAWFORD (CHURCH), a parish in the Rugby
division of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, county of WAR-
WICK, 4 miles (W. N. W.) from Rugby, containing 355 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in
the king's books at £11. 15. 5., and in the patronage of
Lord Montagu. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
LAWFORD (LITTLE), a hamlet in the parish of
NEWBOLD Upon Avon, Rugby division of the hundred
of Knightlow, county of WARWICK, 4 miles (W.) from
Rugby, containing 27 inhabitants.
LAWFORD (LONG), a hamlet in the parish of
NEWBOLD Upon Avon, Rugby division of the hundred
of KNIGHTLOW, county of WARWICK, 2 miles (W. N. W.)
from Rugby, containing 474 inhabitants.
+
:
LAWHITTON, a parish in the northern division
of EAST hundred, county of CORNWALL, 2 miles
(S. E. by E.) from Launceston, containing 435 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £19. 6. 8., and in the peculiar jurisdiction
and patronage of the Bishop of Exeter. The church is
dedicated to St. Michael. This place had anciently a
market and a fair, granted to one of the bishops of
Exeter. A small portion of this parish is included
within the borough of Launceston.
LAWLING, a chapelry in the parish of LATCHING-
DON, hundred of DENGIE, County of ESSEX, 5 miles
(N. W.). from Burnham. The population is returned
with the parish.
?
LAWKLAND, a township in the parish of CLAP-
HAM, western division of the wapentake of STAINCLIFFE
and EwCROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, 4
miles (N. W. by W.) from Settle, containing 351 inhabit-
ants. Eldroth chapel, in this township, formerly a
chapel of ease, is now used as a school-room for teach
ing poor children, for which purpose there is an endow-
ment in land and money, producing about £ 13 a year.
LAWRENCE (ST.), a parish in the hundred of
DENGIE, County of ESSEX, 3 miles (S. W. by W.) from
Bradwell near the Sea, containing 229 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and dio-
cese of London, rated in the king's books at £18. 6. 8.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The Blackwater
river is navigable on the north of this parish.
4
LAWRENCE (ST.), a parish in the hundred of
RINGSLOW, or Isle of THANET, lathe of St. Augus-
TINE, county of KENT, & of a mile (W.) from Ramsgate,
containing 1601 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury, rated in
the king's books at £7, and in the patronage of the
Archbishop of Canterbury. Pegwell bay, on the south
of this parish, abounds with a delicious fish called Prill.
LAWRENCE (ST.), a chapelry in the parish of
PRESTON, hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine
of LANCASTER, 5½ miles (W. N. W.) from Preston. The
population is returned with the parish.
LAWRENCE (ST.), a parish in the liberty of
EAST MEDINA, Isle of Wight division of the county
of SOUTHAMPTON, 83 miles (S. S. E.) from Newport,
containing 96 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester,
rated in the king's books at £4, endowed with £200
private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of Lord Yarborough. The church is only
twenty feet long and twelve wide: the greater part of
the parish consists of a slip of land extending about a
mile and a half along the sea-shore, and forming part
of the romantic tract called Undercliff.
LAWRENCE (ST.) ILKETSHALL, county of
SUFFOLK.-See ILKETSHALL (ST. LAWRENCE).
LAWSHALL, a parish in the hundred of BABERGH,
county of SUFFOLK, 7 miles (S. by E.) from Bury
St. Edmund's, containing 837 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £20. 2. 81., and
in the patronage of N. Lee Acton, Esq. The church
is dedicated to All Saints. The poor children of the
Sunday school are partly clothed by means of various
charitable bequests.
LAWTON (CHURCH), a parish in the hundred of
NORTHWICH, county palatine of CHESTER, 6 miles (S. E.)
from Sandbach, containing 512 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Chester, rated in the king's books at £9. 2. 7., and
in the patronage of Lawton, Esq. The church, de-
dicated to All Saints, has a Norman south door. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
Here
is a small fund for the instruction of poor children. The
Trent and Mersey canal is joined here by the Maccles-
field canal, and passes through the parish; upon its
banks are coal wharfs, a small quantity of coal being
raised in the parish; the Old Lawton salt-works are on
the border of this parish and Asbury.
LAXFIELD, a parish in the hundred of HOXNE,
county of SUFFOLK, 6 miles (N. by E.) from Framlingham,
containing 1158 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, with that of Cratfield annexed, in the archdea-
conry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the
LAY
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38
king's books at £9. 13. 4., and in the patronage of Lord
Huntingfield. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
There is a place of worship for Baptists. A free school
was founded, in 1718, by John Smith, who endowed it
with the proceeds of his manor and other estates: the
income is £170 per annum : twenty boys are instructed
and four apprenticed yearly and partly clothed. A sum
of £5 per annum is paid to a schoolmistress for teach-
ing twelve poor girls to read and work, and a similar
sum is assigned in aid of the Sunday school: it is in
contemplation to extend these schools, in consequence
of the increased value of the endowment. A free school
was founded, under the will of Ann Ward, in 1721, who
devised £30 for that and other charitable purposes:
£20 per annum is paid to a schoolmaster, who instructs
ten poor children; and £ 10 is paid to the schoolmis-
tress under Smith's charity, for teaching ten girls.
LAXTON, a parish in the hundred of CORBY, county
of NORTHAMPTON, 74 miles (N. E. by E.) from Rock-
ingham, containing 190 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Northampton,
and diocese of Peterborough, and in the patronage of
Lord Carbery. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
LAXTON, or LEXINGTON, a parish in the South
clay division of the wapentake of BASSETLAW, County
of NOTTINGHAM, 23 miles (S. S. W.) from Tuxford, con-
taining, with Moorhouse, 615 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Notting-
ham, and diocese of York, rated in the king's books at
£11, and in the patronage of Earl Manvers. The
church is dedicated to St. Michael. Forty shillings per
annum, being the interest of £40, the bequest of a per-
son unknown, is applied towards the education of chil-
dren.
4
LAXTON, a chapelry in the parish of HOWDEN,
wapentake of HoWDENSHIRE, East riding of the county
of YORK, 33 miles (S. E. by E.) from Howden, contain-
ing 268 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the jurisdiction of the peculiar court of Howdenshire,
endowed with £1000 royal bounty, and in the patron
age of the Vicar of Howden. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
.
LAYCOCK, a parish in the hundred of CHIPPEN-
HAM, County of WILTS, 32 miles (S.) from Chippenham,
containing 1682 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £8. 4. 2., and in the patron-
age of W. H. F. Talbott, Esq. The church is dedicated
The church is dedicated
to St. Cyriack. There is a place of worship for Inde-
pendents. An abbey of nuns, of the order of St.
Augustine, was founded here, in 1232, by Ela, Countess
Dowager of Salisbury: it was dedicated to the Virgin
Mary and St. Bernard, and at the dissolution its re-
venue was valued at £203. 12. 3. The remains of the
conventual buildings have been fitted up as a private
residence belonging to a branch of the family of Talbot:
in a room, in which records are kept, is an original copy
of the great charter of Henry III., deposited here by
Ela, Countess of Salisbury, at the time when, during
her widowhood, she held the shrievalty of the county of
Wilts, being, as its endorsement imports, a copy of the
principal charter sent to her in that capacity, for the
use of the knights and military tenants of Wiltshire.
A weekly market and an annual fair were granted to
this abbey, but the former has been disused: fairs
are held on July 1st and December 21st. In the centre
of one of the streets of the village is an ancient stone
cross.
LAYER de la HAY, a parish in the hundred of
WINSTREE, County of Essex, 44 miles (S. W. by S.) from
Colchester, containing 603 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Colchester,
and diocese of London, endowed with £600 private be-
nefaction, and £ 600 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of John Bawtree, Esq.
LAYER-BRETON, a parish in the hundred of
WINSTREE, County of ESSEX, 6 miles (S. W. by S.)
from Colchester, containing 259 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and dio-
cese of London, rated in the king's books at £7, and
in the patronage of the Rev. J. F. Benwell. There is a
place of worship for Independents.
LAYER-MARNEY, a parish in the hundred of
WINSTREE, county of ESSEX, 7 miles (S. W.) from Col-
chester, containing 246 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £15. 3. 4., and
in the patronage of Matthew Corsellis, Esq. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is principally in the later
style of English architecture, and contains several fine
ancient monuments of the Marney family. In 1500,
Sir Henry Marney erected Layer Marney hall, one of
the earliest brick mansions in the kingdom: part of the
south side, and the great entrance tower, which is very
lofty, are yet standing. In an ancient brick edifice,
about fifty yards from the church, William de Marney,
in 1330, founded a college, for a warden and two chap-
lains.
LAYHAM, a parish in the hundred of Cosford,
county of SUFFOLK, 1½ mile (S. by E.) from Hadleigh,
containing 595 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £16. 0. 7., and in the
patronage of the Master and Fellows of St. John's
College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to St.
Andrew.
LAYSTERS, a parish in the hundred of WOLPHY,
county of HEREFORD, 4 miles (S. S. W.) from Tenbury,
containing 227 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
Hereford, endowed with £500 private benefaction, and
£400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Rev.
Thomas Elton Miller. The church is dedicated to St.
Andrew.
Andrew. An ancient ecclesiastical establishment here
was connected with the priory of Sheen in Surrey: there
are still some vestiges of the buildings on a farm called
the Cinders, being partially surrounded by a moat.
LAYSTHORPE, a joint township with East New-
ton, in the parish of STONEGRAVE, wapentake of RYÊ-
DALE, North riding of the county of YORK, 3½ miles
(S. S. E.) from Helmsley. The population is returned
with East Newton.
3
LAYSTON, a parish in the hundred of EDWINSTREE,
county of HERTFORD, of a mile (N. N. E.) from Bun-
tingford, containing 1014 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of Buntingford, in
the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £14. 16. 2., and in the pa-
tronage of William Butt, Esq. The church, dedicated to
St. Bartholomew, is situated in the fields, about half a
LEA
LEA
39
Ex
mile eastward from the town of Buntingford, in the
centre of the site of the ancient village of Layston,
which has totally disappeared: it is used only for the
solemnization of marriages, the parishioners resorting
to the chapel at Buntingford, on account of its greater
convenience. There are two small endowments, one by
Esdras Bland in 1668, and the other by Lady Jane
Barkham in 1653, for the instruction of poor children.
(See BUNTINGford.)
LAYTHAM, a township in the parish of AUGHTON,
Holme-Beacon division of the wapentake of HARTHILL,
East riding of the county of YORK, 8 miles (N.) from
Howden, containing 125 inhabitants.
LAYTON, a joint township with Warbrick, in the pa-
rish of BISPHAм, hundred of AmounDERNESS, county
palatine of LANCASTER, 24 miles (S. W.) from Poulton,
containing, with Warbrick, 749 inhabitants.
LAYTON (EAST), a township in that part of the
parish of STANWICK, ST. JOHN, which is in the western
division of the wapentake of GILLING, North riding of
the county of YORK, 6 miles (E.S.E.) from Greta-Bridge,
containing 137 inhabitants.
LAYTON (WEST), a township in the parish of
HUTTON-MAGNUM, western division of the wapentake
of GILLING, North riding of the county of YORK, 42
miles (S. E. by E.) from Greta-Bridge, containing 69 in-
habitants.
LAZONBY, a parish in LEATH ward, county of CUM-
BERLAND, comprising the chapelry of Plumpton-Wall,
and the township of Lazonby, and containing 801 in-
habitants, of which number, 533 are in the township of
Lazonby, 1 mile (S. W.) from Kirk-Oswald. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Car-
lisle, rated in the king's books at £ 13. 1. 3., and in the
patronage of the Bishop of Carlisle. The church is
dedicated to St. Nicholas. The river Eden bounds this
parish on the east, and the Petterill on the west. In
Baron wood is a lofty rock, wherein is an artificial cave,
called Giant's Chamber, or Sampson's cave. The great
Roman road passes from north to south, and another
intersects the parish in a direction towards Salkeld
bridge. Here is a good freestone quarry, and one pro-
ducing stone for mill-stones. At Castle Rigg are the
ruins of a moated building; and upon the fell, urns,
containing bones and ashes, were discovered, some years
ago. There are several cairns on the commons.
LEA, a township in that part of the parish of
BACKFORD which is in the higher division of the hun-
dred of WIRRALL, county palatine of CHESTER, 4 miles
(N.N.W.) from Chester, containing 87 inhabitants.
LEA, a township in the parish of WYBUNBURY,
hundred of NANTWICH, County palatine of CHESTER,
containing 71 inhabitants. The Ellesmere, or Wyrral,
canal passes through this parish.
LEA, a joint township with Ashton, Ingol, and Cot-
tam, in the parish of PRESTON, hundred of AMOUND-
ERNESS, County palatine of LANCASTER, 3½ miles (W.
by N.) from Preston, containing 658 inhabitants.
A.
school was erected and endowed with a rent-charge
on an estate, in 1784, by Samuel Neeld ; the income
is £90 per annum, and there are fifteen scholars.
LEA, a parish in the wapentake of CORRINGHAM,
parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 24 miles (S.S.E.)
from Gainsborough, containing 199 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Stow, and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£9.4. 2., and in the patronage of the Rev. Sir C. J.
Anderson, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Helen.
Here are some fish ponds and a moat, the remains of
an ancient religious house. Gypsum is found under the
marl in this parish. A Cistercian nunnery was founded,
in 1180, at Hevening, in this parish, by Reyner Evermue;
it was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, and at
the dissolution had a revenne of £58. 13. 4.
LEA, a parish in the hundred of MALMESBURY,
county of WILTS, 12 mile (E. S. E.) from Malmesbury,
containing, with the township of Cleverton, 371 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed
to the rectory of Allcannings, in the archdeaconry of
Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury.
LEA, county of DERBY.-See DETHWICK-LEA.
LEA, a parish partly in the hundred of ST. BRIA-
VELLS, county of GLOUCESTER, and partly in the hun-
dred of GREYTREE, county of HEREFORD, 4 miles
(E.S.E.) from Ross, containing 180 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Gloucester, and diocese of Hereford, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the President and Fellows
of St. John's College, Oxford. The church is dedicated
to St. John.
LEA-BAILEY, a tything in the parish of NEWland,
hundred of ST. BRIAVELL'S, county of GLOUCESTER, 41/
miles (S. E.) from Ross, containing 93 inhabitants.
LEA-HALL, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
BRADBORNE which is in the hundred of WIRKSWOrth,
county of DERBY, 4 miles (N. N. E.) from Ashbourn,
containing 23 inhabitants.
LEA-MARSTON, a parish in the Atherstone divi-
sion of the hundred of HEMLINGFORD, county of WAR-
WICK, 4 miles (N.) from Coleshill, containing 284 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of C. B. Ad-
ley, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. John the
Baptist.
LEA-NEWBOLD, a township in that part of the
parish of St. Oswald, CHESTER, which is in the lower
division of the hundred of BROXTON, County palatine
of CHESTER, 6 miles (S. S. E.) from Chester, containing
61 inhabitants.
LEACH, a joint township with Marlston, in that
part of the parish of ST. MARY, CHESTER, which is in
the lower division of the hundred of BROXTON, county
palatine of CHESTER, 2 miles (S.W.) from Chester.
The population is returned with Marlston.
LEACROFT, a joint township with Hednesford, in
the parish of CANNOCK, eastern division of the hundred
of CUTTLESTONE, County of STAFFORD, 6 miles (S. E. by
E.) from Penkridge.
E.) from Penkridge. The population is returned with
Hednesford. Here is a considerable manufactory for
edge-tools; and coal is raised in this part of the parish.
LEADENHAM, a parish in the wapentake of Love-
DEN, parts of KESTEVEN, County of LINCOLN, 9
miles (N.W. by W.) from Sleaford, containing 574 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£29. 12. 8., and in the patronage of the Rev. Thomas
Brown. The church, dedicated to St. Swithin, is partly in
-
LEA
LEA
40°
!
the decorated, and partly in the later English, style, and
has a tower and spire of elegant proportions. The petty
sessions for the division are held here.
LEAD-HALL, a township in that part of the parish
of RYTHER which is in the upper division of the wapen
take of BARKSTONE-ASH, West riding of the county of
YORK, 5 miles (S. S. W.) from Tadcaster, containing 50
inhabitants.
•
LEADON (HIGH), a hamlet in that part of the
parish of RUDFORD which is in the lower division of the
hundred of DUDSTONE and King's Barton, county of
GLOUCESTER, 5 miles (E. S. E.) from Newent, containing
92 inhabitants.
LEAFIELD, a chapelry in the parish of SHIPTON
under WHICHWOOD, hundred of CHADLINGTON, county of
OXFORD, 5 miles (N. W. by N.) from Witney, contain
ing 553 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford, endowed
with £800 royal bounty, and £1200 parliamentary
grant. The chapel, founded in the reign of Elizabeth,
by Sir Henry Upton, and dedicated to St. Michael, has
lately received an addition of two hundred and eighty
sittings, of which, two hundred and fifty are free, the
Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels having contributed £250 towards defray-
ing the expense.
LEAGRAM, a joint township with Bowland, in that
part of the parish of WHALLEY which is in the lower
division of the hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine
of LANCASTER, 9 miles (W. N. W.) from Clitheroe, con-
taining, with Bowland, 370 inhabitants.
LEAK, a parish comprising the townships of Bor-
rowby, Crosby, Knayton with Brawith, Landmoth with
Catto and Leak, in the wapentake of ALLERTONSHIRE,
the chapelry of Nether Silton, and the township of
Gueldable, in the wapentake of BIRDFORTH, North
riding of the county of YORK, and containing 1083 in-
habitants, of which number, 11 are in the township of
Leak, 6 miles (N.) from Thirsk. The living is a vicar-
age, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the
Bishop of Durham, rated in the king's books at £ 16.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. There is a small
sum for the instruction of poor children. Leak was
once a large town, but was destroyed about the time of
the Conquest: the church and a farm-house alone re-
main in the township.
LEAKE, a parish in the wapentake of SKIRBECK,
parts of HOLLAND, county of LINCOLN, 74 miles (N. E.)
from Boston, containing 1417 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £ 13. 6. 8.,
endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Governors of Oakham school. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. The Rev. Thomas Allenson, in
1555, bequeathed land for the support of a school, and
for the maintenance of five poor people of the parish.
LEAKE (EAST), a parish in the southern division
of the wapentake of RUSHCLIFFE, county of NOTTING-
HAM, 42 miles (E.) from Kegworth, containing 783 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, united to that of West
Leake, not rated in the king's books, in the archdea-
conry of Nottingham, and diocese of York. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, exhibits a fine specimen of the
later style of English architecture. There are places of
:
worship for Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists. A free
school was founded and endowed with lands, about.
1731, by John Blay, citizen of London, and a native of
this place the income is about £48 per annum: forty
boys are instructed. He likewise bequeathed £10 to
every farmer, and £5 to every cottager, in the village.
Many of the inhabitants are employed in frame-work
knitting. This parish is in the honour of Tutbury,
duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of a
court of pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday,
for the recovery of debts under 40s.
LEAKE (WEST), a parish in the southern division
of the wapentake of RUSHCLIFFE, county of NOTTING-
HAM, 23 miles (E.) from Kegworth, containing 211 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, with which that of
East Leake is united, in the archdeaconry of Notting-
ham, and diocese of York, rated in the king's books at
£25. 4. 7., and in the patronage of the Marquis of
Hastings.
LEAMINGTON-HASTINGS, a parish in the South-
am division of the hundred of KNIGHTLow, county of
WARWICK, 4½ miles (N. N. E.) from Southam, contain-
ing 444 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, rated in the king's books at £20, and in the
patronage of the Rev. H. W. Sitwell. The church is
dedicated to All Saints. About thirty poor children
are educated by a schoolmaster, who receives £25 per
annum, chargeable on the parish land. In the reign of
James I. an hospital for the maintenance of eight poor
persons of this parish was founded, and endowed by
Humphrey Davis. An almshouse also was founded and
endowed, in 1687, for two poor persons, by means of a
bequest from Dorothy, widow of Sir Charles Wheeler,
Bart. The Warwick and Napton canal passes through
this parish, on the southern side.
LEAMINGTON-PRIORS, a parish and fashionable
watering-place, in the Kenilworth division of the hun-
dred of KNIGHTLOW, county of WARWICK, 24 miles
(E.) from Warwick, and 90 (N. W.) from London, con-
taining 2183 inhabitants. This place derives its name
from the river Leam, on which it is situated, and from
its having originally belonged to the priory of Kenil-
worth. From an obscure hamlet consisting only of a
few cottages it has, within the last twenty years, from
the celebrity of its mineral springs, risen with unprece-
dented rapidity into a large and populous town, which,
for the spaciousness of its streets, the elegance of its
houses, and the beauty and interest of the surrounding
scenery, is not excelled by any watering-place in the
kingdom. It is visited during the season by numer-
ous families of distinction, and by invalids who fre-
quent it for the benefit of the waters; and, from the
salubrity of the air, and, the mildness of its temperature,
it has become the permanent residence of a number of
respectable families, who have erected handsome dwell-
ing-houses in various parts of the town and its im-
mediate vicinity. So rapid has been its increase that
it has, within the short space of twenty years, qua-
drupled its population, which upon a moderate com-
putation must have been more than doubled since
the last census. The town is situated in a fine open
vale, sheltered from the severity of the winds by gen-:
tle acclivities richly clothed with wood, and surround-
ed by a fertile and highly-cultivated tract of coun-
¦
LEA
41
LEA
+
try, abounding with objects of historical interest, and
with scenes of impressive beauty. The river Leam, over
which is a handsome stone bridge connecting the old
with the new town, and the river Avon, wind through
the adjoining meadows, enlivening the landscape; and
in the distance are seen the stately towers of Warwick
castle and church, rising above the intervening groves,
and presenting themselves in various points of view
with increasing beauty and effect. The mineral springs
are of three kinds, sulphureous, saline, and chalybeate:
the water of the sulphureous spring, according to the
analysis of Dr. Loudon, a resident physician, contains
sulphuric acid, chlorine, soda, lime, and magnesia; the
gases are oxygen, azote, carbonic acid, and sulphuretted
hydrogen. The saline water contains chlorine, lime,
sulphuric acid, magnesia, silica, peroxide of iron, and
soda; the gases are oxygen, azote, and carbonic acid.
The chalybeate water contains chlorine, sulphuric acid,
lime, magnesia, sodium, silica, and peroxide of iron; the
gases are oxygen, azote, and carbonic acid; the sa-
line and chalybeate waters differing chiefly in the
proportions of their respective ingredients. There is a
constant and plentiful supply of the mineral waters for
drinking and for bathing, and the varieties of the seve-
ral springs comprehend the respective properties and
rival the efficacy of the Cheltenham, Harrogate, and
Tunbridge waters.
The spring first discovered here, and now called the
Old Well, is described by Camden, Speed, and Dugdale;
its water was analysed in 1688, and it has recently been
enclosed by Lord Aylesford, who has erected a neat
pump-room over it, containing a marble font, from
which a pipe is conducted on the outside of the building,
for the use of the poor. The second spring was disco-
vered in 1784, by Mr. Abbotts, who erected six warm
baths, a cold bath, and shower baths, with dressing-rooms
adjoining. Since that time, numerous establishments
have been fitted up in various parts of the town, all si-
milarly conducted, of which the principal are the Royal
Spa, a handsome stone building, with a fine colonnade of
the Doric order, extending the whole length of the front,
and having an entrance near each end leading respect-
ively to the gentlemen's and ladies' baths, and into the
pump-room, which is in the centre. This establishment
This establishment
contains fifteen hot, cold, and shower baths, of which
two are provided with cranes for lowering and raising
invalids in a chair: the baths are furnished with dress-
ing-rooms and every requisite accommodation; the
pump-room, eighty-five feet long, thirty-six wide, and of
proportionate height, is lighted by a range of upper win-
dows; the walls are ornamented with Doric pilasters,
supporting a handsome entablature at one end of the
room is the pump, with two pipes, one of sulphureous,
the other of saline, water; and at the other end is an
orchestra, in which a well-selected band performs during
the hours of attendance: this elegant building, which
forms one of the principal ornaments of the town, is si-
tuated on the banks of the river Leam, between the
old and the new town; the grounds are tastefully laid
out in lawns, shrubberies, and walks, affording a fine
promenade, and, during the hours of walking, an ex-
cellent band is in attendance. The Imperial Fount
and marble baths in Clemens-street contain a com-
plete arrangement of twelve hot, cold, sulphureous,
vapour, fumigating, and shower baths, with jets d'eau
VOL. III.
for topical application, and a pump of sulphureous, sa-
line, and chalybeate water, with every requisite accom-
modation and attendance. Wise's baths, at the corner
of Bath-street; Robbins' bath, near the bridge; Smith's
original baths, in Bath-street; and various similar esta-
blishments, are all arranged with due care, and attended
with every regard to the accommodation of the persons
frequenting them. In proportion to the number and
rank of the visitors are the hotels and lodging-houses
provided for their accommodation. Among the nu-
merous establishments of the kind, the most conspi-
cuous are, the Regent's and Copps' hotels: the former
is an extensive and elegant range of building in the new
town, splendidly fitted up as a family hotel and public
boarding-house; it has stabling for upwards of one hun-
dred horses, with proportionate standings for carriages.
Nearly adjoining the hotel is a private lodging-house
belonging to the proprietor, a beautiful structure in the
later English style of architecture, containing several
spacious rooms, and a suite of offices, in every respect
adapted for the residence of a family of distinction,
with gardens and pleasure grounds tastefully laid out.
Copps', or the Royal hotel, in the High-street, formerly
consisting of several houses, has been partly rebuilt,
and now forms a splendid establishment, having a very
handsome façade in the Grecian style of architecture,
with an elegant portico of the Corinthian order: the
accommodations, in every respect, are adapted to
the reception of families of the highest rank, and the
domestic regulations are calculated to promote the com-
fort of its numerous guests: it has accommodation for
ninety horses, and carriages in proportion. The Bedford
hotel, in Union Parade; the Blenheim hotel, in Clemens-
street, and numerous others on a smaller scale, are all
under excellent regulation; and there are numerous pri-
vate boarding and lodging-houses of every grade, suited
to the taste, condition, and requirements of the various
classes of visitors.
The town is well paved, and lighted with gas under
the direction of commissioners appointed under an act
of parliament obtained for that purpose, and amply sup-
plied with water; the streets are spacious, and intersect
each other at right angles; the houses are handsomely
built, and fronted with Roman cement ; and many of
them display elegant specimens of Grecian and other
kinds of architecture. The public library and reading-
rooms, in Bath-street, constitute a handsome structure,
with a colonnade of six Ionic pillars, supporting an en-
tablature and pediment, and resting upon a piazza, which
forms the entrance; the reading-room is forty feet long,
and thirty-six feet wide, with a circular end, separated
from the principal area by two Ionic pillars, and two
pilasters of green porphyry, and opening by folding
doors into a pleasant lawn, in which are a fountain, and
a small orchestra; contiguous to the principal reading-
room is one smaller, which is generally used in the win-
ter season. Above the reading-rooms and library is
a spacious and elegant assembly-room, eighty feet
long, and forty feet wide, chastely ornamented, and
lighted by three magnificent chandeliers suspended
from the ceiling; at one end of the room is a noble
mirror of plate glass, twelve feet high, and eight feet
wide;
the card and refreshment rooms are equally
splendid, and the whole suite is admirably adapted
for either public or private meetings. The upper as-
G
LEA
42
LEA
:
sembly-rooms, in the Union Parade, comprise a ball-
room ninety-six feet in length, forty-five feet in width,
and twenty-six feet high, lighted by a range of seven
windows on one side the walls are ornamented by a
row of pilasters of the Ionic order, and the ceiling
is divided into compartments, from which are sus-
pended three elegant chandeliers; attached to the
assembly-room are card and refreshment rooms, of
uniform character: subscription assemblies take place
here every fortnight during the winter, and every week
during the summer: the Philharmonic concerts are
held here four nights during the summer season. The
buildings, which were erected in 1812, comprise also a
news-room and a billiard-room. Bisset's museum and
Bisset's museum and
picture gallery is a place of general resort: it contains
a collection of British and foreign birds, beasts, fishes,
and insects; the arms, dresses, and musical and war-
like instruments, of barbarous nations; and an ex-
tensive collection of pictures. The theatre, a small
building neatly fitted up, is open three times in the week,
during the season; and the races which take place at
Warwick, in the spring, from the patronage of the re-
sident gentry, may be almost considered as belonging
to this place the ladies of Leamington contribute fifty
guineas to the sweepstakes at these races; and the gen-
tlemen, the Leamington cup, of fifty guineas value.
Ranelagh gardens, occupying ten acres, and neatly laid
out in walks and shrubberies, form a pleasing prome-
nade; a botanical collection is now in progress, and
hot-houses and green-houses have been erected on an
extensive scale. The market is on Wednesday, and is
abundantly supplied with provisions of every kind. The
Warwick and Knapton canal, passing through the town,
supplies the inhabitants, at a moderate price, with coal
from the pits in the neighbourhood of Birmingham.
C
:
-
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and Coven-
try, rated in the king's books at £6. 10., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. Henry Wise. The church, dedicated
to All Saints, is an ancient structure in the decorated
style of English architecture, with a tower surmounted
by a spire; it has been considerably enlarged, and has
undergone many recent alterations. An episcopal cha-
pel in the upper town was erected after the design,
and at the expense, of the Rev. R. Downes, the pre-
sent vicar, and has been licensed, but not consecrated:
the building is professedly after the Norman model,
and in some respects the details of that style have been
partially imitated: the interior is darkened by the
adoption of the massive round column, and the deep-
toned painting of the glass in the windows; and the
exterior forms a solitary and striking deviation from the
the good taste which prevails generally in the architec-
tural features of the town. There are places of worship
for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists, and a Ro-
man Catholic chapel, a small, but handsome edifice, hav-
ing, in a niche over the entrance, a whole-length figure
of St. Peter, with a key in his right hand, finely sculp-
tured. The National school is a neat and commodious
building, having, on the ground-floor a school-room
for boys, and above it one of equal dimensions for
girls, together with apartments for the master and the
mistress. Baths have been erected for the gratuitous
use of the poor, and there are various bequests for cha-
ritable purposes.
-
LEAP, a tything in the parish of EXBURY, in that
part of the hundred of BISHOP'S WALTHAM which is
in the New Forest (East) division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 114 miles (E. by N.) from Lymington.
The population is returned with the parish. The village
being nearly opposite to Cowes, is the common place of
embarkation for the Isle of Wight from this part of
Hampshire.
LEARCHILD, a township in the parish of EDLING-
HAM, northern division of COQUETDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 6½ miles (W. S. W.) from Alnwick,
containing 30 inhabitants.
LEASINGHAM (NORTH), or ROXHOLME, a pa-
rish in the wapentake of FLAXWELL, parts of KESTEVEN,
county of LINCOLN, 22 miles (N. by W.) from Sleaford,
containing 87 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
united, in 1726, to the rectory of South Leasingham, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £ 10. 15. 5. The church, which was de-
dicated to St. John the Baptist, has been demolished.
LEASINGHAM (SOUTH), a parish in the wapen-
take of FLAXWELL, parts of KESTEVEN, county of
LINCOLN, 2 miles (N. N. W.) from Sleaford, containing
259 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, to which that
of North Leasingham was united in 1726, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £ 13. 2. 8., and in the patronage of Sir J. H.
Thorold, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. An
drew.
LEATHERHEAD, a parish (formerly a market.
town) in the second division of the hundred of Cop-
THORNE, County of SURREY, 12 miles (E. N. E.) from
Guildford, and 18 (S. W. by S.) from London, con-
taining 1478 inhabitants. This place, anciently called
Leddrede, is pleasantly situated on the bank of the
river Mole, over which there is a bridge of fourteen
arches, built of brick. The vale through which this
stream flows, in its course to Reigate, is bounded on
each side by a range of steep eminences, on the de-
clivities of which are numerous elegant seats, and fine
parks and plantations; and the scenery in the neigh-
bourhood is highly picturesque and beautiful. The
trade of the town is inconsiderable, and the market is
disused; but a fair is held on the 10th of October, in a
field to the north of the town, chiefly for the sale of
horses and pigs. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese of Win-
chester, rated in the king's books at £ 14. 6. 04., en-
dowed with £ 200 private benefaction, and £ 200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter
of Rochester. The church, dedicated to St. Mary and
St. Nicholas, is a cruciform structure, said to have been
founded by Edward I.: the nave and aisles are of the
early English style, the chancel of the decorated, and
the tower and north transept of the later English; the
east window is ornamented with stained glass: within
is a fine screen, and a painting of the "Last Supper."
There is a place of worship for Independents. A free
school for ten boys is endowed with £15 per annum,
principally from a bequest by John Lucas, who, in 1796,
left £400 South Sea annuities, for the support of this
charity. Several other benefactions have been made for
distribution among the poor.
LEATHLEY, a parish in the upper division of the
wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the county of
LEC
LEC
43
YORK, comprising the townships of Castley and
Leathley, and containing 422 inhabitants, of which
number, 312 are in the township of Leathley, 24 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Otley. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of York, rated in the
king's books at £7. 2. 8., and in the patronage of
the Crown. A free school was founded and endowed
with a rent-charge of £ 12, in 1769, by Anne Hitch; all
children who apply are admitted.
LEAVELAND, a parish in the hundred of FAVER-
SHAM, lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 4 miles (S. by
W.) from Faversham, containing 69 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, with that of Badlesmere
united, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury,
rated in the king's books at £4, and in the patronage of
Lord Sondes. The church is dedicated to St. Lawrence.
LEAVENING, a township in the parish of ACKLAM,
partly in the wapentake of BUCKROSE, and partly within
the liberty of ST. PETER of YORK, East riding of the
county of YORK, 64 miles (S.) from New Malton, con-
taining 294 inhabitants. There is a place of worship
There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
LEAVINGTON (CASTLE), a township in the parish
of KIRK-LEAVINGTON, western division of the liberty
of LANGBAURGH, North riding of the county of YORK,
22 miles (S. E. by E.) from Yarm, containing 44 inha-
bitants. Here was anciently a castle, but the eminence
on which it stood, called Castle hill, is the only re-
maining vestige of its existence.
LEAVINGTON (KIRK), a parish in the western di-
vision of the liberty of LANGBAURGH, North riding of
the county of YORK, comprising the townships of Castle-
Leavington, Kirk-Leavington, Pickton, and Low Worsall,
and containing 637 inhabitants, of which number, 282
are in the township of Kirk-Leavington, 24 miles (S.S.E.)
from Yarm. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, en-
dowed with £200 royal bounty, and £ 1400 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Archbishop of
York. The church, dedicated to St. Martin, is a small
ancient structure.
LEBTHORPE, a hamlet in the parish of NORTH
WITHAM, wapentake of BELTISLOE, parts of KESTEVEN,
county of LINCOLN, 3 miles (S. E. by S.) from Colster-
worth, containing 35 inhabitants.
LECHLADE, or LEACHLADE, a market town and
parish in the hundred of BRIGHTWELLS - BARROW,
county of GLOUCESTER, 28 miles (S. E.) from Glouces-
ter, and 75 (W. by N.) from London, containing, with
Linhill, 1154 inhabitants. The name of this place is
derived from the little river Leche, and the Saxon word
ladean, to empty; this stream rises near North-Leach,
and falls into the Thames below St. John's bridge, in
this parish. In Domesday-book the manor is reckoned
among the possessions of Henry de Ferrars, who had an
eel-fishery here. The town is situated on the margin of
the Thames, near its confluence with the Leche, on the
road from Cirencester to London: it is neatly built, and
consists principally of one long and wide street, not re-
gularly paved nor lighted, but the inhabitants are suffi-
ciently supplied with water from wells. Its commerce
depends chiefly on the transit of commodities, particu-
larly Wiltshire and Gloucester cheese, brought hither
in wagons for conveyance to the metropolis by the
Thames, that river becoming navigable at this place;
:
and here the canal terminates which unites this river
and the Severn. The market, for which a grant was
obtained by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of
Henry III., is held on Tuesday, but almost disused:
the fairs are, August 5th and 10th for cattle and toys,
and September 9th for cattle and cheese, which last
is much frequented. A constable and a tythingman
are appointed at a triennial court leet held by the lord
of the manor.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese, of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at
£12. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Rev. J. Leigh
Bennett.
Bennett. The church, which is dedicated to St. Law-
rence, is a handsome structure in the later style of En-
glish architecture, built about the middle of the fifteenth
century, at the joint expense of the vicar, the inmates
of Lechlade priory, and the inhabitants of the parish;
the spire is remarkable for its symmetrical beauty, and
the pulpit is of sculptured stone. There is a place of
worship for Baptists. In 1787, Thomas Oatridge be-
queathed £100 stock in the three per cent. consols., to
the Sunday school in this parish, and £3 per annum is
accordingly paid to it by the minister. In a meadow
near St. John's bridge formerly stood a priory of Black
canons, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, which was
founded by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, in the reign of
Henry III., the revenue of which, on its suppression in
1473, was applied to the foundation of a chantry in the
parish church. There was also an hospital on or near the
bridge, founded by Peter Fitz-Herbert, about the time
of Henry III. Towards the end of the last century, a
subterraneous structure was discovered in a meadow in
the vicinity, with brick pillars and Mosaic pavement,
supposed to have been a Roman bath, from which cir-
cumstance it has been conjectured that this was a Ro-
man town, to which a vicinal road extended from Ciren-
cester. Thomas Coxeter, an eminent antiquary, was
born here in 1689.
LECK, a chapelry in the parish of TUNSTALL, hun-
dred of LONSDALE, South of the sands, county palatine
of LANCASTER, 2 miles (S. E. by E.) from Kirkby-Lons-
dale, containing 284 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and
diocese, of Chester, endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, £600 royal bounty, and £300 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Rector of Tunstall.
LECKBY, a joint township with Cundall, in the
parish of CUNDALL, wapentake of HALLIKELD, North
riding of the county of YORK, 6 miles (N. by E.) from
Boroughbridge. The population is returned with Cun-
dall.
LECKFORD, a parish in the hundred of KING'S
SOMBOURN, Andover division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 12 mile (N. N. E.) from Stockbridge, containing
200 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester, rated in
the king's books at £8. 16. 10., and in the patronage
of the Prebendary of Leckford in the Cathedral Church
of Winchester: the prebend, or senecure rectory, rated
in the king's books at £9, is in the patronage of the
President and Fellows of St. John's College, Oxford.
The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas. The Andover
canal passes close to the village.
LECKHAMSTEAD, a chapelry in the parish of
CHIEVELEY, hundred of FAIRCROSS, County of BERKS,
G 2
LED
44
LED
5 miles (S.W.) from East Ilsley, containing 358 inha-
bitants.
LECKHAMPSTEAD, a parish in the hundred and
county of BUCKINGHAM, 3 miles (N. E. by N.) from
Buckingham, containing 519 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £15. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of John Beauclerk, Esq. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, contains an octagonal
font, ornamented with representations of the Crucifixion,
St. Catherine, &c., rudely executed in basso relievo.
There is an endowment of £15 per annum for a free
school. This parish is divided into Church-end, North-
end and Lymes'-end within its limits there is a chaly-
beate spring.
:
LECKHAMPTON, a parish in the hundred of
CHELTENHAM, county of GLOUCESTER, 2 miles (S.by W.)
from Cheltenham, containing 318 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Gloucester, rated in the king's books at £18. 13. 4., and
in the patronage of C. N. Trye, Esq. The church is de-
dicated to St. Peter. A branch of the Gloucester and
Cheltenham railway passes through this parish to the
Crippets on the south.
LECKONFIELD, a parish in the Hunsley-Beacon
division of the wapentake of HARTHILL, East riding
of the county of YORK, 3 miles (N. N. W.) from Be-
verley, containing 302 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of the East
riding, and diocese of York, rated in the king's books at
£8, endowed £200 private benefaction, and £600
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Earl of Egre-
mont. Here was anciently a castle belonging to the
Earls of Northumberland.
LEDBURN, a hamlet in the parish of MENTMORE,
hundred of COTTESLOE, county of BUCKINGHAM, 3
miles (S. W. by S.) from Leighton-Buzzard, containing
165 inhabitants.
LEDBURY, a parish in the hundred of RADLOW,
county of HEREFORD, comprising the market town of
Ledbury, and the township of Parkhold, and containing
3476 inhabitants, of which number, 3421 are in the
town of Ledbury, 15 miles (E. by S.) from Hereford,
and 120 (W. N. W.) from London. This place derives its
name from the Leden, which intersects the parish from
north to south. The town, which stands at the eastern
angle of the county, and at the southern extremity of
the Malvern hills, is situated on a declivity, and consists
of three principal streets, which run north and south,
and are intersected by smaller ones at right angles; they
are lighted, and partially paved, and the inhabitants are
well supplied with water in the more ancient parts of
the town the houses are composed of timber and brick,
with projecting stories; the modern houses are of red
brick, presenting a respectable appearance. The manu-
facture of silk and broad cloth was carried on here to
a considerable extent during the reigns of Elizabeth and
James I., but at present the principal business consists
in the manufacture of ropes, lines, and sacking; and
there are also malt-houses and tan-yards. Hops are
cultivated, and cider and perry made, in the neigh-
bourhood, and in productive seasons, a great quantity
of the former liquor is sent to all parts of the kingdom.
There are some quarries of excellent limestone, and
others of grey marble. The Hereford and Gloucester
canal, projected some years since, extends only from
Gloucester to this town at present, having been left un-
finished. The market is on Tuesday, for poultry, butter,
and pedlary; and fairs are held on the Monday after Fe-
bruary 1st, Monday before Easter, May 12th, June 22nd,
October 2nd, and the Monday before December 21st, for
cattle, pigs, &c. The market-house is an ancient edifice
of timber and brick, supported on sixteen strong oak
pillars. The parish is divided into five parts, the bo-
rough, Wall Hills, Ledon and Haffield, Wellington, and
Mitchell and Netherton; the last four of these form
the Foreign of the manor, for which courts leet and
baron are held annually, when the constables for the
town are chosen the borough is called the Denizen, and
has likewise a court leet and baron annually. Petty
sessions for the hundred are held here every Wednesday.
Ledbury sent members to two parliaments in the reign
of Edward I., but surrendered the elective franchise
subsequently, on the plea of poverty.
:
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£ 14. 12.6.: the rectory is divided into the two portions
of Overhall and Netherhall: the Bishop of Hereford
appoints the portionists, who present to the vicarage
alternately. The church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a
spacious and handsome structure, exhibiting some fine
specimens of Norman architecture, particularly the door
in the centre of the west front, and the chancel, on the
north side of which is a chapel, dedicated to St. Cathe-
rine, of decorated character: the north porch is in the
early style of English architecture, as is also the tower,
which is detached from the church, and is surmounted
by a finely proportioned spire, about sixty feet in height,
which, in 1811, was struck by lightning but sustained
little injury. Over the altar is a painting of the Lord's
Supper, copied from an original by Rubens; and at the
east end of the north aisle, a new window, recently made,
is ornamented with the figures of Faith, Hope, and
Charity, in stained glass, the expense of which was
£500: the church has recently undergone internal re-
pairs and decorations, the cost of which was defrayed
by voluntary contributions: there are several interesting
monuments. The Baptists, Independents, and Wes-
leyan Methodists have each a place of worship. There
are two endowed schools, with residences for the master
and the mistress: one for boys, who are taught to read
and write, and another for girls, who are taught to read
and work; at another school, said to have been founded
at the dissolution of a chantry attached to the church,
four boys are taught writing and arithmetic gratuit-
ously, and there are other boys who pay £1. 16. per
annum: the master receives a stipend annually from
the Exchequer, and occupies the building rent-free
formerly the masters of this school were clergymen,
but within the last thirty years they have been laymen,
and are chosen at a vestry meeting. The hospital of
St. Catherine was founded, in the thirteenth century, by
Hugh Foliot, bishop of Hereford, and endowed for six
widowers and four widows: the revenue was valued at
the dissolution at £32.7.11., but it was refounded by
Elizabeth, in 1580, for a master, seven poor widowers,
and three widows: the Dean and Chapter of Hereford
are the trustees. The increase of funds enabled the trus-
tees to erect a new hospital, in 1822, from a design by
Mr. Smirke, intended to comprise twenty-four dwellings
;
-
LEE
LEE
45
for as many brethren, twelve only of which have been
hitherto completed, at an expense of £5888: each in-
mate receives six shillings per week, and a quarterly
payment of £1. 2., with other advantages. The senior
canon of Hereford cathedral, as master, has a good
dwelling-house and a large garden near the hospital, where
he is required to reside two months in the year; to his
annual stipend is added a farm of seventy acres, and
forty acres of coppice wood, and he has the appointment
of the brethren and the sisters. Morning service is per-
formed in a chapel adjoining the hospital, four days in
the week, by the chaplain, who, in addition to his salary,
has the incumbency of one of the livings in the patronage
of the Dean and Chapter. There are several almshouses
for poor persons; and a dispensary was established in
1824. At Well Hills, about a mile from the town, is a
camp, supposed to have been originally British, though
subsequently occupied as a Roman station, containing an
area of about thirty acres; a smaller camp at Haffield
was probably used as a temporary position. Within
this parish is also a part of the famous Beacon camp,
considered by some antiquaries as one of the fortresses
constructed by Caractacus, when this part of Britain
was invaded by the Romans under Ostorius Scapula.
At Ledbury died Jacob Tonson, an eminent bookseller,
and the subject of a satirical triplet by Dryden, whose
epitaph, published in the Gentleman's Magazine for
February 1736, was closely copied by Dr. Benjamin
Franklin, for his own tombstone, and has been often
recorded in print.
LEDSHAM, a township in the parish of NESTON,
higher division of the hundred of WIRRALL, county
palatine of CHESTER, 64 miles (N. W. by N.) from
Chester, containing 74 inhabitants.
LEDSHAM, a parish in the upper division of the
wapentake of BARKSTONE-ASH, West riding of the
county of YORK, comprising the townships of Fairburn,
Ledsham, and Ledstone, and containing 881 inhabitants,
of which number, 212 are in the township of Ledsham,
4½ miles (N. W. by N.) from Ferry-Bridge. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of York, rated in the king's books at £7.4. 2., endowed
with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of Mrs. Wheler. The church, dedi-
cated to All Saints, contains a splendid monument to
the memory of Lady Elizabeth Hastings; her figure is
placed in a reclining posture, and those of Lady Frances
and Lady Ann, her sisters, are placed on pedestals by
its side the inscription is in Latin. Lady Elizabeth
Hastings, in 1738, founded and endowed a school for
twenty orphan girls, and another for twenty boys, all
of whom are supplied with books.
LEDSTONE, a township in the parish of LEDSHAM,
upper division of the wapentake of BARKSTONE-ASH,
West riding of the county of YORK, 5 miles (N. W.)
from Ferry-Bridge, containing 243 inhabitants.
LEDWELL, a hamlet in the parish of SANDFORD,
hundred of WOOTTON, county of OXFORD, 4 miles
(N. E.) from Neat Enstone. The population is returned
with the parish. Here was formerly a chapel, dedicated
to St. Mary Magdalene. A fine sand, used in the manu-
facture of glass, is found in the vicinity.
LEE, a parish in the hundred of AYLESBURY, County
of BUCKINGHAM, 2½ miles (N.) from Great Missenden,
containing 198 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, endowed with £8 per annum and
£200 private benefaction, £800 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of Henry Deering, Esq. The church,
dedicated to St. John the Baptist, was formerly a cha-
pel of ease to the rectory of Weston-Turville.
LEE, a parish in the hundred of BLACKHEATH,
lathe of SUTTON at HONE, county of KENT, 7 miles
(S. E. by E.) from London, containing 737 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Rochester, rated in the king's books at £3. 11. S.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Margaret, which stands on an eminence
near Blackheath, is built of flint and stone, and has
a neat cemetery containing several handsome monu-
ments, the most conspicuous of which are those of the
great astronomer, Edmund Halley, the celebrated
comedian, William Parsons; the amiable Lady Dacre;
and Sir Samuel Fludyer, Bart., who, as lord mayor of
London in 1761, gave a sumptuous banquet to George
III. and his royal consort. Christopher Boone, in 1683,
founded and endowed an almshouse for six poor persons,
with a chapel attached, and a school for twelve poor
children; the endowment, which is vested in the com-
pany of Merchant Taylors in London, consists of cer-
tain lands and houses producing an income of about
£71 per annum. This parish has the right of sending
one boy to the school at Blackheath founded by Mr.
Colfe.
LEE (EAST, or CHAPEL), a liberty in the parish of
EAST TILBURY, hundred of BARSTABLE, county of
ESSEX, containing 10 inhabitants.
LEE (ST. JOHN), a parish in the southern divi-
sion of TINDALE ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND,
1½ mile (N. N. E.) from Hexham, comprising the cha-
pelries of Bingfield and Wall, and the townships of West
Acomb, Anick, Anick-Grange, Cocklaw, Fallowfield, Hal-
lington, Portgate, and Sandhoe, and containing 1952 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the pe-
culiar jurisdiction of the Archbishop of York, for the
Peculiar Court of Hexhamshire, endowed with £200
private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £600 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of T. R. Beau-
mont, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. John of Be-
verley, and situated on a fine eminence on the northern
side of the river Tyne, was anciently noted for an an-
nual procession made to it by the monks of Hexham.
There are mines of coal and lead in the parish.
LEE-BOTWOOD, a parish in the hundred of Con-
DOVER, County of SALOP, 4 miles (N. N. E.) from
Church-Stretton, containing 204 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, united to that of Longnor,
in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, endowed with £200 private benefaction,
and £600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Arch-
deacon Corbett. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, once
belonged to the abbey of Haughmond. Coal and lime-
stone are obtained in the parish, through which runs a
small brook called the Rae.
LEE-BROCKHURST, a parish in the Whitchurch
division of the hundred of BRADFORD (North), county
of SALOP, 23 miles (S. E. by E.) from Wem, containing
162 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, endowed with £500 royal bounty, and £200
LEE
LEE
46
Clayton,
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
LEE-WARD, a township in the parish of Rотн-
BURY, western division of COQUETDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 3½ miles (S. S. E.) from Rothbury,
containing 93 inhabitants.
LEEMAILING, a township in the parish of BEL-
LINGHAM, north-western division of TINDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 1 mile (W. N. W.) from
Bellingham, containing 285 inhabitants. There is a
neat domestic chapel at Hesleyside, the seat of William
John Charlton, Esq. The township is bounded on the
north by the North Tyne river.
LEEDS, a parish in the hundred of EYHORNE, lathe
of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 5 miles (E. by S.) from
Maidstone, containing 515 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, to which that of Broomfield is united,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury, endowed
with £ 200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, has at the west
end a remarkably low square tower. Leeds is said to
have derived its name from Ledian, counsellor to Ethel-
bert II., who built here a fortress in 978. Subsequently,
in 1119, a priory of Black canons, in honour of St. Mary
and St. Nicholas, was founded by Robert de Crepito
Corde, alias Creveceur, or Croucheart, Knt., the revenue
of which, at the dissolution, was £ 362. 7. 7. The abbey
church was equal in magnitude and beauty to a cathe-
dral, and the monastic buildings, considerable remains of
which still exist, were of correspondent size and gran-
deur. Leeds castle, the residence of the family of
Fairfax, is one of the most stately in the kingdom: it
is seated in a beautiful park, is surrounded by a moat,
and approached by a stone bridge of two arches the
buildings, which are entirely of stone, are ranged round
a spacious quadrangle, and though they exhibit the ar-
chitecture of different periods, the structure as a whole
produces a most striking and noble effect. It has two
ancient gateways, a grand hall, and a magnificent suite of
state apartments: there are also the remains of the
inner vallum, of the keep, and of various other detached
parts, said to have been erected by the Creveceurs,
its ancient owners, by William of Wykeham, and by
Henry VIII. George III. and his royal consort were
entertained here with great splendour in their excursion
to Coxheath Camp, in 1779. Courts leet and baron are
held annually, at which three officers, termed Bors-
holders, are appointed.
LEEDS, a parish and
liberty, in the West riding of
the county of YORK, com-
prising the market town of
Leeds, which has a separate
jurisdiction, though locally
in the wapentake of Sky-
rack, the chapelries of Arm-
ley, Beeston, Bramley, Cha-
pel-Allerton, Farnley, Head-
ingley with Burley, Holbeck,
Hunslet or Hunfleet, and
Wortley, and the township
Seal and Arms.
of Potter-Newton, and containing 83,796 inhabitants,
of which number, 48,603 are in the town of Leeds, 25
miles (S. W. by W.) from York, and 191 (N. N. W.) from
LEEDS
secados
1662
*
HE
SIGILL
CHRO
London. From what source this place, anciently called
Loidis, derives its name, has not been ascertained.
It was made a royal vill after the destruction of the
ancient Cambodunum by Cadwallo, a British prince, and
Penda, King of Mercia, over the last of whom, on his
subsequent invasion of Northumberland, in 655, Osweo,
King of Bernicia, obtained a signal victory in the im-
mediate vicinity of the town. During the reign of Wil-
liam the Conqueror, Ilbert de Lacy is supposed to have
erected a castle here, which was besieged by King Ste-
phen, on his route towards Scotland, and in which
Richard II., after his deposition was for some time
confined, previously to his removal to Pontefract : but
there are no vestiges of it, nor can the site, which is
stated to have been on Mill-hill, be distinguished by
any traces of its previous existence. During the civil
war in the reign of Charles I., many skirmishes between
the contending parties took place in the neighbour-
hood, and that monarch resided for some time in the
town, in a mansion supposed to have been the first in
that part of the kingdom that was built of brick, and,
from the colour of that material, called the Red Hall.
The town, which is more celebrated as the prin-
cipal seat of the woollen manufacture, than either for
its antiquity or for its historical importance, is plea-
santly situated on the summit and acclivities of an emi-
nence rising gradually from the northern bank of the river
Aire, over which are two substantial bridges of free-
stone; one consisting of five arches, and the other,
about a mile to the west, erected in 1817, from a design
by Rennie, at an expense of £7000, and called Welling-
ton bridge, consisting of one beautiful arch, one hundred
feet in span: to the east of the latter a suspension.
bridge is now being constructed, the expense of which
is estimated at £4500. The streets in the more ancient
parts of the town are inconveniently narrow, but in
other parts spacious and commodious: many improve-
ments have been effected under the provisions of acts
of parliament obtained in 1809 and 1815, under which
also the town is well paved, lighted with oil and coal
gas by companies who have extensive works in York-
street and Park-street, and supplied with excellent water
forced from the Aire by an engine into three capacious.
reservoirs, from which, after undergoing a process of
purification, it is distributed to the houses of the inha-
bitants. The houses are in general neatly built of brick,
and roofed with white slate, and in various parts of the
town are some elegant mansions and handsome ranges of
modern buildings, among which latter is Park-place,
in front of which the ground is tastefully laid out
in shrubberies and walks: the environs afford much
beautiful scenery, and are embellished with numer-
ous seats and elegant villas. There is an establish-
ment of hackney coaches in the town. The Lite-
rary and Philosophical Society, consisting of sixty pro-
prietary, and one hundred ordinary, members, was
established in 1820; meetings are held on the first and
third Fridays in every month, from November till May,
for the discussion of literary and philosophical sub-
jects. The hall appropriated to this purpose is a hand-
some stone building, erected, by Mr. Chantrell, in the
Grecian style of architecture, and comprises a lecture-
room, library, and museum. A museum of natural cu-
riosities was also established by Mr. Calvert, in 1827.
The Northern Society, for the encouragement of the fine

•
LEE
LEE
47
arts, and under the patronage of the King, has a hand-
some gallery adjoining the music-hall; and a horticul-
tural society, established in 1820, holds its meetings in
the town. There are several public subscription libra-
ries, of which the principal are, the old library, in Com-
mercial-street; the new library, in Albion-street, con-
sisting of one hundred proprietary members, whose
shares are £7. 7. each, and an annual subscription of
£ 1. 5.; the parochial library, containing works on Theo-
logy, for the use of the resident clergy of the establish-
The
ment; the Methodists' and the Eclectic libraries.
commercial buildings, a handsome edifice of stone, with
a noble circular portico, comprising a news-room, hotel,
and commercial offices, were erected in 1826, and are
equally an accommodation and an ornament to the town.
The mechanics' institution, to which a useful library is
attached, was established in 1825. The theatre, a neat
building erected in 1771, by Mr. Tate Wilkinson, is open-
ed, during the months of May and June, by the York
company subscription concerts take place every fort-
night during the season, at the music-hall in Albion-
street; and assemblies are held every alternate week
during the winter, in a handsome suite of rooms over
the White Cloth hall. The public baths, in Wellington-
road, a handsome range of buildings erected, in 1820,
by the same architect, and in the same style, as the phi-
losophical hall, are commodiously arranged, and com-
prise hot, cold, shower and vapour baths with others ar-
tificially prepared, and possessing the properties and
temperature of the Matlock and Buxton waters. The
Masonic hall is a neat edifice in Stein's buildings, Brig-
gate; and a bazaar, on the principle of those in the
metropolis, was established in 1826, for which a neat
building has been erected, which is well calculated for the
exhibition and sale of fancy articles. The cavalry bar-
racks, near the north road, form a very extensive and com-
plete establishment, occupying eleven acres of ground;
the buildings, which are handsome and contain every
requisite accommodation, were erected at an expense of
£28,000.
To the extent and variety of the manufactures carried
on in this town and its neighbourhood, particularly the
manufacture of woollen cloth, which has within the last
few years been brought to a very high state of perfec-
tion, may, in a great degree, be attributed the prosperity
of the West riding of the county. Formerly only the
coarser kinds of cloth were made here, but, since the
introduction of machinery, and more especially under
the improvements made in the manufacture by Mr.
Hirst, a native of this town, the Yorkshire cloths, which
were always regarded as inferior, have been made to
equal, if not to surpass, those of the western counties of
England, in fineness of texture, and brilliancy and per-
manence of colour; and superfine black and blue cloths,
made from wool carefully selected, have been sold for £5
per yard. Many very extensive factories have been esta-
blished, in some of which the whole process, from the
first breaking of the wool, to the completion of the cloth
for the consumer, is performed by machinery worked
by steam. The principal branches of manufacture at
present are, superfine broad and coarse narrow cloth,
ladies' pelisse cloth and shawls, stuffs of various kinds,
Scotch camblets, blankets, and carpets. Several large
factories have been established in the town and neigh-
bourhood, for the spinning of flax; and a great quan-
S
tity of worsted goods, the manufacture of which has
been progressively increasing, is sent hence to every
part of the kingdom. The cotton manufacture has ex-
tended in some degree from Lancashire to this town, and
at present affords employment to a small proportion of
the labouring class. In the immediate vicinity are large
manufactories for crown and flint glass, and glass bot-
tles; an extensive pottery, the reputation of which pro-
cures for its wares a large demand in every part of the
united kingdom; several large iron foundries, and an
extensive manufactory for steam-engines, inferior to few
in the country. In the parish is dug clay for making
fire-proof bricks, also another kind for tobacco-pipes.
The neighbourhood abounds with mines of coal: on the
banks of the Aire are numerous mills for grinding corn,
rape-seed, dye-wood, and for fulling cloth, and several
turning, carding, and spinning establishments. In ad-
dition to the staple trade and manufactures, Leeds car-
ries on an extensive trade in tobacco, for the prepara-
tion of which from the leaf, several mills have been
erected. The river Aire, which passes through the
southern part of the town, affords a navigable com-
munication with the Humber; and the Leeds and
Liverpool canal, constructed in 1776, which joins the
Aire, opens a direct line of navigation extending to Hull,
Liverpool, and the principal towns in the kingdom.
The cloth-halls are spacious buildings for the sale of
cloth in an unfinished state: they occupy quadrangular
areas divided into rows, on each side of which are stands
for the manufacturers; the hall for dyed cloths con-
tains one thousand eight hundred of these stands, and
that for white cloths about the same number: the
former was erected in 1758, and the latter in 1775.
The market is announced by the ringing of a bell, and
in the course of an hour, for which it continues open,
purchases to the amount of many thousand pounds are
effected, with the utmost regularity, and in perfect si-
lence, by the merchants who attend them, and under
whose directions, or by persons accustomed to that
business, the cloths are dressed and finished for the use
of the consumer. The number of pieces of cloth ma-
nufactured in the West riding, from the year 1772 to
1781 inclusive, was two millions nine thousand nine
hundred and seventy-two and a half, and from 1812 to
1821, the number was four millions five hundred and
twenty-one thousand seven hundred and forty-two.
The market-days are Tuesday and Saturday; the former
for corn and general merchandise, and the latter for
woollen goods and provisions. The corn market is held
in the corn exchange, in Briggate-street, a handsome
stone building, having in the front a statue of Queen
Anne sculptured in white marble: the market for cattle
and hay is in Vicar-lane: the market for butchers'
meat is held in various parts of the town, of which
the most central are Fleet-street, Cheapside, the South
market, and Butchers'-row; the wholesale market for
carcasses is held in Leadenhall, a spacious area con-
siderably below the ground, by which means it is pre-
served from the heat of summer and the frosts of winter;
to this market is attached a spacious slaughter-house,
also underground: the fish market is held at the Old
Cross, in Fish-street; and the fruit, vegetable, poultry,
and pig markets, are held in various parts of the town,
and, like all the others, are abundantly supplied. The
fairs are on July 10th and 11th for horses, and No-
-
LEE
LEE
48
I
vember 8th and 9th for cattle; and a fair for the
sale of leather is held quarterly in the South market-
place.
-
The government of the town, by charter of incorpo-
ration granted in the reign of Charles I., and extended
and renewed by Charles II., is vested in a mayor, re-
corder, twelve aldermen, and twenty-four common coun-
cil-men, assisted by a town-clerk and subordinate offi-
cers. The mayor is appointed from among the aldermen,
who in general succeed to that office in rotation. The
common council-men fill up vacancies in their own
body, and appoint a chief constable, deputy constable,
and constables for the ten districts into which the town
is divided. The mayor and aldermen are justices of the
peace within the borough, and among the privileges en-
joyed by the freemen is exemption from serving on
juries out of the parish any inhabitant is eligible to
offices under the corporation, and any person becoming
an inhabitant is free to exercise his trade without re-
striction. The corporation hold quarterly courts of
session for the borough, in January, April, July, and
October, at which the mayor and recorder preside, for
all offences not capital: the mayor sits daily for the ex-
amination of delinquents; and some of the aldermen
attend every Tuesday and Friday at the court-house for
the determination of police affairs. The town is within
the jurisdiction of a court of record for the recovery
of debts to any amount and within that of a court
baron for the recovery of debts not exceeding £5 for
the Honour of Pontefract; the latter of these courts
is occasionally held at Leeds. The Michaelmas quar-
ter sessions for the West riding are held here, by ad-
journment from Knaresborough, and also the petty ses-
sions for the wapentake of Skyrack. A relic of feudal
servitude subsists in the custom which obliges all the
inhabitants of Leeds, except those whose houses stand
within the manor of Whitkirk (formerly belonging to
the Knights Templars), to have their corn ground at
the King's mills, which are held under a lease from the
The court-house, erected in 1813, is an elegant
edifice of stone, with a handsome portico of the Corin-
thian order in the centre, on each side of which the
façade decorated with panels enriched with emblem-
atical sculpture the principal entrance, from Park-row,
leads into a spacious vestibule, on one side of which is
the Rotation office, and on the other the rooms appro-
priated to the magistrates of the West riding, commu-
nicating with the sessions-hall, which is commodiously
arranged; above the vestibule are the grand jury room,
and other requisite apartments. Behind the court-
house is the prison for the town, containing thirteen
cells, intended only for the confinement of prisoners
prior to their trial, when, if found guilty, they are sent
either to the house of correction at Wakefield, or to
York castle. Leeds never enjoyed the privilege of
parliamentary representation, except during the Protec-
torate of Cromwell, when one member was returned
for this borough to the parliament of 1654. On the
On the
disfranchisement of Grampound, in 1821, a bill passed
the House of Cominons, for the transfer of the elective
franchise to Leeds; but it was re-modelled in its pro-
gress through the upper house, and the town yet re-
mains unrepresented.
crown.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of York, rated in the king's books at £38. 0. 2.,
-
-
and in the patronage of twenty-five trustees.
rish church, dedicated to St. Peter, is an ancient and
venerable cruciform structure, with a square embattled
tower rising from the centre, and decorated with pinna-
cles, and, though plain, retains considerable portions of
its ancient Norman character; the roof is painted in
fresco, and the interior contains several interesting mo-
numents; marriages are solemnized at this church ex-
clusively. Thoresby, author of the "Ducatus Leodiensis.”
who was a native of Leeds, is interred in it, but there
is no monument to his memory. The church of St.
James, formerly a chapel belonging to those in the late
Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, is a neat octan.
gular edifice of stone the living is a perpetual curacy,
in the patronage of the Vicar, and the Mayor and Cor-
poration. St. John's church was founded in 1634, and
endowed with £80 per annum, and £ 10 per annum for
repairs, by John Harrison, Esq., a native of the town,
whose remains are therein deposited, under a monument
of black marble: the living is a perpetual curacy, in the
patronage of the Vicar, and the Mayor and Corporation.
The church, dedicated to St. Paul, is a neat stone
building; the living is a perpetual curacy, endowed
with £200 private benefaction, and £300 parliamen-
tary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar. Trinity
church, erected in 1721, is a handsome structure
in the Roman Doric style of architecture, with a tower
surmounted by a spire: the living is a perpetual curacy,
in the joint patronage of the Vicar, the Recorder and
the Minister of St. John's. The church on Quarry hill,
dedicated to St. Mary, and containing one thousand
two hundred and seven sittings, of which eight hnu-
dred and one are free, was erected, in 1824, by a grant
from the parliamentary commissioners, at an expense
of £10,951. 15. 4.: it is a handsome edifice in the
later style of English architecture, with a square em-
battled tower. Christchurch, in Meadow-lane, contain-
ing one thousand two hundred and forty-nine sittings,
of which eight hundred are free, was erected, also in
1824, by a grant of £10,456. 13. from the same funds,
and differs from St. Mary's only in having angular pin-
nacles and no tower. The church at Woodhouse, dedi-
cated to St. Mark, was erected, in 1825, by grant from
the parliamentary commissioners, at an expense of
£9003, and contains one thousand two hundred sittings,
of which eight hundred are free the architecture is
similar to that of St. Mary's: the livings are all per-
petual curacies, in the patronage of the Vicar. There
are upwards of twenty places of worship for Arians,
Baptists, the Society of Friends, Independents, Wes-
leyan, Primitive, and other Methodists, Female Reviva-
lists, Swedenborgians, and Unitarians, also a Roman
Catholic chapel. The free grammar school was originally
founded, in 1552, by William Sheafield, priest, who en-
dowed it with several portions of land, on condition that
the inhabitants should erect a school-house, which was
subsequently built at the cost of John Harrison, Esq.,
in 1624, and enlarged in 1692, by Godfrey Lawson,
mayor, and in 1780 a house for the master was
erected by the trustees.
erected by the trustees. The original endowment, aug-
mented by subsequent benefactions, produces an income
of more than £1600 per annum: the establishment
consists of a head-master, second master, and an assist-
ant, whose salaries are respectively £500, £250, and
£60: the school is free to all boys of the parish, for
The pa-
LEE
LEE
49
instruction in the classics and mathematics: it is en-
titled to send a candidate for one of Lady Elizabeth
Hastings' exhibitions at Queen's College, Oxford; and it
is also, in turn with the schools of Heversham and
Halifax, entitled to one of three scholarships of £20
per ann. each, and tenable till the holders take the degree
of M. A., founded by the Rev. Thomas Milner, in Magda-
lene College; and, in failure of a candidate from the
school at Normanton, to one of two scholarships found-
ed, by Mr. Frieston, at Emanuel College, Cambridge.
A charity school, in which eighty girls are clothed and
instructed, is supported by a portion of the produce of
lands appropriated to charitable uses, amounting annu-
ally to nearly £400; and a very neat and commo-
dious building was erected for its use, in 1815, at the
expense of £1000. A National school, also a neat build-
ing, erected in 1812, in which three hundred and twenty
boys, and one hundred and eighty girls, are taught;
a Lancasterian school, in which one thousand children
are instructed; and a similar school for girls, are all
supported by subsription: there are also, in connexion
with the established church and the various dissenting
congregations, not less than forty Sunday schools in
various parts of the town. Harrison's hospital, com-
prising originally thirty almshouses, to which twelve
more have been added, were founded, in 1653, by John
Harrison, Esq., who endowed them with mills and tene-
ments producing about £80 per annum : the endow-
ment has been augmented by Mrs. Catherine Parker,
Mr. Joseph Midgley, Arthur Ikin, Esq., and others, and
the buildings, occupying a large quadrangular area,
afford an asylum to sixty-four aged women, who receive
an allowance of £10 per annum each, paid quarterly.
Almshouses for ten aged widows were founded by Mrs.
Mary Potter, in 1729, and endowed by her with £2000,.
to which was added £400 by Mrs. Barbara Chantrill;
from the produce of which sums, together with other
benefactions, each of the inmates receives an allowance
of £12. 12. per annum. Eight houses were left by
Josias Jenkinson, Esq., in 1643, for the reception of six-
teen aged persons, but no funds having been appro-
priated to keep them in repair, they became dilapidated,
and have been since entirely rebuilt: the rents of a farm
bequeathed by the same Mr. Jenkinson, for distribution
among the poor, have been appropriated as an endow
ment to these houses, the tenants of which receive an
annual allowance of £5. Under the superintendence of
the governors of the workhouse are schools of industry,
in which the children of the poor are taught to prepare
the different wools for the loom, by an intimate inter-
mixture of the various colours, in order to produce uni-
formity of pattern in the mixed cloths. The general
infirmary, founded in 1771, is a neat and commodious
edifice, in an open and healthy situation it is liberally
supported by subscription, and is well regulated under
the superintendence of a president and a committee, and
attended by three physicians, three surgeons, an apothe-
cary, and an assistant. The house of recovery, in Vicar-
lane, was built by subscription in 1802, and has been
found very efficacious in arresting the progress of con-
tagion. A dispensary for curing diseases of the eye
was established in 1821, and is principally supported by
members of the medical profession, by whom it is gra-
tuitously attended. The general dispensary, and a
lying-in hospital, were both established in 1824. The
VOL. III.
:
;
Strangers' Friend Society, for the visitation and relief of
the distressed of all denominations; and the Guardian
Society, for reclaiming females who have deviated from
the path of virtue, are supported by subscription; and
there are various other charitable institutions and be-
quests for the wants of the inhabitants of this large and
populous manufacturing district. Mrs. Rachael Dixon
bequeathed certain houses and premises in trust to the
vicar of Leeds and the minister of St. John's, the rents
of which are to be equally distributed among three wi-
dows of clergymen of the established church. In the
neighbourhood are several chalybeate and other mineral
springs that of Holbeck is like the sulphureous water
of Harrogate, but more slightly impregnated and it
is so much esteemed, that it is brought daily to Leeds
for sale. On the declivity of Quarry hill are vestiges
of a Roman camp, the trenches of which are covered
with buildings; and Roman coins and other relics of an-
tiquity have been discovered in the neighbourhood. In
Briggate-street are some remains of the chantry of St.
Mary Magdalene, founded, in 1470, by the Rev. William
Evers, vicar of the parish; and on a sequestered spot on
the banks of the Aire, about three miles from the town,
are the picturesque ruins of Kirkstall priory, founded,
in 1152, for monks of the Cistercian order, the revenue
of which, at the dissolution, was £512. 13. 4. : the re-
mains, exhibiting a mixture of the Norman and early
English styles of architecture, occupy a quadrangular
area, four hundred and fifty feet in length, and three
hundred and forty in breadth, and form one of the
most interesting specimens of monastic grandeur in
the kingdom. Dr. Berkenhout, author of several works
on Chemistry, Natural History, and other subjects; Dr.
James Scot, author of three of the Seatonian prize-
poems, and a writer in the Public Advertiser, under the
signature Anti-Sejanus; and Benjamin Wilson, F. R. S.,
a landscape painter of respectable talent, were natives
of this town. Leeds gives the title of duke to the
family of Osborne.
-
LEEK, a parish comprising the market town of
Leek, the chapelries of Endon, Onecote, and Rushton-
Spencer, and the townships of Bradnop, Longdon, Hea-
ton, Leek-Frith, Rushton-James, Stanley, and Tittis-
worth in the northern, and the township of Rudyard
with Caudery in the southern, division of the hundred
of TOTMONSLOW, county of STAFFORD, 23 miles (N.N.E.)
from Stafford, and 154 (N. W. by N.) from London, and
containing 4292 inhabitants. This place is of great
antiquity, and has been styled "The Capital of the
Moorlands;" subsequently to the Conquest the ma-
nor became the property of the Earls of Chester, one
of whom obtained for the town the grant of a market
from King John, and was eventually given to the monks
of the abbey Dieu la Croix, in this parish. In 1745,
the troops of the Pretender marched through Leek on
the 3rd of December, in their advance to Derby, and re-
turned on the 7th of the same month. The town is
pleasantly situated on an eminence on the main road
from London to Manchester; the streets are well paved,
and lighted with gas under an act of parliament ob-
tained in 1824; and the inhabitants are supplied with
water by means of pipes, from a spring about one mile
distant. The curious phenomenon of a double sunset
occurs here at a certain time of the year, owing to the
relative position of a rocky mountain westward from the
+
H
LEE
LEG
50
town. The principal source of business is in the manu
facture of ribands and various articles in silk: a con-
siderable quantity of cheese is made in the neighbour-
hood; and some valuable mines of coal, lead, and
copper, in the adjacent hills, some of which were work-
ed before the year 1680, afford employment to several
individuals. The Caldon branch of the Trent and
Mersey canal passes within half a mile of the town, and
near it runs the river Churnet. The market is on Wed-
nesday; and fairs, chiefly for cattle, are held on the Wed-
nesday in Easter week, May 18th, on Whit-Monday,
July 3rd and 28th, the Wednesday after the 10th of
October, and November 13th. Courts leet and baron
Courts leet and baron
are held by the lord of the manor, at which a constable
is appointed; and the petty sessions for the northern
division of the hundred are held here.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and Co-
ventry, rated in the king's books at £7. 9. 11., endowed
with £200 private benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and
£600 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Earl of Macclesfield. The church, dedicated to St. Ed-
ward the Confessor, is a very ancient structure in the
early style of English architecture; it has a tower with
eight pinnacles, and stands on an eminence which com-
mands a very extensive prospect. There are places of
worship for the Society of Friends, Independents, and
Wesleyan Methodists: that belonging to the Methodists
is very large, and in connexion with it is a Sunday
school, in which upwards of one thousand one hundred
children are instructed. A school-house was erected, at
the expense of the Earl of Macclesfield, in the begin-
ning of the last century, for a free grammar school, but
it has no endowment, except from a benefaction by the
Rev. George Roades, who, in 1712, bequeathed property
which was invested in the three per cents., and produces
£9. 13. 10. per annum, which sum is paid to the master for
teaching English to six poor boys of this parish. Eight
almshouses for single women not under sixty years
of age were founded and endowed by Elizabeth Ash,
in 1676, with a rent-charge of £40. Additional
benefactions to this charity make the total income
£78. 3. 6. per annum. Very munificient donations
have been made from time to time in aid of the poor of
this parish, and the sum of £290 arising from them
is annually distributed in food, clothing, and other ne-
cessaries, including small sums of money. The remains
of Dieu la Croix abbey (now corrupted to Dieulacres),
which was founded by Ranulph de Blundeville, Earl of
Chester, in 1214, in honour of St. Mary and St. Bene-
dict, for Cistercian monks, and valued, at the dissolution,
at £243. 3. 6. per annum, are here. Thomas Parker, first
Earl of Macclesfield, who became Lord High Chancellor,
and President to the Royal Society, was born, in 1666,
at Leek, where his father practised as an attorney.
LEEK-FRITH, a township in that part of the parish
of LEEK which is in the northern division of the hun-
dred of TOTMONSLOW, County of STAFFORD, 5 miles (N.
by W.) from Leek, containing 806 inhabitants.
-
LEEK-WOOTTON, a parish in the Kenilworth di-
vision of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, county of WAR-
WICK, 24 miles (S.) from Kenilworth, containing 436
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and Coven-
try, rated in the king's books at £5. 12. 1., and in the
patronage of Chandos Leigh, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to All Saints. Daniel Winter, in 1776, bequeathed
£10 per annum towards the support of a school, for
which sum, together with others raised by contributions,
and the free use of a house for his residence, the master
teaches all poor children of the parish who apply.
LEEMING, a chapelry in the parish of BURneston,
wapentake of HALLIKELD, North riding of the county
of YORK, 21 miles (E. N. E.) from Bedale, containing,
with Exelby and Newton, 562 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Rich-
mond, and diocese of Chester, endowed with £1000
royal bounty, and £1000 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of the Vicar of Burneston. The church is
dedicated to St. John the Baptist. The petty sessions
for the division are held at the Oak Tree Inn, Leem-
ing Lane. The ancient Herman-street, which extends
northward to Inverness, passes through this chapelry.
LEES, a hamlet in the parish of DALBURY, hundred
of AppletreE, county of DERBY, 64 miles (W. by N.)
from Derby. The population is returned with the parish.
LEES, a chapelry in the parish of ASHTON under
LINE, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 1½ mile (E.) from Oldham. The population is
returned with the parish. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, and
in the patronage of the Rector of Ashton under Line.
The turnpike-road from Oldham to Huddersfield passes
through the village, near which is a chalybeate spring,
called Lees Spa.
LEESE, a township in that part of the parish of
SANDBACH which is in the hundred of NORTHWICH,
county palatine of CHESTER, 2½ miles (N. E.) from Mid-
dlewich, containing 135 inhabitants.
LEESTHORPE, a hamlet in the parish of PICKWELL,
hundred of GARTREE, though locally in that of Guth-
laxton, county of LEICESTER, 44 miles (S. E. by S.) from
Melton-Mowbray. The population is returned with the
parish.
LEFTWICH, a township in the parish of Daven-
HAM, hundred of NORTHWICH, county palatine of CHES-
TER, 1 mile (S.) from Northwich, containing 1192 inha-
bitants. A charity school here is supported by annual
donations, averaging about £ 13.
LEGBOURN, a parish in the Marsh division of the
hundred of CALCEWORTH, though locally in that of、
Louth-Eske, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN,
3 miles (S. E. by E.) from Louth, containing 412 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with £200
private benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and £300 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Rev. R.
Powley. The church is dedicated to All Saints. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A priory
of Cistercian nuns, in honour of the Virgin Mary, was
founded here before the reign of John, by Robert Fitz-
Gilbert at the dissolution, its revenue, was £57. 13. 5.
LEGSBY, a parish in the western division of the
wapentake of WRAGGOE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 3½ miles (S. E.) from Market-Rasen, contain-
ing 231 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £6. 4. 2., and in the patronage of Sir
H. Nelthorpe, Bart. The church is dedicated to St.
Thomas the Apostle.
:
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LEI
Seal and Arms.
LEICESTER, a borough,
market, and county town,
having separate jurisdiction,
in the county of LEICES-
TER, 97 miles (N.N.W.) from
London, containing, with the
extra-parochial liberties of
Black Friars and White
Friars; and with the cha-
pelry of Knightlow, in the
hundred of GUTHLAXTON,
and Bishop's Fee, in the
hundred of GARTREE (both
in the parish of St. Margaret); and with the extra-
parochial district called New Works, and a portion of
the parish of St. Mary, called the South Fields, both in
the hundred of GUTHLAXTON,30,508 inhabitants, accord-
ing to the census of 1821; between which period and the
year 1800, the population had nearly doubled, and, since
1821, it has increased to nearly 40,000. Leicester,
which had flourished from remote antiquity as the
principal town of the Coritani, was, upon the conquest
of Britain by the Romans, made one of their stipen-
diary cities, and is clearly identified with the Rate of
Antoninus, and the Ratiscorion of Richard of Ciren-
cester. That it was a Roman station of considerable
importance is evident from the remains of a Roman
temple, supposed to have been dedicated to Janus, and
from numerous tesselated pavements and other relics of
Roman antiquity which have been discovered in the vi-
cinity. By the Saxons it was, from its situation on the
river Lear, now the Soar, called Legerceastre, of which
its present name is simply a contraction. Under the
Heptarchy, this place belonged to the kingdom of Mer-
cia; and it was for a short time the see of a bishop,
whose successors removed to Dorchester, and finally to
Lincoln. In 874, the Danes, having overrun this part of
the kingdom, seized upon Leicester, which they consti-
tuted one of the five great cities of their empire in Bri-
tain, and retained, till Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred,
and widow of Ethelred, Earl of Mercia, who, after her
husband's death, continued to govern the province, res-
cued it from their possession, after a successful encounter,
in which the Danes were defeated with considerable
slaughter. At the time of the Norman Conquest, the
castle, which had been nearly destroyed in the Danish
wars, was rebuilt, and entrusted to Hugo de Grente-
maisnel, on whom William bestowed the greater part of
the town; but in the disputed succession to the throne,
after the death of William, Hugo, embracing the cause
of Robert, Duke of Normandy, in opposition to William
Rufus, the castle was demolished by the partizans of
the latter, and remained for some time in ruins. In
the reign of Henry I., Robert de Mellent being created
Earl of Leicester, repaired, enlarged, and fortified the
castle, which he made his baronial residence; but his son,
Robert le Bossu, having taken part in the rebellion of
the young Prince Henry against his father, Henry II.,
Leicester was besieged by the king's forces under Ri-
chard de Lucy, and, after an obstinate battle, in which
the earl was taken prisoner, fell into the hands of
the king. The king's forces having entered the town,
set fire to it in several places, razed the walls, and
destroyed the fortifications; and having ultimately re-
duced the castle, which held out for a considerable time,

MUNIT
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demolished it entirely. The earl afterwards recovering
his liberty, joined the Crusaders, and on his return from
Palestine founded, in expiation of his rebellious conduct,
the monastery of St. Mary de Pratis, near the town, in
which, having assumed the habit of a monk, he spent
the remainder of his life. A royal mint, which was
established at Leicester in the reign of Athelstan, and
situated near the North bridge, was maintained here till
the commencement of this reign. In the reign of John,
Robert Fitz-Parnel, Earl of Leicester, obtained from
that monarch a charter of incorporation and many pri-
vileges, which were afterwards extended and confirmed
by Henry III., at the solicitation of Simon de Montfort,
then Earl of Leicester, who, rebelling against his sove-
reign, and engaging in the baronial wars of that reign,
was slain at the battle of Evesham. After the death
of Montfort, Henry III. conferred the earldom of Lei-
cester on his second son, Edmund, Earl of Lancaster,
whose grandson Henry made this place his principal.
residence, and under him and his two immediate suc-
cessors, the castle was restored to its former strength
and magnificence. After the accession of the house
of Lancaster to the throne, Leicester was frequently
visited by the sovereigns of that family. A parliament
was held here by Henry V., in 1414, and another by the
Dukes of Bedford and Gloucester, during the minority
of Henry VI., in 1425. In the conflict between the
houses of York and Lancaster, the castle is supposed
to have suffered severely, and in the reign of Richard III.
it had become so dilapidated, that when that monarch
was at Leicester, a few evenings prior to the battle of
Bosworth Field, he preferred to sleep at the Blue Boar
Inn, in the town: the bedstead upon which he slept
is now in the possession of T. Babington, Esq., of
Rothley Temple. During the parliamentary war the
town suffered materially; it was taken by storm by the
royal army, in May 1645, but was retaken by the par-
liamentary forces under Fairfax, in June following,
soon after which, orders were issued by the parliament
to pull down what remained of the castle, and to dis-
pose of the materials. The remains are intermixed with
the various buildings that have been erected on the site;
the most conspicuous portion of them is a beautiful
arched gateway tower, called the magazine, from its
having been purchased by the county as a depôt for
the ammunition of the trained bands, in 1682.
The town is pleasantly situated nearly in the centre
of the county, and on the banks of the river Soar, over
which are four bridges, named respectively, North, West,
Branston, and Bow bridge; the first, a handsome struc-
ture erected in 1792, the others, ancient buildings which
have been recently repaired: the principal street, ex-
tending from south to north, is upwards of a mile in
length, and there are many other spacious streets; the
houses, which, within the last half century, have been
much improved, are chiefly built of brick, and roofed
with slate; the town is paved and watched by sub-
scription, lighted with gas by a company incorporated
in 1821, and supplied with water from a public con-
duit in the market-place, and from wells in various
parts of the town. A promenade, called the New Walk,
which extends nearly three-quarters of a mile in length,
in a south-eastern direction from the town, was formed
about the year 1785; the ground was given by the
corporation, and laid out by subscription: it affords, in
H 2
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52
many parts, some pleasing views of the town, and of
the hills of Charnwood Forest, which abound in beau-
tiful scenery.
The town library, established by the
corporation in 1632, consists chiefly of Theological
works. The theatre, a neat building, is opened in Sep-
tember; and assemblies are held, during the winter, in
a suite of rooms in a building originally erected for an
hotel, and purchased by the county for the accommoda-
tion also of the judges of the assize, and for the meet-
ings of the county magistrates: the ball-room, seventy-
five feet long, and thirty-three feet wide, is elegantly
painted by Reinagle, and lighted on assembly nights
by eight splendid lustres, and branches held by statues,
after designs by Bacon. A musical festival first took
place here in 1827, which, from the patronage it re-
ceived, will be triennially repeated. Races are held in
September, on the south-east side of the town, where
a grand stand has been erected, and every means
adopted for the improvement of the course; and on the
north-east side of the town is an extensive enclosed
cricket-ground. An agricultural society, which has been
established for many years, holds its meetings here an-
nually in October. The staple manufacture of the town,
that of worsted and cotton hosiery, has been establish-
ed for more than two centuries: the number of frames
in the town and neighbouring villages is about seven
thousand, and the number of persons employed in the
frame-work knitting, worsted spinning, wool combing
and dyeing, is about twelve thousand. In addition to the
manufacture of hose, of which a great quantity is ex-
ported, there are manufacturers of lace, cotton thread,
ropes and twine, stocking-frames, needles, and pipes, and
several woolstaplers. Situated on the great northern
road, Leicester has every facility of land carriage to
London, Manchester, Nottingham, Derby, and other
towns; and, in 1791, an act of parliament was obtained
for opening a communication with the Loughborough
canal, and through that with the various lines of na-
vigation connected with the Trent, the effect of which
has been to introduce the coal of Derbyshire by the
cheaper conveyance of water carriage. The act also
contained provisions for making an additional line of
navigation from Loughborough to the Leicestershire col-
lieries in Charnwood Forest, and although the expense
of cutting the canal was incurred, it has never been
brought into use. In the parliamentary session of 1830,
an act was obtained for constructing a rail-road, in a
direct line, from Leicester to Swannington, a district
abounding with coal. The market, which is on Sa-
turday, is particularly celebrated for the quality of the
butchers' meat: the fairs, principally for horses, cattle,
sheep, and cheese, are on January 4th, March 2nd, the
Saturday before Easter, May 12th, which lasts for three
days, June 1st, July 5th, August 1st, September 13th,
October 10th (for three days), November 2nd, and De-
cember 8th.
.
who have last past the chair, are justices of the peace
for the borough and liberties, over the latter of which
only the county magistrates have a concurrent jurisdic-
tion. The freedom is inherited by all the sons of a free-
man, and acquired by servitude, by purchase, or by gift:
among the privileges are, exemption from toll in all the
fairs of England, and the liberty of depasturing cattle
in the Abbey meadows and other grounds. The cor-
poration hold quarterly courts of session for offences
not capital; and a court of record, for the recovery
of debts to any amount, is held by prescription, con-
firmed by charters of Elizabeth and James I., before the
mayor, recorder, and aldermen, or any three of them,
including the mayor; and there is also an officer called
the steward, who issues all writs, manages the business,
and presides in the absence of the recorder; he is ap-
pointed pursuant to the charter, as also is a bailiff,
whose duties resemble those of a county sheriff. The
elective franchise was first exercised in the 23rd of
Edward I., since which time the borough has returned
two members to parliament: the right of election is
vested in the freemen generally not receiving alms, whe-
ther resident or not, and in the resident householders
paying scot and lot, together about six thousand in
number: the mayor and bailiff are the returning officers.
This being the county town, the election of knights of the
shire, and the assizes and quarter sessions for the county,
are held in it. The guildhall is a neat and commodious
building, containing, among other portraits with which
the interior is decorated, one of Sir Thomas White,
lord mayor of London, and founder of St. John's
College, Oxford, The hall of the ancient castle has
been fitted up for holding the assizes and sessions
for the county, and, from the ample space which it
affords, the courts are so arranged as not to interfere
with each other. The borough gaol contains two wards
for male, and one for female, felons, and one ward for
debtors; and, on the completion of the new county gaol,
it will be converted into a house of correction. The old
common gaol for the county, now the town gaol, con-
tains four divisions, one work-room, four day-rooms, and
four airing-yards, for the classification of prisoners. A
new gaol and house of correction for the county has been
built at the south end of the town, comprising eight dis-
tinct wards, ranged round the governor's house in the
centre (in the upper part of which is the chapel, com-
municating by bridges with the upper stories of the se-
veral wards), with work-rooms, day-rooms, and airing-
yards, an infirmary, and other offices, the whole enclosed
within a stone wall forming on the entrance side a
handsome castellated façade in the ancient style of
English architecture.
The government, by charter of King John, confirmed
and extended by succeeding sovereigns, and renewed,
with all former privileges and immunities, in the 41st of
Elizabeth, is vested in a mayor, recorder, high steward,
bailiff, twenty-four aldermen, and forty-eight common
council-men, assisted by a town-clerk and subordinate
officers. The mayor and bailiff are annually elected in
September, by the whole corporation, from among the
aldermen ; the mayor, recorder, and the four aldermen
The borough comprises the parishes of All Saints,
St. Leonard, St. Martin, and St. Nicholas, and parts of
the parishes of St. Margaret and St. Mary, all, excepting
St. Margaret's, which is within the peculiar jurisdiction of
the Prebendary of that parish in the Cathedral Church of
Lincoln, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese of
Lincoln. The living of All Saints' is a discharged vicarage,
with those of St. Clement, St. Michael, and St. Peter united,
the churches of which are demolished, rated together in the
king's books at £6. 13. 5. (St. Clement's and St. Michael's
being not in charge), endowed with £400 royal bounty,
and £1400 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage
of the Crown: the church is an ancient structure in
|
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53
•
:
the early style of English architecture, with a tower on
the north side of the north aisle; the chancel is modern,
but in various parts of the church are some fine old
portions intermixed with later insertions; the interior
contains an early English font of curious device, and
some fine carving in wood. The living of St. Leonard's
is a vicarage, endowed with £200 royal bounty, and
united with that of St. Margaret, being rated together
in the king's books at £23. 8. 6., and in the patron-
age of the Prebendary of St. Margaret's in the Cathedral
Church of Lincoln: the church of St. Leonard was de-
molished during the parliamentary war, in 1645; that
of St. Margaret, erected about 1444, is a beautiful
structure, combining portions in the early, decorated, and
later styles of English architecture, with a tower of the
later style, of which character are also the chancel and
the clerestory of the nave: the interior contains some
wooden stalls and seats richly carved; and among the
monuments is an alabaster tomb of Bishop Penny,
previously abbot of the neighbouring monastery of St.
Mary de Pratis: in the churchyard is the tomb of
Andrew, Lord Rollo, decorated with military trophies.
The living of St. Martin's is a discharged vicarage, rated
in the king's books at £6. 13. 4., endowed with £400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Crown: the
church is a venerable cruciform structure, partly in the
early, and partly in the later, style of English architec-
ture, with a tower rising from the centre, and supported
on four semicircular arches, opening into the nave, chan-
cel, and transepts, the lower part of which is in the
Norman style of architecture, surmounted by a spire of
later date the interior was despoiled of its ornaments
by the parliamentary troops, who converted it into bar-
racks during their occupation of the town, but it has
been restored with due regard to its ancient character;
the chancel, which is in the later style, is decorated
with three stone stalls under the south-east window,
and it has a noble organ, built by Snetzler, and a fine
painting of the Ascension, by Francesco Vanni, presented
by Sir William Skeffington, Bart. The archdeacon of
Leicester holds his court in the south aisle, and the
Bishop of Lincoln confirms in the chancel, of this church,
at which the judges of assize attend divine service.
The living of St. Mary's is a discharged vicarage, rated
in the king's books at £8, endowed with £600 royal
bounty, and £1600 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Crown: the church is an ancient structure,
combining the Norman, and the early style of English,
architecture, with later insertions: the tower, which is sur-
mounted by a lofty spire, is situated at the west end of the
south aisle, and detached from the nave: the spire was
erected in 1783, at the expense of £300, in the place of a
former spire, destroyed by lightning. On the south side
of the chancel are three fine Norman stalls, with double
shafts and enriched mouldings; and on the south side
of the south aisle are three early English stalls, highly
ornamented: the font is of curious and beautiful design,
and the oak roofs, which are exquisitely carved, are in
some parts in tolerable preservation. The living of St.
The living of St.
Nicholas' is a discharged vicarage, rated in the king's
books at £3. 11. 3., endowed with £800 royal bounty,
and £1000 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Crown: the church is in the early style of Norman
architecture, with a tower between the nave and the
chancel, and is said to have been built with the materials
of a Roman temple, of which a considerable fragment
still remains in a wall adjoining the churchyard. The
society for the enlargement of churches and chapels
have granted £1500 in aid of a subscription among the
inhabitants for rebuilding this church.
A very hand-
some district church, dedicated to St. George, and contain-
ing one thousand eight hundred sittings, of which nine
hundred and ninety-nine are free, was erected in the
parish of St. Margaret, by grant from the parliamentary
commissioners, in 1826, at an expense of £14,964. 4. S.;
it is a handsome edifice in the later style of English
architecture, with a tower surmounted by a spire: the
living is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the
Vicar of St. Margaret's. There are seven places of
worship for Baptists, one for the Society of Friends,
one for Huntingtonians, three for Independents, one for
Wesleyan Methodists, two for Primitive Methodists, one
for Unitarians, and a Roman Catholic chapel: the last
is a handsome edifice in the ancient style of English
architecture, and the Wesleyan meeting-house is very
spacious.
The free grammar school is supposed to have been
originally founded by Thomas Wigston, a prebendary
of the collegiate church of St. Mary de Pratis; it was re-
founded, and a new school-house erected, by the corpora-
tion in 1575, and is partly supported from the funds of
Wigston hospital, and partly by the corporation, who ap-
point the master; it is open to all the sons of burgesses,
for classical and commercial instruction: there are two
exhibitions of £6 per annum to Lincoln College, Oxford,
founded by Mr. Thomas Hayne, at the disposal of the
corporation, for boys of this school, or, in failure of such,
for boys of Melton-Mowbray school; an annuity of £4
per annum to be paid to two poor boys so long as they
should continue in the school; and an exhibition of £6
per annum to Oxford or Cambridge, tenable for five
years, founded by Henry, Earl of Huntingdon: these
exhibitions, not having been claimed for many years,
are accumulating, and will be added by the corporation
to funds with which they intend to found exhibitions of
sufficient value to excite competition. The Green-coat
school was founded, in 1782, by Gabriel Newton, alder-
man, for the clothing and education of thirty-five boys:
the school was rebuilt in 1808, and the funds having in-
creased, the number of scholars has also been increased
to eighty, each of whom, after remaining three years in
the school, receives an apprentice-fee of £5. St. Mary's
charity school, for clothing and instructing eighty boys
and forty girls, was established in 1785, and a school-
house built by subscription, at an expense of £600.
St. Martin's school was built, in 1791, at an expense of
£950, and is supported by subscription; there are one
hundred and fifty boys and eighty four girls instructed
and partly clothed in this institution. A National
school-room was erected, in 1814, by subscription, aided
by a grant of £300 from the National Society, on a site
bestowed by the crown, as connected with the duchy
of Lancaster; in this school from four hundred to
five hundred children are taught on the National plan;
and in St. Margaret's school, erected in 1807, seventy-
three boys and forty-one girls are instructed on the
same plan, and annually clothed. The Old Trinity
hospital was founded, in 1330, by Henry, Earl of
Leicester and Lancaster, who endowed it originally for
fifty infirm and aged men, and five women to attend
LEI
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54
on them: in 1354 the foundation was greatly augmented
by his son, Henry, Duke of Lancaster, who converted
the original establishment into a college, called the New
Work, or Collegium Novi Operis, and it was further
extended by John of Gaunt, son-in-law of Duke Henry.
The whole establishment consisted of a dean, twelve se-
cular canons, twelve vicars, three clerks, six choristers,
fifty poor men, fifty poor women, ten nurses, and other
attendants; at the dissolution, its revenue was £800,
and the corporation, having purchased the site, refounded
on it the hospital for poor widows: there are at present in
this establishment about ninety men and women, who
receive each three shillings and eightpence per week,
and are nominated by the chancellor of the duchy of
Lancaster, or, on his failing to appoint within three
months, the vacancies are filled up by the corporation:
some of the men belonging to this hospital, clothed in
ancient armour, attend in the procession at the procla-
mation of the fairs. An hospital for a master, confra-
ter, twelve aged men, and twelve aged women, all un-
married, was founded, and dedicated to St. Ursula, in
the latter part of the fifteenth century, by William
Wigston, merchant-stapler, and mayor of Leicester:
the master, who has a salary of £160 per annum, and
the confrater, who has £70 per annum, are appointed
by the chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and ap-
point the hospitallers, who receive four shillings and
tenpence per week, with an allowance of coal and can-
dles. The hospital of St. John the Baptist, founded, in
1235, for a master, brethren, and sisters, was given by
Queen Elizabeth to the corporation, who converted it
into a hall for wool; but, in the reign of James I.,
they endowed it with £17 per annum, and placed in
it six poor widows, among whom that sum is distri-
buted. An hospital for four aged widows, who receive
four shillings per week, was founded, in 1703, by Mr.
Bent, alderman of this borough; and, in 1710, an hos-
pital was founded by Mr. Matthew Simson, who en-
dowed it for six aged widows, each of whom receives
£3 per annum, and five hundred weight of coal: these
premises were rebuilt by the trustees in 1807. The late
John Johnson, Esq. erected, in 1792, five neat dwelling-
houses, which he called the Consanguiniturium, and
intended as a residence for five of his needy relatives,
assigning for the support of the establishment an income
of more than £60 per annum. The female asylum, in
the New Works, was established, in 1800, by the exer-
tions of the late Rev. Thomas Robinson, for the mainte-
nance, clothing, and instructing in household business,
of sixteen poor orphan girls, who are admitted at the age
of thirteen, and remain for three years in the institu-
tion, when they are placed out as servants in respect-
able families. The infirmary, at the southern extre-
mity of the town, was erected in 1771, and is support-
ed by subscription: the building, which is plain, con-
sists of a centre and two wings, and contains accom-
modation for eighty-four patients, who are admitted
without distinction from every part of the country:
attached to it is a house of recovery from fever, or
other contagious diseases, added in 1818. Adjoining the
infirmary is the lunatic asylum, towards the erection
and support of which, Mrs. Topp bequeathed £1000,
and Mrs. Ann Wigley £200. Sir Thomas White also
bequeathed £ 10,000 in trust to the corporation, to be
lent for nine years, without interest, in sums of £50,
•
which have been subsequently enlarged, to the freemen
of Leicester and other towns in the county; and there
are charitable bequests, amounting to more than £800
per annum, at the disposal of the corporation, for distri-
bution among the poor; included in which is the produce
of a grant, by Charles I., of forty acres of land in the
forest of Leicester.
Among the monastic establishments anciently exist-
ing here, was a collegiate church, founded long before the
Conquest, within the precincts of the castle, which was,
with the city and the castle, destroyed in the wars du-
ring the reign of the Conqueror, and refounded, in 1107,
by Robert de Mellent, Earl of Leicester: the greater
portion of its revenue was transferred to the abbey of
St. Mary de Pratis, but it continued, under the designa-
tion of St. Mary the Less, till the dissolution, when the
remaining part of it was valued at £24. 13. 11.: the
remains are only part of the crypt, still discernible in
the cellar of a house erected on its site. The abbey of
St. Mary de Pratis was founded, in 1143, by Robert le
Bossu, Earl of Leicester, for Black canons, and dedi-
cated to St. Mary, in which that earl ended his days :
it became possessed of great wealth, and was frequently
visited by several of the kings of England, and other
illustrious personages, among whom was Cardinal
Wolsey, who, lodging there on his route to London,
after his disgrace, died within its walls, and was buried
in the church: at the dissolution its revenue was
£1062. 0.43.: the remains consist chiefly of the outer
walls, on which is an inscription curiously worked
in bricks of different colours. In the north part of the
town was an hospital for lepers, founded, in the reign
of Richard I., by William, son of Robert Blanchmains,
Earl of Leicester. In the north-western part was a
convent of Franciscan or Grey friars, founded, in 1265,
by Simon de Montfort, in the church of which was in-
terred the body of Richard III., after his death at the
battle of Bosworth Field: in an island in the Soar:
was a house of Black friars, founded in the reign of
Henry III., and dedicated to St. Clement, by one of the
Earls of Leicester; and here was also a priory for ca-
nons Regular of the order of St. Augustine, dedicated
to St. Catherine, which remained till the dissolution.
Of the Roman relics here, the most curious are, a tes-
selated pavement, found in a cellar nearly opposite
the town prison, in 1675; and a milliary, or Roman
milestone, discovered, in 1771, on the side of the
Fosse-road leading to New Works, and about two miles
from the town. This stone, which has given rise to
much archaiological research, was removed to the
town by the corporation, and is placed in Belgrave
Gate, on a square pedestal, with a column above it, sur-
mounted by a cross; and, from the inscription on it
(often published), it appears to have been erected in the
reign of the Emperor Hadrian, and is said to be the
oldest that has been discovered in this country. About
a quarter of a mile south of the infirmary are the an-
cient artificial embankments, called the Rawdykes, sup-
posed also to be of Roman origin; and among smaller
remains are an abundance of coins, of which it is sup-
posed that a complete series might have been formed
from Nero to Valentinian. Dr. Richard Farmer, the
learned author of an essay on the learning and genius of
Shakspeare, was a native of this town. Leicester gives.
the inferior title of earl to Marquis Townshend.
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LEICESTER-ABBEY, an extra-parochial liberty,
in the western division of the hundred of GoSCOTE,
county of LEICESTER, 1 mile (N.) from Leicester, con-
taining 15 inhabitants. An abbey of Black canons, in
honour of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
was founded here, in 1143, by Robert Bossu, Earl of
Leicester, the revenue of which, at the dissolution,
was estimated at £1002. 0. 4., and the site granted
by Edward VI. to the Marquis of Northampton. There
are slight remains of the conventual buildings, the
most remarkable portion of which is an outer wall, ex-
hibiting on its face an inscription wrought in bricks of
different colours.
LEICESTER-FOREST, an extra-parochial liberty,
in the hundred of SPARKENHOE, county of LEICESTER,
containing 71 inhabitants.
tures in English. In 1485, this county was the scene
of the memorable conflict of Bosworth Field, the last
of thirteen pitched battles between the partisans of the
houses of York and Lancaster; when, upon the defeat
and death of Richard III., the Earl of Richmond was
crowned upon the field, as Henry VII. In 1644, at the
period when this county, amongst others, took a decided
part against Charles I., in the great contest between him
and the parliament, on this same celebrated spot a skir-
mish took place, on the 1st of July, between the roy-
alists and a detachment of Lord Grey's horse, under
Captain Babington, when the former were defeated. In
1645, the parliamentarian forces sustained two defeats
within the limits of the county, from Sir Marmaduke
Langdale; one between Harborough and Leicester, in
which the former lost one hundred men killed and two
hundred and fifty prisoners; the other near Melton-
Mowbray, under Colonel Rossiter, when they lost a
hundred and seventy killed. It was on the 31st of
May, in the same year, that Leicester was stormed and
taken by Charles I. and Prince Rupert.
LeicesterSHIRE, an inland county, bounded
on the north-west by that of Derby, on the north by that
of Nottingham, on the east by those of Lincoln and Rut-
land, on the south-east by that of Northampton, and
on the south-west by that of Warwick: it lies between
52° 23′ and 52° 58′ (N. Lat.), and between 41′ and 1° 38′
(W. Lon.), and includes eight hundred and four square
miles, or five hundred and fourteen thousand, five hun-
dred and sixty statute acres. The population, accord-
ing to the census of 1821, was 174,571. Leicestershire,
so called from the name of its principal town, formed
part of the territory of the Coritani, and, subsequently,
of the Roman division of Britain named Flavia Casa-
riensis. Under the Anglo-Saxons it was a central por-
tion of the powerful kingdom of Mercia. It suffered
most severely from the incursions of the Danes, who,
landing on the eastern coast, laid waste the whole
county as far as Leicester, which town, having finally
fallen into their possession, became, on their peace-
able establishment in this part of the kingdom, one
of their five principal cities in England. The first
remarkable historical occurrence in this county, sub-
sequently to the Norman Conquest, was the destruc-
tion, in 1173, of the town of Leicester, in consequence
of its being the chief place of refuge, after their defeat
at Bury, of the adherents of Prince Henry, in his re-
bellion against his father, Henry II. In 1217, in the
reign of Henry III., the castle of Mountsorrel, being
garrisoned by Saher de Quincy, Earl of Winchester, for
Louis the Dauphin, was taken by the forces of the
young king, under Ranulph de Blundeville, Earl of
Chester, and razed to the ground. In the general de-
molition of the baronial castles which took place at a
later period of the same reign, when the royal cause
was triumphant, the fortresses in Leicestershire appear
to have been unsparingly levelled with the ground;
owing probably, in a great measure, to the very pro-
minent part taken on the side of the barons by the
celebrated Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, and
consequently by his dependents and retainers. It was
in this county, by his preaching at Lutterworth, of
which parish he was rector, that the doctrines of Wick-
liffe were first openly promulgated, towards the close
of the fourteenth century; and at Leicester, in April
1414, was held the parliament which granted a subsidy
of three hundred thousand marks to Henry V., to
enable him to assert his title to the crown of France,
and which ordained death to the maintainers of the
doctrines of Wickliffe, and to the readers of the Scrip-
C
Leicestershire is included in the diocese of Lincoln,
and province of Canterbury, and forms an archdeaconry
comprising the six deaneries of Akeley, Framland, Gar-
tree, Goscote, Guthlaxton, and Sparkenhoe, and two
hundred and thirteen parishes, of which one hundred
and thirteen are rectories, eighty-two vicarages, and
eighteen perpetual curacies. For civil purposes it is
divided into the hundreds of Framland, Gartree, Gos-
cote (East and West), Guthlaxton, and Sparkenhoe; in
which are the borough and market town of Leicester,
and the market towns of Ashby de la Zouch, Market-
Bosworth, Market-Harborough, Hinckley, Loughbo-
rough, Lutterworth, Melton-Mowbray, and Mount-
sorrel. Two knights are returned for the shire, and
two representatives for the borough of Leicester: the
county members are elected at Leicester. This county
is included in the midland circuit: the assizes are held
at Leicester, as also are the quarter sessions, on January
11th, April 19th, July 12th, and October 18th. The
county gaol is at Leicester: there are fifty-two acting
magistrates. The rates raised in the county, for the
year ending March 25th, 1829, amounted to £129,896,
the expenditure to £130,787, of which £106,862 was
applied to the relief of the poor.
The general surface of the county consists of in-
numerable gently-rising hills, with few precipitous de-
clivities, so that almost the whole is available for culti-
vation. The margins of the rivers and brooks are
natural grass land; and the uplands partly arable and
partly under grass. The modern enclosures are almost
entirely devoid of trees, but the fences of the more an-
cient abound with timber. The highest grounds are,
some of the summits of the Charnwood Forest hills,
which consist of barren rocks, projecting abruptly above
the surface, and composed of a kind of granite: the eleva-
tion of these peaks is not more than eight or nine hun-
dred feet above the level of the sea, and is consequently
within a temperate region of the atmosphere, yet the
views from them are some of the most extensive and
beautiful in the kingdom. Bardon hill, in particular,
an isolated eminence, and the loftiest of the whole, is ce-
lebrated for the astonishingly expansive prospects which
it commands; from this point the eye may range over
the whole midland district of England; Lincoln cathe-
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56
dral, the Dunstable hills, the Malvern hills, the Sugar
Loaf in South Wales, the Wrekin, and other mountains
in Shropshire and North Wales, and the Peak of Derby-
shire, being all visible from it. The elevation of the mea-
dows on the margins of the rivers is from one to two
hundred feet above the level of the sea; and the climate
of the whole county is mild and temperate.
The soils are divisible into three classes. 1. Clay
loam, having a considerable degree of tenacity, and
being generally of a good depth, which latter circum-
stance, together with its friability and porous quality, is
the chief cause of its fertility: this is unfit for turnips,
but makes good corn and excellent grass land. 2. Sandy,
or gravelly loam, which is more loose and friable than
the last, generally of a good depth, adapted to the cul-
tivation of turnips, and of every kind of grain, and
excellent for grass, either natural or artificial. 3. The
peaty meadow soil, which has been formed from the
decomposition of vegetable matter, and the sediment
brought down by the streams from the uplands: this is
particularly adapted to grass, whether hay or pasture,
but to grass only. The best soil is generally upon the
hills, and the worst and coldest in the vallies. The soil
of Charnwood Forest is for the most part a moist
greyish-coloured loam, in want of drainage and im-
provement, and indeed the general characteristic of the
upland soil of Leicestershire is a greyish or brownish
friable loam, of greater or less depth, upon a substra-
tum of clay, marl, gravel, or rock; the strongest and
most tenacious is to be found in the vale of Belvoir.
About two hundred and forty thousand acres of land in
this county are under occasional tillage. The average
produce of wheat is estimated at three quarters and a
half, or twenty-eight bushels per acre; that of barley at
rather less than five quarters: the last mentioned is the
favourite grain crop of the Leicestershire farmer, and a
greater breadth of land is sown with it than with any
other corn. Oats are grown to a great extent, on ac-
count of the number of horses bred and kept in the
county; the average is about five quarters per acre.
Peas are not extensively cultivated. Beans were for-
merly reckoned a staple growth, but their cultivation
is now much less general. Rye is chiefly grown as
early spring pasture for sheep; and vetches, though
not extensively, as green food for horses. Common
and Swedish turnips are cultivated to a great extent,
being sown upon all soils that are not too strong and
heavy. Cabbages are extensively cultivated; as are
also carrots and potatoes: cole-seed or rape, red and
white clover, trefoil, and ray-grass, are frequently sown.
About half the enclosed land of the county consists of
permanent grass. The natural meadows on the banks
of the rivers and brooks are very numerous and exten-
sive, and frequently of excellent quality. The pastures
are for the most part grazed by a mixed stock of
sheep, and of cattle. In various parts of the county
are numerous good dairies, which produce large quanti-
ties of cheese: Stilton cheese, the richest and highest-
priced thick cheese produced in Great Britain, is made
in most of the villages about Melton-Mowbray; it ob-
tained its name from the first maker of it, resident at
Wymondham, near Melton-Mowbray, having supplied an
inn at Stilton, where it first became generally known
and esteemed. This county has long been distinguished
for the judgment and perseverance which persons of abi-
-
lity and consideration resident in it have displayed in
improving every species of live stock, and bringing
them to a high degree of perfection: among these,
the late Robert Bakewell, Esq., of Dishley farm, near
Loughborough, who died in 1795, stood pre-eminent.
The breed of cattle now prevailing in Leicestershire
is the long-horned, which is of handsome form, and
greatly esteemed for the purpose of feeding; and there
has been, besides, from time immemorial, and still con-
tinues to be, an influx of cattle to be fattened for the
butcher, from Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Shropshire,
Staffordshire, Herefordshire, Northumberland, and Lan-
cashire. In the neighbourhoods of Hinckley, Bosworth,
Appleby, and Snarestone, are many respectable dairies
of long-horned cows, as well as in that part of the
county bordering on Derbyshire and the Trent, and in
the vale of Belvoir; but in this latter district the cows
are in part of the short-horned Holderness breed: the
stock of dairy cows is kept up chiefly by rearing in the
county. The Leicestershire cattle, when full grown and
fat, weigh, on an average, the cows from eight to ten
score per quarter, the oxen from ten to fifteen score:
the prevailing colour is red, or brindled, with streaks of
white along the back and belly. The present stock
of sheep consists of three varieties,―the Old Leicester,
the New Leicester, and the Forest sheep. The Old
Leicester sheep are supposed to be an improvement of
the old stock of the common fields, by intermixture
with the Lincolnshire breed and by better keeping:
they are large and heavy, with much wool, but large
in bone, rather coarse in the pelt, and take a con-
siderable time to fatten. The New Leicester breed
was formed chiefly by Mr. Bakewell: the offals of these
sheep are small, and their profitable parts large,
their backs being broad and straight, their breasts
full, their heads small, the flesh fine grained and well
flavoured, and the wool fine of its kind; they are also
capable of being fattened in a short time, on a small
proportion of food, and to a great weight in proportion
to their apparent size. The Forest sheep are for the
most part confined to Charnwood; and they are all
clothed with a coarse combing wool. Folding of sheep
is hardly ever practised, except in the very few remain-
ing common fields. The improvement of hogs has been
attended to with the same care and success as that of
other live stock. Leicestershire seems to have been al-
ways famous for a useful and beautiful breed of black
horses, and from time immemorial more have been pro-
duced in the county than are required for its use. Many
blood horses are also bred in this county; asses are
used in many parts for carrying burdens, and have
been lately introduced as farmers' stock; mules have
long been in use here. Charnwood Forest is situated
in the northern part of the county, though some miles
from the border, and is wholly devoid of timber, and
almost of underwood: its general face is, however,
bold and romantic, having a great variety of hills, ge-
nerally terininating in bare and rugged rocks, which
have a very picturesque appearance to a considerable
distance, and in all directions: the substance of these
rocks is a soft primeval stone of the vitreous kind, and
is conveyed to a considerable distance in every direction,
for the purpose of mending the roads: this extensive
tract, comprising from fifteen to sixteen thousand acres,
has lately been enclosed. The Leicestershire and Rut-
:
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57
landshire Agricultural Society holds its annual meetings
at Leicester: another agricultural society meets at Oak-
ham in Rutlandshire, and at Melton-Mowbray, alter-
nately. This county has long enjoyed pre-eminence in
the annals of hunting: Melton-Mowbray is the resi-
dence of a large number of the nobility and gentry
during the season; many houses being let furnished for
their accommodation, and in the town there is stabling
for several hundred horses.
The mineral products of Leicestershire are iron-stone,
lead, coal, slate, limestone, and freestone. Iron-stone
is plentifully found upon Ashby Wolds, and has been
smelted and cast into pigs and utensils for various pur-
poses, at the works by the side of the Ashby canal: the
stone is found at from five to eight yards from the sur-
face, mixed with twice its own quantity of a kind of blue
marl rubbish. A rich lead-ore is found in the fissures of
the limestone obtained at Staunton-Harold, and is smelted.
There are coal mines at Cole-Orton, at the Lount, and
Ashby Wolds: the works at the two former places are
ancient; those at the latter were established about the
commencement of the present century, by the late Mar-
quis of Hastings, at a great expense, the coal being
raised from a depth of nearly two hundred yards; the
stratum is nine feet in thickness and of good quality.
At Swithland, to the east of Charnwood Forest, are
raised large quantities of rather thick and heavy slate,
which, however, is firm and durable, and is much used
for roofing houses, and some of the thicker blocks for
grave-stones and the purposes of building. The Bredon
limestone quarries are excavated in an isolated rock
of considerable extent, which has a slight covering of
earth: there are lime-works very similarly situated at
Cloud hill in the same neighbourhood. At Barrow
At Barrow upon
Soar is dug the stone from which is burned the famous
Barrow lime, which is in such high request, more espe-
cially as a cement in the construction of works under
water, it being carried for that purpose to a very great
distance lime from these kilns was used in construct-
ing the pier at Ramsgate, when other mortar had failed.
Between the stratum of stone and the surface are three
or four yards of waste, the expense of removing which
increases the price of the lime; in the fissures of this
limestone rock are found many curious fossil petrifac-
tions. Freestone exists in most parts of the county, as
does also clay suitable for brick. The red granite from
the rocks at Mount Sorrel furnishes a valuable material
for Macadamizing the roads.
The principal manufactures are, woollen yarn,
worsted, and stockings, which afford employment to
mnay persons not only in Leicester, Hinckley, and
other towns, but also in the principal villages through-
out most parts of the county: indeed the number of
persons employed in trade here is to those employed
in agriculture nearly as seven to four, and of these
a very large proportion is employed in the manu-
facture of wool into stockings, principally at Leicester,
Hinckley, and Loughborough, both for the London
market and exportation. At Loughborough, Hinck-
ley, and Ashby, many hats are manufactured. The ma-
manufacture of machine lace has been established here
of late years, and is carried on to a considerable extent,
principally in the towns and neighbourhoods of Lough-
borough, Leicester, and Ashby. At Leicester and
Loughborough are several malt-kilns. A large quan-
VOL. III.
tity of raw wool is sent into Yorkshire.
Several per-
sons are engaged in the making of malt at Leicester
and Loughborough. Cheese is a considerable article
of exportation, it being computed that not less than
one thousand five hundred tons are annually conveyed
down the Trent, for the use of the metropolis and the
navy. Numerous cattle, fattened in this county, are
sold for London, Birmingham, and the populous parts
of Staffordshire: large quantities of sheep, bred here,
are also fattened and sold to be forwarded to London
or Birmingham; and others, not fully fattened, are sold
to the farmers of the adjacent counties.
The most important river in Leicestershire is the
Soar, which rises between Hinckley and Lutterworth,
and flows northward by the towns of Leicester, Mount-
Sorrel, and Loughborough, receiving the waters of nu-
merous smaller streams, the principal of which is the
Wreke: passing near Dishley, during the latter part of
its course, it forms the boundary between this county
and Nottinghamshire for a distance of upwards of five
miles, and at last falls into the Trent, near Sawley in
Derbyshire. This river, with the aid of different arti-
ficial cuts, has been made navigable from the Trent up
to several miles above Leicester, a distance of upwards
of twenty miles. The small river Wreke rises in the
eastern part of the county, and passing by Melton-
Mowbray, falls into the Soar above Mount-Sorrel. The
river Trent bounds this county for the distance of be-
tween five and six miles at its north-western extremity,
separating it from Derbyshire. The river Avon, for
some distance near its source, forms the boundary
between the southernmost point of Leicestershire and
Northamptonshire; and these counties, further to the
east, are separated by the Welland, which rises near
Market-Harborough, by which town it passes, and quits
the county near Rockingham. The little river Anker
rises in the western part of the county, which it
soon quits for Warwickshire, as does also the Swift,
which flows by Lutterworth. The Ashby canal was first
designed to communicate with the navigable channel of
the Trent, below Burton, and with that view was con-
structed so as to be capable of floating barges of sixty
tons' burden; but the money which had been subscribed,
amounting to £180,000, having been expended, the line
from Ashby to the Trent, on which are a tunnel and se
veral locks, was abandoned, and railways substituted
upon the high grounds. This canal is navigable from
Ashby Wolds to the Coventry canal, in which it termi-
level, without any lockage; it is navigated by boats of
nates, being near thirty miles in length, and cut on a
from twenty to twenty-four tons' burden, being such
only as can float on the Coventry canal: on Ashby
Wolds is a reservoir that supplies it with water. The line
of the Leicester navigation is down the valley of the
Soar, to the Trent, being sometimes along the channel
locks, into a
of the Soar, and at others carried from it by means of
miles in length, and is made so as to admit of being
new channel: it is upwards of twenty
navigated by the Trent barges. There is a collateral
branch to Lougborough, which is continued over a por-
tion of Charnwood Forest, partly by canal and partly
by railway, to Cole-Orton colliery and the Cloud-hill lime-
works: this continuation, however, is now out of use,
by reason of the coal from Derbyshire being obtained
at a cheaper rate at the Leicester and Loughborough
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markets than that which was brought along this
line. The Melton canal is carried from the Leicester Soar
navigation, along the valley of the Wreke, to Melton-
Mowbray, whence it has been continued to Oakham.
The Grantham canal, from the Trent below Nottingham
to Grantham, passes through the north-easternmost
portion of this county, and is of great advantage to the
vale of Belvoir, where there is a large reservoir for its
supply. The Union canal, from the navigable channel
of the Soar, near Leicester, was designed to pass by way
of Harborough, and join the Nene at Northampton, and
also to communicate with the Grand Junction canal :
its progress towards completion was, however, arrested
by untoward circumstances. The iron railways attached
to the Ashby canal extend about twelve miles from
that navigation, by the town of Ashby, to the Lount
colliery, Cole-Orton, Ticknall, and the Cloud-hill
lime-works. On these railways, the construction of
which cost £30,000, are various embankments, and
deep cuttings, for the purpose of preserving the level,
or an uniform ascent or descent, besides a tunnel of
about a quarter of a mile long. Pursuant to an act of
parliament, obtained in 1830, a rail-road is about to be
commenced, extending in a direct line from Leicester
to Swannington, &c.
The great road from London to Manchester enters
this county, from Northamptonshire, about eighty-three
miles from London, at the bridge on the Welland, and
passing through Market-Harborough, Leicester, Mount-
Sorrel, and Loughborough, quits the county for Derbyshire
at Cavendish bridge, on the Trent. The great road from
London to Nottingham, Sheffield, and Leeds, branches
off from the former at Loughborough, and quits the
county for Nottinghamshire at the distance of about
five miles from that town. The Leeds mail road from
The Leeds mail road from
London enters the county from Rutlandshire, about
two miles south of Burton-Lazars, and passes through
Melton-Mowbray to Nether Broughton, between which
and Over Broughton it enters Nottinghamshire.
between the parishes of Cranoe and Glooston, and in
different other parts of its course. Another ancient
road, which the Rev. T. Leman, in his account of the
Roman roads and stations in Leicestershire, calls the
"Salt-Way," and considers of British origin, entered this
county from Lincolnshire, in its way to the great salt-
works at Droitwich: after passing by Croxton, on the
north-eastern border of the county, it continued to
Segg's hill, and crossing the Fosse, proceeded to Barrow,
its course being afterwards seen in some places in Charn-
wood Forest. The Roman stations within the limits of
this county were, Ratæ, or Ratiscorion, at Leicester; Ver-
nometum, on the northern border, supposed to have been
at Burrough hill, or near Willoughby; and Benonæ, near
High Cross; besides which there was the celebrated
one of Manduessedum, now Mancetter, situated on the
Watling-street, on the borders of this county and War-
wickshire. The principal remains of Roman buildings
have been found at Leicester; other miscellaneous Ro-
man remains have been discovered at Rothley, Wanlip,
Harborough, Burrough, and Calthorpe. The most re-
markable ancient churches are, St. Mary's, Leicester,
and those of Bottesford, Hinckley, and Melton-Mowbray,
to which class of antiquities may be added, the chapel
of Market-Harborough. The religious houses, consi-
dered with regard to the dimensions of the county, were
very numerous; including three colleges, six hospitals,
three preceptories of the Knights Hospitallers, and one
Alien priory, they amounted to thirty-one: the remains
of monastic buildings are few and small; the principal
are those of the abbey of St. Mary de Pratis, near
Leicester, those of Ulvescroft priory, and those of Grace
Dieu nunnery. This county comprises but few remains
of ancient castles: there are the picturesque ruins of
the castellated mansion of Ashby, the most ancient
portions of which are of the reign of Edward IV., and
of Kirby castle. Among the numerous elegant seats
which adorn the county the most magnificent are, Bel-
voir castle, the seat of the Duke of Rutland; and Don-
nington park, that of the Marquis of Hastings. There are
medicinal springs at Ashby de la Zouch, Burton-Lazars,
Dalby on the Wolds, Gumley, Neville-Holt, Leicester,
and Sapcote: the baths at the first of these places con-
stitute a fine Doric edifice, erected within the last six
years: the water is strongly impregnated with muriate
of soda, containing, by ten or twelve degrees, more salt
than sea water, and serviceable in rheumatic complaints.
The ancient Watling-street first touches Leices-
tershire at Dove bridge, on the Avon, whence it pro-
ceeds in a north-easterly direction to the Anker, near
Mancetter, not far from Atherstone, where it wholly
quits the county for Warwickshire, after having formed
the south-western boundary of Leicestershire for a dis-
tance of upwards of twenty miles. The Fosse-road,
from Lincolnshire, enters this county near the Roman
station Vernometum, whence it proceeds by Segg's hill,
over Thrussington Wolds, across the Wreke near Syston,
and through Thurmaston to Leicester, whence it is con-
tinued over King Richard's bridge, having passed which,
it turns to the left, over the second branch of the Soar,
to the Narborough turnpike-road, along which it con-
tinues to the fourth milestone; then leaving it and the
town and church of Narborough on the left, it con-
tinues to High Cross on the Watling-street. The Via
Devana, from Colchester to Chester, enters this county
near Cottingham, and, crossing the Welland, passes Med-
bourne, near Slanston Mill, whence it is continued between
the two Strettons to Leicester, where it joins the Fosse,
which, however, it soon leaves to proceed to Grooby,
whence it is carried by Ashby to Burton upon Trent.
The Fosse-way may be distinctly traced, more particularly
on the eastern side of the county, and near the village
of Narborough. The Via Devana is visible on the hill
LEIGH, a tything in the parish of WIMBORNE-
MINSTER, hundred of BADBURY, Shaston (East) divi-
sion of the county of DORSET, 1 mile (E.) from Wim-
borne-Minster, containing 358 inhabitants.
There was
anciently a chapel at this place.
LEIGH, a chapelry in the parish and hundred of
YETMINSTER, Sherborne division of the county of Dor-
SET, 6 miles (S. by W.) from Sherborne, containing 343
inhabitants.
LEIGH, a parish and sea-port in the hundred of
ROCHFORD, County of ESSEX, 17 miles (S. E. by S.)
from Chelmsford, containing 905 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and dio-
cese of London, rated in the king's books at £15,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of London. The
church is dedicated to St. Clement. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. This parish borders
upon the Thames, and includes an island called Leigh
LEI
LEI
59
Marsh, with the east end of Canvey island, and the fa-
mous oyster creek there. In a hollow near the Thames
is a small custom-house. About the year 1765, a quan-
tity of Roman coins was discovered, on the fall of a cliff
after heavy rain.
LEIGH, a parish comprising the hamlet of Eving-
ton, in the lower division of the hundred of WEST-
MINSTER, but chiefly in the lower division of the hun-
dred of DEERHURST, county of GLOUCESTER, 5 miles
(N. N. E.) from Gloucester, and containing 340 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
jurisdiction of the peculiar court of Deerhurst, within
which, however, no ecclesiastical authority is exercised,
the parishes being virtually in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Gloucester; it is rated in the king's books
at £7. 16. 3., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is dedicated to St. James. The navigable river
Severn and the Coombe Hill canal pass through the
parish.
C
G
LEIGH, a parish partly in the hundred of Somer-
DEN, but chiefly in that of CODSHEATH, lathe of SUTTON
at HONE, county of KENT, 33 miles (W.) from Tun-
bridge, containing 876 inhabitants. The living is a vi-
carage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Rochester,
rated in the king's books at £9. 18. 9., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. Nathaniel May. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Mary, contains some ancient monuments,
and considerable remains of richly-stained glass: it had
formerly a chantry, which was suppressed by Edward VI.
The river Medway bounds the parish on the south; and
there are mineral springs possessing properties similar
to the water of Tunbridge Wells. A fair for pedlary is
held on July 25th.
dedicated to St. Mary, is an ancient stone edifice, con-
sisting of a nave, chancel, and two side aisles, terminat-
ing in sepulchral chapels. There are places of worship
for Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, Swedenbor-
gians, and Roman Catholics. The free grammar school
is of uncertain foundation, but was endowed, in 1655,
in 1681,
by Piers Rancars, with a rent-charge of £5;
by Richard Bradshaw, with £6 per annum, which, with
subsequent grants, produce an annual income of £25 :
there are seven free scholars; and the master has a
dwelling-house rent-free. Upwards of one thousand
children receive instruction in the various Sunday
Several sums have been given,
schools in this town.
by charitable individuals, for distribution among the
poor. The manufactures of Lancashire are eminently
indebted to the ingenuity of Thomas Highs, a reed-
maker at this place, who, in 1764, constructed the first
spinning-jenny, and, in 1767, invented the water-frame,
which was afterwards improved and extensively intro-
duced by Sir Richard Arkwright.
LEIGH, a tything in the parish of PITMINSTER,
hundred of TAUNTON and TAUNTON-DEAN, county of
SOMERSET, 4 miles (S. S. W.) from Taunton. The po-
pulation is returned with the parish. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LEIGH, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of TOTMONSLOW, county of STAFFORD, 53
miles (W. N. W.) from Uttoxeter, containing, with the
township of Field, 1019 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£14. 0. 5., and in the patronage of Lord Bagot. The
church, dedicated to All Saints, is an ancient cruciform
structure. Stephen Spencer, in 1620, gave land now
producing an annual income of £66, for the maintenance
of a schoolmaster, who instructs about fifty-five free
children.
LEIGH, a parish in the hundred of WEST DERBY,
county palatine of LANCASTER, containing 18,372 in-
habitants, and comprising the chapelries of Astley and
Atherton, and the townships of Bedford, Tyldesley, Pen-
nington, and West Leigh, the two latter including the
market town of Leigh, 46 miles (S. S. E.) from Lancaster,
and 197 (N. W.) from London, the population of the
town of Leigh being included in the return for the re-
spective townships. The name of this place is pure
Saxon, and synonimous with the English word Lea, a
field or pasture. The manufacture of cambric-muslins
and fustians is carried on, that of the former being the
more considerable; and the general trade of the place
has much improved of late years, chiefly in consequence
of advantages derived from a branch of the Duke of
Bridgewater's canal, which here forms a junction with
the Leeds and Liverpool canal. Packet-boats, for pas-
sengers from Liverpool to Manchester, pass by this
place every day. Coal and limestone are found in the
parish; the latter, when burnt, is used in making a very
excellent cement, which is impervious to water. The
The
market is on Saturday; and fairs are held on the 24th
and 25th of April, and on the 7th and 8th of December,
for cattle, pigs, pedlary, &c. A court baron for the
A court baron for the
manor of Pennington, and a court for the manor of
West Leigh, are held here annually by their respective
lords; as are also the petty sessions for the Warrington
division of the hundred of West Derby. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Chester, rated in the king's books at £9, endowed
with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of Lord Lilford. The church,
LEIGH, a parish in the first division of the hundred
of REIGATE, County of SURREY, 3 miles (S. W.) from
Reigate, containing 453 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese of
Winchester, rated in the king's books at £15. 10. 5.,
endowed with £1200 private benefaction, £200 royal
bounty, and £ 1500 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of R. C. Dendy, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Bartholomew.
LEIGH, a chapelry in the parish of ASHTON-
KEYNES, hundred of HIGHWORTH, CRICKLADE, and
STAPLE, county of WILTS, 34 miles (W. by S.) from
Cricklade, containing 263 inhabitants.
LEIGH, a parish in the lower division of the hundred
of PERSHORE, county of WORCESTER, 5 miles (W. by S.)
from Worcester, containing, with the whole of the cha-
pelry of Bransford, which is partly in the parish of
Powick, 1810 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the
king's books at £13. 9. 41., and in the patronage of Earl
Somers. The church is dedicated to St. Edburgh.
LEIGH (ABBOT'S), a parish in the hundred of
PORTBURY, county of SOMERSET, 34 miles (W. N. W.)
from Bristol, containing 317 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Bedmin-
ster, in the archdeaconry of Bath, and diocese of Bath
and Wells. The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity.
This place formerly belonged to the abbot of St. Au-
I 2
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60
LEL
gustine in Bristol, from which circumstance it derived
its prefix. After the battle of Worcester, Charles II. was
concealed in the old manor-house, which has since been
replaced by an elegant mansion, called Leigh Court, com-
manding fine views of the Bristol channel, Gloucester-
shire, and the Welch hills.
LEIGH (HIGH), a chapelry in that part of the
parish of ROSTHERN which is in the hundred of BUCK-
Low, county palatine of CHESTER, 5 miles (N. W.) from
Knutsford, containing 854 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Chester, endowed with £1000 private benefaction, and
£3300 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Egerton Leigh, Esq. A school-house was built, at the
expense of the inhabitants, in 1717, for the use of poor
children of the parish.
LEIGH (LITTLE), a chapelry in that part of the
parish of GREAT BUDWORTH which is in the hundred of
BUCKLOW, County palatine of CHESTER, 34 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Northwich, containing 359 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chester, endowed with £200 private be-
nefaction, and £ 800 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Vicar of Great Budworth. The chapel is an an-
cient building, repaired in 1664 by the inhabitants, with
the assistance of a small sum from the parishioners at
large. Here is a place of worship for Baptists. There
are some trifling donations for the education of children.
The Grand Trunk canal passes in the vicinity.
LEIGH upon MENDIP, a parish in the hundred
of MELLS and LEIGH, county of SOMERSET, 5 miles
(W.) from Frome, containing 666 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory of
Mells, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of
Bath and Wells. The church is dedicated to St. Giles.
LEIGH de la MERE, a parish in the hundred of
CHIPPENHAM, county of WILTS, 42 miles (N. N. W.)
from Chippenham, containing 125 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £8,
and in the patronage of H. C. Vince, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Margaret. At this place Alfred en-
camped on the night before his attack upon the Danes
at Edindon; and on Clay hill, in the neighbourhood, is a
circular double-intrenched camp, to which the Danes
fled, and there withstood a siege of fourteen days. Near
a field, called Courtfield, is a garden surrounded by a
moat, supposed to be the site of a palace of one of the
Saxon kings.
LEIGH (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of Co-
LYTON, county of DEVON, 33 miles (W. N. W.) from
Colyton, containing 214 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £10. 9. 7., and in the patronage
of James Jenkins, Esq. A small Sunday school has been
endowed by the Rev. Mr. How.
LEIGH (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of
WOOTTON, County of OXFORD, 34 miles (N. E. by N.)
from Witney, containing 592 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Oxford, rated in the king's books at £9. 2., and in the
patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. Ann Perrott, in 1788, bequeathed a small
sum for the education of seven children.
LEIGH (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of Co-
LYTON, County of DEVON, 23 miles (W. by S.) from
Colyton, containing 327 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £11. 8. 9., and in the pa-
tronage of Charles Gordon, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Lawrence. The Rev. James How, in 1816, gave
£200 stock towards the support of a Sunday school, the
dividends arising from which are applied to that purpose.
LEIGH (SOUTH), a chapelry in the parish of
STANTON-HARCOURT, hundred of WooTTON, county of
OXFORD, 23 miles (E. S. E.) from Witney, containing
316 inhabitants. The chapel is dedicated to St. James.
LEIGH (WEST), a parish in the hundred of FRE-
MINGTON, County of DEVON, 2 miles (N. E. by N.)
from Bideford, containing 452 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Barn-
staple, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books
at £8. 2. 1., and in the patronage of the Dean and
chapter of Exeter.
LEIGH-WOOLEY, a tything in the parish of
Great Bradford, hundred of BRADFORD, county of
WILTS, containing 1569 inhabitants.
LEIGHLAND, a chapelry in the parish of OLD
CLEEVE, hundred of WILLITON and FREEMANNERS,
county of SOMERSET, 5 miles (S. W. by S.) from Wat-
chet. The population is returned with the parish. The
living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicar-
age of Old Cleeve, in the archdeaconry of Taunton,
and diocese of Bath and Wells, endowed with £200
private benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and £200
parliamentary grant. The church is dedicated to St.
Giles.
LEIGHS (GREAT), a parish partly in the hundred
of CHELMSFORD, but chiefly in that of WITHAM,
county of ESSEX, 5 miles (S.S. W.) from Braintree,
containing, with the hamlet of Chatiey, 667 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Essex, and diocese of London, rated in the king's
books at £25. 7. 1., and in the patronage of the Rector
and Fellows of Lincoln College, Oxford. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, has at the west end an ancient
circular tower of flint and stone.
LEIGHS (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
CHELMSFORD, county of Essex, 5 miles (S. W. by S.)
from Braintree, containing 160 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese
The
of London, rated in the king's books at £9.
church is dedicated to St. John the Evangelist. A priory
of Black canons, in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary
and St. John the Evangelist, was founded here, in
the reign of Henry III., the revenue of which, at the
dissolution, was estimated at £141. 14. 8.: the gate-
house, which still remains, is in the later style of En-
glish architecture.
LEIGHTERTON, a chapelry in the parish of Box-
WELL, upper division of the hundred of GRUMBALD'S
ASH, county of GLOUCESTER, 44 miles (W. S. W.) from
Tetbury. The population is returned with the parish.
LEIGHTON, a township in the parish and hundred
of NANTWICH, county palatine of CHESTER, 3 miles
(N. E. by N.) from Nantwich, containing 270 inhabit
LEIGHTON, a township in the parish of NESTON,
higher division of the hundred of WIRRALL, county
LEI
61
LEI
palatine of CHESTER, 1 mile (N. E.) from Parkgate, con-
taining 404 inhabitants.
LEIGHTON, a parish in the hundred of LEIGHTON-
STONE, county of HUNTINGDON, 5 miles (N. by E.)
from Kimbolton, containing 446 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
patronage of the Prebendary of Leighton in the Cathe-
dral Church of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£7. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
LEIGHTON, a parish in the Wellington division
of the hundred of BRADFORD (South), county of SA-
LOP, 54 miles (N by W.) from Much Wenlock, contain-
ing 375 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£7. 12. 6., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Miss Mad-
docks. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
LEIGHTON-BUZZARD, a parish in the hundred
of MANSHEAD, county of BEDFORD, comprising the
market town of Leighton-Buzzard, and the chapelries
of Billington, Eggington, Heath with Reach, and Stand-
bridge, and containing 4421 inhabitants, of which num-
ber, 2749 are in the town of Leighton-Buzzard, 20 miles
(W. S. W.) from Bedford, and 42 (N. W.) from London.
The adjunct to the name is either derived from Bosard,
the name of a family in the county, who were knights
of the shire in the reign of Edward III., or from Beau
desert, the prevailing opinion being in favour of the
latter. It is believed to be the Lygean burgh of the
Saxon Chronicle, which was taken from the ancient
Britons in 571, by Cuthwulph, the brother of Ceawlin,
King of Wessex. The town is situated on the eastern
bank of the river Ouse, and consists of one wide street
branching off to the right and left at its upper extre-
mity, and neither paved nor lighted; the inhabitants
are supplied with water from wells. Near the market-
house is an ancient and elegant cross of pentagonal form,
and in the later style of English architecture; the entire
height, from the base to the top of the vane, is thirty-eight
feet the upper story is divided into five niches, each of
which contains a statue, the most perfect of which are
a bishop, Christ and the Virgin, and St. John the Evan-
gelist: this structure, said to have been erected more
than five hundred years, was repaired, in 1650, by
means of a rate of fourpence levied upon each of the
inhabitants.
:
A considerable trade is carried on in timber, iron,
lime, brick, corn, &c.; and several females are employed
in making lace and straw-plat. The Grand Junction
canal, which passes near the town, and is navigable for
vessels of eighty tons, affords the means of communi-
cation with the northern counties. The market, which
is one of the oldest in the county, is on Tuesday, and
is amply supplied with cattle, corn (which is toll-free),
lace, straw-plat, &c. Fairs are held, February 5th, the
second Tuesday in April, Whit-Tuesday, July 26th,
October 24th, and the second Tuesday in December;
the first of these is remarkable for an extensive sale of
horses. The town is under the jurisdiction of the county
magistrates, who meet on the market day, in a room
over the market-house. Courts leet and baron are held
at Whitsuntide and Michaelmas, by the lessee of the
manor, under the Dean and Canons of Windsor. The
living is a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
patronage of the Prebendary of Leighton-Buzzard in
the Cathedral Church of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £15.
books at £15. The church, which is dedicated to All
Saints, was formerly collegiate: it is a large cruciform
structure, principally in the early style of English archi-
tecture, with various additions and insertions of a later
character, and has north, south, and west porches, toge-
ther with a fine massive tower, surmounted by an octago-
nal stone spire, rising from the intersection: the western
door is a curious specimen of iron-work: within the church
are several ancient monuments, and a portion of good
screen-work. There are places of worship for Baptists, the
Society of Friends, and Wesleyan Methodists. A Lan-
casterian school, for an unlimited number of children of
both sexes, is supported by voluntary contributions. In
1704, the Hon. Charles Leigh bequeathed a rent-charge
of £10 for the education of ten poor boys: this bene-
faction has been long discontinued; but instead of it
a commodious brick building was erected, in 1790, at
the expense of the Hon. Mrs. Leigh, for the use of a
Sunday school, to which she also gave an annual dona-
tion of £20, the charity being further supported by
subscription. In 1630, almshouses for eight poor
women were founded and endowed by Edward Wilkes,
Esq., and an additional endowment was bequeathed by
Matthew Wilkes, Esq., in 1692; the estates belonging
to this charity produce about £200 per annum, from
which the alms-women receive weekly stipends of four
shillings each, besides money for firing and clothing;
and the surplus is bestowed in premiums to poor chil-
dren, on beginning their apprenticeship, or going to
service. In the time of Henry II. there was an Alien
priory at Grovebury in this parish, subordinate to the
abbey of Fontevralt in Normandy; also a house of Cis-
tercian monks, a cell to Woburn abbey. About half
a mile from the town are the remains of an extensive
circular camp, supposed to be of Roman origin.
LEINTHALL (EARLS), a chapelry in that part of
the parish of AYMESTREY which is in the hundred of
WIGMORE, County of HEREFORD, 7 miles (S. W.) from
Ludlow. The population is returned with the parish. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Hereford, endowed with £600 royal bounty.
and in the patronage of the Vicar of Aymestrey. The
church is dedicated to St. Andrew. A charity school
here is endowed with about £9 a year, and a house
and garden for the master. There is also an almshouse.
LEINTHALL-STARKES, a parish in the hundred
of WIGMORE, County of HEREFORD, 6 miles (S. W.by W.)
from Ludlow, containing 131 inhabitants.
The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Hereford, endowed with £1000 royal bounty, and
£200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Bishop of Hereford. The church is dedicated to St.
Mary Magdalene.
LEINTWARDINE, a parish in the hundred of WIG-
MORE, County of HEREFORD, comprising the townships
of Adforton, Brakes, Grange, Heath with Jay, Kinton,
Leintwardine, Letton, Marlow, Newton, Payton, Walford,
and Whitton with Trippleton, and containing 1277 inha-
bitants, of which number, 346 are in the township
of Leintwardine, 9 miles (W. by S.) from Ludlow. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Salop, and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books
at £7. 15. S., endowed with £ 200 private benefaction, and
I
LEM
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62
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Rev. D.
Winslow. The church, dedicated to St. Peter and St.
Paul, is a large structure, once famous for a profusion
of stained glass, of which the windows still display some
beautiful fragments, representing crowns, lions, fleurs de
lis, the arms of Mortimer, &c. Leintwardine is situated
Leintwardine is situated
near the confluence of the Teme and the Clun, and from
the quantity of fine fish, particularly graylings, with
which these rivers abound, is much resorted to as a
fishing-place. There are quarries of limestone in the
parish: a fair is held on the 4th of April. The Rt. Hon.
Robert Harley, afterwards Earl of Oxford and Morti-
mer, founded, in the reign of Anne, a free school, and
endowed it with land now producing an annual income
of about £45. The ancient forest of Mocktree, which
has been long disafforested, is in this parish.
LEIRE, a parish in the hundred of GUTHLAXTON,
county of LEICESTER, 4 miles (N. N. W.) from Lutter-
worth, containing 435 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese of Lin-
coln, rated in the king's books at £9. 14. 9., and in the
patronage of the Countess de Grey. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter. A school-room has heen erected by a
subscription entered into by the parishioners, to celebrate
the peace in 1814: it is a good brick building, covered
with slate, and capable of accommodating seventy chil-
dren. Leire is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of
Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of a court of
pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the
recovery of debts under 40s.
LEISTON, a parish in the hundred of BLYTHING,
county of SUFFOLK, 4 miles (E. by S.) from Saxmund-
ham, containing, with the hamlet of Sizewell, 954 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, and in the
alternate patronage of the Governors of Christ's Hos-
pital, and the Master and Wardens of the Haberdashers'
Company, London. The church is dedicated to St.
Margaret. An abbey of Premonstratensian canons, in
honour of the Virgin Mary, was built and endowed by
Ranulph de Glanvill, in 1182, the revenue of which, at
the dissolution, was valued at £181. 17. 1.
LELANT (UNY), a parish in the hundred of PEN-
WITH, County of CORNWALL, 3 miles (S. E.) from St. Ives,
containing 1271 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
with the perpetual curacy of St. Ives annexed, in the
archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £22. 11. 10., and in the patronage
of the Bishop of Exeter. The church, dedicated to St.
Ewny, is surrounded by banks of sand. There are two
places of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The parish
is bounded on the north by St. Ives' bay, and on the
east by Hayle harbour and the river of that name, which
is crossed by a bridge. A considerable quantity of gra-
nite is raised here, and there are several tin mines in
the neighbourhood, the principal of which are Wheal
Reath and Wheal Speed. A fair for cattle is held on
August 15th.
LELLEY, a township in the parish of PRESTON,
middle division of the wapentake of HOLDERNESS,
East riding of the county of YORK, 8 miles (E. N. E.)
from Kingston upon Hull, containing 119 inhabitants.
LEMINGTON (LOWER), a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of TEWKESBURY, though locally
in the upper division of that of Westminster, county of
GLOUCESTER, 2 miles (N. E. by N.) from Moreton in
the Marsh, containing 67 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Gloucester, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Lord
Redesdale. The ancient Fosse-way passes through this
place, which seems to have been a Roman station, from
the coins frequently discovered here.
LEMMINGTON, a township in the parish of ED-
LINGHAM, northern division of COQUETDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 42 miles (W. S. W.) from
Alnwick, containing, with Battle-Bridge and Lemming-
ton-Mills, 123 inhabitants.
LENBOROUGH, a hamlet in the parish, hundred,
and county of BUCKINGHAM, 2 miles (S.) from Buck-
ingham, containing 75 inhabitants.
LENCH (ATCH), a hamlet in that part of the parish
of CHURCH-LENCH which is in the lower division of
the hundred of BLACKENHURST, County of WORCESTER,
5 miles (N.) from Evesham, containing 63 inhabitants.
LENCH (CHURCH), a parish comprising the
hamlets of Atch-Lench and Sheriff's Lench, in the lower
division of the hundred of BLACKENHURST, and partly
in the upper division of the hundred of HALFSHIRE,
county of WORCESTER, 53 miles (N. by W.) from Eves-
ham, and containing 342 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester,
rated in the king's books at £9. 11. 10., and in the pa-
tronage of the Crown. There is a place of worship for
Baptists.
LENCH (ROUSE), a parish in the middle division
of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW, county of WORCES-
TER, 7 miles (S. W. by W.) from Alcester, containing
258 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's
books at £9. 0. 5., and in the patronage of Sir W. E.
R. Boughton, Bart. The church is dedicated to St.
Peter.
LENCH (SHERIFF'S), a hamlet in that part of
the parish of CHURCH-LENCH which is in the lower
division of the hundred of BLACKENHURST, county of
WORCESTER, 4 miles (N. by W.) from Evesham, con-
taining 76 inhabitants.
LENCH-WICK, a chapelry in the parish of Nor-
TON, lower division of the hundred of BLACKENHURST,
county of WORCESTER, 23 miles (N.) from Evesham.
The population is returned with the parish. The cha-
pel, which was dedicated to St. Michael, has been de-
molished.
4
LENHAM, a parish in the hundred of EYHORNE,
lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 10 miles (E. by S.)
from Maidstone, containing 1959 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canter-
bury, rated in the king's books at £13. 15. 21., and in the
patronage of T. F. Best, Esq. The church, dedicated to
St. Mary, is a handsome structure, having at the west
end a tower steeple, containing a good set of chimes; in
it are sixteen elegant stalls, a stone confessional, and
other relics of antiquity. There is a place of worship
for Independents. Lenham possesses a charter for a weekly
market, but it has been long disused. Fairs are held
on June 6th and October 23rd, for horses and cattle.
John Foord, in 1766, founded a free school for ten poor
boys, and endowed it with £300, which produces an
income of about £12 per annum.
•
}
↓
LEO
63
LEO
LENTON, a parish in the southern division of the
wapentake of BROXTOW, County of NOTTINGHAM, 1
mile (W. S. W.) from Nottingham, containing 1240 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York,
rated in the king's books at £ 9. 2. 5., endowed with
£ 400 royal bounty, and £ 200 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedi-
cated to the Holy Trinity. The village of Lenton has
recently increased in importance, several new streets,
and many elegant mansions having been erected, and
manufactories for lace and extensive bleaching-works
established. The Nottingham canal passes through the
parish. A fair for cattle, sheep, and hogs, is held on
St. Martin's day, and another on the Wednesday in
Whitsun-week. The Peverel court, for the recovery of
debts not exceeding £50, the jurisdiction of which ex-
tends over parts of the counties of Derby, Nottingham,
and Stafford, is held here every Tuesday: the charter
for holding this court was granted by William the Con-
queror to his son, William Peverel, and confirmed by
others subsequently granted by Charles II. and Anne:
the officers constituting the court are, a steward, deputy
steward, and judge, prothonotary, and capital bailiff.
Here is a prison for debtors, of which the bailiff is
gaoler. There are some remains of a Cluniac priory,
founded, in the reign of Henry I., by William Peverel,
in honour of the Holy Trinity; it was subject to the
great foreign abbey of Cluny, but, on the suppression of
other Alien priories, the monks here procured it to be
made denizen, and thus it survived till the general disso-
lution, when its revenue was estimated at £417. 19. 3.
Here was also a house of Carmelite friars, and in the
churchyard, an hospital dedicated to St. Anthony.
LEOMINSTER, a parish
in the hundred of WOLPHY,
county of HEREEORD, com-
prising the borough of Leo-
minster, having separate ju-
risdiction, the chapelry of
Ivington, and the township
of Broadward, and contain-
ing 4646 inhabitants, of which
number, 3651 are in the bo-
rough of Leominster, 13
miles (N.) from Hereford, and
137 (W.N. W.) from London.
This place, according to Leland, partly derives its name
from a minster, or monastery, founded here by Mer-
wald, King of West Mercia, about 660; and that Saxon
prince is said to have had a castle, or palace, about half
a mile eastward of the town. A fortress was standing
on the same spot in 1055, when it was seized by the
Welch chieftians, and fortified. At the time of the
Norman survey, the manor, with its apurtenances, was
assigned by Edward the Confessor to his queen, Edi-
tha; in the reign of William Rufus, the fortifications
were strengthened, to secure it against the incursions
of the Welch in the reign of John, the town, priory,
and church, were plundered and burned by William de
Braose, Lord of Brecknock; in the time of Henry IV.
it was in the possession of Owen Glyndwr, after he
had defeated the Earl of March. In the next century,
the inhabitants of the town took a decisive part in the
establishment of Mary on the throne, for which service
Seal and Arms.
MINO
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she granted their first charter of incorporation, about
the year 1554. The monastery founded by Merewald
having been destroyed by the Danes, a college of pre-
bendaries, and, subsequently, an abbey of nuns, were
established here; but these institutions were destroyed
previously to the time of Edward I., who endowed the
abbey of Reading with the monastery of Leominster, to
which it afterwards became a cell: its revenue, at the
dissolution, was £ 660. 16. 8.
The
The town is situated in a rich and fertile valley, on
the banks of the river Lugg, which bounds it to the
north and east, the Kenwater and Pinsley, two smaller
streams, passing through the town itself, and three
other rivulets within half a mile the streets are indif-
ferently paved and lighted, but considerable improve-
ments are in contemplation: several of the houses are
in the ancient style of timber and brick, the beams
being painted black, and ornamented with grotesque
carvings; and the inhabitants are well supplied with
water from springs. A neat stone bridge has been
lately erected across the Kenwater, at the estimated ex-
pense of £ 500, towards which, £ 100 was given by Lord
Hotham, one of the representatives of the borough,
and the remainder by the corporation.
There are
a public reading-room, or subscription library, and a
theatre recently erected. Near the town is a good race-
course, where races are held about the end of August.
An agricultural society holds its meetings here.
manufactures chiefly consist of gloves and flannel: the
wool produced in the neighbourhood is proverbially ex-
cellent; and the cider and hops are held in high estima-
tion. The market is on Friday; and fairs are held on
February 13th, the Tuesday after Mid-Lent Sunday,
May 2nd, July 10th, September 4th, and November 8th:
to each of which is attached a court of pie-powder :
there is also a great market on the Friday after the
11th of December. A neat market-house, for the
sale of grain, was erected in 1803. The charter of
incorporation received from Queen Mary was con-
firmed and extended by subsequent sovereigns; the
last was by Charles II., in 1665, under which the cor-
poration consists of a bailiff, chief steward, recorder,
and twenty-four capital burgesses, with a chamberlain,
town-clerk, two serjeants at mace, and other officers:
the bailiff, the late bailiff, the recorder, and two alder-
men elected annually by the corporation, are justices
of the peace.
A court of record is held every Monday,
before the bailiff, or two of the burgesses, for the reco-
very of debts to the amount of £100 within the bo-
rough; quarter sessions for the borough are held in
January, April, July, and October; and petty sessions,
for the lower division of the hundred of Wolphy, are
held here: there is also a court leet annually. This
borough has sent two members to parliament since
the 23rd of Edward I.: the right of election is vested
in the bailiff, capital burgesses, and other inhabitants
paying scot and lot: the number of voters is about
seven hundred, and the bailiff is the returning officer.
The town-hall, or butter-cross, is a singular building of
timber and brick, supported by curiously-carved pillars
of oak; it was built in 1633. A new gaol was erected
in 1750.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea
conry and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books
at £ 10. 3. 8., endowed with £ 200 private benefaction,
1

1
LEO
64
LES
-
and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the
Crown. The church, dedicated to St. Peter and St.
Paul, is a spacious and irregular structure, exhibiting
specimens of every style of Norman and English archi-
tecture: the tower stands at the north-west angle, and
with other parts of the western front, is of Norman
character at the base, in the pointed style above, and,
embattled at the top: the western doorway, which is ex-
tremely beautiful, is ornamented with pillars and reced-
ing arched mouldings; the windows are in the decorated
and later English styles: the massive pillars in the
north aisle, supporting round arches surmounted by
Norman arcades, are particularly curious. The south
side, which is modern, is appropriated to the perform-
ance of divine service: the expense of its erection
amounted to upwards of £16,000: the altar-piece is a
painting of the Last Supper, from Rubens. The length
of the church within is one hundred and twenty-five
feet, and its breadth one hundred and twenty-four feet.
There are places of worship for Baptists, the Society of
Friends, Moravians, and Unitarians. The free gram-
mar school was founded by Queen Mary, and the master,
who must be a member of one of the Universities, re-
ceives £20 per annum from the corporation. There is
a National school, for children of both sexes. An alms-
house for four poor widows was founded and endowed
by Hester Clark, in 1735, the inmates of which receive
£5 per annum each. A spring has lately been disco-
vered at the west end of the town, the water of which
is impregnated with carbonate of soda, lime, and mag-
nesia, and sulphate of lime, with sulphuretted hydrogen
and iron, in minute proportions. This place confers
the title of baron upon the Earl of Pomfret, who styles
himself Baron Lempster, that having been the ancient
name of the town.
LEOMINSTER, a parish in the hundred of POLING,
rape of ARUNDEL, county of SUSSEX, 2 miles (S.S.E.)
from Arundel, containing, with the tything of Warn-
ingcamp, 675 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
annexed to that of Arundel, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£9. 1. 3., and in the patronage of Eton College, on the
nomination of the Bishop of Chichester. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene. The river Arun bounds
the parish on the west. A priory of Benedictine nuns,
a cell to the nunnery of Almanesche in Normandy, was
founded here by Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Arundel,
in the time of William the Conqueror, and dedicated
to St. Mary Magdalene; after the suppression of Alien
houses, its possessions were granted by Henry VI. to
Eton College. At Pynham, in this parish, was a priory
of Black canons, founded by Adeliza, second wife of
Henry I., and dedicated to St. Bartholomew: at its
suppression, in the 17th of Henry VIII., its revenue,
valued at £43, was given to Cardinal Wolsey, towards
the endowment of his intended colleges.
LEONARD (ST.), a chapelry in the parish of As-
TON-CLINTON, hundred of AYLESBURY, county of BUCK-
INGHAM, 3 miles (E. by S.) from Wendover, containing
185 inhabitants.
I
LEONARD (ST.), a parish in the hundred of WON-
FORD, county of DEVON, a mile (S. E.) from Exeter,
containing 206 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £4. 19. 4., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and
In the
in the patronage of Sir Thomas Baring, Bart.
churchyard there was formerly a hermitage, in which
several females successively secluded themselves as an-
chorites. The mansion called Mount Radford, erected
in the sixteenth century, was garrisoned during the par-
liamentary war,
-
LEONARD (ST.), SHOREDITCH, county of MID-
DLESEX.-See SHOREDITCH.
LEPPINGTON, a chapelry in the parish of SCRAY-
INGHAM, wapentake of BUCKROSE, East riding of the
county of YORK, 8 miles (S. by W.) from New Malton,
containing 129 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, endowed with an estate vested in ten trustees,
who appoint the minister. The chapel was originally a
chantry chapel belonging to the abbey of Missenden.
LEPTON, a township in the parish of KIRK-
HEATON, upper division of the wapentake of AGBRIGG,
West riding of the county of York,
YORK, 4 miles (E. by S.)
from Huddersfield, containing 2729 inhabitants. A con-
siderable quantity of woollen cloth, and some fancy
goods, are manufactured here. Richard Beaumont, Esq.,
in 1703, left £10 for apprenticing poor children.
LESBURY, a parish comprising the townships of
Alemouth, and Lesbury with Hawkhill, in the southern
division of BAMBROUGH ward, and the townships of
Bilton and Wooden, in the eastern division of COQUET-
DALE ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, and con-
taining 982 inhabitants, of which number, 576 are in the
joint township of Lesbury with Hawkhill, 4 miles (E. by
s.) from Alnwick. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Northumberland, and diocese of
Durham, rated in the king's books at £8. 2. 10., and in
the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary. The river Alne is here crossed by a bridge,
and discharges itself into the North sea at Alnmouth,
where a great quantity of grain is shipped for London,
and other markets. A school-room and a house for the
master have been given by the Duke of Northumberland,
Mr. Henry Strother having, in 1718, bequeathed a piece
of land, now producing about £10. 10. a year, for teach-
ing poor children.
LESKEARD, county of CORNWALL. See LIS-
KEARD.
LESNEWTH, a parish in the hundred of LES-
NEWTH, County of CORNWALL, 53 miles (N. by E.) from
Camelford, containing 123 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £8, and
in the patronage of Glynn, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Knet.
LESSINGHAM, a parish in the hundred of HAP-
PING, county of NORFOLK, 73 miles (E. by S.) from
North Walsham, containing 195 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, consolidated with that of
Hempstead, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and dio-
cese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £6.
The church is dedicated to All Saints.
Here is a
small endowment for a school, bequeathed by Jonathan
Challenor, in 1727. An Alien priory, subordinate to
that of Okeburn in Wiltshire, the chief of all the
houses in England belonging to the abbey of Bec in
Normandy, was founded here in the time of William
Rufus, and, at the suppression, was given to Eton
College, but afterwards to King's College, Cambridge.
LET
65
LEV
LESSNESS, a chapelry in the parish of ERITH, hun-
dred of LESSNESS, lathe of SUTTON at HONE, county
of KENT, 24 miles (N. N. W.) from Crayford. The po-
pulation is returned with the parish. An abbey for
Black canons, in honour of St. Mary and St. Thomas the
Martyr, was founded here, in 1178, by Richard de Lucy,
Chief Justice of England, and some time regent of the
kingdom, who assumed the habit, and shortly after
died in this house its revenue, at the dissolution, was
estimated at £ 186. 9., and the site was granted to Car.
dinal Wolsey, towards the endowment of his colleges.
There is a place of worship for Baptists on Lessness
heath.
LETCHWORTH, a parish in the hundred of
Broadwater, county of HERTFORD, 2½ miles (N. E.
by E.) from Hitchin, containing 76 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£11. 1. 10½., and in the patronage of John William-
son, Esq.
LETCOMB-BASSETT, a parish in the hundred
of KINTBURY-EAGLE, county of BERKS, 3 miles (S. W.
by S.) from Wantage, containing 280 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Berks, and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£15. 0. 24., and in the patronage of the President and
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The church
is dedicated to All Saints. There is a place of wor-
ship for Wesleyan Methodists. The ancient Iknield-street
crosses the Vale of White Horse, in this parish. Dean
Swift, during his residence at the rectory in 1714, wrote
his pamphlet entitled "Free Thoughts on the Present
State of Affairs," but it was not printed till 1741.
LETCOMB-REGIS, a parish in the hundred of
-KINTBURY-EAGLE, county of BERKS, 2 miles (S. W.
by W.) from Wantage, comprising the chapelries of
East Challow and West Challow, and containing 800
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Berks, and diocese of Salisbury, rated
in the king's books at £10. 13.7., endowed with £300
private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Winchester. The
church is dedicated to St. Andrew. Here is a school,
endowed, in 1730, by George Fettiplace, with £8 per
annum, for teaching twenty poor children to read. On
the summit of the chalk hills to the south of the village
is a very large quadrangular intrenchment, called Let-
comb Castle, with single earthworks; about a mile
north of which, the Roman Iknield-street crosses the
Vale of White Horse. A branch of the river Ock,
and the Wilts and Berks canal, also run through the
parish.
LETHERINGHAM, a parish in the hundred of
LOES, County of SUFFOLK, 3 miles (N. W.) from Wick-
ham-Market, containing 175 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and
diocese of Norwich, endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £ 1200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of Mrs. Sarah Reynolds. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. The river Deben runs through the parish.
Here was a small priory of Black canons, a cell to the
monastery of St. Peter in Ipswich it was dedicated to
the Blessed Virgin, and at the dissolution had a revenue
of £ 26. 18. 5. The remains have been converted into a
farm-house.
:
VOL. III
LETHERINGSETT, a parish in the hundred of
HOLT, county of NORFOLK, 1½ mile (W. by N.) from
Holt, containing 251 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £ 12, and in the
patronage of Mrs. Burrell and another. The church is
dedicated to St. Andrew. The river Glarvin runs through
the village, and there is a brewery on its banks.
LETTON, a parish comprising the township of
Letton in the hundred of STRETFORD, and the township
of Hurstley in the hundred of WOLPHY, County of
HEREFORD, and containing 163 inhabitants, of which
number, 95 are in the township of Letton, 63 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Weobley. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford, rated in
the king's books at £6. 15. 7½., and in the patronage
of the Representatives of John Freeman, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter.
LETTON, a township in the parish of LEINTWAR-
DINE, hundred of WIGMORE, county of HEREFORD, 52
miles (E.S. E.) from Knighton, containing, with the town-
ships of Newton and Walford, 208 inhabitants.
LETTON, a parish in the hundred of MITFORD,
county of NORFOLK, 54 miles (S. by W.) from East
Dereham, containing 127 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, consolidated with that of Cranworth, in the
archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated
in the king's books at £7. 14. 7. The church is de-
dicated to All Saints.
LETWELL, a chapelry in the parish of LAUGHTON
en le MORTHEN, partly within the liberty of ST. PETER
of YORK, and partly in the southern division of the
wapentake of STRAFFORTH and TICKHILL, West riding
of the county of YORK, 5 miles (S. W. by S.) from
Tickhill, containing 135 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, endowed with £1200 royal bounty,
and in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the
Chancellor of the Cathedral Church of York. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter.
LEVAN (ST.), a parish in the hundred of PENWITH,
county of CORNWALL, 9 miles (S. W.) from Penzance,
containing 490 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the
Rector of St. Burian. Overhanging the sea, at the west-
ern extremity of the parish, are the celebrated rocks,
or lofty piles of granite, called Castle Treryn, on the
pointed summit of one of which the remarkable block,
termed the Logan, or Rocking Stone, supposed to weigh
about ninety tons, is so nicely balanced, as to be moved
to and fro by a single individual. In 1820, though
considered almost the greatest curiosity in Cornwall,
some sailors dislodged this immense mass, and pre-
cipitated it into the abyss below; but this mis-
chievous act exciting a general feeling of indignation
throughout the country, steps were shortly afterwards
successfully taken to replace it in its old position.
There are a well, called St. Levan's, and an ancient
oratory in the parish.
LEVEN, a parish comprising the townships of
Hempholme and Leven, in the northern division of the
wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the county
of YORK, and containing 751 inhabitants, of which num-
ber, 658 are in the township of Leven, 7 miles (N .E.)
from Beverley. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
十
​K
LEV
LEV
66
at £ 16. 13.4., and in the patronage of Sir William Penny-
man, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Faith. There
are places of worship for Independents and Wesleyan
Methodists.
LEVENS, a chapelry partly in the parish of HEVERS-
HAM, and partly in that of KENDAL, KENDAL ward,
county of WESTMORLAND, 5 miles (S. S. W.) from
Kendal, containing, with Beathwaite-Green, Sizergh-
Fell-side, and part of Brigsteer, 765 inhabitants. A
handsome chapel, with a low tower surmounted by an
octagonal spire, was erected, in 1828, at an expense of
£2000, defrayed by the Hon. Fulk Greville Howard,
who also built the parsonage-house: he appoints the
minister, and allows him an annual stipend of £200.
A school for forty poor girls was established, in 1810,
by Lady Howard, who pays for their education, and
partly clothes them. Another school was erected, in
1825, by Colonel Howard, and is supported at his ex-
pense: it is conducted on the Madras system, and is
attended by about one hundred and forty children. On
the eastern bank of the river Kent, which is crossed
by a bridge on the Kendal road, is Levens hall, the
venerable mansion of the Howards, embosomed in a
fine park, and crowned with towers, which, overtopping
the highest trees, command extensive prospects on
every side the entrance hall contains various relics of
ancient armour. One of the apartments is hung with
splendid gobeline tapestry, and most of the other rooms
are decorated with oak wainscoting exquisitely carved,
and costly hangings of the richest colours. In the park
are the ruins of an ancient circular edifice, called Kirk-
stead, said to have been a Roman temple dedicated to
Diana. There is also a petrifying spring, termed the
Dropping Well. Levens Force is a celebrated waterfall
of the river Kent. An iron-manufactory was esta-
blished in the neighbourhood about the year 1750.
LEVER (DARCY), a chapelry in the parish of
BOLTON, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 24 miles (E. by S.) from Great Bolton, contain-
ing 956 inhabitants. Coal is obtained here. There is an
aqueduct of three arches across the Irwell at this place.
LEVER (GREAT), a township in the parish of MID-
DLETON, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 1½ mile (S.) from Great Bolton, containing 631
inhabitants.
-
LEVER (LITTLE), a chapelry in the parish of BOL-
TON le MOORS, hundred of SALFORD, County palatine
of LANCASTER, 34 miles (E. S. E.) from Great Bolton,
containing 1854 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £800 royal
bounty, and £1300 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Vicar of Bolton. The chapel is dedicated
to St. Matthew the Evangelist. There is a place of wor-
ship for Wesleyan Methodists. A school and a dwelling-
house were erected, by subscription, in 1736, which are
held by the schoolmaster, in consideration of his teach-
ing six children free. Coal is obtained here. Lever
hall, an ancient building within the chapelry, was for-
merly occupied by Bishop Bridgeman.
LEVERINGTON, a parish in the hundred of Wis-
BEACH, Isle of ELY, county of CAMBRIDGE, 2 miles
(N. W.) from Wisbeach, containing, with the chapelry of
Parson-Drove, 1523 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Bishop
mo
of Ely, rated in the king's books at £25. 0.7. The
church is dedicated to St. Leonard and St. John the
Baptist. There is a school for teaching poor children,
endowed with £20 per annum, paid out of the produce
of lands supposed to have belonged to the hospital of
St. John the Baptist, which existed here before the Re-
formation. At Fitton, in this parish, there was, in 1389,
a chantry chapel, dedicated to St. Mary.
LEVERSDALE, a township in the parish of IR-
THINGTON, ESKDALE ward, county of CUMBERLAND,
7 miles (N. E.) from Carlisle, containing 450 inhabit-
ants.
LEVERTON, a parish in the wapentake of SKIR-
BECK, parts of HOLLAND, county of LINCOLN, 52 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Boston, containing 544 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£ 16. 6., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and in
the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. Helen. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
=
LEVERTON, a tything in the parish of CHILTON-
FOLIATT, hundred of KINWARDSTONE, County of WILTS,
though locally in the hundred of Kintbury-Eagle, county
of Berks, 1 mile (N.) from Hungerford. The popula-
tion is returned with the parish.
LEVERTON (NORTH), a parish in the North-clay
division of the wapentake of BASSETLAW, county of
NOTTINGHAM, 54 miles (E. by N.) from East Retford,
containing 300 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the
Prebendary of North Leverton in the Collegiate Church
of Southwell, rated in the king's books at £5, and en-
dowed with £200 royal bounty. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Martin. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists. The river Trent, separating the coun-
ties of Nottingham and Lincoln, passes by the parish.
LEVERTON (SOUTH), a parish in the North-clay
division of the wapentake of BASSETLAW, County of Nor-
TINGHAM, 5 miles (E.) from East Retford, containing,
with the chapelry of Cottam, 374 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and
diocese of York, rated in the king's books at £6. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Dean of Lincoln. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The river Trent
runs through the parish. A free grammar school was
founded, in 1691, by John Simpson, Esq., and en-
dowed with a rent-charge of £20, and a house and
garden for the master.
LEVESDON, a hamlet in the parish of WATFORD,
partly in the hundred of CASHIO, or liberty of Sr.
ALBAN's, and partly in the hundred of Dacorum,
county of HERTFORD, 3 miles (N.) from Watford, con-
taining 404 inhabitants.
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LEVINGTON, a parish in the hundred of COLNEIS,
county of SUFFOLK, 5 miles (S. E.) from Ipswich, con-
taining 205 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rec-
tory, with that of Nacton united, in the archdeaconry
of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £6.1.8. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
The navigable river Orwell runs along the southern
boundary of the parish.
LEVISHAM, a parish in PICKERING lythe, North
riding of the county of YORK, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from
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LEW
67
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Pickering, containing 152 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cleve-
land, and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
at £7. 8. 12., and in the patronage of Mrs. Skelton.
John Poad, in 1783, devised an estate, after certain de-
ductions, for the education of six poor children of this
parish, and six of Lockton: the income is £12 per an-
num.
LEW, a hamlet in the parish of WITNEY, hundred
of BAMPTON, county of OXFORD, 33 miles (S.W.) from
Witney, containing 266 inhabitants.
LEW (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of BLACK
TORRINGTON, County of DEVON, 4 miles (S. W. by S.)
from Hatherleigh, containing 868 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £27. 8. 9.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is de-
dicated to St. Thomas à Becket. At Redcliffe, within
this parish, are the remains of an ancient chapel, and
near it a quarry of excellent freestone.
LEWANNICK, a parish in the northern division
of the hundred of EAST, county of CORNWALL, 5 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Launceston, containing 623 inhabit-
ants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £7. 18. 9., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dedicated to St. Martin. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
Seal and Arms.
LEWES, a borough and
market town, chiefly in the
hundred and rape of LEWES,
county of SUSSEX, of which
it is the chief town, 7 miles
(N.E. by E.) from Brighton,
38 (E. by N.) from Chiches-
ter, and 50 (S. by E.) from
from
London, containing, with the
parishes of St. Thomas in
the Cliffe and St. John the
Baptist Southover, the for-
merin the hundred of RING-
MER, and the latter in the hundred of SWANBOROUGH,
7083 inhabitants. The most probable of the various ety-
mologies assigned to Lewes, and which are respectively
deduced from the Britons, Romans, and Saxons, seems
to be that alluding to its peculiar situation, Leaw - Esc (or
Lew-ys, as it is engraved on the town seal, (Leaw mean-
ing an arm, and Isc, or Isca, water; i. e. the arm (of land)
in the water. The remote origin of this town is proved
by its being surrounded by earthworks, tumuli, &c.,
and the discovery of coins and other antiquities ren-
ders it probable that it was a Roman station, though
the precise name appears uncertain. It was very early
a demesne of the crown, having appertained to the
South Saxon kings, next to those of Wessex, and
afterwards to the Saxon and Danish monarchs of all
England. During the Danish ravages, from the close
of the eighth to the beginning of the eleventh century,
Lewes was rendered, both by nature and art, the most
eligible place of refuge for the inhabitants of the adja-
cent country. In the reign of Athelstan it was so consi-
derable, as to be allowed by that sovereign two mint-
masters, and was then the chief town and market of half
theshire. A merchants' guild was established here so early
as the reign of Edward the Confessor; on whose death
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the barony of Lewes devolved on Earl Harold, and was,
on his defeat at Hastings, bestowed by William the
Conqueror on his son-in-law, William de Warren, Earl
of Surrey, who made it his chief residence, and rebuilt.
the castle, which is said to have been originally founded
by Alfred the Great. Henry III. and his brother Ri-
chard, Earl of Cornwall, were confined in this fortress,
after being taken prisoners in the great battle fought
between the king and the barons under Simon Mont-
fort, Earl of Leicester, in 1264: on an eminence adjoin-
ing the town, a treaty, or convention, was subsequently
concluded between the king and the insurgent barons,
which is distinguished in history by the appellation of
the "Mise of Lewes."
The principal part of the town occupies a declivity
on the western bank of the river Ouse, over which is a
stone bridge of one arch, built in 1727, the former
wooden bridge having been swept away by a flood :
this river, being navigable from the sea to the distance
of a few miles above the town, commands the trade
of the surrounding district. It is extensive and well
built, and contains some good streets and many hand-
some houses; it is well paved, and lighted with gas, pur-
suant to an act of parliament obtained in 1806, under
the direction of commissioners, and supplied with water
for ordinary purposes by pumps or draw wells. On the
west side of the town is Southover; and on the east side
of the river, under a lofty and impending chalk cliff,
from which it receives its name, is the town of Cliff,
the site of which is supposed to have been anciently
covered by the sea. About the year 1821, considerable
improvement was made in the White Hill road, which
passes through a valley near the town, by lowering
the hill on each side, and filling up the valley with
the materials, thus forming a causeway between thirty
and forty feet high. The environs extend to the South-
Downs, a chain of chalk hills, rising like an amphi-
theatre to the mean elevation of about five hundred
feet, and covered with the fine rich herbage which gives
to the South-Down mutton its admired flavour. There
is a small theatre in West-street. The race course is one
of the finest four mile-courses in the kingdom, and has a
commodious stand, erected in 1772; the races take place
annually in March and August; the former, called
Hunters' races, were established in 1828. A book so-
ciety was established in 1785, and now possesses several
thousand volumes, many of them scarce works; and
there is a Literary Society, consisting of about one hun-
dred members, with a president, two vice-presidents,
a secretary, an inspector, and a librarian: they hold
quarterly meetings, at which subscribers are balloted
for, and are admitted on paying £6. 6., and £1. 5. an-
nually. A mechanics' institute was established in 1825 :
the building adjoins the theatre, and contains a reading-
room, committee-room, and other apartments: the so-
ciety has a library of about seven hundred volumes,
and a respectable philosophical apparatus. The head
office for stamps and legacy duties for the eastern district
of Sussex, is at Lewes, and also the bishop's registrar-
office for marriage licenses, probates of wills, letters of
administration, &c., within the archdeaconry of Lewes.
The trade of the town, which was anciently very ex-
tensive in wool, at present consists principally of va-
rious kinds of grain and malt, and almost every species
of the ordinary articles of consumption: the latter are

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imported at Newhaven, about seven miles off, and sent
up the Ouse for the supply of the neighbouring parts.
There is also a paper-manufactory. Daily markets for
provisions are established by act of parliament; that for
corn is held every Tuesday, and for live stock every
Tuesday fortnight: the present market-house was com-
pleted in 1793, on a more convenient site. There are
five fairs; viz., May 8th, for cattle and pedlary, July
26th for wool, Whit-Tuesday, for cattle, and September
21st, and October 2nd, for sheep, the number of which
brought for sale at each of these fairs exceeds fifty
thousand. A shew of fat cattle takes place annually
about Christmas. License was granted, in the 11th of
Henry IV., for a market to be held at Cliff, on Wednes-
day, which has nearly fallen into disuse; and the fairs
formerly held there, with the exception of a small fair
for pedlary, are now held at Lewes.
Lewes is a borough by prescription, having formerly
had a separate shrievalty, but not incorporated: its
principal officers are two constables and two headbo-
roughs, who are chosen annually, by a jury of bur-
gesses, at the court leet of the lord of the manor, which
was anciently a regality, with separate jurisdiction ex-
tending to capital offences; but the town is now under
the jurisdiction of the county magistrates. The sum-
mer and winter assizes for the county are held here,
as are also the general quarter sessions for the eastern
division of the county, which comprises the three rapes
of Lewes, Pevensey, and Hastings: there are likewise
adjourned annual sessions for the county at large. It
has a sheriff's court for the recovery of debts under
40s., the jurisdiction of which extends over the three
eastern rapes, but which has no power of imprisonment
on non-payment. The borough sends two members to
parliament, who are elected by the inhabitant house-
holders paying scot and lot, in number from six hun-
dred to seven hundred: the constables are the returning
officers. In 1812, a commodious and handsome assize
hall was erected for the eastern district of the county,
the expense of which, including the purchase of the
ground and other property, was £15,500: it is eighty
feet in length, and seventy-six in breadth, and comprises
an extensive entrance-hall with record-rooms, a room
for the petty sessions, two courts of judicature, civil and
criminal, and a room for the judges and magistrates:
above these is a spacious and elegant room for the
grand jury (which is occasionally used as a county ball-
room), also a council-chamber and other apartments. In
1793, the house of correction for the eastern district
was built, on Mr. Howard's plan, to which a southern
wing was added in 1817: it is well adapted to its pur-
pose, and contains a chapel and an infirmary; the
southern wing is occupied by male, and the northern
by female, prisoners. The prison contains seventy cells,
each being nine feet by seven, of which fourteen are
solitary each division has five classes. There are two
tread-mills for male prisoners; the females are employed
in needlework, &c. A constable and headborough for
the adjoining parish of Cliff are chosen annually at the
court leet of the Duke of Dorset.
:
There were anciently eleven parish churches within
the borough, but these have been reduced to four. In
the 37th of Henry VIII., the parishes of St. Andrew, St.
Mary in Foro, St. Martin, and St. Michael, were united,
and now form the parish of St. Michael, the living of
which is a discharged rectory, with the rectory of St.
Andrew annexed, rated together in the king's books at
£17. 5. 10., endowed with £600 royal bounty, and
£1000 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Crown. The church, which was partially rebuilt and
modernised in 1755, retains some portions of good later
English architecture: it contains, among other mural
monuments, a splendid one to the memory of Sir Ni-
cholas Pelham, Knt., and Anne, his wife. St. Anne's
consists of the united parishes of St. Peter within, and
St. Mary West-out (the latter being without the borough
boundaries, the line of demarcation passing through
the chancel of the church of St. Mary), and that part
of the parish which is westward of the borough, be-
ing within the hundred of Swanborough. Although
the parochial church is dedicated to St. Anne, the pa-
rish, in all law proceedings, is denominated St. Peter's
and St. Mary's West-out. The living is a discharged
rectory, rated for both in the king's books at £19. 13. 6.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is
ancient, being partly of Norman, and partly of early
English, architecture: it contains a curious font. St.
John's under the Castle is a rectory, to which that of
St. Mary Magdalene was annexed in 1539, rated in the
king's books at £3. 11. 3., and in the patronage of the
Rev. Peter Crofts. Various parts of the church are of
great antiquity, the nave resembling the Norman archi-
tecture of the castle, near which it stands; other por-
tions of the structure are modern in the churchyard
are the remains of a monument ascribed to Magnus,
son of Harold II., with an inscription chiefly in Anglo-
Saxon characters. This parish extends beyond the
boundaries of the borough, into the hundred of Swan-
borough, and is intersected by a part of the parish
of Hamsey. The living of All Saints' is a discharged
rectory, rated in the king's books at £7, endowed with
£400 private benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and
£1200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Charles Goring, Esq. The church, with the exception
of the steeple, which is of later English character,
was begun in 1805, on the union of the parishes of the
Holy Trinity, St. Peter the Less, and St. Nicholas. All
the preceding parishes are in the archdeaconry of
Lewes, and diocese of Chichester. The precinct of
the castle is extra-parochial, and is not rateable within
the borough, nor subject to any ecclesiastical juris-
diction. There are places of worship for the Society
of Friends, Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, and
Unitarians.
:
The parishes of St. Thomas in the Cliff, and St. John,
Southover, although without the limits of the borough,
may be considered as forming part of the town of
Lewes. The living of St. Thomas' is a discharged rec-
tory, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the king's books
at £5. 12. 6., endowed with £200 private benefaction,
£200 royal bounty, and £800 parliamentary grant.
The church, dedicated to St. Thomas à Becket, contains
a fine altar-piece, also an organ of superior work-
manship, formerly in the chapel of the Duke of
Chandos. Baptists, Independents, and Huntingtonians,
have each a place of worship in this parish: William
Huntington, the founder of the last sect, was interred
here. The living of the parish of St. John, South-
over, is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of
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LEW
69
:
Lewes, and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's
books at £6. 12., endowed with £600 royal bounty,
and £800 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Crown. The church, dedicated to St. John the Bap-
tist, is a spacious edifice in 1698 the old steeple fell
down, and the present square tower was begun in 1714,
but the progress of its erection having ceased for some
years, it was not completed before 1738. In ancient
records Southover is called a borough, having enjoyed a
separate jurisdiction. The manor was an appendage of
the monastery, on the dissolution of which it came into
the possession of the crown, and was given to Crom-
well after his attainder it again reverted to the crown,
and was granted by Henry VIII. to his divorced queen,
Anne of Cleves, who, according to tradition, took up
her residence here, in a very ancient building situated
on the south side of the street. There is a place of wor-
ship in Southover for General Baptists.
:
The free grammar school was founded originally
at Southover, by Agnes Morley, in 1512, who endowed
it with a rent-charge of £20, vested in trustees, together
with a house and garden, for a master and an usher:
this endowment was subsequently increased by various
legacies, particularly that of Mrs. Mary Jenkins, in 1709,
who left a house, gardens, and appurtenances for the
master, and the sum of £1533. 16. 1. for providing
instruction for whatever number of boys the trustees
should think fit, the present number being twelve: the
school was removed into St. Anne's parish in 1714.
Belonging to the borough is an exhibition to either
University for four years, left by the Rev. George Steere,
"to a poor scholar, the son of parents residing in or
near Lewes," the annual value of which is about £35:
the scholar is chosen by the constables and four of the
most respectable inhabitants in succession. Sir John
Evelyn, author of “
Sylva," and John Pell, the cele-
brated mathematician, were educated here. There is
also a school for boys and girls, supported by vo-
luntary subscriptions; and schools for infants of both
sexes are supported in like manner. A bank for savings
was established in 1816.
There are many interesting antiquities in and near
Lewes. The Castra, or earthworks, still remaining on
the summits of the Downs, may be reckoned amongst
those of most remote date, but of what precise period
it is difficult to determine: tumuli are also scattered in
various parts, in which have been found skeletons, urns,
ashes, amber beads, and occasionally warlike instruments.
The numerous Roman coins found round the town, even
of late years, form nearly a regular series from Tiberius
to Constantine, Constans, and Magnentius; and a Ro-
man ford has been discovered at Glynde. The castle is
supposed to have been originally erected by Alfred,
about the year S90, and rebuilt by William de Warren.
It is distinguished from every other in the kingdom by
having an artificial mound of earth raised at each extre-
mity of the base court: the ruins of the keep are still
visible at the western mound, and other traces at the
eastern, which probably corresponded; the western
keep was evidently of a quadrangular form, with an
hexagonal tower, narrowing from the base to the sum-
mit, and was probably the prison. The gateway is sup-
posed to have been built at two periods, by the first and
eighth earls of Warren and Surrey; it has an inner
arch of Anglo-Norman masonry, of the thirteenth cen-
tury, and was defended by two machicolated towers
and two portcullises. In 1774, the site and ruins of
the castle were leased to Mr. Thomas Friend, and are
now possessed by Thomas Read Kemp, Esq., by whom
Of the once extensive
the keep has been repaired.
priory of St. Pancras, founded in 1072, and said to
have covered an area of forty acres, but a very small
portion remains: it was the first and chief of the
Cluniac monasteries established in England, and at the
The
dissolution possessed a revenue of £1091. 9. 6.
eastern part of the church is faced with Caen stone
on the left is a gothic window, in tolerable repair,
although scarcely a trace of the ornamental carving is
left. The gate-house, the arch of which is supported
by clustered columns of Sussex marble, is in better pre-
servation than any other part of this dilapidated pile,
and, being nearly overgrown with ivy and weeds, pre-
sents a highly romantic appearance. A portion of the
walls of St. Nicholas' hospital is still standing; and
also part of the exterior walls of an hospital dedicated
to St. James, which has been converted into a barn.
Here was also a monastery of Grey friars, of which
there are no vestiges, the site being occupied by a
private dwelling-house. The town walls were erected
during the residence of the Earls of Warren and Surrey,
and may still be accurately traced: a great part of the
western portion is standing, and vestiges of all the other
parts are visible. Among the distinguished natives of
Lewes may be mentioned Richard Russel, Esq., F.R.S.,
M.D., who, by his writings on the efficacy of the sea
water at Brighton, laid the foundation of the subsequent
prosperity of that fashionable bathing-place. Thomas
Paine, the notorious deistical writer, resided for some
time at Lewes, in the capacity of an exciseman. A
great variety of mineral substances, vegetable fossils,
and organic remains, has been found in the chalk for-
mation of the vicinity. There are several mineral
springs within a few miles of the borough, which it is
in contemplation to bring into use for medicinal pur-
poses.
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LEWISHAM, a parish in the hundred of BLACK-
HEATH, lathe of SUTTON at HONE, county of KENT,
6½ miles (S. E.) from London, on the road to Ton-
bridge and Hastings, containing 8185 inhabitants.
The name is a slight corruption of the Saxon Lewes-
hum, or, "the dwelling among the meadows," and
anciently written Levesham. The village, which is situ-
ated on the river Ravensbourn, extends about a mile
along the Tonbridge road, and consists principally of one
street, which is neither paved nor lighted; the inhabit-
ants are supplied with water from a stream rising &
the upper end of the village, and flowing through it.
The Surrey canal passes through the parish. The
county magistrates hold a weekly session here on
Mondays; and the parish is within the jurisdiction of
the court of requests at Greenwich, for the recovery of
debts not exceeding £5, to which the vestry here sends
twelve commissioners. The living is a vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Rochester, rated in the
king's books at £23. 19. 2., and in the patronage of the
Earl of Dartmouth. The church, dedicated to St. Mary,
was rebuilt in 1774, and is a handsome edifice with a
square tower at the west end: a portico on the south side
is supported on four Corinthian columns, and the altar is
placed in a circular recess. There are episcopal chapels
LEX
70
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;
:
1
at Blackheath, Southend, and Sydenham; the last was
formerly a meeting-house for Presbyterians, of which,
Dr. John Williams, author of the Greek Concordance,
was many years minister. There are places of worship
for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists. The Rev.
Abraham Colfe, in 1656, devised in trust to the Lea-
thersellers' Company certain estates for the foundation
of two schools, one for the classical instruction of thirty-
one sons of the laity in the several parishes in the hun-
dred, and one son of each incumbent in this and the
hundred of Chiselhurst; the other for the education of
thirty-one boys of Lewisham, in reading, writing, and
arithmetic. A classical master is appointed by the Com-
pany, who superintends the tuition of the thirty-one
boys in English, under his usher: the master receives
about £40 per annum, and resides in the school-house
(which is situated on Blackheath) rent-free, having also
the privilege of taking boarders. According to the
commissioners' report in 1818, the total income of the
estates was £342. 15. 6., out of which the Company pay
£50 per annum to six almswomen, agreeably to the will
of the donor. A school for girls was instituted in 1699,
to which Dr. George Stanhope, Dean of Canterbury, be-
queathed £150, and Mrs. Stanhope £50, which sums,
with subsequent benefactions, produce a salary for the
mistress of £20 per annum. Here was formerly a Be-
nedictine priory, a cell to the abbey of St. Peter at Ghent:
it was suppressed in the time of Henry V., and the site
granted to the prior and convent of Sheen. Dr. Stan-
hope, who distinguished himself as a theological writer,
was presented to this vicarage in 1689, and was buried
here in 1728. Lewisham confers the inferior title of
viscount on the Earl of Dartmouth.
LEWKNOR, a parish partly in the hundred of
DESBOROUGH, county of BUCKINGHAM, but chiefly in the
hundred of LEWKNOR, County of OXFORD, 3 miles
(S. S. E.) from Tetsworth, containing, with the chapelries
of Potscombe, Ashamstead, and Uphill, 691 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Oxford, rated in the king's books at
£11. 17., and in the patronage of the Warden and Fel-
lows of All Souls' College, Oxford. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Margaret.
LEWSTON, an extra-parochial liberty, in the hun-
dred of SHERBORNE, Sherborne division of the county
of DORSET, 4 miles (S.) from Sherborne, containing 8
inhabitants.
LEWTRENCHARD, a parish in the hundred of
LIFTON, County of DEVON, 8 miles (E. by N.) from
Launceston, containing 344 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £9. 13. 9.,
and in the patronage of W. B. Gould, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Peter.
LEXDEN, a parish in the liberties of the town of
COLCHESTER, county of ESSEX, 1 mile (W.) from Col-
chester, containing 932 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex
and Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial Court of
the Bishop of London, rated in the king's books at £ 12,
and in the patronage of Papillon, Esq. The church,
dedicated to St. Leonard, has lately received an addition
of three hundred and fifty free sittings, the Incorporated
Society for the enlargement of churches and chapels
having granted £500 towards defraying the expense.
Com
LEXHAM (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
LAUNDITCH, County of NORFOLK, 6 miles (N. N. E.)
from Swaffham, containing 186 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, united to that of Litcham
in 1742, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £8. 6. The church is
dedicated to St. Andrew.
LEXHAM (WEST), a parish in the hundred of
LAUNDITCH, County of NORFOLK, 53 miles (N. by E.)
from Swaffham, containing 92 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £5. 11. 8.,
and in the patronage of Lord Wodehouse. The church
is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
LEY (UPPER), a township in that part of the pa-
rish of AYMESTREY which is in the hundred of STRET-
FORD, County of HEREFORD. The population is returned
with the parish.
LEYBOURN, a market town in the parish of WENS-
LEY, western division of the wapentake of HANG, North
riding of the county of YORK, 46 miles (N. W. by W.)
from York, and 236 (N. N. W.) from London, containing
810 inhabitants. This town is pleasantly situated in
a fertile and picturesque district; adjacent to it, along
a continued ridge of rocks, is Leyburn Sparol, one of
the finest natural terraces in the kingdom. It is well
built, and consists principally of an oblong square,
which forms the market-place. The mineral produc-
tions in the vicinity are lead, coal, and lime. The mar-
ket is on Friday: fairs are held on the second Fridays
in February, May, October, and December, and are
noted for large sales of cattle. There are places of wor-
ship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists, also
a Roman Catholic chapel. A school is supported by
voluntary contributions; and various benefactions have
been made for apprenticing poor children, and other
charitable purposes.
LEYBOURNE, a parish in the hundred of LARK-
FIELD, lathe of AYLESFORD, County of KENT, 5 miles
(N. W. by W.) from Maidstone, containing 300 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Rochester, rated in the king's books at
£17. 13. 4., and in the patronage of Sir Henry Hawley,
Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Peter and St.
Paul. The Rev. Edward Holme, in 1775, conveyed to
trustees a school-room and a dwelling-house, in this
parish, with the interest of £1000 four per cent. con-
sols., for the education of fifty poor children. Here are
considerable remains of an ancient castle, consisting of
a gateway, flanked by circular towers, various arches,
walls, &c., and traces of the moat by which it was sur-
rounded: part of the ruins has long been converted
into a dwelling-house.
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LEYLAND, a parish in the hundred of LEYLAND,
county palatine of LANCASTER, comprising the chapel-
ries of Euxton, Heapey, Hoghton, and Whittle le Woods,
and the townships of Clayton le Woods, Cuerden, Ley-
land, Wheelton, and Withnell, and containing 12,959
inhabitants, of which number, 3173 are in the township
of Leyland, 4½ miles (N. W.) from Chorley. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester,
rated in the king's books at £11, and in the patronage
of Thomas James Baldwin, Esq. The church, dedicated
to St. Andrew, like Westminster and many other ancient
halls, was originally erected without a single pillar; it
LEY
LIB
71
was rebuilt and enlarged in 1817, and contains several
marble monuments: adjoining the chancel is an ancient
chapel belonging to the Faringtons, beneath which is
the burial vault of that family. A place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists was erected in 1814. The petty
sessions for the division are held here once in five weeks,
on Monday. A considerable manufacture of cotton is
carried on in the parish. Near the churchyard a free
grammar school was founded by Queen Elizabeth, with
an endowment of £3. 18. per annum, in aid of which the
Rev. Thomas Armetriding, in 1718, bequeathed £250,
in support of the master and an usher; the annual in-
come, with subsequent benefactions, amounts to about
£27, for which thirty children are taught to read only.
Another school was erected, in 1785, by the late Mr.
Balshaw, and endowed by him with lands now producing
an annual income of £ 180, in which one hundred and
ten boys and seventy girls are instructed on the National
system, and are gratuitously supplied with books, sta-
tionery, &c. There is also a small endowment left by the
late Samuel Crook, Esq., for the education of children.
An almshouse for six poor persons was founded, in 1607,
by William Farington, Esq., and further endowed, in
1665, by John Osbaldeston, Esq., the inmates of which
receive each about £2 per annum, in money and fuel.
A savings bank was established in 1821. There are at
Shawe hall, the seat of William Farington, Esq., a choice
museum of natural curiosities, and a collection of valua-
ble paintings, some of which were found in the ruins of
Herculaneum.
king's books at £7. 12., and in the patronage of J. Par-
doe, Esq. The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary,
is a plain brick edifice, with a tower at the west end :
it was repaired and enlarged in the seventeenth century,
and again in 1822: the chancel contains some elegant
monuments of the family of Hickes, with marble effigies,
and of that of Sir Robert Beachcroft, lord mayor of
London in 1721, and a liberal benefactor to Christ's
and St. Thomas' hospitals; also one of Mr. John Wood,
who travelled over several parts of Europe, Asia, Africa,
and America: there is likewise one to the memory of
the antiquary and biographer, the Rev. John Strype,
who was vicar of Leyton, from 1669 till his death,
which took place in 1737, at the great age of ninety-
four; he rebuilt the vicarage-house, and was a liberal
contributor to the church and parish. A chapel of ease
was erected at Leytonstone, in 1750, by subscription.
Within the parish are places of worship for Independ-
ents and Wesleyan Methodists. In 1697, Robert Ozler
bequeathed £300 for the erection, and a rent-charge of
£12 for the endowment, of a free school, for a certain
number of children of Leyton and Walthamstow: the
school was built here, and the present number of boys
is fourteen.
is fourteen. There are National schools for boys, in
connexion with schools of Industry for girls, at Low
Leyton and Leytonstone.
There are at Leyton and Leytonstone. Almshouses for eight poor
widows were founded, in 1653, by John Smith, who en-
dowed them with £20 per annum, to which, in 1747,
Charles and John Phillips added the respective rent-
charges of £12 and £6, for their further support:
they were repaired in 1789, at the expense of William
Bosanquet, Esq. In addition to the antiquities above-
mentioned, an arched gateway, ten feet in height, and
six feet wide, ornamented with mouldings, was disco-
vered near the manor-house, several years ago; and
numerous urns have also been dug up near Ruckholt :
in the year 1783, whilst some workmen were employed
in digging a channel at the Temple Mills, in this parish,
a stone coffin, in which were various pieces of armour,
was discovered. The celebrated Sir Thomas Rowe, or
Roe, ambassador to the great Mogul in the reign of
Charles I., was a native of Leyton; and Lady Margaret
Brian, governess to Edward VI., and the princesses
Mary and Elizabeth, resided here in 1551. Edward
Rowe Mores, Esq., a distinguished antiquary of the last
century, long lived in a house of singular construction,
built by himself, in this parish, now called Etloe Place.
•
LEYSDOWN, a parish in the liberty of the Isle of
SHEPPY, lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 72 miles
(E. by S.) from Queenborough, containing 132 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's
books at £10. 10., and in the patronage of the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury. The church, dedicated to St.
Clement, is a neat modern edifice, erected near the site
of a more ancient and spacious one, the ruins of which
are still visible.
LEYTON (LOW), a parish in the hundred of BE-
CONTREE, County of Essex, 6 miles (N. E.) from London,
containing, with the chapelry of Leytonstone, 3374 in-
habitants. This place derives its name, which appears
to'be a contraction of Lee town, from its situation on
the river Lea it is supposed by Camden and others to
be the site of the ancient Durolitum; but whether or
not, it is evident that here was a Roman station: various
pavements, foundations of buildings, coins, both con-
sular and imperial, and other Roman antiquities, having
been repeatedly discovered, particularly near the manor-
house. At a place called Ruckholt are vestiges of an
old intrenchment, now nearly covered with trees. The
The
village is situated on a gentle ascent, rising gradually
from the western bank of the river Lea, and continuing
to the Forest of Waltham, eastward of which is the
hamlet of Leytonstone, now so populous as to comprise
nearly one-half of the inhabitants of the whole parish;
the single street of which it consists extending nearly
from the forest to Stratford, in the direct road from
Epping to London, and lighted with gas: here are se-
veral good houses, and some large mansions. The living
of Low Leyton is a discharged vicarage, in the juris-
diction of the Commissary of London, concurrently
with the Consistorial Court of the Bishop, rated in the
LEZANT, a parish in the northern division of the
hundred of EAST, county of CORNWALL, 4½ miles (S. by
E.) from Launceston, containing S53 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£32, and in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of
the Bishop of Exeter. The church is dedicated to St.
Breock.
Breock. At Trecarrel in this parish are the remains
of an ancient chapel.
LEZIATE, a parish in the Lynn division of the hun-
dred of FREEBRIDGE, county of NORFOLK, 5 miles (E.)
from Lynn-Regis, containing 123 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory not in charge, annexed to that of Ashwicken,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich.
LIBBERSTON, a township in that part of the parish
of FILEY which is in PICKERING lythe, North riding
of the county of YORK, 4 miles (N.) from Hunmanby,
containing 143 inhabitants.
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72

Arms.
LICHFIELD, a city and
county of itself, under the
designation of the city and
county of the city of Lich-
field, though locally in the
county of Stafford, 16 miles
(S. E. by E.) from Stafford,
and 118 (N. W. by N.) from
London, containing 6075 in-
habitants. This place, called
by Bede Licidfeld, and by
Ingulphus and Henry of
Huntingdon Lichfeld, both
implying the field of the dead, is supposed to have
derived its name from the traditionary martyrdom of
more than one thousand Christians, who are said to
have been massacred here in the reign of the Emperor
Dioclesian: an allusion to this event appears in the
heraldic bearings of the city; and a spot within its pre-
cincts, in which they are said to have been interred, still
retains the appellation of the Christian field. During
the Octarchy, it appears to have been distinguished
by the Kings of Mercia, of whom Piada, son-in-law of
Osweo, King of Northumbria, having been converted by
the preaching of Cedd, a hermit, who had a cell near the
site of St. Chad's church, is said to have erected the
first Christian church here in honour of that recluse,
who had been assiduous in his efforts to convert the
Mercians to Christianity, and afterwards became their
bishop. In the reign of Offa, this see not only obtained
the precedence of all the Mercian bishopricks, but,
through the interest of Offa with Pope Adrian, was
made the archiepiscopal see, and invested with the
greater part of the jurisdiction of Canterbury; Eadulph
was made Archbishop of Lichfield in 789, and had for
his suffragans the Bishops of Worcester, Hereford, Lei-
cester, Sidnacester, Elmham, and Dunwich; but, in
803, Leo succeeding to the pontificate, restored the pri-
macy to Canterbury, and Eadulph, stripped of his su-
premacy, died in 812. At the time of the Conquest,
Lichfield, notwithstanding the distinction which it en-
joyed under the Saxon kings, was but an inconsiderable
place; and in 1075, when the council decreed that epis-
copal sees should no longer remain in obscure towns,
Peter, Bishop of Licedfeld, transferred his see to Ches-
ter, where it continued till it was removed by his suc-
cessor, Robert de Limsey, to Coventry, whence it was,
in 1148, restored to Lichfield, by Roger de Clinton,
who began the church and fortified the castle, of which
latter there is not the slightest vestige. At what time,
or by whom, the castle was originally built, has not
been clearly ascertained; but it is, upon very good
authority, asserted that Richard II., after his deposition
from the throne, was detained here as a prisoner, on
his route to the Tower of London. During the par-
liamentary war, Lichfield embraced the royal cause,
and Charles I., after the battle of Naseby, slept for
one night in the cathedral close, which, in 1643, Sir
Richard Dyot, with some of the principal gentle-
men of the county, under the command of the Earl
of Chesterfield, fortified against the parliamentarian
forces by which the town was besieged, under Lord
Brooke and Sir John Gell; the former of whom, having
stationed himself in the porch of an adjoining house,
was shot, by a member of the Dyott family, from the
S
•
battlements of the cathedral: the attack being con-
tinued by Sir John Gell, the garrison surrendered on ho-
nourable terms, and the parliamentarians retired, leaving a
body of troops to defend this post, who, in the following
month, were repulsed by Prince Rupert, who marched
hither after the reduction of Birmingham: the royalists
retained possession of the town till its final surrender
to the parliament. During these conflicts the cathedral
suffered material injury; its rich sculptures were de-
stroyed, it was converted into stables by the parliament-
arian troops, and, in 1651, it was set on fire, and, by
order of parliament, stripped of its lead, and left to
neglect and decay.
The city is built in a pleasant and fertile vale, within
two miles of the Roman station Etocetum, and about
the same distance from Offlow Mount, another station at
Swinfen. The houses in the principal streets are handsome
and well built; the streets in general are well paved; and
the town is lighted with oil, and amply supplied with
water, and is characterised by a prevailing appearance
of cleanliness and respectability. In the environs,
which abound in varied scenery, are numerous hand-
some seats and elegant villas. A permanent library,
established within the last twenty years, is liberally sup-
ported by subscription: a small theatre, in which Mrs.
Siddons made her first appearance after her marriage, is
opened during the races, and occasionally at other times :
an amateur concert, called the Cecilian Society, has been
established nearly a century. The races take place in
March and September; the former are principally sup-
ported by the members of the Anson Hunt, and at the lat
ter a king's plate of one hundred guineas is run for on
the first day; the course is on the road to Tamworth,
about two miles from the city. Lichfield is not a place
of much trade: there are an extensive carpet-factory,
and a small manufactory for spinning cotton thread.
The Birmingham canal passes within a quarter of a mile
of the city, and within the distance of a mile and a
half joins the Wyrley and Essington canal. The market
is on Friday: and the fairs are, January 10th, Shrove-
Tuesday, and Ash-Wednesday, for cattle, sheep, bacon,
and cheese, and the first Tuesday in November for
geese and cheese: the market-house is a light and
commodious building of stone, occupying the site of
the ancient market-cross.
DE
The city received a char
ter of incorporation from
Edward VI., which was con-
firmed and extended by Mary
and Elizabeth, the former of
whom erected it, with a dis-
trict of sixteen miles in cir
cuit, into a county of itself;
in 1623, the charter was re-
newed by James I., and con-
firmed with additional privi-
leges by Charles II.: the go-
Corporate Seal.
vernment is vested in two
bailiffs and twenty-one brethren (one of whom is town-
clerk and coroner), a recorder, steward, and sheriff, as-
sisted by a sword-bearer, two serjeants at mace, and
subordinate officers. The bailiffs are appointed on St.
James' day; the senior bailiff is selected by the Bishop
of the diocese, from two nominated by the corporation,
who themselves appoint the junior bailiff: the recorder,
D
LICHFELDMANID
AND: 1698
S
SIGILLY
situe
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73

steward, and town-clerk, are appointed by the cor-
poration, subject to the approval of the king; and by
their charter, any of the citizens, not being one of the
bailiffs or twenty-one brethren, is chosen sheriff by
the corporation, who have power to fine him at their dis-
cretion for refusing to serve the office: two chief con-
stables are chosen by a jury of burgage tenants, at their
court leet, held on St. George's day, and several petty
constables at the great portmote court, held on the 22nd
of July. The bailiffs, the late bailiffs, the recorder, and
the steward, are justices of the peace within the city
and county of the city, but their jurisdiction does not
extend over the Close of the cathedral, which possesses
exclusive privileges, and is under the sole jurisdiction of
the Dean and Chapter. The freedom of the city is in-
herited only by the eldest sons of freemen, and acquired
by purchase, or servitude in one of the trading compa-
nies, of which there are seven, viz., the Curriers, Smiths,
Saddlers, Bakers, Dyers, Taylors, and Butchers. The
corporation hold assizes for the city and county of the
city, as occasion may require, for the trial of capital
offenders, quarterly courts of session, and a petty session
every week; they hold also a court of record weekly,
for the recovery of debts to any amount above 40s., and
a sheriff's court is held every month, for the recovery
of debts under that amount. The guildhall is a neat
edifice of stone, ornamented with a pediment in front,
in the tympanum of which are the city arms the hall
is spacious, and well adapted to the purposes of the
several courts, and behind it are apartments in which
the public business of the corporation is transacted;
underneath is the common gaol for the city, contain-
ing rooms and cells for the confinement of debtors and
felons. The city first exercised the elective franchise in
the 33rd of Edward I., and continued to make regular
returns till the 27th of Edward III., from which pe-
riod it ceased till the time of its incorporation by Ed-
ward VI., who restored that privilege, and since then
it has returned two members to parliament: the right
of election is vested in the bailiffs, magistrates, burgage
tenants, freeholders to the amount of forty shillings
per annum, and freemen enrolled and paying scot and
lot, in all about eleven hundred: the sheriff is the re-
turning officer. An annual fête, called the Court of
Array, takes place on Whit-Monday in the guildhall,
whence it is immediately adjourned to an eminence
called Greenhill, in the parish of St. Michael, where a
temporary bower is erected for the occasion: it was for-
merly given by the corporation, but is continued by vo-
luntary contributions. Upon this occasion, the city
officers, attended by a large concourse of the inhabitants,
with music and banners, after visiting the different wards
of the city, adjourn to the guildhall, where they are
treated with wine and refreshments; they then proceed
to the market-place, where the town-clerk delivers an
oration, exhorting them to "perform their duty to the
king and to their fellow citizens, and to pursue the paths
of industry and virtue." This ceremony is supposed by
some to have been instituted by King Osory, to com-
memorate a victory obtained by him over Penda; but
others, with more probability, ascribe it to an act passed
in the reign of Henry II., and confirmed in succeeding
reigns, ordaining that the high constables in each town
should frequently inspect the arms of the inhabitants
within their franchise.
VOL. III.
·
X
I
D
>
HA
Arms of the Bishoprick.
Lichfield, jointly with
Coventry, is an episcopal
see, and since the demoli-
tion of the abbey and con-
ventual buildings at Coven-
try, has become the sole seat
of the diocese: the jurisdic-
tion of the see extends over
the counties of Derby and
Stafford, and a considerable
part of the counties of War-
wick and Salop. The eccle-
siastical establishment con-
sists of a bishop, dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer,
the four archdeacons of Coventry, Stafford, Salop, and
Derby, twenty-seven prebendaries, five priest - vicars,
seven lay-clerks, eight choristers, and others officers; at
the dissolution the revenue was £795. 17. 6. The cathe-
dral, which had been reduced during the parliamentary
war to a state of extreme dilapidation, was restored, by
Dr. Hacket, on his preferment to the united sees of Lich-
field and Coventry, in 1661, to its original state of splen-
dour and magnificence: various improvements have
subsequently been made, and the choir has been greatly
enlarged under the superintendence of Mr. Wyatt, by
the removal of the screen in front of the lady chapel,
the expediency of which alteration is very question-
able, with regard to its influence on the proportion of its
several parts. The prevailing character of the edifice
is that of the early English, approaching very nearly to
the decorated style of English architecture: the west
front is magnificently rich, and the spires of the west-
ern towers, each one hundred and eighty-three feet in
height, are in beautiful combination with the lofty cen-
tral spire, which is two hundred and fifty-eight feet
high: the east end is hexagonal, and the whole exterior
is highly ornamented in various parts with statuary
and sculpture of exquisite design and elaborate execu-
tion: the interior presents various styles, with several
later insertions: the transepts display considerable por-
tions in the Norman character, and the choir, which de-
viates from the line of the nave, is in the decorated style
of English architecture; it is richly ornamented, and
lighted with windows of beautiful tracery: the bishop's
throne, and the prebendal stalls, are fine specimens of
tabernacle work: St. Mary's chapel, built by Bishop
Langton, is an edifice of elegant design; it is lighted
with nine lofty windows, of which, the three at the east
end are more rich in their tracery, and are ornamented
with stained glass brought by Sir Brooke Boothby from
the dissolved abbey of Herckenrode, in the bishoprick of
Leige; in the central window on one side is a painting
of the Resurrection, by Eggington, from a design by Sir
Joshua Reynolds: in this chapel was the rich shrine of
St. Chad, which was demolished at the dissolution.
The whole length of the cathedral, from west to east, is
four hundred and eleven feet, and the breadth, along the
transepts, one hundred and fifty-three feet. Among
the monuments which escaped the ravages of the par-
liamentary troops are, those of Bishops Hacket, Lang-
ton, and Pattishull. There is a monument to Doctor Sa-
muel Johnson; a bust of Garrick; a mutilated statue of
Captain Stanley; and a monument of exquisite beauty
by Chantrey, to the memory of the infant children of
Mrs. Robinson: this monument, which is considered
+
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74
as a masterpiece of sculpture, is unrivalled for beauty of
design, intensity of feeling, and force of expression. A
passage from the north aisle leads to the chapter-house,
a decagonal building of great beauty, of which the finely-
vaulted roof is supported on a clustered central column.
Above it is the library, instituted by Dean Heywood,
in which are the gospels of St. Chad, an Alcoran taken
at the siege of Buda, and a folio edition of Chaucer,
richly illuminated. The bishop's palace, on the north
east side of the Close, is a spacious edifice.
The city comprises the parishes of St. Mary, part
of which is in the southern division of the hundred
of Pirehill; St. Chad, part of which is in the northern
division of the hundred of Offlow; and St. Michael, part
of which is in the northern, and part in the southern,
division of the hundred of Offlow; and the liberty of
the Cathedral Close, which is extra-parochial; all in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean and Chapter of Lich-
field. The living of St. Mary's is a discharged vicarage,
rated in the king's books at £ 10, and in the patronage
of the Dean and Chapter of Lichfield: the church is a
modern edifice, erected on the site of an ancient struc-
ture described by Leland as "right beautiful." The liv-
ing of St. Chad's is a perpetual curacy, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and £1200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar
of St. Mary's: the church, by far the oldest in Lich-
field, was rebuilt on the site of an ancient church erected
by Bishop Headda, in honour of St. Chad, and near his
hermitage. The living of St. Michael's is also a perpetual
curacy, endowed with £200 private benefaction, £400
royal bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of the Vicar of St. Mary's: the church,
a plain edifice in the later style of English architecture,
is situated on an eminence called Green-hill; it contains
a tablet, with an inscription by Dr. Johnson, to the
memory of his parents: the churchyard comprises from
six to seven acres, and is the principal cemetery of the
city. There are places of worship for Independents,
Wesleyan Methodists, and Kilhamites, and a Roman
Catholic chapel.
£3333. 6. 9. three per cent. consols., after the decease
of the then legatee. Humphrey Torrick, Esq., in 1652,
bequeathed a messuage, the rental of which, amounting
to £9 per annum, is appropriated to the instruction of
five poor boys; and in the parish of St. Michael's are
donations of houses and land, producing £ 129 per an-
num, for the support of a schoolmaster and chaplain,
and for other charitable uses: there are also a National
and a British school for boys, supported by subscription.
mo
St. John's hospital was founded, in the reign of
Henry III., by one of the bishop's of the diocese, and,
in 1252, Radulph de Lacock, canon of Lichfield, en-
dowed it with lands at Elmhurst and Stitchbrook, for
the maintenance of a priest, and the support of the poor
and infirm in this hospital, which was visited by the
Bishops of Lichfield for many years, but fell into neg-
lect and decay, from which it was retrieved by Bishop
Smyth, who was translated to the see in the reign of
Henry VII.: that prelate rebuilt the premises in 1495,
and formed the statutes by which it is at present go-
verned. The establishment consists of a master, or
warden, in priest's orders (appointed by the Bishop of
Lichfield and Coventry), a schoolmaster, also in priest's
orders, an usher, and chaplain (appointed by the war-
den), thirteen almsmen (who have each three shil-
lings and sixpence per week, with other advantages),
and a matron: the revenue is about £350, of which,
after paying the annual expenses, which amount on an
average to about £200, the remainder is paid to the
master: the premises comprise thirteen almshouses,
apartments for the master and other officers, and a
chapel: the school formerly attached to the hospital
has been superseded by the free grammar school. An
hospital for women was originally founded, in 1424, by
Bishop Hayworth, and endowed, in 1504, by Thomas
Milley, one of the canons residentiary, with tenements
and lands producing, together with subsequent benefac-
tions, an income of about £370, for the maintenance of
fifteen aged women, who receive. each a weekly allow-
ance of seven shillings and sixpence, including a bene-
faction by Mr. John Fecknam: the inmates are ap-
pointed by the trustees, and it is in contemplation to
add a number of out-pensioners to the charity, the
funds having accumulated, from the excess of the in-
come above the annual expenditure. A dispensary,
supported by subscription, was established in 1829.
The Conduit Lands, producing an income of about £580,
were devised to trustees, in 1546, by Henry Beane, mas-
ter of the guild of St. Mary, for the repair of the con-
duits and water courses of the city. There are numer-
ous donations and bequests, amounting to more than
£1000 per annum, for distribution among the poor.
Among the monastic establishments was a con-
vent of Grey friars, founded in 1229, by Alexander,
Bishop of Lichfield; it was burnt down in 1291,
and being rebuilt, subsisted till the dissolution: the
remains are now let on lease, and the rents appro-
priated to charitable uses. Several relics of antiquity
are preserved in Mr. Green's museum, among which
is the wooden lintel of a doorway, pierced by a ball
which killed Lord Brooke, the parliamentary officer, dur-
ing the siege of the cathedral. There is a chalybeate
spring; and some fine specimens of agate, in a state of
decomposition, are found in the vicinity, where a fine
sort of clay for pottery is also met with. Elias Ashmole,
The free grammar school appears, from a small
endowment payable out of the Exchequer, to have
been founded by Edward VI.: its annual income arises
from the said grant from the Exchequer, a small sum
paid out of the revenue of St. John's hospital, a con-
tribution from the feoffees of the Conduit Lands, and
a stipend paid by the corporation: the present master
of St. John's hospital, the Rev. Mr. Chancellor Law,
subscribes £75 annually towards the salary of the se-
cond master. The school-house was erected, in 1692,
at the joint expense of the corporation and the feoffees
of the Conduit Lands; there are only six free scholars
on the foundation, each of whom receives an annuity of
£1. 6. 8., granted by Dean Walker to six scholars of the
former school, in St. John's hospital, now transferred to
this school; the other scholars pay £2. 2. per quarter
to the head master, who has also a house rent-free and the
privilege of taking boarders; and those who attend the
lower school pay £1. 1. per quarter to the second mas-
ter.
An English free school was founded, in 1677, by
Mr. Thomas Minors, who endowed it with a messuage
for the school-house, and rents amounting to about £30
per annum. Andrew Newton, Esq., in 1801, bequeathed
in aid of this charity the reversion of the dividends on
·
LID
75
LID
the antiquary. and founder of the Ashmolean museum
at Oxford: Dr. George Smalridge, and Dr. Thomas
Newton, both distinguished as theological writers; and
the celebrated Dr. Samuel Johnson, were natives of this
place: and among the residents were, Garrick, Dr. Dar-
win, author of "the Botanic Garden," and his inge-
nious biographer, Miss Seward.
LIDBROOK, a hamlet in the parish of ENGLISH-
BICKNOR, hundred of ST. BRIAVELLS, county of GLOU-
CESTER. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
Iron and tin works furnish employment to about one
hundred and twenty individuals: they are said to be
the first that were established in the kingdom. Coal is
brought from the Forest of Dean, by means of a rail-
road constructed from the, Wye to the Severn.
LIDDIARD-MILLICENT, a parish in the hundred
of Highworth, CRICKLADE, and STAPLE, county of
WILTS, 3 miles (N. N. E.) from Wootton-Basset, con-
taining 391 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury, rated
in the king's books at £17. 4. 4½., and in the patron-
age of S. W. Warneford, Esq. The church is dedicated
to All Saints.
LIDDIARD-TREGOOZE, a parish in the hundred
of KingsbridGE, county of WILTS, 4 miles (W. by N.)
from Swindon, containing 717 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese
of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £10. 5. 5.,
and in the patronage of G. Watson Taylor, Esq. The
church is dedicated to All Saints.
LIDDINGTON, a parish in the hundred of WRAN-
DIKE, county of RUTLAND, 2 miles (S. by E.). from
Uppingham, containing 594 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Prebendary of Liddington in the Cathedral Church of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £8. 2., and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln. The
church is dedicated to St. Andrew. At Caldecott, in this
parish, is a chapel of ease. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists. In 1721, Mary Parnham be-
queathed £200 to be laid out in land, desiring the rental
to be applied in educating five poor children of this pa-
rish, and five of Lavington; the proportion of income
to each school is £9. 16. 10. per annum. A palace, for-
merly belonging to the Bishops of Lincoln, a fine struc-
ture in the early style of English architecture, and con-
sisting of a large hall with painted windows, has been
converted into an hospital for a warden, twelve brethren,
and two nurses, which charity was founded, in 1600, by
Sir Thomas Cecil, Knt., Lord Burghley, and called Jesus'
Hospital.
LIDDINGTON, a parish in the hundred of KINGS-
BRIDGE, County of WILTS, 4 miles (E. S. E.) from Swin-
don, containing 409 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and dio-
cese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £17, en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Rector : the rectory
is a sinecure rated in the king's books at £14, and in
the patronage of the Duke of Marlborough. The church
is dedicated to All Saints. On Beacon hill, in this pa-
rish, was a large circular work, called Liddington Castle.
LIDGATE, a parish in the hundred of RISBRIDGE,
county of SUFFOLK, 63 miles (S. E. by E.) from New-
market, containing 389 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £15. 10. 5., and
in the patronage of the Duke of Rutland. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary. Here was an ancient castle,
called King John's Castle, of unknown origin. Lydgate
the poet, who was also a monk of Bury, was buried here.
LIDLINGTON, or LITLINGTON, a parish in the
hundred of REDBORNESTOKE, county of BEDFORD, 3/1/
miles (W. by N.) from Ampthill, containing 739 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Bedford, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in
the king's books at £11, endowed with £600 royal
bounty, and £ 1200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Duke of Bedford. The church, dedi-
cated to All Saints, contains an ancient tomb, with a
brass effigy in armour of one of the Goldingtons, who
possessed the manor of Goldington, in this parish, in
the fifteenth century. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists.
:
LIDNEY, or LYDNEY, a market town and parish
in the hundred of BLIDESLOE, county of GLOUCESTER,
19 miles (S. W. by W.) from Gloucester, and 123 (W.
by N.) from London, containing, with the chapelry of
Aylburton, 1393 inhabitants, of which number, 1040
are in the town of Lidney. This place is thought by
some to have been the Roman station Abona, which,
however, is very doubtful. In Lidney park are the
remains of a Roman villa, and two Roman camps, the
largest of which is of an oblong form, about eight hun-
dred and thirty feet in length, and three hundred and
seventy in breadth, surrounded by a sigle ditch, except
at the east end, where it is double near the western
border of this intrenchment is a Roman bath, still to-
lerably perfect: in other parts are traces of ancient
buildings; and fragments of tesselated pavements, urns,
and statues, have been found, also coins of Adrian and
Antoninus, and a silver one of Galba. An old man-
sion, called Whitecross, was erected by Sir William
Winter, Vice Admiral of England in the reign of Eliza-
beth; and it was fortified and garrisoned during the
civil war in the reign of Charles I., by Sir John Win-
ter, a distinguished royalist officer, who defended his
house against repeated attacks from detachments from
the parliamentary forces stationed at Gloucester. The
parish is bounded on the eastern side by the river
Severn a rail-road from the Severn to the Wye runs
parallel with a canal from Lidney dock to the wharf,
whence the former passes northward, intersects the
town, and continues its course through the parish.
Veins of coal have been found here, forming part of the
great coal field in the Forest of Dean; but none are
now worked to any extent. The market is on Wednes-
day: fairs are held on the 4th of May and the Sth
of November. The living is a vicarage, with the per-
petual curacies of St. Briavell's, and Hewelsfield annexed,
in the archdeaconry of Hereford, and diocese of Glou-
cester, rated in the king's books at £ 24. 6. 8., and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Hereford. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary. Some small benefac-
tions have been made for distribution among the poor.
There are some chalybeate springs in the parish.
LIDSING, or LIDGEN, a vill in the parish of
GILLINGHAM, hundred of CHATHAM and GILLINGHAM,
lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 4 miles (S. S. E.)
from Chatham, containing 42 inhabitants.
L 2
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76
LIDSTONE, a hamlet in the parish of CHURCH-
ENSTONE, hundred of CHADLINGTON, county of Ox-
FORD, 1½ mile (W.N.W.) from Neat Enstone, containing
146 inhabitants.
LIFTON, a parish in the hundred of LIFTON,
county of DEVON, 4 miles (E. by N.) from Launceston,
containing 1214 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £ 31. 2. 11., and in the pa-
tronage of Harris Arundel, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary. Two schools are supported by voluntary
contributions: there are mines of manganese in this
parish. The rivers Tonkay and Lyd flow in the vicinity.
Cattle fairs are held on the 2nd of February, on Holy
Thursday, and October 28th. There is a medicinal
spring near Lifton bridge.
LIGHTCLIFFE, a chapelry in the parish of HALI-
FAX, wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county
of YORK, 34 miles (E.) from Halifax, with which the
population is returned. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of York, en-
dowed with £ 600 private benefaction, and £800 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Vicar of Halifax.
There is a place of worship for Independents.
LIGHTGRAVE, or LEEGRAVE, a hamlet in the
parish of LUTON, hundred of FLITT, county of BED-
FORD, 3 miles (N.W. by W.) from Luton, containing
282 inhabitants.
LIGHTHORNE, a parish in the Kington division
of the hundred of KINGTON, county of WARWICK, 4
miles (N. by E.) from Kington, containing 316 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's books at
£14. 17. 34., and in the patronage of Lord Willoughby
de Broke. The church is dedicated to St. Lawrence.
LILBOURN, a parish in the hundred of GUILS-
BOROUGH, County of NORTHAMPTON, 4 miles (E.S. E.)
from Rugby, containing 264 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of North-
ampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the
king's books at £6, and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dedicated to All Saints. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The village is
situated on the line of the ancient Watling-street,
and is supposed to have been the Tripontium of the
Romans vestiges of an ancient castle are still visible.
At Roundhill, about half a mile from the town, bones
and skulls have been found; tradition states it to have
been the scene of an engagement between the Danes
and the Saxons. The river Avon passes on the east of
the parish.
LILFORD, a parish in the hundred of HUXLOE;
though locally in that of Polebrook, county of NORTH-
AMPTON, 3 miles (S. by W.) from Oundle, containing, with
Wigsthorpe, 130 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
annexed to the rectory of Thorpe-Achurch, in the arch-
deaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough,
rated in the king's books at £7. 12. 3., and in the
patronage of Lord Lilford. The church is dedicated
to St. Peter. Lilford confers the title of baron on thẻ
family of Powys.
LILBURN (EAST), a township in the parish of
EGLINGHAM, northern division of COQUETDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 4 miles (S. E. by E.)
from Wooler, containing 97 inhabitants. In 1768, on
the removal of a heap of stones, superstitiously believed
to have been raised by the devil, and called "the Apron-
ful of stones," the base and fragments of a cross, with
four rows of steps, were discovered beneath.
LILBURN (WEST), a township in the parish of
EGLINGHAM, northern division of COQUETDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 3½ miles (S. E. by E.)
from Wooler, containing 171 inhabitants. At the west
end of the village there are some remains of an ancient
mansion and tower, likewise of a chapel of ease.
LILLESHALL, a parish in the Newport division of
the hundred of BRADFORD (South), county of SALOP,
3 miles (S.S.W.) from Newport, containing 3143 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, rated in the king's books at £6. 17. 11., en-
dowed with £ 200 private benefaction, and £ 200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Marquis of Stafford.
The church is dedicated to St. Michael. About 1145,
an abbey, for regular canons of the order of St. Augus-
tine, was founded here at the dissolution the revenue
was valued at £327. 10. A branch of the Donnington
Wood, or Marquis of Stafford's, canal terminates in the
northern part of this parish.
LILLEY, a parish in the hundred of HITCHIN and
PIRTON, county of HERTFORD, 5 miles (W.S.W.) from
Hitchin, containing 427 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £ 19. 8. 9., and
in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of St. John's
College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to St.
Peter.
LILLIFFEE, a hamlet in the parish of HEDSOR,
hundred of DESBOROUGH, County of BUCKINGHAM, 31
miles (E. by S.) from Great Marlow. The population is
returned with the parish.
LILLINGS-AMBO, a township in the parish of
SHERIFF-HUTTON, wapentake of BULMER, North riding
of the county of YORK, 9 miles (N.N.E.) from York,
containing 208 inhabitants.
LILLINGSTONE-DAYRELL, a parish in the hun-
dred and county of BUCKINGHAM, 4½ miles (N.) from
Buckingham, containing 127 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £7. 9. 7.,
and in the patronage of Richard Dayrell, Esq., whose
ancestors have been patrons upwards of five hundred
years, and have resided here for eighteen generations.
The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
LILLINGSTONE-LOVELL, a parish in the hun-
dred of PLOUGHLEY, county of OXFORD, though locally
in the hundred and county of Buckingham, 42 miles
(N. by E.) from Buckingham, containing 160 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Oxford, rated in the king's books at £8. 9. 4., and
in the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary.
LILLINGTON, a parish in the hundred of SHER-
BORNE, Sherborne division of the county of Dorset, 34
miles (S. by W.) from Sherborne, containing 185 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the pe-
culiar jurisdiction of the Dean of Salisbury, rated in
the king's books at £10. 12. 3., and in the patronage
of Mr. and Mrs. Gordon. The church is dedicated to
St. Martin.
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77
LILLINGTON, a parish in the Kenilworth division
of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, county of WARWICK,
2 miles (N. E. by E.) from Warwick, containing 226 in-
habitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, rated in the king's books at £5. 13. 4., and
in the patronage of Matthew Wise, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene.
LILLISDON, a tything in the parish and hundred
of NORTH CURRY, county of SOMERSET, 5 miles (E.
by S.) from Taunton. The population is returned with
the parish.
LILLY, a hamlet in the parish of CATMERE, hun-
dred of COMPTON, county of BERKS, 5 miles (W. by S.)
from East Ilsley. The population is returned with the
parish.
LILSTOCK, a parish in the hundred of WILLITON
and FREEMANNERS, county of SOMERSET, 114 miles
(N.W.) from Bridg-water, containing 71 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage
of Stoke-Gursey, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and
diocese of Bath and Wells. The church is dedicated to
St. Andrew. This parish is bounded on the north by
Bridg-water bay, in the Bristol channel.
LIMBER (MAGNA), a parish in the eastern divi-
sion of the wapentake of YARBOROUGH, parts of LIND-
SEY, county of LINCOLN, 5 miles (N. by E.) from
Caistor, containing 421 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £9. 18. 4., and in
the patronage of the Crown. The church, which is de-
dicated to St. Peter, was given, in the time of Henry II.,
by Richard de Humet, constable of Normandy, to the Cis-
tercian abbey of Aulnay, or Aveny, in Normandy, the
abbot and convent of which established a cell here; this
cell, at the suppression of Alien priories, was sold to
the Carthusians of St. Anne, near Coventry. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LIMBER (PARVA), a hamlet in the parish of
BROCKLESBY, eastern division of the wapentake of
Yarborough, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN,
7 miles (N.) from Caistor. The population is returned
with the parish.
LIMBURY, a hamlet in the parish of LUTON, hun-
dred of FLITT, county of BEDFORD, 2½ miles (N. W. by
N.) from Luton, containing, with Biscott, 276 inhabit-
ants.
thirty-horse power: the number of persons employed
during the late war was nearly three hundred, now
about one hundred and fifty. The proprietors have
likewise a machine for making flat rope: the walks,
four hundred yards in length, are sheltered from the
weather, and are lighted with gas made on the pre-
mises.
mises. In connexion with the above are a manufactory
for sail-cloth, and an extensive bleaching ground: the
yarn is washed in a reservoir supplied by the waste
water from the steam-engine. Here is also a very ex-
tensive establishment for the manufacture of patent
chain cables, anchors, and various kinds of iron-work.
Ship-blocks are made here, and there is a variety of
other trades connected with the shipping. Ship-build-
ing is carried on extensively at Limehouse Hole. At the
eastern extremity of the parish, are the West India
Docks, which extend across the river to Blackwall. The
northern dock, for unloading ships, covers thirty acres,
and is capable of accommodating three hundred West
Indiamen; the southern is for loading outward-bound
vessels: it covers twenty-four acres, and will admit two
hundred ships. The former was opened in 1802, and
the latter in 1805: they have extensive ranges of
building, in which foreign goods are deposited pre-
vious to the payment of the duty. A canal from the
river Lea, called the New Cut, crosses this parish and
joins the Thames, superseding the circuitous naviga-
tion round the Isle of Dogs. The Regent's canal like-
wise passes through the parish, on the line of which,
just before its junction with the Thames, is a basin, ca-
pable of admitting vessels of from two to three hun-
dred tons' burden. On the south side of the Commer-
cial road is a tram-road, from the West India Docks
to Whitechapel, constructed at an expense of nearly
£20,000.
LIMEHOUSE, a parish in the Tower division of
the hundred of OSSULSTONE, County of MIDDLESEX,
2 miles (E. by s.) from London, containing 9805 in-
habitants. This place, which is situated on the north
bank of the Thames, was formerly a hamlet belonging
to Stepney, from which parish it was separated in 1730.
It consists principally of a number of narrow streets
and irregular buildings, diverging from the principal
thoroughfare. There are several respectable houses; and
among the numerous shops, warehouses, and manufac-
tories, are some spacious and well-built structures,
though many of the buildings are of an inferior de-
scription. The streets are partly paved, and are lighted
with gas.
There are several rope-walks, the principal
of which was established by the late Captain Huddart,
F.R.S., who, about twenty-five years since, obtained a pa-
tent for a machine for twisting ropes for cables of the
largest dimensions: it is worked by a steam-engine of
The living is a rectory not in charge, within the
jurisdiction of the Commissary of London, concur-
rently with the Consistorial Court of the Bishop, and
in the patronage of the Principal and Fellows of Bra-
senose College, Oxford. The church, dedicated to St.
Anne, is a massive structure, with two angular turrets at
the east end, and a square tower at the west end, erect-
ed after a design by Nicholas Hawksmoor, one of the
pupils of Sir Christopher Wren: it is one of the fifty
churches erected pursuant to an act passed in the reign
of Queen Anne. A place of worship for Wesleyan Me-
thodists is now being erected. A charity school for boys
was established by subscription about the middle of the
last century, and Limehouse having been constituted a
distinct parish, the school, in 1737, was united with one
for the hamlets of Poplar and Blackwall, situated at
Poplar, and again separated from it in 1807. In 1779,
a school for girls was established by subscription, and
in 1806 a school-house was erected: in 1811 the two
schools were united. The endowment belonging to this
establishment consists of £1300 three per cent. stock,
producing £39 per annum; £10. 10. per annum from
a bequest by Captain Lovelace; £10 per annum from
the Ironmongers' Company; £130 per annum arising
from landed property; and about £400 per annum, from
subscriptions, contributions, &c. About three hundred
and fifty boys, and one hundred and fifty girls, are now
educated, on the National plan, of whom fifty of each
sex are clothed: the master has a salary of £80, and
the mistress and her assistant £70, per annum, the
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78

former two having each a house rent and tax free, and
allowance for coal. The charity is under the superin-
tendence of a committee of the subscribers.
LIMINGTON, a parish in the hundred of STONE,
county of SOMERSET, 14 mile (E. S. E.) from Ilchester,
containing, with the tything of Draycott, 268 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £21. 6. 54., and in the patronage of
the Warden and Fellows of Wadham College, Oxford.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, contains the effigy
of Sir Richard Gyverney, founder of a chantry here,
and others of the family, but the figures are much mu-
tilated. On a pew in the chancel is the cipher of Car-
dinal Wolsey, who was sometime rector of this parish.
LIMPENHOE, a parish in the hundred of BLOFIELD,
county of NORFOLK, 54 miles (S.) from Acle, containing
142 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
with the rectory of Southwood annexed, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books
at £6. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Rev. John
Love. The church is dedicated to St. Botolph.
LIMPSFIELD, a parish in the first division of the
hundred of TANDRIDGE, County of SURREY, 4 miles
(E. N. E.) from Godstone, containing 918 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Surrey,
and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£20. 0. 5., and in the patronage of Mr. and Mrs. Gower.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
LINACRE, a township in the parish of WALTON
on the HILL, hundred of WEST DERBY, county pala-
tine of LANCASTER, 32 miles (N. by W.) from Liverpool.
The population is returned with the chapelry of Bootle.
LINBRIGGS, a township in the parish of ALLEN-
TON, western division of COQUETDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 11 miles (W. by N.) from Roth-
bury, containing 70 inhabitants. The river Coquet, near
where the Ridlee bourne empties itself into it, is crossed
by a bridge several fine brooks run through the glens in
this neighbourhood, and terminate in the river.
:
LINBY, a parish in the northern division of the
wapentake of BROXTOW, County of NOTTINGHAM, 73
miles (N. N. W.) from Nottingham, containing 439 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated in
the king's books at £4. 9. 9½., and in the patronage of
Andrew Montague, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. Michael. This parish is bounded on the east by the
small river Seen.
LINCH, a parish in the hundred of EASEBOURNE,
rape of CHICHESTER, County of SUSSEX, 5 miles
(N. N. W.) from Midhurst, containing 77 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£3. 12. 8., endowed with £200 private benefaction,
and £500 parliamentary graut, and in the patronage of
Mr. and Mrs. Poyntz.
LINCHMERE, a parish in the hundred of EASE-
BOURNE, rape of CHICHESTER, county of SUSSEX, 74
miles (N. by W.) from Midhurst, containing 282 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Chichester, endowed with
£10 per annum and £200 private benefaction, £600
royal bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of James Baker, Esq.
Arms.
LINCOLN, a city and
county of itself, locally in
the county of Lincoln, of
which it is the chief town,
132 miles (N. by W.) from
London, containing, with
the parishes of Bracebridge,
Branston, Canwick, and
Waddington, which consti-
tute the liberties of the city,
and exclusively of the pa-
rishes of St. Mary Mag-
dalene and St. Paul in the
Bail, and part of the parish of St. Margaret, in the
Close, which are in the wapentake of Lawress, 10,367
inhabitants. This place was founded by the ancient
Britons, on the summit of a hill near the river Lindis,
now the Witham, from which it derived its name, and
has been distinguished, from the most remote period
of British history, as a city of considerable importance.
After the invasion of Britain by the Romans, that
people made it one of their principal stations in this
part of the island, and established here a colony, which,
in reference to the ancient British name of the place,
they called Lindum Colonia, to which, through all the
variations and contractions in its orthography by the
Saxons, Danes, and Normans, the present appellation,
Lincoln may be distinctly traced. The Roman city was
in the form of a parallelogram, four hundred and thirty
yards in length, and four hundred in breadth, defended
by strong walls, and intersected at right angles by two
streets, at the extremities of which were four gates, of
which the northern, now called Newport gate, partly
remaining, forms one of the most interesting relics of
Roman architecture in the kingdom: it consisted of
three arch-ways the central arch is sixteen feet in
span, and twenty-two and a half in height above the
ground, and is formed of large rough stones apparently
laid without mortar; one of the lateral arches is built
up, and the other open. To the southwest of the gate
is a considerable angular fragment of a Roman building,
supposed to have been the mint; and there are various
portions of the original fortifications, besides the remains
of a bath and a sudatorium.
After the departure of the Romans from Britain,
Lincoln was made the capital of the kingdom of Mercia
by the Saxons, in opposing whom, Vortimer, who had
greatly signalized himself, was slain, and interred here.
During the repeated encounters which had previously
taken place, the city had suffered great injury, and, for
the security of its new inhabitants, it was substan-
tially repaired; that part without the gate of New-
port, which had been originally occupied by the Britons,
was entirely rebuilt, and fortified with walls and a moat.
In 786, the Danes took the city by assault, but it was
retaken by the Saxons; and during these conflicts, which
were resumed with extreme obstinacy, the northern
suburb was completely destroyed. At length, on the sub-
jugation of the Danes by Alfred the Great, tranquillity was
restored; but under his successors the invaders renewed
their attacks, and ultimately, in the partition of the king-
dom between the contending parties, Lincoln, with the
rest of the kingdom of Mercia, came into the possession of
Canute. At the time of the Conquest, a castle was erected
here by William the Conqueror, which occupied nearly
-
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79
LIN
one-fourth part of the Roman city, and to make room for
the erection of which, not less than two hundred and
forty mansions were taken down. In Domesday-book the
city is stated to have contained fifty-two parishes; and
it became the residence of a succession of monarchs,
who contributed greatly to adorn it with a variety of
splendid buildings, the numerous vestiges of which, in
various parts of the town, convey but a faint idea of its
former grandeur and importance. In 1140, the castle
was surprised by the forces of a party in the interest
of the Empress Matilda, and subsequently besieged by
Stephen, aided by the inhabitants; but the Earl of
Gloucester coming to its assistance with a powerful
army, Stephen was made prisoner; and being
afterwards exchanged for the earl, who was subse-
quently captured, he regained his liberty, and after
his restoration to the throne, celebrated the festival
of Christmas here, in 1144. Henry II., on the death
of Stephen, after being crowned King of England
in London, underwent the ceremony of coronation
a second time at Wigford, a little to the south of
this city. John, in the 3rd year of his reign, re-
ceived here the homage of David, King of Scotland,
and, during his struggle with the barons, the inhabit-
ants remained steadily attached to his cause, and
withstood the attempts of the opposing army for a
considerable time; but the city was taken at last by
Gilbert de Gaunt, afterwards created Earl of Lin-
coln. The castle was retaken by a party of royalists,
after having been defended for nearly twelve months;
but falling again into the hands of the barons, John,
while marching to attack it, with a powerful army, lost
all his carriages in crossing the washes. After the death
of this monarch, his son, Henry III., assisted by the in-
habitants of Lincoln, who adhered firmly to the royal
cause, continued the war with the barons, who, assisted
by Louis, the Dauphin of France, laid siege to the
city, but were vigorously repulsed by the inhabitants;
many endeavouring to escape, were drowned in the
river Witham, and several others were taken prisoners.
The castle, after remaining for a considerable length of
time in the possession of the Crown, came into that of
the celebrated John of Gaunt, who made it his summer
residence, and is said to have erected a palace here.
Edward I. held parliaments in Lincoln, in 1301 and
1305; Edward II. in 1316, and the year following;
and Edward III. in the first of his reign: it was also
visited by Henry VI., who held his court in the bi-
shop's palace; and Henry VII., after the battle of Bos-
worth Field, spent three days here, where he made a
splendid procession, and offered up public thanksgiving
for his victory over Richard III.
During the parliamentary war, the inhabitants em-
braced the royal cause, and the city was alternately in
the possession of the contending parties, from both of
whom it sustained considerable injury, more especially
in its ecclesiastical edifices, which, during their occupa-
tion of the city, were converted into barracks, by the
soldiers of Cromwell's army. Among the disastrous
events which have befallen Lincoln may be recorded
the great storm in 701, which occasioned the destruc-
tion of one hundred and twenty houses, and many pub-
lic buildings. In 1110, an accidental fire nearly con-
sumed the whole city; and in 1185 it was greatly dam-
aged by an earthquake. It may also be mentioned that,
on the 27th of July, 1255, eighteen Jews were executed,
for the alleged crime of crucifying a child, and many
more were murdered by the enraged mob.
The city is pleasantly situated on the summit and
declivities of an eminence rising from the river Witham,
the suburbs extending for a considerable distance along
the vale to the north and south in the upper part the
streets are narrow, and the buildings, with the excep-
tion of those connected with the cathedral, are of
somewhat mean appearance; the lower part consists
principally of one spacious street, and, under an act of
parliament recently obtained, many judicious altera-
tions and improvements have been effected. It is paved,
and lighted with gas, by a special act, and is supplied
with water from three public conduits, of which that
near St. Mary's church, Wigford, is an elegant building
in the later style of English architecture, decorated with
a pierced parapet; and that near the High Bridge is
ornamented with a handsome obelisk, erected in 1763.
The air has been rendered more salubrious by the drain-
ing of the fens, a large tract of ground on both sides of
the river, consisting of one hundred thousand acres,
for which an act of parliament was obtained in 1762.
The city library, established in 1812; the new perma-
nent library; and St. Martin's parochial library, esta-
blished in 1822; and the medical library, instituted in
1825, are well supported; and there are two news-
rooms and several book societies in the town. The thea-
tre is opened annually in September, October, and No-
vember; and assemblies are held in the city and county
assembly rooms. The races take place in September; a
handsome stand has been recently erected on the course.
In various parts of the town are the remains of the nu-
merous monastic and other establishments which for-
merly flourished here; of these, the remains of John of
Gaunt's palace are distinguished by a beautiful oriel
window of fine composition; and a building, said to have
been the stables belonging to the palace, has a finely-
enriched Norman arch, with some interesting details of
early English architecture of the castle, which occu-
pied the south-eastern angle of the Roman city, very
little remains, except part of the outer walls, which were
seven feet thick, and the gateway tower; the site has
been appropriated to the erection of the county gaol and
other buildings.
At the time of the Norman survey Lincoln was
distinguished for its commercial importance, and Ed-
ward III. granted a charter to the weavers, prohibit-
ing the exercise of that trade within twelve leagues of
the city, but this decree, in 1351, was abolished by
another, called the statute of cloths, and in the follow-
ing year, on the removal of the staple of wool from
Flanders, it was established in this town, to which was
also granted the staple of lead and leather. From the
time of Edward III. till the commencement of the
eighteenth century the trade of the town declined: there
are now no manufactures, and the trade is principally in
corn and wool. The Fosse dyke, a Roman work of con-
siderable importance to the interests of Lincoln, by
means of which a communication was obtained with the
river Trent, and which Henry I. cleared out and deep-
ened, had again become innavigable, from the accumula-
tion of sand in its channel, and, in 1741, a lease of two-
thirds of it was granted, for nine hundred and ninety-
nine years, at a rent of £50 per annum, and of the re-
LIN
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80
T
maining third, for ninety-nine years, at £25 per annum,
by the corporation, to Mr. Ellison of Thorne, by whose
spirited exertions this canal was cleared from its ob-
structions and re-opened in 1745: it was subsequently
widened and made deeper in 1826, and at present forms
a line of communication, twelve miles in length, from
the Witham to the Trent, completing the navigation
from Boston and the eastern coast to the Humber, the
Ouse, and to the several canals in the counties of Derby,
Nottingham, Stafford, and York. The market, on Fri-
day, is held for corn in a spacious square, called Corn
Hill, in the parish of St. Mary; for butter and poultry,
in a neat building near the church of St. Peter at Arches,
erected in 1736; for butchers' meat, in a building erected
by the corporation in 1774, adjoining Butchery-lane,
and divided into convenient shambles; for fish, at
the High bridge; and for cattle, in the Beast-square, on
the south of the city gaol. The spring markets are on
the Thursday before the fifth Sunday in Lent, and every
alternate Thursday till the April fair (which commences
on the third Tuesday in that month, and continues four
days), the Friday in Easter week, July 5th, the Wed-
nesday, Thursday, and Friday, after Sept. 12th, Octo-
ber 6th, and November 28th; a market for fat cattle is
held every other Wednesday, and there are statutes for
hiring servants, on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Fridays after
old May-day.
HO
Lincoln has, from an
early period enjoyed many
privileges by prescription,
and was formerly governed
by a portreeve: under the
charter granted by Charles I.,
in 1628, by which the go-
vernment is vested in a
mayor, twelve aldermen, two
sheriffs, four coroners, twen-
ty-six common council-men,
and four chamberlains, as-
sisted by a recorder, town-
Corporate Seal.
clerk, steward of the borough-mote courts, sword
bearer, mace bearer, and subordinate officers. The city,
with a district of twenty miles around it, was erected
into a county in the 3d of George I., under the desig-
nation of the City and County of the City of Lincoln.
The mayor is annually elected on the 14th of September,
when the senior alderman, who has not previously
served, is usually appointed to that office: one of the she-
riffs is appointed by the mayor, and the other is chosen
by the corporation, from those who have filled the office
of chamberlain: the chamberlains are appointed by the
mayor from among the freemen, at a court leet on the
Monday after the festival of St. Michael, and are liable
to fine or imprisonment for refusing to serve. The mayor,
and the aldermen who have passed the chair, are justices of
the peace for the city and county of the city. The freedom
of the city is inherited by all the sons of a freeman, or
acquired by servitude, purchase, or gift of the corpora-
tion; among the privileges is that of depasturing a greater
number of cattle on the common lands than a non-free-
The justices for the city hold quarterly courts of
session, for all offences not capital; a court of petty
sessions weekly, for the city and liberties; and a court
of record every alternate week, at which the she-
riffs preside, for the recovery of debts to any amount,
man.
T
:
but which has nearly fallen into disuse. A court of
requests is held by commissioners appointed by an act
passed in the 24th of George II., for the recovery of
debts under 40s. The guildhall is an ancient embattled
structure, rebuilt in the reign of Richard II.: the south
front consists of a fine arched gateway, flanked with
two round towers in a niche in the eastern tower is
a statue of the angel Gabriel holding a scroll, and in a
corresponding niche in front of the western tower is a
statue of the Virgin Mary treading on a serpent; above
the gateway, and in front of the towers, are the city
arms and others, finely sculptured. The sessions-house
for the city is a neat brick edifice, erected in the New
road, in 1809; and behind it is the city gaol and house
of correction, containing six day-rooms, six airing-
yards, in one of which is a tread-wheel, and three soli-
tary cells, the whole adapted to the classification of
prisoners, and surrounded by a lofty brick wall. The
assizes for the county are held in the new county hall,
an elegant structure erected, in 1823, after a design by
Smirke, at an expense of £40,000; and the petty ses-
sions for the parts of Kesteven are held here, on the
first Friday in every month, at the Rein Deer inn:
those for the parts of Lindsey, are held every Friday,
at the Judges' lodgings, an elegant mansion erected on
the Castle hill, at the expense of the county, for the
accommodation of the judges of assize. The county
gaol stands on the south side of the area enclosed within
the castle walls it is a spacious structure of brick, con-
taining, in addition, to the keeper's house and apartments
for the confinement of debtors, twelve day-rooms, and
eight airing-yards: the privilege of walking in the castle
grounds is occasionally allowed to prisoners whose
health may require that indulgence, and the airing-yard,
appropriated to the use of the debtors, comprehends an
area of more than two acres: the buildings are con-
structed on the plan of Mr. Howard, and are in every
respect well adapted to the classification of prisoners,
and capable of being enlarged to an almost indefinite
extent. The city first exercised the elective franchise
in the 49th of Henry III., since which time it has con-
tinued to return two members to parliament: the right
of election is vested in the freemen generally, whether
resident or not, of whom more than one thousand two
hundred polled at the last contested election: sheriffs
are the returning officers.

S
-

Lincoln was first erected
into a see in the reign of
William Rufus, when, in pur-
suance of the decree of a
synod held at London, for
the removal of all episcopal
sees to fortified places, Re-
migius, Bishop of Dorches-
ter, fixed upon this city as
the seat of that diocese, and
purchased lands for the erec-
Arms of the Bishoprick.
tion of a church, an episco-
pal palace, and other requisite buildings: having built
the church, Remigius died previously to its conse-
cration, and his successor, Robert Bloet, completed
his design, beautified the cathedral, and increased the
number of prebends. The diocese, which was originally
very extensive, was, in the reign of Henry II., curtailed
by the separation of a part, to form that of Fly; and, in
LIN
LIN
81
the reign of Henry VIII., it was still further diminished,
by the separation of those districts which constitute
the sees of Oxford and Peterborough. It is still one of
the most extensive and valuable in the kingdom, and
comprehends six archdeaconries, fifty-seven deaneries,
and one thousand three hundred and eighty parishes;
and at the Reformation its revenue was £2065. 12. 6.
The ecclesiastical establishment consists of a bishop,
dean, precentor, chancellor, subdean, six archdeacons,
fifty-two prebendaries, four vicars, eight vicars choral,
organist, seven poor clerks, eight choristers, seven
Burghurst chaunters, &c. The cathedral, dedicated
to the Virgin Mary, is situated on the summit of
the hill, near the castle, and, from its commanding
station, forms a conspicuous and magnificent object, of
which the stately towers are seen from a distance of
twenty miles, in almost every direction: the original
buildings, soon after their completion by Bishop Bloet,
were greatly injured by an accidental fire, and repaired
by his successor, Bishop Alexander, who, to prevent the
recurrence of a similar calamity, covered the aisles with
a vaulted roof of stone, the pressure of which being
too great for the strength of the walls, St. Hugh, a
subsequent bishop, rebuilt the church in the reign of
Henry II., upon a plan then newly introduced, and
greatly enlarged it by taking down the east end, and re-
building it upon a more extensive scale, and it has been
subsequently embellished and increased by various
succeeding bishops. The prevailing character of this
noble building is the early style of English architecture,
of a peculiarly rich kind, intermixed occasionally with
the decorated and later styles; the form is that of a
double cross the west front is partly in the Norman
style, intermixed with the richest character of the early
English the doorways are richly moulded and decorated
with sculpture and statuary; over the central entrance
over the central entrance
are statues of several of the kings of England, and
above is a noble window, highly enriched with tracery :
the western towers are of the Norman character in
the lower stages, and of the early English in the upper;
they are one hundred and eighty feet high, and at each
angle of the font are octagonal turrets, crowned with
pinnacles. A lofty and magnificent tower rises from
the intersection of the nave and the principal transepts,
to the height of two hundred and seventy feet, formerly
surmounted by a spire, which, in 1547, fell down, and
greatly damaged the roof: there were also spires on the
western towers, which were taken down in 1807. The
length of the building is five hundred and twenty-five
feet; the breadth, measuring along the principal transepts,
two hundred and twenty-two feet, and along the eastern
transepts, one hundred and seventy feet. The nave, of
which the roof, as well as those of the aisles, is finely
vaulted, and supported on piers of peculiar richness,
and arches of graceful form, is spacious, and lighted
by a range of clerestory windows: at the end of the
north transept is a fine circular window of the early
English character, and at the extremity of the south
transept is one of the most beautiful specimens of a
decorated circular window now extant. The choir, which
is separated from the nave by an elaborately-carved
stone screen, is remarkably rich in its decorations, and
beautiful in its style; the east window, of eight lights, is
a fine composition of flowing tracery, of the decorated
character; and over the altar is a good painting of the
VOL. II.
Annunciation, by the Rev. W. Peters, R. A.: the piers
and arches which support the roof are in the richest
character of the early English style; and the bishop's
throne and the prebendal stalls are beautiful speci-
mens of tabernacle-work, highly enriched. The Lady
chapel, and some smaller chapels adjoining it, are
peculiarly elegant; and in various parts of this mag-
nificent structure are features of uncommon interest
and impressive beauty. Among the numerous monu-
ments are some of exquisite design; under an arch
to the south of the Lady chapel, and in the south
aisle, are those of Bishops Russell and Longland, whose
effigies are finely sculptured: in the north-west tower
is the celebrated bell, called Tom of Lincoln, the weight
of which is nearly five tons, and the tone peculiarly fine.
Prior to the Reformation the cathedral was distinguished
for its immense wealth, and the sumptuous costliness of
its decorations: Henry VIII. is said to have taken from
its treasury two thousand six hundred and twenty-one
ounces of pure gold, and four thousand two hundred
and eighty-five ounces of silver, exclusively of two
gorgeous shrines, one of St. Hugh, of gold, the other
of St. John de Alderby, of massive silver, and numer-
ous pearls and precious stones of the most costly de-
scription. Three sides of the cloisters are yet remain-
ing in their original state, and exhibit a fine specimen of
the decorated style; and on the fourth side is the li-
brary, of later erection, containing an extensive collection
of books, and some curious Roman antiquities in the
centre of the quadrangle, and at some depth below the
surface, a beautiful tesselated pavement was discovered
a few years since, over which a covering has been placed,
to protect it from injury. On the east side of the
cloisters is a passage leading to the chapter-house, an
elegant building in the form of a decagon, of which the
finely-vaulted roof is supported on a single pillar in the
centre. There are some remains of the episcopal palace,
and of the conventual buildings connected with this
extensive establishment, which, in grandeur, beauty, and
antiquity, holds a prominent rank among the ecclesias-
tical edifices in the kingdom.
:
:
Lincoln formerly contained fifty-two parish churches,
of which number, thirty-four were destroyed prior to
the time of Edward VI. it comprises at present the
parishes of St. Benedict, St. Botolph, St. John Newport,
St. Margaret in the Close (part of which is in the wa-
pentake of Lawress), St. Mark, St. Martin, St. Mary le
Wigford, St. Mary Magdalene in the Bail and Close,
(part of which is in the wapentake of Lawress), St. Mi-
chael on the Mount, St. Nicholas Newport, St. Paul in
the Bail, St. Peter at Arches, St. Peter in East-gate, St.
Peter at Gowts, and St. Swithin and the parishes of
All Saints Bracebridge, All Saints Branston, All Saints
Canwick, and St. Michael, Waddington, which are within
the county of the city; all of them being within the
archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln. The living of St.
Benedict's is a perpetual curacy, endowed with £800
royal bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of the Prebendary of North Kelsey in the.
Cathedral Church: the church is an ancient building
retaining some portions of Norman architecture. The
living of St. Botolph's is a perpetual curacy, endowed
with £400 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Prebendary of St. Botolph's
in the Cathedral Church. The living of St. John's New-
t
M
:
Gad
1
LIN
82
LIN
:
port is a vicarage not in charge, endowed with £400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Prebendary of
Dunholme in the Cathedral Church: the church has been
demolished. The living of St. Margaret's in the Close
is a perpetual curacy, united with that of St. Peter's in
Eastgate, endowed with £600 royal bounty, and in the
alternate patronage of the Precentor and the Prebend-
ary of Haydor in the Cathedral Church: the church was
taken down in 1778, and soon afterwards rebuilt. The
living of St. Mark's is a perpetual curacy, endowed with
£800 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Precen-
tor of the Cathedral Church. The living of St. Martin's
is a discharged vicarage, rated in the king's books at
£4. 13. 4., endowed with £8 per annum private bene-
faction, £600 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Prebendary of St.
Martin's in the Cathedral Church. The living of St.
Mary's Wigford is a discharged vicarage, rated in the
king's books at £5. 3. 9., and in the patronage of the
Prebendary of Gretton in the Cathedral Church: the
church retains considerable portions of its ancient Nor-
man character. The living of St. Mary Magdelene's in
the Bail and Close is a discharged rectory, rated in
the king's books at £5, endowed with £200 royal
bounty, and £1400 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter. The living of St.
Michael's on the Mount is a perpetual curacy, endowed
with £ 1000 royal bounty, and £800 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Precentor of the Cathe-
dral Church the church is of comparatively modern
erection. The living of St. Nicholas' Newport is a vi-
carage not in charge, in the patronage of the Dean and
Chapter the church has been demolished. The living
of St. Paul's in the Bail is a discharged rectory, rated
in the king's books at £2. 5. 10., endowed with £600
royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of the Archdeacon of Lincoln. The living
of St. Peter's at Arches is a discharged rectory, rated
in the king s books at £5. 12. 8., endowed with £200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Crown:
the church has been elegantly rebuilt as the corpo-
ration church, and is fitted up in an appropriate style.
The living of St. Peter's in Eastgate is a perpetual cu-
racy, united with that of St. Margaret's in the Close in
1778, endowed with £400 royal bounty, and in the al-
ternate patronage of the Precentor and the Prebendary
of Haydor in the Cathedral Church: the church has
been rebuilt. The living of St. Peter's at Gowts is a
perpetual curacy, endowed with £600 royal bounty, and
£1000 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Precentor of the Cathedral Church: the church is
an old edifice, and has considerable vestiges of its an-
cient Norman character. The living of St. Swithin's is
a perpetual curacy, endowed with £800 royal bounty,
and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage
of the Precentor of the Cathedral Church: the church
is of late erection. There are places of worship for
General and Particular Baptists, the Society of Friends,
the late Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, Indepen-
dents, Wesleyan Methodists, and Unitarians, and a
Roman Catholic chapel.
:
The free grammar school was founded, in 1567, by
Robert Monson, Esq.: a school, formerly supported by
the Dean and Chapter, in the Cathedral Close, has been
united with it, and is supported jointly by the Dean
and Chapter, who appoint the head-master, and pay
two-thirds of his salary, and by the corporation, who
pay the remainder, and the salary of the usher, each
amounting to £50 per annum: there are about twenty-
five boys, who are taught gratuitously in this school:
the premises form a part of the old Franciscan priory,
which was fitted up for that use in 1583, by the
founder of the school. The Blue-coat school was
founded, in 1602, by Richard Smith, M. D., who en-
dowed it with the manor and some lands at Potter-Han-
warth, for the maintenance, education, and clothing of
twelve poor boys, which number, in consequence of the
improvement in the funds, the governors have aug-
mented to fifty, who are admitted from the
age of
seven till eight, and after remaining in the school until
fourteen years of age, are apprenticed, with a premium
of £16, and two suites of clothes each: the governors
consist of the mayor, a gentleman resident in the city,
another resident in the Close, the junior residentiary
canon of the Cathedral Church, the senior alderman,
the recorder, and the town-clerk. The Jersey school was
founded, in 1693, and endowed with £700, bequeathed by
Henry Stone, of Skellingthorp, Esq., for maintaining a
master to teach children to spin jerseys, and afterwards
to employ and pay them for their work; but the in-
troduction of machinery has diminished the value of
this institution. A free school in the Bail was endowed
with lands producing £12 per annum, by Mr. Wilkin-
son, for the instruction of twelve poor boys, and
placed under the direction of the Governors of the
Blue-coat school. The National school, established in
1813, and supported by subscription, affords instruction
to three hundred boys and two hundred girls, to whom
articles of clothing are distributed at Christmas. The
county hospital, a spacious and handsome brick build-
ing, erected in 1769, and supported by voluntary sub-
scription, has been productive of much benefit to the
city and its neighbourhood: it is under the direction of
a committee, and is attended by three physicians and
four surgeons: the average expenditure is about £1300
per annum. The general dispensary was established in
1826, and is supported by subscription: the poor who
require attendance at their own houses, are visited by
the house surgeon, and by the dispensing apothecary,
who supplies them with medicines. The lunatic asylum
is a spacious handsome edifice, two hundred and sixty
feet in length, and having a portico of the Ionic order
in the centre, erected in 1820, from a design by Mr.
Ingleman, at an expense of £15,000, and containing
apartments for fifty patients, with warm and cold
baths, and every requisite accommodation: the building
and the grounds occupy three acres and a half: the
establishment is under the direction of a president,
vice-president, and a committee of governors, who are
chosen from the principal subscribers: it is open to
patients of every class, who are expected to contri-
bute towards the expense in proportion to their abi-
lity. The lying-in hospital was instituted in 1805, and
is supported by subscription. The Dorcas Society is
also supported by subscription, and has been found to
contribute material assistance in supplying the poor
with articles of clothing. There are various other esta-
blishments, and numerous charitable benefactions for
the relief of the poor, among which may be noticed a
bequest by John Smith, Esq., of lands now producing
LIN
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83
£600 per annum a legacy by Lady Margaret Thorold
of Marlston, in 1731, of £1500 South Sea annuities,
for the purchase of lands now producing £ 60 per annum ;
the great tithes of Glenham, bequeathed by T. Sutton,
Esq., founder of the Charter-house, London, and various
others.
Among the numerous monastic establishments which
anciently existed here were, a nunnery founded prior
to the erection of the cathedral, the site of which is
occupied by the Dean's house; an hospital for lepers,
near the city, founded by Remigius, first bishop of
Lincoln, or, according to other authorities, by Henry I.,
of which, in the reign of Edward III., the revenue
was £30; a priory of Gilbertine canons, founded by
Robert, second bishop of Lincoln, and dedicated to St.
Catherine, of which, at the dissolution, the revenue was
£270. 1. 3.; a priory of Benedictine monks, dedicated
to St. Mary Magdalene, and a cell to the abbey at York,
founded prior to the reign of Henry II., of which the
remains, now called Monks' house, about half a mile
to the east of the city, consist of the walls of several
apartments and a small chapel; a house of Franciscan
friars, the foundation of which is uncertain; houses of
Carmelite and Augustine friars, the former founded in
1269, and the latter in 1291: within the Close was
founded, in 1355, by Sir Nicholas de Cantelupe, a col-
lege of priests to officiate at the altar of St. Nicholas,
in the cathedral; besides various others, of several of
which, traces may be distinctly perceived in various parts
of the city and its environs. The Jews' house is an ancient
edifice of curious design, and belonged to Belaset de
Wallingford, a jewess, who was hanged in the reign of
Edward I., for clipping the coin. Near Brayford water
are some vestiges of a fort called Lucy Tower, between
which and the castle was a subterraneous communica-
tion; and in the city is a chalybeate spring of consider-
able strength. Lincoln gives the inferior title of earl to
the Duke of Newcastle.
LINCOLNSHIRE, a maritime county, bounded
on the north by the broad æstuary of the Humber, on
the east by the German ocean, and by the wide arm of
it called the Wash, on the south by the counties of Cam-
bridge, Northampton, and Rutland, and on the west by
those of Leicester, Nottingham, and York: it extends
from 52° 38′ to 53° 44′ (N. Lat.), and from 18' (E. Lon.)
to 1° 3' (W. Lon.); and contains two thousand seven
hundred and forty-eight square miles, or, one million
seven hundred and fifty-eight thousand seven hundred
and twenty acres. The population, in 1821, amounted to
283,058. The portion of the territory of the Coritani
was included, on the Roman division of Britain, in the
province called Britannia Prima; and, from the Roman
remains still existing here, it is evident that those con-
querors not only considered this district of great im-
portance, in the state in which they found it, but also
made some considerable efforts towards that removal
of its natural disadvantages which in latter ages have
been prosecuted with such signal success. Of the
Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia this shire formed an
important part; its northern portion, the division of
Lindsey, having been wrested from that kingdom
by Edwin of Northumbria. Christianity seems to have
been first introduced into Lincolnshire, soon after the
conversion of that sovereign, by the Romish mission-
ary, Paulinus. We are told by Bede, that Paulinus,
after converting the Northumbrians, came into the
northern part of the kingdom of Mercia; that he
converted Blecca, then Governor of Lincoln, and bap-
tized many people of this district in the river Trent.
The see of Sidnacester, which is known to have com-
prised the district or province of Lindsey (although
the site of Sidnacester itself, which appears to have
been somewhere in that district, is a subject of contro-
versy among antiquaries), was established in 678, and
continued until the latter part of the eleventh century,
when St. Remigius, the nineteenth bishop, transferred
the see to Lincoln. In 827, at Caistor in this county,
Egbert, King of Wessex, defeated Wiglaf, King of Mer-
cia, who fled to Croyland, where he was concealed for
three months; when, by the mediation of its abbot,
Siward, he was restored to his kingdom, on paying
homage and becoming tributary to Egbert. This part
of the English territory was particularly exposed, by its
locality, to the incursions and ravages of the Danes;
so that their sanguinary fury was wreaked upon it
with especial frequency and violence. Early in the
year 870, having landed at Humberston, in Lindsey,
they destroyed the ancient and famous monastery of
Bardney, and, after wasting all the country around it
with fire and sword, they came, about Michaelmas, into
Kesteven, which they devastated in like manner. At
that time Algar, Earl of Mercia, and his two senes-
chals, or lieutenants, Wibert and Leofric, assembled all
the youth of the parts of Holland, with a body of two
hundred men belonging to Croyland abbey, and about
three hundred more from Deeping, Langtoft, and Bos-
ton: they were also joined by Morkar, Lord of Brunne,
with his numerous retainers, and by the sheriff of Lincoln,
with the Lincolnshire forces, five hundred in number;
and the whole being mustered together in Kesteren, on St.
Maurice's day, gave the Pagans battle, and routed them
with great slaughter, and the death of three of their
kings, pursuing them to their camp, where finding a
very obstinate resistance, night at length parted the
combatants, and the earl drew back his army. The
Danes were joined in the night by other princes of
their nation, who had distributed themselves over the
neighbouring country for the purpose of plunder, and
in the morning, the English, notwithstanding their
inferior forces, again engaged them, and, by keeping
themselves in a compact body, maintained the con-
flict the whole day, until, deceived in the evening by a
feigned flight of the enemy, they quitted their ranks,
when the Danes, turning upon them, made dreadful
slaughter. The Christian combatants were thus nearly
annihilated, a few youths of Gedney and Sutton alone
escaping to Croyland abbey, whereupon the monks im-
mediately employed themselves in secreting and send-
ing away their relics and other things valuable; but the
barbarians, after burning the villages on their way,
soon reached the monastery, made a general massacre
of its inhabitants, and committed the whole monastic
buildings to the flames: next day they marched, with
an immense spoil of cattle, &c., to Medeshamsted, now
Peterborough. In 873 the Danes wintered at Torksey,
and were there visited by Burhred, King of Mercia, who
purchased from them a short peace. On the tranquil
settlement of these invaders in this part England,
Lincoln and Stamford were two of the five principal
towns which they occupied, and from them they were
M 2
1
LIN
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84
not expelled until the year 941, in the reign of Edmund
the Elder.
From this period until the Norman Conquest the
transactions of the episcopal church and see of Lin-
coln form the principal subjects of historical narra-
tive. In the war between Stephen and the Empress
Matilda, Lincoln and its vicinity were the scene of some
of the most interesting events, that city having been
twice besieged by the king, who captured it on the
first occasion; but on the second, the siege being raised
by the arrival of the Earl of Gloucester and his army,
the king, after fighting with desperate valour, was
made prisoner. In 1174, the Isle of Axholme, being
at that period surrounded by water, and consequently a
position of considerable strength, Roger de Mowbray,
Constable of England, one of the adherents of Prince
Henry in his rebellion against his father, Henry II.,
maintained himself there until compelled to surrender
by the Lincolnshire men, who razed his castle. The
year 1216 is memorable for King John's disastrous
march into Lincolnshire; when, after losing all his bag-
gage in the washes, and narrowly escaping with his life,
he first rested at Swineshead abbey; whence, being
attacked by dysentery, he was removed in a litter to
Sleaford, and thence to Newark, where he died. On the
4th of June in the following year, the associated barons
under Gilbert de Gaunt, Earl of Lincoln, and the French
under the Count of Perche, were defeated at Lincoln,
by the Earl of Pembroke, regent for the young king,
Henry III., when the French commander and most of
his men were slain, and the principal barons and four
hundred knights made prisoners. At a later period
of the same reign, the Isle of Axholme afforded a re-
treat to many of the disaffected nobles, after the battle
of Evesham. In 1536, at Barlings, commenced an in-
surrection of the Lincolnshire men, in consequence of
the suppression of some religious houses: the insurgents
were headed by Dr. Mackerel, abbot of Barlings, under
the assumed name of Captain Cobler; but, on receiving
the king's promise of pardon, they dispersed, and Mack-
erel was taken and hanged at Tyburn.
G
This county was the theatre of some considerable
military transactions in the last general civil war. In the
year 1643, by an ordinance of both houses, it was added
to the Eastern Association. On March 22nd of the same
year, Grantham and its garrison were captured for the
king, by Col. Charles Cavendish; and shortly afterwards,
near that town, twenty-four troops of royalist cavalry
were defeated by Oliver Cromwell, at the head of his
own regiment. On May 11th, at Ancaster, the parlia-
mentarians, under the younger Hotham, were defeated
by Col. Cavendish. On the 30th of July, Gainsborough
was taken by the parliament's forces, under Lord
Willoughby of Parham, and its governor, the Earl of
Kingston, made prisoner, who, in his passage down the
Humber to Hull, was, in a mistake, shot by the royalists:
soon afterwards, near Gainsborough, the royalists were
defeated by Cromwell, and their commander, General
Cavendish, slain; and on October 11th of the same
year, at Horncastle, Lord Widrington, at the head of a
detachment of the Marquis of Newcastle's army, was
defeated, five hundred royalists slain, and eight hundred
taken prisoners, by the Earl of Manchester, who, on
May 6th, 1644, stormed Lincoln, and captured its gover-
nor, Col. Francis Fane, with about eight hundred men.
•
This county is included in the diocese of Lincoln,
and province of Canterbury, and forms the two arch-
deaconries of Lincoln and Stow; the former, comprising
the deaneries of Aswardhurn cum Lafford, Aveland,
Beltisloe, Bolingbroke, Candleshoe, Calceworth, Gar-
tree, Grantham, Graffo, Grimsby, Hill, Holland, Horn-
castle, Lincoln, Longobovey, Lovedon, Louth-Eske,
Ness, Stamford, Walshcroft, Wraggoe, and Yarborough ;
and the latter, the deaneries of Aslacoe, Corringham,
Lawress, and Manley. The number of parishes is six
hundred and nine, of which, three hundred and five
are rectories, two hundred and forty-four vicarages, and
the remainder perpetual curacies. Lincolnshire consists
of three grand divisions: namely, Lindsey, which is
much the largest, including nearly one-half of the county,
and extending from the German ocean to the borders
of Nottinghamshire, and from the river Witham to the
Humber; Kesteven, which forms the south-western
portion of the county; and Holland, the south-eastern.
The division of Lindsey comprises, exclusively of the
city of Lincoln, the hundreds, or wapentakes of Aslacoe
(East and West), Bradley-Haverstoe, Calceworth (Marsh
and Wold divisions), Candleshoe (Marsh and Wold di-
visions), Corringham, Gartree (North and South), Hill,
Lawress, Louth-Eske (Marsh and Wold divisions), Lud-
borough, Manley (East, North, and West), Walshcroft
(North and South), Well, Wraggoe (East and West),
and Yarborough (East, North, and South), and the
sokes of Bolingbroke (East and West), and Horncastle;
that of Kesteven, exclusively of the town and soke of
Grantham, and the town of Stamford, comprises the wa-
pentakes of Aswardhurn, Aveland, Beltisloe, Boothby-
Graffo (High and Low), Flaxwell, Langoe (First and Se-
cond divisions), Loveden, Ness, and Winnibriggs and
Threo; and that of Holland, exclusively of the town of
Boston, the wapentakes of Elloe, Kirton, and Skirbeck.
The county contains the city of Lincoln;
the borough
and market towns of Boston, Grantham, Grimsby, and
Stamford; and the market towns of Alford, Barton
upon Humber, Bolingbroke, Bourne, Caistor, Doning-
ton, Epworth, Falkingham, Gainsborough, Glandford-
Bridge, Holbeach, Horncastle, Kirton, Louth, Market-
Deeping, Market-Rasen, Sleaford, Spalding, Spilsby,
Long Sutton, Swineshead, Tattershall, Wainfleet, and
Wragby. Two knights are returned for the shire, two
citizens for the city of Lincoln, and two burgesses for
each of the boroughs. Lincolnshire is within the Mid-
land circuit: the assizes are held at Lincoln, where is
the county gaol: quarter sessions are held at Boston, for
the parts of Holland; at Bourne and Falkingham, for
the parts of Kesteven; and at Kirton, Louth, and Spils-
by, for the parts of Lindsey: there are one hundred
and ten acting magistrates. The houses of correction
are at Bourne and Falkingham, for the parts of Kes-
teven; at Kirton, Louth, and Spilsby, for the parts of
Lindsey; at Spalding, for the parts of Holland, with
the exception of the wapentakes of Kirton and Skir-
beck, the house of correction for which is at Skirbeck.
The rates raised in the county, for the year ending
March 25th, 1829, amounted to £228,975, the expen-
diture to £227,860, of which £171,564 was applied to
the relief of the poor.
The discriminative features of Lincolnshire are
strongly marked by nature these consist of the low-
land tracts, comprising about seven hundred and se-
LIN
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85
venty-six thousand nine hundred and sixty acres; the
heaths, extending to a great distance both north and
south of Lincoln, the breadth of which, however, is not
very great, and containing one hundred and eighteen
thousand four hundred acres; and the Wolds in the
north-eastern part of the county, which extend in
length from Spilsby to the immediate vicinity of the
Humber, and include about two hundred and thirty-four
thousand eight hundred and eighty acres. Contiguous
to the sea, in the southern part, spreads an immense
extent of low land, much of which was once marsh land,
but is now become, by means of the exertions made
during a period of almost two hundred years, one of the
richest tracts in the kingdom: it is a region of fertility,
without beauty, in a climate which is not salubrious to
the human constitution. Advancing northward, along
the sea-shore, this tract becomes narrower, but is, how-
ever, continued to the Humber, on the margin of which
it contracts to a mere stripe of marsh land, separated by
the cliffs, which rise near the mouth of the Trent, from
a nearly similar tract occupying all that part of the
county lying on the left side of that great river. The
heaths to the north and south of Lincoln, and the Wolds,
are calcareous ranges of hills, commanding many fine
views of the lower tracts. The remaining large portion
of the county has no distinguishing feature, nor is it, on
the whole, remarkable for superior fertility; yet from
different situations in it are obtained beautiful and ex-
tensive views over the richer adjoining districts, more
especially about Belton, and the cliff towns to the south
of Lincoln, from the Cliff road to the north of that city,
and in the vicinities of Gainsborough, Knaith, and Bur-
The whole line of the Humber is included in the
view from the higher Wolds, the surface of which is very
uneven, in the neighbourhood of Louth, and more espe-
cially at Tathwell: there are also some very beautiful
scenes in the neighbourhood of Thurgandy and Stainton.
ton.
The climate has been greatly improved in salubrity
by the drainage of the vast tracts of marshes; as a
proof of which, upon the completion of the great Witham
drainage, agues have been much less prevalent than
before. The ague was formerly a common malady upon
the margins of the Trent and Humber, but it disap-
peared in a great measure at the time of the draining of
Wallin fen in Yorkshire. Along the whole coast the
land is greatly exposed to the keen north-east winds;
and in the months of March, April, and May, equally
ungenial easterly winds are severely felt in the neigh-
bourhood of Barton: this latter district also, at the time
of the equinoxes, experiences extremely violent westerly
winds, in consequence of which, the trunks of the trees
are usually inclined towards the sea. The soils, besides
other varieties in different situations and under various
circumstances, include clay, sand, loam, chalk, and peat,
which are all found in extensive districts: nearly all the
variations extend in length from north to south. The
heath, a high tract of land now enclosed, and from
which the streams flow both eastward towards the ocean,
and westward towards the Trent, has a soil of a good
sandy loam, intermixed with a very small portion of clay;
it is excellent turnip and barley land, and rests on a bed
of limestone, its usual depth being from nine to eighteen
inches. This high ground declines suddenly towards the
west, the soil, on the declivity and for some distance into
the lower tract, continuing much the same; at the first
.
line of villages, which extends in the same direction as
the soil, from north to south, it is a rich loam, affording
good pasturage. Beyond this is a tract of strong clay,
which is harsh, stubborn, and unprofitable, very difficult
to convert into good permanent grass: and next to this
lies the immediate line of the Trent, which, like the
borders of most rivers that pass through a flat country,
has a soil of very rich warp loam of various descriptions.
Returning to the heath hill, eastward of it, the country
slopes gradually into a vale of soils too various for de-
scription, but not generally good. Half-way across this,
towards the Wolds, is a narrow tract of good rising
ground, extending in an irregular line, on which the
villages are built; the whole district between the heath
and the Wolds forming first the narrow ridge on which
the villages are built, then the Ancholme flat, beyond
which comes the ridge of pasture land; and lastly a
bad flat moor, which is immediately succeeded by the
Wolds. Between Gainsborough and Newark in Not-
tinghamshire, for the distance of twenty-five miles along
the western border of this county, the whole is sand, with
a flat marshy tract next the river Trent, which, however,
is sometimes extremely narrow: eastward of this sand,
which is good and in tillage, is a tract of cold wet
clay, that becomes rich and makes excellent bean land,
in the vicinity of Claypole, though much of it is subject
to floods. A considerable tract about Grimsthorpe,
Tromestead, Edenham, Swayfield, Bytham, Witham, &c.,
consists of sand, creech, and clay, the first being of
a whitish, or light red, colour; the creech loam, the best
arable land of the three; and the clay for the most
part wet and poor. At Scott-Willoughby, Osbournby,
and the neighbourhood of Falkingham, are three soils,
viz., strong clay on a bottom resembling mortar, a wet
creech loam, and rich hazel loam from Belton to Nor-
manton extends a remarkably rich tract of reddish-
coloured land. The soil of the Isle of Axholme, lying to
the west of the Trent, is among the finest in England,
and comprises black sandy loams, warp land, brown
sands, and rich soapy and tenacious loam the under-
stratum, in many places, is an imperfect plaster stone.
In that corner of the county included between the
Trent and the Humber are sand, cold clay, and various
loams; the substratum of the whole being limestone
at different depths. Barton Field, a tract containing
six thousand acres, is a good dry turnip loam, upon
chalk at various depths, fit for all ordinary crops.
The
soil of the great tract of the Wolds is a sandy loam on
a chalk understratum, the quality of which greatly
varies, from a poor sand to rich, deep, and fertile loams,
that produce excellent crops of barley and wheat, and
some even of beans. Between the eastern boundary of
the Wolds and the sea is a tract divided into the Marsh
and the Middle Marsh; the former consisting of a rich
salt marsh, the soil of which is a fertile adhesive marine
clay, and a very rich loam, while the latter is a line of
strong land, the soil much resembling that of the marsh
called "the Clays," extending from Beelsby towards
Grimsby, and consisting of a strong brown loam much
superior to real clay. To the west of Caistor is a barren
moor, for some miles in extent, which consists of a
peaty sand on a poor reddish sand-stone. The soil of
the wapentake of Skirbeck is very various : in that part
near Boston, and some others, the surface is a rich loam
resting upon a bed of clay, underneath which is found
:
:
-
LIN
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86
generally, at a certain level, the silt, which is a porous
sea-sand, deposited many ages ago, and, when a surface
soil, becomes hardened by the rain, but is not fertile :
near the sea is a thin surface of this resting upon clay;
and near the fens a very stiff blue clay, the grass upon
which is almost always mown: the richest pastures are
upon a black mould or mass of vegetable particles. A
large tract of sandy soil prevails from Spilsby to Reves-
by, and wholly, or partly includes a great number of
parishes. The fen lands consist of a heavy deep sandy
loam, which makes very rich breeding pastures for
sheep, but not feeding pastures: some also consist of a
rich, soapy, blue clay; and others of black peat, which
is formed of decayed vegetable substances, and, when
drained, are considered to be the best for the purposes
of tillage. The whole of the south-eastern portion of the
county, extending along the coast from near Wisbeach,
northward, to Frieston beyond Boston, is of peat of
great depth and extreme richness: the understratum at
Boston, when reached in boring was found to consist of
blue marl, the colour of Westmorland slate, and one
hundred and fifty yards deep, with intervals of only a
few inches. There is a fen below Bourne and Morton,
which joins the great tract to the Isle of Ely, and to
Boston.
The extreme flatness of the Lincolnshire coast, to-
gether with the slight fall and consequent sluggishness
of the lower part of the course of the rivers, which
terminate in æstuaries at its two extremities, have oc-
casioned the formation, in remote ages, of a very large
tract of marshes, occupying the whole eastern side
of the present county, and forming upwards of a
third of its superficies. The extent of these fens, and
the practicability of reclaiming some portion of them
from their natural state of unproductiveness and insa-
lubrity, seem to have attracted the attention of the
Roman possessors of Britain, to whom is attributed the
construction of the large drain called the Car-Dyke,
signifying the fen dike, which extends from the river
Witham, near Lincoln, to the river Welland, on the south-
ern side of the county, the object and the use of which
have been to receive the waters from the high grounds,
which intersect that part of the county, running on the
western side of the dyke, and so prevent them from
inundating the low grounds immediately contiguous to
it, on the east. The Old Sea Bank, as it is commonly
called, which, though now running parallel with the
shore, at a considerable distance from the sea, has
anciently protected the district of South Holland from
inundation, is also considered to be a Roman work.
Of the tracts thus brought into cultivation, Deeping
fen, on the banks of the Welland, appears to have
received the earliest attention; for, at the beginning
of Edward the Confessor's reign, a road was made
across it, by Egebric, Bishop of Durham; and in the
reign of William the Conqueror, Richard de Rulos, that
monarch's chamberlain, enclosed this part of the fen
country, from the chapel of St. Guthlake (now Market-
Deeping) to the Car-Dyke, and beyond to Cleilake, near
Cranmore, excluding the river Welland by a strong and
extensive bank of earth. As property became subdi-
vided, greater attention was paid to the improvement
of the soil; and various presentments were made, and
grants obtained, for scouring the rivers, and draining off
the superfluous waters. The great trench, called the
Foss Dyke, extending about seven miles from the great
marsh near Lincoln, to the river Trent, in the vicinity
of Torksey, was made, or materially altered, by Henry I.,
in 1121, as a general drain for the adjacent level, and
also for the purpose of bringing up vessels from the
Trent to Lincoln. The cleansing of the channel of the
Ancholme, with the like double object, first took place
about the 18th of Edward I., and in succeeding reigns
various statutes were enacted, for the more effectual
drainage of this part of the county. The Isle of Ax-
holme was formerly one continued fen, owing to the
silt, or sea-sand, washed up the channel of the Trent by
the tides in the Humber, which, obstructing the waters
of the Don and the Idle, forced them back over the cir-
cumjacent lands, so that their central parts, being the
highest, formed a real island, the district still retain-
ing the name of one, though no longer insular. About
the reign of Edward I., however, the draining of this
tract appears to have commenced; and subsequently
various commissions were granted for rendering it more
effectual.
In the beginning of the reign of Charles I., that
important work was commenced, which embraced not
only the marshes of Axholme, but all the adjacent
fens, called Dikesmersh and Hatfield Chase, in the
county of York. These belonging chiefly to the crown,
Charles II., under the Great Seal of England, contracted
with Cornelius Vermuyden, Esq., of the city of London,
by articles dated the 24th of May, in the second year of
his reign, that the latter should, at his own charge, drain
the lands specified, in consideration of which, he and
his heirs for ever, should hold of the king one-third of
the surrounding grounds; on the completion of the
work, a corporation was to be formed of such persons
as Vermuyden, or his heirs, should nominate, to make
acts and ordinances for their preservation. This great
work was accordingly begun, and proceeded so success-
fully, that, at an expense of about £55,825, it was
finished, within five years; the waters, which had usually
overflowed the whole level, having been conveyed into
the river Trent, through Snow sewer and Althorpe river,
by a sluice, which excluded the flow of the tide, and dis-
charged the drained water at every ebb. It is tradi-
tionally affirmed, that large vessels could formerly sail
up the river Witham, from Boston to Lincoln, which re-
port seems to be corroborated by the fragments of ves-
sels that have frequently been found near its channel: at
present, however, this river is navigable only for barges,
and its current is so slow, that it does not clear away
the accumulating mud. The first notice of the inunda-
tions and other inconveniences arising from the ob-
struction of its waters, appears in the sixth year of
Edward III., when commissioners were appointed for
surveying it, between Lincoln and Beckingham: other
parts of the river were in like manner surveyed in sub-
sequent reigns, and various regulations made for keeping
its waters within due bounds, and conducting the land
floods speedily to the sea. In the reign of Henry VII.,
however, more effectual measures for the same purpose
were found necessary, the most important of which was
the construction of Boston sluice, to execute which a
Flemish engineer, named Hake, was brought over and
employed: for defraying the expense, a rate was levied
upon the lands lying in the contiguous wapentakes.
To
the north-east of the Witham, extending from that river
LIN
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87
nearly to Wainfleet, a distance of about twenty miles,
lie large fenny tracts, called Wildmore fen, West fen,
and East fen. Upon a writ of Ad quod damnum, is-
sued in the 41st of Elizabeth, concerning the draining
of these, it appears, that in East fen five thousand acres
were under water, half of which was then considered
drainable; and that the commons and severalties on
the borders of the same fen contained about three thou-
sand four hundred acres, the whole of which was sur-
rounded: and in the sixth of Charles I., at a session of
sewers, held at Boston, it was decreed that the outfall
at Wainfleet haven should be deepened and enlarged, and
all other necessary works done for draining the said
lands: each person receiving benefit was to pay ten
shillings to the undertakers. Down to the latter part of
the last century however, notwithstanding the repeated
exertions made in this branch of agricultural improve-
ment, the success had scarcely been answerable to the
amount of labour and expense employed; but since then,
other undertakings of the same kind have been carried
on with increased skill and spirit, and with far greater
Deeping fen, which extends for nearly the
whole of the eleven miles between Market-Deeping and
Spalding, was drained towards the close of the last cen-
tury: it comprises about fifteen thousand acres, two-
thirds of which are taxable under commissioners. Aln-
wick fen, containing one thousand and ninety-seven
acres; and Holland fen, twenty-two thousand acres,
have also been drained: the very existence of the lat-
ter tract, as firm land, depends upon the security of its
banks. In that long reach of fen extending from Lin-
coln to Tattershall a vast improvement has been made,
by embanking and draining, the first act for which
purpose was obtained in 1787, or 1788, and between
twenty and thirty square miles of country have been
enclosed and cultivated in consequence.
success.
and low lands in Spalding, Moulton, Whaplode, Holbeach,
and Gedney, containing in all five thousand three hun-
dred and thirty-nine acres. South Holland, grossly es-
timated at one hundred thousand acres, has long been
an object of embankment; of the banks that have been
formed upon this tract, at various periods, the Old Sea-
dyke bank is unquestionably Roman: the New Sea-
dyke bank, which is two miles nearer to the sea than
the old one, still remains, but it is unknown when, or
by whom, it was made. In taking the levels for making
the new drain, it was found that the surface, on advan-
cing to the Roman bank from the land, suddenly rose six
feet, and continued on that level towards the sea, such
being the depth of warp, or silt, deposited by the sea,
since that bank had been made. In 1792, the act was
obtained for the formation of the new embankment, a
work of profit to the public, as well as to the proprie-
tors.
In the northern part of the county, the important
drainage of the Ancholme Level was completed, in
the latter part of the last century, by carrying the
drain in a straight line through the low lands, of
which those taxed to the drainage amount to seven-
teen thousand one hundred and ninety-seven acres,
and are now chiefly pasture and meadow. The
drainage of the Isle of Axholme too, is one of very
great importance. Since the year 1630, ten thousand
acres have been secured from the sea, by means of em-
bankment, in the parish of Long Sutton; and a new
tract has been taken in, according to act of parliament,
at Winteringham. At Humberston is a large piece of
land fenced in from the sea by means of a low bank;
and great tracts of valuable land yet remain to be se-
cured from the sea, about North Somercoates, and other
places on that part of the coast: the distance between
high water mark and low water mark is there as much as
two miles. In the reparation of the banks that secure
the marsh land from the sea, the towns next the coast,
called Frontage towns, defray the expense; but in case
of such a breach as renders a new bank necessary, the
expense is assessed, according to the highest tides ever
known, by level, over all the country below such level of
high water, under the direction of the commissioners of
sewers the distance from the sea subject to taxation
for drainage will, therefore, vary according to the level
of the country. An act of parliament was obtained, in
1792, for embanking and draining certain salt marshes
;
In 1794, an act was passed for improving the
outfall of the river Welland, and for better draining the
low grounds, and discharging their waters into the sea,
which object was to be effected by cutting an immense
canal, from the reservoir below Spalding, capable of con-
ducting the whole waters of the river Welland into the
Witham, below Boston. About the year 1799, it was
estimated that the total amount of land in Lincolnshire,
which, at various periods, had been made available
by drainage, was not less than one hundred and fifty
thousand acres. Since that calculation was made, acts
of parliament, for the better drainage of East, West, and
Wildmore fens, amounting to upwards of thirty thou-
sand acres, were passed in the 41st and 43rd years of
the reign of George III.: the expenses amounted to
about £ 400,000, and the value of the land recovered to
about £2,000,000: the drainage was complete, and the
land under cultivation, so early as the year 1808. In
the fens of Lincolnshire, the soak is often spoken of;
by which expression is meant the subterraneous water
found at various depths, usually at only a very few feet
below the surface: this rises and sinks according to
the season, and is supposed, from its saline quality, to
be the sea-water filtered through a stratum of silt,
which, more especially in Holland fen, seems to be very
general, and at no great depth from the surface. It has
also been remarked of this district, that, although re-
taining its ancient name of fen, it is now, on the whole,
more in danger of suffering from want of water in sum-
mer, than from a superabundance of it in winter; for,
in case of drought, the great drains become very shal-
low, and the water retained in the earth passes off, in a
great measure, through the filtering stratum of silt, so
that it is necessary to dig deep, in that season, to obtain
water for the cattle.
:
On the arable lands no particular rotation of crops is
observed, as they vary still more than the soils; in the
fens, however, they always commence the course with
paring and burning. Rape is very extensively cultivated
in almost every part of the county, more especially in the
fens and low lands its chief application is for feeding
sheep. The woad grown is upon the deep rich loams,
and frequently in the saline maritime levels; grass land,
upon the soil of which this plant is found to flourish best,
is very commonly broken up for its cultivation: the crop
is regularly gathered twice, and in favourable seasons
a third is wholly or partially collected; this third crop is
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of an inferior kind; when properly prepared, it is shipped
chiefly into Yorkshire and Lancashire. The artificial
grasses mostly cultivated are, red clover and white, tre-
foil, lucerne, and sainfoin, with various kinds of hay-seeds.
Many onions are cultivated in the Isle of Axholme. The
rich grazing lands of Lincolnshire are its distinguish-
ing feature, in an agricultural point of view: they are to
be found on a rich loamy clay, sometimes very stiff, but
of uncommon fertility. The quantity is extremely great,
the finest being in the vicinities of Boston, Algarkirk,
Fosdyke, Sutterton, Kirton, Frampton, Wyberton, and
Skirbeck; and these during the summer will feed a
bullock and a half, besides four sheep, per acre, and two
sheep per acre during the winter. The marsh pastures,
which lie between the Wolds and the sea, are for the
most part of excellent quality; the best are used for
feeding, those of inferior quality for breeding and keep-
ing stock in common order. Hanworth, to the north of
Lincoln, is principally grass land; and there is a fine
tract of second-rate pasture land, lying in the vale, be-
tween the heath and the Wolds. The marsh grass lands,
on the Trent produce from a ton to a ton and a half of
hay per acre: on the hilly Wolds are some valuable pas-
tures. About two-thirds of the wapentake of Skirbeck
is under grass, part of which is mown: the best pasture
is chiefly stocked with shearling wethers, bought in the
spring, which, having yielded two fleeces, are sold the
next year; and with cattle, during the summer, which are
sold in the autumn: the second best is grazed by young
beasts and sheep, and a few breeding sheep; the worst
is chiefly mown. The marshes near the sea-shore, from
Wrangle northward to Sutton, are separated from the
higher part of the county by the fens, and the parishes
situated on the clays. From Tealby, on the edge of the
Wolds, to Wragby, is a constant succession of grass
lands, with hardly any tillage; and from Semperingham
down to Deeping is a line of rich grazing land, two or
three miles broad. One of the most powerful of ma-
nures known in this county is the fish called Stickle-
back
x; it is extremely abundant in the east and west
fens, and also comes from the sea into Boston haven.
Lime, and white, blue, and red marl are also used; and
to these may be added a singular practice which sub-
sists on the Wolds, of manuring by spreading dry straw
on the land and then burning it there. The water of
the tides that run up the Trent, Ouse, Don, and other
rivers that fall into the Humber, is muddy to an ex-
cess; and the peculiar custom of warping, which is very
extensively followed, is by letting in the tide over the
level lands on their banks, at high water, to deposit
the muddy particles it contains, provincially called warp,
and then permitting the water to run off again as the
tide falls, for which purpose canals are made, joining
the river, and having sluices at their mouths, which may
be opened or shut at pleasure. Around the fields to be
warped, to prevent the water flowing over contiguous
lands, are raised banks of from three or four, to six or
seven feet high, according to circumstances: one-eighth
of an inch, on an average, is deposited by each tide that
is let in upon the land.
The live stock of this county are very numerous :
the two principal breeds of cattle are the Lincoln-
shire short-horned, and the Leicestershire long-horned,
the former of which seems to be most generally pre-
ferred. In the vicinity of Falkingham is found a dun-
coloured breed, said to have been originally brought
from the Isle of Alderney: there are also a few cattle
of the several breeds of Devon, Teeswater, Holderness,
Durham, and Alderney, and crosses between the long-
horned and the short-horned breeds, between that of
Devonshire and that of Lincolnshire, and between the
Lincoln and the long-horned Craven. There are no
dairies except for private use and the supply of the
neighbouring markets with butter, the chief objects of
the agriculturists being breeding and feeding. About
Normanby, Burton, &c., great numbers of cattle are
bred but few are fed here, as they are generally sold to
the graziers in the marshes. Oxen are very frequently
worked, more especially on the Wolds, and in the tract of
country extending from Barton, by Grimsby, to Louth.
The two principal breeds of sheep are, the native Lincoln
and the Leicester, the latter of which has become very
general: it is computed that there are usually not less
than two million four hundred thousand sheep in the
county. The hogs common in Holland fen, about Boston,
and its vicinity, are of inferior mongrel sorts, which,
however, have been latterly improved. Many thousand
acres are occupied as rabbit-warrens in different parts
of the county, the rabbits being of the silver and com-
mon grey kinds, with some black and some white ones.
Great quantities of geese are still kept in the low fenny
tracts, though not to the same extent as formerly.
A considerable number of horses is bred in this county:
in Holland fen the number of breeding mares is very
great; and about Normanby, Burton, &c., are bred
from mares universally black, many saddle and coach
horses, some of which are sold at Howden in York-
shire, and the rest at the celebrated Horncastle fair.
Numerous cart-horses are bred in the marshes about
Saltfleet. On the Wolds some of the finest blood
horses in the kingdom are bred, and greater attention
is paid to them here even than in Yorkshire, or Dur-
ham. A society, called the Lincolnshire Agricultural
Society, was established at Falkingham, in 1796, being
the earliest of the kind in the county.
-
Very little of any kind of manufacture is carried
on about Normanby and Burton, however, a good deal
of flax is spun and woven into linen: the woollen
manufacture is conducted on a very small scale at
Boston. At the port of Gainsborough, besides the ship-
building, which is an important branch of business, a
considerable quantity of rope and coarse hemp sack-
ing is made. In Holland fen the women spin flax, and
about Falkingham they spin flax and hemp.
The principal rivers are the Trent, the Welland,
the Witham, and the Ancholme. The Trent first
touches Lincolnshire at North Clifford, from which
place to Stockwith, a few miles below Gainsborough,
it forms its western boundary, separating it from the
county of Nottingham: at this latter point it begins to
form the eastern border of the Isle of Axholme, which
it separates from the rest of the county, until it has
received the waters of the Don, opposite Aldborough,
soon after which it joins with the Ouse to form the
great æstuary of the Humber. It is navigable as high as
Gainsborough for merchant vessels of considerable bur-
den, and for barges in all the rest of its course on the
border of this county. The Welland first reaches the
county near Stamford; forming its southern boundary,
and separating it from Northamptonshire, it flows by that
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town to Market-Deeping, where it enters the Fens, and
between that place and Crowland wholly enters Lincoln-
shire, and divides into two branches, one of which pro-
ceeds south by east to Wisbeach, apparently in the na-
tural course of the stream, while the other continues its
sluggish course through an artificial channel to Spald-
ing, below which town, having been enlarged by the waters
of the Glen, it empties itself into Foss-dyke wash, to the
south of Boston. The Witham, the whole course of
which river is in this county, rises near South Witham,
about ten miles north of Stamford, whence it proceeds
due north to Grantham, below which, having run some
distance in a westerly direction, it again assumes a
northerly course, through a wide sandy valley, to Lincoln:
hence it flows in an easterly direction to Grubhill,
where it turns to the south-east, and passing near
Tattershall, proceeds to Boston, below which town it
falls into the ocean at Boston Deeps: from Boston, up-
wards towards Lincoln, much of the present channel of
this river is artificial, having been made for the purpose
of improving the navigation, and better draining the
contiguous fens. The Ancholme is a small river, which,
rising in the Wolds near Market-Rasen, takes a north-
erly course, by Glandford-Bridge to the Humber, from
which it has been rendered navigable as high as Bishop-
Bridge. The large bay, or æstuary, called the Wash, into
which the rivers passing through the immense tracts of
fen land in the south-eastern portion of the county are
disembogued, is for the most part extremely shallow,
and full of shifting sands.
An artificial navigation has been cut along the
course of the Witham, from Boston to Lincoln, whence
it is continued by the Foss-dyke canal to the Trent;
the act for the formation of this navigation was ob-
tained in 1788, in which year also it was completed,
to the great benefit of Lincoln, and of the whole
country through which it passes. A canal from the
river Witham, at Sleaford, to Boston, was completed in
1796. The Grantham canal extends from that town,
through the north-easternmost part of Leicestershire,
to the Trent, near Holme-Pierrepoint: it was com-
pleted in 1796, is thirty-three miles in length, and cost
:
£100,000 it passes near some fine beds of plaister;
and lime, in large quantities, is brought along it from
Crich in Derbyshire. The Ancholme cut, which drains
the Ancholme level, is navigable from Bishop-Bridge to
the Humber, at Ferraby sluice. A navigable canal has
also been formed, extending from Horncastle to the
river Witham, at Dog-dyke, near Tattershall, and ano-
ther from Louth to the sea, at Tetney.
་
The great road from London to Edinburgh, after
crossing the south-western corner of this county, for
the space of about two miles, at Stamford, re-enters it
about ten miles beyond that town, and, passing through
Grantham, finally quits it for Nottinghamshire at Shire
Bridge, about four miles south of Newark. The great
road from London to Hull enters at Market-Deeping,
and runs the whole length of the county, passing through
Bourne, Falkingham, Sleaford, Lincoln, and Glandford-
Bridge, to Barton, where is the great ferry across the
Humber to Hull: the road from London to Grimsby
branches off from the Hull and Lincoln road just within
the northern verge of Northamptonshire, and, entering
this county at St. James', Deeping, passes through
Spalding, Boston, Spilsby, and Louth.
VOL. III.
The Roman stations within the county were, Ad
Abum, supposed to have been at Winterton; Aquis, at
Aukborough; Bannovallium, at Horncastle, or Ludford;
Causenna, at Ancaster, or Great Ponton; Crococolana,
at Brough; Lindum, at Lincoln; and Vainona, at
Wainfleet. The principal ancient roads are as follows:
the British Ermin-street, afterwards adopted by the
Romans, first enters the county to the west of Stam-
ford; then running by Great Casterton, in Rutlandshire,
it proceeds by Ancaster and Lincoln to near the banks
of the Humber. A branch of this road diverges from
it about five miles north of Lincoln, and crosses the
Trent, near Littleborough, proceeding in a north-westerly
direction to Doncaster. Another branch left the Ermin-
street, about six miles north of Stamford, and ran by
Stainby, Denton, and Bottesford, towards Ad Pontem,
in its way to Southwell and Bawtry. The Fosse-way,
beginning on the coast, not far from Ludborough, is
visible from Ludford to Lincoln, and forward to Brough,
and beyond that place in its course towards Newark.
The British road, called the Salt-way, branched from
the Ermin-street, near Ponton, and ran by Denton into
Leicestershire. There are remains of other British
trackways, particularly of one running from Horncastle
The Car-Dyke,
towards Caistor and the Humber.
already mentioned, and believed to have been of Roman
construction, extends from the river Welland, on the
southern side of the county, to the river Witham, near
Lincoln, being sixty feet wide, with a broad flat bank
on each side. It has also been mentioned that the
innermost of the great embankments of South Holland,
called the Old Sea Bank, was also constructed by the
Romans. Remains of Roman buildings, and various
miscellaneous relics of that people, have been found on
the sites of the different stations above-mentioned.
Some of minor importance have also been discovered
at Scampton, Torksey, Stow, Gainsborough, Caistor,
Well, Gedney Hill, Whaplode, Pinchbeck, Sleaford, Little
Ponton, and Denton.
::
The ecclesiastical edifices in the division of Lindsey,
excepting the cathedral of Lincoln, are inferior to those
in the other parts of the county; they are of various
periods, from the reign of Edward III., down to that of
Henry VII. The division of Kesteven abounds with
churches, both magnificent in plan and rich in decora-
tion;
the greater portion of them having lofty central
spires. Those of Sleaford, Leasingham, Heckington,
Threckingham, Horbling, and Grantham, with St.
Mary's, St. John's, and All Saints', in Stamford, are par-
ticularly deserving of notice, as excellent specimens of
ancient English architecture; and, from their height,
form prominent objects from various distant points in
the county. The date of the churches in this division,.
excepting those of Semperingham, and St. Leonard
(Stamford), is in few instances earlier than the thir-
teenth century; and scarcely any of them having been
rebuilt, few will be found of a more recent date than
the reign of Henry VII. It is principally, however,
in the division of Holland that Lincolnshire exhibits
superior excellence in ecclesiastical architecture: among
the numerous fine edifices of this kind which adorn this
naturally unpicturesque district, may be specified the
churches of Boston, Gosberton, Pinchbeck, Holbeach,
Gedney, Spalding, Long Sutton, and Crowland of
these, the five first afford excellent specimens of the
ተ
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:
architecture of the fourteenth century. This division
has few churches of a later date than the reign of Ed-
ward III. the stone of which they are built is in-
variably found to be of an excellent and durable quality:
some of them are cruciform; many have spires like
those in Kesteven; and the rest have an embattled
tower at the west end. At the period when most of
them were erected, the parts of Holland being one ex-
tensive fen, it was necessary to make artificial foun-
dations; which was done so skilfully that few of the
churches have swerved from their perpendicular. Spe-
cimens of Anglo-Saxon, or early Norman, architecture
are to be found in parts of the churches of Stow, Clee,
Crowle, Washingborough, Fiskerton, St. Peter at Gowts
(Lincoln), and a few others. The religious houses were
particularly numerous, amounting to no fewer than one
hundred and eight, in which number are included five
Alien priories, five houses of the Knights Templars, five
colleges, and fourteen hospitals: the principal remains
of monastic buildings are those of the abbeys of Bard-
ney, Barlings, Crowland, and Swineshead, of Semper-
ingham priory, and of Thornton college. The most re-
markable ancient castellated buildings which remain,
either wholly or in part, are the castles of Tattershall,
Torksey, Lincoln, and Falkingham; there are similar
remains at Horncastle, Caistor, Somerton, Stamford,
Scrivelsby, Bolingbroke, Pinchbeck, and Pilham; to
which may be added Moor, Kyme, and Hussey towers :
of the castles of Bourne and Sleaford only the earth-
works now exist. There are ancient encampments near
Brocklesby, Hibalston, Broughton, Roxby, Winterton
Cliffs, Aukborough, Yarborough, South Ormsby, Burwell,
Stamford, Gainsborough, Winteringham, Humington,
Ingoldsby, Castle-Carlton, Burgh, Brough, and Barrow.
In the low districts of this county the water is almost
every where brackish. In the parishes of Tetney, Ful-
stow, and that vicinity, are some blow-wells, being flow-
ing pits of clear water, about thirty feet in depth, the
discharge of which is very powerful: there is one of
these wells at Bourne, the water of which turns a mill
at a very short distance from its source: at Louth is
a spring which always runs in summer but never in
winter. The division of Lindsey gives the title of earl
to the family of Bertie; and the division of Holland
that of baron to the family of Fox.
LINDALE, a chapelry in the parish of CARTMEL,
hundred of LONSDALE, north of the sands, county pa-
latine of LANCASTER, 3 miles (N. E. by E.) from Cart-
mel. The population is returned with the parish. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Richmond, and diocese of Chester, endowed with £400
private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of Lord G. H. Cavendish.
LINDETH, a joint township with Warton, in the
parish of WARTON, hundred of LONSDALE, South of the
sands, county palatine of LANCASTER, 42 miles (W.S.W.)
from Burton in Kendal. The population is returned
with Warton.
4
LINDFIELD, a parish in the hundred of BURLEY-
ARCHES, OF BURARCHES, rape of PEVENSEY, county of
SUSSEX, 33 miles (E. by N.) from Cuckfield, containing
1410 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury. The church, which is dedicated
to St. John the Baptist, is in the decorated and later
styles of English architecture. There is a place of wor-
ship for Independents. A school of industry was
founded, by William Allen, Esq., of London, for the in-
struction of children of both sexes in the art of agri-
culture, and various trades: the building is of clay
covered with cement, so as to give it the appearance
of stone. Fairs are held on April 1st and May 12th,
for sheep and cattle, and on the 5th of August for
lambs. The river Ouse is navigable for barges to this
place.
LINDLEY, a hamlet in the parish of HIGHAM on
the HILL, hundred of SPARKENHOE, county of LEICES-
TER, 5 miles (W. by N.) from Hinckley. The popula-
tion is returned with the parish. Here are the ruins of
an ancient chapel. Mr. William Burton, the Leicester-
shire antiquary and historian, and his brother Robert,
author of the Anatomy of Melancholy, were natives of
this place, the former born in 1575, and the latter
in 1576.
LINDLEY, a chapelry in the parish of HUDDERS-
FIELD, upper division of the wapentake of Agbrigg,
West riding of the county of YORK, 3 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Huddersfield, containing 2040 inhabitants.
A new church, or chapel, has recently been erected in
this chapelry by the parliamentary commissioners,
capable of accommodating eight hundred and sixty-
seven persons; four hundred and fifty of the sittings
are free: the estimated expense was £2615. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Lindley
school was rebuilt by subscription in 1817: the site was
given, in 1706, by Thomas Thornhill, Esq., and in 1767,
Samuel Haigh devised £100 to trustees, the interest
of which is paid to the master, who teaches about sixty
scholars on moderate terms. A considerable woollen
manufacture is carried on here.
LINDLEY, a township in that part of the parish
of OTLEY which is in the upper division of the wapen-
take of CLARO, West riding of the county of YORK, 33
miles (N. E. by N.) from Otley, containing 178 inhabit-
ants.
H
LINDON, a hamlet in the parish of Rock, lower
division of the hundred of DODDINGTREE, county of
Worcester. The population is returned with the
parish.
LINDRICK, an extra-parochial liberty, in the lower
division of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding of
the county of YORK, 22 miles (W. by S.) from Ripon,
containing 62 inhabitants.
LINDRIDGE, a parish comprising the chapelries
of Knighton upon Teme and Pensax, and the hamlet
of Newnham, in the lower division of the hundred of
OSWALDSLOW, though locally in the upper division of that
of Doddingtree, county of WORCESTER, 54 miles (E.) from
Tenbury, containing 1735 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
Hereford, rated in the king's books at £26. 12. 11., and
in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Worcester.
The church is dedicated to All Saints. A court leet is
held annually. The river Teme runs through the parish.
LINDSELL, a parish in the hundred of Dunmow,
county of ESSEX, 4 miles (S. E. by S.) from Thaxted,
containing 353 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £8, and in the
patronage of the Earl of Guilford.
LIN
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91
LINDSEY, a parish in the hundred of CoSFORD,
county of SUFFOLK, 4 miles (W. N. W.) from Hadleigh,
containing 232 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese
of Norwich, and in the patronage of the Provost and
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge. The church is
dedicated to St. Peter. This place was formerly cele
brated for the manufacture of an article which has re-
ceived the name of "Linsey Woolsey." On a farm, called
the Chapel farm, are the remains of an old chapel, now
used as a barn; and on the same estate there is a
Danish encampment.
LINEHAM, a parish in the hundred of KINGS-
BRIDGE, county of WILTS, 44 miles (S. W.) from Woot-
ton-Basset, containing 910′ inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and
diocese of Salisbury, endowed with £1400 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of H. Long, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Michael. Ralph Broome,
in 1715, bequeathed £450, the income to be applied
in teaching thirty children. In the vicinity is a
farm-house, which occupies the site of Bradenstoke
priory, founded, about 1142, by Walter de Evreux, or
de Saresbiæ, for Augustine monks, and dedicated to the
Blessed Virgin.
LINESIDE, a township in the parish of ARTHUret,
ESKDALE ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 3 miles
(E. S. E.) from Longtown, containing 210 inhabitants.
This township lies at the confluence of the Esk and
Line rivers, and is intersected by the Hallburn rivulet.
the
LINFORD (GREAT), a parish in the hundred of
NEWPORT, County of BUCKINGHAM, 12 mile (W. S. W.)
from Newport-Pagnell, containing 408 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Bucking-
ham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £20. 0. 21., and in the patronage of Lord Bagot
and others. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew ;
porch of the north door has a groined roof, with foliage
in the centre. In 1702, Sir William Pritchard be-
queathed a rent-charge of £24 in support of an alms-
house for six poor persons, likewise another of £10 for
the instruction of children. Lady Pritchard subse-
quently bequeathed a sum of money for apprenticing
poor boys, and clothing the inmates of the almshouse.
Dr. Richard Sandy, otherwise Napier, presented to this
rectory in 1589, was held in superstitious reverence
for his skill in the sciences of physic and astrology,
and is said to have died in the posture of prayer, at
a very advanced age.
LINFORD (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
NEWPORT, county of BUCKINGHAM, 24 miles (W. by N.)
from Newport-Pagnell, containing 73 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeacoury of
Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the Rev. P. Knapp. The church,
dedicated to St. Leonard, was formerly a chapel of ease
to the vicarage of Newport-Pagnell the inhabitants
bury at Haversham.
:
LING, a parish in the hundred of ANDERSField,
though locally in that of Taunton and Taunton-Dean,
county of SOMERSET, 6 miles (S. S. E.) from Bridg-
water, containing, with part of the hamlet of Borough-
bridge, 335 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vi-
carage, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £10. 8. 4.,
endowed with £600 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of Hill Dawes, Esq.
tronage of Hill Dawes, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. Bartholomew. Between the hamlet of Borough-
bridge, part of which is in this parish, and the parish
church, is the isle of Athelney, an elevation whereon is
Alfred's monument, having been the noted retreat of
that Saxon monarch during one of the Danish in-
vasions. Here, about 888, Alfred founded a Benedictine
abbey, and dedicated it to Our Saviour and St. Peter,
the revenue of which, at the dissolution, amounted to
£209. 0.34.: many architectural remains, bones, and
other ancient relics, have been dug up on the site of the
conventual buildings, which appear to have been both
extensive and magnificent.
extensive and magnificent. The navigable river Parret
runs on the north-east, and the Tone on the south-east,
of the parish, over which latter river is a bridge.
LINGARTHS, a township in the parish of ALMOND-
BURY, upper division of the wapentake of AGBRIGG,
West riding of the county of YORK, 54 miles (S. W. by
W.) from Huddersfield, containing S09 inhabitants.
LINGEN, a parish in the hundred of WIGMORE,
county of HEREFORD, 4 miles (E. N. E.) from Presteigne,
containing 284 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford,
endowed with £ 1000 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Rev. Thomas Wynn. The church is dedicated to
St. Michael.
LINGFIELD, a parish in the first division of the
hundred of TANDRIDGE, county of SURREY, 6 miles
(S. S. E.) from Godstone, containing 1684 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
of Surrey, and diocese of Winchester, endowed with
£1000 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Robert Ladbrooke, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter and St. Paul. Here is a place of worship for
Baptists. A small sum is paid by the parish annually
for the instruction of children. A collegiate church was
founded here by Reginald, Lord Cobham, in the reign
of Henry VI., and dedicated to St. Peter at the dis-
solution the revenue was valued at £79. 15. 10.
LINGWOOD, a parish in the hundred of BLofield,
county of NORFOLK, 24 miles (W. S. W.) from Acle,
containing 292 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich,
endowed with £ 1000 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Rev. E. Goddard. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter.
LINKENHOLT, a parish in the hundred of Pas-
TROW, Kingsclere division of the county of SOUTHAMP-
TON, 72 miles (S. E.) from Great Bedwin, containing 73
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's
books at £7. 0. 5., and in the patronage of Mrs. Wor-
gan. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
LINKINHORNE, a parish in the northern division
of the hundred of EAST, county of CORNWALL, 4 miles
(N. W.) from Callington, containing 1080 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Corn-
wall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books
at £13, and in the patronage of Miss Hewish. The
church is dedicated to St. Mellor. A free school for all
the children of the parish was found d and endowed
with the interest of £705, by Charles Roberts; two-
-
N 2
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92
thirds of this sum are paid to the schoolmaster, and the
remainder to a schoolmistress. On Caernadon, or Car-
raton, downs, in this parish, Charles I. drew up his
forces, in 1644, the day after he had entered Cornwall,
and here he was joined by Prince Maurice. Here are
the remarkable rocks called the Cheese-wring and the
Hurlers; as also Sharp Tor, from which is a very fine
view.
LINLEY, a parish within the liberty of the borough
of WENLOCK, County of SALOP, 44 miles (N. W. by N.)
from Bridgenorth, containing 96 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory not in charge, united to that of Broseley,
in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Hereford.
The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
LINMOUTH, a township in the parish of WOOD-
HORN, eastern division of MORPETH ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 7 miles (E. N. E.) from Morpeth,
containing 22 inhabitants. This township derives its
name from being situated near the river Line, at its con-
fluence with the ocean: in 1822, a spermaceti whale,
sixty-one feet in length, and thirty-seven feet four inches
in circumference, came on shore at the mouth of the
river, and was harpooned; it produced nine tons and
one hundred and fifty-eight gallons of oil, which was
claimed by the Admiralty as a droit of the crown.
LINOP, a joint township with Ingram and Green-
side-hill, in the parish of INGRAM, northern division of
COQUETDALE Ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 8
miles (S. S.W.) from Wooler, containing, with Ingram
and Greenside-hill, 74 inhabitants. In this township is
Linop Spout, a cataract, the precipice of which is forty-
eight feet, and the basin seven feet in diameter, and
fifteen feet in depth; it has also the appellation of
Roughting Linn. About three miles to the north-west
are the Cardlaw cairns, some sepulchral monuments of
the earliest inhabitants of the island. In the vicinity
are foundations of an ancient British town, the area
measuring two hundred and forty feet on the north side,
and three hundred and two on the west. A British
road passes near this place, in its course to Langley
ford.
LINSHEELES, a township in the parish of HALLY-
STONE, western division of COQUETDALE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 11 miles (W. by N.) from Roth-
bury, containing 97 inhabitants.
LINSLADE, a parish in the hundred of COTTEsloe,
county of BUCKINGHAM, 2 miles (N. by W.) from Leigh-
ton-Buzzard, containing 370 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham,
and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with £800 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of A. Corbett, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary. In the thirteenth cen-
tury this place was noted for the resort of pilgrims,
and frequent processions, to a holy well here, until they
were prohibited, in 1299, by Oliver Sutton, Bishop of
Lincoln, who cited the vicar to appear in his court, for
having encouraged these pilgrimages to his own emolu-
ment. A market on-Thursday, and a fair, to be held
for eight days at Lady-day, were granted, in 1251, to
William de Beauchamp.
C
in the patronage of the Archdeacon of Canterbury.
The church, dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, has
lately received an addition of one hundred and fifty free
sittings, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels having granted £15 towards
defraying the expense. A fair for horses and cattle is
held at Green-street, in this parish, on May 12th. Bar-
tholomew Fowle, the last prior of St. Mary Overie, was
a native of this place, and received from it the addi-
tional name of Linstead.
LINSTEAD (MAGNA), a parish in the hundred of
BLYTHING, County of SUFFOLK, 42 miles (W. by S.)
from Halesworth, containing 103 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk,
and diocese of Norwich, endowed with £600 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of Lord Huntingfield.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
LINSTEAD (PARVA, or LOWER), a parish in the
hundred of BLYTHING, County of SUFFOLK, 34 miles
(W.) from Halesworth, containing 164 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, endowed with £600
royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of Lord Huntingfield. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Margaret.
LINSTOCK, a township in that part of the parish
of STANWIX which is in ESKDALE ward, county of
CUMBERLAND, 2 miles (N. E. by E.) from Carlisle,
containing 231 inhabitants. Here was anciently a cas-
tle, which, till 1229, was the only palace of the bishops
of Carlisle
of Carlisle; about 1293, Bishop Halton entertained
Johannes Romanus, Archbishop of York, in it, with a
suite of three hundred persons, during his visitation;
and, in 1307, Edward I. kept his court here for six days:
this edifice was repaired and modernised in 1768; the
ancient square tower is still remaining. A little north-
eastward of Linstock is Drawdykes castle, originally built
with the materials of the Roman wall, which crossed its
site, and partially rebuilt in the seventeenth century, by
John Aglionby, Esq., recorder of Carlisle, who placed
on the battlements three Roman stone busts, which
yet remain this ancient seat is now used as a farm-
house; the Drawdykes estate is toll-free of the city of
Carlisle.
LINSTEAD, a parish in the hundred of TEYNHAM,
lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 34 miles (S. E.) from
Sittingbourne, containing 890 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Can-
terbury, rated in the king's books at £8. 3. 11., and
:
LINTHORP, a township in the parish of MID-
dlesborough, western division of the liberty of LANG-
BAURGH, North riding of the county of YORK, 3½ miles
(E. by S.) from Stockton upon Tees, containing 196 in-
habitants.
LINTHWAITE, a chapelry in the parish of AL-
MONDBURY, upper division of the wapentake of AG-
BRIGG, West riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles
(S. w. by W.) from Huddersfield, containing 2127 inha-
bitants. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. Here is a considerable woollen manufac-
ture.
LINTON, a market town and parish, in the hun-
dred of CHILFORD, county of CAMBRIDGE, 10 miles
(S. E. by E.) from Cambridge, and 48 (N. by E.) from
London, containing 1519 inhabitants. This town, which
is situated on the high road from Cambridge to Colches-
ter, is very indifferently built; the streets are neither
lighted nor paved, but the inhabitants are well sup-
plied with water from springs. The market, granted
in 1245, to William de Lay, is on Thursday; and there
LIN
93
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is a fair on July 30th, for sheep. A court leet is held
occasionally by the lord of the manor. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Ely, rated in the king's books at £10. 13. 4., and in
the patronage of the Master and Fellows of Pembroke
Hall, Cambridge. The church, dedicated to St. Mary,
has a fine embattled tower; in the interior are several
monuments, especially one of marble, erected by Peter
Standley, Esq., to the memory of his sister. There are
places of worship for the Society of Friends and Inde-
pendents. An Alien priory, subordinate to the abbey
of St. Jacutus de Tusula in Britanny, was founded in
the time of Henry III.; at the suppression, its revenue
was valued at £23. 8. 10., and it was granted by
Henry VI. to Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. At Barham,
in this parish, a priory of Crouched friars, a cell to the
monastery of Welnetham in Suffolk, was established in
the reign of Edward I.: the hall, chapel, and cloisters
of the convent are still remaining, and form part of
the mansion called Barham hall. Several Roman coins
have been dug up in this parish.
LINTON, a township in the parish of CHURCH-
GRESLEY, hundred of REPTON and GRESLEY, county of
DERBY, 5 miles (S. S. E.) from Burton upon Trent,
containing 241 inhabitants. There is a place of wor-
ship for Wesleyan Methodists. Linton is in the honour
of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the juris-
diction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every Tues-
day, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
LINTON, a parish including the sea-port of Lin-
mouth, in the hundred of SHERWILL, County of DEVON,
14 miles (E. by N.) from Ilfracombe, containing 632 in-
habitants. This parish, which is situated on the most
northerly point of the Devonshire coast, comprises two
manors, the lords of which had the power of inflicting
capital punishment in the time of Edward I. The vil
lage of Linton is situated on an eminence westward of
an opening towards the Bristol channel, and is separated
from the adjoining parish by the river Lyn, over which
is a bridge of one arch. Within a short distance to the
east, by the sea side, near the junction of the East and
West Lyn rivers, is Linmouth, formerly a fishing town
of some consequence, but now possessing only about a
dozen fishing-boats. Turbot, soles, cod, herrings, and
oysters, are still caught upon the coast, and shipped to
Bristol and elsewhere: several sloops, of from fifty to
one hundred tons, are employed in the coasting trade;
limestone, coal, and culm, are the principal articles of
importation; bark and grain the chief exports. Here
is a small pier, erected by the lord of the manor, which
has afforded shelter to vessels of two hundred tons'
burden. Both at Linton and Linmouth there are
numerous lodging-houses for the accommodation of
visitors; and in the neighbourhood are some elegant
private residences. Here is a plentiful supply of ex-
cellent water; and the river Lyn abounds with trout.
The lord of the manor holds a court leet and baron at
Linton, soon after Easter, when a portreeve, tything-
man, and ale-taster are appointed.
The living is a perpetual curacy, with that of Countis-
bury annexed, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and dio-
cese of Exeter, and in the patronage of the Archdeacon.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary; and the prospect
from the churchyard, embracing the rocky coast, the
Bristol channel, and the Welch mountains, is singularly
grand and beautiful. There is a place of worship for
Independents. The scenery in this parish is of an Alpine
character, and comprises every variety of form and co-
louring; the views are extensive, being terminated in the
distant horizon by the shores of South Wales. About
a mile westward of Linton is the Valley of Rocks, pre-
senting a forcible contrast to the general views: the bed
of this valley is about three quarters of a mile in length,
but not above one hundred yards in width. The ac-
clivities on each side exhibit huge masses of fixed and
detached rocks; and at the western extremity of the
valley, which is terminated by a cove, or inlet, there is
an isolated mass of great magnitude, somewhat in the
form of a cone, partly intercepting the view of the chan-
nel. The chain of rocks forming the northern side of
the valley fronts the sea, and along this stupendous de-
clivity is a path on the same level with the bed of the
valley, leading from its north-west extremity to the vil-
lage of Linton.
LINTON, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
CHURCHAM which is in the lower division of the hun-
dred of DUDSTONE and KING'S BARTON, County of
GLOUCESTER, 12 mile (W. by N.) from Gloucester, con
taining, with Higham and Over, 252 inhabitants.
LINTON, a township in the parish of BROMYARD,
hundred of BROXASH, County of HEREFORD, 3 miles
(S. E.) from Bromyard, containing 565 inhabitants. A
court leet was formerly held here, but has been discon-
tinued for some time.
LINTON, a parish in the hundred of GREYTREE,
County of HEREFORD, 5 miles (E. by N.) from Ross,
containing 630 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford, rated in
the king's books at £8. 10., and in the patronage of
the Representatives of J. Matthews, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place of worship
for Baptists. A court leet is held once in three years.
LINTON, a parish in the hundred of MAIDSTONE,
lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 4 miles (S.)
from Maidstone, containing, with Crockhurst, 686 inha-
bitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at
£7. 13. 4., and in the patronage of Earl Cornwallis.
The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas. In 1813, John
Bowles bequeathed £200, the interest to be applied for
the instruction of four children: the income is
£10. 17. 11., which is paid to a schoolmistress, who
instructs sixteen children in reading and sewing.
This village is situated near the great range of hills
About half a
which bounds the Weald on the north.
mile from it is Coxheath, an extensive plain, well watered
and highly salubrious, on which have been several large
encampments; in the year 1778 fifteen thousand men
encamped on this heath.
LINTON, a hamlet in the parish of WINTRINGHAM,
wapentake of BUCKROSE, East riding of the county of
YORK, 7½ miles (E.) from New Malton.
The popula-
tion is returned with the township of Wintringham.
3
LINTON, a township in the parish of Spofforth,
upper division of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding
of the county of YORK, 12 mile (W. by S.) from We-
therby, containing 167 inhabitants. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LINTON, a parish in the eastern division of the
wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and EWCROSS, West riding
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94
of the county of YORK, comprising the townships of
Grassington, Hebden, Linton, and Threshfield, and con-
taining 1910 inhabitants, of which number, 313 are in
the township of Linton, 9 miles (N.) from Skipton. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
York, in medieties, each rated in the king's books at
£16, and in the patronage of the Crown. The church,
dedicated to St. Michael, contains two reading-desks,
the duty being performed alternately by the two por-
tionists, between whom the tithes of the parish are
equally divided, each having also a parsonage-house.
The free school was founded and endowed with a rent-
charge by the Rev. Matthew Hewitt; £20 per annum
is paid to the master, and £10 to the usher: there are
four exhibitions, of £ 12 per annum each, to St. John's
College, Cambridge, and the school is open to all ap-
plicants, for instruction in Latin and English grammar.
In 1721, Richard Fountain devised a rent-charge to
trustees, among other charitable purposes, for appren-
ticing four boys annually, and for the foundation and
support of an almshouse for six poor persons, each of
whom receive £10 annually: there are at present six
poor widows.
LINTON (WEST), or LEVINGTON, a township
in the parish of KIRK-LINTON, or KIRK-LEVINGTON,
ESKDALE ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 3 miles (S.)
from Longtown, containing 623 inhabitants.
LINTON upon OUZE, a township in the parish of
NEWTON upon OUZE, wapentake of BULMER, North
riding of the county of YORK, 9 miles (S. S. W.) from
Easingwould, containing 268 inhabitants. There is a
place of worship for Roman Catholics; also a school
with a small endowment.
LINTZ-GREEN, a township in the parish of CHES-
TER le STREET, middle division of CHESTER ward,
county palatine of DURHAM, 8 miles (S. W. by W.) from
Gateshead, containing, with part of Tanfield colliery,
714 inhabitants.
LINWOOD, a parish in the southern division of the
wapentake of WALSHCROFT, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 24 miles (S. by E.) from Market-Rasen,
containing 138 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £ 16. 4. 2., and in the patronage of A.
Wallis, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Cornelius.
LINWOOD, an extra-parochial liberty, in the north-
ern division of the hundred of NEW FOREST, New Fo-
rest (East) division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON.
The population is returned with Godshill and Wood
Green.
LIPHOOK, a hamlet in the parish of BRAMSHOTT,
hundred of ALTON, Alton (North) division of the
county of SOUTHAMPTON, 4 miles (W.) from Haslemere.
The population is returned with the parish.
3
LIPWOOD, a township in the parish of WARDEN,
north-western division of TINDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 7 miles (W.) from Hexham, con-
taining 526 inhabitants. Grindon Lake is situated in
this township.
4
LISCARD, a township in the parish of WALLAZEY,
lower division of the hundred of WIRRALL, county
palatine of CHESTER, 12 miles (N. by E.) from Great
Neston, containing 345 inhabitants.
LISCOMBE, a hamlet in the parish of SOULBURY,
hundred of COTTESLOE, county of BUCKINGHAM, 3
miles (W. by N.) from Leighton-Buzzard. The popula-
tion is returned with the parish.
LISKEARD, a borough,

Seal and Arms.
market town, and parish,
having separate jurisdiction,
though locally in the hundred
of West, county of CORN-
wALL, 18 miles (S. S. W.) from
Launceston, and 225 (W. S.
W.) from London, containing
3519 inhabitants, of which
number, 2423 are in the bo-
rough. The ancient name
of this place was Lis Kerret,
derived probably from two
Cornish words signifying “a fortified place." It was for-
merly amongst the possessions of the Earls of Corn-
wall, and was, by act of parliament, annexed to the
duchy, in the reign of Edward III.: the castle was oc-
casionally the residence of Richard, Earl of Cornwall,
King of the Romans. In 1643, during the civil war, a
battle was fought near this place, between the royalists,
under Sir Ralph Hopton, and the parliamentary forces,
in which the latter were defeated, and the royalist
army marched into Liskeard the same night. The king,
on his entrance into Cornwall, in 1644, halted here on
the 2nd of August, and remained in the town until the
7th. Liskeard is one of the most ancient and consider-
able towns in the county: part of the town, which
is irregularly built, is situated on rocky eminences, and
the rest in a plain below: the streets are well paved, but
not lighted; the inhabitants are supplied with excellent
water, and the air is considered very salubrious. The
river Looe runs through the parish. The tanning of
leather is carried on to a limited extent: considerable
facility for water carriage has been afforded by the canal
from Liskeard to Looe, a distance of six miles, which
has been recently completed, and terminates about one.
mile west of the town, where there is a paper-mill. This
is one of the four coinage or stannary towns; but no
coinage had taken place for some time, till within the
last two years, when it was revived. A handsome market-
house for poultry, fish, and vegetables, was erected, in
1822, at the expense of the corporation: the butchers'
shambles are beneath the town-hall. The market, on
Saturday, is abundantly supplied with provisions of all
kinds, a great part of which is purchased for the market
at Devonport: there are likewise great annual markets,
on Shrove-Tuesday, the day after Palm-Sunday, and the
Monday after St. Nicholas' day. Large cattle fairs are
held on Holy Thursday, Aug. 15th, Sep. 21st, and Oct.
2nd. Liskeard was made a free borough in 1240, by
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, who conferred on the bur-
gesses similar privileges to those enjoyed by the burgesses
of Launceston and Helston; the date of the original
charter of incorporation is unknown. By the existing
confirmatory charter of Elizabeth, granted in 1580,
the corporation consists of a mayor, recorder, eight
capital burgesses, and an indefinite number of freemen,
with four constables, two serjeants at mace, and other
officers: the mayor is annually chosen from among the
capital burgesses, by the freemen, and the freemen and
burgesses fill up vacancies in their respective bodies.
The mayor and recorder are justices of the peace within
the borough, the county magistrates having occasionally
BVRG.DE.LISKEARD
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95
concurrent jurisdiction. Sessions are held within a
month of Easter, and on the first Tuesday after the
18th of Oct.; also a court of pleas, every three weeks, for
the recovery of debts to any amount, at which the mayor
and capital burgesess, assisted by the recorder, preside.
Petty sessions for the east division of the hundred of
West are also held, on the first Tuesday in every month.
This borough first sent representatives to parliament in
the 23d of Edward I.: the right of election is vested
in the mayor, capital burgesses, and an indefinite num-
ber of freemen chosen by them, at present amounting
to forty-four: the mayor is the returning officer; the
influence of the Earl of St. Germans is predominant.
The town-hall, which is supported by granite columns,
was erected, about the year 1707, at the expense of
-Dolben, Esq., one of the representatives of the bo-
rough.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Corn-
wall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£18. 13. 11½., and in the patronage of the Rev. Dr.
Gwynne. The church, which is dedicated to St. Martin,
stands on an eminence at the eastern entrance of the
town: it is spacious and handsome, being built of fine
large slate stone, and has a low embattled tower, which
was erected in 1627: a tenement, called Lanseaton, now
let at £50 per annum, is vested in the churchwardens
for the repairs of the church. There are places of wor-
ship for the Society of Friends, Independents, and Wes-
leyan Methodists. A grammar school is supported by
the Earl of St. Germans, who allows a salary of £100
per annum to the master. A free school for poor chil-
dren, in which ten girls are now taught, was founded by
the trustees of a donation by the Rev. St. John Eliot,
who died in 1760, and endowed by them with £5 per an-
num; a school for one hundred boys was opened about
fifteen years ago, on Dr. Bell's plan; and another for
fifty girls, both supported by subscription. In 1714,
John Buller gave £18 per annum, for teaching and
clothing poor boys; and there are other small bene-
factions for teaching children. There are some vestiges
of the ancient castle; and a great part of the conventual
buildings belonging to the nunnery of Poor Clares,
founded here, and endowed by Richard, Earl of Corn-
wall, yet remain: it is called "The Great Place," and
has been converted into dwelling-houses; the chapel is
now a bakehouse. About the year 1400, here was an
hospital for lepers, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene.
LISSETT, a chapelry in the parish of BEEFORD,
northern division of the wapentake of HOLDERNESS,
East riding of the county of YORK, 7 miles (S. S. W.)
from Bridlington, containing 95 inhabitants. The cha-
pel is dedicated to St. James.
LISSINGTON, a parish in the western division of
the wapentake of WRAGGOE, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 44 miles (S.) from Market-Rasen, con-
taining 183 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £ 12. 17. 6., and in the patronage of the
Dean and Chapter of York. The church, which is dedi-
cated to St. John the Baptist, has some portions in
Norman, and others in the early style of English,
architecture. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
LISTON, a parish in the hundred of HINCKFORD,
county of ESSEX, 24 miles (N. N. W.) from Sudbury,
containing 73 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
within the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex and
Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial Court of the
Bishop of London, rated in the king's books at £12,
and in the patronage of W. H. Campbell, Esq. The church
is in the later style of English architecture.
LITCHAM, a parish (formerly a market town) in
the hundred of LAUNDITCH, County of NORFOLK, 74
miles (N. E. by N.) from Swaffham, containing 586 in-
habitants. The market has been discontinued; but a
fair for toys is held November 1st. The county magis-
trates hold a session here once in six weeks; and a
court leet is held annually in October, by the lord of
the manor. The living is a discharged rectory, with
which that of East Lexham was united in 1742, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £9. 2. 6., and in the patronage of Lord
Wodehouse. The church is an ancient structure, de-
dicated to Andrew, and built of flint and stone: at
the west end is a square embattled tower of brick, with
freestone quoins; and there is an ancient carved oak
screen. A National school is supported by subscrip-
tion. An hospital, founded and endowed by Mr. John
Halcot, comprises tenements for two poor persons, who
receive a small weekly allowance, chargeable on land in
the adjoining parish of Beeston. Here was anciently
an hermitage, which has been converted into a farm-
house.
LITCHBOROUGH, a parish in the hundred of
FAWSLEY, county of NORTHAMPTON, 5 miles (N. W.)
from Towcester, containing 393 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£ 16. 9.7., and in the patronage of the Rev. W. A. Taylor.
The church is dedicated to St. Martin. A schoolmaster
receives £ 25 per annum from Lady Katherine Levison's
charity, for educating all the poor children of the parish
that are sent to him. Litchborough was one of the four
British garrisoned towns taken by the Saxons in 571.
LITCHFIELD, a parish in the hundred of KINGS-
CLERE, Kingsclere division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 4 miles (N.) from Whitchurch, containing S5
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£ 12. 19. 7., and in the patronage of Sir R. Kingsmill,
Bart. The church is dedicated to St. James.
LITCHURCH, a hamlet in that part of the parish
of ST. PETER, DERBY, which is in the hundred of
MORLESTON and LITCHURCH, county of DERBY, 11/
mile (S. E.) from Derby, containing 93 inhabitants.
LITHERLAND, a township in the parish of SEPH-
TON, hundred of WEST DERBY, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 4 miles (N. by W.) from Liverpool, containing
501 inhabitants.
LITHEWELL, or LUDWELL, a chapelry in the
parish of DAWLISH, hundred of EXMINSTER, County of
DEVON, of a mile (S. by W.) from Chudleigh. The
chapel is in ruins.
LITTLEBOROUGH, a chapelry in that part of the
parish of ROCHDALE which is in the hundred of SAL-
FORD, county palatine of LANCASTER, 33 miles (N. E. by
E.) from Rochdale, with which the population is re-
turned. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with £600
private benefaction, £800 royal bounty, and £1300
ma
LIT
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96
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar
of Rochdale. The chapel, dedicated to St. James, was
licensed for mass by the abbey and convent of Whalley,
in 1476: it was rebuilt about 1815, in the early style of
English architecture, and has received an addition of
four hundred and one sittings, of which three hundred
are free, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels having granted £300 towards
defraying the expense. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. Here was a small Roman sta-
tion, and several antiquities have been found in the vici-
nity: the Roman road from Manchester to York skirts
the village.
LITTLEBOROUGH, a parish in the North-clay
division of the wapentake of BASSETLAW, county of
NOTTINGHAM, 8 miles (E. by N.) from East Retford,
containing 64 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Nottingham, aad diocese
of York, endowed with £1200 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of J. Hewett, Esq. Here was the Roman sta-
tion Segelocum, or Agelocum; and numerous Roman
remains have been found. The river Trent is here
crossed by a ferry, which has existed ever since the Ro-
man era in Britain.
LITTLEBOURN, a parish in the hundred of Down-
HAMFORD, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of KENT,
4 miles (E.) from Canterbury, containing 698 inhabit-
ants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £8,
and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Can-
terbury. The church is dedicated to St. Vincent. A fair
is held on the 5th of July. A branch of the river Stour,
on which are two corn-mills, passes by the village.
LITTLEBURY, a parish in the hundred of UTTLES-
FORD, county of ESSEX, 2 miles (W. N.W.) from Saffron-
Walden, containing 766 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the jurisdiction of the Commis-
sary of Essex and Herts, concurrently with the Consis-
torial Court of the Bishop of London, rated in the king's
books at £10. 2. 1., and in the patronage of the Rector:
the rectory is a sinecure, rated in the king's books at
£26. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Ely.
The church, which is dedicated to the Holy Trinity,
stands within the area of an ancient encampment. On
Chapel green was formerly a chapel of ease. In 1585,
Dame Jane Bradbury bequeathed land and houses for
the instruction of all children born in the parish.
LITTLECOT, a chapelry in the parish of CHILTON-
FOLIATT, hundred of KINWARDSTONE, county of WILTS,
3 miles (W. by N.) from Hungerford. The population
is returned with the parish. A curious tesselated pave-
ment, the largest ever found in England, was dis-
covered in Littlecot park, in 1730, but, unfortunately,
soon destroyed: it was forty-one feet by twenty-
eight in dimensions, and is supposed to have been the
floor of a temple, from the two parts, the Templum
and the Sacrarium, into which it was divisible. It
was decorated with various devices: in the centre was
à figure of Apollo with his harp, surrounded by four
female figures, to represent the four seasons, with appro-
priate accompaniments: an accurate drawing was made
of it by Mr. William George, steward to Edward Pop-
ham, Esq., who discovered it; and his widow worked a
beautiful carpet, on a reduced scale, from which it was
finally engraved, at the expense of the Antiquarian So-
ciety. Pickedfield, formerly part of Littlecot domain,
was purchased by government, in 1803, for the purpose
of establishing a depôt for the interior of the county:
it includes about forty acres of ground, on which were
erected three magazines, capable of containing near
eleven thousand barrels of gunpowder; also a mixing-
house for the powder, storehouses, apartments for the
labourers employed upon the establishment, barracks
for a military detachment, and houses for a store-keeper
and clerk of the cheque. At Knyghton, a small hamlet
on the north bank of the Kennet, near Littlecot park, is
an ancient encampment.
LITTLECOTÉ, a hamlet in the parish of STEWKLEY,
hundred of COTTESLOE, County of BUCKINGHAM, 51
miles (S. E. by E.) from Winslow. The chapel, now in
ruins, was a chapel of ease to Stewkley.
LITTLEDALE, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of LANCASTER which is in the hundred of LONSDALE,
south of the sands, county palatine of LANCASTER, 51
miles (E. by N.) from Lancaster, with which the popu-
lation is returned. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £ 600 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Vicar of Lancaster.
The chapel was consecrated in 1755, and dedicated to
St. Anne under Caton.
LITTLEHAM, a parish in the hundred of EAST
BUDLEIGH, county of DEVON, 1 mile (E.) from Ex-
mouth, containing, with the chapelry of Exmouth, 2841
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Dean and
Chapter of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £15. 12. 6.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £300 par-
liamentary grant. The church is dedicated to the Holy
Trinity. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Me-
thodists. In 1717, Henry Peardon gave £80, the in-
terest to be applied in the instruction of poor children;
two small additions have since been made to this en-
dowment by Sir John Elwill, Bart. and Henry Peardon.
-
C
LITTLEHAM, a parish in the hundred of SHEB-
BEAR, county of DEVON, 2 miles (S. S. W.) from Bide-
ford, containing 367 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean and Chapter of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £14. 16. 10., and
in the patronage of G. Anthony and P. Tapp, Esqrs.
The church is dedicated to St. Swithin.
LITTLEMOOR, a liberty in the parish of ST. MARY
the VIRGIN, partly within the liberties of the CITY of
OXFORD, and partly in the hundred of BULLINGTON,
county of OXFORD, 2 miles (S. E, by S.) from Oxford,
containing 354 inhabitants. Here was formerly a
chapel, now in ruins. A priory of Benedictine nuns,
founded here about the reign of Henry II., and dedi-
cated to St. Mary and St. Nicholas, was suppressed
by the papal bull given to Cardinal Wolsey, in 1524,
and subsequently became part of the endowment of
King's College, Oxford, until the time of the general
dissolution: at its suppression the revenue was valued
at £33. 6. 8.
LITTLE-OVER, a chapelry in the parish of MICKLE-
OVER, hundred of MORLESTON and LITCHURCH, County
of DERBY, 2 miles (S. W. by s.) from Derby, containing
379 inhabitants.
LITTLEPORT, a parish in the hundred and Isle of
ELY, county of CAMBRIDGE, 5 miles (N. by E.) from
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97
Ely, containing 2364 inhabitants. The living is a vi-
carage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of
the Bishop of Ely, rated in the king's books at £8.
The church is dedicated to St. George. Here is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
of BLACKENHURST, county of WORCESTER, 4 miles
(N.E. by E.) from Evesham. The population is returned
with the parish.
LITTLETHORPE, a hamlet in the parish of COSBY,
hundred of GUTHLAXTON, County of LEICESTER, 6
miles (S. W. by S.) from Leicester. The population is
returned with the parish.
LITTLETON, a township in the parish of CHRIS-
TLETON, lower division of the hundred of Broxton,
county palatine of CHESTER, 24 miles (E.) from Chester,
containing 43 inhabitants.
LITTLETON, partly in the parish of BLANDFORD,
ST. MARY, and partly in that of LANGTON, County of
DORSET, 1½ mile (S. E. by S.) from Blandford-Forum,
once an independent parish, now only a single house and
farm. The living was a rectory, not rated in the king's
books the last rector was inducted Jan. 10th, 1427.
LITTLETON, a parish in the hundred of SPEL-
THORNE, County of MIDDLESEX, 34 miles (S. E.) from
Staines, containing 149 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £14, and in the
patronage of Thomas Wood, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary Magdalene. A free school is endowed
with the interest of £355. 1. 2. stock, in the South
Sea annuities, the amount of several benefactions; and
the schoolmistress receives £20 per annum, for which
all children who apply are instructed in reading, writ-
ing, arithmetic, and needlework.
LITTLETON, a parish in the hundred of BUDDLES-
GATE, Fawley division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON,
3 miles (N. W by N.) from Winchester, containing 108.
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the incumbent, endowed with
£800 private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of
Winchester. The church is dedicated to St. Mary
Magdalene. Littleton is within the jurisdiction of the
Cheyney Court held at Winchester every Thursday, for
the recovery of debts to any amount.
LITTLETON, a chapelry in the parish of STEE-
PLE-ASHTON, hundred of WHORWELSDOWN, county of
WILTS, 3 miles (E. N. E.) from Trowbridge, containing
68 inhabitants. This place is sometimes, although
improperly, called Little Hinton.
LITTLETON (HIGH), a parish in the hundred of
CHEWTON, County of SOMERSET, 9½ miles (S. W. by W.)
from Bath, containing, with Hallabrow, 864 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Bath, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £7. 7. 8., endowed with £200 private
benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £1400 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of Mr. W. B. Barter and
Mrs. Barter. The church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity,
has been enlarged with one hundred and forty-four addi-
tional sittings, of which ninety are free, the Incorporated
Society for enlarging churches and chapels having contri-
buted £80 towards defraying the expense. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The substra-
tum of the soil of this and the neighbouring parishes
is coal, which is worked to a considerable extent.
LITTLETON (MIDDLE), a township in the parish
of NORTH LITTLETON, upper division of the hundred
VOL. III.
LITTLETON (NORTH), a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of BLACKENHURST, County of
WORCESTER, 5 miles (N. E.) from Evesham, containing,
with the township of Middle Littleton, 342 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, united to that
of South Littleton, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Worcester, rated in the king's books at £6. 13. 9.
The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
LITTLETON upon SEVERN, a parish in the lower
division of the hundred of LANGLEY and SWINEHEAD,
county of GLOUCESTER, 2 miles (W.) from Thornbury,
containing 133 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the jurisdiction of the Consistorial Court
of the Bishop of Bristol, rated in the king's books at
£11.4. 9., and in the patronage of Sir H. C. Lippincott,
Bart. The navigable river Severn runs on the western
side of this parish.
LITTLETON (SOUTH), a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of BLACKENHURST, county of
WORCESTER, 3 miles (N. E. by E.) from Evesham, con-
taining 204 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual cu-
racy, with that of North Littleton united, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's
books at £4. 1. 10., and in the patronage of the Dean
and Canons of Christ Church, Oxford. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary and St. Nicholas.
LITTLETON (WEST), a chapelry in the parish of
TORMARTON, lower division of the hundred of GRUM-
BALD'S ASH, county of GLOUCESTER, 24 miles (N.)
from Marshfield, containing 109 inhabitants.
LITTLETON-DREW, a parish in the hundred of
CHIPPENHAM, county of WILTS, 8 miles (N. W.) from
Chippenham, containing 155 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wilts,
and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£9. 6. 9., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Salis-
bury.
bury. The church is dedicated to All Saints. Near
this village is a large barrow, with three stones of a
fallen cromlech upon it, of large dimensions.
-
LITTLETON-PANNELL, a tything in the parish
of WEST LAVINGTON, hundred of POTTERNE and CAN-
NINGS, county of WILTS, 1 mile (W.) from East La-
vington, containing 497 inhabitants. This village was
anciently the lordship of the Paganells, one of whom
obtained for it the privilege of a market, in the reign
of Edward II.
LITTLEWORTH, an extra-parochial liberty, in
the middle division of the hundred of DUDSTONE and
KING'S BARTON, County of GLOUCESTER, and adjacent
to the city of Gloucester, containing 237 inhabitants.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LITTLINGTON, a parish in the hundred of Ar-
MINGFORD, county of CAMBRIDGE, 3½ miles (W. N. W.)
from Royston, containing 505 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Ely, rated in the king's books at £5. 13. 7., endowed with
£400 private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £300
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Mas-
ter and Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge. The church,
which is dedicated to St. Catherine, is principally in the
early, with some insertions in the later, style of English
architecture. A Roman cemetery has been discovered in
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100
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this parish, whence many cinerary urns and other an-
cient vessels have been obtained several Saxon coins,
principally of the reign of Burghred, have also been
found.
LITTLINGTON, a parish in the hundred of LONG-
BRIDGE, rape of PEVENSEY, County of SUSSEX, 4 miles
(N. by E.) from Sleaford, containing 133 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Lewes, and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's
books at £ 12. 13. 6., and in the patronage of F. F. F.
Beane, Esq. This parish is bounded on the west by
Cuckmere river, the village being seated on its eastern
bank.
3
LITTON, a hamlet in the parish of TIDESWELL,
hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY, of a mile
(E. S. E.) from Tideswell, containing 710 inhabitants.
The celebrated non-conformist divine, William Bag-
shaw, commonly called the Apostle of the Peak, was
born here in 1628.
LITTON, a parish in the hundred of WELLS-FORUM,
county of SOMERSET, 6 miles (N. N. E.) from Wells,
containing 378 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £8. 12. 8.,
endowed with £ 200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Prebendary of Lit-
ton in the Cathedral Church of Wells. The church is
dedicated to St. Peter.
LITTON, a township in that part of the parish
of ARNCLIFFE which is in the western division of the
wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and EwCROSS, West riding
of the county of YORK, 11 miles (N. E.) from Settle,
containing 102 inhabitants.
LITTON-CHENEY, a parish in the hundred of
UGGSCOMBE, Dorchester division of the county of
DORSET, 63 miles (E. S. E.) from Bridport, containing
424 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch
deaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in
the king's books at £33. 7. 8., and in the patronage
of the Rev. James Cox, D.D. The church, which is
dedicated to St. Mary, is in the later style of English ar-
chitecture, and has a fine tower with battlements and
pinnacles. In 1690, Robert Thormer bequeathed £25
per annum for the maintenance of a free school, and part
of £75 per annum for apprenticing poor children of the
parish of Litton, the towns of Dorchester and South-
ampton, and the city of Salisbury. In 1771, Thomas Hol-
lis added £5 per annum for a schoolmaster's residence.
LIVEDEN, county of NORTHAMPTON.-See ALD-
WINKLE (ST. PETER'S).
LIVERMERE (GREAT), a parish in the hundred
of THEDWESTRY, county of SUFFOLK, 53 miles (N. N. E.)
from Bury St. Edmund's, containing 251 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, with which that of Little
Livermere is united, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£ 15. 8. 11½., and in the patronage of N. L. Acton, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
LIVERMERE (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred
of BLACKBOURN, county of SUFFOLK, 64 miles (N.N.E.)
from Bury St. Edmund's, containing 187 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, united to that of
Great Livermere, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£ 6. 12. 11. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
Arms.
LIVERPOOL,an eminent
sea-port, borough, and mar-
ket town, having separate
jurisdiction, though locally
in the hundred of West
Derby, county palatine of
LANCASTER, 53 miles (S. by
W.) from Lancaster, and
205 (N.W. by N.) from Lon-
don, containing 118,972 in-
habitants, according to the
census of 1821, since which
period the population is
computed to have increased to upwards of 140,000.
This town, which within the last century has, by a pro-
gressive increase in extent, population, and commercial
importance, obtained the first rank after the metropo-
lis, is supposed to be noticed in Domesday-book under
the name Esmedune, or Smedune. In other ancient re-
cords its various appellations are, Litherpul, Lyrpul, &c.,
signifying probably, in the ancient dialect of the county,
the lower pool; though some have deduced its etymo-
logy from a pool frequented by an aquatic fowl, called a
"Liver," or from a sea-weed of that name; and others
from its having belonged to a family of the name of
Lever, whose antiquity is not sufficiently established to
justify that conclusion. Soon after the Conquest,
William granted all that part of the county which was
situated between the rivers Mersey and Ribble to Ro-
ger of Poictiers, who, according to Camden, built a
castle here, about the year 1089; to which circum-
stance may probably be attributed the origin of the
town. The castle, which consisted of six circular towers,
connected by embattled walls, and surrounded by a
moat, commanded the harbour, and continued till the
close of the parliamentary war, when it was demolished
by order of the parliament. The remains were subse-
quently granted by Queen Anne to the corporation, but
were finally removed in 1715, and the church of St.
George was erected on the site. For a considerable length
of time after the Conquest, Liverpool was but a small
fishing-town; till, in 1172, its favourable situation, and
the convenience of its port, attracted the notice of Henry
II., who made it the place of rendezvous and embarka-
tion of his troops for the conquest of Ireland; and in the
following year is stated to have granted the inhabitants
a charter, but this is doubtful, as such charter cannot
be found among the records in the Tower: the first
charter was probably granted by King John, although
two charters of Henry I. are mentioned in the corpora-
tion records. It now became the chief station for the
embarkation of troops, and for the exportation of mili-
tary stores, for the service of Ireland; and the conse-
quent intercourse which was here maintained between
the two countries appears to have laid the foundation
of its subsequent commercial importance. Henry III.,
in 1229, confirmed the preceding charter, made the
town a free borough, instituted a guild merchant, and
granted additional privileges. By these charters, and the
advantage of its local situation, it began to improve.
its resources, and in a short time had established a
considerable trade with Ireland, and with several parts
of the coast. An old tower, which formerly stood in
Water-street, appears to have been built by a de-
scendant of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, third son of

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:
Henry III., who, in the reign of Edward III., was cre-
ated Duke of Lancaster, and, being ordered by that mo-
narch to keep a strict guard on the coast of Lancashire,
was permitted to embattle his house, which subsequently
became the occasional residence of the Stanleys, Earls of
Derby after having been converted successively into a
suite of assembly-rooms and a prison, it was taken down
in 1819, and warehouses were erected on its site. Little
is known of the state of the town from the fourteenth to
the sixteenth century: Leland describes it as a paved
town, which, as a good haven, was much frequented by
Irish merchants, and as supplying Manchester with yarn
imported from Ireland. From this time till the reign
of Elizabeth it appears to have declined, but from what
cause cannot be ascertained; in 1571, the inhabitants
petitioned the queen to be relieved from a subsidy im-
posed on them, and in their petition described it as "Her
Majesty's poor decayed town of Liverpool." In 1630,
when writs were issued by Charles I., for the levying of
ship-money, the town was rated only at £26, while
Bristol was rated at £1000.
The early history of Liverpool is not distinguished
by any important events. During the civil war in the
During the civil war in the
reign of Charles I., the town was defended for the par-
liamentarians by Colonel Moore, against Prince Rupert,
by whom it was besieged, and to whom, after an ob-
stinate resistance, it was surrendered, June 26th, 1644,
but was soon after retaken by the parliament. In the
reign of William III., that monarch embarked with all
his train at this port for Ireland, previously to the battle
of the Boyne. During the rebellion in 1745, Liverpool
raised several regiments to oppose the Pretender; and
within twelve months after the war with France broke
out, in 1778, one hundred and twenty privateers, car-
rying in the aggregate one thousand nine hundred
nine hundred
and eighty-six guns, and eight thousand seven hundred
and fifty-four seamen, were equipped here. The most
important feature in the history of this place, is the
extraordinary rapidity with which it has risen into a
degree of splendour and importance without example
in the history of any commercial country: among the
causes which have produced its elevation to a rank but
partially inferior to that of the metropolis are, its situ-
ation on the shore of a noble river, which expands into
a wide æstuary; its proximity to the Irish coast; its
central position with respect to the united kingdom;
its intimate connexion with the principal manufacturing
districts, and with every part of the kingdom, by nu-
merous rivers, canals, and rail-roads; and the persever-
ing industry and enterprising spirit of its inhabitants.
The port is, by some, considered to have been anciently
a member of the port of Chester, although it is not de-
scribed as such in any of the charters either of Chester
or Liverpool: it was assuredly, as is evident from re-
cords belonging to the corporation, an independent port
so early as the year 1335. In the sixteenth century an
attempt was made to prove it a creek within the limits
of the port of Chester, which, however, was set aside
by an order from the Board of Customs in London.
The commerce of the port may be divided into three
distinct branches of these, the first and most import-
ant is its trade with Ireland, which appears to have
been established, or greatly promoted, by the settlement
here of several mercantile families from that country,
about the middle of the sixteenth century, at which
:
"
time there were only fifteen vessels, of the aggregate
burden of two hundred and fifty-nine tons, belonging
to the port. The principal imports are, linen, cattle, and
provisions of every kind: in the year ending June, 1829,
forty-nine thousand six hundred and seventy-four head
of cattle, six thousand seven hundred and eighty-six
calves, one hundred and twenty-five thousand one hun-
dred and ninety-seven sheep, and one hundred and
fifty-five thousand three hundred and nineteen pigs,
were imported from Ireland. The principal exports are,
British manufactured goods, salt, coal, and general mer-
chandise: the quantity of rock and white salt brought
to this port, in 1829, from the mines in Cheshire,
by the river Weaver, was three hundred and ninety
thousand tons, of which sixty thousand were shipped
to Ireland. The number of vessels which entered in-
wards from Ireland, in the year 1829, was two thousand
seven hundred and eighty-four, and of those which
cleared outwards for that port, two thousand one hun-
dred and twenty-four.
:
The second principal branch of the trade of this port
is that with the United States of America, of which it
engrosses more than three-fourths of the whole com-
merce of the kingdom of this, the chief article is cot-
ton wool, which may be considered as forming the staple
trade of the town; and from this port, Manchester and
the cotton manufacturing districts are supplied with
the raw material: the sales of cotton, which upon an
average exceed fourteen thousand bales per week, are
negociated by brokers, of whom there is a considerable
number. This branch of commerce is subject to con-
siderable fluctuation; but, from returns made to parlia-
ment, it appears that the quantity of cotton imported into
Liverpool from all parts of the world, of which by far
the greater portion was from the United States, is nearly
nine times as much as is imported into London, and more
than six times the aggregate quantity brought to all the
ports in the kingdom, London included. The number of
bales imported into England, in 1791, was sixty-eight
thousand four hundred and four; in 1823, five hundred
and eighty thousand two hundred and fifty-five; and
in 1829, seven hundred and forty-one thousand eight
hundred and sixty-three, of which last, six hundred and
forty-one thousand three hundred and seventy-three
bales were imported into Liverpool alone. In 1764, one
hundred and eighty-eight vessels entered inwards, and
one hundred and forty-one cleared outwards, in the
trade with North America, which has greatly increased
since the termination of the war in 1783: in 1829, about
eight hundred vessels entered inwards, and eight hundred
and sixty-four cleared outwards, at this port, which
enjoys great facility and frequency of intercourse with
the principal sea-ports of the United States, by regular
lines of packets, of which those for New York sail on
the 1st, 8th, 16th, and 24th, of the month: on this line
are sixteen fine vessels, elegantly fitted up with every ac-
commodation for passengers, and which perform the voy-
age generally in twenty-three days and a half, though oc-
casionally it has been done in fifteen days. The union line
of packets, also to New York, sail on the 5th and 20th of
the month. The Philadelphia packets sail from Liverpool
on the 9th and 21st of the month; and those for Boston
sail always monthly, and sometimes twice in the month.
-
The next in importance is the trade which Liver-
pool carries on with the West Indies, which had its
0 2
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100
In 1829, one thousand four hundred and eighty-five
British, and eight hundred and ten foreign, vessels en-
gaged in foreign trade entered inwards; and one thou-
sand seven hundred British, and nine hundred foreign,
vessels cleared outwards; and, including coasting ves-
sels, the whole number which entered the port, in the
year ending the 24th of June, 1830, was eleven thousand
two hundred and fourteen, of which, the aggregate bur-
den was one million four hundred and eleven thousand
nine hundred and sixty-four tons, and the amount of
duties paid at the custom-house was £3,123,758. 8. 10.,
and £166,550. 11. 11., at the dock office. The number
of vessels belonging to the port, in 1828, was seven
hundred and fifty-nine, averaging a burden of one hun-
dred and ninety-nine tons each. In addition to the re-
gular packets for America there are packets for Rio Ja-
neiro, Naples, Genoa, Leghorn, Smyrna, Constantinople,
Lisbon, and Oporto. There are thirty-six steam-packets
established between this port and Ireland, two to the
Isle of Man, seven to Scotland, six to Wales, one to
Carlisle, one to Whitehaven, one to Lancaster: besides
which there are sixteen to the different ferries on the
Mersey.
commencement about the middle of the seventeenth
century, and which was previously shared between Lon-
don and Bristol; Liverpool, however, has successfully
rivalled the latter of these ports, and secured to itself a
very considerable portion of the trade: the quantity of
British plantation sugar imported in 1829, was forty-
three thousand seven hundred hogsheads and tierces; of
rum, eleven thousand six hundred and fifty puncheons;
of tobacco, four thousand nine hundred and sixty-
four hogsheads; and of coffee, including also that
brought from the East Indies and the Brazils, eight
thousand and eighty casks, and five thousand two hun-
dred barrels and bags. Liverpool was extensively con-
cerned in the slave trade, in which, previously to its abo-
lition, nearly one-fourth part of the vessels belonging
to the port was employed. In 1829, thirty-six vessels
entered inwards from the ports of Africa, and fifty-seven
cleared outwards. In the same year, the number of
vessels which entered inwards from the West Indies was
one hundred and ninety-five, and of those which cleared
outwards, two hundred and thirty-two. In 1814 this
port was, by an order in council dated December 17th,
declared a fit and proper depôt for the custody of goods,
wares, and merchandise, imported from every port and
place within the limits of the East India Company's
Charter, and in 1819 thirty-eight vessels entered inwards
from the East Indies; but this branch of its trade has
since declined, probably from the decreased value of
East Indian produce, as the number of vessels that en-
tered from the East Indies, in 1829, was thirty-three,
and of those that cleared outwards, thirty-five: the prin-
cipal imports are, cotton, indigo, hides, ginger, pepper,
and sugar. Liverpool carries on also a considerable
trade with the principal ports in the Mediterranean and
Levant seas, from which it imports wine, fruits, lemon
and lime juice, olive and other oils, barilla, and brim-
stone; and from these ports one hundred and seventy
vessels entered inwards, and one hundred and ninety
cleared outwards, in 1829. Cotton was first imported
here from Egypt in 1823, and twenty-two thousand
four hundred and fifty-six bales were landed in 1829.
The trade in ashes, tallow, and timber, has of late con-
siderably increased; seventeen thousand four hundred
casks of tallow were imported in 1829, when the num-
ber of ships entered inwards from the Baltic was ninety-
five, and the number cleared outwards, one hundred
and seventy.
Considerable trade is also carried on
in timber with the British Colonies in North America,
from which, in 1829, two hundred and sixty-six cargoes,
of the aggregate value of £256,422, were imported;
and ninety-five cargoes, valued at £94,564, were also
imported from the Baltic. A limited intercourse is
maintained with New South Wales and South Shetland;
and in that with the Isle of Man, the imports from
which are grain, herrings, and wool, one hundred and
thirty vessels are employed. The coasting-trade is very
important; the number of arrivals in 1829 was not less
than four thousand two hundred and fifty. The fish-
eries do not appear ever to have been very extensive; in
1764, three ships were engaged in the Greenland whale
fishery, which number had increased, in 1788, to twenty-
one, but from that time the trade began to decline, and
has now ceased to exist, and the home fishery has
diminished materially. The exports are principally
the manufactured articles of the neighbouring districts.
The harbour is capacious and secure: at the en-
trance of the river is the Black Rock lighthouse,
erected on a point of rock on the western coast, which
is covered at quarter flood, the water at high spring
tides rising twenty feet above the surface of the rock :
this lighthouse was built at the expense of the corpo-
ation, from a design by Mr. John Foster: it is seventy-five
feet high from its foundation to the lantern, and thirty five
feet in diameter immediately below the base, and fifteen
and a half at the cornice: the lower part, to the height
of twenty-eight feet and a half, is solid, from which a
spiral staircase leads to the store-room and the apart-
ments of the three keepers; above these is the lantern, at
a medium height of sixty feet above the level of the sea,
in which is a light of thirty argand lamps, with reflectors,
in a triangular frame, revolving once in three minutes, and
presenting, successively, two lights of a natural colour,
and one of brilliant red, which attain their full lustre
every successive minute; and in hazy weather a bell is
constantly ringing to prevent accidents: this building,
which is of limestone brought from Beaumaris, was
completed, and the light first exhibited, on the 1st of
March 1830. A floating light has also been placed eleven
miles seaward from the mouth of the river, by the
trustees of the docks; and pilot boats stationed there
are constantly on the look-out. A telegraph has been
established, by means of which communications have
been interchanged between this town and Holyhead in
the short space of three minutes; the signal stations
extend along the coast, at intervals of eight miles dis-
tance from each other. The limits of the port (as fixed
by the commissioners appointed under a commission
issued in the 10th of George I., in their certificate to
the Exchequer, dated November 28th, 1723,) extend
"from the Red Stones in Hollyake, at the point of
Wirrall, southerly to the foot of the river called Rib-
ble water, in a direct line northerly, and so upon the
south side of the said river to Hesketh bank easterly,
and to the rivers Asland and Douglas there, and so all
along the sea-coasts of Meols and Formby, unto the
river Mersey, and all over the rivers Mersey, Irwell, and
Weaver.”
-- yang
LIV
Seal of the Trustees of the Docks.
For the security of the
shipping in the port, and
for the greater facility of
loading and unloading mer-
chandise, an immense range
of docks and warehouses,
extending nearly two miles
along the eastern bank of
the river, has been con-
structed, on a scale of un-
paralleled magnificence; and
forming one of those cha-
racteristics of commercial greatness in which this
town is unrivalled. The docks are of three kinds,
the wet docks, the dry docks; and the graving docks:
the wet docks are chiefly for ships of great burden,
employed in the foreign trade, and which float in
them at all states of the tide, the water being retained
by gates: the dry docks, so called because they are
left dry when the tide is out, are chiefly appropriated
to coasting vessels; and the graving docks, which ad-
mit or exclude the water at pleasure, are adapted to
the repair of ships, during which they are kept dry,
and when completed are floated out by admitting the
tide. The Old dock, which was the first of the kind
constructed in England, and for making which an act
of parliament was obtained in 1708, is not now in
use, its site having been appropriated to the erection of
a new custom-house, and other offices connected with
the trade of the port. The Dry dock, which is about to
be converted into a wet dock, was constructed under
the authority of an act passed in the 11th of George II.,
and is chiefly occupied by sloops from the North coast,
which import corn, provisions, and slate, and convey
back the produce of the West Indies, the Mediterranean,
Portugal, and the Baltic it has a quay five hundred
yards in length, and has communication with three gra-
ving docks: it has been considerably enlarged, and many
of the buildings surrounding it have been taken down,
with the view of obtaining more quay room. The Salt-
house dock, so named from some salt-works formerly
contiguous to it, was constructed about the same time
as the Dry dock; the upper part of it is chiefly for ships
that are laid up, and the lower part for vessels in the
Levant, Irish, and coasting trades: the quay is seven
hundred and fifty-nine yards in extent, and is provided
with convenient warehouses, with arcades for foot pas-
sengers on the east side, and extensive sheds on the west
side between this dock and the river are some ship-
builders' yards, which the corporation intend to convert
into docks for the craft employed in the inland trade.
George's dock was constructed, in the 2nd of George III.,
at an expense of £21,000: it was originally two hun-
dred and forty-six yards in length, and one hundred
yards in breadth, with a quay of seven hundred yards
in extent; but it has been enlarged, and the quay is now
one thousand and one yards in length: on the east side
is a range of extensive warehouses, in front of which is
an arcade for foot passengers; and on the west side
are sheds for protecting the merchandise from the wea-
ther : at the north and south ends of the dock are
handsome cast-iron bridges; and a parade is continued
westward for a considerable distance into the river: this
dock has a communication with the two preceding
docks, and also with the Prince's dock, by basins, which
:
SEAL
TRUSTEES
THE
THE
OF THE
MDCCCX1
LIVERPOOL
DOCKS
101
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:
preclude the necessity of returning into the river. The
King's dock, constructed in the 25th of George III., is
two hundred and seventy yards in length, and ninety-
six in breadth, and is appropriated to vessels from
Virginia and other parts, laden with tobacco, which
article is exclusively landed here: the new tobacco
warehouses extend the whole length of the quay, on the
west side, and are five hundred and seventy-five feet in
length, and two hundred and thirty-nine in depth;
the old warehouses, on the opposite side, which were
appropriated to that purpose, have been converted in-
to sheds for the security of merchandise ships from
the Baltic, freighted with timber and naval stores,
discharge their cargoes on the quay: across the en-
trance is a handsome swivel bridge of cast-iron this
dock has a communication on the south with a dry dock
and two graving docks. The Queen's dock, constructed
at the same time, is four hundred and seventy yards
long, and two hundred and twenty-seven and a half in
breadth, with a spacious quay, and is chiefly occupied
by vessels freighted with timber, and by those em-
ployed in the Dutch and Baltic trades: at the south
end it communicates with a basin of considerable extent,
called the Brunswick half-tide dock, which is also con-
nected with the Brunswick dry basin on the south
of the half-tide dock, a new dock of larger dimensions
than any of the preceding, for vessels laden with
timber, is in progress, to be called the Brunswick
dock, with a basin to the south of it, and patent
slips for the repairing of vessels, which will proba-
bly terminate the range of docks at the southern ex-
tremity. The Prince's dock, constructed under an act
passed in the 51st of George III., was opened with
great pomp on the day of the coronation of His late
Majesty George IV. it is five hundred yards in length,
and one hundred and six in breadth at the north end is
a spacious basin belonging to it, and at the south end it
communicates with the basin of George's dock at the
north end is a handsome dwelling-house for the dock-
master, with suitable offices; and at the south end is
a house, in which the master of George's dock at
present resides the quays are spacious, and there are
sheds for the protection of goods from the weather:
along the west side, near the river, is a beautiful marine
parade, seven hundred and fifty yards long, and eleven
wide, defended by a stone parapet wall, from which is
a delightful view of the river and the shipping: it is
much frequented as a promenade, and at convenient in-
tervals are three flights of steps leading down to the river,
where boats are in constant attendance. To the north
of the basin belonging to this dock, four spacious wet
docks, and a large graving dock, which latter is to be
fitted up with patent slips, are at present in a state of
rapid progress; and, when completed, will probably
terminate the range of docks on the north side of the
town. The Duke's dock, between Salthouse and the
King's docks, is a small dock belonging to the trustees
of the late Duke of Bridgewater, for the use of his flats,
with commodious warehouses. The several carriers by
water have also convenient basins on the river, for the use
of their barges, with quays for loading and unloading their
goods; and the Mersey and Irwell Navigation Company
have a small dock, called the Manchester dock, for the
flats employed in that extensive trade, and for the
transport to this town of the productions of Cheshire
:
:

:
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102
and the adjoining counties. The whole range of the
docks, when the northern and southern additions are
completed, will be two miles and eight hundred and
twenty yards in length; and spacious as they are, they
are still considered inadequate to the increasing com-
merce of the port, and measures are in contemplation
for their further extension. The sums expended in
the formation of these docks amount to more than two
millions and a half sterling: for clearing them from
the accumulation of silt brought in by the tide, a dredg-
ing machine, worked by a steam-engine of ten-horse
power, is in constant operation, by which fifty tons per
hour are raised into barges, and deposited where it may
be washed away by the current of the river. The inter-
nal management of each dock is entrusted to a master
resident on the spot, and the government of the whole
establishment is vested, by an act of parliament obtained
in 1825, in a committee of twenty-one members, includ-
ing a chairman and deputy chairman, who meet at least
once every week, and oftener, when circumstances re-
quire it: the committee consists of thirteen trustees
nominated by the common council, and eight merchants,
or ship-owners, chosen by the payers of rates or dues
to the amount of £10, within one year prior to the
election, and who are resident within eight miles of
Liverpool.
are
The new custom-house, which is now being erected
on the site of the Old dock, at the joint expense of
government and the corporation, and under the su-
perintendence of Mr. John Foster, will be a superb
and beautiful edifice in the Grecian style of archi-
tecture; the probable cost, originally estimated at
£175,000, will not be much less than £300,000, of
which sum, £150,000 has been contributed by govern-
ment. According to the approved plan now in progress,
the buildings will be four hundred and fifty-four feet
in length, and two hundred and twenty-four in depth,
with three principal fronts, of which the north presents,
in the central and receding part, a noble portico
of eight Ionic columns, the shafts of which
five feet in diameter, and forty-six feet high, sup-
porting an entablature with a triangular pediment
having the royal arms in the tympanum: in the centre
will be a finely-groined archway, intended as a thorough-
fare for foot passengers to the streets at the south end
of the building, and having on each side an entrance
into the central part of the edifice: the entrance to the
projecting wings will be through a loggia of two co-
lumns of similar dimensions and character: the east and
west fronts have each a portico in the centre, of similar
elevation as the portico of the north front; and the
faces of the building, on each side of the portico, are de-
corated with pilasters supporting a cornice and enta-
blature from the centre of the building rises a noble
dome, forty-six feet in diameter, of which the tambour
is surrounded by Ionic pillars supporting an entabla-
ture surmounted by a balustrade. The exterior, from
every point of view, presents an object of beautiful mag-
nificence, unrivalled by any public building of the kind:
the interior, in addition to ample accommodation for
the business of the customs and excise, will contain the
stamp and post-offices, and the requisite offices con-
nected with the docks: the long room, for the custom-
house department, one hundred and forty-six feet in
length, seventy feet in breadth, and forty feet high, will
be accessible from the lower part of the building, by
two double staircases of ample dimensions: under the
building will be an extensive range of vaults for the
reception of wines and spirits in bond. The old cus-
tom-house, in which the business has hitherto been
transacted, is of brick, ornamented with stone, con-
venient only from its central situation, but destitute of
any architectural importance: the present excise office
consists of two private houses converted to that use.
Adjoining the dock office, which is near the custom-
house, is a building appropriated to the business of the
dock police; and the present post-office is a small
building, which cannot be noticed among the buildings
of the town.
The exchange buildings, erected by the late Mr.
John Foster, at an expense of £110,848, subscribed
in shares of £100 each, were completed in 1806: they
occupy three sides of a quadrangular area, one hun-
dred and ninety-seven feet long, and one hundred
and seventy-eight in breadth, the north front of the
town hall forming the fourth side: the façades of the
east and west sides, which are uniform, consist of a
rustic basement story, forming an arched piazza, sur-
mounted by a range of Corinthian columns, supporting
a cornice and balustrade: the south side of the qua-
drangle differs from the others, principally in the pro-
jection of its centre, which has a handsome portico of
four duplicated columns, supporting an entablature,
above which are four finely-sculptured figures of Port-
land stone, representing the four elements, and corres-
ponding with similar figures on the front of the town-
hall, which forms the other side. The three sides of the
quadrangle have a piazza fifteen feet in width; and in
the centre of the area is a monument to the memory
of Lord Nelson, erected by subscription, at an expense
of £9000, and placed on a circular pedestal of marble,
round the base of which are four figures of captives,
emblematical of the four principal victories gained by
that admiral; in the spaces between these figures are
representations, in basso relievo, of some of his naval
exploits; and on the pedestal is the figure of the admi-
ral, receiving on his sword a fourth naval crown from
Victory, while, at the same moment, a figure of Death
appears rising from behind the drapery of the fallen
standards of the vanquished enemy. The entrances
into the area are at the angles of the quadrangle, and
from Old Hall-street is an additional entrance through
three arches in the basement story, divided into avenues
by duplicated columns of the Grecian Doric, with
groined roofs richly ornamented: the façade of this
entrance from the street is a noble design of the Doric
order, and the end fronts of the east and west ranges
of the quadrangle, facing the town-hall, are handsome
specimens of the Corinthian. In the east wing is a
news-room, ninety-four feet long and fifty-two feet wide,
above which is a spacious room for the use of the under-
writers: the central and west wings contain nume-
rous counting-houses and offices, and behind them are
extensive warehouses.
The manufactures of the town are principally such
as are connected with the port and the shipping; the
promotion of its commerce, and the supply of the inha-
bitants there are several sugar-refineries upon a very
large scale, extensive potteries, glass-houses, brew-
eries, tanneries, salt and copperas works, iron and brass
:
LIV
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103
foundries, foundries for cannon, anchors, chain cables,
the several parts of machinery connected with steam-
engines, and various others; manufactories for steam-
engines, steam-boilers, and machinery of all kinds;
guns, small arms, nails, files, ropes, sails, cordage,
watches, tobacco, snuff, and soap; there are numerous
corn-mills, and others for grinding mustard, colours,
and dye-woods: the manufacture of soap exceeds that
of any place in England, the amount of duty paid for the
year ending January 5th, 1830, being £316,942. 16. 13.;
and those of tobacco and snuff are very extensive: the
number of watches made annually, on an average,
amount to ten thousand four hundred, a number greater
than that of any town, except London. Numerous
shipwrights are constantly employed in repairing the
vessels in the docks, and ship-building is carried on to a
considerable extent; thirty-three vessels were built at
this port in 1826, and several ships of war have been
launched from the dock yards, among which were three
of fifty and one of forty-four guns, together with seve-
ral frigates. The building of steam-packets, and the ma-
nufacture of engines and boilers for their use, have been
greatly increasing within the last few years at Liver-
pool, which in this respect appears to take the lead of
all other ports. The trade of the town is greatly faci-
litated by an extensive line of inland navigation in
every direction, by which it is connected with the ma-
nufacturing districts and the principal towns in the
kingdom. No less than five water conveyances fall into
the Mersey; viz., the Mersey and Irwell navigation, the
late Duke of Bridgewater's canal, the Sankey canal, the
Chester and Ellesmere canal, and the Weaver naviga-
tion: the first communicates with Manchester, and with
Bolton and Bury by a canal to those towns. The Duke
of Bridgewater's communicates also with Manchester,
and, by the Rochdale canal, with Hull and the southern
parts of Yorkshire; and, by means of the Grand Trunk
canal, with almost every other canal or inland naviga-
tion to the south of Lancashire. The Sankey canal has
a communication with the extensive coal-mines at St.
Helen's and its neighbourhood. The Chester and Elles-
mere canal, now being united to the Birmingham canal
in Worcestershire, will open a communication with all
the southern parts of England, and with the mining
districts of North and South Wales. The Weaver is
the great medium of conveyance for the produce of the
salt mines at Northwich and its neighbourhood. In
addition to these is the Leeds and Liverpool canal, com-
municating, by the Lancaster canal, with all the north
part of Lancashire; by means of a cut lately made to
the Duke of Bridgewater's canal, with Manchester; and,
as the name imports, with Leeds, and consequently with
the principal manufacturing towns in Yorkshire. A
rail-road from Manchester is also now being finished,
which by means of a tunnel running under this town,
from east to west, will deliver goods or passengers, by
steam-engines propelled at the rate of from fifteen to
thirty miles an hour, almost at the sides of the docks,
without the inconvenience of passing through any part
of the town: for a more detailed account of this stu-
pendous work, see the article on LANCASHIRE. Other
rail-roads are in progress in the vicinity, and one to
Birmingham, and thence to London, has been projected.
The town is beautifully situated on the east bank
of the river Mersey, along which it extends for more
than three miles on the west side are the immense
ranges of docks, wharfs, and warehouses, in the neigh-
bourhood of which the streets are narrow, and the
houses of inferior appearance to those of more recent
erection: on the east side, to which it extends for up-
wards of a mile, are spacious streets, squares, and cres-
cents, modern houses, built chiefly of brick and roofed with
The town
slate, of which many are elegant mansions.
C
is well paved, and brilliantly lighted with gas, by two
companies, one established in 1818, for the supply of
coal gas, and the other for the preparation of oil gas, in
1823. The inhabitants and the shipping in the docks
are supplied with water from the springs at Bootle,
about four miles distant, by the company of the Bootle
water-works, and from springs in or contiguous to the
town, by the company of the Liverpool and Harrington
water-works. The air is highly salubrious, and the
convenience of sea-bathing is afforded by the construc-
tion of baths of every description, erected by the cor-
poration, and furnished with every accommodation; by
private establishments of a similar nature; by a floating-
bath, and by numerous machines. Steam-boats are
constantly sailing to and from the ferries on the Cheshire
shore; and every facility of aquatic excursions may be
obtained by packets and pleasure boats, which are in
constant attendance. The docks afford delightful pro-
menades, commanding extensive views of the river and
of the shipping: the public buildings, which are highly
beautiful, give an air of grandeur to the town; and its
numerous sources of refined amusement and social
intercourse render it, independently of its mercantile
attractions, a desirable place of residence. The environs
are pleasant, abounding with interesting scenery, and
with numerous handsome seats and beautiful villas.
The village of Everton, one mile north-east of the
town, is the retreat of many of the opulent merchants:
from its elevated situation, it commands extensive and
interesting views, and displays considerable architectural
interest.
The public subscription libraries are numerous and
well selected. The Athenæum, a neat building of stone,
erected, in 1799, at an expense of £4000, by a pro-
prietary of five hundred members, whose annual sub-
scription is £2. 12. 6., contains a news-room, and a
library comprising fourteen thousand volumes: adjoin-
ing the library are a committee-room and apartments for
the librarian. The Lyceum, a handsome edifice of the
Ionic order, was erected by public subscription, in 1802,
at an expense of £11,000: it contains a well selected li-
brary of thirty thousand volumes, conveniently arranged
in a circular room forty-five feet in diameter, tastefully
decorated with busts, and lighted by a spacious dome; a
coffee-room, sixty-eight feet in length, forty-eight feet
wide, and thirty-one feet high, with an elegant coved ceil-
ing; and a lecture and committee room : the institution
is under the direction of a president, vice-president, and
a committee of twenty-four members; there are eight
hundred subscribers to the library, and six hundred to the
coffee-room. The Union news-room, a substantial and
neat building, was erected by public subscription, in 1800,
at an expense of £6000: it contains a spacious coffee-
with two recesses at the end, ornamented with
Ionic pillars: over the entrance to the bar is a painting,
by Fuseli, emblematical of the union; and on the para-
pet above the entrance are the union arms, finely sculp
room,
LIV
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104
tured. The exchange news-room, which occupies the
lower story of the east wing of that splendid edifice, is
ninety-four feet in length and fifty-two feet wide: the
ceiling, which is richly panelled, is divided into three
arched compartments, by a double range of sixteen Ionic
pillars, twenty feet high, forming an elegant colonnade
in the centre of the room: the side walls are decorated
with sixteen pilasters of the same order, between which
are spacious arched windows: the whole of the interior
preserves a character of striking beauty. There are also
a medical and a law library, supported by the members of
those professions. The royal institution, a spacious and
handsome edifice, the purchase and adaptation of which
to its purpose, cost £14,000, raised in shares of £100,
consists of a centre and two wings, extending one hun-
dred and forty-six feet in front, and containing on the
ground-floor a reading-room for the subscribers, a lec-
ture-room fifty-feet in length and thirty feet wide, a
committee-room, and classical and mathematical school-
rooms; and on the first floor, a large room for the
Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society, a library,
a museum, a spacious exhibition-room for the members
of the Liverpool academy of painting, an exhibition-
room for casts from the Elgin and Elgina marbles, a
drawing school-room, and a committee-room: on the
roof is an observatory, and behind the principal building
are a laboratory and a theatre for chemical and philoso-
phical experiments. This institution was formed, in
1814, for the advancement of literature, science, and the
arts, and the members were incorporated by royal char-
ter, in 1822: the society appoints professors, who lec-
ture on chemistry, anatomy, physiology, botany, and
astronomy; and masters for teaching the classics, ma-
thematics, English composition, the modern languages,
and drawing. A school of arts was established, in 1825,
for the gratuitous instruction of the artisans of the
town, in the principles of chemistry and mechanics,
on which subjects lectures are delivered at the rooms
in Slater-street, by professors of the royal institution.
The Botanic gardens, near Edge hill, occupy about
four acres of ground, enclosed within a stone wall,
having a handsome entrance lodge, containing apart-
ments for the superintendent and others connected
with the management: the collection of plants is exten-
sive, and affords not only a practical illustration of the
lectures delivered on that subject at the royal institu-
tion, but an interesting and pleasing recreation; stran-
gers are admitted by a note from any of the proprie-
tors: the conservatory, two hundred and forty feet in
length, is an elegant and highly ornamental structure.
The museum, in Church-street, consists of two apart
ments, in one of which a collection of natural pro-
ductions is tastefully displayed, and in the other is a
variety of ancient armour and warlike weapons and
instruments.
The new baths, on the west side of George's dock,
form a neat range of stone building, two hundred and
thirty-nine feet in length and eighty-seven in depth;
on each side of the entrance, which is in the centre,
is a colonnade of eighteen pillars, affording a shel-
tered walk; and in front of the building is a good
promenade on the margin of the river. The gentlemen's
baths are on the north side: the principal bath is forty-
five feet long and twenty-seven wide, and the entrance
from the dressing-rooms is under a projecting roof
supported on pillars; a handsome saloon, lighted by a
dome, leads to the warm baths, which are well arranged,
and provided with every accommodation: the ladies'
baths, on the south side, are similarly arranged. The
theatre, on the east side of Williamson-square, was built
in 1772: it is a neat edifice of brick, with a circular stone
front, ornamented with the king's arms, and with emble-
matical figures in bas relief: the season commences in
May, and closes in December. The amphitheatre, in Great
Charlotte-street, is a spacious and handsome building
of brick, coated with stucco: it is open, during the win-
ter, for the performance of equestrian exercises, feats
of agility, and pantomimes. The circus, in Springfield-
street, is used for similar exhibitions. The Wellington
rooms were built by public subscription, in 1815 in
the centre of the front, which is of stone, is a lofty cir-
cular portico of the Corinthian order, from which two
doors open into an octangular vestibule, twenty-five
feet in diameter, beyond which is an ante-room, from
which doors on the right and left lead into the card and
supper rooms, and in the centre into the ball-room,
eighty feet in length and thirty-seven feet wide, and
splendidly decorated; the whole forming a suite of
rooms admirably adapted to the uses for which they
were erected. The music-hall is a plain brick building,
with a portico, in which subscription concerts are held
during the winter months. The diorama is a plain and
substantial edifice, erected at a considerable expense,
by the Messrs. Daguerre, members of the Legion of
Honour, who are the inventors of that exhibition. The
rotunda is a handsome circular building of brick, ele-
gantly fitted up for the exhibition of panoramic views,
but now used as a billiard-room by a select number of
subscribers. At the entrance into the town from London
is an equestrian statue of George III., the first stone of
which was laid in Great George-square, by the mayor
and corporation, attended by the different trade associ-
ations, on the 25th of October, 1809, being the day on
which His Majesty completed the fiftieth year of his reign,
but since removed to its present site: it is of bronze,
and a copy of that of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius at
Rome: the expense, amounting to nearly £4000, was
raised by subscription. The races take place in July,
and continue four days: the course, at Aintree, about six
miles to the north-north-east of the town, is a mile and
a half in length, and is enclosed by railing, with a straight
run of nearly one thousand one hundred yards; there
is also an interior course, or training ground: stabling
for fifty horses have been built at the upper end, with
rooms over them for the grooms: six common stands
have also been built, capable of accommodating six
thousand persons.
The grand stand was erected in
1829: it is four stories in height; the ground-floor, be-
neath which are spacious cellars, contains entrance halls
and vestibules, from which two spacious staircases lead to
the principal rooms on the first floor, and to the various
rooms for refreshment and for promenade during the
intervals of the running; the principal of these, over-
looking the race ground, is ninety-one feet in length,
twenty-two feet wide, and seventeen feet high, with cir-
cular ends, and lighted by fifteen windows: in front is
a balcony extending the whole length of the front and
round the ends of the building; and at the back of
the principal room are two withdrawing-rooms, each
twenty-eight feet long and seventeen feet wide, one for
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105
gentlemen, and the other for ladies; above are two
similar rooms, and the leads, commanding a view of the
whole course, and a most beautiful and extensive pros-
pect of the surrounding country, are capable of accom-
modating two thousand persons.
The chartered market days are Wednesday and Sa-
turday, but there are markets for provisions every day
in the week except Sunday: the market days for corn
are Tuesday and Saturday, from ten in the morning till
one o'clock, the market being held in the corn exchange, a
neat building, with an entrance in the centre into the lower
area, and the basement story ornamented with Doric co-
lumns, supporting a cornice and entablature. Numer-
ous market-places have been formed, and buildings erect-
ed, for the accommodation' of persons attending them;
of these, the principal is St. John's market-place, nearly
in the centre of the town, begun in August 1820, and
completed in February 1822, by the corporation, at an
expense of £35,000: the building is of brick, with
entrances and cornices of stone; it is one hundred and
eighty-three yards in length, and forty-five yards wide,
lighted with one hundred and thirty-six windows, and
thoroughly ventilated: there are eight spacious entrances,
and the interior is divided longitudinally into five ave-
nues, by four ranges of handsome cast-iron pillars, one
hundred and sixteen in number, which support the roof.
St. James' market-house, for the accommodation of
the south part of the town and of Harrington, has
been lately erected; and a similar building is in pro-
gress in Scotland road, for the convenience of the resi-
dents in Everton and Kirkdale. In addition to these
In addition to these
are the old fish market in James-street, and open mar-
ket-places in Cleveland-square, Islington, and Pownall-
square; the cattle and hay markets, in Lime-street; and
the pig market, in Great Howard-street. The fairs are,
July 25th and November 11th; ten days prior to each
ten days prior to each
fair, a hand is displayed in front of the town-hall, and
remains there for ten days after the conclusion, during
which time every person entering or leaving the town on
business connected with the fairs, is free from arrest for
debt on borough process within the ancient liberties of
the town.
AASIAN
ИЛИИ
L
Liverpool, though a bo-
rough by prescription, re-
ceived its first charter of
incorporation from King
John under this charter,
confirmed and extended by
many succeeding monarchs,
and modified by William III.,
George II., III, and IV., the
government is vested in a
mayor, recorder, two bailiffs,
an indefinite number of al-
dermen, a town-clerk, and
others, composing a common council of forty-one,
assisted by subordinate officers. The mayor is chosen
annually on St. Luke's day from among the common
council, by the burgesses generally; the recorder and
town-clerk are chosen by the common council; the
senior bailiff is appointed by the mayor, and the junior
bailiff by the burgesses; and such of the common coun-
cil as have served the office of mayor become aldermen.
The mayor and aldermen are justices of the peace
within the borough, and the mayor, by charter of Wil-
VOL. III.
Corporate Seal.
TO DI
&
EB
K
B*
-
HIDIS
Z
liam III., is also justice of the peace for the county,
and, by charter of George IV., the junior alderman and
the two bailiffs are coroners. The freedom of the
borough is inherited by birth, and acquired by servi-
tude or gift; among the privileges is the freedom of
the city of Bristol, and of Waterford and Wexford,
in Ireland, the resident burgesses of which places are
reciprocally free of Liverpool, with the exception only
of the right to vote at elections. The corporation hold
quarterly courts of session for all offences not capital,
which are also held every Monday by adjournment;
and a court of record, by prescription, for the recovery
of debts to any amount, every Thursday: a court of
requests is held every Monday and Wednesday, under
an act passed in the 25th of George II., by commis-
sioners appointed by the corporation, for the recovery
of debts not exceeding 40s. A regular system of dock
police has been established by act of parliament, and
some of the borough magistrates attend daily at the dock
office, for determining causes connected with that de-
partment, and the mayor or some of the magistrates
attend daily at the sessions-house, for the transaction of
public business. The estates belonging to the corpora-
tion may be estimated at the value of £2,500,000,
producing an income varying from £100,000 to
£110,000 per annum, a considerable proportion of
which is expended in the improvement of the port,
and in the embellishment of the town ; the gross sum
laid out from 1786 to 1828, in widening the streets,
and in other improvements within the liberties, was
£602,554, and in building churches, charity schools,
market-houses, and other public buildings, £465,000,
making a total of £1,067,554, and an average ex-
penditure of £25,417 per annum, for forty-two years.
The borough first exercised the elective franchise in
the 23rd of Edward I., but made no other return
till the reign of Edward VI., since which time it
has continued to send two members to parliament:
the right of election is vested in the freemen generally
not receiving alms, of whom the number is about five
thousand the mayor and bailiffs are the returning
officers.
:

The town-hall, built in 1749, and of which the
ground-floor was originally designed for an exchange,
occupies an elevated situation at the north end of
Castle-street; the whole of the interior was destroyed
by fire in 1795, and has been since restored, upon a
more improved plan, at an expense of £110,000 : it is a
stately and magnificent structure, in the Grecian style
of architecture, with four elegant fronts, of which the
north forms one side of the Exchange buildings, and the
south, which is the principal, forms the grand entrance;
a rustic basement surrounds the whole building, from
which rise handsome ranges of Corinthian pillars, sup-
porting an entablature and cornice; between the pillars
are tablets, in which the emblems of commerce are fincly
sculptured in bas relief: the principal front has a noble
portico of Corinthian columns, supporting a triangular
pediment in the central part, which has a bold projec-
tion: the east and west fronts, which are uniform, have
in the projecting central part a handsome portico of
Corinthian columns, supporting triangular pediments,
from the centre of the building rises a splendid and
stately dome, supported on a range of lofty columns
of the Corinthian order grouped at the quoins
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106
and surmounted by triangular pediments; round the
tambour of the dome is an open gallery, commanding an
extensive panoramic view, and the summit is crowned
by a colossal figure of Britannia. The interior of this
noble building contains on the ground floor a council-
room, apartments for the mayor, committee-rooms, and
offices for the town-clerk, treasurer, and other officers
of the corporation. The grand staircase leads into a
spacious saloon splendidly furnished, and ornamented
with full-length portraits of George III., by Sir Thomas
Lawrence; of His late Majesty George IV., when Prince
of Wales, by Hopner; of the late Duke of York, by
Phillips; and a portrait by Sir M. A. Shee of His present
Majesty, William IV.: the saloon opens on the east and
west sides into two magnificently-furnished drawing-
rooms, thirty-two feet in length and twenty-seven feet
wide; and on the north and east sides, into two spa-
cious ball-rooms, superbly decorated, and lighted by
three chandeliers of richly cut glass of great beauty,
and of unusual magnitude: the larger of these rooms
is eighty-nine feet in length, forty-one feet wide, and
forty feet high; the smaller is sixty-one feet in length,
twenty-eight feet wide, and twenty-six feet high; the
ceilings are coved, and ornamented with highly-enrich-
ed panels, the walls are decorated with pilasters of
Scagliola marble, and the furniture is sumptuously ele-
gant.
On the west of the saloon is the banquet-room,
fifty feet in length, thirty feet wide and twenty-five
feet high; the walls are ornamented with pilasters of
variegated Scagliola marble, with capitals of the Corin-
thian order; the arched ceiling is richly panelled in
compartments, and the whole is fitted up in a style of
the most costly magnificence. The refectory, adjoining
the smaller ball-room, thirty-six feet in length, and
twenty-one feet wide, and lighted from the ceiling, is in
a style of proportionate elegance. The interior of the
dome, as seen from the grand staircase, is strikingly
beautiful; the entire height from the pavement is one
hundred and six feet; and the ornaments are charac-
terised by a due regard to purity of style and chasteness
of embellishment: the whole suite of rooms, for con-
venience of arrangement, and for splendour of decora-
tion, are in perfect harmony with the general character
of the building, which, for the magnitude of its di-
mensions, and the beauty of its architecture, is, per-
haps, unparalleled by any edifice of the kind in Europe.
The borough sessions-house, near the west wing of the
Exchange buildings, is a neat plain structure in the Gre-
cian style of architecture: it is one hundred and seven-
ty-four feet in length, and varies from fifty to eighty
feet in depth; at the north front are two entrances,
from which a winding staircase leads into a saloon, the
ceiling of which is supported by four handsome Ionic
columns: the saloon opens into the sessions-hall, sixty-
one feet in length, and thirty-nine feet wide, handsomely
fitted up for the business of the sessions; the bar, com-
municating with some cells below, to which there is an
underground passage from the prison, occupies the cen-
tre of the hall, and a gradual flight of steps ascending
from it affords accommodation to spectators: the ceil-
ing, in which are two domes, from which the hall is
lighted, is handsomely panelled, and the walls are
decorated with twelve pilasters supporting an enriched
cornice at the other extremity of the building is ano-
ther court of similar style, but of smaller dimensions,
·
✔
in which the petty sessions and daily examinations
are held: there are also rooms for the magistrates,
jurors, and persons connected with the court, and
on the ground-floor are cells for prisoners awaiting
their trial. The borough gaol consists of six wings, of
which three were let to the county as a temporary
house of correction, till the new house of correction
at Kirkdale should be completed: three of these are
now appropriated to the confinement of debtors, and
three to that of offenders against the dock acts, and of
prisoners for trial at the borough sessions: it is capable
of containing from five to six hundred prisoners, but is
not well adapted for classification. The house of correc-
tion at Kirkdale, recently erected, is of a circular form,
with two large wings, and is capable of receiving eight
hundred prisoners, for the classification of whom there
are twenty-two wards: the governor's house occupies
the north front, and in the centre of the area are the
chapel and the schools: it contains a tread-mill with ten
wheels, of which three are worked by females. The
sessions-house for the hundred of West Derby forms
the south front of the house of correction, and is hand-
somely built of stone, with a portico of six lofty Ionic
pillars; the sessions are held in a handsome room
seventy feet long and forty-two feet wide, to which are
attached apartments for the magistrates, barristers, and
witnesses: the petty sessions for the hundred are held
every alternate Friday, in a smaller room in this build-
ing, which was completed in 1821, at an expense of
£80,000: the average number of prisoners confined
here is about five hundred and fifty, who are employed
in various pursuits of profitable labour, and receive a
portion of their earnings on their discharge. A refuge
for female prisoners, discharged in a destitute state, has
been established in the town, under the auspices of
which, many have been restored to stations of usefulness
and respectability in society.
Liverpool was formerly a chapelry in the parish of
Walton, from which it was separated in 1699, and con-
stituted a distinct parish and a rectory, to be "called
and esteemed a mediety, that is to say, equal betwixt
the two rectors that shall preach at the new church
(St. Peter's) and the parochial chapel (St. Nicholas'):"
it is in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester. Since
the period of its separation from Walton, many new
churches have been erected, and it has of late, by act
of parliament, been divided into twenty-two districts,
for ecclesiastical purposes: the original, and the only
church prior to 1699, was that of St. Nicholas; the time
of its foundation is not known; but, in 1361, a license
was obtained from the Bishop of Lichfield, to bury in the
churchyard during the plague, which then raged in the
town: the body of the church was rebuilt in 1774, and,
in 1810, the spire and the upper part of the tower fell
upon the roof, a few minutes before the hour of service,
and killed several persons who had assembled in the
church, and were entering at the tirne: a new tower, in
the later style of English architecture, has been erected,
surmounted by a lantern, from a design by the late Mr.
Harrison, of Chester: there were anciently four chan-
tries in this church, but few monuments of antiquity are
now remaining. St. Peter's church is a plain edifice,
with a low square tower surmounted by an octagonal
turret crowned with pinnacles: the interior contains
some good specimens of carving in oak, and on the
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107
south side of the chancel is a costly marble monument
to the memory of Foster Cunliffe, merchant: the rec-
tory, or mediety of Liverpool is not in charge, and is
in the patronage of the Mayor and Council. The follow-
ing churches, the livings of which are perpetual curacies,
are also under the patronage of the Mayor and Council:
St. George's, erected, in 1732, on the site of the ancient
castle, and recently rebuilt, under the superintendence
of Mr. John Foster; the prevailing character is the Doric,
and in the elevation of the steeple, that style has been
blended with the Ionic and the Corinthian: the Mayor
and Council usually attend divine service at this church.
The church, dedicated to St. Thomas, built under the
authority of an act passed in the 21st of George II.,
and consecrated in 1750, is a handsome edifice in the
Grecian style of architecture, with a tower formerly sur-
mounted by a very lofty spire, which was taken down, in
consequence of the damage it sustained from a storm, in
1822: the interior is neatly fitted up, and the exterior
walls are ornamented with duplicated columns of the
Corinthian order, supporting a cornice surmounted by a
balustrade. St. Paul's church, erected at the expense
of the inhabitants in 1769, is a handsome edifice in the
Grecian style of architecture, with a dome rising from
the centre, and porticoes of the Ionic order, forming
the principal entrances: the Ionic character prevails
throughout the building. St. Anne's, erected under an
act passed in the 36th of George III., at the expense of
two gentlemen of the town, is a neat building of brick,
in the early style of English architecture, with a square
brick tower crowned with pinnacles: the east window
is of painted glass. St. John's church, erected, in 1784,
under an act passed in the 2nd of George III., is a neat
structure, with a square embattled tower, crowned with
pinnacles. St. Michael's, erected under an act passed in
the 54th of George III., and amended by a subsequent
act in the 4th of George IV., is an elegant structure in
the Grecian style of architecture, with a lofty steeple of
two receding turrets surmounted by a neat spire: it has
a noble and boldly-projecting portico of six lofty Corin-
thian columns, supporting a triangular pediment: at the
east end are four Corinthian columns supporting an
entablature and cornice, which are continued round the
building the interior contains one thousand three hun-
dred and six sittings, of which five hundred and twen-
ty are free: the whole expense of its erection was
£45,267. 10. 6., of which sum £10,267. 10. 6. was
paid by the corporation. St. Luke's, recently erected at
the expense of the corporation, after a design by Mr.
Foster, is an elegant structure in the later style of Eng-
lish architecture, with a square embattled tower, having
turrets at the angles, which rise considerably above the
battlements: the walls are strengthened by richly-em-
panelled buttresses crowned with pinnacles in the lower
stages, and carried up above the roof of the chancel,
forming a series of highly-ornamented turrets. The in-
terior is richly decorated, and the chancel, which is after
the model of the Beauchamp chapel at Warwick, is a
beautiful specimen of the decorated style: the windows,
which are lofty and in fine proportion, are elegantly en-
riched with tracery, and the whole edifice is highly
creditable to the taste and skill of the architect. The
church of St. Martin's in the Fields, containing one thou-
sand nine hundred and ten sittings, of which eight
hundred and twenty-eight are free, was erected in 1828,
:
by grant from the parliamentary commissioners, at an
expense of £20,037. 3. 8. it is a handsome structure of
the later style of English architecture, having a square
embattled tower with angular turrets, surmounted by
an octagonal spire, the whole rising to the height of one
hundred and ninety-eight feet: the chancel, of which
the roof is finely groined, is separated from the nave by
a lofty and richly-moulded arch; and the whole structure
forms a striking ornament at the entrance into the town
from the Ormskirk road: the living, a perpetual curacy,
is, under certain regulations, vested by an act passed in
the 10th of George IV. in the corporation.
The following churches will, at the expiration of
sundry terms, be also in the patronage of the Mayor
and Council: the church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity,
erected, by private subscription, under an act passed in
the 32nd of George III., in 1792, is a neat edifice of
stone, with a tower: the living is a perpetual curacy,
now in the patronage of the Rev. R. Formby.
Christ
Church, erected under an act of parliament passed in the
40th of George III., is an elegant building of brick or-
namented with stone, and having a light and handsome
cupola and dome: the interior is well arranged; the
chancel is lighted by a large Venetian window, and con-
tains a marble tablet to the memory of John Houghton,
Esq., by whom the church was built, at an expense of
£21,000, and by whom it was endowed with £105 per
annum, as a stipend for the minister: the living is a
perpetual curacy, now in the patronage of Edward Gib-
bon, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Mark, erected
under an act passed in the 56th of George III., at an
expense of £18,000, raised by subscription, is a plain
edifice of brick, with a square tower, crowned with a
balustrade, and ornamented with vases at the angles :
the interior is well arranged, and contains one thousand
seven hundred and fourteen sittings, of which three hun-
dred are free: the living is a perpetual curacy, the pa-
tronage of which was vested in five Trustees, of whom
John Whitley, Esq. is the only survivor. St. Andrew's
church, erected, in 1815, by John Gladstone Esq., at an
expense of £12,000, is a neat edifice, with a turret sur-
mounted by a dome supported on eight columns: it
contains one thousand six hundred and fifty sittings,
of which four hundred are free: the living is a perpe-
tual curacy, now in the patronage of John Gladstone,
Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Philip, erected under
an act passed in the 1st of George IV., by John Cragge,
Esq., at an expense of £12,000, is a neat edifice in the
later style of English architecture: it contains
thousand sittings, of which one hundred and fifty are
free: the living is a perpetual curacy, now in the pa-
tronage of John Cragge, Esq. St. David's church is a
neat edifice, erected for the accommodation of the
Welch residing in the town: the service of the church
of England is regularly performed in the Welch lan-
guage: the living is a perpetual_curacy, at present in
the patronage of Trustees. St. Catherine's church, in
Abercromby-square, erected by subscription, at an ex-
pense of £10,000, is not yet completed; it is calcu-
lated to contain one thousand two hundred sittings: the
entrance is through a portico of six handsome Ionic
columns: the interior is lighted by a dome in the centre,
supported by Corinthian columns. St. Bride's church,
now being erected by subscription, at an estimated ex-
pense of £5000, will contain one thousand three hun-
one
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108
LIV
dred sittings, of which one hundred and twenty are to
be free it will be in the Grecian style of architec-
ture, with a handsome portico of six Ionic columns.
The two following will, in a short period, be under the
patronage of the Rectors: St. Stephen's church, ori-
ginally built for a congregation of Protestant Dissent-
ers, but purchased and fitted up for the established
religion, is a plain building with a small turret sur-
mounted by a cupola : the living is a perpetual curacy,
now in the patronage of William Spurstow Miller,
Esq. St. Matthew's was also purchased from a con-
gregation of Dissenters: the living is a perpetual
the living is a perpetual
curacy, now in the patronage of J. T. Holloway, Esq.
St. Mary's, the church for the school for the indigent
blind, with which it communicates by a subterraneous
passage, was erected by subscription, after a design by
Mr. Foster, in 1818 it is an elegant structure in the
Grecian style of architecture, with a noble portico of
six massive columns of the Doric order, supporting an
enriched entablature and triangular pediment, an exact
copy of the portico of the temple dedicated to Jupiter
Panhellenius, in the island of Egina: the interior is
beautifully arranged, and contains a splendid monument
to the late Pudsey Dawson, Esq.: one half of the pews
is reserved for strangers, whose contributions are re-
ceived for the benefit of the charity: the living is a
perpetual curacy, in the patronage of five Trustees, of
whom the mayor and the two senior aldermen are
three. There is also an episcopal chapel dedicated
to All Saints. In George's dock is a floating chapel
connected with the established church. In addition
to the churchyards are two public cemeteries: the
one near Edge hill is spacious, and contains a small
chapel of brick, in the ancient style of English archi-
tecture, in which the funeral service is performed;
the other, which is called St. James' cemetery, is a large
tract of ground excavated as a quarry for stone used
in the building of the docks, and converted into a deposi-
tary for the dead, at an expense of £ 21,000 : it contains
forty-four thousand square yards, enclosed by a stone
wall and handsome iron palisades, having four stately
entrances the interior is intersected by roads wide
enough to admit a carriage, which lead to catacombs
excavated in the rock: the oratory, or chapel, in which
the funeral service is performed, is an elegant edifice
in the Grecian style of architecture, and of the Doric
order, forty-six feet in length, and twenty-nine wide;
at the west end is a noble portico of six massive
columns supporting a rich entablature, which is carried
round the building, and surmounted by a triangular
pediment: it was built after a design by Mr. Foster,
and forms an elegant specimen of purity of style, and
of tasteful embellishment: near it is a house for the
officiating minister, a handsome edifice of stone and
at the south end of the cemetery is the porter's lodge.
St. James' church, nearly adjoining the cemetery, and
from which it takes its name, is in the parish of
Walton. There are five places of worship for Baptists,
three for Welch Calvinists, one for the Society of Friends,
four for Independents, one for Welch Independents,
five for Wesleyan Methodists, one for Welch Methodists,
and one for those of the New Connexion, one for
Sandemanians, one for Swedenborgians, and two for
Unitarians: two Scottish kirks, and two chapels for
Seceders; five Roman Catholic chapels, and a syna-
✔
gogue. Of these, several are handsome buildings,
among which may be noticed the Scottish kirk in
Rodney - street, dedicated to St. Andrew, and built
after a design by Mr. Foster, with a receding portico
of the Ionic order, and a handsome balustrade, and
having, at each end of the front, a turret surmount-
ed by a dome; the Roman Catholic chapel on Cop-
peras hill, in the early style of English architecture,
strengthened on the sides by buttresses crowned
with crocketed pinnacles; and the Synagogue, an ele-
gant structure, with a handsome Ionic portico, and
in every respect decorated in a style characteristic
of the opulence of that portion of the inhabitants.
In the Salthouse dock is a floating chapel, under the
management of a society of Dissenters, called the Bethel
Union.
The Blue-coat hospital, established in 1709, for the
clothing and instruction of poor children, was, in 1714,
extended also to their entire maintenance, and the pre-
sent substantial building, occupying three sides of a
quadrangle, was erected for that purpose by subscrip-
tion: the endowment arises from a bequest by William
Clayton, Esq., of £1000, a bequest by the Cleveland
family of premises which sold for £1706. 13.9., and
donations by the late Mr. John Horrocks, amounting to
£3022, its support being further provided for by sub-
scription: two hundred and fifty boys, and one hun-
dred girls, are clothed, maintained, and educated, in
this ancient and truly valuable institution. Numerous
other schools for the education of the children of the
poor, in various parts of the town, are supported by
subscription. Two were erected and are supported by
the corporation; one in Park-lane, founded in 1825,
at an expense of more than £12,000, in which four
hundred boys and three hundred girls are instructed:
and the other at Bevington hill, in which an equal
number of each sex is taught: they are both handsome
buildings of stone. The Moorfields day and Sunday
school, in which two hundred boys and one hundred
and twenty girls are educated, is supported by sub-
scription. A school in Hunters-street was erected in
1792, by Mr. Stephen Waterworth, and endowed by
Frances Waterworth, his sister, with £4000, in which
one hundred and sixty boys from any part of the
country are instructed in reading, writing, and arithme-
tic, and one hundred and ten girls in reading, writing,
knitting, and sewing. St. James' school, built in 1802,
by Mr. Moses Benson, is supported by subscription, and
two hundred boys and one hundred girls are educated
in it. St. Matthew's day and Sunday school affords the
means of instruction to one hundred and twenty boys
and one hundred and thirty girls. St. Andrew's school
was erected by John Gladstone, Esq., who endowed it
with rents from St. Andrew's church, for the instruction
of one hundred and forty boys and one hundred and
thirty girls. The Welch Charitable Society, instituted
in 1804, and under the patronage of His Majesty, has
a school in Russell-street, in which three hundred and
twenty boys and ninety girls, children of Welch parents
residing in and near the town, are clothed, instructed,
and apprenticed. St. Mark's school, in which one hun-
dred and fifty boys and one hundred girls are educated;
and the Harrington school, in which one hundred
and fifty boys and one hundred and twenty girls are
taught, are supported by subscription; besides various
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others connected with the established church. Among
those supported by the dissenting congregations are,
the Manesty-lane school; the school of the Society of
Friends, in Duncan-street, London-road, comprising two
spacious buildings, in which two hundred boys and two
hundred girls are taught on the Lancasterian plan; the
Caledonian school, in Oldham-street, instituted in 1809,
for the instruction of one hundred and sixty-six boys
and ninety-seven girls, children of Scottish parents. The
Brunswick school, in which one hundred and forty boys
and one hundred girls are taught: the Leeds-street
school, in which are two hundred boys and one hundred
and fifty girls; and the Jordan-street school, a large
and commodious building, in which three hundred and
ten boys and one hundred and sixty girls are educated,
and instructed in some useful art, are supported by the
Wesleyan Methodists. The Mount Pleasant school, in
which seventy-two boys and sixty girls are instructed,
is supported by the Unitarians. The school of the
Benevolent Society of St. Patrick, in Pleasant-street,
instituted in 1807, is supported by subscription, and
two hundred and sixty-four boys and one hundred and
forty-eight girls, children of Irish parents, are clothed,
instructed, and apprenticed. The Bethesda school, in
which are one hundred and ninety boys and one
hundred girls, is supported by the congregation of
Bethesda chapel in Duncan-street; and there are va-
rious other similar institutions, together with several
infant schools recently established, in different parts of
the town, which are liberally supported, and judiciously
conducted.
The school for the indigent blind was established
in 1791, and the present spacious buildings were erect-
ed by subscription in 1808: they consist of a substan-
tial dwelling-house for the conductor; behind which
is a spacious range of building for the residence and
employment of the inmates, for whose accommoda-
tion, and as a means of increasing the funds for their
support, the handsome church already noticed has
been erected; the pupils are instructed in various
branches of learning, upon Dr. Bell's plan, and are
taught spinning, the art of making baskets, sacks, list-
shoes, twine, packthread, worsted rugs, the weaving of
linen, sacking, stair-carpeting, and various other trades,
by which they may obtain a livelihood: they are also
instructed in music, with a view to qualify them as
organists and teachers, and in stringing and tuning
musical instruments: the present number of pupils is
one hundred and twenty, to whose health and moral
improvement the greatest attention is paid: the amount
of goods manufactured and sold at the school is from
£1500 to £2000 per annum. An institution for the
instruction of the deaf and dumb was established in
1825: the school-room in Wood-street is well adapted
to the accommodation of fifty pupils, of whom such as
can afford it pay an adequate remuneration, and the
rest are instructed gratuitously; adjoining the school
is a respectable boarding-house, in which the pupils are
received on suitable terms, the school is open to visitors
every week, and a public examination of the pupils is
held quarterly. Many children of the poor are also
instructed in various branches of trade in the house
of industry, established in 1772, and said to be the
largest of the kind in the kingdom; it is appropriated
generally to the reception, maintenance, and employ-
ment of the poor to the east of the building is a house
of recovery from fever, a spacious stone building, occu-
pying an elevated situation, and in every respect well
adapted to the purpose: it is under the direction of
the overseers of the poor, and was opened for the re-
ception of patients in 1806. A school of industry for
females, established in 1809, is under the direction of
a committee of ladies: there are one hundred females
in the school, who are instructed in reading, writing,
and arithmetic, and in knitting, spinning, and plain
work: a fund arising from the contribution of one half-
penny per week by each scholar is appropriated to
the payment of two guineas to each on her marriage,
and an annuity of two guineas on attaining the age
of fifty-five years. The female penitentiary was esta-
blished in 1809, and a handsome brick building has
been erected by subscription, for the reception of des-
titute and abandoned females, of whom, since its esta-
blishment, many have been reclaimed to virtue and to
habits of industry, and restored to their families, or
placed in stations of usefulness to society.
The infirmary was originally instituted in 1749, but
the building being found inadequate to the object, the
present spacious and handsome edifice of stone was erect-
ed, by public subscription, in 1824: it consists of a centre
and two receding wings, extending two hundred and four
feet in length: the front, in the centre of which is a noble
portico of six massive columns of the Ionic order, support-
ing a frieze and boldly-projecting cornice, with corres-
ponding pilasters at each extremity, is one hundred and
eight feet in depth, and the wings are twenty-six feet
deep: the building comprises three lofty stories, having
one hundred and thirty-eight windows in front; and the
whole, from the chaste elegance of its design, produces
a pleasing grandeur of effect. The ground-floor con-
tains all the domestic offices; on the first floor is a suite
of twenty rooms, for the committees, officers of the in-
stitution, and for the accommodation of the household;
and one long room, which is fitted up as a ward for the
reception of casualty patients: the second and third
stories are appropriated to the use of the patients, of
whom the number in the house is two hundred and
twenty, and two hundred and thirty-four beds are made
up. This institution is an excellent school of medicine
and surgery, and is gratuitously attended by the medical
professors of the town and neighbourhood: the annual
expenditure exceeds £5000, and it is open unlimitedly
to all who may need its aid. There are two public dis-
pensaries, supported by subscription; the North, situ-
ated in Marybone, and for which a very handsome
building is now being erected in Vauxhall-road; and
the South dispensary, in Upper Parliament-street: they
are liberally supported, and are each under the direction
of a president, two auditors, three physicians, three
surgeons, and an apothecary, who acts as secretary:
there were formerly three, but the central dispensary,
in Church-street, has lately been taken down. The
institution for curing diseases of the eye, in Basnet-
street, and a similar institution in Slater-street, are
supported by public subscription; and, in 1825, an es-
tablishment for curing diseases of the ear was opened
in Duke-street, and is liberally supported. The lunatic
asylum, near St. John's church, originally founded in
1792, was found inadequate to the accommodation of
the patients, and a new building was erected, in 1830,
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:
after a design by Mr. Foster: the basement story is
fitted up with every convenience for the use of the esta-
blishment, and the building, which is two stories high, is
divided into wards for the classification of the patients
to each ward is an adjoining ground for exercise, in ad-
dition to which, a considerable portion of ground is laid
out in walks and pleasure grounds, for the use of con-
valescent patients: the asylum is capable of accommo-
dating sixty general patients, exclusively of several suites
of apartments for the reception of private patients, who
are admitted on terms adapted to their circumstances,
and accommodated in a manner corresponding with
their rank. A ladies' charity, for the relief of poor
married women lying-in at their own houses, was insti-
tuted in 1796, and is under the superintendence of a
patroness, president, vice-president, and a committee of
six ladies and seven gentlemen: it is supported by sub-
scription, aided by the proceeds of an annual ball: its
general expenditure exceeds £1000 per annum; and
the charity, since its establishment, has afforded relief to
nearly fifty thousand individuals. A marine humane
society, was established, in 1823, for the encouragement
of boatmen and fishermen to adventure for the relief of
vessels in distress in the river and upon the coast, by
the distribution of suitable rewards for their success in
rescuing the lives of the crew: it has, since its forma-
tion, been productive of great benefit. The strangers'
friend society originated with the Wesleyan Methodists,
and is open, without distinction of religious denomina-
tion, to all objects of distress it was established in
1789, and has afforded material assistance in the cloth-
ing and relief of numerous indigent and friendless
strangers. The marine society was instituted for the
relief of reduced or aged masters of vessels, and for the
support of their widows and children. The seamen's
hospital was established, in 1752, for the maintenance
of decayed seamen, their widows, and children: it is
conducted on the plan of the Trinity-house, and is sup-
ported by a permanent fund of £35,000, the amount of
unclaimed prize money, and by a contribution of six-
pence per month from the wages of every seaman be-
longing to the port: there are seven hundred indivi-
duals who receive monthly pensions from the funds.
An hospital for the relief of sick and wounded American
seamen was opened in 1820, and is supported entirely
by the American government; and a military hospital,
for the relief of any regiment either quartered at or
marching through the town, has accommodation for
forty invalids, and is supported at the expense of Go-
vernment. The Liverpool merchant society consists of
two hundred and seventy-four members, associated for
the relief of widows of its decayed members, to twenty
of whom it pays an annuity of £20.
:
There are numerous provident and benefit societies;
and the Liverpool charitable society administers relief
to the poor at their own houses. The society for ame-
liorating the condition and increasing the comforts of
the poor is under the direction of a committee of twenty-
one members, who have established a savings bank in
Bold-street, a handsome building with a rustic basement
story, from which rise four Doric columns supporting
an enriched entablature and triangular pediment, with
an ornamented architrave. The Diocesan Society, for
the relief of the widows and orphan children of the
clergy, has been established for several years, and has
been productive of considerable benefit. The charitable
institution house, a commodious building, was erected
at the joint expense of John Gladstone, James Crop-
per, and Samuel Hope, Esqrs., for the gratuitous ac-
commodation of the several committees of the various
charitable institutions in the town: the lower part of
the building is used as a depositary by the Liverpool
Auxiliary Bible Society; and attached to it is a record
office, in which are kept the reports of all charitable
institutions.
Among the distinguished natives of the town may be
noticed, Jeremiah Horrox, an eminent astronomer, who
was born at Toxteth park in 1619; George Stubbs, a
celebrated painter of animals, and author of a work on
comparative anatomy, and of a series of drawings and
engravings illustrative of the anatomy of the horse, born
in 1724; William Sadler, who invented the method of
applying copper-plate prints to the embellishment of
earthenware; Edward Rushton, born in 1756; and John
Deare, an eminent sculptor, born in 1760. Matthew
Dobson, M.D., F.R.S., and his wife, both respectable
authors; Dr. William Enfield; Dr. John Bostock; the
celebrated Mrs. Hemans; and William Roscoe, Esq.,
author of the Life of Leo X., and of Memoirs of the
family of Lorenzo de Medici; and the Rev. Legh Rich-
mond, author of the Dairyman's Daughter, were resi-
dents in this town. Liverpool gives the title of earl to
the family of Jenkinson.
LIVERSEDGE, a chapelry in the parish of Birstall,
wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county of
YORK, 6½ miles (N. E.) from Huddersfield, containing
4259 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of York, endowed with
£2200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Rev. H. Roberson. The chapel, dedicated to Christ,
has lately received an addition of three hundred and fifty
free sittings, the Incorporated Society for the enlarge-
ment of churches and chapels having granted £350
towards defraying the expense.. The High Town school
was erected by subscription among the inhabitants ; and
in 1722, Josias Farrer devised a rent-charge of £8, for
the instruction of sixteen poor children; and in 1723,
Edward Beaumont bequeathed £100, the interest to be
applied in teaching six others of this township: the an-
nual income is £14, for which twenty-two free scholars
are educated at a National school established here in
1821. During the disturbances in the manufacturing
districts, and the prevalence of the Luddite system, in
1812, a mill belonging to Mr. William Cartwright, at
Rawfolds in this township, became the object of hostile
attack, but was vigorously defended by its proprietor,
when two of the assailants were killed, and several
wounded; none of the efforts at demolition, however,
proved successful, and, in admiration of the bravery of
Mr. Cartwright on the occasion, a public subscription,
amounting to upwards of £3000, was made, and pre-
sented to that gentleman.
LIVERTON, a chapelry in the parish of EASINGTON,
eastern division of the liberty of LANGBAURGH, North
riding of the county of YORK, 7½ miles (E. by N.) from
Guilsbrough, containing 251 inhabitants.
LIVESEY, a township in the parish of BLACKBURN,
lower division of the hundred of BLACKBURN, county
palatine of LANCASTER, 34 miles (S. W.) from Black-
burn, containing 1664 inhabitants.
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111
LLANARTH, a parish partly in the lower division
of the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, but chiefly in the
lower division of the hundred of RAGLAND, county of
MONMOUTH, 34 miles (N. W.) from Ragland, containing,
with the chapelry of Clytha, 686 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £10. 3. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Prebendary of Llanarth
in the Cathedral Church of Llandaff. The church is
dedicated to St. Teilaw.
LLANBADOCK, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of Usk, county of MONMOUTH, 1 mile (W.
S. W.) from Usk, containing 369 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £ 5. 8. 9., endowed
with £600 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Marquis of Bute. The
church is dedicated to St. Madocus.
LLANBEDER, a chapelry in the parish of LANG-
STONE, lower division of the hundred of CALDICOTT,
county of MONMOUTH, 33 miles (E.) from Caerleon,
containing 46 inhabitants. The chapel, now in ruins,
was dedicated to St. Peter.
LLANCILLO, a parish in the hundred of EwYAS-
LACY, county of HEREFORD, 14 miles (S. W.) from
Hereford, containing 89 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Brecon, and
diocese of St. David, endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Rev. John Morris. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter.
LLANDEGVETH, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of USK, county of MONMOUTH, 31 miles
(N. by E.) from Caerleon, containing 126 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at
£4.4. 9., and in the patronage of Vivian Robinson,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Thomas.
LLANDENNY, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of RAGLAND, county of Monmouth, 4
miles (N. E.) from Usk, containing 351 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, annexed to that of Rag-
land, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in
the king's books at £5. 15. 5., and endowed with £1000
royal bounty. The church is dedicated to St. John.
LLANDEVAND, a chapelry in the parish of LLAN-
MARTIN, lower division of the hundred of CALDICOTT,
county of MONMOUTH. The population is returned
with the parish. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with
£800 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Pre-
bendary of Warthacwm in the Cathedral Church of
Llandaff. The chapel is in a state of dilapidation.
LLANDEVENNY, a hamlet in the parish of ST.
Bride, NETHERWENT, lower division of the hundred
of CALDICOTT, County of MONMOUTH, containing 53 in-
habitants.
-
2
LLANDOGO, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of RAGLAND, county of MONMOUTH, 7½ miles
(S. S. E.) from Monmouth, containing 612 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with £600 royal
bounty, and £1400 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Prebendary of Caire in the Cathedral
The church is dedicated to St.
Church of Llandaff.
Dochoe. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
LLANELLEN, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of MONMOUTH, 2½
miles (S.) from Abergavenny, containing 293 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's
books at £8. 10. 7., and in the patronage of Charles
Kemeys Tynte, Esq. The church is dedicated to St.
Helen.
LLANDINABO, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of WORMELOW, County of HEREFORD, 6
miles (N. W.) from Ross, containing 52 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£2. 18. 6, endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of Kedgwyn Hoskins, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Dinebo.
LLANFOIST, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of MONMOUTH, 1½
mile (S. W. by W.) from Abergavenny, containing 535
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's
books at £7. 4. 4., and in the patronage of the Earl
of Abergavenny. The church is dedicated to St. Faith.
LLANGARRAN, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of WORMELOW, county of HEREFORD, 5
miles (W. S. W.) from Ross, containing 1016 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the
vicarage of Lugwardine, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Hereford. The church is dedicated to St. Deinst.
LLANGATTOCK, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of USK, county of MONMOUTH, containing,
with the market town of Caerleon, 1360 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books
at £8. 1. 5½., endowed with £250 private benefaction,
and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the
Chapter of Llandaff. The church is dedicated to St.
Cadocus.
LLANGATTOCK nigh USK, a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, County of
MONMOUTH, 34 miles (S. S. E.) from Abergavenny, con-
taining 160 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's
books at £11.7. 3., and in the patronage of the Earl
of Abergavenny. The church is dedicated to St. Cadocus.
LLANGATTOCK-LLINGOED, a parish in the lower
division of the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, County of Mon-
MOUTH, 6 miles (N.E.) from Abergavenny, containing 192
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's
books at £5. 6. 5½., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dedicated to St. Cadocus.
LLANGATTOCK-VIBON-AVEL, a parish in the
lower division of the hundred of SKENFRETH, county of
MONMOUTH,6 miles (N. W.) from Monmouth, containing
514 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's
books at £6. 18. 11., and in the patronage of Thomas
Philips, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Cadocus.
LLANGEVIEW, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of USK, county of MONMOUTH, 1 mile
(E.) from Usk, containing 173 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Llandaff, endowed with £ 600 royal bounty, and
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112
£200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Sir H. Williams, Bart. The church is dedicated to St.
David.
LLANGIBBY, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of USK, county of MONMOUTH, 24 miles
(S. by W.) from Usk, containing 494 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £19. 10. 10., and
in the patronage of W. A. Williams, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Cuby. There is a place of worship
for Independents. The petty sessions for the division
are held here and at Panteague alternately.
ants.
LLANGOVEN, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of RAGLAND, county of MONMOUTH, 3
miles (E. S. E.) from Ragland, containing 137 inhabit-
The living is a perpetual curacy, with that of
Pen-y-Clawdd annexed, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £3. 7. 1., en-
dowed with £800 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Chapter of Llandaff. The church is dedicated
to St. Goven.
LLANGUA, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of SKENFRETH, county of MONMOUTH, 11
miles (N. E. by N.) from Abergavenny, containing 74
inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, annexed
to that of Grosmont, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £2. 15. 10.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of J. Scudamore,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. James.
LLANGWYM, a parish comprising the higher and
lower divisions, in the upper division of the hundred
of Usk, county of MONMOUTH, 3½ miles (E.) from Usk,
containing 337 inhabitants, of which number, 41 are in
the higher, and 296 in the lower, division. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £4. 16. 8.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Prebendary
of Llangwym in the Cathedral Church of Llandaff. The
church is dedicated to St. Hierom.
LLANHENNOCK, a parish in the lower division
of the hundred of Usк, county of MONMOUTH, 12 mile
(N. E. by N.) from Caerleon, containing 145 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with £600 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Chapter of Llandaff.
The church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
LLANHILETH, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of MONMOUTH,
11 miles (W. by N.) from Usk, containing 438 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's
books at £7. 15. 7., endowed with £800 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Abergavenny. The
church is dedicated to St. Iltyd. Coal is obtained in
the parish.
LLANISHEN, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of RAGLAND, county of MONMOUTH, 8 miles
(S. S. W.) from Monmouth, containing 255 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with £800 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Duke of Beaufort.
The church is dedicated to St. Denis. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LLANITHOG, an extra-parochial liberty, in the
upper division of the hundred of WORMELOW, County
of HEREFORD, containing 23 inhabitants.
LLANLLOWELL, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of Usk, county of MONMOUTH, 1½ mile
(S. E.) from Usk, containing 63 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £2. 13. 14.,
endowed with £600 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of the Rev. John Saunders.
•
LLANMARTIN, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of CALDICOTT, county of MONMOUTH, 32
miles (E. S. E.) from Caerleon, containing, with the
chapelry of Llandevand, 161 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, with that of Willerick, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the
king's books at £4. 6. 10., and in the patronage of Sir
R. Salusbury, Bart. The church is dedicated to St.
Martin.
LLANOVER, a parish comprising the higher and
lower divisions, in the upper division of the hundred
of ABERGAVENNY, county of MONMOUTH, 3 miles
(S. by E.) from Abergavenny, and containing 2145 in-
habitants, of which number, 1863 are in the higher,
and 282 in the lower, division. The living is a discharged
vicarage, with the perpetual curacies of Mamhilad and
Trevethan united, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £15. 3. 6½., and
in the patronage of the Chapter of Llandaff. Here are
iron-works, which have lately been much extended;
and an iron railway passes in the vicinity.
LLANROTHALL, a parish in the lower division
of the hundred of WORMELOW, County of HEREFORD,
5 miles (N. N. W.) from Monmouth, containing 118
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford, rated in the
king's books at £3. 15. 5., and in the patronage of
Joseph Price, Esq. A college was founded here early in
the sixth century, by St. Dubricius, Archbishop of Caer-
leon, and King of Ergin, of which some assert that it con-
tained one hundred students, while others state the
number at one thousand. Extensive foundations of
buildings may be traced on an eminence rising from
the western bank of the Wye.
LLANSAINTFREAD, a parish in the upper division
of the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of Mon-
MOUTH, 32 miles (S. E.) from Abergavenny, containing
28 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the
king's books at £2. 13. 11½., endowed with £200 pri ·
vate benefaction, £ 400 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of William Jones, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Bride. The rivers Tannat and Verniew form a
junction near the village.
1
W
The
LLANSOY, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of RAGLAND, county of MONMOUTH, 43 miles
(E. N. E.) from Usk, containing 139 inhabitants.
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at
£6. 10. 10., and in the patronage of the Duke of Beaufort.
LLANTHEWY-RYTHERCH, a parish in the lower
division of the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of
MONMOUTH, 4 miles (E.) from Abergavenny, containing
317 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the
LLA
LLA
113
king's books at £7. 15. 5., and in the patronage of the tronage of the Rev. John Saunders. The church is de-
Crown. The church is dedicated to St. David.
dicated to St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. John.
LLANTHEWY-SKIRRID, a parish in the lower
division of the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of
MONMOUTH, 4 miles (N. E. by E.) from Abergavenny,
containing 84 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the
king's books at £ 7. 10. 24., and in the patronage of John
Wilmot, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. David.
LLANTHEWY-VACH, a parish in the lower division
of the hundred of USK, county of MONMOUTH, 3½ miles
(S. W.) from Usk, containing 172 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Llandaff, endowed with £ 1000 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Principal and Fellows of
Jesus College, Oxford.
LLANTHONY, an extra-parochial liberty, in the
middle division of the hundred of DUDSTONE and
KING'S BARTON, adjacent to the city, and in the county,
of GLOUCESTER. A priory, dedicated to the Blessed
Virgin Mary and St. John the Baptist, was founded
here, in 1136, by Milo, Earl of Hereford, for Black
canons, refugees from Llanthony abbey in Monmouth-
shire, to which it was at first a cell, but afterwards be-
came the superior, and had, at the dissolution, a reve-
nue of £748. 19. 11.
LLANTHONY-ABBEY, a chapelry in the upper
division of the parish of CwмYOY, lower division of the
hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of Monmouth, 10
miles (N. by W.) from Abergavenny. The population
is returned with the parish. Here was formerly a priory
of Black canons, for an account of which see CWMYOY.
LLANTILLIÓ-GROSSENNY, a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of SKENFRETH, County of MoN-
MOUTH, 7 miles (W. N. W.) from Monmouth, contain-
ing 710 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the
king's books at £ 10. 10. 5., and in the patronage of
the Chapter of Llandaff. The church, dedicated to St.
Teilaw, is a handsome structure of stone, with a tower
surmounted by a lofty spire, and standing on part of
the site of an ancient intrenchment. There is a con-
siderable endowment, arising from bequests by James
and John Powell, in 1645, for educating and appren-
ticing children. On the crest of an eminence, about one
mile and a half from the village, are the stately ruins of
White castle, encompassed by a deep moat, forming
an irregular oval two hundred and eighty-six yards in
circuit.
LLANTILLIO-PERTHOLEY, a parish in the lower
division of the hundred of Abergavenny, county of
MONMOUTH, 12 mile (N. N. E.) from Abergavenny, com-
prising the Citra and Ultra divisions, and containing
726 inhabitants, of which number, 339 are in the Citra,
and 387 in the Ultra, division. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £8. 3. 9., and in
the patronage of the Chapter of Llandaff. The church
is dedicated to St. Teilaw.
LLANTRISSENT, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of Usк, county of MONMOUTH, 2½ miles
(S. by E.) from Usk, containing 271 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £6. 8. 9.,
endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the pa-
VOL. III.
LLANVACHES, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of CALDICOTT, County of MONMOUTH, 6
miles (E.) from Caerleon, containing 247 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at
£ 10, and in the patronage of Sir Charles Morgan, Bart.
There is a place of worship for Independents.
LLANŴAIR-DISCOED, a parish in the upper di-
vision of the hundred of CALDICOTT, County of MoN-
MOUTH, 6 miles (W. by S.) from Chepstow, containing
with the hamlet of Dinham, 211 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Llandaff, endowed with £600 royal bounty, £200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Chap-
ter of Llandaff. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
LLANVAIR-KILGIDIN, a parish in the upper di-
vision of the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of
MONMOUTH, 52 miles (N. by W.) from Usk, containing
226 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's
books at £5. 1. 10., and in the patronage of Sir C. Mor-
gan, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
LLANVAIR-WATERDINE, a parish in the hundred
of Purslow, county of SALOP, 4 miles (N. W.) from
Knighton, containing 477 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and
diocese of Hereford, endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £600 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Earl of Powis. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is a mean building without a steeple. Before
1593 this was a chapelry within the parish of Clun. The
river Teme separates the parish from Radnorshire.
LLANVANAIR, a chapelry in the hundred of
ABERGAVENNY, County of MONMOUTH, 9 miles (N. W.)
from Monmouth. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty.
LLANVAPLEY, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, County of MONMOUTH,
4 miles (E.) from Abergavenny, containing 112 inhabit-
ants, The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at
£10. 5. 21., and in the patronage of the Earl of
Abergavenny. The church is dedicated to St. Mapley.
There is a place of worship for Independents.
LLANVETHERINE, a parish in the lower division
of the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of MONMOUTH,
5 miles (N. E. by E.) from Abergavenny, containing 212
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at
£14. 17. 8., and in the patronage of the Earl of
Abergavenny. The church is dedicated to St. James
the Elder.
LLANVEYNOE, a chapelry in the parish of CLO-
DOCK, hundred of EWYASLACY, county of Hereford,
17 miles (W. S. W.) from Hereford, containing 323 in-
habitants.
W
LLANVIHANGEL near ROGGIET, a parish in the
lower division of the hundred of CALDICOTT, County
of MONMOUTH, 8 miles (S. W. by W.) from Chepstow,
containing 45 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff,
rated in the king's books at £ 6. 9. 4., and endowed
Q
+452 -
LLA
LLA
114
with £400 royal bounty. and in the patronage of Sir C.
Morgan, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
LLANVIHANGEL near USK, a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, County of
MONMOUTH, 6½ miles (N. N. W.) from Usk, containing
99 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the
king's books at £3. 8. 9., and in the patronage of Sir
Samuel Fludyer, Bart. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael.
LLANVIHANGEL-CRUCORNEY, a parish com-
prising the hamlet of Penbiddle in the upper division
of the hundred of SKENFRETH, but chiefly in the lower
division of the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of
MONMOUTH, 5 miles (N. by E.) from Abergavenny, and
containing 366 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff,
rated in the king's books at £5. 19. 7., and in the pa-
tronage of the King, as Prince of Wales. The church
is dedicated to St. Michael.
LLANVIHANGEL-LLANTARNAM, a parish in
the lower division of the hundred of USK, county of
MONMOUTH, 2 miles (N. W. by W.) from Caerleon, con-
taining 565 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff,
endowed with £ 800 royal bounty, and £ 200 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of Thomas Bluett, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Michael. Here was a
Cistercian abbey, the revenue of which was valued at
the dissolution at £71. 3. 2.
LLANVIHANGEL-PONT-Y-MOILE, a parish in
the lower division of the hundred of USK, county of
MONMOUTH, 5 miles (W. by N.) from Usk, containing
158 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with
£300 private benefaction, £ 600 royal bounty, and £500
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of Capel
Hanbury Leigh, Esq. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael.
LLANVIHANGEL-TOR-Y-MYNYDD, a parish in
the upper division of the hundred of RAGLAND, County
of MONMOUTH, 6 miles (E. by N.) from Usk, contain-
ing 213 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in
the king's books at £2. 15. 5., endowed with £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Archdeacon
of Llandaff.
LLANVIHANGEL-YSTERN-LLEWERN, a parish
partly in the lower division of the hundred of RAG-
LAND, and partly in the upper division of the hundred
of SKENFRETH, county of MONMOUTH, 5 miles (W.
by N.) from Monmouth, containing 133 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £9. 8. 4., and in
the patronage of the Earl of Abergavenny. The church
is dedicated to St. Michael.
LLANWARNE, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of WORMELOW, county of HEREFORD, 7
miles (N. W. by W.) from Ross, containing 324 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at £15,
and in the patronage of the Governors of Guy's Hos-
pital. The church is dedicated to St. John the
Baptist.
LLANVRECHVA, a parish comprising the lower
and upper divisions, in the lower division of the hundred
of Usk, county of MONMOUTH, 2 miles (N.) from Caer-
leon, containing 973 inhabitants, of which number 662
are in the lower, and 311 in the upper, division. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Llandaff, endowed with £400 private bene-
faction, £800 royal bounty, and £1200 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Chapter of Llandaff.
LLANWENARTH, a parish comprising Llanwenarth-
Citra, in the lower, and Llanwenarth-Ultra, in the upper,
division of the hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of
MONMOUTH, 24 miles (N. W. by W.) from Abergavenny,
and containing 2001 inhabitants, of which number, 188
are in the Citra, and 1813 in the Ultra, division. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £26. 6. 3., and
in the patronage of the Earl of Abergavenny. The church
is dedicated to St. Peter. There is a place of worship
for Baptists. At Carn-y-Derris, in this parish, coal and
iron works have been lately established.
LLANWERN, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of CALDICOTT, County of MONMOUTH, 34
miles (S. E.) from Caerleon, containing 27 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at
£4. 0. 10., endowed with £400 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of Sir Thomas Salusbury, Bart. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary.
LLANYBLODWELL, a parish in the hundred of
OSWESTRY, County of SALOP, 6 miles (S. W. by S.) from
Oswestry, containing 850 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, with the perpetual curacy of More-
ton annexed, in the archdeaconry and diocese of St.
Asaph, rated in the king's books at £7. 12. 1., and in
the patronage of the Bishop of St. Asaph. The church,
dedicated to St. Michael, a plain structure, with a small
wooden turret rising from the roof of the west end, con-
tains handsome monuments to the Bridgeman and Go-
dolphin families. Attached to the building is a school-
room, and a dwelling-house for the master, built and en-
dowed by Mr. Matthews, of Blodwell hall, for the edu-
cation of poor children, and to which the late Rev. Dr.
The small river Tannat
Donne was a great benefactor.
flows through the parish, and Offa's Dyke bounds it on
the east. Here are quarries of limestone and several
lime-kilns, affording employment to most of the poor
inhabitants of the neighbourhood; copper and lead
ore also abound, though no regular mines of either
seem to have been wrought since the time of the Ro-
mans, of whose works there are still considerable traces
in this and the adjoining parishes. In the township of
Llynclys, a name derived from Llyn, a lake, and Lys, a
palace, is a lake of extraordinary depth, of which it is
vulgarly believed and affirmed, that when the water is
clear and unruffled, towers and other parts of a large
structure are plainly discernible at the bottom.
LLANYMYNECH, a parish in the hundred of Os-
WESTRY, county of SALOP, 6 miles (S. by W.) from
Oswestry, containing, with the townships of Llwyn-
tlanan and Treprenal, 454 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff,
rated in the king's books at £12. 13. 4., and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of St. Asaph. The church is de-
dicated to St. Agatha. Limestone of the finest quality
abounds in the parish, and there are kilns for burning
LOC
LOD
115
it. Copper and lead ore are also found in the neigh-
bourhood, but though no mines are now in operation,
the "Ogof," a Welch word for cave, is evidently the
mouth of an ancient mine, near which are vestiges of
a Roman encampment. The Llanymynech canal passes
through the parish.
LLOYNDU, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
ABERGAVENNY which is in the lower division of the
hundred of ABERGAVENNY, County of MONMOUTH, con-
taining 121 inhabitants.
LLWYNTLANAN, a township in the
LLANYMYNECH, hundred of OSWESTRY,
SALOP, 53 miles (S. by W.) from Oswestry.
lation is returned with the parish.
LOAD, a chapelry in the parish and hundred of
MARTOCK, County of SOMERSET, 4 miles (S. S. W.) from
Somerton. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to
the vicarage of Martock, in the archdeaconry of Wells,
and diocese of Bath and Wells, endowed with £200
private benefaction, and £ 400 royal bounty. The chapel
is dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene. The navigable
river Yeo, or Ivel, is here crossed by a bridge.
parish of
county of
The popu-
LOAN-END, a township in the parish of NORHAM,
otherwise Norhamshire, county palatine of DURHAM,
though locally to the northward of Northumberland,
4 miles (W. S. W.) from Berwick upon Tweed, containing
143 inhabitants.
LOBB, a hamlet in the parish of GREAT HASE-
LEY, hundred of EWELME, county of OXFORD. The
population is returned with the parish.
LOCKERIDGE, a township in the parish of OVER-
TON, hundred of SELKLEY, County of WILTS, 3 miles
(W.S.W.) from Marlborough. The population is re-
turned with the parish.
LOCKERLEY, a parish in the hundred of THORN-
GATE, Andover division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON,
6 miles (N.W.) from Romsey, containing 504 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, united to the rectory
of Mottisfont, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Win-
chester. The church is dedicated to St. John. There
is a place of worship for Baptists. The Salisbury and
Southampton canal passes through the parish. Sarah
Rolle, in 1700, gave certain land, directing the income
to be applied in clothing, maintaining, and educating
all poor children of Lockerley, East Tytherley, Mounds-
mire, and Stebbington.
LOCKHAY, or LOCKO, a chapelry in the parish
of SPONDON, hundred of APPLETREE, though locally
in the hundred of Morleston and Litchurch, county of
DERBY, 4 miles (E. N. E.) from Derby. The popula-
tion is returned with the parish. Here was an hospital
of the order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem, dedicated
to St. Mary Magdalene, and subordinate to a house in
France: in the reign of Edward III. it was seized by
the Crown, and given to the Society of King's Hall,
Cambridge.
of Bristol, who are trustees of Colston charity in Bristol,
and, as such, patrons of this benefice.
LOCKINGE (EAST and WEST), a parish in the
hundred of WANTAGE, county of BERKS, 33 miles
(E. S. E.) from Wantage, containing, with the tythings of
Betterton and West Ginge, 342 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Berks, and diocese
of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £31. 10.,
and annexed to the Wardenship of All Souls' College,
Oxford, since 1764, by act of parliament. The church
is dedicated to All Saints.
LOCKINGTON, a parish in the western division of
the hundred of GoscOTE, county of LEICESTER, 7½ miles
(N. W. by N.) from Loughborough, containing, with the
township of Hemington, 627 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Leicester,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£6. 7. 3., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Trustees
of the late Rev. P. Story. The church is dedicated to
St. Nicholas. The navigable river Trent flows along the
northern, and the Soar along the eastern, boundary of
this parish, at the north-east angle of which they form
a junction.
LOCKING, a parish in the hundred of WINTER-
STOKE, County of SOMERSET, 6 miles (N. W.) from
Axbridge, containing 198 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Wells,
and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's
books at £5. 6. 10., endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £200 royal bounty. The church, dedicated
to St. Augustine, is a modern structure, built principally
at the expense of the Society of Merchant Adventurers
LOCKINGTON, a parish in the Bainton-Beacon
division of the wapentake of HARTHILL, East riding
of the county of YORK, containing 426 inhabitants, 61
miles (N.N.W.) from Beverley: it comprises part of
the township of Aike, and part of that of Lockington,
the remaining part being in the parish of Kilnwick.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of York, rated in the king's books at £20, and in the
patronage of the Rev. Francis Lundy. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists.
LOCKTON, a township in the parish of MIDDle-
TON, PICKERING lythe, North riding of the county of
YORK, 5 miles (N. E. by N.) from Pickering, containing
324 inhabitants. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists.
LOCKWOOD, a chapelry in the parish of Almond-
BURY, upper division of the wapentake of AGBRIGG,
West riding of the county of YORK, 1½ mile (S. W.)
from Huddersfield, containing 1881 inhabitants. A
handsome chapel has recently been erected by the
parliamentary commissioners, containing nearly one
thousand sittings, four hundred of which are free. There
is a place of worship for Baptists.
LODDINGTON, a parish in the eastern division
of the hundred of GoscoTE, county of LEICESTER, 74
miles (N. by W.) from Uppingham, containing, with the
liberty of Whatborough, 166 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Leices-
ter, and diocese of Lincoln, and in the patronage of
Charles Morris, Esq. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael.
3
4
LODDINGTON, a parish in the hundred of Rотн-
WELL, county of NORTHAMPTON, 12 mile (S.) from
Rothwell, containing 214 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£10. 4. 4., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is dedicated to St. Andrew. There is a trifling
rent-charge, the bequest of Sarah Wykes, in 1705, for
teaching eight poor children.
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116
LON
LODDISWELL, a parish in the hundred of STAN-
BOROUGH, County of DEVON, 3 miles (N. N. W.) from
Kingsbridge, containing 762 inhabitants. The living is
a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £26. 0. 21., and
in the patronage of Francis Freke Gunston, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Michael. In 1728, R. Phillips
bequeathed a house and lands for the benefit of the
poor of this parish, the produce of which is annually
distributed over the tomb of the testator. Blackadon
camp, an ancient military post, is in this neighbourhood.
LODDON, a market town and parish in the hun-
dred of LODDON, county of NORFOLK, 10 miles (S. E.)
from Norwich, and 113 (N. E.) from London, contain-
ing 1038 inhabitants. This place is situated on the
banks of an inconsiderable stream, which flows from the
neighbourhood of Howe into the Yare at Yardley cross,
on the direct thoroughfare from Norwich to Beccles:
the streets are neither lighted nor paved, but the inha-
bitants are well supplied with water: malting is carried
on to a small extent. The market is on Tuesday fairs
are held on Easter-Monday, and on the 25th of Novem-
ber for horses; and a statute fair for hiring servants
is held a fortnight before Michaelmas-day. The county
magistrates hold their meetings monthly at this place.
A court baron is held at the will of the lord of the
manor. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, and in the patron-
age of the Bishop of Ely. The church, dedicated to
the Holy Trinity, was erected at the expense of Sir
James Hobart, Chief Justice of the Court of Common
Pleas in the reign of Henry VII. It is a fine fabric of
stone, surmounted by an elegant tower, in the later style
of English architecture: in the chancel is a marble altar-
tomb of the Hobart family, with heraldic symbols and
other devices; and another tomb for Dyonis William-
son, with a recumbent statue. There is a place of wor-
ship for Wesleyan Methodists. A National school has
been established for children of both sexes, in which
about one hundred are educated. A farm was left by
the Hobarts for repairing the church.
:
LODSWORTH, a chapelry in the parish and hun-
dred of EASEBOURNE, rape of CHICHESTER, county
of SUSSEX, 31 miles (W. by N.) from Petworth, con-
taining 513 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chichester,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £200 royal
bounty, and £500 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of W. S. Poyntz, Esq. The Rother, or Arundel,
navigation is crossed by a bridge in this parish.
LOFTHOUSE, a township in the parish of RoтH-
WELL, lower division of the wapentake of AGBRIGG,
West riding of the county of YORK, 3 miles (N.)
from Wakefield. The population is returned with the
township of Carlton
LOFTHOUSE, a parish in the eastern division
of the liberty of LANGBAURGH, North riding of the
county of YORK, 8 miles (E. N. E.) from Guilsbrough,
containing, with the hamlet of Wapley, 1178 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Cleveland, and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £10. 11. 04., and in the patronage of the
Crown. The church is dedicated to St. Leonard. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The
vicinity abounds with stone and alum rocks, the latter
being worked to a considerable extent. A customary
market is held on Thursday. At Handale, or Green-
dale, in this parish, a priory of Benedictine nuns was
founded, in 1133, by William de Percy, the third baron
of that name, and dedicated to the Virgin Mary; at the
dissolution the revenue was valued at £20. 7. 8.
LOFTSOME, a joint township with Wressel, in the
parish of WRESSEL, Holme-Beacon division of the wa-
pentake of HARTHILL, East riding of the county of
YORK, 3½ miles (W. N. W.) from Howden. The popu-
lation is returned with Wressel. This township lies
near the Derwent, over which is a wooden bridge, so
constructed as to admit the passage of vessels.
LOGASTON, a township in that part of the parish
of ALMELEY which is in the hundred of WOLPHY,
county of HEREFORD. The population is returned with
the parish.
LOLWORTH, a parish in the hundred of NORTH-
STOW, county of CAMBRIDGE, 64 miles (N. W. by W.)
from Cambridge, containing 111 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Ely, rated in the king's books at £6. 2. 34., and in the
patronage of Sir H. Hawley, Bart., and P. Orchard, Esq.
The church is dedicated to All Saints. An extensive
destruction of houses and corn, by lightning, occurred
here in 1393.
LONDESBOROUGH, a parish in the Holme-Bea-
con division of the wapentake of HARTHILL, East
riding of the county of YORK, 3 miles (N.) from Market-
Weighton, containing, with the hamlet of East Thorpe,
244 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
at £16, and in the patronage of the Duke of Devon-
shire. The church is dedicated to All Saints. An hos-
pital for twelve poor persons, being aged bachelors,
widowers, or widows, was founded here by the first Earl
and Countess of Burlington: it is now in the patronage
of the Duke of Devonshire. Londesborough was, for
several generations, the seat of the Clifford family,
and in the village, park, and gardens, several Roman
coins, and repositories of the dead, have deen disco-
vered, on which account, Dr. Drake considers it to
have been the Roman station Delgovitia. The Roman
road from Brough is continued in a line to Londesbo-
rough park.
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117
……….
AP
LONDON, the me-
tropolis of the United King-
dom, the seat of Government,
and the principal port of the
empire, forming a city and
county of itself, is situated
on the northern bank of the
Thames, about sixty miles
from its mouth, in 51° 31′
(N. Lat.), and 5' (W. Lon.)
from the meridian of Green-
wich observatory, 395 miles
(S.), from Edinburgh, and

Arms.
338 (S.E.) from Dublin, and contains, including some
of the adjoining parishes, 1,225,694 inhabitants, ac-
cording to the census of 1821; of this number, 56,874
are in the city of London Within the Walls, 69,260 in
the city of London Without the Walls (not including
any part of the borough of Southwark, in which there
are 84,098 inhabitants), and 182,085 in the city and
liberties of Westminster: the increase of population
during the twenty years preceding the last census was
360,849, and since that period it has been augmenting
with greater celerity.
The earliest notice that we find of London, which
is now the most important, if not the most extensive,
city in the world, is in Julius Cæsar's account of his two
exploratory expeditions from Gaul to Britain, styled
his Commentaries. Its situation identifies it with the
Civitas Trinobantum, or city of the Trinobantes, by
which people it was probably selected on account of its
peculiarly fine situation: on the north, it was protected
by an emence, a forest, and a morass; on the west, by
the deep ravine called the Fleet; on the east, by another
FOR since called Wal-brook; and on the south was
the homes, connected with extensive marshes, shel-
tered by the Kent and Surrey hills; thus com-
bining, with other advantages, all the natural defences
that could be desired by an uncivilized people. At
At
a very early period of its history it was considered pe-
culiarly eligible as a seat of commerce, the proximity
to the sea being sufficient to afford the full advantage
of the tide, at the same time that the distance was
great enough to furnish a perfect security against any
sudden attack from the naval force of an enemy. The
name Londinium is, according to the most prevailing
opinion, a Latinization of the British compound Lyn-
din, the town on the lake; the vast æstuary formed by
the Thames here, at that time, being a peculiarity at-
taching to no other British town; whilst Lun-dun, the
town in the grove, and Llhong-din, the city of ships,
the next two most probable etymons, are liable to in-
superable objections, the former name expressing a fea-
ture said by Cæsar to have been common to all British
towns, which he describes as fortified woods; and the
latter being inapplicable before the place became known
as a naval station. The Saxons called this city Lunden-
ceaster, which affix, as well as those of wick, and byrg
or byrig, occasionally used by them in place of it, ap-
pears to have been dropped at the time of the Norman
Conquest.
The earliest event recorded of London is its de-
struction by Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, in the reign
of Nero, in the year 60. Its progress since the time
of Cæsar had been so rapid, that Tacitus describes it,
at this period, as "the chief residence of merchants,
and the great mart of trade;" though not then dig-
nified, like Camalodunum (Maldon, or Colchester), and
Verulamium (St. Alban's), with the name of a colony,
A
nor, as it appears, fortified in the Roman manner.
few years afterwards, the Romans made it a permanent
station, subject to the authority of their own laws. It is
agreed to have been surrounded by a wall in the fourth
century; and, according to Dr. Stukeley, the Roman city
occupied an oblong square, extending in length from
Ludgate to Wal-brook, and in breadth, from Maiden-lane,
Lad-lane, and Cateaton-street, to the Thames. This
space was between the river Fleta, on the west, and the
stream called Wal-brook, on the east, and comprised
about one fifth of the area subsequently surrounded by
a wall: the height of which, when perfect, was twenty-
two feet, throughout its whole circuit: it commenced
at the Palatine tower, proceeded in a straight line along
the eminence of Ludgate-hill, as far as Newgate, and
was then suddenly carried eastward, to a spot a little
beyond Aldersgate, running thence straight in a north-
erly direction, almost as far as Cripplegate, from which
spot it returned, in a direct easterly course, as far as
Bishopsgate, where a large remnant of the wall, called
"London Wall," remained standing until the late re-
moval of Bethlehem hospital. From Bishopsgate the
wall assumed a gentle curvature to the Tower, over the
site of which it originally passed, and probably finished
in a castellum at this, as it did at the western, extremity.
Another wall skirted the river, and ran the whole
length of Thames-street. Strong towers and bastions,
of Roman masonry, to the number of fifteen, increased
the strength of these fortifications; to which, in after
times, was added a broad deep ditch; and at Barbican
stood the Specula, or Watch-tower, so named. Four gates
afforded entrance from the great military roads which
then intersected South Britain: the Prætorian way, im-
proved from the British Watling-street, passed under
one of those gates, at the spot where Aldersgate for-
merly stood; whence it proceeded along that street
to Billingsgate, and thence continued, on the opposite
bank of the Thames, to it southern termination at
Dovor. The Ermin-street led from a trajectus, or
ferry, which crossed from Stony-street, Southwark, to
Dowgate, and passing by Bishopsgate, pursued the course
of the present road northwards, to Ad Fines (Braugh-
ing). Another road passed through Newgate, by Hol-
born and Oxford-street, to Ad Pontes (Staines), from
which there was a branch road, in a north-easterly
direction, by Portpool-lane, Clerkenwell, Old-street, and
Hackney, to Duroleiton, the modern Layton in Essex,
Bishopsgate, Moorgate, Ludgate, &c., were added as
new roads were formed. Temple-bar is modern, not
having been built until after the great fire, in 1670,
Roman antiquities, consisting of foundations of houses,
temples, walls, and streets; tesselated pavements, sepul-
chral monuments, urns, glasses, coins, articles of dress,
and numerous other remains of the same period, have
been discovered on the site of the present metropolis.
The London stone, in Cannon-street, is considered, by
most antiquaries, as part of a Roman milliary, and the
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118
central point from which the great Roman roads di-
verged.
London continued to improve under the Romans,
and had greatly increased in importance before the year
211, when we find it recorded as "a great and wealthy
city, illustrious for the vast number of merchants who
resorted to it, for its widely-extended commerce, and
for the abundance of every species of commodity it
could supply." Antoninus, at this period, makes
seven of his fifteen itinera terminate here, and its early
importance is further evinced by its having been a
municipium, or free city, and the residence of the
Vicars of Britain, under the Roman Emperors. In the
year 359, no less than eight hundred vessels are said to
have been employed in the exportation from London of
corn alone, and its commerce is stated to have increased
proportionally, until the end of the fourth century.
On the abandonment of Britain by the Romans, a
new and fierce race succeeded to their dominion. The
warlike Saxons, under their leaders Hengist and Horsa,
landed, in 448, at Upwines fleet (the present Ebbs-flete),
in the Isle of Thanet. The Britons, however, remained
masters of London at least nine years after that event;
for, being defeated in 457, at Creccanford, now Cray-
ford, they evacuated Kent, and fled to the capital. On
Hengist's death, in 498, having then been for some time
in the possession of the Saxons, it was retaken by Am-
brosius, and retained by the Britons during a consider-
able part of the following century. In the year 604,
London seems to have recovered from the ravages of
the invaders, so that Bede terms it " a princely mart
town;" and its chief magistrate was called portgrave,
or portreeve.
London was the chief town of the Saxon kingdom
of Essex, and, on the conversion of the East Saxons to
Christianity, it became an episcopal see. Sabert was
the first Christian king of Essex; and his maternal
uncle, Ethelbert, King of Kent, founded here, about
the commencement of the seventh century, a church,
dedicated to St. Paul, of which Mellitus was con-
secrated the first bishop. In the years 764, 788, and
801, the capital suffered severely from fires, as it did
also in 849, on an invasion of the Danes, who en-
tered the Thames with two hundred and fifty ships,
plundered and burnt the city, and massacred the inha-
bitants. In a similar attempt with an increased naval
force, two years afterwards, they were completely de-
feated by Ethelwulph and his son Ethelbald; yet Lon-
don suffered more from these two invasions than it had
ever done before. Under Egbert, London, though not
the seat of government, was advancing fast in import-
ance, a wittenagemote having been held in 833, to con-
sult on the means of repelling the Danes. Alfred restored
this city, and constituted London the CAPITAL of all Eng-
land, but had the mortification, in 893, to see it almost
entirely reduced to ashes by an accidental fire, which
raged with the more uncontrollable fury as the houses
were, at that time, almost wholly built of wood. It was
a second time rebuilt, and, for its better government, di-
vided by Alfred into wards and precincts; that monarch
also instituted the office of sheriff in London, as in other
parts of the kingdom. In 925, King Athelstan had a
royal palace here, and appointed eight mints for the
coinage of money. The city increased in importance
during the succeeding reigns, until the year 1015, when
Canute the Dane, with his fleet, sailed up the Thames
and besieged it; but he was repulsed, and after having
blockaded it and made several unsuccessful attempts, a
compromise was agreed upon between the two kings,
Edmund Ironside and Canute, whereby London was
conceded to the latter. The comparative opulence of
the city, at this time, is indicated by its having paid
a seventh part of the tax levied on the whole nation
by that monarch, the total amount of which was
£72,000. In a wittenagemote at Oxford, to determine
the succession after the death of Canute, we find the
"pilots of London" summoned thereto, meaning its
magistrates, or leading men. Edward the Confessor
granted to London the court of Hustings, and by his
charter, in which the city is called Tray-novant, gave it
pre-eminence over all his cities: he moreover confirmed
its right of manumission of slaves who had resided
there a year and a day, from which is thought to be
derived the custom of calling the city "The King's Free
Chamber."
On the successful invasion of England by William
the Norman, the magistrates of London, in conjunction
with the prelates and nobility, invited him to accept the
title of king, and he was crowned at Westminster. In
return, that prince granted to the city two charters,
confirming the whole of the privileges it had enjoyed ·
under the Saxon kings, and adding several others. The
government of London, at this time, appears to have
been vested in the bishop and a portreeve. In the year
1077, another fire having destroyed a great part of the
city, with St. Paul's cathedral, Maurice, Bishop of Lon-
don, laid the foundation of a new church, on a more
extended scale than the former. That part of the
city which had been destroyed by the last-mentioned
fire was soon rebuilt more magnificently than before;
and the White Tower, now forming part of the
Tower of London, was erected by William I., in 1078.
Domesday-book contains no notice of London at this
time, owing, it is supposed, to a separate survey having
been made of it, which is now lost, but mentions, as part
of the suburbs, a vineyard in Holborn, in the possession
of the Crown, and ten acres of land, near Bishopsgate,
belonging to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's: the
latter is the present manor of Norton-Falgate; and both
are now situated within the limits of the metropolis.
In 1090, a tremendous hurricane overthrew about six
hundred houses, with several churches, and damaged
the Tower of London. This fortress was repaired by
William Rufus, and strengthened by additional works :
the same king, in 1097, founded Westminster hall.
Henry I., as a reward for the ready submission of the
men of London to his usurped authority, granted to the
city the first charter in which its privileges were circum-
stantially detailed; amongst them were the perpetual
shrievalty of Middlesex, which enabled the citizens to
unite the power of the two shrievalties of the city of
London and of the county of Middlesex, in freemen of
their own nomination. The standard of weights and
measures was granted to them about the same time;
and, by the same king's charter, it was further stipulated,
that the city of London should have all its ancient
privileges, as well by land as by water. In the first year
of the reign of Stephen, another fire, beginning near
London stone, consumed all the houses eastward to
Aldgate, and westward to St. Paul's, together with
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119
London bridge, which was then of wood: this oc-
casioned, in 1192, an order to the mayor and aldermen,
that "all houses thereafter erected in the city, or liberties
thereof, should be built of stone, with party walls of the
same, and covered either with slate or tiles, to prevent
the recurrence of fires, which had been occasioned by
the houses having been built of wood, and thatched
with straw, or reeds;" but this order does not appear to
have been extensively carried into effect.
Of the state of London at this early period, an ad-
rairable picture is afforded in the description by Fitz-
Stephen, a contemporary monk, wherein he informs
us that the city was strongly walled and fortified;
that it abounded in churches, convents, and public
buildings; carried on an extensive commerce with
distant parts of the world; and had a large disposable
military force. It was supplied with water from nu-
merous wells, among which were Clerkenwell, Clement's
well, Holywell, and others. Moorfields was a great lake,
the Magna Nora of the Conqueror: all the suburbs are
described as being filled with the gardens and summer-
houses of the citizens, and watered with streams of pure
water, which turned the numerous mills employed in
grinding corn for the subsistence of the inhabitants.
The chief improvement during the reign of Henry II.
was the foundation, in 1176, of a new London bridge, of
stone, which was completed in 1209. The year 1189 is
memorable in the metropolitan annals for the cruel
massacre of the Jews, which took place at the coronation
of Richard I. In the year 1210, King John empowered
"the barons of London," as they are styled, to choose
their mayor annually, or continue him from year to year
at pleasure; but in 1252 a by-law was made, ordaining
that no one should be mayor longer than one year. In
1212 occurred a tremendous fire, wherein, according to
Stowe, as many as three thousand persons perished.
In 1214, the Town ditch, surrounding the city walls,
was commenced, and, after several hundred persons had
been employed upon it for upwards of two years, was
completed in 1218. In 1215, the citizens taking part
with the barons against King John, opened their gates
to Louis the Dauphin and his army. In the same year
happened a great fire, which began in Southwark, and
extended to London bridge, where it destroyed three
thousand persons, who were prevented from escape by
another fire breaking out at the Middlesex end of the
bridge.
The increase of the metropolis in buildings, from
the reign of Henry I. to the period last named, had
kept pace with the extension of its municipal privileges.
In this interval, of little more than a century, twelve
large monasteries were founded in London and its sub-
urbs, including the magnificent establishments of the
Knights Templars and the Knights Hospitallers, the
superb priory of the Holy Trinity, in Aldgate, whose
prior was an alderman of London, and others of nearly
equal magnitude. Several additional gates had also
been erected, in consequence of the formation of new
roads;
as well as magnificent mansions built by the
wealthy citizens, such as Gerard's Hall, Basing Hall, the
Ledyn Porch, &c.; and various parochial churches re-
built on a grander and more substantial scale. In con-
sequence of the extensive foundations above mentioned,
and the increased number of private houses, in the
reign of Henry III., the supply of water furnished from
Old-bourne (Holborn), Wal-brook, and Ley-bourne, was
found insufficient, and a new supply was obtained from
the springs in the village of Tyburn; and, in 1285, a
conduit in Cheapside was first supplied with this water,
by leaden pipes. The fee-farm of Queen-hythe had,
previously to this period, been purchased from Richard,
Earl of Cornwall, by the corporation, subject to an an-
nual quit-rent of £50, thus affording additional facili-
ties for the increased commerce of the metropolis. In
1258, a dreadful famine was experienced in London, in
consequence of the high price of corn, and twenty thou-
sand persons are said to have died of hunger. In 1262,
a considerable part of West-cheap was reduced to ashes
by a fire wilfully caused by some unknown incendiaries.
In 1266, the Earl of Gloucester, in rebellion against
Henry III., entered the city with an army, and built
bulwarks, cut trenches, &c.
In 1296, in the reign of Edward I., the wards of
London, first formed by Alfred, but uncertain as to their
number, were extended to twenty-four, with each a pre-
siding alderman, and common council-men appointed
to be chosen annually, as at present, for the several pre-
cincts: a common seal was also granted to the city.
In 1320, a fish-market was first established.
In 1325,
the Bishop of Exeter, high treasurer to Richard II.,
and custos of the city, on the king's departure from
London to the West of England, was seized by the
citizens, and beheaded at the Cross in Cheapside: they
afterwards seized the constable of the Tower, and took
possession of that fortress. Edward III., who began
his reign on the 25th of January, 1327, granted that the
mayor should be one of the judges of Oyer and Terminer,
or gaol delivery of Newgate; that the citizens should
not be compelled to go to war out of the city; and,
moreover, that the liberties and franchises of the city
should not, after this time, on any pretext, be taken
into the king's hands: he also granted that the mayor
should be the only escheator within the city. In 1338,
the serjeants of the mayor and sheriffs of London were
empowered to bear maces of silver gilt, with the king's
arms engraven on them; and in 1340, tolls were imposed
for paving the streets. In 1348 occurred a great
plague; and in the course of the same year, Sir Walter
Manny founded the Charter House, near Smithfield,
with Pardon churchyard adjoining, to be a place of
burial for such as died of it. In 1354, the aldermen
of London, having been hitherto changed yearly, it
was ordained that they should not be removed without
some special cause. In 1356, the opulence of the citi-
zens was strikingly displayed by Henry Piccard, the
mayor, feasting at one entertainment the kings of Eng-
land, France, Cyprus, and Scotland, with other great
personages. In 1380 occurred Wat Tyler's rebellion,
when William Walworth, mayor, was knighted in the
field, together with several aldermen, for their gallant
behaviour on the occasion; and the dagger is said to
have been added to the city arms on account of
Walworth having killed, with that weapon, the rebel
Tyler, in Smithfield. In 1406, London was afflicted
with another great plague, which swept away upwards
of thirty thousand people. In 1410, Stocks' market-
house was erected, on the site of the present mansion-
house. In 1416, Sir Henry Barton, mayor, ordained that
lanterns, with lights, should be hung out on winter even-
ings, between Hallowtide and Candlemas; and in the
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120
following year this custom was general. In 1417, a
new guildhall was built on the site of the present edifice,
in lieu of a mean cottage, formerly occupied as such,
in Aldermanbury; and in 1419 Leadenhall was erected,
as a public granary. The supply of water being found
insufficient, in 1443, pipes were laid from Paddington.
A few years afterwards the city ditch was cleansed, and
the walls repaired. In 1449, the Kentish rebel, Jack
Cade, made his entry into London.
About the year 1460 occurs the earliest notice of the
use of brick in the buildings of London: this material
was first made in Moorfields, and afterwards gradu-
ally superseded wood, and became generally used in
erecting dwelling-houses. New conduits, and cisterns
for water, were also constructed. In 1469, the Tower of
London being delivered to the mayor and his brethren,
the aldermen, they set at liberty King Henry VI., who
was confined there. Under Richard III. and Henry VII.
various additions were made to the royal palace at
Westminster; and the latter monarch, besides found-
ing his magnificent chapel at the abbey adjoining, also
rebuilt Baynard's castle, in Thames-street. In the thir-
teenth year of his reign, several gardens in Finsbury were
destroyed, and formed into a field for archers, whence
the origin of the present Artillery Company. During
this reign also the river Fleet was made navigable,
Hounsditch was arched over, and many less works of
utility, or ornament, completed. Henry VIII. continued
the improvements of the metropolis; and during his
reign the police was better regulated, many nuisances
were removed, the streets and avenues were mended
and paved, and various regulations were carried into
effect for supplying the metropolis with provisions suf-
ficient to answer the demands of its increasing popula-
tion. The greatest alteration made in the aspect of the
city, during this reign, was effected by the dissolution of
religious houses, of which there had been upwards of
twenty, founded between the reign of Edward I. and the
period of the dissolution, besides those before mentioned:
this event took place in the year 1535, and rendered
London entirely a commercial city. The religious es-
tablishments, usually occupying large plots of ground,
now gave way to the erection of schools, hospitals,
manufactories, noblemen's mansions, and other edifices.
There were fifty-four larger monasteries in London
at the dissolution, exclusively of minor establishments.
Two royal palaces, St. James' and Bridewell, were among
the splendid buildings erected by Henry VIII.; and
to the same monarch is to be attributed a consider-
able part of the buildings in New Palace Yard, West-
minster, and at Whitehall, particularly the cock-pit,
and the fine gateway by Holbein, which formerly stood
at the latter palace, as also the laying out of St. James'
park. Until the Reformation, the government of
Westminster had been vested solely in its abbot, but,
in the settlement of that great revolution, it was placed,
first in the hands of a bishop, and subsequently in
those of the Dean of Westminster, in whom it still, in
some degree, continues. Near this period, notwith-
standing there had been a recent revival of commerce,
and that the metropolis had been enlarged, it is stated
that there were not above four merchant vessels ex-
ceeding one hundred and twenty tons' burden in the
river Thames; and afterwards it is observed, in a letter
from a London merchant to Sir William Cecil, that
there was "not a city in Europe, having the occupying
that London had, that was so slenderly provided with
ships :" yet a spirit of enterprise was then very general
among our merchants. The events which chiefly cha-
racterise the reign of Edward VI., as regards London,
are, the conversion of Bridewell palace into an hospital,
the refounding of that of St. Thomas, and the comple-
tion of Christ's and St. Bartholomew's hospitals, which
had been begun by his father; all which establishments
still remain, and will hereafter be described. By an act,
in the seventh year of this king's reign, for the general
regulation of taverns and public-houses, it was directed,
that there should be only forty in the city and liberties
of London, and three in Westminster. In this reign also
Southwark was annexed to London, and constituted a
twenty-sixth ward, under the name of " Bridge ward
Without."
The commencement of Elizabeth's reign was dis-
tinguished by the building of the Royal Exchange, and
various other works of public utility. In the year 1580,
from the great increase of the city, that queen prohi-
bited the erection of any new buildings within three
miles of the city gates, and ordained that only one
family should inhabit each house. Another proclama-
tion, in 1583, commanded that no new building should
be erected within three miles of London and Westmin-
ster, that one dwelling-house should not be converted into
two or more, and that the commons within three miles
of London should not be enclosed. At this period,
notwithstanding the danger that was anticipated by
increasing the size of the metropolis, it appears, from
contemporary plans, that the greater part of London
was contained within the walls, and even in those narrow
limits there were numerous gardens, upon the sites of
which have since been formed lanes, courts, and alleys.
In the whole of the space now constituting the parishes
of St. Margaret, Westminster; St. Martin in the Fields;
St. Paul, Covent Garden; St. Anne, Soho; St. Giles in the
Fields; St. George, Bloomsbury; and even including the
extensive parish of St. Mary-le-bone, there were not at
that time two thousand houses. All the north side of
the city, continuing through Clerkenwell, as far as Shore-
ditch church, was very thinly scattered with dwellings;
the whole of Spitalfields, Goodman's fields, Bethnal-
green, and Stepney and Limehouse fields, were, what
their names import, open spaces of ground, having
here and there groups of cottages and gardens; and
on the Surrey side of the river, with the exception of
the borough of Southwark, Bermondsey, and part of
Lambeth parish next to the Thames, the entire space
was devoid of houses. In 1594, the Thames water was
first conveyed into houses, by means of an engine of a
pyramidical form, erected at Broken wharf, to which
succeeded the "London-bridge Water-Works;" and, in
1613, that great public benefit, the New River, which was
projected and executed by Sir Hugh Myddelton, was
brought to its head at Clerkenwell, from Amwell in
Hertfordshire. In 1616, the sides of the principal
streets, which had before been laid with pebbles, were
paved with broad stones and flags.
Building continued to advance after the death of
Elizabeth; and we find that most part of Spitalfields
and about three hundred and twenty acres to the
south and south-east of it, were then covered with
houses. James I., alarmed at this rapid growth of the
•
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121
1
metropolis, issued his proclamation, in 1618, against the
erection of new buildings. The suburbs, notwithstand-
ing, had greatly increased in 1640, especially to the
westward, in the parishes of St. Giles in the Fields, and
St. Paul, Covent Garden. In 1643, Cheapside cross
was demolished, by the authority of the common coun-
cil, as a relic of superstition, thus increasing unin-
tentionally the width and accommodation of that great
central thoroughfare. Another attempt was made, du-
ring the Protectorate, in 1656, to prevent the enlarge-
ment of the metropolis; for which purpose, all houses
built since the year 1620, within ten miles of it, were
taxed, and fines were imposed on those who raised new
buildings within that distance. About 1661, a great
many streets, on the site of St James' parish, were
built, or finished, particularly St. James' street, Pall-
Mall, and Piccadilly; other streets were ordered to be
widened; and candles, or lights in lanterns, were to be
hung out by the occupier of every house fronting the
street, between Michaelmas and Lady-day, from night-
fall until nine o'clock, when it was presumed that people
retired to bed. The dreadful plague, in 1665, put a
temporary stop to the increase of the metropolis. This
infection was generally thought to have been brought
from Holland, about the close of the year 1664, and
made its appearance in the neighbourhood of Drury-
lane sixty-eight thousand five hundred and ninety-six
persons are calculated to have perished in the course
of the year 1665, during which, London was so far
deserted by its inhabitants, that grass grew in the
principal streets.
:
►
"The great fire of London," the most terrible con-
flagration that the metropolis ever suffered, succeeded
"the Plague year," as it is emphatically styled: it broke
out on Sunday, the 2nd of September, 1666, at the
house of a baker in Pudding-lane, Thames-street. The
The
houses being then for the most part of wood, with pro-
jecting stories, the uppermost of which, from the nar-
rowness of the streets, almost met each other, and a
strong easterly wind blowing at the time, the fire
spread rapidly and continued raging until Thursday,
when it was nearly extinguished, having destroyed thir-
teen thousand two hundred houses, and eighty-nine
churches, exclusively of the venerable Cathedral of St.
Paul, the greater part of the corporation halls, London
bridge, and other public edifices, covering a plot of four
hundred and thirty-six acres of ground with ruins. The
value of the property involved in this destruction was
calculated at upwards of £10,000,000. To perpetuate
the remembrance of this melancholy event," The Mo-
nument," on Fish-street-hill, was erected, by order of
parliament: it was commenced in 1671, and finished
in 1677, from a design by Sir Christopher Wren, and
is composed wholly of Portland stone. The column,
rising from a pedestal forty feet high, and twenty-eight
square at the base, is two hundred and two feet in
height from the pavement; it is fluted, and of the Doric
order: within is a staircase of black marble, leading to
the summit. Above the capital of the column is a bal-
cony of iron, encompassing a meta thirty-two feet high,
supporting a blazing urn of brass gilt. On three sides
of the pedestal are inscriptions, and on the fourth an em-
blematical representation, commemorative of the object
of its erection. In rebuilding the city, many improve-
ments were effected: the streets, which were before so
VOL. III.
narrow that according to Sir William Davenant's face-
tious remark,
tious remark," they seemed to have been contrived in
the days of wheelbarrows," were widened; many con-
duits and other obstructions were removed; and the
buildings in general were constructed on a more sub-
stantial and regular plan. An increased number of
houses, amounting to nearly four thousand, was added,
by building on the sites of the gardens belonging to the
halls and merchants' residences; and although the noble
plans of Wren and Evelyn, for rebuilding the metro-
polis, were rejected, it arose, on the whole, with increased
splendour. In 1670, an act was passed for widening
the streets and for restoring the navigation of the Fleet
ditch. An order in council, issued in 1674, prohibited
the building of new houses. Many houses in Southwark
having been destroyed by an extensive fire, in 1676, an
act was passed for rebuilding them of brick, instead of
wood.
In 1685, the population in Spitalfields and St. Giles'
was much increased by the settlement of French Protes-
tant manufacturers, who had left their native country in
consequence of the revocation of the edict of Nantes ;
and the same year, the western suburbs increasing, two
new parishes were formed, namely, those of St. Anne,
Soho, and St. James, both which were previously parts
of the parish of St. Martin in the Fields. In 1689,
the district called the Seven Dials was built on a spot
called Cock and Pye Fields. In consequence of the
great increase of the commerce and shipping of London,
the suburbs to the east of the Tower were become so
populous in 1694, that a new parish was constituted, by
the name of St. John, Wapping. Soho-square and Gol-
den-square were built at the close of this century. At
this time, also, that useful institution called the Penny
Post had its origin, a proof of the enlargement of the
capital; and the number of hackney coaches, which, in
Cromwell's time had been limited to three hundred, had
increased to nine hundred, exclusively of two hundred
sedan chairs. A few years afterwards, in the reign of
Queen Anne, fifty new churches were erected in the me-
tropolis and its vicinity. In 1722, the Chelsea Water-
Works Company was established, for supplying the city
of Westminster and the western suburbs with water.
In a few years afterwards, Hanover-square, Cavendish-
square and the streets adjacent; Bedford-row, Red-Lion-
square, Hatton Garden, &c., were built. The streets
from Leicester-square and St. Martin's-lane to the Hay-
market and Soho, and thence nearly to Knightsbridge,
were finished in the reign of George II. In 1729, the
north side of Oxford-street was partly built, and many
streets near it were completed. In 1730, the hamlet of
Spitalfields became so populous, in consequence of
the prosperity of the silk manufacture, as to make
it necessary to form it into a distinct parish, which
received the name of Christ Church. About the same
period the parishes of St. George in the East, St. Anne,
Limehouse, and St. Matthew, Bethnal-green, were se-
parated from Stepney, and the parish of St. Luke
was formed out of that of St. Giles, in Farringdon ward
Without.
-
The improvements in the construction of the build-
ings, and in the local regulations of the metropolis,
during the period last described, and principally in the
reign of George III., were as follows. About the year
1760, most of the city gates were taken down. In
t
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LON
1762, an act was passed to remove the shop-signs,
which, projecting from almost every house into the
middle of the street, materially obstructed the light and
air; and at the same time the water-spouts, which pro-
jected in like manner, were taken down : by this act also,
the names of the streets were ordered to be affixed at
the corners of each. In the building of dwelling-houses
great improvement, both as regarded safety and uni-
formity of appearance, was effected, by the Building Act.
In 1768, commissioners were appointed by act of par-
liament for paving, cleansing, lighting, and watching
the streets, and for regulating the stands of hackney
coaches. In 1774, an act was passed for placing fire-
cocks in the water-pipes, with conspicuous notices of
their distances and situations, and for keeping fire-
engines and ladders in every parish. About 1795,
About 1795,
in pursuance of an act of parliament authorising a
lottery for the purpose, called "The City Lottery,"
Snowhill, and the western side of Temple bar, were ma-
terially widened and improved. During this period
also, several new companies were established for sup-
plying the metropolis with water, and subsequently for
lighting the streets, shops, &c., with gas.
London is eminently fortunate in being situated
on rising ground, and on a river of ample extent,
which, flowing through the town, is agitated twice
in twenty-four hours, by a tide which ascends fifteen
miles above it. The mean breadth of the Thames
here is about four hundred yards, and is crossed
by five magnificent stone bridges, besides a sixth of
cast-iron the river, by its winding in this part of its
course, greatly contributes, not only to the embellish-
ment, but to the healthful ventilation, of the metro-
polis. Occupying a gentle slope on the north side of
the river, which extends from east to west in a kind of
amphitheatre, together with a level tract on the southern
bank, it is surrounded on every side, for nearly twenty
miles, by thickly-scattered villages and seats. The streets
are regularly paved, having a central carriage way, and
a foot-path on each side; the pavement of the former
is composed of small square blocks of Scotch granite,
and the latter is laid with large flags: some of the wider
streets in the western part of the metropolis are Mac-
adamized. The foot-paths are in general broad, particu-
larly those of the principal thoroughfares, and have a
regular curb-stone, raised some inches above the carriage
way, which latter has a slight convexity in the middle, to
allow the water to pass off into channels on each side.
Underneath are large vaulted sewers, communicating
with every house by smaller ones, and with every street
by convenient openings and gratings, to carry off to the
river all impurities that can be conveyed in that man-
ner. All mud and rubbish accumulating on the sur-
face of the streets are taken away by scavengers em-
ployed for that purpose. Nearly all the streets and
principal shops are lighted with gas, supplied by
several incorporated companies. Almost the whole of
the houses, those of ancient date excepted, are con-
structed of brick; the more modern and larger edifices
being built of stone, or stuccoed to resemble it. Excel-
lent water is plentifully conveyed from the Thames and
the New River reservoirs to almost every house; spring
water is obtained from pumps, erected in various parts
of the town.
Strictly speaking, London is still confined within its
ancient bounds, and the limits of the corporate juris-
diction of the city; but as a continuity of buildings
has connected it with Westminster, Southwark, and all
the neighbouring villages and hamlets, the name is, in
common usage, given to them all collectively, their re-
spective proper names being no more than sub-divisions
of one great metropolis. In this general view, therefore,
London may be said to consist of several divisions, viz. :
"The City," properly so called, comprehends the most
ancient and central part of London, and is almost exclu-
sively occupied by shops, warehouses, and public offices
devoted to business. The East End of the Town includes
Wapping, Shadwell, Ratcliffe-highway, &c., extending from
Tower hill, eastward, to the East India Docks; the in-
habitants of this large district being in general connect-
ed with the shipping interests, and consisting of ship-
wrights, ship-owners, and captains of vessels, merchants,
sailors, shop keepers, and others, who are supported by
the business of the port. This division of London has,
within the last thirty years, assumed an importance un-
known to preceding ages, and vast commercial docks
and warehouses have been here constructed. The West
End is the most modern and elegant part of London : it
is inhabited by the nobility and gentry, and is the seat
of Government and of the Court, as well as the centre of
fashion; and consists principally of handsome squares
and streets : it may be said to extend westward from the
meridian of Charing Cross.
meridian of Charing Cross. Southwark, which lies on
the south bank of the Thames, comprehends five pa-
rishes, connected with others by extensive ranges of
houses. Its population chiefly consists of merchants,
traders, and manufacturers. It had formerly only one
main street, called the Borough High-street, extending
from London bridge towards Newington, but the in-
crease of buildings has since added numerous others,
stretching in various directions, and has formed it into
a town, several miles in extent.
That part of the metropolis lying on the north-
west, and which may be considered as the latest enlarge-
ment, and the most elegant, as well as the most sys-
tematic in its arrangement of squares and streets,
comprehends an immense mass of new buildings be-
tween Holborn and Somers-town, and in the parishes
of St. Mary-le-bone and Paddington. Besides which,
the villages of Chelsea, Knightsbridge, Paddington,
Camden-town, Pentonville, Islington, Mile-End, Lime-
house, Rotherhithe, Bermondsey, Newington, Camber-
well, Lambeth, &c., united, from the contiguity of their
buildings, may be considered as appendages to this im-
mense capital. Thus regarded, the extent of London,
from west to east, along the banks of the Thames, or,
from the upper end of Knightsbridge to the lower end
of Poplar, is seven miles and a half, and its breadth
from north to south, or from Islington to Kennington,
is about five miles and a half; its circumference full
thirty miles, hence it may be fairly estimated, that the
buildings of this metropolis cover at least twenty square
miles, extending in length seven miles. This space con-
tains between eight thousand and nine thousand streets
and smaller avenues, more than seventy squares, and
one hundred and seventy thousand houses, besides an
immense number of public buildings. The town, in the
direction of east and west, is traversed by two principal
ranges of streets, which may be termed the great southern
and northern lines, forming a communication from one
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end to the other. The most southern of them, for the
greater part of its course, runs within a quarter of a
mile of the Thames: it commences at Knightsbridge,
and is continued, under successive names, to the Tower,
and thence by Ratcliffe-highway to the extremity of
Shadwell. The northern line commences on the west
at Tyburn, and is continued to Whitechapel, and Mile-
End, and thence may be said to extend as far as Strat-
ford-le-Bow, a course of nearly eight miles. The streets
running north and south, which connect the above-
mentioned lines, are comparatively short, as are also
those from the southern line to the river. Those from
the northern line to the New-road are longer; but, with
the exception of Tottenham-Court-road, and its con-
tinuation to Camden-town, 'St. John's street, to the ex-
tremity of Islington, and Bishopsgate-street, Shoreditch,
and some others, are all of moderate length. The long-
est single street in the metropolis is Oxford-street, the
length of which is two thousand three hundred yards;
the Commercial-road, extending from the back of White-
chapel church to the East India Docks, is more than
double that length, but its buildings are not yet entirely
continuous. Portland-place is the widest street in Lon-
don, and at the same time the most magnificent: the
one which ranks next to it, for breadth and the varied
elegance of its buildings, is the newly-formed Regent-
street, as continued from Portland-place, by the Quad-
rant and Waterloo-place, to St. James' Park.
The environs are greatly enhanced in beauty by a
chain of hills to the north of the town, forming a se-
cond amphitheatre, entirely enclosing the first, of which
Hampstead, Highgate, and Muswell hills, are the most
prominent features. On the east and west are exten-
sive plains, stretching twenty miles, in each direction,
along the banks of the Thames, and forming a most
fertile, populous, and interesting valley; those which lie
eastward of the town feeding numerous herds of cattle,
and those westward being chiefly employed in the pro-
duction of vegetables for the supply of the London mar-
ket. That part of the metropolis which is situated south
of the Thames occupies a flat surface, bounded by a
landscape beautifully varied from west to east by the
heights of Richmond, Wimbledon, Epsom, Norwood,
and Blackheath, and terminating in the horizon with
Leith hill, Box hill, the Reigate hills, the Wrotham hills,
and Shooter's hill. On every side the approaches are
spacious and kept in admirable order, and, like the
town, lighted at night with gas, and well watched and
patrolled. Country houses of opulent merchants and
tradesmen, or the mansions of the nobility, standing
detached and surrounded by plantations, or arranged
together in successive handsome rows, are every where
to be seen, either on the sides, or in the vicinity, of these
roads, together with numerous villages, some of which
imitate the commercial activity of the metropolis.
The increase of London since the commencement of
the present century has exceeded, if possible, that of the
last in celerity and extent. It is visible on all sides, but
perhaps more especially so on the western and north-
ern, where the buildings in the parishes of Paddington,
St. Mary-le-bone, Bloomsbury, and St. Pancras, have
been amazingly extended, by the formation of an incre-
dible number of new streets, squares, and places, for
the most part after elegant designs. In the same quar-
ter of the town also, the Regent's park has been laid
out, and surrounded with stately ranges of brick build-
ings, stuccoed so as to resemble stone. A great number
of excellent residences has been lately completed on the
space behind Gower-street, formerly called the Long
Fields, and these again are adjoined eastward by the
new church of St. Pancras, and the elegant streets in
its neighbourhood, together with a continued mass of
building, extending along the south side of the New-
road, and the City-road, as far as Old-street. On the
Southwark side of the Thames is Newington, with the
streets adjacent to it, connecting Camberwell with
Southwark; while Kennington, Brixton, Clapham, and
Battersea-fields, have numerous, extensive, and con-
tinually-increasing, ranges of building. Proceeding along
the outskirts, towards the east, we perceive the village of
Islington to have joined London on one side, St. Pan-
cras on the other, and to have stretched itself over the
White Conduit fields (formerly celebrated amongst our
early places of amusement) to the hamlet of Holloway,
and through that link to Highgate and Hornsey. In
the parishes of Shoreditch, Hackney, Stratford-le-Bow,
&c., the extent of buildings has every where immensely
increased; and at the direct eastern extremity of Lon-
don are the East and West India, the London, and the
St. Katherine's, docks.
St. Katherine's, docks. On viewing the surface of the
parishes of Rotherhithe, Bermondsey, Walworth, New-
ington, Camberwell, and Lambeth, on the south side of
London, much ground is yet occupied as fields or gar-
dens; these parishes may be said, however, to form an
immense connected town in many places, and are again
joined to Deptford and Greenwich, to the east; and
Peckham, Stockwell, Clapham, Battersea, &c. to the
south and south-west. As evidence of the great extent
of building mentioned, it is conjectured that, within the
last fifty years, sixty thousand houses, at least, have
been erected in London and its neighbourhood; and
that these afford habitations for nearly three hundred
thousand additional persons.
The improvements at the west end of the town
include the widening of the Strand, &c.; the new and
elegant buildings on the site of Carlton House and gar-
dens; the laying-out of St. James' Park, and various
alterations and buildings in the interior, and at the
entrances to Hyde Park; the immense mass of new
streets and mansions on the north side of Pimlico, and
various additions to the buildings of the Regent's Park
and its neighbourhood, as well as on the intermediate
space connecting Westminster with St. Mary-le-bone,
formed by the fine line of Regent-street, and the va-
rious branch streets and places leading from it. The
Strand Improvements extend to the whole neighbour-
hood, between the King's mews and St. Martin's lane,
and beyond to the north boundary of Chandos-street,
reaching westward to the Strand, and having its east-
ern termination beyond the late Exeter 'Change. To
correspond with the beautiful edifices of the Union
Club-house, and the College of Physicians at Pall-Mall
(East), there is to be an elegant opposite range of
buildings, consisting of a row of public offices, to form
a new metropolitan police station, instead of the pre-
sent inconvenient one at Bow-street, and which will
extend in a line with St. Martin's church: the ceme-
tery of the latter will be railed in, and adjoined by
the vicarage-house and parochial schools, and the whole,
with the noble portico of St. Martin's church, will
-
R 2
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be thrown open from Pall-Mall: the north side, where
was the Royal Riding-house, is to be occupied by a new
National Gallery and Royal Academy, and the south
side of this quadrangle to lay open to Charing Cross,
The grand line of street is to be from West to East, by
Pall-Mall, passing the front of the National Gallery, and is
to enter the Strand facing Hungerford-street, the Strand
being widened as far as the New church, to a road-way
of sixty feet. Another wide carriage way is to run from
the new line of street into Leicester-square, through
Hemming's row; and there is to be a second commu-
nication between Castle-court and Bedford-street; as
well as a fine new street continued over the site of the
late English Opera-house, in a line with Waterloo-place
and bridge, to meet Great Charlotte-street, Blooms-
bury. The open spaces of ground contiguous to St.
Martin's church, &c., will be formed into squares. It is
calculated that nearly two millions of money are neces-
sary to carry these several improvements into effect. The
alterations on the site of Carlton House and gardens
consist in the erection of a corresponding side, or
completion of the square begun by Waterloo-place, and
will form a commodious communication between Re-
gent-street and St. James' Park.
:
The latest improvements in building, in the vicinity
of Whitehall, include the entire renovation of the front
of Whitehall chapel, and Mr. Soane's erection opposite
for the Council-office, Board of Trade, &c.: the latter
exhibits a long row of stone columns, with an enriched
entablature and parapet, possessing considerable elegance,
but justly found fault with as being too low, and want-
ing a balancing end on the north, for which there is no
space but by destroying the fine line of street of White-
hall. Richmond-terrace is an elegant row of first-rate
mansions, built on the site of the late Richmond House.
Belgrave-square and Wilton-crescent, erected on that
part of Chelsea called the Five Fields, are both exceed-
ingly elegant the former contains four symmetrical
rows of first-rate houses, with spacious isolated villas
at the angles, the whole being partly stuccoed and partly
of stone, ornamented in the Corinthian order. Before
the houses in the crescent, which are also first-rate in size
and appearance, there is a handsome plantation, com-
municating right and left with the square: a foot and
carriage road have been completed from Knightsbridge
to the King's road, for the convenience of the occu-
pants of these new buildings, which are mostly inhabited
by the nobility and gentry. Eaton-square, of an oblong
form, adjoins the preceding, and contains buildings of
nearly equal splendour, together with a new, spacious,
and handsome church at its east end. Of these im-
provements, effected at the expense of Earl Grosvenor,
Belgrave-square alone is reckoned to have cost half a
million of money.
-
To particularise the public buildings included in
the above-mentioned improvements would far exceed
the limits of this article; but their number and conse-
quence may be inferred from the circumstance that no
less than fifty new churches have been erected, by the
commissioners appointed under the late act of par-
liament, all having districts allotted to them, many
of which already contain a vast and daily increasing
population. So numerous are the improvements con-
stantly being projected and carried into effect, that
scarcely a month passes in which there is not brought
-
forward some plan of elegant embellishment, of public or
private utility, or of civil or commercial advantage. In
size, population, and wealth; in the extent, grandeur,
and number of its religious edifices, its public establish-
ments, its charitable institutions, its commercial docks,
and its bridges; in the elegance of its squares, and the
commodiousness of its habitations, the superiority of
the English metropolis over that of every other country
is manifest.
ROYAL PALACES AND HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.
St. James' is the only royal palace in the metro-
polis now in a habitable state. It is an ancient build-
ing, and though, from the irregularity of its parts, its
appearance is not imposing, yet, from its great extent,
and the number of fine apartments it comprises, it is
said to be the best adapted for royal parade of any in
Europe. Carlton House, the splendid residence of his
late Majesty George IV., when Prince of Wales, has
been recently demolished for the purpose of effecting
the "Park Improvements;" and on the site of Buck-
ingham House, the palace of the late Queen Charlotte,
a new royal residence is now being erected, by Mr.
Nash, to be called St. George's palace: this is of great
extent, and, when completed, will consist of a centre
and large wings projecting from it at right angles,
forming, with the principal entrance, which is a de-
tached marble gateway of great cost and splendour, a
spacious and magnificent quadrangle. The Lords' and
Commons' houses of parliament occupy parts of the
old palace of Westminster, which, though possessing
a certain degree of splendour, are chiefly venerable
for their age and the purposes to which they are appro-
priated. The House of Lords is a large oblong room,
formerly the Court of Requests, and was fitted up for
its present purpose on the union with Ireland, when the
fine tapestry of the old House of Lords, representing the
defeat of the Spanish Armada, was removed hither, and
the apartment was otherwise handsomely and appro-
priately decorated: at the upper end of the room is the
throne, which has been renovated in a style of great mag-
nificence: a new entrance has lately been added, with a
superb staircase and gallery by Mr. Soane. The House
of Commons was originally the chapel of St. Stephen,
out of which it has been formed chiefly by raising a
floor above the pavement, and adding an inner roof,
considerably below the ancient one. On removing the
wainscot, when this room was lately enlarged, great part
of the ancient decorations were discovered: they are
of extreme beauty, but were again closed up. In its
present state the House of Commons is a large plain
apartment, of which the Speaker's chair, with its appen-
dages, forms the chief decoration: around it are gal-
leries, supported by slender iron columns with gilt ca-
pitals, into one of which, namely, that at the lower end,
over the bar of the house, strangers are admitted to
hear the debates. The house is wainscoted to the
ceiling; and the benches for the members rise in regular
gradation behind each other.
THE PARKS, SQUARES, &c.
St. James' Park, so called from the palace of the
same name, contains about two hundred acres, the cen-
tral part being laid out in a pleasing manner, and varied
with water, shrubberies, and intersecting gravel walks,
and the sides adorned with several avenues of stately
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125
trees. The eastern extremity of the park is occupied
by the Horse Guards, the Treasury, and other govern-
ment offices, which have a noble appearance; the ground
plot of the entire park is an oblong, and nearly two
miles in circuit. The King's foot guards, with a fine
band of music, parade every day, between ten and eleven
o'clock, opposite the park front of the Horse Guards.
The Green Park is a triangular piece of ground, lying
south of the western part of Piccadilly, and adjoin-
ing St. James' Park and the gardens of Buckingham
House. On the north side of it is a large basin, with
a promenade round it, near which is the Ranger's
house, embowered in a fine plantation, which adds
greatly to the beauty of the prospect. Hyde Park,
which extends from the western extremity of the me-
tropolis to the walls of Kensington Gardens, contains
about four hundred acres. It is a spot of great rural
beauty, the drives round it forming one of the chief
amusements of the gay and fashionable. The Serpen-
tine river, which adorns the lower part of it, is a large
bending sheet of water. Near the Piccadilly corner of
Hyde Park stands a colossal bronze statue of Achilles,
erected in honour of the Duke of Wellington, on a
pedestal of granite. The entrances to this park have
been greatly improved within the last few years: at
the Piccadilly entrance a handsome screen of the Ionic
order, consisting of three arches, united by an open
colonnade, with two side arches, has been erected; facing
it is a new and magnificent arched gateway (an imita-
tion of the arch of Severus at Rome, the architecture
from the temple of Jupiter Stator, in the same city),
leading into the gardens belonging to the King's palace
in St. James' Park. Kensington Gardens are beautiful
and extensive pleasure grounds attached to the palace at
Kensington, and were formerly part of Hyde Park: they
are open to all well-dressed people, and the promenade
in them forms one of the most delightful and fashion-
able amusements of the metropolis during the months of
summer. The Regent's Park is a newly-formed park, on
the site of what was formerly Mary-le-bone fields, con-
taining about four hundred and fifty acres. For the
magnificence of the buildings by which it is surrounded,
and the picturesque style in which it is laid out, this
park indisputably excels the others, and it will do so in
a still greater degree as the trees with which it is planted
approach maturity.
The residences of the nobility, though formerly scat-
tered all over the town, and more especially along the
banks of the Thames, from the Temple to Whitehall,
have long been removed, almost exclusively to the western
portion of it. The largest and most elegant of them are,
Apsley House, the residence of the Duke of Wellington;
Devonshire House, the residence of the Duke of Devon
shire; and Burlington House, that of Lord Cavendish;
all in Piccadilly: Cleveland House, the Marquis of Staf-
ford's; Earl Spencer's, St. James' Place; Lord Gren-
ville's, in the Green Park; Marlborough House, Pall-
Mall, the residence of Prince Leopold; Northumber-
land House, Charing-Cross, that of the Duke of North-
umberland; the Marquis of Lansdowne's, in Berkeley-
square: Chesterfield House, the Earl of Chesterfield's
in May Fair; and Uxbridge House, Burlington-gar-
dens, that of the Marquis of Anglesey. Great num-
bers of the nobility and gentry, who have not sepa-
rate detached mansions like those above mentioned,
have spacious and, in many instances, superb residences.
in the grand squares. The principal of these are, Gros-
venor, Portman, Berkeley, St. James', Hanover, Man-
chester, Cavendish, Bedford, Russell, Bloomsbury, Mon-
tagu, Bryanston, and Leicester Squares, and Lincoln's-
Inn-Fields; all which contain large and elegant houses.
They may be noticed, according to their respective ar-
chitectural merits, in the following order:
Grosvenor Square has a finely-planted area of six
acres surrounded by magnificent houses. It derives its
name from having been erected at the expense of Sir
Richard Grosvenor, Bart., and constitutes part of the
present Earl Grosvenor's immense estates in this vici-
nity. In the centre is a fine gilt equestrian statue of
George I., placed there in 1726. Portman Square, finished
in 1784, ranks next to the preceding. Its planted area
is laid out with great taste and richness, and the houses
are of the first order of domestic architecture. Montagu
House, which stands beyond the north-west angle, forms
an elegant addition to the whole, and is remarkable for
having been the residence of the literary and talented
Mrs. Montagu. Russell Square is likewise surrounded by
elegant buildings, and has in the centre a perfect minia-
ture landscape garden, laid out with every regard to taste
and variety. It is adorned with a finely-executed statue
of the late Duke of Bedford, in bronze, by Westmacott,
Jun.
Jun. Fitzroy Square, if finished in accordance with the
two sides already built, would, from the elegance of its
buildings and the materials of which they are con-
structed, probably form the most elegant square in the
metropolis. The houses are fronted with stone, and
are in the best taste of those excellent architects the
Adams's. Cavendish, Bedford, and Manchester Squares, are
all surrounded by buildings of a uniform and handsome
appearance, the residences of persons of the higher
ranks, each comprising a beautiful planted area.
In the
first, which was planned so long ago as 1715, is a gilt
equestrian statue of the conqueror at Culloden, William,
Duke of Cumberland. St. James' Square is small, but
inhabited by some of the principal nobility. At Norfolk
House, in this square, George III. was born. In the centre
is a fine equestrian bronze statue of King William III.
Bloomsbury Square is chiefly remarkable for the fine
statue of that distinguished statesman, Charles James
Fox, which is of colossal size, and of bronze. The figure
is in a sitting posture, in the habit of a Roman senator,
and is placed on the north side, facing an elegant street,
which leads up to the statue of the Duke of Bedford, in
Russell-square. Berkeley Square has on its south side
the noble mansion of Lansdowne House, half enveloped
in fine gardens and plantations. Leicester Square con-
tains a gilt equestrian statue of George I., and formerly
possessed a degree of fashionable attraction which it
has now lost, having at that time included Leicester and
Saville Houses, the former having been the residence of
Frederick, Prince of Wales, father of George III.: and
the latter, that of the celebrated Sir George Saville.
The largest of the squares near this quarter of the town
is Lincoln's-Inn-Square, commonly called Lincoln's-Inn-
Fields. The whole of its western side is composed of
the masterly erections of Inigo Jones, amongst which
is the fine mansion formerly called Lindsey, and after-
wards Ancaster House. On the eastern side is seen
the beautiful range of law chambers called Stone Build-
ings, which overlooks the gardens of Lincoln's Inn.
C
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On the south side is Surgeon's Hall, a handsome new erec-
tion; and on the north side the elegant house of Mr.
Soane the architect. This square was once inhabited
by the first nobility, at the time that Newcastle House,
one of the largest mansions which it comprises, was the
residence of the Duke of Newcastle, Prime Minister to
George II. The centre of the square contains the most
spacious and finely-planted area of any square in the
metropolis.
:
Queen-square, Holborn; Golden-square, Piccadilly;
Red Lion-square; Soho-square and in the north-
eastern part of the town, Finsbury-square, Finsbury-
circus, and numerous others, though not in the very
first style of architecture, are all spacious and orna-
mental. It may be observed, that the squares west of
Tottenham-Court-road are chiefly occupied by the no-
bility and gentry; whilst those east of that line are
for the most part the residence of merchants and pro-
fessional men.
KR
of
Portland Place was, some years ago, almost the
only street that, in point of width, length, and the
uniform grandeur and elegance of its buildings, would
have been worthy of especial notice. But the construc-
tion of the new line of street extending northwards
from the site of Carlton House, under the names of
Waterloo-place, the Quadrant, and Regent-street, and
communicating with Portland-place
Portland-place by means
Langham-place, forms a new era in our domestic archi-
tecture; and for vast length, width, and uniform ele-
gance, this immense range of buildings, as a whole, is
not exceeded by any in Europe. Carlton-terrace, now
being built on the site of Carlton House, promises,
when completed, to vie in elegance with the noble
avenue last named; and eastward of the fine street
and eastward of the fine street
called Pall-Mall, an opening has been formed, to obtain
a vista for the noble portico of St. Martin's church.
Beyond this church, on the north side of the Strand,
from the site of Exeter 'Change, lately demolished,
westward, the Strand improvements are in progress,
which will give to the whole neighbourhood a character
of magnificence that it did not before in any degree
possess. Nor is there a doubt that the example which
has been set in the western and northern parts of the
town, and in various parts of the city, will soon be fol-
lowed in other neighbourhoods, and give, at no distant
date, an entire new face of beauty to the principal streets
and thoroughfares of the metropolis.
THEATRES AND PLACES OF AMUSEMENT.
The King's Theatre, or Italian Opera-House. This
Magnificent theatre, situated at the bottom of the Hay-
market, on the western side, is appropriated exclusively
to the performance of Italian operas, and ballets, in
both which some of the most eminent vocal and instru-
mental performers and dancers in Europe are engaged,
at very high salaries. The original edifice was burnt
down in 1790, soon after which it was rebuilt, though
externally it was not completed till 1818, after a design
by Mr. Nash. It is built of brick cased with stucco,
and is surrounded by a colonnade supported on cast-
iron pillars of the Doric order: the front is decorated
with figures in bas relief, representing the origin and
progress of music, executed in 1821. The interior con-
sists of a stage sixty feet long and eighty broad; five
tiers of boxes, all of them either private property, or
>
rented for the season, and affording accommodation to
about nine hundred persons; a spacious pit and a gal-
lery, with room in each for eight hundred spectators
a grand concert-room, ninety-five feet long, forty-six
broad, and thirty-five high, with dressing and other
apartments, entrances, staircases, &c., rendering it nearly
equal in magnitude to the celebrated theatre of La Scala,
at Milan the fronts of the boxes are embellished, in
compartments, with various emblematical designs, and
the ceiling is adorned with a painting of the Nine Muses.
The season usually commences in January, and continues
until August, operas being constantly performed on
Tuesdays and Saturdays, and of late, towards the close
of the season, on Thursdays, during that period.
:
Drury-lane Theatre, situated in Brydges-street, had
its origin in a cock-pit, which was converted into a
place of theatrical entertainment, and pulled down and
rebuilt, under the name of the Phoenix, in the reign of
James I. A patent for dramatic performances having
been granted by Charles II. to Killigrew, a new theatre
was erected on the site of the present structure, and the
actors having belonged to the king's household, their
successors at this house have ever since been styled
"His Majesty's Servants." This theatre was burnt
in 1671, and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren, but was
displaced, in 1793, by a much larger one, from a design
by Holland, which, however, was burnt down in 1809,
and the present edifice erected, in 1811, under the su-
perintendence of Mr. B. Wyatt: the exterior is very
plain the front is of the Doric order, and the portico,
supporting a statue of Shakspeare, was added in 1820:
a new colonnade, along the side extending from Brydges-
steeet to Drury-lane, is in contemplation: the building
is the property of a number of shareholders. The inte
rior of the house, which was rebuilt in 1822, is on a
scale of great splendour: the grand entrance is through
a spacious hall, supported by columns of the Doric order,
leading to a rotunda, from which staircases ascend to
the boxes: there are two tiers of boxes, besides others
on each side of the lower gallery, and some on a level
with the pit, affording together room for one thousand
eight hundred and twenty eight spectators: the pit,
over the centre of which hangs an elegant chandelier of
cut glass, with gas burners, is capable of accommodating
eight hundred persons, the lower gallery six hundred
and seventy-five, and the upper gallery three hundred
and eight, making a total of three thousand six hun-
dred and eleven persons. The stage, in front, is forty-
three feet in width, and thirty-eight in height and the
height of the house, from the floor of the pit to the
ceiling is fifty feet and a half. The grand saloon is
a handsome room, circular at each end, and about
eighty-six feet in length.
:
Covent-Garden Theatre, situated in Bow-street, was
established by Sir W. D'Avenant, who received a pa-
tent in 1662, under which successive companies acted
at the theatre in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, until the
erection of the original theatre in Covent-Garden in
1733, which was burnt down in 1808, the present
magnificent structure having been opened Sept. 18th,
1809. It stands in an isolated situation, and is nearly
of a square form, being built, from a design by Mr.
Smirke, Jun., in the Doric order, in imitation of the
Temple of Minerva, situated in the Acropolis at Athens,
at an expense of £150,000. In the centre of the prin-
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cipal front is a lofty portico of four large fluted baseless
columns, elevated on a noble flight of steps, and sup-
porting an enriched entablature and triangular pedi-
ment, on the tympanum of which are statues of Tra-
gedy and Comedy by Flaxman on each side of the por-
tico is a basso relievo, representing the ancient and
the modern drama. The entrance to the boxes is by
a grand staircase adorned with Ionic columns, having
Grecian lamps suspended between them, leading to an
ante-room in which is a statue of Shakspeare, by Rossi,
and from which a small flight of steps leads to the lobby
forming the entrance to the boxes: there are three tiers
of boxes, a spacious pit, and lower and upper galleries:
over the centre of the pit hangs a magnificent chandelier
of cut-glass. The house, it is computed, will afford ac-
commodation to upwards of three thousand persons,
and the receipts, in one night, may amount, at the
highest calculation, to more than £900.
The Haymarket Theatre, situated in the Haymarket,
was erected originally in 1702. The present edifice was
opened in 1821, having been built from a design by Mr.
Nash in front is a portico of six Corinthian columns,
supporting a pediment, above which are nine circular
windows, connected by sculptured ornaments. The in-
The in-
terior contains two tiers of boxes, and a row of boxes
on each side of the pit, with two galleries, and is much
smaller than any of the above-mentioned theatres, but
exceedingly neat and compact within. It is licensed
for the performance of regular dramas during the sum-
mer, at which period only it is open. The other minor
establishments, most of which are summer theatres, are,
the English Opera-House, or Lyceum, in the Strand,
opened June 15th, 1816, and lately considerably da-
maged by fire, which has afforded an opportunity of
carrying into effect the long-projected improvement of
forming a new road in the line of the Waterloo bridge
road, to the vicinity of Bedford-square; the Adelphi
Theatre, also situated in the Strand, and formerly called
the "Sans Pareil;" the Royal Circus, or Surrey Theatre,
in Blackfriar's-road, originally used for equestrian per-
formances, destroyed by fire in 1805, and rebuilt in a
superior style, since which it has been appropriated to
the performance of melo-dramas, ballets, &c.; the
Royal Coburg Theatre, in the Waterloo-road, first opened
in 1818; Sadler's Wells, in St. John's-street road, so
called from some wells anciently situated there, and from
the name of a person who, in 1683, first opened a theatre
in that neighbourhood: the present edifice was erected
in 1765, since which the interior has been rebuilt: the
space beneath the stage is filled with water, affording the
proprietors the means of introducing aquatic exhibitions,
which have imparted a peculiar character to the per-
formances at this house. Astley's, or the Royal Amphi-
theatre, opened, about 1767, as a riding-school, and
converted into a regular theatre in 1780, is eminently
distinguished for equestrian exhibitions: it was burnt
down in 1794 and again in 1803, having been since rebuilt
in a neat and commodious manner. The Olympic Theatre,
in Wych-street, was built in 1806: the boxes afford room
for three hundred and forty persons, the pit six hun-
dred, and the gallery three hundred and twenty. The
West London Theatre, in Tottenham-street, was formerly
called the Regency Theatre, and has of late been oc-
cupied, during the winter, by a company of French
comedians.
Vauxhall Gardens, now the only place of amuse-
ment of the kind adjoining the metropolis, are situ-
ated at Lambeth. They were formerly little more
than tea gardens, enlivened with instrumental music ;
but their rural beauty and easy access rendered them
so great a place of resort, that the proprietor was en-
couraged to speculate on public patronage, and by a
series of attractions introduced from time to time, at
length enabled Vauxhall to rank among the finest gar-
dens of the kind in Europe. The entertainments com-
mence after night-fall; and thirty thousand lamps are
employed to illuminate the gardens on evenings of ex-
traordinary splendour, contributing, with the aid of
music, both vocal and instrumental, dramatic repre-
sentations, fire-works, and other entertainments, to at-
tract large companies in the summer months, during
which only they are open.
Among the higher class of amusements are the
nobility's balls, held at Willis' rooms, King-street, St.
James', commonly called Almack's, from the name of
their former proprietor; where also, and at Hanover-
square rooms, concerts take place: oratorios and selec-
tions of miscellaneous music are performed at Drury-
lane and Covent-Garden theatres, on Wednesday and
Friday evenings during Lent, and at other periods; the
present age being distinguished, above all others in Eng-
land, for the patronage bestowed upon the art of music.
There are various other miscellaneous public perform-
ances, but they are so multifarious and changeable, as
to preclude a particular description.
COMMERCE.
Cla
→
The commerce of London has three principal branches:
1st. The port of London, with the foreign trade and
domestic wholesale business; 2ndly, the manufactures;
and, lastly, the retail trade. In 1268, the half-year's
customs, for foreign merchandise in the city of London,
amounted only to £75.6. 10. In 1331, they amounted
to £8000. In 1354, the duty on goods imported was
only £580. 6. 8., and on exports, £S1,624. 1. 1. In
1590, they yielded £50,000 a year. In 1641, just
before the commencement of the civil war, the customs
brought in £500,000 a year, the effect of a long series
of peaceful days. From the year 1671 to 1688 they
were, on an average, £555,752. In 1709, they were
raised to £2,319,320; and in the year ending April
1799, they amounted to £3,711,126. The astonishing
increase in the extent of commercial intercourse in later
years may be inferred from the following brief state-
ment. The average number of British ships and ves-
sels of various kinds, in the Thames and docks, is
estimated at thirteen thousand four hundred and forty-
four, of which, the barges and other small craft, em-
ployed in landing and unlanding, are not fewer than be-
tween three and four thousand: two thousand eight hun-
dred and eighty-eight barges and other craft are engaged
in the inland trade; besides which, there are three thou-
sand wherries, or small boats, for passengers. About
eight thousand watermen are employed in navigating
the wherries and craft, four thousand labourers in lading
and unlading ships, and twelve thousand revenue officers
are constantly doing duty on the river. In regard to
tonnage, the East India Company's ships alone carry
more burden, by many thousand tons, than all the
vessels in London did a century ago. The value of mer-
chandise annually received and discharged in this port,
•
LON
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128
is computed at between £60,000,000 and £70,000,000
sterling. From accounts printed by order of the
House of Commons, it appears that, in 1798, previ-
ous to docks being constructed in the port of London,
the value of imports and exports was £30,290,000. In
1806, after the docks were formed, the value increased to
£36,527,000. In 1819, it increased to £46,935,000, and
in 1825 it amounted to £96,936,000 being an increase
of sixty-six millions and a half as compared with 1798.
The number of coasters which entered the port in 1814
was fifteen thousand one hundred and thirty-nine; in
1821, eighteen thousand nine hundred and fifteen, being
an increase in seven years of three thousand seven hun-
dred and seventy-six ships. The number of ships
moored in the river, during 1804, after the West India
docks were opened, was seven thousand three hundred
and twenty-seven; and in 1823, when five docks, and
three wet dock canals were opened and fully employed,
notwithstanding the extended accommodation, thirteen
thousand one hundred and twelve, being an increase
of six thousand ships; in addition to which, about one
thousand nine hundred voyages by steam-boats annually
now obstructs the navigation above Greenwich. From
official returns of the Customs it appears that, in 1825,
an increase of upwards of six hundred sail took place in
the number of vessels which arrived in the port of Lon-
don from foreign parts; since then, and till the present
time, it has still kept rapidly increasing. The number of
vessels which entered inwards from foreign ports, in
1826, was three thousand four hundred and ninety-five
British, and one thousand five hundred and eighty-six
foreign; and the number cleared outwards, two thou-
sand one hundred and forty-nine British, and one
thousand four hundred and eighty-six foreign. The
scene of this immense traffick occupies a space more
than four miles in length, reaching from London
bridge to Deptford, and from four hundred to five
hundred yards in average breadth; which may be de-
scribed as consisting of four divisions, three of them
called the Upper, Middle and Lower pools, and the
fourth comprising the space between Limehouse and
Deptford. The present annual value of the custom and
excise duties may be rated at somewhat more than
£6,000,000 sterling. It is besides, calculated that above
forty thousand wagons and other carriages, including
their repeated journies, arrive and depart, laden in both
instances, with articles of domestic, colonial, or foreign
merchandise; occasioning a transit, including cattle
and provisions sent for the consumption of the inhabit-
ants, of more than £50,000,000 worth of goods to and
from the inland markets, making altogether a sum of
£120,000,000 worth of property annually moving to
and from the metropolis.
London has long been celebrated for its manufac-
tures, as well as its commerce. So early as the reign
of Henry I., the English goldsmiths had become so
eminent for working the precious metals, as to be fre-
quently employed by foreign princes; and the perfection
of various other manufactures at this period appears
both from history and antique remains. The manufac-
turers of London had, in that reign, become so numerous
as to be formed into fraternities, or companies, some of
which are now disused, some have declined, as the Cap-
pers, Bowyers, Fletchers, &c., and others still flourish,
and are much increased in the number of their mem-
bers, in the extent of their property and patronage, and
in general importance. In 1556, a manufactory for the
finer sorts of glass was established in Crutched Friars ;
and flint-glass, not exceeded by that of Venice, was made
at the same time at the Savoy. About five years after,
the manufacture of knit stockings was introduced, in
consequence of the ingenuity of William Rider, an ap-
prentice on London bridge, who, happening to see a pair
from Mantua, at the house of an Italian, made another
pair exactly similar to them, which he presented to
William, Earl of Pembroke. The manufacture of
knives was shortly after begun by Thomas Matthews
of Fleet bridge, and has since eclipsed that manufac-
ture at Sheffield, where it was much earlier established.
Silk-wove stockings were first made from the invention
of Lee, a student at Oxford, in the reign of Elizabeth,
which reign forms so splendid an era in the commer-
cial and trading history of the metropolis. Coaches
were introduced in 1564, and in less than twenty years
they became an extensive article of manufacture. In the
following year, the manufacture of pins was begun, and
soon after that of needles. The making of "earthen
furnaces, earthen fire-pots, and earthen ovens trans-
portable," began about the 16th year of Elizabeth, an
Englishman of the name of Dyer having brought the
art from Spain; and in 1579, the same individual being
sent to Persia, at the expense of the city of London,
brought home the art of dyeing and weaving carpets.
In 1577, pocket-watches were imported from Nurem-
berg, in Germany, and the manufacture of them almost
immediately commenced. In the reign of Charles I.,
saltpetre was made in such quantities as not only to
supply the whole of England, but the greater part of
the Continent. The manufacture of silk, as well as
of various articles of plate, had also become extensive.
The printing of calicoes commenced in 1676, and about
the same time, weaving-looms were brought from Hol-
land. The other articles of manufacture, introduced
or practised in the metropolis about the same time, are
too numerous to particularise.
The silk manufactory, which, under its different modi-
fications, now affords employment to so many thousands,
was first established at Spitalfields, by the expelled
French Protestants, after the revocation of the edict of
Nantes, in 1685. Since that period the productions of
London have greatly increased, both in extent and value;
in articles of elegance and utility, such as cutlery, jew-
ellery, gold and silver ornaments, japan ware, cut glass,
cabinet work, &c., as well as commodities requiring a
great mart for their consumption, export, or sale, as
porter, English wines, vinegar, refined sugar, soap, &c.
In short, the manufactures of London, as well as its
commerce, are vast and flourishing, many of the goods
manufactured here surpassing in quality those of any
other part of the country. In the silk trade alone fifty
thousand persons are employed, and in most of the
light manufactures the number is proportionably great.
For the more scientific manufactures, such as those of
machinery, optical and mathematical instruments, &c.,
London has always been celebrated. Ship-building is
carried on to a great extent; and during the late war a
considerable number of frigates was built for the go-
vernment by private individuals, and with greater
rapidity than they could be completed in the Royal
Dock-yards.
"
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·
THE COMMERCIAL DOCKS, CANALS, &C.
Intimately connected with the commerce of the
metropolis is the establishment of enclosed docks,
which have yielded the most decided service to the
revenue and trade of the country. The former inse-
curity of property in the river, and the daring plunder
committed on it, led to the formation of them.
feet of water may be locked from two to three hours
after high water, and small vessels and lighters at all
periods of the tide; the total outlay attending the con-
struction of these docks (including the purchase of con-
siderable property, capable of returning its price on
re-sale,) amounted to £1,827,113. The warehousing,
bonding, and quay-room, are nearly equal to the London
Docks; and, from an improved construction of the ware-
houses, which are within a few feet of the docks and basin,
a considerable saving is effected in the expense of labour.
These docks are also enclosed with walls, and are en-
titled to all the privileges of the warehousing system,
and of legal quays, preventing goods lodged there, on
exportation, from being chargeable with the duties on
deficiencies. The Bermondsey Collier Dock is calculated
to relieve the river from an obstruction to navigation
by the number of small craft, which, in course of time,
must otherwise have prevented ships with general car-
goes approaching convenient places of discharge near
the Custom House, and which had been serious matter
of complaint for many years.
A
The West India Docks, which were the first con-
structed, are situated on what may be called the isthmus
of that peninsular part of the environs of London named
the Isle of Dogs, and communicate with the Thames at
Limehouse on the west, and at Blackwall on the east.
These docks were commenced on the 12th of June, 1800,
and finished in August 1802, occupying, with the ground
attached to them, an area of two hundred and four acres.
The import dock is two thousand six hundred feet long,
five hundred and ten broad, and twenty-nine feet
deep; the export dock is of the same dimensions, ex-
cept in breadth. Both docks are enclosed by walls five
feet thick, and surrounded by a series of very lofty and
extensive warehouses: they are stated to have cost
£12,000,000. The proprietors are an incorporated body,
under the title of the West India Dock Company. In
the vicinity is a school, established by the Company, for
instructing apprentices in the West India navigation,
whilst the vessels are in dock. Parallel with the docks
is a canal, which cost between £300,000 and £400,000,
to enable merchant vessels of any burden to avoid the
circuitous navigation round the Isle of Dogs. The East
India Docks, commenced in 1804, and completed in
1806, are lower down the river, but at no great distance
from the former, and, like them, consist of an import
and an export dock, the former about one thousand
four hundred feet long, and five hundred and sixty
wide; and the latter seven hundred and eighty feet long,
and five hundred and twenty wide; the depth of each is
thirty feet; and the space which they occupy is twenty-
eight acres: a basin was added to the export dock in 1817.
The largest dock is capable of containing, at one time,
twenty-eight Indiamen, with double that number of smaller
vessels. The goods from both these docks are conveyed
to town by a recently formed rail-way running parallel
with the Commercial road. The establishment of the
East and West India Docks, which afford employment
to many thousand individuals, has occasioned in their
immediate vicinity a very numerous resident population.
The London Dock.-This is also an extensive dock,
situated between Ratcliffe-highway and the Thames; it
covers twenty acres of ground, and belongs to a Com-
pany whose capital is £12,000,000. It is capable of
containing two hundred sail of merchantmen, and is
not appropriated to any particular branch of commerce.
It was opened February 1st, 1805, and is surrounded,
like the former, with immense warehouses, beneath
which are capacious cellars: another branch dock was
opened in 1827 or 1828. St. Katherine's Docks were
commenced in 1825, and completed in 1829, by the
merchants, shipowners, and traders of London, for
securing additional accommodation to the great increase
of shipping in the port, and a reduction in the rates and
charges. These docks receive annually about one thou-
sand four hundred merchant-vessels, besides craft for
loading and discharging; and afford an improved
mode of ingress and egress which no other docks
in the kingdom possess, as vessels drawing twenty
VOL. III.
It
Notwithstanding the greater part of the interior of
the kingdom being intersected with canals, the inland
navigation to the metropolis is at present confined;
owing, it is supposed, in a great measure, to the policy
which prohibits the carriage of coal by that convey-
ance, and which would be the grand inducement to un-
dertakings of this nature. The Paddington canal, which
was the first, was not opened till July 10th, 1800.
leads from Paddington, and unites with the Grand
Junction canal, whence the two are frequently men-
tioned by the joint name of the Grand Junction and
Paddington canal. From the basin at Paddington, it
extends nearly one hundred miles, to the Oxford canal
at Branston, in Northamptonshire, by which it is con-
nected with the Coventry and Birmingham canal, the
Grand Trunk canal, &c.; thus forming a regular line of
water conveyance from London into Lancashire and
Yorkshire; another branch of the Grand Junction
enters the Thames at Brentford. The Regent's canal
connects the Paddington Grand Junction, and other
canals west of London, with the Thames on the east, or
mercantile side of the city, and, skirting the northern
suburbs, has occasioned a vast influx of trade, with
its accompanying warehouses, wharfs, &c., at Pad-
dington, Battle-Bridge, the City road, and other places ;
it was opened August 1st, 1820: it branches out of the
Grand Junction at Paddington, and, passing by a tunnel
under Maida-hill, continues through the Regent's park and
St. Pancras' parish to Islington, when it passes through a
tunnel about three quarters of a mile long, immediately
under the village and the bed of the New River, to the
grand basin in the City-road, and proceeds on by Hoxton,
Hackney, and Mile-End, to Limehouse, uniting all the
principal canals in the kingdom with the Thames. The
whole length of this canal is nine miles, and within
that space are comprised twelve locks and thirty-
seven bridges the former are so admirably construct-
ed, that a large barge can pass through each in three
minutes and a half; they are capable of admitting
barges twenty-three feet long and fourteen wide: this
canal cost upwards of half a million of money, and was
seven years in construction: it was executed under the
superintendence of Mr. Nash. On the Surrey side of
the river is the Grand Surrey canal, which passes
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through the south-eastern suburbs, from Camberwell
to the Thames at the lower extremity of Rotherhithe.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS DEVOTED TO COMMERCE.
The Royal Exchange is situated on the northern side
of Cornhill. The entire building occupies an area two
hundred and three feet long, and one hundred and
seventy-one broad, and its erection cost £80,000. The
original Royal Exchange, at first named Britain's Bourse,
was founded, in 1566, by Sir Thomas Gresham, an
eminent merchant of London, nearly on the spot where
the ancient Tun prison stood; the merchants before
that time having had no suitable place in which to
assemble, and having been in consequence compelled to
meet in the open air. The building erected by Sir
Thomas was of brick and stone, with a lofty tower and
vane, somewhat similar to the present, but much infe-
rior in grandeur: this was destroyed by the great
fire in 1666; and the present building of Portland
stone was erected, in the reign of Charles II., from
the designs of an architect named Jerman. Its form
is quadrangular, the interior being surrounded by
piazzas, divided into walks, bearing the names of diffe-
rent countries, the merchants connected with which
generally assembling at those particular spots. Above
the piazza is an entablature, with sculptures of the ar-
morial bearings of the city companies, and other appro-
priate ornaments, and over these are twenty-four niches,
nineteen of which are occupied by statues of the En-
glish sovereigns, from Edward I. down to George III.;
Edward II., Richard II., Henry IV., and Richard III.,
being excluded; the statue of George III., occupying
the twentieth niche, having been taken down for re-
novation, was restored in September, 1830. Sir Thomas
Gresham's effigy, and that of Sir John Barnard, oc-
cupy niches within the piazza, the former at the north-
western, and the latter at the south-western, angle.
The open area is ornamentally paved with Turkey
stone, and is adorned in the centre with a statue in
white marble of Charles II., under whose auspices the
Exchange was rebuilt. The principal front, next Corn-
hill, is very noble, extending two hundred and ten feet
in length, with a stately piazza, a lofty central gate-
way, which opens into the area, and ornamented with
statues, bas-reliefs, and other embellishments; a
newly-erected triple-stoned tower rises above the gate-
way, with a circular peristyle, or colonnade, of eight
Corinthian columns, surrounded with an entablature
and dome surmounted by a lofty vane and gilt grass-
hopper, the crest of the founder. The north front next
Threadneedle-street has also a piazza, and a gateway in
the centre, corresponding with the one opposite. The
galleries over the four sides of the building were origin-
ally divided into two hundred shops; but they are now
occupied by the Royal Exchange Assurance and other
offices, and, till their removal to the London Institution,
the Gresham Lecture-rooms; also Lloyd's coffee-house,
which is celebrated as a place of meeting for under-
writers and insurance brokers: they comprise two sepa-
rate suites of extensive rooms, one of which is public,
and the other exclusively appropriated to subscribers,
who pay a premiun of twenty-five pounds upon admis-
sion, and four guineas annually, these sums forming a
fund for the general purposes of the establishment,
which has agents for the protection of the commercial
interest of its subscribers all over the world.
Bank of England.-The business of this great na-
tional corporation was originally transacted at Grocers'
Hall, Poultry. In the year 1732, the first stone of a
more splendid edifice comprising the central part of the
present building was laid, on the site of the house and
garden of Sir John Houblon, the first governor. The
eastern wing was completed about the year 1786, by
the late Sir Robert Taylor, the north front, and the side
towards Princes-street, were added from designs by Mr.
Soane in 1825, when considerable alterations and im-
provements were made throughout the whole of the
interior. The whole building forms an immense edifice,
chiefly of stone. The principal entrance is opposite
Bank buildings; the front consists of a centre of the
modern Ionic order, and two extensive wings, orna-
mented with a colonnade. The interior comprises nu-
merous apartments appropriated to different branches of
the establishment; amongst which are, the Rotunda, a
large circular apartment, principally used by the stock-
brokers for transacting business in the public funds;
the hall, in which the bank notes are issued and ex-
changed; the chief cashier's office, a noble apartment,
in imitation of the Temple of the Sun and Moon at
Rome; and the three per cents. warrant-office, an
oblong room, with a vaulted ceiling supported by deco-
rated piers, and having a handsome dome resting on
caryatides in the centre, the whole being constructed
without timber; and various other offices too numer-
ous to particularise: the entire buildings are included in
an area of irregular quadrangular form, the exterior wall
of which measures three hundred and sixty-five feet in
front, or on the southern side, four hundred and forty
feet on the western side, four hundred and ten feet on
the northern side, and two hundred and forty-five feet
on the eastern side. This area comprises, together with
the various buildings and offices, eight open courts:
there are also underground apartments stored with bul-
lion, coin, &c.
The Stock Exchange stands in Capel-court, opposite the
eastern entrance to the Bank. It was completed in 1804,
from a design by Mr. James Peacock. The business
transacted here relates solely to the purchase and sale of
stock in the public funds, Exchequer bills, India bonds,
and other securities, an additional building having subse-
quently been erected for the transfer of foreign stock.
Ön the east side of the great room is a recess with an
elevated desk, for the use of the commissioners for the
redemption of the national debt, who make their purchases
four times a week: viz., on Monday, Wednesday, Thurs -
day, and Friday, at the hour of twelve precisely. No
person can transact business but those who are balloted
for annually by a committee, who, on being chosen,
subscribe ten guineas each: the number of Jew brokers
is limited to twelve, who, before they are entitled to
admission, must purchase a ticket of the lord mayor,
which, on a vacancy occurring, is sold to him who will
give the greatest sum, it being a perquisite of the lord
mayor's for the time being: the tickets generally pro-
ducing from £1200 to £ 1500 each.
The South Sea House, or, House of the South Sea
Company, first incorporated in 1711, for the purpose of
an exclusive trade to the south seas, is a substantial and
handsome building of brick, ornamented with Portland
stone: the entrance is by a gateway, with a noble
front, leading into a court having a piazza, formed by
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Doric columns. The interior is grand and commodious,
the court-room being particularly lofty, spacious, and
elegant. The concerns of this company are managed
by a governor, sub-governor, and twelve directors,
annually elected.
East India House. The present East India House,
situated on the south side of Leadenhall-street, comprises
the principal offices of the East India Company, where
their courts are held, and all official and general business
transacted; and, as a public structure, it ranks among
the most magnificent in the city. In consequence of
the important additions to the old building erected in
1726, made under the superintendence of Mr. Jupp, and
consisting of the centre and the west wing, with other
important parts, adjoining Leadenhall-street, the whole
may now be considered as almost a new edifice. The
front, which is of stone, is about two hundred feet long:
in the centre is a lofty portico of six fluted Ionic co-
lumns, the frieze of which is sculptured with antique
ornaments, and above is a pediment, containing a group
of figures in alto relievo by Bacon, emblematical of the
commerce of the company. On the apex of the pedi-
On the apex of the pedi-
ment is a figure of Britannia, and at the angles are
figures emblematic of Europe and Asia. The wings
have arched basement windows, with square windows
above, and are surmounted by a handsome balustrade.
The back, and part of the western side, of the building,
are wholly enclosed by houses. The interior consists of
a great number of apartments and offices, several of the
former being of large dimensions and noble architec-
ture. Those particularly worthy of observation, are the
grand court-room, the new sale-room, the old sale-room,
the rooms for the committee of correspondence, the
library and the museum; all of them embellished either
with emblematical designs and paintings illustrative of
commerce, statues and portraits of distinguished indi-
viduals who have been connected with the company,
or with India generally, views of Indian scenery, or
architectural ornaments. The library contains a fine
collection of Indian and Chinese manuscripts, together
with every book that has been published respecting Asia.
The museum, which adjoins it, contains models of Indian
and Gentoo idols; the library of the late Tippoo Saib
with his armour, and other trophies taken from that
sovereign at Seringapatam; and abounds with Indian
curiosities of every description. Connected with the
business of the East India House are the extensive
warehouses of the company, situated in New-street,
Bishopsgate, Fenchurch-street, Crutched-Friars, and
various other parts of London. The men employed
are embodied into three regiments of Infantry, called
"The Royal East India Volunteers," of which the supe-
rior clerks and officers in the company's service form
the staff. In these warehouses teas, indigo, silks, china,
crape, and other imported goods are deposited. The
great height of these buildings, forming entire streets
within themselves, with the multitude of windows, and
of cranes for drawing up goods, combine to give an
imposing idea of the commerce of this most important
establishment.
M
present situation since the destruction of the former
edifice by fire in 1814: it was begun in 1815, from a
design by Mr. David Laing, and occupies an immense
extent of ground, reaching from Billingsgate eastward,
nearly to the site of the former Custom House. It is
four hundred and eighty-nine feet long, by one hundred
and seven feet wide; the whole cost of the erection being
£167,050. The south front, next the river, is of Port-
land stone: the central compartment, which comprises
the Long-room only, was at first quite plain, but this
part of the building having lately sunk, from some defect
in the foundation, it has been rebuilt in a more orna-
mented style, having a noble colonnade standing on a
projecting basement, and surmounted by an open gal-
lery with balustrades: the façade of each of the wings
is enriched also with a colonnade of six Ionic columns
to correspond. The interior contains an immense num-
ber of apartments and offices appropriated to the vast
extent of business carried on in them: the principal is
the Long-room already mentioned, which is of astonish-
ing extent, its length being one hundred and ninety feet,
its breadth sixty-six feet, and the height about fifty-five
feet. Beneath this immense edifice are equally extensive
vaults and store-cellars. Attached to the establishment
are about six hundred and fifty clerks and officers, be-
sides one thousand tide-waiters and servants.
The Corn Exchange, instituted as a mart for the dis-
posal of all kinds of grain through the medium of corn-
factors, until very lately consisted only of a handsome
brick building, on the east side of Mark-lane ; but the
vast increase of business requiring additional space, a
new and commodious edifice of stone was erected in
1828, adjoining the former. The principal façade con-
sists of a centre and two wings with a portico of six
fluted Grecian Doric columns, supporting an entablature
wreathed with chaplets of wheat-ears, and a cornice
charged with lions' heads, the whole being surmounted
by a blocking-course over the centre is a large pe-
destal crowned with a cornice, above which are the royal
arms sculptured in stone, with ploughs and other
emblems of agriculture. The roof rests on entablatures
supported by twelve columns, their capitals being
composed of wheat-sheaves. The market is held on
Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; the first being the
principal day.
Custom House.-The Custom House, or place
where all the king's duties are collected on goods im-
ported to, or exported from, London, stands on the
north bank of the river, at a small distance to the
westward of the Tower, having been removed to its
The Coal Exchange is situated in Thames-street, and
comprises a spacious rotunda, with convenient divisions
for the business of the coal merchants and dealers. It
forms a small square, surrounded by an open arcade,
and has a handsome front.
The Excise Office, in Broad-street, is a spacious and
noble building, erected in 1763, to which the business
of the excise, established in 1643, and at first carried on
in the Old Jewry, was transferred. In this office the
town business of the excise is transacted, by nine com-
missioners, having under them numerous clerks and
officers. It consists of two ranges of building, one of
stone, the other of brick, separated from each other by
a large yard. From the centre of each of these ranges,
passages and staircases lead to the apartments of the
commissioners and clerks.
The Commercial Hall, situated in Mincing-lane, is an
elegant structure, erected by subscription in 1811, for
the sale of the various kinds of colonial produce. The
front is of Portland stone, ornamented with six attached
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Ionic columns rising from the lower story, and support-
ing an entablature; between them are five emblematic
devices, executed by Bubb, representing Britannia, Hus-
bandry, Science, Commerce, and Navigation. The in-
terior, which is of considerable extent, contains five
public sale-rooms, a large coffee-room, several shew-
rooms, and numerous counting-houses let to various
merchants.
-
have been taken down as far as St. Anne's lane; and
it is presumed, that at least an equal area will be
cleared on the south, by removing the few houses
which still remain, and obstruct the approach from
Cheapside. The façade towards St. Martin's-le-Grand
is the only one in which there is any architectural dis-
play, and this is confined to three porticos of the Ionic
order, one at each end consisting of four columns, and
one in the centre of six, the latter being surmounted by
a pediment; on the frieze over the columns is the in-
Under
scription, Georgio Quarto Rege, MDCCCXXIX.
the central portico, by an ascent of several steps, is the
entrance to the grand public hall of the establishment,
which extends through the building into. Foster-lane,
being eighty feet long, by about sixty feet wide, and
divided by Ionic columns, into a centre and two aisles:
the centre rises to the height of about fifty-three feet,
and admits of a dwarf, or attic pilastrade over the prin-
cipal order, the intervals of which are glazed for the
admission of light. In the northern aisle are the Inland,
American, Ship-letter, and Newspaper offices; and at
the eastern end is a staircase leading to the Letter-bill,
In the
Dead, Mis-sent, and Returned, letter offices.
southern are the Foreign and Two-penny post depart-
ments, the Offices of the Receiver-General and Ac-
countant, and the entrance to the Assistant-Secretary's
official residence. North of the centre, and in the east-
ern front, is the entrance, or vestibule, where the bags
are received from the mails. Communicating with the
vestibule is the Inland office, eighty-eight feet long,
fifty-six wide, and twenty-eight high; and adjoining it
is that of letter carriers, one hundred and three feet
long, thirty-five wide, and thirty-three high. The West
India letters have an office appropriated expressly to
them, on the eastern side. Near which are the Comp-
troller's and Mail coach offices. The communication
between the apartments in the northern and southern
divisions of the building is by a subterraneous passage
beneath the Great Hall, in which the letters from one
department to another are conveyed by machinery, in-
vented by Mr. Barrow. The Inland office may be re-
gulated to any temperature by a warm air-apparatus,
designed and fixed by Mr. Sylvester. On the first floor
are the Board-room, the Secretary's rooms, and the
Secretary's clerks' office; the Solicitor's office, and those
for the Letter-bill, Dead, Mis-sent, and Returned, let-
On the second and third stories are lodging-
ters.
rooms for the clerks of the foreign office, it being
necessary, from the uncertainty of the time of arrival
of the mails, that they should be always on the spot.
On the basement, which is vaulted, and therefore fire-
proof, are the mail guards' room and armoury; the
servants' offices; the apparatus for warming the patent
gasometer by the Messrs. Crossleys, large enough to
register four thousand cubic feet of gas per hour; and
a "governor," by Mr. Clegg, for regulating the supply
of gas to nearly a thousand argand burners: the gas is
supplied by the City of London Gas Company. The
business is very extensive and complicated. The building
is divided into―The Inland Office, in which, according
to a return for January, 1829, there are one hundred and
thirteen clerks and other persons ordinarily in attendance
at the morning duty, and one hundred and nineteen at
the evening duty; the Returned Letter Office, in which
there are an inspectorand nine clerks; the Foreign Office,
The Auction Mart, Bartholomew-lane, was opened in
1810, principally for the sale of landed property by
public auction: it is constructed of Portland stone,
and, though not very large, is unsurpassed in the metro-
polis for airiness, lightness, and gracefulness of design.
The internal arrangements, too, are all upon a plan
which unites elegance with utility. Previously to the
erection of this edifice, the principal sales took place at
Garraway's Coffee-house, in Change-alley, where a great
part of the business is still transacted. At the Mart,
particulars of all sales are preserved for the sake of
public reference, as are also all charters and legislative
enactments regarding canals, rail-roads, bridges, &c.
Trinity House, Tower Hill.-This corporation was
originally established at Deptford, under the title of
"The Master, Wardens, and Assistants of the Guild or
Fraternity of the most Glorious and Undivided Trinity,
and of St. Clement, in the parish of Deptford Strand,
in the county of Kent." It was incorporated by
Henry VIII., in the year 1516, at a period when the
English navy began to assume an ascendancy, as a
sort of guardian of the shipping, military and commer-
cial, being for that purpose endowed with extensive
powers, which it still exercises. The members examine
those children in Christ's Hospital intended for the sea
service, and the masters of king's ships, appoint pilots
for the Thames, and settle the rate of pilotage, erect
lighthouses and land-marks, grant licenses to poor sea-
men, not free of the city, to navigate on the Thames;
besides transacting a variety of other business connected
with that river, and maritime affairs generally. The
originator of this establishment was Sir Thomas Spert,
comptroller of the navy, and commander of the Harry
Grace de Dieu. The house which the company after-
wards occupied in Water-lane, near the Custom House,
being found inconvenient, the present structure was
completed from a design by Mr. Wyatt, in 1795. It is
built of stone, in the purest style of Grecian architec-
ture: within are several handsome apartments, and, hav-
ing the advantage of a rising ground for its site, and
a fine area in front, it deservedly ranks among the finest
buildings of the metropolis.
Post-Office. The necessity for the removal of this
establishment from its former confined situation in Lom-
bard-street having long been urgent, an act was passed
in 1815, for the erection of a new post-office, which
was completed in 1829, from a design by Mr. Smirke,
a great portion of the interval having been consumed
in the purchase and removal of the houses which were
crowded upon its site. This building is an isolated
massive structure of large dimensions, composed exter-
nally of Portland stone, being about three hundred and
eighty-nine feet long, one hundred and thirty broad,
and sixty-four high, standing in an enclosed area of
irregular figure, at the junction of the street called St.
Martin's-le-Grand with Newgate-street, a central and
convenient situation. The old buildings on the north
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in which there are a comptroller and deputy, and six-
teen clerks and sorters, including the West India office;
the Letter-Bill Office, in which there are a superinten-
dent and seven clerks; the Bye-Letter Office, in which
there are an accountant and four clerks; besides the
offices of the Receiver-General, the Accountant-General,
the Surveyor and Superintendent of Mail coaches, and
the Secretary, in which there are nearly fifty persons,
making a total of nearly three hundred and fifty persons
engaged in this important establishment.
The business of the Two-penny Post, which applies
exclusively to London and its immediate vicinity, forms
only a branch of the General Post-Office. The prin-
cipal office being in Gerrard-st. Soho. The returns of
the Commissioners of Revenue Enquiry afford a re-
markable proof of the convenience of this mode of
conveying letters through the metropolis and its vici-
nity, by exhibiting the great extent of business which
is thus transacted. From them it appears that the
average number of letters passing daily through the
Two-penny Post-Office, taking May as the period when
the returns are prepared, is forty thousand. This ac-
count includes soldiers' and sailors' letters and news-
papers, as well as those letters which are either deli-
vered to, or from, the General Post-Office by the Two-
penny Post.
There are six collections and deliveries of
letters in town daily, Sundays excepted; and there are
two despatches from, and three deliveries at, most places
in the country within the limits of this office. Besides
the principal office, there are scattered through the
town and its environs about fifty receiving-houses for
the General Post-Office, and upwards of one hundred
for the Two-penny Post.
FAIRS AND MARKETS.
London has at present only one fair, well known by
the name of Bartholomew fair, which, though anciently
famous for the sale of cloth and other commodities, is
now resorted to merely for amusement: it was granted
by Henry II. to the prior and convent of St. Bartholo-
mew, and its opening is proclaimed by the lord mayor
in civic state, on the 3rd of September, after which it
continues three more days, a court of pie-powder being
held during the time. The markets, held in different
parts of the metropolis, amount to sixteen flesh mar-
kets, and twenty-five for corn, hay, vegetables, &c.
Smithfield is the grand mart for the sale of live stock,
which takes place on Mondays and Thursdays, on which
latter day there is also one for horses: upwards of one
hundred thousand bullocks, and eight hundred thou-
sand sheep, are, on an average, annually sold here.
Newgate, Leadenhall, and Whitechapel markets, are the
principal wholesale markets for butchers' meat, and the
two former for poultry; Leadenhall and the Borough
markets are the only skin markets within the bills of
mortality; and at both Leadenhall and Newgate mar-
kets are sold pigs and poultry, killed in the country, with
fresh butter, eggs, &c., to an immense amount. Covent
Garden market is celebrated for its early and abundant
supply of fruit, vegetables, herbs, and flowers. Farring-
don market (formerly Fleet market), Spitalfields market,
the Borough market, and Finsbury market, at least the
three former, are noted for supplying an abundance of
the commoner vegetables and fruit; and Farringdon,
Newport, and Clare, markets for home-killed butchers'
meat. The only market in London, exclusively for the
sale of fish, is that of Billingsgate, but it is in contem-
plation to establish another on the site of Hungerford
market, Strand. Billingsgate is principally supplied by
fishing boats and smacks from various parts, and partly
with fresh fish by land carriage. There are various less
extensive markets for the sale of butchers' meat, &c.
The incommodious and mean buildings which crowded
the large area of Covent Garden have all been re-
moved, and a new and handsome market-place com-
pleted at the cost of the Duke of Bedford, who is the
sole proprietor. It consists of three principal ranges
of building, extending in length from east to west, the
external fronts of the northernmost and southernmost
ranges of which, as well as the west end of the centre
one, being adorned with a colonnade of the Tuscan
order, supporting a neat balustrade, and having a wide
gateway in the centre. Down the middle of the central
range is a handsome arcade, having shops on each side,
the western extremity of which is immediately opposite
to the front of St. Paul's church, the eastern to the
end of Russell-street. The eastern end of these three
ranges are connected by a terrace supported upon rows
of baseless Tuscan columns, of single blocks of granite,
like those of the colonnades, forming a pleasant pro-
menade among flowers and plants tastefully arranged
for sale. One flight of steps leads up to this terrace
from the end of each of the two outer ranges of build-
ing, and two from that of the centre one. A great part
of the space between the central and the northern ranges
is roofed. The whole of the enclosed area is paved
with flag-stones; and it is surrounded by a spacious
carriage way.
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The corporation of the city of London were autho-
rised, by an act of parliament passed in 1814, to re-
move the old Fleet market, and to erect a new one.
The execution of this public improvement was confided
to a committee, who obtained a new site, cleared away
the houses upon it, erected suitable buildings, and at
length completed the numerous other necessary arrange-
ments, so as to enable the corporation to open the
new market for business on November 20th, 1829. It
forms a handsome and elevated quadrangle of two
hundred and thirty-two feet by one hundred and fifty,
standing on a surface of one acre and a half. The pur-
chase of houses, &c., is stated to have cost £200,000 ;
the building of the market-house, including paviours'
accounts, &c., £80,000. The avenue, under which are
the shops of the dealers, and which extends round
three sides of the market-place, is twenty-five feet high,
to what are technically called the tie-beams, with ven-
tilators ranged at equal distances. In the centre of the
roof of the principal avenue are placed a turret and
clock, the latter illuminated at night with gas. The chief
entrance is by two principal gates, for wagons, &c.,
in Stone-cutter-street, which has been made double its
former width; and there are two smaller ones for foot-
passengers: eighteen large gas lamps are placed in the
centre of the market-place. Eatables only are permitted
to be bought and sold in this market. The old mar-
ket-place having been entirely removed, and the street
repaved, it forms a fine line in connexion with Bridge-
street, and Great Surrey-street; being in the whole
considerably more than a mile in length, and it is in
contemplation to continue the line of road to Islington.
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MUNICIPALITY AND LEGAL JURISDICTION.
CITY.—The City of London, properly so called, con-
sists of that part anciently within the walls, together
with that termed the Liberties, which immediately sur-
round them: the liberties are encompassed by an irre-
gular line, called the line of separation, which is the
boundary line between them and the county of Mid-
dlesex. Their superficial extent does not exceed three
hundred acres; their boundaries are marked by the Bars,
which formerly consisted of posts and chains, but are
now marked by lofty stone obelisks, bearing the city
arms, which may be seen eastward, in Whitechapel, the
Minories, and Bishopsgate-street; northward, in Gos-
well-street, at the end of Fan-alley, and in St. John's-
street; and westward, at Middle-row, Holborn; while
at the western end of Fleet-street, the boundary is the
stone-gateway called Temple Bar.
The grand division of the city is into twenty-five
wards, exclusively of Bridge ward Without. The num-
ber of wards, which in 1285 has been stated to have
been twenty-four, was, by the division of Farringdon
ward into two wards in the 17th of Richard II., aug-
mented to twenty-five; and when, in 1550, the liber-
ties of the borough of Southwark were granted to the
city, they were constituted a twenty-sixth ward, by
the name of Bridge ward Without; and this number
has continued ever since. Of these wards, exclusively
of the last mentioned, thirteen are on the east, and
twelve on the west, side of Walbrook. Their names are
as follows:-Aldersgate (Within and Without), Ald-
gate, Bassishaw, Billingsgate, Bishopsgate (Within and
Without), Bread-street, Bridge (Within), Broad-street,
Candlewick, Castle-Baynard, Cheap, Coleman-street,
Cordwainers' Cornhill, Cripplegate (Within and Without),
Dowgate, Farringdon (Within), Farringdon (Without),
Langbourn, Lime-street, Portsoken, Queen-hythe, Tower-
street, Vintry, Walbrook: the wards are subdivided into
several precincts, each of which returns one common
council-man; the total number of precincts being two
hundred and thirty-six.
Aldersgate ward derived its name from the city gate,
called Aldersgate, which has been thought by some
antiquaries to have taken that denomination from
being the oldest gate, by others from the alder-trees
which anciently grew in the marshy soil in that neigh-
bourhood. It comprises two divisions and adjoins
Cripplegate and Farringdon wards, has eight precincts
(four in each division), and includes, among its principal
thoroughfares, Aldersgate-street, Foster-lane, Noble-
street, Little Britain, and the liberty of St. Martin's-le-
Grand it has an alderman, two deputies (one within
the gates, and the other without), eight common council-
men, and inferior officers.
:
Aldgate ward is denominated from the gate of the
same name. Its precincts are seven; and its principal
streets, Aldgate and the eastern parts of Leadenhall and
Fenchurch streets it is under the superintendence of
an alderman, a deputy, six common council-men, includ-
ing the deputy, and inferior officers.
Bassishaw ward, the smallest in the city, contains
only two precincts, and consists principally of one large
street, called Basinghall-street, the name of which is a
corruption of Basings haugh, or hall, a large mansion
here, formerly belonging to the family of the Basings:
it has an alderman, a deputy, four common council-men,
and inferior officers.
Billingsgate ward, situated on the side of the
Thames, is divided into twelve precincts, and is go-
verned by an alderman, ten common council-men, and
inferior officers.
Bishopsgate ward took its name from the gate
which stood almost in the centre of it, between the ends
of Camomile-street and Wormwood-street, dividing it
into two divisions Within and Without. It has nine
precincts, five within, and four without, the gate. The
principal streets are Bishopsgate-street and part of
Fenchurch-street. The buildings in this ward are
among the most ancient in the metropolis; the great
fire of 1666 not having extended far in this direction,
and not at all to that part of the ward situated without
the gate. It has an alderman, two deputies (one within
the gate, the other without), six common council-men,
and inferior officers.
Bread-street ward is situated nearly in the centre of
the city, between the ward of Farringdon Within, and
Cordwainers', Queen-hythe, and Castle-Baynard wards.
It takes its name from the bread market formerly held
on the present site of Bread-street, the bakers anciently
not being allowed to sell bread in their shops or houses,
but only in the open market. The number of precincts
is twelve; and the principal thoroughfares are Watling-
street, with the streets in the same line to Old Fish-
street, part of the south side of Cheapside, and several
of the cross streets between the two: it has an alder-
man, a deputy, twelve common council-men, and inferior
officers.
Bridge ward Within, so named from its contiguity
to London bridge (which, at the time it had houses upon
it, formed three of its precincts), is divided into fourteen
precincts; the principal streets being Fish-street-hill,
part of Gracechurch-street, Upper and Lower Thames-
street, and Eastcheap: it has an alderman, a deputy,
and fifteen common councilmen, including the deputy,
with inferior officers.
Bridge ward Without, although so long annexed to
London, was never entirely incorporated with it, and is
wholly unrepresented in the common council. Its
civil government is administered by a steward and a
bailiff, appointed by the court of the lord mayor and
aldermen. The Surrey magistrates, notwithstanding
the royal grants to the city, retain the power of
appointing constables, and licensing victuallers, and
exercise other powers of justices of the peace for the
county within the limits of the ward. This ward in-
cludes nearly the whole of the borough of Southwark,
and extends to Newington on the south, almost as far
as Lambeth westward, and to Rotherhithe on the east,
having the Thames on its northern side. The principal
streets are, the Borough High-street, which is continued
southward by St. Margaret's hill and Blackman-street,
Kent-street, the new Dovor road, Tooley-street, and
Union-street: there are, besides, numerous others, se-
veral of which are of considerable length, and the great
thoroughfares are inhabited by respectable and wealthy
tradesmen. The alderman who nominally governs this
ward has the title of "Father of the City." Whenever
a vacancy occurs in the aldermanry it is customary for
the lord mayor and aldermen to appoint to it the senior
alderman; this nominal office being regarded as an ho-
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135
*
nourable sinecure, which relieves him from the fatigues
of office. That portion of the borough of Southwark
situated without the city jurisdiction, or borough liberty,
is called the Clink liberty, and is under the jurisdiction
of the Bishop of Winchester, who appoints a steward
and bailiff for its government.
Broad-street ward is so denominated from a strect
in it which obtained the name of Broad-street from
being, before the fire, one of the widest within the walls:
its precincts are ten, and include within their limits
Old Broad-street, Threadneedle-street, Bartholomew
lane, Throgmorton-street, Great and Little Winchester-
streets, Austin-Friars, and part of Leadenhall-street :
the inhabitants elect an alderman, a deputy, and nine
common council-men, with inférior officers.
<
Candlewick ward, which took its name from Candle-
wick (now Canon) street, formerly much occupied by
wax and tallow chandlers, is a small ward divided in-
to seven precincts, the principal streets of which are,
Great Eastcheap, and the west end of Cannon-street:
it has an alderman, a deputy, seven common council-
men and inferior officers.
wainers'-street, now Bow-lane, which was formerly a
great mart for curriers, shoemakers, and others working
in leather. It has eight precincts, the principal streets
being Watling-street, Bow-lane, and Queen-street; and
the inhabitants elect an alderman, nine common coun-
cil-men, and inferior officers.
Castle-Baynard ward takes its name from the an-
cient castle which stood on the site of the present
Carron wharf, and was originally built by William
Baynard, a soldier of fortune, who accompanied the
Norman William in his invasion of England. It after-
wards passed into the hands of the Fitz-Walters, who
make a prominent figure in the early history of London,
and who possessed, by virtue of this castellanship, the
honour of being hereditary standard-bearers to the city.
The soke, or liberty, anciently attached to this castle,
forms the present ward, which is divided into ten pre-
cincts; the principal streets being, the west end of
Upper Thames-street, St. Peter's-hill, St. Bene't's-hill,
Sermon and Carter lanes, Paul's chain, part of St. Paul's
churchyard, and the east sides of Creed, Ave-Maria, and
Warwick lanes: it has an alderman, ten common
council-men, and inferior officers.
Cheap ward, situated in the centre of the city, takes
its name from the Saxon word Chepe, signifying a mar-
ket;
the present Cheapside having been anciently called
"West Chepe," to distinguish it from another market
called "East Chepe." Before the street called Wal-
brook, which intersects this ward, was covered in,
barges were towed up it from the Thames, as far as
Bucklersbury. It is divided into nine precincts: the
east end of Cheapside, the Poultry, parts of Queen-street,
Pancras, Ironmonger, Lawrence, and Bow lanes, King-
street, and the north side of Cateaton-street, with
Honey-lane market, form the principal thoroughfares of
this ward, which is under the government of an alder-
man, twelve common council-men, and inferior officers.
The standard, or cross, in Chepe, is familiar to the
readers of civic history as the ancient place of execu-
tion within the city.
Cornhill ward is named from the principal street in
it, which was anciently the great city market for corn;
the precincts are four. The extent of this ward is
small, the principal thoroughfare being Cornhill, which
is a spacious street of large well-built houses, and part
of the great central thoroughfare through the city: it
has an alderman, a deputy, and six common council-
men, including the deputy, with inferior officers.
Cripplegate ward took its name from the city gate,
called Cripplegate; it comprises two divisions, Cripple-
gate Within, and Cripplegate Without, the walls. It ad-
joins Cheap, Bassishaw, and Coleman-street wards, and
contains thirteen precincts, including, amongst its prin-
cipal streets, Fore-street, White, and Red, Cross streets,
part of Jewin-street, and Barbican, and has an alder-
man, and (Within the walls) eight common council-men,
and (Without the walls) four common council-men, with
inferior officers.
Dowgate ward, supposed by some antiquaries to
take its name from dwyr-gate, meaning, in the ancient
British language, Water gate, which is by Stowe sup-
posed to have been the trajectus, or ferry across the
Thames, in the line of the Watling-street, has eight
precincts. This ward extends from Martin's-lane on
the east, to Cloak-lane on the west; and from Cannon-
street on the north, to the Thames on the south, nearly
in the form of a square, within which space are con-
tained Dowgate-hill and Dowgate-dock, the Steel-yard,
St. Lawrence-Pountney-hill, Duckfoot-lane, Suffolk-lane,
Bush-lane, Chequer-yard, and Cloak-lane: it has an
alderman, eight common council-men, and inferior
officers.
Farringdon wards (Within and Without) were origin-
ally but one ward, the aldermanry of which was pur-
chased by a family of that name. It was divided into
two wards in the 17th of Richard II. Farringdon ward
Within comprehends that part of the city which lay
immediately within the walls, on the western side. Far-
ringdon ward Without includes all that part which
lay without the walls, to the westward, as far as Tem-
ple Bar: the former contains seventeen precincts, the
latter sixteen; and the two wards include a consi-
derable number of the principal thoroughfares of the
town: viz., Ludgate-hill, Fleet-street, part of Cheap-
side, St. Paul's churchyard, Hatton Garden, Skinner and
Newgate streets, and West Smithfield; besides the
whole of Black and White Friars, St. Paul's cathedral,
Christ's hospital, and numerous other buildings, impor-
tant places, and objects. Farringdon ward Within, re-
turns an alderman, a deputy, and eight common council-
men; and Farringdon ward Without, an alderman, three
deputies, and sixteen common council-men; inferior
officers are appointed for each ward respectively.
Coleman-street ward is so called from Coleman-
street, the principal street in it, and supposed to de-
rive its name from a family of the name of Coleman,
who lie buried in St. Margaret's church, Lothbury, who Langbourn ward takes its name from a brook that
might have been the builders, owners, or principal inha- formerly ran from Fenchurch-street to the Thames; the
bitants of that part of the city. It contains six pre- stream spread so much near the head of the spring,
cincts, and is governed by an alderman, a deputy, six that the neighbourhood received from it the name of
common council-men, and inferior officers.
Fenny about ;" and this circumstance is still perpetu-
Cordwainers' ward derives its name from Cord- ated in the name of Fenchurch-street. It is divided into
rr
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136
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twelve precincts: the principal streets are, Fenchurch-
street and Leadenhall-street: an alderman, a deputy,
ten common council-men, and inferior officers, are ap-
pointed for its government.
Lime-street ward is said to have received its name
from the making and selling of lime here; or, accord-
ing to others, from lime trees having been anciently
planted on the spot. Though small, this ward includes
parts of several parishes: it has four precincts, and its
principal streets are, Lime-street and a part of Leaden-
hall-street: an alderman, a deputy, and four common
council-men, including the deputy, with inferior officers,
are appointed.
Portsoken ward takes its name from being situated
without the wall, or gate, of the city, the word portsoken
signifying the franchise ad Portam. It anciently included
a considerable part of the Tower liberties: it is divided
into five precincts, the principal streets within which are
Whitechapel (as far as the bars), part of Aldgate High-
street, the Minories, and Hounsditch; it has an alder-
man, a deputy, five common council-men, including the
deputy, and inferior officers.
Queen-hythe ward takes its name from the harbour
of Queen-hythe, which was formerly a principal place
of loading and unloading goods, and was so called
because the customs payable there were assigned by
King John to his queen Eleanor, and to the queens of
England who should succeed her, for their private use.
The ground, for a considerable space around the har-
bour, formed a soke, which was governed by the queen's
bailiffs. In the time of Henry III., however, it came
into the hands of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, who con-
veyed it, in return for an annuity, to the Mayor and
Corporation of London. It lies between Dowgate and
Castle-Baynard wards, on the banks of the Thames; it
has six precincts, and its principal street is part of
Upper Thames-street: the inhabitants appoint an alder-
man, six common council-men, and inferior officers.
Tower ward is the first in the eastern part of the
city within the walls, and takes its name from its vici-
nity to the Tower. The precincts are twelve, and its
principal streets are, Tower-street and a part of Thames
street the inhabitants elect an alderman, twelve com-
mon council-men, and subordinate officers.
Vintry ward comprises a space on the northern bank
of the Thames, where the merchants of Bourdeaux for
merly bonded and sold their wines. This spot was at
the south end of Three Cranes-lane, so called from the
cranes with which the wine was landed; and at the
north-eastern corner of this lane, in Thames-street, op-
posite to College-hill, anciently stood a spacious and
stately edifice, called the Vintry, from its being appro-
priated to the stowage of wine. It is divided into
nine precincts, the principal streets being part of Upper
Thames-street, part of Queen-street, Great St. Thomas
the Apostle, Garlick-hill, and College-hill: it has an al-
derman, nine common council-men, and inferior officers.
Walbrook ward was so called from the brook which
intersected the city wall at Dowgate, and flowed into the
Thames; it has seven precincts, the principal streets
and lanes in which are Walbrook, Bucklersbury, Budge-
row, Dowgate-hill, Cannon-street Bearbinder-lane, St.
Swithin's-lane, and the west end of Lombard-street :
the inhabitants elect an alderman, eight common coun-
cil-men, and officers.
LONDONIARY
SIGE
Corporate Seal.

IGHLI
NOT WANON
D
позна
OPTIM
CIVES
MPE
LONDINI
SAMOSTAT CONTE
Obverse.
Reverse.
The entire civil government of London is vested,
by successive charters of the English sovereigns, in
its own corporation, or body of citizens, confirmed,
for the last time, by a charter passed in the 23rd of
George II. As then settled, the corporation consists of
the lord mayor, two sheriffs for London and Middlesex
conjointly, twenty-six aldermen, the common council-
men of the several wards, and the livery; assisted by
a recorder, chamberlain, common serjeant, comptroller,
city remembrancer, town-clerk, and various other officers.
The Lord Mayor is elected annually on the 29th of
September: the livery in Guildhall, or common assem-
bly, choose two aldermen by shew of hands, who are
presented to a court called the Court of Lord Mayor
and Aldermen, by whom one of the aldermen so chosen
(usually the senior) is declared lord mayor elect, and on
the 9th of November following he enters on his office.
He is supreme magistrate of the city: his title, since
the reign of Edward III., has been "The Rt. Hon.
The Lord Mayor." It is necessary that the nominee
shall be free of one of the great city companies, shall
have served the office of sheriff, and be alderman at
the time of election. The prerogatives are of great
extent and importance: as the immediate representative
of the Sovereign, the lord mayor takes precedence of
every other subject within the limits of the city, and, in
the event of the monarch's decease, becomes the first
officer in the realm, takes his seat at the privy council
board, and signs before all other subjects in the king-
dom. As civil governor of the city, no act of the cor-
poration is valid without the concurrence of the lord
mayor. According to a custom of nearly three hundred
years' standing, he sits every morning at the mansion-
house, to hear and determine causes of offence within
the jurisdiction of the city. He is perpetual coroner and
escheator for London, the Liberties, and Southwark;
chief justice in all commissions for trial of felony and
gaol delivery; and judge of all courts of wardmote
for the election of aldermen. In other respects, his or-
dinary authority extends all over the city, and to part
of the suburbs; and, as conservator of the Thames, it'
extends eastward on the river as far as Yardale, or
Yantlet, and the mouth of the river Medway; and west-
ward to Colne ditch, above Staines' bridge; and he is
perpetual commissioner in all affairs relating to the
river Lea. To the lord mayor also belongs the ancient
court of Hustings, which preserves the laws, rights,
franchises, and customs, of the city. He acts as chief
butler at all coronations, receiving a golden cup and
ewer for his fee; and is first commissioner of the
lieutenancy, being invested with powers similar to those
possessed by the lord-lieutenant of a county.
1
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the civil administration, in all its branches, within the
jurisdiction of the corporation (which in all cases em-
braces the city, and part of the borough of Southwark,
and in some extends beyond), is exercised by the corpo-
ration, or its officers.
The Sheriffs of London and Middlesex, who are,
strictly speaking, officers of the king, are chosen by such
citizens as are of the livery, out of their own number,
in the guildhall, upon Midsummer-day, but are nɔt
sworn into office until Michaelmas-day, when each she-
riff enters into a bond of £1000 to the corporation to
serve it faithfully; after which, they proceed in state
to Westminster, to be accepted on behalf of the king,
by the barons of the Exchequer. The mode of nomi-
nating the sheriff is, for the lord mayor to drink in
succession to fourteen respectable citizens, two of whom
are elected, and who are obliged to serve, according to
a by-law made in 1748, under a penalty of £600, to
be forfeited to the city, and £13. 6. 8. to the officers of
the city prisons, unless the person chosen will swear
that he is not worth £15,000. Of this £600, one
hundred pounds is given to him who first agrees to fill
the office. In the election of a sheriff, the opinion of
the livery in common hall is not decisive, and if a poll
be demanded, it continues open for seven days. The
lord mayor cannot properly nominate a commoner as
sheriff, if there be an alderman who has not served that
+
The Aldermen are chosen for life, by the free house-
holders of every ward, that of Bridge Without excepted, to
which the aldermen themselves elect. The lord mayor
presides at the election of an alderman, and, if a poll be
demanded, it terminates in three days. Those aldermen
who have filled the civic chair are justices of the quorum ;
and all the other aldermen are justices of the peace
within the city. They are subordinate governors of
their respective wards, under the jurisdiction of the
lord mayor, and they exercise an extensive power within
their own districts. They hold courts of ward-mote,
for the election of common council-men and other
ward officers, the regulation of the business of the
ward, the removal of obstructions, &c.; and, in the dis-
charge of these duties, each alderman is assisted by
one or two deputies, who are annually selected by him-
self from among the common council-men of his own
ward: the aldermen are officially addressed by the title
of "Your Worship.".
The Common Council-men represent the inhabitants
of their respective wards. Their office is annual, and
their number, which formerly varied, is at present fixed,
according to the number of the city precincts, at two
hundred and thirty-six, for the whole of the wards.
They are chosen by the inhabitant householders, in the
same manner as the aldermen, with this difference, that
the lord mayor presides at the election of an alderman,
and the alderman at the election of a common council-office, though it is frequently done; but if the citizen
man. The election for each ward takes place on St.
Thomas' day, the alderman deciding on disputed votes,
and declaring the return.
•
drank to pays the fine, he is excepted from being again
nominated for three years, unless within that term he
becomes an alderman. No alderman can be exempted
for more than one year after a previous payment, with-
out the consent of the common council. The jurisdiction
of the two sheriffs is, to a considerable extent, perfectly
separate; but if either die, the other cannot act until
a new one be chosen; for there must be two sheriffs for
London, which, by charter, is both a city and a county,
though they make but one jointly for the county of
Middlesex. By grant of Edward IV., in 1473, the
sheriffs are appointed to have sixteen serjeants, and
every serjeant his yeoman; also a secondary, six clerks,
a clerk of the papers, four under-clerks, and two under-
sheriffs. In serving writs of process, where the king is a
party, the sheriffs may break open doors, or untile houses,
to gain admittance, if entrance be denied; but not upon
private process, except upon outlawry after judgment.
The representatives of the wards, with the lord
mayor and aldermen, constitute what is called the
court of Common Council, or Three City Estates. The
powers of this court are extensive. It has the entire
disposal of the funds of the corporation, makes such
by-laws as it thinks necessary for the regulation of
its concerns, and possesses the right of nomination to
several of the subordinate city offices; and, in address-
ing it by petition, or otherwise, it has the style of
"Honourable." The court debates in a spacious and
elegant chamber attached to the guildhall, the lord
mayor officially habited and attended, with the city
regalia before him, occupying a state chair on an ele-
vated platform at one end, below whom sit the alder-
men also in their official costume. The sittings of the
court are usually public, but it has the power, though
rarely exercised, of excluding strangers. The common
council cannot assemble without a summons from the
lord mayor, and then for one sitting only; but it is his
duty to call a meeting whenever it is demanded by re-
quisition, and the law compels him to assemble the
court a certain number of times during his mayoralty.
The common council annually elect six aldermen and
twelve common council-men, as a committee for letting
the city lands, and this committee generally meets at
the guildhall, on Wednesdays; it also appoints another
committee of four aldermen, and eight common council-
men, for transacting the affairs of Gresham college, who
usually meet at Mercers' hall, according to the appoint-
ment of the lord mayor, who is always one of their
number. Besides the appointment of these and several
other committees, they, by virtue of a royal grant, an-
nually choose a governor, deputy, and assistants, for
the management of the city lands in Ireland. In short,
VOL. III.
Of the officers associated with the corporation in
the city government, the principal is the Recorder, who is
appointed by the lord mayor and aldermen for life, with
a salary of £2500 per annum. He must be a grave and
learned lawyer, and as such, usually acts as judge at the
Old Bailey, and other courts: he takes precedence in coun-
cils and courts before all aldermen who have not filled the
office of mayor. The Chamberlain, Common Serjeant, and
Town Clerk, are officers ranking next to the recorder,
and have respectively duties to perform of great impor-
tance, as have also the City Comptroller and City Remem-
brancer. There are various other inferior city officers.
Common-Halls, which are assemblies of the livery,
are convenable on requisition of several of its members
to the lord mayor, who presides, and are only called
on extraordinary occasions. The Livery, about twelve
thousand in number, and who return four members
to parliament, are composed of the respective livery-
men of the city companies, of which there are ninety-
+
Τ
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138
one.
The first twelve that stand on the list are called
the Chief, or Twelve Great Companies, viz., Mercers,
Grocers, Drapers, Fishmongers, Goldsmiths, Skinners,
Merchant-Taylors, Haberdashers, Salters, Ironmongers,
Vintners, and Clothworkers, and are sometimes styled
"The Honourable." The less important ones have the
title of "Worshipful." Nearly fifty of the companies
have halls, some of which are remarkable as buildings,
and others for their curiosities and paintings; most of
them have "clerks," or solicitors, with offices on the
premises, who have the custody of the Company's re-
cords, and transact its legal business. Several of these
Companies attend the lord mayor on his inauguration, in
their livery gowns, with banners, streamers, music, &c.,
and on the water, conveyed in elegant state barges, con-
cluding the ceremonies of the procession with splendid
dinners at their respective halls. The freedom of the
city is obtained by apprenticeship to a freeman; by re-
demption, fine, or ransom; and by gift of the corpora-
tion: to be a liveryman, however, it is necessary to be
free of one of the incorporated companies.
the corporation, to the heroes who signalized themselves
in the late wars. The court of Aldermen hold their
meetings in the Old Council-Chamber, the ceiling of
which is highly decorated. Over the entrance in the
front of the hall a library of works relative to the his-
tory of London and the counties immediately adjoining,
has been recently formed, and is already of considerable
extent. The courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas,
and Commissioners of Bankrupts, formerly situated at
the Back of the hall, now occupy the site of the ancient
guildhall, chapel, and Blackwell hall; and near the
same spot is the Court of Requests, the Irish Chamber,
and other offices of the corporation, forming a mass of
convenient though not very elegant buildings.
The Guildhall, or common hall of the corporation
of London, where all their courts, meetings, and festivals
are held, is situated at the upper end of King-street,
Cheapside, and comprises numerous buildings and apart-
ments. It was originally erected by subscription, in 1411,
prior to which period the corporation meetings (as be-
fore stated) were held in a small structure in Alderman-
bury. This edifice having been greatly damaged by the
fire in 1666, the present pile was formed from such parts
as remained, excepting the new front facing King-street,
which, with several additions and repairs, was completed
in 1789. The hall is a very noble room, being one hundred
and fifty-three feet long, forty-five broad, and fifty-five
feet high: the ceiling, since the fire, has been made flat
and panelled. Two magnificent windows of stained glass
diffuse over the whole a strong but mellowed light: in
the eastern window, which is at the upper end of the
hall, are emblazoned the arms of England; and in the
western those of the corporation of London. The sides
of the hall are decorated with blank Gothic arches
and panelling, besides large marble monuments erected
to the memory of the Earl of Chatham; his son, the
late Rt. Hon. William Pitt; Admiral Lord Nelson; and
the spirited lord mayor, William Beckford. The mag-
nitude and grandeur of the hall may be estimated from
the fact that it is capable of holding six or seven thou-
sand persons, and actually accommodated that number
at the great feast given to the allied sovereigns in 1814.
The giants in Guildhall are two immense figures, carved
in wood, supposed to represent an ancient Briton and a
Saxon. Of the apartments in the rear of the hall, ap-
propriated to the use of the corporation, the principal
is the council-chamber, a large room, the ceiling of
which forms a dome, with a sky-light in its centre. In
this room the lord mayor, aldermen, and common
council, hold their courts, or city parliaments. It is de-
corated with a collection of paintings, most of which
were presented to the city of London by the public-
spirited Alderman Boydell; and at the upper end, im-
mediately behind the chair of the lord mayor, upon a
pedestal of white marble, stands a statue of George III.
The chamberlain's apartment is elegantly decorated with
framed and glazed copies, richly and beautifully illumi-
nated on vellum, of the numerous votes of thanks from
Mansion House. This building was finished in 1753,
at an expense of £42,638. 18. 8., as a residence for
the chief magistrate, who before had no suitable dwell-
ing in which to exercise the duties and maintain
the state and dignity of his office. It stands on the
site of the Stocks market, at the western end of Lom-
bard-street, and in the most central part of the city,
and is a spacious and stately edifice, constructed entirely
of Portland stone, but of rather ponderous aspect. In
front is a fine portico, composed of six large fluted Corin-
thian columns, which rise from a massive rustic base-
ment, and are surmounted by a pediment, the tympanum
of which exhibits a good piece of sculpture by Taylor,
emblematic of the dignity and opulence of the city of
London, and the various virtues by which they have
been established and maintained. In the centre of the
basement story, under the portico, is the gateway leading
to the kitchens and offices, and a double flight of steps
leads over this story to the grand entrance beneath the
portico. A stone balustrade encloses these steps, and is
continued along the whole length of the front. The body
of the building presents two tiers of lofty windows, and
over these, and above the portico, is an attic story sur-
mounted by a balustrade; the cornices are rich and
deep, and supported by Corinthian pilasters. These
parts, in themselves elegant and complete, have been
universally allowed to be deformed by a supplementary
piece of building (formerly two) raised on the top contrary
to the architect's wish, to give a loftier ceiling to a ball-
room, and from which he has derived unmerited censure.
The interior is arranged with taste and judgment, pos-
sessing, amongst other state apartments, a magnificent
banquet-room, called "The Egyptian Hall," ninety feet
long, the whole width of the mansion, and sixty feet
broad, with a lofty and richly ornamented concave roof;
a ball-room; with a drawing-room; and a state chamber,
containing a magnificent state bed.
COURTS OF LAW, &c.
The Lord Mayor's Court is held in the King's Bench,
Guildhall, by the lord mayor, recorder, and aldermen,
for actions of debt and trespass, for appeals from in-
ferior courts, and for foreign attachments; giving de-
cisions in all cases whatsoever, in fourteen days, at an
expense not exceeding thirty shillings. The Court of
Hustings is the ancient and supreme court of the city,
for pleas of land, and common pleas. The sheriffs hold
courts of record, every Wednesday and Friday, for ac-
tions entered at Giltspur-street Compter; and on Thurs-
day and Saturday for actions entered at the Poultry
Compter, which are for debt, trespasses, accounts, cove-
nant-breaking, attachments, and sequestrations to any
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amount. The sheriffs, or their deputies, may sit with the
judges of these courts upon trials, if they please. The
Court of Requests and of Conscience formerly took cog-
nizance of no cause above 40s., but now extends to all
debts under £5: the process is by summons ;; and if the
party do not appear, the commissioners have power, after
judgment is obtained, to apprehend and commit: the
commissioners examine the witnesses on oath, and ac-
cording to their own judgment pronounce a verdict, from
which there is no appeal. The Court of Lord Mayor and
Aldermen appoints monthly such aldermen and com-
moners for commissioners as they think fit; and these,
or any three of them, compose a court, held on Wed-
nesday and Saturday, from 12 till 2 o'clock, in the new
court-room near guildhall. The other city courts are—
The Chamberlain's Court, held every day, to determine
differences between masters and apprentices, and to ad-
mit such persons as are duly qualified to the freedom of
the city.
The Court of Orphans, held before the lord
mayor and aldermen, as guardians of the children of
deceased freemen under twenty-one years of age. The
Pie-Powder Court, held only during the continuance of
Bartholomew fair. A Court of Conservancy, held by the
lord mayor and aldermen four times a year, as before
stated. A Court of Petty Session, for small offences, held
daily at the Mansion House in the forenoon, by the lord
mayor and one alderman, and daily at guildhall, by two
aldermen in rotation. The Coroner's Courts, to inquire
into the causes of sudden death; and the Court of the
Tower of London, held within the verge of the city, by
a steward, appointed by the Constable of the Tower, by
whom are tried actions of debt, trespass, and covenants.
The exercise of its own military government is one of
the peculiar privileges possessed by the city of London
from the earliest times; its forces formerly consisted
of what were termed the trained bands, but now of
two regiments of militia, raised, according to an act of
parliament passed in 1794, by ballot, and consisting
of two thousand two hundred men. The officers are ap-
pointed by the commissioners of the king's lieutenancy
for the city of London, of whom the lord mayor is the
principal; and one regiment may, in certain cases, be
placed by the king under any of his general officers, and
marched to any place not exceeding twelve miles from
the capital, or to the nearest encampment; the other
being, at all such times, to remain in the city.
:
The government of Westminster, until the Reform-
ation, was arbitary under the abbot and monks; then
under a bishop, dean and chapter, and subsequently, by
an act pased in the 27th of Elizabeth, the civil govern-
ment was placed in the hands of the laity, the dean
being at the same time empowered to nominate the chief
officers: the principal magistrates are, a high steward,
usually a nobleman, the office being generally held for
life; a high bailiff, chosen by the high steward, also for
life, and who has the chief management of parliamentary
elections for Westminster, as well as the control of
all the other bailiffs he summons juries, and in the
courts leet sits next to the deputy steward. To him
all fines and forfeitures belong, which renders the situa-
tion very lucrative, and occasions a considerable sum
to be given for it. Besides these, there are sixteen bur-
gesses, and their assistants, whose functions in all re-
spects resemble those of the aldermen's deputies of the
city of London, each having his proper ward under his
jurisdiction; and from these are elected two head bur-
gesses, one for the city, and the other for the liberties,
who in the court leet rank next to the high bailiff.
There is also a high constable, who is chosen by the
court leet, and to whom all the other constables are
subordinate. The four principal courts for the city and
liberties of Westminster are, the Court of the Duchy of
Lancaster, held in Somerset-place; the Court of Quarter
Sessions of the peace, held by the justices for the city
and liberties, four times a year, at the guildhall, West-
minster; St. Martin's-le-Grand Court; and the Westmin-
ster Court, or court-leet. The three first are courts of
record; the duchy court being for all matters of law
and equity relating to the duchy of Lancaster; that of
quarter sessions, for all trespasses, petty larcenies, and
other minor offences committed in Westminster and its
liberties; that of St. Martin's-le-Grand, for the trial of
all personal actions appertaining to that particular
liberty and the court leet, which is held by the Dean
of Westminster, or his deputy, for choosing parochial
officers, preventing and removing nuisances, &c. The
city and liberties of Westminster return two mem-
bers to parliament, who are elected by the inhabitant
householders; the high bailiff being the returning officer.
Southwark was governed by its own bailiffs until
1327; but the city suffering great inconvenience from
the number of malefactors that escaped thither from
the jurisdiction of the city magistrates, the mayor of
London was then, by charter, constituted bailiff of South-
wark, and empowered to govern it by his deputy. Ed-
ward VI. granted the "Borough, or Town of Southwark”
to the city of London, for a pecuniary consideration, and
afterwards, for a further consideration of the same
kind, it was made a twenty-sixth ward to the city, by
the name of Bridge ward Without. It became, in con-
sequence, subject to the lord mayor, who has under
him a steward and a bailiff, the former of whom holds
a court of record every Monday at St. Margaret's hill,
for debts, damages, and trespasses. Here is also a court
of record for the Clink liberty, held near Bankside,
in Southwark, by the Bishop of Winchester's steward,
for actions of debt, trespass, &c., within that liberty.
The borough returns two members to parliament, who
are chosen by the inhabitant householders, and returned
by the high bailiff.
For the Suburbs there are three principal courts, viz.,
With regard to the general civil government of
London, it must be observed, that the suburbs in
Middlesex are under the jurisdiction of the justices of
the peace for the county, as part of the county. The
county hall for Middlesex is on Clerkenwell-green; and
at the sessions there, great part of the civil govern-
ment of the suburbs in Middlesex is exercised. At
the sessions-house in the Old Bailey, four general ses-
sions of Oyer and Terminer are held, and four others
by adjournment, (so that there are eight sessions every
year,) for crime committed in London, or the county
of Middlesex. Over this court one of the twelve judges,
the lord mayor, the aldermen who have passed the civic
chair, and the recorder, or common serjeant, preside.
Both the sheriffs officially attend: the juries are com-
posed of citizens, for offences committed in the city;
and of house-keepers in Middlesex, for those committed
in the county: the grand jury sits at the sessions-
house on Clerkenwell-green.
·
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the Sheriffs' Courts for the county of Middlesex, for actions
of debt, trespass, assault, &c.; East Smithfield Court,
which is a court leet and court baron held for that
liberty, to inquire into nuisances, &c. : in the court baron
pleas are held to the amount of 40s. General and
Quarter Sessions of the peace, for the liberty of the
Tower of London, are held by the justices of that liberty,
eight times a year, for petty larcenies, trespasses, felo-
nies, misdemeanours, &c. A Court of Requests is held for
the Tower Hamlets, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
In the metropolis are also held the four great law
courts of the kingdom, viz., The King's Bench, Common
Pleas, Exchequer, and High Court of Chancery. The two
first are held alternately at Westminster hall and at
Guildhall in the city; the Exchequer court at Westmin-
ster hall only; and the Court of Chancery alternately at
Westminster hall and Lincoln's Inn, where causes are
heard by the chancellor or vice-chancellor. There is
also the Rolls' court, held by the Master of the Rolls in
the Rolls' chapel Chancery-lane. Civil and ecclesiasti-
cal causes are tried at Doctors' Commons, at which place
are also held the Courts of Admiralty. The ecclesias-
tical courts are, The Court of Arches, for appeals from
inferior ecclesiastical courts in the province of Canter-
bury, of which the Court of Peculiars here is a branch;
the Prerogative Court, for causes relative to wills and
administrations; the Faculty Court, empowered to grant
dispensations to marry, &c.; and the Court of Delegates,
for ecclesiastical affairs.
London also contains, besides the courts already de-
scribed, the following: The Palace Court, or Marshalsea,
held formerly at the Old Court-house in the Borough,
but now in Scotland-yard, opposite the Admiralty: it
has jurisdiction of all civil suits within twelve miles
of Whitehall, the city of London excepted, and takes
cognizance of debts to any amount above 40s., but all
actions for debts above £ 20 may be removed into any
of the superior courts. The High Court of Admiralty,
Doctors' Commons, which takes cognizance of all mari-
time pleas, criminal and civil, the latter being determined
according to the civil law, the plaintiff giving security
to prosecute, and, if cast, to pay what is adjudged but
the former, being tried by special commission, at the
sessions-house in the Old Bailey, by a judge and jury, a
judge of the common law assists. A Court for the
relief of Insolvent Debtors, instituted a few years since,
by act of parliament, for the purpose of releasing
debtors in England and Wales, who have been imprisoned
and apply by petition to be liberated, upon surrendering
their effects to their creditors; the commissioners, who
preside as judges, hold their sittings at a newly-erected
court-house, in Portugal-street, Lincoln's Inn Fields.
Courts of Request for the summary recovery of debts
not exceeding 40s. are situated in various parts of the
town: there is one in Vine-street, Piccadilly; one in
Kingsgate-street, Holborn; another in Trinity-street, near
Stones-end, Borough; one in Osbourne-street, White-
one in Osbourne-street, White-
chapel; one in Castle-street, Leicester-square; and one
in Bowling-Green-lane, Southwark.
PRISONS, AND POLICE OF THE METROPOLIS.
The prisons for criminals are Newgate, Cold-bath-
fields, the Penitentiary at Milbank, New Prison
(Clerkenwell), Tothill-fields bridewell, and the goal for
the county of Surrey, Southwark. The prisons for
debtors are, Giltspur-street Compter, Debtors' prison
(White Cross-street), the King's Bench, the Fleet, the
Marshalsea, and the Borough Compter. Of these the
majority are extensive, and in several instances, though
gloomy, not inelegant piles of building: Newgate,
the general criminal prison for the city of London and
the county of Middlesex, may be particularly mentioned
as being such. It
It is of stone, divided within into several
court-yards, and possesses a handsome uniform front
towards the west, consisting of two wings, with the go-
vernor's house forming the centre.
Criminals are exe-
cuted on a temporary scaffold fixed in front of this prison.
The city of London, as already stated, is under the
control of its own magistracy, consisting of the lord
mayor and aldermen, &c.; the marshalmen, beadles, and
constables, amount to three hundred and nineteen; and
the watchmen and patrols to eight hundred and three :
in the Tower hamlets, including the eastern part of the
town, are two hundred and eighteen constables, and two
hundred and eight watchmen and patrols; and in the
liberty of the Tower of London are seventeen constables,
and fourteen watchmen and patrols for all the parts
of the metropolis out of this jurisdiction stipendiary
magistrates are appointed; four at Bow-street, with a
jurisdiction long established, and twenty-four by virtue
of a statute called the "Police Act," the latter having
eight different offices assigned to them, namely, one in
each of the following situations: Bow-Street; Great Marl-
borough-street; Hatton Garden; Worship-street, Shore-
ditch; Lambeth-street, Whitechapel; High-street, Mary-
le-bone; Queen's square, Westminster; and Union-street,
Southwark. Besides these, there is the Thames Police
Office, Wapping, established under a separate act of par-
liament, and almost wholly confined to the investigation
of offences either committed on the river Thames, or
connected with maritime affairs. Bow-street office is the
most celebrated, being the chief, or head, of the London
police, and wholly under the direction of the Secretary
of State for the Home Department. This office has a
principal, and three subordinate, magistrates, all of them
in the commission of the peace for the counties of Mid-
dlesex, Surrey, Kent, and Essex: to it are attached three
clerks and eight officers, with their attendants.
:
By the new police act the whole of the metropolis,
exclusively of that part immediately denominated "the
City and Liberties," is consolidated into one district,
called "The Metropolitan Police district," and is not
intended to interfere in any way with the police before
noticed, but has been established with a view to the
better security of the persons and property of the in-
habitants, and to supersede the inefficient local police,
previously existing in the several parishes within the
district; which has been formed into seventeen divisions,
comprising the whole of the metropolis, and extends
eastward to Stratford, Poplar, and Greenwich; south-
ward to Streatham, Tooting, and Wandsworth; west-
ward to Acton, Ealing, and Brentford; and northward
to Hampstead, Islington, Newington, and Hackney.
Each of the divisions is under the charge of a supe-
rior officer, named a superintendent of police, who is
considered responsible for the activity and good con-
duct of the men acting within his division: the total
amount of this force is three thousand three hundred.
They are divided into four classes;the superintendent
above mentioned, with a salary of £200 per annum ;
→
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the inspector, at a salary of £100 per annum; the
police serjeant, paid at the rate of £ 1. 2. 6., and the or-
dinary police constable, at 19s. per week: each division
has one superintendent, six inspectors, and twenty-two
serjeants; except the letter K division, which has thirty-
two serjeants: the men are provided with a plain blue
uniform. Two magistrates, or commissioners, with sala-
ries of £ 800 per annum each, control, with the approba-
tion of the secretary of state, the whole metropolitan po-
lice force, for which a new police office has been estab-
lished at Westminster, and they have the power, not
only of regulating all matters respecting arms, accoutre-
ments, &c., but of discharging any person who acts im-
properly; besides whom there is a general receiver, or
treasurer, with a salary of £ 700,per annum. All appoint-
ments to the higher stations in the police are confined
to those men who have distinguished themselves by good
conduct in the lower ranks; they must be of vigorous
constitution, not above thirty-five years old (excepting
such as have served in the army), nor under five feet
seven inches in height; and as the amount of pay is
deemed sufficient for a comfortable livelihood, they are
required to devote their whole time to the service, with-
out exhausting themselves by other labour. The annual
expense of the establishment, which is defrayed by rates
chargeable on the several parishes and places where they
act, is about £200,000.
INNS OF COURT, and COURTS OF JUDICATure.
The London Inns of Court were originally like col-
leges in a university, but confined to the study of the
law. Though their origin cannot be exactly ascertained,
they may be presumed to have owed their rise to
the establishment of the courts of justice at West-
minster, by Henry III., which, collecting in their neigh-
bourhood the whole body of common lawyers, or prac-
titioners, in those courts, they began to form themselves
into a society (supposed at Thavies Inn, Holborn,) in a
collegiate manner; hence their place of residence was
denominated an inn (Hostell), or House of Court; and
the king, in 1244, forbade the teaching of law in schools
set up in the city, as had been accustomed, and restrict-
ed its study to these inns. Their increase, as well as
division into Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery, is
not recognized till the reign of Edward III., when their
students are called apprentices of the law (from the Fr.
Apprendre), and the Inns of Court became appropriated
solely to the study of the common law, as were the
latter to such clerks as studied the forming of writs and
other process in chancery. Till late in the seventeenth
century, the students of the various inns were exer-
cised before the principals in sham pleadings, called
mootings, and many antiquated customs were retained,
as well as occasionally splendid ceremonies exhibited.
At present these inns have become mere residences, not
for lawyers only, but any persons who choose to hire
chambers in them: and the law-student, before being
called to the bar, is now only obliged to be entered of one
of these places, and dine in the common hall a certain
number of terms; after which, should his admission not
be objected to by the members, an occurrence that rarely
happens, he is legally qualified to plead and conduct
causes. The Inns of Court are not incorporated, con-
sequently the masters, principals, benchers, &c., by whom
they are governed, can make no by-laws, nor possess
estates, &c. ; yet they have certain orders which, by con-
sent and prescription, have obtained the force of laws:
the societies are entirely supported by sums paid for ad-
missions and for chambers; and from the benchers, or
seniors, in whom the government is vested, a treasurer
is usually chosen to manage these funds; the other
members may be divided into outer barristers, inner
barristers, and students.
The principal Inns of Court are four :-The Inner
Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn :
the Inns of Chancery are seven, viz., Clifford's Inn,
Lyon's Inn, Clement's Inn, and New Inn, belonging to
the two Temples; Furnival's Inn, belonging to Lincoln's
Inn; and Staples Inn, and Bernard's Inn, belonging to
Gray's Inn. Thavies Inn, Scroop's Inn, Chester Inn,
or Strand Inn, as well as Johnson's Inn, and some
others in the city, have long been disused. Of the two
Serjeant's Inns, in Fleet-street and Chancery-lane, the
latter only is appropriated as chambers for the Serjeants
at law, who removed thither from Symond's Inn, which
is falling to decay, and merely tenanted as chambers by
any one who chooses to rent them. Serjeant's Inn,
Fleet-street, consists now of private residences.
THE TEMPLE is so called from its original inhabit-
ants, the Knights Templars, who, on quitting their
old house in Southampton-buildings, Holborn, in the
reign of Henry II., built a house in Fleet-street, thence
called the New Temple, which occupied all the ground.
from White Friars to Essex-street.
On their suppres-
sion by Edward II., the Temple, after two or three in-
termediate grants from the Crown, was, by Edward III.,
given to the monastery of St. John of Jerusalem, the
prior and convent of which afterwards demised it to the
lawyers, supposed to have emigrated here from Thavies
Inn, at a yearly rent of £ 10, a sum for which they still
enjoy from the Crown the whole of this splendid pro-
perty. The Temple is at present divided between the
two societies-the Inner and Middle Templers, each con-
sisting of benchers, barristers, and students, the govern-
ment being vested in the benchers. In term-time the
members dine in the hall of the society, which is called
keeping commons: to dine a fortnight in each term, is
deemed keeping the term, and twelve of those terms
qualify a student, after being called to the bar, to
plead and manage causes in the courts: each society
has also a treasurer, sub-treasurer, steward, chief but-
ler, three under-butlers, upper and under cook, and
various other officers and servants. The Temple church
is the chief architectural attraction belonging to these
societies, though each has also a fine large hall, and an
extensive library, as well as beautiful gardens: the gar-
den of the Inner Temple affords a remarkably fine sum-
mer promenade. The houses are generally large plain
brick edifices, divided into sets of chambers, most of
which are spacious apartments.
Lincoln's Inn occupies, with its gardens and squares,
a very extensive plot of ground on the western side of
Chancery-lane. It has a fine ancient brick gateway open-
ing from Chancery-lane, built by Sir Thomas Lovel in
the reign of Henry VIII.; a hall erected by the same
person, wherein the Lord Chancellor holds his sittings;
and a chapel built by Inigo Jones, in the English style
of architecture. The buildings occupy four large squares,
exclusively of the avenues to them, &c.; and the garden
affords a most agreeable promenade.
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Gray's Inn is chiefly remarkable for its large and
beautiful garden. The buildings consist principally of
two quadrangles, separated by a hall and chapel, and
two handsome ranges of building recently erected, called
Verulam and Raymond buildings: the chambers and
regulations of both these last inns are similar to those
of the Temple. Most of the other inns consist of double
courts, surrounded by large brick buildings divided into
chambers: all of them have halls, and several have good
libraries and gardens. The finest, in point of architec-
ture, is Furnival's Inn, situated in Holborn, which has
been lately rebuilt in an excellent style, and forms a
large and beautiful pile of buildings.
The four great courts of Judicature are, the High
Court of Chancery, the Court of Exchequer, the Court
of King's Bench, and the Court of Common Pleas, held
in Westminster Hall. The rooms in which the busi-
ness of these courts is transacted are situated on the
western side of the great hall, and have been elegantly
fitted up by Mr. Soane. This was the great hall of
the ancient palace of Westminster, and is celebrated as
the scene of many important events in English history:
the first hall was founded by William Rufus, but the
present edifice was for the most part erected by Rich-
ard II. The grand entrance is flanked by large square
embattled towers, richly ornamented with canopies, once
containing statues, in rows above each other. West-
minster Hall is considered to be the largest apartment
in Europe unsupported by pillars, being two hundred
and seventy feet long, seventy-four broad, and ninety
high the floor is of stone; and the side walls and ends
are pierced with elegant windows, the latter being of
vast magnitude and highly-elaborate workmanship.
The roof has always excited particular admiration; it
is of chesnut, forming an immense arch, supported by
carved angels bearing shields of the founder's arms.
Parliaments were anciently held in this hall, and it was
the court of justice in which the sovereign presided in
person. The coronation feasts have been held here
for many ages past, and it is also occasionally used for
the trial of peers, or other persons impeached by the
:
commons.
Government OFFICES and other PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
The offices more immediately connected with the
affairs of government occupy a grand line of buildings,
stretching entirely across the eastern extremity of St.
James' Park, from Spring Gardens to Downing Street.
The most northern is the Admiralty; next is the War
Office, or Horse Guards; then the Treasury; lastly, the
offices of the three Secretaries of State.
of the building is a semaphore telegraph, which com-
municates orders, by signal, to the principal parts of
the kingdom. The Treasury is an extensive pile of
buildings, partly formed out of the remains of White-
hall palace: the principal front, which is of stone, looks
into St. James' Park, that next Parliament-street has
been rebuilt in a splendid style by Mr. Soane. Be-
sides the Board of Treasury, this edifice contains a
variety of offices, amongst which is the Council Cham-
ber. The buildings of the other government offices
situated in the immediate vicinity of the above, and
which consist of the offices of the Secretaries of State,
the Board of Control for the affairs of India, the offices
of the Crown Lands, and of the Board of Works,
&c., have nothing in them particularly worthy of no-
tice.
The War Office, or Horse Guards, derives its latter
appellation from the circumstance of that branch of the
military mounting guard here. It is a noble, though
rather heavy building, erected by Ware, at an expense
of more than £30,000. A handsome portal leads
through it from St. James' Park into Parliament-street.
Here, in a variety of apartments, is transacted all busi-
ness relative to the British army. The Admiralty and
Treasury are both fine buildings; the former, originally
called Wallingford House, and facing Parliament-street,
has a beautiful screen by Adams, which, with its spa-
cious portico, renders it on the whole. a commanding
pile: the Lords of the Admiralty have here their offices,
together with spacious private apartments: on the top
Somerset House, the most noble collection of the
Government offices in London, derives its name from
being built on the site of the magnificent palace erected
by the Protector Somerset, in the reign of Edward VI.
After being for several ages occasionally inhabited by
the queens of England, it was rebuilt, as it now stands,
under the superintendence of Sir William Chambers, in
1775. It comprises the Navy Office, Navy Pay Office,
Salt Office, Stamp Office, the Offices of the Auditor of
the Exchequer, those of the Chancellors of the duchies
of Cornwall and Lancaster, the Hawkers' and Pedlars'
Office, Stage-coach Office, Legacy-duty Office, and the
whole revenue establishment of the Tax Offices: all these
are situated in the quadrangle which forms the main
body of the pile. The beautiful front next the Strand
has been munificently devoted to the use of the Royal
Society, the Society of Antiquaries, and the Royal Aca-
demy of Arts. Somerset House occupies a space of
about eight hundred feet in width, and five hundred in
depth; and for magnitude, as well as architectural me-
rit, ranks among the foremost of the public buildings
in London. The magnificent Strand front, the exten-
sive quadrangular court, the yet grander front next the
Thames, with its terrace, one of the finest in the world,
all combine, with the numerous spacious apartments
and offices it contains, to excite admiration. The build-
ings of the King's College, just founded, under the pa-
tronage of His late Majesty, for the purpose of giving
instruction to youth in the metropolis, are to form the
eastern wing of the south front of this edifice, which,
without it, was incomplete: this design is actively being
carried into execution.
Tower of London. "The Tower," as it is familiarly
called, stands on the northern bank of the Thames, and
consists of a large pile of building, the irregularity of
which arises from its having been erected and enlarged
by various sovereigns, at distant periods of time: it
served the purpose of a fortified palace to many of the
early monarchs of England. Tradition ascribes the origin
of this fortress to Julius Cæsar, but the earliest authen-
tic account of it is, that William the Conqueror, having
no great reliance on the fidelity of his new subjects of
London, on fixing his residence in the metropolis, built
a strong hold to overawe them, on part of the present
site of the Tower. In 1078, he appointed Gundulph,
Bishop of Rochester, a skilful architect, to superintend
the building of a larger fort, being the same, though
repaired or rebuilt by some of his successors, which is
now called the White Tower. It is situated in the centre
LON
LON
143
•
of the fortress, and in a square building with four watch-
towers, one of which is used as an observatory: this
part of the building contains, besides a small armoury
for the sea service, an ancient Norman chapel, de-
dicated to St. John, in which the kings and queens
who resided here performed their devotions: it is of
an oblong form, circular at the east end, and support-
ed by short round pillars: in this place the ancient
records of the kingdom are now kept in presses.
In
1082, William Rufus laid the foundations of a castle
southward and near to the river, which was finished by
his successor, Henry I.: beneath it were two gates, one
called Traitor's gate, through which state prisoners were
conveyed to their cells, the other bearing the name of the
Bloody gate. Henry III. added a strong gate and bul-
wark to the west entrance, repaired and whitened the
square tower, which probably gave it the name it still re-
tains; and extended the fortress by a mud wall, which
was superseded by one of brick by Edward IV., who built
within this enclosure the present Lions' tower. Charles II.
and the succeeding sovereigns down to His late Majesty
George IV., have made various additions and alterations
within the area enclosed by the ancient fortifications:
the exterior walls of the tower now include an area of
twelve acres and five roods. The exterior circuit of the
ditch, which entirely surrounds it, is three thousand
one hundred and fifty-six feet: it is separated from
the Thames by a broad quay, behind which is a platform
for mounting sixty-one pieces of cannon, which are
brought out and fired on all occasions of public rejoicing.
The principal entrance is by three successive gates on
the western side, two of which are outside the ditch;
the second gate, on entering, leads to a stone bridge
thrown across the ditch; and the third, which is the
strongest, stands at the inner end of the bridge: this
is guarded by soldiers; and when these gates are open-
ed in the morning, the formalities of a garrison are
observed. The interior, which forms a parish within
itself, but subject to the visitation of the Bishop of
London, contains several streets, and a variety of build-
ings, including the Tower parish church, or Royal Free
Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula; the White Tower, the
Ordnance Office, the Record Office, the Jewel Office, the
Horse Armoury, the Grand Storehouse, the new or
small Armoury, houses belonging to the officers of
the Tower, barracks for the garrison, and two sut-
tling-houses, commonly used by the officers of the gar-
rison. Several of the public buildings just mentioned
are of great interest, and others contain numerous
curiosities well worthy of inspection, particularly the
Horse Armoury, the small Armoury, the room where the
spoils of the Spanish Armada are kept, the Menagerie,
and the Jewel Office, in which are kept the crowns and
other regalia, used at coronations. The government
is entrusted to a Constable, who is generally a per-
son of high rank: under his command are a lieutenant
and a deputy-lieutenant, the latter being called the
governor, with several other subordinate officers, be-
sides forty wardens, who bear the same rich antique
uniform worn by the corps at its formation by
Henry VII. the Tower is garrisoned by His Majesty's
household troops.
The Mint, originally situated within the limits of
the Tower, and the business of which was afterwards
for some time carried on at Soho, near Birmingham,
now stands at the north-eastern corner of Tower Hill,
on the site of the old Victualling-Office. It is a nble
building, from a design by Mr. Smirke, Jun., having an
extensive stone front: it consists of a ground floor and
two stories above, the whole surmounted by a hand-
some balustrade. The wings are ornamented with
pilasters; and in the centre are several demi-columns,
over which is a pediment bearing the arms of England :
over the porch is a gallery with balustrades, &c. of
the Doric order. This extensive establishment con-
tains steam-engines, and all the numerous mechanical
works for facilitating the operations of the coinage.
BRIDGES.
The bridges which unite the southern with the
northern part of the metropolis are remarkable for their
architecture, magnitude, and solidity.
London Bridge, the most ancient of them all, was
the only bridge connecting the Middlesex and Surrey
shores of the capital until the eighteenth century, and
may be regarded as the limit which separates the sea
and river navigation of the Thames. It was founded
in 1176, and originally supported a street of houses,
with a chapel, entrance gate-ways, &c., which remained
with various alterations, until the year 1756, when it
was cleared of the whole of its buildings, thoroughly
repaired, and surmounted, as at present, by an open
balustrade and lamps. In consequence of the inconve-
nience and danger to the navigation of the Thames by
this bridge, it was determined to erect a new one.
The New London Bridge was begun March 15th,
1824, under the superintendence of Mr. Rennie, the
architect; and, according to contract, was to be finished,
for the sum of £506,000, in six years from that period,
which sum was not to include the formation of ap-
proaches, nor the expense of removing the old bridge.
The work is now nearly completed, and will be entirely
finished early in the year 1831 it is built of granite;
the number of its noble arches is five; and, when com-
pleted, the sides will be guarded by a plain parapet.
The approaches at both ends are to be carried over arches,
and will communicate with spacious streets; that next
the Borough, from exposing to the view the whole of St.
Saviour's church, will, in particular, give to the southern
approach a novel and wonderful dignity.
Southwark Bridge is a magnificent structure of
cast-iron, with stone piers and abutments, forming a
communication from the central part of the city to
Bankside, Southwark, and thence to the roads leading
into Kent and Surrey: it was designed by Mr. Rennie,
and consists of three arches: the centre arch rises
twenty-four feet, with a span of two hundred and forty
feet, the span of each of the side arches being two
hundred and ten feet: the whole was completed in
March 1819, at an expense, including the approaches,
of £800,000, being one of the most stupendous works
of the kind ever formed of such materials. Many of
the solid castings weigh ten tons each, and the total
weight of the iron employed is about five thousand
seven hundred and eighty tons. The abutments are
of solid masonry, laid in radiating courses,
with large
blocks of Bramly-fall and Whitby stones. The work
was commenced on the 23rd of September, 1814, and
the bridge was opened in April, 1819.
Blackfriars' ridge was named, at the time of its
foundation, "Pitt's bridge," as a testimony of the respect
·
LON
LON
144
entertained by the citizens of London for the character
and talents of that eminent statesman, William Pitt,
the first Earl of Chatham, whose name was accordingly
inscribed on a plate laid under the foundation stone.
The act of parliament empowered the corporation to
raise £30,000 per annum, until the sum should amount
to £160,000. The first stone was laid by the Lord
Mayor, Sir Thomas Chitty, on the 31st of October, 1760;
and in the course of 1770 the work was completed; its
construction having occupied nearly eleven years: the
architect was Mr. Robert Mylne. The expense amounted
only to £160,000, and was defrayed by a toll for several
years. The bridge has nine elliptical arches: the span
of the centre arch is one hundred feet, those on each
side decreasing gradually towards the shores, being re-
spectively ninety-eight, ninety-three, eighty-three, and
seventy feet wide, leaving a clear water way of seven
hundred and eighty-eight feet. Each side of the bridge
is guarded by an open stone balustrade, sufficiently low
to allow to foot passengers a distinct prospect of the
river. Over each pier there is a square recess, supported
by double Ionic pillars and pilasters, which have a very
light and ornamental effect: at each end of the bridge
are two handsome flights of stone steps to the river.
Waterloo Bridge crosses the Thames from a little to
the west of Somerset House to the opposite shore of
Lambeth Marsh, uniting the Strand with the newly-
formed line, or street, which extends to the Obelisk in
St. George's Fields, and is regarded as one of the great-
est magnificence. Of an extent larger than that of any
of the other bridges over the Thames, it affords a fine
level passage across the river; and, from the beauty
and simplicity of the design, and its stability, it is calcu-
lated to remain a monument of architectural skill down
to remote ages. The original projector was Mr. George
Dodd, but in consequence of a misunderstanding be-
tween him and the company, the execution of the work
devolved on Mr. Rennie, who furnished two designs for
the bridge, one having seven arches, and the other nine,
the latter being adopted: the work was commenced in
1811, and completed in 1817. The bridge consists of
nine elliptical arches, each of one hundred and twenty
feet span, and thirty-five feet elevation; it is forty-two
feet broad, being of the same width as Blackfriars' bridge;
and its length is one thousand two hundred and forty-
two feet, being nineteen feet longer, within the abut
ments, than Westminster bridge. The arches and piers
are built of large blocks of granite, the latter being
twenty feet thick, and surmounted by Tuscan columns,
which support square recesses above. Upon the entire
work, including the approaches, a sum greatly exceeding
£1,000,000 sterling was expended.
Westminster Bridge was built between the years 1739
and 1750, and cost £389,500. It is one thousand two
hundred and twenty-three feet long, and forty-four wide,
having on each side of the carriage way a foot pavement;
and it consists of thirteen large and two small semicir-
cular arches, with fourteen intermediate piers and abut-
ments on its top are twenty-eight semi-octagonal re-
cesses, twelve of which are covered by demi-cupolas.
Under the arches is a free channel for the water of eight
hundred and seventy feet. The two middle piers con-
tain each three thousand solid feet, or two hundred
tons of Portland stone. The centre arch is seventy-six
feet wide, the others diminish in width by four feet
-
equally on each side, and the two smaller ones close in
shore are each about twenty-five feet wide. The whole
edifice is of stone, and rests upon a gravel bed, the piers
having been sunk for that purpose to from five to four-
teen feet under the bed of the river. At the period of
its erection this bridge was esteemed one of the noblest
structures of the kind in the world: its architect was
M. Labylie, an ingenious native of Switzerland: al-
though not a century old, like that of Blackfriars, it
exhibits evident marks of decay, from the decomposi-
tion of the stone of which it is constructed.
Vauxhall Bridge, communicating with a new road
across Tothill-fields, to Eaton-street, Pimlico, and Gros-
venor-place, was commenced in the year 1813, and in
August 1816 the bridge was completed and opened to
the public: the architect was Mr. J. Walker. Although
in magnitude and grandeur of proportions this bridge
does not equal any one of the preceding, yet it merits
praise for beauty and elegance. It is light and elegant,
consisting of nine arches of cast-iron, each of seventy-
eight feet span, having between eleven and twelve feet
rise, and resting on rusticated stone piers laid with
Roman cement. The breadth of the roadway is thirty-
six feet, and the whole length of the bridge is eight
hundred and nine feet: the cost was above £300,000.
This bridge as well as Southwark and Waterloo bridges,
was erected by an incorporated company of share hold-
ers, who are authorised to levy a toll, that on foot pas-
sengers being one penny each.
A bill has been recently brought into parliament for
building a seventh bridge across the Thames at London,
from the Horse-ferry road to Lambeth stairs, to be called
the Royal Clarence bridge.
THAMES TUNNEL.
The idea of forming a subway under the bed of
the Thames, to connect Rotherhithe with the opposite
shore at Old Gravel lane, Wapping, was revived by Mr.
Brunel, in 1824, a similar attempt having been made
in 1809, upon a much smaller scale; and, though the
project was then relinquished, yet the miners having
extended their operations to within one hundred and
thirty feet of the opposite shore, was thought sufficient
encouragement for the present undertaking; accord-
ingly the sum of £200,000 was raised by transferable
shares of £50 each, and the work was begun in March
1825. Mr. Brunel's plan was by means of frame-
work, to excavate daily only such a space as could
be immediately supported by brick arching, and a very
considerable progress was made, with great promise
of ultimate success, during several months: in the
end, however, a similar accident to that which occa-
sioned the abandonment of the former undertaking,
but much more fatal in its effects, caused Mr. Brunel's
attempt like his predecessor's to be suspended, and the
excavation, after a great expenditure of money, and the
loss of several lives, is for the present discontinued.
The tunnel, if completed, was to have consisted of two
arcades, lighted by gas, forming distinct ways for going
and returning, and each containing a roadway and foot-
way; the form of the arcades was to be cylindrical,
about fifteen feet high by twelve at their base, the
two ways with a separation wall of four feet, making
twenty-eight feet breadth
twenty-eight feet breadth; the whole mass of masonry
extending in breadth and height thirty-seven feet by
twenty-two.
LON
LON
145
At what precise period
London was constituted the
head of a diocese, is uncer-
tain, but it is evident that
it acquired this distinction
not long after the introduc-
tion of Christianity into
Britain. It appears to have
been at first an archbishop-
rick, but after the metropo-
litical power was transfer-
ed to Canterbury, in conse- Arms of the Bishoprick.
quence of the conversion to Christianity of Ethelbert,
King of Kent, by Augustine, London sunk into a bishop-
rick, and Mellitus was made the first bishop, in 604.
The diocese was co-extensive with the ancient kingdom
PARISH.
1
+ St. Alban, Wood-street
† Allhallows, Barking
Allhallows, Bread-street
* Allhallows the Great
* St. Alphage
+ St. Andrew Hubbard
*
Parishes marked thus are within the jurisdiction of the Archdeacon of London; and those marked thus t are subject to the Commis-
sary of London, for granting probates of wills and letters of administration; the Bishop of London exercising concurrent jurisdiction over
all.. Parishes marked thus are within the peculiar jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and those marked thus in that of the
Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's.
•
+ Allhallows, Honey-lane
* Allhallows the Less....
+ Allhallows, Lombard-street
+ Allhallows, Staining
* Allhallows on the Wall and
St. Augustine consolidated S
PARISHES IN LONDON, WESTMINSTER, SOUTHWARK, &c.
··
+ St. Botolph, Billingsgate..
VOL. III.
+ St. Andrew Undershaft, with
St. Mary-Axe
Rectory
S
* St. Andrew by the Wardrobe.. Rectory
* St. Anne and St. Agnes
Rectory
+ St. Antholin ...
+ St. Anne, Blackfriars
* St. Augustine, Watling-street..
St. Bartholomew by the Royal
Exchange
+ St. Bene't Fink
† St. Bene't Gracechurch
+ St. Bene't, Paul's Wharf......
+ St. Bene't Sherehog..
··
ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION.

Rectory
Vicarage
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Perpetual Curacy
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
•
• .
CITY OF LONDON WITHIN THE WALLS.
..
LIVING.
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Perpetual Curacy
··
...
..
i
•
•
of the East Saxons, comprehending the counties of
Middlesex and Essex, and part of Hertfordshire, to
which have been added the British plantations in Ame-
rica. Though locally in the province of Canterbury, it
is exempt from the visitation of the Archbishop; and
the Bishop of London enjoys precedence over all the
other bishops, ranking in dignity next to the Arch-
bishop of York. The ecclesiastical establishment is
composed of a bishop, dean, precentor, chancellor, trea-
surer, five archdeacons, thirty prebendaries (three of
whom are residentiary, and, with the dean, constitute the
chapter), twelve petty or minor canons, six vicars choral,
a sub-dean, and inferior officers. The twelve petty ca-
nons were incorporated a body politic, in 1399, by letters
patent of Richard II.: they are governed by a warden,
chosen from among themselves, and have a common seal.
....
Value in the
King's Books.
£ s. d.
16 8111
36 13 4
37 139
41 18 1
19 3 9
22 6 8
8. 16 8
8 0 0
16 0 0
25 11 3
17 10 0
8 0 0
20 2 8
18 1 3
13 19 4
8. 13. .4
23 16 0
}
PATRONS.
The Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's and Eton-
college, alternately
The Crown
The Archbishop of Canterbury
The Archbishop of Canterbury
The Archbishop of Canterbury for two turns,
and the Grocers' Company for one
United with that of Allhallows the Great
The Dean and Chapter of Canterbury
The Grocers' Company
The Crown..
The Bishop of London
SThe Duke of Northumberland and the Pa-
rishioners, alternately
··
19 16 0 The Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's
18 1 8
The Crown
•
•
The Bishop of London
The Crown and the Parishioners, alternately
The Bishop of London and the Dean and
Chapter of St. Paul's, alternately
•
631
1664
320
526
137
98
580
577
1677
1206
Pa- 287
•
·
··
•
The Crown and the Dean and Chapter of St.
1. Paul's, alternately
United with that of St. Andrew by the Wardrobe
The Dean and Canons of Windsor
The Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's and the
Dean and Chapter of Canterbury, alter-
nately...
•
•••
The Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's
United with that of St. Stephen, Walbrook
The Crown and the Dean and Chapter of St.
Paul's, alternately
+
U
•
•
Popu-
lation.
•
1161
690
561
365
2938
307
339
511
290
552
142
191
LON
LON
146
PARISH.
*Christchurch
+ St. Christopher le Stocks
+ St. Clement, Eastcheap
St. Dionis Backchurch
+ St. Dunstan in the East
+ St. Edmund the King
* St. Ethelburga……….
§ St. Faith the Virgin...
+ St. Gabriel, Fenchurch
+ St. George, Botolph-lane
§ St. Gregory by St. Paul's
St. Helen, Bishopsgate
+ St. James, Duke's-place....
+ St. James, Garlick Hythe
* St. John Baptist..
St. John Evangelist
* St. John Zachary
* St. Katherine, Coleman
+ St. Katherine Creechurch
•
•
•
+ St. Lawrence, Jewry
+ St. Lawrence Pounteney...
+ St. Leonard, Eastcheap
+ St. Leonard, Foster-lane
* St. Magnus
+ St. Mary le Bow..
+ St. Mary Bothaw
* St. Mary Colechurch
*
St. Mary at Hill
4
+ St. Margaret, New Fish-street
* St. Margaret, Lothbury
* St. Margaret Moses
+ St. Margaret Pattens
+ St. Martin, Ironmonger-lane..
* St. Martin, Ludgate
† St. Martin Orgars
+ St. Martin Outwich..
+ St. Martin, Vintry
* St. Mary, Abchurch.
+ St. Mary, Aldermanbury
St. Mary, Aldermary
...
··
..
•
..
..
+ St. Mary Woolchurch Haw
* St. Mary Woolnoth.......
+ St. Matthew, Friday-street...
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
St.Mary Magdalene,Old Fish-st. Rectory
+ St.MaryMagdalene, Milk-street Rectory
* St. Mary Mounthaw
Rectory
* St. Mary Somerset
Rectory
*
St. Mary Staining
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
··
•
LIVING.
Vicarage
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Vicarage.
Perpetual Curacy
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Vicarage
Vicarage.
Perpetual Curacy
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Perpetual Curacy
Rectory
:
Value in the
King's Books,
£ s. d.
26 13 4
14 0 0
13 2 1
25 0 0
60 7 11
21 14 2
11 12 6
23 17 1
12 0 0
8 0 0
17 14
7
15 18 9
15 19 7
11 2 1
5 6 8
18 0 5
25 10 0
26 13 4
69 5 5
31 11 8
13 6 8
12 4 4
10 0 0
12 7 6
33 17 8
19 16 3
13 9 9
18 13 4
20 2 6
41 0 0
33 12 3
10 10 0
36 13 4
19 5 0
19 17 6
6 10 0
10 10 0
5 6 8
18 13 4
25 0 0
21 7 3
PATRONS.
。 | {
The Governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospi-
tal and the Dean and Chapter of West-
minster, alternately
United with that of St. Margaret, Lothbury
SThe Bishop of London and the Dean and
Chapter of St. Paul's, alternately
The Dean and Chapter of Canterbury.
The Archbishop of Canterbury.
{
The Crown and the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, alternately
The Bishop of London
United with that of St. Augustine, Watling-street
United with that of St. Margaret Pattens
United with that of St. Botolph, Billingsgate
Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's
Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's
The Lord Mayor and Aldermen
The Bishop of London .....
United with that of St. Antholin......
•
•
United with that of Allhallows, Bread-street....
United with that of St. Anne and St. Agnes.
The Bishop of London ....
•
The Master and Fellows of Balliol College,
Oxford, and the Dean and Chapter of St.
Paul's, alternately
··
•
The Master and Fellows of Magdalene Col-
lege, Cambridge....
1:}
United with the Rectory of St. Mary, Abchurch
United with that of St. Bene't, Gracechurch
United with the Vicarage of Christchurch..
The Bishop of London
··
•
..
•
United with that of St. Magnus
The Bishop of London
United with that of St. Mildred, Bread-street
The Crown, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen,
and the Lord Mayor and Common Coun-
cil, alternately
United with the Vicarage of St. Olave, Old Jewry
The Bishop of London
United with that of St. Clement, Eastcheap
The Merchant Taylors' Company
United with that of St. Michael Royal
•
S The Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi
College, Cambridge
The Parishioners
·
The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Dean
and Chapter of St. Paul's, alternately..
United with those of Allhallows, Honey-lane,
and St. Pancras
....
•
··
United with that of St. Swithin
United with that of St. Mildred, Poultry
United with that of St. Andrew Hubbard
United with that of St. Gregory, by St. Paul's..
United with the Vicarage of St. Lawrence Jewry
United with that of St. Mary Somerset
The Bishops of London and Hereford, alternately
United with that of St. Michael, Wood-street
United with that of St. Mary Woolnoth
The King and J. Thornton, Esq., alternately..
The Bishop of London and the Duke of Buc-
cleuch, alternately
··
Popu-
lation,
2737
84
273
791
1155
442
704
999
343
215
1468
696
732
473
417
86
322
712
1814
702
352
307
377
227
344
331
149
185
132
1200
350
252
205
505
883
429
368
225
275
818
721
300
358
270
221
.206
511
228
LON
LON
147
PARISH.
*St. Michael, Bassishaw.
Rectory
+ St. Michael, Cornhill..... Rectory
St. Michael, Crooked Lane... Rectory
*St. Michael, Queen-bythe..... Rectory
*St. Michael Je Quern
Rectory
St. Michael Pater-noster Royal Rectory
•
+ St. Michael, Wood-street
+ St. Mildred, Bread-street
+ St. Mildred, Poultry.
+ St. Nicholas Acons
+ St. Nicholas Cole Abbey.....
+St. Nicholas Olave
*St. Olave, Hart-street.
+ St. Olave, Old Jewry..
* St. Olave, Silver-street
+ St. Pancras, Soper-lane......
PARISH.
•
•
·
· •
•
•
·· •
* St. Peter, Cornhill
Rectory
+ St. Peter near Paul's Wharf., Rectory
+ St. Peter le Poor.
Rectory
Rectory
St. Peter, Westcheap
+ St. Stephen, Coleman-street.. Vicarage
* St. Stephen, Walbrook
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
+ St. Swithin, London-stone....
*St. Thomas Apostle
*
Trinity the Less.
St. Vedast Foster
···
•
··
* St. Andrew, Holborn
*St. Bartholomew the Great....
* St. Bartholomew the Less....
* St. Botolph, without Aldersgate
* St. Botolph, Aldgate
+ St.Botolph, without Bishopsgate
+ St. Bride
+ St. Dunstan in the West.
§ St. Giles, without Cripplegate..
+ St. Sepulchre
Trinity in the Minories
Vicarage
Rectory
Rectory
...
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory, consolidated with
that of St. Nicholas at the
Shambles....
..
LIVING,
··
Rectory
Rectory
Vicarage
Perpetual Curacy
Perpetual Curacy
Rectory
Vicarage
Vicarage
Vicarage
Vicarage
Perpetual Curacy
··
LIVING.
..
•
...
Value in the
King's Books.
£ S. d.
17 0 0
35 1 8
26 8 4
16 0 0
21 10 5
7 0 0
18 13 4
16 6 8
18 13 4
13 0 0
18 13 4
7 19 7
517 14 21
123 7 65
10 18 6
7 7 11
13 6 3
39 5 7
9 42
5 16 8
26 7 9
11 0 0
17 13 9
15 17 11
5 7 {
12 0 0
8 7 6
33 5 10
CITY OF LONDON WITHOUT THE WALLS.
Value in the
King's Books,
£ s. d.
18 0 0
8 0 0
13 6 8
20 0 0
16 0 0
26 4 9
32 5 0
20 0 0
The Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's.
The Drapers' Company
The Archbishop of Canterbury
The Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's and the I
Dean and Chapter of Canterbury, alternately (
United with that of St. Vedast....
PATRONS.
The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop I
of Worcester, alternately
The Crown and the Parishioners, alternately .
The King and another, alternately
The Crown and the Mercers' Company, alternately
United with that of St. Edmund the King
The Crown and the Dean and Chapter of St.
Paul's, alternately
United with that of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey
The Parishioners
..
•
The Crown ..
United with that of St. Alban, Wood-street
United with those of Allhallows, Honey-lane,
and St. Mary le Bow
• ··
··
··
The Lord Mayor, Aldermen and Common
Council
•
PATRONS.
..
United with that of St. Bene't..
The Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's
United with that of St. Matthew, Friday-street..
The Parishioners
The Crown and the Grocers' Company, alternately
The Dean and Chapter of Canterbury and the
Rev. H. G. Watkins, alternately
{
United with that of St. Mary Aldermary
United with that of St. Michael, Queen-bythe
S The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Dean
and Chapter of St. Paul's, alternately
{
··
..
The Duke of Buccleuch
W. Phillips, Esq.
S The Governors of St. Bartholomew's Hos-
pital
The Dean and Chapter of Westminster
R. Kynaston, Esq. .
The Bishop of London
The Dean and Chapter of Westminster
The Society for purchasing Livings
The Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's
The President and Fellows of St. John's
College, Oxford
The Crown.
•
...
··
Population.
714
492
576
716
252
181
433
329
271
180
228
350
1012
239
1135
190
731
346
576
266
3062
273
365
502
398
Population.
6234 a
2931
823 b
4003 c
9067 d
10,140
7288
3549
13,038 e
8271 ƒ
680
a The parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, within the city, includes the extra-parochial liberty of Barnard's Inn; but the largest part of the parish is in
the Holborn division of the hundred of Ossulstone, the population of which is returned with the parish of St. George the Martyr.
:
b The return from the parish of St. Bartholomew the Less includes four hundred and seventy-one patients in St. Bartholomew's hospital.
c The entire parish of St. Botolph, without Aldersgate, contains 5361 inhabitants, of which number, 1358 are in the liberty of Glasshouse Yard, in the
Finsbury division of the hundred of Ossulstone.
¿ The parish of St. Botolph, Aldgate, is partly within the walls of the city.
e The debtors in Whitecross-street prison are included in the population of the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate.
ƒ The parish of St. Sepulchre, containing 13,011 inhabitants, extends into the Finsbury division of the hundred of Ossulstone, county of Middlesex.
U 2
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PARISH.
PARISHES ADJACENT TO THE CITY OF LONDON,
the three former being in the Holborn division, and the two latter in the Tower division, of the hundred of Ossulstone, county of Middlesex.
* St. George the Martyr, and
St. Andrew above Bars ..
+ St. George, Bloomsbury
+ St. Giles in the Fields ...
+ St. George in the East..
*St. John Baptist, Savoy
St. Peter ad Vincula, Tower Rectory
PARISH.
St. Aune, Soho....
* St. Clement Danes
••
·
St. George, Hanover-square
*St. James, Piccadilly
+ St. John, Milbank
+ St. Margaret....
St. Martin in the Fields
*St. Mary le Strand
St. Mary le Savoy
* St. Paul, Covent Garden.....
D
PARISHES.
•
..
Christchurch
St. George the Martyr
St. John, Horsleydown
St. Olave.
St. Saviour
St. Thomas
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
· •
·
•
Perpetual Curacy
..
LIVINGS.
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Vicarage
Rectory
Perpetual Curacy
Rectory
..
•
a The parish of St. George the Martyr includes the return for that part of the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, which is in the Holborn division of the
hundred of Ossulstone, and the number of inhabitants is 26,492, besides which, the liberties of Saffron Hill, Hatton Garden, and Ely Rents, contain 9902 in-
habitants, making the whole number, in the united parishes, 41,728.
b The parishes of St. George, Bloomsbury, and St. Giles in the Fields, united, contain 51,793 inhabitants.
··
CITY AND LIBERTY OF WESTMINSTER.
*
The parishes marked thus are subject to the Archdeacon of Middlesex, with whom the Bishop of London exercises concurrent jurisdiction;
and those marked thus † are within the royal peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster.
··
LIVING.
..
………
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Rectory
Perpetual Curacy
Donative.
•
LIVINGS.
Value in the
King's Books.
£ s. d.
•
18 13 4
·
Value in the
King's Books.
£ s. d.
52 7 1
12 0 0
13 8 4
The Duke of Buccleuch
The Crown
The Crown
•
The Principal and Fellows of Brasenose Col-
lege, Oxford
The Crown
The Crown
Value in the
King's Books.
£ s. d.
18 13 9
PATRONS.
•
caster
The Duke of Bedford
PATRONS.
The Bishop of London
The Marquis of Exeter
The Bishop of London
The Bishop of London
The Dean and Chapter of Westminster
The Dean and Chapter of Westminster
The Bishop of London
The Crown....
The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan-
··
•
•
.. •
··
a The entire parish of St. Clement Danes, containing 14,763 inhabitants, extends into the Holborn division of the hundred of Ossulstone, and includes
Clement's Inn and New Inn.
The Milbank Penitentiary, in which were seven hundred and thirteen persons, is included in the parish of St. John.
c The entire parish of St. Mary le Strand, containing 2273 inhabitants, includes the precinct of the duchy of Lancaster, in the Holborn division of the
hundred of Ossulstone.
•
BOROUGH OF SOUTHWARK.
The following parishes are within the jurisdiction of the Consistory Court of the Commissary of the Bishop of Winchester, as regards
granting letters of administration; and within that of the Archdeacon of Surrey for granting probates of wills.
PATRONS.
The Trustees of Mr. Marshall's Charities..
The Crown
The Crown.
•
Population.
a
·
68 4 9 The Crown...
The Parishioners
The Governors of St. Thomas' Hospital
b
b
32,528
222
463
Population,
15,215
10,753 a
46,384
33,819
16,835 b
22,387
28,252
1784 c
5834
Population.
13,339 a
36,368 b
9163
8420 c
16,808
1807 d
a Christchurch was formerly a part of St. Saviour's parish, but the inhabitants have lost, through disuse, the right to vote at elections for the borough. The
parish extends into the East division of the hundred of Brixton; but the entire population is given above.
The population of the parish of St. George includes five hundred and fifteen persons in the King's Bench prison, ninety-nine in the Marshalsea
prison, two hundred and forty-three in the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, one hundred and eighty in the Philanthropic Reform, ninety-six in the School
for the Indigent Blind, sixty-seven in the Freemasons' school, eighty-three in the Magdalene Hospital, and two hundred and forty-seven in Bethlehem
Hospital.
c St Olave's parish extends into the city of London. d The return from St. Thomas' parish includes the inmates of St. Thomas' and Guy's Hospitals.
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149
There are likewise numerous extra-parochial liber-
ties; namely, in the City of London Without the Walls,
Barnard's Inn, the population of which is returned
with St. Andrew, Holborn; Bridewell Hospital and
Precinct, containing, according to the last census, 443
inhabitants; Clifford's Inn, 101; Furnival's Inn, 100;
Gray's Inn, 208; Lincoln's Inn, 268; Serjeant's Inn,
Chancery-lane, 31; Serjeant's Inn, Fleet-street, 94;
Staple Inn, 41; White Friars' Precinct, 1247; Inner
Temple, 405; Middle Temple, 298: adjacent to the
City of London, Old Artillery Ground Liberty, con-
taining 1487 inhabitants; Charter-house, 144; Ely
place, 268; Norton-Falgate Liberty, 1896; Rolls Li-
berty, 2737; Old Tower Without (Precinct), 205;
East Smithfield Liberty, 6429: in the City and
Liberty of Westminster, the Close of the Collegiate
Church of St. Peter, containing 181 inhabitants; and
the Verge of the palaces of St. James' and White-
.hall, 641.
The northern and southern porticoes consist each of a
semi-cupola, supported by six fluted Corinthian columns,
of four feet diameter, with semicircular flights of black
marble steps. The great western entrance is composed
of a double story of twelve lofty Corinthian columns
below, and eight of the Composite order above, support-
ing a grand enriched pediment crowned with a colossal
figure of St. Paul, and other statues: the whole stands
upon an elevated base, the ascent to which is by a
flight of twenty-two square black marble steps, running
the entire length of the portico. The enriched pediment
represents the conversion of St Paul. At the extremi-
ties of this western elevation are elegant campaniles, or
steeples of two stories, of light pierced workmanship,
terminating in domes formed by curves of contrary
flexure, like bells, and ornamented at the top with gilt
pine-apples. At the eastern extremity is a circular pro-
jection, forming within a recess for the communion table.
The walls are of rustic work, and strengthened and or-
namented by two ranges of coupled pilasters, one above
the other, the lower being Corinthian, and the upper Com-
posite. Both the northern and southern sides have an air
of uncommon elegance; having also richly-decorated
windows and niches, scrolls, fruitage, and other suitable
enrichments. The cupola, which is the most distinguish-
ing feature of the pile, towers in majestic proportion
above the rest of the structure: it is ornamented with
thirty-two columns below, and a range of attic antæ
above, the exterior circuit of which is flanked by a noble
balustrade. The interior is of correspondent beauty,
being, like the exterior, constructed in the purest style
of classical architecture. It has lately been improved
by the introduction of monuments and statues of
British heroes, and other illustrious dead, which, being
composed of the finest marbles, and generally of
good design, add greatly to the rich appearance of this
part of the cathedral. The interior of the grand cupola
was painted by Sir James Thornhill, the designs being
illustrative of some of the most remarkable occur-
rences in the life of St. Paul. The entire pavement,
up to the altar, is of marble, chiefly consisting of square
slabs, alternately black and white: the floor round
the communion table is of the same kinds of marble,
mingled with porphyry. The communion table is
ornamented with four noble fluted pilasters, painted
and veined with gold, in imitation of lapis lazuli. The
organ gallery is supported by eight Corinthian columns
of blue and white marble, of exquisite beauty. The
stalls in the choir are beautifully carved by the celebra-
ted Gibbons, and the other ornaments are of equal
workmanship. There is a chapel, where divine service
is performed every day, Sundays excepted, and opposite
is the consistory; each of them having a magnificent
screen of carved wainscot of the Corinthian order. In
the crypt beneath the church, and immediately under
the centre of the great dome, is the tomb of Admiral
Lord Nelson. The building was erected at the national
expense, and cost a million and a half of money. The
iron balustrade surrounding the churchyard, which,
with its seven iron gates, weighs two hundred tons,
cost £11,202. 0. 6. The extent of the ground plot oc-
cupied by the edifice is two acres and sixteen perches :
in the area of the west front is placed a statue of
Queen Anne.
The parochial churches may, for the most part, be
ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL is the chief ecclesiastical
edifice of London and of the empire, and the master-
piece of its architect, Sir Christopher Wren. This mag-
nificent structure stands on the highest and most cen-
tral spot of ground in the city, nearly covering the site
of the ancient cathedral built by Bishop Maurice, which
was destroyed by the fire of 1666. It is the cathedral
of the diocese of London, the deanery of which is now
held with the see of Llandaff, together with a spacious
house in Doctors' Commons. The commission for
building a new cathedral is dated in 1673, the interval
between the fire and that period having been employed
in endeavouring to repair the old fabric, which was at
length found impracticable. The first stone of the pre-
sent structure, which was built from the third design of
the architect, was laid June 21st, 1675; the walls of the
choir and side aisles were finished in ten years, together
with the semicircular porticoes on the north and south
sides, and the last stone was laid on the top of the
lantern in 1710, in the lifetime of the architect, by his
son Christopher. This stupenduous edifice, of which
only a general description can here be attempted, is
wholly constructed of the best Portland stone, in the
form of a Latin cross, the extreme length of which is five
hundred and fourteen feet, and its breadth two hundred
and sixteen. The interior consists of a nave, choir, side
aisles, transept, side chapels, &c. From the intersection
of the cross rises a stately cupola, universally admired
for its grandeur and elegant proportions, being two hun-
dred and fifteen feet in altitude, and measuring one hun-
dred and forty-five in diameter, and four hundred and
thirty feet in circumference. From the top of this springs
a lantern, adorned with large Corinthian pillars, sur-
rounded at its base by a gallery, and terminating at the
top in a superb gilt ball and cross: the height, from the
floor of the church to the summit of the cross, is four hun-
dred and four feet, and the circumference of the entire
fabric is two thousand two hundred and ninety-two feet.
A dwarf stone wall, supporting a massy balustrade of
cast-iron, surrounds the churchyard, separating it from
a spacious carriage and foot way, on the west, south, and
east sides, and from a wide foot pavement on the north.
The principal architectural features of the exterior are
two grand semicircular porticoes at the north and south
ends of the transept; the magnificent western entrance,
with its campanile turrets; and the cupola, or dome.
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150
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1
divided into two classes,-those built by Sir Christopher
Wren, or his pupils, since the great fire, and those which
escaped that calamity. Of the former, the following most
deserve notice: St. Mary's-le-Bow, in Cheapside, and St.
Bride's, in Fleet-street, are allowed to possess the most
elegant steeples of any in London. The first is a most
successful endeavour to perpetuate the origin of its ad-
ditional name of De Arcubus, or Le Bow, which arose,
not only from the body being erected on arches, or a
Norman crypt (which still remains), but from having a
steeple, or lantern, resting on bows. This singularity is
retained in the present structure, the spire of which is
partly supported by flying buttresses, Corinthian co-
lumns, and an elegant circular gallery, terminating
in a lofty spire; the whole being a masterly display
of the five orders. The steeple of St. Bride's is of a
totally different form, but equally beautiful: it consists
of a series of elegant stories, diminishing in exact pro-
portion as they ascend, and which, with the spire, ori-
ginally reached the altitude of two hundred and thirty-
four feet, but it was obliged lately to be reduced, on ac-
count of its having been damaged by lightning. Other
churches which are remarkable for fine or lofty steeples
are St. Antholin's Watling-street; St. Dunstan's in the
East; St. Magnus', London-bridge; Christ Church, New-
gate-street; and St. Vedast's, Foster lane. St. Stephen's,
Walbrook, deserves the next mention to St. Paul's,
on account of the unrivalled beauty of its interior.
It was erected in place of the old church built in
1420, and burnt down in the great fire. The plan of
this structure is original, yet simple; the elevation
surprising, yet chaste and beautiful. It is a small
church, in the form of a cross, being eighty-seven
feet ten inches in length, and sixty-four feet ten inches
in breadth. The dome, springing from the intersection,
is supported by eight arches, rising from as many Co-
rinthian columns, so disposed as to give the whole an
effect of great lightness and spaciousness. Over the
altar is a fine painting, by West, of the Stoning of St.
Stephen.
The above-named churches are amongst the finest
of the fifty built by Sir Christopher Wren after the
conflagration of 1666. The following claim notice
either from their architectural character, or historical
interest. St. Michael's Wood-street. This church is of
the Ionic order, and was erected in 1669. The original
tower has of late years been replaced by a clumsy
spire. So early as the year 1359, the church was libe-
rally endowed; and Stow asserts that the head of
James IV. of Scotland was buried here, after the battle
of Flodden Field. St. Mary's, Aldermanbury, having a
large western tower with angular pinnacles, occupies the
site of an old church refounded by Alderman Keeble, in
the fifteenth century. Judge Jeffreys was buried in this
church. St. Mary's at Hill, Lower Thames-street, was only
partially destroyed by the great fire. This church is
remarkable for containing some old and curious records,
extracts from which have been published: it has a
plain square brick tower. St. Vedast's, Foster-lane, be-
sides its stone spire before mentioned, which is very
handsome and of exact symmetry, possesses an altar-
piece of singular elegance. The railing before it is pecu-
liarly rich
and the border that surrounds the nimbus,
or glory, is composed for the most part of three cheru-
bim, half immersed in clouds, and six winged infants,
in the highest possible relief, one sounding two trum-
pets, and the others bearing palm branches, the carving
being either from the chisel of Gibbons, or some success-
ful rival of that great artist. St. Sepulchre's Snow hill,
is a spacious stone structure, modernized from the
remains of the former church built in 1440, and which
escaped the great fire. It has a fine groined porch, or
entrance, and a lofty square tower with tall angular
pinnacles, which, together with the interior, show that
it must, before its modernization, have been a noble
edifice of English architecture. St. Mary's Woolnoth,
Lombard-street, is a fine specimen of the Tuscan order,
erected by Nicholas Hawksmoor, a pupil of Sir Chris-
topher Wren. The whole exterior is of stone, the north-
ern elevation being decorated with large semicircular
rusticated arches, and the western end having a double
tower with composite columns, a balustrade, and other
ornaments. The interior is a fine specimen of the most
exquisite proportion, as well as of chaste decoration.
St. Michael's, Cornhill, has a beautiful tower, which
renders it one of the most conspicuous ornaments of
the city. It is surmounted by four fine fluted turrets,
and is admirably light and elegant; and the various
orders of architecture are harmoniously combined.
There is a monument to the memory of Fabian, the
Chronicler, who was an alderman of London.
St.
Lawrence's, Jewry, was rebuilt in 1677. It is a neat
edifice the interior has lately been rendered very
elegant, and contains a monument of Archbishop Til-
lotson. St. Peter's, Cornhill, according to an inscrib-
ed brass plate in it, was the first Christian church
erected in Britain, being said to have been built by
King Lucius, so early as the year 79. The present
structure is plain but neat it has a steeple of red
brick, with a lofty spire terminating in a large key, the
emblem of the patron saint. St. Bene't's, Paul's Wharf,
was built in 1181, and rebuilt in 1682. Inigo Jones
is said to have been buried in this church, but there
is no record of the circumstance. St. Swithin's, Cannon-
street, a small but elegant church, with a tower and spire,
was built in 1680, on the site of one of very ancient
foundation. This church attracts notice from the famous
"London stone" being placed in front of it. Christ
Church, Newgate-street, is a spacious and elegant stone
church, having a lofty tower, and is much frequented
on account of the singing by the scholars of Christ's
hospital, who attend divine service in it, and whose
combined voices, from their great number, produce an
extraordinary effect. Previously to the dissolution of
monasteries, this was the site of the Grey friars' church,
which was three hundred feet long, and decorated with
noble monuments: the portion re-edified was only the
choir of the ancient structure. St. Alban's, Wood-street,
is a handsome stone edifice, with a lofty turretted tower,
the interior being in good proportion, and containing
a richly-ornamented altar-piece, and a pulpit finely
carved. The Saxon king, Athelstan, is said to have had
a palace adjoining this church, and his name, somewhat
corrupted and abridged, is thought to be preserved in
Addle-street, formerly called King Adel-street, running
by the side of it. St. Margaret's Pattens, Rood-lane, was
rebuilt in 1687. The carving of the altar-piece is by
the celebrated Grinlin Gibbons. St. Michael's, Crooked-
lane, rebuilt in 1688. Sir William Walworth, who
killed the rebel Wat Tyler, was buried in this an-
:
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151
cient church, where he founded a college of Priests.
St. Michael's, College-hill, is celebrated as the burial-
place of the famous lord mayor, Richard Whittington,
who here founded a college. The ceiling, which is finely
coved, is said to be the largest church ceiling in London
unsupported by a single column. The tower is sur-
mounted by a singularly beautiful turret, decorated with
Corinthian columns: the altar-piece has carving by
Grinlin Gibbons.
Some of the city churches which escaped the great
fire are of very considerable architectural merit; and
most of them contain a number of curious and interest-
ing monuments; they are as follows:
St. Andrew's Undershaft, Leadenhall-street, obtained
its adjunct from a May-pole, or shaft, having formerly
been set up every year on the first of May, which was
higher than the church steeple. The style of archi-
tecture is the later English, having been rebuilt in 1522,
at the expense of William Fitz-William, the founder of
the noble house of Wentworth. The interior is de-
corated with great taste; the ceiling is adorned with
angels, and the compartments over the pillar which
support it painted in imitation of basso relievo. The
eastern window is richly ornamented with stained glass,
in five compartments, representing the sovereigns Ed-
ward VI., Queen Elizabeth, James I., Charles I., and
Charles II. The pulpit is a fine specimen of carving.
The most remarkable monument is that of John Stowe,
the London historian, who is represented sitting at
study. St. Helen's, Bishopsgate-street. Dr. Stukeley affirms
that this church is built on the site of one which existed
in the time of the Roman dominion in Britain, and was
dedicated to the Empress Helena. The present fabric
was the conventual church of an adjoining priory of
Benedictine nuns, part of which was appropriated to
the use of the parishioners. It is chiefly remarkable
for a number of ancient and curious monuments.
St. James', Duke's Place, was built in the reign of
James I., on the site of the priory of the Holy Trinity,
at Aldgate, from the materials of the conventual build-
ings. St. Bartholomew's the Less, and St. Bartholomew's
the Great, were both conventual churches, and are si-
tuated near Smithfield. The former, which belonged to
the hospital of St. Bartholomew, has been altered and
modernized so much, that it retains no ancient feature
worthy of description. St. Bartholomew's the Great is
a fine specimen, and the only one remaining in London,
of the massive Norman architecture, the nave being
supported by ponderous low round columns: the pre-
sent church is only the choir of that of the priory.
Both churches were founded by Rayhere, said to have
been minstrel, or jester, to Henry I., who has a tomb,
with his effigy, in the structure last mentioned. St.
Giles', Cripplegate, was erected in 1546, on the site of
the ancient church, built by Alfune, the first master
of St. Bartholomew's hospital, in 1090, and burnt down
in the year 1545: it is a light well-proportioned struc-
ture. Speed the historian, and Fox the martyrologist,
were buried here. Oliver Cromwell, afterwards Protec-
tor, was married in this church.
The ecclesiastical structures without the city exhi-
bit as great a variety in their age and construction as
those within its limits. They may be divided into
three classes; the churches of ancient erection; those
erected in the reign of Queen Anne and her successors ;
and the newly-built churches of His late Majesty's
reign.
The churches of the first class are, in the City and
Liberties of Westminster, the abbey church of St. Peter,
St. Margaret's, St. John's the Baptist, in the Savoy, and
the Temple church. In Southwark, St. Saviour's church;
and in other parts of the town and suburbs, St. Pancras'
and Stepney churches; to which, as next in age, though
different in style, may be added St. James', Westmin-
ster, and St. Anne's, Soho. The principal churches built
in the reign of Anne and her successors, George I.,
George II., and George III., are, St. Martin's; St.George's,
Hanover-square; St. Giles' in the Fields; St. George's,
Bloomsbury; St. Mary's le Strand; St. Clement Dane's;
St. Paul's, Covent Garden; and St. John's the Evan-
gelist, Milbank; all situated in Westminster, or its
Liberties; St. Olave's, St. George's, St. Thomas', St.
Mary's, and Bermondsey and Christ churches, situated
in Southwark; and on the northern and eastern sides
of the metropolis, the churches of Bishopsgate, Spital-
fields, Shoreditch, Old-street, St. James, and St. John
Clerkenwell, Aldgate, Whitechapel, Bethnal Green,
Limehouse, St. George in the East, Shadwell, and Wap-
ping. The more modern churches, scattered through
various parts of the metropolis and its suburbs, will be
noticed hereafter.
London contains no churches of the Anglo-Saxon
period, excepting small portions of Westminster abbey
church, concealed from view in consequence of their
subterranean situation. Of the Anglo-Norman style,
St. Bartholomew's the Great, and the chapel at the
White Tower, two of the finest specimens in the city,
have been noticed. Those religious edifices in the
Anglo-Norman style, and of later English architec-
ture, most deserving of notice in Westminster, South-
wark, and the suburbs, are the following:-
WESTMINSTER ABBEY, or, more properly, the colle-
giate church of St. Peter at Westminster, is ascribed to
Sebert, King of the East Saxons. The neighbourhood
by degrees became peopled, partly from this circum-
stance, and partly from the erection of a palace near it,
which induced the chief nobility to erect town houses
in its vicinity. Edward the Confessor rebuilt the church
in 1065; and by Pope Nicholas II. it was appointed the
place of inauguration for the kings of England. On the
general suppression of religious houses, Henry VIII.
converted the Benedictine abbey attached to this church
into a college of Secular canons, under the government of
a dean, and afterwards appointed a bishop, making it the
head of a diocese, comprising the entire county of Mid-
dlesex, except Fulham, which was retained by the Bishop
of London; but this establishment was, a few years af-
terwards, dissolved by Edward VI., who restored the col-
lege, which was again changed by Queen Mary into an
abbey. Elizabeth put an end to that institution in 1560,
and founded the present establishment, which is a col-
lege, consisting of a dean and twelve Secular canons, or
prebendaries; to which she attached a school for forty
scholars, called the Queen's scholars, to be educated in
the liberal sciences, preparatory to their removal to the
University. Private scholars are also admitted; and
some of the most illustrious characters in the kingdom
have received their education here. To this establish-
ment belong choristers, singing men, an organist, and
twelve almsmen. It is imagined that a school was
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annexed to the abbey so long ago as the time of Edward
the Confessor. The present church was built by Henry III.
and his successors, and completed by the last abbot, with
the exception of the two towers at the western entrance,
which are the work of Sir Christopher Wren, and the
northern doorway, called "the beautiful gate," which
was erected at the expense of the unfortunate Bishop
Atterbury. Its length is three hundred and sixty feet,
the breadth of the nave seventy-two feet, and the length
of the transept one hundred and ninety-five feet.
late improvements have exposed this venerable structure
to the view, by pulling down the houses on its northern
side, and forming a square before it, neatly planted with
low shrubs. On entering the western door, the whole
body of the church presents itself at one view, terminated
at the further end by the fine painted window over the
portico of Henry the Seventh's chapel, and is highly
impressive from its loftiness, lightness, and symmetry.
The nave is separated from the choir by a screen; the
choir, in the form of a semi-octagon, was formerly sur-
rounded by eight chapels, but there are now only seven,
that which was then the central chapel at present
forming the porch of that of Henry VII. The roofs
of the nave and transept are supported by two rows
of arches, one above the other, resting on beautiful lofty
clustered columns of Purbeck marble. Corresponding
with the central range of pillars are demi-pillars in the
side walls, which, as they rise, spring into semi-arches,
and meet others opposite in acute angles; by which
means the roof is thrown into a variety of segments of
arches, decorated with ornamental carvings. The side
aisles receive light from a middle range of windows,
which, with the four large ones at the ends of the nave
and the transept, give light to the whole of the main
building. The great western window is splendidly
painted, representing figures of the patriarchs Moses
and Aaron, the arms of Edward the Confessor, those
of Westminster, and other devices. The choir, one
of the most beautiful in Europe, is terminated to-
wards the east by the ancient high altar, beyond
which, at a small distance, is seen the magnificent shrine
of Edward the Confessor, rising from the centre of
the chapel which bears his name. The pavement before
the altar-table is a splendid specimen of ancient Mosaic
work, and one side of the enclosure is formed by the
venerable tombs and effigies of Aymer de Valence, Ed-
ward Crouchback, the monuments of King Sebert, Anne
of Cleves, &c. The choir is enclosed on the northern
and southern sides by handsome stalls, the floor being
paved with black and white marble, and the roof orna-
mented with white tiles, divided into compartments,
which are bordered with gilt carved work. The ceremony
of the coronation of the kings and queens of England is
performed in this part of the abbey. The best executed
monuments are the productions of Roubilliac, Rysbrach,
Flaxman, Westmacott, and Bacon. In the southern ex-
tremity of the transept are monuments to the memory
of many of the most eminent British poets, whence this
spot has received the name of Poet's Corner; and here
are to be found, amongst others, the names and memo-
rials of Chaucer, Spencer, Shakspeare, Ben Jonson,
Milton, Dryden, Butler, Thomson, Gay, Goldsmith,
Addison, Samuel Johnson, &c.; together with the tombs
of Handel and Garrick. In the southern aisle the
most remarkable monuments are those of Dr. Watts,
-
At
W. Hargrave, Esq., and Captain James Cornwall.
the western end of the abbey are those of Sir Godfrey
Kneller, Dr. Mead, Sir Charles Wager, the Earl of
Chatham, &c. On the northern side of the entrance
into the choir is the monument of Sir Isaac Newton,
and near it is that of Earl Stanhope. Near the great
gates, and opposite the tomb of the Earl of Chatham,
lie the remains, about twelve feet from each other, of
the two great political rivals, Charles James Fox, and
William Pitt; the monument of the latter is over the
western entrance. Lord Mansfield's monument is
erected under one of the lofty arches at the northern
end of the transept.
Around the choir are eight chapels, dedicated re-
spectively to St. Benedict, St. Nicholas, St. Paul, St.
Erasmus, St. John the Baptist, St. John the Evangelist,
St. Michael, and St. Andrew; and in them is a variety
of tombs, erected to the memory of distinguished per-
sons: the three last-named chapels have been con-
verted into a single one. Besides these are two other
chapels deserving particular mention, viz., the chapel of
Edward the Confessor, and Henry the Seventh's
chapel.
Edward the Confessor's Chapel stands immediately
behind the altar of the church, upon an elevated floor,
leading to which there is a flight of steps. It is re-
markable for containing the shrine of its patron saint,
King Edward the Confessor, and the tombs of several of
the ancient English monarchs, from which circumstance
it has been denominated "the Chapel of the Kings."
The saint's shrine, erected pursuant to the orders of
Henry III., by Peter Cavalini, stands in the centre, and
was curiously ornamented with Mosaic work of coloured ·
stones, with gilding and other ornaments, but only some
fragments now remain. Of the regal monuments around,
that of Henry III. is distinguished by large panels of
polished porphyry, enclosed with Mosaic work of scarlet
and gold, and that monarch's effigy of brass gilt, the size
of life. The remains of Edward I. are contained in a
plain coffin of grey marble. The tomb of Edward III.
has his statue of brass gilt, and is surrounded by sta-
tues of his children, and others. There is a tomb
erected to the memory of Richard II. and his queen,
Anne of Bohemia, with their effigies. Editha, consort
of the Confessor; Eleanor, the affectionate wife of Ed-
ward I.; the heroic Philippa, consort of Edward III.,
have tombs with their effigies, the former of brass gilt,
and the latter of alabaster. The tomb of Henry V. is
enclosed in a beautiful chantry chapel. The coronation
chairs, and the stone brought from Scone by Edward I.;
the sword and shield of King Edward III.; the saddle
and helmet used by Henry V. at the battle of Agin-
court; and various models of churches, by Sir Chris-
topher Wren, are shewn among the curiosities here.
Along the frieze of the screen of this chapel are four-
teen legendary sculptures, relating to the history of
Edward the Confessor, which were executed in the reign
of Henry III., and which are well worthy the attention
of the antiquary.
Henry the Seventh's Chapel, universally admitted to
be one of the richest specimens of later English archi-
tecture in the kingdom, adjoins the eastern extremity of
the abbey. It was erected as a mausoleum for himself
and his family by the king whose name it bears, on the
site of a smaller chapel, dedicated, like the present, to
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the Virgin Mary, and cost £14,000, a sum estimated to
have been equal to a quarter of a million of our pre-
sent currency. The exterior of this edifice is remark-
able for richness and variety, which are greatly in-
creased by fourteen buttresses, with crocketed turrets,
projecting from the several angles of the building, and
are beautifully ornamented with canopies, niches, and
other decorations: these buttresses add strength as well
as beauty to the edifice, being connected with the upper
part of the walls of the nave by pointed arches. The in-
terior, lighted by a double range of windows of mag-
nificent dimensions and elegant workmanship, consists
of a nave and two small aisles, and is entered by a flight
of black marble steps, under a noble arch, that leads
to a pair of large wrought brazen gates, thickly plated
with gold, each panel being adorned with a rose and
portcullis, alternately. The nave is ninety-nine feet
long, sixty-six broad, and fifty-four high, and terminates
at the eastern end in a curve, having five deep recesses,
´entered by open arches. The lofty stone ceiling, with its
innumerable ornaments, excites the highest admiration.
Numerous oratories, canopies, and other embellishments,
adorn the sides and ends of this chapel. In the centre
stands the altar-tomb of Henry VII., executed by Tor-
regiano, in basaltic stone, ornamented with the royal
effigy, and surrounded by a magnificent screen of the
same material, the whole of which is said to have cost
£10,000. Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, Mary Queen
of Scots, Margaret of Richmond, several of the Bruns-
wick family, and numerous other royal and distinguished
persons, have been interred within the walls of this cele-
brated chapel.
St. Margaret's church, an elegant specimen of the
architecture of the period of Edward IV., stands near
the northern entrance of the abbey, and is remarkable
for its beautiful eastern window of painted glass, re-
presenting the Crucifixion, which was presented by
the magistrates of Dort, in Holland, to Henry VII.,
and intended for his chapel, then erecting; but he
dying before it was finished, after passing through the
hands of various owners, it was at last purchased for
its present situation for the sum of £420. A board
in this church is inscribed to the memory of the great
Sir Walter Raleigh, who was beheaded in 1618, in Pa-
lace-yard adjoining. The members of the House of
Commons attend divine service in this church on par-
ticular occasions. The Temple Church, dedicated to St.
Mary, deserves especial notice for its antiquity and pe-
culiar architecture. It is supposed to have been first
erected in the year 1185, and to have been afterwards,
partially or wholly, rebuilt by the Knights Templars, in
the year 1244. The form of the most ancient portion
of the edifice is a peristyle, having six massive pillars,
with fillets on the shafts, and Norman capitals. This
portion, which forms the vestibule of the present church,
contains the tombs of eleven Knights Templars. The
main body of the edifice is of more modern English
architecture, consisting of a nave, with two aisles,
and a transept, divided by elegant clustered columns,
supporting a fine arched roof. Selden, Plowden, Lord
Thurlow, and the eminent physician, Dr. Mead, lie
interred in this church. The Norman arch, forming the
entrance to the church, is much admired for the richness
of its mouldings. St. John's the Baptist, now almost
the only remnant of the ancient palace of the Savoy,
VOL. III.
in the Strand (which was built in 1245, and converted
into an hospital in 1509, when the present church ap-
pears to have been erected), has a beautiful roof, divided
into panels, on which numerous religious and heraldic
devices are carved, and contains several ancient monu-
ments of the Willoughby, Howard, and Compton fami-
lies: it was very tastefully repaired in 1820. St. Savi-
our's, Southwark, formerly collegiate, is the most spacious
parochial church in the metropolis, and one of the finest
specimens of ancient architecture. It has a nave and
aisles, with a choir and transept, Lady chapel, &c. Part
of it appears to be of the period of Henry II., or III.,
and the remainder of that of Henry IV., in whose reign
it was partly rebuilt. Twenty-six pillars, in two rows,
support the roof of this interesting edifice; and the
chancel, and galleries in the walls of the choir, are
adorned with arches, in a similar manner to Westminster
abbey. The tower, which is supported on four very
strong pillars, is one hundred and fifty feet high, to the
top of the large angular pinnacles, and contains a ring
of twelve fine-toned bells. During the progress of con-
siderable embellishment and repairs, in the month
of July 1830, the remains of Dr. Lancelot Andrews,
Bishop of Winchester, who died Sept. 21st, 1626, were
discovered, in a state of great preservation, in a leaden
coffin, walled up with brick, within his monument in
Bishops' chapel; a subterraneous passage leading from
the church was also exposed to view soon afterwards.
Gower, one of the ancient English poets, has a small
monument in this church, and several other eminent
men lie interred here. The churchwardens of St.
Saviour's, with others of the parish officers, form
a corporate body, by charter of Henry VIII., granted
at the dissolution of the college, or priory of Augustine
canons here, when the inhabitants purchased the con-
ventual church, and made it parochial. St. James', and
St. Anne's, Soho, are only remarkable, the former for
containing a beautiful marble font, sculptured by Grinlin
Gibbons; and the latter for being the burial-place of
Theodore, King of Corsica, who lies in the churchyard,
beneath a gravestone inscribed with some affecting lines
from the pen of the late Lord Orford.
Although Sir Christopher Wren was the architect
principally employed in rebuilding the churches after
the great fire of London, yet the erection of a few in
different parts of the metropolis was confided to his
contemporaries. There were also several good churches
built in the succeeding reigns, by other architects; and
the following, as the most interesting of these, are en-
titled to a brief notice.
-
St. Martin's in the Fields has been invariably ad-
mired for its portico, which is the finest of any church
in London, and the entire edifice is entitled to a
comparison with the best works of Sir Christopher
Wren. It was erected between the years 1721 and
1726, from a design by James Gibbs, and unites the
light and picturesque beauty of the modern temple with
the sober grandeur and solidity of Grecian architec-
ture. The opening so long desired, for obtaining a
proper view of this fine portico, has lately been made.
St. George's, Hanover-square, is also remarkable for
a very fine portico of the Corinthian order, consisting
of six columns, with an entablature and pediment: the
steeple is an excellent piece of architecture. Over the
altar-piece is a tolerably good painting of the Last
t
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Supper, attributed to Sir James Thornhill. St. Mary's-
le-Strand, though sometimes censured for its affected
display of the five orders of architecture, and otherwise
too lavish ornament, is a handsome edifice, erected by
Gibbs in 1717, just after his return from Italy. The
western entrance is by a flight of semicircular steps,
which leads to a similarly-shaped portico of the Ionic
order, surmounted by a dome. Two ranges of columns,
the lower Ionic, the upper Corinthian, run round the
body of the church, with pilasters of the same orders
at the corners, and in the intercolumniations are, in the
lower range, niches, and in the upper, windows, both
tastefully ornamented. St. Clement's Danes has a fine
lofty steeple by Gibbs, but the body of the church is
said to have been designed by Sir Christopher Wren. It
is built of stone, with two tiers of windows, the lower
plain, the upper ornamented. The western entrance
consists of a portico on each side of the steeple, having
domes supported by Ionic columns. St. Paul's Covent
Garden, was originally erected by Inigo Jones, at the
expense of the Earl of Bedford. On the 17th of Sep-
tember, 1795, this church was burnt down, but it was
rebuilt in imitation of the original edifice. It has a
noble massive portico of the Tuscan order, and the
interior is of great neatness and simplicity. Butler, the
author of Hudibras, and Dr. Walcot, better known under
the assumed name of Peter Pindar, lie buried in the
churchyard. St. Giles' in the Fields, erected from a design
by Mr. Henry Flightcroft, is constructed entirely of
stone, in a simple yet elegant style, having a lofty hand-
some steeple, and was finished in 1734, at an expense of
£10,000. The entrance gateway has a fine sculptured
entablature, representing the Day of Judgment. St.
George's Bloomsbury, was erected by Mr. Nicholas
Hawksmore, and finished in 1731. It is a singular,
and not very harmonious, compound of the Tuscan and
Corinthian orders, constructed entirely of stone, with
a good portico in front, and a pyramidical steeple,
grotesquely ornamented. St. John's the Evangelist, Mil-
bank. This church, designed by Sir John Vanbrugh,
is remarkable for having four steeples, one at each
corner, which give it rather a whimsical appearance;
several of its details are, however, beautiful.
The churches erected since the commencement of
the present century are numerous, and some of them
eminent specimens of architectural display, particularly
St. Pancras', Marylebone, All Souls', Langham-place,
St. Luke's, Chelsea, &c. There are in various parts of
the metropolis, about four hundred and fifty places of
worship, of which nearly two hundred belong to the
establishment: there are forty-seven for Baptists, six
for the Society of Friends, upwards of one hundred for
Independents, thirty-two for Wesleyan Methodists, four
for Swedenborgians, six for Unitarians, four for Welch
Calvinists, and numerous others for different classes of
Protestant dissenters. There are also nine chapels in
connexion with the church of Scotland, fourteen Roman
Catholic chapels, seven synagogues, and eighteen Foreign
Protestant churches and chapels.
parochial schools, in which the children are both clothed
and educated: there are also numerous National and
Lancasterian schools, upwards of five hundred Sunday
schools, and about four thousand private schools in and
near the metropolis.
COLLEGES, SCHOOLS, AND ESTABLISHMENTS FOR
INSTRUCTION AND STUDY OF VARIOUS KINDS.
London contains two colleges, forty-five free schools
with perpetual endowments, seventeen schools for poor
and deserted children, and upwards of two hundred
King's College was so named from its having been
founded under the immediate patronage of his late Ma-
jesty, George IV., who presented the proprietors with
the site, on the condition that the college should be
completed in conformity to the design of Somerset
House. Considerable progress has been made towards
the erection of the buildings, which, when finished, will
form the eastern wing of that noble pile, of which it
has hitherto been deficient, and will, by corresponding
with the other parts of the building, render it complete.
The estimated expense, as given by the architect, Mr.
Smirke, is £140,000, exclusively of £17,000 for the
purchase and removal of houses next the Strand, to
make room for the principal front, and £10,000 for fur-
niture; making, with other additional items, £ 170,000,
besides the cost of furnishing the library and museum.
The design of the institution is to afford to the youth
of the metropolis a course of instruction similar to
that pursued at the Universities of Oxford and Cam-
bridge. The principal, with a competent number of
professors, will be appointed by a council, consisting of
the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Lord
Chancellor, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of King's
Bench, Secretary of State for the Home Department,
Speaker of the House of Commons, Deans of St. Paul
and Westminster, and the Lord Mayor: by this body
all the fundamental regulations, respecting the disci-
pline and course of education are to be approved. The
Archbishop of Canterbury is appointed perpetual visitor.
The funds for the erection and support of the institution
have been raised by donations, and by shares of £100
each, the dividends on which are not to exceed four
per cent., the surplus to be applied exclusively to
the benefit of the college.
The London University was established with a view to
afford a liberal education principally to students who are
excluded from Oxford and Cambridge by the statutes of
religious conformity: the students are not admitted
until they are able to perform certain exercises, and
are divided into three classes, according to the different
departments of literature in which they are engaged.
The institution is governed by a council of twenty-four,
six of whom are chosen annually; these appoint a
warden and professors, each of whom receives a fixed
stipend, until the fees paid by the students constitute a
sufficient support, and are entitled to superannuated
allowances: the University year excludes only the
months of August, September, and October. The funds
of the institution are to be not less than £150,000, nor
more than £300,000: each proprietor has the right of
appointing one pupil, and receives four per cent. on every
£100 share. The building, the first stone of which was
laid on the 30th of April, 1827, by his Royal Highness
the Duke of Sussex, the contract for its completion being
£ 107,000, occupies, with its appendages, seven acres of
ground, near the New road, purchased for £90,000 :
that portion already built is entirely constructed of stone,
and the whole will, when completed, consist of a cen-
tral portico of ten Corinthian columns, with enriched en-
tablature and pediment, and two wings projecting at
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right angles, with tetrastyle porticoes to correspond:
over the whole, springing from the vestibule, is an ele-
vated dome, surmounted by a Grecian temple of eight
pillars; and there are smaller corresponding domes to
the wings: two other wings of equal length extend from
the back of the central part, and there are other con-
necting buildings: the theatres, lecture-rooms, and
apartments of the interior, are all of elegant architec-
ture, and commodiously adapted to their respective
purposes.
Westminster School, founded, in 1560, by Queen Eli-
zabeth, for forty scholars, who receive an education pre-
paratory for the University, besides whom are educated,
as private scholars, many of the sons of the nobility
and gentry: the school is situated within the precincts
of Westminster Abbey. Eight boys are elected an-
nually on the foundation: and four more, called "Bi-
shop's boys," who wear gowns of a different colour from
those of the "King's scholars," are appointed by the
Dean, on the establishment of Dr. Williams, Bishop of
Lincoln, in 1628, who directed an annual pecuniary
allowance to be made to each, which is withheld until
the boys are entered at St. John's College, Cambridge,
when the Dean and Chapter add so much as will make
up £20 a year for four years. The bishop also endowed
four scholarships in the same college, for boys of this
school, preference being given to those on his own
foundation, each of the value of £20 per annum, for
four years. The other University advantages are, eight
studentships and scholarships at Corpus Christi and
Trinity Colleges, Cambridge, the former of the value of
from £50 to £60 per annum, the latter £25; three
scholarships at St. John's College, Cambridge, founded
by Sir Robert Wood, Knt., in 1659; a second nomina-
tion to three more at Corpus Christi College, of the an-
nual value of £20 each, founded by Archbishop Parker,
in 1569; and a rent-charge of £20, assigned by Dr.
Triplett, in 1668, towards the support of four boys from
this school at the University.
The Charter-house, which comprises an hospital as
well as a school, is so named from the word Char-
treuse, the site having been occupied by a convent
of Carthusian monks. It was built and endowed, in
the reign of James I., by Mr. Thomas Sutton, a mer-
chant of great opulence and liberality: the purchase
and completion of the buildings cost upwards of
£20,000. The establishment of this noble seminary
consists of a master, a preacher, two schoolmasters,
and forty-four scholars, who are supported free of every
expense. The boys, presented by the Governors in ro-
tation, are instructed in classical learning, and wear an
academical dress, resembling that worn by the scholars
of Eton and Westminster. The hospital is for eighty
decayed gentlemen, who have been merchants, or mi-
litary officers, each of whom is allowed £14 a year,
besides a gown, provisions, fuel, and two handsome
apartments: they dine in a common hall, and attend
prayers daily in the chapel. The buildings occupy the
whole site of the ancient monastery, which, with its
gardens and grounds, was of great extent, and several
portions of the ancient monastic edifice, still remaining,
present a very antique and venerable appearance. From
the revenue of the institution, twenty-nine exhibitioners,
at either of the Universities, are allowed £80 per an-
num for the first four years, and, if they graduate re-
■
gularly, £100 per annum for the next four years.
has also ten exhibitions at Christ Church, Pembroke,
Worcester, and University, Colleges, Oxford, founded by
Dame Elizabeth Holford, in 1720; its governors have
the patronage of nine ecclesiastical benefices.
St. Paul's School, at the east end of St. Paul's
churchyard, was founded in 1509, by the celebrated
Dr. Colet, Dean of St. Paul's, for the free education of
one hundred and fifty-three boys, by a master, an usher,
and a chaplain, under the direction of the Mercers'
Company, who are perpetual trustees, and on the ap-
pointment of the master of the company, as senior sur-
veyor of the school. The revenue of the school is
upwards of £5000; in addition to which the Com-
pany are in the receipt of £ 1000 annually, on an aver-
age, arising from £18,834. 15. three per cent. reduced
annuities, and the produce of tithes in the county of
Northumberland, bequeathed by Viscount Campden,
about 1685, for the endowment of exhibitions at Tri-
nity College, Cambridge, in behalf of this school, for
which nine exhibitioners are allowed £100 per annum
each for five years. There are also, an unlimited num-
ber of exhibitions, of the value of £50 a year each,
tenable for seven years, at either University; one, of
£30 a year, at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,
founded by John Stock, Esq., in 1781, tenable for seven
years; five at Trinity College, Cambridge, of £10 per
annum each, founded by Mr. Perry; four scholarships
at Corpus Christi College, founded, in 1766, by George
Sykes, Esq.; and two exhibitions of £10 per annum
each, jointly with the free grammar school at Dor-
chester, at St. John's College, Cambridge, founded by
Dr. Gower, for clergymen's sons: the school has also
an interest in Sir Robert Wood's scholarships, in de-
fault of candidates from the schools at Canterbury and
Westminster. The school apartments were rebuilt in
1824, entirely of stone, in an elegant style, and with
several enlargements, particularly a fine arcade for the
recreation of the boys.
It
Merchant Taylor's School, founded in 1561, by Sir
Thomas White, and liberally endowed by him and other
members of the company, is conducted by a principal, and
three under-masters, who teach the classics; and two
writing-masters, recently appointed, for whom a room
has been lately constructed out of some smaller apart-
ments, previously occupied by the junior masters: the
number of boys is limited to two hundred and fifty, who
are presented by the members of the court, each member
exercising the privilege in rotation: on admission the
boys pay £5. 2. each, and £2. 2. per quarter, with some
other trifling charges: one half of the admission fees
is set apart for founding exhibitions at the Universities.
It has thirty-seven fellowships at St. John's College, Ox-
ford: six scholarships at Pembroke College, Cambridge,
of the value of £ 40 a year each, tenable for seven years,
founded by the Rev. C. Parkyn; six civil law fellow-
ships of £50 per annum each, at St. John's College,
Oxford; two exhibitions, of £50 per annum each, one
at St. John's College, Oxford, and the other at Pem-
broke College, Cambridge, founded by Dr. Stuart: five
Divinity scholarships, of £4. 8. each, founded by Wal-
ter Fish; four of £4 per annum each, founded by John
Vernon, in 1615; and one scholarship of £4 per an-
num, founded by John Wooller, all at St. John's Col-
lege, Oxford; and an exhibition, of uncertain value, to
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either University, arising from the amount of donations
by individuals educated at this school: there are also
a by-fellowship and two scholarships at Catherine Hall,
Cambridge, founded by Thomas Holwey, for boys from
Eton, or Merchant Taylor's school; and it has an in-
terest in Sir Robert Wood's scholarships, in default of
boys from Canterbury and Westminster schools. By a
recent arrangement the boys in the two upper forms
are taught mathematics: no boy can derive any advan-
tage from the foundation if he enters higher than the
third form. The buildings of the establishment, situated
on the east side of Suffolk-lane, Cannon-street, consist
of the school, apartments for the usher, a house for the
head master, a library and a chapel.
Christ's Hospital, Newgate-street, founded by Ed-
ward VI., in 1552, on the site of a dissolved monastery
of Grey friars, is the noble and celebrated establish-
ment commonly denominated the Blue-coat school, from
the costume of the children supported and educated
there. This institution, famed for its antiquity, extent,
and high character, occupies the site of the Grey friars
monastery, the buildings of which, having gone to de-
cay, have just been magnificently re-edified in the ori-
ginal style. Upon this foundation there are generally
from one thousand to fourteen hundred boys, who are
clothed, boarded, and educated. The lord mayor and
corporation of London are governors and directors, ex
officio, and there are other governors, amounting in all
to about three hundred and fifty, who must be donors
of £400 and upwards. The New Hall, from a design
by Mr. John Shawe, is one of the grandest and most
imposing modern attempts at later English architec-
ture. It stands on the site of the little cloisters of
the monastery, measuring more than one hundred and
eighty feet in length, and of proportionate height and
width. The structure is of stone, and the style, agree-
ing with the date of the charity, has been copied from
the hall of Hampton Court palace, from which noble
model, however, it differs in many respects, but yet in
strict accordance with the style adopted. The stair-
cases, and a fine cloister beneath, correspond, and
concur, with the interior of the hall itself, to render
this one of the most magnificent banqueting-rooms in
England. There is an establishment at Hertford, to
which the younger boys are generally sent preparatory to
their entering on the foundation in London. The re-
The re-
venue of the hospital, arising from landed and funded
property, purchased with the donations of numerous
private individuals, amounts to about £45,000. There
are six exhibitions at Pembroke College, Cambridge,
each of the value of £90 for the first four years,
and £50 for the last three years, each scholar re-
ceiving £50 for an outfit; an exhibition of £70, with
the same outfit, at any college in Oxford, every seventh
year; two scholarships, of £40 per annum each, at
Pembroke College, Cambridge, founded by Mr. Sergeant
Moses; six of £10 per annum each, three at Emanuel
College, and three at Christ College, Cambridge, founded
by John Brown, in 1662; and two exhibitions of £12
per annum, at Emanuel College, founded by Emanuel
Richards, the holders of which receive also an extra
allowance.
The edifices in which many of the other schools
are held are handsome, and the establishments exten-
sive.
HOSPITALS, AND OTHER CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.
London contains thirty hospitals, for the sick and
diseased: one hundred and seven almshouses, for the
maintenance of the aged; eighteen asylums for the sup-
port of indigent persons of various other descriptions; nu-
merous dispensaries for gratuitously supplying the poor
with medicine and medical aid at their own dwellings;
and in each parish a workhouse, for maintaining its own
poor. Exclusively of this ample list, the Livery Com-
panies alone distribute above £75,000 annually in cha-
rities; and there is a multitude of institutions for the
relief of the distressed, of a less public and prominent
nature than those above specified. The aggregate
amount of the sums annually expended in public cha-
rities in London is estimated at little less than one
million sterling. The hospitals were chiefly founded
by the munificence of private individuals; some of
them being endowed with permanent revenues, and
others supported by annual or occasional voluntary
subscriptions. The almshouses were built and endow-
ed either by individuals or by the incorporated com-
panies. Many of the hospitals are buildings of im-
mense extent and imposing architecture, and their in-
ternal regulations are worthy of their magnitude and
importance. The medical assistance is the best the
profession can supply; the attendance ample, and the
rooms and wards, bedding, &c., clean and wholesome.
The almshouses and other institutions for the support
of the aged and indigent exhibit not merely an appear-
ance, but the real possession, of competence and ease.
The hospitals and other institutions for the benefit of
the sick, diseased, maimed, and afflicted, are as follows:
J
St. Bartholomew's Hospital was incorporated in the
last year of the reign of Henry VIII., having formerly
belonged to the priory of St. Bartholomew, in Smithfield,
founded, in 1102, by one Rayhere, said to have been
jester to King Henry I. The present edifice was con-
structed by Gibbs, in 1729, and consists of four mag-
nificent piles of stone building, forming the four equal
sides of a quadrangle, and connected by stone gateways.
The establishment is provided with three physicians,
three surgeons, three assistant surgeons, an apothecary,
and chaplain, with numerous nurses and attendants.
Persons injured by accident are received into this
hospital at all hours
hospital at all hours; those afflicted with disease are
only admitted on petition. It administers relief upon
an average to between ten and twelve thousand persons
annually. St. Thomas' Hospital, of ancient monastic
foundation, but refounded by Edward VI., stands in
High street, Southwark. It was rebuilt in 1693, in
three beautiful squares, to which the governors, in 1732,
added a fourth magnificent pile of building at their
own expense. It is now composed of four quadrangular
courts, comprising numerous wards, and having a
chapel, and parochial church. Belonging to the esta-
blishment are also hot and cold baths, a surgery, a
theatre for the delivery of lectures, capable of ac-
commodating three hundred persons, and a dispen-
sary. The annual expenditure is about £10,000, and
the number of persons relieved nearly the same as
at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Both are under the
control of the lord mayor and aldermen. Guy's Hospital
stands at a small distance from St. Thomas', and re-
ceives its name from its founder, Thomas Guy Esq.,
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citizen of London, who expended £18,793 on its erec-
tion during his lifetime, and endowed it with the im-
mense sum of £220,000 at his death. The building
consists of a centre and two wings, with a separate
edifice in the rear, for lunatic patients. It includes
thirteen large wards, a hall and chapel, a theatre for
lectures, a laboratory, a museum of anatomical prepa-
rations, and a library. It also contains above four
hundred beds, and affords relief to two thousand out-
patients yearly; possessing an establishment of three
physicians, three surgeons, and an apothecary, besides
numerous attendants: the funds of this hospital have
lately been augmented by a very considerable benefac-
tion, so as to have caused the intention of greatly en-
larging its dimensions. The London Hospital, in White-
chapel-road, was first established in 1740, and the present
building was erected in 1759. The patients relieved are,
sick and wounded seamen, and other persons connected
with the river and maritime affairs; their number amounts
their number amounts
annually to many thousands. This institution has an
accumulating fund, under the management of twenty-
one guardians, chosen once in three years, intended to
secure a provision for its permanent support. The
building is extremely large, possessing an extensive front
towards the road. The Middlesex Hospital, situated in
Charles-street, Oxford-street, was built in 1745, for the
reception of sick and lame patients, the relief of lying-
in married women and of out-patients, and the admission
at all hours of persons wounded by accidents: in 1792,
an addition was made to it by a beneficent individual for
affording relief to persons afflicted with cancers, who, if
they choose, may remain in the hospital for life: it is
capable of receiving three hundred patients. The West-
minster Hospital, James-street, Westminster, was founded
in 1719,
"for the relief of the sick and needy from all
parts." The building is neat and extensive, and the
medical assistance ample. The New Bethlehem Lunatic
Hospital, Lambeth, is on a scale of real magnificence,
the grand front being five hundred and eighty feet in
length, and resembling rather a palace than an erection
for the purposes of charity. This establishment was
founded by Henry VIII., and was removed from its old
situation in Moorfields, in 1812. The building is of
brick, and comprises a centre and two wings, the former
being surmounted by a dome, and decorated with an
Ionic portico of six columns, supporting the arms of the
United Kingdom, and was completed at an expense of
about £100,000, from a design by Mr. Lewis. It is ca-
pable of receiving four hundred and sixty patients, who
are under the superintendence of a steward, apothecary,
matron, keepers, &c.; the whole being subject to the
government of the lord mayor and aldermen. The an-
nual income of the hospital is about £18,000. St.
Luke's Hospital, also for lunatics, established by vo-
luntary contributions, on account of the inadequacy
of the last-mentioned establishment "for the relief
of all indigent lunatics," is a noble building, situated
in Old-street, having a front four hundred and ninety-
three feet long, remarkable for simple grandeur. Its
interior arrangement constitutes a perfect model for
similar charities; the number of patients is limited to
three hundred. The original building was erected, in
1732, on the north side of Upper Moorfields; the pre-
sent was commenced in 1751, but not completed till
1786, at an expense of £55,000. Bridewell Hospital
occupies the site of Bridewell palace, near Flect-street ;
before the fire of London, it consisted of several quad-
rangles, and is still of great extent. This establishment
was founded by Edward VI., for the relief of distress,
and the punishment of vagrants, to which latter purpose
it is still partly applied, being at present used as a house
of correction for dissolute persons, and idle apprentices,
committed by the chamberlain of the city; and for the
temporary maintenance of distressed vagrants till they
can be passed to their places of settlement: it is under
the government of the
the government of the mayor and corporation.
Besides these principal hospitals, there are several
others of considerable magnitude; such as St. George's
hospital, Hyde Park Corner, now being rebuilt; the
Lock hospital, Grosvenor-place; the Small-Pox hos-
pital, Gray's Inn-lane; the hospitals for Spanish, Por-
tuguese, Dutch, and German Jews, Mile-End-road; the
hospital for aged French Protestants, St. Luke's; the
Fever-hospital, Battle-bridge, &c. The Lying-in hos-
pitals are numerous, and receive upwards of five thou-
sand poor women annually. The principal are, The
British, The City of London, The Queen's, Westminster,
Middlesex, and Brownlow-street hospitals; all which
are spacious buildings, and some of them, particularly
the City of London and the Westminster hospitals, are
of very handsome construction.
of very handsome construction. The subordinate in-
stitutions of this class furnish attendance to females
at their own houses, and are situated in different parts
of the town. The Dispensaries, for affording medical
relief in cases of sickness, accident, &c., amount in
London, as has been stated, to upwards of twenty, ex-
clusively of the various establishments for vaccine in-
oculation.
The principal miscellaneous charitable establish-
ments are, the Foundling hospital, Guildford-street,
founded originally for the reception and maintenance
of exposed and deserted children, and open for the
reception of illegitimate children of females of good
character, whose future prospects are not likely to
be affected by a temporary dereliction from the path of
virtue; the Magdalen hospital, Blackfriars-road; the
London Female Penitentiary, Pentonville, and the
Metropolitan Asylum, Hackney, for the relief and
reformation of repentant prostitutes; the Asylum for
Female Orphans, Westminster-road; the Marine So-
ciety, for fitting out indigent, distressed, and even de-
praved boys, for the naval service; the Asylum for
the Indigent Blind, St. George's Fields, and that for the
Deaf and Dumb, Kent-road; the Philanthropic Society,
St. George's Fields, for the children of convicted crimi-
nals; the Refuge for the Destitute, Hackney-road; the
Royal Humane Society, for recovering persons from
apparent death by drowning, &c.; the National Vaccine
Society, for the extermination of the small pox, by means
of vaccination; the Samaritan Society, for the relief of
pat ie ts discharged cured from the London hospital;
the Society of Schoolmasters, for the benefit of the ne-
cessitous orphans and widows of that useful class of
men; the Society for the relief and discharge of persons
imprisoned for small debts, Craven-street, Strand; the
Scottish hospital, for relieving distressed natives of
Scotland, Crane-court, Fleet-street; the Benevolent
Society of St. Patrick, having, in regard to the natives
of Ireland, the same objects as the Scottish Corpora-
tion; the Caledonian Asylum, for supporting and edu-
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cating the children of soldiers, sailors, marines, &c.,
natives of Scotland, or born of indigent Scottish parents
resident in London; the Society of Ancient Britons,
Gray's-Inn-lane, for maintaining, instructing, clothing,
and apprenticing children of Welch parents, born in
and near London; the National Benevolent Institution,
Freemasons' hall, for the relief of distressed persons in
the middle ranks of life, of any country or persuasion;
the Corporation for the relief of poor widows and chil-
dren of clergymen, being an extremely well-supported
establishment, under the especial patronage of the esta-
blished church, the anniversary meetings of which are
held in St. Paul's Cathedral, in the second week in May,
when a grand musical festival is given for the "benefit of
the sons of the Clergy;" the African Institution, West-
minster library, Jermyn-street; the Society for the relief
of distressed foreigners; the London Maritime Institu-
tion; the Society for the relief of the widows and orphans
of medical men in and near London; the Artists' Be-
nevolent Fund, and the Artists' Joint Stock Fund; the
Sheriffs' fund; Raine's Charity, St. George's in the
East: the Literary Fund Society, Lincoln's-Inn-Fields;
the Royal Society of Musicians; the Choral Fund, and
the New Musical Fund; the Philological Society, King-
street (West), Bryanston-square; the Female Friendly
Society, &c. The Infirmaries are, the Sea-bathing Infirm-
ary, Tower-street; the Royal Infirmary for disorders
of the eye, Nassau-street; the London Infirmary, for
similar complaints, Finsbury; the New Rupture So-
ciety, Great Russell-street; and the City of London
Truss Society, at the City Dispensary, Grocers'-hall-
court. The Infirmary for the diseases of the spine,
Upper St. Martin's lane. Among the buildings of the
above institutions which are worthy of notice, for their
magnitude or architectural merit, may be particularised
those of the Foundling hospital, the Magdalen, the
Asylum for Female Orphans, the Deaf and Dumb
Asylum, the Caledonian Asylum, and the Welch Society,
Gray's-Inn-lane. There are also numerous Religious
Societies, of which the following are the principal: The
British and Foreign, the Naval and military, and the
Merchant Seamen's Bible Societies; The Church of
England, the London, the Wesleyan Methodist, The
Baptist, and the Moravian, Missionary Societies; The
Prayer Book and Homily Society; The London Hiber-
nian, and The Irish Evangelical, Societies; The Society
for promoting Christianity in Foreign parts; The Reli-
gious Tract Society; The Home Missionary, and the
Christian Instruction, Societies; The Societies for pro-
moting Christianity among the Jews, and for the con-
version of Negro Slaves; the Society for the support
and encouragement of Sunday schools, throughout the
British dominions; and The National Society, for the
education of the poor in the principles of the Estab-
lished Church in England and Wales.
LIBRARIES.
London possesses a great number of public libraries,
independently of those attached to different charitable
foundations.
The British Museum.-This national repository, as
well of antiquities and curiosities as of books and ma-
nuscripts, was established, by act of parliament, in 1753.
Its originator was Sir Hans Sloane, who bequeathed
his museurn to the nation, on condition that parlia-
ment should pay £20,000 to his executors, and provide
a house for its reception. This was accomplished, by
means of £85,000 raised by lottery for the purpose;
and other collections being added, the whole were de-
posited in the noble mansion formerly belonging to
the Duke of Montague, in Great Russell-street, Blooms-
bury, which had been purchased for the purpose. To
the Sloanean museum parliament have added, at various
times, the Cottonian library, given by Sir R. Cotton to
the public, and removed from Cotton-house, Westmin-
ster; Major Edwards' library; the Harleian library;
Dr. Burney's rare and classical library, and the Lans-
downe manuscripts: various literary men and others
have also increased the treasures of this establishment
by donations and legacies. George II. gave the whole
of the important library of printed books and manu-
scripts which had been gradually collected by the kings
of England, from Henry VII. to William III. George III.
gave a large and valuable assortment of pamphlets, pub-
lished between the years 1640 and 1660; and Garrick
bequeathed to the Museum his collection of old plays.
Some of the principal private donations are, Dr. Birch's
library, left by will, together with £522. 18. per annum
in the funds for ever; a select library of classical works,
by Thomas Tyrwhitt, Esq.; a similar bequest by Sir
William Musgrave; and a magnificent collection of
printed books and prints by the late Rev. M. Cracherode.
The most recent, and one of the most important dona-
tions, is that of the magnificent library collected by
George III., and presented to the trustees of this great
national repository by His late Majesty, George IV.,
for the reception of which, an extensive and elegant
gallery has been recently added to the buildings of the
Museum. Numerous other libraries, and valuable col-
lections of pieces of ancient sculpture, curiosities, &c.,
have been added, by gift or purchase, rendering the
British Museum, at the present time, in books, manu-
scripts, sculpture, antiquities, and the curiosities of art
and nature, one of the richest in Europe. The whole of
the building, which is decaying in many parts, it has
been proposed to re-edifiy, from the elegant designs
of Mr. Smirke. The parts finished in the rebuilding
of it consist of the splendid pile for the reception
of the library given by the late king: it has a front
looking towards Bedford-square, faced with stone; and
the projections in the centre are ornamented with four
half columns of the Ionic order, fluted, and a pilaster at
each end, of the same order, which support a pediment ;
the cornice, &c., of wrought stone, being placed at the top
of the wall along the whole of this side. The entrance
is at the end of Montague-place. The first and right-
hand apartment is of very great length, extending to
the projection in the centre of the building, where it is
ornamented on each side with two superb Corinthian
columns, having shafts and bases of highly-polished
marble, with beautiful capitals of variegated marble:
it is adjoined by a second apartment of nearly equal
dimensions, and two smaller rooms beyond. The whole
of this noble suite of apartments are very lofty, of equal
height, and have an enriched cornice and frieze, with
ceilings of the most magnificent description; they are
supported with iron, which renders the building fire-
proof, and which is itself further supported by very
strong iron girders, placed at intervals across the walls.
All the rooms are lighted on both sides with windows
of equal dimensions, extending the entire length of the
·
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building, and the walls which separate the apartments
are decorated at the angles with double-faced pilasters
of polished marble; the upper suite of rooms, stone
staircase, entrance-hall, and other portions on this side,
as well as the whole of its exterior, is of correspondent
grandeur. The immense number, and splendid binding,
of the works in the royal collection, in the principal
library, amounting to sixty thousand volumes, many of
them most costly and exquisite, are in harmony with
the fitting-up of the apartment in which they are placed,
and, with the books in the other apartments, form a
collection of nearly one hundred and seventy thousand
printed volumes, and twenty thousand volumes of ma-
nuscripts.
►
The London Institution was formed in the autumn of
1805, by the exertions of a few public-spirited indivi-
duals, as a public library for the more especial use of
the city, and a charter of incorporation was obtained in
January 1807. The temporary house fixed upon for
this purpose, until a suitable building could be erected,
was, in the first place, the old mansion of Sir Robert
Clayton, in the Old Jewry, and subsequently a house in
King's Arms Yard, Coleman-street. In 1815, the pre-
sent elegant building, which has the advantage of a
peculiarly fine situation, in Finsbury-circus, was con-
structed, partly from the funds of the society, and partly
from the voluntary contributions of such of its members
as were friendly to the measure: the first stone was laid
by the lord mayor (S. Birch, Esq.), accompanied by the
civic state officers, and the proprietors; and the edifice
was completed and opened in 1819. The building is of
stone, and has a beautiful front, the length of which is
one hundred and forty feet. The centre is adorned with
a handsome portico, consisting of four Tuscan pillars,
supporting an equal number of the Corinthian order on
an upper story, the whole being surmounted by a pedi-
ment. An entrance-hall of great elegance, decorated
with columns and pilasters, leads by a grand double stone
staircase to the library, a fine apartment, ninety-seven
feet long, forty-two broad, and twenty-eight high, ele-
gantly fitted up, with stone galleries running round the
whole upper part, and containing a very extensive collec-
tion of books in recesses, being particularly rich in works
relating to English history and Topography. Besides
committee-rooms, reading-rooms, and every other requi-
site convenience, there is an elegant theatre for the deli-
very of lectures. The acquisition of a fine library, the
diffusion of knowledge by means of lectures and experi-
ments, and the providing for the subscribers a reading-
room, furnished with the best English and foreign perio-
dicals, are the principal objects of this institution. To
accomplish these, nearly one thousand gentlemen and
merchants subscribed seventy-five guineas each, and
selected a committee who framed the laws by which the
institution is governed: this committee, consisting of
twenty-six members, is chosen annually, and the whole
direction is vested in them.
J
The Red Cross-street Library was founded for Pro-
testant dissenting ministers by Dr. Williams, about the
year 1716, and, in consequence of gifts and purchases
since that time, it now contains about twenty thousand
volumes. The books are for the most part on Theolo-
gical subjects; and admission may be procured by appli-
cation to the librarian on any day in the week, except
Saturday.
Sion College, London Wall, is both a charitable and
a literary institution. The building was originally an
hospital for blind. paupers, and, after passing through
various hands, was purchased for the purpose of erect-
ing Sion college, for the use of the London clergy, who
were incorporated by Charles I. The purchase was made
in consequence of the will of Dr. Thomas White, vicar
of St. Dunstan's in the West, who left £3000 for the
purpose. The library was the gift of the Rev. John
Simpson, rector of St. Olave's, Hart-street, one of Dr.
White's executors; but it was afterwards considerably
increased, both before and after the fire of London,
which destroyed a great number of the books. It now
consists of a very extensive collection, like the former,
chiefly Theological: all rectors and vicars within the
city are fellows of this college.
LITERARY, PHILOSOPHICAL, AND OTHER LEARNED and
SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS, &c.
The number of these is very great, and is daily in-
creasing. The first in consequence and antiquity are,
the Royal Society, and the Antiquarian Society, the
meetings of both which are held at Somerset House;
and next in order are the Society for the Encouragement
of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, situated in John-
street, Adelphi; the Royal Institution of Great Britain,
Albemarle-street; the London Institution, already de-
scribed; the Russell Institution, Great Coram-street; the
Mechanics' Institution, Southampton-buildings; the City
of London Literary and Scientific Institution, Alders
gate-street; and the Westminster Literary and Scientific
Institution, Leicester-square: all these possess fine libra-
ries, and the buildings in which they are held generally
merit observation. The names of the other principal in-
stitutions are, the British Mineralogical, and Entomo-
logical Societies; the Philosophical Society of London;
the Astronomical Society, Lincoln's-Inn-Fields; the
City Philosophical Society; the Mathematical Society,
Spitalfields; the Horticultural Society; the Linnæan
Society; the Geological Society; Gresham College, &c.
The Medical and Surgical Institutions consist of the Col-
lege of Physicians, removed from the fine building by
Sir Christopher Wren, in Warwick-lane, to Pall-Mall
(East); the Surgeons' College, Lincoln's-Inn-square;
the Apothecaries' Company and Hall, Blackfriars; the
Medical Society, Bolt-court, Fleet-street; and the Me-
dical and Chirurgical Society, in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields.
The principal Theatres of Anatomy and for Medical lec-
tures are, Dr. Bell's theatre in Great Windmill-street,
and those of the several hospitals; and in different other
places numerous miscellaneous lectures are delivered on
various branches of medical science.
The Public Exhibitions of Paintings are those of the
Royal Academy, Somerset House; the Gallery of the
British Institution, Pall-Mall; the Society of Painters
in Water Colours, Pall-Mall (East); the Society of
British Artists, Suffolk-street; the National Gallery,
Pall-Mall; the various Panoramas, &c. Of these, The
National Gallery was begun by the purchase by govern-
ment of the Angerstein collection of pictures, subse-
quently to which were purchased some of the finest
paintings of Corregio, A. Carrachi, Murillo, Titian, &c.,
and twenty additional paintings were presented by
Sir George Beaumont, including a beautiful landscape
by Rubens. The new building, from a design by Nash,
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was determined on by the late king and the proper
authorities, in July 1828: it is to be called the New
National Gallery and Royal Academy, and to be erected
on the site of the present riding-house, in the King's
Mews, having a front towards Charing Cross, three hun-
dred yards in length, with a beautiful Corinthian
portico and centre dome, a small one on each wing, and
a still smaller on each of the principal extremities.
Being intended to have an elevation about twice the
height of the first-rate houses already erected, it will
form a very grand and noble line, extended, in a direc-
tion from Pall-Mall (East), nearly across to St. Martin's
church. The space immediately in front will be occu-
pied by the New Royal Academy, which is intended to
represent an extensive Grecian temple, having at the
exit and entrance a long flight of steps, and standing at
right angles with the National Gallery.
Zoological Society and its Gardens. The gardens
of this society, in the Regent's Park, are delightfully laid
out in walks, interspersed with pheasantries and aviaries,
sheds and enclosures, &c., for the preservation and
rearing of the animals belonging to the society, brought
from all parts of the globe. Besides the museum, which
contains six hundred species of mammalia, four thou-
sand birds, one thousand reptiles and fishes, one thou-
sand testucea and crustacea, and thirty thousand insects,
the vivarium contains upwards of four hundred and
thirty living quadrupeds and birds, the whole of which
are accommodated in buildings and places calculated to
afford them the opportunity of enjoying every approxi-
mation, consistent with a captive state, to their natural
habits; such as the bears' pit, the lama house. beaver
dam, kangaroo hut, and aviaries for hawks, owls, small
birds, &c. The society has lately received a valuable
addition to its rapidly increasing collection from His
present Majesty, who has munificently presented the
collection of birds and beasts made by the late King,
George IV.; and so interesting and attractive has the
establishment been found, that, in the short period of
seven months, the gardens and museum are stated to
have been visited by upwards of one hundred and thirty
thousand persons.
The Coliseum is a large building in the Regent's
Park, bearing a considerable resemblance to the Pan-
theon at Rome, and was originally intended only for
the exhibition of an immense panoramic picture of
London, taken from the very summit of St. Paul's Ca-
thedral by Mr. Horner, who projected the design of the
building: as at present finished, however, there is a
variety of additional departments, such as a conser-
vatory filled with a great variety of foreign and choice
plants and shrubs: an aviary, grottos, waterfalls, jets
d'eau, a library, a reading-room, a refectory, and various
other sources of amusement or recreation. The work
altogether is novel and unique in its kind, and nearly
£70,000 has been expended in its execution.
·
-Convents of Monks. St. Peter's, Westminster, founded
by Sebert, in 605, for Benedictines; St. Saviour's,
Bermondsey, by Ailwin Child, in 1082, for Cluniacs;
St. Mary's of the Graces, or Eastminster abbey, Tower-
hill, by Edward III., in 1359, for Cistercians; the
Chartreuse, or Charter-house, near Smithfield, by Sir
Walter Manny, Knt., in 1371, for Carthusians. Nunne-
ries. St. Mary's, Clerkenwell, by Jordan Brisset and
Wife, in 1100, for Benedictines; St. John's the Baptist
Holywell, Shoreditch, by Richard I., in 1189 (refounded,
by Sir Thomas Lovel, Knt., in 1510), for Benedictines;
St. Helen's, Bishopsgate-street, by William Basing, in
1212, for Benedictines; and St. Clare's, or Nun's Minor-
esses, Minories, by Blanch, Queen of Navarre, in 1293.
Friaries. Franciscan, Newgate-street, by John Ewin,
Mercer, in 1225; Carmelite, Fleet-street, by Sir Richard
Grey, in 1241; Dominican, by Hubert de Bourgh, in
1242, in Holborn, and refounded at Ludgate, by Arch-
bishop Kilwarby, in 1279; Augustine, Throgmorton-
street, by Humphrey Bohun, in 1253; and Crouched or
Crutched, Hart-street, Tower-hill, by Ralph Hosier and
Richard Laberne, in 1298. Colleges. St. Mary Overey's,
or St. Saviour's, Southwark, by Mary Overey, in 1000,
for Augustine canons; St. Martin's-le-Grand, by In-
gelric and Girard, in 1056, for Augustine canons ;
Holy Trinity, Aldgate, by Queen Maud, in 1108; Lon-
don College, Guildhall, by Peter Fanlone, Adam Francis,
and Henry Frowick, in 1299; Corpus Christi, St, Law-
rence', Poultney-lane, by Sir John de Poultney, in 1346;
St. Michael's, Crooked-lane, by Sir William Walworth,
in 1380; the Holy Ghost and St. Mary's, College-hill,
Thames-street, by Sir Richard Whittington, Knt., in 1418;
and Jesus' College, St. Paul's Cathedral. Hospitals.
St. John's of Jerusalem, Smithfield, by Jordan Brisset
and Wife, in 1100; St. Giles' in the Fields, Bloomsbury,
by Queen Matilda, in 1102, for lepers; St. Bartholo-
mew's, Smithfield, by one Rayhere, in 1102; St. Thomas'
of Acon, Cheapside, by Thomas Fitz-Theobald de Heily
and Wife, in 1170; St. Mary's Spital, Norton-Falgate,
by Walter Brune and Wife, in 1179, for Canons Regular;
Knights' Templars, Holborn, and afterwards Fleet-street,
in 1185, refounded in 1245; St. Mary's, Bethlehem, Bi-
shopsgate-street, by Simon Fitz-Mary, in 1246; Elsnige
Spital, London Wall, by William Elsnige, in 1329; St.
Thomas', Southwark; St. James Pall-Mall, and the
Savoy, for lepers and infirm. Priory. St. Bartholomew's,
Smithfield, by Rayhere, in 1102, for Canons Regular of
the order of St. Augustine. Domus Conversorum. Rolls
Chapel, Chancery lane, by Henry III., in 1233, for Con-
verted Jews. Guilds, or Fraternities of Priests, &c. All-
hallows Barking, Tower-street; Leadenhall, Leaden-
hall-street; St. Peter's, Cornhill; St. Augustine's,
Papey, Camomile-street; Holy Trinity, Aldersgate-
street, &c.
street, &c. There were also in London the five cells,
or hermitages, of St. Catherine, Wapping; St. James
in the Wall, Cripplegate; St. Mary Rouncival, Charing
Cross; the hermitage of St. James, opposite, and Our
Lady of Pien, Westminster. Of the above, the follow-
ing only exhibit any external remains: -Westminster
abbey, independently of its fine church and cloisters,
still retains its beautiful chapter-house, the shell of the
great hall, the abbot's residence (now the deanery),
and to which is attached the ancient kitchen, and
the celebrated Jerusalem chamber; the abbey close,
with numerous old buildings, and the exterior walls
ANTIQUITIES.
The antiquities of London, for the most part de-
stroyed with the city in 1666, but, till within the last
sixty or seventy years, still numerous, have of late,
through the extension of commercial enterprise, and
the progress of modern improvement, externally al-
most disappeared. The monasteries, forming the first
class, amounted to nearly fifty, the names, situations,
founders, dates, and orders of which were as follows:
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of its spacious gardens. The remains of Bermondsey
abbey, consisting of a few fragments of walls, and the
side of the east gate leading into Grange-walk. The
Charter-house still retains its original gateway in
Charter-house-square, several of the monks' cells, now
blocked up, part of the exterior wall surrounding the
convent and gardens, and other inferior parts incorpo-
rated in walls and passages, &c. Clerkenwell nunnery
has a few square yards of ancient stone wall next Cor-
poration-row. "The Nonnes Quies," at St. Helen's, still
exists, with the original nuns' seats of oak, and the an-
cient grating, through which they could see divine ser-
vice performed from the vaulted crypts beneath the hall
of the nunnery. Of the nunnery in the Minories very
considerable remains were discovered after a fire there
in 1797, and there still exists a portion of the south, or
street, front of the abbey mansion, behind the houses
in the Minories, besides much of its reverse front, now
modernised into Haydon House, Black friars' has dimi-
nished to a solitary piece of dingy stone wall, standing
at the top of a passage in Glo'ster-court, St. Andrew's
Hill. Of the White friars' there are only a few frag-
ments of wall behind the houses in Bouverie - street,
partly incorporated with the buildings of the Bolt and
Tun Inn. The vestiges of the Grey friars consist of the
great cloisters and Whittington's library, both about to
be demolished, as have other parts, for continuing the
present improvements there. Augustine friars' has the
fine nave of its church now occupied as a Dutch place
of worship. Of Crutched friars' there only remain Sir
John Milbourne's almshouses, which adjoined the east
end of the friary church; they have a curious tablet of
the Virgin Mary, encircled by angels. The remains of
St. Mary Overey', which will speedily give way to the
approaches to the new London bridge, consist, besides
the fine conventual church, of a considerable length of
ancient stone vaulting, supporting a chapel, or hall; and
various detached parts, in doors, archways, &c., in Mon-
tague-close. Part of the vaulting of Corpus Christi
College remains between St. Lawrence Poultney church-
yard and Suffolk-lane. Large remains of St. Martin's-
le-Grand college chapel were discovered in digging the
foundations of the New Post-office, the whole of which,
as well as every other vestige of this very ancient in-
stitution, are now annihilated. The priory, or college
of the Holy Trinity, Aldgate, retains part of the south
aisle of its Norman church, in a passage leading from
Duke's place to St. James' churchyard. The priory of
St. Bartholomew the Great has the whole choir of its
Norman church converted into the present church; its
east cloister, the shell of its dining-hall, with fine vaults
beneath, and various smaller parts: the fratry, galleries,
prior's house, and various other remains, were destroyed
by fire, in May, 1830. Of the Temple, there remain the
very beautiful church, with its circular vestibule, and the
tombs of the ancient cross-legged knights, part of the
cloisters entering into it, and some ancient Norman
arch-work incorporated in the walls of the inner Tem-
ple Society's kitchen. The Hospital of St. John of Je-
rusalem retains its large and well-known gateway from
St. John's-lane, the choir of the conventual church
converted to the present parish church of St. John (and
beneath which is the fine original crypt,) with part of
the chapels of the south aisle, and some smaller re-
mains. St. Mary's Spital has the abutment of its prin-
VOL. III.
cipal gateway still standing at the corner of White Lion-
street. Elsnige Spital has part of its entrance porch
and steeple incorporated in the present parish church
of St. Alphage. In St. James' palace may still be dis-
cerned many parts of the ancient hospital. The Savoy
church is that of its ancient hospital. Of the Domus
Conversorum there still remains the ancient chapel,
called the Rolls chapel: and the hall of the Holy Trinity,
Aldersgate, now Trinity chapel, is all that exists of the
smaller monastic foundations.
Amongst the remaining metropolitan antiquities,
which are too reduced in number to render a classifica-
tion necessary, may be enumerated several large frag-
ments of the walls of London, at the back of Fore-
street, in Cripplegate churchyard; at the back of the
houses in Falcon-square; beneath the houses next Al-
dersgate, and in St. Botolph's churchyard there; at the
back of the Old Bailey; at the Cock in the Corner, Lud-
gate; and at the back of George alley, next Tower-hill :
the last, which is by far the largest, oldest, and most per-
fect portion, is intermixed with an abundance of Roman
brick. There are some crypts, or stone arched cellars,
anciently belonging to religious structures, or mansions :
one of the finest specimens of the former was the priory
of Lewes chapel, Tooley-street, just demolished for the
approach to the New London bridge; there are also
remains of another subterranean chapel, or church be-
neath the house at the north-east corner of Leadenhall-
street: the most remarkable crypts belonging to ancient
mansions are the vaults beneath Gerrard's hall, Basing-
lane, and at Crosby House, Bishopsgate-street: the great
hall, with much of the superstructure, of the latter
princely residence is also standing, and may rank as the
finest specimen of domestic architecture in London.
The churches which, either wholly or in part, exhibit
fine specimens of ancient building, and were not con-
ventual, are, Bow church, Cheapside, which still retains
its fine Norman crypt; and St. Sepulchre's, which latter
boasts a beautiful groined avenue from Snow-hill :
there are also various ancient parts, or incorporations,
deserving notice in the churches of St. Olave, Hart-st.;
St. Giles, Cripplegate; St. Andrew, Under-shaft, &c.
Of the ancient military architectural remains in various
parts of the Tower of London, a brief account has
already been given; besides which, there were, until
destroyed very recently, vestiges of camps and fortified
earthworks at Highbury, near White Conduit-house
and Battle-bridge, and at the descent from Gray's-Inn-
lane, the Fleet ditch, &c. The remains of Roman roads
connected with the metropolis are nearly obliterated,
but may be still imperfectly traced by the diligent inves-
tigator, particularly in the old bridle way of Hugbush-
lane, and in the continuation of Eald street, through
Shoreditch churchyard, by Bethnal Green, &c. The
most celebrated remnant of antiquity, of all which ap-
pertains to London, however, is the supposed Roman
milliary, in Cannon-street, denominated London stone,
which, whether of Roman or British origin, was un-
doubtedly once of considerable magnitude, and is the
first and oldest of our metropolitan antiquities. Of the
result of numerous excavations, at various times, in the
discovery of Roman tesselated pavements, altars, coins,
&c., mention has been made under their proper heads.
Among the numerous distinguished individuals born
in the metropolis may be enumerated the following:
+
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I
Ingulphus, Abbot of Croyland, an English historian, who
lived at the time of the Norman Conquest; Thomas à
Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury; Matthew of West-
minster, a Monkish historian of the fourteenth century;
Geoffrey Chaucer, the first great English poet, born in
1328; Dr. John Colet, the founder of St. Paul's school,
born in 1466; Sir Thomas More, author of a political
romance, entitled " Utopia," Lord Chancellor under
Henry VIII., in whose reign he was beheaded for deny-
ing the king's supremacy, born in 1480; John Leland,
the English antiquary; John Stow, author of the "Sur-
vey of London," born in 1525; William Camden, author
of the "Britannia," born in 1551; Edmund Spenser,
author of the "Fairy Queen," born about 1553; Francis
Bacon, Lord Verulam, the father of modern philoso-
phy, born in 1561; Edward Alleyn, a celebrated actor,
the founder of Dulwich College, born in 1566; Inigo
Jones, the reviver of a taste for classical architecture
in England, born in 1572; Dr. John Donne, a distin-
guished poet and divine, born in 1573; Ben Jonson, the
dramatist, poet laureate in the reign of James I., born in
1574; John Milton, the author of " Paradise Lost," who
was Latin Secretary to Oliver Cromwell, born in 1608;
Algernon Sidney, a republican writer, executed on ac-
count of the Rye-house plot, in 1683, born about 1617;
Abraham Cowley, the poet, born in 1618; Sir William
Temple, eminent as a statesman and public writer,
born in 1629; Dr. Isaac Barrow, a celebrated divine and
mathematician, born in 1630; Dr. Edmund Halley, ce-
lebrated as a mathematician and an astronomer, born
in 1656; Daniel Defoe, the author of "Robinson
Crusoe," born in 1660; Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl
of Shaftesbury, a distinguished writer on morals and
metaphysics, born in 1671; Colley Cibber, a dramatic
writer and actor, poet laureate to George I., born in 1671;
Sir John Vanbrugh, an eminent architect and dramatist,
born about 1672; Alexander Pope, the poet, born in
1688; George Lillo, a goldsmith, who wrote "George
Barnwell," and other popular dramas, born in 1693;
Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, distin-
guished as a statesman and a cultivator of polite li-
terature, born in 1694; William Hogarth, the painter,
born in 1698; Dr. John Jortin, a learned theological
writer, born in 1698; Dr. Philip Doddridge, an eminent
dissenting divine and scripture commentator, born in
1702; John Dolland, the inventor of an achromatic
telescope, born in 1706; Dr. Thomas Augustine Arne, a
distinguished musician, born in 1710; Richard Glover,
author of “Leonidas," and other poems, born in 1712;
James Stuart, author of the " Antiquities of Athens," born
in 1713; Thomas Gray, author of the "Elegy written in
a Country Churchyard," and other works, born in 1716;
Sir William Blackstone, author of "Commentaries on
the Laws of England," born in 1723; John Wilkes,
author of the "North Briton," born in 1726; Charles
Churchill, the celebrated satirist, born in 1731; Richard
Gough, F.A.S., the editor of Camden's "Britannia,"
born in 1735; Dr. Samuel Horsley, a celebrated theo-
logical writer, born about 1737; Arthur Young, Secre-
tary to the Board of Agriculture, born in 1741; William
Mitford, author of a valuable "History of Greece,"
and other works, born in 1744; Sir William Jones, a
celebrated Orientalist and juridical writer, born in 1746;
The Hon. Anne Seymour Damer, born in 1748; Capel
Lofft, a poet and miscellaneous writer, born in 1751;
Dr. John Milner, a learned Catholic prelate, born in
1752; Sir Samuel Romilly, distinguished as a lawyer
and a statesman, born in 1757; George Morland, the
painter, born in 1764; The Right Hon. George Can-
ning, born in 1770; and George Noel Byron, Lord
Byron, the author of " Childe Harold," and other poems,
born in 1788.
-
LONDON-COLNEY, a chapelry in the parishes of
ST. PETER and ST. ALBANS, hundred of CASHIO, or li-
berty of ST. ALBANS, county of HERTFORD,3 miles (S. E.)
from St. Albans. This place derives its name from its
situation on the road to London, which crosses the river
Colne here, over which there is a substantial brick
bridge of seven arches. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry of St. Albans, and diocese of Lon-
don. The chapel is a neat modern edifice, dedicated to
St. Peter, erected for the use of the inhabitants of the
parishes of St. Peter, Shenley, and Ridge, by subscrip-
tion amounting to £2700, including a grant of £400
from the parliamentary commissioners for the erection
of churches: it contains about seven hundred sittings,
one-half of which are free. The site was given by the
Earl of Hardwicke, who at the same time settled £40
per annum towards the support of the minister.
LONDONTHORPE, a parish in the soke of Grant-
HAM, parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 3½ miles
(E. N. E.) from Grantham, containing 195 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage not in charge, with those of
North Grantham and Great Gonerby, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Lincoln. The church is dedicated
to St. John the Baptist.
LONGBOROUGH, a parish in the upper division
of the hundred of KIFTSGATE, County of GLOUCESTEr,
3 miles (N. by W.) from Stow on the Wold, containing,
with the hamlet of Bankfee, 526 inhabitants. The liv
ing is a discharged vicarage, with the rectory of Season-
cote united, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Glouces-
ter, rated in the king's books at £5. 15., and in the
patronage of Chandos Leigh, Esq., and Sir Charles Cock-
erell, Bart., the former having two presentations, and
the latter one. The church, dedicated to St. James, has
lately received an addition of one hundred and ninety
sittings, of which one hundred and seventy-two are
free, and towards defraying the expense of which the
Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels contributed £90. The source of the river
Evenlode is in this parish, and the Fosse-way passes
through it.
*
.
LONGBURGH, a township in the parish of Burge
upon the SANDS, ward and county of CUMBERLAND, 64
miles (W. N. W.) from Carlisle, containing 154 inhabit-
ants.
LONGCOT, a chapelry in the parish and hundred
of SHRIVENHAM, county of BERKS, 34 miles (S. by W.)
from Great Farringdon, containing 419 inhabitants.
LONGDON, a chapelry in the parish of PONTES-
BURY, hundred of FORD, county of SALOP, 5 miles (S.
W. by S.) from Shrewsbury, containing 387 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rec-
tory of Pontesbury, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and
diocese of Hereford, endowed with £400 royal bounty,
and £200 parliamentary grant. The chapel is dedicated
to St. Ruthen.
LONGDON, a parish in the southern division of
the hundred of OrFLOW, county of STAFFORD, 4 miles
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163
(N. W. by N.) from Lichfield, containing 1115 inhabit-
ants. The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the Prebendary of Longdon in the Cathedral
Church of Lichfield, rated in the king's books at £5.5.,
and in the patronage of the Prebendary, but, after his
demise, in that of the Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry.
The church, dedicated to St. James, has lately received
an addition of one hundred sittings, of which sixty-four
are free, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of
churches and chapels having contributed £30 towards
defraying the expense. There is a place of worship for
Independents. Several small bequests have been made
for the instruction of children. St. Mary's almshouses,
founded by Mrs. Jane Cotton, are ten in number, nine of
which are inhabited by poor women, each of whom re-
ceives three shillings and sixpence weekly; the tenth is
occupied by a schoolmistress, who instructs twelve girls
and five boys. A court leet is held twice a year by the
lord of the manor. Indications of coal are observable
here, but none has been raised. The Trent and Mersey
canal passes about two miles northward of the church.
At Castle Ring, a point in the Marquis of Anglesey's
park at Beaudesert, are the remains of a British en-
campment. The Society of Friends have a very ancient
burial-ground at Gentle Shaw, in this parish.
LONGDON, a township in that part of the parish
of LEEK which is in the northern division of the hun-
dred of TOTMONSLOW, county of STAFFORD, 12 mile
(W. by S.) from Leek, containing 350 inhabitants.
LONGDON, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of PERSHORE, County of WORCESTER, 3 miles
(S. S. W.) from Upton upon Severn, containing 640 in-
habitants. The living is a vicarage, with the perpetual
curacies of Castle-Morton and Chaseley annexed, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the
king's books at £14. 17. 3., and in the patronage of
the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, is surmounted by a tower of
brick. A free school was founded, about the year 1660,
and endowed with land by Giles Godwin, Esq., for the
instruction of children belonging to this parish; the
master receives £28 per annum, for which sum he in-
structs about forty children in reading, writing, and
arithmetic. A court leet is held annually, for Longdon,
Castlemeston, and Chaseley.
LONGDON upon TERNE, a parish in the Newport
division of the hundred of BRADFORD (South), county
of SALOP, 3 miles (N. W. by N.) from Wellington, con-
taining 95 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
with the rectory of Pontesbury, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the Manorial Court of Longdon upon Terne.
The church is dedicated to St. Bartholomew. The
Shrewsbury canal passes through this parish and vil-
lage, and is here crossed by the river Terne.
LONGFIELD, a parish in the hundred of AXTON,
DARTFORD, and WILMINGTON, lathe of SUTTON at
HONE, County of KENT, 5 miles (S. E.) from Dartford,
containing 113 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Rochester,
rated in the king's books at £5. 17. 6., endowed with
£400 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Rochester. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, contains the
remains of the beneficent Archdeacon Plume, founder
of the Plumean Professorship at Cambridge.
LONGFLEET, a tything in the parish of CANford-
MAGNA, hundred of COGDEAN, Shaston (East) division
of the county of DORSET, 1 mile (N. N. E.) from Poole,
containing 810 inhabitants.
LONGFORD, a parish in the hundred of APPLE-
TREE, county of DERBY, comprising the townships of
Alkmonton, Hollington, and Longford, the liberty of
Hungry-Bentley, and the hamlet of Rodsley, and con-
taining 1264 inhabitants, of which number, 573 are in the
township of Longford, 6½ miles (S. by E.) from Ashbourn.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Derby, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated
in the king's books at £3. 8. 9., and in the patronage
of Thomas William Coke, Esq. The church, dedicated
to St. Chad, has some portions in the Norman style of
architecture, and three stone stalls in the chancel.
In 1687, Sir Robert Coke, Bart., founded an almshouse
for six poor men or women, and endowed it with £ 55
per ann, £10 of which is paid to the vicar, whose
duty it is to read prayers to the almspeople. In
1688, Dame Catherine Coke bequeathed land for the
educating and apprenticing of poor children: the in-
come is £20 per ann.; twenty poor boys are instructed
by a master, and other children by a schoolmistress. The
foundations of some ancient religious house may be
traced at Alkmonton.
LONGFORD, a hamlet in those parts of the parishes
of ST. CATHERINE and ST. MARY de LODE, GLOUCES-
TER, which are in the upper division of the hundred of
DUDSTONE and KING'S BARTON, County of GLOUCES-
TER, 14 mile (N. E. by N.) from Gloucester, containing
215 inhabitants.
LONGFORD, a parish in the Newport division of
the hundred of BRADFORD (South), county of Salop,
1 mile (W. by s.) from Newport, containing 234 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Salop, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated
in the king's books at £6. 2. 8., and in the patronage
of R. Leeke, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
LONGHAM, a parish in the hundred of LAUNDITCH,
county of NORFOLK, 4 miles (N. W. by W.) from East
Dereham, containing 298 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Norwich, endowed with £1000 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of T. W. Coke, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Peter.
LONGHOPE, a parish in the duchy of LANCASTER,
county of GLOUCESTER, 5 miles (S. W. by S.) from
Newent, containing 790 inhabitants, of which number,
503 are in Lower, and 287 in Upper, Longhope. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at
£9. 7. 11., and in the patronage of the Rev. John
Probyn. The church is dedicated to All Saints. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Courts
leet and baron are held annually. An annuity of
£5 was given by Mr. Thomas Nourse, for apprenticing
one poor boy. May hill, in this parish, forms a land-
mark from the Bristol channel; it is planted with a
clump of fir-trees on the summit, and is visible at a
considerable distance from all adjacent parts.
LONGNEY, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of WHITSTONE, County of GLOUCESTER, 6
miles (S. W. by W.) from Gloucester, containing 443
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
Y 2
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164
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the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in
the king's books at £12. 1. 8., and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church is dedicated to St. Law-
The navigable river Severn runs on the west
of this parish.
rence.
LONGNOR, a parish in the hundred of CONDOVER,
county of SALOP, 8 miles (S.) from Shrewsbury, con-
taining 222 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, endowed with £200 private benefaction,
£600 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of Archdeacon Corbett. The church
was a free chapel belonging to the abbey of Haughmond,
and purchased of the vendees of the Crown soon after
the dissolution of the abbey, by the then proprietor of
Longnor hall. A school is endowed with the interest
of £200, the bequest of Sir Richard Corbett, Bart.; and
there is a Sunday school, at which about sixty children
attend. This is the birthplace of the Rev. Samuel Lee,
Professor of Arabic in the University of Cambridge, an
eminent self-taught linguist.
:
LONGNOR, a market town and chapelry in the
parish of ALLSTONEFIELD, northern division of the hun-
dred of TOTMONSLOW, county of STAFFORD, 10 miles
(N. E.) from Leek, and 162 (N. N. W.) from London,
containing 460 inhabitants. This town is situated in
the most northern part of the county, near the source
of the river Manifold; and here a small canal ter-
minates, which commences in the parish of Sheen,
where it joins the Manifold. The market is on Tues-
day fairs are held on the Tuesday before Old Candle-
mas, Easter-Tuesday, May 4th and 17th, Whit-Tuesday,
August 5th, Tuesday before Old Michaelmas, and
November 12th. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, endowed with a rent-charge of £7. 10.
private benefaction, £ 600 royal bounty, and £1200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar
of Allstonefield. The chapel, which is dedicated to
St. Giles, is a neat edifice of stone, with a lofty pin-
nacled tower: in the cemetery is a tombstone to the
memory of W. Billinge, a native of Fairfield, who, after
a long military career, died in the year 1791, at the
age of one hundred and twelve years. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A small school,
founded by subscription, is endowed with about £7 per
annum, the proceeds of bequests made, in 1794, by John
Robinson and Moses Charlesworth.
LONGPARISH, a parish in the hundred of WHER-
WELL, Andover division of the county of SOUTHAMP-
TON, 34 miles (S. W.) from Whitchurch, containing
693 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester, rated
in the king's books at £8, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Rev. H. Woodcock, D. D. The church
is dedicated to St. Nicholas. There is a place of wor-
ship for Baptists. The river Test runs through the
parish. A trifling rent-charge, the gift of Thomas Baker,
in 1696, is applied in teaching poor children.
LONGPORT, commonly styled a borough in the
parish of ST. PAUL, CANTERBURY, but partly in the
hundred of WESTGATE, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county
of KENT, contiguous to the eastern side of the city of
Canterbury, containing 684 inhabitants.
LONGPORT, a manufacturing district within the
parish and township of BURSLEM, northern division
of the hundred of PIREHILL, county of STafford.
This place was formerly called Longbridge, from a
number of stepping-stones, forming a causeway across
the meadows; but after the construction of the Trent
canal, a branch of which passes through the district, its
name was changed to Longport.
name was changed to Longport. On the banks of the
canal are several wharfs: there are likewise some very
considerable manufactories for earthenware and china,
and a glass-house. The Wesleyan Methodists have a
place of worship here.
LONGRIDGE, a township in the parish of NOR-
HAM, otherwise Norhamshire, county palatine of DUR-
HAM, though locally to the northward of Northumber-
land, 4 miles (S. W.) from Berwick upon Tweed, con-
taining 81 inhabitants.
W
LÕNGRIDGE, a chapelry in that part of the
parish of RIBCHESTER which is in the lower division
of the hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of
Lancaster, 7 miles (N. E.) from Preston. The po-
pulation is returned with the parish. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and
diocese of Chester, endowed with £600 private bene-
faction, and £600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
Sir H. Hoghton, Bart. A festival, or guild, is held on
St. Lawrence's day; and there are fairs on March 16th,
April 16th, the Monday preceding Holy Thursday, and
November 5th, for cattle, pedlary, &c. Here was an
ancient hospital for a master and brethren, dedicated to
the Virgin Mary and our Saviour.
LONGSHAWS, a township in the parish of Long-
HORSLEY, western division of MORPETH ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 5½ miles (W. N. W.) from Mor-
peth, containing 38 inhabitants. Here are some remains
of a very ancient edifice called the Launches.
LONGSTOCK, a parish in the hundred of King's
SoMBOURN, Andover division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 1 mile (N.) from Stockbridge, containing
397 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester, rated
in the king's books at £10. 15., and in the patronage
of Sir Charles Mill, Bart. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary.
LONGSTONE (GREAT), a chapelry in the parish of
BAKEWELL, hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY,
3 miles (N. N. W.) from Bakewell, containing, with Holme,
442 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean and Chapter of Lich-
field, and in the patronage of the Vicar of Bakewell.
The chapel, which is dedicated to St. Giles, contains
several monuments belonging to the family of Eyres,
Earls of Newburgh. The chapelry is in the honour of
Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdic-
tion of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third
Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s. The
commissioners for enclosing lands granted to trustees
an allotment of waste land of about fourteen acres,
for the support of a schoolmaster, which lets for
£9. 13. per annum; this sum, with £5 per annum, the
bequest of William Wright in 1656, and an annual con-
tribution of £5 from the Duke of Devonshire, is paid
to the master for teaching twenty-five poor children
gratuitously: the school-room was built by subscription,
and there is a house and garden for the master.
LON
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LONGSTONE (LITTLE), a hamlet in the parish of
BAKEWELL, hundred of HIGH PEAK, county of DERBY,
3 miles (N. W. by N.) from Bakewell, containing 145
inhabitants.
LONGTHORPE, a chapelry in that part of the pa-
rish of ST. JOHN the BAPTIST, PETERBOROUGH, which
is within the liberty of PETERBOROUGH, county of
NORTHAMPTON, 2 miles (W.) from Peterborough, con-
taining 240 inhabitants. The chapel is dedicated to
St. John the Baptist.
LONGTON, a chapelry in the parish of PEN-
WORTHAM, hundred of LEYLAND, county palatine of
LANCASTER,5 miles (S.W.byW.) from Preston, containing
1719 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with
£850 private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £ 600
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of J. Raw-
storne, Esq. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. The free school was founded and endowed,
in 1793, by Robert Moss, with a bequest of £400, for
the instruction of the children of the inhabitants: the
present school-room was built by subscription in 1817;
the income is £27 per annum; all the children of
the chapelry who apply are taught gratuitously.
LONGTON, a township in the parish of STOKE
upon TRENT, northern division of the hundred of PIRE-
HILL, county of STAFFORD, 4 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Newcastle under Line. The population is returned with
Lane-End.
LONGTOWN, a market town in the parish of
ARTHURET, ESKDALE ward, county of CUMBERLAND,
8 miles (N. by W.) from Carlisle, and 309 (N. N. W.)
from London, containing 1812 inhabitants. This is a
small town on the south bank of the river Eske, over
which is a stone bridge, near the junction of that river
with the Liddel. The situation is pleasant and healthy,
the houses are neatly built, and the streets are spacious,
but not regularly paved nor lighted the inhabitants
are supplied with water from wells. Many of the lower
class are employed in weaving for the manufacturers
at Carlisle. The market, originally held on Thursday,
is almost disused, except for provisions; but there is
another on Monday, principally for bacon and butter:
a fair is held on the Thursday before Whit-Sunday, for
horses; and there are statute fairs on the Thursday
in Whitsun-week, and the Thursday in Martinmas, for
hiring servants. The county magistrates hold a meeting
here on the last Thursday in every month. Courts leet
and baron are held at Easter and Michaelmas; at the for-
mer the constables are appointed. There is a place of
worship for Presbyterians. In 1754, Lady Widdrington
gave a rent-charge of £40, for the support of charity
schools in the parishes of Arthuret and Kirk-Andrews,
of which, £8 per annum is paid to a schoolmaster at
Longtown; and a school for the instruction of an un-
limited number of children is supported by Sir James
R. G. Graham, Bart. This place is eminently indebted
to the liberality and public spirit of the late Dr. Gra-
ham, who was mainly instrumental in raising it from
the state of a poor village to its present improved
condition.
archdeaconry of Brecon, and diocese of St. David's,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, and £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Rev. James
Rogers. The chapel is dedicated to St. Peter. Courts
baron for the parish and hundred are held here annually.
Lewis Gilbert, Esq. bequeathed £4 per annum for the
instruction of children. There are some few vestiges
of a castle; and to the eastward is an eminence called
Money Farthing hill, probably from coins having been
found there.
LONGTOWN, a chapelry in the parish of CLODOCK,
hundred of EWYASLACY, County of HEREFORD, 17
miles (S. W. by W.) from Hereford, containing 842 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
LONGWOOD, a chapelry in the parish of HUD-
DERSFIELD, upper division of the wapentake of AG-
BRIGG, West riding of the county of YORK, 24 miles
(W.) from Huddersfield, containing 1942 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of York, endowed with £800 royal bounty,
and £2400 parliamentary grant, and in the patron-
age of the Vicar of Huddersfield. A free school was
founded and endowed with lands, in 1731, by William
Walker, for the education of forty children of both
sexes, to be elected from Longwood, Golcar, and Milues
Bridge: the annual income is £97. 11., and the master
occupies the school-house, garden, and croft.
LONGWORTH, a parish comprising the chapelry of
Charney in the hundred of GANFIELD, and the hamlet
of Draycot-Moore in the hundred of Ock, county of
BERKS, 7 miles (N. E. by E.) from Great Farringdon,
and containing 974 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Berks, and diocese of Salis-
bury, rated in the king's books at £27. 1. 10., and
in the patronage of the Principal and Fellows of Jesus
College, Oxford. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
There is a small sum for the instruction of children, the
bequest of John Carter, by means of which eight boys
and girls are taught to read and write. This parish is
entitled to send five boys to the school at Kingston-
Bagpuze. A National school has been lately established
here. The ancient intrenchment called Cherbury Camp
is in a detached part of the parish: it is of an oval
form, surrounded by a triple vallum; the diameter in
the widest part is three hundred and ten paces, and in
the narrowest, two hundred and eleven. The river Isis
runs through this parish. In the parochial register is
an entry of the baptism of Bishop Fell, July 16th, 1625,
whose father was rector of Longworth.
LONGWORTH, a township in the parish of BOL-
TON, hundred of SALFORD, County palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 54 miles (N. by W.) from Great Bolton, containing
238 inhabitants.
LOOE (EAST), a sea-port,
borough, market town, and
chapelry, having separate ju-
risdiction, in the parish of
ST. MARTIN, locally in West
hundred, county of CORN-
WALL, 16 miles (W.) from
Plymouth, and 232 (w.s. W.)
from London, containing 770
inhabitants. This place was
formerly the only sea-port in
Cornwall of any importance,
excepting Fowey, and hence
was derived its name, Lo, in Cornish, signifying a port.
In the reign of Edward III. it furnished twenty ships
and three hundred and fifteen mariners towards the
Seal and Arms.

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LOO
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166

equipment of the English fleet for the siege of Calais.
Its situation is beautifully romantic, on the eastern
bank of Looe bay, near the mouth of the river Looe,
over which is a narrow bridge of thirteen stone arches,
one hundred and forty-one yards in length, and only
six feet wide, built about the year 1400: the sea view
is very fine, and the land scenery richly diversified; the
air is salubrious, and the inhabitants are supplied with
excellent water. On the beach is a fort mounted with
ten guns; and opposite to the town is Looe island, or
St. George's, which is much frequented by flocks of sea-
fowl during the spring. The pilchard fishery is carried
on to a considerable extent; the exports consist of tin,
copper, and lead ore, bark, timber, salt, pilchards, and
pilchard oil; and coal, culm, and limestone are imported.
Here is a custom-house; and a collector, a comptroller,
and a surveyor of the customs, are resident. Four Bri-
tish vessels entered inwards from foreign parts, and
three cleared outwards, in 1826; three vessels were
built and registered here the same year; and in 1828,
there were two vessels of more than one hundred tons',
and twenty-four of less, burden belonging to the port.
This town derives considerable advantages from the
Liskeard and Looe canal, recently completed. The mar-
ket is on Saturday; and fairs are held, February 13th,
July 10th, September 10th, and October 10th.
East Looe is a borough by prescription; the char-
ter of incorporation, granted by Elizabeth in 1587,
was confirmed by charters of James I. and II. The
corporation consists of a mayor, recorder, eight alder-
men, and an indefinite number of burgesses, with a
town-clerk, four serjeants at mace, and inferior officers:
the mayor and recorder are elected by the aldermen;
the aldermen and free burgesses by the mayor and al-
dermen; the town-clerk is appointed by the recorder,
and the serjeants at mace are nominated by the mayor:
the mayor, the late mayor, the deputy mayor, the re-
corder, and the deputy recorder, are justices of the
peace, within the borough. Sessions for the borough
Sessions for the borough
are held once or twice a year, at which prisoners
charged with petty larceny are tried, but those commit-
ted for transportable, or capital, offences, are generally
tried at the assizes or sessions for the county, though
there is a clause in the charter to prohibit the judi-
cial interference of the county magistrates. The char-
ter of James II. gives the mayor and aldermen autho-
rity to hold a court of record every three weeks, for
the recovery of debts not exceeding £100; but no busi-
ness has been transacted in this court for many years.
There is a common gaol for felons and debtors. A
court leet, with view of frank-pledge, is held for the
manor. This borough, conjointly with Fowey, sent
a representative to a great council at Westminster,
in the reign of Edward I., but members were not
sent to parliament until the 13th of Elizabeth, since
which two members have been returned, who are elected
by a majority of the corporation: the mayor is the re-
turning officer, and the influence of the Buller family is
predominant. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, and
in the joint patronage of James Buller, Esq., and the
Rev. Sir H. Trelawney, Bart. The chapel, rebuilt in
1806, is a small but handsome structure. There are
places of worship for the Society of Friends and Wes-
leyan Methodists.
LOOE (WEST), a bo-
rough and chapelry (for-
merly a market town) in
the parish of TALLAND,
hundred of WEST, county of
CORNWALL, 16 miles (W.)
from Plymouth, and 231
(W. S. W.) from London,
containing 539 inhabitants.
This place, also called Port
Pighan, a corruption of Port
Vichan, which signifies in
Cornish the
Cornish the "Little Port,'
""
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Seal and Arms.
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is situated on the opposite bank of the river to that
of East Looe, with which it is connected by a bridge.
The town is of inconsiderable size; the harbour is
small but commodious, and is defended by a strong bat-
tery; the river is navigable for vessels of one hundred
tons' burden, and divides itself into two branches, just
above the bridge. There is no market; but a cattle
fair is held on the 6th of May. A charter of incorpora-
tion was granted by Elizabeth, in 1573, whereby the mu-
nicipal body consists of a mayor and eleven burgesses,
who are empowered to choose a steward, with a town-
clerk, and other officers: the mayor and steward are
justices of the peace. A court leet, with view of frank-
pledge, is held. The charter authorises the mayor to
hold a court for the recovery of debts under £5, every
week; but no proceedings have taken place in this court
for several years. There is a small prison, called th
Dark house. The borough first sent members to parlia-
ment in the 6th of Edward VI., since which period it
has returned two representatives, who are elected by a
majority of the corporation: the mayor is the returning
officer, and the influence of the Buller family is predo-
minant. The chapel, formerly dedicated to St. Nicholas,
but now desecrated, has been converted into a guildhall.
There is a place of worship for Independents. A ma-
thematical free school was founded here, in 1716, by
the trustees under the will of John Specott, Esq., who
in 1730 bequeathed the sum of £1000 for charitable
uses; £30 per annum was appropriated by them for the
instruction of poor children in the mathematics, par-
ticularly in those branches which relate to naviga-
tion; and the appointment of the master, after the
death of the original trustees, was vested in the heirs
of Charles Trelawney, Esq., and the proprietor of Tre-
lawney house. In the vicinity of West Looe are the
remains of a mound, supposed to have been on the
line of a Roman road, and some vestiges of military
works.
LOOSE, a parish in the hundred of MAIDSTONE,
lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 2 miles (S.)
from Maidstone, containing 882 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The
church, dedicated to All Saints, has recently received an
addition of one hundred and thirty-five sittings, of
which seventy-nine are free, the Incorporated Society
for enlarging churches and chapels having contributed
£ 100 towards defraying the expense. A stream of
water runs through this parish, which, in the space of
three miles, turns no less than twelve mills. Here is
a quarry of rag-stone; and in the vicinity are large
plantations of hops.
LOS
LOS
167
LOPEN, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of PETHERTON, County of SOMERSET, 3 miles
(N. N. W.) from Crewkerne, containing 425 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. The manufacture of
coarse linen is carried on to a limited extent.
LOPHAM (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of
GUILT-CROSS, county of NORFOLK, 5 miles (S. E.) from
East Harling, containing 741 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, with that of South Lopham annexed, in the arch-
deaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in
the king's books at £17. 0. 5., and in the patronage of
George H. Barrow, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. Andrew. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. In this parish is Lopham ford, where the
rivers Waveney and Little Ouse take their rise, about
three yards from each other, and, diverging, pursue
opposite courses.
LOPHAM (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
GUILT-CROSS, County of NORFOLK, 5 miles (S. E. by S.)
from East Harling, containing 821 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory not in charge, annexed to that of North
Lopham, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese
of Norwich. The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
LOPPINGTON, a parish in the hundred of PIм-
HILL, County of SALOP, 3 miles (W.) from Wem, con-
taining 622 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£6. 12. 1., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LORBOTTLE, a township in the parish of WHIT-
TINGHAM, northern division of COQUETDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 5½ miles (N. N. W.) from
Rothbury, containing 100 inhabitants.
LORTON, a parish in ALLERDALE ward above Der-
went, county of CUMBERLAND, comprising the chapel-
ry of Wythop, and the townships of Brackenthwaite
and Lorton, and containing 593 inhabitants, of which
number, 353 are in the township of Lorton, 32 miles
(S. E. by S.) from Cockermouth. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and
diocese of Chester, endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, £1000 royal bounty, and £600 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Earl of Lonsdale.
The church is dedicated to St. Cuthbert. A school is
endowed with the interest of £100.
LOSCOW, a joint township with Codnor, in the
parish of HEANOR, hundred of MORLESTON and LIT-
CHURCH, County of DERBY, 6 miles (S. by E.) from
Alfreton. The population is returned with Codnor.
There is a place of worship for Baptists.
LOSTOCK, a hamlet in the parish of BOLTON,
hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LANCASTER,
4 miles (W.) from Great Bolton, containing 576 inha-
bitants. An unendowed school was erected by subscrip-
tion, on an allotment of land given by the commis-
sioners of enclosures for the instruction of poor chil-
dren of the neighbourhood: about thirty children are
instructed at a small charge. Here are the remains of
a very ancient mansion, called Lostock hall, bearing date
1563: the gateway is of stone, and the royal arms, with
·
:
the date 1590, are over the highest bay window it is
supposed to have been the residence of the Andertons.
LOSTOCK-GRALAM, a township in that part of
the parish of GREAT BUDWORTH which is in the hun-
dred of NORTHWICH, county palatine of CHESTER,
2 miles (E.) from Northwich, containing 525 inhabit-
ants. The Grand Trunk canal passes westward of this
place.
38

Seal and Arms.
LOSTWITHIEL, a bo-
rough, market town, and
parish, having separate ju-
risdiction, though locally in
the eastern division of the
hundred of Powder, county
of CORNWALL, 6 miles (S.)
from Bodmin, 26 (S. W.)
from Launceston, and 236½
(W. S. W.) from London,
containing 933 inhabitants.
This place is supposed by
some to have been the Ro-
man station called Uzella by Ptolemy, but this opinion
does not appear to be warranted by the discovery of any
certain traces of Roman residence. According to tradi-
tion, Lostwithiel was so called as having been the resi-
dence of Withiel, anciently Earl of Cornwall, who had a
place at Penkneth, now part of the borough, but in the
parish of Lanlivery. In the reign of Richard I., the
town was held under the Earl of Cornwall, by Robert
de Cardinham, who procured for it the privilege of a
market; and Richard, Earl of Cornwall, the brother of
Henry III., made Lostwithiel, including Penkneth, a
free borough. His son Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, was
a great benefactor to the town, in which he erected
a shire hall, an exchequer office, and other handsome
buildings, and ordered that the coinage and sale of the
tin from the Cornish mines should take place at Lost-
withiel only, and that all county meetings should be held
there. These exclusive privileges were not preserved in-
violate, for, in 1314, the burgesses complained to the
parliament that the men of Bodmin, Truro, and Helston,
had caused tin to be sold at those towns, and that the
prior of Bodmin had then recently procured the county
meetings to be held at Bodmin; but notwithstanding
these grievances were redressed, Lostwithiel was gra-
dually deprived of its exclusive advantages, the only
remnant of which is the election of the knights for the
county of Cornwall, which still takes place here, though
the previous meetings for the nomination of the can-
didates are held at Bodmin. In the summer of 1644,
this place was the head-quarters of the parliamentary
general, the Earl of Essex; previously to which, a bat-
tle had been fought near the town, in which a body
of the king's troops, under Sir Richard Grenville, was
defeated by Lord Robartes. Dugdale asserts that the
parish church was profaned by the parliamentarian
soldiers, and injured by an explosion of gunpowder.
This town is situated in a beautiful vale, on the
banks of the river Fawy, on the high road from Ply-
mouth to Falmouth; the river, which is crossed by a
bridge, is navigable for small barges as far as the quay,
during the spring tides. The town consists of two pa-
rallel streets, extending from the river to the foot of a
steep hill it is lighted and paved, and there is a good
supply of water. The houses are chiefly built of stone,
LOSTW
EVRGIDE
1732
LUGRE
PEZHINA
LET
TPENK
ΣΤΟΥΣ ΠΗΛΙΝΣΟΥ
LOS
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168
and covered with slate, which abounds in the neighbour-
hood. An annual regatta, or boat race, with a ball,
takes place in August, and assemblies are held in the
winter. There is a tan-yard in the town, but its trade
chiefly depends upon the importation of timber, coal,
and other articles for the miners; and the recent in-
crease of the copper mines in the neighbourhood has
been attended with a correspondent advance of com-
mercial prosperity. About three miles from the town
are the extensive mines of Lanescot and the Fowey Con-
sols, surpassing, in the variety, extent, and power of their
machinery, all others in the kingdom, their produce
amounting to an eleventh part of all the copper-ore
furnished by the mines of Cornwall. The market is
held on Friday; and the establishment of a corn mar-
ket, free of toll, was recently attempted, but without
success: the market-house was erected at the expense
of Viscount Mount-Edgcumbe, in 1781. There are fairs
for horses, cattle, and sheep, March 31st, July 10th,
September 4th, and November 13th. The borough in-
cludes portions of the adjoining parishes of Lanlivery
and St. Winnow. A charter of incorporation was
granted by James I., in 1623, and renewed by George II.,
in 1738, under which the corporation consists of seven
aldermen or capital burgesses, including the mayor, and
seventeen assistants, or common council-men. The
mayor is elected by the aldermen and assistants, on
the first Tuesday after Michaelmas; and the assistants
are chosen by the aldermen, who likewise fill up vacan-
cies in their own body. The mayor, the late mayer,
and the recorder, are justices of the peace; and the
mayor is also coroner. A court leet is held annually
by the mayor, when presentments are made concerning
matters relating to the borough and the river; and all
persons having boats on the river are required to yield
suit and service at this court. The petty sessions are
generally held here on Friday. The quarter sessions
for the county, formerly held here in the summer, were,
a few years since, removed to Bodmin. In the old
shire hall, erected by the Earl of Cornwall, and in which
the stannary parliaments were held, is the original stan-
nary court-room, with a prison adjoining, which is the
only one in the county belonging to the stannaries. The
town-hall is a neat building, with a prison underneath,
erected, in 1740, at the cost of Lord Mount-Edgcumbe.
the borough first returned members to parliament in
the 33d of Edward I., and then ceased till the 4th of
Edward II., since which the returns have been regular:
the right of election is vested in the corporation; and
the mayor is the returning officer. The Earl of Mount-
Edgcumbe possesses paramount influence.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeacon-
ry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £ 2. 13. 4., endowed with £ 600 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Mount-Edgcumbe.
The church, dedicated to St. Bartholomew, is a hand-
some edifice in the early English style, with a lantern
tower at the west end, surmounted by a fine octagonal
spire, erected in the fourteenth century: it contains an
ancient stone font, on the sides of which are sculptured
grotesque figures and armorial bearings, rudely execut-
ed, and now much defaced. There are places of wor-
ship for Bryanites, Independents, and Wesleyan Metho-
dists. A free grammar school was established by the
corporation about 1776, the master of which has a
salary of £50 per annum. A writing school is kept in
the town-hall, the corporation allowing a salary of £10
per annum to the master. There is likewise a school
with an endowment of £5 per annum, paid out of the
proceeds of a fund left for charitable uses, by the Rev.
St. John Eliot. A sunday school, supported by voluntary
contributions, affords instruction to about one hundred
and twenty children of both sexes. About a mile north-
ward of the town, on the edge of a lofty hill, are the
magnificent and venerable ruins of Restormel castle,
supposed to have been erected by Robert, Earl of Mor-
taigne, and anciently the residence of the Earls of
Cornwall. At the commencement of the great civil
war, although then ruinous, it was garrisoned for the
parliament, and was taken by the royalist general, Sir
Richard Grenville, in August, 1644. The remains are
comprised within a circular area, one hundred and ten
feet in diameter, the walls of which are nine feet thick,
and are surrounded by a deep moat; at the southern
entrance, where was formerly a drawbridge, are two
arches supporting a square tower; traces of suites of
apartments and stone staircases are visible; and the
whole, being richly overgrown with ivy, presents a
very picturesque appearance. The chapel of the Holy
Trinity, anciently appendant to the castle, is also in
ruins.
LOTHERS, a parish in the liberty of LOTHERS and
BOTHEN HAMPTON, Bridport division of the county of
DORSET, 2 miles (E. N. E.) from Bridport, containing
857 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol,
rated in the king's books at £ 14. 5. 7., and in the pa-
tronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated to St.
Mary Magdalene. Here was an Alien priory subordinate
to the abbey of Mountsburgh in Normandy: at the sup-
pression by Richard II., being then valued at £ 80 per
annum, it was bestowed on the priory of St. Anne, near
Coventry; but, in the time of Henry IV., it was restored
to its ancient owners, and after the dissolution by
Henry V., it became part of the endowment of Sion
abbey, Middlesex.
LOTHERTON, a township in the parish of SHER-
BURN, upper division of the wapentake of Barkstone-
AsH, West riding of the county of YORK, 6 miles (S. S.W.)
from Tadcaster, containing, with a part of Aberford, 427
inhabitants.
LOUDWATER, a chapelry in the parish of HIGH
WYCOMBE, hundred of DESBOROUGH, county of BUCK-
INGHAM, 34 miles (S. E.) from High Wycombe, with
which the population is returned. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham,
and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with £ 1200 private be-
nefaction, £ 400 royal bounty, and £ 2400 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of certain Trustees. The
chapel was built and endowed, in 1788, by W. Davis,
Esq.
LOUGHBOROUGH, a market town and parish in
the western division of the hundred of GosCOTE, County
of LEICESTER, comprising the townships of Knight-
Thorpe and Wood-Thorpe, and containing 7494 in-
habitants, of which number, 7365 are in the town of
Loughborough, 11 miles (N.) from Leicester, and 109
(N.W.) from London. The name is probably derived
from Lough, a lake, or a large extent of meadow occasion-
ally overflowed. The noble family of Despenser, anciently
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possessors of the manor, obtained the grant of a mar-
ket and fairs for the town. In 1564, the assizes for the
county were held here, on account of the plague raging
at Leicester at that time. From its size and population
From its size and population
this may be considered the second town in the county,
and it was so reckoned three centuries ago: it is a
great thoroughfare, being situated on the high road from
London to Manchester. The buildings in general are of
brick, and a great proportion of the houses is modern :
plaster, which is made of alabaster obtained from the
quarries of Burton on the Wold, is mostly used for the
floors of the lodging-rooms. The streets are paved and
partially lighted by subscription, and the inhabitants
are well supplied with water. A neat theatre has been
recently built: there is likewise a subscription library.
The manufactures comprise hosiery of all kinds, cotton
goods, and bobbin net-lace, for which last article a
patent was obtained by the manufacturer, and the
machinery is worked here under his license, giving em-
ployment to nearly five hundred persons: the manu-
facture of what is termed patent fleecy hosiery is
confined entirely to this town. The Loughborough
canal, which communicates with the Union canal, the
Leicester navigation, the river Soar, and the lime-works
at Barrow hill, has been very beneficial to the town,
and abundantly profitable to the proprietors: the shares,
which originally cost but £120 each, are now worth
about £4000. There are some quarries of slate in the
neighbourhood. The market is on Thursday; and fairs
are held February 14th, March 28th, April 25th, Holy
Thursday, August 12th, and November 13th, for horses,
cows, and sheep; March 24th and September 25th, for
cheese; and November 14th is a statute fair for hiring
servants. An ancient cross and the old market-house
having been removed, the market-place is now open.
'The town is under the superintendence of a constable,
headborough, meadow-reeves, and street masters, all
of them chosen at the annual court leet of the lord of
the manor. A court baron is held annually, and the
petty sessions for the hundred are held here weekly.
↓
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lei-
cester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £40. 16. 3., and in the patronage of the Master and
Fellows of Emanuel College, Cambridge. The church,
which is dedicated to All Saints, is a handsome edifice,
in the later style of English architecture, and has a fine
tower, which was built by subscription towards the close
of the sixteenth century. There are places of worship
for General and Particular Baptists, Independents, the
Society of Friends, Wesleyan Methodists, and Uni-
tarians. The free grammar school is endowed with
rents arising from lands originally bequeathed by Thomas
Burton, in 1495, for the maintenance of a chantry in
the parish church, but appropriated, at the Reforma-
tion, to the endowment of a free grammar school, the
repair of certain public bridges in the parish, and in aid
of parochial rates; these estates are called "Burton's
Trust," and their present rental is about £1500 per
annum as a principal object in the expenditure is the
repair of the roads and bridges, an officer is annually
elected, under the name of bridgemaster, to superintend
its execution. The school is open to all the children
residing in the parish it is entirely under the direction
of the trustees, and consists of three establishments, un-
der separate masters; namely, a Latin school, in which
VOL. III.
:
there are from fifteen to twenty scholars; a school in
which reading, writing, and arithmetic are taught to
about twenty-five boys; and a National school for two
hundred and fifty more: the surplus of the annual in-
come is appropriated by the trustees to charitable uses.
Two exhibitions, of £30 each, to Emanuel College, Cam-
bridge, are attached to this institution: the school-house
is a handsome new building, erected near the churchyard.
A free school for twenty girls was founded, in 1683, by
means of a bequest from Bartholomew Hickling, and
endowed with land; and, in 1717, Joseph Clark be-
queathed land, directing the proceeds to be applied
for the instruction of children.
for the instruction of children. Various benefactions
have been made, at different periods, for apprenticing
poor children, and for annual distribution to the poor.
A public dispensary is supported by voluntary contri-
butions. Dr. Richard Pulteney, a distinguished phy-
sician and writer on botany, was born here in 1730.
Loughborough conferred the title of baron on Alex-
ander Wedderburn, an eminent lawyer, who held the
office of Lord High Chancellor, and who was subse-
quently created Earl of Rosslyn.
LOUGHRIGG, a joint township with Rydal, in the
parish of GRASMERE, Kendal ward, county of WEST-
MORLAND, 22 miles (W. by S.) from Ambleside. The
population is returned with Rydal.
LOUGHTON, a parish in the hundred of NEWPORT,
county of BUCKINGHAM, 32 miles (N. W.) from Fenny-
Stratford, containing 293 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Bucks, and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £14. 5. 2½., and
in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of Trinity
College, Cambridge. The church
College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to All
Saints.
LOUGHTON, a parish in the hundred of ONGAR,
county of ESSEX, 14 miles (N. E. by N.) from London,
containing 979 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the jurisdiction of the Commissary of London, con-
currently with the Consistorial Court of the Bishop of
London, rated in the king's books at £ 18. 3. 9., and in
the patronage of Miss Whitaker. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Nicholas. There is a place of worship for
Baptists.
LOUGHTON, a chapelry in the parish of CHETTON,
hundred of STOTTESDEN, county of SALOP, 9 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Ludlow, containing 119 inhabit-
ants.
LOUND, a joint township with Toft, in the parish
of WITHAM on the HILL, wapentake of BELTISLOE,
parts of KESTEVEN, County of LINCOLN, 3 miles (S. W.
by W.) from Bourne. The population is returned with
Toft.
LOUND, a township in the parish of SUTTON, liberty
of SOUTHWELL and SCROOBY, county of NOTTINGHAM,
4 miles (N. by W.) from East Retford, containing 370
inhabitants. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
LOUND, a parish in the hundred of MUTFORD
and LOTHINGLAND, county of SUFFOLK, 5 miles (N. W.
by N.) from Lowestoft, containing 416 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeacon-
ry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the
king's books at £8, and in the patronage of the Rev. J.
Blanchard. The church is dedicated to St. John the
Baptist.
t
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<<
LOUTH, a market town
and parish, having separate
jurisdiction, though locally
in the Wold division of the
hundred of Louth-Eske,
parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 28 miles (E. N. E.)
from Lincoln, and 150 (N.
by E.) from London, con-
taining, with the hamlet of
Louth-Park, 6055 inhabit-
ants. The ancient name of
Corporate Seal.
this town was Luda, from
its vicinity to the Lud, a small stream formed by the
junction of two rivulets. It was distinguished for the
number of its religious houses previously to the Refor-
mation, and the inhabitants were the first to resist the
measures enforced by Henry VIII. for their suppression.
In 1536 they took part in an insurrection called the
Pilgrimage of Grace," and the prior of Barlings, their
leader, the vicar of Louth, four other priests, and seven
laymen, were executed at Tyburn in the following year.
A destructive plague, which raged here in the year 1631,
from April until the end of November, swept away seven
hundred and fifty-four persons. The town is pleasantly
situated in a fertile vale, eastward of the wolds, bounded
on the north and south by chalk hills, which command
beautiful and varied prospects: it is neat and well built,
the houses being chiefly of brick covered with tiles; the
streets are paved, and lighted with gas, under the au-
thority of an act passed in 1825; and the inhabitants
are supplied with excellent water from several springs
in the neighbourhood, some of which issuing from the
northern hills, form a rapid and overflowing stream
during the summer, and in winter are generally dry:
the air is considered to be highly salubrious. The
theatre is opened every alternate winter. Assemblies
and concerts are held in the mansion-house, which con-
tains an elegant suite of apartments, ornamented in the
Grecian style; and a public subscription library, bil-
liard, and news rooms, are always open. The vicarage
house, denominated the hermitage, is especially worthy
of notice, from the ingenious and rustic style in which
the garden is laid out; the walks are planted with
shrubs, interspersed with appropriate buildings, seats,
and cloisters, for the use of the supposed hermit, and
decorated with obelisks and vases, bearing numerous
devices and mottos: the principal building contains the
study, kitchen, chapel, and dormitory, and is adorned
with moss, flints, bark, bones, and other natural produc-
tions, the whole producing a picturesque effect. The
mode of obtaining water for irrigating the land here,
or for domestic purposes, is somewhat unusual: the
stratum of argillaceous soil, which descends to a depth
of twenty-seven yards, is perforated, and a hollow tube
of tin or copper is inserted into the bed of gravel be-
neath, through which the water rises, and thus a per-
petual fountain is formed, from which a copious supply
is readly obtained throughout a district of thirty miles
in length, and ten in breadth. A carpet and blanket
manufactory, established a few years ago, is conducted
on an extensive scale, and is in a very flourishing con-
dition; and a paper-mill and soap-house furnish employ-
ment to a considerable number of persons; there are
likewise several worsted manufacturers and wool-staplers.
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In 1761, an act of parliament was obtained for cutting
a canal between this town and the Humber, which was
completed at an expense of £12,000; by means of this
mode of communication, vessels of considerable burden
regularly trade with London, Hull, and several parts of
Yorkshire, carrying out corn and wool, and bringing
back coal, timber, iron, grocery, and other articles of
commerce. The wool market is a commodious building,
opened in June 1825. The general market days are Wed-
nesday and Saturday: there is a market for cattle and
sheep every Friday during the spring, and fairs are held
on the third Wednesday after Easter, August 5th, and
November 22nd. The government of the town is vested
in a warden and six assistants, who were incorporated
by charter of the 5th of Edward VI., and are empowered
to choose a high steward, town-clerk, and bailiff: to the
corporation Elizabeth gave, by charter, "the manor of
Louth and divers lands there," the annual value then
being £78. 14. 4.; their privileges were subsequently
confirmed and extended by James I. The warden and
one of the assistants, called the justice, are elected an-
nually, and are magistrates in and for the town and
parish; and an application has lately been made for a
charter, for the appointment of two additional magis-
trates. Sessions for the town are held quarterly, usually
in January, April, July, and October. The general quar-
ter sessions for the southern parts of the division of
Lindsey are held here and at Spilsby alternately. Petty
sessions are held every Wednesday in the guildhall; and
there is a court of requests, under an act passed in the
47th of George III., for the recovery of debts not ex-
ceeding £5, the jurisdiction of which extends over a
considerable portion of the parts of Lindsey. The ses-
sions-house and prison is a handsome modern pile, with
a portico of Roman Doric architecture. The tread-mill
is used to grind corn for sale.
-
The living of St. James is a discharged vicarage, with
the perpetual curacy of Louth St. Mary, in the peculiar
jurisdiction and patronage of the Prebendary of Louth
in the Cathedral Church of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £12, and endowed with £200 royal bounty.
Here were formerly two churches, dedicated respectively
to St. Mary and St. James; of these, the latter only
remains, and it is one of the finest structures in the
county, consisting of a nave, aisles, and a chancel, and
exhibiting a remarkably good specimen of the later style
of English architecture: at the east end is a window of
seven lights, with very beautiful tracery, and at the
western extremity is a lofty tower, with a rich crock-
eted spire, the building of which was completed about
1516: the spire, having been blown down some years
ago, was rebuilt on the original plan. The tower con-
sists of three stories; at its summit are four octagonal
embattled turrets, with flying buttresses to the spire,
the height of which, to the cross by which it is sur-
mounted, is one hundred and forty-one feet, and the
total height, from the base of the tower, two hundred
and eighty-eight feet. The chancel is of later date than
the body of the church, and probably coeval with the
steeple. The burial-ground has not been used for up-
wards of half a century, the churchyard formerly be-
longing to the church of St. Mary being the general
place of interment. There are places of worship for
Baptists, Independents, Primitive and Wesleyan Metho-
dists, and a Roman Catholic chapel. The free grammar
LOW
LOW
171
school was founded and endowed by Edward VI., with
the property of some ancient guilds in this town, con-
sisting of about one hundred and sixty acres of land,
with several messuages and tenements, and the tolls of
markets and fairs: the trustees are the warden and six
assistants, with their successors, who are authorised to
make laws for the government of the school: the pre-
sent income is about £600 per annum, of which sum
half is directed to be given to the head master, a quarter
to the usher, and the remainder to be appropriated to
the maintenance of twelve poor women, who reside in
almshouses under the school-room. The school is open
for gratuitous classical instruction to the children of
all parishioners. A fund is raised from the terms of
admission on the annual "speech day," and from a sub-
sequent ball, out of which assistance is afforded to any
young man of superior abilities at either of the Univer-
sities, who had been previously educated here. A free
school for poor boys was founded and endowed by
the will of Dr. Robert Mapletoft, Dean of Ely, in 1677,
with a rent-charge upon his estates, for the support of
a master to teach reading, writing, arithmetic, and the
church catechism: the income is about £5 per annum.
Thomas Espin, F.S.A., whose views of the cathedral,
churches, and ruins, in this county, are universally ad-
mired, was master of this school for thirty years, and
on his death, in 1822, was interred in a mausoleum near
his late residence in the town. A National school,
erected in 1818, and enlarged in 1820, is supported by
voluntary contributions, and contains about three hun-
dred children. A dispensary for the relief of the sick
poor is also supported by subscription. About a mile
from the town is the hamlet of Louth-Park, where are
some slight vestiges of an abbey founded by Alex-
ander, Bishop of Lincoln, in 1139, for monks of the
Cistercian order, and dedicated to the Virgin Mary: it
was a cell subordinate to Fountain's abbey in York-
shire, and, at the dissolution, its revenue was estimated
at £169. 5. 6.
LOVEDALE, a township in the parish of PENK-
RIDGE, eastern division of the hundred of CUTTLESTONE,
county of STAFFORD. The population is returned with
the parish.
LOVERSALL, a parish in the soke of DONCASTER,
West riding of the county of YORK, 3½ miles (S.) from
Doncaster, containing 131 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry and diocese of
York, endowed with £600 royal bounty, and £200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar
of Doncaster.
LOVINGTON, a parish in the hundred of CATSASH,
county of SOMERSET, 2 miles (W.S.W.) from Castle-
Cary, containing 206 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patron-
age of the Dean and Chapter of Wells, endowed with
£800 royal bounty. The church is dedicated to St.
Thomas à Becket. John Whitehead, in 1715, bequeathed
certain land, and James Clarke subsequently gave a
house, the income arising from which is £9, and is
applied to the instruction of twelve poor children.
LOWDHAM, a parish in the southern division of
the wapentake of THURGARTON, county of NOTTING-
HAM, 7 miles (N.E.) from Nottingham, comprising the
townships of Caythorpe and Gunthorpe, and containing
1334 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
*
in the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of
York, rated in the king's books at £4. 18. 4., and
in the patronage of Earl Manvers. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary. There was formerly a chapel of ease
at Gunthorpe, where is now a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. The manufacture of stockings
is carried on here.
LOWE, a joint township with Ditches, in that part
of the parish of WEM which is in the Whitchurch
division of the hundred of BRADFORD (North), county
of SALOP, 1 mile (N. W.) from Wem, containing, with
Ditches, 93 inhabitants.
LOWESBY, a parish in the eastern division of the
hundred of GoSCOTE, county of LEICESTER, 93 miles
(E. by N.) from Leicester, containing, with the chapelry
of Cold Newton, 217 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £7. 1. 5½.,
endowed with £800 private benefaction, £600 royal
bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of Sir F. G. Fowke, Bart. The church is de-
dicated to All Saints.
LOWESTOFT, a sea-port, market town, and parish, in
the hundred of MuTFORD and LOTHINGLAND, County of
SUFFOLK, 44 miles (N. E. by N.) from Ipswich, and 115
(N. E. by N.) from London, containing 3675 inhabitants.
The name of this town, anciently Lothnwistoft, or Lays-
toft, is derived, as some suppose, from Lothbroch, a noble
Dane, who obtained a part of the kingdom of the East
Angles, and resided here; or, according to others, from
Low-toft, a market formerly held beneath the cliffs. In
1349, the great plague which devastated the continent of
Europe, raged here with such fury, that not more than
one-tenth of the inhabitants escaped the contagion; and
in 1547 and 1579 the same malady again prevailed:
in 1605, it suffered severely from fire, and during the
usurpation of Cromwell it was exposed to heavy exac-
tions from its attachment to the royal cause: in 1643,
Cromwell entered the town at the head of one thousand
cavalry, and seizing several persons, sent them pri-
soners to Cambridge. In the war with the Dutch, two
sanguinary engagements took place off this coast in
1665 and 1666; two of the British admirals on that
occasion were natives of Lowestoft. In consequence of
the repeated occurrence of shipwreck, two lighthouses
were erected by the inhabitants: that on the cliff con-
sisted at first of a circular tower of brick and stone, the
upper story of which was sashed and glazed, and a coal
fire was constantly kept burning, but having become
dilapidated, it has been taken down, and replaced by a
cylindrical revolving lantern, furnished with powerful
reflectors: the other, on the beach beneath, is con-
structed of timber, and is moveable at pleasure. By
steering in such a direction as to make the upper and
lower lighthouses coincide, vessels are guided to a
channel of a quarter of a mile in breadth, between the
Holme and Barnard sands; the course of this channel,
called Stanford, varies so much, from the violence of
currents, and the effect of storms, to which this coast is
exposed, that a change in the position of the lower
lighthouse is frequently necessary: the fort at the
south end of the beach having become ruinous in 1744,
a battery was erected at the north end, and fortified with
two pieces of cannon. In 1782, a new fort was built
at the south end, and furnished with thirteen pieces of
Ꮓ ?
LOW
LOW
172
cannon ; another fort has also been erected at the north
end, and a battery near the Ness.
The town is situated on a lofty cliff, bordering on
the German ocean, and consists principally of one
street, nearly a mile in length, which is well paved, and
of several small ones, which diverge from it obliquely,
the whole being well lighted: the houses, chiefly of
brick, are neat and modern, and the inhabitants are
well supplied with water from springs; the air is con-
sidered highly salubrious, especially to invalids, and the
shore, gradually descending to the sea, and having a
firm pebbly bottom, is commodious for bathing, which
circumstances have made Lowestoft a great resort of
fashionable visitors during the summer. Races have
been recently established on the downs northward of
the town, which form an admirable course; the cliffs,
rising in a gentle slope, make a natural amphitheatre,
capable of containing an immense number of spec-
tators. There is a good theatre, in which performances
take place every alternate year; also a spacious and
elegant assembly-room, where balls are held at Christ-
mas, and concerts twice a week during the bathing
season, and a subscription reading-room and library.
A new bathing-house, fitted up with hot and cold
baths, was erected by subscription among some of the
inhabitants in 1824: it is a handsome building of
pebble stones, with rusticated angles, and is situated at
the south end of the High-street. The trade principally
arises from the herring fishery, in which about forty
boats, from twenty-five to forty tons' burden each, are
engaged, and which employs the inhabitants from the
end of May till the end of June, after which time
great quantities of mackarel and soles are caught, and
sent to the Norwich and London markets: the herrings
are prepared and dried in houses at the base of the
cliff, extending the whole length of the town, and the
process of curing is entirely devoid of offensive effluvia.
There are rope and twine manufactories of considerable
An act of parliament has been recently granted
to a company, for making a navigable communication
from Lowestoft to Norwich; they have already erected
a lock and swing bridge at Oulton, and are now carrying
on the excavation between Lake Lothing and the sea,
in order to form a harbour of refuge for vessels in dis-
tress. Facilities for water carriage are also afforded
by communication from Lake Lothing to the Yare at
Yarmouth, and by the Waveney to Beccles and Bungay.
The market is on Wednesday, for grain and provisions;
and toy fairs are held May 12th and October 10th. The
county magistrates hold petty sessions weekly at this
place, and manorial courts are occasionally held by the
steward of the manor. By charter of George II., who
landed here, the inhabitants are exempted from serving
on juries out of the town. There are a commodious
town hall, and a market cross.
extent.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the
king's books at £10. 1. 0., endowed with £250 pri-
vate benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Crown. The church, dedicated to
St. Margaret, is a large and handsome structure, in the
later style of English architecture, with a tower, sur-
mounted by a wooden spire covered with lead, and a
south porch, over which was a chamber, said to have
been formerly inhabited by two recluse females, who
caused wells to be dug between the church and the town,
called Basket wells, vulgarly supposed to be a corruption
of their names, "Bess and Kate." The interior consists
of a nave, two side aisles, and a chancel, with a fine
east window of stained glass; the ceiling is ornamented
with a rude painting intended to represent the Holy
Trinity, and two antique shields contain a representa-
tion of the Crucifixion; there is a large brass eagle,
formerly used as a reading-desk, also a very ancient and
handsome font, decorated with a double row of saints
sculptured upon it, and approached by an ascent of
three steps, but now greatly defaced. Sir John Holt,
Lord Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench in
the reign of George I., was buried here, and a hand-
some monument, bearing a Latin inscription, was erected
to his memory. In 1698, a chapel of ease was rebuilt
by subscription, near the centre of the town. Here are
places of worship for Baptists, Independents, and Wes-
leyan Methodists. A free grammar school was founded,
in 1571, by Thomas Annot, Esq., whose endowment of
it was increased by his heir to £16 per annum the
master is chosen by the vicar and churchwardens, sub-
ject to the approval of the chancellor of the diocese; his
salary is now £23 per annum, for which he instructs
twenty-three boys. Another free school, on the east
side of the High-street, was founded and endowed by
Mr. John Wilde, in 1735, for the instruction of forty
boys in Latin and English: the school-house, in which
the master resides, was built in 1788; the master re-
ceives a salary of £40 per annum, arising from an
estate at Worlingham, the surplus produce of which,
amounting in the whole to about £154 per annum, is
vested in the churchwardens for charitable purposes.
A National school for boys is supported by voluntary
contributions. There are various charitable bequests
for the relief of the poor. In 1758, a skeleton was dis-
covered in a barrow on Bloodmore hill, near this town;
round its neck was a chain, with a gold medal bear-
ing an inscription and device, and an onyx set in gold,
bearing a device. In the centre of the High-street are
some vestiges of a religious house, consisting of a cu-
rious Norman arch, and cellars with groined arches,
evidently part of an ancient crypt. The surrounding
cliffs abound with organic remains, such as the bones
and teeth of the mammoth, the horns and bones of the
elk, with Cornua Ammonis, and shells and fossils of va-
rious kinds. The celebrated William Whiston, Profes-
sor of Mathematics at Cambridge; and Mr. Potter, the
learned translator of Eschylus and Euripedes, were
vicars of this parish.
A
x
LOWESWATER, a parochial chapelry in ALLER-
DALE ward above Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND,
7 miles (S. by E.) from Cockermouth, containing, with
Mockerkin, 440 inhabitants. The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and dio-
cese of Chester, endowed with £200 private benefac-
tion, £800 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Lonsdale. The
church was erected by subscription among the inhabit-
ants, in 1827, on the site of an ancient chapel founded
by a prior of St. Bees, to which parish this was for-
merly a chapelry, and it still pays a small annual tribute
to the mother church. The river Cocker runs through
this deep and extensive vale, which is bounded by lofty
mountains, and contains the picturesque lake of Lowes-
..
LOW
LOX
173
water, part of Crummock lake, and Scale force, the last
the most stupendous cataract in this celebrated region,
the water of which, falling to the depth of one hundred
and fifty-six feet, sinks into a great chasm surrounded
by rocks overhung with trees, and profusely fringed with
a variety of smaller shrubs. A lead mine has lately
been opened here. On a hill near the village of Mock-
erkin a school-room was erected in 1781, and endowed
by Mary Mirehouse with £200.
LOWICK, a chapelry in the parish of ULVERSTONE,
hundred of LONSDALE, north of the sands, county pala-
tine of LANCASTER, 5 miles (N. by W.) from Ulver-
stone, containing 378 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Richmond,
and diocese of Chester, endowed with £400 private be-
nefaction, £600 royal bounty, and £600 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of W. F. Blencowe, Esq.
.
LOWICK, a parish in the hundred of HUXLOE,
county of NORTHAMPTON, 22 miles (N. W. by N.) from
Thrapstone, containing 419 inhabitants. The living is
The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£16. 8. 112., and in the patronage of the Duke of Dorset.
The church, dedicated to St. Peter, is a handsome
edifice, in the later style of English architecture, with a
remarkably elegant tower crowned with pinnacles and
a large octagonal lantern: the windows exhibit some
brilliant specimens of ancient stained glass; and near
the chancel is a mutilated monument of alabaster, to
a knight and his lady, of which there are sufficient
remains to give an idea of its original splendour. Here
was a chantry, or college, of Secular priests, in honour
of the Blessed Virgin, founded by an ancestor of Staf-
ford, Earl of Wiltshire, about the time of Edward II.,
and granted, at the dissolution, to Sir Edward Mon-
tague. Drayton-house, built by Henry Green, Esq., is
a noble specimen of the prevailing style of architecture
in the time of Henry VI. There is a charity school,
founded and endowed by Sir John Germain, for teach-
ing and clothing twelve boys and eight girls.
Cal
LOWICK, a parish in the eastern division of
GLENDALE ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 8
miles (N. by E.) from Wooler, containing 1799 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdea-
conry of Northumberland, and diocese of Durham, en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, £ 400 royal bounty,
and £400 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Dean and Chapter of Durham. The church was
rebuilt in 1794. A more commodious place of worship
for Presbyterians was erected in 1821, the former one
having stood on the spot now occupied by Barmoor
castle. Coal and limestone are obtained here.
LOW-QUARTER, a township in the parish of
Kirkby-IreletH, hundred of LONSDALE, north of the
sands, county palatine of LANCASTER, 5 miles (W.) from
Ulverstone, containing 572 inhabitants,
William de Meschines, the first Baron of Copeland, and
still exhibiting evident traces of its ancient strength
and grandeur.
LOWSIDE, a township in the parish of WHICKHAM,
western division of CHESTER ward, county palatine of
DURHAM, containing 1150 inhabitants.
LOWSIDE-QUARTER, a township in the parish of
ST. BEES, ALLERDALE ward above Derwent, county of
CUMBERLAND, containing 353 inhabitants. The town-
ship lies between the river Ehen on the east, and the
Irish sea on the west, and contains the venerable remains
of Egremont castle, built soon after the Conquest, by
LOWTHER, a parish in WEST ward, county of
WESTMORLAND, 42 miles (S.) from Penrith, containing
599 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Carlisle, rated in the king's
books at £25. 7. 3., and in the patronage of the Earl
of Lonsdale. The church, dedicated to St. Michael, was
almost wholly rebuilt in 1686, and the tower under-
went considerable repairs and alterations in 1824. The
parish is bounded on the west by the river Lowther.
It formerly contained a village of the same name, which
was demolished in 1682, by Sir John Lowther, who
soon afterwards built another, called New-Town, in
which carpet and linen manufactories were established,
but did not succeed. Richard Lowther, in 1638, gave
100 in support of a schoolmaster, and subsequently,
Allgood, Esq. left a rent-charge of £10, for a
similar purpose; these, with other donations, produce
an income of about £ 19 a year, for teaching poor chil
dren, who pay also a small quarterage. In 1738, two
schools for girls were founded by the Rev. Richard
Holme, and endowed with £100, which was laid out in
land now rented by the Earl of Lonsdale, his lordship
paying £10. 10. per annum to each school.
LOWTHORP, a parish in the wapentake of DICK-
ERING, East riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles
(E. N. E.) from Great Driffield, containing 149 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of York, endowed with £200
private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of W. St. Quintin, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Martin; in it was a college, or chantry,
for a rector, six chaplains, and three clerks, founded in
the reign of Edward III., by Sir John Haselarton.
ma
LOWTON, a chapelry in the parish of WINWICK,
hundred of WEST DERBY, County palatine of LANCAS
TER, 2 miles (N. E. by E.) from Newton in Mackerfield,
containing 1988 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, en-
dowed with £400 private benefaction, and £400 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Rector of Winwick.
The church is dedicated to St. Luke. A school-room
was erected in 1751, with a dwelling-house for the mas-
ter: it is endowed with three acres of land, for the
income arising from which six poor children receive
free instruction.
LOXBEAR, a parish in the hundred of TIVERTON,
county of DEVON, 44 miles (N. W.) from Tiverton, con-
taining 138 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £6. 14. 9., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of Sir T. D. Acland, Bart. The church
has a rich Norman doorway and a Norman font. There
was formerly a chapel at Leigh in this parish.
LOXHORE, a parish in the hundred of SHERWill,
county of DEVON, 6 miles (N. E.) from Barnstaple,
containing 241 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £9. 14. 4., and in the pa-
tronage of J. P. Bruce Chichester, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Michael.
LOXLEY, a liberty in the parish of UTTOXETER,
LUC
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174
southern division of the hundred of TOTMONSLOW,
county of STAFFORD, 23 miles (S. W.) from Uttoxeter,
with which the population is returned. It is in the
honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the
jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every
third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
LOXLEY, a parish in the Snitterfield division of
the hundred of BARLICHWAY, County of WARWICK, 44
miles (E. S. E.) from Stratford upon Avon, containing
311 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in
the king's books at £5. 6. 8., endowed with £200 pri-
vate benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the pa-
tronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated to St.
Nicholas. The parish abounds with limestone. British
and Roman coins have been frequently found here.
LOXTON, a parish in the hundred of WINTER-
STOKE, County of SOMERSET, 33 miles (W. N. W.) from
Axbridge, containing 165 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £15. 15. 5.,
and in the patronage of W. Moncriefe, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Andrew. Eight poor children are in-
structed for a trifling bequest by Ann Gadd, in 1765.
LOXWOOD-END, a chapelry in that part of the
parish of WISborough-GreEN which is in the hun-
dred of ROTHERBRIDGE, rape of ARUNDEL, county of
Sussex, 9½ miles (W. by N.) from Horsham. The popu-
lation is returned with the parish. The chapel was built
about 1540, at the expense of three maiden ladies, who
endowed it with £6. 5. per annum. The Arun and Wey
Junction canal passes through the parish, and then
enters Surrey.
LOYNTON, a township in the parish of HIGH OFF-
LEY, northern division of the hundred of PIREHILL,
county of STAFFORD, containing 40 inhabitants.
LUBBESTHORPE, a chapelry in that part of the
parish of AYLESTONE which is in the hundred of SPAR-
KENHOE, County of LEICESTER, 32 miles (S. W. by W.)
from Leicester, containing 81 inhabitants. The chapel
is demolished.
LUBENHAM, a parish in the hundred of GAR-
TREE, county of LEICESTER, 2 miles (W.) from Market-
Harborough, containing 531 inhabitants. The living is
a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £8. 5., endowed
with £400 royal bounty, and £1200 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of Grimes, Esq., by se-
questration. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
The Union canal passes along the eastern boundary of
the parish.
LUCKER, a chapelry in the parish of BAMBROUGH,
northern division of BAMBROUGH ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 4 miles (S. E. by E.) from Bel-
ford, containing 194 inhabitants. The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, with that of Bambrough, in the archdea-
conry of Northumberland, and diocese of Durham, en-
dowed with £400 private benefaction, and £600 royal
bounty. The village is situated on the western bank of
the river Warn. There is a school supported by dona-
tions amounting to about £5 per annum.
cese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at
£14. 3. 6., and in the patronage of Sir Thomas Dyke
Acland, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
The river Horner runs through the parish. Iron-ore is
found in great abundance, and is said to have been
worked here more than a century ago. There are seve-
ral mineral springs in the neighbourhood.
LUCKHAM, a parish in the hundred of CAR-
HAMPTON, County of SOMERSET, 4 miles (W. by s.)
from Minehead, containing 481 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and dio-
The po-
LUCKINGTON, a hamlet in the parish and hun-
dred of KILMERSDON, county of SOMERSET.
pulation is returned with the parish.
I
LUCKINGTON, a parish in the hundred of CHIP-
PENHAM, County of WILTS, 7 miles (W. S. W.) from
Malmsbury, containing 280 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese of
Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £9. 7. 8½½., and
in the patronage of the Rev. John Turner and others.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
LUCTON, a parish in the hundred of WOLPHY,
county of HEREFORD, 6 miles (N. W.) from Leominster,
containing 181 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £600
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Governors of
Lucton school. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
The school was founded, in 1708, by John Pierrepont,
Esq., for three masters to teach fifty children, not pau-
pers, of the five adjoining parishes: the endowment
consists of land and tithes in Orlton, Yarpole, Luston,
Eyton, and Lucton, the annual value of which is now
about £800: it is vested in a body corporate, styled
"The Governors of Lucton school," viz., the master and
preacher of the Charter-house, London, the common
serjeant, the rectors of St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate and
St. Peter's, Cornhill, the preacher of Gray's Inn, the
master of Merchant Taylors' school, and the president
of Sion College. The present number on the establish-
ment is sixty-four, viz., fifty sons of poor farmers and
labourers, and fourteen of more opulent parents, the
latter of whom pay £1. 5. per annum each: they are
taught the classics, English, writing, &c., and are al-
lowed £10 as an apprentice fee, and £20 at the ter-
mination of their apprenticeship.
C
LUDBOROUGH, a parish in the wapentake of
LUDBOROUGH, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN,
6
miles (N. by W.) from Louth, containing 284 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£20. 19. 4., and in the patronage of Mrs. Thorold and
others. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LUDDENDEN, a chapelry in the parish of HALI-
FAX, wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county
of YORK, 3 miles (W. by N.) from Halifax, with which
the population is returned. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of York, en-
dowed with £400 private benefaction, £600 royal
bounty, and £1800 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Vicar of Halifax. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LUDDENHAM, a parish in the hundred of FAVERS-
HAM, lathe of SCRAY, County of KENT, 2 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Faversham, containing 178 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £ 12. 8. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church,
LUD
LUD
175
dedicated to St. Mary, is in the early style of English
architecture.
LUDDESDOWN, a parish in the hundred of TOLT-
INGTROUGH, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 52
miles (W. by S.) from Rochester, containing 235 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Rochester, rated in the king's books
at £11. 11. 3., and in the patronage of the Rev. Dr. R.
Thomson. The church is dedicated to St. Peter and St.
Paul.
LUDDINGTON, a parish in the western division of
the wapentake of MANLEY, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 5 miles (N. E. by E.) from Crowle, contain-
ing, with the township of Garthorp, 962 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Stow,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£8, and in the patronage of M. J. Lister, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Oswald. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LUDDINGTON, a hamlet in the parish of OLD
Stratford, Stratford division of the hundred of BAR-
LICHWAY, County of WARWICK, 3½ miles (S. W. by W.)
from Stratford upon Avon, containing 164 inhabitants.
Here was formerly a chapel, the ruins of which are still
visible. The navigable river Avon runs through the
township.
LUDDINGTON in the BROOK, a parish partly in
ΤΟΝ
the hundred of LEIGHTONSTONE, County of HUNTING-
DON, but chiefly in the hundred of POLEBROOK, County
of NORTHAMPTON, 6 miles (S. E. by E.) from Oundle,
containing 119 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peter-
borough, rated in the king's books at £ 8. 8. 9., and in
the patronage of the Duke of Manchester, and the Earl
and Countess of Cardigan. The church is dedicated to
St. Andrew. There is a trifling bequest by Nicholas
Latham, in 1620, for teaching poor children.
LUDFORD, a parish partly in the hundred of
WOLPHY, County of HEREFORD, but chiefly in the hun-
dred of MUNSLOW, county of SALOP, a mile (S.) from
Ludlow, containing 280 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and
diocese of Hereford, endowed with £400 private bene-
faction, and £800 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of E. L. Charlton, Esq. An hospital for six poor infirm
persons was founded here, in 1672, by Sir Job Charlton,
who endowed it with certain messuages and lands now
let for £63 per annum. It was incorporated by the
style of the "Warden and Poor of the Hospital of Lud-
ford," who had a common seal, but the distinction of
Warden has long ceased to exist.
LUDFORD (MAGNA), a parish in the eastern divi-
sion of the wapentake of WRAGGOE, parts of LINDSEY,
county of LINCOLN, 6½ miles (E.) from Market-Rasen,
containing 426 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £5. 18. 4., endowed with
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of G. R.
Heneage, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
Roman coins have been discovered in the neighbour-
hood.
The population is returned with Ludford Magna. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Lincoln, and in the patronage of Ayscoghe Boucherett,
Esq. The church has been demolished.
LUDGERSHALL, a joint parish with Thetchworth,
in the hundred of ASHENDON, County of BUCKINGHAM,
6 miles (S. E. by E.) from Bicester, containing, with the
hamlet of Kingswood, 576 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £17. 16. 8.,
and in the patronage of Mrs. Martyn. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. Here was formerly an Alien
priory, a cell to the great hospital of Santingfield in
Picardy, which, at the suppression, was given to King's
College, Cambridge.
LUDFORD (PARVA), a parish in the eastern divi-
sion of the wapentake of WRAGGOE, parts of LINDSEY,
county of LINCOLN, 6 miles (E.) from Market-Rasen.
;
LUDGERSHALL, a borough and parish (formerly
a market town) in the hundred of AMESBURY, county
of WILTS, 16½ miles (N. N. E.) from Salisbury, and 71
(W. S. W.) from London, containing 477 inhabitants.
This place, formerly called Lurgeshall and Lutgashall,
was anciently of considerable extent, and is supposed
to have been the residence of some of the Anglo-Saxon
kings. A castle existed here soon after the Norman
Conquest, wherein, about 1141, the Empress Matilda
took refuge, in her flight from Winchester towards the
castle of Devizes: no mention of this fortress occurring
subsequently to the reign of Henry III., it is believed
to have been dismantled soon after that period, for the
purpose of curtailing the power of the barons: there
are still some slight vestiges of it in a farm-yard in
the vicinity. The town, which occupies a delightful si-
tuation on the verge of the county, is of inconsiderable
size; the streets are neither paved nor lighted. The
market was formerly held on Wednesday, but it has long
been disused. There is a small pleasure fair on the 25th
of July. Ludgershall is a borough by prescription, and
sent representatives to all the parliaments of Edward I.,
to three of Edward II., and to three of Edward III.
between the 9th of Richard II. and the 9th of Henry V.
no return was made, but since the latter period the
returns have been regular. The right of election was
declared, by a committee of the House of Commons, to
be vested in "the freeholders and copyholders of the
borough houses, and in leaseholders for any term not
under three years;" the number of voters is about seven-
ty, and the bailiff is the returning officer; the bailiff is
appointed at the court leet held annually by the steward
of the manor on Michaelmas-day, when two constables
are also chosen. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's
books at £11. 6. 8., and in the patronage of Sir Sandford
Graham, Bart. The church, dedicated to St. James, is
in the early style of English architecture, and contains
some very ancient monuments. There is a place of
worship for Baptists. A charity school for educating
twenty boys and twenty girls, a certain number of
them being also clothed, was founded about three
years since, and is supported by the members for
the borough. Another school, for ten girls, is sup-
ported by subscription. There is a small estate at
Longstock, near Stockbridge, producing £20 per an-
num, which is applied for the relief of the poor during
winter, and for occasionally apprenticing poor children;
it was bequeathed by an individual commonly called
Beggar Smith," who, when in need, had been relieved
(C
LUD
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176
by the inhabitants of Ludgershall. A few years since,
the great seal of England in the reign of Stephen was
found in the vicinity.
LUDGVAN, a parish in the hundred of PENWITH,
county of CORNWALL, 2 miles (N. N. W.) from Mara-
zion, containing 1839 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £30. 11. 04., and in
the patronage of the Duke of Bolton. The church is de-
dicated to St. Paul: in it lie the remains of the learned
antiquary, Dr. Borlase, fifty-two years rector of the
parish. There are two places of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. Amey Hill, in 1745, and Hugh Rogers, in
1763, each left a trifling sum for teaching poor children.
The parish lies on the margin of Mount's bay. Across
the road leading to Marazion is an earthwork thrown
up in the civil war by the parliamentarians, during the
siege of St. Michael's Mount.
LUDHAM, a parish in the hundred of HAPPING,
county of NORFOLK, 7½ miles (N.) from Acle, contain-
ing 780 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £5. 6. 8., and in
the patronage of the Bishop of Norwich. The church,
dedicated to St. Catherine, has a richly-carved font,
representing various animals and other figures. There
are places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan Metho-
dists. Here was formerly a Grange belonging to the
abbey of St. Bene't, the house connected with which,
after the reign of Mary, became the residence of the
diocesans, who considerably enlarged it. In Bishop
Jegon's time, the greater part of the house, with many
valuable books, manuscripts, and rolls, relating to the
see, was destroyed by an accidental fire, which broke out
August 10th, 1611. Bishop Harsnet, who afterwards
resided here, built a chapel of brick; and Bishop Red-
man, in the reign of Elizabeth, obtained grants for a
market and a fair, which have long been discontinued.
LUDLOW, a borough,
market town, and parish,
having separate jurisdiction,
though locally in the hun-
dred of Munslow, county of
SALOP, 29 miles (S. by E.)
from Shrewsbury, and 142
(N.W. by W.) from London,
containing 4820 inhabitants.
This place, called by the Bri-
tons Dinan, or the palace of
princes, and by the Saxons
Leadlowe and Ludlowe, which
last name, with a slight variation, it still retains, ap-
pears to have been distinguished for its importance
prior to the Norman Conquest, at which time, Robert
de Montgomery, kinsman of William the Conqueror, for-
tified the town with walls, and erected the greater part of
its stately castle, which he made his baronial residence
till his death, in 1094. On the attainder of his son,
Robert de Montgomery, the castle came into the pos-
session of Henry I., who made it a royal residence,
and greatly enlarged and embellished it: and having
strengthened the fortifications, placed in it a powerful
garrison, under the command of Gervase Paganell, who,
in the following reign, having embraced the cause of
Matilda, held it for a considerable time against the
Seal and Arms.
TUM
LA
forces of Stephen, by whom it was besieged in person,
assisted by Henry, son of the king of Scotland, who,
being drawn up from his horse by an iron hook, was
rescued from incarceration by the courage and address
of the English monarch.
From its proximity to Wales, Ludlow was always a
station of importance, and a strong garrison was con-
stantly kept up in the castle, for the defence of the
frontier from the incursions of the Welch. In the reign
of Henry III., an order was issued from the castle for all
the lords marchers to repair to this place, attended by
their followers, to assist Roger Mortimer, at that time
governor, in restraining the hostilities of the Welch; and,
in the 47th of the same reign, Simon de Montfort, Earl
of Leicester, who had joined the confederated_barons,
assisted by Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, attacked the castle
with their united forces, and having set fire to it, nearly
demolished it. In the reign of Edward II., Roger Morti-
mer, a descendant of the former governor, having joined
the discontented barons, was sent prisoner to the Tower
of London, from which he contrived to effect his escape,
and, in commemoration of his success, erected, in the
outer ward of Ludlow castle, a chapel, which he dedicated
to St. Peter, and endowed it for a priest to celebrate
mass; but being arraigned for high treason in the
reign of Edward III., he was publicly executed at Ty-
burn. In the reign of Henry VI., Richard, Duke of
York, who then had possession of the castle, detained
John Sutton, Lord Dudley, Reginald, Abbot of Glaston-
bury, and others, in confinement here; and issued from
this place his declaration of allegiance to the king,
which he also repeated some years after, on the defeat
of Lord Audley, at Blore Heath: but, on his subsequent
insurrection and attainder, the king laid siege to the
castle, and having taken it, he stripped it of all its
ornaments, and the town was plundered of every thing
valuable by his soldiers; the Duchess of York, with her
two younger sons, was taken prisoner, and confined for
some time in one of the outer towers of the castle.
After the death of the Duke of York, at the battle of
Wakefield, the castle descended to his son Edward, Earl
of March, afterwards Edward IV. The young king,
Edward V., and his brother, the Duke of York, lived in
the castle, under the superintendence and protection of
Earl Rivers, till their removal by order of the Duke
of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III., to the Tower of
London, where they were barbarously murdered. Prince
Arthur, son of Henry VII., resided here after his nup-
tials with Catherine of Arragon, in 1501, and kept a
splendid court till his decease in the following year. In
the reign of Henry VIII., a kind of local government,
called the "Council in the Marches of Wales," was esta-
blished at Ludlow, consisting of a lord president, as
many counsellors as the prince chose to appoint, a se-
cretary, an attorney, and four justices of the princi-
pality, the lord president residing in the castle. During
the parliamentary war, the castle held out for the king,
under the command of the Earl of Bridgewater, but
finally surrendered to the parliament; frequent skir-
mishes took place in the town between the contending
forces, in one of which Sir Gilbert Gerrard, brother to
the Earl of Macclesfield, was killed.
The remains of the castle still exhibit traces of its
original grandeur, and, from their elevated situation in the
centre of a country abounding with beautiful and pic-

SIGLOBA
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177
and the beauty and interest of the surrounding country,
it is regarded as a desirable place of residence by nu-
merous opulent and highly respectable families. There
are a public subscription library, and two circulating
libraries: assemblies are held in a suite of rooms in the
market-house; and a small theatre is opened by the
Worester company, during the races, which take place
annually in July, and are succeeded by a ball and public
breakfast, which is held in the inner court of the castle.
The principal branch of manufacture is that of gloves,
and the chief trade is in malt: there are some corn-mills,
a paper-mill, and a small manufactory for woollen cloth,
flannel, yarn, and blankets, on the banks of the Teme;
and the river Corve turns a mill for grinding bark used
in a tannery, and gives motion also to some machinery
for making cordage and sacking. The principal market
day is Monday, for grain; and there are smaller mar-
kets for provisions on Wednesday, Friday, and Satur-
day: the market cross is a neat modern building, with
a handsome cupola, in which is a bell, formerly belong-
ing to the chapel of St. Leonard. The fairs are the
Monday before February 13th, Tuesday before Easter,
May 1st, Wednesday in Witsun-week, August 21st,
Sept. 28th, and Dec. 6th: the first and last are large
marts for butter and cheese, and all the others are for
hops, horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs.
The town appears to have had a charter of incor-
poration at a very early period, which was confirmed
and renewed by Edward IV., from whose reign till that
of Charles II. it underwent several modifications; but
in the reign of William and Mary it was, on the peti-
tion of the inhabitants, restored to its original form:
by this charter the government is vested in a recorder,
two bailiffs, two justices, twelve aldermen, and twenty-
five common council-men, assisted by a town-clerk,
coroner, and subordinate officers. The high bailiff is
chosen from among the aldermen, and the low bailiff
from the common council-men, annually on the 13th of
October, and the recorder, who holds his office for
life, is appointed by the corporation, with the sanc-
tion of His Majesty's approbation: the recorder, the
bailiffs, and the two justices, who are invariably the
bailiffs for the preceding year, are justices of the peace
within the borough and liberties. The freedom of the
borough is inherited by all the sons of burgesses, or
acquired by marriage with a freeman's daughter; all
persons eligible as burgesses must demand that right
by petition to the corporation, according to a form pre-
scribed for that purpose by a by-law made in 1663. The
corporation hold quarterly courts of session for the
borough, for the trial of all offenders, and formerly have
passed sentence of death; but the recorders of late not
being barristers, the trial of prisoners for capital offences
is removed by Habeas Corpus to the assizes for the
county. A court of record is held every Tuesday,
under the charter of Edward IV., for the recovery of
debts to any amount; also a court of requests for the
recovery of debts under 40s., the jurisdiction of which
is confined to the borough. The market-house, which
may rather be regarded as the town-hall, is a large
plain brick building, containing commodious rooms for
transacting the public business of the corporation, and
for holding subscription assemblies, and the balls given
by the bailiffs on their election to office: beneath it is a
spacious area for the use of the corn market; and at-
+
2 A
turesque scenery, form an interesting and venerable ruin:
they are situated on the summit of an eminence of grey-
stone rock, overhanging the river Corve; the north front
consists of massive square towers connected by a lofty
embattled wall: the ancient fosse and part of the rock
have been formed into walks, and planted, in 1772, with
beech, elm, and lime trees, affording an extensive and
delightful promenade: on the west is a precipitous ridge
of rock parallel with the castle, and richly crowned with
wood, intersected by a chasm, through which the river
Teme pursues its course; and on the north and west
sides is a deep fosse, cut in the solid rock, over which
was a drawbridge, now replaced by one of stone, of two
arches, leading to the principal entrance; the portal is
of modern erection, and neither remarkable for beauty
nor for strength. The interior has a strikingly majestic
appearance; on the right hand are the ruins of the ex-
tensive barracks which were occupied by the troops of
the lords presidents of the marches; near the gate are
the apartments of the warden and other officers, and on
the left is the keep, a large square embattled tower of
four stages, one hundred and ten feet high, with square
turrets at the angles; the walls of this tower, which is
of Norman architecture, are from nine to twelve feet in
thickness. Opposite to the entrance gateway are the
hall and state apartments, in the early and decorated
styles of English architecture, now much dilapidated:
in this hall was performed, by the children of the Earl
of Bridgewater and others, the celebrated Masque of
Comus, composed by Milton, and founded upon an in-
cident which occurred to the family of that nobleman,
soon after his appointment to the presidency. To the
left are the ruins of the chapel, of which the nave and
the beautiful Norman arch leading to the choir are the
principal remains; within the enclosure are several
massive towers, among which are Mortimer's tower,
and that in which Butler, after the Restoration, com-
posed several cantos of his Hudibras. Though irregu-
lar in their arrangement, and greatly dilapidated, these
ruins, from the breadth of their masses, the bold pro-
jection of some portions, and the depth of the numerous
recesses, possess striking features of solemnity and
magnificence, and the luxuriant ivy by which they are
partly concealed, adds materially to the picturesque
beauty of these remains, which hold a prominent rank
among the numerous and interesting monuments of
feudal grandeur, for which the district formerly consti-
tuting the Marches are distinguished.
The town is pleasantly situated on an eminence near
the confluence of the rivers Teme and Corve, by which
latter it is bounded on the north-west, and over which
a handsome stone bridge of three arches was erected by
the corporation, in 1738; over the Teme, which, after
being joined by the Corve, describes a semicircle on the
west and south sides of the town, is an ancient bridge,
the entrance to which is under the arched passage of
Broadgate, the only one remaining entire of the ancient
town gates: of the wall which surrounded the town,
begun in the 13th, and completed in the 32nd, of Ed-
ward I., part of the foundation only can be traced. From
its elevated situation the town has a pleasing and cheer-
ful appearance; the streets are spacious, and the houses
in general handsome and well built: it is paved, and
lighted with oil, but arrangements have been made for
hting it with gas, and, from the salubrity of the air,
VOL. III.
LUD
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178
tached to the buildings are two public reservoirs, into
one of which water is raised from the river by ma-
chinery, and into the other spring water is conveyed
from a place under Whitecliffe coppice, called the Foun-
tain. The guildhall, in which the quarter sessions and
other courts are held for the borough, is a neat and
commodious edifice of modern erection. The borough
The borough
gaol was erected by the corporation, in 1764, in lieu
of Goalford tower, an ancient prison and gate of the
town, which had then become ruinous: it is a com-
modious edifice, containing four wards for the classi-
fication of prisoners, but only one airing-yard. The
borough first exercised the elective franchise in
the 12th of Edward IV., since which time it has con-
tinued to return two members to parliament: the
right of election is vested in the corporation and in
all the resident common burgesses; and the number
of the electors is about seven hundred: the bailiffs
are the returning officers. The patronage of the bo-
rough is divided between the families of Clive and
Charlton, but the interest of the former generally pre-
dominates.
:
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop,
and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£19. 12. 6., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church, dedicated to St. Lawrence, and formerly colle-
giate, is a spacious and handsome cruciform structure, in
the early and decorated styles of English architecture,
with a noble square embattled tower, crowned with
pinnacles, rising from the centre to the height of one
hundred and thirty feet the entrance is through a
beautiful hexagonal porch, leading into the nave, which
is separated from the aisles by a series of six gracefully-
pointed arches, resting on slender clustered columns,
which support the roof, and lighted by a range of cleres-
tory windows, and a large west window, of which the mul-
lions and tracery have been destroyed by recent repairs;
the four piers and arches which support the tower are
massive and lofty, but finely proportioned and of great
beauty; the choir is spacious, and lighted by five elegant
windows on each side, and by a noble east window of
large dimensions, in which is painted the legendary his-
tory of St. Lawrence: the oak stalls are still remaining,
and the roof of richly-carved oak is preserved in the
several parts of this sumptuous edifice. In the north
transept is St. John's chapel, in which is some ancient
stained glass, representing the history of the Apostles,
and the legend of the ring presented to Edward the
Confessor, as a prognostic of his death, by some pilgrims
from Jerusalem. Many external and internal ornaments
of this church were destroyed by the parliamentary
commissioners during the usurpation of Cromwell. The
visitations and ecclesiastical courts are held in it, in
May and October, for proving wills and granting letters
of administration. Among the monuments are several
of great antiquity and interest, and two highly-finished
effigies of Judge Bridgeman and his lady. There are
places of worship for Independents and Wesleyan Me-
thodists.
the corporation, with convenient dwelling-houses for
a first and second master, who are appointed by the
corporation, and receive respectively £80 and £60 per
annum, having also the privilege of taking boarders the
school is open to all boys of the town without limitation
of number, who receive gratuitous instruction in Latin
and Greek, and pay a quarterage to the master for
writing and arithmetic: there are two exhibitions, of
£30 per annum each, to Balliol College, Oxford, for
boys of this school, founded, in 1704, by the Rev.
Richard Greaves, in the appointment of the Master and
Fellows of that college; and four of the poorest chil-
dren receive an annual benefaction, of £5.6. 8. each,
from a bequest by Dr. Charles Langford, in 1607. A
National school was established in 1813, with which a
Blue-coat school, previously instituted, has been incor-
porated: from the funds of the latter, a house has been
purchased and fitted up, at an expense of £600, for the
instruction of girls; the boys are taught in a room over
the market cross: the number of children is two hun-
dred, of whom a few are clothed annually, and on
leaving school receive an apprentice-fee of £3. Alms-
houses adjoining the churchyard were founded, in 1486,
by Mr. John Hosyer, who endowed them for thirty-
three aged people, to each of whom he assigned a
weekly payment of fourpence, now increased to two
shillings and sixpence the present building, con-
taining thirty-three distinct apartments, was erect-
ed by the corporation, in 1758, at an expense of
£1211. 18. 2., and is kept in good repair. The
almspeople are appointed by the corporation, and re-
ceive, in addition to their payments from the endow-
ment, a portion of other funds bequeathed by various
benefactors. Four almshouses for aged persons were
founded by Mr. Charles Foxe, of Bromfield, which, in
1590, he endowed with houses and rent-charges pro-
ducing at present about £ 14 per annum, which is divided
in weekly payments among the almspeople, of whom
two are chosen from this parish, and two from the pa-
rish of Bromfield.
A workhouse and house of correction was endowed,
in 1674, by Thomas Lane, of Ludlow, who in early life
had been a servant in the family of Sir Job Charlton,
with land and tenements producing nearly £100 per
annum, for maintaining a master to superintend the
employment of the poor, and for the purchase of raw
materials for the spinning and knitting of stockings,
and for making shoes: it is at present in contemplation
to erect a house of correction upon a more extended
scale in the gaol yard, at the joint expense of the cor-
poration and the trustees of the charity. A public dis-
pensary, established in 1780, is liberally supported by
subscription; and a society for the relief of lying-in
women is under the superintendence of twelve ladies.
There are also numerous charitable bequests for distri-
bution among the poor. Adjoining the castle is Din-
ham house, a noble mansion of brick, belonging to the
family of Clive, in which Lucien Bonaparte, towards
the close of the late war with France, resided while in
England. Among the religious establishments which
flourished here in ancient times, was the college of St
John the Evangelist, founded in the reign of Edward
the Confessor, and given after the dissolution, by
Elizabeth, to the corporation for charitable uses, the
remains of which are divided into separate tenements,
ye
The free grammar school was founded by Ed-
was founded by Ed-
ward VI., who vested in the corporation the estate of
the guild or fraternity of Palmers in Ludlow, on con-
dition that they should support this and other cha-
rities connected with that guild: the school-house
was rebuilt in the fifteenth century, at the expense of
T
LUF
179
LUK
and let on lease as dwelling-houses; and a priory of
White friars, founded, about the year 1349, by Sir
Lawrence of Ludlow, Knt., of which some vestiges may
be traced in the environs without the Corn-gate. There
are several mineral springs in the neighbourhood, of
which one, called the boiling well, is supposed to be
efficacious in disorders of the eyes. At Saltmoor is a
saline spring, the water of which contains small portions
of carbonate of iron, and sulphate of magnesia, and a
considerable portion of muriate of soda: it has been
found beneficial in scorbutic diseases, and is much fre-
quented by patients affected with such complaints, for
whose accommodation warm and cold baths have been
provided. Thomas Johnes, Esq., the translator of the
Histories of Froissart, Monstrelet, and other learned
works; Richard Payne Knight, Esq., author of an
Analytical Enquiry into the Principles of Taste," "The
Progress of Society," and other works; T. A. Knight,
Esq., author of various works on Horticulture; and
Dr. Badham, the translator of Juvenal, were natives of
this town.
<<
LUDNEY, a hamlet in the parish of GRAIN-
THORPE, Marsh division of the hundred of LOUTH-
ESKE, parts of LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN, 8 miles
(N. E.) from Louth. The population is returned with
the parish.
LUDWORTH, a joint township with Chisworth, in
the parish of GLOSSOP, hundred of HIGH PEAK, county
of DERBY, 9½ miles (N. W. by N.) from Chapel en le
Frith, containing, with Chisworth, 1077 inhabitants.
LUFFENHAM (NORTH), a parish in the hundred
of WRANDIKE, County of RUTLAND, 6 miles (N. E. by
E.) from Uppingham, containing 421 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton,
and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books
at £17. 0. 5., and in the patronage of the Master and
Fellows of Emanuel College, Cambridge. The church
is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. There are day
and Sunday schools supported by funds arising from the
rent of an estate, called the Town Estate, left by Arch-
deacon Johnson, formerly rector of the parish.
LUFFENHAM (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred
of WRANDIKE, County of RUTLAND, 5 miles (E. N. E.)
from Uppingham, containing 274 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books
at £12. 12. 6., and in the patronage of James Bush,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. A day
and Sunday school is supported by subscription.
LUFFIELD-ABBEY, an extra-parochial liberty,
partly in the hundred and county of BUCKINGHAM, and
partly in the hundred of GREENS-NORTON, county of
Northampton, 54 miles (N. N. W.) from Buckingham.
The population is returned with Stowe. A Benedictine
priory, in honour of the Virgin Mary, was founded here
about 1124, by Robert Bossu, Earl of Leicester, which,
falling into decay from the inadequacy of its endowment,
was suppressed in 1494, and annexed to the collegiate
church at Windsor; but in 1500 it was given to the
abbot and convent of Westminster by Henry VII., who
was then building the chapel still known by his name.
In the reign of Edward IV. its possessions were valued
at £19. 19. 2. per annum. A farm-house occupies the
site of the conventual buildings, of which no traces
remain,
LUFFINCOTT, a parish in the hundred of BLACK
TORRINGTON, county of DEVON, 7 miles (S. by W.) from
Holsworthy, containing 90 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £5. 6. 8.,
endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of J. Venner and J. Spettigue, Esqrs. The church is
dedicated to St. James.
LUFTON, a parish in the hundred of STONE,
county of SOMERSET, 3 miles (W.) from Yeovil, con-
taining 21 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells,
rated in the king's books at £5. 7. 84., and in the
patronage of John Phelips, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter and St. Paul.
LUGWARDINE, a parish in the hundred of RAD-
Low, county of HEREFORD, 23 miles (E. by N.) from
22
Hereford, containing 618 inhabitants. The living is
a vicarage, with the perpetual curacies of Ballingham,
Little Dewchurch, Hentland, Llangarrin, and St. Weo-
nard annexed, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage
of the Dean and Chapter of Hereford, rated in the
king's books at £22. 7. 1. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter.
LUKE'S (ST.), a chapelry in the hundred of EASE-
BOURNE, rape of CHICHESTER, county of Sussex, 3
miles (N. N. W.) from Midhurst.
LUKE'S (ST.), a parish in the Finsbury division of
the hundred of OSSULSTONE, county of MIDDLESEX,
comprising the liberties of the City-road, East Fins-
bury, West Finsbury, Golden-lane, Old-street, and
Whitecross-street, and containing 40,876 inhabitants.
The earliest notice of this district occurs in its connexion
with the "Eald," or Old street, by which the Saxons
designated the Roman military way from the western
extremity of the metropolis, without the great fen,
which is stated to have given name to Fensbury, now
Finsbury, and to Moorfields: this road is said to have
extended from London Wall to Hoxton, and to have
been continued through the churchyard of St. Leonard,
Shoreditch, and through the parish of Bethnal-Green,
to the Old Ford near Hackney. The southern part of
the fen was gradually raised by various deposits, and
particularly by many hundred cart loads of bones re-
moved from the charnel-house of St. Paul's, by order of
the Duke of Somerset, when Protector; whence it ob-
tained the name of Bonehill (now Bunhill) Fields:
portion of the site was appropriated by the city as a
cemetery during the plague in 1665, and is now a bu-
rial-ground. Another portion of the same fields was
formed into a place of exercise for the practice of
archery, by the corporation of the City of London, in
1498: it was subsequently let in trust to Sir Paul Pindar,
and appropriated in 1641 as a place of exercise for the
City train bands: it is now enclosed by buildings, and is
the property of the Hon. the Artillery Company, who,
during the late war, formed a very efficient regiment,
equipped at their own expense: they continue to muster
occasionally, and have an armoury, a mess-room, and
other apartments, forming a handsome and substantial
building, in front of which is a spacious plot of
ground for field exercise, from which circumstance
it has obtained the name of the "Artillery Ground.”
In Golden-lane was the original play-house of Al-
leyn, founder of Dulwich College, of which the front,
a
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•
2 A 2
LUK
180
LUK
bearing the royal arms, is still remaining. This dis-
trict was anciently part of the parish of Cripplegate,
the church of which being found inadequate to the
accommodation of the parishioners, a new church,
dedicated to St. Luke, was erected in Old-street by
the commissioners for building new churches in the
reign of Queen Anne, who assigned to it the present
district, which, after the completion of the church,
was laid out in numerous streets and squares, covered
with buildings in every direction, and has become one
of the most extensive and populous parishes in the
suburbs of the metropolis. Peerless Pool, called by
Stowe "Perilous" Pool, and in 1743 converted into
one of the largest swimming-baths in the kingdom,
surrounded with spacious gardens, and fitted up with
every accommodation, is now used for bathing alone;
the site of the gardens is occupied by ranges of modern
buildings. Bath-street has been erected on the site of
the ancient Pesthouse-row, where was one of the laza-
rettos in the time of the plague. To the west of Bun-
hill-row was the lord mayor's "Dog house," or kennel
for the city hounds, the site of which is occupied by
part of Featherstone-street; and at Mount Mill, near
the upper end of Goswell - street, now levelled and
covered with buildings, was one of the bastions erected
by the parliamentarians, in 1643, for the greater secu-
rity of the metropolis.
The parish is well paved, lighted with gas, and sup-
plied with water by the New River Company. The
City of London Gas Company have one of their esta-
blishments in Brick-lane, in this parish. Since the
formation of the Regent's canal, extensive lime, timber,
and coal wharfs have been established on its banks; and
within the parish are various cooperages, a brewery, an
indigo-manufactory, and a rope-walk, all on an exten-
sive scale. The city basin, communicating with the
Regent's canal, crosses the city road, and forms a grand
depôt for merchandise forwarded by water to every part
of the kingdom; the principal carriers have large wharfs
and warehouses on the banks, of which those belonging
to Messrs. Pickford and Co. are the most extensive.
The living is a rectory not in charge, in the archdea-
conry of Middlesex, and diocese of London, and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's. The
church, built in 1732, is a plain substantial edifice of
stone, in the Grecian style of architecture, with a lofty
steeple in the form of a fluted obelisk, the only steeple
of the kind in the metropolis: the interior is neatly
arranged, and the galleries are supported by Ionic pillars
separating the nave from the aisles. The churchyard is
spacious, and behind it is an additional cemetery of con-
siderable extent; in the former are the tombs of the
Caslons, eminent type-founders in the parish, and in the
latter are numerous gravestones inscribed with crosses.
St. John's church, in King's-square, a neat edifice of
brick, with a stone portico of the Ionic order, sur-
mounted by a slender spire, was erected, in 1823, by
grant from the parliamentary commissioners, at an ex-
pense of £12,853. 3. 3., and contains one thousand six
hundred and eight sittings, of which nine hundred and
seventeen are free. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the patronage of the Rector. There are places of
worship for Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyan and
Calvinistic Methodists. Of these, the Tabernacle was
erected by the Rev. G. Whitefield, the founder of the
Calvinistic Methodists, in which he himself for some
time preached. That belonging to the Wesleyan Me-
thodists was the chapel of the Rev. J. Wesley, founder
of the sect, who was interred behind it in 1791, and
by whom it was built, on the site of the City foundry
which was used for casting cannon so late as 1715. In
front of the latter is Tindal's, or Bunhill-fields, burial-
ground. The dues for interments are received by the
corporation of the City of London, who appoint a sex-
ton resident on the spot. The number of persons in-
terred here annually average from one thousand two
hundred to one thousand five hundred, chiefly dissent-
ers among the numerous distinguished non-conformist
divines, may be enumerated Mr. John Bunyan, author of
the Pilgrim's Progress, who died in 1688; Dr. Williams,
founder of the Dissenters' Library, in Red-cross-street,
who died in 1716; Dr. Isaac Watts, the poet, logician,
and divine, who died in 1748; the Rev. Dr. Neale, au-
thor of the History of the Puritans, who died in 1765;
Dr. Lardner, author of the Credibility of the Gospel
History, who died in 1768; Dr. Gill, who died in 1771;
Dr. Richard Price, an eminent mathematician, author
of Reversionary Payments, &c., who died in 1791; the
Rev. Theophilus Lindsey, who died in 1808; Dr. A.
Rees, editor of the Encyclopædia, who died in 1825;
the Rev. John Townsend, founder of the Deaf and
Dumb Asylum, who died in 1826; and various others,
distinguished either by their preaching or their writings.
In Milton-street (formerly Grub-street) so called from
having been the residence of that eminent poet, is a
building named the Pantheon, formerly known as the
City chapel, having belonged to a congregation of Inde-
pendents, but now used as a theatre for dramatic exhi-
bitions of an inferior description, and for occasional lec-
tures. The parochial school for boys was established in
1698, and that for girls in 1761; the school-house in
Golden-lane was built in 1780: these schools were
erected, and are supported, by subscription, and by a
fund of £6,500 three per cent. consols., which has arisen
from benefactions and savings. There are in them one
hundred boys and one hundred girls, who are completely
clothed, and with the former an apprentice-fee of £2 is
given on their leaving school. John Fuller, in 1723,
bequeathed £1600 Bank stock for the instruction and
clothing of boys, in consideration of which, twenty boys
are admitted into the parochial school. The free school,
founded by William Warral in 1689, and formerly in
Goat-alley, was, in 1808, removed to Baltic-street, Gol-
den-lane: it has an endowment producing about £300
per annum, which is appropriated to the clothing and
instruction of forty boys in reading, writing, and arith-
metic: the master, who is appointed by the trustees, has
a salary of £80 per annum. The Haberdashers' Com-
pany have a house and premises in Bunhill-row, in which
a considerable number of boys are instructed on the
Lancasterian system: the master resides in the house.
A Lancasterian school for boys was established in North-
street, City-road, in 1813, and another for girls in 1820:
in these schools nearly one thousand children are in-
structed. The orphan working-school, in the City-road,
was instituted in 1760, at Hoxton, by subscription, chiefly
among the Protestant dissenters, and removed to this
place in 1773, when the trustees erected the present
commodious building, upon a site of land containing six
acres, which they purchased for that purpose: the funds
•
LUK
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181
of the institution, arising from legacies and benefactions,
produce a revenue of £718 per annum, which, with the
amount of annual subscriptions, is appropriated to the
maintenance, clothing, and education, of orphan chil-
dren, who are taught reading, writing, and arithmetic:
the boys are also taught the making of nets and shoes,
and the girls, needlework, knitting, and household work,
and on leaving the school, are placed out apprentices,
or in service: the building, which is substantial, con-
tains every requisite accommodation for the purposes of
the institution, and a neat chapel in which divine ser-
vice is occasionally performed, it being open to the pub-
lic on Sunday evenings during Summer: there are forty-
five boys and forty-six girls in the school, which is
adapted to the reception of one hundred.
.
comfort; a chapel, and a room for the temporary con-
finement of lunatics: the establishment is under the su-
perintendence of a president and committee, chiefly of
the descendants of French families. The city of London
lying-in hospital, originally instituted in 1771, in Shaftes-
bury house, Aldersgate-street, and subsequently removed
to its present situation, is a neat building of brick, or-
namented with stone, consisting of a centre, surmounted
by an open turret and a spire, and two wings, and con-
taining apartments with every accommodation for the
patients, in addition to which is a handsome chapel;
behind the building are gardens pleasantly laid out: this
institution, which is supported by subscription, consti-
tutes also a school of midwifery, to which female pupils
only are admitted. There are numerous charitable be-
quests for distribution among the poor of this extensive
and populous parish.
St. Luke's hospital, for lunatics, was originally built
on the north side of Moorfields, as an auxiliary to Beth-
lehem hospital, and established on a system free from
several of the objections to which that institution was
then liable. The present spacious and elegant building
was erected by subscription, at an expense of £55,000:
it is of brick, ornamented with stone, and consists of
a centre and two wings, four hundred and ninety-three
feet in length, of proportionate depth, and three stories
high, exclusively of the basement story, and an attic in
the centre and at the extremity of each wing: it contains
apartments for the master, matron, and attendants, a
spacious committee-room, and galleries in the east and
west wings for the reception of three hundred patients
of both sexes, who are classed according to the nature
and degree of their malady: the average number of pa-
tients is one hundred and ten males, and one hundred
and fifty-three females, who are treated with humane and
skilful attention, and provided with every comfort con-
sistent with their security and the promotion of their cure.
Almshouses for eight aged women, who receive each
an annual allowance of £16, paid quarterly, and a chal-
dron of coal, were founded in 1650, by Mrs. Susan
Amias, who erected eight distinct dwellings on the north
side of Old-street, which, though becoming old, are still
in good repair the income arising from the endowment
exceeds £220 per annum. Edward Alleyn, founder of
Dulwich College, erected ten almshouses, in Pesthouse-
row, now Bath-street, for five aged men and five aged
women of this parish, of whom, as vacancies occurred,
one widower and two widows were to be removed to
Dulwich; the inmates are, however, solely supported by
the income arising from subsequent benefactions, the
funds of the college not being legally available in any
respect to the maintenance of this charity. Six alms-
houses were founded in the City-road by the Dyers' Com-
pany, in 1776; and six by the Girdlers' Company, which
latter were rebuilt in 1741; and there are four alms-
houses founded by the Ironmongers' Company, in Mitchel-
court, Old-Street, which were rebuilt in 1811, pursuant
to the will of Thomas Lewer, Esq., for four aged men,
who receive £10 per annum and a chaldron of coal each.
The French hospital in Bath-street, for the mainte-
nance and support of French Protestants, was incorpo-
rated in the reign of George I.: it is a substantial build-
ing of brick, occupying three sides of a quadrangular
area, the centre of which is laid out in gardens: the
premises contain apartments for the master, a commit-
tee-room, and tenements for the aged of both sexes,
who are clothed and supplied with every necessary
LULLINGSTANE, formerly a parish, but now
united to Lullingstone, in the hundred of Axton, Dart-
FORD, and WILMINGTON, lathe of SUTTON at HONE,
county of KENT. The living was a discharged vicarage:
the church is demolished.
LULLINGSTONE, a parish in the hundred of Ax-
ton, DartfoRD, and WILMINGTON, lathe of SUTTON
at HONE, county of KENT, 7 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Foot's Cray, containing 41 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, with the vicarage of Lullingstane, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Rochester, rated in the
king's books at £7. 16. 8., endowed with £ 200 private
benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of Sir Thomas Dyke, Bart. The church, dedicated
to St. Botolph, is situated in the park it is a small but
neat edifice, the nave and chancel being separated by a
richly-carved screen supporting the rood-loft, which is
yet in good preservation, and the windows exhibiting a
series of scriptural representations in beautiful stained
glass; it also contains several fine monuments. Roman
bricks, coins, military weapons, with part of a tesselated
pavement, have been ploughed up here.
:
LULLINGTON, a parish in the hundred of REP-
TON and GRESLEY, county of DERBY, 7 miles (S.) from
Burton upon Trent, containing, with the township of
Coton in the Elmes, 586 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's
books at £4. 11. 10., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dedicated to All Saints. Lullington,
written in Domesday-book Lullitune, had a priest, a
church, and a mill, at the time of the Norman survey.
It is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and
within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tut-
bury every third Tuesday for the recovery of debts under
40s.
LULLINGTON, a parish in the hundred of FROME,
county of SOMERSET, 22 miles (N. by E.) from Frome,
containing 224 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, endowed with £200 private benefaction,
£800 royal bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant.
and in the patronage of Richard H. Cox, Esq. The
church, dedicated to All Saints, has some Norman por-
tions, and some of later style.
LULLINGTON, a parish in the hundred of ALCIS-
TON, rape of PEVENSEY, County of SUSSEX, 4 miles
(N. E.) from Seaford, containing 39 inhabitants. The
LUL
LUN
182
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£6. 12. 11., endowed with £1400 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of the Bishop of Chester. The parish
is bounded on the west by Cuckmere river.
LULLWORTH (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
WINFRITH, Blandford (South) division of the county
of DORSET, 6 miles (S. W.) from Wareham, containing
353 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol,
rated in the king's books at £11. 14. 7., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty. The
King presented by lapse in 1787. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Andrew, contains some ancient memo-
rials of the family of Newburgh, descendants of the
Earls of Warwick of the Norman line, who, in the reign
of Edward I., succeeded the De Lolleworths, possessors
of the place from an early period: it afterwards came
to the Howards, Earls of Suffolk, one of whom, in 1588,
on the site of an ancient castle, laid the foundation of
the present noble castle of Lullworth, which was com-
pleted in 1641, and then purchased by the family of
Weld: it is a massive structure, forming an exact cube
of eighty feet, with a circular embattled tower rising
sixteen feet above the battlements of the walls, and the
east front decorated with the arms of Weld, several fine
statues, and two inscriptions commemorating the visits
of George III. and his Royal consort in 1789. Near
the castle is a circular Roman Catholic chapel, of ele-
gant architecture, erected several years since by Thomas
Weld, Esq., and fitted up with much taste and mag-
nificence. This stately edifice was appropriated as the
temporary residence of Charles X., his family, and suite,
on the expulsion of that monarch from the throne of
France, and prior to his seeking an abode in some of the
continental states. Dr. Weld, the present proprietor,
has been lately raised to the dignity of cardinal in the
church of Rome. He liberally received many exiles at
the period of the first French revolution, who formed
a religious fraternity on his estate here, of the order
of La Trappe, which returned to the continent at the
general peace. Within the parish are many vestiges
of antiquity, principally barrows found to contain hu-
man and other skeletons, rude urns, trinkets, &c., sup-
posed to be British, from the coarseness of the urns and
the absence of all Roman relics: on one of these, a lofty
hill termed Flower's Barrow, is a triple intrenchment,
called the British Camp, enclosing an area of about five
acres, to which there are two entrances, one on the
south-east, the other on the south-west.
LULLWORTH (WEST), a parish in the liberty of
BINDON, though locally in the hundred of Winfrith,
Blandford (South) division of the county of DORSET,
8 miles (S. W.) from Wareham, containing 365 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the
rectory of Winfred-Newburgh, in the archdeaconry of
Dorset, and diocese of Bristol. The chapel is dedicated
to the Holy Trinity. Lullworth Cove is a great natural
curiosity, into which the sea flows through a wide gap
in the cliff, of sufficient depth for vessels of eighty tons'
burden. The surrounding rocks, rising to an immense
height, are singularly undermined and perforated by the
constant lashing of the waves, which keep up a conti-
nual and terrific roar. The" Arched Rock," about a mile
from the Cove, has an opening of about twenty feet high,
ance.
through which the sea presents a peculiarly grand appear-
Among these rocks, which seem to exhibit some
awful convulsion of nature, the razor-bill and puffin lay
their eggs, the collecting of which forms part of the
support of the country people, who trust themselves at
the end of a rope, at the hazard of instant destruc-
tion.
LULSLEY, a chapelry in the parish of SUCKLEY,
upper division of the hundred of DODDINGTREE, county
of WORCESTER, 7 miles (W. by N.) from Worcester,
containing 120 inhabitants. The chapel is dedicated to
St. Giles.
LUMBY, a joint township with Huddleston, in the
parish of SHERBURN, upper division of the wapentake
of BARKSTONE-ASH, West riding of the county of
YORK, 4 miles (N.) from Ferry-Bridge. The popu-
lation is returned with Huddleston.
LUMLEY (GREAT), a chapelry in that part of the
parish of CHESTER le STREET which is in the north-
ern division of EASINGTON ward, county palatine of
DURHAM, 5 miles (N. by E.) from Durham, containing
1240 inhabitants, who are principally employed in the
mines, this being the centre of an immense coal district.
There are two places of worship for Wesleyan Metho-
dists. An hospital, forming a quadrangle, was founded
in 1685, by Sir John Duck, for twelve poor women,
with a weekly allowance of one shilling each, to whom
a master reads prayers daily. The endowment is about
£40 per annum. The remains of the ancient hall have
been converted into a granary.
LUMLEY (LITTLE), a township in that part of the
parish of CHESTER le STREET which is in the northern
division of EASINGTON ward, county palatine of Dur-
HAM, 6 miles (N. N. E.) from Durham, containing 351
inhabitants. On a fine eminence, sloping to the north-
ern bank of the river Wear, stands the stately castle of
Lumley, erected in the reign of Edward I., by Robert
de Lumley, an ancestor of the Earls of Scarborough :
it is built of yellow freestone, in a quadrangular form,
having at each corner an octangular machicolated
turret: the eastern part only retains its ancient ap-
pearance.
LUND, a chapelry in the parish of KIRKHAM, hun-
dred of AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 2½ miles (E. by S.) from Kirkham, with which the
population is returned. The living is a perpetual cu-
racy, in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese
of Chester, endowed with £1200 private benefaction,
£200 royal bounty, and £ 1500 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of the Vicar of Kirkham.
LUND, a parish in the Bainton-Beacon division of
the wapentake of HARTHILL, East riding of the county
of YORK, 7 miles (N. W. by N.) from Beverley, con-
taining 357 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of the East riding, and
diocese of York, rated in the king's books at £6. 6. 04.,
endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of J. Blanchard, Sen., Esq. The church is dedicated
to All Saints.
LUND, a joint township with Cliff, in the parish of
HEMINGBROUGH, wapentake of OUZE and Derwent,
East riding of the county of YORK, 34 miles (E.) from
Selby. The population is returned with Cliff. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Richmond, and diocese of Chester, endowed with £800
LUP
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183
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Vicar of
Aysgarth.
LUNDY-ISLAND, in the hundred of BRAUNTON,
county of DEVON, 3 leagues (N. W. by N.) from Hart-
land Point, and 4 (N.) from Clovelly. It is situated in
the mouth of the Bristol channel, is upwards of three
miles in length, and nearly one in breadth, containing
about two thousand acres, of which not more than four
hundred are in cultivation, and is so defended by lofty
and precipitous rocks, as to be inaccessible, except at a
small beach on the eastern side, where there is a to-
lerably good landing-place, secured by the Isle of Rats.
The more elevated ground, rising eight hundred feet
above the level of the sea, commands extensive prospects
of the English and Welch coasts; and at the north-
ern extremity of the island is a high pyramidal rock,
called the Constable. Plantations of various trees
have been formed here at considerable labour and
expense, but the prevalence of strong north-easterly
winds has hitherto stunted their growth. A few cattle,
A few cattle,
goats, and sheep, are fed on the island, but the last have
not been known to thrive. Domestic fowls and rabbits
are plentiful, though the rats which infest the place
destroy great numbers. There are ruins of an an-
cient chapel, which was dedicated to St. Anne. From
From
the quantities of human bones frequently ploughed
up, and some remaining vestiges of ancient cultivation,
there are evident proofs of its having been formerly
much more populous. It is recorded that one Morisco,
having been frustrated in a conspiracy to assassinate
Henry III., made this his retreat, became the chief of
a band of pirates, and for his crimes was executed
here by command of the king: and also that Edward II.,
at one time during his disturbed reign, proposed
retiring hither for safety from his rebellious nobles.
Morisco's castle, situated near the south-eastern point,
was originally a strong fortification, with considerable
outworks: it is encompassed by a moat, but no ordnance
are now mounted upon the battery, though a few dis-
mounted guns occupy the ramparts, beneath which is a
remarkable cave. In the parliamentary war, Lord Saye
and Sele held it for Charles I.; and in the reign of
William and Mary, the French seized it by stratagem,
and maintained themselves in it a considerable time.
.
LUNE-DALE, a township in the parish of ROMALD-
KIRK, western division of the wapentake of GILLING,
North riding of the county of YORK, 11 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Barnard-Castle, containing 265 inhabitants.
At Laith, in this township, there is a chapel of ease to
the parish church. An annuity of £10 is paid by the
trustees of the late Earl of Strathmore to a school-
master, for teaching twenty-five children.
LUNT, a township in the parish of SEPHTON, hun-
dred of WEST DERBY, county palatine of LANCASTER,
7 miles (N.) from Liverpool, containing 75 inhabit-
ants.
Carews, who added a chapel to the mansion, and en-
dowed it with £3. 6. 8. a year. On the brow of a hill
within the parish is an old fortification, called Dumpton
Fort.
LUPPITT, a parish in the hundred of AXMINSTER,
county of DEVON, 4½ miles (N.) from Honiton, contain-
ing 739 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £13. 6. 10. John Eyde, Esq.
and others were patrons in 1809. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Mary, has a stone screen and font in the
early English style. Here are remains of the ancient
residence of the Mohuns; they were succeeded by the
LUPTON, a township in the parish of KIRKBY-
LONSDALE, LONSDALE ward, county of WESTMORLAND,
34 miles (W. by N.) from Kirkby-Lonsdale, containing,
with the hamlet of Cowbrow, 221 inhabitants.
LURGASALL, a parish in the hundred of ROTHER-
BRIDGE, rape of ARUNDEL, county of SUSSEX, 4
miles (N. W. by N.) from Petworth, containing 664 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£8, and in the patronage of the Earl of Egremont.
LUSBY, a parish in the eastern division of the soke
of BOLINGBROKE, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN,
4 miles (W.N.W.) from Spilsby, containing 126 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books a £8. 14., and in the patronage of R. C. Bracken-
bury, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
-
LUSTLEIGH, a parish in the hundred of TEING-
BRIDGE, County of DEVON, 53 miles (W. by N.) from
Chudleigh, containing 325 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £16. 7. 6., and in
the patronage of the Earl of Ilchester and the Hon.
P. C. Wyndham. In the church are a wooden screen
and three stone stalls, with the effigies of a knight and
his lady; and the windows exhibit some remains of
ancient stained glass. In a lane near the church is
'Bishop's Stone," a block of granite, five feet high, the
remains of an ancient cross.
LUSTON, a township in the parish of EYE, hun-
dred of WOLPHY, county of HEREFORD, 2½ miles (N.)
from Leominster, containing 400 inhabitants. There
are
some fine hop and fruit plantations within the
township.
(C
LUTON, a parish in the hundred of FLITT, county
of BEDFORD, comprising the market town of Luton, and
the hamlets of East and West Hyde, Leegrave, or Light-
grave, Limbury with Biscott, and Stopsley, and contain-
ing 4529 inhabitants, of which number, 2986 are in the
town of Luton, 20 miles (S. by E.) from Bedford, and
31 (N.W. by N.) from London. The name of this place
is a corruption either of Lea-town, and thus derived
from the river Lea, which takes its rise in the neighbour-
hood; or of Low-town, and is in that case descriptive of
the relative position of the town with regard to the
gentle eminences by which it is surrounded. At the
Conquest, Luton was held in royal demesne; and in
1216 it came into the possession of Baron Fulk de
Brent, who built a strong castle here in the reign of
Henry VI., the manor belonged to John, Lord Wen-
lock, a celebrated partizan in the contests between the
houses of York and Lancaster, slain in the battle of
Tewkesbury, who had erected a handsome sepulchral
chapel on the north side of the church, and commenced
building a stately mansion, the portico belonging to
On
which is still standing in the park of Luton Hoo.
the 8th of July, 1828, the town suffered extensive injury
from an inundation occasioned by heavy and continued
torrents of rain, and so rapid was the increase of the
flood, that many persons with great difficulty escaped
:
LUT
LUT
184
with their lives. The town is situated between two hills,
on the river Lea: from the market-house, which stands
in the centre, three streets diverge obliquely, which are
neither lighted nor paved: the inhabitants are well sup-
plied with water from the river. The manufacture of
straw-plat is carried on to a very great extent, and it is
said to produce a greater proportion of that article than
any other town in the county; the proprietor of one of
these establishments has recently obtained a patent for
the manufacture of Tuscan grass plat, which is here
wrought into hats and bonnets: there are two good
malting-houses in the town. The market, which is
plentifully supplied with corn and straw-plat, is on
Monday fairs are held April 18th and October 18th,
for cattle; and there is a statute fair in September. A
court leet is held annually, under the Marquis of Bute,
as lord of the manor, at which a high constable and two
day constables are appointed.
:
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Bedford, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £35. 12. 1., and in the patronage of the
Marquis of Bute. The church, which is dedicated to
St. Mary, exhibits some fine specimens of the deco-
rated and later styles of English architecture: it has
at the west end a handsome embattled tower of flint
and freestone in chequers, with an hexagonal turret at
each corner, and a doorway, the mouldings of which
are peculiarly beautiful: in the interior are vestiges of
much earlier date than its general character indicates,
especially in the north aisle, which contains a fine pier
in the early style of English architecture: the western
door is remarkable for some very good panelling, and
in the chancel are some stalls in the later style: a few of
the windows have remains of stained glass, and in the
east window is a representation of St. George and the
dragon. There are also some curious monuments,
and a monumental chapel; but the chief object of at-
traction is a baptistry chapel, of decorated character,
with pointed arches, terminating in elegant tabernacle
work, and containing a stone font supported on five pil-
lars. There are places of worship for Baptists, the Society
of Friends, and Wesleyan Methodists. Sundry benefac-
tions for the instruction of children, amounting annually
to the sum of £31. 18. 4., are now applied towards the
support of a National school, in which three hundred
children are educated; it is further supported by vo-
luntary contributions. In 1736, the sum of £10 per
annum was bequeathed by Thomas Long, for appren-
ticing poor boys. At the principal entrance to the town
are twelve almshouses, which were erected in 1808, for
the residence of twenty-four poor widows, who receive
the weekly sum of four shillings each. In the private
chapel at Luton Hoo, the seat of the Marquis of Bute,
in this parish, there is very fine carved screen-work, in
the later style of English architecture, which originally
formed the interior decoration of a chapel erected at
Tittenhanger, by Sir Thomas Pope, about the middle of
the sixteenth century. The Rev. John Pomfret, author
of a poem entitled "The Choice," and other popular
pieces, was born here in 1668.
formerly noted for the peculiar vassalage of the tenants
of the manor, who were obliged to grind their corn at
one particular mill of the lord, and their malt at another,
so lately as the year 1758, when they obtained a decision
at the Leicester assizes empowering them to erect mills,
and to grind where they pleased. The town is situated
on the small river Swift, which falls into the Avon. It
is regularly built, and consists principally of one main
street, from which some minor ones diverge: it is lighted
by subscription, and paved by means of the proceeds of
an ancient benefaction of land, now producing about
£200 per annum, and under the management of two
officers, called "Town Masters," who are annually chosen
at the manorial court leet. The cotton and tammy ma-
nufactures were formerly carried on to a considerable
extent, but the latter has been discontinued for many
years, and the former declined about the year 1816; the
present staple manufacture is coarse worsted hose, and
a few ribands are also made. The market is on Thurs-
day; and fairs are held on the Thursday after February
19th, April 2nd, Holy Thursday, and September 16th,
for horses, cattle, and sheep; the last is also for cheese.
LUTTERWORTH, a market town and parish, in
the hundred of GUTHLAXTON, county of LEICESTER, 13
miles (S. by W.) from Leicester, and 894 (N. W. by N.) from
London, on the high road to Lichfield, Chester, and
Liverpool, containing 2102 inhabitants. This place was
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lei-
cester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £26, and in the patronage of the Crown. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, is a spacious and handsome
structure, with a nave, aisles, and a chancel separated
from the nave by a beautiful screen the tower was
originally surmounted by a spire, which fell down about
a century ago, when four pinnacles were subsituted.
This edifice was repaired, beautified, and paved with
checquered stone, about the year 1740, and the whole
interior renovated, with the exception of the pulpit,
which is a fine specimen of the early English style, of
an hexagonal shape, composed of thick oak planks, with
a seam of carved work in the joints, and possesses great
interest, being the same in which the great reformer
Wickliffe preached, he having been rector of this parish
from 1374 to 1387, when he died, and was interred in
the church; but, in the year 1428, his bones were disin-
terred by a mandate from the Pope, and publicly burnt,
and the ashes thrown into the river. His portrait is
preserved in the church, as well as the chair in which
he died, and the communion cloth used by him, which
is of purple velvet trimmed with gold. The Hon. and
Rt. Rev. Henry Ryder, Bishop of Lichfield and Coven-
try, and formerly rector of this parish, in 1814, appro-
priated a library for the use of the parishioners, to be
deposited in the church, with an allowance to the clerk
to keep it in order. There are places of worship for
Independents and Wesleyan Methodists. A free school
and almshouse were founded and endowed by means
of a bequest of £200 from the Rev. Edward Sherrier :
the master receives a salary, and four almsmen 7s.
each per week. A charitable benefaction from Robert
Boles, for educating and apprenticing six poor boys,
amounts to about £57 per annum; and one from Mar-
garet Bent, for educating four boys, to about £14 per
annum. Richard Elkington, of Shawell, by will dated
May 29th, 1607, devised to the mayor, bailiffs, and
burgesses of Leicester, as trustees, the sum of £50, to
be lent, in sums of £10 each, to five tradesmen of Lut-
terworth, for the term of one year, at the rate of five
per cent., the interest to be divided among certain poor
persons; in default of applications, the money was
LYD
LYD
185
of Henry III., for suffering the escape of a prisoner
thence. Plowden, who was a distinguished lawyer, and
author of the Commentaries, resided at Plowden hall,
in this parish.
vested in land some years since, which was recently
sold, under a decree of the court of Chancery, and pro-
duced £ 1000, that sum being now lent, in sums of £50,
for three years, at three per cent. In the reign of John,
an hospital for a master and brethren, dedicated to St.
John the Baptist, was founded and endowed by Roise
de Verdon and Nicholas her son at the dissolution it
was valued at £26. 9. 5. per annum. There is a small
petrifying spring in the vicinity.
LUTTLEY, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
HALES-OWEN which is in the lower division of the
hundred of HALFSHIRE, County of WORCESTER, 1 mile
(W.) from Hales-Owen, containing 185 inhabitants.
LUTTON, or LUDDINGTON, in the WOLD, a pa-
rish partly in the hundred of NORMAN-CROSS, county
of HUNTINGDON, and partly in the hundred of WILLY-
BROOK, County of NORTHAMPTON, 5½ miles (E.) from
Oundle, containing 189 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, with that of Washingley united, in the archdea-
conry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough,
rated in the king's books at £21. 11. 5½., and in the
patronage of Lord Sondes. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
LUTTON (EAST and WEST), a township partly
in the liberty of ST. PETER of YORK, and partly in the
parish of WEAVERTHORPE, wapentake of BUCKROSE,
East riding of the county of YORK, 11 miles (E. by S.)
from New Malton, containing 311 inhabitants. At
West Lutton is a chapel of ease to the vicarage of Wea-
LUXBOROUGH, a parish in the hundred of CAR-
HAMPTON, County of SOMERSET, 44 miles (S. S. W.)
from Dunster, containing 387 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Cut-
combe, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, endowed with £200 royal bounty. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary. Within the parish there
are many tumuli, on opening some of which numerous
urns, human bones, ashes, &c., have been found.
LUXULION, a parish in the eastern division of the
hundred of PoWDER, county of CORNWALL, 34 miles
(W. S.W.) from Lostwithiel, containing 1276 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Corn-
wall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£10, and in the patronage of J. C. Rashleigh, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Cyricus and Julieta. A small
school is supported by donations averaging about £6
per annum.
LYDBURY (NORTH), a parish in the hundred
of PURSLOW, County of SALOP, 23 miles (S. E.) from
Bishop's Castle, comprising the townships of Acton,
Brockton, Down, Eaton with Choulton, Eyton with Plow-
den, Lydbury, and Totterton, and containing 892 inha-
bitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Salop, and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books
at £13. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the Rev. John
Bright Bright, M.A. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael. John Shipman, in 1661, bequeathed £200
towards the support of a free school. In Lower Down
there are the remains of a strong encampment, the
trenches of which are still very perfect. The rivers
Onny and Kemp run through the parish. An ancient
castle stood here, belonging to the bishops of Hereford,
one of whom was presented by the jury, in the reign
VOL. III.
Seal and Arms.
:
LYDD, a market town
and parish in the liberty of
ROMNEY - MARSH, though
locally in the hundred of
Langport, lathe of SHEPWAY,
county of KENT, 36 miles
(S. E.) from Maidstone, and
70 (S. E. by E.) from Lon-
don, containing 1437 inha-
bitants. This town is situ-
ated at the extremity of the
county, near the point of
land which forms the bay
of Dengeness the inhabitants are principally employed
in fishing. The market is on Thursday; and a fair is
held on the last Monday in July. It is a corporation
by prescription, being a member of Romney, one of the
cinque-ports, and is governed by a bailiff, jurats, and
commonalty. The bailiff is coroner, and the jurats are
justices of the peace, with exclusive jurisdiction, and
have power to hold a general court of session, also a
court of record for the recovery of debts to any amount.
There is a small common gaol and house of correction.
The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
ptronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in
the king's books at £55. 12. 1. The church, which is
dedicated to All Saints, is a spacious edifice of dif-
ferent dates; the tower is in the later style of En-
glish architecture, with crocketed pinnacles: it contains
several monuments with brasses. There is a place of
worship for Independents. On the point of land called
Dengeness, a lighthouse, one hundred and ten feet
in height, has been built, in lieu of an ancient one,
and partly on the model of the Eddystone lighthouse,
under the direction of the late Mr. James Wyatt,
architect: this point is defended by a fort, and bar-
racks were erected in the vicinity during the late war
with France while under the control of the revolution-
ary government.

HEITINY SLO
wor
SCOMY
LYDDEN, a parish in the hundred of BEWSBO-
ROUGH, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of Kent, 4/1/
miles (N. W.) from Dovor, containing 149 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books
at £6. 6., endowed with £640 private benefaction,
£200 royal bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Archbishop of Canter-
bury. The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is
principally in the early style of English architecture.
There are some traces of an ancient monastery in the
farm-house called Swenton, in this parish, yet dis-
coverable.
LYDE, a township in the parish of PIPE, hundred
of GRIMSWORTH, County of HEREFORD, 34 miles (N.)
from Hereford. The population is returned with the
parish.
LYDEARD (BISHOP'S), a parish in the western
division of the hundred of KINGSBURY, county of So-
MERSET, 54 miles (N. W.) from Taunton, containing,
with the tythings of Bishop's Lydeard, Coombs-Ash,
East Bagborough, East Coomb Hill, Lydeard-Pun-
t
2 B
LYD
186
LYD
:
chardon, and Quantock, 1016 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Taun-
ton, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's
books at £20. 10., endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Dean and Chapter of Wells. The church is de-
dicated to St. Mary in the churchyard there is an
elegant cross. An almshouse, which was founded here
in the reign of Charles I., by Sir Richard Grobham,
is endowed with lands now producing an annual in-
come of £20.
:
LYDEARD (ST. LAWRENCE), a parish in the hun-
dred of TAUNTON and TAUNTON-DEAN, County of So-
MERSET, 43 miles (N. E.) from Wiveliscombe, containing
618 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells,
rated in the king's books at £22. 6. 8., and in the pa-
tronage of Robert Harvey, Esq.
4
LYDFORD, a parish in the hundred of LIFTON,
county of DEVON, 72 miles (N. by E.) from Tavistock,
containing 734 inhabitants. This place was anciently
of some consequence, but in 997 it sustained severe
injury from the Danes, who, after their destruction of
Tavistock abbey, burnt forty of the houses in the town.
In the reign of Edward the Confessor it is recorded as
a borough, and had eight burgesses within the walls,
and forty-one without at the time of the Conquest,
these had increased to one hundred and forty, the
town was fortified, and considered of such importance
as to be taxed on an equality with London. In 1238,
the Forest of Dartmoor, and the castle of Lydford, were
granted by the king to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and
the manor now belongs to the duchy. Situated in the
centre of a mining district, Lydford was the great mart
for tin, then the staple commodity of the county; and
there are still extant a few pieces of money coined at
the mint here, which is said to have existed in the
said to have existed in the
time of Ethelred II. In the reign of Edward I. it
twice sent members to parliament; and, in 1267, a
weekly market was granted, also an annual fair for
three days.
The Stannary courts were held in this
town till the close of the last century, and offenders
against the Stannary laws were tried and imprisoned in
a castle here, the dungeons of which have been consi-
dered scarcely less frightful than those of the Spanish
inquisition. In 1512, Richard Strode, Esq., one of
the members for Plympton, having asserted the inju-
rious effects of the mine streams upon the harbour of
Plymouth, was prosecuted by the tinners, and eventu-
ally confined for more than three weeks in Lydford Cas-
tle, heavily ironed, and fed only upon bread and water :
it was a common adage, that "Lydford law punished
first and tried afterwards." Until the reign of Ed-
ward III., a gaol delivery took place here, but only once
in ten years.
In the latter part of the seventeenth cen-
tury, the foundations of the town gates, and vestiges of
the trenches were visible. The village now consists merely
of a few dilapidated cottages. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £15. 13. 9., and in the patronage of
the Crown, in right of the duchy of Cornwall. The church
is dedicated to St. Petrock. The scenery which sur-
rounds this village is of the most beautiful description.
About a quarter of a mile southward is a small bridge of
one arch, near which is a romantic fall of the river Lyd,
the water of which may be seen rushing over the rugged
bed of a narrow chasm of the depth of eighty feet. In
a valley to the south-west is a fine cascade, and another
to the east of the village, called Skart's Hole. The only
remains of the castle are the shell of the keep, which is
fifty feet square, and forty feet in height: it is situated
on a mound at the eastern end of an area formerly sur-
rounded by a wall and a ditch; the western side over-
looks a narrow dell of considerable depth.
Dartmoor, a dreary but interesting waste, is said to
comprise no less than one hundred and thirty thou-
sand acres. According to Polwhele, Dartmoor was once
peopled; and there are extant curious accounts of
"winged serpents in the low, and wolves in the high,
lands;" also "of a set of wild inen inhabiting the verge
of this great waste," who were remarkable for their
swiftness. Near Whistman's wood may be found the
roots of very large trees; and in draining the bogs,
The
huge pieces of old timber have been discovered.
wild boar, bear, wolf, and moose deer, are said to have
once abounded in this forest, when a peculiar species
of hunting dog, called the Slough hound, was employed
On the surface of the moor are numerous clusters of
rock, called tors. The granite here found is remark-
able for the size of its feld-spar crystals. Among the
rocks are observable numerous indications of this
having been once the scene of Druidical sacrifices.
On Crockern tor, the ancient Stannary court has been
held within the memory of man
and till some years
back, the president's chair, jurors' seats, and court
table, were to be seen excavated in the moor-stone on
its summit. Besides the latter, there are numerous
other tors, crowning the loftier elevations of the moor:
they exhibit immense masses of granite, observable at
a great distance, and in many points of view command-
ing prospects of much variety and beauty. The general
surface of this waste is rather undulating than abrupt,
and varies in height from four hundred to two thousand
one hundred feet above the sea: the mean height has
been computed at one thousand seven hundred and
eighty-two feet. It is twenty miles long, and, in some
In its numerous furrows are
parts, eleven miles wide.
collected the waters which form the rivers Dart, Teign,
Tavy, Taw, Plym, Cad, Erme, Yealm, and forty-eight
minor streams. The soil is far better than that of
mountainous districts generally. The higher elevations,
indeed, are covered with an unproductive black earth,
and in some of the lower spots the bogs are numerous ;
but, in many parts, there is good and sufficient soil for
agricultural purposes, requiring only the assistance of
manure, which may be now readily obtained by means
of the rail-road communicating between Plymouth and
the moor. The skirts and other portions of this district
appertain to the surrounding manors, the lords of which
claim the right of summer pasturage for as many head
of cattle as they can maintain on their own estates
through the winter: they are called Venville tenants.
The duchy, however, is entitled to stock the forest by
agistment. Those that pasture their cattle on the moor,
not being Venville tenants, pay the lessees from two to
three shillings a score for sheep and cattle. Sir Thomas
Tyrwhitt, about the year 1800, erected a mansion at
Tor Royal, in the very heart of the forest, made ex-
tensive plantations, and much improved the land in the
vicinity. In 1808, at his instigation, a prison was
LYD
LYM
187
erected, for the reception of the numerous French cap-
tives that had hitherto crowded the prison ships at
Plymouth. This immense building comprises, besides
an hospital and dwellings for the petty officers, five
rectangular edifices, each capable of holding nearly one
thousand six hundred men. The governor's house
adjoins the prison; and at the distance of a quarter
of a mile are the barracks for the guards. For the
supply of the prison, numerous tradesmen established
themselves in the vicinity; a small town, called Prince
Town, was soon formed, and a chapel built. At the
close of the war, however, this town was deserted, and
its present aspect is one of wretchedness. It is still
thinly inhabited; but most of the houses are in a state
of decay, and many in ruins. The minister of the
chapel retains his appointment, and divine service is
performed weekly. In 1819, an act of parliament was
obtained for making the rail-road before alluded to;
and a second and third act have been since granted
for the purpose of extending and ramifying the line.
From the granite works with which it is connected,
great quantities of stone are being constantly for-
warded to Plymouth; and the rail-wagons coming from
that port are chiefly loaded with lime, manure, and
coal. An inland wharf has been constructed near
the end of the rail-road, which, if the immediate vi-
cinity were more populous, would be of the greatest
convenience. At Two Bridges, to the east of Prince
Town, is held an annual cattle fair it takes place on
the first Wednesday after the 16th of August, and is
well attended.
$
+
LYDFORD (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
SOMERTON, though locally in that of Catsash, county
of SOMERSET, 43 miles (W.) from Castle-Cary, contain-
ing 137 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, rated in the king's books at £7. 9. 7., and in the
patronage of Mrs. Rhoda Harbin. The Old Roman
Fosse-way skirts the western boundary of this parish.
LYDFORD (WEST), a parish in the hundred of
CATSASH, County of SOMERSET, 5 miles (W.) from
Castle-Cary, containing 437 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the jurisdiction of the peculiar court of
West Lydford at Wells, rated in the king's books at
£17. 13. 4., and in the patronage of E. F. Colston, Esq.
and others. Elizabeth Pope, in 1755, bequeathed £ 100,
directing the interest to be applied for teaching six
children, and to the poor.
The old Roman Fosse-way
passes through the parish.
LYDGATE, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of ROCHDALE which is in the upper division of the
wapentake of AGBRIGG, West riding of the county of
YORK, 3 miles (N. N. E.) from Oldham. The popula-
tion is returned with Saddleworth. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Chester, endowed with £1000 royal bounty, and £2000
parliamentary grant. The neighbourhood of Lydgate
abounds with establishments connected with the manu-
facture of cloth, for an account of which see SADDLE-
WORTH.
LYDHAM, a parish partly in the hundred and
county of MONTGOMERY, but chiefly in the hundred
of PURSLOW, county of SALOP, 2 miles (N. N. E.) from
Bishop's Castle, containing 225 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and
.
diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at £10,
and in the patronage of the Rev. Herbert Oakeley. The
church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The river
Camlet takes its rise in this parish.
LYDIATE, a chapelry in the parish of HALSALL,
hundred of WEST DERBY, county palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 4½ miles (S. W. by W.) from Ormskirk, containing
691 inhabitants. There is a place of worship for Roman
Catholics. In 1763, Philip Buckley conveyed to trus-
tees a messuage and ground for a school-house: the
master teaches four children for £ 4 per annum, received
from Walker's charity. Mr. Gore, in 1825, bequeathed
estates worth £90 per annum for the benefit of the
poor. Within the chapelry are the ruins of an un-
finished abbey.
LYDLINCH, a parish in the hundred of SHER-
BORNE, Sherborne division of the county of DORSET,
3 miles (W. by S.) from Sturminster-Newton, containing
364 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in
the king's books at £14. 5. 10., and in the patronage of
John Fane, Esq., and another. The church is dedicated
to St. Thomas.
LYE-WASTE, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of OLD SWINFORD which is in the lower division of the
hundred of HALFSHIRE, County of WORCESTER, 13 mile
(E.) from Stourbridge. The population is returned with
the parish. The chapel was erected by the late Thomas
Hill, Esq., and is licensed, but not consecrated; it is
calculated to contain about two thousand persons: the
appointment of the minister belongs to the Hill family.
There are places of worship for Independents, Wesleyan
Methodists, and Unitarians. The village derives its
distinguishing name from having been erected on the
waste, and consists of numerous cottages, chiefly inha-
bited by workmen employed in the iron and coal works,
&c., with which the district abounds. Several of the
inhabitants are engaged in making nails, this being a
species of manufacture which extends through a wide
district, including the towns of Stourbridge and Dud-
ley, and their neigbourhoods, which, abounding to a
great extent in coal and iron-ore, afford the necessary
materials for this branch of business; the nails being
afterwards dispersed over all parts of the kingdom.
LYFORD, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
WEST HANNEY which is in the hundred of Оck, county
of BERKS, 4 miles (N.) from Wantage, containing 133
inhabitants. An almshouse for ten poor aged persons,
who are to be elected from Lyford, or one of the Han-
nings, was founded here in 1603, by Oliver Ashcombe,
Esq., formerly chief proprietor of Lyford; eight of the
inmates receive an allowance of 4s. each per week, and
the other two 3s. 6d. each.
LYME-HANDLEY, a township in the parish of
PRESTBURY, hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county pala-
tine of CHESTER, 7½ miles (N. E. by N.) from Maccles-
field, containing 253 inhabitants. Lyme Hall, the prin-
cipal seat of the family of Legh, is a quadrangular
building of white grit-stone: the more ancient part of it
was erected about the end of the reign of Elizabeth ;
the south and west fronts are of the Ionic order, from
a design by Leoni. In the park there are deer, the
flesh of which is of a superior flavour and quality,
produced, probably, by the peculiar nature of the herb-
age upon which they feed.
2 B 2
LYM
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188

!
C
and there is some trade with the Mediterranean ports.
In a return made to the Exchequer in the 31st of
Charles II., Lyme is represented to be a member of the
port of Poole. The vessels belonging to it are chiefly em-
ployed in what is termed "the seeking trade." A packet
sails to Guernsey once a fortnight. The harbour, or
Cobb, which forms the only safe shelter for vessels be-
tween it and the Start point of Portland, is about a quar-
ter of a mile west-south-west from the town, and existed
so early as the time of Edward III.: it was originally com-
posed of vast pieces of rock, rudely piled on each other,
but is now a work of regular masonry, consisting of two
artificial piers, projecting on each side, and enclosing a
basin; it is six hundred and eighty feet in length,
twelve in breadth at the foundation, and sixteen in
height: it was partially rebuilt in 1825, at an expense
of £17,337. 0. 94. Various acts have been passed for
its maintenance; by one of Charles II., £ 100 per an-
num out of the customs were allowed for its repair,
which grant is still in force: two Cobb-wardens are
chosen ann
chosen annually by the inhabitants. The number of
vessels which entered from foreign parts in 1826, was
thirty-four British, and four foreign; and the num-
ber of those which cleared outwards, thirty-two
British, and four foreign. Sixteen vessels were built
and registered here in 1824, six in 1825, and eight in
1826; and in March 1828, there were belonging to
the port thirteen vessels of more than one hundred
tons' burden, and twenty-six of smaller size. The dues
of the harbour belong to the town, and among the pri-
vileges attached to it is the exemption of its vessels
from the payment of duties in the harbours of Dovor,
Rye, and Ramsgate. The custom-house, a modern brick
building, supported by columns, is northward of the
Cobb-gate; beneath it is the market-place.
The manu-
facture of woollen cloth is carried on in the vicinity.
The markets are on Tuesday and Friday; and fairs are
held on February 13th and October 2nd, for cattle, &c.
Lyme was originally in-
corporated by Edward I.,
and its privileges have been
confirmed and augmented
by succeeding monarchs,
particularly by Henry VIII.
A court of pie-powder was
granted to the mayor and
burgesses by Mary, and a
new charter by Elizabeth,
to which various privileges
were added by James I.,
Charles I., and William III.
Corporate Seal.
The municipal body consists of a mayor and fifteen ca-
pital burgesses, assisted by a recorder, town-clerk, and
other officers: the capital burgesses are chosen from
among the freeman. The mayor and two burgesses
are justices of the peace, the retiring mayor becoming
justice for one year, and the year following he is both
justice and coroner. The magistrates for the borough
hold a court of session quarterly, in January, April,
July, and October, and there is within their jurisdiction
a small gaol, but no trials have occurred for several
years. They have also power, under the charter of Ed-
ward I., to hold a court of hustings weekly; but about
forty years have elapsed since the last was held. The
royalty of the manor is vested in the corporation, and
Arms.
LYME-REGIS, a borough,
market town, and parish,
having separate jurisdiction,
though locally in the liberty
of Lothers and Bothenhamp-
ton, Bridport division of the
county of DORSET, 22 miles
(W.) from Dorchester, and
144 (W.S.W.) from London,
containing 2269 inhabitants.
This place derives its name
from the river Lyme, on
which it is situated. In 774, Cynewulf, King of the
West Saxons, granted by charter "the land of one
mansion near the west bank of the river Lim, not far
from the place where it falls into the sea, to the abbey
of Sherborne, that salt should be there boiled to supply
the wants of the church." In Domesday-book Lyme is
surveyed in three parcels, one belonging to the Bishop
of Salisbury, a second to Glastonbury abbey, and the
third to William Belet, one of the king's servants. Ed-
Ed-
ward I. gave to it the privileges of a borough and port,
and assigned it as part of the dower of his sister,
Margaret, Queen of Scotland. It furnished Edward III.
with four ships and sixty-two men for the siege of Ca-
lais, but afterwards became so impoverished, that, in
Camden's time, it was little better than a fishing-town.
In the early part of the last century it was in a flourish-
ing state, and had all the conveniences of a harbour,
by means of an artificial breakwater, called the Cobb.
During the civil war in the time of Charles I., Lyme
was a station of considerable importance to both par-
ties; it was early fortified by the parliament, and, not-
withstanding that it sustained a siege by Prince Mau-
rice, always remained in their possession. The first en-
gagement of the English fleet with the Spanish Armada,
in 1558, took place off this part of the coast, and, in
1672, another, between the English and Dutch fleets, oc-
curred, when the latter, being beaten, retired to the coast
of France. Cosmo de Medici, Duke of Tuscany, on his
visit to England, in 1669, landed at Lyme; as did also
the Duke of Monmouth, in 1685: he erected his stand-
ard and read his declaration in the market-place; but
was soon after defeated at Sedgemore, whereupon twelve
or thirteen of his adherents, who were condemned at
Dorchester, by Judge Jefferies, were executed here.
The town is situated at that extremity of the county
which borders on Devonshire, between two rocky hills,
and is divided by the river Lyme, which rises about two
miles northward. One part of it, occupying a steep de-
clivity, has a very striking appearance, the houses rising
above each other in succession; whilst the other, near
the sea, is so low as to be subject to repeated inunda-
tions from the spring-tides: the shore is bold and rug-
ged; the streets are well paved and lighted, and the
houses, many of which are handsome, are built of a
kind of stone called blue lias, and covered with slate.
Recent improvements induce the expectation that Lyme
will become a fashionable bathing-place; the accom-
modations for visitors are good, and there are hand-
some assembly, billiard, and card rooms, with a good
library: the surrounding scenery is remarkably fine. It
formerly carried on a considerable trade with France,
Spain, and the West Indies, which has greatly declined:
a few vessels are fitted out for the Newfoundland fishery,
Y
www
W
GH
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LYM
LYM
189
a manorial court is held twice a year. Lyme has re-
turned members to parliament, with only three inter-
missions, since the 23rd of Edward I.: the right of
election has been much litigated, but in 1785 it was de-
cided, by a select committee of the House of Commons,
to be "in the freemen only, as well non-resident as re-
sident;" an indefinite number of freemen is elected,
and admitted to the freedom of the borough, by a
majority of the corporation; the present number is
about fifty: the mayor is the returning officer.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar
jurisdiction of the Prebendary of Lyme-Regis and Hal-
stock in the Cathedral Church of Salisbury, rated in
the king's books at £10. 5. 7½., and alternately in the
patronage of the Prebendary and of the lessee tenant.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Michael the Arch-
angel, is an ancient structure, with portions in the de-
corated and later styles, and consisting of a nave, chan-
cel, and two side aisles, both which are embattled on
the outside, and at the upper end of each are three
or four steps, appearing to have been ascents to an
altar: one of these aisles was formerly dedicated to the
Virgin Mary. At the entrance to the belfry is a large
and lofty stone building, like a porch, over which is a
room, used for a school, and bearing date 1720. There
are places of worship for Baptists, Independents, and
Wesleyan Methodists. Here are two almshouses, founded
in 1548, by John Tudbolt. A convent of Carmelite friars
formerly existed here; and in the fourteenth century
there was likewise an hospital for lepers, dedicated to
St. Mary and the Holy Ghost. Some fine specimens of
antediluvian remains have been found in the vicinity,
and are deposited in the British Museum: they are con-
sidered to be the bones of the Icthyosauri and Plesiosauri.
Among the natives of this place was Captain Thomas
Coram, to whom the "Foundling Hospital" owes its ori-
gin, who was born about 1668, and died in 1751; and
Sir George Summers, the celebrated admiral, who dis-
covered the Bermuda Islands.
LYMINGE, a parish in the hundred of LONING-
BOROUGH, lathe of SHEPWAY, County of KENT, 44 miles
(N.) from Hythe, containing, with the extra-parochial
liberty of Lyminge, 718 inhabitants. The living com-
prises a rectory and vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction
of the Archbishop of Canterbury; the rectory, a sine-
cure, is rated in the king's books at £21. 10., and
the vicarage, with the curacies of Paddlesworth and
Stanford, at £10. 18. 9., and in the patronage of the
Rev. Ralph Price. The church is dedicated to St. Mary
and St. Eadburgh. In 1661, Timothy Bedingfield de-
vised lands and tenements to trustees for the educa-
tion and maintenance of poor children belonging to
the parishes of Lyminge, Dymchurch, and Smeeth,
not receiving parochial relief; also to apprentice, or
assist them at the Universities, at the discretion of the
trustees the annual income is £111. 10.: from five
to nine children have been annually clothed and edu-
cated; one is apprenticed every year, and a fund is
reserved for such as may be sent to the University, or
otherwise require aid. In 1817, William Kingsford be-
In 1817, William Kingsford be-
queathed two rent-charges of £5 each for instructing
children of the parishes of Lyminge and Paddlesworth
in reading and the church catechism: the master re-
ceives a salary of £10 per annum. The ancient Stane-
street traces the western boundary of this parish.
:

The
LYMINGTON, a bo-
rough, market town, paro-
chial chapelry, and liberty,
in the New Forest (East)
division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 18 miles
(S. W. by S.) from South-
ampton, and 95 (S.W.) from
London, containing 3164 in-
habitants. The earliest notice
of this place is in Domesday-
book, in which it is called
Lentune, afterwards Limin-
tun, of which its present name is a variation.
town is situated on the western bank of a creek, or
river, which falls into the Solent channel: it consists
principally of one spacious street, nearly half a mile in
length, and the houses are modern and neatly built:
the environs abound with picturesque and romantic
scenery. Its excellent accommodations for sea-bath-
ing have rendered it a favourite place of resort for
invalids during the summer: there are two bathing
establishments: those near the town having fallen into
decay, it is contemplated to erect more substantial
and commodious rooms in their stead ; the others,
about half a mile distant, are much frequented. A neat
theatre is occupied, every alternate year, by a respect-
able company of performers, from August to October;
and there is a commodious assembly-room at the Angel
Inn. In the reign of Henry I. this town first rose into
note, having then been made a port, and French wines
and other foreign commodities were imported at that
time also it first became celebrated for its salt-works.
In the time of Edward III., the petty duties were
levied by the inhabitants on certain articles of mer-
chandise brought to this port, but the right to such an
impost being questioned by the superior port of South-
ampton, the case was tried in 1329, and decided against
the inhabitants of Lymington, who were subsequently
often fined for persisting in their claim. At length,
in 1730, having again taken these duties, and being
sued by the mayor and corporation of Southampton,
the defendants procured the removal of the cause
to the county assize court, in which they obtained a
verdict in their favour, and since that time the petty
customs have been regularly paid here. The commer-
cial advantages of this port were seriously affected,
about ninety years ago, by the construction of a dam, or
causeway, to the north of the town, the effect of which
has been so to contract the channel of the river, and to
diminish its depth, by excluding a great body of water,
that it is now navigable only for vessels of three
hundred tons' burden, instead of five hundred, as for-
merly: the trade, which is confined to coasting (no
foreign vessels being allowed to land their cargoes here),
consists principally in the exportation of salt, bricks,
timber, and brooms, and its chief imports are coal,
corn, and stone: the only duties receivable at the custom-
house, which is in Quay-street, are on coal and slate.
The manufacture of salt, both common, or bay salt, and
medicinal, or Epsom salt, which formerly produced an ex-
tensive coasting and foreign trade, has greatly declined,
Liverpool and other places having become successful
rivals in this branch of business, although the superi-
ority of the Lymington salt is generally acknowledged :
TON
NILTAL
F
SIGILLY
פך:
36°5
Corporate Seal.
1
LYM
LYM
190
I
:
the works are situated along the sea-shore, at a short
distance from the town, opposite to Hurst castle. On
the quay are a commodious public wharf and store-
rooms. Near it is a yard for ship-building, in which
several fine yachts and other small vessels have been
constructed. During the winter season, from twenty to
forty sail of outward-bound vessels are often anchored
here at one time, paying a toll proportioned to their
tonnage the harbour at the entrance of the creek is
excellent, and affords a favourite and safe shelter for the
vessels belonging to the members of the Royal Yacht
Club. The market is on Saturday; and fairs are held
on the 12th of May and the 2nd of October, for cheese,
horses, cattle, &c., each continuing two days. Lyming-
ton, which is a borough by prescription, was incorpo-
rated by charter of James I.: the municipal body con-
sists of a mayor and an unlimited number of burgesses.
The mayor is chosen annually on the Sunday after St.
Matthew's day, and sworn into office at the court leet
of the lord of the manor, usually held about the end
of October, when also the constables, town crier,
serjeant at mace &c., are appointed. Petty sessions
for the New Forest (East) division are held by the
magistrates for that division, every alternate Saturday.
The elective franchise was conferred by Elizabeth, in
the 27th year of her reign: the right of election is
vested in the corporation, the number of voters being
about thirty the mayor is the returning officer, and
the influence of Sir Harry Burrard Neale, Bart., is
predominant.
:
tation: it is now an important station, occupied by the
men employed in the preventive service. Two light-
houses and a beacon are supported for the service of
vessels navigating the coast.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicar-
age of Boldre, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Win-
chester. The chapel, dedicated to St. Thomas à Becket,
has been built at different periods, being irregularly
constructed of brick and stone, with a central tower
and spire; the interior is neat, and contains several
handsome monuments. There are places of worship for
Baptists and Independents. A grammar school was
founded and endowed, in 1668, by George Fulford and
others, who devised the sum of £326 for that purpose:
in 1688, a school-house was granted by the corporation,
which, becoming dilapidated, was taken down in 1782;
and ten boys are instructed on this foundation in
reading, writing, and arithmetic, in the private residence
of the master, who receives about £20 per annum on
account of the charity. A bequest of £300 was made,
in 1777, by Anne Burrard, to found a school for the
education of poor children: ten children of both sexes
are instructed, and the interest is equally divided be-
tween a master and a mistress. A National school is
supported by subscription, for which a school-room is
about to be built, on a piece of ground given by Sir
H. B. Neale, Bart.; and a school for eighty boys and
eighty girls is supported by a private individual. Rear-
Admiral Thomas Rogers, who died in 1814, bequeathed
£1000, directing the interest to be divided annually be-
tween ten poor men and women. There are various chari-
table institutions for the relief of the sick and indigent.
On a promontory on the coast, south of Lymington, is
Hurst castle, a fortress erected by Henry VIII., to defend
this part of the channel between the main land and the
Isle of Wight; it consists of a circular tower strengthened
by semicircular bastions. In this castle, Charles I. was
confined for several days after his removal from Caris-
brooke, in 1648, about one month prior to his decapi-
LYMM, a parish in the hundred of BUCKLOW,
county palatine of CHESTER, 5 miles (E. S. E.) from
Warrington, containing 2090 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory in medieties, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Chester: the mediety of Lymm with Warburton is
rated in the king's books at £11. 0. 7½., and in the pa-
tronage of Rowland Eyles Egerton Warburton, Esq. ;
the other mediety is rated at £11. 0. 5., and in the
patronage of E. Leigh, Esq. The church, dedicated to
the Virgin Mary, is a very ancient structure. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A free
grammar school was endowed, in 1698, by Sir G. War-
burton, and W. Domville, Esq., the income of which
is about £80 per annum. The Duke of Bridgewater's
canal passes through the village.
:
LYMPNE, a parish partly within the liberty of
ROMNEY-MARSH, but chiefly in the hundred of STREET,
lathe of SHEPWAY, county of KENT, 22 miles (W.)
from Hythe, containing 467 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £9. 1. 4.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Archdeacon of Can-
terbury. The church, dedicated to St. Stephen, stands
on the edge of a rock near the village, and is princi-
pally in the Norman style of architecture, with a tower
rising from the centre near it is Stutfall castle, now
the residence of the Archdeacon, but formerly a strong
hold or fort of the Romans; the walls are constructed
of brick and flint. The parish takes its name from the
ancient river Limene, now the Rother, a branch of
which ran below it, and formed the ancient Roman
haven called Portus Limanus. The place itself it gene-
rally considered to have been the Aimin of Ptolemy.
The great military road called Stane-street, still visibly
straight for some miles, ran hither from the station
Durovernum, or Canterbury. At Shepway Cross, about
half a mile from the church, the Leminarcha, or Lord
Warden of the cinque-ports, was sworn into office.
Near the castle several Roman coins have been found.
About 633, Ethelburga, a daughter of Ethelbert, built a
nunnery here in honour of the Virgin Mary, which sub-
sequently became an abbey, and continued till 964; but
after the Danish invasion, it came into the possession of
the Archbishop of Canterbury. Here are a small en-
dowed school, and an almshouse comprising two
dwellings. A fair for pedlary and toys is held on July
5th. The Shorncliffe and Rye canal passes through
the parish.
.
LYMPSHAM, a parish in the hundred of Brent
with WRINGTON, county of SOMERSET, 7 miles (W.)
from Axbridge, containing 496 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese
of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at
£38. 5. 24., and in the patronage of the Rev. J. A.
Stephenson. The church, dedicated to St. Christopher,
has a very elegant tower. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
LYMPSTON, a parish in the eastern division of the
hundred of BUDLEIGH, County of DEVON, 2 miles
(N.) from Exmouth, containing 1020 inhabitants. The
LYN
LYN
191
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £15. 13. 4., and in
the patronage of T. Porter, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary. There are places of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists and Unitarians. A small sum,
A small sum,
the produce of several trifling bequests, is paid to two
schoolmistresses for the instruction of children. This
parish is situated on the eastern bank of the river Exe.
LYNCOMB, a joint parish with Widcomb, in the
hundred of BATH-FORUM, County of SOMERSET, adjacent
to the city of Bath, containing 5880 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, annexed to the rectory of St. Peter
and St. Paul, Bath, in the archdeaconry of Bath, and
diocese of Bath and Wells, and in the patronage of the
Corporation of Bath. The parish is separated from the
city of Bath by the river Avon, and the Kennet and
Avon canal passes through it: the hills in the neighbour-
hood are very productive of freestone. There is an hos-
pital for idiots, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, with
a chapel annexed, which latter has been partly rebuilt
by subscription.
the north-western division of DARLINGTON Ward, county
palatine of DURHAM, 7 miles (S. by E.) from Wolsing-
ham, containing, with Softley, 732 inhabitants. This
township contains some extensive collieries: it is
bounded on the south by the river Gaunless, or Wanless,
and on the north by the Lin-Burn.
LYNDHURST, a parish in the northern division
of the hundred of NEW FOREST, New Forest (East)
division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 9½ miles (W.
by S.) from Southampton, containing 1170 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory
of Minstead, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Win-
chester. The church is dedicated to St. Michael. There
is a place of worship for Baptists. A school, in which
about sixteen children of both sexes are educated, is
endowed with £26 per annum, arising from a bequest
by William Phillips, Esq., for charitable uses. There
is likewise a National school. Prior to the time of
Charles II., the jurisdiction of the Chief Justice in Eyre
for this forest was exercised here, where the forest courts
under the authority of the verderers are still held;
some on such days as the presiding judges shall ap-
point, others annually on September 14th. Attached to
the wardenship is a house, called the King's house, now
occupied by a subordinate officer. An ancient stirrup,
said to have been used by William Rufus, at the time
when he was shot by Sir Walter Tyrrel, is preserved
here. Courts leet and baron for the hundred of Red-
bridge and manor of Lyndhurst are held. Sir John Sin-
gleton Copley, the present Lord High Chancellor of En-
gland, on being elevated to that high office, was created
Baron Lyndhurst, by patent dated April 27th, 1827.
LYNDON, a parish in the hundred of MARTINSLEY,
county of RUTLAND, 5 miles (S. E.) from Oakham, con-
taining 106 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peter-
borough, rated in the king's books at £6. 17. 1., and in
the patronage of S. Barker, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Martin. The river Chater bounds this
parish on the south.
LYNDON, a quarter in the parish of CHURCH-
BICKENHILL, Solihull division of the hundred of HEM-
LINGFORD, County of WARWICK. The population is re-
turned with the parish.
LYNEHAM, a chapelry in the parish of SHIPTON
under WHICHWOOD, hundred of CHADLINGTON, county
of OXFORD, 6 miles (N. N. E.) from Burford, containing
260 inhabitants.
LYNESACK, a joint township with Softley, in that
part of the parish of ST. ANDREW AUCKLAND which is in
LYNFORD, a parish in the hundred of GRIMSHOE,
county of NORFOLK, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from Brandon-
Ferry, containing 52 inhabitants. The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese
of Norwich. The church is in ruins. Two Roman
urns were dug up in this parish in 1720, and one in
1735, containing ashes and bones.
LYNG, a parish in the hundred of EYNSFORD, coun-
ty of NORFOLK, 6 miles (N. E. by E.) from East Dere-
ham, containing 581 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
with the vicarage of Whitwell annexed, in the archdea-
conry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the
king's books at £11, and in the patronage of Edward
Lombe, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
LYNN (WEST), a parish in the Marshland division
of the hundred of FREEBRIDGE, county of NORFOLK,
of a mile (W.) from Lynn-Regis, containing 367 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £9,
and in the patronage of H. H. Townsend, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter.
3

ENN-REGIS
LYNN-REGIS, a bo-
Seal and Arms.
W
rough, sea-port, and market
town, having exclusive ju-
risdiction, though locally in
the Lynn division of the
hundred of Freebridge, coun-
ty of NORFOLK, 44 miles
(W. by N.) from Norwich,
and 97 (N. by E.) from Lon-
don, containing 12,253 in-
habitants. This place is
by Camden supposed to have
been an ancient British town,
and to have derived its name from the expanse of water
near which it is situated, and of which the British word
Llyn was significant; but Spelman is of opinion that
the name is of Saxon origin, derived from the word
Lean, signifying a tenure in fee, or farm. It was an-
ciently called Len Episcopi, or Bishop's Lynn, from
having been under the jurisdiction, both temporal and
spiritual, of the Bishops of Norwich, who had a palace
where Gaywood hall now stands; but this authority
was, in the reign of Henry VIII., surrendered to that
monarch, and from that time the town assumed the
name of Lenne-Regis, or King's Lynn. In Domesday-
book it is called Lun and Lena, and described as the
property of Agelmare, Bishop of North Elmham, and
Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury. It appears to have
been a place of considerable importance, and to have
enjoyed valuable privileges, among which were certain
customs on the arrival of all merchandise by sea and
land, of which the bishops claimed a moiety. Henry I.
granted liberty to the prior of Norwich to hold an an-
nual fair on the feast of St. Margaret, with other pri-
vileges; and in the reign of Richard I. it was the resi-
dence of numerous Jews, who carried on an extensive
trade with most parts of Europe. In 1204, during the
contest between John and the barons, Lynn continued
LYN
192
LYN
faithful to the king, who remained there for some time,
and on the petition of John Grey, Bishop of Norwich,
made the town a free borough: he presented to the in-
habitants a silver cup, weighing seventy-three ounces,
richly gilt and beautifully enamelled, which is still pre-
served by the corporation; and he is said to have pre-
sented his own sword to be borne before the mayor on
public occasions; the sword now used is, however, re-
ported to have been given by Henry VIII., on his as-
suming the power previously exercised by the bishops.
John was frequently here during the war, and from
this place he departed just before the disaster which
befel him in crossing the Wash, and to which is as-
cribed the illness that caused his death. Henry VI.
also visited the town; and Edward IV., in 1470, re-
treating before the celebrated Earl of Warwick, came
hither, in company with his brother, the Duke of Glou-
cester. In 1498, Henry VII., with his queen and the
Prince of Wales, attended by a numerous retinue, spent
some time at the Augustine convent in the town.
the parliamentary war the inhabitants embraced the
royal cause, and the town was besieged by the parlia-
mentarian forces, under the command of the Earl of
Manchester, to whom it surrendered, after a vigorous
resistance for three weeks, and was garrisoned with par-
liamentarian troops. Numerous plagues and other dis-
eases have raged here, at different periods, with destruc-
tive influence; in 1540, an intermittent fever prevailed to
such an extent as to occasion a suspension of the mart
for that year. In 1636 and 1665, the market and fairs
were discontinued, owing to the plague; at the former
period, temporary habitations were erected without the
town for persons afflicted with it. In 1741, the spires
of the church of St. Margaret and the chapel of St.
Nicholas were blown down, and several other buildings
greatly injured, by a violent hurricane and storm.
In
The town is situated on the east bank of the Great Ouse,
which is here of considerable breadth, and at a distance
of ten miles from the North sea: it extends a mile and
a quarter in length, and half a mile in breadth, and is
intersected by four rivulets, called fleets, over which are
numerous bridges, that have lately been widened, and a
new road for carriages constructed over Penfleet bridge.
Many improvements have been effected under acts of
parliament, obtained in 1803 and 1806, for paving, cleans-
ing, and lighting the town, the approaches to which are
commodious and pleasant. It was anciently defended on
the east side by a wall, in which were nine bastions, and
by a broad and deep fosse, over which were three draw-
bridges leading to the principal gates: a few fragments
of the wall are still remaining, and one of the gates,
arched and embattled, at the south entrance; the others
have been taken down. On the north side is St. Anne's
fort, a platform battery, constructed in 1627, and former-
ly mounting twelve pieces of heavy ordnance. The town
consists of three principal streets, nearly parallel, from
which several smaller streets diverge: it is well paved
and lighted with gas, but indifferently supplied with
water conveyed by pipes from a reservoir at Kettle Mills,
in the north-eastern suburb: application is about to be
made to parliament for increasing the supply, by the
construction of more effectual works. The houses are in
general ancient and inconveniently built, though inter-
spersed with several respectable mansions, and in the
more modern parts of the town are several ranges of
•
handsome dwellings. The environs are flat, and not
very attractive in their scenery; but the public prome-
nades are pleasant: the principal is a mall, three hun-
dred and forty yards in length, and eleven yards wide,
constructed and kept in order by the corporation. The
theatre, a handsome building, was erected by sub-
scription on shares in 1814, and is well arranged and
elegantly fitted up: it is open annually for about six
weeks, commencing at the great mart in February. As-
semblies are held in a suite of commodious rooms in the
town-hall, in which also concerts take place occasionally.
The subscription library, established in 1797, contains
three thousand two hundred volumes, and is supported
by about one hundred and sixty members; and the in-
habitants, by means of a written order from the mayor,
have access to an excellent parochial library in St. Mar-
garet's church, by permission of the corporation. A
mechanics' institution was established in 1827, which is
under the direction of a president and committee.
In the reign of Edward the Confessor, Lynn was a
place of considerable trade, and it had grown into such
commercial importance at the beginning of the 13th cen-
tury, that the revenue paid to the crown was more than
two-thirds of that arising from the trade of the port of
London. In 1374, the inhabitants furnished nineteen
vessels towards a naval armament for the invasion of
France; a mint was established here; and there were
thirty-one incorporated guilds, or trading companies,
some of whom had separate halls. The limits of the
port extend in a northerly direction from the promon-
tory on which Hunstanton lighthouse stands, in a sup-
posed right line, north-north-west, to fourteen fathoms
of water, and likewise from this line towards the east,
until it falls into fourteen fathoms of water, at a point
northward from the eastern end of the sand-hills, com-
monly called Burnham Meales; southerly to a place
in the channel of the harbour of Lynn, called White
Friar's Fleet, and to Gibbon's point opposite thereto,
thence down the river, on the western side, and round
the coast of Marshland, to a point called Sutton corner.
The harbour is deep, and sufficient to accommodate
three hundred sail; but the entrance is somewhat dan-
gerous, from the frequent shifting of the channel, and
the numerous sand banks; and the anchorage is rendered
difficult from the nature of the soil, and the rapidity of
the tide, which rises to the height of twenty feet: to
counteract a portion of these disadvantages, a company
of pilots has been established, whose office is on St.
Anne's fort, commanding a view of the channel. An-
ciently the course of the Ouse was by Wisbeach: its
present direction, according to Dugdale, may be referred
to the reign of Henry III.; and it has been ascribed to
the decay of the outfall at Wisbeach, and to some great
flood which rendered a fresh line necessary.
This ac-
cession of water into the channel of a small river, which
previously flowed past the town, destroyed a consider-
able part of Old Lynn, and the church at North Lynn
is stated to have been completely engulphed. After the
sluices at Denver and Salter's Lode had been construct-
ed, for the purpose of draining the fenny tract called
Bedford Level, the navigation of the river was much im-
paired, and the harbour obstructed by the accumulation
of silt; to remedy which, the Eau-brink cut was com-
menced in 1818, and completed in 1820, avoiding a con-
siderable bend in the river; and the old channel of the
LYN
193
LYN
:
river is gradually filling with soil, so that in a few years
a valuable part of more than seven hundred acres of
land will be gained for agricultural purposes; but the
accumulation of silt in the harbour still continues, so
that vessels which formerly lay immediately alongside
the quays, cannot now approach within several yards.
To remedy this inconvenience, three jetties, composed
of timber, have lately been constructed, at stated dis-
tances, with a view to divert the stream to the eastern,
or harbour, side, but their effect has scarcely been ascer-
tained. Near the north end of this cut, a handsome
wooden bridge has been built, over which a new road
leads into Marshland; and a bridge over the river Nine,
and an embankment at Cross-Keys Wash, are now in
progress, affording a direct road from Norfolk and Suf-
folk, through Lynn, into Lincolnshire. The Purfleet and
Common Staith quays are the principal places for land-
ing merchandise; on the former, where all wines are
landed, the custom-house and exchange stands, occupy-
ing the site of the hall of the ancient guild of the Holy
Trinity it is a handsome building of freestone, orna-
mented with two tiers of pilasters, the lower of the
Doric, and the upper of the Ionic order, and sur-
mounted by a small turret; in a niche in the front is
a statue of Charles II. In the High-street is the excise
office, to which are attached a collector, supervisor, and
other officers. This port, from its situation, so near
the North sea, and enjoying the advantages of inland
communication, carries on an extensive foreign and
coasting trade the principal imports are, wine from
Spain and Portugal; timber, deals, hemp, and tallow,
from the Baltic; corn from the northern parts of Europe;
oil-cake from Holland, and timber from America. The
coasting-trade is very considerable, consisting chiefly of
imported and agricultural produce, with which it sup-
plies the neighbouring districts; and a fine species of
white sand, much used in the manufacture of glass, of
which great quantities are sent to Newcastle and Leith;
also a considerable number of shrimps, which are
found in abundance on the coast, and are sent to Lon-
don its intercourse with the interior of the country
is greatly facilitated by the river Ouse and its several
branches, with which various canals have communica-
tion; and not less than one hundred and fifty thousand
chaldrons of coal are annually brought into the port.
In the year ending January 5th, 1827, sixty British, and
one hundred and twenty-seven foreign, ships entered in-
wards from foreign ports; and twenty-one British, and
one hundred and ten foreign, vessels cleared outwards:
the annual amount of dues paid at the custom-house is
on an average £90,000: the number of vessels belonging
to the port, in 1828, was one hundred and twelve, aver-
aging a burden of one hundred and twenty-one tons.
Formerly, several ships were annually fitted out for the
Greenland whale fishery, but this branch of the busi-
ness of the port has, of late years, greatly declined.
Ship-building has been carried on here from a very
early period, but it is not at present of so much note as
formerly. There are no particular branches of manu-
facture deserving notice: the chief are ropes and sail-
cloth, the latter on a very confined scale. The market
days are Tuesday and Saturday; the former, principally
for corn, is held in a spacious paved area of about
three acres, surrounded by some well-built houses: it
contains a handsome but dilapidated market-cross of
VOL. III.
:
P
freestone, erected in 1710; the lower part of the build-
ing is surrounded by a peristyle of sixteen Ionic co-
lumns, above which is a walk, defended by iron pali-
sades, and in the centre is an octagonal room, on the
exterior sides of which are carved figures facing the
cardinal points, the whole being surmounted by a cupola.
It is in contemplation to form a new market-place, by
pulling down some houses on the western side of the
preceding one, and erecting a market-house, to extend
towards the common staith, or quay, where the fish-mar-
ket now is. The market on Saturday, formerly held in
the High-street, was removed, in 1782, to an area near
St. Margaret's church, where shambles have been built.
In 1826, the weekly cattle-market was removed, from
its inconvenient site in the environs of the town, to a
more central situation: the mayor and burgesses, in
consequence of a petition to that effect, granted a piece
of land abutting upon one of the streets, to which con-
venient approaches have been made, so that cattle can
reach the market-place without passing through any of
the streets. The fairs are, February 14th, which is the
grand mart for six days, but generally continued for a
fortnight; and October 17th, which is a great cheese fair.
The town, which under the bishops was governed by
a provost appointed by them, was first incorporated by
John, and has had no less than fifteen royal charters.
The parish of All Saints, or South Lynn, was constituted
a part of the borough by license from Henry VIII., in
1546, and confirmed by charter in the 4th of Philip and
Mary. By the last charter, granted by Charles II., the go-
verument is vested in a mayor, high steward, recorder,
twelve aldermen, and eighteen common council-men, as-
sisted by a town-clerk, chamberlain, two coroners, and
other officers. The mayor is chosen annually on the 29th
of August, from among the aldermen, by the common
council, and enters upon his office on the 29th of Sep-
tember. All members of the corporation who have
passed the chair are justices of the peace for the bo-
rough and liberties, exercising exclusive jurisdiction:
the freedom of the borough is inherited by the eldest
sons of freemen, on the death of their fathers, or ac-
quired by servitude or gift. The corporation hold courts
of admiralty, for determining all pleas arising within
the limits of the port; quarterly courts of session, for
the trial of all offenders, except for high treason; and
a court of record, under the charter of Henry VIII.,
for the recovery of debts to any amount: a court of
requests is also held, under an act passed in the 10th of
George III., for the recovery of debts under 40s. The
mayor, aldermen, magistrates, and clergy, used to hold
a meeting for determining all controversies in an ami-
cable manner, called the "Feast of Reconciliation;
but this custom, which originated in 1558, has long
since become obsolete. The borough first exercised the
elective franchise in the 23rd of Edward I., since which
time it has regularly returned two members to parlia-
ment the right of election is vested in the freemen ge-
nerally, the number of whom is about three hundred
and thirty: the mayor is the returning officer. The
guildhall is an ancient structure of stone and flint, in
the later style of English architecture, containing a
spacious hall, courts for the sessions, and a suite of as-
sembly-rooms; and is ornamented with portraits of
many public characters, among which are those of Sir
Robert Walpole, Bart., who represented the borough in
t
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194
seventeen successive parliaments; Sir Thomas White;
Sir Benjamin Keene, and others. The prison for the
borough is both a common gaol and house of correction,
containing separate rooms for debtors, and for male and
female felons, but it is not well adapted to the classifi-
cation of prisoners, having only one airing-yard, for the
alternate use of all classes.
are employed in needle-work. A similar school for
boys, established in 1808, is supported entirely by sub-
scription, in which two hundred and thirty boys are
instructed. There is a National school for girls.
Gaywood's almshouses occupy the site of the an-
cient hospital of St. Mary Magdalene, founded in the
reign of Stephen, for a master and twelve brethren
and sisters; the endowment, lapsing to the crown, was
granted by James I. to the mayor and aldermen, in trust
for the maintenance of a master and eleven aged and
infirm persons. The hospital was burnt down by the
parliamentary troops in the reign of Charles I., and re-
built by the corporation in 1649; it contains a chapel,
and apartments for a master, who receives ten shillings
per week, and eleven poor women, who have five shillings
per week each, the charity being under the management
of the two senior aldermen. The Bede house, an esta-
blishment of obscure and uncertain foundation, was
rebuilt, in 1822, by Mr. Benjamin Smith (who has re-
cently proposed to found a new almshouse, the design
having been approved of by the corporation), and is
endowed for the maintenance of a reader and eleven aged
women, who receive each about six shillings per week.
Valenger's hospital, founded in 1605, and rebuilt in 1806,
is inhabited by four aged women, each of whom receives.
four shillings per week. Paradise, or Framingham's, hos-
pital, begun in 1676, by Mr. John Heathcote, and com-
pleted after his decease by Mr. Henry Framingham, is
endowed for the support of a reader, who receives four
shillings and ninepence per week, and eleven aged men,
who receive each three shillings and sixpence per week.
Among the charities held in trust by the corporation is
one by Mr. Cook, of London, who bequeathed £5000
three per cents.; the dividends on £2300 to be paid to the
inmates of the Bede house, the dividends on £2000 to the
inmates of Framingham's hospital, and those on the
remaining £700 to the hospitallers of South Lynn. There
are various benevolent institutions for the relief of the
necessitous, among which are a Ladies' Society for the
relief of lying-in women, established in 1791; another
for visiting the sick at their own habitations, formed in
1827; the Strangers' Friend Society; a dispensary, esta-
blished in 1813, and supported by subscription; and
a Dorcas Society: there are numerous benefit societies,
and various charitable bequests for distribution among
the poor. The corporation are in possession of funds for
apprenticing children, for loans to young tradesmen, and
other benevolent purposes. The workhouse was origin-
ally a chapel, dedicated to St. James; having become
ruinous, it was rebuilt by the corporation, in 1581, and
used for the manufacture of sacking, &c.: this under-
taking having failed, it was converted, in 1682, into an
hospital or workhouse for fifty decayed old men, women,
and poor children. By an act passed in 1701, its manage-
ment was entrusted to an Incorporated Society, styled the
"Guardians of the poor of the borough of King's Lynn
in the county of Norfolk, and within the liberties of the
said borough:" this act was amended in 1808, adding
the churchwardens and overseers to the corporation.
It is now confined to the reception of the poor of St.
Margaret's parish only: the inhabitants of South Lynn
maintain their own poor, and are exempt from this act.
甯
​King's Lynn comprises the parishes of All Saints,
Southgate; St. Edmund, North End; and St. Margaret,
all in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich. The
living of All Saints' is a vicarage, rated in the king's
books at £18. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Ely: the church is an ancient cruciform structure;
the tower, which fell down in 1763, and demolished
part of the body of the church, has not been rebuilt.
The living of St. Edmund's, North End, is a sinecure
rectory, rated in the king's books at £ 13. 1. 8., to which
S. Thornton, Esq. and others presented in 1799: the
church is supposed to have been anciently swept away
by the river. The living of St. Margaret's is a perpetual
curacy, with the curacy of St. Nicholas annexed, endowed
with £1000 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Dean and Chapter of Norwich: the church is a spa-
cious structure, combining the early, the decorated, and
the later styles of English architecture, with two west-
ern towers, and an east front of singularly beautiful de-
sign, with two octagonal turrets rising from the flank-
ing buttresses; the chancel is in the early English style,
with a fine circular east window; the south porch is
highly ornamented with canopied niches and shields,
and the roof finely groined. The chapel of St. Nicho-
las is a large structure, combining the decorated with
the later style of English architecture: the original
roof of beautifully carved oak is carefully preserved,
and the interior contains many parts of great beauty.
There are places of worship for Baptists, the Society of
Friends, Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, and Uni-
tarians, and a Roman Catholic chapel. There is a burial-
ground for the Jews, but they have no synagogue.
The free grammar school was founded in the reign of
Henry VII., by Thomas Thoresby, alderman of Lynn,
who endowed it with lands producing about £60 per
annum: a spacious school-room, and a dwelling-house
for the master, were erected, in 1825, by the corporation,
who are trustees under a charter of Edward IV. It has
two scholarships at Emanuel College, Cambridge, of
£5. 10. cach per annum; and one scholarship of £2 per
annum at either University; both founded by the corpo-
ration, and tenable for seven years; one scholarship of
£2, at either of the Universities for seven years, founded
by the owner of the estate near Highbridge-Lynn; one
scholarship of £3. 8. 6., at Trinity College, Cambridge,
for five years, in the gift of the Master and Vice-Master
of Trinity, and the Mayor of Lynn; and one scholarship
of £6, tenable for four years, in St. John's College,
Cambridge, in the gift of the Corporation. Eugene
Aram was usher here when he was apprehended, in
1759, on a charge of murder committed fourteen years
previously, near Knaresborough in Yorkshire, for which
he was tried and executed, having acknowledged the
justice of the sentence a short time before it was carried
into effect. A school on the Lancasterian plan was
established in 1792, which has been enlarged for the
instruction of fifty girls; it is supported partly by sub-
scription, and partly by the industry of the girls, who
The monastic institutions and ancient hospitals con-
sisted of a priory of Benedictine monks, in Priory-
lane; a convent of White friars, in South Lynn; one
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•
of Grey friars, in St. James' street; one of Black friars,
between Clough-lane and Spinner-lane; one of Au
gustine friars, in St. Austin's street; a college, near the
town-hall; St. Mary Magdalene's hospital, the site and
endowment of which are appropriated to Gaywood's
hospital; also a nunnery, a monastery of friars de
Pænitentid Jesu, St. John's hospital, and four lazar-
houses, the sites of which are unknown; besides va-
rious chapels, all which are involved in the general
dissolution of these establishments. Vestiges of the
houses which belonged to the Grey, White, Black, and
Augustine, friars still remain; that of the first consists
of the tower and lantern of their conventual church: it
rises from a pointed arch supported by buttresses, to
the height of about ninety feet, and within is groined
with stone. A spiral staircase leads to the summit,
whence a complete view is obtained of the town and its
environs. It stands in a small enclosure opposite and
belonging to the free grammar school, on the left of the
entrance into the town from London. An ancient
building, in a state of complete repair, in Queen-street,
near the town-hall, has been considered that which
formerly constituted the college. But the most interest-
ing relic of antiquity is an ancient and curious edifice,
at the eastern extremity of the town, denominated the
Lady's Chapel, or, the Chapel on the Red Mount. It
is of singular construction: within an octagonal wall of
red brick, strengthened by buttresses, is a handsome
cruciform chapel of very small dimensions, with an ele-
gant stone roof: it formerly contained an image of the
Virgin, before which journeying pilgrims, on their way
to Walsingham, are supposed to have presented their
offerings. The whole has lately undergone a thorough
reparation, by means of a subscription. Nicholas of
Lynn, a celebrated mathematician, astrologer, and navi-
gator, was born here, and became one of the Grey fri-
ars; he also died and was buried here in 1369. William
Browne, M. D., afterwards Sir William Browne, resided
here; he was President of the Royal College of Phy-
sicians, and author of several works, chiefly on medical
subjects. The custom of ushering in May-day with the
blowing of horns is still observed at this place. At
Reffley, about two miles distant, in a sequestered spot,
stands an obelisk, from which, by means of an aqueduct,
a chalybeate spring issues; near it is an octagonal tem
ple, whither subscribers repair for the benefit of the
water. Lynn gives the inferior title of baron to Mar-
quis Townshend.
LYNT, a tything in the parish of COLESHILL, hun-
dred of SHRIVENHAM, County of BERKS, though locally
in the hundred of Highworth, Cricklade, and Staple,
county of Wilts, 1 mile (N. E.) from Highworth. The
population is returned with the parish.
LYONSHALL, a parish in the hundred of STRET
FORD, County of HEREFORD, 2 miles (E. S. E.) from
Kington, containing 896 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Hereford, rated in the king's books at £6. 10.71., and
in the patronage of the Bishop of Hereford. The church
is dedicated to St. Michael. Here are the remains of a
moated castle, which, in the early part of the reign of
Henry III., belonged to Sir Stephen de Ebroicis, then
lord of the manor and castle, on the site of which a cu-
rious antique ring was found. A railway passes through
this village, in its course from Brecon, to the lime-
kilns in the parish of Old Radnor. A court leet is held
here. The parish is bounded on the north by the
river Avon.
LYPEAT, a hamlet in the parish and hundred of
KILMERSDON, County of SOMERSET, 53 miles (W.N.W.)
from Frome. The population is returned with the parish.
LYSS-TURNEY, a chapelry in the parish and hun-
dred of ODIHAM, Basingstoke division of the county
of SOUTHAMPTON, 32 miles (N. N. E.) from Petersfield,
containing 560 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £1700
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Hon.
W. T. L. P. Wellesley. The church is dedicated to St.
Peter. Mary Cole, in 1765, gave a rent-charge of £ 4,
and Dorothea Cole bequeathed another of £3, to be ap-
plied for teaching poor children.
LYTCHETT-MATRAVERS, a parish in the hun-
dred of COGDEAN, Shaston (East) division of the county
of DORSET, 8 miles (N. by E.) from Wareham, contain-
ing 609 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in
the king's books at £13. 3. 4., and in the patronage of
W. Trenchard, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
LYTCHETT-MINSTER, a chapelry in the parish
of STURMINSTER-
of STURMINSTER-MARSHALL, hundred of COGDEAN,
Shaston (East) division of the county of DORSET, 5 miles
(N.E. by N.) from Wareham, containing 544 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicar-
age of Sturminster-Marshall, in the jurisdiction of the
peculiar court of Sturminster-Marshall. The chapel is
demolished. This chapelry is bounded on the south-east
by Poole harbour, and on the south by Rock Lee river,
which latter is crossed by a bridge, and falls into Lyt-
chett bay. On the south side of the village is a very
large tumulus: here was formerly a beacon.
LYTH, a hamlet in the parish of HEVERSHAM,
KENDAL ward, county of WESTMORLAND, 6 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Kendal. The population is returned
with Crosthwaite.
LYTHAM, a parish in the hundred of AMOUNDER-
NESS, county palatine of LANCASTER, 6 miles (S. W. by
W.) from Kirkham, containing 1292 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Richmond, and diocese of Chester, endowed with £800
and a rent-charge of £7 private benefaction, £600 royal
bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of John Clifton, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Cuthbert. There is a Roman Catholic chapel. A
free school was established in 1704, with the produce of
various benefactions, which, with others of a later date,
yield an income of £104. 18. per annum; the number
of scholars varies from seventy to one hundred and
twenty. A Sunday school affords instruction to about
one hundred children. Lytham is situated on the west-
ern coast, on the northern shore of the estuary of the
Ribble, and is much resorted to for sea-bathing. Some
improvement has taken place within the last few years,
by pulling down an extensive range of old buildings,
and, after leaving an opening from the Clifton's Arms
hotel to the beach, erecting several new houses, among
which is a billiard-room. Part of the beach has also
been levelled, and a public walk formed along it, afford-
ing a pleasing view of the scenery on the southern side
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196
of the estuary. About a mile eastward is Lytham pool,
a large natural basin, where vessels bringing corn, &c.,
to the port of Preston, discharge their cargoes into
smaller craft: at its northern extremity is a graving-
dock, for building or repairing vessels. A few of the
inhabitants are employed in fishing. Lytham Hall
comprises, in its kitchens and out-offices, a portion of
the buildings of a Benedictine priory, founded, as a cell
to the monastery at Durham, by Richard Fitz-Roger,
in the latter part of the reign of Richard I., and dis-
solved, with the smaller monasteries, by Henry VIII.
LYTHE, or MILLAND, a chapelry in the hundred
of EASEBOURNE, rape of CHICHESTER, County of Sus-
SEX, 6 miles (N. W.) from Midhurst.
LYTHE, a parish in the eastern division of the
liberty of LANGBAURGH, North riding of the county of
YORK, comprising the townships of Barnby, Borrowby,
Ellerby, Hutton-Mulgrave, Lythe, Nickleby, Newton-
Mulgrave, and Ugthorpe, and containing 2194 inhabit-
ants, of which number, 1134 are in the township of
Lythe, 3 miles (W. N. W.) from Whitby. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Cleveland,
and diocese of York, rated in the king's books at
£ 10. 12. 6., endowed with £1400 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Archbishop of York. The
church is dedicated to St. Oswald, and, although of mo-
dern appearance, is an ancient structure. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Peter de
Mauley obtained a weekly market to be held here, and
a fair on the eve of the festival of St. Oswald, in the
reign of Henry III., but both have been long disused.
M.
MABE, a parish in the hundred of KERRIER, County
of CORNWALL, 4 miles (W.) from Falmouth, contain
ing 457 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage not in
charge, united to that of Mylor, in the jurisdiction of the
Consistorial Court of the Bishop of Exeter. The church,
dedicated to St. Mabe, has a lofty handsome tower
crowned with pinnacles. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists. An almshouse was erected
with the sum of £200, the proceeds of a small legacy
left to accumulate for the purpose.
MABLETHORPE (ST. MARY), a parish in the
Marsh division of the hundred of CALCEWORTH, parts
of Lindsey, county of LINCOLN, 7 miles (N. E. by N.)
from Alford, containing 200 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, with which that of Stane is united, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £17. 10. 24., and in the patronage of Col.
Waters and others.
MABLETHORPE (ST. PETER), a parish in the
Marsh division of the hundred of CALCEWORTH, parts
of LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN, containing 35 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, united,
in 1745, to that of Thedlethorpe St. Helen, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £7. 10. 2.
MABYN (ST.), a parish in the hundred of TRIGG,
county of CORNWALL, 34 miles (E. by N.) from Wade-
bridge, containing 715 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £36, and in the
patronage of the Earl of Falmouth. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
MACCLESFIELD, a

Seal and Arms.
market town and parochial
chapelry, having separate
jurisdiction, though locally
in the hundred of Maccles-
field, county palatine of
CHESTER, on the road from
London to Manchester, 36
miles (E. by N.) from Ches-
ter, and 167 (N. W. by N.)
from London, containing
17,746 inhabitants. Pre-
viously to the Norman Con-
quest it constituted a portion of the royal demesne
of the Earls of Mercia, who held a court here for the
ancient hundred of Hamestan; hence, in the record of
Domesday, it is represented to have been one of the
seats of Earl Edwin. When that survey was made, it
was comprised within the earldom of Chester, of which
it continued to form part until the abolition of that
jurisdiction, when the hundred, manor, and forest of
Macclesfield lapsed to the crown. The king is now
lord of the hundred; about one-third of which, in-
cluding the township of Macclesfield, and sixteen other
townships, constitutes the manor and forest of Maccles-
field. The forest was anciently protected by the same
laws, and entitled to the same rights as other royal
forests; some of these laws expired with the dis-
afforestment of the tract to which they applied, but a
few of the executive offices under them survive, and re-
tain their privileges, although the duties attached to
them, from the abolition of the feudal system, are
either no longer requisite, or have been superseded
by other offices. Of this description, in particular, are
the grand serjeancy of the hundred, and the master-
ship of the forest, of Macclesfield, which have long been
hereditary in the family of Davenport, and are now held
by Davies Davenport, of Woodford and Capesthorne, Esq.;
and that of bailiff of the manor and forest, which has
long been vested in the noble family of Cholmondeley.
There were also eight subordinate hereditary foresters,
who held office by grant from the Earls of Chester.
When this territory lapsed to the crown, parcels of
the forest were granted away at different times, and the
whole is now under cultivation; the last portion of the
common and waste land having been enclosed under an
act obtained in 1796, when an allotment was assigned
to the king, as lord of the manor, which, with the
mineral contents of the soil, has since been alienated.
Prior to this, a swainmote court was held at Maccles-
field, and persons found guilty of misdemeanors against
the forest laws were committed to the prison within the
town, whither also offenders were sent from the court
leet for the forest and hundred. For some centuries
these courts continued to be held before the Chief
Justice of Chester, who presided as Justice in Eyre here,
or his deputy, or before special commissioners, the
king's steward, or his deputy, or the king's bailiff: in
process of time they were constantly held under the
presidency of the king's steward, or his deputy, to
whose office many of the duties originally discharged
by other functionaries have been annexed. This senes-
chalship, or stewardship, of the hundred and forest was
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given, in the reign of Edward IV., to Thomas, Lord
Stanley, and heirs male; in which noble family, with
a short intermission during the time of the Common-
wealth, it has since continued, and is now enjoyed by
the Earl of Derby.
·
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:
An ecclesiastical council was held at Macclesfield in
1332, and another in 1362, by the Archbishop of Can-
terbury. Whilst the town continued the residence of
the Earls of Chester, it was surrounded by a rampart,
or walled fence, which had three principal gates. In
1508, Thomas Savage, a native of the town, who be-
came successively Bishop of London and Archbishop
of York, founded a college of Secular priests, of which
the chapel, previously communicating with the church
of St. Michael, by a door now blocked up, alone re-
mains, and is the sepulchrál chapel of the family.
The building is an interesting structure, in the later
style of English architecture, with a turret of three
stages, through the lower of which an elegant arched
gateway, highly enriched with shields and other archi-
tectural ornaments, leads into the chapel; above the
entrance is a beautiful oriel window, the lower part of
which is ornamented with the arms of England in the
centre, and on one side those of the see of York, and
on the other, those of the family of Savage quartered
with the arms of the sees to which the founder had been
preferred in the chapel are many family monuments,
and deposited in an urn is the heart of the archbishop,
whose body was interred at York. During the great
civil war in the 17th century, the town experienced
much injury from the parliamentarians, by whom it was
besieged and taken; and who retained possession of it,
under Sir William Brereton, Commander-in-Chief of the
parliamentary forces for this county, after an obstinate
attempt on the part of Sir Thomas Acton to gain it for
the king. On a hill to the east of the town are vestiges
of an encampment constructed by the parliamentarians,
from which, during the siege, the spire of St. Michael's
church was battered by the cannon of the besiegers.
After the decapitation of Charles I., a council was held
here, at which it was resolved to raise four regiments, of
seven hundred men each, for the service of Charles II.,
who was then at the head of an army in Scotland. In
1745, a party of one hundred cavalry took possession
of the town for the Pretender, who, on the evening of
the same day, arrived with five thousand men and his
whole train of artillery; after passing the night here, he
held a council of war, and the day following marched
towards Derby; but being alarmed at the approach of
the forces under the Duke of Cumberland, he fell back
upon Macclesfield, to which place he was pursued by
the duke, whom the inhabitants received with every
demonstration of joy.
The town is pleasantly situated near the southern
extremity of the forest; the greater part stands on the
declivity of an eminence rising gradually from the west-
ern bank of the river Bollin, which flows through the
lower part, hence denominated "The Waters :
"The Waters:" these
parts are connected by two bridges of stone, and one of
wood. The rapid increase of population has created a
proportionate augmentation of the number of buildings,
and an extension of the town in every direction, within
a short period. Considerable improvements have been
made, under the provisions of an act obtained in 1814,
by the introduction of police regulations, widening the
streets, and removing unsightly objects: the streets are
well paved, and lighted with gas; and the inhabitants
are amply supplied with water brought from springs to
the east of the town, and conveyed by pipes to their
houses. A public subscription library has been esta-
blished for more than half a century, and contains a
valuable collection of works; a public news-room is
supported by subscription; and there are a neat theatre,
and a handsome suite of assembly-rooms.
The races,
which formerly took place here, have been discontinued
for many years, but it is at present in contemplation to
revive them. Macclesfield was formerly noted for the
manufacture of twist buttons, which was introduced at
a very early period, and for the regulation and promo
tion of which, several legislative enactments were pro-
cured: many of these, with other ware, were carried
through the county by itinerant chapmen, of mean prin-
ciples and reputation, denominated "Flash-men," from
residing in and around the hamlet of Flash, just beyond
the verge of the county, and within that of Stafford,
whose name and occupation still remain, although their
number has decreased from the decline of the trade.
To this succeeded the manufacture of silk, which is
carried on in all its branches to a considerable extent.
The first silk-mill in this town was erected by Mr. Roe,
in 1756, since which period the trade has rapidly in-
creased, and at present there are not less than seventy
mills for throwing silk, which is here manufactured into
handkerchiefs and broad silks, the weaving of which,
with the manufacture of twist, sewing-silk, and but-
tons, is now the principal source of trade. In 1823,
there were three thousand looms in the town, which
number had increased in 1828 to six thousand, but
in 1829 there were only four thousand. The cotton
manufacture was also introduced about the same time,
and the first mill for that purpose was erected in 1758;
since that period it has progressively increased, but with
less rapidity, and with less fluctuation, than the silk
trade: there are several extensive dye-houses and other
establishments connected with these branches of manu-
facture. The copper and brass works, formerly carried
on here, have been discontinued. In the neighbourhood
are extensive mines of coal, and quarries of slate, and
of stone of a superior quality for building, of which
great quantities are sent to Stockport, Manchester, and
into Staffordshire, and other parts of the country. A
canal is at present being constructed, which will pass
by the east side of the town, and join the Peak Forest
canal at Marple, opening a communication with Man-
chester, and, by a junction with the Grand Trunk, on the
confines of Staffordshire, with the midland and southern
counties, and with London. The market, formerly held
on Monday, is, by act of parliament obtained in 1814,
now held on Tuesday; a market for vegetables is also
held on Saturday. The fairs are, May 6th, June 22d,
July 11th, October 4th, and November 11th, for cattle,
woollen cloth, hardware, and toys. The town, which had
been constituted a borough by Ranulph, third Earl of
Chester of that name, was first incorporated by Edward,
Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, in the 45th of
Henry III., who conveyed additional privileges, but im-
posed the usual obligation of grinding at the king's mill,
and baking at his oven: the latter continued in the
possession of the crown until 1818, when it was sold:
the building exists, but the practice has, though not
MAC
MAC
198
long since, fallen into disuse. Various other charters
have been granted: under that of Charles II., the go-
vernment is vested in a mayor, recorder, and twenty-
four capital burgesses, assisted by a town-clerk, coroner,
serjeant at mace, and other officers: the mayor, chosen
annually from among the capital burgesses, and three
of that body annually elected for the purpose, are jus-
tices of the peace within the borough. The freedom is
inherited by all the sons of a freeman, or acquired by
purchase or gift. The corporation hold half-yearly courts
of session for the trial of misdemeanants, and the mayor
and justices hold daily meetings for the despatch of
business connected with the police. A court of record
for debts to any amount, arising within the liberty of
the hundred, is held twice a year by the Earl of Derby,
as hereditary steward. This nobleman appoints a
deputy-steward, who must be a barrister; a resident
deputy-steward, and a clerk of the courts: the duties
of the last are similar to those of a prothonotary. A
similar court, called a halmote court, for the manor and
forest, is held at the same time and place, and before
the same officers; yet each of the separate jurisdictions
possesses its own bailiff, who nominates a jury within
that peculiar liberty. The manor chiefly comprises the
townships of Bollington, Disley, Hurdsfield, Kettles-
hulme, Pott-Shrigley, Rainow, Sutton, Wincell, and
Yeardsley cum Whaley, being of copyhold tenure. These
courts are held monthly, or weekly, by adjournment,
before the resident deputy-steward, for the convenience
of hearing motions in civil causes, and passing surren-
ders of copyholds. Courts leet for these several juris-
dictions are held annually, within a month of Michael-
mas, in the same manner, at which constables are ap-
pointed for the different townships. The guildhall was
taken down in 1826, and handsomely rebuilt in the
Grecian style of architecture, at the expense of the cor-
poration it is a spacious and commodious edifice, con-
taining, in addition to the court-rooms, handsome as-
sembly and concert rooms: attached to it is the town
gaol, which was rebuilt at the same time.
K
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chester, endowed with £800 private
benefaction, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of the Mayor and Corporation. The
parochial chapel, dedicated to St. Michael, is an ancient
structure, founded by Eleanor, Queen of Edward I.,
about 1278, and made dependent on the mother church
at Prestbury: the tower was formerly surmounted
by a spire, which was battered down in the parliamentary
war;
the north side of the edifice was rebuilt in 1740,
and the whole has, in many respects, undergone con-
siderable alteration and repair: there are some sepul-
chral chapels, of which that of the family of Savage has
been previously noticed; the chapel of the Legh family,
and other portions of the structure, contain several
altar-tombs and monuments of great antiquity. Christ-
church, a spacious edifice of brick, with a square tower,
was erected in 1775, at the sole expense of Charles
Roe, Esq., who endowed it with £ 100 per annum for
the minister; on the south side of the chancel is a
handsome marble monument to the memory of the
founder, ornamented with devices emblematical of his
mechanical genius, and bearing an inscription comme-
morative of his acquaintance with the mineral strata
of the county, of his having discovered the valuable
-
mine in the Isle of Anglesey, and of having established
the copper-works in this neighbourhood: the living is
a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of William Roe, Esq.
St. George's church, lately erected as a dissenting
place of wor
place of worship, has been purchased by the corpora-
tion for the service of the established church. There is
a place of worship for the Society of Friends, three for
Independents, one for Primitive Methodists, one for
those of the New Connexion, three for Wesleyan Metho-
dists, two for Socinians, and a Roman Catholic chapel.
The free grammar school was founded in 1502, by Sir
John Percyvale, born near this town, and lord mayor of
London, who endowed it with lands at that time worth
£10 per annum, which lapsing to the crown, the school
was refounded by Edward VI., in 1552, and more am-
ply endowed, under the designation of the "Free Gram-
mar school of King Edward VI." The government was
vested in fourteen trustees, inhabitants of Macclesfield
and the parish of Prestbury, who appoint the masters.
The scholars are gratuitously instructed in the classics,
but pay for instruction in the French language, writing
and arithmetic: the income arising from the endowment
exceeds £ 800 per annum, of which sum, £200 per an-
num is paid to the head-master, who has a spacious
house rent-free, £150 to the second master, £ 100 to
the writing-master, and £50 to the French master.
This school enjoys a high reputation: in the list of
masters appear the names of Brownswerd, a celebrated
grammarian and Latin poet, and Brancker, a philosopher
and mathematician; both lie interred within the paro-
chial chapel of St. Michael. A National school is sup-
ported by subscription; and there are Sunday schools
in connexion with the established church, and the dis-
senting congregations. An almshouse was founded, in
1703, by Mrs. Stanley, who endowed it with. £ 6 per
annum, for three aged widows; it is now under the
patronage of the family of Thornycroft. A dispensary
was established in 1814, and is liberally supported by
subscription.
subscription. There are various charitable bequests for
clothing and apprenticing poor children, and for dis-
tribution among the indigent. Near the road to Con-
gleton is a place called the Castle-field, supposed to have
been the site of the palace of the Earls of Chester; and
there are some slight vestiges of an ancient mansion, said
to have been the property and residence of the celebrated
Duke of Buckingham. Macclesfield gives the title of
earl to the family of Parker.
MACCLESFIELD-FOREST, a chapelry in the pa-
rish of PRESTBURY, hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county
palatine of [CHester,
palatine of [CHESTER, 4 miles (E. by S.) from Maccles-
field, containing 260 inhabitants. The living is a per
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Chester, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£ 800 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Earl of
Derby.
MACEFEN, a township in the parish of MALPAS,
higher division of the hundred of BROXTON, County pa-
latine of CHESTER, 2 miles (E.) from Malpas, containing
48 inhabitants.
MACHEN, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of WENTLLOOG, County of MONMouth, 5½
miles (W. by N.) from Newport, containing 1032 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at
£10. 16. 5½., and in the patronage of Sir Charles Mor-
MAD
MAD
199
gan, Bart.
The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
The rivers Ebba and Rumsey run through the parish,
in which are mines of coal, lead, iron, and calamine,
also several mineral springs. There are the remains
of an old building, called "the Castle," but no records
of its history.
MACKWORTH, a parish in the hundred of MOR-
LESTON and LITCHURCH, County of DERBY, 23 miles
(W. N. W.) from Derby, containing, with the township
of Mark-Eaton, 650 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's
books at £9. 3., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of Francis Mundy, Esq. The church,
dedicated to All Saints, is partly in the decorated style of
architecture. Here is remaining the gateway of a castle,
anciently the seat of the De Mackworths, and said to
have been demolished during the parliamentary war.
MADDINGTON, a parish in the hundred of BRANCH
and DOLE, county of WILTS, 53 miles (W. N. W.) from
Amesbury, containing 369 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Salisbury, and in the patronage of J. and J. Matron, Esqrs.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
M
MADEHURST, a parish in the hundred of Avis-
FORD, rape of ARUNDEL, County of SUSSEX, 33 miles
(N. W. by N.) from Arundel, containing 169 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£6. 8. 10., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of the Bishop of Chichester. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene.
MADELEY, a parish in the northern division of
the hundred of PIREHILL, County of STAFFORD, 51
miles (W. by S.) from Newcastle under Line, containing
1166 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of Lich-
field and Coventry, rated in the king's books at £4. 16.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £200 royal
bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of Lord Crewe. The church, dedicated to
All Saints, is an ancient stone structure. This parish
abounds with mines of coal. The village is situated
on the borders of Cheshire and Shropshire, and con-
sists chiefly of cottages and farm-houses in the Eli-
zabethan style. Here are two free schools, one for
boys, the other for girls, endowed, in 1645, with a
rent-charge of £60, by Sir John Offley, who founded
in the same year, almshouses for ten poor persons, each
of whom receives one shilling and ninepence per
week. Samuel Stretch, noted for his penurious habits,
bequeathed, in 1804, a great bell, to be tolled every
night at eight o'clock, as a guide to passengers, he him-
self having accidentally fallen into a ditch, which ulti-
mately caused his death. Madeley is in the honour
of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the juris-
diction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third
Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
:
MADELEY-HOLME, a liberty in the parish of
CHECKLEY, Southern division of the hundred of Tor-
MONSLOW, County of STAFFORD, 32 miles (N. N. W.)
from Uttoxeter, containing 479 inhabitants.
county of SALOP, 4½ miles (S. W. by W.) from Shiff-
nall, 15 (S. E.) from Shrewsbury, and 148 (N. W.)
from London, containing 5379 inhabitants. The name
of this town indicates its situation between two rivers,
and its adjunct was founded on the grant of a mar-
ket, in the time of Henry III., to a community of
Cluniac monks at Wenlock, to whom Madeley then be-
longed. After the disastrous battle of Worcester, in
1651, Charles II. obtained a temporary shelter in a
house and barn then occupied by Mr. Wolfe, and situ-
ated near the church, which are still remaining. Made-
ley occupies a rising ground, and extends to Colebrook-
dale, which is environed by lofty hills and hanging
woods, and in which are the most extensive iron-works
in England, with foundries, furnaces, and all the com-
plicated machinery requisite to so vast an establish-
ment. Across the Severn is a cast-iron bridge of
one arch, erected in 1779, the span of which is one
hundred feet six inches, and the height, from the base
line to the centre, forty feet; the total weight of iròn
being three hundred and seventy-eight tons: all the
principal parts were erected in three months, without
any accident, or the least obstruction to the navigation
of the river: this part of the parish derives its name of
Iron-Bridge from this stupendous undertaking. About
two miles south-eastward from Madeley, at the junction
of the Shropshire canal with the Severn, is Coalport,
where coal is landed from the extensive mines and
numerous works in the neighbourhood, and conveyed
thence to different parts of the counties of Gloucester
and Worcester, annually to the average extent of fifty
thousand tons; here is likewise a porcelain manufac-
tory, which affords employment to nearly five hundred
persons; a manufactory of Wedgwood's ware, a rope-
yard, timber-yard, and a mill for extracting linseed oil,
which is turned by a wheel two hundred and forty feet
in circumference. A neat iron bridge was constructed
across the river at this point in 1817, instead of a former
one of wood; and not far distant a tunnel, about one
mile in length, and partially arched with brick, was begun
and intended as a more direct conveyance for coal, but
was never completed; from the interstices at the sides,
tar flows, and falling on the surface of a small stream,
which runs in a narrow channel at the entrance, is there
deposited, and at convenient periods is collected, and
put into barrels; when the tunnel was first formed,
the quantity obtained exceeded one barrel per diem, but
now it is not more than twenty barrels per annum. The
original market having fallen into disuse, it was revived
about 1763, when a new market-house was erected,
near the foot of the iron bridge in Colebrook-dale, two
miles distant from the site of the first structure, and
named Madeley-wood market. The market is on Friday;
and fairs are held January 26th, May 29th, and October
12th. This place is within the jurisdiction of a court
of requests, for the recovery of debts under 40s., which
extends over the parishes of Broseley, Benthall, Made-
ley, Barrow, Linley, Willey, Little Wenlock, and Daw-
ley, and the extra-parochial place called Posnall, held
under an act passed in the 22nd year of the reign of
George III.
MADELEY-MARKET, a market town and pa-
rish within the liberties of the borough of WENLOCK,
.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Salop, and diocese of Hereford, rated in
the king's books at £4. 17. 10., and in the patronage
of Kynaston, Esq. The church is dedicated to All
Calg
MAD
MAI
200
Saints; the ancient structure, which exhibited seve-
ral specimens of early Norman architecture was pulled
down in 1796, when the present edifice was erected.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists,
also a Roman Catholic chapel. The house of industry
was completed in 1797, at an expense of £1086. 14. 7½½.,
on a piece of ground belonging to the poor; of this
sum, £806. 13. 6. was raised by subscription, and
£235. 15. by the sale, for nine hundred and ninety-nine
years, subject to nominal rents, of certain property
viously held in trust for the benefit of the poor. In the
different strata of coal, iron-ore, and sand-stone, which
abound in this neighbourhood, numerous petrifactions,
with impressions of animal and vegetable substances, of
various kinds, have been found. The Rev. John William
Fletcher, a native of Switzerland, whose work, entitled
"Checks to Antinomianism," is a standard theological
work, and whose character is so universally known and
so deservedly admired, was appointed to the vicarage of
Madeley in 1760, which preferment he held during the
remainder of his life, and at his death, in 1785, was
interred in the churchyard.
MADINGLEY, a parish in the hundred of NORTH-
STOW, county of CAMBRIDGE, 34 miles (W. N. W.) from
Cambridge, containing 231 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Ely, rated in the king's books at £6. 9. 7., and in
the patronage of the Bishop of Ely. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary.
MAER, a parish in the northern division of the
hundred of PIREHILL, County of STAFFORD, comprising
the township of Maer, and the hamlet of Maerway-
Lane, and containing 451 inhabitants, of which number,
pre- 232 are in the township of Maer, 7 miles (N. N. W.) from
Eccleshall.
In the Eccleshall. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, and in the patronage of J. Wedgwood, Esq.
The river Tern has its source in a small lake here,
which covers about twenty-two acres.
MADLEY, a parish in the hundred of WEBTREE,
county of HEREFORD, 7 miles (w. by S.) from Hereford,
containing 938 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
with the perpetual curacy of Tiberton annexed, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean of Hereford, rated in the
king's books at £ 16. 1. 8., and in the patronage of the
Dean and Chapter of Hereford. The church, dedicated to
St. Mary, is a large and handsome edifice, principally in
the decorated style, with an embattled tower at the
west end. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
The petty sessions for the division are held here on
every fourth Monday.
MADRESFIELD, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of PERSHORE, County of WORCESTER, 6
miles (N. W. by N.) from Upton upon Severn, contain-
ing 202 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the
king's books at £3. 13. 111., and in the patronage of
Earl Beauchamp. The church exhibits some portions
of ancient architecture. Ann Bull, in 1705, bequeathed
£25, for the produce of which six children are taught
to read. Madresfield Court, a fine ancient mansion, is
the seat of Earl Beauchamp.
MADRON, a parish in the hundred of PENWITH,
county of CORNWALL, 24 miles (N. W.) from Penzance,
containing, exclusively of the market town of Penzance,
which is within this parish, 2011 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, with the perpetual curacies of Morvah and
Penzance annexed, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £21. 5. 10.,
and in the patronage of Henry Penneck, Esq. The church,
dedicated to St. Madern, is in the early style of English
architecture. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. A school for instructing the poor children
of the parish was founded, about 1704, by Mr. George
Daniel, and endowed with lands and premises, now let
for about £120 per annum, besides a house and gar-
den for the master. Here is a stone with an ancient
British inscription, stating it to be a sepulchral mo-
nument to Rialobran, son of Cunoval; also the once
celebrated well of St. Madern.
1
MAERWAY-LANE, a hamlet in the parish of
MAER, northern division of the hundred of PIREHILL,
county of STAFFORD, containing 219 inhabitants.
MAGHULL, a chapelry in the parish of HALSALL,
hundred of WEST DERBY, county palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 5 miles (S. W. by S.) from Ormskirk, containing
720 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, an-
nexed to the rectory of Halsall, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Chester, endowed with £600 private bene-
faction, £200 royal bounty, and £2100 parliamentary
grant. William Harpur, by deed in 1815, vested an an-
nuity of £11. 18. 1. in certain trustees, for the educa-
tion of children.
MAGOR, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of CALDICOTT, County of MONMOUTH, 6 miles
(E. S. E.) from Caerleon, containing, with the chapelry of
Redwick, 622 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of Redwick annexed,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the
king's books at £7. 1. 02., endowed with £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Duke of Beaufort.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place
of worship for Baptists.
MAIDEN-BRADLEY, a parish partly in the hun-
dred of NORTON-FERRIS, County of SOMERSET, but chiefly
in that of MERE, county of WILTS, 53 miles (N. by W.)
from Mere, containing, with the hamlet of Yarnfield,
620 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury, endowed
with £600 private benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and
£1200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Dean and Canons of Christ Church, Oxford. The
church, dedicated to All Saints, contains some monu-
ments of the Seymour family, particularly a finely-
executed one to Sir Edward Seymour, Bart., of political
celebrity in the reigns of Charles II., William and
Mary, and Anne. At the north-eastern extremity of the
village are the remains, now forming part of a farm-
house, of an hospital, founded by Manasser Bisset, in the
reign of Henry II., and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin,
for poor leprous women, under the care of some Secular
brethren; but Herbert, Bishop of Sarum, about 1190,
substituted for the latter a prior and canons of the
Augustine order, whose revenue, at the dissolution, was
estimated at £ 197. 18. 8.: the situation is very roman-
tic, and there are numerous sites of ponds in the vi-
cinity. There are two singular knolls of chalk, which
appear to have been detached by a convulsion of nature
from Mere down, distant three quarters of a mile, the
intervening soil having no tendency to chalk.
S
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THEERR
HD U
a
MAIDENHEAD, a
market town and chapelry,
having separate jurisdiction,
though locally in the hundred
of Bray and Cookham, county
of BERKS, 13 miles (N. E. by
E.) from Reading, and 26 (W.)
from London; it is partly in
the parish of Bray, and part-
ly in that of Cookham, with
which parishes the popula-
tion is returned. The ancient
Corporate Seal.
name of this place was South
Allington, or Ealington, to distinguish it from a manor
called Allington, a mile north of the town. According to
Leland, its present appellation was acquired from the
great reverence paid here to the head of a British virgin,
who was one of the eleven thousand maidens said to
have suffered martyrdom with St. Ursula. But in an-
cient records it is called Mayden-hithe, confirming the
more probable opinion, that the name of the place refers
to its having been an extensive wharf for timber :
bridge was erected over the Thames previously to the
year 1297, which consisted of timber, and a tree was
allowed annually out of Windsor Forest for its repair.
Being situated on one of the great western roads, it
was the seat of much contention during the troubles of
the seventeenth century: at the Greyhound Inn in this
town, the unfortunate Charles I. had his last interview
with his family; and in 1688, the bridge was fortified,
and a few Irish soldiers were posted upon it, in order
to impede the progress of the Prince of Orange to the
metropolis, who, however, deserted their post and cannon
in the night, on hearing a Dutch march beat by the
townsmen. This structure was succeeded by the present
elegant edifice, consisting of seven semicircular arches
of stone, with three smaller arches of brick at each end,
built by the corporation, from a design and under the
direction of Sir Robert Taylor, in 1772, at an expense
of about £20,000; the central arch separating the
counties of Berks and Buckingham: by an act of par-
liament passed that year the corporation were autho-
rised to transfer the tolls received from vessels passing
under the bridge to the road over it. The town, situ-
ated on the road to Bath, consists principally of one
street, which extends from the bridge to the bottom of
Folley hill, separating the two parishes, the north side
being in that of Cookham, and the south in that of
Bray it is lighted and paved, and is now the great
thoroughfare from the metropolis to Bath, Bristol, and
the West of England. The adjacent country is in a
high state of cultivation, and is richly adorned with
woodland scenery, interspersed with elegant villas.
The trade is principally in malt, corn, meal, and
timber, which articles are conveyed by water to Lon-
don ;
and the interests of the town are further pro-
moted by the daily passage of not less than sixty-eight
coaches, and by its proximity to the Thames, which
skirts its eastern extremity. The market, established
by letters patent of Henry VI., is on Wednesday:
there are three fairs, each of which continues for three
days, and commence respectively on the Wednesday in
Whitsun-week, for horses, horned cattle, and pigs;
September 29th, for horses, cattle, and the hiring of
servants; and November 30th, for horses and other
VOL. III.
X
SI
.
JOKIS
GODR
cattle. The principal inhabitants of this town, with
some of the inmates of the priory of Hurley, were consti-
tuted a guild, or fraternity, so early as 1352, by letters
patent of Edward III.; their principal object being to
keep the bridge in proper repair and uphold the chan-
tries, for which purpose a toll was granted at the bridge,
on the river, and on all commodities sold in the mar-
ket: these privileges were confirmed and extended by
Henry VI., suspended at the Reformation, and renewed
by Elizabeth, who four years afterwards granted the
first charter of incorporation, with the style of warden,
bridge-masters, and burgesses; which charter was re-
newed by James I., and with still further privileges by
Charles II. The charter of the present corporate body,
which consists of eleven burgesses, out of whom are
chosen annually a mayor and two bridge-masters, with
power to appoint a high steward, recorder, town-clerk,
and other officers, was granted by James II. The
mayor, who is both clerk of the market and coroner,
the late mayor, the high steward, and the recorder, are
justices of the peace, and hold a session quarterly in
the town-hall, a handsome and commodious struc-
ture, under which the market is held. Under the char-
ter of James II. the mayor and corporation have power
to hold a court of record on Friday, every three weeks,
for the recovery of debts not exceeding £20. Petty
sessions for the division are held here by the county
magistrates on the second and fourth Monday in every
month. There is a small gaol for the temporary con-
finement of criminals.
The chapel, dedicated to St. Andrew and St. Mary
Magdalene, is of modern erection, and presents a good
specimen of ancient English architecture: it was erect-
ed by subscription, aided by a grant of £500 from the
Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels, on the condition that four hundred of
the sittings should be free. The present building was
erected nearly on the site of the former chapel, which
was taken down in consequence of its being too small
for the accommodation of the inhabitants, and forming
an obstruction in the public road. The living is a per-
petual curacy, within the archdeaconry of Berks, and
diocese of Salisbury, endowed with £490 private bene-
faction, £400 royal bounty, and a small annual pay-
ment from the Exchequer; it has a commodious resi-
dence, built by the corporation for the use of the in-
cumbent.
cumbent. The chapel is furnished with a very excellent
organ, the bequest of Lady Ann Pocock, and ornamented
with a very fine altar-piece, painted and presented by
Isaac Pocock, Esq., of Maidenhead Bridge: the incum-
bent is styled " the Chaplain of the free chapel of Maiden-
head," and is presented by the Corporation. The esta-
blishment dates its origin at a very early period: it had
originally a chantry, dedicated to St. Andrew, built by
Margaret of France, sister of Philip the Fair, and se-
cond consort of Edward I. of England, upon a piece of
ground granted by that king out of his manors of Bray
and Cookham, the letters patent of which grant were
confirmed by her grandson, Richard II., which still
exists, under the great seal of that monarch, with the
muniments of the corporation: a chantry, dedicated to
St. Mary Magdalene, was annexed, in the reign of Ed-
ward III., with a bequest of one hundred marks, to the
priory of Hurley, to provide a priest to say mass in the
chapel. It is a curious fact, that in the protestant reign
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of Elizabeth, new letters patent were granted by that
queen to this religious fraternity, confirming all for-
mer privileges, with its ancient Roman Catholic rights,
which instrument still exists; but this resuscitation
continued only for four years, when the guild was
abolished, and a lay corporation substituted. There
are places of worship for the Society of Friends, those
in the late Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, and
Independents. An almshouse for eight poor men and
their wives was founded, in 1659, by James Smyth,
Esq.; the original endowment of £40 per annum was
augmented with £8 per annum for fuel, by Mrs. Smyth:
the trust of this charity is vested in the Master and
Wardens of the Salters' Company. A National school
is well supported, partly by contribution, and partly by
an endowment of £ 30 per annum, from an estate given
by Abraham Spoore, for educating and apprenticing poor
boys, producing about £60 per annum, and a rent-
charge of £5 per annum, the bequest of Elizabeth
Merry, in 1686, for educating five boys. Sir Isaac and
Lady Pocock bequeathed property for supplying poor
persons weekly with bread, and one hundred families
with bread, meat, and coal, at Christmas; also £50 in
small sums to the aged and infirm, at the commence-
ment of every year.
A Sunday school was established
and endowed by Lady Pocock, for thirty girls; and
every two years a bounty of £100, in sums of £10 each,
is given to ten female servants of good character, who
shall have lived in the same family for a period of seven
years other bounties are derived from the same source
by the county and neighbourhood, which do not imme-
diately apply to the town, viz., £30 a year to the parish
of Cookham, and £50 per annum to the widows and
orphans of poor clergymen of the county of Berks.
►
MAIDEN-NEWTON, a parish in the hundred of
TOLLERFORD, Dorchester division of the county of
DORSET, 8 miles (N. W.) from Dorchester, containing
84
520 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in
the king's books at £30. 5., and in the patronage of
Lord Ilchester. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is
an ancient cruciform structure, with a large embattled
tower rising from the intersection. Near it is the
rectory-house, a spacious antique building, the windows
exhibiting the arms of Wadham, Wyndham, &c., in
stained glass. The privilege of holding a market was
granted in the 5th of Henry III., and subsequently a
fair for cattle on November 22nd; the former has been
long disused. George Browne, in 1774, bequeathed a
rent-charge of £21 for teaching ten poor children.
MAIDEN-WELL, a parish in the Wold division of
the hundred of LOUTH-ESKE, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 5 miles (S.) from Louth.
The popu-
lation is returned with Farforth. The living is a dis-
The living is a dis-
charged vicarage with the rectory of Farforth, united
in 1753 to the rectory of Ruckland, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Lincoln.
3
MAIDFORD, a parish in the hundred of GREENS-
NORTON, County of NORTHAMPTON, 52 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Towcester, containing 319 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of North-
ampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the
king's books at £8.8.9., and in the patronage of the
Rev. Sampson Henry White. The church is dedicated
to St. Peter and St. Paul.
Seal and Arms.
MAIDSTONE, a borough,
market town, and parish,
having separate jurisdiction,
locally in the hundred of
Maidstone, lathe of AYLES-
FORD, county of KENT, of
which it is the county town,
8 miles (S.) from Roches-
ter, and 34 (S. E. by E.) from
London, containing, accord-
ing to the last census, 12,508
inhabitants, and now about
14,000. Some writers have supposed this to be the
Caer Meguiad, or Megwad, enumerated by Nennius among
the principal cities in Britain. Camden considers it to be
the Vagniaca mentioned in the second Itinerary of Anto-
ninus: modern authors, however, are doubtful relative to
the accuracy of this latter opinion, on a supposition that
that celebrated antiquary had mistaken the Watling-
street road for another Roman road passing this town
to London, from the Portus Lemanis, which had become
the landing-place for the Romans after the Portus Rutu-
pensis and Dubris had fallen into disuse. All, however,
allow Maidstone to have been occupied by the Romans,
and that it was, at an early period, a place of consider-
able note. Several Roman cions and urns have been
The Saxons named it
found in the neighbourhood.
Medwegestun, a town on the Medwege, or middle river,
now Medway. In Domesday-book it is written Med-
destane; and in records of the time of Edward I., May-
denestane, from which the transition to its present ap-
pellation is easy. Among the historical events which
contribute to distinguish this place, may be mentioned
the celebrated meeting held on Penenden heath, about
a mile north-eastward from the town, for the purpose
of adjusting the differences that had arisen between
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Odo, Earl of
Kent, brother of the Conqueror, in consequence of the
appropriation by the latter of various lands and privi-
leges previously enjoyed by the primate, and which this
assembly decided should be restored. During the reign
of Mary, Maidstone was deprived of its charter, in
consequence of the firmness the inhabitants evinced
in support of the Protestant cause, by opposing the
queen's marriage with Philip of Spain: many of them
were put to death, and Sir Thomas Wyatt, who had ex-
cited them to make a stand in favour of their religious
principles, was executed on Hay hill, London, and his
estates were confiscated. In 1648, the town was stormed
by Fairfax, at the head of ten thousand of the parliament-
ary forces, and taken, after a most obstinate resistance
on the part of the royalists.
DSTON
AYD
DESIG
HT:
KWA
SIGILLS
HAD
•HUTTIA:
The town, which is well paved and lighted, and con-
sists chiefly of four large streets, stands principally on
the eastern bank of the river Medway, over which is a
bridge of five arches. The inhabitants are plentifully sup-
plied with excellent water, conveyed from a reservoir at
Rocky hill, about half a mile from the town, by means
of pipes laid across the bed of the Medway. The gas-
works were constructed by, and at the expense of, an
individual named Gosling, and afterwards sold to a
number of the inhabitants, who, by an act of parlia-
ment, were constituted The Maidstone Gas-light and
Coke Company. Pleasantly situated on the bank of the
Medway are the barracks, used as a depôt for the
MAI
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203
king's regiments of cavalry serving in the East Indies,
and at the Cape of Good Hope, and for drilling recruits
previously to embarkation: the establishment consists
of a commandant, staff-captain, paymaster, surgeon,
adjutant, riding-master, and commissioned and non-
commissioned officers. The building is principally of
wood, painted white, and, amidst the trees that orna-
ment the ground, has a very picturesque appearance.
Opposite the barrack, on the other side of the road, are
the county ball-rooms, built in 1819. The theatre, a
neat small building, is opened every third year, for a
limited number of nights. In 1824, a philosophical so-
ciety was established, which has been dissolved. The
river Medway being navigable up to the town for large
hoys, Maidstone enjoys all the advantages of a cheap
communication by water with the metropolis. A very
large quantity of paper, and that of the finest kind,
is made here; and many of the inhabitants are em-
ployed in the manufacture of blankets, thread, hop-bag-
ging, ropes, linseed oil, and oil-cakes; and a consider-
able trade is carried on in corn, timber, grocery, or-
chard-fruit, and hops; for the production of which two
latter, the soil in the neighbourhood is particularly
favourable. Formerly this town was celebrated for a
distillery of gin, which partook of the flavour of Hol-
lands, and was much in demand, but the establishment
has been broken up. The market for corn and hops
The market for corn and hops
is held on Thursday, under part of the Mitre Inn; and
at the back of these premises, that for provisions, on
Thursday and Saturday: the market for cattle is on
the second Tuesday in each month; and the fairs are,
February 13th, May 12th, June 20th, and October 17th,
for cattle and pedlary, and the last for hops: during
the fairs, a court of pie-powder is held for their
regulation.
This town was incorporated, in 1549, by Edward VI.
Several charters were granted to it by succeeding
ceeding
monarchs; and under that of George II., in 1748, by
which it is now governed, the civil power is vested in a
mayor, recorder, twelve jurats, and forty common coun-
cil-men, assisted by a town-clerk and other officers.
The mayor (who must be elected from amongst the
jurats), the recorder, and the three senior jurats, are
justices of the peace, and the mayor is also coroner and
clerk of the market. The corporation hold quarter
sessions for the trial of persons charged with offences
not capital; also a court of pleas every alternate
Tuesday, which takes cognizance of "all and all man-
ner of actions, personal and mixed, and of granting
replevins ;" the jurisdiction of which includes the
parishes of Maidstone, Allington, Barming, Boxley,
East Farleigh, Linton, Looze, and Otham, and the
hamlets of Mill Hale and New Hythe. A court leet is
held annually, at which constables for the town are
chosen. The assizes for the county, and the quarter
sessions for the western division, are also held here.
The shire-hall, near which malefactors are executed,
stands on that part of Penenden heath which is in the
parish of Boxley it is a neat edifice of stone, rebuilt
in 1830, but not larger, nor more commodious, than
the former. Maidstone returns two members to par-
liament: the right of election is in the freemen not
receiving alms; their number, of whom five hundred
are resident, is about nine hundred: the mayor is the
returning officer. The freedom is obtained by appren-
ticeship, and is enjoyed by the eldest son of a freeman,
by right of primogeniture; and by the younger sons,
on paying forty shillings each: strangers are admitted,
with the consent of the corporation, on the payment
of a fine. The county elections also take place here.
The new county gaol, situated at the end of the town,
on the road leading to Rochester, and built of rag-stone
procured on the spot, was finished in 1818, at an
expense of £200,000 it encloses within its walls four-
teen acres of ground, and contains thirty-four wards
and four hundred and fifty cells for males, and seven
wards and eighty-two cells for females, besides a tread-
mill, at which eighty persons may work together the
average number of prisoners is three hundred and fifty,
and the annual expenditure from £4000 to £5000.
New courts, in which the assizes are held, have lately
been built in front of the gaol.
:
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar ju-
risdiction and patronage of the Archbishop of Canter-
bury. The church, situated at the south-western end of
the town, is dedicated to All Saints, and is the largest in
the county, but when built is not with certainty known.
Archbishop Courtenay obtained leave of Richard II. to
convert the parochial church into a collegiate one, for
the warden, chaplain, &c., of the college which he had
here founded, on which occasion he probably added
the chancel. The church had formerly two chantries,
one founded in 1366, by Robert Vinter, of the parish of
Boxley, and the other about 1405, by Thomas Arundel,
Archbishop of Canterbury: on the dissolution of the
college, the church was again used for its original pur-
pose. From the tower formerly rose a spire eighty feet
high, covered with lead, which was destroyed by light-
ning, November 2nd, 1730. The altar-piece, painted
by Mr. William Jefferys, a native of this town, justly
excites admiration. In the vestry-room is the paro-
chial library,
chial library, considerably augmented in 1735, by a
collection of books left by Dr. Bray, perpetual curate
of St. Botolph's, Aldgate, and the founder of parochial
libraries, to any corporate town in the south of En-
gland, that should pay £50 to his executors; the inha-
bitants of Maidstone, having raised a subscription for
the purpose, availed themselves of this conditional be-
quest: amongst other scarce works, the library con-
tains a copy, given by the corporation, of Bishop Wal-
ton's Polyglott Bible, published about 1630.
A new
church, containing one thousand two hundred free
seats, and eight hundred others, has been recently built,
at an expense of about £13,000. There are two places
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists, and one each for
Baptists, the Society of Friends, Independents, and
Unitarians.
·
The free grammar school was founded in the reign
of Edward VI., by the corporation, who purchased, for
£205. 4., the house and lands that belonged to the
fraternity of Corpus Christi: this sum, which was the
proceeds of the sale of jewellery, plate, &c., of the
college founded by Archbishop Courtenay, in 1396, was
given to the corporation by the commissioners appoint-
ed on the dissolution of this college, to superintend the
sale of its effects, for the benefit of the crown, on con-
dition of their founding and endowing a school. The
master, who must be a clergyman of the established
church, receives from the corporation an annual stipend
of £20; he is likewise entitled to the rent of sixteen
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204
acres of land in Romney-Marsh, pursuant to the will of
Dr. John Davy, proved in 1649; and £6 a year arising
from the purchase of the land-tax of the living of Hoo,
near Rochester, given by Mr. John Rice, in 1805; he
has also a house rent-free. The school has two scho-
larships in University College, Oxford, founded agree-
ably to the will, dated December 15th, 1618, of the
Rev. Robert Gunsley, rector of Tilsey, Surrey, who be-
queathed the rectory and parsonage of Flamstead, Herts,
to the master and fellows of the above college, for
founding four scholarships of £15 per annum each,
with chambers; two in favour of this school, and two
for that at Rochester; directing, nevertheless, that
preference should be given to the founder's kindred,
wherever born; and afterwards limiting the benefit of
his bequest to natives of the county of Kent. The
will further provides, that the master and fellows of this
college shall appoint a curate to the church of Flam-
stead, with a salary of £60 per annum; and that, on a
vacancy occurring in the curacy, those who have been
appointed to the scholarships shall have the option of
refusing it. In 1827 was instituted a subscription aca-
demy, of which the following are the prominent par-
ticulars it consists of one hundred shares of £20 each,
transferable on certain conditions: shareholders are enti-
tled to nominate a pupil for each share, paying annually
ten guineas per share, including books and all expenses:
the management is vested in a committee of proprietors,
a treasurer, and a secretary: the masters are nominated
by the committee, but elected by proprietors at a general
meeting; the head-master must be a graduate of the
University of Oxford or Cambridge, and in orders, and
his fixed salary is £225 a year; that of the second mas-
ter is £195; and that of the third, £60; but when the
number of pupils exceeds fifty, an addition of £3, £2,
and £1, for each, is made to the salaries of the masters
respectively. The education is English, classical, and ma-
thematical: lectures are delivered, monthly at least, by
the masters, on literature and the arts and sciences; and
public examinations of the pupils take place in the week
previous to the vacations at Midsummer and Christmas:
the French language, drawing, dancing, music, and other
accomplishments are taught, and paid for extra: none
are admitted under six years of age; and the masters
are allowed to take pupils of the institution as boarders,
under certain regulations.
:
The almshouses
thousand six hundred members.
founded and endowed are, six by Sir John Banks, Bart.,
a native of this town, and one of its representatives in
several parliaments, who, by will in 1697, bequeathed
the clear yearly income of £60, for six aged persons
of both sexes, with comfortable habitations; six by
Edward Hunter, Esq., in 1748, for three poor men, and
the same number of women, with £8 per annum to
each; four by John Brenchley, Esq., in 1789, for aged
men, with £12 per annum to each; and three by Mrs.
Duke, for decayed gentlewomen.
Maidstone contains but few objects to gratify the re-
searches of the antiquary. The palace, which was for-
merly the residence of the archbishops of Canterbury,
was commenced, in 1348, by Archbishop Ufford, and
finished by Simon Islip; it now forms two dwelling-
houses. An hospital for pilgrims, or travellers, was
founded in 1244, or, according to some, in 1260, by
Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, and de-
dicated to St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. Thomas the Mar-
tyr. Walter Reynolds, a successor of Boniface in that
see, appropriated to the hospital the churches of Sut-
ton, Lillington, alias Linton, and East Farleigh: the re-
venue was afterwards transferred to the college founded
by Archbishop Courtenay. There are some doubts as
to the exact situation of this hospital, but the best
authorities suppose it to have stood in the West Bo-
rough; it was called the hospital of the New work of
Prestes Helle: its remains are extensive, including a
large building, almost perfect, probably the chapel: a
dwelling-house erected on part of the site is still
known by the name of Newark. The college, which
possessed various lands and advowsons, was dissolved,
according to one account, about 1538; but the best
evidence is in favour of its dissolution about 1546,
when an act was passed for the suppression of all col-
leges, free chapels, and chantries: it is now used as a
farm-house, and appears to have been a fine specimen
of decorated English architecture. The house of the
fraternity of Corpus Christi, now used as the free gram-
mar school, was founded by a few of the inhabitants:
the religious of both sexes of this fraternity professed
the rules of St. Benedict, and their number was from
one hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty. A
small part of St. Faith's church, considered by some pa-
rochial, though the best accounts call it a free chapel, is
still remaining: it was, at successive periods, used as a
place of worship by the Walloons, who settled in this
town in the reign of Elizabeth, and by English Presby ·
terians in digging the foundation for a soap-manufac-
tory, near to the ground on which it stood, several
human skeletons were found.
The Blue-coat school, founded in 1711, by the Rev.
Dr. Woodward, for clothing and educating fifty-three
boys and forty-three girls, has an annual permanent
income of £138. 10., under the management of seven
trustees, and is further supported by donations and sub-
scriptions. The Green-coat school, for clothing and edu-
cating twelve boys and twelve girls, is supported by sub-
scription. Sir Charles Booth's school, endowed by him
in 1795, with the interest of £2000 (now augmented
to more than £3000) is under the direction of trustees,
and affords instruction to thirty-five boys and thirty-
five girls; and the Brown-coat school, for clothing and
educating twenty-four boys and twenty-four girls, and
educating, in addition, about two hundred boys and one
hundred girls, is supported by contributions among the
dissenters. A National and a Lancasterian school are
also supported by voluntary contributions. There are
several societies for the relief of the indigent; a savings'
bank; and ten benefit societies, composed of nearly one
The Rev. William Newton, some time vicar of Gil-
lingham in Dorsetshire, who, in 1751, published the
History and Antiquities of Maidstone, was born in this
town. Also William Woollet, whose talents as an artist
obtained for him the honourable appointment of en-
graver to the king, and to whose memory a monument,
finely executed by Banks, was erected in the cloisters of
Westminster abbey: the Niobe, from Wilson's celebra-
ted picture; the Death of Wolfe; and the Fishery, are
considered the most masterly of his productions: he
died in 1785, in his fiftieth year, and was interred in
St. Pancras' churchyard, London. James Jefferys, son
of the above-mentioned William, who painted the altar-
.
==
MAK
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205
piece in the church, was also born here; he far excelled
his father in the art of painting, and his bold outline
pen-drawings are considered equal to those of the cele-
brated Mortimer. In the churchyard of this town are
deposited the remains of William Shipley, Esq., who re-
sided here, and was the founder of the Society for the
Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce.
Maidstone gives the title of viscount to the Earl of
Winchilsea.
MAIDWELL, a parish in the hundred of RоTH-
WELL, county of NORTHAMPTON, 10 miles (N.) from
Northampton, containing 279 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£10. 8. 14., and in the patronage of Henry Hungerford
Holdish Hungerford, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. There is good lime and building stone in
the parish. In a place called the Dales is a petrifying
´spring, and a chalybeate spring near Scotland wood.
MAINSFORTH, a township in the parish of BI-
SHOP'S MIDDLEHAM, north-eastern division of STOCK-
TON ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 83 miles (S. S. E.)
from Durham, containing 44 inhabitants. The Little
Skerne runs through the township: this rivulet was
anciently diverted from its original course to form a
deep fosse round a circular fortification, still called the
Mainfort, situated on a commanding eminence, and sup-
posed to have been successively occupied by the Romans
and the Danes: it comprises an area of about sixteen
acres, exclusively of out-works, of which vestiges have
frequently been discovered. Some years ago a pair of
moose deer horns was found in a cave called the
Dane's hole, on the summit of the fort. On an adjoin-
ing hill is an old house, called the Swan-house, where
certain dues to the convent of Durham, and afterwards
to the chapter, were formerly paid. Limestone abounds
in the parish.
MAINSTONE, a parish partly in the hundred of
PURSLOW, County of SALOP, and partly in the hundred
and county of MONTGOMERY, containing 451 inhabit-
ants, 42 miles (W. by S.) from Bishop's Castle. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop,
and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£4. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Earl of Powis.
The church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
MAISEY-HAMPTON, county of GLOUCESTER.
See HAMPTON (MAISEY).
MAISMORE, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of DUDSTONE and KING'S BARTON, county of
GLOUCESTER, 23 miles (N.N. W.) from Gloucester, con-
taining 404 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester,
endowed with £600 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Gloucester. The church, de-
dicated to St. Giles, is partly Norman, but principally
in the decorated and later English styles. A branch
of the navigable river Severn is here crossed by a
bridge.
on
archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £23. 11. 0½., and in the patron-
age of the Crown. The church, dedicated to St. Macra,
is in Devonshire, and, occupying a commanding site
a hill between Mount-Edgcumbe and Ramhead,
its steeple serves as a land-mark, and in time of war
There are
is used as a signal-house.
some inter-
esting monuments to the Edgcumbe family, whose
title of Earl is derived from their noble domain in this
parish, which exhibits the grandest and most beautiful
scenery, and from which there is an extensive prospect
southward, over Cawsand bay and the channel; Eddy-
stone lighthouse, distant twelve miles, being also con-
spicuous. The commander of the Spanish Armada was
so captivated by the appearance of the mansion and
grounds of Mount-Edgcumbe from the sea, that he de-
termined on appropriating them to himself, as a reward
for the victory which he anticipated. Mount-Edgcumbe
house, built in the reign of Mary, was the last garrison
but one (Salcombe) which held out for Charles I. The
parish is bounded on the south-east by Plymouth sound,
for the defence of which there is a formidable battery on
the heights above the village of Maker. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. At the populous
village of Inceworth, which was formerly a market town,
is a fair for cattle on May 1st; and another at Milbrook,
also an ancient market town, on September 29th, when
courts leet and baron are held for that ancient borough
and the manor of Inceworth, at which a portreeve, con-
stables, and other officers, are chosen.
MAKER, a parish partly in the southern division of
the hundred of EAST, County of CORNWALL, and partly
in the hundred of ROBOROUGH, county of DEVON, 2
miles (S. by W.) from Devonport, containing, with the
town of Milbrook, and the tything of Vaultershome, 3018
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
MALBOROUGH, a parish in the hundred of STAN-
BOROUGH, county of DEVON, 4 miles (S.W. by S.) from
Kingsbridge, containing, with the chapelry of Salcombe,
1552 inhabitants.
1552 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
annexed to the vicarage of West Allington, in the
archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of Exeter. The
church which has a spire ninety feet high, stands on a
commanding eminence near Bolt-head, on the English
channel. Here is an endowed school for eight children.
There are slight remains of Ilton castle, erected about
1336; also of another, called Fort Charles, repaired by
Charles I., at an expense of £3000; during the civil
war, it was captured by the forces of the parliament in
1645. Lord Viscount Courtenay holds a court of Ad-
miralty here for an extensive line of coast. In some
parts of the parish, lemons, oranges, citrons, and olives,
flourish in the open air, having only temporary protec-
tion in very severe weather. A plant of the Mediter-
ranean aloe having here attained the height of twenty-
seven feet, blossomed before it was quite twenty years
old, and then withered away, leaving numerous suckers
at its root.
MALDEN, a parish in the second division of the hun-
dred of KINGSTON, county of SURREY, 2 miles (N. by
W.) from Ewell, containing 250 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of Chessington
annexed, in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese of
Winchester, rated in the king's books at £S. 5., and in
the patronage of the Warden and Fellows of Merton
College, Oxford. The church is dedicated to St. John :
near it is the site of the original establishment of
Merton College, founded in 1264, and removed to Ox-
ford in 1267. A small but rapid stream, called the
Hogs-Mill river, rises in this parish, and falls into the
Thames at Kingston. In the chapelry of Chessington
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206
DE
is a powerful chalybeate spring, termed Jessop's well,
once much celebrated, but now almost forsaken. A
free school is maintained by the vicar; and a National
school is supported by annual contributions.
Seal and Arms of Maldon.
...
MALDON
->>->>
THA.
Obverse.
SIGILLYM
VNE
MALDON
*.
DE
VILLÆ
*
B
ISROKO.
SIGILLY
COMMVNE
Reverse
MALDON, a borough, port, and market town, hav-
ing separate jurisdiction, though locally in the hun-
dred of Dengie, county of ESSEX, 10 miles (E.) from
Chelmsford, and 38 (E. N. E.) from London, containing
1398 inhabitants. This place is, by Camden, in
which opinion he is supported by Horsley, supposed
to have been the Camalodunum of the Romans, one of
the earliest colonies established by that people in
Britain, and which other antiquaries have fixed at
Colchester. Its name is said to have been derived from
an altar dedicated to Mars, under the name of Camulus,
by which also that divinity is designated in some
coins, still extant, of Cunobeline, King of the Trino-
bantes, who, prior to the conquest of the Romans, had
his royal residence in the town. During its occupation
by the Romans, in the reign of Nero, it was destroyed
by an insurrection of the Britons, who defeated, with
great slaughter, the ninth Roman Legion, which had
been sent to its assistance. From the Roman name
Camalodunum, it was called by the Saxons Meal dune,
or Male dune, from which its present appellation is
evidently derived. During the time of the Saxons, it
does not appear to have been distinguished by any events
of importance previously to its destruction by the Danes,
from which it was restored by Edward the Elder, son of
Alfred, who, to guard it against future attacks, fortified
it with a castle, of which there are at present no visible
remains. The town is pleasantly situated on an emi-
nence, near the confluence of the rivers Blackwater and
Chelmer, and consists principally of one spacious street,
extending for more than a mile from west to east, inter-
sected by a smaller street: the houses, which were in
general ancient, have been much improved in their ap-
pearance, and within the last half-century, many ranges
of handsome modern ones have been erected: the
town is partially paved, and amply supplied with water
from several wells lately made. A library was founded
by Dr. Thomas Plume, who bequeathed all his books and
pictures to this town, with £2 per annum for the pur-
chase of additional volumes, and £40 per annum as a
salary to a librarian in holy orders, who should reside in
the town; and there are some book societies, which to
gether constitute the chief sources of recreation. The
haven, formed by the bay of the Blackwater river, affords
safe anchorage to vessels not drawing more than eight
feet of water; ships of heavier burden anchor in the
offing, and discharge their cargoes by lighters on the
quay: the trade of the port is principally in coal, of
which, not less than ninety thousand chaldrons are, on
the average, imported annually; also in corn, deals,
and iron. There is an excellent fishery, extending for
more than twenty miles along the coast, and oysters of
very superior quality, called the Wall-fleet oysters, are
found here in abundance. The custom-house is a neat
brick building. A canal from Haybridge to Chelmsford
passes within a mile of the town. The market, prin-
cipally for corn, is on Saturday: the fairs are on
May 1st, for horses, cattle, and sheep, and on the 13th
and 14th of September.
MALDON SIGILIVMS OFF

BEATNIK CITY
ELUARA
:
STIV
The town was made a
free borough by William
de Mandeville, Earl of Es-
sex, in the reign of Hen-
ry III., and exempted from
all foreign service, except
finding one ship for the
use of the king, for forty
days it received its first
charter of incorporation
from Henry II., and an-
other from Queen Mary,
:

Admiralty Seal.
in 1553; which being forfeited in the 4th of George III.
the town remained for forty-six years without a char-
ter, till 1810, when the present charter was granted,
by which the government is vested in a mayor, re-
corder, six aldermen, and eighteen capital burgesses,
assisted by a town-clerk, chamberlain, water-bailiff,
and other officers. The mayor is chosen annually
by the aldermen and capital burgesses, the aldermen by
the mayor and capital burgesses, and the capital bur-
gesses by the mayor and aldermen the mayor, the
recorder, and the two senior aldermen, are justices of
the peace within the borough: the freedom is inherited
by birth, and obtained by marriage with a freeman's
daughter, by servitude, by purchase, or by gift. The
corporation hold quarterly courts of session, on the days
before those for the county, for offences not capital;
and have power to hold a court of record, for the reco-
very of debts to any amount; but this privilege has
not been exercised under the new charter a court
leet, with view of frank-pledge, is also held, at which
a headborough and constables are appointed. The bo-
rough, besides its jurisdiction on land, extends twenty-
five miles to sea, to the eastward of the Knowle sands.
The petty sessions for the hundred of Dengie are held
here every Saturday.
here every Saturday. The town-hall is
The town-hall is an ancient
edifice of brick, built in the reign of Henry VI., called
D'Arcy's tower; it contains a neat court for the busi-
ness of the sessions, a council-room for the meetings
of the corporation, and a banquet-room. The custom
of Borough English prevails here. The borough first ex-
ercised the elective franchise in the 2nd of Edward III.,
since which time it has continued to return two mem-
bers to parliament: the right of election is vested in the
freemen not receiving alms, of whom, resident and
non-resident, the number is about three thousand five
hundred the mayor is the returning officer.
The borough comprises the parishes of All Saints,
St. Peter, and St. Mary; the two former in the arch-
deaconry of Essex, and diocese of London, and the last
a royal peculiar, in the jurisdiction of the Dean and
Chapter of Westminster. The living of All Saints
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207
is a vicarage, with which that of St. Peter is united,
rated in the king's books at £10, and in the patronage
of the Rev. C. Matthew. The church is an ancient and
spacious structure, in the early Norman and early En-
glish styles of architecture, with a triangular tower sur-
mounted by an hexagonal spire; in the south aisle are
three chapels, or chantries, founded by Robert D'Arcy,
in the reign of Henry VI.: there are various ancient
monuments, and a tablet of white marble to the memory
of John Vernon, a Turkey merchant, who died in 1653,
with a Latin inscription attributing to him the discovery,
in the ancient city of Smyrna, of some manuscripts and
relics which he brought over to his native country.
Edward Bright, a shopkeeper in the town, who died in
1750, aged twenty-nine, was with much difficulty in-
terred in this church: he had attained the unusual
weight of forty-four stone; the body was drawn to the
church in a carriage upon rollers, and lowered into the
vault by means of a triangle and pulleys. The living
of St. Peter is a vicarage not in charge, united to that
of All Saints. The church has been demolished, the
tower only remaining, adjoining to which is the library
erected by Dr. Thomas Plume. The living of St. Mary's
is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the Dean and
Chapter of Westminster. The church, a spacious and
very ancient structure, is said to have been founded
prior to the Norman Conquest, by Ingelric, a Saxon
nobleman; part of the tower and church was rebuilt
in the reign of Charles I. There are places of worship
for the Society of Friends, Independents, and Wesleyan
Methodists.
:
structure a mixture of stone and of bricks and tiles,
which appear to have been of Roman origin. A gold
coin of Nero and Agrippina, and a coin of Vespasian,
have been found at this place. To the west of the town
are the remains of a camp, through which is the road
to Chelmsford it is of quadrilateral form, including
twenty-two acres; three sides of the ramparts are
visible, and the fourth is occupied by buildings: on the
north is a fine spring, called Cromwell's spring. Dr.
Thomas Plume, Archdeacon of Rochester, whose public
benefactions to this town have been already recorded,
and who founded the Plumean Professorship of Astro-
nomy and Experimental Philosophy at Cambridge, was
born at Maldon in 1680, and died in 1704. Maldon
gives the inferior title of viscount to the Earl of Essex.
MALHAM, a township in that part of the parish
of KIRKBY in MALHAM-DALE which is in the western
division of the wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and Ew-
CROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, 54 miles
(E. by S.) from Settle, containing 262 inhabitants.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
Rowland Brayshaw, in 1717, conveyed land, &c., for
the support of a free school, the income arising from
which is £49 per annum. The river Aire has its
source here, in a fine lake stored with trout and
perch: the vicinity abounds with scenery of a roman-
tic character. Malham Cove is a remarkable natural
amphitheatre of limestone rock, rising to the height of
two hundred and eighty-six feet; at its base issues a
small subterranean brook, the passage for which, when
flooded, not being capacious enough to discharge its
swollen stream, the waters rise to the summit of the
rock, and tumble down in a fine cataract.
MALHAM-MOOR, a township in that part of the
parish of KIRKBY in MALHAM-DALE which is in the
western division of the wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and
EwCROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, 5 miles
(N. E.) from Settle, containing 88 inhabitants.
MALLERSTANG, a chapelry in the parish of
KIRKBY-STEPHEN, EAST ward, county of WESTMOR-
LAND, 3 miles (S. by E.) from Kirkby-Stephen, con-
taining 243 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, en-
dowed with £600 private benefaction, and £600 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Earl of Thanet. The
chapel, having fallen to ruin, was repaired in 1663, by
the celebrated Countess of Pembroke, who endowed it
with lands near Sedbergh in Yorkshire, then worth £11
a year, on condition that the curate should teach the
children of the dale to read and write, in a room over
the west end of the chapel; and in compliance there-
with about thirty are instructed. At Castlethwaite are
the ruins of a square tower, that formed part of Pen-
dragon castle, built by Uter Pendragon, in the time of
Vortigern, the walls of which are twelve feet thick. It
was at one period the seat of the Lords de Clifford, and
was burned by the Scots about the year 1541, but was
completely repaired in 1661, by the Countess of Pem-
broke, who also built the bridge across the Eden, and
erected the stone pillar on the hill called Morrill's Seat.
The castle was dismantled by the Earl of Thanet in
1681: near it is an ancient fortification, surrounded
by a moat and vallum. At the southern extremity
of the chapelry rises the lofty mountain called Wild
Boar fell.
Ralph Breder, in 1608, bequeathed £300 for the
endowment of a free grammar school; to which a
rent-charge of £3 was added by Mrs. Anastatia Went-
worth; and the farm of Iltney, in the parish of Mun-
den, by Dr. Plume, for the clothing and instruction
of six boys of either parish. A National school, in
which three hundred children are instructed, is sup-
ported by subscription. Dr. Plume bequeathed £2000
for charitable uses, and £100 as a marriage portion for
five poor maidens of this parish, and five of the parish
of Greenwich in Kent, who had lived for seven years
in one service, and were above twenty-four years of
age: there are also other charitable bequests for distri-
bution among the poor. Within less than a mile of the
town are the remains of the abbey of Beleigh, founded
in 1180, by Robert Mantell, for Premonstratensian ca-
nons, and dedicated to St. Nicholas, the revenue of
which, at the dissolution, was £ 196. 6. 5.: the chapel,
which is the most perfect portion of the ruins, is a
small edifice, chiefly in the early style of English archi-
tecture, with later insertions: the roof is groined,
and supported on slender-shafted columns, and grace-
fully pointed arches: Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex,
and his Countess, were interred in this chapel; and in
digging for gravel in the ground adjoining, some leaden
coffins and skeletons were discovered. A priory for
Carmelite friars was founded here, in 1292, by Richard
Gravesend, Bishop of London, the revenue of which, at
the dissolution, was £26. 0. 8.; but there are no vestiges
of it at present, except the garden walls. An hospital for
lepers was also founded here by one of the English
monarchs, prior to the 16th of Edward II., which, by
Edward IV., was annexed to the abbey of Beleigh: the
remains, now converted into a barn, exhibit in their
-
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1
MALLING (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
LARKFIELD, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 42
miles (W. N. W.) from Maidstone, containing 1403 inha-
bitants. The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the
king's books at £10. 8. 4., and in the patronage of Sir
J. Twisden, Bart. The church, dedicated to St. James,
is a handsome structure, with a square western tower.
A fair for pedlary is held on August 6th. James Tom-
lyn, in 1752, bequeathed a rent-charge of £5, for teach-
ing poor children; and the Rev. Edward Holme, in 1781,
erected, and endowed with lands, a school, in which
about fifty children are educated.
The
MALLING (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
RINGMER, rape of PEVENSEY, County of SUSSEX, 1 mile
(N.) from Lewes, containing 620 inhabitants.
living is a perpetual curacy, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and £ 1700 parliament-
ary grant. South Malling constitutes the head of a
deanery, the whole of which is within the peculiar
jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The
church, dedicated to St. Michael, is described as colle-
giate in Domesday-book, and is said to have been
founded by Ceadwalla, King of the West Saxons, who
died in 688: it is a small neat edifice, rebuilt on the
site of the former, and consecrated May 23rd, 1632.
The dean and prebendaries, who, in later times, were
under the immediate jurisdiction of the Archbishops
of Canterbury, had, at the dissolution, a revenue of
£45. 12. 5. The present mansion forms part of the
ancient buildings of the deanery, but the refectory,
used as a barn, was pulled down many years ago. The
Archbishops of Canterbury had formerly a palace here;
the chapel has been converted into a cottage.
MALLING (WEST), a parish (formerly a market
town) in the hundred of LARKFIELD, lathe of AYLES-
FORD, county of KENT, 52 miles (W. N. W.) from Maid-
stone, and 29 (S. E. by E.) from London, containing
1205 inhabitants. In the year 1090, a Benedictine nun-
nery was founded here, by Gundulph, Bishop of Ro-
chester, in honour of the Blessed Virgin; about a
century afterwards, the town and the nunnery were
nearly destroyed by fire, but soon restored; the revenue
of the latter, at the dissolution, was estimated at
£245. 10. 24. the west front of the abbey, which
is of Norman architecture, with later insertions, still
remains, forming an interesting ruin. Stone coffins
have been dug up here, and rings, with other relics of
antiquity, have been discovered. The town is neat
and clean, and the surrounding walks and scenery are
pleasing and picturesque. The market, granted, to-
gether with the fairs, to the abbess, in the reign of
Henry III., was held on Saturday: fairs are held on
August 12th and October 2nd for pedlary, and Novem-
ber 17th for cattle. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Rochester, rated in the king's
books at £10, and in the patronage of — Bates, Esq.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is an ancient struc-
ture, with a fine Norman tower at the west end: the
roof having fallen in 1778, through the decay of the
main columns, the whole of the nave was rebuilt. In
1693, Francis Tresse bequeathed land on which to build
a school-house, and £40 towards its erection; he also
gave a small rent-charge for repairs: it is now con-
ducted on Dr. Bell's system.
MALMESBURY, a
Seal and Arms.
borough and market town,
having separate jurisdic-
tion, locally in the hundred
of Malmesbury, county of
WILTS, 42 miles (N.) from
Salisbury, and 94 (W.) from
London, containing, exclu-
sively of the chapelries of
Corstone and Rodborne, and
the tythings of Burton-Hill,
Cole with West Park, and
Milbourn, in that part of the
parish of St. Paul which is without the precincts of the
borough, 2514 inhabitants. This place is stated by Le-
land to have been an ancient British town, which he calls
Caer Bladon; but its origin may, with more probability,
be ascribed to the period of the Saxon Heptarchy. A
castle, called Ingelburne, existed here before the middle
of the seventh century; and about 642, Maildulph, an
Irish monk, founded a hermitage, and being joined by
Aldhelm, nephew of Ina, King of Wessex, they, with
the assistance of Lutherius, Bishop of Winchester, erected
a monastery, from the names of its founders styled
Mealdelmesbyrigg, which has been gradually altered to
the modern appellation of Malmesbury. The monas-
tery, which was one of the most considerable in Wilt-
shire, belonged to the Benedictines: it was splendidly
endowed by several princes and noblemen: its abbot was
made a mitred parliamentary baron by Edward III.; and
its revenue, at the dissolution, amounted to £803. 17. 7.
A part of the nave only of the conventual church re-
mains, which has been long used as the parish church.
Buildings gradually rose round the abbey, and notwith-
standing the town suffered from the incursions of the
Danes, who burnt it in the reign of Alfred the Great, it
became a place of so much importance as to have obtained
a charter from Edward the Elder, which was confirmed
by his son Athelstan, who renewed it, and was a muni-
ficent benefactor both to the town and the monastery.
He bestowed an extensive tract of land, called the Com-
mon of King's Heath, on the men of Malmesbury, who
had assisted him in gaining a victory over the Danes.
In the reign of Henry I., or Stephen, a strong castle
was built here by Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, who was
obliged to surrender it to the king; and on the invasion
of England by Prince Henry, afterwards Henry II., he
laid siege to this fortress, and took it after an obstinate
defence. During the civil war in the reign of Charles I.,
Malmesbury was a royal garrison, and that prince
lodged in the town one night, in 1643. Shortly after,
the town was captured by Sir William Waller; but it
was re-taken by the royalists, who did not long retain
possession of it, for the parliament having recovered it,
their troops were stationed here till June 1646.
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The town, situated on a pleasant and commanding
eminence, is nearly surrounded by two streams, which
unite at its southern extremity, and form the Lower Avon.
The principal street extends southward from the mar-
ket-place, near which it is crossed by another street,
leading to that part of the town called Westport. These
streets are paved and lighted, under the authority of
an act of parliament obtained in 1798, and the inha-
bitants are abundantly supplied with water from wells.
In the centre of the market-place is a fine octagonal
ī
MAL
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209
market-cross, built in the reign of Henry VII., and
ornamented with flying buttresses, pinnacles, and an
octangular central turret. The manufacture of woollen
cloth was anciently carried on here very extensively;
and, after it had entirely decayed, it was again intro-
duced, in the latter part of the last century, and now
constitutes the chief employment of the lower class.
Some trade is carried on in tanning and brewing, and
bone-lace is made by the women and children. The
market, principally for butchers' meat, is on Saturday;
and large cattle markets are held on the last Tuesday
in every month, except March, April, and May. Fairs
for horses, cattle, and sheep, take place March 28th,
April 28th, and June 5th.
♪
The first charter of incorporation was granted by
Charles I., but the charter now in force was obtained
from William III., in 1696, under which the corporation
consists of an alderman, deputy-alderman, eleven capital
burgesses, and twenty-four assistants, with a high steward
and deputy-steward. The alderman and his deputy are
elected annually on Trinity Tuesday, by the capital bur-
gesses, who are thirteen in all, from their own body.
Besides these members of the corporation, there are
fifty-two landholders, and an indefinite number of com-
moners, or free burgesses: the assistant burgesses are
chosen from the landholders, and the latter from the
commoners, who are the sons, or sons-in-law, of com-
moners. The steward and deputy-steward are elected
annually by the capital burgesses. The alderman and
deputy-alderman, and the steward and deputy-steward,
are justices of the peace; and the alderman is coroner
and clerk of the market. The petty sessions for the
hundred of Malmesbury are held here once a month;
and a court of requests for the hundred is held every
nine weeks, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
King's Heath, or Malmesbury common, has been en-
closed, pursuant to an act of parliament obtained in
1821; when, after assigning fifty acres for defraying the
expense of the enclosure, and for providing for an in-
crease in the number of free burgesses, or commoners,
is was subdivided into two hundred and eighty allot-
ments, averaging about one acre and a half each, and an
allotment assigned to each commoner, to be used only
for tillage, or garden ground. To the east of King's
Heath are the Acres, so called from their measure, one
acre belonging to each of the assistant burgesses and
landholders; and near them are other lands, called
Burgess Parts, varying in extent from six to fifteen acres,
and belonging, one each, to the capital burgesses. The
borough has sent members to parliament ever since the
reign of Edward I. By an order of the House of Com-
mons, December 13th, 1722, the right of election was
determined to be in the alderman and twelve capital
burgesses the alderman is the returning officer, and
the patronage of the borough belongs to Joseph Pitt,
Esq., M. P., the present high steward.
:
at the dissolution of monasteries, by William Stumpe,
a clothier of Malmesbury, and presented to the towns-
people for a parish church, under the authority of a
license from Archbishop Cranmer. This edifice is
chiefly in the Norman style, and has a noble south
porch, consisting of receding arches, with sculptured
mouldings, and other ornaments. The western porch
was of a similar character, but a small portion of it
only remains. In the interior, at the west end, is a
sepulchral chapel, in which is an ancient tomb with a
recumbent crowned statue, ascribed to King Athelstan,
who was interred near the high altar of this church.
About six years since, the whole fabric was substan-
tially repaired, and the vaulted roof and other parts of
the interior restored: over the altar has been placed
a painting of the Resurrection of Lazarus, presented by
the Earl of Suffolk. An addition has lately been made
of three hundred and forty-one sittings, three hun-
dred of which are free, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having contributed
£350 towards defraying the expense. The living of
the parish of Westport is a vicarage, with which the per-
petual curacy of Charlton is united, rated in the king's
books at £16. 17. 84., and in the patronage of the
Crown. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. At Bro-
kenborough, in this parish, there is a chapel of ease.
There are places of worship for Baptists, Independents,
Moravians, and Wesleyan Methodists. A free school, un-
der the patronage of the corporation, is endowed with
£10 per annum, arising from lands belonging to the bur-
gesses, and £10 per annum, the benefaction of Michael
Weekes, Esq., in 1695. Another school was founded
and endowed, in pursuance of a bequest from Mrs. Eli-
zabeth Hodges, in 1725: the master has a salary of
£25 per annum. The corporation have the patronage
of an almshouse, endowed with £20 per annum; and
Robert Jenner, in 1644, founded eight almshouses, with
an endowment of £40 per annum, which has not been
paid for nearly fifty years past. There was anciently a
convent of the Knights Hospitallers, some small por-
tions of the buildings belonging to which are still stand-
ing. Among the distinguished persons connected with
the monastery were St. Aldhelm, the second abbot, who
died Bishop of Sherborne in 709: Elfric, a learned
abbot in the tenth century, who was made Bishop of Cre-
diton; and William of Malmesbury, precentor to the
monastery, the celebrated English historian in the reign
of Stephen. Thomas Hobbes, author of the "Levia-
than," and other philosophical works, was born here in
1588; and Mrs. Mary Chandler, an ingenious poetess,
was also a native of this town. Malmesbury confers
the titles of earl and baron on the family of Harris.
MALPAS, a parish in the higher division of the hun-
dred of BROXTON, county palatine of CHESTER, compris-
ing the townships of Agden, Bickerton, Bickley, Bradley,
Broxton, Buckley, or Bulkeley, Chidlow, Cholmondeley,
Chorlton, Cuddington, Duckington, Edge, Egerton,
Hampton, Larkton, Macefen, Malpas, Newton juxta
Malpas, Oldcastle, Overton, Stockton, Tushingham with
Grindley, Wichalgh, and Wigland, and containing 3917
inhabitants, of which number, 1127 are in the town:
ship of Malpas, 15 miles (S. S. E.) from Chester, and
165 (N. W.) from London. The ancient name of this
place was Depenbech, and was of similar import with
the present appellation, which signifies a bad pass, or
t
2 E
The borough comprises the parishes of St. Paul, St.
Mary Westport, and the Abbey district, in the archdea-
conry of Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury. The living of
St. Paul's is a discharged vicarage, rated in the king's
books at £8. 2. 14., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dilapidated, but the tower, surmounted by
a lofty spire, is still standing, and contains the bells used
on public festivals, &c. The nave of the conventual
church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was purchased,
VOL. III.
MAL
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210
road. This barony, prior to the Conquest, formed part
of the possession of Earl Edwin, and was subsequently
given by the first Norman Earl of Chester to Robert
Fitz-Hugh, one of the eight barons of his parliament: it
was soon afterwards divided into two unequal parts, and
still continues so. The ancient barons excrcised capital
jurisdiction within the limits of the barony, and in
them was vested (but distinct from their rights as
barons of Malpas,) the office of serjeant of the peace
for the whole palatinate, excepting the hundreds of
Macclesfield and Wirrall: the punishment for capital
offences, designated in some records as "the custom of
Cheshire," was decapitation, and it was usual to present
the heads of felons at the castle of Chester. The juris-
dictions have undergone considerable alteration, and
the remaining portion of the ancient baronial rights
has descended with the manor of Malpas. The castle,
the head of the ancient barony, was built soon after
the Conquest, and stood immediately adjoining the
church; but the only vestige of it is a circular mound,
on which the keep stood. In the early part of the
sixteenth century the inhabitants suffered severely
from the plague, particularly about the year 1625.
The town is very pleasantly situated on an eminence
on the line of road from Shrewsbury to Chester, and
commands an extensive prospect over a great part
of North Wales, Staffordshire, and the Vale Royal:
it consists of four streets, which diverge at right angles
from a common centre, and are well paved: the houses
are low and irregularly built; the inhabitants are
supplied with water from a public well the walks
are pleasing and picturesque, and frequent instances
of longevity attest the salubrity of the atmosphere.
The chief occupation of the inhabitants is in agricul-
ture: a copper mine has been recently discovered in
the township of Bickerton, in this parish, but its extent
and quality have not yet been ascertained. The market
is on Wednesday. Fairs are held on April 5th, July
26th, and December 8th, for cattle, linen and woollen
goods, toys, and pedlary. Courts leet and baron are
held annually, at which constables are appointed, and
debts under 40s. recoverable.
The living is a rectory, divided from time immemorial
into two portions, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Chester; the first portion is rated in the king's books at
£48. 8. 64., and the second at £44. 19. 2.; the right of
presentation to the higher mediety belongs to the Mar-
quis of Cholmondeley, and T. T. Drake, Esq., alter-
nately, and that to the lower to T. T. Drake, Esq,
only an excellent parsonage-house and glebe land are
attached to cach portion. The church, which is dedi-
cated to St. Oswald, is a spacious and venerable edifice,
in the later style of English architecture; the windows
are enriched with elegant tracery, and in the chancel
are some ancient oak stalls, niches, and monuments:
at the end of the north and south aisles are sepulchral
chapels belonging to the families of Cholmondeley
and Brereton. There are two chapels of ease in the
parish, viz., Chad and Whitewell. A domestic chapel,
open for the tenants and neighbours, is attached to
Cholmondeley castle, about four miles distant. In
the town and parish are places of worship for Baptists,
Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists. The gram-
mar school was founded early in the seventeenth cen-
tury, by subscription, to which Hugh, first Earl of
Cholmondeley, contributed £200, and receiving the en-
tire sum, amounting to £536. 11., charged an estate,
called the Old Hall, with the annual payment of £25.
He likewise gave a school-room and residence for the
master: in 1795, the school premises were rebuilt and
enlarged, at the expense of the present master. This in-
stitution is free only to the sons of the representatives
of the original subscribers; the master, who is at pre-
sent appointed by the Marquis of Cholmondeley, like-
wise receives boarders. Richard Alport, in 1709, be-
queathed £500 for the support of a school, in which
twelve boys and twelve girls were educated and clothed;
the funds having considerably increased, a National
school has been established, and the former incorporated
with it; the number of children receiving instruction
being ninety boys and fifty girls. Dr. Townson, arch-
deacon of Richmond, and rector of Malpas, bequeathed
£500 Old South Sea stock, the dividends on which,
amounting now to £16. 14. annually, are applied in
clothing and educating children. An almshouse for
several poor persons was built by Sir Randle Brereton,
in the time of Henry VIII., and endowed by Sir Thomas
Brereton, in the reign of Charles I., with a rent-charge
in Newton: it was rebuilt in 1721, by Hugh, Earl of
Cholmondeley, for six poor widows, who are nominated
by the present Marquis, and receive a small weekly
allowance; a bequest, by Thomas Poyser, Esq., of the
interest of £600, makes an addition of £3 per annum
to the income of each of the inmates. In 1748, Miss
Eliz. Taylor left £500 for the purpose of clothing poor
men in the townships of Malpas and Edge, which sum
being invested in the purchase of £771 Old South Sea
stock, now produces about £27 per annum: there are
several minor benefactions for charitable purposes. The
late learned and pious Dr. Heber, Bishop of Calcutta,
was a native of this town, his father having been rector
of the higher mediety. Philip Henry, the nonconformist,
resided at the Broad Oak in this parish, where his son,
Matthew Henry, the celebrated commentator on the
Bible, was born. Malpas confers the title of viscount on
the Marquis of Cholmondeley.
+
MALPAS, a parish in the upper division of the hun-
dred of WENTLLOOG, county of MONMOUTH, 2 miles
(N. by W.) from Newport, containing 169 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with £600 royal
bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of Sir C. Morgan, Bart. The church, dedicated
to St. Mary, is a handsome structure, in the later En-
glish style, with a tower embattled and crowned with
pinnacles: it has a lofty ceiling of wood, richly carved;
and in the chancel are some ancient oak stalls. A small
establishment of Cluniac monks, a cell to the priory of
Montacute in Somersetshire, was founded here about
the time of Henry I., the revenue of which, at the dis-
solution, was £15. 6. 8.
MALSWICK, a tything in the parish of NEWENT,
hundred of BOTLOE, county of GLOUCESTER, containing
181 inhabitants.
MALTBY, a chapelry in the parish of RAITHBY,
Wold divison of the hundred of LoUTH-ESKE, parts
of LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN, 3 miles (S. W. by S.)
from Louth. The population is returned with the pa-
rish. Ann Bolle, in 1705, bequeathed certain land, di-
recting the income, after deducting 40s. a year for the
·
MAL
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211
poor, to be applied in teaching children. Here was for-
merly a preceptory of the Knights Templars, to which
Ranulph, one of the earls of Chester of that name, was
the first benefactor: it afterwards belonged to the Hos-
pitallers.
MALTBY, a township in the parish of STAINTON,
western division of the liberty of LANGBAURGH, North
riding of the county of YORK, 3½ miles (E. by N.) from
Yarm, containing 168 inhabitants.
MALTBY, a parish in the southern division of the
wapentake of STRAFFORTH and TICKHILL, West riding
of the county of YORK, comprising the townships of
Hooton-Levet and Maltby, and containing 774 inha-
bitants, of which number, 679 are in the township of
Maltby, 4 miles (W. by S.) from Tickhill. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of York, rated in the king's books at £4. 13. 4.,
endowed with £200 royal bounty, and £1400 parlia-
mentary grant, and in the patronage of the Earl of Scar-
borough. The church is dedicated to St. Bartholomew.
Lord Viscount Castleton, in 1714, gave certain waste
land for the support of a free school; the income aris-
ing from it is £15 a year, for which eight children are
instructed.
MALTBY le MARSH, a parish in the Wold division
of the hundred of CALCEWORTH, parts of LINDSEY,
county of LINCOLN, 3 miles (N. by E.) from Alford,
containing 199 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £11. 17. 8., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. George Allot. The church is dedi-
cated to All Saints.
MALTON (NEW), a borough and market town in
the wapentake of RYEDALE, North riding of the county
of YORK, 18 miles (N. E. by N.) from York, and 213
(N. by W.) from London, containing 4005 inhabitants.
This town is of great antiquity: the Roman roads that
lead to it, the remains of intrenchments yet visible, and
the coins and other relics which have been, and are still,
occasionally discovered, denote its former importance
as a Roman station, though the name by which it was
distinguished is not known. After the Conquest a cas-
tle was built here by one of the family of De Vesci, but
it was destroyed by Henry II., and on its site a castel-
lated mansion was erected by Ralph, Lord Eure, in the
reign of James I.; of this edifice, the lodge and gate-
way alone remain. The town was wholly burnt in
1138, by Archbishop Thurston, who besieged it for the
purpose of dislodging the Scots, who had seized and
garrisoned the castle: it was rebuilt by Eustace Fitz-
John, in the reign of Stephen, and the epithet New was
then given to it, by way of distinction from Old Malton.
The town is agreeably situated on rising ground, north-
ward of the Derwent, which flows through the adjacent
vale, and forms the boundary between the East and
North ridings; it is about half a mile in length, clean,
and well built. A theatre was erected in 1814, and
there is a handsome suite of assembly-rooms, to which
a subscription library and news - room are attached.
The summit of an eminence, called the Brows, at a
short distance, affords an agreeable promenade, and com-
mands a fine prospect of the course of the river and
the vale, which is terminated by the Wolds. The river
is crossed by a handsome stone bridge, which connects
this place with Norton. In the first year of the reign
Gla
of Anne, the Derwent was made navigable from New
Malton to the Ouse; thus affording every facility for
the conveyance of corn, butter, hams, and other kinds
of provision, which are here shipped for Hull, Leeds,
Halifax, and other places; from the former, articles of
grocery are brought back, and coal, woollen cloth,
stuffs, &c., from Leeds. Here are two iron-foundries,
and some small manufactories for linen, hats, gloves,
and pelts; malt also is made to a limited extent. The
market is on Tuesday and Saturday, the latter being the
principal day, and it is one of the best in the county
for all sorts of provisions, horses, black cattle, and
tools for husbandry.
tools for husbandry. Fairs are held on the Saturdays
before Palm-Sunday and Whit-Sunday, and October
10th and 11th. The market-place is spacious, and is
divided into two parts by the town-hall, the shambles,
and St. Michael's church.
The chief officer is the lord's bailiff, who is appointed
at a court leet held for the manor. The general quar-
ter sessions for the North riding are held here: during
the sitting of the court, on January 12th, 1785, the cen-
tral beam of the sessions-house gave way, whereby up-
wards of three hundred persons were precipitated into
the area below, in consequence of which several died,
others being maimed for life. The borough sent mem-
bers to parliament in the 23rd and 26th of Edward I.,
when the privilege ceased for a time, but it was restored
in 1640, by an order of the House of Commons, since
which period two members have been regularly re-
turned: the right of election is in the householders,
in number about five hundred; the bailiff is the re-
turning officer; the influence of Earl Fitzwilliam is
predominant. The borough comprises the parishes
of St. Leonard and St. Michael, the livings of which are
perpetual curacies, with that of Old Malton, in the arch-
deaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York. The spire
of St. Leonard's church, which is in the form of a trun-
cated cone, is said to have been left incomplete by the
architect, lest any addition to it might overbalance the
whole edifice. There are places of worship for Baptists,
the Society of Friends, Independents, Methodists, and
Unitarians. A spacious workhouse has been erected,
and is conducted on a systematic and profitable plan;
the poor are furnished with tools, and are obliged to
work at their respective trades; the manufacture of
linen is somewhat extensive in it. At the foot of the
Brows is a mineral spring, the water of which possesses
similar properties to that obtained from the wells at
Scarborough.
MALTON (OLD), a parish in the wapentake of
RYEDALE, North riding of the county of YORK, 1 mile
(N. E.) from New Malton, containing 1064 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, with those of St. Leo-
nard and St. Michael in New Malton, in the archdea-
conry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, endowed with
£400 private benefaction, £ 400 royal bounty, and
£1000 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Earl Fitzwilliam. The church, dedicated to St. Mary,
is a very ancient structure, adjoining which are the re-
mains of a priory, founded in 1150, by Eustace Fitz-
John, in honour of the Blessed Virgin, for Gilbertine
canons, the revenue of which, at the dissolution, amount-
ed to £257. 7. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. A free grammar school was founded in the
38th of Henry VIII., by the Archbishop of York, for
2 E 2
MAL
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212
the instruction of youth in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin,
with an endowment, now amounting to about £100
per annum, for the maintenance of a master and an
usher, the former of whom teaches the classics, and the
latter English.
MALVERN (GREAT), a parish in the lower divi-
sion of the hundred of PERSHORE, County of WORCES-
TER, 8 miles (W.) from Worcester, containing, with the
chapelry of Newland, 1693 inhabitants. This place is
romantically situated on the eastern declivity of a
range of hills, separating the counties of Worcester and
Hereford, and extending from north to south for nearly
nine miles, the greatest height being one thousand four
hundred and forty feet, and varying from one to two
miles in breadth from east to west of these the most
prominent are the Worcestershire and Herefordshire
beacons, the summits of which command most exten-
sive and interesting views of the surrounding country;
comprehending, in the distance, the counties of Mon-
mouth, Radnor, Brecon, Salop, Warwick, and Stafford;
and nearer, the counties of Worcester, Hereford, and
Gloucester, with their stately cathedrals, together with
the fertile and richly-cultivated tract of country watered
by the Severn, and finely clothed with wood. Around
the base of the Herefordshire beacon is a double in-
trenchment, from six to twelve feet deep, and in some
places more than thirty feet broad, dug by Gilbert de
Clare, Earl of Gloucester, as a boundary between his
portion of Malvern Chase and that belonging to the
Bishop of Hereford; and in other parts of these moun-
tains are similar works. The more ancient portion
of the village is irregularly built, and consists of houses
scattered on the declivity of the mountain; but since
the celebrity of the springs and the purity of the air
have made it a place of fashionable resort, handsome
ranges of modern houses have been erected; and, in
detached situations and at different degrees of elevation,
several beautiful villas have been built as private sum-
mer residences. There are a chalybeate and a bitu-
minous spring, the water of which is remarkable for
its purity, and for its gently aperient and diuretic pro-
perties the former is in the eastern part of the
village, near the church; the latter, called Holywell, is
situated two miles to the south of it; and on the eastern
ridge of the hill, and at St. Anne's well, on the north
side of the Worcestershire beacon, there are some re-
spectable hotels, and every accommodation has been
provided for drinking the waters, and for hot and
cold bathing the public library is a neat building of
the Doric order; and in every direction there are ro-
mantic and agreeable walks.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's
books at £8. 3. 4., endowed with £ 200 private benefac-
tion, and £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
Edward Foley, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Mary,
formerly the church of the Benedictine abbey, was,
at the dissolution, purchased by the inhabitants, and
made parochial: it is a venerable and elegant cruci-
form structure, partly rebuilt under the direction of
Sir Reginald Bray, in the reign of Henry VII., and
combining the Norman and the later English styles of
architecture, with a fine square embattled tower rising
from the centre; the exterior is in the later En-
glish style, and, with the exception of the south side,
-
which, from its having been anciently concealed by the
cloisters of the abbey, is of plainer character, exhibits
a good specimen of that style, and the north porch is
very rich; the interior retains much of the original cha-
racter; the nave is in the Norman style, with low mas-
sive piers and circular arches; the chancel is in the
later English style, and is lighted by a fine range of cle-
restory windows, with rich and elegant tracery; the east
window and that in the north transept are particularly
beautiful, and several portions of the ancient stained
glass, and of the original wood work in the roof, the
carved seats, and other evidences of its antiquity, are
remaining. A few years since, the church was repaired
and beautified at the expense of the neighbouring gen-
try; to commemorate which a small window was fitted
in, having the arms of the various benefactors superbly
emblazoned upon it. It has lately received an addition
of three hundred and eighty sittings, of which two hun-
dred and eighty are free, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having contributed
£260 towards defraying the expense. There is a place of
worship for Methodists. A Sunday school, in which about
ninety children are instructed, and a school of industry,
are supported by subscription. Here was a hermitage,
endowed by Edward the Confessor, which, after the
Conquest, was converted into a Benedictine priory an
abbey and conventual buildings having been erected, in
1083, by Aldewine, the hermit, and endowed by Gisle-
bert, abbot of Westminster, with ample possessions, it
became, in consequence, subordinate to the abbey of
Westminster, and subsisted till the dissolution, when
the revenue was estimated at £375.0.6.: of this
abbey, the parish church, already noticed; the ancient
gateway, a beautiful specimen of the later English style;
and the abbey barn, a building in the decorated style;
are the remains. A celt, of a metal apparently between
brass and copper, about five inches long, with a beauti-
ful patina, and a small ring, was found here, at a con-
siderable depth below the surface of the ground, about
the middle of the last century.
MALVERN (LITTLE), a parish in the lower division
of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW, though locally in the
lower division of the hundred of Pershore, county of
WORCESTER, 54 miles (W. by N.) from Upton upon
Severn, containing 67 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Wor-
cester, endowed with £ 1200 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of Mrs. Wallman.
patronage of Mrs. Wallman. The church, dedicated
to St. Giles, has been long in decay, part of it forming a
beautiful and interesting ruin; it belonged to a Bene-
dictine priory, a cell to the abbey of Worcester, founded
in 1171, in a gloomy cavity near the ancient intrench-
ment termed the Herefordshire Beacon, by two brothers,
Joceline and Edred, who were successively priors here:
at the dissolution its revenue was valued at £ 102. 10. 9.
Adjoining the church are some remains of the conven-
tual buildings, converted into a dwelling-house, called
Malvern Court. There is a Roman Catholic chapel in
the parish.
MAMBLE, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of DODDINGTREE, county of WORCESTER, 6
miles (W. S. W.) from Bewdley, containing 386 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, with that of Bayton
united, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
Hereford, rated in the king's books at £9. 4. 7., and in
ΜΑΝ
MAN
213
the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. John. There are extensive coal-works within the
parish. Sodington, the ancient seat of the Blounts, was
destroyed by fire in the great civil war, by some troops
of the parliament. What remained of it was taken down
in 1807, when several curious Roman relics were dis-
covered beneath the foundations, whence it seems pro-
bable that it was anciently the site of a Roman fort.
MAMHEAD, a parish in the hundred of ExMINS-
TER, county of DEVON, 42 miles (E. by N.) from Chud-
leigh, containing 320 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £10. 17. 6., and in
the patronage of the Crown, by reason of lunacy. A
school here is supported by annual donations, amounting
to about £8. On Mamhead point is an obelisk of Port-
land stone, one hundred feet high, erected by Thomas
Balle, Esq., of Mamhead House, in whose grounds are
some noble specimens of the Quercus Ilex, and other
rare exotics introduced by him from the continent.
MAMILAD, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of ABERGAVENNY, County of MONMOUTH, 5
miles (N. W. by W.) from Usk, containing 237 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, united, with that
of Trevethan, to the vicarage of Llanover, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Llandaff.
MAMHOLE, a hamlet in the parish of BEDWELTY,
lower division of the hundred of WENTLLOOG, county
of MONMOUTH, containing 1764 inhabitants, who are
principally employed at the extensive coal and iron
works in the neighbourhood.
STABIT
8
2
Q U
N
QUE
MAN (ISLE OF), an
island annexed to the Bri-
tish dominions, in the Irish
sea, and nearly at an equal
distance from the English
and Irish coasts, in latitude
between 54° and 55° (N.),
and longitude, about 5° (W.),
in the centre of the island:
minion of the Scots, and was subsequently annexed to
that kingdom by Aydan, who sent his three grandsons
hither to be educated by Conanus, at that time bishop.
In 610, it was wrested from the Scots by Edwin, King
of Northumberland, who annexed it to his own do-
minions; and from this period, for nearly three hun-
dred years, the British historians are silent with respect
to any circumstances connected with its history. The
Manks' traditions, however, record, during this interval,
a succession of twelve petty kings, called Orries, of
whom the first was son of the King of Denmark and
Norway, an enterprising prince, who, having subdued
the Orcades and the Hebrides, took possession of this
island also, where he fixed his residence, and enjoyed
for many years a reign of uninterrupted tranquillity.
Guttred, his son and successor, built the castle of
Rushen, in repairing which, in 1815, a beam was
discovered by the workmen, inscribed with the date
947. Nothing further is recorded of his reign than
that he was interred in the castle which he had built,
and was succeeded by his son Reginald, on whose
assassination, his younger brother Olave assumed the
government; but not having obtained a ratification of
his title from the King of Norway, to whom the island
was tributary, he was invited to that kingdom, and on
his arrival was arraigned and put to death. Olain, his
brother, next took possession of this and some other
islands, and, after a reign of twenty-three years, died in
Ireland, and was succeeded by Allen, who, being poisoned
by his governor, made room for Macon, but he refusing
to do homage for his crown to Edgar, King of England,
was deprived of it, but was soon afterwards restored,
and made admiral of the great fleet raised by that mon-
arch to protect the English coasts from the repeated
assaults of the northern pirates: Macon was one of the
eight tributary kings whom Edgar, in token of their vas-
salage, compelled to row his barge on the river Dee.
Godred Crowan, son of Harold Halfager, King of
Norway, who accompanied his father in his invasion
of England on the death of Edward the Confessor, was,
after the defeat of his countrymen, hospitably enter-
tained in this island, in which he had taken refuge. Re-
turning the following year with a numerous army,
after being twice repulsed by the inhabitants, he suc-
ceeded in taking possession of it after a sanguinary
contest, and established himself in that part of the isle
which lies to the south of the mountainous ridge by which
it is divided, granting the remainder to the inhabitants,
on the absolute condition of their holding it under him,
as lord of the whole from this time the island became
vested in the kings, or lords, of the isles, and continued
to be held of them till the commencement of the last
century. Godred, who also held the sovereignty of the
Hebrides, or Western islands of Scotland, maintained a
navy of sufficient force to enable him to keep possession
of his conquests, and turned his arms against Ireland, at
that time divided into petty principalities, and reduced
Dublin and a considerable part of the province of Lein-
ster. He left three sons, Lagman, Harold, and Olave:
Lagman, who succeeded to the government, being jealous
of his brother Harold, whom he suspected of exciting
insubordination among his soldiers, put him to death;
but repenting, he resigned the crown to his youngest
brother Olave, and died on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
Olave being then a minor, and residing in the court of

Seal and Arms.
the distance from Douglas
to Liverpool (N. W. buoy) is
60 miles, and to St. Bees'
Light 42; from the Point
of Ayre to the Mull of Galloway 21, and to the Cope-
land islands at the entrance of Belfast Lough 38, and
from the Calf of Man to Dublin 60, to Holyhead 45,
and to Liverpool (N. W. buoy) 68: the population,
according to the census of 1821, amounted to 40,081.
This island, called by Ptolemy Monoeda, or the farther
Mona (in contradistinction to the Isle of Anglesea, which
also was called Mona), by Pliny Monapia, and by Bede
Menavia Secunda, to distinguish it from Anglesea, which
he terms Menavia Prima, was, from the rocky or stony,
nature of the soil, called Menang and Manen, from the
latter of which its present name is derived. The Britans,
by whom it was originally inhabited, practised the super-
stitious rites of their ancestors under the government
of the Druids, till they were converted to Christianity
by St. Patrick, who, about the year 440, founded here a
church and established a see, of which he appointed St.
Germanus bishop. Under St. Germanus and his succes-
sors the inhabitants continued for many years to main-
tain undisturbed possession of the island, till, on the
irruption of the northern barbarians, it fell under the do-
→
MAN
ΜΑΝ
214
Henry I., where he received his education, the island,
from its unsettled state, was exposed to the attacks of
the neighbouring powers, and the principal inhabitants
applied to the King of Ireland to appoint some person
of royal descent, who might act as regent during the
minority of that prince. The king appointed Donald
Tade, but his haughtiness and tyranny disgusting the
inhabitants, they expelled him from the island, and en-
trusted the regency to one Mac Marus, a person of
great prudence, moderation, and justice, who, in 1098,
laid the foundation of the abbey of Rushen, and con-
tinued for a time to preserve the peace, and promote the
prosperity of the island; but a conspiracy being formed
against him, internal dissensions were created, and the
island became an easy prey to Magnus, King of Nor-
way, who, having conquered the Orkneys and the He-
brides, landed in the parish of St. Patrick, and possessed
himself, almost without resistance, of the Isle of Man,
over which he reigned more than six years; but having
gone with sixteen ships to reconnoitre the Irish coast,
in 1102, and incautiously landing, with a party of his
followers, he was taken by surprise, and slain.
obtained assistance from Allen, Lord of Galloway, and
Thomas, Earl of Athol, landed on the island, while
Olave, with his chief officers and soldiers, was in the
Western isles, massacred the unprotected inhabitants,
plundered their houses of every thing valuable, burnt
the churches, and laid waste the southern parts of the
island; and, even after the return of Olave, succeeded in
setting fire to the shipping, then at anchor under Peel
castle. An intestine warfare raged for some time with
great fury, and Reginald was ultimately killed in a bat-
tle fought at Tynwald Mount. From minutes of council
it appears, that Olave received from Henry III. an an-
nual payment in silver coin and wine, for defending
this part of the coast; from which it may be inferred
that the island possessed a naval force at that time by
no means inconsiderable. Olave died in 1237, and was
succeeded by his son Harold, who having gone over to
Norway, was, with his wife, drowned on his return;
and his brother Reginald, who assumed the government
in 1249, was slain, with all his party, in an insurrection
headed by a knight named Ivar. On the death of Re-
ginald, who left only an infant daughter, his brother
Magnus was chosen king, and, according to the usual
custom, went over to Normandy, where, after two years'
attendance, he was declared King of the Isles, and had
his title confirmed to him and his successors. Not-
withstanding this, Mary, the daughter of Reginald, set
up a claim for the kingdom, and did homage for it to
Edward I., which circumstance was, four hundred years
afterwards, adduced as a plea on which judgment was
obtained in favour of the heirs general of Ferdinand,
Earl of Derby, against their uncle, Earl William; but
it was afterwards settled by parliament in favour of a
male succession.
.
From this time the power of the Norwegian kings
began to decline, and that of the Scottish kings, from
whom these islands had been wrested, recovered strength.
Deprived of that support which the inhabitants had re-
ceived from Norway, and threatened by the Scots, who
were preparing to regain possession of the islands by
force, which the death of the Scottish monarch alone
suspended, Magnus, in 1256, visited England, in order
to secure the protection and assistance of Henry III.,
by whom he was hospitably entertained, and from
whom he received the honour of knighthood. In 1263,
Aquinus, King of Norway, made an attempt to revenge
the affront offered to his authority, by the recent at-
tempt of the Scots upon this island, and made a descent
upon that kingdom; but he was so powerfully resisted
by Alexander, who had succeeded to the throne, that he
was forced to take shelter in the Orcades, where he
died at Kirkwall.
died at Kirkwall. Magnus dying without issue, in
1265, was buried in the abbey church in Rushen; and
the King of Scotland having subdued the Orkneys and
the Hebrides, attacked the Isle of Man, now unprotect-
ed, and, after many battles fought with varied success,
at length achieved the conquest of it with a powerful
army under the command of Alexander of Paisley and
John Comyn, in 1270, when, after a decisive battle at
Ronaldsway, in which five hundred of the Manks,
with their leader, were slain, the kingdom was entirely
subjugated, and annexed to the dominions of Alex-
ander, who, in token of his conquest, substituted for
the ancient armorial ensign of the isle, which was a
ship in full sail, the device of the three legs, which it
Olave, who had been an exile for sixteen years, was
now invited to the government, which he enjoyed in
undisturbed tranquillity for many years: he went over to
Norway, to get his title acknowledged, and was honour-
ably received and crowned king. Leaving his son God-
red to be educated at the Norwegian court, he returned
to his dominions, which he found distracted by the
pretensions of the three sons of his brother Harold,
who, having been educated in Ireland, raised consider-
able forces in that country, and landing in the Isle of
Man, demanded one moiety of the isles to be surrendered
to them; and while attending a meeting at Ramsey,
which had been appointed by the king, for taking their
demand into consideration, both parties being drawn
up in lines opposite to each other, Reginald, one of the
brothers, feigning to address the king, by whom he had
been called, raised his battle-axe, and at one blow struck
off his head. This, which was a preconcerted signal for a
general attack, was followed by a sanguinary conflict, in
which many fell on both sides. But such insidious treach-
ery did not long remain unpunished: on the return of
Prince Godred from Norway, the whole island submitted
to his authority, and the three sons of Harold were de-
livered up to condign punishment, Reginald having been
executed, and his two brothers deprived of their eyes.
In 1158, Summerled, Thane of Argyle, and brother-in-
law to Godred, attempted to usurp the government;
but the fleets of Godred and the usurper meeting, a
desperate battle ensued, and after an obstinate and san-
guinary conflict, without the victory inclining to either
side, a truce was agreed upon, and afterwards a treaty,
by which the kingdom of the isles was divided between
them. Another attempt was made to deprive Godred of
his throne by his bastard brother, Reginald, but with-
out success; and that prince, having reigned for some
years in peace, died in 1187. Godred left three sons,
Godred left three sons,
Reginald, Olave, and Ivar, of whom he appointed Olave
his successor, because born in wedlock. Olave, being
at that time a minor, the people made Reginald king,
but afterwards, on his attaining maturer age, raised Olave
to the throne. Reginald, in order to recover his lost
dignity, did homage to John, King of England, for his
crown, and made submission to the pope; and having
-
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215
still retains. The tyrannical oppression of the lieute-
nants (by whom it was governed) under the Scottish
kings inspired the inhabitants with the resolution of
throwing off the Scottish yoke, or of perishing in the
attempt; but the bishop, informed of their determina-
tion, interfered to prevent the effusion of blood, and ob-
tained their mutual consent to decide the contest by
thirty champions selected from each party, and a place
was accordingly chosen for the combat. The Manks'
champions were all killed in the contest, and twenty-five
of the Scottish warriors shared the same fate; this
victory confirmed the conquest of the Scots, and the
Manks, finding no resource, submitted to their fate: the
ancient regal government was abolished, and a mili-
tary despotism established in its place. In 1289, the
island was surrendered by the Scottish commissioners
to Edward I., who restored it the following year to John
Balliol; and, on the death of Edward, in 1307, his
successor, Edward II., seized it, and, in the course of
one year, bestowed it successively upon his favourites,
Piers de Gavestone, Gilbert de Mac Gascall, and Hen-
ricus de Bello Monte. In the reign of Edward III., a
female descendant of Mary, daughter of Reginald, revived
the claims of her family to the sovereignty of the is-
land, and solicited the protection of that monarch, who,
having ascertained the validity of her title, gave her in
marriage to Sir William de Montacute, and granted them
such succours in ships and men, that Sir William ex-
pelled the Scots, and, to the great joy of the natives,
restored the ancient government in the right line. In
the prosecution of his lady's claim, Sir William had
contracted so large a debt, that he was compelled to
mortgage the island for seven years, to Anthony Bec,
Bishop of Durham, who, in 1377, obtained from Ri-
chard II. a grant of it for life; but at his decease it
reverted to the natural heir, William de Montacute,
Earl of Salisbury, who sold it, in 1395, to Sir Wil-
liam Scroop, afterwards Earl of Wiltshire, who was
beheaded at the commencement of the war between
the houses of York and Lancaster.
in England, upon condition of his surrendering the Isle
of Man; but the earl, in a most spirited and memora-
ble reply, rejected the offer with the greatest indigna-
tion, and declared his determination to hang any future.
messenger that should be sent with similar proposals.
On the execution of the earl at Bolton le Moors, in
1651, its defence was undertaken by his lady, who de-
termined to hold Castle Rushen, to which she had re-
tired, to the last extremity; but Receiver-General Wil-
liam Christian, who had the command of the garrison,
deeming her cause hopeless, surrendered the castle to
Colonels Birch and Duckenfield, who, with ten armed
vessels, had invaded the island, which was subsequently
Charles II.
granted by the parliament to Lord Fairfax.
restored the island to the son of Earl James, and Chris-
tian, being tried by the Manks' authorities, and found
guilty of treason, was shot, in January 1662; but the
sentence was afterwards reversed, and the family re-
stored to their estates, by an order from the king.
One of the most important occurrences in the civil
history of the island was the granting, in 1703, by James,
the tenth Earl of Derby, and Lord of Man, of the Act
of Settlement, by which the lessees of estates were final-
ly established in possession of them, and their descent
assigned in perpetuity, on the payment of certain fines,
rents, and duties to the lord. James dying without
issue, in 1735, the lordship of Man descended to James
Murray, second Duke of Athol; and, in order to put an
end to the contraband trade of the island, which, in the
beginning of the last century, had become so excessive,
as materially to affect the revenue of the country, all
act of parliament was passed, in 1726, authorising the
earl to sell the royalty and revenue of the island: but
though many overtures were made for the purchase
of them by government, no treaty was concluded till
after the death of the duke, whose only daughter Char-
lotte, Baroness Strange, being married to her cousin
James, heir to the dukedom of Athol, conveyed to him
the lordship of Man. Proposals for the purchase were
renewed to this nobleman, in 1765, and measures having
been at the same time introduced into the house of par-
liament for more effectually preventing the illicit trade
of the island, the duke and duchess agreed to alien-
ate the sovereignty of it for £70,000, which sum was
accordingly paid; they reserved only the manorial
rights, the patronage of the see, and some emolu-
ments and perquisites, respecting which a misunder-
standing arose, in consequence of the British govern-
ment claiming more than the duke and duchess in-
tended by the treaty to relinquish, and a further sum
of £2000 per annum was granted to them, upon their
lives, and the sovereignty of the island was thus trans-
ferred to the crown. Soon after this an act of parlia-
ment was passed, which effectually checked the contra-
band trade. On the ground of inadequate compen-
sation, their son John presented petitions to parlia-
ment, but unsuccessfully, until the year 1805, when
an act was passed, assigning to him and his heirs
one-fourth of the gross revenue of the island. In
1825, an act passed both houses of parliament, autho-
rising the Lords of the Treasury to treat with the duke
for the purchase of his remaining interest in the royalty
and revenues of the island, the patronage of the see,
the manorial rights, and other profits and emoluments.
The duke agreed to sell, and the valuation was left to
on
In the reign of Henry IV. it was in the possession of
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, upon whose
rebellion against that monarch it was seized for the
king's use by Sir William and Sir John Stanley, to
the latter of whom it was granted, in 1406, for one
year only. This grant was revoked, and a new pa-
tent passed the great seal, in 1407, bestowing the
island, castle, peel, and lordship of Man, and the isles
appertaining thereto, with all the royalties, regalities,
and franchises, with the patronage of the see,
him and his heirs, in as full and ample a manner as
had been granted to any former lord, or king, to be held
of the crown of Great Britain, by liege homage, paying to
the king a cast of falcons at his coronation. In this
family its royalties and revenues descended regularly
to William Stanley, sixth Earl of Derby, who obtained
from James I. a new grant of the isle, which was con-
firmed by act of parliament. The title of "King of Man"
was first exchanged for that of “ Lord of Man" by Tho-
mas, second Earl of Derby. During the parliamentary
war, the island remained steadily attached to the inte-
rests of the king, and was among the last places that
yielded to the usurped authority of Cromwell. Gene-
ral Ireton, on the part of the parliament, offered to
James, Earl of Derby, the repossession of all his estates.
G
ΜΑΝ
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216
arbitrators appointed on both sides, who awarded the
sum of £416,000, as an indemnity, and the Isle of
Man, with all its privileges and immunities, was entirely
ceded to the British government.
lighthouses have been erected here, for the protection of
vessels navigating the Irish sea; they are distant from
each other one hundred and eighty-seven yards, bearing
north half east, and south-west half west. The lower is
three hundred and five feet, and the upper three hun-
dred and ninety-six feet, above the level of the sea;
they are furnished with double revolving lights, which
make their revolution in two minutes, and at their great-
est splendour may be seen at the distance of seven
leagues: the bearing of the upper light is north-east
half east from the dangerous sunken rocks, called the
Chickens, from which it is nearly one mile and a half
distant.
It is about thirty miles in length, extending in a
direction from north-north-east to south-south-west,
varying from eight to twelve miles in breadth, and about
eighty miles in circumference. It is divided into two
unequal parts by a mountainous ridge reaching from
North Barrule at the northern, to South Barrule at the
southern, extremity of the island, and comprehending in
the chain Snawfel, Mount Greeba, Pen-y-Pot, and seve-
ral others. Of these the most considerable for their
elevation and extent are, Snawfel, and the North and
South Barrules, which are nearly of an equal height;
Snawfel, the highest of them, being five hundred and
eighty yards above the level of the sea. The sides, as
is the case in most of the other mountains, are covered
to the height of several yards from the base with tur-
bary, or turf, and with various kinds of moss, heath,
and rushes, to the summit. North Barrule is a rock of
clay-slate, which is also the prevailing formation in
South Barrule, the latter differing chiefly by its being
varied, on the north side, with large masses of granite,
containing silvery mica, red and white felspar, and grey
quartz. Mount Greeba is of very rugged and precipit-
ous ascent, especially in that part near the road leading
from Douglas to Peel the stratum near the surface is a
glossy clay, intersected by many large veins of quartz,
alternating in some parts with layers of mica slate.
Pen-y-Pot, consisting chiefly of clay-slate from the
base to the summit, is extremely marshy, and in dry
weather, and even in summer, the ascent is difficult and
tedious. From Ramsey to Derby haven, and round the
south and western shores of the island, the land termi-
nates in cliffs, consisting of clay-slate, and varying in
elevation from one hundred to more than two hundred
and fifty feet; at the southern extremity is the promon-
tory of Spanish head, consisting of bold precipices,
rising perpendicularly from the level of the beach to
the height of more than three hundred feet, and divided
by extensive chasms into pyramidal and conical masses,
which overhang the shore. In one of these recesses,
which penetrate many yards into the solid rock, is a
circle of erect stones, appearing to have been a Druidi-
cal temple, for which, from the solitude and sublimity
of the situation, no place could be more appropriate.
Detached from this extremity of the island, by a rocky
channel, several hundred yards in breadth, in the middle
of which is an island, called Kitterland, whereon sheep
are fed in the summer, is the Calf of Man, the largest
of numerous rocky islets surrounding the coast: it is
nearly five miles in circumference, and comprises an
area of more than six hundred acres; on the western
side, the cliffs rise in perpendicular masses, to the
height of four hundred feet, and its summit, which
commands an extensive view of the Welch, Scotch, and
Irish mountains, is five hundred feet above the level of
the sea.
On the south side of the Calf of Man is a
very large mass of rock, called the Burrow, or Barrow,
in its form resembling a lofty tower, and separated
from the other masses by an opening of romantic ap-
pearance: near it is another, called the Eye, perforated
by a natural arch, resembling the eye of a needle, from
which circumstance it has its name. Two handsome
The harbours are, Douglas, Ramsey, Peel, Port le
Mary, and Castletown. The natural harbours are, Derby
haven, Laxey, and Port-Erin. Douglas, Ramsey, Derby
haven, and Laxey, are on the eastern coast, Castletown
and Port le Mary on the southern coast, and Peel and
Port-Erin on the western coast. Douglas harbour,
which is dry at low water, being considered the best
dry harbour in the Irish sea, admits vessels of con-
siderable burden to approach the quay at high water,
the depth being then from fifteen to twenty feet. The
pier, constructed by government, at an expense of
£22,000, is five hundred and twenty feet in length, and
forty feet broad for an extent of four hundred and fifty
feet from its commencement, when it expands to a
breadth of ninety feet, terminating in a circular area
of greater elevation than the narrower part, and having
in the centre a handsome lighthouse: the whole is built
of yellow stone brought from Runcorn in Cheshire, and
affords great security to the harbour. The quay is spa-
cious, and well adapted to the loading and unloading
of vessels, of which all having goods or merchandise
for bonding are, by act of parliament, compelled to de-
liver their cargoes exclusively at this port. The whole
bay is two miles across, and has good anchorage, except
on the north side, being sheltered from all winds except
the east and south-east: both its points are rocky, pre-
cipitous, and dangerous, and in the centre is a large bed
of rocks, called St. Mary's rock, or the Connister, which
are just covered at high water, being extremely dangerous
to mariners. In tempestuous weather the harbour itself
affords but insecure shelter to vessels, being exposed
to a heavy swell; and those in the bay, at such times,
are subject to many accidents, numerous shipwrecks
happening on this part of the coast. To remedy these
inconveniences, Sir William Hillary, Bart., in 1826,
submitted a plan to the consideration of government,
for forming a spacious central harbour, which, by the
construction of a breakwater from Douglas Head, and
a pier from St. Mary's rock, might be accessible at all
times to the largest vessels navigating the Irish sea, and
within which a squadron of the largest ships of the
line, and a numerous fleet of merchantmen, might ride
in safety. Ramsey harbour, accessible to vessels of one
hundred tons' burden, has been greatly improved by the
construction of an additional pier in 1830, the depth of
water being thereby increased more than three feet. The
quay, on which a lighthouse has been built, is very com-
modious. This is the principal port from which wheat
is exported. The bay is spacious, and the anchorage
good; and a considerable number of the herring boats
are laid up here during the winter. Peel harbour, af-
fording shelter to vessels of small burden, is formed
MAN
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217
:
by a pier four hundred yards long, and varying from
seven to ten yards in breadth, at the extremity of which
is a harbour-light. A jetty, forty yards in length, was
erected in 1830, at an expense of £550: the depth of
water at ordinary spring tides is about fifteen feet, and
at neap tides eleven feet. There are seventy herring
boats, from sixteen to thirty tons' burden each, belong-
ing to this harbour. Derby haven, the principal resort
of the herring boats during the latter part of the fishing
season, is about a mile and a half from Castletown,
on the further side of the isthmus which joins the pe-
ninsula of Langness to the main land. At its south-
ern extremity is the small island of St. Michael, con-
nected with the main land by a stone wall, about one
hundred yards in length, and twelve feet thick on
this small isle a circular fort was erected by the Earl of
Derby, in the early part of the seventeenth century:
the walls, on which is placed a harbour-light, are eight
feet in thickness, and eighteen in height; they are still
entire, and enclose an area eighteen yards in diameter,
in which are the ruins of two houses, and near them
the remains of a church, now used as a place of inter-
ment for Roman Catholics, and for persons who may
be shipwrecked on that part of the coast: the haven,
which is a mile and a half from the direct course, is,
from its greater security, generally selected as a place
of landing by passengers to Castletown from Ireland.
Port le Mary has a good harbour, protected by a pier of
considerable extent, erected a few years since, at the
extremity of which is a harbour-light. Port-Erin has
Port-Erin has
an excellent bay, affording protection from all winds
except the west, and much frequented by the fishing
fleet at the commencement of the season. Laxey bay
affords convenient anchorage, and partial shelter from
the winds.
In the high lands between North Barrule and
Mount Greeba rise several streams, which run into
the sea at Douglas, Ramsey, Peel, Laxey, and Castle-
town, and bear the same names as those places. Of
these the Ramsey river is the largest it rises in the
mountainous group around Snawfel, and from the flat
tract of land through which it passes, within two
miles of the sea, its shallow channel is frequently di-
verted by the sea, at spring tides. The Douglas river
is formed of two branches, of which the southern
rises in the west side of Mount Garraghan, and the
northern in the group of which Mount Pen-y-Pot is
the centre. The river Peel rises in the northern side
of South Barrule, and receives also another branch
issuing from the western side of the mountains of
St. German and St. Michael. The Laxey river descends
from the eastern declivity of Snawfel, and pursues a
westerly course to Laxey bay; and the Castletown river
has two branches, the principal of which rises in the
south side of South Barrule, uniting a little below
Athol bridge. Besides these rivers, which are shallow
and inconsiderable, there are numerous streams in va-
rious parts of the island, but few of them are of suffi-
cient force to turn a mill. This island, like those of
the Hebrides, is destitute of wood, and almost of all
trees not artificially planted; a little brushwood and
furze is found on the uncultivated hills and low lands,
but seldom on the mountains. In various parts, plan-
In various parts, plan-
tations and shrubberies are brought into a luxuriant
state; but there is neither park nor forest scenery in
VOL. III.
the island. The climate is rather milder in winter
than that of the neighbouring coasts: the frosts, which
rarely commence before Christmas, are but of short du-
ration, and generally so slight as very little to impede
vegetation, and the snow seldom remains on the ground
for any length of time: gales of wind and rains are fre-
quent and of long duration in the spring, rendering the
seed-time unfavourable, and being greatly prejudicial
to the tender shoots of corn: the heat in summer is
also more moderate, the harvests being consequently
later; in general, the grain does not attain its full size,
and the straw is less valuable for fodder. The soil of the
northern portion of the island is a light sand, resting on
a bed of common clay, and in some places of clay-marl;
but the greatest part consists of a soil resting on grey
wacké, and on clay-slate, in general thin and unproduc-
tive without good management. A small portion of the
land around Castletown is composed of transition lime-
stone, of a blueish grey colour, containing veins of calca-
reous spar, with impressions of shells and other marine
exuviæ, the strata of which are generally from one to
four feet in thickness, having a dip to the south and
south-west of from five to ten degrees, and frequently
alternating with the grey wacké slate, on which it lies.
The boundaries of this limestone district extend along
the coast, from the first creek northward from Derby
haven to the most western point of Port le Mary, and
from the same creek over land to Ballasalla, and thence
across the Castletown river again to Port le Mary. The
clay, and the grey wacké slate, the latter of which in-
creases in proportion to the distance from the higher
mountains, occupy the southern and central portions
of the island. The soil of the valley, from St. John's
to Peel, is alluvial, and abounds with marine exuviæ; in
some parts it consists of loose sand, with a substratum
of grey wacké slate, extending northward to Kirk-Mi-
chael, and forming a narrow slip of land, one hundred
and fifty feet above the level of the sea, bounded on
one side by the sea-shore, and on the other by moun-
tainous elevations, consisting chiefly of grey wacké slate,
in some parts covered with a bed of common clay. The
sandy soil along the sea-shore to the north expands over
the whole of that part of the island which is separated
from the south side, by a line extending from Ramsey
to Kirk-Michael, in a direction from east to west. Un-
derneath the sand is a bed of very pure common clay,
at the depth of from one to three feet below the surface,
called by the inhabitants marl, of which they make an
advantageous use in giving consistency to the light
sandy surface; and near Ramsey is a bed of real clay
marl, containing a considerable portion of lime, and dug
midway between high and low water marks: there are
several pits of shell marl in the vicinity of Ballaugh,
and in many parts of this flat northern district peat is
found in considerable quantities, usually in layers from
six to eight feet in thickness, forming an extensive tur-
bary in the centre of the flat, which has been partly
drained, and contains great quantities of diluvial tim-
ber, among which are trunks of the pine and the oak.
Much of the land has been greatly improved by drain-
ing, and in the northern part of the island a considerable
tract has, by that means, been converted from a marsh
into good arable and pasture land, the soil of which is
peat moss and clay.
The prevailing mode of agriculture comprises a
ተ
2 F
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MAN
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218
succession of crops in the following order. First,
potatoes or turnips; second, barley; third, clover;
fourth, oats, or, if good land, wheat; and fifth, peas, or
oats if wheat has preceded. After two or three rotations,
a poor soil is generally laid down to grass, and is after
wards brought again into tillage. Wheat is not gene-
rally sown except on the best cultivated farms, and
in the best districts; the produce is commonly from
twenty-four to thirty-six bushels per acre, the bushel
weighing sixty-four pounds. About one-half of the
arable land is appropriated to the growth of barley,
of which two kinds are sown; one having two rows
of grain in the ear, and the other four; the latter is
used only for malt, and the former is made into bread
for the islanders: the seed time for this grain is from
the middle of April to the middle of May; the four-
rowed ear requires to be sown earlier, and in general
ripens a fortnight sooner, than the other; the average
produce of each sort is thirty-six bushels per acre.
The
other half of the arable land is appropriated to the
culture of oats, of which also there are two kinds, the
white and the Poland; the former is generally pre-
ferred the time for sowing is from the beginning of
March to the middle of April; the average produce of
both is thirty bushels per acre: a very little rye is
also grown. Potatoes are in general a very favourite
crop, and there are many sorts, requiring different
modes of cultivation: the time of planting is gene-
rally from the end of March to the middle of May;
the produce is from one hundred and sixty to two
hundred bushels per acre. Turnips, for which the cli-
mate and the soil appear to be extremely favourable,
are produced in great quantities, and flax is grown
in most parts of the island, but not sufficient for the
supply of the manufacturers; the time for sowing it is
April. Most of the artificial grasses thrive well; the
white and red clover, ray-grass, and the common grasses,
are generally good crops, and great quantities of hay are
stacked in most of the agricultural districts. The light
ploughs are generally preferred, many being procured
from England and Scotland. In addition to the general
manures, sea-weed is extensively used, and with success,
by farmers near the coast.
:
.
their wool is not very long, nor of the finest staple, but
the flesh is excellent, and when fat they weigh from five
to eight pounds per quarter. In the low lands a larger
breed has been introduced, besides which is another,
called Laughton, having wool of a light brown colour,
highly esteemed in the manufacture of cloth, which is
much preferred to that made of other wool: for this
purpose the breed is solely preserved; they are much
less hardy in their nature, and more difficult to fatten,
than any of the other kinds. The sheep are subject
to a peculiar and fatal distemper, called by the natives
Onw, supposed to arise from their eating a certain plant
that grows in the pastures. Pigs are bred in great
numbers; every cottager generally keeping one or two,
which, when ten or twelve months old, weigh usually
about fifty pounds per quarter. The herring fishery,
employing so many persons during the summer and
autumn, is injurious to the agriculture of the island,
and interferes greatly with the proper securing of the
crops; within the last twenty years the Isle of Man
was included in the districts occupying the attention
of the Cumberland Agricultural Society. The land is
chiefly divided into farms containing from fifty to two
hundred acres, and that in the immediate neighbour-
hood of the towns is cultivated by the inhabitants, who;
after retaining a sufficient portion of the produce for
the supply of their own families, send the remainder
to market. The enclosures are generally from four
to ten acres, fenced with sods of earth raised to the
height of four or five feet, and planted on the top with
furze; uncemented stone fences are also common, and
the gate-posts are invariably of stone, and extremely
massive. The farm-houses are roofed with slate, and
the cottages with thatch; many of the meaner sort are
constructed of sods of earth raised up, and thatched,
without eaves, consisting only of two rooms on the
ground-floor, with an aperture in the roof to let out the
smoke, and frequently without a single window. Every
inhabitant has the right of quarrying stone for his own
use, and also, on the annual payment of one halfpenny
to the lord, a sum not now demanded, of digging peat
upon the mountains. The birds that frequent the coasts
are the white and grey larus fuscus, gulls, gannets, cor-
morants, shags, herons, and Royston crows: there are
not less than eight different species of birds of passage
that spend the breeding season in the Calf of Man,
among which are the puffin and the razor-bill; the cur-
lew also frequents the Calf, Langness, and other parts of
the island. Among those which are accounted game
are partridges, woodcocks, snipes, landrails, plovers, teal,
widgeons, and wild ducks and geese: hares would be
very plentiful if not destroyed by snares, the furze
and brushwood affording them excellent shelter. The
streams abound with trout and salmon, generally small;
some beautiful species of the molussa, the actinea rufa
of Linnæus, are found adhering to the rocks, where
pools are formed: there are no noxious reptiles in the
island.
The commons, or uncultivated lands, are estimated
to form one-third of the island, including the whole
of the mountainous chain nearly to the base. Into these
pastures horses, cattle, and sheep, are turned to graze,
particularly by the upland farmers, who take pride in
their mountain breed of sheep. Their principal food
during the winter season is the evergreen furze, of which
the sheep eat only the younger sprouts; the horses eat
the larger sprays, first clearing them of the prickles by
pawing them with their feet. The native breed of horses
is of a small kind, but hardy and useful, and patient
of labour, being somewhat similar to those of North
Wales. The horned cattle are numerous, but the native
breed having been much neglected, have degenerated; the
cows are in general good milchers, but are rather more
adapted for fattening than for the dairy: the farmers
have lately been very attentive to the improvement of
the breed, by the introduction of the Dunlop and short-
horned cattle; but in general they rely more for keeping
up their live stock upon importation, than upon rearing.
The native breed of sheep is very small and hardy,
much resembling the South Down breed of England:
The principal minerals are lead and copper ore, of
which veins are found in several of the mountains;
the chief mines are at Laxey, Foxdale, and Brada-
head, near Port Erin. The mines at Laxey are si-
tuated near the banks of the Laxey river, and about
a mile above the village; they are worked in two
levels driven from the steep banks of the river : in the
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higher level, which was opened towards the close of
the last century, and extends to the depth of one hun-
dred yards, lead and copper ore are found together, with
much blende, some zinc, and a kind of mineral earth,
called black jack, which generally sells for thirty-six
shillings per ton, and of which a great quantity is sent
to Bristol, where, after being ground and prepared,
it is manufactured into black paint; the lead-ore con-
tains a large quantity of silver, in some instances in
the proportion of two hundred ounces, and generally
in that of from sixty to eighty ounces to the ton.
The new level is situated about a quarter of a mile
further down the river, and is twenty-eight yards be-
low the level of the former mine: its chief use is to
drain off the water from the upper mine: the only
metallic substances it had produced in 1808 were car-
bonate of copper and blende; at that period it had
been extended two hundred yards in depth, but the pro-
duce was not sufficient to pay the expense of working
it. The Foxdale mines, between Castletown and St.
John's, of which the chief produce is lead, with a
small portion of copper, after having been for some
time relinquished, were resumed, and, in 1830, a new
vein of lead-ore was discovered within a few feet from
the surface, which promises an abundant supply, with
little labour and expense: these mines are now being
worked with great benefit to the proprietors, to whom
they are likely to prove an ample source of wealth: sul-
phuret of copper is also found in those of Brada Head,
which are worked only at intervals, and between Port-
Erin and Kirk-Arbory are shafts of lead mines now de-
serted. The mines belong, by prerogative, to the lord
proprietor of the soil, who lets them to companies, con-
sisting generally of nine or ten persons, including the
lord, who claims, as lessor, one-eighth part of the
produce. Limestone is found in various parts of the
island; that which is quarried on the coast, to the
south of Pool-vash bay, becomes highly indurated, and
is of a fine grain and black colour; it is susceptible of
a high polish, and is much used for tombstones: the
steps at the entrances of St. Paul's cathedral, in Lon-
don, are from these quarries, and were presented by
Bishop Wilson. Below high water mark, at Spanish
head, there is a quarry of very tough clay-slate, which
is raised in blocks ten or twelve feet long, from eight to
twelve inches in breadth, and from four to eight inches
in thickness; these blocks are substituted for timber,
and used for gate-posts, small bridges across streams,
and for other purposes. The slate generally is easily
split into thin laminæ, well adapted for the roofs of
houses, and into thicker slabs, used for walls. The pub-
lic roads, which, till within the last half-century, were
dangerous for horsemen in winter, and for carriages
even in the summer, have been greatly improved since
the passing of an act of parliament, in 1776, by which
they were ordered to be eight yards in width, with a
ditch on each side, and to be well gravelled on the
surface; they are now little inferior to those of England,
and are kept in repair by a fund arising from a tax upon
retailers of ale and spirituous liquors, on lands, houses,
dogs, and by some fines.
The chief source of employment is agriculture :
during the intervals of the seasons great numbers are
engaged in the herring fishery, for which the season
commences about July, and continues till the end of
October: there are not less than from two to three
hundred boats employed in the trade, which is a source
of considerable profit to the fishermen, and furnishes
a large supply of food for the inhabitants. The im-
mense shoal of herrings that makes its appearance on
the British coast, generally in June, is divided in its
progress southward into two parts, by the Shetland
isles; the western branch passes the Hebrides, and is
subdivided, by the northern parts of Ireland, into two
parts, of which one disappears in the Atlantic Ocean,
and the other passes into the Irish sea. The boats
employed in the fishery are generally of from fifteen
to thirty tons' burden, and mostly without decks: this
little fleet leaves the harbour in the evening, and re-
turns with its cargoes on the following morning. It
is a prevailing and long-established custom for the
fishermen to offer up public prayer before leaving the
harbour, and on no account to go out on the Satur-
day or Sunday evenings. The nets, for the throwing
of which certain regulations are in force, are buoyed
up with bags of dog-skin inflated with air: the pro-
duce of each boat is divided into eleven shares and
a half, of which two and a half are assigned to the
owner of the boat, and one to each fisherman, and a
net. The nets are always cast after sunset, and taken
up before sunrise; and on the return of the fleet to
the harbour, great numbers of women and children are
employed in carrying the fish to the several receiving
houses, which are extensive buildings, generally ninety
feet long, sixty feet wide, and thirty feet high, where
they are immediately salted
they are immediately salted; those that are to be
preserved white are regularly packed in barrels, with
a layer of salt between each row; such as are in-
tended for red herrings are first "royled," or rubbed
with salt, in which they remain for two or three days,
and are then washed and hung up on rods suspended
from the ceiling, within eight feet of the floor, on which
fires of wood are kept burning till the fish are suffi-
ciently dried and smoked, when they are packed in
barrels for exportation. The number of herrings gene-
rally cured, though subject to great fluctuation, may be
averaged at from eight to ten millions. A flight of
gulls generally hovers over a shoal of herrings, serving
as an index to the fishermen, for which reason the
shooting of one of these birds during the fishing season
subjects the offender to a penalty of £3.
<
V
The commerce of the island, previously to the act of
revestment in 1765, and the subsequent regulations,
consisted principally in the importing and exporting
of contraband goods, the average returns of which ex-
ceeded £350,000, and by some are stated to have
amounted to half a million sterling, per annum: dur-
ing that period the Isle of Man was the grand shelter
and storehouse for smugglers, who, as occasion of-
fered, shipped their goods hence to England, Scotland,
and Ireland, to the great detriment of the British re-
venue. On the act of revestment, the customs of the
ports became vested in the British crown, and were
placed under the control of a receiver-general, and sub-
sequently, after various modifications, by an act passed
in the 50th of George III., the regulation and manage-
ment were transferred to the board in England, and have
since remained under the superintendence of English
commissioners. In the interpretation of British acts of
parliament, it was formerly contended that they did not
2 F 2
ΜΑΝ
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220
extend to the Isle of Man, unless specifically mentioned;
and it was questioned whether the word "dominions"
comprised this island, but the subject has been decided
in the affirmative. By an act passed in the 6th of
George IV., a new code of revenue laws was framed, the
principal feature of which is the system of licensing the
importation of certain goods charged with high duties;
thus confining it to an extent proportionate to the con-
sumption of the inhabitants, and preventing the island
from becoming a depôt for smugglers. With very trifling
exceptions, the exportation is confined to goods that
are the produce or manufacture of the island, on which
no export duty is paid. Among the imports are corn,
meal, flax, seeds, linen yarn, wood-ashes, and flesh of
all kinds, which may be imported from any place duty
free; agricultural implements, black cattle, horses, sheep,
boards, bricks, cordage, and twine for nets, pack-thread,
hemp, tackle for the fisheries, hoops, linen, utensils
for cloth manufacturers, salt, soap-lees, leather, tiles,
trees, and timber, which may be imported duty free
from all parts of the United Kingdom; balks, barrels,
staves, headings for pipes, ebony, hoops, rod and bar
iron, oak planks, oars, spars, pipe-clay, and naval stores,
from the colonies of Great Britain. The revenue, in
1829, was £21,143. 8. 71.; and in the same year,
ending the 5th of January, 1830, eight vessels were
built, of the aggregate burden of five hundred and
forty tons. The number of ships belonging to the
island, in 1829, was two hundred and seventeen, of the
aggregate burden of five thousand seven hundred and
fourteen tons; and four hundred and fourteen vessels
entered inwards, and one hundred and fifty-four cleared
outwards. The manufacture of sheeting, linen, towelling,
sail-cloth, and sack-cloth, was introduced about the
beginning of the present century, when flax-mills were
erected: about the same period the woollen manufac-
ture was established: there are also extensive brewe-
ries, paper-mills, tanneries (chiefly for the Manks' hides
and skins), candle and soap manufactories, and vari-
ous others, which the freedom from the excise duties
tends greatly to encourage: the quantity of leather being
insufficient for the supply of the inhabitants, much
is imported from England, which is of a very supe-
rior quality. Distilleries of all kinds are prohibited
by the British government, under a penalty of £200,
with forfeiture of all implements employed in the pro-
cess. Brandy, rum, geneva, wine, tea, coffee, chocolate,
tobacco, wrought and raw silk, glass, and salt, are
among the articles imported by license, the exportation
of them being absolutely prohibited. The collector is
obliged to give one month's notice of the expiration
of licenses, and to receive within fourteen days, all pe-
titions for their renewal; the petitions for imports
from England are transmitted to the commissioners
at London, and from Scotland to those at Edinburgh.
On granting the licenses, the parties are bound, under
a penalty not exceeding twice the amount of the duties,
to import the goods therein mentioned, and if the quan-
tity limited by act of parliament be found insufficient
for the consumption of the inhabitants, it may be in-
creased by the Lords of the Treasury.
viously to the act of revestment, they considered them-
selves independent of every other nation, and they were
deeply affected by the sale of the island to the British
government, which they imagined would blend the coun-
tries, and tend to obliterate their original distinction.
The higher and the middle ranks associating freely with
the English residents, retain few traits of their original
character, and many of them are highly accomplished
and well informed; those of the lower rank are civil, of
an hospitable character, and of a charitable disposition.
Their language is the Erse, a dialect of the Celtic, many
of the country people being unable to understand a
word of the English language.
The native inhabitants are naturally of an indolent,
credulous, and frequently of a superstitious, charac-
ter; they are strongly attached to their native vales and
mountains, and to their ancient laws and customs. Pre-
The government was originally exercised by a coun-
cil of elders, called, from a Celtic term of that import,
Taxiaxi, or, according to the opinion of a very learned
and reverend native of the island, derived from Taxi,
a corruption of Taisgi, a guardian, and Acci, hereditary
property. The first institution of this assembly is attri-
buted to the Danish prince Orry, who having added
the Hebrides and the Orcades to his conquest of this
island, directed the inhabitants to choose sixteen re-
presentatives, and those of the out-isles eight, to assist
him in the government.
him in the government. This assembly, the represen-
tatives of the people from time immemorial, consisted
of the principal landowners; what powers they exer-
cised, or for what time the institution continued, can-
not be distinctly ascertained. In the Chronicon Man-
niæ, which is continued from the year 1066 to the year
1270, no allusion is made to it, nor is there any re-
cord of the people's having had any participation in
the government of the island. During the time that it
was under the Norwegian and Scottish dominion, the
ancient form of government appears to have been laid
aside, and after the grant of it to the Stanleys, that
family retained the feudal government, and, as feuda-
tory princes, lords proprietors of the soil, exercised so-
vereign authority, dependent only on the British crown.
Since the act of revestment, the functions of the seve-
ral officers of administration have been more explicitly
defined; but the internal policy, laws, and ancient usages
remain unchanged, and it preserves its freedom from
the imposition of taxes. Lord Chief Justice Coke ob-
serves, that although the island is no parcel of the realm
of England, yet it forms part of the dominions of the
king, and therefore an acknowledgment of allegiance is
preserved in all the public oaths.
<<
S
The civil government is vested in a governor, lieute-
nant-governor, a council of ten principal officers, and the
House of Keys, consisting of twenty-four constitutional
representatives of the people; these estates together
constituting a court of Tynwald, by which all public laws
are enacted and promulgated. The Governor, who,
with all the civil and military officers, is appointed by
the crown, is chancellor ex-officio, and he, or his de-
puty, used formerly to hear and determine all appeals
from the inferior courts, on matters not relating to
landed property; which appellate jurisdiction was trans-
ferred to him in 1777, but in 1793 was restored to
the House of Keys: his consent, or, in his absence,
that of his lieutenant, is necessary to the passing of a
law. The Lieutenant-Governor performs all the func-
tions of the governor in his absence, and, during his
presence, such only as he may choose to entrust to
him. The Council consists of the lord bishop of the
ΜΑΝ
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MAN
diocese, the attorney-general, the receiver-general, the
two deemsters, the clerk of the rolls, the water-bailiff,
or admiralty judge, the archdeacon, and the two vi-
cars-general, who are ex-officio members of that body.
The duty of the council is to advise the governor, and
to assist him in the administration of justice in his
several courts; and when not acting in a judicial, or
legislative capacity, to act for the public good in a sum-
mary way, in cases of emergency, such as laying an em-
bargo on vessels, prohibiting the exportation of grain, or
other provisions, in times of scarcity, and similar acts
requiring promptitude; a majority of the council is ne-
cessary to give validity to their measures. The House
of Keys, consisting of twenty-four of the principal
landed proprietors, appears to be only a continua-
tion of the ancient assembly called Taxiari: they are
supposed to have obtained the name Keys from their
being, in all cases, the interpreters of the common law,
to whom lies an appeal from the inferior law courts,
and in all cases of disputed titles to landed property;
and from their decision an appeal lies only to the king
in council. To constitute a meeting of the House
of Keys, when acting as a separate body, thirteen
members must be present: they fill up vacancies in
their own body by a majority of votes, nominating two
persons, who must be possessed of landed property,
and above the age of twenty-one, of whom the gover-
nor returns one, who takes his seat for life: they elect
a speaker, who must be approved by the governor, and
holds his office for life, but without any emolument.
The House may be assembled at the pleasure of the
governor, who may either accept or refuse, a tender
of resignation from any of the members; if any mem-
ber, however, accept an office entitling him to be-
come a member of the council, he vacates his seat. The
three estates may enact, abolish, or revive all insular
laws, but before they can be put in force, they must be
confirmed by the king, and proclaimed in the Manks'
and English languages, before the people assembled
at the Tynwald Hill, and signed by the governor, or
his lieutenant, and such members of the council, and
of the House of Keys, as are present at the procla-
mation. The two Deemsters are officers of very exten-
sive jurisdiction and of high authority: they are chief
justices of the island; one, presiding over the north-
ern part, keeps his courts at Ramsey, and the other,
over the southern division, holds his court at Douglas:
they have cognizance of all causes exceeding the sum
of 40s., not being actions in which damages are to be
assessed, or such as properly belong to the court of
Chancery. A High Bailiff is appointed for each of the
four towns, by commission from the governor, and
holds his office during the governor's pleasure he is
conservator of the peace, and superintendent of police,
having jurisdiction in all matters of debt under the
amount of 40s.; he is also empowered to take the ac-
knowledgment of parties, or the testimony of witnesses,
for the probate of all deeds, or instruments, brought be-
fore him. A Coroner, with powers analogous in many
respects to those of English sheriffs, is appointed by the
governor to each of the six sheadings, or great divisions
of the island; he is both a ministerial officer and a con-
servator of the peace, and, according to an ancient sta-
tute, holds his office only for one year in addition to
the holding of inquests in case of sudden, or violent
:
:
death, he is bound to summon juries, to execute pro-
cesses issued by the governor and by the judges of the
courts of justice, and to carry into effect the sentence of
the court in criminal matters, and in breaches of the
peace, he can arrest without a warrant, and, after the
legal forms have been observed, can sell any property
he may have previously distrained: it is his duty also to
assist in the salvage and sale of wrecks, and he has a
deputy in each of the parishes within his sheading, who
is called a Lockman. In each parish there is also an
ancient officer, called a Moar, whose duty it is to collect
the rents, fines, escheats, deodands, waifs, and estrays
due to the lord, and to execute the orders of the court
baron.
The laws of the Isle of Man still retain much of
their ancient peculiarity of character, though modified
by occasional acts of Tynwald, and in some respects ren-
dered more in unison with those of England.
The com-
mon law was hitherto administered by the deemsters
and keys, who, under the lord proprietor, governed the
island by a jus non scriptum, committed to their loyalty
and fidelity, as a sacred trust, and by them orally
communicated to posterity. This custom appears to
have been derived from the Druids, who, as is observed
by Cæsar, were deeply versed in the laws, which they
would by no means publish for the information of the
vulgar. Hence the Manks, from the remotest period of
antiquity, designated their common law by the name of
Breast laws, being deposited in the breasts of the deem-
sters and keys, and only on important occasions di-
vulged to the people. By an act of Tynwald, in 1777,
and subsequently, in the 57th of George III., the code
now in general use was revised, the institution of the
grand jury differing from that of England only in the
additional benefit of receiving evidence on the part of
the accused, which enables them with more certainty to
decide upon the finding of a bill.
The principal courts are the court of Chancery,
the court of Exchequer, the court of Common Law, the
court of General Gaol Delivery, the court of Admiralty,
the courts of the Deemsters, the courts of the High Bai-
liffs, and the Ecclesiastical courts. The court of Chancery,
in matters of civil property, has the most extensive
jurisdiction of all the courts in the island, and is both
a court of law and of equity. The governor, or, in his
absence, the lieutenant-governor, who is the represen-
tative of the king, presides in this court, and is assisted
by the deemsters, the attorney-general, the clerk of the
rolls, and the water-bailiff, or admiralty judge who, since
the act of revestment, are all appointed by the king, and
hold their places during his royal pleasure. Like the
English court of Chancery, the proceedings are con-
ducted without the intervention of a jury, and, with the
exception only of power to imprison for contempt, this
court has equal authority: the proceedings in equity
differ from those at common law more in practice than
in principle. In order to prosecute a suit on the law
side of the court, a common action is entered at the
Rolls office, and process granted thereon by the gover-
nor; three days previously to the meeting of the court,
which is generally on the first Thursday in every
month, at Castletown, the defendant must be summon-
ed by the coroner, or his deputy, to appear at the next
court day, when the action is called in rotation by the
coroner. Should he neglect to appear, an attachment
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222
against him may be sued for, and renewed at the se-
cond, third, and fourth meetings of the court, at the
last of which, if it be a matter of debt, and not de-
fended, it may either be heard and determined on
the plaintiff's own oath, or it may be, at his option,
deferred to the next court. Should the cause of
action be disputed, or denied, by the defendant, the
court may transfer it for trial in the deemster's court
by a jury at common law, or to any other court, eccle-
siastical or civil, as the nature of the case may require.
When a common action for debt is taken out, either
against a native about to leave the island, or against a
stranger, the defendant may not only be arrested and
imprisoned, but his effects may be taken possession of
by the constable, till he give security for his personal
appearance; and after the decree has been issued, the
effects must be sold by auction, or so much as will sa-
tisfy the creditor, after paying one year's rent, if due,
and such servants' wages as may be due by the defen-
dant at the time. On the equity side of the court, the
proceedings are carried on by bill and answer, as in the
English court. The Manks' law compels a native
debtor to give up all his present and future effects to
his creditors, but exempts him from imprisonment :
a native cannot be arrested, or held to bail, for debt,
unless he is about to leave the island, and has ob-
tained the governor's pass for that purpose, The
laws relating to bankruptcy, as practised in England,
are wholly unknown in the Mank's jurisprudence: if
an insolvent shall have faithfully accounted for, and
delivered up, his property on oath for the satisfac-
tion of his creditors, the governor may order him an
allowance of sixpence per day for his subsistence, and
in default of payment weekly, liberate the prisoner. In
respect of arbitrations, no proceedings are cognizable
without a rule of court entered into by consent of the
parties. No person paying a lord's rent of an ancient
quarterland, or £3 of yearly intack, which is regarded
as equivalent, is liable to arrest for debt.
time immemorial. The juries consist of six men, sum-
moned by the coroner, from whose verdict an appeal
lies to the House of Keys, who may proceed in the mat-
ter according to their judgment; the appellant must,
within twenty-one days after the recording of the ver-
dict, give a bond of £3 that he will prosecute the appeal.
In cases of trespass, a jury of four men, who are a jury
of enquiry, are summoned by one of the deemsters
from the parish in which the trespass was committed,
or any loss sustained; whose province it is to view and
estimate the injury, and to endeavour to discover by
whom it was committed. The court is opened by the
coroner of Glanfaba, with an address in the. Manks
language. The court of General Gaol Delivery is held at
Castle Rushen twice in the year, or at such times as the
governor, or, in his absence, the lieutenant-governor, may
direct: in this court the governor, or lieutenant-governor,
presides, assisted by the bishop of the diocese, the arch-
deacon, the two vicars-general, the deemsters, the attor-
ney-general, the clerk of the rolls, the water-bailiff, or
admiralty judge, and other officers, for determining upon
all offences which by the laws of the island are deemed
capital. The proceedings, by statute of 1777 and an
act of Tynwald in the 57th of George III., require the
bill of indictment to be previously found by the grand
jury, who not only hear the evidence in behalf of the
prosecution, but also receive depositions on the part of
the prisoner; by these means they are enabled to decide
with greater certainty on the necessity of putting the
prisoner on his trial, for which purpose four men are
summoned from each of the seventeen parishes in
the island, and when a jury of twelve men is empan-
nelled, they are sworn and charged by the deemster:
the prosecution is conducted by the attorney-general,
and counsel is allowed to the prisoner. When the
pleadings are concluded, and the jury have agreed on
their verdict, if it be a capital offence, the deeemster
demands of the foreman, in the Manks' language, "Vod
fir charree sole ?" in English, "May he that ministers
at the altar continue to sit ?" if the foreman -an-
swers that he may, a verdict of not guilty is returned,
and the prisoner is instantly discharged; but should
he answer that he may not, it is understood to be
the precursor of a verdict of guilty, and the bishop
and his clergy immediately retire; the verdict is re-
turned, and the senior deemster then pronounces
sentence of death, but the execution is delayed till
his Majesty's pleasure shall be known.
The court of Exchequer takes cognizance of all mat-
ters connected with the revenue: proceedings are here
carried on for the recovery of penalties and forfeitures
due to the crown, incurred by frauds upon the customs:
the governor, or lieutenant-governor, presides in this
court, which is generally held immediately after the court
of Chancery, and has power to make, from time to time,
such orders and rules for regulating its proceedings
as may be found necessary: this court also imposes
fines, and determines the right of tithes, which, pre-
viously to the act of Tynwald, in 1777, had been cog-
nizable only in the ecclesiastical courts. The court of
The court of
Common Law is held at Castle Rushen, or at such other
place as the governor shall appoint, in Hilary term,
on the Tuesday next after the first Thursday in Febru-
ary; in Easter term, on the Tuesday next after the
first Thursday in May; in Trinity term, on the Tuesday
next after the last Thursday in June; and in Michael-
mas term, on the Tuesday next after the 5th of October.
This court, in which the governor, or lieutenant-go-
vernor presides, assisted by the deemster, takes cog-
nizance of all actions real, personal, and mixed, and of
all suits at common law that require to be determined
by a jury; which practice of trial by jury appears to
have obtained in all places wherein the feudal system
was adopted, and in this island has continued from
-
The court of Admiralty, in which the water-bailiff
presides as sole judge, is held every Saturday, and
takes cognizance
takes cognizance of all pleas respecting maritime
affairs, and of all offences committed on the seas, with-
in the distance of three leagues from the shores of
the island; and, according to ancient statutes, has the
superintendence of all concerns relating to the her-
ring fishery. Suitors in this court must apply verbally,
or by petition, stating the cause of complaint: a sum-
mons is then granted to compel the defendant to ap-
pear at the next court, when the witnesses on both
sides are examined, and the cause is heard and deter-
mined, either with or without the assistance of a jury,
at the discretion of the judge. Should he deem the
cause of sufficient importance to require the attendance
of a jury, the judge issues his warrant to the coroner,
requiring him to summon four persons out of his shead-
MAN
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223
ing, who must give a unanimous verdict, whereupon
the judge pronounces his decree, from which in all civil
cases an appeal lies to the governor. The Deemsters'
courts, which are of great antiquity, are held weekly in
the north and south districts into which the island is
divided; the former at Ramsey, and the latter at Doug-
las: they take cognizance of slanders, assaults, bat-
teries, debts, contracts, and all causes not involving
the inheritance of land; the process is conducted with-
out the intervention of a jury, and is attended with
many advantages independently of their celerity and
cheapness. The deemster, in particular cases, will elicit
a discovery of facts in the absence of more direct evi-
dence; will order the production of deeds and papers
not before the court, but essential to a right judgment
of the case, which frequently precludes the necessity of a
bill in equity; and in all disputes between landlord and
tenant, with respect to the possession of lands and
tenements, the cause is heard in a summary way, and
in the latter instance the deemster by his judgment
orders immediate possession to be given. In all the
courts of the island the parties are at liberty to plead
their own cause in person, which is generally prac-
tised, and till lately there existed very few attorneys,
or, as they are here called, advocates: but in matters
of great importance the pleadings are usually con-
ducted by an advocate, who, by the statute of 1777,
must be commissioned by the governor, and take the
requisite oaths. By the same statute, should any advo-
cate become bail in an action, or carry on a suit by
champarty, that is, by making any contract either be-
fore or during the pleadings, to have part of the lands
or profits that may form the object of the suit, he is
liable to be fined, or imprisoned, at the discretion of the
court, and be rendered incapable of practising in future.
The High Bailiffs' courts are held at Castletown, Doug-
las, Peel, and Ramsey, for the recovery of debts under
40s.; the proceedings are similar to those of courts of
requests in England. The court for insolvent debtors,
which is held quarterly at Castletown, is similar to the
English court. The Ecclesiastical courts are, the consis-
torial court, the court of the vicars-general, and the
chapter, or circuit court. The consistorial court, in
which the bishop, or his vicars-general, and registrar
preside, takes cognizance of all matters relating to the
probates of wills, granting letters of administration, ali-
mony, church assessments, the guardianship of property
belonging to minors, and cases of defamation. The
court of the vicars-general has cognizance generally of
all offences against religion and the interests of the
church, and in all cases not cognizable by the common
law courts. The chapter, or circuit, court takes cogni-
zance of all matters connected with the see, and the
general affairs of the diocese. The proceedings in all
these courts, when not otherwise provided for by local
enactments, are regulated conformably to the practice
of similar courts in England.
island. The Manks' statute book commences in 1422, and
contains a collection of statutes, ordinances, and cus-
toms, presented, reputed, and used for the laws of the
island.”´ The laws enacted in the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries have but little weight as precedents; a more
regular system of legislation subsisted in 1764, sub-
sequently to which period very few alterations have
been made. The feudal tenure, by which the tenants
held their lands in villainage, at the absolute will of the
King of Man, or lord proprietor of the soil, in process
of time gave way to a more liberal tenure, called hold-
ing by the straw, similar to the ancient tenure of the
verge in England. At length the tenants became
not only ascriptitious to the soil, but acquired perma-
nent estates in land descendible from ancestor to heir,
in the nature of free soccage; but there are no sta-
tutes declaratory of the settled mode of descent, or of
the alienation of lands, prior to the act of Tynwald
passed by James, Earl of Derby, his council, deemsters,
and keys, in 1645. It is supposed that, prior to the
passing of that act, the lord's officers had prevailed
upon many proprietors of lands to surrender their es-
tates, which descended to the eldest son, and, in default
of male issue, to the eldest daughter, and to accept
from the lord leases for lives in lieu of them; but the
House of Keys interfering, obtained from the earl not
only the passing of that act, but ultimately the cele-
brated act of settlement, which is emphatically designated
the Manks' Magna Charta, in the year 1704. By this
act, the purchaser of a farm, quarterland, or other real
property, may alienate, or devise his estate, which, if
not disposed of, remains as assets, in default of per-
sonal property, for the payment of all debts, whether of
specialty or of simple contract, without any preference.
By the Manks' common law, such property, after one
descent from the purchaser, becomes an absolute estate
of inheritance, descending to the eldest son, or, in default
of male issue, to the eldest daughter, and, in default of
issue, to the next of kin, but subject always to any gift,
grant, sale, mortgage, lease, or assignment, executed by
deed of the owner, to the payment of arrears of the
lord's rent, in default of personal property, and to for-
feiture for felony or treason.
feiture for felony or treason. Though lands may be
alienated by deed, they cannot by will, except by the first
purchaser; neither, after one descent from the purchaser,
are they subject to any other than mortgage debts, ex-
cept property consisting of mills, cottages, or intacks.
The term of a Manks' purchase cannot be construed in
the larger and more extended sense of Lyttleton's Per-
quisitio, which includes every kind of title, except only
that of hereditary transmission; for, in this island, it is
considered only as a purchase for a valuable consider-
ation. The quarterlands, which are analogous to the
hides in England, usually comprising about one hundred
acres, have, from time immemorial, been considered as
property of the highest order in the island; and, though
absolute estates of inheritance, are subject by the act of
settlement to the payment of a rent to the lord, and
a certain fine upon descent or alienation. The tenants'
names are, by the act, to be entered in the office rolls,
to the intent that, in the event of the conveyance
being destroyed, the title may not be impugned, and
the estates are thus absolutely and irrevocably con-
firmed. An estate on which is an unredeemed mort-
gage of five years' standing passes to the mortgageė,
Since the grant of the island, by Henry IV., to Sir
John Stanley, it has been governed by its own peculiar
laws. Its most ancient records are the laws and ordi-
nances enacted by the court of Tynwald, in 1417, the
first of which was an act passed by commissioners ap-
pointed by the lord of the island and the House of Keys,
to prevent abuses of the places of sanctuary, at that time
appointed for criminals by some of the ecclesiastics of the
(C
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MAN
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224
she is entitled to one moiety of his estate, and also
to a moiety of his purchased lands, and even in the
lifetime of her husband may dispose of them by will
to such of her children as she shall think proper, or to
her husband, but to no other person; but this right of
dower may be barred by settlement before marriage.
who then becomes the lord's tenant, and pays a certain
fine, as in cases of alienation; but the mortgagers
have the power of redemption within twenty-one years
from the date of the mortgage. All mortgages are null
and void if not recorded within six months from the
time of their being executed: the most expeditious and
easy mode of recovering either the interest or prin-
cipal due on a mortgage is by application to the court
of the deemster, who, after summoning the parties, and
hearing the case, will, if the property consist of quar-
terlands of inheritance, either order the interest to
be levied on the personal effects of the mortgager, or
give possession of the premises to the mortgagee, who
may hold them till payment of the principal, interest,
costs, and all other charges be made, according to the
conditions of the mortgage deed. In this case he must
let the premises by public auction to the highest bidder,
and apply the rents to the reduction and discharge of
the mortgage. If the premises be purchased lands,
cottages, mills, or intacks, the deemster will, if the
mortgage deed be in the usual form of bond and secu-
rity, order payment to be made out of them. Estates
Estates
consisting of cottages, mills, and intacks, are subject to
the payment of debts of the owner, and may be alien-
ated by gift, grant, demise, will, or assignment, but, by
the statute of 1777, cannot be deemed personal effects, or
chattels, nor made assets in the hands of executors, or
be claimed by right of consanguinity, in exclusion of
the heir at law. No entail on hereditaments within the
island can be created beyond the life of the grantor, or
the heirs of persons in esse. The common conveyance of
a Manks' freehold is a deed signed by the parties in the
presence of two witnesses, not indented, and without
seal or stamp, neither of which is necessary for the
validity of any deed, except instruments of a public
nature, and letters of attorney to be used out of the
island, in which cases the government seal is requisite.
It is usual and advisable for the parties to any deed
to acknowledge it before a magistrate, who verifies it
under his own hand to be their act, and it then becomes
admissible as evidence in any court of justice within the
island, without the necessity of producing witnesses to
prove its execution. There is no statutable form pre-
scribed for the execution of written wills, except that,
in cases of land, it is requisite to have two witnesses;
but by the statute of 1777, no nuncupative will is va-
lid unless proved by the oaths of two witnesses, and
the words, or the substance of them, committed to
writing within ten days after the uttering or pub-
lishing thereof. If a man marries an heiress and sur-
vives her, he shall be entitled to one moiety of her
estate, so long as he remains a widower, and also to a
moiety of her purchased lands, and during coverture
he is solely entitled to the rents and profits; and an
heiress after marriage has no power to sell, or lease, her
estate, without being joined in a deed to that effect by
her husband; neither can the husband sell, or make a
lease, of his own estate, without the consent of his wife,
so as to prejudice her right in case of survivorship. If
a man marry a second wife, having issue by the first, the
second can claim after his decease only one-fourth part
of his estate of inheritance, during her widowhood;
but if there be no issue by the first wife, she can claim a
moiety, If a woman be married to a man who is seized
of an absolute freehold of inheritance, and survives him,
:
The military establishment of the island consists
generally of a company or two of regular troops detach-
ed from regiments in England, stationed at Castletown,
for manning the garrisons, and for the defence of the
coast, under the command of the governor each of
the parishes furnishes four men on horseback, armed
with a sabre and a pike, under a captain appointed by
the governor, and in each there is also an officer ap-
pointed by the governor, called the captain of the
parish, with powers similar to those of the high bailiffs
of the four towns, for the preservation of the peace.
The four towns are, Castletown, Douglas, Peel, and
Ramsey. CASTLETOWN, in the parish of Kirk-Malen;
anciently called Rushen, being the seat of govern-
ment, is considered the capital: it is situated at the
southern extremity of the island, and on the western
shore of Castletown bay, opposite the promontory of
Langness point, 9½ miles (S. W.) from Douglas, the
principal port, and contains 2036 inhabitants. This,
which is the most ancient of the towns, is supposed
to have been coeval with the erection of the castle of
Rushen, from which it had its name, and which was
founded by Guttred, the second Danish sovereign in suc-
cession from Orry: the present buildings, however, appear
to have been mostly erected during the last century; the
houses are in general neatly built; the streets are regular
and well paved, and the inhabitants are amply supplied
with water. Near the castle wall is a spacious area, form-
ing the market-place; and a convenient market-house,
with an assembly-room over it, was built in 1830. There
is a subscription reading-room well supported. In the
town and vicinity are breweries, corn-mills, and a tan-
nery. The town is intersected by a small river, over
which are a drawbridge, opposite to the castle, for foot
passengers, and higher up a bridge of stone for carriages.
The castle, which is of great strength, and was originally
the principal fortress in the island, is situated on the west
side of the river, which is nearly dry at low water; and
is considered to bear a striking resemblance to the castle
of Elsinore in Denmark: it is surrounded by a lofty em-
battled wall and fosse, and defended by a glacis of stone,
said to have been added by Cardinal Wolsey, when he
was guardian to Edward, Earl of Derby. The building is
quadrangular, with square towers on the sides, the
largest more than eighty feet high: within the area are
some commodious and recently modernised apartments,
appropriated as the residence of the lieutenant-governor,
and a spacious room in which the several courts of law
are held; and on the walls are three buildings of small
dimensions, where the records are kept, and the busi-
ness of the Rolls' office is transacted. The keep, which
is built of hard limestone resembling that found in
the neighbourhood, is still entire, forming the only
prison in the island: it was formerly a very dreary
dungeon, in which prisoners were crowded together
in dark and damp chambers; but, in 1815, the in-
terior of the castle underwent considerable alterations,
and the keep was converted into a prison, divided into
three classes, for debtors, and for male and female cri-
MAN
MAN
225
minals. In addition to the general law courts, the
Tynwald court; the deemsters' summary courts, assem-
bled when they think proper; the water-bailiff's court,
every Saturday; the court of the high bailiff of the
town, the jurisdiction of which extends over the pa-
rishes of Kirk-Arbory, Kirk-Malew, Kirk-Christ-Rushen,
and Kirk St. Anne, for the recovery of debts under 40s.,
every Saturday; the court for insolvent debtors, quar-
terly; and the chapter and circuit courts of the vicars-
general, in spring and autumn; are held within the
castle walls. From the summit of the tower, now ap-
propriated to the execution of criminals, there is an
extensive view of the surrounding country, and of Cas-
tletown and Pool-vash bays. Near the castle is a neat
building for the meeting of the House of Keys. In the
vicinity many handsome edifices have been erected
within these few years: in levelling the ground for the
erection of Lorn House, and the formation of the plea-
sure grounds, some stone coffins and bones were found.
At the distance of a few hundred yards from the town, on
the road to Derby haven, was formerly the place of exe-
cution, called Hango Hill, where Receiver-General Wil-
liam Christian was shot, in 1662, for surrendering the
island to the parliamentarians. The numerous rocks in
the bay render access to the town by sea so difficult, that
most of the supplies for the consumption of the inha-
bitants are landed at Douglas bay, or Derby haven, from
which latter place a great quantity of corn is exported.
The parochial church, Kirk-Malew, is one mile and a
half from the town: the old chapel, erected in 1698 by
Bishop Wilson, was taken down in 1826, and the pre-
sent edifice, handsomely built of limestone cemented,
with an octagonal tower, has been erected, at an expense
of £1600: the interior is well arranged, and contains one
thousand one hundred sittings, of which three hundred
are free, the Incorporated Society for building and en-
larging churches and chapels having granted £300
towards defraying the expense. There are places of
worship for Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, and
Roman Catholics. King William's College was founded,
in 1830, by the Hon. Cornelius Smelt, lieutenant-gover-
nor; Dr. Ward, bishop of the diocese, and the other
trustees of property granted by Bishop Barrow, in
1668, for the promotion of sound learning, and for the
education and support of two young men, to supply
the Manks' churches, and other charitable and pious
uses. The course of studies embraces religious in-
struction suited to the age of the pupils, the classics,
mathematics, oriental literature, the modern languages,
navigation, and other sciences, forming a complete and
general system of education. The principal, and the
other masters, with the exception only of the professors
of the oriental and modern languages, must be mem-
bers of the church of England, and graduates of
one of the Universities: the masters, under certain re-
gulations, are allowed to receive pupils of the college,
as boarders; the pupils pay a small sum per quar-
ter towards the funds of the college, and a small
admission fee towards the establishment of a library.
Provision is made, by Bishop Barrow's gift, for the
further education at either of the Universities of
young men intended for the church; and when the
funds of the college will allow it, professors of divinity,
law, physic, and surgery, will be added for the benefit
of such pupils as, having passed through the ordinary
VOL. III.
•
courses of study in the college, may be unable to com-
plete their professional education elsewhere. The build-
ings, partly in the early English, and partly in the
Elizabethan, style of architecture, form a spacious cru-
ciform structure, two hundred and ten feet in length
from east to west, and one hundred and thirty-five feet
from north to south: from the intersection rises an
embattled tower, one hundred and fifteen feet high,
strengthened with buttresses, surmounted by an octa-
gonal lantern turret, intended for an observatory, having
in each of its faces an elegant lofty window, and crowned
with a parapet and handsome pinnacles, carried up from
angular buttresses: they include a handsome church, in
the early English style, and were erected partly with the
money saved out of the academic fund, and partly by
the liberal subscriptions of the inhabitants, the expense
of building the church having been defrayed from funds
collected in England by Bishop Ward, for the erection
of new churches in the island: there are also a public
lecture-room, a large hall for a library, four large class
rooms, and houses for the masters, containing numer-
ous apartments for the accommodation of pupils, and
every requisite arrangement for the purposes of the
institution: this extensive and handsome pile of build-
ing was erected under the superintendence, and after
a design, of Messrs. Hansom and Welch, of Liverpool,
who are also the architects of the several churches
now in progress of erection in the island. A National
school, in which two hundred and twenty children are
instructed, is supported by subscription; and a paro-
chial charity school for twenty boys is supported by
the impropriate funds of the island. Mrs. Catherine
Halsalls, in 1758, bequeathed £8 per annum to a mis-
tress, to teach poor girls to read, sew, knit, and spin,
and £2 per annum for repairing the school-house;
and Mr. and Mrs. Taubman, in 1799, bequeathed £25
per annum for the support of a free school for twenty-
five boys, of which sum, £20 is appropriated as a
salary to the master, and £5 to the purchase of books.
At Derby haven, which has been previously noticed as
a place of landing for persons visiting Castletown, is
a small village, chiefly consisting of cottages and some
large herring warehouses, and in the neighbourhood of
the town are several lime-kilns.
DOUGLAS, the largest, most populous, and greatest
commercial town in the island, containing 6054 inhabit-
ants, is situated near the centre of the eastern coast,
and on the south of the large semicircular bay of the
same name, in the parish of Kirk-Braddan. The town
derives its name from the rivers Dhoo and Glass
uniting their streams a little above it, and falling into
the harbour: it is of a triangular form, the longest side
extending from the bridge at the upper end of the har-
bour, in a north-easterly direction, towards the coast,
and the shortest from the same point in a direction to-
wards the pier. The streets are in many parts incon-
venient and narrow, and the houses without order or
uniformity of appearance; but, from the relative import-
ance of its commerce, and the advantages of its port, it
has undergone considerable improvements, and in the
suburbs are several new streets regularly formed, and
many houses of handsome appearance. The town is
partially paved, and lighted during the winter, and the
inhabitants are supplied with water brought from a
declivity behind the town in casks, and carried about
+
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ΜΑΝ
MAN
226
for sale: the pier forms an agreeable promenade, and
is much frequented. To the south is a range of
hills, called the How of Douglas; and on the north-east
are seen the cliff of Clay Head, and the mountains of
Snawfel and Pen-y-Pot, with the spacious intervening
bay, to the right of which is a long extent of the Cum-
berland coast, crowned with distant mountains; and
from the summit of Douglas head, still more to the
right, the high lands of Wales are plainly discernible.
The bay, with the town and country above it, rising
from its shores in the form of an amphitheatre, forms a
beautiful object as approached from the sea, and to the
north of the town are extensive and firm sands, much
frequented by company in carriages, on horseback, and
on foot. About half a mile beyond the town is Mona
castle, the magnificent mansion erected by the late Duke
of Athol, of a fine white sand-stone, brought from the
Isle of Arran, at an expense of £40,000: this castle, and
about one hundred acres of land surrounding it, are the
only property now belonging to that family. Near it is
the elegant marine villa of Col. Stewart, pleasantly situ-
ated in the centre of grounds tastefully laid out; and
adjoining the lodge is the Marine Terrace, a handsome
range of houses recently erected. At the entrance of the
bay, on the south shore, is a battery of two guns; and
on the banks of the river, to the west of the town, are
several handsome seats; among which is the Nunnery,
a building in the early style of English architecture, so
called from the contiguous ruins of an ancient religious
establishment, founded, according to Manks' tradition,
in the sixth century, by St. Bridget, of which the prioress
was anciently a baroness of the island. The salubrity
of the air, and the fineness of the beach, have rendered
Douglas a place of general resort for sea-bathing, and
suitable residences and lodging-houses have been erected
at the northern extremity of the bay, and in the town,
for the accommodation of the numerous visitors who
frequent it during the summer season: a large hotel, with
bathing machines and every requisite accommodation,
has been established on the coast of the bay, and in the
town are several hotels and boarding-houses. A com-
modious establishment of hot and cold sea-water baths
was erected in 1816. A neat theatre is opened during
the season, and assemblies are held in an elegant
suite of rooms at the British Hotel: there are several
libraries, news-rooms, and billiard tables, in various
parts of the town, and a United Service club was esta-
blished in 1829. Considerable trade is carried on at this
port with the neighbouring coasts, and ship-building,
both for home and for foreign use, consisting chiefly of
small vessels and fishing-boats, is greatly encouraged,
the shipwrights being much esteemed for their skill in
the construction of those vessels: there are also several
extensive soap-manufactories, tan-yards, breweries, and
corn-mills in the town and neighbourhood. The custom-
house, a commodious building, formerly the residence
of the Duke of Athol, is situated on the quay. The
intercourse with the neighbouring kingdoms has been
greatly facilitated by means of steam-packets: the
post-office for the whole island is established in this
town, to which letters are brought by the steam-pack-
ets from Liverpool, three times in the week during the
summer, and once during the winter. There are
two steam-packets from Douglas to Liverpool direct,
every other day, and during the summer the voyage,
seventy-two miles long, is performed in eight hours.
Scotch steam-vessels running between Liverpool and
Glasgow call here daily, and one from Whitehaven to
Dublin calls every Saturday, on her way thither, and
every Monday on her return, during the summer: there
are also several traders from this port to Liverpool,
Whitehaven, and to the Scotch and Irish ports. The
Isle of Man district association of the Royal National
Institution, for the preservation of life from shipwreck,
which institution originated in this island, under the
auspices of Sir William Hillary, Bart., is held in this
town. It was founded in 1824, under the immediate
patronage of the king, the princes of the blood royal,
and many of the leading men in the state; and, since
its establishment, has paid premiums and bestowed ho-
norary medals for the recovery of one thousand four
hundred and forty-six lives: it provides with food,
clothing, medical assistance, and the means of restoring
to their homes, the destitute sufferers of all nations, and
has life-boats and a complete set of Captain Manby's ap-
paratus in constant readiness at all the principal ports.
This district association is under the immediate super-
intendence of the lieutenant-governor, as patron; Sir
William Hillary, Bart., president; the Bishop and the
Speaker of the House of Keys, vice-presidents; and a
general committee of members of the legislature and of
the principal inhabitants. The market is on Saturday,
and is well supplied with provisions of all kinds brought
from different parts of the island: the town is amply
supplied with fresh fish throughout the year, and with a
little salmon during the summer months; the fair is on
November 12th, for cattle. The deemster for the southern
division holds his court here as often as may be neces-
sary, and the high bailiff every Saturday, for the recovery
of debts under 40s; the jurisdiction of the latter extends
over the parishes of Kirk-Braddan, Kirk-Onchan, Kirk-
Lonan, and Kirk-Marown: the vicars-general hold an
ecclesiastical court every alternate Friday, and a chapter,
or circuit court, in spring and autumn. The court-
house, a plain building, is situated near the pier, and
has a small lock-up house for the confinement of
offenders previously to their being sent to Castletown
for trial. The parochial church, called Kirk-Braddan,
is two miles distant, on the road to Peel. On one side
of the market-place is a small chapel, dedicated to
St. Matthew, containing about three hundred sittings,
to which is attached a library established by Bishop
Wilson, and augmented by Bishop Hyldersley with a
bequest of two hundred volumes; and on an eminence
to the west of the town is a neat chapel, dedicated to
St. George, containing one thousand sittings. A new
chapel, which will accommodate one thousand five
hundred persons, is now being erected in Fort-street,
to be dedicated
dedicated to St. Barnabas: it is a neat
building in the early style of English architecture,
with turrets crowned with pinnacles at the angles of
the nave; the interior is lighted by a long range of
fifteen clerestory windows on each side; at the west end
is a handsome tower, surmounted by a spire, a hundred
and forty feet high. The livings are perpetual curacies,
in the patronage of the Bishop. There are places of
worship for Independents, Primitive and Wesleyan Me-
thodists, and Roman Catholics. A National school, es-
tablished in 1810, for which commodious school-rooms
have been erected in Athol-street, at an expense of
•
MAN
MAN
227
·
£1120, is supported by subscription, for the instruction
of one hundred and twenty boys, and one hundred
and twenty girls; an infant school, in which are one
hundred children, has been recently established. The
establishment of a public kitchen, under the super-
intendence of the high bailiff, to which each inhabitant
contributes what he may think proper, has afforded
material relief from the importunate visits of the poor,
to which other parishes are exposed: those poor per-
sons who, from infirmity or illness, cannot attend the
public table, are provided with food at their own
houses. A medical dispensary has been instituted
within the last few years, and is well supported; and
there are various benefit and friendly societies in
the town.
groined roof is supported on low dwarf pillars, and in
one corner is a well. Some of the arches in the tran-
sept are remaining, but the building is unroofed and
hastening to decay. Bishop Wilson was the last prelate
who was enthroned in this church. The ruins of St.
Patrick's church are a little to the westward of it: this
is supposed to have been the first Christian church in
the island, and, though roofless and in a greatly dila-
pidated state, it retains some characteristics of the Nor-
man style of architecture. In the rocks along the
neighbouring coast are many curious caverns: agates
and cornelians are found on the sands. The town is
paved, and supplied with water from wells. The market
is on Friday, chiefly for provisions, with which it is well
supplied; and there are fairs on March 28th and July
24th, for horses and cattle. The deemsters hold their
courts here occasionally, and the high bailiff every
Saturday, for the recovery of debts under 40s.; the ju-
risdiction of the latter extends over the parishes of
Kirk-Ballaugh, Kirk St. German, Kirk-Michael, and
Kirk-Patrick: the vicars-general hold a chapter, or cir-
cuit court, in spring and autumn: a new court-house is
at present being erected. The parochial church, dedi-
cated to St. Peter, is not distinguished for its architec-
ture; it will accommodate five hundred persons. The
free grammar school was founded, in 1746, by Philip
Moore, Esq., who endowed it with £ 500, directing the
interest to be paid to a master qualified to teach “ the
Latin language, and such other learning as may prepare
youth for the service of their country in church and
state;" the bishop and the twenty-four keys are trus-
tees. A mathematical school was founded, in 1763, by
the Rev. James Moore, of Dublin, who bequeathed the
ground-rent of three houses in that city, producing then
£20 Irish per annum : he also ordered his books to
be sold, or exchanged, for mathematical books and in-
struments for its use. John Stevenson, Esq., of Ashley
Park, in the county of Surrey, bequeathed £100 for the
instruction of two additional boys; and Cæsar Corris,
Esq., in 1826, gave also £100 for the instruction of
two boys of his own kindred; or, in default of such,
for any other boys of the town: the school premises,
which were left by Sir George Moore, are in a dila-
pidated state, no funds having been appropriated for
keeping them in repair. Philip Christian, Esq., in
1652, left two houses in Lovel's Inn, Paternoster Row,
London, to the Master and Wardens of the Cloth-
workers' Company, in trust for the yearly payment of
£20 to two poor boys, natives of the Isle of Man, as
apprentice-fees of £10 each, with an order that, if there
should not be a free school in the town of Peel, the
money should be paid towards the establishment and
maintenance of such a school; £18 per annum of
which sum to be paid to the master, and £2
per annum to be appropriated to the purchase of
books. Bishop Wilson bequeathed £ 50 for the instruc-
tion of poor girls, and Mr. William Cain left a small
piece of land for teaching children. About three miles
from the town is the Tynwald Mount, where all new
laws, according to ancient usage, must be promulgated
to the people: the ascent to its summit, which is
about eighteen feet high, is by a flight of steps cut
in the turf on the western side; around it are seve-
ral terraces diminishing in breadth from the base.
When the legislative assembly is collected, a chair
PEEL, anciently called Holme town, in the parish
of Kirk-German, is situated on the western coast, 10
miles (N.W.) from Douglas, and 12 from Castletown,
and contains 1909 inhabitants. It is chiefly remarkable
for the remains of its ancient castle and cathedral
church, to which it was indebted for its early import-
ance it was a place of considerable commerce prior
to the suppression of the contraband trade, and was
the grand resort of smugglers; but since that period
the inhabitants have been principally employed in agri-
culture and in the fisheries, herrings on this part of
the coast being taken in the greatest abundance, and not
less than seventy boats belong to the harbour. The re-
mains of the castle are situated on a small rocky island,
about one hundred yards west of the town, being sepa-
rated from it by Peel river, which is scarcely a foot deep
at low water, and joined to the main land by a stone wall
shelving towards the summit, built many years since to
defend the harbour: the entrance was formerly by a
flight of steps on the eastern side, now almost worn away
by time the walls, which are from three to four feet
thick, and flanked with towers, are built of clay-slate,
and are in many places quoined and faced with red
sand-stone; they enclose a polygonal area of about
five acres, which is almost filled with the ruins of walls,
buildings, and dwelling-houses; and in the centre is a
pyramidal mound of earth, about seventeen yards at
the base, surrounded by a ditch five feet and a half
broad, supposed to have been either a tumulus raised
over the ashes of some illustrious chief, or from the
summit of which harangues were made to the po-
pulace: the time of the erection of the castle is not
known, but it is by some supposed to have been prior
to the foundation of Castle Rushen. Till the act of
revestment, this fortress, as well as Rushen castle,
was garrisoned by native troops, in the pay of the
lord of the isles; but since the island became vested
in the British crown, the armoury has been removed,
the garrison reduced, and the building suffered to de-
cay within the walls is a two-gun battery. Eleanor,
wife of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, in the reign
of Henry VI., and the Earl of Warwick, who for a
time was banished to this island, and placed under
the custody of the garrison, were at different times
confined in this castle. Within the area are the ruins
of the ancient church of St. German, erected about
the year 1245, as the cathedral church, which has not
been used, except as a burying-place, for many years:
beneath the eastern part of it is the ancient ecclesi-
astical prison, a vault eighteen feet deep, of which the
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228
under a canopy is placed on the summit for the go-
vernor, or his deputy, below whom, on the terraces,
the deemsters, the council, and the keys, take their
places, according to their respective orders, the sur-
rounding area being occupied by the people. The Tyn-
wald court is held annually on the 5th of July, when
different officers are chosen for the year. The legislative
assembly meet at St. John's chapel, from which, after
divine service has been performed, they move in pro-
cession to the mount.
RAMSEY is situated on the north-eastern coast, in
the parish of Kirk-Maughold, 15½ miles (N. N. E.) from
Douglas, and 25 (N. E.) from Castletown, near the
mouth of the river Sulby, the largest in the island,
over which is a stone bridge of three arches, one
hundred and fifty feet in length, and twelve in width :
it contains 1523 inhabitants. The town is irregu-
larly built, but the streets are wide, clean, and well
paved, and the inhabitants are amply supplied with
water. The surrounding country is remarkably pic-
turesque, and in a high state of cultivation. Several
handsome seats and pleasing villas, inhabited chiefly
by native families of respectability, have been erected.
There are many flourishing apple orchards, and the
stone fences on most of the estates have given place to
quickset hedges. The neighbourhood is remarkable as
the scene of the numerous battles fought between the
Danes and the Scots, when the latter had possession of
the island. The trade is principally in exporting Manks'
produce, especially wheat: the amount of exports is
about £40,000 per annum: there are no imports, ex-
cept coal, lime, and such commodities, all colonial and
foreign produce being, by act of parliament, landed
exclusively at Douglas: the custom-house and the re-
the custom-house and the re-
venue establishment here are under the control of the
receiver-general at that port. Seven steam-packets be-
tween Liverpool and Glasgow call at this port twice in
the week. The market, on Saturday, is abundantly
supplied with provisions, which are lower in price
than at any other town in the island. The common
law courts are held here quarterly, at which a deemster
presides, and the deemster for the northern division
of the island holds his court occasionally, and the
high bailiff every Saturday, for the recovery of debts
under 40s.; the jurisdiction of the latter extends over
the parishes of Kirk-Andreas, Kirk-Bride, Kirk-Jurby,
Kirk-Christ-Lezayre, and Kirk-Maughold. An eccle-
siastical court, in which either the bishop or his vicar-
general presides, is held every alternate week, and a
chapter, or circuit court, in spring and autumn. The
court-house, which is the largest in the island, is a
neat building ornamented over the entrances with the
arms of England and those of the island sculptured in
stone. The parish church, dedicated to St. Bridget, is
nearly three miles distant from the town, near Maughold
head. A chapel, dedicated to St. Paul, is situated in the
market-place, and was erected in 1819, by subscription,
and a grant of £300 from the Incorporated Society for
promoting the enlargement of churches and chapels, in
consideration of providing free seats for the poor: it
is a neat edifice, with a tower, and contains sittings for
five hundred persons: the old chapel, just without the
town, is now used only as a burying-place for stran-
gers.
There are places of worship for Independents,
and Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists. The grammar
school was founded, about the year 1760, by Mr. Charles
Cowell, who gave a piece of land, on which to erect a
school-room, which was built by subscription; the mas-
ter, who is minister of the chapel, receives a small quar-
terage from the bishop's registrar; and formerly an an-
nual sum of £10, called Salt money, was paid by Lord
Cholmeley, which, though it has been discontinued for
many years, is not lost, as, in 1828, an agent from
Chester called on the high bailiff, and offered to pay
the money, on receiving a proper discharge; but the
bishop not being at that time in the island, the money
was not paid. Captain John Kilpatrick left £200 to
the poor, and £100 to the parochial school; and Mr.
Edward Christian left the moiety of an estate produc-
ing nearly £7 per annum, for the same purpose. There
are two National schools, one for boys, and the other
for girls, both supported by subscription.
The ecclesiastical govern-
ment is vested in a bishop:
the see, according to Cam-
den, was first established,
in the ninth century, by
Pope Gregory IV., in the
small village of Sodor, in
Iona, or St. Columb's isle,
corruptly called Icolmkill, a
small island of the Hebri-
des. In 1098, Magnus, King
Arms of the Bishoprick.
of Norway, having by con-
quest obtained possession
of those islands and the Isle of Man, united them
under one bishop, under whose jurisdiction they con-
tinued till the year 1333, when the English possessed
themselves of the Isle of Man, and since that period,
though the bishop has maintained no claim to the see of
Sodor, he has retained the ancient title, being still
styled Bishop of Sodor and Man. He enjoys all the
dignities and spiritual rights of other bishops, with the
exception of having a vote in the house of peers, in
which, by courtesy only, he has a seat, the see not
being a barony. The see of Man was annexed to the
province of York by Henry VIII., in the 33rd year of
his reign. Under the bishop, it is governed by an arch-
deacon, two vicars-general, an episcopal registrar, an
official, and other officers.

The island is divided into six sheadings, each of
them containing three parishes, with the exception of
the sheading of Garff, which contains only two there
are no church-rates or poor-rates, the churches being
usually built and repaired by subscription, and the wants
of the poor relieved by collections at the doors of the
churches, distributed among them by the church, or
chapel, wardens. Ayre sheading comprises the parishes
of Kirk-Andreas, Kirk-Bride, and Kirk-Christ-Lezayre;
Garff sheading, the parishes of Kirk-Lonan and Kirk-
Maughold; and Michael sheading, the parishes of Kirk-
Ballaugh, Kirk-Jurby, and Kirk-Michael: these shead-
ings are included within the northern division of the
island. In the southern division are Glanfaba shead-
ing, comprising the parishes of Kirk-German, Kirk-
Marown, and Kirk-Patrick; Middle sheading, the pa-
rishes of Kirk St. Anne, Kirk-Braddan, and Kirk-
Onchan; and Rushen sheading, the parishes of Kirk-
Arbory, Kirk-Christ-Rushen, and Kirk-Malew. Kirk-
Andreas contains 2229 inhabitants: the living is a rec-
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tory, in the gift of the Crown: the church, which was
one of the oldest in the island, was rebuilt in 1802, and
contains six hundred and fifty sittings: in the interior
is a handsome marble font, which formerly belonged to
Philip I. of France, and being confiscated at the time
of the Revolution, was presented to this parish by Mr.
Corlett: near the entrance gate is an ancient cross with
Runic inscriptions. There is a parochial school, and
at Kerro Garrvoo a school for girls, of which the mis-
tress receives thirty shillings per annum, bequeathed
by Mr. John Tear. Annual fairs are held in the village,
on St. Andrew's and St. John's days, for cattle. Near a
seat called Ballacurry is a quadrangular encampment,
defended by a bastion at each angle, and surrounded
by a wide fosse, in good preservation, supposed to have
been constructed by the troops of Cromwell during the
parliamentary war; the interior of the area is sufficiently
sunk to defend the troops from the fire of an enemy.
Some fine barrows have been opened in this parish, and
found to contain urns and other relics of antiquity.
Kirk St. Anne, or Santan, contains 800 inhabitants: the
living is a vicarage, in the gift of the Crown: the
church is situated on the old road from Douglas to
Castletown. There is a parochial school, to which Mr.
William Leece, in 1805, bequeathed £100, and, in the
village, a small school of industry for girls. A fair is
held on the 31st of May, for cattle. About a mile to
the east of the church is an irregular circle of stones,
probably Druidical remains; and on the coast, to the
left of Greenock creek, is an oblong tumulus, called
Cronk na Myrrhon, or the hill of the dead. Kirk-Ar-
bory contains 1455 inhabitants: the living is a vicarage,
in the gift of the Crown: the church, which contains
three hundred sittings, has no architectural features.
The village of Colby is in this parish. There is a paro-
chial school; and fairs are held June 22nd, October 28th,
and December 6th. Near Balladoole is a brackish spring,
probably issuing from a salt rock. On the high grounds
between Balladoole house and the sea is Kiel-Vaal, or
Kirk-Michael; and behind Colby house is Kiel-Pharrick,
or Kirk-Patrick, both good specimens of the ancient
Kiels, or Kirks, so common in the island. These Kiels
consist of a small enclosed area occupied with graves,
in the centre of which are the ruins of the ancient
church, generally of a quadrangular form, and of di-
minutive proportions. In the vicinity of the latter are
five lofty stones of uncommon dimensions, and some
other Druidical remains, and in several parts of the pa-
rish barrows are seen. Kirk-Ballaugh contains 1467
inhabitants: the living is a rectory, in the gift of the
Crown: the old church, dedicated to St. Mary, and con-
taining three hundred and fifty sittings, is about a mile
from the village, near which a new church is now being
erected, to contain seven hundred sittings: it will be a
neat edifice in the early style of English architecture,
with a lofty embattled tower of three stages, strength-
ened with buttresses and crowned with pinnacles. There
is a parochial school in the village, which is well at-
tended. A public brewery has been established, and
fairs take place on May 15th and August 26th. In this
parish are several rabbit-warrens; and near the village
are pits of shell-marl, in which heads, horns, and skele-
tons of gigantic antediluvian elks have been found, of
which a complete skeleton, of the largest dimensions,
is deposited in the museum of the University of Edin-
burgh. Mr. Burman, of Douglas, has in his possession
a head, with the horns extending seven feet from tip to
tip. Beds of common marl, of great extent and depth,
are found in the country towards Kirk-Jurby, and in the
adjoining parish of Kirk-Andreas: the road from Ram-
sey to Kirk Michael runs through the village. Kirk-
Braddan contains 1754 inhabitants, exclusively of those
in the town of Douglas: the living is a vicarage, in the
patronage of the Bishop. The church, which is plea-
santly situated in a picturesque spot, about two miles
from Douglas, on the road to Peel, contains four hun-
dred sittings, but claims no architectural notice,
though beautifully situated in the churchyard are a
Runic pillar, with an inscription, and several ancient
crosses. There is a parochial school; and in the
parish are paper and corn mills, and a linen-manu-
factory, employing about four hundred persons, to
which are attached a flax-mill and spacious bleaching
grounds; in this factory the whole process is conducted,
from the preparation of the raw material to its being
spun into yarn, and woven into cloth; the old system
of bleaching is adopted, which, being free from any
chemical process, has no injurious effect upon the cloth,
to which circumstance may be attributed the superior
durability of the Manks' linen, of which considerable
quantities are exported to the neighbouring ports of
the United Kingdom. Near the bleaching green, on
that branch of the Douglas river called the Glass, is a
fortified hill, named Castle Ward; and in the vicinity
are various ruins of Kiels, or Kirks, which are pre-
served with scrupulous veneration. Kirk-Bride con-
tains 1001 inhabitants: the living is a rectory, in the
gift of the Crown: the church, containing two hundred
and fifty sittings, is dedicated to St. Bridget: over the
chancel door is a stone, about a foot square, on which
are rudely carved figures representing Adam and Eve
plucking the forbidden fruit.
There is a parochial
school; and fairs are held on April 12th and May 6th,
for cattle. In this parish is the point of Ayre, the north-
ern extremity of the island: the land is very low, and the
shoals that extend to a considerable distance from the
shore have occasioned many shipwrecks. A few years
since, a lighthouse near the point was erected, to the
height of one hundred and six feet above the level of
the sea it is furnished with a revolving light, shewing
alternately a red and white colour, which attain their
greatest brilliancy every two minutes: the white light
may be seen at the distance of four or five leagues, but
the red light is not visible at so great a distance.
Maughold head intercepts the view of a navigator to
the south, and Rice point to the west, of Ayre point:
there are several tumuli in the parish. Kirk-Christ
Lezayre contains 2209 inhabitants: the living is a vicar-
age, in the gift of the Crown: the church, dedicated to
the Holy Trinity, and containing two hundred and fifty
sittings, is about two miles from Ramsey, and a little way
out of the road to Kirk-Michael. A new church is now
being erected, in the early style of English architecture,
with a tower surmounted by a spire, which will contain
eight hundred and fifty sittings. The parish, which com-
prises the village of Sulby, is very extensive, and may be
considered as the garden of the Isle of Man, abounding
with picturesque views, and diversified with beautiful
scenery. In addition to the parochial school are the
Sulby school, founded by Mrs. Christian, who endowed
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it with property producing £ 11 per annum; and Moun-
tain school, founded in 1764, by Mr. John Kelly, of
Coo-il-Isischael, who bequeathed £71 for that purpose,
and to the support of which Mr. Philip Quayle gave his
quarterland of Ischeag, and Mr. William Kelly a portion
of Intack in Kirk-Ballaugh, called Lhiargey-we-howne,
producing about £5 per annum. Fairs for cattle are
held at Sulby on the 8th and 24th of June. Turf and
bog timber are found in great abundance in this parish.
Kirk-Christ-Rushen contains 2568 inhabitants: the living
is a vicarage, in the gift of the Crown: the church, de-
dicated to the Holy Trinity, contains four hundred
sittings. Mrs. Clague left £3 per annum out of an
estate called the Grampiones, and the Rev. John Clague
bequeathed £2. 11. 5. to the parochial school, and Miss
Qualtrough left £100 for founding a school. In this
parish are the small villages of Port-Erin and Port-le-
Mary. Between these villages are the Giants' quoiting
stones, two huge masses of unhewn clay-slate, about
ten feet high, three feet wide, and two feet thick.
Within a mile of these is Fairy Hill, a barrow, situated
in a low morass, from which two defiles lead to Port-
Erin bay, and the creek of Fleswick: the hill is a trun-
cated cone forty feet high, and one hundred and fifty
yards in circumference, completely surrounded by a
deep and wide ditch; on the summit is a circular exca-
vation, ten yards in diameter, with a regular parapet;
the sides of the hill facing the defiles are almost
perpendicular, and on the north-east side a path-
way to the summit is discernible. According to the
ancient modes of warfare, it must have been an al-
most impregnable fortress, all access to which might
have been prevented by inundating the morass. In
this parish are Spanish Head, previously noticed, and
the Calf of Man, of which a small portion is converted
into arable land, but the greater part consists of
sheep-walks it is leased to a farmer, who has erected
a house in the centre, and whose family and ser-
vants, together with those who have the care of the
lighthouses, are the only inhabitants. The Calf of Man
is tithe free, having neither church nor minister;
and, except in the garden of the farmer, their is nei-
ther tree nor shrub in it. Rabbits are found in abun-
dance, nearly two thousand being killed annually, and
the islet is a great place of resort for sea-fowl and aqua-
tic birds of every description; the copper mines of Brada
are also in this parish. Kirk-German contains 1849
inhabitants, exclusively of those in the town of Peel:
the living is a vicarage, in the patronage of the Bi-
shop: the church, dedicated to St. Peter, which is
situated in the town of Peel, contains sittings for five
hundred persons. There is a parochial school. Fairs
are held at St. John's on May 1st and 18th, July 5th,
and November 1st and 18th. There are several ancient
kiels in the parish. Kirk-Jurby contains 1108 inhabit-
ants: the living is a vicarage, in the patronage of the
Bishop the church, dedicated to St. Patrick, and con-
taining two hundred and eighty sittings, is about half a
mile to the north-east of Point Jurby, occupying an ele-
vated situation, from which the high lands of England,
Scotland, and Ireland, may be plainly discerned. In the
churchyard is a barrow, and in the parish are various
others, besides several watch and ward hills. There is
a parochial school; and fairs are held on April 5th, for
hiring female servants, and on November 20th for cattle.
Turf and bog-timber are found in this parish in great.
abundance. Kirk-Lonan contains 1846 inhabitants: the
living is a vicarage, in the gift of the Crown: the church,
dedicated to St. Lomanus, contains three hundred sittings,
and is not distinguished by any architectural features.
A new church, in the early style of English architecture,
with a tower surmounted by a spire, and containing five
hundred sittings, is now being erected in the parish.
There is a parochial school
There is a parochial school; and an annual fair is held
at Laxey, on the 5th of August, for cattle. About a mile
from the church, on the sea-shore, is the small village
of Laxey, pleasantly situated at the mouth of a stream
of that name, which abounds with trout. Upon the
banks of the river, a little higher up the village, are a
flax-mill and a paper-mill, in the latter of which a con-
siderable quantity of paper is manufactured for home
consumption and for exportation; and about a mile
further up the glen are the lead and copper mines. The
glen presents a fine landscape, having Snawfel and other
mountains in the back ground: the greater part of
Snawfel is in this parish, and the summit, from its
central situation, commands a more complete view of
the surface of the island than can be obtained from
any other eminence. On the north side of Laxey hill
is an imperfect Druidical circle of small diameter; and
a little lower down is a terrace three yards wide, leading
to a cairn of considerable magnitude, composed of loose
stones thrown together without order, and having, at
the extremity of the base, a lofty stone pillar; the
summit is nearly level. About two miles on the road
to Douglas are the Cloven stones, a Druidical tomb, or
altar, so called from two lofty stones more conspicuous
than the rest, which appear to have been riven asunder.
Tradition records these stones to have been the grave of
a Welch prince, who, having landed at Laxey, on his
invasion of the island, was slain by the natives, and
buried on the spot where he fell. A little further up the
river there is a fine specimen of an ancient fortified hill;
and in various parts of the parish are several barrows
and cairns, of which considerable numbers are found in
many parts of the island. Kirk-Malew containing 2649
inhabitants, exclusively of those in Castletown: the
living is a vicarage, in the gift of the Crown: the
church, containing five hundred and thirty sittings, is
situated about a mile and a half from Castletown, on
the road to Peel. About three miles to the north-east
of it is St. Mark's chapel, erected in 1772, under the
auspices of Bishop Hyldersley, who purchased the glebe
for it it was repaired, in 1830, at the expense of the
Bishop of the diocese. Besides Castletown, this parish
includes the village of Ballasalla, Derby haven, and
Langness point. Independently of the schools in that
town, there are parochial schools at Ballasalla and at
St. Mark's. Fairs are held, January 5th and May 12th,
at St. Mark's; and April 25th, August 12th, and
September 29th, at Ballasalla, for cattle. Ballasalla
is the most extensive and populous village in the
island: the scenery in its vicinity is richly diversified
and picturesque; the venerable remains of Rushen
abbey are seen on the banks of the river, and form
an interesting feature in the view; the mountain of
South Barrule is chiefly in this parish, and on its north-
ern declivities are extensive slate quarries. About
two miles from St. Mark's chapel are the Foxdale lead
mines, which are now being worked with great benefit
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to the proprietors; there are also in the parish several
flax and corn mills, and some extensive breweries. In
various parts of the coast are barrows and several ancient
fortifications, among which are the remains of a circular
encampment, surrounded with a fosse, and defended by a
parapet with gates adjoining the fosse are some large
blocks of granite, one of which is called the Stone of
Goddard Crovan; and the fortification, most probably
of Danish origin, is, by Sir Walter Scott, in his Peveril
of the Peak, noticed under the appellation of the
Black Fort. Kirk-Marown contains 1201 inhabitants :
the living is a vicarage, in the gift of the Crown: the
church, which is situated in the western part of the pa-
rish, five miles from Douglas, and six from Peel, con-
tains only two hundred and fifty sittings. The parochial
school is well attended; and there are fairs on February
2nd and May 20th, for cattle. A woollen-manufacture,
the only one in the island, was established in this pa-
rish in 1803, and after having been accidentally burnt
down, was rebuilt on a more extensive scale in 1828 :
about one hundred persons are employed in the manu-
facture of cloth, which is not inferior in quality to the
cloth made in England, though it is full twenty per cent
less in price; it is not allowed to be exported, and, with
a view to encourage this branch of manufacture, a con-
siderable tax is imposed not only upon all cloths, but
even upon all clothes made up, which are imported
from any other country. This is the most inland pa-
rish in the island, and is chiefly remarkable for some
relics of antiquity, among which are the remains of
the ancient chapel of St. Trinian, and, on the north-
ern acclivity of Mount Murray, the most perfect
remains of a Druidical temple to be found in the
island it is formed of stones of moderate size,
placed erect and at regular distances, enclosing a
circle fourteen yards in diameter; on each side is
a stream of water, issuing from fountains about fifty
yards higher up the mountain, which by the Druids
were held sacred: to the east of the enclosure are two
walls, or mounds, constructed of stones and earth,
bending round the temple, in a semicircular direc-
tion, and about five yards distant from each other:
the spot of ground on which these remains are situated
is barren, bleak, and uncultivated; but from the name
"Glen Darrah," which in the Manks' language signi-
fies the vale of oaks, it would appear that it was origi-
nally planted with those trees, which the Druids held
in great veneration: there are numerous ancient kiels
in the parish. Kirk-Maughold contains 1514 inhabit-
ants, exclusively of those in the town of Ramsey, from
which the village of Maughold is three miles distant:
the living is a vicarage, in the gift of the Crown: the
church, dedicated to St. Maughold, and containing two
hundred and sixty sittings, is situated in the centre of
a spacious area, comprising, at least, three acres of con-
secrated ground, which was formerly a sanctuary for
criminals; the ancient font, which is very large, has
been removed from the interior of the church, and
placed on one side of the entrance. In the church-
yard are numerous monuments, among which is a very
handsome one to the memory of Captain Hugh Crowe,
a native, and commander of several merchant vessels:
opposite to the church gate is a Danish cross, and near
it a column, consisting of a circular shaft, about five
feet high, surmounted by a cubic block of stone, on one
side of which is sculptured a representation of our Sa-
viour on the Cross, with the arms of the Isle of Man
beneath; on the opposite side, the Virgin and Child; on
the third side, a figure in the attitude of supplication,
supposed to represent St. Bridget; and on the fourth
side is supposed to have been a representation of St.
Maughold, now totally defaced. The Society of Friends
have a burial-ground in this parish, and formerly a
distinct portion of the churchyard was appropriated
exclusively to their use. The parochial school has re-
ceived several small bequests, in addition to its original
funds. A fair is held on the 11th of August, for cattle.
About half-way between the village and the town of
Ramsey is a stone cross, of great antiquity, six feet
high, three feet wide, and five inches thick, having on
its summit five raised balls, similar to which are
some stones in the churchyard, supposed to be of Da-
nish origin. Maughold Head is a bold promontory,
terminating in a precipitous and lofty cliff, and
forming the most easterly point of the island. On
its summit are tiers of moss-clad rocks, and on one of
the acclivities is a spring, called St. Maughold's well,
which was formerly, and is still, much resorted to
for its supposed medicinal virtues. At Ballaglass is
a waterfall, surrounded with woodland scenery, form-
ing the highest and the most picturesque cascade in
the island: it arises from the obstruction of the
course of the rivulet Dhoones, on the coast between
the boundaries of Maughold and Lonan. The moun-
tain of North Barrule, one of the most lofty and
remarkable elevations, adds greatly to the grandeur
of the varied and romantic scenery for which this pa-
rish is distinguished. Kirk-Michael contains 1427 in-
habitants: the living is a vicarage, in the gift of the
Crown: the church is in the centre of the village, about
a quarter of a mile from the sea, and contains sittings
for three hundred persons; the chancel was built by
Dr. Wilson, after the death of his father: the church-
yard contains many monuments with Runic inscrip-
tions, and the tombs of the venerable Bishop Wilson,
who died in the ninety-third year of his age, and the
fifty-eighth of his prelacy; and his successor, Bishop
Hyldersley; in addition to whom, Dr. John Philips,
Dr. George Mason, and Dr. C. Crigan, also bishops of
this see, were buried here. Near the church gate is a
lofty square Runic pillar of blue stone, curiously sculp-
tured, from the base to the summit, with devices sin-
gularly involved with each other, and bearing an in-
scription representing it to have been erected in honour
of Thurulf, a Norwegian chief: there are numerous
barrows in the neighbourhood. Near the village a neat
court-house has been erected within the last few years,
in which the consistory court is held, on the last Thurs-
day in every month, except September and December,
and at which the bishop presides, either in person or
by his vicars-general and registrar: the vicars-gene-
ral hold their chapter, or circuit courts, in spring and
autumn. Bishop's Court, the episcopal palace, is situat-
ed about a mile to the west of the village: it is a very
ancient structure, and is mentioned in history so early
as the thirteenth century: the original building was a
massive tower, surrounded at some distance by a deep
fosse; but various additions have been subsequently
made. Dr. George Murray, the present Bishop of Ro-
chester, when presiding over this diocese, erected the
MAN
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232
present elegant chapel, added several rooms, and also
improved and embellished the demesne, which comprises
from three to four hundred acres. Bishop Hyldersley,
in 1764, purchased a plot of ground, on which he built
a school-house with dwellings for the master and the
mistress, and gave £30, the interest to be appropriated
to keeping them in repair. There are fairs on the 10th
and 29th of October, for cattle. The high road from
Ramsey to Peel runs through the village. Kirk-Onchan
contains 1451 inhabitants: the living is a vicarage, in
the gift of the Crown: the church, dedicated to Oncha,
the mother of St. Patrick, contains three hundred sit-
tings, but is not entitled to architectural notice. A new
church, in the early style of English architecture, with
a tower surmounted by a spire, is at present being
erected, and will contain five hundred sittings. There
is a parochial school, and the fair is on the 20th of May,
for cattle. The village is pleasantly situated about two
miles from Douglas, on the road to Laxey and Ramsey,
and the high grounds command interesting and exten-
sive views of the bay and harbour of Douglas, with the
vessels going in and out of that much-frequented port,
and of the surrounding country, which abounds in bold
and varied scenery. The creeks and bays on the coast
produce a variety of marine plants and mosses, the
latter of which are tinged with various hues, and with
the most beautiful shades of red, green, brown, and yel-
low, and some few with tints of blue: there are several
barrows in various parts of the parish. Kirk-Patrick
contains 2031 inhabitants: the living is a vicarage,
in the gift of the Bishop. The parish was united to
St. German's till 1714, when a separation took place,
and the present church, containing three hundred and
twenty sittings, was erected, chiefly through the exer-
tions of Bishop Wilson, who gave £50 towards the
augmentation of the endowment. Mr. Thomas Rad-
cliffe, of Knockaloe, bequeathed £5 per annum out of an
estate called Gobbreek, to the master of the parochial
school, for teaching children from the former place. A
fair for cattle is held annually on May 17th. To the
south of the church is the beautiful waterfall of Glen
Moij, formed by a rivulet, which, descending from the
mountains, winds through the vale, and enters the glen;
the banks of which, richly clothed with trees and shrubs,
are rugged, and, in some places, nearly perpendicular.
The stream, murmuring gently through the various
obstructions in its course, falls down the precipitous
banks of the glen with a pleasing effect; the adjacent
scenery is strikingly picturesque. The glen is sur-
rounded by hills: on the north bank is a precipitous
and lofty rock, partly concealed by the ivy that over
spreads it, and the south bank is richly wooded: the
vale, winding round the hill, presents a view of the sea,
into which the river, after a circuitous course, gently
glides. In the vicinity is a vein of lead-ore, near which
a mountain stream, descending with impetuosity, and
falling over an abrupt rock of considerable elevation,
forms a cascade. In this parish are several quarries of
blue slate, little inferior in quality to that of Wales. In
the several churches, the service is performed alternate-
ly in the Manks and English languages. The whole
number of dissenting places of worship in the island
exceeds forty. By letters patent, dated 1675, Charles II.
granted an annuity of £100, payable from his Majesty's
Exchequer, out of the excise duties, towards the main-
:
tenance of poor clergymen of the Isle of Man, out of
which £3 per annum was to be paid to the schools of
Castletown, Douglas, Ramsey, Kirk-Andreas, Kirk-Bal-
laugh, and Kirk-Bride: the impropriate tithes of the
several parishes of Kirk-Arbory, Kirk-Christ-Lezayre,
Kirk-Lonan, Kirk-Malew, Kirk-Marown, Kirk-Michael,
Kirk-Onchan, Kirk-Christ-Rushen, and Kirk St. Anne's,
were also purchased from Charles, Earl of Derby, by
Bishop Barrow and Archdeacon Fletcher, on lease for
ten thousand years, for the sum of £1000, as appears
by indenture, dated November 1st, 1666, for the
purpose
of augmenting the stipends of the poorer livings, and
for the erection of a free school, and the support of a
master, in each of the parishes in the island. On
the death of James, Earl of Derby, in 1735, James,
Duke of Athol, as heir-general of the Derby family,
took possession of these tithes, for the recovery of
which, or for indemnity for the loss, Bishop Wilson and
Archdeacon Kippax, in 1742, filed a bill in Chancery,
with a view to seize upon the collateral securities,
viz., the manors of Bispham and Methop in the coun-
ty of Lancaster, which, by a decree of the court of
Chancery, were assigned to the earl, in consideration
of his paying annually, on Easter-Monday, the sum
of £219. 7. 10., at the town-hall in Liverpool: this
payment having been discontinued in 1809, a bill of re-
viver was filed by Bishop Crigan and Archdeacon Mylrea,
who eventually obtained the payment into the Bank of
England of £16,000, in discharge of the obligation the
produce of this sum, £600 per annum, is appropriated to
the augmentation of all church livings under £90 per an-
num, which are raised to that sum; to the payment of
£60 per annum to the master of the grammar school
at Castletown, and £5. 10. per annum to each of the
masters of the parochial schools. James, Duke of Or-
mond, in 1676, charged certain of his estates in Ireland
with the payment of £ 60 per annum, for the establish-
ment of a lectureship in philosophy, history, and logic:
after the duke's death the payment was discontinued,
and Bishop Wilson obtained, in commutation, the sum
of £600, the produce of which is appropriated to that
purpose. Bishop Barrow, in 1668, gave two estates in
the island, viz., Ballagilley and Hango Hill, then pro-
ducing £20 per annum, for the education and support
of two young men, to supply the Manks' churches, and
for such other charitable uses as his trustees should
think proper: these estates at present produce £500
per annum. Lady Elizabeth Hastings, in 1739, bequeath-
ed £40 per annum from lands and tenements in Col-
lingham, Shadwell, and Burton-Salmon, in the West
riding of the county of York, to be distributed among
the parishes of Kirk-Arbory, Kirk-Braddan, Kirk-Ger-
man, Kirk-Jurby, Kirk-Christ-Lezayre, Kirk-Lonan,
Kirk-Malew, Kirk-Marown, Kirk-Maughold, Kirk-Mi-
chael, Kirk-Onchan, Kirk-Patrick, Kirk-Rushen, and
Kirk-Santan, for the instruction of children. Mrs. Catha-
rine Halsalls, in 1758, bequeathed houses and lands in the
Isle of Man, now producing £111. 14. 6. per annum, to
erect a dwelling-house for the master of the grammar
school at Castletown; to erect and endow a free school
there for teaching girls only; to augment the four liv-
ings in the patronage of the Bishop, and that of Kirk-
Christ-Rushen, with £ 4 per annum each; and the residue
to be annually applied to the support of the widows, and
apprenticing the orphan children, of clergymen. The
.
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MAN
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Rev. Dr. Wilson, in conjunction with his father, Bi-
shop Wilson, in 1730, established a fund for the sup-
port of widows and children of clergymen, and a sum
of money was raised and vested in the English funds
for that purpose, producing £ 12 per annum; which re-
venue was subsequently augmented by the purchase of
one-third of the tithes of Kirk-Michael from the Duke
of Athol, which was assigned to trustees. Miss Ste-
venson, of Ashley Park, in the county of Surrey, also
bequeathed £ 500 South Sea annuities for the use of
this charity, which was afterwards exchanged for a
mortgage on lands: the whole income arising from
these various sources is at present £110 per annum.
Bishop Hyldersley left £600 to the Society for the Pro-
motion of Christian Knowledge, to supply the island
with tracts.
MANACCAN, a parish in the hundred of KERRIER,
county of CORNWALL, 6 miles (S. W. by S.) from Fal-
mouth, containing 591 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£4. 16. 0, and in the patronage of the Bishop of
Exeter. The church, dedicated to St. Menacus and St.
Dunstan, has lately received an addition of one hun-
dred free sittings, the Incorporated Society for the en-
largement of churches and chapels having granted £13
towards defraying the expense. In this parish is the
small port of Helford, and at Tregonnell are the ruins
of a chapel. In the vale of Manaccan, or Menachan,
was discovered, several years since, a mineral substance,
which, being analysed, was found to contain a new me-
tal, called menachanite, and subsequently titanium.
:
MANATON, à parish in the hundred of TEING-
BRIDGE, County of DEVON, 84 miles (W. by N.) from
Chudley, containing 403 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £ 13. 12. 84., and in
the patronage of the Rev. W. Carwithen. The church,
dedicated to St. Winifred, has a rich screen. At
Grimspound, in this parish, is an enclosure of loose
stones, containing about three acres, within which are
several minor enclosures: some have thought it a
Druidical work; and others, with greater probability, a
Stannary court.
:
MANBY, a parish in the Marsh division of the
hundred of LOUTH-ESKE, parts of LINDSEY, County of
LINCOLN, 52 miles (E. by S.) from Louth, containing
236 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £ 11. 10. 2., and in the patronage of Mrs.
Wray. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
MANBY, a hamlet in the parish of BROUGHTON,
eastern division of the wapentake of MANLEY, parts of
LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN, 5 miles (W. by N.) from
Glandford-Bridge. The population is returned with the
parish.
MANCETTER, a parish in the Atherstone division
of the hundred of HEMLINGFORD, county of WAR-
WICK, 1 mile (S. E.) from Atherstone, comprising the
market town of Atherstone, and the hamlets of Harts-
hill and Oldbury, and containing 4482 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Coventry,
and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the
king's books at £10. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the
VOL. III.
-
Rev. Benjamin Richings. The church, dedicated to St
Peter, occupies an eminence supposed to have been the
site of a camp, being deeply intrenched. Near it was
the Roman station called, by Antoninus, Manduessuedum,
of an oblong form, with large ramparts enclosing an
area of about seven acres, intersected by the Roman
Watling-street; the north-western side, called Castle
banks, being in Warwickshire, and the south-eastern,
called Oldfield banks, in Leicestershire. Oval flint axes,
or celts, Roman bricks, coins of gold, silver, and brass,
with various other relics of antiquity, have been found
here. The river Anker, and the Coventry canal, run
through the parish.
through the parish. Here are stone quarries, said to
be the most extensive in the kingdom; also several
very productive mines of manganese, of superior quality.
In the village of Mancetter is an hospital, endowed with
a bequest of £2000 from James Gramer, in 1724, for
six poor men, each of whom receives six shillings a week :
there are also a free grammar and two other endowed
schools in the parish.
MANCHESTER, a
parish in the hundred of
SALFORD, county palatine of
LANCASTER, comprising the
manufacturing and market
town of Manchester, the cha-
pelries of Ardwick, Black-
ley, Cheetham, Chorlton cum
Hardy, Denton, Didsbury,
Gorton, Heaton-Norris,New-
ton, Salford, and Stretford,
and the townships of Bes-
Wick, Bradford, Broughton,
Burnage, Chorlton-Row, Crumpsall, Droylsden, Fails-
worth, Harpurhey, Houghton, Hulme, Levenshulme,
Moss-Side, Moston, Openshaw, Reddish, Rushulme,
and Withington, and containing, according to the last
census, 186,942 inhabitants, of which number, including
Salford, 133,788 are in the town of Manchester, 36
miles (E. by N.) from Liverpool (but only 31 by the
rail-road), 54 (S. E. by S.) from Lancaster, and 186 (N.W.
by N.) from London. The origin of this town, which
is remarkable for the extent of its trade and the im-
portance of its manufactures, may be traced to a pe-
riod of remote antiquity. In the time of the Druids, it
was distinguished as one of the principal stations of their
priests, and celebrated for the privilege of sanctuary at-
tached to its altar, which, in the British language, was
called Meyne, signifying a stone. Prior to the Christian
era, it was one of the principal seats of the Brigantes,
who had a castle, or strong hold, called Mancenion, or
the place of tents, near the confluence of the rivers
Medlock and Irwell, the site of which, still called the
"Castle Field," was by the Romans, on their con-
quest of this part of the island under Agricola, about
the year 79, selected as the station of the Cohors
Prima Frisiorum, and, with reference to its original Bri-
tish name, called by them Mancunium; hence its Saxon
name Manceastre, from which its modern appellation
is obviously derived. This station was for nearly four
centuries occupied by the Romans, and amply provided
with every thing requisite for the accommodation and
subsistence of the garrison established in it, having also
a water-mill on the Medlock, at some distance below
the town, the site of which still retains the name of
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Knott mill. The station included a quadrangular area,
five hundred feet in length and four hundred in width,
the interior not exactly level, but rising from the cen-
tre towards the sides, on which a rampart of earth
sloping inwards was raised from the ground surrounding
the enclosure, which is consequently lower than the site
of the castrum: on the summit of this rampart a wall
was originally built, which extended round the enclo-
sure, on one side of which was the castle, or fort; but
very little of the foundation of the wall is at present
discernible, the few remaining portions being under
ground, and the greater part of the site covered with
modern buildings. From this station, as from a com-
mon centre, Roman roads branched off to those of
Cambodunum, Eboracum, Condate, Rigodunum, Veratinum,
and Rerigonium. In the vicinity of the aboriginal settle-
ment, which has obtained the name of Aldport, Roman
urns and other vessels, stones inscribed to centurions
of the cohort, votive altars, coins, fibulæ, and lachry-
matories, have been found at various times; and with-
out the vallum, foundations of Roman buildings, and
other vestiges of antiquity, have been frequently dis-
covered. The Roman road to Cambodunum, commenced
at the east gate of the castrum, and pursuing a north-
eastern direction, passed over Newton heath into the
county of York; the road leading to Eboracum branched
off from the former at a distance of less than two miles
from Mancunium, and passing by the townships of Chad-
derton and Royton, continued in a north-eastern direc-
tion through Littleborough, and over Blackstone Edge,
to the city of York; the road to Condate passed from
the east gate of the castrum, through the village of
Stretford, to the ford of Mersey, and thence to Kinder-
ton; the road to Rigodunum branched off from the road
to Condate about a mile from its commencement, and
taking a south-westerly direction, crossed the river
Irwell at Old Trafford, terminating at Blackrode; the
road to Veratinum diverged from that to Rigodunum, and
after passing by Eccles, continued through Barton to
Warrington; and the road to the station Rerigonium
commenced at the north-west gate of Mancunium, and
passing Quay-street, ran nearly parallel with Deans-gate,
and after crossing the river Irk passed over Kersall moor
to Ribchester: there were also several smaller vicinal
ways, of which some slight vestiges may be traced.
After the departure of the Romans, the fort of Man-
cunium was taken from the Britons, about the year 488,
by a party of the Saxons, who had forcibly established
themselves in this part of the kingdom: they placed
a garrison in it, which, however, surrendered to the
British, who retained possession whilst Arthur Pen-
dragon was prosecuting his victories over that people.
In 620, it was captured by Edwin, King of Northumbria,
who annexed it to his dominions; and soon afterwards
a colony of Angles settled here. In 627, the inhabitants
were converted to Christianity, by the preaching of
Paulinus, a missionary employed by Gregory I., and a
Christian church was built, and dedicated to St. Mi-
chael. Manchester having been taken by the Danes,
was, about 920, wrested from their possession by Ed-
ward the Elder, who repaired and fortified the castle,
and rebuilt the town, which had been almost destroyed
in the assaults of the invaders, placing in it a strong
garrison of his own soldiers, on account of its being a
frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and
Northumbria. It was raised to the distinction of a
burgh, with extensive privileges, and for some time con-
tinued highly prosperous; but being exposed to repeated
attacks, and having suffered so much injury in the wars
between the Northumbrians and the Danes, notwith-
standing its enlargement by Edward, it appears, at the
time of the Conquest, to have been in every respect
inferior to Salford, a Saxon settlement on the opposite
bank of the Irwell, which, being a royal demesne, had
risen into importance, and imparted name to the hun-
dred: in the Norman survey we find that Manchester
contained two churches, but it is not otherwise men-
tioned as a place of any note. Soon after the Conquest,
it came into the possession of Albert de Gresley, whose
descendant, Robert, the fourth lord of Manchester, ob-
tained for it, in the reign of Henry III., the grant of
an annual fair on the eve and festival of St. Matthew.
In the reign of Edward I., the barons, in order to raise
a greater number of men to serve in the army destined
for the invasion of Scotland, conferred several privileges
on their vassals; and Thomas de Gresley, sixth baron
of Manchester, upon that occasion, granted to the inha-
bitants those rights and immunities which have been
emphatically called the" Magna Charta of Manchester."
This charter, which was granted on the 14th of May,
in the year 1301, among other privileges, confers the
right of choosing a borough-reeve; of disposing of their
lands of inheritance according to their pleasure, reserv-
ing only to the heir, in such cases, the prior right of
purchase; the power of arresting for debt within the
borough the persons of knights, priests, or clerks, and
various other privileges. The baron of Manchester was
thrice summoned to parliament by writ in the reign
of this monarch, by whom he was made Knight of the
Bath, and was one of the barons who, in the reign of
Edward II., conspired against Piers Gavestone. About
seventy years before this, Salford was made a free bo-
rough, by charter from Ranulph de Blundeville, Earl of
Chester.
In 1352, the manufacture of "Manchester cottons,”
a kind of woollen cloth made from the fleece in an
unprepared state, was introduced, and obtained a high
degree of celebrity; and in the course of this reign,
numerous Flemish artisans, who had been invited into
England by Edward III., settled in the town, where,
finding every requisite advantage, they brought the
woollen manufactory to a considerable degree of perfec-
tion, and laid the foundation of its staple trade; which,
though interrupted by the war between the houses of
York and Lancaster, and subsequently, in the reign of
Edward VI., by a dreadful malady, called the sweating
sickness, had, in the reign of Elizabeth, become of such
importance, that one of the queen's aulnagers (officers
appointed to examine, and affix the seal to, manufac-
tured cloth) was stationed here, in 1565. During the
progress of the Reformation, an ecclesiastical commis-
sion for the diocese of Chester was established at Man-
chester, and numbers of popish recusants, from various
parts of Lancashire, were imprisoned in the New Fleet,
which appears to have been erected about that time,
and probably for that purpose. The commissioners
were Henry Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon; Edwin
Sandys, Archbishop of York; the Earl of Derby; and
Dr. Chadderton, Bishop of Chester, who then resided
in the episcopal palace at Manchester, but, in con-
MAN
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sequence of frequent disputes between his servants and
the inhabitants removed to Chester. The commission-
ers, though principally engaged in promoting the re-
formed religion, and in the detection and punishment
of popish recusants, published, during their sittings at
Manchester, a declaration against pipers and minstrels
attending bear and bull baitings, against the "supersti-
tious ringing of bells, wakes, festivals, and other amuse-
ments; to counteract the influence of which prohibi-
tion, James I. published his celebrated Book of Sports.
Among the persons confined in the New Fleet under
the authority of this commission, were, Sir John South-
worth; James Layborne, an eminent layman, who was
executed at Lancaster in 1583, his head having been
sent to Manchester, and placed, with those of others,
on the steeple of the collegiate church; James Bell,
and John Finch, who were executed in 1584; John
Townley, Esq.; and the lady of Bartholomew Hesketh,
Esq. Having been originally a place of sanctuary, it
was one of the eight places to which this privilege was
confirmed, by a statute in the 32nd of Henry VIII.,
which, in the following year, was transferred to Chester.
During the threatened invasion by Philip of Spain,
Manchester supplied one hundred and forty-four men
armed with bills and pikes, thirty-eight archers, and
thirty-eight arquebusiers, to assist in repelling the
Invincible Armada."
:
At the commencement of the parliamentary war, Sir
Cecil Trafford, with a view to strengthen the king's
cause, supplied the inhabitants of Manchester and the
neighbouring towns with arms and ammunition; but
the county, anxiously desirous of peace, sent a petition
to the king, then at York, requesting him to propose
terms of reconciliation with the parliament, the presen-
tation of which was entrusted to a deputation, consist-
ing of the warden of Manchester, and other freehold
ers of the county, among whom was John Bradshaw,
supposed to be the same individual that, six years
after, pronounced sentence of death upon the king, as
president of the High Court of Justice. All hopes of
reconciliation having vanished, Manchester became the
scene of much obstinate contention. The commis-
sioners of array visited it, to demand ammunition for
the use of the king; but the town having been pre-
viously secured for the parliament, by Ralph Asheton,
one of the representatives of the county, the inhabit-
ants refused to surrender; and Lord Strange, with
a considerable force, attempting to enter it, they took
up arms, and being joined by numbers from the ad-
jacent country, a skirmish took place, in which several
men on both sides were killed this event, which
was regarded by the House of Commons as the com-
mencement of the war, was, by the Speaker, announced
as "terrible news from the north." The inhabitants
apprehending a more serious attack, fortified the town;
and the king, having set up his standard at Notting-
hạm, sent Lord Strange, with four thousand infantry,
seven pieces of cannon, and some cavalry, to reduce
it. After an obstinate conflict for several days, during
which it was defended by Captain Bradshaw, aided
by Lieut. Col. Rosworm, an able German engineer,
Lord Strange, being summoned, on the death of the
Earl of Derby, to join the king, whose head-quarters
were then at Shrewsbury, withdrew his forces, and
raised the siege. To guard against future assaults, the
fortifications which had been hastily thrown up, were
completed and enlarged, and instructions wree given
by the parliament to the committee for the defence of
the kingdom, to levy a body of dragoons to serve in
Manchester, and the neighbourhood, and to indemnify
the inhabitants for the loss they had sustained in resist-
ing the commissioners of array; and, to supply them with
money to defray the expense of future services, a loan
was raised, the interest of which was paid by parlia-
ment, and, as an immediate resource, the pay of the
officers of the garrison was ordered to be levied on the
estates of the royalists. Manchester now became the
head-quarters of the parliamentary army stationed in
Lancashire, and, in 1643, Sir Thomas Fairfax entered
the town, whence he despatched expeditions against
Preston and Lancaster, both which surrendered to the
parliament. It was again summoned by the Earl of
Newcastle, at the head of ten or twelve thousand men,
but being unsuccessful, the earl took the route to
Hull, in pursuit of Fairfax: it does not appear to have
sustained any further attack. During the Protecto-
rate of Cromwell, Manchester, in obedience to the Pro-
tector's writ to the high sheriff of Lancaster, made two
successive returns of a member to serve in parliament,
in common with other towns, which have not since ex-
ercised the elective franchise. In 1652, the walls were
thrown down, the fortifications demolished, and the
gates carried away and sold, a measure which appears
to have originated in its growing commercial import-
ance, and its increase in wealth and population. The
restoration of Charles II., however, was celebrated in
the town with the most splendid pomp and ceremony;
the utmost festivity and rejoicings took place, and the
public conduits were made to flow with wine in copious
streams. In 1715, a tumultuous assembly, headed by
one Syddall, a barber, demolished the Independent cha-
pel, in Acres Fields, at that time the only dissenting
place of worship in the town, and proceeded to com-
mit other depredations; but the insurrection was
quelled, and Syddall, with several of his accomplices,
were committed to Lancaster gaol: Syddall, on his
liberation from prison, joined the rebels in Preston,
and, being again taken prisoner, was sent to this town
and executed.
In 1745, Prince Charles Edward, the young Preten-
der, who the year before had visited Manchester, where
he was hospitably entertained for several weeks at An-
coat's Hall, the mansion of Sir Edward Moseley, Bart.,
entered the county of Lancaster, at the head of an
army of six thousand men, and advanced to this town,
with a view to recruit his forces, and to raise supplies of
men, arms, and money. On the 28th of November, the
advanced guard, consisting of about one hundred ca-
valry, entered the town, and demanded quarters for ten
thousand men, and on the following day the main body
arrived; in the afternoon the young Pretender took up
his quarters in the house of Mr. Dickenson, in Mar-
ket-street, from that circumstance called the palace, and
issued a proclamation, requiring all persons who had
any duties to pay, or any of the public money in their
hands, to pay the same to his secretary at the palace.
The borough-reeve was compelled to publish the mani-
festoes of the rebels; and on the following day, the
whole of the Pretender's army, with its train of ar-
tillery, consisting of sixteen pieces of cannon, and the
GOO
2 H 2
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MAN
236
baggage, assembled in the town and neighbourhood: the
sum of £3000 was levied in money, from two to three
hundred men were raised for the service, and placed
under the command of Francis Townley, Esq., of Town-
ley Hall, in the county of Lancaster, and many horses
were put under requisition for mounting the cavalry
and drawing the baggage. On the 1st of December,
the rebel army quitted Manchester, marching south-
ward in two columns; and having united at Maccles-
field, advanced to Derby, which they reached on the
4th ;
but to avoid the danger of being enclosed by the
armies of Marshal Wade and the Duke of Cumberland,
retreated northward to Manchester, where they arrived
on the 8th, and continuing their retreat to the north,
reached Carlisle on the 10th, closely pursued by the
Duke of Cumberland; leaving a garrison of four hun-
dred men in that town, consisting of the Manchester
regiment and some Scottish troops, the rebels effected
their retreat to the Scottish frontier, which they reached
on the 20th of December. On the subsequent surren-
der of the garrison of Carlisle to the Duke of Cumber-
land, the officers of the Manchester regiment were sent
prisoners to London, where, being tried for high trea-
son, and found guilty, they were executed on Kennington
Common. After the execution, the heads of Col. Town-
ley and Capt. Fletcher were placed on Temple Bar, and
those of Capt. Deacon and Adjutant Syddall, son of the
barber, were sent down to Manchester and placed on
the exchange.
J
In 1759, an act of parliament was passed for dis-
charging the inhabitants from their obligation to grind
corn and other grain at the school mill on the river
Irk, a custom which had prevailed from a remote pe-
riod, and had frequently excited a strong spirit of
popular discontent. By this act the inhabitants were
released from every obligation, except that of grinding
malt, which is still retained; and though the sum paid
to the feoffees of the mill is very moderate, yet the
compulsory clause of grinding malt has induced almost
all the public brewers to establish themselves in town-
ships which, though adjoining to, and within the imme-
diate vicinity of, the town, are not subject to that obli-
gation. Christian, King of Denmark, on his tour
through England, in 1768, took up his abode in this
town, and lodged, with his suite, 'at the Bull Inn; dur-
ing his stay he visited the recently-formed excavations
for the Duke of Bridgewater's canal. In 1773, the
Russian Princess, Czartoriski, arrived here from Bir-
mingham, to inspect the aqueducts and excavations at
Worsley, and during her stay visited the principal fac-
tories. In 1805, the Archdukes John and Lewis of
Austria, accompanied by a retinue of scientific men,
spent some time here in visiting the various factories,
and inspecting the several processes of the manufac-
tures; and, in 1817, the Grand Duke Nicholas, now
Emperor of Russia, honoured the town with a visit for
the same purpose. Manchester, in common with other
large manufacturing towns, has, during the fluctuations
of trade, and the varying state of its manufactures, ex-
perienced a proportionate number of popular commo-
tions; and occasional disturbances, arising from the
depression of commerce, and the consequent low wages
of the operative manufacturer, have been, in some in-
stances, attended with serious results. The improve-
ment in the various branches of its trade and manufac-
•
tures has, however, been uniformly progressive, and
justly entitles it to be considered one of the most ex-
tensive and prosperous commercial and manufacturing
towns in the kingdom.
Its staple trade is the cotton manufacture, which, in
all its various branches, is carried on to an extent almost
incredible. The town had obtained considerable emi-
nence for its manufacture of what were called Manches-
ter cottons, which was introduced by the Flemings, in
the reign of Edward III.; and in that of Charles I. the
linen and cotton trade had made some progress. In the
"Treasure of Traffic," published by Lewis Roberts, in
1641, Manchester is said to have purchased linen yarn
from Ireland, and cotton wool from London, the goods
woven from which were sent to those places for sale.
About the year 1740, the manufacturers residing here
employed agents in different parts of the country to pro-
cure a supply of raw cotton, which was manufactured, by
the spindle and distaff, in the cottages of the workmen,
chiefly into fustians, thicksets, dimities, and jeans, to
which were added cotton thicksets, goods figured in
the loom, and subsequently cotton velvets, velveteens,
and strong fancy cords. About the year 1760, these
goods, which had till then been made only for home con-
sumption, found a market on the continents of Europe
and America; and as the quantity of weft produced in
the whole county of Lancashire, by about fifty thousand
spindles worked by hand, was insufficient to keep the
weavers in Manchester constantly employed, and conse-
quently to afford a supply adequate to the increasing
demand, recourse was had to the aid of machinery, and
Mr. John Kay invented the instrument called the puking
peg, by the assistance of which the weaver was not
only enabled to produce twice the quantity of work, but
also to weave cloths of any width. The facility thus
given to the weaving department caused a correspond-
ing increase in the demand for yarn, and Mr. Thomas
Highs, in conjunction with Mr. Kay, invented the spin-
ning jenny, the powers of which were greatly increased
by the improvements of Mr. Hargreaves, whose success
exciting the apprehensions of the hand-workmen, caused
the destruction of his machinery, and his retreat to
Nottingham, where he died in indigence. Mr. Highs
continued to make the spinning jennies for sale, and
also invented the water-frame, or throstle, for spinning
twist by means of rollers: these machines were subse-
quently improved under Sir Richard Arkwright, whose
exclusive patent right was annulled by a decision of the
court of King's Bench, in 1785, and the privilege of
using such machinery was thrown open to the public.
The late Sir Robert Peel, Bart., assisted by Mr. Har-
greaves, first brought the cylindrical carding-engines
into use, and made many improvements in the appli-
cation of machinery to the cotton manufacture, by the
adoption of which, aided by the powers of the steam-
engine, the quantity of goods of every description manu-
factured in this town has been prodigiously increased.
Every process of that manufacture is carried on to
a very considerable extent, but the branch of it for
which Manchester is most distinguished is the spinning,
in which department alone there are in the town and
vicinity one hundred and fourteen factories, worked by
one hundred and eighteen steam-engines, the aggre-
gate power of which is equal to that of three thousand
nine hundred and eighty-one horses; by this machi
MAN
237
MAN
nery, about two million one hundred and eighty-two
thousand three hundred and fifty spindles, and six
thousand nine hundred and twenty-six power-looms,
are set in motion. The power-loom is a recent inven-
tion, originating with the Rev. Mr. Cartwright, of Hol-
land House, in the county of Kent, who, after repeated
attempts, ultimately succeeded in establishing a factory
upon that principle at Doncaster, and was indemnified
by parliament for the losses he had sustained in the
course of his experiments. Mr. Grimshaw, of Manches-
ter, adopting Mr. Cartwright's plan, established a fac-
tory in which were five hundred power-looms, but the
building having been destroyed by fire, the design was
for a time abandoned. The difficulties which had im-
peded the general adoption of this invention were finally
removed by the aid of Mr. Johnson's machine for dress-
ing the warps, and, in 1806, the use of the power-loom
was again introduced, with complete success. The fac-
tories, in several of which the whole process of the ma-
nufacture, from the introduction of the raw material to
its completion, is carried on, are immense ranges of
building, from six to eight stories in height; some em-
ploying from eighteen hundred to two thousand per-
sons each, and the whole furnishing employment to up-
wards of thirty thousand persons. The making of mus-
lin was first attempted about the year 1780, at which
time the machine called the mule was introduced into
the spinning factories, and to such a degree of perfec-
tion has this branch of manufacture been brought,
that the muslins of Manchester are little inferior to
those of India. The silk manufacture has, within the
last few years, been revived, under very favourable
circumstances, and is rapidly improving; the num-
ber of mills already established is considerable, and
the silks manufactured are not inferior in the beauty
of their texture to those of Spitalfields, or of France.
The principal articles at present manufactured are,
velvets, fustians, jeans, ticking, checks, ginghams, nan-
keens, diaper, quilting, calico, muslins, muslinets, cam-
bric handkerchiefs, small wares, silks, and, in fact, every
variety of cotton and silk goods. There are also ex-
tensive bleaching-grounds, and works for printing and
dyeing, and for every other department of the manu-
factures; and, in addition to what may be considered
the staple manufactures of the town, are numerous
others dependent on them, such as that of machinery
of all kinds, for which there are extensive forges,
foundries, &c., employing about ninety steam-engines,
of the aggregate power of one thousand seven hun-
dred horses. There are also several laboratories for
the making of oil of vitriol, and other chemical produc-
tions used in the different processes of the trade, for
bleaching, dyeing &c. in the vicinity are several mills
for the manufacture of paper of all descriptions, from
the coarsest kind, for packages, to the finest kinds of
writing and printing paper, all which have been brought
to a high degree of perfection, and are manufactured
on a very large scale. There are extensive manufac-
tories for hats, which have flourished for many years;
also various other branches of manufacture, which have
all improved with the increasing trade of the town, and
afford employment to a very great portion of the inha-
bitants. Engraving, as connected with the printing of
calico, muslin, and cotton goods, is extensively carried
on; and there are saw-mills on a very extended scale.
:
For the purchase of the various productions of the
town, of which large quantities are exported, foreign
merchants have either established agents, or one of
their partners, resident here, to conduct their commer-
cial transactions, and to purchase not only Manchester
goods, but also the produce of all the adjoining manu-
facturing districts, which are accumulated here as in a
central depôt. A chamber of commerce was established
in 1820, by which the trading interests of its members,
and those of Manchester generally, have been greatly
promoted: twenty-five directors are annually chosen at
a general meeting of the subscribers, held in February,
to whom the management of its affairs is entrusted.
The exchange and commercial buildings were
erected from a design by Mr. Harrison, in 1806, at
an expense of £20,000, advanced on shares of £50
each, by four hundred proprietary members, who
subsequently added £30 each to the original shares,
for the purchase of the site: it is a spacious, hand-
some, and well arranged edifice of Runcorn stone,
in the Grecian style of architecture: the north front,
which faces the market-place, is semicircular, and or-
namented with lofty fluted columns of the Doric order;
the news-room, which occupies the basement story of
this part of the building, is elegantly provided with
every accommodation, and lighted by a semicircular
dome and handsome windows of plate glass at the dis-
tance of fifteen feet from the walls is a circular range of
pillars of the Ionic order, supporting the ceiling; and
over the central fire-place is a full-length portrait of
Thomas Stanley, Esq., for many years member for the
county, finely painted by the late Sir Thomas Lawrence :
there are two thousand subscribers belonging to this
establishment. Above the news-room, and resting on
the pillars which support the ceiling, is a circular
range of building, fifteen feet in breadth, and two
stories high (originally forming part of the extensive
establishment of Mr. W. Ford, bookseller), of which the
lower contains the Exchange library, belonging to a
proprietary of four hundred members, and comprising
more than fifteen thousand volumes: the proprie-
tary ticket is £10. 10., and the annual subscription
£1. The gallery is lighted by a range of windows im-
mediately above those in the circular part of the news-
room, but of smaller dimensions, and is well arranged
for the reception of the books; the upper story is di-
vided into apartments for various uses. In the south
part of the building is the post-office, adapted in every
respect to the commercial importance of the town; and
the chamber of commerce occupies another part of the
building. A handsome geometrical staircase leads from
the hall to the upper part of the Exchange buildings,
in which is an elegant dining-room, ninety-two feet
long, and twenty-nine feet wide, with a rich mantel-
piece of Abyssinian marble at each end, and an orches-
tra on the north side this room, which was opened in
celebration of the anniversary of the birthday of George
III., in 1809, is well adapted for public entertainments:
there are several ante-rooms, and a variety of offices,
connected with the general purposes of the institution.
-
*
The vast trade and commercial importance of this town
have been in a great degree promoted by its proximity to
the port of Liverpool, whence its manufactures are ex-.
ported to every quarter of the globe, and with which it
has a facility of communication by means of the Mersey,
MAN
238
MAN
··
and Irwell navigation, constructed in 1720, under an
act of parliament amended in 1794, when the proprietors
were incorporated; and the celebrated Bridgewater
canal, of which a description is given in the article on
LANCASHIRE; both of them communicating with the
river Mersey at Runcorn. The Manchester, Bolton, and
Bury canal, constructed by act of parliament in 1791,
crossing the Irwell at Clifton, and again at Little Lever,
passes for fifteen miles through a district abounding with
coal and mineral produce, and unites with the Leeds and
Liverpool canal near Blackburn, by a branch formed in
1793. The Ashton under Line canal, constructed in 1792,
is carried, by a lofty archway, in an oblique direction over
Store-street; and by another aqueduct, of equal strength
and beauty of design, it crosses the river Medlock,
branching off to Stockport, and at Fairfield, by another
branch, communicates with Oldham. The Rochdale
canal, constructed in 1794, forms a communication from
the Duke of Bridgewater's canal at Manchester to the
Calder navigation at Sowerby bridge, beyond which is
a cut from Salter-Hebble to Halifax. By means of the
Grand Trunk canal, a line of communication has been
established with London, Bristol, and other principal
towns. In 1826, an act was obtained for the con-
struction of an iron rail-road between Manchester
and Liverpool, adapted to the use of carriages drawn
by locomotive engines impelled by steam, for the con-
veyance of merchandise and passengers. This stu-
pendous undertaking was completed in 1830, at an ex-
pense of upwards of £ 800,000, subscribed in shares of
£ 100 each, by a company of proprietors: the line of
road is carried, by a series of arches, commencing at the
Company's warehouses, in the Liverpool road, across
the roofs of the houses in Water-street, and over the
river Irwell, by a handsome stone bridge of two arches,
each sixty-five feet in span, and thirty feet high from the
surface of the water to the central summit. After
passing over a level tract of ground beyond the river
for nearly four miles and a half, it is, by means of
inclined planes, viaducts, and other contrivances, con-
tinued through grounds of various elevation, rising, at
its greatest altitude, to a height of one hundred and
twenty-three feet above, and falling, at its greatest de-
pression, to a depth of one hundred and twenty-four feet
and a half below, the general level. The whole line from
Manchester to Liverpool is thirty-one miles in length;
which distance, though it may be travelled in little more
than an hour, is generally performed in about two hours:
on its course not less than sixty-three bridges have
been erected, and two tunnels made. This important
work was opened to the public with a grand procession,
on which occasion the late Mr. Huskisson, member for
Liverpool, having alighted from one of the carriages,
which had halted for a few minutes, in endeavouring to
regain his seat fell in the line of one of the locomotive
engines, which was travelling with a velocity of thirty
miles an hour, and was so severely injured, that he died
in the course of the evening for a more minutely de-
tailed account of this noble undertaking, see the article
on LANCAShire. A joint-stock company, for the con-
veyance of goods by water, called the New Quay Com-
pany, was originally established in 1822, with a capital
of £30,000: the shareholders are chiefly merchants and
traders, and the company has a considerable number
of vessels plying between Manchester and Liverpool.
:
In addition to the various and numerous branches of
inland navigation, by which a facility of conveyance by
water is obtained to every part of the kingdom, the
trade of the town employs more than two hundred
conveyances by land, for the more prompt distribution
of its merchandise and manufactures, and upwards of
one hundred coaches daily, for the accommodation of
passengers.
The town is situated on the banks of the river Ir-
well, which here receives the tributary streams of the
Irk and the Medlock, and on the north-west bank of
which is situated the township, or district, of Salford,
connected, by means of five bridges, with Manchester,
of which it forms an integral part. Of these bridges,
the most ancient, which had existed from time imme-
morial, was rebuilt in the reign of Edward III.: the
Strangeways iron bridge was erected in 1817, and a sixth
bridge, in connexion with the Manchester and Liverpool
railway, has been built over the same river. Over the
Medlock are nine bridges, in various parts of the town,
of which that leading from Oxford-street crosses the
river in an oblique direction. There are also seven
bridges over the river Irk, of which six are very low,
and subject to be flooded at high water; the seventh
is a very lofty structure of three arches, and a great
ornament to the town, connecting a new line of road,
from the extremity of Miller-street, with what was an-
ciently Strangeways park, and forming an entrance into
the town, which avoids the steep ascent of the Red
Bank, and the dangerous turn in the old road from
Scotland-bridge. Exclusively of these, there are seve-
ral smaller bridges over the Shooter's brook, and not
less than thirty over the numerous branches of the ca-
nals which intersect the town. The town is well paved,
and lighted with gas, under the direction of two hun-
dred and forty commissioners, appointed by an act of
parliament passed in the 9th of George IV., for cleans-
ing, paving, lighting, watching, and regulating it, and
forming a body corporate, with a common seal the
gas-works are superintended by thirty directors chosen
from among the commissioners. The inhabitants are
supplied with water by the Manchester and Salford
Water Company, established by act of parliament in
1809, which is conveyed by pipes from their reservoirs
at Beswick and at Gorton, that at the latter place,
covering more than fifty acres of ground, having been
excavated in 1825. Salford was formerly included in
the same jurisdiction with Manchester, with respect to
its police, the same act of parliament being applicable to
both; but by an act passed in the 9th of George IV.,
they were separated, and Salford is now governed by a
distinct code of regulations, under an act passed in the
11th of George IV., and in the same session the local act
for Manchester was amended. The environs, in many
parts, particularly in Broughton, abound with scenery.
pleasingly diversified; and in the neighbourhood are some
handsome ranges of building, and numerous elegant villas:
among these are Ardwick Green, in the centre of which
is a fine sheet of water, surrounded with respectable resi-
dences; Salford Crescent, occupying an elevated site,
and commanding a beautiful view of the windings of the
Irwell, with the fertile vallies on the opposite bank, and
sheltered by rising hills. On the bank of the same river
are several successive tiers of houses, which rise above
each other from the margin of the river; and on the
·
MAN
MAN
239
Irk is Gibraltar, an irregular cluster of rural and pic
turesque cottages. The older part of the town con-
tains several ancient houses (which, however, are fast
disappearing), interspersed with modern dwellings; and
the streets, with the exception of such as have been im-
proved under various acts of parliament, are incon-
veniently narrow: the more modern parts contain
many spacious streets, in which are numerous hand-
some and respectable houses; but the general plan ap-
pears to have been more adapted to the accommodation
of its extended trade than to the display of elegance and
symmetry in its general appearance. Cotton-mills, fac-
tories, and warehouses of immense extent, have been
erected in those parts of the town previously occupied
by the most pleasant dwelling-houses, and every other
part of it is crowded with numerous cottages of families
employed in the various works.
<
The Literary and Philosophical Society, established
in 1781, consists of ordinary, honorary, and correspond-
ing members, who pay £2. 2. on their admission, and
an annnal subscription of £1. 1.; they hold meetings
every alternate Friday, from October till the end of
April, in a hall containing suitable apartments; gold
and silver medals are awarded for the best dissertations
on particular subjects: the society has published seven
volumes of transactions, in the English, French, and
German languages, which are much circulated on the
continent. The Philological Society, consisting of thirty
resident, and fifty corresponding, members, was instituted
in 1803, and an Agricultural Society, consisting of mem-
bers residing within thirty miles of the town, was esta-
blished in 1767, and is one of the earliest institutions
of that kind in England: its object is to bestow an-
nual premiums for useful discoveries in cultivation, for
superior specimens of produce both in cattle and in
crops, and for the encouragement of cottagers who, by
their labour, have maintained their families without pa-
rochial assistance, and of farming servants who have
continued for the greatest length of time, and with
the best characters, in one situation; all subscribing
members and their tenants, in the counties of Lan-
caster and Chester, may claim the premiums. The
new circulating library, in St. Anne's street, containing
four thousand volumes, was established in 1792.
part of Cheetham's hospital is also appropriated as
a library, to which, under certain regulations, the pub-
lic enjoy free admission. Mr. Cheetham bequeathed
£1000, to be vested in land, directing the produce
to be applied in the purchase of books; and £100
to provide a place for their reception: this fund, by
the management of the trustees, has considerably ac-
cumulated, and the library at present contains more
than sixteen thousand volumes, some valuable manu-
scripts, a collection of prints, and several natural and
artificial curiosities. The Portico, an elegant edifice of
the Ionic order, was erected by subscription, in 1806,
at an expense of £7000: the building, which is of Run-
corn stone, contains a library, a committee-room, a
news-room lighted by a dome, a reading-room, and
other offices. This institution, which belongs to a pro-
prietary of four hundred members, holding shares
originally of the value of £13. 13., afterwards in-
creased to £21, and paying an annual subscription of
£2. 10. per annum, is under the regulation of a com-
mittee. The library, which forms a gallery round the
A
walls of the news-room, is sixty-five feet long, and
forty-two feet wide; and the committee-room and
reading-room are each thirty feet long, and sixteen feet
wide. A library, established in Spear-street, in 1802, is
at present held in Fountain-street, and contains a very
good collection of theological and other works. The
law library was instituted by the members of that pro-
fession, in 1820: the proprietary ticket is £5. 5., and
the annual subscription £1. 11. 6. There is also a li-
brary in St. Anne's street. The society for promoting
the study of natural history was projected in 1821, and
rapidly attained its present state of maturity and im-
portance: there are at present more than three hun-
dred proprietary members; the terms of admission are
£10, and the annual subscription £2. 2. Its con-
cerns are under the direction of a president and coun-
cil of ten proprietary members, annually chosen, four
vice-presidents, a treasurer, four curators, and two se-
cretaries: the buildings comprise a museum, in which,
in addition to a valuable collection of insects, made by
the late J. L. Phillips, Esq., is an extensive exhibition of
the rarest specimens of the animal kingdom, consisting
of quadrupeds, birds, and fishes, and of shells, mine-
rals, fossils, and other natural curiosities, scientifically
arranged, in a suite of apartments well adapted to their
preservation: attached to the museum are, a library of
works on natural history, a council-room, a curatory,
and apartments for the librarian and keeper of the
museum.
K
The Royal Institution, embracing a variety of ob-
jects connected with the pursuits of literature and
science, and the cultivation of the fine arts, originated
with a few public spirited individuals (either artists or
persons connected with the arts), in 1823, and was soon
honoured with the public, and finally with royal, patron-
age: this institution is under the direction of a presi-
dent, twelve vice-presidents, and a committee, chosen
from a body of nearly seven hundred hereditary and life
governors, of whom the former are contributors of forty,
and the latter of twenty-five, guineas each. The building,
which has been erected from a design by Mr. Barry, of
London, and is of a durable and richly-coloured stone,
from the vicinity of Colne, forms a splendid addition to
the architectural ornaments of the town; it is in the
Grecian style of architecture. The principal elevation,
towards Mosley-street, has a noble portico of six lofty
columns of the Ionic order, supporting a rich entablature
and pediment in the centre, on each side of which are
columns and pilasters connecting it with the wings; above
the doors and windows are panels for bas reliefs symboli-
cal of the design of the institution: the attic story of the
hall, rising to a considerable elevation above the wings,
is to be surmounted by a finely-sculptured figure of
Minerva. The area round the building is enclosed with
a handsome iron palisade on a lofty plinth of masonry,
with pedestals at the angles of the steps leading to the
portico and side entrances, on which are to be placed
groups of figures and statues. The centre comprises the
hall and the theatre, and one of the wings is appro-
priated as an academy of the fine arts, with exhibition
rooms, and the other as a museum of natural history.
The hall, which is wholly lighted from the attic story,
is forty feet square, and sixty feet high; it contains a
grand staircase of stone, consisting of central and la-
teral flights, with pedestals for sculptures, leading to
MAN
MAN
240
a gallery on three sides of the hall, supported on Doric
pillars, and to the theatre which is of a semicircular
form. On the gallery are entrances on each side, lead-
ing through corridors flanked with columns, into the
exhibition rooms in each wing of the building; the
ceiling of the hall is richly panelled in deeply-recessed
compartments, and beneath the attic windows is a rich
cornice with a frieze for bas reliefs: ancient sculptures
and casts from the antique will be ranged in the hall
and corridors. The theatre, which will hold six hun-
dred persons, has a gallery supported on columns of
bronze, and the walls are decorated with engaged co-
lumns, and with isolated columns in the angles: the
ceiling is richly panelled, and the theatre is lighted by
a lantern, which, by machinery, may be darkened in-
stantaneously, at the will of the lecturer. There are
three exhibition rooms in each wing, which may be
thrown into one; they are twenty-three feet in height,
and lighted from the ceiling; the principal room in
each wing is forty-eight feet long, and thirty feet wide,
and the others are thirty feet square. There are also
various rooms for the use of the officers and others con-
nected with the institution, to which access is obtained
from the hall and from other parts of the building. The
whole cost of this elegant pile, when complete, will be
about £50,000, and the building will comprehend an
ample and complete arrangement for the various pur-
poses contemplated in its erection.
G
and forty-nine wide: there are eight public concerts
in the season, at which vocal and instrumental per-
formers of eminent talents are engaged: the private
concerts, to which the subscribers and their families are
admitted, take place every fortnight. The assembly-
rooms in Mosley-street were erected in 1792; they form
a capacious suite of rooms elegantly fitted up, and su-
perbly decorated; the ball-room is eighty-seven feet
long, and forty-four feet wide; the walls and ceiling are
beautifully painted in compartments, and lighted with
brilliant chandeliers and lustres of cut-glass: the tea-
room is fifty-four feet long, and fifty-one feet broad,
similarly decorated, and over the mantel-piece is a
full-length portrait of Lord Strange: a billiard-room of
equal dimensions, and a card-room of smaller size, are
also included in the buildings, which were raised by
shares of £ 100 each. The first of a series of triennial
musical festivals was attempted here, with complete suc-
cess, in 1828, for the encouragement of which the sum
of £20,000 was immediately advanced, on shares of
£100 each, as a guarantee for the indemnity of the ma-
nagers. The late Sir Robert Peel, Bart., on accepting
the office of patron, presented the stewards with a con-
tribution of £500. Oratorios were performed in the
collegiate church, and miscellaneous concerts and dress
balls were given in the theatre and assembly-rooms:
the produce of the performances, which combined the
first-rate musical talents in the country, and were bril-
liantly and numerously attended, exceeded £15,000;
and, after paying all expenses, a surplus of more than
£5000 was distributed among the various charitable
institutions. The races, which were established in
1730, commence on the Wednesday in Whitsun-week,
and continue to the end of the week: the course;
which is enclosed by railing, and carefully guarded
against accidents, is on Kersal moor, and is about a
mile in circuit; a grand stand and numerous booths
have been erected on various parts of it, for the ac-
commodation of the spectators, the number of whom
is seldom less than two hundred thousand. A riding
school and gymnasium have been established, for
which a building was erected, in 1829, near the con-
cert-rooms, at the lower end of Mosley-street. The
barracks for the cavalry, in the township of Hulme, are
a uniform and handsome range of building, affording
accommodation for a squadron of horse, and compre-
hending an area sufficient for the performance of their
evolutions. The barracks for infantry, situated in the
Regent's road, Salford, are very extensive, and form a
compact range of building calculated for the reception
of one thousand men, affording, within the enclosure;
ample ground for exercise and every requisite accom-
modation.
A Floral and Horticultural Society was instituted in
1823, and a Botanical and Horticultural Institution in
1828: the garden for the latter, about two miles from
the Exchange, on the new Stretford road, comprising
about sixteen acres of ground, contains a great variety
of green-house, herbaceous, Alpine, American, rock, and
medicinal plants, and is under the care of a curator, who
resides on the spot. The entrance, on one side of which is
the curator's house, and on the other the council-room,
botanical library, and porter's lodge, is a handsome struc-
ture, in the Grecian style and Ionic order, the erection
of which cost about £2000. A mechanics' institution
was established in 1824, and is supported by subscrip-
tion: the building was erected in 1827, at an expense
of £7000, and contains a library, in which are two
thousand volumes, and a theatre, in which lectures are
delivered on those branches of science which are of
practical application in the exercise of their trades.
The theatre royal was erected in 1806, at an expense of
£15,000, advanced on shares by a proprietary of forty:
it is a plain, but commodious, edifice, of which the in-
terior is well arranged and handsomely decorated. The
amphitheatre, or, as it is called, the minor theatre, was
built in 1753, for a principal theatre, but being found
too small, was rebuilt by act of parliament in 1775,
and having been burnt down in 1789, was again rebuilt
and opened for its present use in 1790. The gentle-
men's private subscription concerts were established in
1777, when a room, adapted to the accommodation of
eight hundred auditors, was built in Fountain-street,
which being afterwards found too small, a new concert-
room was erected, in 1829, for the reception of one
thousand two hundred subscribers, in Lower Mosley-
street, at an expense of £7000: the entrance is through
a handsome lofty portico of six columns of the Corin-
thian order, supporting a rich entablature and pediment;
the concert-room is one hundred and seven feet long
The market days are Tuesday, Thursday, and Satur-
day; the first is principally for the sale of merchan-
dise, of which great quantities are brought in carts and
wagons from the different factories. The markets are
plentifully supplied with corn and provisions of all
kinds. The corn market is held in a building in Hang-
ing-ditch, which was opened as à corn exchange in
1820. The hay market is held in Bridgewater-street
the cattle market in the new Smithfield, at Shude-hill ;
the markets for butchers' meat are held in Brown-
street, Bridge-street, and the London road, at the
back of which is the leather hall, and in other parts of
;
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MAN
241
MAN
;
the town. The fish market, which is abundantly
supplied with salmon from the river Ribble; with her-
rings, soles, and flounders, from the north-west coast
and with cod, haddocks, lobsters, and crabs, from the
east coast; is held in a suitable building erected on
the site of what was formerly called the Old Shambles
(which was the only market-place in the town for
butchers' meat), at the expense of Sir Oswald Mosley,
Bart., near Smithy Door, in 1828; the meal, flour, and
cheese market is held in a building on Shude-hill; the
fruit, or apple, market is held in Fennel-street, and the
upper end of Long Millgate; the vegetable market
is held in St. Mary's gate, and in the upper end of
Smithy Door, the middle and lower end of which is the
market for butter, poultry, and eggs. Salford, which
had been previously supplied from Manchester, has
also a separate market, for which accommodation has
been provided under the town-hall, of which the first
stone was laid by Lord Bexley, in 1825. The fairs are
Easter Monday and Tuesday, for toys; and October
1st and 2nd, for horses, cattle, and pigs: the latter, for
greater convenience, has been removed to Camp field,
near St. Matthew's church; but the steward of the
manor, attended by the borough-reeve and constables,
asserts the right of the lord of the manor to hold it in
St. Ann's square, where until within the last few years,
it was constantly held there are some other fairs, but of
minor importance.
At Salford, a fair, commencing on
Whit-Monday, is much frequented by the Yorkshire
clothiers, blanket-manufacturers, button-makers, and
japanners the cloth hall, which is a spacious and con-
venient building, is occupied by numerous tenants dur-
ing this fair, which lasts for twenty-one days; and there
is another fair, commencing November 17th, and con-
tinuing for the same space of time; the first day of
each is for the sale of cattle.
:
:
The town is within the jurisdiction of the county
magistrates, who hold a petty sessions for the division
every Thursday: the municipal regulations are conduct
ed by a borough-reeve and two principal constables,
chosen annually from among the most respectable of
the inhabitants, by a jury impannelled by the stewards
of the manor, at the latter of the courts leet, which
are held every year after Easter and Michaelmas. The
constables appoint a deputy to act for them, who has
a salary of £600 per annum, and is assisted by four
beadles and two hundred special constables. A court
of requests for the parish is held over the butchers'
market in Brown-street, under an act passed in the
48th of George III., every alternate Wednesday, for
the recovery of debts under £5. The lord of the
manor of Manchester holds a court baron every third
Wednesday; and a court for the hundred of Salford
is held every third Thursday, for the recovery of debts
under 40s. : the sheriff's county court is also held
here monthly, by adjournment from Preston, for the
trial of pleas, and the recovery of debts not exceed-
ing £10, in actions in which the parties reside in
the hundred of Salford. The quarter sessions are held
at Salford by adjournment, at which the business for
the whole of the hundred of Salford is transacted,
under the superintendence of a chairman, who has a
salary of £800 per annum, paid by the hundred; the
number of prisoners tried at these sessions is generally
about two hundred. A barrister, with a salary of
VOL. III.
.
;
£1000 per annum, paid out of the police rates of Man-
chester and Salford, sits daily as a magistrate, under
the provisions of an act of parliament, for the despatch
of business, in which he is assisted by some of the
county magistrates resident in the neighbourhood. The
town-hall is a noble and elegant edifice, erected under
the superintendence and from a design of Mr. Francis
Goodwin, in the Grecian style of architecture, at an
expense of £40,000, after the model of the Temple of
Erectheus, at Athens, with a beautiful tower and dome
in the centre, resembling the tower of Andronicus, cal-
led the "Temple of the Winds :" the principal entrance
is by a magnificent colonnade with a rich entablature,
in front of which are some sculptured representations
of the town of Manchester, and emblems of trade
and commerce; in the wings are niches containing sta
tues of Solon and Alfred; in the medallions of the attic
are busts in alto relievo of Pythagoras, Lycurgus, Hale,
and Locke. The building contains various departments
for transacting the public business of the town; on
the principal floor is a splendid public room, one
hundred and thirty-two feet long, forty-three feet
eight inches wide, and fifty-one feet and a half in
height to the centre of the principal dome: the interior
of this noble room is divided into three parts by
two ranges of eight elegant Ionic pillars, so disposed
that each part may form a separate room
the cen-
tral part is lighted by a magnificent dome, supported
on sixteen dwarf columns of Scagliola marble, corres-
ponding with the exterior design of the tower :; and
the other parts are finished in a very chaste style of
classic beauty. The light is elegantly introduced into
the extreme sections of the great room by concealed
skylights, and through stained glass in the panels of
the ceiling and dome, decorated to correspond with
those that are not pierced for that purpose.
Three
staircases lead to this splendid room, with the interior
of which the principal staircase will be made to
harmonize. The town-hall at Salford is a handsome
stone edifice, with a noble portico in the Grecian Doric
style, after that of the Temple of Theseus, support-
ing a triangular pediment; it affords in the lower
part an area for the use of the market, and contains
in the upper an elegant suite of assembly-rooms. The
large room, which extends the whole length of the
building, is elegantly fitted up, and decorated with
pilasters supporting a richly-ornamented frieze and
cornice; the ceiling is chastely embellished, and the
room is appropriated to the use of the Salford courts,
which are held here, being also occasionally used for
public balls and concerts: the approach is by two
handsome stone staircases. The principal entrance to
the market-place is from the centre of the town-hall,
through a Doric colonnade; there are separate markets
for meat, vegetables, fish, and poultry, chiefly covered
over and well ventilated: this building was erected
under the superintendence of Messrs. Lane and Good-
win, at an expense of £ 10,000.
The Chorlton-Row town-hall, dispensary, and consta-
bles' dwelling-house, are connected in one building, the
front of which is handsome and imposing. In the central
part is a boldly-projecting portico of four Doric columns
supporting a pediment, of which the frieze is ornament-
ed with wreaths; the wings are decorated with antæ,
rising from a rustic basement. The portico leads to
+
2 I
MAN
MAN
242
sub-warden, treasurer, collector, registrar, a master of
the choir, organist, four singing men: (either clerks or
laymen), and four boys skilled in music, to be chosen
by the warden and fellows; and ordains that there shall
be continually in the college, two chaplains, or vicárs,
of the degree of bachelors of arts, and two clerks to
administer the sacraments, visit the sick, and perform
other religious offices. During the usurpation of Crom-
well, the Independents established their own form of
worship in the college, in 1649; and, in the same year,
the chapter-house and the college chest were broken
open, and the foundation deeds seized by the soldiers,
and sent, with other papers, to London, where they
were subsequently destroyed in the great fire of 1666.
The college was soon afterwards dissolved by an act
of parliament for the sale of dean and chapter lands,
and, during the interregnum, the last warden officiated
as parochial minister, for an annual stipend. After
the Restoration, the institution was revived, subject to
the statutes of Charles I., and the warden reinstated
in his office. The church is a spacious and elaborately
ornamented structure, in the later style of English ar-
chitecture, with a handsome square embattled tower,
strengthened with buttresses, and crowned with pin-
nacles; the roof of the nave, which rises to a consi-
derable height above the aisles, is concealed by a rich
pierced parapet and decorated with pinnacles; the
windows are spacious, and filled with elegant tracery,
and the exterior, which is relieved by the projection of
some beautiful chapels, has a splendid and truly magni-
ficent appearance. The view of the interior is strikingly
impressive; the lofty nave is lighted by a noble range
of clerestory windows of fine proportion and beautiful
design, and the choir is splendidly enriched with ta-
bernacle-work of elaborate and delicate execution
the roof is finely groined and ornamented with
gro-
tesque figures of angels playing on musical instru-
ments, shields, and other devices, richly carved ; con-
siderable portions of the original stained glass are still
preserved in several of the windows; and the altar is
decorated with a piece of tapestry representing the
offerings of the early Christians, and the punishment
of Ananias and Sapphira. In different parts of the
church, and in several chapels, are many ancient and
interesting monuments.
;
1.
the public offices on the ground-floor, including a com-
mittee-room, principal clerk's office, assembling-room
for the poor, and the pay-office; over these is a spa-
cious room for public meetings, well fitted up, and ap-
proached by a wide staircase and lobbies. On the base-
ment floor are the watchmen's assembling-room, the
lamplighters' room, oil-cellar, and three lock-up rooms,
and in the attic are ample store-rooms. One of the
wings is appropriated as a residence for the constable,
and the other as a dispensary, which was established
and is supported by subscription: this building was
erected under the superintendence of Mr. Richard
Lane, at an expense of £4500. The New Bailey, or
house of correction for the hundred of Salford, ad-
joining which is the governor's residence, was erected
in 1790, upon the radiating principle, and comprises
twenty-four wards, the same number of day-rooms
and airing-yards, one hundred and fifty workshops, for
the classification and employment of the prisoners, and a
tread-mill, with eight wheels, for such as are condemned
to hard labour: the outer walls include an area of
twenty-seven thousand square yards: over the entrance,
which is a large rusticated stone building, is a sessions-
room, in which the weekly and quarter sessions are
held; adjoining it are the grand jury rooms and with-
drawing-rooms for the magistrates and barristers, and
in the lower story are the turnkey's lodge, and rooms for
the confinement of prisoners prior to examination. The
discipline observed in this prison, which is capable of
receiving nine hundred and twenty-six prisoners, and
in which there are generally five hundred, is admirably
calculated to reclaim the guilty, and to afford them,
on their release, the means of future subsistence by
honest industry; those who have learned any trade are
regularly employed in the exercise of it, and receive a
considerable portion of their earnings; and such as
have not, prior to their committal, are taught, during
their confinement, some trade by which they may ho-
nestly maintain themselves after their discharge.
Manchester comprises only one parish, which is
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester. The old
collegiate church, which, till after the Reformation,
afforded accommodation for all the inhabitants of
Manchester and Salford, was founded and dedicated to
the Blessed Virgin, by Thomas, Lord de la Warre, in the
9th of Henry V., who endowed it for a warden and
eight fellows; this establishment, the revenue of which
was £226. 12. 5., was dissolved in the reign of Ed-
ward VI., and re-established in that of Elizabeth, un-
der the designation of the Warden and Fellows of
Christ's College, Manchester. The dilapidation of the
church, and the misappropriation of the collegiate
funds, under the wardenship of Richard Murray, in-
duced the inhabitants to petition the throne for a re-
vival of the former charter, in 1635, and Charles I.
granted them a new charter of foundation, with rules
for the government of the college, drawn up by Arch-
bishop Laud. Under this charter, the management is
vested in a warden, to be appointed by the crown, who
must at least be a bachelor in divinity, or of canon and
civil laws; and in four fellows, who must be masters of
arts, or bachelors of laws; they are a body corporate,
with a common seal, under the designation of the
“Warden and Fellows of Christ's College, Manchester."
The same charter provides for the appointment of a
Trinity church, at Salford, was founded and endowed
by Humphrey Booth, Esq., in 1635, but having fallen into
decay, it was rebuilt in 1752: it is a neat edifice in the
Grecian style of architecture, and of the Doric order,
with a steeple, and contains some handsome monuments
and mural tablets the living is a perpetual curacy, in
the patronage of Sir Robert Gore Booth, Bart. St. Ann's
church, on the south side of St. Ann's square, founded in
1709, under the auspices of Lady Ann Bland, is a spa-
cious structure in the Grecian style of architecture, and
of the Corinthian order, with a tower formerly surmount-
ed by a spire, which has been taken down; the interior,
affording accommodation for one thousand one hundred
and seventy-five persons, is a fine specimen of hand-
some and appropriate decoration: the living is a rectory
not in charge, in the patronage of the Bishop of Ches-
ter. St. Mary's, between Deans - gate and the river
Irwell, erected by the Warden and Fellows of the
College, by act of parliament in 1756, is a handsome
edifice of the Doric order, with a lofty tower and spire,
MAN
243
MAN
:
one hundred and eighty-six feet in height; the interior,
which contains nine hundred and ninety-seven sittings,
though dark, from the massive proportions of the
pillars supporting the galleries, is very elegant: the
altar-piece is embellished with a well-executed painting
of the Ascension, after Raphael, by Williams; and the
window is enriched with stained glass, beneath which
are the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul: the living is
a rectory not in charge, in the patronage of the Warden
and Fellows of the College. St. Paul's, a neat edifice
of brick, was erected in 1765, and contains one thou-
sand one hundred and forty-seven sittings: the living
is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the Warden
and Fellows of the College. St. John's, in Byrom-street,
was built by Edward Byrom, Esq., under the authority
of an act of parliament, in 1769: it is a handsome
structure, in the later style of English architecture,
with a tower; the interior, which affords accommoda-
tion for one thousand and ninety persons, is remark-
ably neat, and handsomely ornamented: the chan-
cel windows are embellished with stained glass; in
one of the south windows is a beautiful representa-
tion of Christ entering into Bethlehem, in ancient
stained glass, brought from a convent in Rouen; and
in the corresponding window, on the opposite side,
is also some ancient stained glass, brought from the
continent the vestry-room is richly ornamented with
painted glass, and contains several fine paintings, among
which are those of Paul before Felix, the Last Sup-
per, the Holy Family, the Descent from the Cross (a
copy of the original in St. Peter's church), a perspective
view of the church, and other subjects: there are some
handsome monuments and tablets in the church, and a
piece of sculpture, by Flaxman, erected by the congre-
gation, as a tribute of respect for their pastor, the Rev.
J. Clowes: the church is entirely vaulted underneath,
and is the property of the heirs of the founder: the
living is a rectory not in charge, in the patronage of the
Heirs of Edward Byrom, Esq., with reversion, after
the lapse of two presentations from the period of its
consecration, to the Warden and Fellows. St. James',
erected by the Rev. Cornelius Bayley, D. D., in 1787,
is a spacious and handsome brick edifice, with a small
stone spire, and contains one thousand three hundred
and ninety sittings: the living is a perpetual curacy, in
the patronage of Dr. Bayley, with reversion, after sixty
years from the date of consecration, to the Warden and
Fellows of the College. St. Michael's, a large edifice
of brick, with a foundation for a steeple not yet built,
and containing nine hundred sittings, was founded by
the late Rev. Humphrey Owen, in 1789: the living is
a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the Heirs of
the founder, with reversion, after sixty years, to the
Warden and Fellows of the College. St. Mark's was
founded by the late Rev. E. Ethelston, and finished
by his son, in 1794: the living is a perpetual curacy,
in the patronage of the Heirs of the founder, with re-
version, after sixty years, to the Warden and Fellows
of the College. St. Peter's was erected by subscrip-
tion among the inhabitants, and consecrated in 1794:
it is a handsome edifice of Runcorn stone, in the Gre-
cian style of architecture, with a stately tower and a
noble portico of the Doric order: the interior, which
contains five hundred and fifty sittings, is remarkable
for the elegance and chasteness of its decoration; the
altar-piece is embellished with a fine painting of the
Descent from the Cross, by Annibal Caracci: the living
is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the Trustees
for building the church, with reversion, after sixty years,
to the Warden and Fellows. St. Stephen's, Salford, a
neat building of brick ornamented with stone, with a
handsome tower, was founded, in 1794, by the Rev. N. M.
Cheek, to whose memory a neat mural tablet has been
erected: the living is a perpetual curacy, in the patron-
age of the Heirs of the founder, with reversion, after
sixty years, to the Warden and Fellows of the College.
St. George's, a large building of brick, with a tower
of the same material, was opened for divine ser-
vice in 1798, and consecrated in 1818, when it was
purchased by subscription: the living is a perpetual
curacy, in the patronage of the Bishop of Chester.
Al aints' in the centre of Grosvenor-square, a large
and elegant, structure in the Grecian style of archi-
tecture, was built at the sole charge of the Rev. Charles
Burton, L.L.B., at an expense of £14,000, and conse-
crated in 1820: the interior is elegantly ornamented;
in the window over the altar is a fine painting of the
Passion of our Saviour in the Garden of Gethsemane :
the living is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the
Founder, with reversion to the Warden and Fellows.
St. Matthew's, in Castle field, was erected, in 1825,
hy grant from the parliamentary commissioners, at an
expense of £11,917: it is an elegant structure, in the
later style of English architecture, with a tower and
spire, and contains one thousand eight hundred and
thirty-eight sittings, of which nine hundred and seventy-
eight are free: the living is a perpetual curacy, in the
patronage of the Warden and Fellows of the College.
St. Philip's, in Salford, a handsome edifice in the Grecian
style of architecture, with a tower and semicircular por-
tico of the Ionic order, and containing one thousand
eight hundred and twenty-eight sittings, of which one
thousand three hundred are free, was erected, in 1825,
by grant from the parliamentary commissioners, at an
expense of £13,423. 5. the living is a perpetual cu-
racy, in the patronage of the Warden and Fellows of
the College. St. George's, Hulme, an elegant edifice
in the later style of English architecture, with a tower,
and containing two thousand and two sittings, of
which one thousand two hundred are free, was built
in 1828, at an expense of £14,416. 19. 5., by grant
from the parliamentary commissioners: the interior
is elegantly arranged, and has a grand and imposing
effect: the roof is elaborately groined, and enriched
with bosses and flowers; the columns separating the
nave from the aisles are surmounted by a handsome
range of clerestory arches; the altar is highly decorated,
and the east end is lighted by three beautiful windows
enriched with elegant tracery; the tower is one hundred
and thirty-five feet high. The commissioners have also
granted a sum of £9900 for the erection of a church, to
be dedicated to St. Andrew, in Travis-street, and to con-
tain two thousand sittings, of which seven hundred are
to be free, which is at present in progress.
An epis-
copal chapel at Ardwick, dedicated to St. Thomas, was
consecrated in 1741, and enlarged in 1777; it is a
neat building of brick: the living is a perpetual cura-
cy, in the patronage of the Warden and Fellows of
the College. St. Clement's, in Lever-street, erected in
1793; and St. Luke's chapel, in Bedford-street, built in
212
MAN
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244
:
1804, are open for the performance of divine service,
according to the liturgy of the Church of England, but
have not been consecrated. There are five places of
worship for Baptists; three for a society calling them-
selves Bible Christians; one for the Society of Friends;
nine for Independents; one for Welch Independents; one
for Independent Methodists; two for Methodists of the
New Connexion; one for Primitive, one for Tent, eleven
for Wesleyan, and two for Welch, Methodists; one for
Presbyterians; two for Swedenborgians; and two for
Unitarians; there are also three Roman Catholic chapels,
and a synagogue. Of the dissenting places of worship,
several are conspicuous for architectural beauty; among
which may be noticed the Roman Catholic chapel of St.
Augustine, an elegant structure in the later style of
English architecture, built in 1820, from a design by
Mr. Palmer, at an expense of £ 10,000 under the chapel
are school-rooms for one thousand two hundred chil-
dren. The meeting-house for the Society of Friends is
a spacious structure, equally conspicuous for the chaste
simplicity of its character and the beauty of its Ionic
portico, of which the design was taken from that of the
Temple of Ceres on the Ilyssus: the interior is divided,
near the centre, into two distinct houses by a sliding
partition, of which the upper part is by machinery
raised above the ceiling, and the lower depressed beneath
the floor, when it may be convenient: it was erected
under the direction of Mr. Lane, at an expense of
£12,000. The Wesleyan meeting-house in Oxford road
has a handsome portico of the Doric order; and that in
Irwell-street, Salford, has a handsome Ionic portico
and pediment. A general cemetery, for the interment
of persons of all religious denominations, according to
their several rites, comprising four acres, surrounded
with a wall, was opened in 1821: the entrance is from
Rusholme road, through a handsome iron gate, on the
left of which is a chapel for the performance of the
funeral service, and on the right a dwelling-house of
similar design for the resident registrar.
giate Church, and the Rectors of Prestwich and Bury,
as trustees of Hulme's estates, fifteen fellowships, va-
rying from £60 to £120 each, in Brasenose College, for
bachelors of arts, who may remain there four years after
taking that degree, founded by William Hulme, Esq.,
of Kearsley, in this county, which are frequently con-
ferred upon scholars from Manchester. The school-
house is a plain but spacious building, erected in
1777, on the site of the original edifice, having an owl,
the crest of the founder, sculptured on a large stone
medallion over the entrance; and containing an upper
school-room, ninety-six feet long, and thirty feet wide,
at one end of which are the arms of the founder em-
blazoned; and a lower school-room, of smaller dimen-
sions: the property of the school is vested in twelve
trustees, and its management is superintended by the
Warden of the College.
The Blue-coat hospital, part of which is appropriated
to the use of the Cheetham library, was founded, in 1653,
by means of a bequest from Humphrey Cheetham, Esq., of
Clayton hall, near Manchester, who left £7000 to trus-
tees, to purchase estates for its endowment; and a sum
of money to purchase a house for the reception of forty
scholars, of whom, fourteen were to be natives of Man-
chester, six of Salford, three of Droylsden, two of Crump-
sall, ten of Bolton, and five of Turton, which number has,
in the same proportion, from the augmentation of the
funds, been increased to eighty: the boys, who are nomi-
nated by the churchwardens of the several townships, and
elected by the trustees, are clothed, maintained, educated,
and apprenticed. The buildings of the college founded
by Lord de la Warre were, after its dissolution, pur-
chased by the trustees from the Earl of Derby, to whom
it had been presented by the crown, and appropriated
to the use of the hospital.
to the use of the hospital. The premises occupy the
site of the baronial mansion of the Gresleys, on the
bank of the river Irk, near its confluence with the Ir-
well, and comprise an extensive range of building, exhi-
biting, through all its subsequent repairs, strong fea-
tures of its collegiate architecture: the lower apartments
are assigned to the use of the Blue-coat hospital, and
the upper story contains the library and apartments of
the governor and librarian: the library extends through
a long gallery divided into compartments; adjoining
it is a large reading-room, ornamented with antique
carvings, and portraits of the founder: of Dr. Alexander
Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's; Dr. William Whitaker, suc-
cessively Master of Trinity, Queen's, and St. John's Col-
leges, Cambridge; Robert Bolton, a learned divine ; and
John Bradford, a native of Manchester, who having re-
ceived the rudiments of his education in the grammar
school, was afterwards Fellow of Pembroke Hall, Cam-
bridge, and was burned as a heretic in the reign of Mary.
The ladies' jubilee school, for maintaining, educating, and
qualifying as household servants female orphans, was
established in 1809, in commemoration of the fiftieth
anniversary of the accession of George III.: the school-
house is a neat and commodious building on the borders
of Strangeways park; there are thirty children in the
school, which is supported by subscription, and is un-
der the direction of a committee of ladies.
Miss Hall,
one of the original and most zealous promoters of this
institution, bequeathed, at her death in 1828, £44,000,
to be equally divided among four charities in the
town, viz., this school, the infirmary, the lying-in hos-
The free grammar school was founded, in the 7th
of Henry VIII., by Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter,
who endowed it with certain houses, tenements, and
corn-mills, in the town of Manchester, and with lands
at Ancoats adjoining, producing a revenue exceeding
£4000. The establishment consists of a head-master,
whose salary, including £30 allowed for a drawing-
master, is £446 per annum ; a second master, with a
salary of £218; an assistant to the head-master, with
a salary of £160; an assistant to the second master,
with a salary of £125; and a master of the lower
school, with a salary of £ 120 per annum : the head and
second masters, who are appointed by the President
of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, have each a stall in
the collegiate church. The number of scholars is in ge-
neral from one hundred and fifty to two hundred, who
receive gratuitously a classical education, but pay for
other instruction. There are twelve exhibitions, of £40
per annum each, to either of the Universities, belonging
to this school, which also, in turn with the schools of
Hereford and Marlborough, has an interest in sixteen
scholarships in Brasenose College, Oxford, and in the
same number in St. John's College, Cambridge, founded
by Sarah, Duchess of Somerset, in 1679, and varying
in value from £18 to £26 each per annum : there are
also in the nomination of the Warden of the Colle-
Gl
•
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245
pital, and the fever ward. In 1723, Mrs. Ann Hinde be-
queathed land and messuages, now producing nearly
£200 per annum, for the education and clothing of
twenty-eight children of Manchester, and twenty-nine
of the township of Stretford. St. Paul's charity school,
with a dwelling-house for the master, was erected in
1777, for the clothing and instruction of poor children,
and is partly supported by subscription; it has also a
permanent income of £34. 5. per annum : this school was
suspended in 1823, and the endowment allowed to ac-
cumulate. The National schools in Manchester and at
Salford were both founded in 1812, and are supported
by subscription: in each there are at present three
hundred boys and the same number of girls. The Lan-
casterian school was founded in 1809, and the present
building in Marshall-street, was erected in 1813, at an
expense of £5000: the school-room is one hundred
and fifty feet long, and sixty-six wide, and will contain
more than one thousand children; there are at pre-
sent six hundred and ninety boys, and two hundred
and ninety girls in the school, which is supported by
subscription. There are Sunday schools connected with
the established church and the various dissenting con-
gregations, in which not less than from twenty to thirty
thousand children are instructed: there are also several
infant schools, which are numerously attended.
The infirmary was established, in 1752, by Joseph
Bancroft, Esq., in conjunction with Charles White,
Esq., M.D.; and, in 1755, a building for the purpose
was erected by subscription: it has been supported
with a liberality commensurate with its importance in
a large manufacturing town, and, since it was first
opened for the reception of patients, has afforded me-
dical relief to more than half a million of the labour-
ing class the buildings, which have been progres-
sively enlarged, and to which other establishments
have been attached, contain one hundred and eighty
beds for the accommodation of in-patients, with apart-
ments for the officers and attendants, and a surgery,
library of medical books, committee-rooms, and other
offices; also a complete set of baths, for the exclusive
use of the patients. The grounds are tastefully laid
out in gravel walks, lawns, and parterres, and form
a public promenade, to which the fine pool in front
of the buildings adds considerable beauty. A com-
plete set of hot, cold, vapour, and medicated baths
has been fitted up here, with every accommodation
for the public use, the profits arising from which are
appropriated to the support of the institution. A
lunatic hospital and asylum was founded in 1765,
and the building was opened for the reception of pa-
tients in the spring of the following year. The dis-
pensary was established in 1792, and an edifice for
its use erected by public subscription adjoining the
infirmary: it is of brick, and is ample and commo-
dious, adapted more to use than to the display of
architectural beauty; in the centre of the front is a
clock, the dial of which is illuminated at night. In
1830, his Majesty, on the solicitation of the chair-
man and committee, graciously became the patron of
this institution, which is now styled “The Manchester
Royal Infirmary, Dispensary, Lunatic Hospital, and
Asylum;" the buildings for these several uses being
already contiguous, it is intended, in the ensuing spring,
to give them a uniformity of design, by facing the front
and the north side with stone. The plan comprehends a
principal and a side front, of which the elevation is
strikingly elegant and imposing: the principal front has
in the centre a lofty and boldly-projecting portico of
four fluted Ionic columns, thirty-eight feet high, sup-
porting a pediment, of which the frieze and cornice
are carried round the building, the angles of which
are ornamented with antæ of appropriate character:
the side front is of similar design, differing only in the
slighter projection of the portico, which has but two
columns in the centre, with engaged antæ at the an-
gles. The whole building is three stories high above the
basement, and the lower story is channelled in horizon-
tal lines. The fever hospital, in Aytoun-street, is a
plain and substantial structure of brick, erected by sub-
scription, at an expense of £5000, in 1805: it is under
the superintendence of a Board of Health, contains
twenty-one wards for the reception of one hundred pa-
tients, and is furnished with all requisite offices and
every convenience for promoting the restoration of
health, and preventing the spread of contagious disor-
ders.
-
The lying-in hospital, in Stanley-street, Salford,
was instituted in 1790, for the assistance of poor
married women, and for the cure of diseases incident
to females, and to children under two years of age:
it is supported by subscription, and its benefits are ex-
tended by the Ladies' Auxiliary Society for visiting the
patients, and furnishing supplies of linen and other
necessaries. The school for the deaf and dumb, at
present held in this building, was established in 1825, for
children of both sexes, and consists of three classes
of pupils, viz., parlour boarders; general boarders,
who pay each £26 per annum to the funds of the in-
stitution; and the children of the indigent poor, who
are gratuitously maintained and instructed. The go-
vernors intend to erect a suitable building for the pur-
poses of this school, as soon as their funds will enable
them: it was commenced under the care of Mr. Vaughan,
with fourteen scholars, and there are now upwards of
fifty receiving instruction: no child is admitted under
nine years of age, nor above fourteen. An institution,
in Faulkner-street, for curing diseases of the eye, was
established by subscription in 1815, and, though its
annual income does not exceed £200, affords relief
to one thousand five hundred patients generally dur-
ing the year. The Lock hospital, in Bond-street, esta-
blished in 1819, for the recovery of persons suffering
from disease, has, since its institution, administered
relief to many thousands, of whom a very large pro-
portion have been received as in-patients; and the
female penitentiary, in Rusholme road, instituted in
1822, as a temporary asylum for such as have devi-
ated from the path of virtue, and may be desirous to
qualify themselves for reputable situations; both these
institutions are supported by subscription. There are
various provident societies, among which is that of
the commercial clerks, established in 1802; each mem-
ber pays an admission fee according to his age, and
an annual subscription: from these funds aided by
honorary contributions, support is derived in sickness
and old age, and a provision made for widows and chil-
dren: the number of members amounts to nearly a
thousand. The Manchester Society for the encourage-
ment and improvement of female servants, was esta-
MAN
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246
blished in 1816; at the rooms of the society in Cha-
pel walk, a free register office is opened for supplying
members of the institution with servants, and also
for gratuitously supplying female servants with situa-
tions, and for the distribution of annual premiums to
servants, proportioned to the length of their continu-
ance in the same family, and the propriety of their
conduct. There are also numerous societies, adapted
to the state of the manufacturing population; savings
banks; associations for clothing the poor, among which
the most considerable are, the Manchester and Salford
Church Clothing Society, and the Salford Dorcas So-
ciety, both instituted in 1822, for the distribution of
clothes among the needy and destitute. The Strangers'
Friend Society was instituted in 1791, under the aus-
pices of the Rev. Dr. Adam Clarke: it is under the
direction of a committee, and is open to all objects of
distress, without any regard to their religious tenets.
The Samaritan Society, a similar institution, was es-
tablished in 1824; and various other institutions for
the relief and assistance of human misery are libe-
rally supported. There are funds at the disposal of
the borough-reeve, amounting to more than £4000 per
annum, arising from charitable bequests, for distribution
in bread, clothes, money, and other necessaries, among
the aged, infirm, and indigent poor.
Among the distinguished natives of Manchester,
or persons who have been otherwise connected with
it, may be enumerated, William Crabtree, an astro-
nomical writer, and the inventor of the micrometer,
born at Broughton, within the parish, and killed at
the battle of Marston Moor, in 1644; John Byrom,
an ingenious poet, and the author of a popular system
of short hand, born at Kersal Moor, near the town,
in 1691; John Ferriar, M. D., author of Illustrations of
Sterne, &c., and other popular works; Thomas Barritt,
a distinguished antiquary and heraldist, whose large
and valuable heraldic collections in manuscript have
been placed in the library of Cheetham's hospital; Tho-
mas Faulkner, an enterprising traveller, who published
the earliest authentic account of Patagonia, and died in
1774; the Rev. John Whitaker, the Manchester histori-
an; Thomas Percival, M. D., an eminent physician and
popular writer; Charles White, M. D., F. R. S., a dis-
tinguished surgeon and anatomist; and Joseph Far-
rington, R.A., a landscape painter of considerable cele-
brity. Manchester gives the titles of duke and earl to
the family of Montagu.
MANEA, a chapelry in the parish of COVENEY,
southern division of the hundred of WITCHFORD, Isle
of ELY, county of CAMBRIDGE, 73 miles (S.E. by S.) from
March, containing 657 inhabitants. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
4
MANEWDEN, a parish in the hundred of CLAVER-
ING, County of ESSEX, 24 miles (N. W.) from Stansted-
Mountfitchet, containing 656 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Colches-
ter, and diocese of London, rated in the king's books
at £14, and in the patronage of the Rev. H. Marsh and
others. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. A fair
is held here on Easter-Monday.
MANFIELD, a parish partly in the western, but
chiefly in the eastern, division of the wapentake of GIL-
LING, North riding of the county of YORK, 43 miles
(w. by S.) from Darlington, containing, with the town-
ship of Cliffe, 493 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Ches-
ter, rated in the king's books at £6. 1. 3., and in the
patronage of the Crown. The church, dedicated to
All Saints, is a handsome ancient structure, with a fine
tower. Here is a free school, with an endowment of
£10 a year, payable out of the income arising from
the charity estate of the parish.
MANGERSBURY, a hamlet in the parish of Srow
on the WOLD, upper division of the hundred of Slaugh-
TER, county of GLOUCESTER, 14 mile (S. S. E.) from
Stow on the Wold, containing 226 inhabitants. The old
Roman Fosse-way passes through this place.
MANGOTSFIELD, a parish in the hundred of
BARTON - REGIS, county of GLOUCESTER, 5 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Bristol, containing 3179 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the jurisdiction of
the Consistory Court of the Bishop of Bristol, endowed
with £400 private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and
£1000 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Thomas Wadham, Esq. The church is dedicated to St.
James. There is a place of worship for Independents.
Here was once a nunnery, of which part of the cloisters
was seen by Leland, but there is not now any vestige
of it.
MANLEY, a township in the parish of FRODSHAM,
second division of the hundred of EDDISBURY, County
palatine of CHESTER, 43 miles (S. by W.) from Frods
ham, containing 333 inhabitants.
MANNINGFORD-ABBOTS, a parish in the hun-
dred of SWAN BOROUGH, County of WILTS, 12 mile
(W.S. W.) from Pewsey, containing 159 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£9. 10. 21., and in the patronage of Sir J. D. Astley,
Bart. The river Avon runs through the parish.
MANNINGFORD-BOHUN, a tything in the parish
of WILSFORD, hundred of SWANBOROUGH, County of
WILTS, 24 miles (S. W.) from Pewsey, containing 228
inhabitants.
MANNINGFORD-BRUCE, a parish in the hun-
dred of SWAN BOROUGH, County of WILTS, 2 miles
(S. W.) from Pewsey, containing 222 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£10. 3. 4., and in the patronage of the Rev. Mr. Wells.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter; over the altar is
a tablet inscribed to the memory of Mary Nicholas,
who was greatly instrumental in the preservation of
Charles II., after his defeat at Worcester.
MANNINGHAM, a township in the parish of Brad-
FORD, wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county
of YORK, 1 mile (N. W.) from Bradford, containing
2474 inhabitants, who are principally employed in the
spinning of worsted yarn and the manufacture of
woollen goods.
MANNINGTON, a parish in the southern division
of the hundred of ERPINGHAM, county of NORFOLK, 42
miles (N. W. by N.) from Aylsham, containing 16 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, with that
of Itteringham, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £1. 16. 54.
MANNINGTREE, a market town and parish in
the hundred of TENDRING, County of ESSEX, 36 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Chelmsford, and 61 (N. E. by E.)
ΜΑΝ
MAN
247
from London, containing 1265 inhabitants. The an-
cient name of this place was Scidinghoo, or, as it is
called in Domesday-book, Sciddinchou; and in the reign
of Henry VIII. it had received the name of Many-tree,
of which the present appellation is an obvious corrup-
tion. Here was formerly a guild, dedicated to the Holy
Trinity, the revenue of which was £8. 5. 4.; and the
importance of the place may be inferred from a cer-
tificate of the value of chantry lands, in which it is
termed "
a great town and also a haven town, having in
it to the number of seven hundred houseling people."
It is situated on the southern bank of the river Stour,
on the road from London to Harwich, is irregularly
built, and the streets are partially paved, but not
lighted; the inhabitants are supplied with excellent
water. The malt trade is carried on to a great extent,
and corn, coal, and deals are imported. The Stour was
made navigable from this town to Sudbury by act of
parliament in the 4th and 5th of the reign of Anne.
The market is on Thursday, for corn and cattle: and
there is a toy fair on the Thursday in Whitsun-week. The
petty sessions for the division of Tendring are held on
Mondays at Mistley, Thorpe, Great Bromley, and Man-
ningtree alternately, when overseers, surveyors, and con-
stables, are appointed. A court baron is held here an-
nually by the lords of the manor of Mistley and Manning-
tree; the court leet formerly held is discontinued. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Col-
chester, and diocese of London, and in the patronage of
the Rector of Mistley. The church has been enlarged
by the addition of three hundred and forty-five free
sittings, towards defraying the expense of which, the
Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels contributed £450. There are places of
worship for Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyan Me-
thodists. A National school for children of both sexes
is supported by voluntary contributions.
MANSELL-GAMAGE, a parish in the hundred of
GRIMSWORTH, County of HEREFORD, 8 miles (W.N.W.)
from Hereford, containing 154 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Hereford, rated in the king's books at £5. 6. 8., en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £ 200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of Sir J. G. Cotterell, Bart.
The church is dedicated to St. Giles.
C
MANSELL-LACY, a parish in the hundred of
GRIMSWORTH, county of HEREFORD, 7 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Hereford, containing 287 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£5. 3. 114., endowed with £800 private benefaction,
£400 royal bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of Sir Uvedale Price, Bart. The
church is dedicated to St. Michael.
MANSERGH, a chapelry in the parish of KIRKBY-
LONSDALE, LONSDALE ward, county of WESTMORLAND,
3 miles (N. N. W.) from Kirkby-Lonsdale, containing
157 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Ches-
ter, endowed with £400 private benefaction, and £600
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Vicar of
Kirkby-Lonsdale. The chapel, dedicated to St. Peter,
was built in 1726, by the subscriptions of Jacob Daw-
son and others. The river Lune runs through the
chapelry.
MANSFIELD, a market town and parish, compris-
ing the hamlets of Pleasley dill, Radmansthwaite, and
Moor-Haigh, in the northern ivision of the wapentake
of BROXTOW, County of NOTTINGHAM, 14 miles (N. by
W.) from Nottingham, and 138 (N.N.W.) from London,
containing 7861 inhabitants. The name of this place,
anciently written Maunsfeld, is derived from its situation
on the small river Mann, or Maun, which rises about three
miles westward: the town is of great antiquity, and is
supposed to have been of British or Roman origin. During
the Saxon Octarchy it was a temporary residence of the
Mercian kings, for the convenience of hunting in the
Royal Forest of Sherwood: in the reigns of Edward the
Confessor, William the Conqueror, and William Rufus,
it was a royal demesne, and so continued till the time
of Elizabeth, except that, in the reign of Henry VIII., it
was, with other manors, given to the Duke of Norfolk ;
but afterwards restored to the crown, in exchange for
other property: it was ultimately granted away, by
letters patent, in the 44th of Elizabeth. The custom of
gavelkind prevails in this manor, within which there
is a small manor belonging to the Dean of Lincoln.
Till the year 1715, the courts for the Forest of Sher-
wood, celebrated in ballad story as the scene of the ex-
ploits of the renowned archer, Robin Hood, and his
band of freebooters, were held at Mansfield. The town
is situated on the road from London to Leeds, in a deep
vale, in the centre of the ancient Forest of Sherwood:
it is of considerable size, and consists of three prin-
cipal streets, besides others branching from them, which
are narrow and irregular: the houses are principally
built of grey stone, and, at the entrance to the town
from Southwell, there are several excavated in the
sand-stone rock. Considerable improvement has been
made within the last five years, under two acts of par-
liament obtained in 1823 and 1825, under the autho-
rity of one of which the town is lighted with gas, by
a joint-stock company, the approach from the London
road has been widened, and the market-place consider-
ably enlarged. On the north side of the town is a cold
bath, supplied by a spring issuing from an adjacent
rock. A small theatre is open during the summer
months; and races take place at the July fair: a sub-
scription library was established in 1825, and there is
an excellent news and reading-room. The moot-hall
was erected in 1752, in the market-place, at the ex-
pense of Henrietta Cavendish Holles, Countess of Oxford
and Mortimer: besides the apartments for the trans-
action of public business, the building comprises an as-
sembly-room. Mansfield has some considerable manu-
factures in cotton, hosiery, and lace; of the first, one
mill contains two thousand four hundred spindles, and
affords employment to one hundred and sixty persons;
besides this there are six other cotton mills upon the
river Maun, within two miles of the town: upwards of
seven hundred frames are engaged in weaving stockings
and gloves, both of silk and cotton; there are iron-
foundries for light castings; and a very extensive trade
is carried on in malt, also in cutting and working into
architectural ornaments the fine freestone obtained from
several adjacent quarries, which is afterwards sent to
various parts of the kingdom. The trading interests
of the town have been much benefited by the construc-
tion of a double railway, about seven miles in length,
from Mansfield to Pinxton basin, there communicating
ΜΑΝ
MAN
248
with the Cromford canal, under an act of parliament
passed in 1817, at an expense of £33,000: the price of
coal obtained from the pits at Pinxton and Kirkby has
thus been reduced about one-third. In the reign of
Henry III. the inhabitants obtained a charter for a
weekly market on Monday, afterwards altered to Thurs-
day; also the privilege of housebote and haybot, or tim-
ber for repairs, and wood for fences, out of the forest,
which they still enjoy. The market has been held on
Thursday from time immemorial: there are two annual
meetings (not chartered fairs), on April 5th and July
Oth, for the sale of cattle and hogs, and a fair on the
second Thursday in October, for horses, cattle, sheep,
and cheese.
The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction
of the court of the Lord of the Manor of Mansfield,
rated in the king's books at £7.7. 6., and in the patronage
of the Duke of Portland, as lessee under the Dean of
Lincoln. A chaplaincy is attached to the church, for the
support of which the vicar and churchwardens were
incorporated and invested with lands in the 4th and 5th
of Philip and Mary; there is likewise an afternoon lec-
tureship on Sunday, the stipend arising out of cer-
tain lands, called the "Eight Men's Intake," and from
a gallery in the church, called the "Vicar's Gallery :"
the chaplain is appointed by the vicar and churchward-
ens, and the lecturer by the trustees of the endow-
ment. The church, which is dedicated to St. Peter, ex-
hibits specimens of each style, from the Norman to the
later English; the two lower portions of the tower are
in the early Norman style, and there is one window in
the early English; the arches, piers, and north door, are
in good decorated character; the tower is surmounted by
a low spire. There are places of worship for General
Baptists, the Society of Friends, Independents, Primi-
tive and Wesleyan Methodists, and Unitarians. The free
grammar school was founded by letters patent, dated
March 8th, 1561, for the education of youth in gram-
mar, under a master and an under-master: the vicar
and churchwardens for the time being were incorporated
governors, and enabled to acquire and hold lands, and,
with eight of the principal inhabitants, who are chosen
by the rest of the parishioners, appoint the master and
under-master: the deed of incorporation having reference
by the maintenance of the chaplain, as well as of the
school, and the lands belonging to each having become
indistinguishable, it was decided in Chancery, about
1680, that two-thirds of the income of the joint estate
should be paid to the chaplain, and the remaining third to
the master and his assistant, in the proportion of two-
thirds to the former, and one-third to the latter. Four
scholarships, of £10 each per annum, were founded at
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by Dr. Sterne, Arch-
bishop of York, one for natives of Mansfield. The
school-house was built in 1567, and rebuilt in 1705,
when Queen Anne gave twenty tons of timber from the
Forest of Sherwood for that purpose: the master's
house, which adjoins the school, was erected in 1719.
A free school, for the clothing and education of thirty-
six poor boys, was established in 1702, and was at that
period supported by subscriptions amounting to £12
per annum. In 1709, Samuel Brunts bequeathed lands,
directing the proceeds, which then amounted to £ 436. 15.,
to be thus applied; £4 per annum in putting poor boys
to school, £ 4 per annum in apprenticing boys, and the
remainder to he stributed, in sums of £4 per annum
each, to poor sidents in Mansfield not receiving alms.
In 1725, Faith Clarkson bequeathed the sum of £2000
to trustees, for erecting a school-house, and vesting the
remainder in land for charitable uses: by a decree in
Chancery, in 1743, it was awarded that the rental of
these lands should be divided between Mansfield and
Mansfield-Woodhouse, in support of a master and mis-
tress, to teach twenty boys and twenty girls in reading,
writing, and arithmetic; £8 to be applied in clothing
ten boys and ten girls of the school, and £10 in ap-
prenticing two boys: the number of children in this
school is sixty-two; the master and mistress receive
together a salary of £40 per annum. In 1784, Charles
Thompson bequeathed £ 1200 in the three per cents. to
the trustees of Samuel Brunts' charity, for the better
educating of poor boys, and £400 to the vicar and
churchwardens, the interest to be applied in the pur-
chase of coats and petticoats for twenty poor persons:
a school-house was built in 1786. An infant school
was established in 1830. By deed, dated January 15th,
1691, Elizabeth Heath founded and endowed alms-
houses for twelve poor persons: the inmates receive
40s. each per month, with clothing and a load of coal
at Christmas; and the surplus rents are applied in ap-
prenticing poor children. In 1795, Joseph Sales be-
queathed £ 1000 three per cents. to the vicar and church-
wardens, as trustees, the interest to be divided amongst
six poor housekeepers of Mansfield, of the age of fifty
and upwards. A bequest of £10 per annum, to be
divided amongst poor housekeepers, was made by John
Bold, in 1726; and there are numerous other benefac-
tions for the relief of the poor. In the neighbourhood
are traces of several Roman exploratory camps; also
two Roman villæ, one containing nine rooms, and the
other thirteen, with hypocausts, baths, and other ap-
pendages; in one of them was a tesselated pavement,
also various fragments of pateræ, earthenware, and
other relics of antiquity. Remains of two Roman
sepulchres, with urns, bones, &c., have been discovered
near the same spot. Humphrey Ridley, an eminent
physician and anatomist, was born here about 1653.
Dr. Sterne, Archbishop of York, and Dr. William Chap-
pel, afterwards Bishop of Cork and Ross, in Ireland,
were natives of Mansfield; and Robert Dodsley, author
of the "Economy of Human Life," was born in the
vicinity, and apprenticed in the town. James Mur-
ray, inventor of the patent circular saw, resided here.
Sir William Murray, on his being appointed Lord
Chief Justice of the court of King's Bench, was ele
vated to the peerage, November 8th, 1756, by the
title of Baron Mansfield, of Mansfield, in the county
of Nottingham, of which he was created Earl, October
19th, 1776, and obtained a fresh patent, August 1st,
1792, creating him Earl of Mansfield, of Caen Wood,
in the county of Middlesex
in the county of Middlesex; the original barony ex-
pired at his death, but the earldom is now enjoyed by
his grand nephew.
··
S
MANSFIELD-WOODHOUSE, a parish in the
northern division of the wapentake of BROXTow, county
of NOTTINGHAM, 12 mile (N.) from Mansfield, contain-
ing 1598 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the peculiar jurisdiction of the court of the Lord of
the Manor of Mansfield, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and £ 1200 parliament-
·
MAN
249
MAP
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Duke of Port-
land. The church, dedicated to St. Edmund, is a large
structure, with a spire-steeple one hundred and eight
feet high, which was rebuilt in 1304, together with one
of the aisles, after having been injured by a fire, which
also destroyed part of the village. There are places of
worship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists. It
anciently formed part of the adjoining parish of Mans-
field, but it is not known at what period the separation
took place. The village is large, and contains several
very respectable houses. The free school was founded
by Faith Clarkson, in 1725, and endowed with certain
lands for a master and a mistress. Charles Thomp-
son also, in 1784, bequeathed £1300, and Richard
Radford, by deed dated May 10th, 1827, gave £800, the
interest of both to be applied in educating children.
There are lime-kilns and quarries of excellent freestone
in the parish. Several hundred acres of land, formerly
barren, have lately been converted into rich arable land,
by means of irrigation, the Duke of Portland having
dug a canal through this and the adjoining parish of
Clipstone communicating with the river Man, the wa-
ters of which are used for that purpose. In this parish
are thirteen hundred acres of land, which, with some
in the parish of Mansfield, is the only unenclosed part
of the ancient Forest of Sherwood. In 1786, Major
Rooke, distinguished for his fondness for antiquarian
research, discovered two Roman ville in the parish, one
of which he called Villa Urbana, and the other Villa
Rustica: the former contained nine rooms and a hypo-
caust, part of a very elegant mosaic pavement having
been found in the centre room; and the latter com-
prised thirteen rooms, two hypocausts, and a cold bath :
the walls of the rooms were plastered and painted, and
the floors stuccoed. About one hundred yards to the
south-east were two Roman sepulchres, in one of which
was an urn containing ashes, with fragments of bones
lying near it coins and various other Roman relics
were also found. Major Rooke enclosed the villa with
a stone wall, erected a square building over the room
containing the mosaic pavement, and planted a variety
of shrubs around them; but the whole, since his death,
has suffered from neglect. Dr. Mason, Bishop of Sodor
and Man, was born in this parish.
MANSRIGGS, a township in the parish of ULVER-
STONE, hundred of LONSDALE, north of the sands,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 1 mile (N.) from Ul-
verstone, containing 62 inhabitants.
MANSTON, a parish in the hundred of REDLANE,
Sturminster division of the county of DORSET, 6 miles
(S. W. by S.) from Shaftesbury, containing 140 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's books
at £ 12. 5., and in the patronage of Lord Viscount
Bolingbroke. The church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, is
very ancient. Thomas Dibben, a divine, orator, and Latin
poet, was born here; he died in the Poultry Compter,
in 1741, having many years previously become insane.
MANTHORP, a joint township with Little Gonerby,
in the soke and borough of GRANTHAM, parts of KES-
TEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 1 mile (N. N. E.) from
Grantham. The population is returned with Little
Gonerby.
+
·
MANTHORPE, a hamlet in the parish of WITHAM
on the HILL, wapentake of BELTISLOE, parts of KES-
VOL. III.
TEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 32 miles (S. W. by S.) from
Bourne, containing 107 inhabitants.
MANTON, a parish comprising the township of
Cleatham in the wapentake of CORRINGHAM, and the
hamlet of Twigmoor in the eastern division of the wa-
pentake of MANLEY, parts of LINDSEY, County of LIN-
COLN, 54 miles (S. W. by W.) from Glandford-Bridge,
and containing 198 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £13.6. 8., and in the
patronage of W. Dalyson, Esq. The church is dedicated
St. Hibald.
MANTON, a parish in the hundred of MARTINSLEY,
county of RUTLAND, 34 miles (N. by E.) from Upping-
ham, containing 229 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Northampton,
and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books
at £10, endowed with £400 royal bounty, and £200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of G. W.
Smyth, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. A
college or chantry was founded here, in the 25th of
Edward III., by William and John Wade, for a master
and two brethren, whose revenue, at the dissolution, was
valued at £22. 18. 6.
MAPERTON, a parish in the hundred of CATSASH,
county of SOMERSET, 34 miles (S. W. by W.) from Win-
canton, containing, with the hamlet of Clapton, 165
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in
the king's books at £ 13. 9. 7., and in the patronage of
the Warden and Fellows of Wadham College, Oxford.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul.
4
MAPLEBECK, a parish in the northern division of
the wapentake of THURGARTON, county of NOTTING-
HAM, 53 miles (N. by E.) from Southwell, containing
193 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York,
endowed with £ 400 royal bounty, and £ 200 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Duke of New-
castle. A hard stone, fit for building, and a durable
material for roads, is obtained here. Maplebeck is in
the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within
the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury
every third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under
forty shillings.
MAPLEDERWELL, a parish in the hundred of
BASINGSTOKE, Basingstoke division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 3 miles (E. S. E.) from Basingstoke,
containing 186 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the rectory of Newnham, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary.
MAPLE-DURHAM, a parish in the hundred of
LANGTREE, county of OXFORD, 4 miles (N. W. by N.)
from Reading, containing 508 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Ox-
ford, rated in the king's books at £12. 10., and in the
patronage of the Provost and Fellows of Eton College.
The church, dedicated to St. Margaret, has been the
burial-place of the ancient family of Blount for many
generations. An almshouse for six poor people, each
of whom receives one shilling and sixpence weekly, is
supported by Michael Blount, Esq.
MAPLESCOMBE, formerly a parish, now forming
part of that of KINGSDOWN, in the hundred of Axton,
+
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MAP
MAR
250
Dartford, and WILMINGTON, lathe of SUTTON at
HONE, County of KENT, 6 miles (N.N.E.) from Seven-
Oaks. The church is in ruins, and the living has been
annexed to that of Kingsdown.
MAPLESTEAD (GREAT), a parish in the hundred
of HINCKFORD, county of ESSEX, 24 miles (N. by W.)
from Halstead, containing 428 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and
diocese of London, rated in the king's books at £8. 3. 4.,
and in the patronage of J. Judd, Esq. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Giles, has a chapel attached to the south
side, belonging to the proprietor of Dynes hall, and con-
taining two costly monuments of the family of Deane,
its former possessors.
MAPLÈSTEAD (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred
of HINCKFORD, county of ESSEX, 24 miles (N. by E.)
from Halstead, containing 313 inhabitants. The living
is a donative, within the jurisdiction of the Commissary
of Essex and Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial
Court of the Bishop of London, endowed with £200
private benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and £200 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of Davis,
Esq. The church, dedicated to St. John of Jerusalem,
is ancient, and remarkable as being one of the few re-
maining models of the Holy Sepulchre; the east end is
semicircular, and it is said once to have had the privi-
lege of sanctuary. Juliana, wife of Fitz-Aldelm de
Burgo, in the time of Henry I., gave the entire parish
to the Knights Hospitallers, who had a preceptory
here.
MAPPERLEY, a township in that part of the parish
of KIRK-HALLAM which is in the hundred of APPLETREE,
county of DERBY, 7 miles (N. E. by E.) from Derby,
containing 338 inhabitants. Henry Leaper, in 1791, left
an annuity of £6 towards the support of a Sunday
school, established in 1792. This township is entitled
to share in the benefits of West Hallam school, founded
by John Scargill.
MAPPERTON, a parish in the hundred of BEA-
MINSTER-FORUM and REDHONE, Bridport division of
the county of DORSET, 21 miles (S. E. by E.) from Bea-
minster, containing 123 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean of Sa-
lisbury, rated in the king's books at £8. 3. 1., and in
the patronage of H. C. Compton, Esq. The church, de-
dicated to St. Mary, was, in 1291, styled a chapel to
Netherbury it was rebuilt, in 1704, by Richard Broad-
rep, Esq., and the interior handsomely fitted up in
the chancel is a fine monument of the Broadreps, and
underneath it the family vault. There is a small church-
yard, but the substratum being rock, the inhabitants
bury at Netherbury, for which privilege they annually
pay a trifling acknowledgment.
MAPPERTON, a hamlet in the parish of ALMER,
hundred of LOOSE BARROW, Shaston (East) division of
the county of DORSET, 6 miles (S. by E.) from Bland-
ford-Forum. The population is returned with the pa-
rish.
;
crossed by a stone bridge, having a remarkably flat arch,
its span being seventy feet, and its semidiameter only
eleven. Rowland Okeover, Esq., in 1727, vested cer-
tain lands in trustees for (amongst other purposes)
building almshouses for three clergymen's widows, and
providing them with £10 per annum
which sum, in
consequence of the increased value of the estates, has
been raised to £30; the building comprises a centre
and two wings. Mappleton is in the honour of Tut-
bury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction
of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday,
for the recovery of debts under 40s.
MAPPLETON, a parish in the hundred of WIRKS-
WORTH, County of DERBY, 12 mile (N.W.) from Ash-
bourn, containing 201 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, united to the vicarage of Ashbourn, in the
archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, has a
dome surmounted by an urn. The river Dove is here
MAPPLETON, a parish in the northern division
of the wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the
county of YORK, containing, with the townships of
Great Hatfield (which is partly in the parish of Sig-
glesthorne) and Mappleton with Rowlston (which is
partly in the liberty of St. Peter of York), and exclu-
sively of Great and Little Cowdon, 314 inhabitants,
of which number, 187 are in the township of Mapple-
ton, 13½ miles (E. by N.) from Beverley. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of the East
riding, and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
at £4. 13. 4., endowed with £400 private benefaction,
£200 royal bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of the Archdeacon of the East riding
of York. The church, dedicated to All Saints, has
some portions of ancient architecture remaining. A
school, for which the building was erected by voluntary
subscription, in 1820, is conducted on Dr. Bell's system.
GR
MAPPOWDER, a parish in the hundred of BUCK-
LAND-NEWTON, Cerne subdivision of the county of
DORSET, 6 miles (S.W. by S.) from Sturminster-Newton,
containing 247 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol,
rated in the king's books at £17. 14. 7., and in the pa-
tronage of Earl Spencer. The church, dedicated to St. Peter
and St. Paul, is an embattled structure with a low plain
tower, and contains, among other memorials, several to
the family of Coker, whose ancient mansion, which was
a large and handsome building, erected in the reign of
Elizabeth, has been converted into a farm-house. Of
this family, Mr. Coker, author of a "Survey of Dorset-
shire," was a member.
MARAZION, an incor-
porated market town, in
the parish of ST. HILARY,
hundred of PENWITH, COUN-
ty of CORNWALL, 63
miles (S. W. by W.) from
Launceston, and 282 (W.
S. W.) from London, con-
taining 1253 inhabitants.
The ancient name of this
town was Marghasiewe: the
more recent appellation of
Market-jew, still in
Corporate Seal.
among the common people, is supposed by some to
take its origin from a market formerly held here,
which was much frequented by Jews; while others
deduce it, somewhat fancifully, from Market-die Jou, in
reference to its Thursday's market; thus making it a
corruption of the Latin name for that day, Dies Jovis.
In the early part of the reign of Henry VIII., a party
of French soldiers, having landed from a fleet then
use
+
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MARCHA STON
SIGHI-MA
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Jo
TORIS
Gla

MAR
MAR
251
:
cruising in the channel, took possession of Marazion;
but, on the approach of the sheriff of the county with
the posse comitatus, they set fire to the town, and re-
treated to their ships: it again suffered by conflagration,
in the reign of Edward VI. The town is very plea-
santly situated on the eastern side of Mount's Bay,
chiefly at the bottom of a hill, by which it is sheltered
on the north the air is particularly mild and salubrious;
the streets are not lighted, nor regularly paved; and,
on account of its neighbouring mines, the inhabitants
are badly supplied with water. It is stated to have
formerly been a trading town of great note, and to have
fallen into decay in consequence of the second conflagra-
tion, having continued in a very dilapidated condition
till the grant of a charter by Elizabeth. The profits of
a fair held here were given to the priory of St. Michael's
Mount, in the reign of Henry I.; and in the reign of
Henry III., that religious community was empowered,
by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, to hold three fairs and
three markets, which had been previously granted to
them at Marghas-bigan, by charter of the kings of
England, on their own land at Marchadyon. In the
year 1331, a market on Monday, and a fair on the
festival of St. Andrew, to continue three days, were
granted to Ralph de Bleyon. The present market is
held on Saturday; and there is a fair on Michaelmas-
day for horses and cattle. The town was incorporated
by charter from Queen Elizabeth, in 1595: the cor-
poration consists of a mayor, eight burgesses, and
twelve capital inhabitants; the mayor being chosen from
among the burgesses by the corporation, who also
appoint the town-clerk; the burgesses are elected from
the capital inhabitants: the mayor is the only justice
of the peace within the borough. The living is a per-
petual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of St. Hilary, in
the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £1100
parliamentary grant. The church is dedicated to St.
Catherine. There are places of worship for the Society
of Friends, Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists.
In 1753, Joseph Hill gave £100 for the instruction of
children, and £40 to the poor inhabitants. There is
also a free school.
MARBURY, a township in that part of the parish of
GREAT BUDWORTH which is in the hundred of Buck-
Low, county palatine of CHESTER, 2 miles (N. by W.)
from Northwich, containing 35 inhabitants. The Grand
Trunk canal passes through the township.
MARBURY, a parish in the hundred of NANTWICH,
county palatine of CHESTER, containing, with the town-
ships of Marbury with Quoisley, and Norbury, 833 in-
habitants, of which number, 395 are in the township
of Marbury with Quoisley, 34 miles (N.N. E.) from
Whitchurch. The living is a perpetual curacy, with the
rectory of Whitchurch, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Chester. The church, an ancient structure, has an
elegant chancel, rebuilt by the late Earl of Bridgewater.
A branch of the Chester canal passes through the parish.
A school-house was erected in 1688, by subscription
among the inhabitants. Courts are held annually for
the manors of Marbury and Norbury, at which con-
stables are appointed.
:
miles (N. by W.) from Cambridge, and 80 (N.) from
London, containing 3850 inhabitants. The town is si-
tuated on the banks of the navigable river Nene, by
means of which corn, and the local horticultural pro-
duce, are conveyed to Cambridge, Lynn, Peterborough,
and other places. The market, granted to Sir Alexan-
der Peyton, in 1671, is on Friday, chiefly for butchers'
meat; and there are two fairs, each of which continues
three days, commencing on the Monday before Whit-
suntide, and on the second Tuesday in October at the
first of these, horses are sold only on the third day.
Manorial courts are held in the guildhall, a modern and
commodious edifice situated in the High-street; and
this place is within the jurisdiction of a court of requests,
for the recovery of debts under 40s. throughout the Isle
of Ely, established by act of parliament passed in the
18th of George III., held here once a month. The
chapel, which is dedicated to St. Wendreda, is a very
ancient structure, with a spire at the west end it was
erected about the year 1343, at which period an indul-
gence was granted by the pope to all who should
contribute to it; in the interior are several ancient
monuments. A school was founded, in 1696, by William
Neale, Esq., for the education of eight boys in Latin
and English, and endowed with thirty-three acres and
a half of land in Whites Fen, upon the special condi-
tion that the land should never be broken up, unless
overgrown with rushes, and in that case it was to be
once cropped with oats, and again laid down as green-
sward; a forfeiture of the property to the heirs of the
donor to be the penalty of infringing this condition. Mr.
Henry Wade having bequeathed a house and lands for
charitable-purposes, the rents were appropriated, under a
decree obtained in the court of Chancery in 1713, in the
following manner: £20 per annum to a schoolmaster, for
the instruction of twenty poor children of March; £20
per annum for apprentice-fees; £5 per annum for de-
cayed housekeepers; and the residue in the purchase
of heifers, on Easter Monday, for poor housekeepers :
the schoolmaster on Neale's foundation receives the
above-mentioned salary, and the further sum of £6. 15.,
arising from land devised, in 1653, by Mr. James Shep-
pard, and the interest of £30, the gift of Mr. Gabriel
Sheppard, for the instruction of children. There are
some unendowed almshouses for the parochial poor.
Between this town and Wisbeach, in the year 1730,
urns enclosing burnt bones, and a vessel containing one
hundred and sixty Roman denarii of different emperors,
were discovered.
MARCH, a market town and chapelry in the parish
of DODDINGTON, northern division of the hundred of
WITCHFORD, Isle of ELY, county of CAMBRIDGE, 31
MARCHAM, a parish in the hundred of Оck,
county of BERKS, 3 miles (W. by S.) from Abingdon,
containing, with the chapelries of Frilford and Garford,
1173 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Berks, and diocese of Salisbury, rated in
the king's books at £14. 15. 7., and in the patronage
of the Dean and Canons of Christ Church, Oxford. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. John Elwes, the ec-
centric miser, died here in 1789.
MARCHINGTON, a chapelry in the parish of HAN-
BURY, northern division of the hundred of OFFLOW,
county of STAFFORD, 4 miles (S. E. by E.) from Ut-
toxeter, containing 463 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed with £600
2 K 2
MAR
MAR
252
private benefaction, £1000 royal bounty, and £300
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar
of Hanbury. The chapel is dedicated to St. Peter. This
chapelry is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster,
and within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at
Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts
under 40s.
MARCHINGTON-WOODLANDS, a township in
the parish of HANBURY, northern division of the hun-
dred of OFFLOW, county of STAFFORD, 3 miles (S. S. E.)
from Uttoxeter, containing 318 inhabitants. It is in the
honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the
jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every
third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
MARCLE (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
RADLOW, County of HEREFORD, 3 miles (W. S. W.) from
Ledbury, containing 168 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£7. 1. 4., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Here-
ford. The church has long been in ruins, and the inha-
bitants bury at Ledbury.
MARCLE (MUCH), a parish in the hundred of
GREYTREE, County of HEREFORD, 5 miles (S. W. by W.)
from Ledbury, containing, with the chapelry of Yatton,
1060 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, with Kin-
naston, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford,
rated in the king's books at £14. 0. 5., and in the pa-
tronage of James Kyrle Money, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Bartholomew.
→
MARDALE, a chapelry partly in the parish of
BAMPTON, and partly in that of SHAP, WEST ward,
county of WESTMORLAND, 11 miles (W. N. W.) from
Orton. The population is returned with the respective
parishes. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Carlisle, endowed with £800
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Vicar of Shap,
in which parish the chapel is situated.
MARDEN, a parish in the hundred of BROXASH,
county of HEREFORD, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from Here-
ford, containing, with the chapelry of Amberley, 815 in-
habitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean of Hereford, rated in
the king's books at £5. 13. 5., and in the patronage of
the Dean and Chapter of Hereford. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Ethelbert, stands on the banks of the Lugg,
over the spot where King Ethelbert was buried, and
where a well, which still exists, is superstitiously said to
have miraculously sprung up at the time the edifice was
dedicated to his memory.
MARDEN, a parish in the hundred of MARDEN,
lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 42 miles (N. by E.)
from Goudhurst, containing 2051 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £7. 18. 4., and
in the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The
church is dedicated to St. Michael. There is a place of
worship for Independents. Sir Charles Booth, in 1792,
left certain property to be vested in the three per cents.,
now bearing an annual interest of about £44, for the
support of a school, in which two hundred children are
educated on the Madras system. A fair is held on the
A fair is held on the
10th of October.
MARDEN, a parish in the hundred of SWAN-
BOROUGH, County of WILTS, 5 miles (N. F. by E.) from
•
East Lavington, containing 200 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £8. 17. 6.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £ 200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter
of Bristol. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
MARDEN (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
WESTBOURN and SINGLETON, rape of CHICHESTER,
county of SUSSEX, 8 miles (S. W.) from Midhurst, con-
taining 85 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vi-
carage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chichester,
rated in the king's books at £4. 16. 8., and in the pa-
tronage of the Prebendary of Marden in the Cathedral
Church of Chichester.
•
MARDEN (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of
WESTBOURN and SINGLETON, rape of CHICHESTER,
county of SUSSEX, 7 miles (S. W. by W.) from Midhurst,
containing 20 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chichester,
rated in the king's books at £6. 17. 8., and in the pa-
tronage of T. P. Phipps, Esq.
MARDEN (UP), a parish in the hundred of WEST-
BOURN and Singleton, rape of CHICHESTER, county
of Sussex, 9 miles (S. W.) from Midhurst, containing 306
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to
the vicarage of Compton, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Chichester. The church is dedicated to St. Mi-
chael. The Rev. Dr. Cox, in 1741, left £100 in support
of a school for this parish and that of Compton.
MAREFIELD, a township in that part of the pa-
rish of TILTON which is in the hundred of GARTREE,
county of LEICESTER, 84 miles (S. by W.) from Melton-
Mowbray, containing 32 inhabitants.
MAREHAM le FEN, a parish in the soke of
HORNCASTLE, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN,
5 miles (S. by E.) from Horncastle, containing 609 in-
habitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeacon-
ry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£13. 10. 10., and in the patronage of the Bishop of
Carlisle. The church is dedicated to St. Helen. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
MAREHAM on the HILL, a parish in the soke
of HORNCASTLE, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN,
2 miles (E. S. E.) from Horncastle, containing 133 inha -
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with £1200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Bishop of
Carlisle. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
MARESFIELD, a parish in the hundred of Rush-
MONDEN, rape of PEVENSEY, county of SUSSEX, 24
miles (N. by W.) from Uckfield, containing 1439 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Lewes, and diocese of Chichester, rated in the
king's books at £12, and in the patronage of Lord
Viscount Gage. The church, dedicated to St. Bartho-
lomew, has lately received an addition of fifty-seven sit-
tings, of which fifty are free, the Incorporated Society
for the enlargement of churches and chapels having
granted £35 towards defraying the expense. The Rev.
Richard Bonner, in 1689, devised a messuage and gar-
den, with two small rent-charges,. toward the support
of a school, which bequest is applied to the support of
a National school, wherein from one hundred to one
hundred and fifty children are educated, chiefly at the
expense of Sir John and Lady Shelley. A cattle fair is
MAR
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253
held on September 4th. The greater part of Ashdowne
Forest is in this parish.

MARFLEET, a parish in the middle division of the
wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the county
of YORK, 3 miles (E.) from Kingston upon Hull, con-
taining 127 inhabitants. The living is a discharged per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of the East riding,
and diocese of York, endowed with £100 private bene-
faction, and £800 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of H. Grylls, Esq. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists.
MARGARET (ST.), a parish in the hundred and
county of HERTFORD, 1½ mile (N. by E.) from Hoddes-
don, containing 97 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and
diocese of London, and in the patronage of the Lord
of the Manor. A college, or chantry, for a master and
four Secular priests, was founded here in 1315, by
Sir William de Goldington, Knt., in consequence of the
impoverishment of the tithes, oblations, and other ec-
clesiastical rights of the church; but it was dissolved in
1431, for neglect and the misapplication of its revenue.
This parish is situated between the New River and
the Lea.
MARGARET'S (ST.), a parish in the hundred of
EwYASLACY, County of HEREFORD, 13 miles (W. S. W.)
from Hereford, containing 317 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of St. David's, endowed with £800 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of the Earl of Oxford.
MARGARET (ST.) at CLIFFE, a parish in the hun-
dred of BEWSBOROUGH, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county
of KENT, 3 miles (N. E.) from Dovor, containing 613
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Archbishop
of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £6. 10. The
church is a spacious structure, in the Norman style.
This place has received the adjunct to its name from its
high situation on the chalk cliffs overlooking the English
channel. In a small bay where there is a pier, or jetty,
for protecting the fishing craft, the finest-flavoured
lobsters in England are caught.
MARGARET-MARSH, a parish in the hundred of
STURMINSTER-NEWTON-CASTLE, Sturminster division
of the county of DORSET, 4 miles (S. W.) from Shaftes-
bury, containing 84 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Iwerne-Minster,
in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol.
The church is dedicated to St. Margaret.
MARGARETTING, a parish in the hundred of
CHELMSFORD, County of ESSEX, 1 mile (N. E by E.)
from Ingatestone, containing 479 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Essex, and diocese of London, rated in the king's books
at £9. 2., and in the patronage of C. Phillips, Esq., and
others. The church, dedicated to St. Margaret, has a
wooden belfry surmounted by a spire. The Rev. C.
F. Bond, in 1827, left £100 Bank stock towards the
support of a Sunday school, which is attended by
about fifty children. A house, called Killigrew's farm,
is said to have been the frequent resort of Henry
VIII. it seems to have been a place of great secu-
rity, being surrounded by a moat, which, within me-
mory, was crossed by a drawbridge, having two watch
:
towers.
·
Seal of the Harbour.
MARGATE, a sea-port,
market town, and parish,
in the cinque-port liberty
of Dovor, of which it is a
member, though locally in
the hundred of Ringslow,
or Isle of Thanet, lathe of
St. Augustine, county of
KENT, 44 miles (E. N. E.)
from Maidstone, and 72
(E.) from London, contain-
ing, according to the last
census, 7843 resident in-
habitants, and, at the present time (1830), 9500. This
place, formerly a small fishing village, was distinguished
by a mere, or stream, having its influx into the sea;
from which circumstance it obtained the name of Mere-
gate, and, subsequently, Margate. About the middle of
the last century it became much frequented as a bath-
ing-place, from the fineness of the beach and the purity
of the air; and, though originally consisting of one
scattered and irregular street, it has, by the erection
of new buildings at various times, to meet the wants
of the increased number of visitors, attained its present
importance. A pier of timber was constructed at a
very early period, and, for its preservation, two pier-
wardens and sub-deputies were appointed by the lord
wardens of the cinque-ports, and certain rates on corn,
and other imported produce, were granted in the reign
of Elizabeth. In 1787 an act was passed for the gene-
ral improvement of the town, and the rebuilding of the
pier, when the entire property and management of the
latter were vested in the commissioners for paving and
lighting the town, and under this act the old wooden
pier was cased with stone; but in a violent storm, on
the 14th of January, 1808, it was irreparably injured.
In July, 1812, an act was obtained for "separating the
management of the pier and harbour from the concerns
of the town, and establishing a joint-stock company of
proprietors," with a court of fifteen directors, who are
empowered to raise money for the building of a new
pier, and to levy certain tolls on goods and passengers,
to be applied to the liquidation of the original capital
and the interest thereon, and the surplus to accumulate
until it amounts to the sum of £20,000, as a fund for
the future repairs of the pier this effected, the com-
pany will be dissolved, and the pier again placed under
the control of the commissioners of the town, as here-
tofore. Under this act a new pier was projected, on
an entirely new site, by the chairman of the directors,
Daniel Jarvis, Esq., M. D., and carried into execution
from a design by Mr. Rennie and Mr. Jessop, engineers:
the work, which had been commenced April 6th, 1810,
was completed in 1815, at an expense of £100,000 it
is a handsome and substantial stone structure, nine hun-
dred feet in length from east to west, in its plan forming
a portion of a polygon, and well calculated to afford pro-
tection to the vessels in the harbour: it is divided into
two stages of buildings, the lower forming a quay,
and the upper a promenade, defended on the sea side
with a stone parapet, and on the land side by iron
railing: this promenade, which, as a marine walk, is
probably unrivalled, was designed by Mr. Thomas Éd-
munds, builder, of Margate. To the east of the pier is
"Jarvis' landing-place" for passengers, when the depth
:
UNITED
FOR
PUBLIC
MARGATE FIER AND ILARDOoun
COMPANY
1812.
GOOD
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254
MAR
of water will not allow vessels to reach the pier. This
important work was executed in the year 1824, without
any additional toll, or cost to the public, by the Pier
Company, at an expense of £8000 it is constructed
entirely of English oak, and extends northward into the
sea one thousand one hundred and twenty feet from the
shore, forming, at low water, a most delightful prome-
nade. An act of parliament has been obtained, by which
certain regulations are enforced to preserve order during
the landing and embarking of passengers. At the extre-
mity of the pier, a stone lighthouse has lately been erect-
ed, from a design by Mr. William Edmunds, architect, of
this town, the shaft of which forms a Grecian Doric co-
lumn, placed on an octagonal base, serving as a look-
out house; the column is surmounted by an ornamen-
tal chamber, or lantern of iron. A new pier-house has
also been built, under the superintendence of the same
architect, for the use of the directors and their officers,
having a bell-turret, and a clock with four illumi-
nated dials. At the entrance of the landing-place a
handsome cast-iron archway has been placed, by the Pier
Company, in compliment to their talented and spirited
chairman, Daniel Jarvis, Esq., and, as a further mark of
respect, a granite column has been erected, on which
is inscribed a detailed account of the principal improve-
ments that have been effected in the town chiefly through
the exertions of that gentleman. The harbour, though,
from its situation, much exposed to storms from the
north-east, has been greatly improved by the construc-
tion of the new pier, and affords good shelter for vessels:
several trading vessels are constantly sailing between
this place and the Dutch coast. This being the nearest
This being the nearest
and most convenient port for the passage to the oppo-
site coast, caused it to be formerly, and again recently,
selected as the station for the Ostend mail packets,
but this distinction it does not at present enjoy.
Amongst the distinguished persons who have embark-
ed, or landed, at Margate are, the Elector Palatine
and his consort, in the reign of James I.; William III.;
George I.; George II. and his queen Caroline; the Duke
of Marlborough; the late Duke of York, on his expe-
dition to Flanders, in 1793; Admiral Duncan, after his
victory off Camperdown, in 1797; and the troops on
the expedition to Walcheren, in 1809: the wounded from
the battle of Waterloo were also landed here, in 1815.
The town is pleasantly situated, partly on the accli-
vities of two hills, and partly in the valley below; it is
lighted with gas, well paved, and abundantly supplied
with excellent water from wells. Considerable im-
provements have been effected, and others are still in
progress, by the commissioners for paving and light-
ing, under the authority of numerous acts of parlia-
ment; sea-defences have been erected, new roads form-
ed, streets widened and Macadamised, public pumps
erected, the open areas in the squares and other places
enclosed with handsome iron railings, and shrubberies
planted; insomuch that the town presents, in general,
an appearance
of neatness and order highly creditable.
The London entrance is, in particular, distinguished
by an esplanade, equalled only in extent and beauty
by the celebrated work of that nature at Weymouth;
it is protected by a stone wall, and lighted with gas, pre-
senting at night, an imposing appearance, and forming an
extended crescent, which is terminated by the pier: the
whole of the sea-defences are constructed of stone, and
exceed a mile in length, having cost upwards of £20,000.
The market is held on Wednesday and Saturday, under
a grant obtained in 1777. The town-hall and market-
place were rebuilt in 1821, at an expense of £4000: a
prison is attached, for the temporary reception of cri-
minals prior to their removal to Dovor. The public
subscription library, in Hawley-square, is a handsome
building, and there are also three other excellent libra-
ries, affording the usual accommodation. The bathing-
rooms in High-street, on the New-road, and the more
recently-constructed and extensive works of that kind
on the Fort, are all of the best description: the warm
baths have every modern improvement for the comfort
and accommodation of those who frequent them; while
the cold bathing unites with the most powerful local
advantages the best description of machines, drawn by
horses. The theatre is a neat building, erected in 1787,
at an expense of £4000. The subscription and assem-
bly rooms, attached to the Royal Hotel, are very spa-
cious; the ball-room is ninety feet in length by forty-
three feet wide, with card, ante, and refreshment, rooms;
the whole comprise a most splendid suite, and are un-
der the direction of a master of the ceremonies. In-
dependently of the various hotels and numerous inns
and taverns in the town, there are many public and
private boarding-houses of the first class. Several hand-
some bazaars and boulevards have lately been erected
by individuals at considerable cost. Adjoining the town,
the Tivoli Gardens have been recently opened, and
possess the advantages of a most delightful situation,
of ornamental sheets of water, and thick plantations.
In 1815 steam-packets were established; the number of
passengers in that year was twenty-three thousand five
hundred, and, in 1830, the number amounted to ninety-
five thousand: these vessels now ply daily between
London and Margate, making the passage in about six
hours and a half, and, in the season, two thousand per-
sons frequently arrive in one day. The trade of the
town is almost entirely connected with the resort of
visitors; here are, however, a very extensive brewery,
a rope-manufactory, and some establishments for ship-
building, &c.
building, &c. A large number of sea-faring men obtain
their subsistence in winter by rendering aid to vessels
in distress, which is locally called "Foying," and in
summer by fishing and taking out pleasure parties in
open boats.
Margate being a member of the port of Dovor, the
mayor of that town appoints one of the inhabitants to
act as his deputy, and the town is subject in all matters
to the jurisdiction of that port, and of its sessions;
although, by a late act of parliament, appeals in certain
cases are allowed to be tried at the Canterbury quarter
sessions. In 1811, local magistrates were appointed,
two of whom are now resident. A court of requests
is held, for the recovery of debts under £5, the juris-
diction of which extends over the parishes of St. John
(Margate), St. Peter the Apostle, Birchington, and the
ville of Wood; and a court leet for the manor of
Minster, which comprises most of the parishes in the
island, is held annually about Michaelmas.
100
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's
books at £8, and in the patronage of the Archbishop
of Canterbury. The church, dedicated to St. John the
Baptist, is a spacious building of flint and stone, with
MAR
MAR
255
a square tower and low spire, erected at various pe-
riods and in different styles: it was originally a chapel
of ease to Minster, and was made parochial in 1290
there are several monuments of great antiquity, and a
fine organ. At the east end of the north aisle is a strong
building of stone, which, from 1661, till 1761, was used
as a magazine for gunpowder, but is now appropriated
as a vestry-room. To the taste and influence of the
present vicar, the Rev. W. F. Baylay, the town is in-
debted for much of the improvements which it has
undergone during the last twenty years. The new
church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, was completed
in 1829, from a design and under the superintendence
of Mr. William Edmunds: it is an elegant structure
of Bath stone, in the early style of English architec-
ture, and consists of a nave nearly sixty feet high, and
two side aisles, elaborately groined: the east end is
terminated by a recess for the altar, having a noble
window filled with stained glass; and at the west end is
a deep recess for the organ, which represents a shrine,
having, in front, a stone screen, with pierced arches,
buttresses, and finials with elaborate carving: the organ
forms part of the architecture of the church. The side
windows are adorned with stained glass, representing
the armorial bearings of the principal subscribers, which,
with the east window, are considered to be splendid spe-
cimens of the art, the expense having been defrayed by
private subscription. The exterior of the building is
decorated with buttresses, pinnacles, and carved finials.
The tower rises to the height of one hundred and
thirty-five feet, and, from the commanding site on which
it is built, is seen at a very considerable distance, being
the first object perceivable on approaching the English
coast. The church contains two thousand sittings, of
which one thousand two hundred are free; and its total
cost was about £28,000, towards which the parliament-
ary commissioners contributed £10,000, £6000 was
raised by private subscription, the Pier Company
gave £2000, and the remainder was levied by parish
rates. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the pa-
tronage of the Vicar of St. John's, who appointed the
Rev. F. Barrow first incumbent. A charity school, es-
tablished by subscription in 1787, for thirty girls and
thirty boys, afterwards extended to forty of each sex,
has, since the adoption of the National system of edu-
cation, afforded instruction to three thousand children.
Drapers' hospital, about half a mile from the parish
church, was founded in 1709, by Michael Yoakley, a mem-
ber of the Society of Friends, for aged women, who are
accommodated in nine comfortable dwellings, and are
supplied with money, clothes, and fuel in the centre
is a chapel for the Society of Friends. The Royal sea-
bathing infirmary was instituted in 1792, and opened
in 1796, under the patronage of his late Majesty,
George IV.; the building consists of a centre and
two wings, capable of accommodating two hundred
patients. There are likewise numerous charitable be-
quests for the relief of the poor, an account of which
has recently been published by a committee of gentle-
men, in order that the intentions of the founders may
not be frustrated by neglect, or otherwise.
:
vation. About a quarter of a mile to the south of the pa-
rish church is Salmstone Grange, where are the remains
of a chapel, or oratory, formerly belonging to the mo-
nastery of St. Augustine; and in the middle of a field,
about a mile and a half further, at a place called Chapel
Bottom, are the ruins of Dene chapel, held under a li-
cense from the abbey of St. Augustine, in 1230, by Sir
Henry de Sandwich. It is supposed that a severe battle
was fought between the Danes and the Saxons in this
neighbourhood, from the number of graves discovered
on both the hills contiguous to the town. Various
coins and other antiquities have, at different times,
been found; and, on the excavations being made for
Trinity church, two urns, filled with human bones, stand-
ing in, and likewise covered with, patera, were found, in
a fine state of preservation, having the name of the
Roman Emperor Maximilian impressed on the different
pieces.
About a mile and a half to the south-west of the
town is Dandelion, the fortified mansion of a family of
that name in the reign of Edward I., of which a gate-
house, flanked with four towers, remains in good preser-
MARHAM, a parish in the hundred of CLACK-
CLOSE, county of NORFOLK, 7 miles (W. by N.) from
Swaffham, containing 678 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£6. 13. 4., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Master
and Fellows of St. John's College, Cambridge. The church
is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. A Cistercian nunnery,
in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was founded here
in 1251, by Isabella de Albini, Countess of Arundel,
which, at the dissolution, had a revenue of £42. 4. 7.
MARHAM-CHURCH, a parish in the hundred of
STRATTON, County of CORNWALL, 2 miles (S. S. W.)
from Stratton, containing 647 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and dio-
cese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £ 15. 11. 0½.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. John Kingdon. The
church is dedicated to St. Marvenne. The Bude and
Holsworthy canal passes to the north of the church.
MARHOLM, a parish in the liberty of PETERBO-
ROUGH, County of NORTHAMPTON, 4 miles (N. W. by
W.) from Peterborough, containing 120 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of North-
ampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the
king's books at £9. 2. 3., and in the patronage of Earl
Fitzwilliam. The church, dedicated to St. Guthlac has
an ancient fout, and, amongst other memorials, a
magnificent marble monument to William, Earl Fitz-
william, and Anne his Countess. In this parish is Abbey
Milton, one of the seats of that noble family, a large
irregular structure, the most ancient part of which
is of the time of Elizabeth.
MARI-ANSLEIGH, a parish in the hundred of
WITHERIDGE, county of DEVON, 3½ miles (S. E.) from
South Molton, containing 289 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple,
and diocese of Exeter, endowed with £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Mayor and Corporation of
Exeter. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
MARK, a parish in the hundred of BEMPStone,
county of SOMERSET, 6½ miles (S. W. by S.) from Ax-
bridge, containing 1150 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Consistorial Decanal court of Wells, endowed with £30
per annum private benefaction, and £1200 parlia
mentary grant, and in the patronage of the Earl of
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256
MAR
Harrowby. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
MARK-EATON, a township in the parish of MACK-
WORTH, hundred of MORLESTON and LITCHURCH,
county of DERBY, 12 mile (W. N. W.) from Derby, con-
taining 258 inhabitants.
MÄRKBY, a parish in the Wold division of the
hundred of CALCEWORTH, parts of LINDSEY, county
of Lincoln, 23 miles (N. E. by E.) from Alford, con-
taining 94 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
endowed with £300 private benefaction, and £600
royal bounty, and in the patronage of Massing-
berd, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
MARKET-RASEN, county of LINCOLN.-See RA
SEN (MARKET).
MÀRKET-STREET, a chapelry comprised within
the parishes of CADDINGTON, FLAMSTEAD, and STUD-
HAM, partly in the hundred of DACORUM, County of
HERTFORD, and partly in the hundreds of FLITT and
MANSHEAD, County of BEDFORD, 3½ miles (S. W. by S.)
from Luton. The population is returned with the re-
spective parishes. The ancient name of Merk-gate, or
Mark-gate, of which the present is a corruption, appears
to have been derived from Merk, a boundary, and Yate,
or Gate, this place having formerly been the end of
the enclosed country, where it is supposed there was
a gate on the high road or Watling-street. On a hill
in the vicinity, where is now an ancient mansion, a
nunnery of the Benedictine order, dedicated to the Holy
Trinity, formerly stood: it was founded about 1145,
principally by Geffrey, Abbot of St. Alban's, and at the
dissolution its revenue was valued at £143. 13. 8.: the
monastic buildings were converted into a mansion in
the time of Edward VI., which is still called the priory.
The village is on the great road from London to Birming-
ham, and consists of one long street; the manufacture
the manufacture
of hats and bonnets of straw-plat is somewhat consider
able. A fair is held here about Michaelmas, but the day
depends upon that of Luton fair. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and
diocese of Lincoln, endowed with a rent-charge of £20,
and with £200 private benefaction, and £600 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of Daniel Goodson Adey,
Esq., as proprietor of the manor, under the provisions
of an act of parliament passed in the 14th of George II.
The chapel, which is dedicated to St. John the Baptist, is
situated in Cell, or Priory park, and was erected about
a century ago, for the accommodation of the three
parishes, in lieu of one at the manor-house, which had
been burnt down. There are places of worship for
Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists. Here is a gram-
mar school: the school-house and close were conveyed
to trustees by John Coppin, Esq., January 25th, 1666;
the incumbent of the parish is the nominal master.
MARKET-STREET, a township in the parish of
WYMONDHAM, hundred of FOREHOE, County of NOR-
FOLK, containing 1308 inhabitants.
MARKFIELD, a parish in the hundred of SPAR-
KENHOE, County of LEICESTER, 7 miles (N. W. by W.)
from Leicester, containing 1078 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £6. 1. 8.,
and in the patronage of the Marquis of Hastings. The
church, dedicated to St. Michael, has lately received an
·
addition of one hundred and seventy sittings, of which
eighty-five are free, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having granted
£60 towards defraying the expense.
MARKHAM, a parish in the South-clay division of
the wapentake of BASSETLAW, county of NOTTINGHAM,
1½ mile (N.) from Tuxford, containing, with the chapelry
of West Drayton, 756 inhabitants. The living is a vi-
carage, in the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese.
of York, rated in the king's books at £11. 18. 11.,
and in the patronage of the Duke of Newcastle. The
church, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, is a large an-
cient structure, with a lofty embattled tower, and con-
tains a monument to the memory of Judge Markham,
erected in 1409. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists. James Gunthorpe, in 1706, and
William Dunston, in 1713, bequeathed rent-charges of
£5 each towards the support of a school, in which
twenty children are clothed and educated, the deficiency
being supplied by voluntary contributions.
3
4
MARKHAM (WEST), a parish in the South-clay
division of the wapentake of BASSETLAW, County of Nor-
TINGHAM, 12 mile (N. W.) from Tuxford, containing 209
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, with that of Bever-
coates united, in the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and
diocese of York, rated in the king's books at £7. 12. 1.,`
and in the patronage of the Archbishop of York. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. Richard Miller, in
1721, left an annuity of £8 for the instruction of
poor children. Sir John Markham, Chief Justice of the
King's Bench in the reign of Edward IV., and remark-
able for his integrity and impartiality in the discharge
of his official duties, was born here.
-
MARKINGTON, a joint township with Waller-
thwaite, in that part of the parish of RIPON which is
within the liberty of RIPON, West riding of the county
of YORK, 43 miles (S. S. W.) from Ripon, containing,
with Wallerthwaite, 457 inhabitants. Here is a small
endowment, the gift of Mary Reynard, for the educa-
tion of poor children.
MARKSBURY, a parish in the hundred of KEYNS-
HAM, county of SOMERSET, 3 miles (E. by S.) from
Pensford, containing, with the tything of Houndstreet,
354 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, rated in the king's books at £10. 4. 2., and in
the patronage of General Popham. The church is de-
dicated to St. Peter. There are slight remains of an
ancient chapel on Wingsbury hill. A monastery for-
merly existed within the parish, the site of which is now
occupied by a private mansion. Here are some pro-
ductive coal mines.
MARKSHALL, a parish in the Witham division of
the hundred of LEXDEN, county of Essex, 2 miles (N. W.)
from Great Coggeshall, containing 59 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Colchester,
and diocese of London, rated in the king's books at £14,
and in the patronage of F. Honeywood, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Margaret.
MARLAND (PETER'S), a parish in the hundred of
SHEBBEAR, county of DEVON, 4½ miles (S. by W.) from
Great Torrington, containing 343 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Tot-
ness, and diocese of Exeter, and in the patronage of
T. Stevens, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
MAR
257
MAR

BLEBERG. 1414" SIGILLUM
Seal and Arms.
MARLBOROUGH, a
borough and market town,
having separate jurisdiction,
though locally in the hun-
dred of Selkley, county of
WILTS, 27 miles (N. by E.)
from Salisbury, and 75 (W.
by S.) from London, and
containing 3038 inhabitants.
The name, anciently written
Marleberg, or Marlbridge, is
supposed to be derived from
the marl, or chalk, hills by
which the town is surrounded. Camden supposed this
to have been the Cunetio of Antoninus, but more recent
researches induced Sir R. C. Hoare, Bart. to place that
station at Folly Farm, about a mile and a half eastward
from the town, where that celebrated antiquary disco-
vered a tesselated pavement, and other relics of a Roman
settlement. At the time of the Norman survey Marlbo-
rough had a church, and was held in royal demesne, soon
after which period a castle was erected, which seems to
have been the cause of the subsequent enlargement of the
town. In the time of Richard I., and during his impri-
sonment in Austria, his brother John took possession
of this fortress; but on Richard's return from captivity,
he seized it, with all the other possessions belonging to
his brother, and on their reconciliation he still retained
the castle of Marlborough in his own possession. Du-
ring the subsequent reign, King John occasionally kept
his court here; and in the civil war of this period, Marl-
borough was possessed alternately by the king and the
barons it seems, indeed, to have been the occasional
residence of subsequent sovereigns till the time of
Henry VII., and to have formed part of the dowries
of several queens.
The assizes were held here from
the time of Henry III. to that of Charles I.; and in the
52nd of Henry III. that parliament assembled here by
which were enacted the laws relative to the police of
the kingdom, and to the administration of justice, com-
monly called the "Statutes of Marlebridge." The castle,
borough, &c., were granted by Henry VIII. to Edward,
Duke of Somerset, and became forfeited to the crown
on the attainder of that nobleman, in the reign of Ed-
ward VI., but were subsequently restored to the Somer-
set family, and have now descended, by intermarriage,
to the Marquis of Ailesbury. Even in Camden's time,
a few fragments only of the castle were remaining: a
large house, now the Castle Inn, which occupies its site,
is said to have been commenced by the first duke of
Somerset of the Seymour family, and was improved by
the Earl of Hertford, in the early part of the eighteenth
century: the old keep has been converted into a
spiral walk, in the grotto of which Mrs. Rowe wrote
the most celebrated of her works, “Friendship in
Death;" and here also Thomson, is said to have com-
:
posed a great part of his " Seasons," when on a visit
to the Earl of Hertford, one of the most distinguished
patrons of literature of that age. In the civil war be-
tween Charles I. and the parliament, the latter had a
garrison here under the Earl of Essex; but the royal
army, commanded by Lieut. Gen. Wilmot, marching
hither from Oxford, in December 1642, captured above
one thousand prisoners, besides large stores of arms and
ammunition, with all which they returned in safety to
VOL. III.
VILLE
☆
Manas
КАКО НИВ
MAJORIS
TAWA
25
that city. Marlborough having suffered repeatedly from
fire prior to the year 1690, an act of parliament was
passed in that year to prohibit the use of thatch as a
covering for houses and other buildings within the bo-
rough.
The town is delightfully situated on the banks of
the Kennet, on the northern verge of the Forest of
Savernake, and on the north of it are the open downs :
it consists principally of one long street, running from
east to west, which is paved, and lighted with gas; the
older houses are constructed of wood, and ornamented
in front with curious carved work; the more modern
are of stone and brick. On the north side of the
principal street is a piazza projecting in front of the
houses, serving for a promenade in wet weather; and
at its eastern extremity is a market-house, erected on
the site of a former one, by the corporation, in 1790 :
the upper story is divided into a council-chamber, an
assembly-room, and a court-room. The inhabitants
are well supplied with water. The manufatures are
inconsiderable: the trade is principally in corn, coal,
and malt, and considerable advantages arise from the
situation of the town on a great thoroughfare. The
Kennet and Avon canal passes within five miles of the
town, and in consequence of its not passing through
it, the inhabitants have the privilege of a draw-back
upon the tonnage of goods.
upon the tonnage of goods. The market days are
Wednesday and Saturday; the former market has much
declined, being now only for vegetables; the latter is
considerable, and has long been celebrated for its exten-
sive supply of grain, cheese, butchers' meat, &c.: fairs
are held July 11th, for horses and wool; August 22nd,
for lambs, horses and cows; and November 23rd, for
sheep, horses, and cows.
">
:
Marlborough is a borough by prescription, and in a
charter granted by Elizabeth, after referring to numer-
ous preceding charters, the corporation is designated
under the style of "The Mayor and Burgesses: they
are self-elected, and the present number is thirteen. The
mayor (who is also coroner, clerk of the market, and es-
cheator) and two of the burgesses are justices of the
peace, and, with a town-clerk, a chamberlain, two bai-
liffs, or serjeants at mace, and two high constables, are
chosen annually by the corporation: the mayor and
justices hold quarter sessions for the borough. The
county bridewell and house of correction was erected in
1787 it comprises four day-rooms and airing-yards,
and is chiefly occupied by prisoners previously to trial.
Courts leet are held by the corporation, at the Lent and
Michaelmas sessions, at which five constables (formerly
called aldermen) are appointed, one for each ward; and
a court, called the King's court, for the recovery of debts
to any amount, is held every three weeks, under the
charter of the 6th of John. The privilege of sending
members to parliament has been exercised ever since
the 23rd of Edward I., and the right of election is in
the mayor and burgesses: the mayor is the returning
officer: the predominant influence is possessed by the
Marquis of Ailesbury. In the election of 1826 an effort
was made to throw open the borough, and the subject
was referred to a committee appointed by the House of
Commons, who decided that the members returned by
the corporation were duly elected another attempt has
recently been made, two members having been nomi-
nated by the opposing party in the election of 1830,
+
2 L
MAR
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258
and who have expressed their intention of trying the
question a second time.
:
Marlborough comprises the two parishes of St. Mary
the Virgin and St. Peter and St. Paul, within the pe-
culiar jurisdiction of the Consistorial Episcopal Court
of Salisbury they are divided into five wards, viz.,
the Green ward and Marsh ward, in St. Mary's parish;
the High ward and Bailey ward, in the parish of St.
Peter and St. Paul; and Kingsbury ward, in both pa-
rishes. The living of St. Mary's is a discharged vicar-
age, rated in the king's books at £ 10. 9. 4., endowed
with £400 private benefaction, £ 200 royal bounty,
and £500 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage
of the Dean of Salisbury: the church, a neat edifice of
brick, with an ancient stone tower, beneath which is
a Norman doorway, sustained considerable damage du-
ring the civil war, in 1641. The living of the parish
of St. Peter and St. Paul is a discharged rectory, rated
in the king's books at £ 12, endowed with £ 400 private
benefaction, £ 200 royal bounty, and £ 300 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Bishop of Salis-
bury; the church, which stands at the western extre-
mity of the main street, has a lofty square tower with
battlements and pinnacles; the nave is supported
by light pillars. There are places of worship for Hunt-
ingtonians, Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists.
The free grammar school was founded and endowed
with the revenue of the dissolved hospital of St. John,
by grant of Edward VI. to the mayor and burgesses, who
were also empowered to make rules for its government:
the nomination of the schoolmaster, originally given to
the Duke of Somerset, is now exercised by the Marquis
of Ailesbury; the income is from £ 200 to £ 300 per an-
num: the children of parents who have resided seven
years in the town are also eligible according to the
rules, and the number of scholars on the foundation is
in general about twenty. The scholars share, alternately
with those of the free schools of Manchester and Here-
ford, in sixteen exhibitions at Brasenose College, Oxford,
and sixteen scholarships at St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, founded by Sarah, Duchess of Somerset, in 1679;
and Mrs. Brown bequeathed a rent-charge of £5 for
any poor scholar from this school to the University
of Oxford. A National school is supported by vo-
luntary contributions: the school-rooms were erected
at the expense of the late Earl of Ailesbury. An alms-
house was formerly supported from the funds of the cor-
poration, to which several donations and bequests were
made for its support in the reign of Charles II., when
it was rebuilt at the expense of that body; but, in 1725,
they conveyed it to the officers of St. Mary's parish,
by whom it is at present used as a workhouse. North-
ward from the town is a common, on which each house-
holder has a right to turn two milch cows; and east-
ward of it is a close, of about eighty acres of arable
ground, of which a certain portion is granted to each
member of the corporate body during his own life and
the widowhood of his wife, on the payment of a sum
by way of fine, and a fixed rent; the cows of the com-
moners are depastured on the eighty acres after the
harvest and the inhabitants have an ancient privilege
of turning two horses, from Old May-day to Old
Martinmas-day, into the adjacent Forest of Savernake.
The monastic institutions here were, a Gilbertine priory,
dedicated to St. Margaret, founded in the reign of John,
the revenue of which, at the dissolution, was £ 38. 19. 2.;
a convent of White friars, founded in 1316 by the mer-
chants of this town; St. John's hospital, founded in the
reign of Henry II.; and St. Thomas' in that of Henry III.,
and annexed to the priory of St. Margaret in the reign
of Richard II. A chapel and other portions of the
priory were standing a few years since. Among the
distinguished natives of this town the following may
be specified: Henry of Marlborough, an English his-
torian of the fourteenth century; Sir Michael Foster,
an eminent lawyer, and one of the judges of the Court
of King's Bench, born in 1689; Walter Harte, poet
and historian, who died in 1773; Dr. Henry Sacheve-
rell, of political celebrity, born in 1672, during the in-
cumbency of his father in the parish of St. Peter and
St. Paul; and John Hughes, a poet, and one of the
writers in the Spectator, born in 1677. Marlborough
confers the title of duke on the family of Spencer
Churchill.
MARLCLIFT, a hamlet in the parish of BIDFORD,
Stratford division of the hundred of BARLICHWAY,
county of WARWICK, 5 miles (S.) from Alcester. The
population is returned with the parish.
MARLDON, a parish in the hundred of HAYTOR,
county of DEVON, 5 miles (N. E. by E.) from Totness,
containing 384 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Paington, in the pe-
culiar jurisdiction of the Bishop of Exeter, and in the
patronage of Sir S. Northcote, G. Templar, Esq., and
the Rev. J. Templar. The church has a rich stone screen.
In the village of Compton are considerable ruins of an
ancient castellated mansion, occupied by Sir Maurice de
la Pole in the reign of Henry II.
MARLESFORD, a parish in the hundred of LOES,
county of SurFOLK, 2 miles (N. E. by N.) from Wick-
ham-Market, containing 436 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £ 9. 6. 8.,
and in the patronage of A. Archdeckne, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Andrew.
MARLINGFORD, a parish in the hundred of
FOREHOE, County of NORFOLK, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from
Wymondham, containing 179 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£7. 12. 8., endowed with £200 private benefaction,
and £ 200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of L.
Forman, Esq. and others. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary the nave and chancel are thatched.
:
MARLOW, a township in the parish of LEINtwar-
DINE, hundred of WIGMORE, county of HEREFORD,
containing 68 inhabitants.
MARLOW (GREAT), a borough, market town, and
parish, in the hundred of DESBOROUGH, County of Buck-
INGHAM, 35 miles (S. by E.) from Buckingham, and 31
(W. by N.) from London, containing 3763 inhabitants,
of which number, 2532 are in the borough. The an-
cient name of this place was Merlaw, supposed to be
derived from the Saxon word Mere, a marsh, and Law,
or Low, a hill. The town, situated on the banks of the
Thames, consists of two principal streets, which cross
in the market-place: the surrounding scenery is replete
with variety and beauty. Races are held in July; and
there is a good news-room. The river is here crossed
by a wooden bridge, but an iron suspension bridge is in
MAR
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259
progress of erection. There are some paper-mills and
copper-works in the neighbourhood, which, with the ma-
nufacture of lace and covered wire, and rope-making, fur-
nish considerable employment to the labouring class:
there is likewise a good trade in corn, timber, and malt.
The market, held on Saturday, has nearly fallen into
disuse; a pleasure fair is held on the 1st of May, and
another for cheese, &c., on the 29th of October. The
principal civil officer is a high constable. The borough
first sent representatives to parliament in the 28th of
Edward I., and continued so to do till the 2nd of
Edward II., when the privilege ceased for upwards of
four hundred years, but was restored upon petition to
the House of Commons in the 21st of James I., and
has since been exercised without intermission: the right
of election is in the inhabitants paying scot and lot;
the number of voters is about five hundred, and the
high constable is the returning officer. The living is
a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £ 13. 6. 8.,
and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Glou-
cester. The church, dedicated to All Saints, is a vener-
able structure, and contains several ancient monuments.
There are places of worship for Independents and Wes-
leyan Methodists. In 1628, Sir William Borlase be-
queathed estates for teaching twenty-four poor children,
apprenticing six of them annually, and teaching twenty-
four women to make bone-lace, and for a man to keep
a house of correction. A National school for children
of both sexes is supported by subscription. In the
7th of James I., John Brinkhurst devised to trustees
almshouses for six poor widows, and 5s. per quarter to
each inmate. The Royal Military College, established
at High Wycombe in 1799, was removed to this town
in 1802; but, in 1812, it was again removed to Sand-
hurst in Berkshire.
MARLOW (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
DESBOROUGH, county of BUCKINGHAM, 1½ mile (E. N.
E.) from Great Marlow, containing 775 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £ 8. 5. 10., and in the patronage of the
Rev. G. F. L. Nicolay. The church, dedicated to St.
John the Baptist, is principally in the later style of
English architecture. Here was a small convent of Be-
nedictine nuns, founded, in honour of the Virgin Mary,
by Geoffrey, Lord Spencer, before the reign of John,
the revenue of which, at the dissolution, was estimated
at £37. 6. 11.
MARLSTON, a joint township with Leach, in that
part of the parish of ST. MARY, CHESTER, which is in
the lower division of the hundred of BROXTON, county
palatine of CHESTER, 23 miles (S. by W.) from Chester,
containing, with Leach, 108 inhabitants.
MARNHAM, a parish in the northern division of
the wapentake of THURGARTON, county of NoTTING-
HAM, 4 miles (E. by S.) from Tuxford, containing, with
the township of Grassthorpe, 351 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £8. 19. 2., and in the patronage of Earl
Brownlow. The church is dedicated to St. Wilfrid. A
school was lately erected by Lord Brownlow for the in-
struction of ten children, £ 10. 10. being allowed to the
master out of the rents of a charitable bequest from
•
Henry Nicholson, in 1677. A fair for horses, cattle,
swine, &c., is held on September 12th. The river Trent
is here crossed by a ferry.
MARNHULL, a parish in the hundred of STUR-
MINSTER-NEWTON-CASTLE, Sturminster division of the
county of DORSET, 6 miles (W. S. W.) from Shaftesbury,
containing 1273 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol,
rated in the king's books at £31. 6. 10., and in the
patronage of the Rev. H. Place. The church is dedicated
to St. Gregory. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists.
MARPLE, a chapelry in the parish of STOCKPORT,
hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county palatine of CHEster,
42 miles (E. S. E.) from Stockport, containing, in 1821,
2646 inhabitants, since which period the population is
supposed to have nearly doubled. The village is situ-
ated on the road from London to Manchester through
Buxton, and was anciently called Mupull, in allusion to
an expansion of the waters of the river Goyt in the vale
below. The scenery is remarkably picturesque: the
banks of the river, which, from the highest points, may
be seen for several miles, are rocky, precipitous, and
well-wooded; and the view from the churchyard includes.
the mountains of the peak on one side, and the Welch
hills on the other. The cotton manufacture, established
here by the late Samuel Oldnow, Esq., is considerable,
and many of the inhabitants are employed in the manu-
facture of hats. This place derives importance from
the Peak Forest and Macclesfield canals, which pass
through it: a direct communication is afforded by the
former from the Cromford canal and the Peak Forest
railway to the Ashton canal, and thence to Manchester;
and the Macclesfield canal (which is now in progress)
unites the Peak Forest and the Trent and Mersey canals,
and thus forms, not only a direct, but the shortest, water
conveyance from London to Manchester. Marple forms
part of His Majesty's manor and forest of Macclesfield,
at the court leet whereof constables and other officers
are appointed. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with
£400 private benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and
£ 1200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Rector of Stockport. The church, dedicated to All
Saints, is a neat edifice, capable of accommodating one
thousand persons: it was rebuilt and enlarged in 1812,
and the tower contains the bells taken from the old
church at Stockport. Samuel Oldnow, Esq., who pro-
jected the Peak Forest canal, and was a great benefactor
to this place and neighbourhood, was interred here.
There are places of worship for Independents and Wes-
leyan Methodists. This is the birthplace of John Brad-
shaw, who was president of the court that condemned
Charles I. he bequeathed £700 to purchase an annuity
for maintaining a free school at Marple, but the change
of property brought about by the Restoration prevented
his bequest becoming available. His brother Henry
founded a small school here, and endowed it with the
interest of £100, which has since been augmented with
other benefactions.
MARR, a parish in the northern division of the
wapentake of STRAFFORTH and TICKHILL, West riding
of the county of YORK, 4 miles (W. N. W.) from Don-
caster, containing 162 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
2 L 2
MAR
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260
diocese of York, endowed with £600 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the Earl of Kinnoul. The church,
dedicated to St. Helen, is principally in the early style
of English architecture; the tower is surmounted by a
small spire, and has two singular arched recesses, one on
the north, the other on the south, side.
MARRICK, a parish in the western division of the
wapentake of GILLING, North riding of the county of
YORK, 7 miles (W. S. W.) from Richmond, containing
621 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
endowed with a rent-charge of £10, and £200 private
benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £1500 parlia-
mentary grant, and in the patronage of W. Powlett, Esq.
The church, dedicated to St. Andrew, occupies part of the
site of a Benedictine nunnery, founded in honour of the
Blessed Virgin, by Roger de Asc, about the close of the
reign of Stephen, and which at the dissolution had
a revenue of £64. 16. 9. Two poor widows of this
parish, not paupers, receive £5. 12. per annum from an
institution called the Duke of Bolton's charity.
MARRISHES, a township in the parish and lythe
of PICKERING, North riding of the county of YORK, 32
miles (S. S. E.) from Pickering, containing 210 inhabit-
ants. This township is divided into East and West
Marrish.
MARSDEN, a chapelry partly in the parish of HUD-
DERSFIELD, but chiefly in that of ALMONDBURY, upper
division of the wapentake of AGBRIGG, West riding of
the county of YORK, 7 miles (S. W. by W.) from Hud-
dersfield, containing 2330 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
York, endowed with £600 private benefaction, £1000
royal bounty, and £1100 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of the Vicar of Almondbury. Indepen-
dents and Wesleyan Methodists have each a place of
worship here. At the distance of half a mile, the
Huddersfield and Manchester canal passes under a tunnel
three miles in length.
MARSDEN (GREAT), a chapelry in that part of
the parish of WHALLEY which is in the higher division
of the hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of
LANCASTER, 1½ mile (S. by W.) from Colne, containing
1893 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, £ 800 royal bounty, and £ 1500
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar
of Whalley.
MARSDEN (LITTLE), a township in that part of
the parish of WHALLEY which is in the higher division
of the hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 34 miles (N. N. E.) from Burnley, containing
2052 inhabitants.
MARSH (CHAPEL), a parish in the wapentake of
BRADLEY-HAVERSTOE, parts of LINDSEY, county of LIN-
COLN, 9 miles (N. N. E.) from Louth, containing 411 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the
rectory of North Coates, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Lincoln, endowed with £600 royal bounty, and
£200 parliamentary grant. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists; and several trifling donations have been
made for the support and education of the poor.
MARSH-GIBBON, a parish in the hundred and
County of BUCKINGHAM, 4 miles (E. by N.) from
Bicester, containing 738 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £21. 9. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is de-
dicated to St. Mary. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. Near the manor-house are some
slight vestiges of earthworks, said to have been thrown
up by the parliamentarians, in their advance to this
place in 1645.
MARSHAM, a parish in the southern division
of the hundred of ERPINGHAM, County of NORFOlk, 2
miles (S.) from Aylsham, containing 624 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£10. 12. 9., and in the patronage of Lord Viscount
Anson. The church is dedicated to All Saints. The
manufactures of worsted and bombazin are carried on
here.
MARSHFIELD, a market town and parish in the
upper division of the hundred of THORNBURY, county
of GLOUCESTER, 11½ miles (E.) from Bristol, and 102
(W. by S.) from London, containing 1569 inhabitants.
The town consists chiefly of a single street of old build-
ings, nearly a mile in length. The trade is principally
in malt, a great part of which is the produce of the vi-
cinity. The market is on Tuesday; and fairs are held
on the 24th of May and 24th of October, the former
chiefly for horned cattle, and the latter for sheep, horses,
and cheese. A bailiff is annually elected at the mano-
rial court, and is assisted by a serjeant at mace; his
jurisdiction extends to a considerable distance round
the town. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the
king's books at £29. 4. 9., endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the pa-
tronage of the Warden and Fellows of New College,
Oxford. The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is
a handsome and spacious fabric, in the later style of
English architecture, with a fine square tower at the
west end. There is a place of worship for Unitarians.
A free school was founded, about 1722, by John Harring-
ton, Esq., who gave the school-house; it was subse-
quently endowed with messuages and lands for the sup-
port of a schoolmaster, in 1731, by Dionysia Long: the
annual income, arising from this and other benefactions,
is £62. 5., and twenty children are instructed: the pre-
sent school-room was built in 1793. Almshouses for
eight poor persons were founded and endowed by
Nicholas Crispe, in 1625; and there are benefactions
for apprenticing poor boys, and other charitable pur-
poses. In this parish are some barrows and intrench-
ments, supposed to have been raised by the Britons,
or Saxons, about 561, when the battle of Dirham took
place in this neighbourhood. Leland mentions the ex-
istence of a nunnery also, but there are no vestiges of
it. In the vicinity are three stones, which mark the
limits of the counties of Gloucester, Somerset, and
Wilts.
-
MARSHFIELD, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of WENTLLOOG, county of MONMOUTH,
5 miles (s. W.) from Newport, containing 483 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the
king's books at £6. 2. 6., endowed with £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter
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MAR
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261
of Bristol. The church is a large and handsome struc-
ture in the later English style; in the chancel are several
stone stalls.
MARSHWOOD, a chapelry in the parish and hun-
dred of WHITCHURCH-CANONICORUM, Bridport divi-
sion of the county of DORSET, 44 miles (W. s. w.) from
Beaminster, containing 532 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, with the vicarage of Whitchurch-
Canonicorum, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and dio-
rese of Bristol. This place, which takes its name from
the marshy, woody vale in which it is situated, was an-
ciently an honour, the only one in the county, and the
head of a barony.
MARSK, a parish in the western division of the
wapentake of GILLING, North riding of the county of
YORK, 42 miles (W.) from Richmond, containing 290
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea.
conry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, rated in the
king's books at £12. 6. 5., and in the patronage of J.
Hutton, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Cuthbert.
A school, erected in 1814, by John Hutton, Esq., is
endowed with about £20 per annum, arising from land
and money given by John Jackson and Hutchinson,
for the education and support of the poor.
MARSK, a parish in the eastern division of the
liberty of LANGBAURGH, North riding of the county of
YORK, comprising the townships of Marsk and Redcar,
and containing 1249 inhabitants, of which number, 576
are in the township of Marsk, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from
Guilsbrough. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York,
rated in the king's books at £ 10. 11. 10., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, £ 200 royal bounty, and £800
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of Lord Dun-
das. The church, dedicated to St. German, stands near
the edge of the cliff, its spire serving as an excellent
land-mark. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. Marsk hall was built by Sir William Pen-
nyman, Bart., in the style which prevailed in the time
of Charles I.
MARSTON, a township in that part of the parish of
GREAT BUDWORTH which is in the hundred of Buck-
LOW, County palatine of CHESTER, 24 miles (N. N. E.)
from Northwich, containing 404 inhabitants. The Grand
Trunk canal passes through the township.
MARSTON, a parish in the wapentake of LOVEDEN,
parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 5 miles (N. by
W.) from Grantham, containing 393 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, with that of Hougham united, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, and in the pa-
tronage of Sir J. H. Thorold, Bart. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary. Dame Margaret Thorold, in 1718, gave
land, the income to be applied in teaching poor children,
and apprenticing one yearly, with a premium of £5.
MARSTON, a parish in the hundred of BULLINGTON,
county of OXFORD, 12 mile (N. N. E.) from Oxford, con-
taining 340 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, £800 royal
bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. T. H. Whorwood. The church is
dedicated to St. Nicholas. The river Cherwell forms
part of the boundary of this parish.
MARSTON, a township in the parish of CHURCH-
EATON, Western division of the hundred of CUTTLE-
STONE, County of STAFFORD, 6 miles (W.) from Penk-
ridge. The population is returned with the parish.
MARSTON, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
ST. MARY, LICHFIELD, which is in the southern division
of the hundred of PIREHILL, county of Stafford, 23
miles (N.) from Stafford, containing 96 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed
with £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the
Mayor and Corporation of Stafford.
MARSTON, a quarter in the parish of Cнurch-
BICKENHILL, Solihull division of the hundred of HEM-
LINGFORD, County of WARWICK, 34 miles (S, S. W.)
from Coleshill. The population is returned with the
parish.
MARSTON, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
WoLSTON which is in the Rugby division of the hun-
dred of KNIGHTLOW, county of WARWICK, 6 miles (E.
by S.) from Coventry. The population is returned with
the parish.
MARSTON, a tything in the parish of POTTERNE,
hundred of POTTERNE and CANNINGS, county of WILTS,
33miles (S. W.) from Devizes, containing 192 inhabitants.
MARSTON, a chapelry in the parish of YARDLEY,
lower division of the hundred of PERSHORE, though
locally in the upper division of the hundred of Halfshire,
county of WORCESTER, 44 miles (S. E.) from Birming-
ham. The population is returned with the parish. The
living is a donative. The chapel was erected in 1704,
by Job Marston, Esq.
MARSTON (BUTLER'S), a parish in the Kington
division of the hundred of KINGTON, county of WAR-
WICK, 1 mile (S. W. by S.) from Kington, containing
275 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in
the king's books at £8. 3. 4., endowed with £400 pri-
vate benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Dean and Canons of Christ Church,
Oxford. The church is dedicated to St. Peter and St.
Paul. Near it is an old mansion of stone, now used as
a kennel for the hounds of the Warwickshire hunt.
Upon an artificial mount on the green is a decayed elm,
of remarkably large dimensions, capable of containing
twelve persons, and formed by nature into the appear-
ance of a grotto.
MARSTON upon DOVE, a parish in the hundred of
APPLETREE, county of DERBY, 5 miles (N. by W.) from
Burton upon Trent, containing, with the townships of
Hilton and Hoon, and the hamlet of Hatton, 905 inha-
bitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Derby, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated
in the king's books at £7. 15. 24, and in the patronage
of E. S. Pole, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Mary,
is partly in the early and partly in the decorated style of
English architecture.
MARSTON (ST. LAWRENCE), a parish in the
hundred of KING'S SUTTON, county of NORTHAMPTON,
53 miles (N. W.) from Brackley, containing 482 inha-
bitants. The living is a vicarage, consolidated with the
rectory of Warkworth, in the archdeaconry of North-
ampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the
king's books at £20, and in the patronage of S. Blen-
cowe, Esq.
MARSTON (LEA), in the county of WARWICK.-
See LEA-MARSTON.
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262
MARSTON (LONG), a chapelry in the parish of
TRING, hundred of DACORUM, county of HERTFORD,
3 miles (N. W. by N.) from Tring, with which the po-
pulation is returned. The chapel is dedicated to All
Saints.
MARSTON (LONG), a parish in the ainsty of the
city, and East riding of the county, of YORK, com-
prising the townships of Angram, Hutton, and Long
Marston, and containing 579 inhabitants, of which
number, 388 are in the township of Long Marston, 6
miles (N. by E.) from Tadcaster. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of York, rated
in the king's books at £24. 3. 9., and in the patronage
of Sir R. T. Lawley, Bart. The church, dedicated to
All Saints, was erected about 1400. A National school
has been established here, and is partly supported
by a rent-charge of £10, the bequest of Richard Roun-
dle, and the interest of £150 left by the Rev. Mar-
maduke Buck, in 1757. Within the parish is Mars-
ton Moor, the scene of a memorable and most ob-
stinately disputed battle, fought on July 2, 1644, be-
tween the royalists under Prince Rupert, and the par-
liamentarians, commanded by Fairfax, in which fifty
thousand British troops were opposed to each other,
and which ended in the total defeat of the king's
army.
MARSTON (MAGNA), a parish in the hundred of
HORETHORNE, county of SOMERSET, 54 miles (N.N.E.)
from Yeovil, containing 324 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and
diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books
at £6. 10. 10., endowed with £200 private benefac-
tion, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
Mrs. Williams. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is
a neat stone structure, with a strong tower crowned
with an embattled pediment and pinnacles. In the
porch, two feet below the surface of the earth, have
lately been found several large stones carved with
crosses entwined with palm leaves, and covering human
skeletons. Sir John St. Barbe, in 1736, devised the
rectory, parsonage-house, and lands for the education
of ten poor boys of this parish and that of Ashington:
fourteen children are instructed. On opening a pit in
1788, near the margin of a brook, some fine specimens
of a calcareous blue stone, almost filled with Cornua
Ammonis, overspread with white pearl, were discovered,
and raised in masses sufficiently large to form slabs,
which took a beautiful polish, and were much in re-
quest for side tables. In the same field irregular heaps
of mundic, with large metalliferous Cornua Ammonis,
were also found; and the quarries on the hills, from
one of which the brook takes its rise, abound in Ammo-
nites, Nauiili, Belamnites, &c.
MARSTON (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of
ASHENDON, County of BUCKINGHAM, 3 miles (S. by E.)
from Winslow, containing 558 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with
£400 private benefaction, £ 400 royal bounty, and £400
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Dean
and Chapter of Lincoln. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is a neat structure, containing three stone stalls
and a piscina; the chancel was built by the offerings of
those who frequented a chalybeate spring here, which
once was in high repute, though now scarcely known.
MARSTON (POTTER'S), a chapelry in the parish
of BARWELL, hundred of SPARKENHOE, county of Lei-
CESTER, 5 miles (E. N. E.) from Hinckley, containing 16
inhabitants.
MARSTON (PRIORS'), a parish in the Burton-
Dassett division of the hundred of KINGTON, County of
WARWICK, 5 miles (S. E. by E.) from Southam, contain-
ing 593 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, an-
nexed to the vicarage of Priors' Hardwick, in the arch-
deaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and Coven-
try. The Oxford canal passes through the parish. James
West, in 1705, and Josiah Kay, in 1711, bequeathed
property now producing £40 a year, for teaching and
apprenticing poor children.
MARSTON (SOUTH), a chapelry in the parish of
HIGHWORTH, hundred of HIGHWORTH, CRICKLADE,
and STAPLE, county of WILTS, 24 miles (S. by W.) from
Highworth, containing 299 inhabitants. It is in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Prebendary of Highworth in
the Cathedral Church of Salisbury.
MARSTON-BIGOTT, a parish in the hundred of
FROME, county of SOMERSET, 22 miles (S. S. W.) from
Frome, containing 471 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath
and Wells, rated in the king's books at £11. 19. 9½.,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Cork and Orrery.
The church, dedicated to St. Leonard, was taken down,
within the last fifty years, and another erected on a more
convenient site.
MARSTON-FLEET, a parish in the hundred of
ASHENDON, County of BUCKINGHAM, 3 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Aylesbury, containing 43 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£8. 2. 84., and in the patronage of Lord Viscount Dillon.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
MARSTON-JABBETT, a hamlet in the parish of
BULKINGTON, Kirby division of the hundred of KNIGHT-
LOW, county of WARWICK, 34 miles (S. by E.) from
Nuneaton, containing 82 inhabitants.
MARSTON-MAÏSEY, a parish in the hundred of
HIGHWORTH, CRICKLADE, and STAPLE, County of
WILTS, 34 miles (N. E.) from Cricklade, containing 184
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, united to
the rectory of Maisey-Hampton, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Gloucester, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £1000 royal bounty.
MARSTON-MONTGOMERY, a parish in the hun-
dred of APPLETREE, county of DERBY, 62 miles (S. W.
by S.) from Ashbourn, containing 469 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory of
Cubley, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry. The church is dedicated to
St. Giles. A school is supported by small annual do-
nations.
MARSTON-MORETAINE, a parish in the hundred
of REDBORNESTOKE, county of BEDFORD, 4 miles (N.W.)
from Ampthill, containing 899 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £33. 17. 3½.,
and in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of St.
John's College, Cambridge. The church, dedicated to
St. Mary, is in the later style of English architecture :
the tower is detached. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists.
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MAR
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1
MARSTON-SICCA, a parish in the upper division
of the hundred of KIFTSGATE, county of GLOUCESTER,
6 miles (N.) from Chipping-Campden, containing 272
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's
books at £17. 10., and in the patronage of the Rev.
William Loggin. The church is dedicated to St. James.
MARSTON-STANNETT, a chapelry in the parish
of PENCOMBE, hundred of BROXASH, County of HERE-
FORD, 6 miles (W. by N.) from Bromyard. The living
is a perpetual curacy, with the rectory of Pencombe,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford, endowed
with £410 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Rector of Pencombe.
MARSTON-TRUSSEL, a parish in the hundred
of ROTHWELL, county of NORTHAMPTON, 3 miles.
(w.s. W.) from Market-Harborough, containing, with
the township of Thorpe-Lubbenham, 217 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of North-
ampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the
king's books at £15. 2. 11., and in the patronage of
Richard H. Bullivant, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. Nicholas.
MARSTOW, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of WORMELOW, County of HEREFORD, 5 miles
(S. W.) from Ross, containing 132 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of
Sellack, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford,
endowed with £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Vicar of Sellack. The church is dedicated to
St. Martin.
MARSWORTH, a parish in the hundred of Cor-
TESLOE, County of BUCKINGHAM, 24 miles (S. W. by
W.) from Ivinghoe, containing 391 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£9.9.7., and in the patronage of the Master and Fel-
lows of Trinity College, Cambridge. The church, dedi-
cated to All Saints, has the appearance of considerable
antiquity; in the windows are some fragments of stained
glass; parts of the floor are of Roman brick; and
near the altar is a fine tomb, but much mutilated, in
memor of some of the family of West. The old Ro-
man Iknield-street bounds the parish on the south-east,
and the discovery of swords, urns, coins, and other
ancient relics, in forming the Grand Junction canal,
affords some reason for considering it the site of a
Roman station, though historians have not recorded it
as such.
A
MARTALL, a joint township with Little Warford,
in that part of the parish of ROSTHERN which is in
the hundred of BUCKLOW, County palatine of CHESTER,
34 miles (E. S. E.) from Nether Knutsford, containing,
with Little Warford, 267 inhabitants.
MARTHA (ST.), in the county of SURREY. See
CHILWORTH.
fling bequest by Robert Bower, in 1622, is applied in
teaching poor children.
MARTIN, a parish in the southern division of the
wapentake of GARTREE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 2½ miles (S. W. by S.) from Horncastle, con-
taining 55 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated
in the king's books at £6. 4. 2., endowed with £400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of John Oldham
and Slater, Esqrs.
Slater, Esqrs. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael. The Horncastle canal passes through the
parish.
MARTHAM, a parish in the western division of
the hundred of FLEGG, county of NORFOLK, 63 miles
(N. W.) from Caistor, containing 845 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdic-
tion and patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £6. 13. 4. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. There are places of worship for
Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists. Christopher Amys,
in 1622, bequeathed £112, which, together with a tri-
M
MARTIN, a hamlet in the parish of TIMBERLAND,
first division of the wapentake of LANGOE, parts of
KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 102 miles (N. N. E.)
from Sleaford, containing 589 inhabitants.
MARTIN, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of DAMERHAM, county of WILTS, 4 miles
(N. N. E.) from Cranbourne, containing 528 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicar-
cese of South Damerham, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Salisbury.
MARTIN, a parish in the eastern division of the
wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and EwCROSS, West riding
of the county of YORK, 54 miles (W. by S.) from Skip-
ton, containing 382 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of York, rated in the
king's books at £14. 14.44., and in the patronage of
Mrs. Heber. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
MARTIN (ST.), a parish in the hundred of WEST,
county of CORNWALL, 1 mile (N.) from East Looe,
containing, with the borough of East Looe, 1181 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £36. 2. 3., and in the patronage of the
Dowager Countess of Sandwich and Viscount Barnard.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
The parish is bounded on the west by Looe harbour,
and on the south by the English channel.
Here was
formerly a nunnery.
MARTIN (ST.), a parish in the hundred of OSWESTRY,
county of SALOP, 5 miles (W. by N.) from Ellesmere,
containing, with the townships of Ifton-Rhyn, Weston-
Rhyn, and Bron-y-gath, 1852 inhabitants.
The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of St. Asaph, rated in the king's books at £5. 2. 34.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Bishop of
St. Asaph. There is an ancient wood carving in the
roof of the church, in allusion to St. Martin, a transla-
tion of whose life was made from the Latin by John
Trevor in 1488. The Ellesmere canal passes through
the parish, and at its verge crosses the valley of the
Ceiriog by means of an aqueduct, near the neat vil
lage of Chirk, when it enters Wales: it then imme-
diately passes under a tunnel, and, a little further on,
under another, whence it is continued to the beautiful
vale of Llangollen, where it is carried over the river Dee
by Pont-y-Cyssyltau aqueduct, a stupendous structure
of nineteen tall arches by Mr. Telford: on the banks of
the canal, near the Welch boundary of the parish, are
some coal works. The great road from Shrewsbury to
Holyhead has here been recently diverted from its ori-
ginal course, whereby a considerable distance has been
saved, and the steep acclivity of Chirk hill avoided.
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MAR
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264
MARTIN (ST.), a township in that part of the
parish of CATTERICK which is in the eastern division of
the wapentake of HANG, North riding of the county
of YORK, & of a mile (S. E.) from Richmond, containing
23 inhabitants. About the year 1100, Wymar, chief
steward to the Earl of Richmond, gave the chapel of
St. Martin, with certain land adjoining, to the abbey of
St. Mary at York, upon which a cell of nine or ten
Benedictine monks was established here, and continued
till the dissolution, when its revenue was estimated at
£43. 16. 8.
MARTIN (ST.) in MENEAGE, a parish in the
hundred of KERRIER, county of CORNWALL, 62 miles
(E. S. E.) from Helston, containing 504 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory not in charge, united to that of
Mawgan, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese
of Exeter. Helford river is navigable on the north of
this parish. Tremayne was for some time the residence
of the circumnavigator, Captain Wallis.
MARTIN'S (ST.) STAMFORD-BARON, a parish
in the liberty of PETERBOROUGH, county of NORTH-
AMPTON, a mile (S. E.) from Stamford, contain-
ing, with the hamlet of Woothorpe, 1226 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough,
rated in the king's books at £7. 13. 9., endowed with
£1200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Marquis of Exeter. Here is a trifling endowment,
the gift of Lady Dorothy Cecil, for teaching and ap-
prenticing poor children. A Benedictine nunnery, in
honour of our Lady St. Mary and St. Michael, was
founded here in the time of Henry II., by William de
Waterville, abbot of Peterborough, to which abbey
it was subordinate; it had at one period forty nuns,
but at the dissolution it possessed a revenue of only
£72. 18. 10.
MARTIN (STOWE), a chapelry in the parish of
TAMERTON-FOLIATT, hundred of ROBOROUGH, county
of DEVON, 74 miles (N. by W.) from Plymouth.
MARTIN-HUSSINGTREE, a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of PERSHORE, though locally in
the lower division of the hundred of Oswaldslow, county
of WORCESTER, 3 miles (S. W.) from Droitwich, con-
taining 217 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester,
rated in the king's books at £5. 14. 4½., and in the pa-
tronage of the Dean and Chapter of Worcester. The
church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
MARTINDALE, a chapelry in the parish of BAR-
TON, WEST ward, county of WESTMORLAND, 9 miles
(N. N. E.) from Ambleside, containing 155 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Carlisle, endowed with £800 royal boun-
ty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage
of John de Whelpdale, Esq. Here is a free school, 'with
Here is a free school, 'with
an endowment of £13 a year, arising from the rent of
an estate left by the relict of the Rev. Richard Birket, a
former incumbent.
MARTINHOE, a parish in the hundred of SHER-
WILL, county of DEVON, 12 miles (E. by N.) from
Ilfracombe, containing 204 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£8. 10. 10., and in the patronage of G. Courtenay, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Martin.
MARTINSCROFT, a joint township with Wools-
tone, in the parish of WARRINGTON, hundred of WEST
DERBY, county palatine of LANCASTER, 34 miles (E. by
N.) from Warrington. The population is returned with
Woolstone.
MARTINSTHORPE, a parish in the hundred of
MARTINSLEY, county of RUTLAND, 3½ miles (N.) from
Uppingham, containing 4 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£6. 0.5., and in the patronage of the Duke of Devon-
shire. The church, which was dedicated to St. Martin,
is now in ruins.
MARTLESHAM, a parish in the hundred of CARL-
FORD, county of SUFFOLK, 2 miles (S. by W.) from
Woodbridge, containing 413 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£10. 18. 9., and in the patronage of Mrs. Goodwin.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. The navigable
river Deben forms the eastern boundary of the parish.
MARTLEY, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of DODDINGTREE, county of WORCESTER, 7
miles (N. W. by W.) from Worcester, containing, with
the hamlet of Hillhampton, 1264 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Worcester, rated in the king's books at £22. 10., and in
the patronage of T. B. Paget, Esq. The church, dedicated
to St. Peter, has lately received an addition of two hun-
dred and one sittings, of which one hundred and fifty-
one are free, the Incorporated Society for the enlarge-
ment of churches and chapels having granted £100
towards defraying the expense.
L
MARTOCK, a parish (formerly a market town) in
the hundred of MARTOCK, County of SOMERSET, 41
miles (S. W. by W.) from Ilchester, and 130 (W.) from
London, containing 2560 inhabitants. The name of
this place is said to be derived from mart and oak, from
the fact of the market having been formerly held under
an oak tree in the centre of the town, the site of which
is now occupied by an elegant fluted column, in imita-
tion of the pillar of Trajan at Rome. The town consists
principally of one street, about a mile and a half in
length: the river Farret passes through it. The manufac-
ture of fine gloves is carried on to a limited extent, but was
formerly of greater note. There is a fair on the 21st of
August. A court leet is held in October, by the lord of
the manor. The living is a discharged vicarage, with the
perpetual curacy of Load annexed, in the archdeaconry
of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £15. 10., endowed with £230 private
benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of the Treasurer in the Cathedral Church of Wells,
The church, which is dedicated to All Saints, is an ele
gant structure, in the ancient style of English archi-
tecture, with a fine embattled tower at the west end: in
the interior is a superb altar-piece in stucco. There is a
place of worship for Independents. A free grammar
school was founded, in 1661, by William Strode, who
endowed it with a rent-charge of £ 12, but the endow-
ment being insufficient to support a classical master, it
has been discontinued; a few poor children are, how-
ever, taught to read by the clerk of the parish, who re-
sides in the school-house. The old Roman Fosse-way
skirts the south-east boundary of the parish.
MAR
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265
MARTON, a township in the parish of WHITEGATE,
or NEW CHURCH, first division of the hundred of ED-
DISBURY, County palatine of CHESTER, 44 miles (S. W.
by S.) from Northwich, containing 582 inhabitants.
MARTON, a chapelry in the parish of PRESTBURY,
hundred of MACCLESFIELD, County palatine of CHES-
TER, 3 miles (N. by W.) from Congleton, containing
341 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of D. Davenport, Esq. The chapel is a
rude building of wood, with a chancel and spire of more
modern date it had formerly a chantry, which is said
to have been founded in the reign of Edward III., by
Sir J. Davenport and his son, of whom there are in the
cemetery two recumbent figures in armour.
:
MARTON, a chapelry in the parish of Poulton,
hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 52 miles (W. N. W.) from Kirkham, containing
1397 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
endowed with £800 private benefaction, £ 400 royal
bounty, and £2200 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of J. Clifton, Esq. and others. A free school
was founded in 1717, by James Baines, who endowed
it with a messuage and lands producing £91 a year : a
master and an assistant are elected annually, and the
average number of scholars is about one hundred.
There is also a Sunday school, attended by about eighty
children, towards the support of which Margaret Whit-
tam left an annuity of 40s.
ants.
MARTON, a parish in the wapentake of WELL,
parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 52 miles
(S. by E.) from Gainsborough, containing 395 inhabit-
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £4. 13. 4., endowed with £600 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Bishop of Lincoln.
The church is dedicated to St. Margaret. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The Roman
Tilbridge - lane passes through the parish, which is
bounded on the west by the river Trent.
W
MARTON, a parish in the Southam division of the
hundred of KNIGHTLOW, County of WARWICK, 43 miles
(N. by W.) from Southam, containing 317 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's books at
£7. 14. 8., and in the patronage of T. W. Knightley,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Esperit.
MARTON, a joint township with Sewerby, in the
parish of BRIDLINGTON, wapentake of DICKERING,
East riding of the county of YORK, 2 miles (N. E.)
from Bridlington. The population is returned with
Sewerby. Here are vestiges of an ancient ravine, con-
sisting of a double line of defence, with breast-works,
extending one mile and a quarter from the southern
shore of Flamborough-head: this immense work is as-
cribed to the Danes, and is therefore termed "Danes'
Dike."
I
MARTON, a township in that part of the parish of
SWINE which is in the middle division of the wapen-
take of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the county of
YORK, 9 miles (N. E. by N.) from Kingston upon
Hull, containing 129 inhabitants. There is a Roman
Catholic chapel.
VOL. III.
MARTON, a parish in the western division of the
liberty of LANGBAURGH, North riding of the county of
YORK, 6 miles (N.) from Stokesley, containing 397 in-
habitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Cleveland, and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £4. 18. 9., and in the patronage of the Arch-
bishop of York. The church, dedicated to St. Cuthbert,
is a small ancient edifice, situated on an eminence at the
western end of the village. Captain James Cook, the
great circumnavigator, was born here, of humble pa-
rents, October 27th, 1728; he was killed at Owhyhee
on the 14th of February, 1779.
MARTON, a township in that part of the parish
of SINNINGTON which is in PICKERING lythe, North
riding of the county of YORK, 42 miles (W. by S.) from
Pickering, containing 255 inhabitants.
MARTON, a joint parish with Grafton, partly
within the liberty of ST. PETER of YORK, but chiefly in
the upper division of the wapentake of CLARO, West
riding of the county of YORK, 3 miles (S.) from Ald-
borough, containing 464 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, with Grafton, in the archdeaconry
of Richmond, and diocese of Chester, rated in the
king's books at £2. 19. 44., endowed with £200 pri-
vate benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Master and Fellows of St. John's Col-
lege, Cambridge. Various small sums, from a bequest
by Nicholas Stowell, in 1597, and other subsequent
donations, are applied to the instruction of poor chil-
dren.
MARTON in the FOREST, a parish in the wapen-
take of BULMER, North riding of the county of YORK,
5 miles (E. by S.) from Easingwould, containing, with
the chapelry of Moxby, 164 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of York, endowed with £600 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Archbishop of York. A priory of
Augustine canons and nuns, the latter of whom soon
after removed to Moxby, was founded here, in honour
of St. Mary, by Bertram de Bulmer, who lived in the
reigns of Stephen and his successor, the revenue of
which at the dissolution was £183. 2. 4. The nun-
nery
nery at Moxby, which was erected before 1167,
by Henry II., in honour of St. John, the Apostle
and Evangelist, had at the dissolution a revenue of
£32. 6. 2.
MARTON (LONG), a parish in EAST ward, county
of WESTMORLAND, 4 miles (N. N. W.) from Appleby,
containing 714 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, rated in the
king's books at £21. 15.7., and in the patronage of the
Earl of Thanet.
Earl of Thanet. The church, dedicated to St. Margaret,
is a large edifice. A commodious place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists was erected here in 1816. The
village of Long Marton, one of the most considerable in
the county, having been rebuilt within the last twenty
years, presents an appearance of neatness and opulence.
Marton House, a handsome stone edifice, situated at its
northern extremity, is occupied by the principal agent
to the London Lead Company, whose mining office is
here. A trifling endowment left by Thomas Machel,
and two annual donations by Miss Fearon and Mrs.
Rippon, are applied in teaching poor children.
MARTON le MOOR, a chapelry in that part of the
parish of ToPCLIFFE which is in the wapentake of
2 M
+
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266
HALLIKELD, North riding of the county of YORK, 3
miles (N. W. by N.) from Boroughbridge, containing
201 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York,
endowed with £800 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Vicar of Topcliffe. There is a small endowment,
the bequest of the Rev. Mr. Day, for the education
of the poor.
MARWELL, or MEREWELL, a hamlet in the
parish of CARISBROOKE, liberty of WEST MEDINA, Isle
of Wight division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 14
mile (S.) from Newport. A college of four priests was
founded here, by Henry de Blois, Bishop of Winchester,
and augmented by two of his successors.
MARWOOD, a parish in the hundred of BRAUN
TON, County of DEVON, 3 miles (N. by W.) from Barn-
staple, containing 869 inhabitants. The living is a
The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £24. 8. 6.,
and in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of St.
John's College, Cambridge. The church, dedicated to
St. Michael, has an ancient wooden screen. There were
formerly two chapels within the parish, one at Patsford,
now converted into a cow-house, the other at White-
field, of which only two pillars remain. Here is a school,
endowed, in 1782, by the Rev. R. Harding, with about
£ 10 per annum, and, in 1814, with £ 100 three per cents.,
by William Westacott. Judge Littleton is said to have
been born at West Marwood.
MARWOOD, a township in that part of the parish
of GAINFORD which is in the south-western division of
DARLINGTON ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 3 miles
(N. N. W.) from Barnard-Castle, containing 212 inha-
bitants. Barnard castle and demesne are within this
township and on an eminence adjoining the town of
Barnard-Castle, some vestiges of the ancient town of
Marwood, once a considerable place, have been disco-
vered; near the same spot is an old chapel, but divine
service has not been performed in it for a great number
of years.
:
MARY'S (ST.), a parish in the liberty of ROMNEY-
MARSH, though locally in the hundred of New Church,
lathe of SHEPWAY, county of KENT, 24 miles (N.) from
New Romney, containing 103 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canter-
bury, rated in the king's books at £23. 3. 9., and in the
patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
MARY (ST.) in ARDEN, a parish partly in the
hundred of GARTREE, county of LEICESTER, and partly
in the hundred of ROTHWELL, county of NORTHAMP-
TON, 1 mile (E.) from Market-Harborough. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Leicester, and in the patronage of the Dean and
Canons of Christ Church, Oxford.
fields were the lurking-place of robbers, and the church,
in Bishop Braybrook's license for its removal, is de-
scribed as being, from its lonely situation, exposed to
continual depredation. From its situation near a bourne,
called Aye brook, or Eye brook, and from its dedication
to the Virgin, the parish was called St. Mary at Bourne :
some, however, have deduced its etymology from St.
Mary la bonne, but no sufficient reason can be adduced
for its having been thus pre-eminently distinguished
above various other places, the churches of which were
dedicated to the Virgin Mary; and others ascribe the
affix to the discovery of a prodigious quantity of human
bones near the site in 1729, but this period is too recent
to render the latter derivation probable. Mary le Bone
park, now occupied by buildings, was an extensive tract,
well stocked with deer, in which Queen Elizabeth en-
'tertained the Russian ambassador with the diversion of
hunting: the ancient manor-house, in which the Har-
leian library was deposited previously to its removal to
the British Museum, has been taken down, with the ex-
ception only of that part of the building containing the
library, which is now a boarding-school for young ladies.
Behind the old manor-house were Mary le Bone gardens,
much frequented as a place of public entertainment in
the reign of Queen Anne, the site of which is now occu-
pied by Beaumont and Devonshire streets. On Conduit
mead, now Stafford-place, was the banquet-hall used by
the mayor and aldermen of the city of London, when
they visited the conduits in this part of the parish, which
supplied the city with water.
MARY le BONE (ST.), a parish in the Holborn
division of the hundred of OSSULSTONE, county of
MIDDLESEX, forming an extensive suburb to the
metropolis, and containing 96,040 inhabitants. This
district, now covered with buildings of the first order,
and inhabited by families of the highest rank, was
formerly an obscure village in the vicinity of Lon-
don, difficult of access, and containing only a few
solitary houses, with a small church, approached by
two irregular and inconvenient paths, leading from
Vere-street and Tottenham Court-road. The adjoining
-
Among the earlier of the numerous and magnificent
ranges of building which have been erected in this pa-
rish, are Cavendish-square, in the centre of which is a
gilt equestrian statue of William, Duke of Cumberland,
surrounded by several noble mansions; Manchester-
square, a spacious area, the north side of which is oc-
cupied by a mansion formerly the town residence of the
Duke of Manchester, afterwards that of the Spanish am-
bassador, and now the residence of the Marchioness of
Hertford; Portman-square, of which the centre is beau-
tifully laid out in plantations and walks, and the area
surrounded by stately residences; Portland-place, a noble
range of lofty and commodious mansions, four hundred
and forty feet in length, and one hundred feet wide,
opening at the northern extremity into Park-crescent,
and commanding a beautiful view of the Regent's Park,
bounded by the Hampstead and Highgate hills; Staf-
ford-place, Cumberland-place, and various noble ranges
of building, with numerous spacious streets leading from
Cxford-street and the Edgware-road, and traversing the
parish in all directions; among the principal of which
may be noticed Upper and Lower Seymour-streets, Wig-
more and Mortimer streets, in one continued line; Berke-
ley-street (West), and Upper Berkeley-street, Great and
Upper Mary le Bone streets, Harley-street, Wimpole-
street, High-street, Orchard-street, Baker-street, Glouces-
ter-place, York-place, and Upper Baker-street and place:
the latter of these have, by a recent construction, been
extended to the New road, which crosses the parish
from east to west. Among the more recent additions are
Montagu and Bryanston squares, ranges of handsome
building with gardens in the central part of the area;
Blandford and Dorset squares, and the buildings in Lisson
Grove and St. John's Wood, on the west; Osnaburgh-
street and terrace, and Albany-street, on the east on
-
=
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267
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1
the south, the continuation of Regent-street, Langham-
place, and Park-crescent, in front of which is a noble
colonnade of duplicated columns of the Ionic order, di-
vided into two quadrants by Portland-place, and orna-
mented with a bronze statue of the Duke of Kent, the
area also being tastefully laid out as a shrubbery. Op-
posite this, on the other side of the New road, which
is bordered by ranges of handsome buildings, are two
avenues leading into the park, forming fine ranges of
building, decorated with Ionic pillars and cornices, the
eastern of which, including the Diorama, is the only
range on this side of the park which is within the pa-
rish. To the west are, Ulster-terrace, a neat range of
building, with a basement story of the Ionic order;
York-terrace, divided into two corresponding ranges by
York-place, forming an avenue into the park from
Mary le bone church, each range consisting of a base
ment of the Grecian Doric, from which rise six Ionic
columns supporting a triangular pediment in the centre,
and four Ionic pillars surmounted by a cornice at each
extremity; Cornwall-terrace, an elegant pile of the
Corinthian order, consisting of a centre and two wings,
richly ornamented; Sussex-place, having also a central
portico of six Corinthian columns supporting a triangu-
lar pediment, and connected with the wings by a range
of duplicated columns of the Ionic order; Clarence-
terrace, a noble range of building with a colonnade of
the Corinthian order, rising from the balustrade of the
basement story, and supporting an enriched cornice and
balustrade in front of the attic, and connected with
the wings by quadrants of the same order; the centre
and the wings being surmounted by conical domes termi-
nating in a point, and disposed in pairs; and Hanover-
terrace, consisting of a centre with a portico of six, and
two wings of four, fluted columns of the Doric order,
supporting triangular pediments, of which the tympana
are enriched with subjects in alto relievo, and surmount-
ed by statues of the muses, finely sculptured on the
apex, and at each extremity of the base.
The central area of the park is tastefully laid out in
plantations, lawns, and pleasure grounds, interspersed
with elegant villas embosomed in trees, and varied with
beautiful sheets of water, in which are some islands of
picturesque appearance: the western side commands a
fine view of the Colosseum, which has an imposing gran-
deur of effect, of the handsome terraces on that side of
the park which is without the parish, and of the chapel
of St. Katherine's hospital, and other interesting objects.
the inner circle, to which is a handsome entrance from
York-terrace, by a stone bridge over the artificial water,
is laid out in nursery grounds, round which is a pleasant
circular promenade and drive for carriages: the outer
circle forms a more extensive ride, including an area
of more than four hundred and fifty acres, beautifully
-planted. On the north side are the Zoological gardens,
an extensive tract of ground, elegantly laid out and ar-
ranged for the reception, classification, and exhibition of
animals of every description from various parts of the
globe, forming a rapidly-increasing collection of quad-
rupeds, birds, fishes, reptiles, and insects, classified with
a view to promote the study of that important branch
of natural history. His present Majesty, William IV.,
immediately after his accession to the throne, presented
a considerable number of animals to the Society, which
had been the private collection of George IV. In the
:
intermediate space are St. John's Lodge, the elegant re-
sidence of the Marquis of Wellesley; the Holme; the
South Villa; and the residence of the master of St. Ka-
therine's hospital, Sir Herbert Taylor, which is in the
early style of English architecture, corresponding with
the adjacent hospital and chapel; and near St. John's
Wood, the splendid villa of the Marquis of Hertford.
The Portman barracks, for the guards in Portman-
street, afford accommodation for five-hundred men, with
sufficient ground for drilling them. The bazaar in
King-street and Baker-street, for the sale of horses,
carriages, furniture, jewellery, and fancy articles by
commission, is a most extensive establishment, contain-
ing stabling for three hundred horses, and galleries for
five hundred carriages, which are constantly on sale:
the gallery for the sale of fancy articles is four hundred
feet in length, and divided into two ranges, on each side
of which are the various stalls: the subscription-room,
which is handsomely fitted up, is one hundred and
thirteen feet in length, forty-five feet wide, and forty-
five feet high, and, with four ante-rooms of correspond-
ing embellishment, forms a suite for the exhibition of
splendid furniture: the buildings occupy more than
three acres of ground, and attached to them is a com-
modious riding-school of large dimensions. The Ox-
ford-street bazaar, for the sale of fancy articles and the
exhibition of panoramic views, is on a smaller scale :
it has recently been rebuilt, having, not long after its
original establishment, been destroyed by fire. The
infirmary, exclusively for sick and lame horses, in
Regent-street, near Langham-place, is a neat building,
with a colonnade of the Grecian Doric order, and con-
tains arrangeminents for the reception of from twenty
to thirty horses. The London carriage repository, in
Langham-place, is a capacious building, with a hand-
some stone front, in which upwards of three hundred
carriages of all descriptions are constantly on sale.
The streets are well paved, splendidly lighted with gas,
and amply supplied with water by the West Middlesex
and other companies. This parish is within the juris-
diction of the magistrates appointed under the police
act for the metropolis, passed in the reign of George III.,
some of whom hold sessions every day, except Sundays,
at the police-office, High-street, Mary le bone; and also
in the jurisdiction of the county court of Middlesex, for
the recovery of debts under 40s., under the act of par-
liament passed in the 23rd of George II.
The parish is divided into four separate districts:
the livings are all rectories, not in charge, in the arch-
deaconry of Middlesex, and diocese of London, and in
the patronage of the Crown. The parochial church
is a spacious and handsome structure, in the Grecian
style of architecture, with a noble portico of the Corin-
thian order supporting a triangular pediment, and hav-
ing at the angles of the building groups of Corinthian
pillars, surmounted by a cornice and balustrade: from
the lower part of the tower, which is square, rises a
circular turret, surrounded by pillars of the Corinthian
order, and surmounted by a dome supported on cary-
atides. The district church of St. Mary, Bryanston-
square, is a spacious edifice of brick, with a handsome
circular portico of the Ionic order, supporting a cornice
and close balustrade, from which rises a circular tower,
surrounded by pillars of the Composite order, and
surmounted by a campanile turret and dome: it was
J
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268
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erected in 1823, by grant from the parliamentary com-
missioners, at an expense of £18,746. 3., and contains
one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight sittings,
of which one thousand three hundred are free. The
district church in Langham-place, dedicated to All Souls,
and containing one thousand seven hundred and sixty-
one sittings, of which three hundred and twenty-two
are free, was erected in 1823, by grant from the parlia-
mentary commissioners, at an expense of £17,633. 6. 2.:
it is a handsome structure, with a circular range of twelve
columns, of the Roman Ionic order, surrounding the
base of the tower, and supporting a handsome cornice
and balustrade, and surmounted by a circular range of
Corinthian pillars, from within which rises a spire ter-
minating in a point, of graceful form and beautiful pro-
portion, but of which the effect is destroyed by the
concealment of the base and a considerable portion of
its elevation. The altar-piece is ornamented with a
fine painting, by Westall, of Christ crowned with thorns.
The district church of Christchurch, Stafford-street,
containing one thousand eight hundred and forty-four
sittings, of which nine hundred and thirty are free,
was erected in 1824, by grant from the parliamentary
commissioners, at an expense of £17,872. 12. it is
a handsome edifice of brick ornamented with stone,
with a portico of four Ionic columns supporting a tri-
angular pediment, above which is a square tower, of
which the sides are decorated with four Corinthian pil-
lars supporting an entablature and cornice, surmounted
by an open campanile turret and dome. The district
church dedicated to the Holy Trinity, in Portland- road,
was erected in 1827, by grant from the parliamentary
commissioners, at an expense of £21,525. 4., and con-
tains two thousand and three sittings, of which seven
hundred and forty-three are free: it is a neat edifice of
brick ornamented with stone, having on each side a
range of Ionic pillars supporting a cornice and balus-
trade, and at the west end an Ionic portico of four
columns, above which is a square tower with dupli-
cated Ionic pillars at the angles, surmounted by a small
campanile turret surrounded by pillars of the Composite
order supporting a conical dome. The old parish church
in High-street is now a chapel of ease, as is also St.
John's chapel at St. John's Wood, a handsome structure
of brick, with a stone portico of four Ionic columns, sup-
porting a triangular pediment, and surmounted by an
open campanile turret: the livings are both perpetual
curacies, the former in the patronage of the Rector, the
latter in that of the Crown: attached to St. John's
chapel is an extensive cemetery, and, in addition to the
burying-ground of the former, are two capacious ceme-
teries belonging to the parish, in Paddington-street. The
proprietary episcopal chapels are, Oxford chapel, in
Vere-street ; Portland-street chapel; Bentinck chapel,
in Chapel-street, Lisson Grove; Wellbeck chapel, in
Westmorland-street; Portman-street chapel; Quebec-
street chapel; Margaret-street chapel; Brunswick chapel,
in Upper Berkeley-street; Baker-street chapel; and
Percy chapel, in Charlotte-street. There are places of
worship for Baptists, Independents, Wesleyan and Cal-
vinistic Methodists, and for Seceders from the Scottish
church; a chapel belonging to the Greek church; and
a French, and a Spanish, Roman Catholic chapel.
The parochial school in High-street, for the mainten-
ance, clothing, and instruction, of one hundred girls, was
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established in 1750, and is supported by subscription:
a similar institution for one hundred boys has been re-
cently discontinued. The Philological Society's school,
in King-street, Bryanston-square, was established for
the instruction of the children of clergymen, and naval
and military officers. The central National school, in
High-street, is supported by subscription, and is also
endowed with a small sum vested in the funds: there
are in this institution three hundred boys, and one hun-
dred and fifty girls, of whom one hundred and twenty
are clothed the western district National school, in
St. Mary's, Bryanston-square; and the eastern district
school, near Langham-place, afford each the means of
instruction to nearly four hundred children of both
sexes, of whom, about seventy in each school are
clothed there are other schools, supported by the dis-
senting congregations in the parish. The schools of
the Incorporated Society for clothing, maintaining, and
educating, poor orphans of clergymen of the established
church, were originally founded at Acton, and at Lisson
Green, and continued there till 1812, when a spacious
and handsome brick building was erected for that pur-
pose at St. John's Wood, near the Regent's park, con-
sisting of a centre containing a committee-room and a
house for the master and mistress, and two wings, in
the lower part of which are two school-rooms seventy
feet in length, and on the upper story dormitories for
the scholars: the boys' school, which occupies the north
wing, is superintended by a master, who is a clergyman
of the established church, and an assistant; and the
girls' school by a mistress: to each, which are separate
and distinct establishments, there is a matron, or house-
keeper. There are at present in this institution from
one hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty chil-
dren of both sexes: the boys are taught reading, writing,
arithmetic, and Latin, and the girls receive an English
education, and are instructed in needlework; a consi-
derable fund, arising from subscription, is appropriated
to the apprenticing of the children on their leaving school.
The workhouse is a most extensive building, containing
every requisite accommodation for one thousand of the
poor; and a school of industry, in which the children are
taught the earlier parts of the trades to which they are
placed out apprentices, with a fee from the parish funds.
Middlesex hospital, in Charles-street, is a spacious
building of brick, for the reception of invalids and
pregnant women: it is attended by physicians, sur-
geons, and other medical practitioners; forming a
school of medicine and surgery, where lectures are
read on the practice of medicine and surgery, and
a gratuitous course of clinical lectures regularly de-
livered. The general lying-in dispensary, in Char-
lotte-street, Rathbone-place, was established in 1778,
for the assistance of married women at their own ha-
bitations; and there is a general dispensary in Well-
beck-street. Queen Charlotte's lying-in hospital, Har-
court-street, Bryanston-square, was originally esta-
blished, in 1752, at Bayswater, and removed to its
present situation in 1809: it is under the direction
of a committee, of which His Royal Highness the
Duke of Sussex is president; and is adapted to the
reception of from twenty to thirty patients, who re-
ceive every necessary attention, and the best medical as-
sistance. The asylum for the recovery of health, in Lisson
Grove (North), was originally established in 1821, under
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the patronage of His present Majesty, whilst Duke of
Clarence, and the Princess Augusta, for patients who are
in circumstances to contribute towards the expense of
their maintenance in the institution: the buildings com-
prise two separate houses, for the reception of male and
female invalids, who are admitted on the recommend-
ation of subscribers, receive medical attendance, and
are lodged and boarded in the institution for 17s. 6d.
per week for adult males, 14s. for females, and 10s. 6d.
for children: it is under the direction of a commit-
tee, of which the Duke of Cambridge is president;
about twenty adults and ten children may be accom-
modated in this institution, which is supported by vo-
luntary contributions. The western general dispensa-
ry, in Lisson Grove (South), was first established in
1830, for the visitation and relief of the sick poor in
this part of the parish of Mary le bone, and the adjoin-
ing parish of Paddington, and for the reception of one
or two casualty patients: it is supported by subscrip-
tion, and is gratuitously visited by the most eminent of
the faculty.
MARY (ST.) CHURCH, a parish in the hundred
of HAYTOR, county of DEVON, 2 miles (N. W.) from
Torbay, containing 1005 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Totness,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£31. 11., and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter
of Exeter. Elias Waymouth, in 1755, gave a rent-
charge of £2 for teaching poor boys.
MARY (ST.) EXTRA, otherwise WESTON, a parish
in that part of the hundred of BISHOP's Waltham
which is in the Portsdown division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, adjacent to the town of Southampton,
containing 983 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the
Bishop of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£ 37. 5. 5., and endowed with £ 200 private benefaction,
and £ 800 royal bounty.
MARY (ST.) in the MARSH, a chapelry in the pa-
rish of NEWTON, hundred of WISBEACH, Isle of ELY,
county of CAMBRIDGE, 3 miles (W. by S.) from Wis-
beach.
MARYPORT, a chapelry, market town, and sea-
port, in the parish of CROSS-CANNONBY, ALLERDALE
ward below Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, 30 miles
(s. W. by W.) from Carlisle, and 309 (N. W. by N.)
from London, containing 3514 inhabitants. This place,
situated at the foot of the river Ellen, which intersects
the town, was a very inconsiderable fishing-town, called
Ellen-foot, and consisting only of a few small huts,
previously to 1750, at which period the foundations of
the present town and harbour were laid, by Humphrey
Senhouse, Esq., the proprietor of the land, who bestowed
upon it the present name of Maryport, in compliment
to his lady. It is irregularly built, partly on the sea-shore,
and partly on the cliff; the streets are spacious, and the
atmosphere healthy: during the bathing-season it is
resorted to by a few visitors, the adjacent sands afford-
ing great convenience for bathing. The subterraneous
productions of the neighbourhood are coal, limestone,
and red freestone, the export of which to Ireland,
Scotland, and other places, constitutes the chief trade
of the port, which possesses one hundred and thirty-
four ships, and is a member of the port of White-
haven. There are three yards for ship-building, and
A
a patent slip; and many vessels of considerable burden
have been built for the coasting and foreign trade, by
means of which timber is imported from America and
the West Indies, and iron and flax from the Baltic.
A railway has been constructed for the more ready
conveyance of the coal wagons to the harbour: adjoining
the town is a large corn-mill. The manufactures consist
chiefly of cotton and linen checks, sail-cloth, cables,
coarse earthenware, leather, nails, and anchors. The
herring fishery is productive, and considerable quantities
of salmon trout are caught in the river. The principal
market is on Friday, but not for corn; and there is
likewise an inferior one on Tuesdays.
A
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Carlisle, endowed with £ 200 private be-
nefaction, £ 200 royal bounty, and £ 1600 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of H. Senhouse, Esq. The
chapel, erected in 1760, and consecrated by Bishop
Lyttleton in 1763, is dedicated to St. Mary. There are
places of worship for Baptists, Burghers, the Society of
Friends, Presbyterians, and Wesleyan Methodists.
school, in which one hundred and fifty children are edu-
cated on the Madras system, is supported by subscrip-
tion, each scholar paying one penny per week: the
salary of the master is £40 per annum. A school of
industry for twenty girls is supported by voluntary
contributions. There are several other benevolent in-
stitutions for the benefit of the indigent poor. The
remains of an important Roman station, with military
roads leading to Moresby, Old Carlisle, and Ambleside,
are visible on an eminence northward of the town, at
the village of Ellenborough: they consist of a square
area with double ditches, in which are four entrances :
the numerous relics of antiquity discovered are altars,
inscriptions, vases, and implements of various kinds,
several of which are preserved in the adjoining grounds
and mansion of Nether-hall. From this station a wall,
extending to Workington, is said to have been con-
structed by the Romans, as a protection against the
invasions of the Picts and Scots. In the southern
part of the town is Mote hill, on which is an arti-
ficial moated mound, one hundred and sixty yards in
circumference.
MARY-STOW, a parish in the hundred of LIFTON,
county of DEVON, 6½ miles (N. N. W.) from Tavistock,
containing 376 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage
with the perpetual curacy of Thurshelton annexed, in
the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £ 12. 16. 01., and in the
patronage of the Rev. H. H. Tremayne. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, as an ancient stone font and two
stone stalls. On the manor of Sydenham is an old
mansion, erected early in the seventeenth century, by
Sir Thomas Wise, and garrisoned by some of the adhe-
rents of Charles I., from whom it was taken by Colonel
Holbourn, in 1645: it is a large building, occupying
three sides of a quadrangle.
MASHAM, a parish partly in the liberty of ST. PETER
of YORK, but chiefly in the eastern division of the wapen-
take of HANG, North riding of the county of YORK, Com-
prising the market town of Masham, and the townships
of Burton upon Ure, Ellingstring, Ellingtons, Fearby,
Healey with Sutton, Ilton with Pott, and Swinton with
Warthermask, and containing 2767 inhabitants, of which
number, 1171 are in the town of Masham, 34 miles
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270
(N. W. by W.) from York, and 223 (N. N. W.) from Lon-
don. The town is very pleasantly situated upon a gen-
fle eminence in a fertile district, on the western bank of
the river Ure: the houses are well built, and the air is
remarkably pure. The trade consists principally in the
spinning of yarn, for which an extensive manufactory
has of late been established, affording employment to
about one hundred persons. There is a small market
on Wednesday; and fairs are held on the 17th and 18th
of September, for live stock. During the spring, a fair
for cattle and sheep is held every alternate Monday. A
court leet is held annually, at which a constable is
chosen, its jurisdiction also extending to the recovery of
debts under 40s. The living is a vicarage, united to that
of Kirkby-Malzeard, in the jurisdiction of the peculiar
court of Masham, or in that of the Dean and Chapter
of York, being claimed by both, and the matter not yet
decided ; it is rated in the king's books at £30, and is
in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of Trinity
College, Cambridge. Masham was formerly a prebend,
and the richest in the cathedral church of York, being
rated in the king's books at £136: it was dissolved
and made a lay-fee, by Archbishop Holgate, in 1546.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a small but
handsome edifice, in the English style of architecture,
with a tower surmounted by a lofty and elegant spire.
Over the organ gallery is a fine painting representing
an angel praying before the cross of Christ. There are
places of worship for Baptists, the Society of Friends,
and Wesleyan Methodists. The grammar school, found-
ed by William Danby, Esq., in 1760, is endowed with
property producing about £50 per annum; there are
about eighty boys, who are all stipendiary pupils: the
master is also superintendent of a charity school, for
thirty-six poor children, under the same foundation, en-
dowed with about £24 per annum, from the benefactions
of Oswald Coates, Isabel Beckwith, and Ann Danby. Two
Sunday schools, in which two hundred and fifty children
are instructed, are supported by subscription. This
place was anciently the residence of the baronial family
of Scroop, to which belonged Henry, Lord le Scroop,
Lord Treasurer, and Archbishop Scroop, both beheaded
for high treason in the reign of Henry IV.
MASHBURY, a parish in the hundred of DUNMOW,
county of ESSEX, 6 miles (N. W.) from Chelmsford,
containing 85 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
united to that of Chignal St. James, in the archdea-
conry of Middlesex, and diocese of London, rated in the
king's books at £9. 14. 7.
MASON, a township in the parish of PONTELAND,
western division of CASTLE ward, county of NORTH-
UMBERLAND, 63 miles (N. N. W.) from Newcastle upon
Tyne, containing 127 inhabitants.
MASSINGHAM (GREAT), a parish in the Lynn di-
vision of the hundred of FREEBRIDGE, county of NOR-
FOLK, 9½ miles (N. by W.) from Swaffham, containing 738
inhabitants. The living consists of two consolidated rec-
tories, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, rated
jointly in the king's books at £33. 6. 8., and in the patron-
age of the Marquis of Cholmondeley. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary; that of All Saints has been demo-
lished. A free school here is endowed with a rent-charge
of £20, by Charles Calthorpe. A priory of the order of
St. Augustine, dedicated to St. Mary and St. Nicholas,
was founded here before 1260, by Nicholas le Syre, the
buildings of which having fallen to decay, and the estate
wasted, in 1475 it was united to the priory of West-
acre, and became a cell to that house.
3
MASSINGHAM (LITTLE), a parish in the Lynn
division of the hundred of FREEBRIDGE, county of
NORFOLK, 10 miles (N. by W.) from Swaffham, con-
taining 125 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £9. 13. 4., and in the pa-
tronage of Joseph Wilson, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Andrew.
MATCHING, a parish in the hundred of HARLOW,
county of ESSEX, 34 miles (E. by N.) from Harlow,
containing 599 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex and
Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial Court of the
Bishop of London, rated in the king's books at
£12. 10. 5., and in the patronage of the Trustees of
Felstead school, on the nomination of the Bishop of
London. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
MATFEN (EAST), a township in the parish of STAM-
FORDHAM, north-eastern division of TINDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 8 miles (N. E. by E.)
from Hexham, containing 152 inhabitants.
This, pro-
bably, was formerly a place of some importance, foun-
dations of buildings being still discernible.
MATFEN (WEST), a township in the parish of
STAMFORDHAM, north-eastern division of TINDALE
ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 9½ miles (N. E.)
from Hexham, containing 307 inhabitants. On opening
a tumulus, supposed to have been a Druidical mausoleum,
coffins of four stones set edgewise, with stone bottoms
and covers, were found, containing human ashes: near
it was an upright stone pillar, called the Stob stone.
MATHERN, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of CALDICOTT, county of MONMOUTH, 34 miles
(S. S. W.) from Chepstow, containing 374 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, with that of Caer-
went united, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff,
rated in the king's books at £6. 3. 6½., and in the
patronage of the Chapter of Llandaff. The church is
dedicated to St. Theodorick. Charles Pratt, in 1724,
bequeathed land, directing the income to be applied in
teaching poor children to read. A house, called Monks'
Court, is supposed to have been formerly a monastery.
་
MATHON, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of PERSHORE, County of WORCESTER, 7 miles
(N. by E.) from Ledbury, containing 633 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's books at
£8, endowed with £1200 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster.
The church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
MATLASK, a parish in the northern division of the
hundred of ERPINGHAM, County of NORFOLK, 6 miles
(S. E. by E.) from Holt, containing 184 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books
at £5, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the King, as Duke
of Lancaster. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
MATLEY, a township in the parish of MOTTRAM
in LONGDEN-DALE, hundred of MACCLESFIELD, County
palatine of CHESTER, 8 miles (N. E. by E.) from Stock-
port, containing 324 inhabitants.
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271
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MATLOCK, a parish in the hundred of WIRKS-
WORTH, County of DERBY, 17½ miles (N. by W.) from
Derby, containing 2920 inhabitants. This place, which
is equally celebrated for the romantic beauty of its sce-
nery, and the purity of its medicinal springs, was for-
merly called Mesterford, or Metesford, and consists at
present of the village and baths, nearly a mile and a
half distant from each other. The waters were first ap-
plied to medicinal uses about the end of the seventeenth
century, prior to which period, the neighbourhood con-
sisted only of a few rude dwellings inhabited by miners.
The original bath of wood was rebuilt of stone by the
Rev. Mr. Fern, of Matlock, and Mr. Hayward, of Crom-
ford, who erected some small rooms adjoining it, for
the accommodation of invalids: the lease of the build-
ings was afterwards purchased by Messrs. Smith and
Pennell, of Nottingham, who erected two large and com-
modious houses with stabling, constructed a carriage-
road by the side of the river from Cromford, and improved
the horse-road from Matlock bridge. A second spring
was afterwards discovered, at the distance of a quarter of a
mile from the former, a new bath was formed, and addi-
tional lodging-houses built for the reception of visitors;
and a third spring was opened, at a still later period,
within four hundred yards of the first, which, after some
difficulties in levelling the hill, in order to obtain the
water, previously to its mixing with those of a cold spring,
was rendered available to medicinal uses; and a third
bath was constructed, and another hotel erected. These
springs, which have a mean temperature of sixty-eight
degrees of Fahrenheit, issue from an elevation of one
hundred feet from the level of the river; at higher or
lower points the springs are cold, and possess no me-
dicinal properties. The water is found efficacious in
glandular affections, rheumatism, biliary obstructions,
incipient consumption, and in all complaints arising
from relaxation of the muscular fibres. The usual time
of bathing is before breakfast, and between breakfast
and dinner; the water is taken internally, in gra-
dually increased quantities: the season commences in
April, and ends in November. The three principal
hotels, which are all handsome stone buildings, and the
lodging-houses, afford accommodation for about four or
five hundred visitors: the museum is replete with the
natural curiosities of the district, and with urns and vases
formed of spar, marble, and alabaster, obtained in the
county; and guides are constantly in attendance to con-
duct visitors through the several caverns in the vicinity.
Matlock Dale, in which the baths are situated, pre-
sents, in varying combination, the richest features of
majestic grandeur and romantic beauty. The river Der-
went, for nearly three miles, pursues its course through
the windings of the vale, in some places expanding into
a broad lake, from the surface of which are reflected the
luxuriant foliage of the woods, and the towering preci-
pices which overhang its banks, and in others rushing
with impetuosity through the rugged masses of project-
ing rocks which contract its channel, forming a variety
of beautiful cascades. The High Tor, rising perpen-
dicularly from the river to the height of four hundred
feet, is a prominent feature in the scenery of the dale;
and on the opposite bank is Masson hill, from the sum-
mit of which, called the Heights of Abraham, to which
a winding ascent has been recently made, there is an
extensive and most interesting view of the magnificent
scenery of the dale. Walks have been cut through
the woods, in various directions, leading to different
points of view, from which the dale is seen in all
its variety of beauty; and on the summit of the
rocks is a natural and lofty terrace, commanding an
extensive prospect of the surrounding country. The
village is romantically situated on the banks of the
river Derwent, over which is a neat stone bridge form-
ing the principal entrance: the houses, which are of
stone, are irregularly built on the steep acclivity of a
mountain, rising above each other in gradual succession
from the base nearly to the summit. The lead mines
were formerly worked to a great extent in the parish, but
at present there are only a few in operation. The cotton
manufacture was established here by the late Sir Richard
Arkwright, who built a factory near the upper end of
the dale, in which machinery of a very complicated de-
scription is employed with success, in the production
of cotton. The market, chiefly for provisions, is well
supplied: the fairs are February 25th, April 2nd, May
9th, and October 24th, for cattle, sheep, and swine.
The parish is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lan-
caster, and within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas
held at Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the recovery
of debts under 40s. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, rated in the king's books at £11. 2. 6., and
in the patronage of the Dean of Lincoln. The church,
dedicated to St. Giles, and situated on the summit
of a rock, is a small edifice, chiefly in the later style
of English architecture. There is a place of worship
for Independents. The free school was founded, in
1647, by Mr. George Spateman, who endowed it with
£80, to which, in 1668, Mr. Anthony Wolley added land
producing £5 per annum : the present income is about
£45 per annum, and the school is open to all children
of the parish, who are instructed in reading, writing,
and accounts. There are some charitable bequests
for distribution among the poor. On Riber hill, near
the church, are the Hirst stones, probably the remains
of a cromlech, consisting of four rude masses of grit-
stone, one of which, supposed to weigh about two tons,
is placed on the others, and has in the centre a hole six
inches deep and nine inches in diameter, in which was
formerly a stone pillar.
MATSON, a parish in the middle division of the
hundred of DUDSTONE and KING'S BARTON, county of
GLOUCESTER, 2 miles (S. by E.) from Gloucester, con-
taining 35 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester,
rated in the king's books at £3. 16. 5., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Glouces-
ter. The manor-house was built by Sir Ambrose
Willoughby, Knt., in the reign of Elizabeth, and during
the siege of Gloucester became the head-quarters of
Charles I.
MATTERDALE, a chapelry in the parish of
GREYSTOCK, LEATH ward, county of CUMBERLAND,
10 miles (E. by S.) from Keswick, containing 299 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the Rector of Greystock. The
chapel was erected in 1685. Robert Grisdale, in 1722,
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272
built a school-house, and endowed it with about £12. 12.
a year towards the education of poor children.
MATTERSEY, a parish in the Hatfield division of
the wapentake of BASSETLAW, county of NOTTINGHAM,
3½ miles (S. E.) from Bawtry, containing 426 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated in
the king's books at £ 6. 8. 9., and in the patronage of
the Archbishop of York. The church is dedicated to
All Saints. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. The river Idle runs through the parish, and
is crossed at the village by a handsome stone bridge.
Edmund Nettleship, in 1742, founded a free school
for seven poor boys, and endowed it with £140, since
vested in lands, and producing about £9 per annum.
A priory of Gilbertine canons, dedicated to St. Helen,
was founded here before 1192, by Roger de Maresay,
which at the dissolution had a revenue of £61. 17. 7.
MATTINGLEY, a chapelry in the parish of HECK-
FIELD, hundred of HOLDSHOTT, Basingstoke division
of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 23 miles (W. by S.)
from Hartford-Bridge, containing, with the tything of
Hazely Heath, 513 inhabitants.
MATTISHALL, a parish in the hundred of MIT-
FORD, county of NORFOLK, 5 miles (E. S. E.) from East
Dereham, containing 930 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, with the rectory of Pattesley united,
in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £7. 7. 3., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £ 200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of Caius
College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
MATTISHALL (BURGH), county of Norfolk.-
See BURGH-MATTISHALL.
Ký
MAUGHAN'S (ST.), a parish in the lower division
of the hundred of SKENFRETH, county of MONMOUTH,
6 miles (N. N. W.) from Monmouth, containing 141 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to
the vicarage of Llangattock-Vibon-Avell, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Llandaff.
MAULDEN, a parish in the hundred of RED-
BORNESTOKE, County of BEDFORD, 1½ mile (E.) from
Ampthill, containing 1017 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £15. 9. 7., and
in the patronage of the Marquis of Ailesbury. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is principally in the later
style of English architecture, and has lately received an
addition of one hundred and ten free sittings, the In-
corporated Society for the enlargement of churches and
chapels having granted £30 towards defraying the ex-
pense. There is a place of worship for Baptists. Sun-
dry benefactions have been made for the instruction of
children, producing £8. 10. a year, which is paid to
the master of a Sunday school.
MAUNBY, a township in that part of the parish
of KIRBY-WISK which is in the eastern division of the
wapentake of GILLING, North riding of the county of
YORK, 6 miles (S. by W.) from North Allerton, contain-
ing 206 inhabitants.
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £ 13. 6. 8., and in
the patronage of Robert Fellowes, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul.
MAWDESLEY, a township in the parish of CROS-
TON, hundred of LEYLAND, County palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 7 miles (W. S. W.) from Chorley, containing 833
inhabitants. A school, which has been erected on the
waste by subscription, is endowed with a trifling sum
by Thomas Cook, for a master to teach fifteen children
to read.
MAUTBY, a parish in the eastern division of the
hundred of FLEGG, county of NORFOLK, 24 miles (W.
by N.) from Caistor, containing 78 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Arms.
MAWES (ST.), a borough,
small sea-port, and market
town, in the parish of ST.
JUST in ROSELAND, Western
division of the hundred of
POWDER, county of CORN-
wALL, 3 miles (E.) from
Falmouth, 51 (S. W.) from
Launceston, and 265 (S. W.
by W.) from London. The
population is returned with
the parish. The name of
this town, derived from its
patron saint, is by Leland, attributed to Mauduit, or
Machutus, a Welchman; but others, with more proba-
bility, consider it to be a corruption of St. Mary's, and,
indeed, the town is called St. Mawes, alias St. Mary's,
in various ancient records, probably as having belonged
to the priory of St. Mary at Plympton. A castle was
erected here, in 1542, by Henry VIII., during the war
with France, as a protection to Falmouth harbour: at
the dissolution, this fortress, with the lands which had
belonged to the priory at Plympton, became the property
of the Vyvyan family, who possessed them for several
generations. During the civil commotions in the time
of Charles I., it fell into the hands of Fairfax, and, at
the Restoration, it was sold, with the annexed estate,
by Sir Viel Vyvyan to John, Earl of Bath. The castle
is now in the custody of a governor, appointed by the
king; and the estate is held in moieties by the Duke
of Buckingham and James Buller, Esq. The town
consists principally of one street, which fronts the sea,
and lies at the foot of a hill rising somewhat abruptly
from the vale: it is irregularly built, and is chiefly in-
habited by fishermen and pilots; it is neither lighted
nor regularly paved, but is well supplied with water.
The castle stands at the north entrance of the har-
bour, opposite to that of Pendennis; and there is an
open battery below, near the blockhouse.
The only
branch of manufacture in the town is that of cables,
ropes, &c., for small craft. The pilchard fishery, al-
though on the decline, is the principal source of occu-
pation: fourteen thousand hogsheads of pilchards have
been exported from St. Mawes and Falmouth, of which
port this is a member, in one season.
A small mar-
ket for butchers' meat is held on Friday. A portreeve,
commonly called mayor, is presented by a jury at
the court leet of the manor, held in October, in the
town-hall. St. Mawes first sent members to parlia-
ment in 1562: the right of election is vested in
the resident freemen, and in the freeholders within
the borough and manor, resident and non-resident,
who, as well as the freemen, must be presented and
admitted at the manor court; the number of voters
is about twenty-five, and the portreeve is the return-

MAW
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273
ing officer: the influence of the Duke of Bucking-
ham is predominant: the elections are always held
on the quay, which has been recently repaved. The
borough and manor extends over the whole creek and
harbour; the lord is entitled to certain duties for
anchorage, bushelage, &c., and to the possession of
wrecks. A chapel, erected at the expense of the late
Marquis of Buckingham, was completed in July 1812,
but has not been endowed or consecrated: it was used
for divine service a few years only, and is now appro-
priated as a school for boys of the town, supported
by the Duke of Buckingham, who allows the master a
salary of £40 per annum: another school for boys is
supported by voluntary contributions. There are places
of worship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists.
In this parish are the remains of a chapel, attached to
the barton of Roscàssa, now a farm-house.
MAWGAN in MENEAGE, a parish in the hun-
dred of KERRIER, county of CORNWALL, 42 miles
(E. S. E.) from Helston, containing 1050 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, with that of St. Martin in
Meneage united, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £35. 10. 2.,
and in the patronage of Sir M. Blakiston, Bart. and
others. The church is dedicated to St. Mogun. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
MAWGAN in PYDER, a parish in the hundred
of PYDER, county of CORNWALL, 4 miles (N. W. by W.)
from St. Columb-Major, containing 580 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Corn-
wall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books
at £26. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Rev. Philip
Carlyon. The church is an ancient fabric, containing some
curious monumental brasses of the Arundels, and a rich-
ly-carved screen, separating the nave from the chancel.
In the churchyard is a fine old sculptured cross with a
niche, representing in high relief the Crucifixion, with
other figures, probably taken from some ancient legend,
and bearing the inscription Cnegumi fil Enans, in charac-
ters of the ninth century. Lanherne house, long the
principal residence of the Lords Arundel, was fitted up
by his late lordship as an asylum for a convent of
Carmelite nuns, who emigrated from Antwerp, and by
whom it is still occupied: it contains a neat chapel,
adorned with a few good paintings brought over by the
nuns. The parish is bounded on the west by the Bristol
channel, and has a small harbour, called Mawgan Porth.
MAWNAN, a parish in the hundred of KERrier,
county of CORNWALL, 5 miles (S. by W.) from Fal-
mouth, containing 536 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £14. 16. 3., and in
the patronage of John Rogers, Esq. The church is de-
dicated to St. Mawnan. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. The parish is bounded on the
south-east by the English channel, where are two small
open bays, called Prisk and Bream bays, and on the
south is Helford river, an arm of the sea about a mile
wide. A day school for poor children is principally sup-
ported by voluntary contributions.
3
MAXEY, a parish in the liberty of PEterbo-
ROUGH, County of NORTHAMPTON, 12 mile (S. S. W.)
from Market-Deeping, containing, with the hamlet of
Deeping-Gate, 544 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Northamp-
ton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's
books at £10, and in the patronage of the Dean and
Chapter of Peterborough. The church, dedicated to
St. Mary, is principally Norman, with portions in the
decorated and later English styles. In this parish
are Lolham bridges, which are of great antiquity, hav-
ing been constructed by the Romans, to conduct the
Ermin-street over the low grounds adjoining the river
Welland.
MAWTHORPE, a township in the parish of WELL,
Wold division of the hundred of CALCEWORTH, parts
of LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN, 2 miles (S. by E.)
from Alford. The population is returned with the
parish.
VOL. III.
MAXSTOKE, a parish in the Atherstone division
of the hundred of HEMLINGFORD, county of Warwick,
23 miles (S. E. by E.) from Coleshill, containing 364 in-
habitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, rated in the king's books at 5. 6. 8., endow-
ed with £200 private benefaction, £400 royal bounty,
and £500 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Chandos Leigh, Esq. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael. The parish is bounded on the west and south
by the river Blythe.
by the river Blythe. The castle, formerly belonging to
the De Clintons, and then to Humphrey Stafford, Duke
of Buckingham, who richly covered the gates with
iron, is still in perfect repair; and there are extensive
remains of a priory of Augustine canons, founded, in
1336, by Sir William de Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon,
which was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, the Blessed
Virgin Mary, St. Michael, and All Saints, and at the
dissolution had a revenue of £129. 11. 8.
MAYFIELD, a parish in the southern division of
the hundred of TOTMONSLOW, county of STAFFORD,
comprising the chapelry of Butterton, and part of that
of Calton, and the townships of Mayfield and Wood-
houses, and containing 1435 inhabitants, of which num-
ber, 890 are in the township of Mayfield, 24 miles (S. W.)
from Ashbourn. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, rated in the king's books at £6. 6. 8., and
in the patronage of William Greaves, Esq. The church,
dedicated to St. John the Baptist, is a handsome struc-
ture, having a lofty tower crowned with pinnacles, and
bearing the date 1616. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. On the banks of the Dove is an
extensive cotton-factory, affording employment to up-
wards of two hundred persons. The village comprises
several handsome houses, cottages, &c., scattered
among well-wooded and picturesque scenery, the beauty
of which, added to the fertility of the soil, induced the
Romans to select it for a settlement, a fact fully evinced
by the discovery of Roman coins, arms, and other relics in
the neighbourhood. Within the parish are two barrows,
termed Harlow and Rowloo; vestiges of an ancient
paved road were discovered in digging in a morass; and
traces of an old fortification, at a place called Clines. At
Hallsteads are observable considerable remains of a large
moated residence, approached by an ancient bridge in
fine preservation, though much obscured by foliage and
overhanging rocks. Mayfield is in the honour of Tut-
bury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction
of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday,
for the recovery of debts under 40s.
t
2 N
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274
.
MAYFIELD, a parish in the hundred of LoxFIELD-
PELHAM, rape of PEVENSEY, County of SUSSEX, 5
miles (S. W.) from Wadhurst, containing 2698 inha-
bitants. The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the
king's books at £17. 13. 4., and in the patronage of
the Rev. John Kirby. The church, dedicated to St. Dun-
stan, is a handsome structure in the later English style.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
The river Rother runs through the parish, which con-
tains iron-ore and some chalybeate springs, but the
latter are neglected. A free school was founded and
endowed by subscription among the inhabitants, in 1749,
and several bequests having been since made, the annual
income amounts to £40, which is paid for the instruc-
tion of about forty children in a National school
established here, in which are about eighty others.
Henry III. granted a charter for a market and two fairs
to be held at Mayfield; the former has been long disused,
the latter are on May 30th for pedlary, and November
13th for cattle and pedlary. There are fine remains
There are fine remains
of a mansion belonging to the Archbishops of Canter-
bury before the Reformation, consisting of the gate-
house, porter's lodge, a considerable portion of its mag-
nificent hall, and a large room in that part of the building
still habitable, termed Queen Elizabeth's room, which
her Majesty occupied in 1573, during the entertainment
given by Sir Thomas Gresham, then proprietor of the
house, to the queen and her suite, in her progress through
Kent. A great fire broke out at Mayfield, in 1389, which
burned the church and the greater part of the village.
MAYLAND, a parish in the hundred of DENGIE,
county of ESSEX, 44 miles (N. W. by N.) from Burnham,
containing 218 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Es-
sex and Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial Court
of the Bishop of London, rated in the king's books at
£ 13. 6. 8., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Gover-
nors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. The church
is dedicated to St. Barnabas. Dr. John Gauden, suc-
cessively Bishop of Exeter and Worcester, supposed by
some the author of "Eikon Basilike," was born here in
1605; he died in 1662,
MEABURN (KING'S), a township in the parish of
Morland, WesT ward, county of WESTMORLAND, 4
miles (W. by N.) from Appleby, containing 176 inha-
bitants.
MEARLEY, a township in that part of the parish
of WHALLEY which is in the higher division of the
hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of Lancas-
TER, 2 miles (S. E. by E.) from Clitheroe, containing 89
inhabitants.
MEARE, a parish in the hundred of GLASTON-
TWELVE-HIDES, county of SOMERSET, 34 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Glastonbury, containing 1151 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £13. 2. 8., endowed with £400 private
benefaction, and £600 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of W. T. H. Phelps, Esq. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Mary, is in the early style of English archi-
tecture, with an embattled tower. Here are remains of
encampments, of Danish origin, with a double ditch.
MEALRIGG, a joint township with Langrigg, in that
part of the parish of BROMFIELD which is in ALLER-
DALE ward below Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, 9/12
miles (W. by S.) from Wigton. The population is re-
turned with Langrigg. Here is a spa, reputed to be of
considerable efficacy.
MEASAND, a hamlet in the parish of BAMPTON,
WEST ward, county of WESTMORLAND, 4 miles (S. W.)
from Bampton. The population is returned with the
parish. A small stream, called Fordingdale beck, runs
in the vicinity, and has several waterfalls in its course:
on the east is Hawes-water lake. The free school was
endowed, in 1713, by Richard Wright and Richard
Lacy, with an estate producing about £40 per annum.
MEASHAM, a parish in the hundred of REPTON
and GRESLEY, county of DERBY, though locally in the
western division of the hundred of Goscote, county of
Leicester, 33 miles (S. S. W.) from Ashby de la Zouch,
containing 1404 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, endowed with £ 1600 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Marquis of Has-
tings. The church is dedicated to St. Lawrence. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The parish
is almost surrounded by the river Mease, and the Ashby
de la Zouch canal passes through the village.
MEAVY, a parish in the hundred of ROBOrough,
county of DEVON, 64 miles (S. E.) from Tavistock, con-
taining 321 inhabitants, The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £13. 5., and in the
patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter. The village is situated on the river Mew,
which winds through a valley of considerable beauty.
Here are the remains of an old mansion, once the resi-
dence of the renowned Sir Francis Drake. Near the
church is a hollow oak of very large dimensions, and
adjoining it are the remains of a stone cross.
The Ply-
mouth railway passes through the parish.
MEDBOURNE, a parish in the hundred of GAR-
TREE, county of LEICESTER, 5 miles (W. by N.) from
Rockingham, containing, with the chapelry of Holt, 514
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £35. 11. 0., and in the patronage of the
Master and Fellows of St. John's College, Cambridge.
The church is dedicated to St. Giles. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Sarah Moyses, in
1761, bequeathed £800; Thomas Hawkes, in 1785, left
£200; and Robert Wade gave a rent-charge of £2;
for teaching poor children, and providing them with
books. In a field north-westward from the village are
the remains of intrenchments, with foundations of build-
ings, covering a piece of ground about half a mile square.
In 1721, a tesselated pavement was discovered, and
other Roman remains have been dug up at different
times.
MEDLAR, a joint township with Wesham, in the
parish of KIRKHAM, hundred of AMOUNDERNESS,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 22 miles (N. by W.)
from Kirkham, containing, with Wesham, 215 inhabit-
ants.
MEDMENHAM, a parish in the hundred of DES-
BOROUGH, County of BUCKINGHAM, 3 miles (S. W. by
W.) from Great Marlow, containing 369 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
MEE
MEL
275
of Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £5. 7. 1., and in the patronage of Robert
Scott, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter. An
abbey for Cistercian monks was founded here by Hugh
de Bolebec, as a cell to the monastery at Woburn, the
revenue of which was valued at £20. 6. 2.: a very small
portion of the conventual buildings remains; the site
is partly occupied by a modern erection, in imitation of
ruins, nearly overgrown with ivy. Above the village are
vestiges of a large camp, nearly square, with a single
vallum and ditch; the area comprises about seven acres.
An ancient circular intrenchment in this parish is called
Danesfield.
MEDOMSLEY, a chapelry in that part of the pa-
rish of LANCHESTER which is in the western division
of CHESTER Ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 13
miles (N.W.) from Durham, containing 461 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Durham, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and £200 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Bishop of Dur-
ham. The chapel, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, is
in the early style of English architecture, with lancet
windows. Christopher Hunter, M. D., physician and
antiquary, was born here in 1675, and interred in Shot-
ley church, in July 1757.
MEDSTED, a parish in the hundred of FAWLEY,
Fawley division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 32
miles (W.S.W.) from Alton, containing 394 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory
of Old Alresford, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the in-
cumbent, and in the patronage of the Bishop of Win-
chester. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew. This
parish is within the jurisdiction of the Cheyney Court
held at Winchester every Thursday, for the recovery of
debts to any amount.
MEER, a parish in the county of the city of LIN-
COLN, 4½ miles (S. S. E.) from Lincoln. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, united to the rectory of Waddington,
not rated in the king's books, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Lincoln. The church, which was dedicated
to St. John the Baptist, has fallen into ruins. Here was
anciently a house for Knights Templars; also an hos-
pital, in, or near, Dunston, founded, about 1246, by
Simon de Roppele, which, at the suppression of similar
establishments, was allowed to continue.
MEERBROOK, a chapelry in that part of the pa-
rish of LEEK which is in the northern division of
the hundred of TOTMONSLOW, county of STAFFORD, 3
miles (N.) from Leek, with which the population is
returned. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, endowed with £200 private benefaction,
£400 royal bounty, and £800 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Vicar of Leek. The cha-
pel, dedicated to St. Mary, is a small edifice with a
square tower.
Twenty-eight children are educated for
£12. 5. per annum, the proceeds of a bequest by John
Stoddard, in 1673, and of another by Roger Morris.
In the neighbourhood are the Leek rocks, stupendous
overhanging masses, two miles in length, with scattered
fragments at their bases and in other parts of the
valley.
MEESDEN, a parish in the hundred of EDWINS-
DEN,
TREE, County of HERTFORD, 41 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Barkway, containing 164 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £12. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. A. Gaussen. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary.
MEESON, a township in the parish of GREAT
BOLAS, Newport division of the hundred of BRADFORD
(South), county of SALOP, 5 miles (N. W. by W.) from
Newport. The population is returned with the pa-
rish.
MEETH, a parish in the hundred of SHEBBEAR,
county of DEVON, 3 miles (N. by E.) from Hatherleigh,
containing 270 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £9. 7. 6., and in the patron-
age of the Rev. F. D. Lampriere. The church is dedi-
cated to St. John the Baptist.
MELAY, a joint township with Hayton, in the
parish of ASPATRIA, ALLERDALE ward below Derwent,
county of CUMBERLAND, 8 miles (N. by W.) from
Cockermouth. The population is returned with Hayton.
MELBECKS, a township in that part of the parish
of GRINTON which is in the western division of the
wapentake of GILLING, North riding of the county of
YORK, 14 miles (W. by S.) from Richmond, containing
1726 inhabitants.
MELBOURN, a parish in the hundred of Arming-
FORD, county of CAMBRIDGE, 33 miles (N. E. by N.)
from Royston, containing 1179 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Ely,
rated in the king's books at £ 19. 1. 10½., and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Ely. The church
is dedicated to All Saints. There are places of worship
for Baptists and Independents. Here is a school for
the instruction of children, with a small endowment,
founded by the Rev. W. Ayloff. A fair is held on the
first Wednesday in July.
MELBOURN, a parish in the hundred of REPTON
and GRESLEY, county of DERBY, 7 miles (N. N. E.) from
Ashby de la Zouch, containing 2027 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's
books at £9. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Carlisle. The church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a
fine specimen of Norman architecture, with round mas-
sive piers, circular arches, fine mouldings, and zigzag
ornaments. There are places of worship for General
Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists; the
Society of Friends had a meeting-house here, which is
now occupied as a school for the children of Swe-
denborgians. In 1738, Lady Eliz. Hastings bequeathed
land, now producing £20 per annum, for the education
of twelve poor children, who are taught by the master
of the National school, which was erected in 1822, at
an expense of more than £500, defrayed by the Rev.
James Bagge and the National Society. Here was an-
ciently a baronial castle, in which John, Duke of Bour-
bon, who had been taken prisoner at the battle of
Agincourt, was confined for several years: it is said to
have been dismantled, in 1460, by order of Queen Mar-
garet, but it was afterwards repaired; scarcely any
vestiges remain. Melbourn hall was formerly a palace
belonging to the Bishops of Carlisle. The river Trent
bounds the parish on the north. This parish is in the
honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the
2 N 2
MEL
MEL
276
3
jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every
third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s. Mel-
bourn gives the title of viscount to the family of Lamb.
MELBOURN, a township in that part of the parish
of THORNTON which is in the Holme-Beacon division
of the wapentake of HARTHILL, East riding of the
county of YORK, 5 miles (S. W.) from Pocklington,
containing 437 inhabitants. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
MELBURY-ABBAS, a parish in that part of the
hundred of SIXPENNY-HANDLEY which is in the Shas-
ton (West) division of the county of DORSET, 24 miles
(S.E.) from Shaftesbury, containing 345 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and dio-
cese of Bristol, rated in the king's books at £9. 18. 11.,
and in the patronage of Thomas Grove and W. Goodden,
Esqrs. Walter Blandford, D.D., Bishop of Oxford, and
afterwards of Worcester, was a native of this place.
MELBURY-BUBB, a parish in the hundred of
YETMINSTER, Sherborne division of the county of DOR-
SET, 94 miles (S. S. W.) from Sherborne, containing, with
the chapelry of Woolcombe, 129 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese
of Bristol, rated in the king's books at £11. 10. 5.,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Ilchester. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is built of flint and stone,
chiefly in the later style, with a tower on the south
side, which forms a porch; there are some remains
of ancient stained glass. Woolcombe chapel has been
demolished. On an eminence, called Bubb down, was
formerly a beacon.
MELBURY-OSMOND, a parish in the hundred
of YETMINSTER, Sherborne division of the county of
DORSET, 83 miles (S. W.) from Sherborne, containing
319 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory,
with which that of Melbury-Sampford was united in
1750, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of
Bristol, rated in the king's books at £S. 3, 4., and in
the patronage of the Earl of Ilchester. The church is
dedicated to St. Osmond. A school for the instruction of
poor children has an income of £15 per annum, the be-
quest of Mrs. Susannah Strangeways Horner, in 1754.
MELBURY-SAMPFORD, a parish in the hundred
of TOLLERFORD, Dorchester division of the county of
DORSET, 7 miles (N. E. by E.) from Beaminster, con-
taining 78 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, united in 1750 to that of Melbury-Osmond, in
the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated
in the king's books at £5.6.5., endowed with £200
private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty. The
church is an ancient structure, and contains several
monuments to the Strangeways family.
MELCHBOURN, a parish in the hundred of STOD
DEN, county of BEDFORD, 54 miles (E. S. E.) from
Higham-Ferrers, containing 244 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £5, and
in the patronage of Lord St. John. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Mary, contains several ancient monuments
and brasses. Here was a preceptory of Knights Hos-
pitallers, the revenue of which was valued at £241. 9. 10.;
after the dissolution it was granted by Queen Elizabeth
to the first Earl of Bedford: to this preceptory a mar-
ket and fair were granted, in 1264. Leland, the his-
torian and antiquary, was a native of this place.
MELCHET-PARK, an extra-parochial liberty, in
the hundred of ALDERBURY, county of WILTS, con-
taining 9 inhabitants.
MĚLCOMBE-HORSEY, a parish in the hundred
of WHITEWAY, Cerne subdivision of the county of
DORSET, 8 miles (W. S. W.) from Blandford-Forum,
containing 153 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol,
rated in the king's books at £16, and in the patronage
of Lord Rivers. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
In the vicinity are the remains of the hamlet of Mel-
combe-Bingham, consisting only of foundations of
houses. On an eminence, called Nettlecombe Tout, is a
square encampment, occupying a space of twenty acres.
MELCOMBE-REGIS, county of DORSET.-See
WEYMOUTH.
MELDON, a parish in the western division of CASTLE
ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 6 miles (W.S.W.)
from Morpeth, containing 156 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of North-
umberland, and diocese of Durham, rated in the king's
books at £4. 7. 11., endowed with £400 private bene-
faction, £200 royal bounty, and £300 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter
of Durham. The church is dedicated to St. John the
Evangelist.
MELDRETH, a parish in the hundred of ARming-
FORD, County of CAMBRIDGE, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from
Royston, containing 643 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Ely, rated in the king's books at £4. 15. 10., and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Ely. The church
is dedicated to the Holy Trinity.
MELFORD (LONG), a parish (formerly a market
town) in the hundred of BABERGH, county of Suffolk,
22 miles (W.) from Ipswich, and 584 (N. E. by N.) from
London, containing 2288 inhabitants. This village is
situated on a branch of the river Stour, in one of the
most fertile parts of the county, and is surrounded by
very beautiful scenery: silk-weaving is carried on
to a limited extent. A large fair for cattle is held on
the Thursday in Whitsun-week. A court baron is held
annually by the lord of the manor, and petty sessions
every fortnight by the county magistrates. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£28. 2. 6., and in the patronage of the Executors of the
Rev. J. Leroo. The church, dedicated to the Holy
Trinity, presents a fine specimen of the later style of
English architecture; the tower is of more modern date :
in the interior are several handsome monuments, espe-
cially one to the memory of Sir William Cordell, Knt.
speaker of the House of Commons, and privy councillor,
in the reign of Mary, and Master of the Rolls under
Elizabeth. There are places of worship for Indepen-
dents and Wesleyan Methodists.
dents and Wesleyan Methodists. A school for twelve
boys is endowed with about £12 per annum, from a
benefaction by John Hill, in 1495, and £2. 8. 1. pay-
able out of the Exchequer, under a grant of Edward VI.
and a school for ten boys and ten girls is endowed
with £9 per annum, arising from a bequest by John
Moore, in 1713. An hospital, for a warden, twelve poor
men, and two poor women, being decayed housekeepers
of Melford, was founded, under the authority of letters
patent in 1580, by Sir W. Cordell, and endowed with
• ;
•
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277
an estate in land, now producing a very considerable
income: it is subject to the visitation of the Bishop of
Norwich.
MELKRIDGE, a township in the parish of HALT-
WHISTLE, Western division of TINDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 24 miles (E.) from Haltwhistle,
containing 288 inhabitants. In this township is Whit-
chester, a Roman military station; the site is defended
on three sides by steep glens.
:
MELKSHAM, a market town and parish in the
hundred of MELKSHAM, County of WILTS, 28 miles
(N.W.) from Salisbury, and 95 (W. by S.) from London,
containing, with the chapelry of Seend, 5776 inhabitants.
The name is supposed to be derived from Milch, or Melch,
milk, and Haur, a dwelling, the adjacent land being
chiefly occupied as dairy farms. During the Saxon era
this was a place of some importance: at the period of
the Norman survey, and for several subsequent reigns,
it was held in royal demesne, and gave name to an ex-
tensive forest in the reign of Henry VIII. it had fallen
into decay, but during the last century experienced a
revival from its cloth manufacture. The town, situated
on the great road from London through Devizes to Bath,
and on the banks of the Avon, consists principally of
one street nearly a mile in length, which is paved and
lighted with gas: the houses are in general good, and
built of freestone, and the inhabitants are well supplied
with water. Two mineral springs, one saline and the
other chalybeate, were discovered in the vicinity, some
years ago; and, in 1816, a new saline spa was formed,
by boring to a depth of more than three hundred and
fifty feet, to which a pump-room, and hot and cold
baths, with every requisite accommodation, have been
added: these buildings form the centre of a handsome
crescent, with a viranda in front, and near them is an
agreeable promenade: the surrounding country abounds
with diversified and pleasing prospects. The chalybeate
spring, which is contiguous to the old spa, yields about
eight hundred gallons per day, and is in its qualities
similar to the waters of Tonbridge and Bath. The sa-
line aperient is highly recommended, both for external
and internal use, in scrofulous and scorbutic diseases.
There is a convenient reading-room, also a circulating
library. The business of the town formerly consisted
in the manufacture of broad cloth and kerseymere, of
which it was once the principal seat, but this is now
on the decline: there is some business done in malt
and leather. The Wilts and Berks canal passes on
the east, and about a mile and a half southward joins
the Kennet and Avon canal. The river Avon passes
through the town, and is crossed by a handsome stone
bridge of four arches, with light and elegant balus-
trades: adjoining it is one of the largest corn-mills
in the county, and contiguous are an extensive factory
and dye-houses. The market is held every alternate
Monday, for cattle, sheep, pigs, &c.; and there is a
cattle fair on the 27th of July. The county magis-
trates hold here a petty session for the division, on the
last Wednesday in every month; a court leet is held
half-yearly by the joint lords of the manor; and a court
of requests, under an act of the 47th of George III.,
for the recovery of debts not exceeding £5, is held once
in three weeks, on Tuesday, alternately with Bradford
and Trowbridge. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's
•
books at £38. 9. 4., and in the patronage of the Deau
and Chapter of Salisbury. The church, dedicated to
St. Michael, is a spacious cruciform structure of free-
stone, with a handsome tower rising from the intersec-
tion: part of the building is of the period of the twelfth
century, and the whole is crowned with battlements and
pinnacles; in the interior, on the south side, are two
chantry chapels. There are places of worship for Bap-
tists, the Society of Friends, Independents, and Wes-
leyan Methodists. In 1750, the Rev. Bohun Fox be-
queathed £135 for instructing and partly clothing poor
children. A Lancasterian school, established in 1829,
is supported by voluntary contributions: about two
hundred and forty children of both sexes
structed.
are in-
MELLING, a parish in the hundred of Lonsdale,
south of the sands, county palatine of LANCASTER, com-
prising the chapelries of Arkholme and Hornby, the
townships of Farleton, Melling with Wratton, Roburn-
dale, Wennington, and Wray, and the hamlet of Cawood,
and containing 2340 inhabitants, of which number, 210
are in the township of Melling with Wratton, 6 miles
(S. by W.) from Kirkby-Lonsdale. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Richmond,
and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's books at
£7. 1. 10, endowed with £200 private benefaction,
£200 royal bounty, and £800 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. Peter. A school-room, in which the children of
this township are taught gratuitously, was built by sub-
scription, and has a permanent income of £12 per an-
num, the proceeds of bequests, in 1759, by Rebecca
Bland, and in 1770, by William Gillison, for educating
and apprenticing children.
MELLING, a chapelry in the parish of HALSALL,
hundred of WEST DERBY, County palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 6 miles (S. S. W.) from Ormskirk, containing 528
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with
£400 private benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and
£1400 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Earl of Lonsdale. The chapel is dedicated to Holy
Rood. A school was founded by the lords of Melling,
with a residence for the master, about 1700, to which,
in 1709, Edward Smith bequeathed the residue of his
personal estate, and in 1712, John Tatlock gave £20 ;
there are about twenty-five free scholars, and the mas-
ter's income is £25 per annum.
MELLION (ST.), a parish in the middle division of
the hundred of EAST, county of CORNWALL, 34 miles (S.E.
by S.) from Callington, containing 321 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£11. 12. 6., and in the patronage of J. T. Coryton, Esq.
The river Lynner runs through the parish.
MELLIS, a parish in the hundred of HARTISMERE,
county of SUFFOLK, 4 miles (W. by N.) from Eye, con-
taining 447 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £9. 15., and in the pa-
tronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
MELLONS (ST.), a parish in the upper division
of the hundred of WENTLLOOG, county of MONMOUTH,
1
MEL
MEL
278
1
3 miles (N.E. by N.) from Cardiff, containing 551 in-
habitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's
books at £10. 1. 5., and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Llandaff.
MELLOR, a chapelry in the parish of GLOSSOP,
hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY, comprising
the townships of Mellor and Ludworth, and the hamlet
of Whitle, and containing 4872 inhabitants, of which
number, 2099 are in the township of Mellor, 84 miles
(N.W. by N.) from Chapel en le Frith. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed with £400
private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Trustees of the late John Thornton, Esq.
The chapel, dedicated to St. Thomas, is very ancient;
the pulpit is carved out of an old oak tree, and the font
is also rudely carved. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists, and at Marple Bridge one for
Independents. A free school was built about 1639, and
endowed with £160 bequeathed by Thomas Walklate,
to which some trifling augmentations have been made
by subsequent benefactors: the income is £25 per an-
num, and all the children of the chapelry who apply are
educated at a small charge. Here are extensive cotton
works, which afford employment to a considerable por-
tion of the inhabitants.
MELLOR, a chapelry in the parish, and lower divi-
sion of the hundred, of BLACKBURN, county palatine
of LANCASTER, 23 miles (N.W.) from Blackburn, con-
taining 1981 inhabitants. On Mellor moor are the re-
mains of a Roman encampment.
MELLS, a parish in the hundred of MELLS and
LEIGH, County of SOMERSET, 3 miles (W. N. W.) from
Frome, containing 1147 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, with the perpetual curacy of Leigh upon Men-
dip annexed, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese
of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at
£33. 16. 8., and in the patronage of T. S. Horner, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Andrew. There are exten-
sive coal-works, and iron-manufactories, principally for
agricultural implements, in this parish. Two fairs are
held annually, on the Monday after Trinity week, and
on Michaelmas-day. The Frome here flows between
rocks that rear their summits to a great height, some-
what resembling St. Vincent's rock below Bristol.
MELLS, a hamlet in the parish of WENHASTON,
hundred of BLYTHING, county of SUFFOLK, 12 mile
(E. S. E.) from Halesworth. The population is returned
with the parish. In this hamlet there was formerly
a chapel, dedicated to St. Margaret, but it is now in
ruins.
Maiden-way is visible here; its width is twenty-one feet.
On the eastern side of the parish is Hartside Fell, a
lofty mountain rising one thousand three hundred and
twelve feet above the village, over which passes a new
road from Alston to Penrith. The Helm winds. blow
here with great violence.
MELMERBY, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of WATH which is in the wapentake of HALLIKELD,
North riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles (N, N.E.)
from Ripon, containing 258 inhabitants.
MELMERBY, a township in the parish of Cover-
HAM, western division of the wapentake of HANG, North
riding of the county of YORK, 44 miles (W. S. W.) from
Middleham, containing 112 inhabitants.
MELPLASH, a tything in the parish of NETHER-
BURY, hundred of BEAMINSTER-FORUM and REDHONE,
Bridport division of the county of DORSET, 24 miles
(S. S. E.) from Beaminster. The population is returned
with the parish.
MELMERBY, a parish in LEATH ward, county of
CUMBERLAND, 8 miles (N. E. by E.) from Penrith,
containing 250 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, rated in the
king's books at £12. 11. 5., and in the patronage of
Mrs. Pattenson. The church, built of red freestone,
is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. This place had
anciently a market and a fair: a feast is held annu-
ally on Old Midsummer-day. In the parish are two
springs, one sulphureous, and the other chalybeate.
There are extensive strata of limestone, and some free-
stone, and a lead-mine has been worked some years, but
it is not very productive. The Roman road called the
MELSONBY, a parish in the western division of the
wapentake of GILLING, North riding of the county of
YORK, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from Richmond, containing 440
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester, rated in the
king's books at £10. 2. 11., and in the patronage of the
Master and Fellows of University College, Oxford. The
church is dedicated to St. James. In 1757, William
Cockin bequeathed an estate for the instruction of poor
children: the annual profits are £26, for which eight
children are instructed.
MELTHAM, a chapelry in the parish of ALMond-
BURY, upper division of the wapentake of AGBRIGG,
West riding of the county of YORK, 5 miles (S. W.
by s.) from Huddersfield, containing 2000 inhabitants.
The chapel is dedicated to St. Bartholomew. There are
places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan Metho-
dists. The manufacture of woollen and cotton goods is
carried on here. A school-room was built by subscrip-
tion, about six years ago; the master receives the in-
terest of £20, the bequest of Matthew Lockwood in
1715; there are no free scholars.
MELTHWAITE, a joint township with Santon, in
the parish of IRETON, ALLERDALE ward above Derwent,
county of CUMBERLAND, 3 miles (N. by E.) from Ra-
venglass. The population is returned with Santon.
MELTON, a parish in the hundred of Wilford,
county of SUFFOLK, 24 miles (N.E.) from Woodbridge,
containing 607 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £9. 6. 8., and
in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Ely. The
church is dedicated to St. Andrew. What was formerly
the House of Industry for the hundred of Wilford is in
this parish; it has been converted into a county lu-
natic asylum. There are a large iron-foundry and an
extensive building establishment in the parish. The
river Deben is navigable on the south-east, where it is
crossed by Wilford bridge.
MELTON, a chapelry in the parish of WELTON,
wapentake of HOWDENSHIRE, East riding of the county
of YORK, 44 miles (S. E.) from South Cave, containing
107 inhabitants.
MELTON (GREAT), a parish in the hundred of
HUMBLEYARD, County of NORFOLK, 52 miles (W.S.W.)
from Norwich, containing 386 inhabitants. The living
MEL
279
MEL
1
a good supply of water: the Eye and the little brook
Scalford are crossed by three bridges, one of which, at
the extremity of the town, leading to Oakham, was re-
built in 1820. Here is a building fourteen feet in dia-
meter, called the Manor oven, in which, in the time of Sir
Matthew Lambe, an attempt was made, on the plea of
feudal right, to compel the inhabitants to bake their
bread; but they having resisted the claim, constructed
for themselves another oven of larger dimensions. The
principal attraction of Melton, and one great cause of its
increasing improvement as a town, may be referred to
the celebrated hunt to which it gives name: the season
commences in November, and continues about five months,
during which their is an influx of sportsmen from all
parts of the kingdom, and there is stabling for nearly
seven hundred horses. Here is a permanent subscription
library and news-room. The principal article of manu-
facture is bobbin net-lace, and there is a minor one of
worsted hosiery. The general traffic has been facilitated,
especially in the supply of coal, by opening a navigable
communication with Loughborough, called the Melton-
Mowbray and Oakham canal, which was effected in
1790, and which, near the town, is intersected by the
river Wreak. The market is on Tuesday, and on every
alternate day there is a large shew of cattle. Fairs are
held on the Monday and Tuesday after January 17th,
March 13th, May 4th, Whit-Tuesday, August 21st, and
September 7th, principally for horses, cattle, and sheep.
A court leet and baron, for the recovery of debts under
40s., is held every three weeks.
comprises the united rectories of All Saints and St.
Mary the Virgin, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and
diocese of Norwich, each rated in the king's books at
£6. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Master and Fel-
lows of Caius College, Cambridge. The church is dedi-
cated to the Virgin Mary: the tower was built in 1440.
The old church of All Saints, which stood in the same
churchyard, was taken down in the 12th year of the
reign of Queen Anne.
MELTON (HIGH), a parish in the northern divi-
sion of the wapentake of STRAFFORTH and TICKHILL,
West riding of the county of YORK, 42 miles (W. by S.)
from Doncaster, containing 137 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of York, endowed with £600 private benefaction, and
£600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of R. F. Wil-
son, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. James. There
is a place of worship for Independents.
MELTON (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
HUMBLEYARD, county of NORFOLK, 54 miles (W. by S.)
from Norwich, containing 210 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Nor-
folk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books
at £5. 6. 8., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of the Master and Fellows of Emanuel
College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to All
Saints.
MELTON-CONSTABLE, a parish in the hundred
of HOLT, county of NORFOLK, 54 miles (S. W. by S.)
from Holt, containing, with Little Burgh, 111 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, with that of Little Burgh
consolidated, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Nor-
wich, rated in the king's books at £6, and in the pa-
tronage of Sir Jacob Astley, Bart. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter. This parish is said to derive its name
from the office of constable having been bestowed on
the family of De Mealton by the Conqueror.
MELTON-MOWBRAY, a market town and parish
in the hundred of FRAMLAND, county of LEICESTER, 15
miles (N. E.) from Leicester, and 105 (N. W.) from
London, containing, with the chapelry of Freeby and
the township of Welby, 2990 inhabitants. The ancient
name of this place was Medeltune, which has been
gradually contracted to Melton, indicating the situ-
ation of the town in the middle of the five hamlets
which compose the parish; the adjunct is the name of
its ancient lords, which they assumed by command of
Henry I. During the civil commotion in the time of
Charles I., a severe action took place in this neigh-
bourhood, between the royalists and the parliament-
ary troops, in February 1644, when the forces of the
latter, consisting of about two thousand men, were
routed with great slaughter. The town sustained
considerable damage by fire in 1613, and in 1637
the plague raged here with great violence. It is situ-
ated on the direct road from London to Leeds, in
a valley on the little river Eye, and is small but neatly
built the streets are paved, watched, and lighted,
the expense being defrayed out of the rental of the
Town Estate, consisting of property in land, anciently
the gift of some unknown benefactor, which produces
nearly £800 per annum, and is under the management
of a committee of twenty-one, and two wardens, chosen
annually by the inhabitants: the first fifty lamps were
given by Lord Harborough, in the year 1790. There is
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £16. 8. 9., and in the patronage of Peter
Godfrey, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a
spacious, lofty, cruciform structure; the tower, which
rises from the intersection, is partly in the early style
of English architecture, and at the west end is a
handsome entrance porch; the nave is separated from
the aisles by six high pointed arches on each side,
springing from clustered columns. In the reign of Eli-
zabeth, the church was considerably heightened, and
a series of elegant windows was put up over the aisles:
in 1736, the south and north-east pinnacles being
struck by lightning, precipitated fragments of five or six
hundred weight through the north transept: the edi-
fice is at present undergoing a thorough repair, and
the work is executed in perfect accordance with the
original style of the building. There are places of
worship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists.
Schools appear to have been established here at a very
early period, and are noticed as existing previously to
1347, when they were taken under the patronage of
Edward III., as possessor of the temporalities of the
priory of Lewes. Two schools are at present main-
tained from the Town Estate; the National, or lower,
school, open to all children of the town above six years
of age, free of expense, who are removed, at the discre-
tion of a committee, to the upper school, which is limit-
ed to forty-four boys, the number in both schools being
about three hundred: there are two exhibitions from
this school, conjointly with another at Leicester, to
Lincoln College, Oxford. An hospital was founded in
1638, by Robert Hudson, Esq., for six unmarried men,
who were to receive £ 13 per annum each, by quarterly
payments: it has been recently rebuilt and enlarged for
ΜΕΝ
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280
the additional accommodation of six poor women, who
are maintained from a benefaction made by the Rev.
Henry Storer, of Frisby, in 1620, for the benefit of the
poor, and now producing yearly £27. 10. In 1756,
Mr. John Bourne, bequeathed £300, directing the in-
terest to be applied to the support of three unmarried
poor inhabitants of Melton, and legally settled there,
of the age of sixty years.
John de Kirkeby, Bishop
of Ely in 1286, and founder of Ely palace, Holborn;
Archbishop William de Melton, who attained the dignity
of Lord High Chancellor of England in the reign of
Edward III.; and the talented, but eccentric, John
Henley, who, under the popular appellation of Orator
Henley, acquired considerable notoriety about the mid-
dle of the last century, were natives of this place: Hen-
ley was educated at the free school, and the Archbishop
was buried in the church.
MELTON-ROSS, a parish in the southern division
of the wapentake of YARBOROUGH, parts of LINDSEY,
county of LINCOLN, 54 miles (N. E. by E.) from Gland-
ford-Bridge, containing 126 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean
and Chapter of Lincoln, endowed with £200 private be-
nefaction, and £600 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of the Prebendary of Melton-Ross with Scamblesby
in the Cathedral Church of Lincoln.
MELTONBY, a township in the parish of Рock-
LINGTON, Wilton - Beacon division of the wapentake of
HARTHILL, East riding of the county of YORK, 24
miles (N. by W.) from Pocklington, containing 78 inha-
bitants.
MELVERLEY, a parish in the hundred of Os-
WESTRY, County of SALOP, 11 miles (W. N. W.) from
Shrewsbury, containing 225 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
St. Asaph, and in the patronage of the Rector of Llan-
drinio. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
MENDLESHAM, a parish (formerly a market
town) in the hundred of HARTISMERE, county of Sur-
FOLK, 15 miles (N. N. W.) from Ipswich, and 79 (N. E.)
from London, containing 1250 inhabitants. The town is
situated in a deep miry soil, and consists of two long
and irregular streets; the houses are of mean appear-
ance, and the adjacent roads in bad condition. A mar-
ket was granted in the reign of Edward I., but has been
long disused. A fair is held on the 2nd of October
and the following day, for cattle and toys. Two consta-
bles are elected at the manorial courts. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese.
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £14. 9. 2.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. Robert Field. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a handsome structure.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
In 1473, Robert Lake bequeathed, for charitable pur-
poses, property in land, which, with other benefactions,
produces about £350 per annum, from which £20 per
annum is paid for the support of a charity school for
fifteen poor children; £20 per annum for the mainte-
nance of a Sunday school; and nearly £200 per annum
is distributed by the trustees in weekly gratuities to the
necessitous poor. There are six unendowed almshouses.
About the close of the seventeenth century, an ancient
silver crown, weighing sixty ounces, was found here;
and, in 1758, a gold ring, bearing an inscription in Ru-
nic characters, was turned up by the plough from
these and other circumstances, Mendlesham is supposed
to have been the residence of Redwald, one of the
kings of the East Angles.
:
MEMBURY, a parish in the hundred of AXMINS-
TER, county of DEVON, 3 miles (N. N. W.) from Ax-
minster, containing 837 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Axminster,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter. The church,
dedicated to St. John the Baptist, contains a monument
to the memory of Sir S. Calmady, who was mortally
wounded at the siege of Ford House during the great
civil war; likewise a monumental effigy of a lady. A
cattle fair is held on the 10th of August. In the neigh-
bourhood is an ancient encampment, formed by a single
vallum, enclosing two acres.
MENDHAM, a parish partly in the hundred of
EARSHAM, County of NORFOLK, but chiefly in the
hundred of HoXNE, county of SUFFOLK, 1 mile (E.
by S.) from Harleston, containing 835 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £5. 5. 2., endowed with £400 private be-
uefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £400 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of Mrs. Whitaker. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. At Bruninghurst,
in this parish, a Cluniac priory, subordinate to Cas-
tleacre in Norfolk, was founded by William, son of
Roger de Huntingfield, and dedicated to the Virgin
Mary there are extensive remains of the conventual
buildings.
:
-
-
MENETHORPE, a township in the parish of WES-
Tow, wapentake of BUCKROSE, East riding of the
county of YORK, 3 miles (S. S. W.) from New Malton,
containing 131 inhabitants.
MENHENIOT, a parish in the middle division of the
hundred of EAST, county of CORNWALL, 2 miles (E.S.E.)
The
from Liskeard, containing 1170 inhabitants.
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£21. 15. 5., and in the patronage of the Rector and
Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford, on the nomination
of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter. The church is de-
dicated to St. Neot. A school for the instruction of poor
children was endowed with the interest of £42, by the
Rev. Augustus Question, about 1753; with the interest
of £25 by Mr, Snell; to which the Rev. William Holwell
Carr, the present vicar, adds £20 per annum for the mas-
ter's salary. Fairs for cattle and sheep are held April
23rd, June 11th, and July 28th. Within the parish,
and near the town of Liskeard, was anciently an hos-
pital for lepers, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene. The
scenery of this district is beautifully diversified with
rock and wood. William of Wykham was vicar of
this parish.
MENSTONE, a township in that part of the parish
of OTLEY which is in the upper division of the wapen-
take of SKYRACK, West riding of the county of YORK,
23 miles (S. W. by W.) from Otley, containing 257 in-
habitants.
!
MENTHORP, a joint township with Bowthorp, in
the parish of HEMINGBROUGH, wapentake of OUZE
and DERWENT, East riding of the county of YORK,
7 miles (N. W. by N.) from Howden, containing, with
Bowthorp, 49 inhabitants.
MEO
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281
MENTMORE, a parish in the hundred of COTTES-
LOE, county of BUCKINGHAM, comprising the township
of Mentmore, and the hamlet of Ledburn, and contain-
ing 302 inhabitants, of which number, 137 are in the
township of Mentmore, 4 miles (N. W.) from Iving-
hoe. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated
in the king's books at £6. 17. 1., endowed with £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of Charles Har-
court, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
MENWITH, a joint township with Darley, in the
parish of HAMPSTHWAITE, lower division of the wa-
pentake of CLARO, West riding of the county of YORK,
11½ miles (W. by N.) from Knaresborough, containing,
with Darley, 648 inhabitants. This township is within
the peculiar ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the court for
the Forest division of the honour of Knaresborough.
In 1748 William Day gave land for the education of
six poor children; the income is £47 per annum, and
twelve are taught gratuitously.
MEOLS (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of
WEST DERBY, county palatine of LANCASTER, 9 miles
(N. N. W.) from Ormskirk, containing 2763 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Chester, rated in the king's books at £S. 3. 4., and
in the patronage of Peter Hesketh, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Cuthbert. There is a place of worship
for Independents. An ancient grammar school, en-
dowed with £370, by means of various benefactions, is
now consolidated with a National school, erected by
subscription in 1827, on the site of the old school-room;
sixty boys and eighty girls are educated gratuitously.
MEŎLSE (GREAT), a township in the parish of
WEST KIRBY, lower division of the hundred of WIR-
RALL, county palatine of CHESTER, 10 miles (N. N. W.)
from Great Neston, containing 159 inhabitants.
MEOLSE (LITTLE), a township in the parish of
WEST KIRBY, lower division of the hundred of WIR-
RALL, county palatine of CHESTER, 10 miles (N. W. by
N.) from Great Neston, containing 131 inhabitants. This
has lately risen into repute as a bathing-place. In
1690, the Duke of Schomberg encamped with his army
at a place called the Mells, near Hyle lake, in this town-
ship, previously to his embarkation for Ireland.
MEON (EAST), a parish comprising the hamlet of
Westbury with Peak, in the hundred of MEON-STOKE,
Portsdown division, and the tythings of Bordean, Coombe,
East Meon, Langrish, and Riplington, in the hundred of
EAST MEON, Alton (South) division, of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 41 miles (W. by S.) from Petersfield, and
containing 1336 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, with
the perpetual curacies of Froxfield and Steep annexed,
in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Bishop.
of Winchester, rated in the king's books at £ 35. 1. 8.
The church, dedicated to All Saints, is a cruciform
structure, with a Norman tower and western doorway,
and containing a very ancient font, precisely similar to
that in Winchester cathedral. There is a school with a
small endowment. A fair for horses is held on the 19th
of September. This parish is within the jurisdiction
of the Cheyney Court held at Winchester every Thurs-
day, for the recovery of debts to any amount.
MEON (WEST), a parish in the hundred of FAWLEY,
Fawley division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 7 miles
(N. E.) from Bishop's Waltham, containing 747 inhabit-
VOL. III.
ants. The living is a rectory, with the perpetual curacy
of Privett annexed, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Winchester, rated in the king's books at £30. 17. 11.,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Winchester.
The church is a curious specimen of Norman architec-
ture. There is a place of worship for Independents.
MEON-STOKE, a parish in the hundred of MEON-
STOKE, Portsdown division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 4 miles (N. E. by E.) from Bishop's Waltham,
containing 368 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, with
the perpetual curacy of Soberton annexed, in the peculiar
jurisdiction of the incumbent, rated in the king's books
at £46. 2. 11., and in the patronage of the Bishop of
Winchester. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
MEOPHAM, a parish in the hundred of TOLTING-
TROUGH, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 71
miles (W. by S.) from Rochester, containing 833 inhabit-
ants. The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdic-
tion and patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury,
rated in the king's books at £16. 3. 4. The church,
dedicated to St. John the Baptist, is in the decorated
style of English architecture: it was built, in 1396,
by Archbishop Courtenay, who likewise founded four
almshouses near it for the poor.
MEPAL, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of WITCHFORD, Isle of ELY, county of CAM-
BRIDGE, 8 miles (W. by N.) from Ely, containing 406
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, united to the
vicarage of Sutton, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Bishop of Ely, rated in the king's books at £3. 6. S.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
MEPPERSHALL, a parish in the hundred of CLIF-
TON, county of BEDFORD, 12 mile (S.) from Shefford,
containing 397 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £22, and in the patronage
of the Master and Fellows of St. John's College, Cam-
bridge. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. From
thirty to forty children are educated by a schoolmistress
for £15 per annum, arising from Emery's charity, at
Ampthill. A small part of this parish is locally in a
detached portion of the county of Hertford.
MERCASTON, a township in the parish of MUG-
GINTON, hundred of APPLETREE, county of DERBY,
7 miles (N. W.) from Derby, containing 166 inhabit-
ants. At the Norman survey here was a church: many
ancient coins have been found in the village.
MERE, a township in that part of the parish of
ROSTHERN which is in the hundred of BUCKLOW,
county palatine of CHESTER, 2 miles (N. W. by N.)
from Nether Knutsford, containing 566 inhabitants.
Here is a small sum for the instruction of children.
MERE, a parish in the hundred of MERE, county
of WILTS, comprising the market town of Mere, and
the tythings of Woodlands with Chaddenwicke, and
Zeals, and containing 2422 inhabitants, of which num-
ber, 1220 are in the town of Mere, 21½ miles (W. by N.)
from Salisbury, and 102 (W. S. W.) from London. The
name of this place is derived from the Saxon word
Mara, signifying bounds, or limits, and indicates its
situation on the borders of the counties of Wilts, Somer-
set, and Dorset. In 1253, permission was granted by
Henry III. to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, to build and
fortify a castle on his manor of Mere, which manor
has ever since been attached to the duchy of Cornwall.
+
20
MER
MER
282
In the 9th of Henry IV., a grant was made to Henry,
Prince of Wales, as Duke of Cornwall, of a market and
two annual fairs at this place. The town, situated
on the high road from Salisbury to Wincanton, is
small, and the buildings are irregular: the inhabitants
are well supplied with water. The principal branch of
manufacture is that of English dowlas and bed-ticking;
there is likewise a silk-throwing mill. The market is
on Tuesday; and fairs are held for corn and cattle on
May 17th and October 10th. This town formerly sent
members to parliament, but was disfranchised on the
plea of poverty. Courts leet and baron are held, annu-
ally in October, for the duchy of Cornwall, and by the
Dean of Salisbury, at which constables and tything-
men are chosen for the town and hundred. The living
The living
is a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage.
of the Dean of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£ 28. 4. 2. The church, which is dedicated to St. Mi-
chael, is spacious and handsome, consisting of a nave,
choir, and chancel, with a tower at the west end, sur-
mounted by spires at the angles: on each side of the
nave are five pointed arches, springing from light pil-
lars, with clustered shafts; the cornice is enriched with
sculpture in wood; a screen of open work separates
the nave from the choir: on each side of the chancel
is a sepulchral chapel, and in the belfry is a beautiful
carved oak ceiling. There is a place of worship for
Independents. A bequest of £ 10 per annum was made,
about 1755, by Thomas Tatam, for the instruction of
poor children.
To the north-west of the town are
vestiges of a Danish encampment, called "White-street
camp," from the hill on which it was situated: the
circumference of the outer ditch is four furlongs and one
hundred and fifty-two yards. Francis, Lord Cotting-
ton, a celebrated statesman in the reign of Charles I.
and the Rev. Francis Potter, an ingenious mechanist,
born about 1594, were natives of this place.
;
MEREVALE, a parish partly in the hundred of
SPARKENHOE, county of LEICESTER, and partly in the
Atherstone division of the hundred of HEMLINGFORD,
county of WARWICK, 1½ mile (W. by S.) from Ather-
stone, containing 208 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the mano-
rial court of Merevale, and in the patronage of D. S.
Dugdale, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
There are coal mines in the parish, which is bounded by
the river Anker: the Coventry canal passes on the
north-east side of it. An abbey for Cistercian monks,
founded by Robert, Earl of Ferrars and Nottingham,
about 1148, and dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was
valued at the dissolution at £ 303. 10.
three hundred stone. This parish is bounded on the
north by the Hurst woods.
MEREWORTH, a parish in the hundred of LIT-
TLEFIELD, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 5
miles (S. E.) from Wrotham, containing 711 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Rochester, rated in the king's books at £ 14. 2. 6., and
in the patronage of Lord le Despencer. The church,
dedicated to St. Lawrence, was rebuilt by John, Earl of
Westmorland: it is a very handsome structure, with
a fine Corinthian portico, and surmounted by a lofty
spire : the whole edifice is constructed of different
sorts of stone, and the eastern window is of painted
glass, collected for the purpose by that nobleman. The
grazing land in this parish is supposed to breed the
largest oxen in England, some of them having exceeded
MERIDEN, a parish in the Solihull division of the
hundred of HEMLINGFORD, County of WARWICK, 64
miles (W. N. W.) from Coventry, containing 927 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, rated in the king's books at £ 5. 12., and in
the patronage of the Earl of Aylesford. The church,
dedicated to St. Lawrence, has recently received an ad-
dition of two hundred and twenty-five sittings, of which
one hundred and eighty-two are free, the Incorporated
Society for the enlargement of churches and chapels
having contributed £150 towards defraying the ex-
pense.
MERING, an extra-parochial liberty, in the north-
ern division of the wapentake of THURGARTON, though
locally in the parish of Girton, northern division of the
wapentake of Newark, county of NOTTINGHAM, 8 miles
(N. by E.) from Newark, containing 7 inhabitants.
MERKSHALL, or MATTISHALL-HEATH, a pa-
rish in the hundred of HUMBLEYARD, County of NOR-
FOLK, 3½ miles (S.) from Norwich, containing 23 inha-
bitants. The living is a sinecure rectory, united with
that of Caistor St. Edmund's, in the archdeaconry of
Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich. The church, which
was dedicated to St. Edmund, is in ruins.
MERRINGTON, a parish in the south-eastern divi-
sion of DARLINGTON ward, county palatine of DURHAM,
comprising the townships of Chilton, Ferry-Hill, Hett,
and Merrington, and containing 1279 inhabitants, of
which number, 290 are in the township of Merrington,
32 miles (E. by N.) from Bishop-Auckland. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Dur-
ham, rated in the king's books at £14. 4. 9., and
in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Durham.
The church, dedicated to St. John the Evangelist, is prin-
cipally in the Norman style, the south door being of an
enriched character, and the interior contains a wooden
screen; the basement of the tower is Norman, and the
upper part of the later date: it stands on elevated
ground, and serves as a land-mark. On the usurpation
of the see of Durham by Comyn, about 1143, this
church was seized by his nephew, who partly encom-
passed it with a ditch and vallum, and occupied it with
armed men. There is a coal mine in the parish.
MERRINGTON, a township in the parish of PRES-
TON-GUBBALS, liberties of SHREWSBURY, county of
SALOP, 53 miles (N. by W.) from Shrewsbury, contain-
ing 203 inhabitants.
MERRIOTT, a parish in the hundred of CREW-
KERNE, county of SOMERSET, 2 miles (N.) from Crew-
kerne, containing 1212 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Taunton,
and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's
books at £ 11. 11. 5½., and in the patronage of the Dean
and Chapter of Bristol. The church is dedicated to
All Saints.
MERROW, a parish in the second division of the
hundred of WOKING, county of SURREY,2 miles (E. N.E.)
from Guildford, containing 240 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Surrey,
and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books
at £ 9. 0. 21, and in the patronage of the Earl of Onslow.
The church is dedicated to St. John the Evangelist.
MER
283
MER
MERRYN (ST.), a parish in the hundred of Pyder,
county of CORNWALL, 24 miles (W. S. W.) from Pad-
stow, containing 537 inhabitants. The living is a vicar-
age, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the
Bishop of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £ 15. 6. 8.
A small quay was constructed under Catacleuse cliffs,
about 1794, by Mr. Peter, of Harlyn, for the reception
of coasting vessels and steam-boats belonging to the
pilchard fishery in Portlease bay. In the vicinity was
anciently a village, with a chapel or church dedicated
to St. Constantine, the ruins of which still remain. The
Bristol channel bounds this parish on the west and
north.
MERSEA (EAST), a parish in the hundred of WIN-
STREE, county of ESSEX, 9 miles (S. S. E.) from Colches-
ter, containing 282 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £21, and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church, which is dedicated to St.
Edmund, has a square stone tower, which formerly
served as a land-mark, and supported a beacon. This
parish is bounded on the north by Pyefleet channel, and
on the east and south by the Colne, near its confluence
with the Blackwater.
MERSEA (WEST), a parish in the hundred of WIN-
STREE, county of ESSEX, 9 miles (S.) from Colchester,
containing 772 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £22, and in the
patronage of Mrs. Simpson. The church is dedicated
to St. Peter and St. Paul. There is a place of worship
for Baptists. This parish is bounded on the north and
west by the Mersea channel, and on the south by the
mouth of the Blackwater river; at low-water, every eight
hours, there is a passage from the main land into the
parish, over the causeway of the Strode, which is kept
in order by the rental of an estate of about thirty acres,
called the Strode lands. In 1730, when some alterations
were made at West Mersea hall, a very fine tesselated
pavement was discovered, twenty-one feet and a half
long, and eighteen and a half broad. From these and
other antique remains, it is probable that the island
of Mersea was the residence of the Count of the Saxon
shore, or of some other Roman officer. Here was an-
ciently a Benedictine convent, dedicated to St. Peter,
which was a cell to the abbey of St. Audoen, at Rouen,
in Normandy.
MERSHAM, a parish in the hundred of CHART and
LONGBRIDGE, lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 32
miles (S. E.) from Ashford, containing 776 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £26. 16.10.,
and in the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. Over
the west door of the tower, which stands on the south
side of the nave, is a very curious window, in the later
style of English architecture. There is a place of wor-
ship for Wesleyan Methodists. In 1698, à rent-charge
of £10 was devised by Dame Jane Knatchbull, for the
education of poor children; eight boys are instructed
; eight boys are instructed
for this sum. A fair for pedlary and toys is held on the
Friday in Whitsun-week.
a
3
MERSTHAM, a parish in the second division of the
hundred of REIGATE, County of SURREY, & of a mile (N.E.)
from Gatton, containing 796 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of
the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the king's books
at £22.1.8. The church, dedicated to St. Catherine,
was erected about the time of Henry VI., and is princi
pally in the later style of English architecture; the tower
is in the early English style, and is surmounted by a
wooden spire. Merstham is now the only place where
the Reigate stone, called also fire-stone, is dug for use.
It was formerly obtained from Reigate and other places,
and a considerable quantity of it was used in the erec-
tion of old Windsor castle, and of Henry the Seventh's
chapel in an ancient record in the tower it is stated,
that "the labourers, artificers, carriages, and horses,
were pressed from this parish and that of Chaldon ad-
joining, to convey stone from the King's quarry here to
Windsor Castle.” It is found under beds of chalk and
chalk marl: it is not, however, adapted to the general
purposes of architecture, being subject to decay from
exposure to the atmosphere; but it will bear being
heated without injury, whence the name of fire-stone.
The Surrey and Croydon railway commences in this
parish.
MERSTON, a joint parish with Shorne, in the hun-
dred of SHAMWELL, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of
KENT, 44 miles (E. S. E.) from Gravesend. The popula-
tion is returned with Shorne. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury, rated
in the king's books at £2. 13. 4., and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church, which was dedicated to St.
Giles, is in ruins, and its site is included in a planta-
tion of about five acres, called Chapel wood: there are
some traces of ancient fortifications. This place is
parochial only in its ecclesiastical jurisdiction, in other
respects it is part of the parish of Shorne.
MERSTON, a parish in the hundred of Box and
STOCKBRIDGE, rape of CHICHESTER, County of SUSSEX,
3 miles (S. E.) from Chichester, containing 107 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£7.4.7., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is partly in the early, and partly in the deco-
rated, style of English architecture. The Arundel and
Portsmouth canal passes through this parish.
The
MERTHER, a parish in the western division of
the hundred of POWDER, county of CORNWALL, 5 miles
(W.) from Tregony, containing 370 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of
Probus, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese
of Exeter, endowed with £600 royal bounty.
church is dedicated to St. Merther. Here is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. At Tresilian bridge,
in this parish, the treaty between Sir Ralph Hopton
and Sir Thomas Fairfax was concluded, in March 1646,
by which this county was surrendered to the parliament.
There are fairs at Tresilian bridge, on the second Mon-
day in February, and on the Monday before Whit-
Sunday, for cattle. St. Clement's creek, an inlet of the
river Mopus, between Falmouth and Truro, is naviga-
ble here. Mr. William Hals, author of the Parochial
History of Cornwall, resided at Tresawson in this pa-
rish.
MERTON, a parish in the hundred of SHEBBEAR,
county of DEVON, 52 miles (N. by W.) from Hather-
leigh, containing 697 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese of
202
MER
MES
284
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £20. 15. 7., and
in the patronage of Lord Clinton. The church is dedi-
cated to All Saints. Potheridge house, once the resi-
dence of the celebrated General Monk, who rebuilt it,
was a noble structure, with a chapel attached, and some
magnificent stables, which yet remain; the mansion is
the mansion is
now occupied as a farm-house. Pipe and potters' clay
exists in this parish.
MERTON, a parish in the hundred of WAYLAND,
county of NORFOLK, 24 miles (S. S. W.) from Watton,
containing 162 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £6. 0. 5., and in the patron-
age of Lord Walsingham. The church, dedicated to St.
Peter, has a round tower in the south window are
effigies of St. Edmund and of Robert Clifton, in stained
glass.
:
MERTON, a parish in the hundred of BULLINGTON,
county of OXFORD, 4 miles (S. by W.) from Bicester,
containing 163 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford,
rated in the king's books at £8, and in the patronage
of the Rector and Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford.
The church is dedicated to St. Swithin.
and a very fine chapel. The only vestiges now re-
maining are the east window of the chapel, apparently
built in the fifteenth century, and the outer walls, con-
structed of flint and rubble, which are nearly entire and
enclose a space of about sixty acres. The village, which
is situated on the small river Wandle, consists chiefly
of one street, which is paved and lighted: the houses
are modern, and the inhabitants are supplied with
water from several springs and from the river, over
which a bridge was built, in 1633, uniting this parish
with those of Wimbledon and Mitcham. Manufac-
tories for calico-printing have been established on the
site of the priory, and formerly more than one thou-
sand persons were employed in them, but at present
there are not more than three hundred; at the north-
east corner of the premises is a copper-mill. Hats are
also manufactured here, and there is a silk-throwing
establishment.
:
MERTON, a parish in the western division of the
hundred of BRIXTON, County of SURREY, 9 miles (S. W.
by S.) from London, containing 1177 inhabitants. The
name of this place in Domesday-book is Mereton, and
Meretune, a Saxon compound of mere, a lake, or marsh,
and tun, a town, or vill, being exactly descriptive of its
situation. According to some writers, this place was
the scene of the murder of Cynewulf, King of Wessex,
in 784, and of a battle between the Danes and the
Saxons, in 871, but there exists some doubt as to its
identity with the Merton referred to by ancient histo-
rians. In 1117, a convent of canons regular of the
order of St. Augustine was founded here by Gilbert
Norman, sheriff of Surrey; and Henry I., in 1121,
granted to this community the manor of Merton, to-
wards the erection of a church in honour of the Virgin
Mary the priory was liberally endowed by subsequent
benefactions, and, at the dissolution, the revenue was
valued at £1039. 5. 3. In the reign of Henry III.,
Walter de Merton, Lord High Chancellor of England,
and afterwards Bishop of Rochester, founded here a
seminary of learning, which he afterwards removed to
Oxford, on the foundation of Merton College. A parlia-
ment was held at the priory, in 1236, in which those
statutes were enacted which take their name from this
place on that occasion the prelates attempted to in-
troduce the imperial and canon law, but were met by that
memorable reply of the barons, "Nolumus leges Anglia
mutari." Here was concluded the peace between Henry III.
and the Dauphin of France, through the mediation of
Gaulo, the pope's legate; and here also Hubert de Bourg,
Chief Justice of England, found a temporary asylum
from the displeasure of the same monarch. During
the civil war in the reign of Charles I., a considerable
part of the conventual buildings was standing: and it
appears that a garrison had been established here; for,
in July 1648, orders were issued by the government
for putting the place in such a condition, that no use
might be made of it endangering the peace of the king-
dom. In 1680, Merton priory was advertised to be let,
when it was described as containing several large rooms
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
of Surrey, and diocese of Winchester, endowed with
£600 private benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and £1200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of E. H. Bond,
Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is in the Nor-
man style of architecture, with later insertions; it was
erected by the founder of the abbey, in the twelfth
century: the arms of England and those of the priory,
painted on glass, decorate the chancel window. There
is a place of worship for Independents. An almshouse
for six poor women was founded, in 1656, by Rowland
Wilson, merchant of London, and endowed with £24
per annum, but it has become private property, and
the endowment is lost. In 1687, William Rutlish be-
queathed an estate, directing the proceeds to be applied
in apprenticing poor children of either sex; the present
income of this charity is about £96 per annum. Mer-
ton place, having been attached to the rectorial estate
for more than two centuries, was separated from it some
years ago, and became the residence and property of
Admiral Lord Nelson. Thomas à Becket was educated
here under the first prior; and Walter de Merton a na-
tive of this place, also received his education in the
priory. Merton confers the title of viscount on the fa-
mily of Nelson.
•
MESHAW, a parish in the hundred of WITHER-
IDGE, county of DEVON, 54 miles (S. E. by S.) from
South Molton, containing 163 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barn-
staple, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books
at £7. 4., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of G. H. Wol-
laston, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. John the
Baptist.
mad
MESSING, a parish in the Witham division of the
hundred of LEXDEN, county of ESSEX, 5 miles (S. E.)
from Great Coggeshall, containing 705 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Colchester,
and diocese of London, rated in the king's books at
£8, and in the patronage of the Earl of Verulam. The
church is dedicated to All Saints: the east window is
decorated with paintings of the six Christian graces,
supposed to have been the gift of the Chibbornes, in the
reign of James I. Sir William de Messing, the founder,
is represented in the north wall by a recumbent wooden
figure of a Knight Templar. A school for the education
of poor children has a small endowment.
MET
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MESSINGHAM, a parish in the eastern division of
the wapentake of MANLEY, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 7½ miles (W. by S.) from Glandford-Bridge,
containing, with the township of East Butterwick, 1103
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, with
the vicarage of Bottesford united, in the archdeaconry of
Stow, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £10, and in the alternate patronage of the Bishop,
and Dean and Chapter, of Lincoln. The church is de-
dicated to the Holy Trinity. There is a place of wor-
ship for Wesleyan Methodists.
METFIELD, a parish in the hundred of HOXNE,
county of SUFFOLK, 32 miles (S. E. by E.) from Harles-
ton, containing 682 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and dio-
cese of Norwich, and in the patronage of the Parishioners.
The church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
METHAM, a township in the parish of HOWDEN,
wapentake of HOWDENSHIRE, East riding of the county
of YORK, 5 miles (S. E. by E.) from Howden, containing
45 inhabitants. A Roman pottery, including fragments
of urns and other vessels, have been discovered here;
about a mile from which the ancient Roman military
way passes.
METHERINGHAM, a parish in the second divi-
sion of the wapentake of LANGOE, parts of KESTEVEN,
county of LINCOLN, 10 miles (N.) from Sleaford, con-
taining 626 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £8. 0. 10., and in the
patronage of the Marquis of Bristol. The church is
dedicated to St. Wilfrid. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
a market, and a fair is still held on the 23rd of April.
In the neighbourhood is a celebrated warren, which for-
merly contained a great number of rabbits, the fur of
which was in considerable repute.
METTINGHAM, a parish in the hundred of WANG-
FORD, county of SUFFOLK, 2 miles (E.) from Bungay,
containing 349 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £6. 17. 3½.,
and in the patronage of Mrs. Safford. The church is
dedicated to All Saints. In the reign of Richard II., a
master and chaplains were translated, by royal license,
from the college of Raveningham, in Norfolk, to Met-
tingham castle; in 1535, their revenue amounted to
£202.7.5. The navigable river Waveney runs on the
north of this parish.
METTON, a parish in the northern division of the
hundred of ERPINGHAM, county of NORFOLK, 34 miles
(S. S. W.) from Cromer, containing 101 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, united to that of Fel-
brigg, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £7. The church
is dedicated to St. Andrew.
METHLEY, a parish in the lower division of the
wapentake of AGBRIGG, West riding of the county of
YORK, 5 miles (N. E. by N.) from Wakefield, con-
taining 1499 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £25. 8. 6½, and in the patronage of the
King, as Duke of Lancaster. The church, dedicated
to St. Oswald, is principally in the later English and
decorated styles, and contains several ancient and splen-
did monuments; the most curious is a mutilated statue
of the patron saint, over the south door, now, from its
great antiquity, in a state of rapid decay. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A small sum
has been given for the instruction of children; and
there are eight almshouses for widows. The river
Calder bounds this parish on the south, and unites with
the Aire on the east.
METHOP, a joint township with Ulpha, in the
parish of BEETHAM, KENDAL ward, county of WEST-
MORLAND, 5 miles (E. N. E.) from Cartmel, containing,
with Ulpha, 82 inhabitants. There is a small sum for
the instruction of children. The mouth of the Kent
bounds this parish on the south-east.
METHWOLD, a parish in the hundred of GRIMS-
HOE, County of NORFOLK, 4 miles (S. S. E.) from Stoke-
Ferry, containing 1164 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, annexed to the rectory of Cran-
wick, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £9. 1. 3. The
church, dedicated to St. George, is a handsome struc-
ture with an embattled tower. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Here was formerly
MEUX, a township in the parish of WAGHEN, or
WAWN, middle division of the wapentake of HOLder-
NESS, East riding of the county of YORK, 5½ miles (E.)
from Beverley, containing 74 inhabitants. A Cistercian
abbey was founded here, in 1150, by William le Gros;
Earl of Albemarle, and dedicated to the Virgin; the
establishment consisted of fifty monks, whose revenue;
at the dissolution, amounted to £445. 10. 5.
<<
MEVAGISSEY, a parish in the eastern division of
the hundred of POWDER, county of CCRNWALL, 6 miles
(E. S. E.) from Grampound, containing 2450 inhabit-
ants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £6. 4. 2., and in the patronage of the Earl of
Mount-Edgcumbe. The church is dedicated to St.
Mevan and St. Issi, whence the name of the parish.
There are places of worship for Independents and Wes-
leyan Methodists. The parish borders on a bay of the
same name in the English channel.
MEWAN (ST.), a parish in the eastern division of
the hundred of FOWDER, county of CORNWALL, 1 mile
(W. by S.) from St. Austell, containing 1174 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £10, and in thè patronage of the Rev. William
Hocker. The church is dedicated to St. Mewan. At
Polgooth, which is partly in this parish, is a celebrated
tin mine.
MEXBOROUGH, a parish partly in the liberty of
ST. PETER of YORK, but chiefly in the southern divi-
sion of the wapentake of STRAFFORTH and TICKHILL,
West riding of the county of YORK, comprising the
townships of Dannaby and Mexborough, and containing
1006 inhabitants, of which number, 865 are in the
township of Mexborough, 64 miles (N.E. by N.) from
Rotherham. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Archdeacon
of York, endowed with £200 private benefaction, £200
royal bounty, and £1500 parliamentary grant. A cele-
brated battle was anciently fought at this place, then
called Maizebel, between Aurelius Ambrosius and the
Saxons, in which the latter were defeated.
MIC
MIC
286
*
MICHAEL (ST.), or MIDSHALL, a borough (for-
merly a market town) partly in the parish of ST. ENO-
DER, and partly in that of NEWLYN, hundred of PYDER,
county of CORNWALL, 36 miles (S. W. by W.) from
Launceston, and 249 (W. S. W.) from London. The po-
pulation is returned with the parishes. The ancient
name of this place was Modeshole, under which appella-
tion John de Arundell, in 1301, certified his right to a
market and fair here, which had been previously granted
to Walter de Raleigh. The town is very inconsiderable,
consisting only of a few houses, several of which are
uninhabited; the market has been long disused: fairs
are held July 28th and October 15th, the latter chiefly
for sheep, of which from three thousand to four thou-
sand are generally offered for sale. A portreeve is pre-
sented annually by the jury at the court leet of the high
lord, who must be one of the five chief tenants, or
mesne-lords. The borough first sent members to par-
liament in the reign of Edward VI.: the right of elec-
tion is in the portreeve and mesne, or deputy, lords of
the manor (who are capable of being portreeves), and
the inhabitants of the borough paying scot and lot: the
number of voters is eight; the portreeve is the return-
ing officer. The influence of Viscount Falmouth, and
of the representative of Sir Christopher Hawkins, Bart.,
is predominant.
MICHAEL (ST.), a parish partly in the borough of
ST. ALBAN'S, but chiefly in the hundred of CASHIO, or
liberty of ST. ALBAN'S, county of HERTFORD, of a
mile (W. by N.) from St. Alban's, containing 1370 in-
habitants, of which number, 453 are in the borough of
St. Alban's. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of St. Alban's, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £10. 1. 3., and in the pa-
tronage of the Earl of Verulam. The church, though
situated in the town of St. Alban's, and within the walls
of the ancient city of Verulam, is without the limits of
the borough: it was erected by Ulsinus, the sixth abbot,
and has a square embattled tower; the chancel is built
principally of Roman tiles, from the ruins of Verulam,
and attached to the south side of the nave is a chapel.
An almshouse for two poor widows was founded, in
1624, by Roger Pemberton, who endowed it with about
£10 per annum.
MICHAEL (ST.), a parish in the hundred of AMOUN-
DERNESS, County palatine of LANCASTER, 33 miles (S.
W. by S.) from Garstang, comprising the chapelry of
Wood-Plumpton, and the townships of Great Eccleston,
Elswick, Inskip with Sowerby, Out Rawcliffe and Upper
Rawcliffe with Tarnicar, and containing 4553 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester, rated in
the king's books at £10. 17. 6., and in the patronage
of Joseph Hornby, Esq. The church, which was su-
perseded by the present small structure, built in the
time of Henry VIII., was one of three erected in this
district soon after Christianity was introduced into the
north of England. The parish is situated upon the
navigable river Wyre, the mouth of which forms a fine
harbour, noted for its security. Here, in 1651, the
Earl of Derby disembarked from the Isle of Man, with
three hundred other adherents to the House of Stuart.
Joseph Fielding, in 1808, conveyed £60, and Elizabeth
Cromleholme, in 1813, £200, towards a school, in
which about fifty children are educated.
MICHAEL (ST.), a parish adjacent to the city, and
within the liberty of the soke, of WINCHESTER, Fawley
division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, containing 499
inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, united
to that of St. Swithin, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Winchester, rated in the king's books at £5. 17. 11.,
endowed with £500 private benefaction, and £800 royal
bounty.
MICHAEL (ST.) BEDWARDINE, a parish in the
lower division of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW, county
of WORCESTER, forming part of the city of Worcester,
and containing, with the extra-parochial district of the
College Precincts, 793 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Worcester, rated in the king's books at £7. 12. 1., and
endowed with £1000 royal bounty. The King, by lapse,
presented in 1799.
MICHAEL (ST.) CARHAISE, a parish in the east-
ern division of the hundred of POWDER, county of CORN-
WALL, 33 miles (S. E. by E.) from Tregoney, containing
174 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, with the perpe-
tual curacies of St. Denis and St. Stephen's annexed, in
the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter,rated
in the king's books at £27. 10. 7., and in the patron-
age of Lord and Lady Grenville. The church is dedicated
to St. Michael. There are also the ruins of an ancient
chapel. The parish is bounded on the south by the
English channel, where is Port Luny bay.
3
MICHAEL'S (ST.) MOUNT, an extra-parochial
liberty, in the hundred of PENWITH, county of CORN-
WALL, of a mile (S.) from Marazion, containing 223
inhabitants. This mount, believed in the remote ages
of antiquity to have been situated in a wood, consists
of a pyramidal mass of granite rocks rising out of the
sea, opposite to the town of Marazion, and is connected
with the main land by a narrow bank of pebbles, which
is overflowed by the tide. Its original name, in the
Cornish dialect, signified "the grey or hoary rock in the
wood," which was subsequently changed to its present
appellation; this, according to monkish legends, being
deduced from the appearance of St. Michael, its pa-
tron saint, to some hermits who resided here, which
event led to the foundation of a monastery. It has
been supposed that this is the island called Ixtis, men-
tioned by Diodorus Siculus, whither the tin, when re-
fined and cast into cubic ingots by the Britons who
dwelt near the promontory of Belerium, was carried in
carts over an isthmus dry only at low water. The time
of its consecration to religious purposes is unknown;
but a priory of Benedictine monks, afterwards changed
to Gilbertines, was founded here previously to the year
1044, at which period Edward the Confessor gave the
mount, with all its buildings and appendages, to that
community by this charter it is evident that there was
a castle, as well as a convent, on the mount. In 1070,
indulgences were granted by Pope Gregory VII. to all
persons who should visit the church of St. Michael at
the Mount with alms and oblations; hence it became a
great resort for pilgrims. In the reign of Richard I.,
Henry de Pomeroy, an adherent of John, Earl of Corn-
wall, afterwards king of England, took possession of
the mount by stratagem, during the king's imprison-
ment in Austria, fortified it, and continued to hold it
even after the return of that monarch; but on the
approach of the army of Archbishop Hubert Walter,
w.
-
MIC
287
MIC
of CORNWALL, 5 miles (W. S. W.) from Tregoney, con-
taining 167 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £9. 14. 2., and in the patronage
of the Earl of Falmouth. The church, an ancient edifice
adjoining the park, contains a handsome monument, by
Rysbrach, to the memory of Admiral Boscawen, a dis-
tinguished naval commander, who died in 1761.
aided by the sheriff and a civil force, he surrendered at
discretion: the king then restored the convent to the
Gilbertines, and placed a small garrison in the castle.
After the battle of Barnet, in 1471, John, Earl of Ox-
ford, having fled into Wales, assembled a party of sol-
diers, and crossed over with them to the Cornish coast:
under the assumed disguise of pilgrims, they gained
admission into the castle, and soon overpowered the
small garrison which defended it. Sir John Arundel,
the sheriff, was first sent against the earl, but was re-
pulsed and slain in a vigorous assault upon the castle :
others were then commissioned to conduct the siege,
which, having continued from September till February,
terminated in the surrender of the fortress, on condi-
tion that the lives of the earl and his adherents should
be spared. In 1498, Perkin Warbeck landed at Whit-
sand bay, and having been admitted into the castle by
the monks, who favoured his cause, put it into a state
of defence, and during his march to Bodmin, left his
wife, the Lady Catherine Gordon, at the mount, as a
secure asylum.
The priory of St. Michael, being a cell to the abbey
of Mont St. Michel, in Normandy, was seized as an
Alien priory by Henry V., during the war with France:
it was first given to King's College, Cambridge, and after-
wards to the nunnery of Sion in Middlesex, to which it
continued to be attached till the dissolution, when the re-
venue was valued at £110. 12. In 1533, it was given,
with all its revenue, to Humphrey Arundel, Esq., of Lan-
herne, but he having headed a rebellion in Cornwall
about 1549, it was seized for the king, and subsequently
granted on lease to the sheriff of the county. In 1642,
it was fortified for the king, and the Duke of Hamilton
was subsequently imprisoned within its walls: it was at
last surrendered to the parliament in 1646; and after
the Restoration it became the property of the family
of the present proprietor, Sir John St. Aubyn. The
mount consists of granite, nearly bare of soil, and is
extremely steep and craggy. The occasional residence
of Sir John St. Aubyn is on the summit of the rock,
and partakes of the character both of a fortress and a
monastery, being castellated and embattled: the dining-
room was the refectory of the convent; and the chapel
has been recently fitted up in the ancient English style,
for the performance of divine service in one of the
angles, at the summit of the chapel tower, which crowns
the whole mass of building. On this craggy height are
the remains of a moor-stone lantern, formerly used as
a beacon for mariners, and vulgarly called St. Michael's
chair: the ascent is dangerous, but a superstitious notion
connected with having sat therein induces occasional
visitors to attempt the adventurous path. The entire
height of the mount, from the level of the sea to the
platform of the chapel tower, is two hundred and thirty-
one feet; the circumference of the island, which com-
prises about seven acres of land, is about three quarters
of a milè: at the foot of the rock is a wharf, and near
it a considerable village inhabited chiefly by fishermen.
There is likewise a small harbour with a pier, which was
rebuilt by Sir John St. Aubyn in 1727, where about
forty vessels may find shelter. The principal imports
consist of timber from Norway, coal, &c.; the exports
are copper-ore, china-clay, and pilchards.
MICHAEL (ST.) PENKFVIL, a parish in the
western division of the hundred of POWDER, county
MICHAEL-CHURCH, a chapelry in the parish of
TRETIRE, lower division of the hundred of WORMELOW,
county of HEREFORD, 7 miles (W. N. W.) from Ross.
The population is returned with the parish.
MICHAEL-CHURCH (ST.), a parish in the north-
ern division of the hundred of PETHERTON, county of
SOMERSET, 54 miles (S.) from Bridg-water, containing
50 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells,
endowed with £800 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of Sir J. P. Acland, Bart.
MICHAEL-CHURCH-ESKLEY, a parish in the
hundred of EWYASLACY, County of HEREFORD, 10
miles (S. E.) from Hay, containing 424 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Brecon, and diocese of St. David's, endowed with £200
private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of the Bishop of Hereford. The church
is dedicated to St. Michael. The river Eskley runs
through the parish. A few of the inhabitants are em-
A free
ployed in the manufacture of woollen goods.
school has been endowed, by Mrs. Thomas, with lands
now producing an annual income of £30, for teaching
four poor children of this parish, four of Crasswall, four
of Llanveynoe, and four of Peterchurch.
MICHAELSTONE-VEDOW, a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of WENTLLOOG, County of MON-
MOUTH, 54 miles (W. S. W.) from Newport, containing
197 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's
books at £7. 12. 34., and in the patronage of Charles
Kemys Tynte, Esq. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael.
MICHAELSTOW, a parish in the hundred of
LESNEWTH, County of CORNWALL, 34 miles (S. W. by
S.) from Camelford, containing 216 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £10. 13. 9., and in the patronage of the King,
as Duke of Cornwall. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael. The parish is bounded on the east by the
river Camel. At Helsbury are the mount and other
earthworks of an ancient castle, called the Beacon.
MICKFIELD, a parish in the hundred of Bosmere
and CLAYDON, county of SUFFOLK, 23 miles (W. S. W.)
from Debenham, containing 246 inhabitants.
The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£ 9. 11. 01., and in the patronage of the Rev. Malty-
ward Simpson.
ward Simpson. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
MICKLEFIELD, a township in the parish of SHER-
BURN, upper division of the wapentake of BARKSTONE-
ASH, West riding of the county of YORK, 6½ miles
(N. N. W.) from Ferry-Bridge, containing 196 inha-
bitants.
-
.
MICKLEHAM, a parish in the second division of
the hundred of COPTHORNE, County of SURREY, 2 miles
MID
MID
288
(S. by E.) from Leatherhead, containing 505 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Surrey,
and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£13, and in the patronage of Henry Burmester, Esq.
The church, dedicated to St. Michael, is principally in
the early style of English architecture, and has lately
received an addition of two hundred sittings, of which,
one hundred are free, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having granted
£150 towards defraying the expense.
MICKLEOVER, a parish in the hundred of MOR-
LESTON and LITCHURCH, County of DERBY, 3 miles
(W. S. W.) from Derby, containing, with the chapelries
of Findern and Littleover, 1373 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese
of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£9. 11. 5., and in the patronage of Lord Scarsdale.
The church is dedicated to All Saints. There are places
of wor
orship for Wesleyan Methodists and Unitarians.
John Alsop, in 1715, founded a free school, and endow-
ed it with lands now let for about £60 per annum.
There are also two smaller sums appropriated to the
education of the poor, viz., the interest of £200 be-
queathed by Robert Newton, in 1784, and £1 a year by
John Erpe.
MICKLETHWAITE, a joint township with Bing-
ley, in the parish of BINGLEY, upper division of the wa-
pentake of SKYRACK, West riding of the county of
YORK, 3 miles (E. by S.) from Keighley. The popu-
lation is returned with Bingley.
MICKLETON, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of KIFTSGATE, county of GLOUCESTER, 2
miles (N. by E.) from Chipping-Campden, containing,
with the hamlets of Lower and Upper Clapton, and Hit-
coat-Batrim, 574 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
with that of Ebrington consolidated, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's
books at £9. 14. 4., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church, dedicated to St. Lawrence, is partly Norman
and partly of later date: attached to it is a school-room,
of similar architecture, founded and endowed, in 1513,
by Richard Porter, Esq., for teaching poor children.
Sunday schools for both sexes have been also established.
Richard Graves, a divine, and miscellaneous writer, was
born here; he died in 1804.
MICKLETON, a township in the parish of Ro-
MALD-KIRK, western division of the wapentake of GIL-
LING, North riding of the county of YORK, 8 miles (N. W.)
from Barnard-Castle, containing 356 inhabitants.
MICKLEWAITE-GRANGE, an extra-parochial li-
berty, in the upper division of the wapentake of BARK-
STONE-ASH, West riding of the county of YORK, a mile
(S. by W.) from Wetherby, containing 83 inhabitants.
MICKLEY, a chapelry in the parish of OVINGHAM,
eastern division of TINDALE ward, county of NORTH-
UMBERLAND, 11 miles (E. by S.) from Hexham, contain-
ing 178 inhabitants. A chapel of ease was erected in
1824, at Hall-yards, near the village, by W. B. Wright-
son, Esq., who had three years previously built a school-
room and a house for the master.
MIDDLE, a parish partly in the liberties of SHREWS-
BURY, but chiefly in the hundred of PIMHILL, County of
SALOP, 8 miles (N. by W.) from Shrewsbury, containing,
with the chapelry of Hadnall-Ease, 1190 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop,
and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the
king's books at £ 12. 7. 34., and in the patronage of the
Trustees of the late Earl of Bridgewater. The church
is dedicated to St. Peter. Here are remains of Middle
castle, which was built by Lord L'Estrange. Marton
Pool, a lake in this parish, covers about ten acres.
MIDDLE QUARTER, a township in the parish of
KIRK-LINTON, or KIRK-LEVINGTON, ESKDALE ward,
county of CUMBERLAND, containing 532 inhabitants.
MIDDLE-QUARTER, a township in the parish of
KIRKBY-IRELETH, hundred of LONSDALE, north of the
sands, county palatine of LANCASTER, 6 miles (N. W.)
from Ulverstone, containing 504 inhabitants.
MIDDLEHAM, a parish (formerly a market town)
in the western division of the wapentake of HANG, North
riding of the county of YORK, 44 miles (N. W. by W.)
from York, and 234 (N. N. W.) from London, containing
880 inhabitants. The name of this town is said to be
derived from its situation in the centre of a number of
hamlets. About the year 1190, a splendid castle was
built here by Robert Fitz-Ranulph, wherein, according
to Stow, Falconbridge, a partisan of Henry VI., was be-
headed, in 1741; though Speed says he was executed at
Southampton. Edward IV. was confined in this fortress
by the Earl of Warwick, but having escaped, he levied an
army, and obtained a decisive victory over his opponent,
who lost his life at the battle of Barnet. King Edward
subsequently gave the castle to his brother Richard,
Duke of Gloucester, whose only son Edward, after-
wards Prince of Wales, was born here. The remains of
this fabric stand upon a rocky eminence near the town;
the ancient Norman keep is surrounded by a quadran-
gular building, measuring two hundred and ten feet by
one hundred and seventy-five, and flanked by a square
tower at each angle. The constableship, now merely
a nominal office, is vested in the Duke of Leeds. The
town is situated on a gentle eminence rising from the
river Ure: the houses are indifferently built, and the
streets are neither lighted nor paved, but the inhabit-
ants are well supplied with water from springs. About
half a mile from it is Middleham moor, a noted place
for training horses, either for the field or the race-
course. Wool-combing affords employment to a few per-
sons, but the majority are employed in agriculture. The
market, now disused, was on Monday. Fairs are held on
Easter-Monday and Whit-Monday, and November 5th
and 6th, for live stock, &c. Two constables are ap-
pointed at the court leet, which is held annually. The
petty sessions for the western division of the wapentake
of Hang are held here. The living forms a deanery
of itself, and is a royal peculiar, rated in the king's
books at £15. 9. 4., and in the patronage of the
Crown. The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary
and St. Alkeld, is a neat edifice, in the ancient style
of English architecture. It was made collegiate by
Richard III., when Duke of Gloucester, for a dean, six
chaplains, four clerks, and six choristers: the incum-
bent retains the title of dean, and is installed with the
usual ceremonies
usual ceremonies; he possesses the power of proving
wills, and some other rights of ecclesiastical jurisdiction,
within his parish, together with a court, an official, and
a seal of office: but, owing to the peculiarity of his si-
tuation, as being exempt from the jurisdiction of both
ordinary and metropolitan, he is unable to give a title
for holy orders. There are places of worship for Pri-
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289
mitive and Wesleyan Methodists. A small sum was
given by William Tennant, in 1792, for the instruction
of poor children; and it is now in contemplation to
erect a National school.
MIDDLEHAM (BISHOP'S), a parish in the north-
eastern division of STOCKTON ward, county palatine of
DURHAM, comprising the townships of Bishop's Middle-
ham, Cornforth, Garmondsway-Moor, Mainsforth, and
Thrislington, and containing 827 inhabitants, of which
number, 404 are in the township of Bishop's Middle.
ham, .9 miles (S. S. E.) from Durham. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Durham,
rated in the king's books at £4. 19. 2., and in the pa-
tronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael. The village is built on the sides of two hills
ascending from a deep vale, through which the road
runs, and abounding in limestone. At Cornforth are
paper-mills and tile-kilns. A halmote court for the
manor is held once in six months, at Middleham, Corn-
forth, and Sedgefield, alternately, for the recovery of
debts under 40s. There is a school-room, built by sub-
scription in 1770, but it is not endowed. The castle
was one of the principal residences of the Bishops of
Durham, from the Conquest till the end of the four-
teenth century: it stood on a lofty eminence, where its
site may still be traced by the foundations and some
fragments of masonry; an old barn, on the opposite
side of the road, is supposed to have been part of the
out- offices.
·
MIDDLEHOPE, a township in the parish of DID-
DLEBURY, hundred of MUNSLOW, County of SALOP,
containing 180 inhabitants.
MIDDLE-MEAD, a hamlet in the parish of LITTLE
BADDOW, hundred of CHELMSFORD, though locally in
the hundred of Dengie, county of ESSEX, 5 miles (E.
N. E.) from Chelmsford, containing 202 inhabitants.
MIDDLENEY, a tything in the parish of DRAYTON,
hundred of ABDICK and BULSTONE, County of SOMER-
SET, 23 miles (S. by W.) from Langport, containing 25
inhabitants.
MIDDLESBOROUGH, a parish partly within the
liberty of ST. PETER of YORK, but chiefly in the
western division of the liberty of LANGBAURGH, North
riding of the county of YORK, comprising the townships
of Linthorp and Middlesborough, and containing 236
inhabitants, of which number, 40 are in the township
of Middlesborough, 5 miles (E. N. E.) from Stockton
upon Tees. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, en-
dowed with £600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
Thomas Hustler, Esq. An ancient chapel, dedicated to
St. Hilda, with certain lands adjacent, were, in the reign
of Henry I., given by Robert de Bruse to Whitby abbey,
on condition that a cell of Benedictine monks to that
house should be founded here, which was valued, in the
26th of Henry VIII., at £21. 3. S. per annum: of the
chapel no vestiges remain, but the cemetery is still used
as a burial-ground.
1
MIDDLESCEUGH, a hamlet in that part of the
parish of ST. MARY'S, CARLISLE, which is in LEATH
ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 6 miles (E. N. E.)
from Hesket-Newmarket, containing, with the hamlet
of Braithwaite, 221 inhabitants.
MIDDLESEX, an inland county, bounded on the
south by Surrey and a very small part of Kent, from
VOL. III.
both which it is separated by the river Thames; on
the east by Essex, from which it is separated by the river
Lea; on the north by Hertfordshire; and on the west
by Buckinghamshire, from which it is separated by
the river Coln. It extends from 51° 22' to 51° 42'
(N. Lat.), and from 2' (E. Lon.) to 31' (W. Lon.), and
contains about one hundred and eighty thousand four
hundred and eighty acres, or two hundred and eighty-
two square miles. The population, in 1821, was, including
London, 1,144,531. At the time of Cæsar's invasion,
this part of the British territory, together with that now
forming the county of Essex, was inhabited by the Tri-
nobantes, the first British tribe that submitted to the Ro-
mans; and on the final reduction of Britain to the
condition of a Roman province, it was included in the
division called Flavia Cæsariensis. The name is slightly
corrupted from the Anglo-Saxon Middel-Seaxe, signifying
the country of the Middle Saxons; this portion of the
English territory having lain in the centre of the early
Saxon sovereignties established in South Britain. It did
not, however, form a distinct kingdom, but was included
in that of the East Saxons, established in Essex about the
year 530, and shortly after extended over this county.
The history of Middlesex is little else than the history of
the metropolis itself, a summary of which will be found
under its proper head. It is only necessary to specify
here a few of the most remarkable movements and oc-
currences which have taken place in it without the limits
of the capital. In 879, the Danish army wintered at
Fulham; and in 1016, Canute was defeated at Brent-
ford, by Edmund Ironside. In 1217, at Hounslow, a
conference was held between four peers and twenty
knights, on the part of Louis the Dauphin, and the
same number of nobles and knights on the part of
the young king Henry III. In 1264, at Isleworth, the
palace of Richard, King of the Romans, and Earl of
Cornwall, brother to Henry III., was destroyed by the
inhabitants of London, under Sir Hugh Spencer.
1386, the Duke of Gloucester, and the Earls of Arundel,
Warwick, and Derby, with other nobles, assembled at
Hornsey, to compel Richard II. to dismiss his favourite,
Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland. During the insur-
rection under Jack Cade, in 1450, the Essex insurgents
encamped at Mile-End; and, in 1461, the Kentish in-
surgents beheaded, at Highgate, Thomas Thorpe, Baron
of the Exchequer. May 4th, 1483, the young king,
Edward V., accompanied by the Dukes of Gloucester
and Buckingham, who had obtained possession of his
person, was met at Hornsey by the lord mayor and ci-
tizens, and conducted to the episcopal palace in the city.
It was at Sion House, in 1553, that Lady Jane Grey re-
luctantly accepted the crown, and was thence conducted
with great pomp to the Tower. In 1586, at Uxendon,
near Harrow, Anthony Babington and his fellow conspi-
rators against Queen Elizabeth were arrested. In 1603,
on the accession of James I., that sovereign was met,
on his way to London, at Stamford-bill, by the lord
mayor and citizens, and conducted with great pomp to
the Charter-house. November 12th, 1642, at the com-
mencement of the great civil war, the parliamentarians
were defeated at Brentford, by Charles I., and the eccen-
tric John Lilburne, with four hundred men, was made
prisoner. At Uxbridge, in January 1645, the fruitless
negociation between the king's and the parliamentary
commissioners was set on foot, and carried on for
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eighteen days. August 4th, 1647, General Fairfax had
his head-quarters at Isleworth, and there received the
parliamentarian commissioners; and in the same year,
the king was kept in confinement at Hampton-Court,
from the 24th of August until his escape on the 11th
of November. In 1651, on the 21st of September,
Oliver Cromwell, returning from the battle of Wor-
rester, was met at Acton with a congratulatory address,
and accompanied to London by the Lord President and
Council of State, many members of both houses of
parliament, and the Lord Mayor and aldermen of
London, forming, altogether, a train of more than three
hundred coaches. Lastly, on the 20th of April, 1814,
Louis XVIII., accompanied by the Duchess d'Angoulême,
from their asylum at Hartwell in Buckinghamshire, was
met at Stanmore by the Prince Regent, and conducted
in triumph to London, on his restoration to the French
throne.
This county is included in the diocese of London, and
province of Canterbury, and forms a deanery and arch-
deaconry, comprising, with the exception of those pa-
rishes in the cities of London and Westminster, and
their liberties, which are given in a tabular form under
the head of London, seventy parishes, of which twenty-
five are rectories, thirty-one vicarages, and fourteen
perpetual curacies. The civil division is into the hun-
dreds of Edmonton, Elthorne, Gore, Isleworth, Ossul-
stone (including the divisions of Finsbury, Holborn,
and the Tower), and Spelthorne; and the liberties of
the cities of London and Westminster. Within the
county are, the city of London (locally), the borough
(commonly called the city) of Westminster, and the
market towns of Brentford, Staines, and Uxbridge.
Two knights are returned to parliament for the shire,
four citizens for the city of London, and two burgesses
for the borough of Westminster. The shrievalty of
Middlesex, being united with that of the city of London,
is described under the latter head. The assizes are
held eight times a year at the Old Bailey, in London;
and the quarter sessions, four times originally, and four
times by adjournment, at the sessions-house, on Clerken-
well-green. There are two hundred acting magistrates.
The rates raised in the county for the year ending March
25th, 1829, amounted to £740,777; the expenditure
to £756,648, of which £659,925 was applied to the
relief of the poor.
of the northern side of the metropolis; and those from
Muswell hill, over the north-eastern side of London,
into Surrey and Kent, and over the valley of the Lea
into Essex. One of the most striking nearer views of
London is that from Primrose hill over the Regent's
Park, with the splendid new ranges of building that
skirt its base, and the rest of the north-western side of
the metropolis. All the land to the south of the road
passing from Brentford, through Hounslow, to Long-
ford, is very nearly an entire flat, the greater part of
which is less than ten feet above the level of the Thames,
which runs along the whole southern side of it. From
Staines, by Ashford and Hanworth commons, to Twick-
enham, a distance of seven miles and a half, is another
flat, lying from ten to twenty feet above the surface
of the Thames. From Brentford, along the borders of
the Thames, to London, is also an extensive level, chiefly
employed in the production of vegetables for the Lon-
don market; as is also another tract on the north-east
side of the town. Round the first milestone on the
Kingsland road is an extent of upwards of one thousand
acres, the surface of which has been lowered from four
to ten feet, by the clay having been dug and made into
bricks: a great portion of this is now covered with
houses. In the western part of the county, stretching
chiefly to the north of Hounslow heath, is a considerable
tract of arable land, and another in the north-eastern
part of it; but by far the greater portion of the land
is meadow or pasture. Upon several of the hills, where
the soil is naturally barren, particularly those of Hamp-
stead and Highgate, and at Hadley, the ground is,
nevertheless, of great value, on account of the fine situ-
tions for building.
The climate in general is healthy, owing to the
greater part of the soil being naturally dry, and the
less elevated tracts well drained, and consequently free
from noxious vapours. The fires of London, from their
immense number, have a sensible effect upon the sur-
rounding atmosphere, which they heat and rarefy.
In London the air, when dry, is always loaded with,
and the atmosphere often obscured by, smoke, contain-
ing soot arising from the pit coal commonly consumed
With good cultivation and the manure procured from
London, the soil has every where been ameliorated, so
that, in most places, it assumes the appearance of
loam, though varying in quality. The summits of most
of the highest hills consist of sand and gravel, fre-
quently intermixed with loam. Hampstead hill is com-
posed of eight or ten feet of yellow iron-stained sand,
with some loam and round flints, under which is a pure
white sand of considerable depth. The soil of all that
portion of the county lying between the road from
Hounslow to Colnbrook, on the north, and the river
Thames on the south, is sandy, or dry turnip and barley
land, generally from eighteen inches to two feet deep,
resting on a bed of gravel, or small flints, of six, eight,
or ten feet in thickness, under which is a leaden-
coloured tenacious earth, of great depth, used by tile-
makers. On the eastern side of the county also, the
soil is of the same light nature, from six inches to two
feet deep, the gravel of small flints, underneath which,
being used for the repairing of the roads, can only be
dug to the depth of from two to five feet, as it then
assumes the appearance of a quicksand, so watery as to
prevent all deeper digging. All the land between the
The gently undulating surface of the greater part of
this small county is peculiarly suited to the general pur-
poses of agriculture; and although it contains little
scenery that can properly be termed picturesque, yet
these inequalities contribute greatly to its healthfulness
and beauty. Middlesex is also diversified with planta-
tions and meandering streams, besides innumerable
villas with ornamented grounds and lawns. The north-
ern border of the county is high ground, which, by
the shelter it affords, adds considerably to the fertility
of the other parts. The principal elevations are, Har-
row hill, the hills of Highwood, Hendon, and Barnet,
one between Barnet and Elstree, Brockley hill, and the
Highgate and Hampstead hills: the summits of these
are of nearly equal height, being about four hun-
dred feet above the level of high water mark in the
Thames. The most extensive prospects are, that from
Harrow hill over the valley of the Thames; those from
Hampstead and Highgate hills, including distinct views
MID
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291
1
Colnbrook and Uxbridge roads, from London to the
west of Hanwell and Hounslow, and the level tract on
the north side of the Thames, from Twickenham down
to Westminster, have a good sandy loam, which, in dif-
ferent parts, has been highly enriched by cultivation;
the substrata of this are the same as those of the sandy
tract first mentioned. The soil around Chiswick varies
from a strong to a light sandy loam, and from a rich and
fertile to a white and sharp sand and gravel: the district
around Fulham consists of a light black and fertile soil.
All the land from Ruislip and Ickenham, on the west,
to Greenford, Apperton, and Harrow, on the east; and
between Pinner, on the north, and Northcote, on the
south, together with that about South Mimms, is com-
posed of strong loam. The level between Islington,
Hampstead, and Hornsey, is also of the same kind, and
very productive. Loamy clay, commonly called clay,
is to be found in this county generally on the tops of
the lower hills, and on the sides of all, but hardly in
any other situation.
The greater part of the arable land is in the common
fields; the rest consists of such parts of the said fields
as have, at no distant time, been enclosed under various
acts of parliament, as at Stanwell, and on Enfield Chase.
The total amount is about fourteen thousand acres,
or one-thirteenth of the whole county, which does not
produce wheat sufficient to supply one-sixtieth of the
inhabitants. The corn cultivated is almost wholly
wheat and barley; rye and oats being grown only in
very small quantities. Beans, peas, turnips, and cab-
bages, are also commonly cultivated. About ten thou-
sand acres of land are employed in the growth of
wheat, the produce varying from ten to upwards of
forty bushels per acre; and about four thousand acres are
annually sown with barley, the average produce of which
is about thirty-two bushels. About three thousand acres
are commonly cropped with beans, which are here cul-
tivated with great advantage: the produce, on an aver-
age, is about thirty bushels per acre; some of the
better sorts are podded when green, and sent to the
London market. Peas annually occupy about three
thousand acres, being also well cultivated; the aver-
age produce of seed per acre is about thirty bushels.
About seven-eighteenths of the county, or seventy thou-
sand acres, consist of upland meadows and pastures,
which, from previous cultivation, and the constant and
abundant supply of manure obtained from London,
have been rendered of the first quality: cattle are
turned into these meadows immediately after mowing,
but to prevent the ground from being trodden, they are
removed on the approach of continued wet weather,
the rest of the after-grass being eaten by sheep, which
remain upon it until the beginning of February.
In
different parts of this large tract of grass land, and
more especially in the more immediate vicinity of the
metropolis, it is mown constantly every year, and
sometimes twice, or even thrice a year. Very little
enclosed land of this kind is pastured. Besides the
above, there are, on the borders of the river Lea, some
excellent grass lands, comprising altogether about
two thousand acres; of which one thousand two hun-
dred, lying in the parishes of Enfield and Edmonton, are
enclosed, the rest being divided by land-marks among
a great number of proprietors. The common meadows
are opened for the reception of the cattle of every inha-
The
bitant of their respective parishes, from the 12th of
August until the 5th of April in the following year,
when the cattle are taken off, and the ground is soon
after prepared for a crop of hay, which it yields in July.
This tract is frequently flooded in winter, and some-
times in summer, the water, in consequence of the
interruptions which it meets with in the lower part of
its course towards the Thames, remaining long on the
ground, and doing much damage to the herbage.
Isle of Dogs, now containing, since the formation
of the West India docks, only five hundred acres,
lies at the south-eastern corner of the county, and
would be overflowed by every tide, were it not for
the security of its banks: this is considered to be the
richest grass land in the county, and is divided and
drained by ditches, which communicate with the
Thames, at low water, by means of sluices. On the
borders of the Thames above London are also different
small tracts of meadow land, which are occasionally
laid under water, by means of floods in the river, in all
amounting to about one hundred acres. And lastly, on
the borders of the river Coln, are extensive meadows
and pastures, extending from Staines to Harefield, the
soil of which is black, peaty, and tender, and but little
elevated above the level of the river, in consequence of
which it is much subject to floods, which frequently
do considerable damage to the crops, and, when they
happen during the hay harvest, sometimes carry the
whole away. This tract contains about two thousand
five hundred acres, and is partly enclosed, but by far
the greater portion consists of what are called Lammas-
fields, in which the occupiers have the entire produce
during only four months in the year. The lands of
this county have the peculiar advantage of a ready sup-
ply of immense quantities of manure from London;
whence are also brought large quantities of soot : chalk
is brought from the vicinity of Ware, in Hertfordshire,
by the Lea navigation, and delivered at Enfield: good
marl is found on the borders of the Thames at Shep-
perton and on Enfield Chase.
Middlesex is not distinguished by any particular
breed of cattle, most of the calves that are bred in it
being suckled until they are ten weeks old, and then
sold to the butcher. The cows kept for the purpose of
supplying the metropolis with milk are of a large size,
with short horns, known by the name of “ Holderness
cattle;" they are bred not only in Yorkshire, in which
county is the district whence they take their name, but
also in nearly all the adjoining counties, where they are
bought by dealers, and brought by them to the fairs and
markets in this county, more especially to the market
in the Liverpool road, Islington. Many are also pur-
chased in the counties where they are bred, by com-
mission, and forwarded to the cow-keepers in and near
London, by whom they are preferred, as giving a
greater quantity of milk than any other breed, without
reference to the quality of it. The number kept for
the supply of London, in the county of Middlesex alone,
is between seven and eight thousand. There is not, per-
haps, a county in England, in which less butter is made:
the greater part of the butter consumed in London is
brought from Ireland, Yorkshire, Buckinghamshire, and
Dorsetshire, the remainder from Cambridge, Norfolk,
Essex, and other neighbouring counties. The farmers
buy their sheep at the fairs in Wiltshire, Berkshire,
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MID
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292
and Hampshire, and from dealers in the west country
sheep at different fairs and markets: the sheep kept on
Hounslow heath, and the adjoining common of Sunbury,
were originally from the stock of the above-mentioned
counties, but they have much degenerated: the practice
of folding them is common. Many early house lambs
are fed in this county, the stock from which they are
bred being sought with great diligence from all parts of
Dorsetshire, and the fairs where such stock is usually
sold; and a great number of grass lambs is reared for
the Smithfield market. A very large market for the
sale of pigs is held on Hadley common, near Barnet,
where great numbers are purchased fat by the pork but-
chers of London, and to which are brought vast quanti-
ties of lean stores, from Shropshire and other distant
counties, to be fed by the malt distillers. Very few good
horses are bred in the county; the farmers obtaining
cart-horses at the different fairs in the neighbouring
counties, and at the stables of dealers in the metropolis.
Many of the horses used in husbandry, as well as those
employed by the carmen in London, are bred in Lei-
cestershire and the adjoining counties, whence they
are taken by dealers and sold to the farmers of Wilt-
shire, Hampshire, and Berkshire, who, having kept
them until they are about five years old, and of a pro-
per age for constant work, dispose of them at high
prices. The draught horses in the possession of the
brewers and distillers, part of which are of Flemish
breed, are almost unequalled in strength and beauty.
Passing from Kensington, through Hammersmith,
Chiswick, Brentford, Isleworth, and Twickenham, the
land on each side of the road, for the distance of seven
miles, is in a great measure occupied by fruit gardens,
for the supply of London, which produce, in the first
place, apples, pears, cherries, plums, walnuts, &c.; and
amongst the trees of these larger kinds of fruit are
planted raspberries, gooseberries, currants, strawberries,
and all such smaller fruit trees, shrubs, and herbs, as
are known to thrive in such situations. The quantity
of the richest ground near London employed in the
raising of vegetables for its supply is very great; and
at Chelsea, Brompton, Kensington, Hackney, Dalston,
Bow, and Mile-End, much land is occupied by nursery-
men, who spare no expense in collecting the choicest
sorts and greatest variety of fruit-trees, ornamental
shrubs, and flowers, from every quarter of the globe,
which they cultivate to a high degree of perfection.
These grounds occupy about one thousand five hundred
acres ; and from them many plants are annually ex-
ported to Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, and
Russia. On the northern slopes of Hampstead and
Highgate hills are still a few acres of old woodland,
besides one hundred acres on the east side of Finchley
common, and two thousand acres to the north-west of
Ruislip, in all about three thousand acres, about half
of which is wood, tolerably well planted with thriving
young oaks, the rest being copse. Many of the hedge-
rows abound with pollard trees, for the most part
elms. In the river Thames are some islands, most
of which are planted with osiers for the use of bas-
ket-makers, as are also different slips of wet land
on the Middlesex border of that river. The common
lands of the county which yet remain unenclosed are
but of small extent; viz., Ashford, Littleton, and Lale-
ham commons, Staines and Cowley moors, Hillingdon
:
G
heath, Uxbridge and Harefield commons, Clapton marshes,
and Hadley, an allotment from Enfield Chase. Besides
these are various smaller, containing less than one hun-
dred acres each, such as Hampstead heath, Ealing com-
mon, Uxbridge moor, Memsey moor, Gould's green, Peil's
heath, Hanwell common, Wormwood-Scrubs, and some
others, which altogether contain about five hundred
acres. Three-fourths of these commons are covered
with heath and furze, while the whole affords but a
scanty pasture for the cattle and sheep that are turned
upon them. Finchley common, comprising upwards of
a thousand acres, has been recently enclosed.
:
-A
The manufactures of this county are far too numer-
ous and extensive to be here detailed, but they will be
found under the names of the places in which they are
respectively carried on the two most important arė,
that of silk, in the parishes of Spitalfields, Shoreditch,
and Bethnal-green, and that of watches in the parish of
Clerkenwell. The coach-builders and harness-makers
are also very numerous in London and its vicinity, and in
their respective labours far excel those of any other city
in the world. With regard to the consumption of agri-
cultural produce, the distilleries are of immense import-
ance, and yield a revenue equal to that of all the other
distilleries in great Britain: the breweries, too, are of
vast extent. Besides the prodigious amount of the im-
ports and exports of the port of London, innumerable
small cargoes of coal and merchandise of various descrip-
tions, including grain, malt, and flour, are conveyed away
or received by means of the inland barges on the Thames
and the Lea. Tackling, apparel, provisions, and stores,
are also supplied for about fourteen thousand vessels,
which load and unload in the course of the year in
the port of London, the commerce of which amounts to
three-fifths of that carried on throughout the whole of
England. Besides the markets at the country towns,
there are in London, Smithfield market, famous for the
sale of bullocks, sheep, calves, lambs, and hogs, on every
Monday, and again, though to a less extent, on every
Thursday, on which latter day is also a market for
ordinary horses; Leadenhall market, the greatest in
London for the sale of country-killed meat and poul-
try, and fresh butter and eggs, and the only skin and
leather market within the bills of mortality; and
Newgate market, for the sale of provisions of the same
kind as at the last-mentioned, being, like it, held daily.
These markets almost entirely supply the butchers
round London, to the distance of twelve miles, and in
a less degree, to the distance of twenty miles. The
principal market at the Corn-Exchange in Mark-lane,
the business of which is almost incalculable, is on
Monday; besides which are two of minor importance,
on Wednesday and Friday about one-fourth of the
supply is imported coastwise, a great quantity being
also foreign corn. At Billingsgate is the great Lon-
don fish-market every morning; while the two princi-
pal vegetable markets, are those of Covent-Garden
and Farringdon, at the latter of which other provi-
sions are also sold. There are three public markets
for hay and straw in this county, namely, at Whitecha-
pel, in Smithfield, and the Haymarket in St. James'
(now about to be removed to "a newly formed area,
called Cumberland market, in the parish of St. Pancras"),
each of which is held every Tuesday, Thursday, and
Saturday. The common fuel of Middlesex is coal,
-
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which is brought by vessels from the counties of
Northumberland and Durham to the port of London,
whence it is forwarded, by land or water carriage, to all
parts of the county, and into Buckinghamshire, Berk-
shire, Surrey, Kent, and Essex. Wood is employed as
fuel only in the cottages and small farm-houses on the
northern side of the county, the expense of carrying
coal to which is considerable.
-
about the year 1730, and is fed by a small stream which
rises near West-end, Hampstead, and passing by Kil-
burn, enters, just below Bayswater, into that part of
the lake which is included in Kensington Gardens, and,
quitting the Serpentine again just above Knightsbridge,
runs into the Thames at Ranelagh. The Grand Junc-
tion canal, which is constructed on a very large and ex-
pensive scale, and opens a direct communication by
water between London and the great manufacturing
towns in Warwickshire, Staffordshire, and Lancashire,
commences at the Thames at Brentford, and takes a
north-westerly direction, passing near Hanwell, Norwood,
Harlington, and West Drayton, to the valley of the
Coln, up which it is continued near Cowley, Uxbridge,
and Harefield, finally quitting Middlesex for Hertford-
shire, near Rickmansworth in the latter county, after a
rise from the Thames of a hundred and fourteen feet: the
barges that navigate this canal are commonly of sixty tons'
burden, and drawn by two horses. From this canal, at
Bull bridge, near the place where it crosses the river Cran,
commences the important branch of it called the Pad-
dington canal, which passes on one level, through the
central part of the county, to Paddington, whence it has
been continued, by the Regent's canal, round the whole
northern side of London, to the Thames at Limehouse.
The basin at Paddington, which formed the termination
of this line before the construction of the Regent's
canal, is upwards of four hundred yards long, and
thirty wide. The Regent's canal, which branches off
at a short distance above it, almost immediately enters
a tunnel under Maida hill, emerging from which it
passes along the northern side of the Regent's Park,
to Islington, under which suburb and the bed of the
New River it is carried, by means of another tunnel
three-quarters of a mile long, and continues its course
by Kingsland and Hackney to Limehouse, where it ter-
minates in an extensive basin communicating with
the Thames: its length is nearly nine miles, and along
its course are twelve locks, of excellent construction,
and thirty-seven bridges. Besides the artificial part of
the Lea navigation already mentioned, there is an im-
portant side cut from that river at Bromley, to a basin
at Limehouse communicating with the Thames. A creek
from the Thames to Kensington has also been widened
within the last few years, and made navigable. Sir
Hugh Middelton's canal, for supplying London with
water, called the New River, after running a distance of
nearly twelve miles from its commencement in Hert-
fordshire, enters Middlesex at Bull-Cross, and winds in a
beautiful and extremely circuitous course of twenty-four
miles through the eastern side of the county to Isling-
ton, where it is received into a large basin, called the
New River Head, from which, by means of engines and
pipes, it is conveyed to most parts of London and its
northern suburbs. The principal turnpike-roads in
Middlesex bear conspicuous marks of their vicinity to
a great city scattered villas and genteel houses, fre-
quently in handsome rows and terraces, are erected on
one or both sides of them to the distance of five or six
miles out of London; the foot-ways are thronged with
passengers, and the carriage-ways with horses, carts,
wagons, private carriages, stage coaches, and vehicles of
every description. The great roads from London to the
north and west of England have the first part of their
course in this county. The road to Cambridge and
:
The principal rivers of Middlesex are the Thames,
the Lea, and the Coln, besides which are the smaller
streams of the Brent and the Cran. The Thames, so
celebrated throughout the world, as connected with the
great port of London, constitutes the southern boundary
of the county for a distance of forty-three miles, first
touching it at Staines, whence it proceeds in a very de-
vious course eastward, by Laleham, Sunbury, Hampton,
Teddington, Twickenham, Isleworth, Brentford, Chis-
wick, Hammersmith, Fulham, and Chelsea, and part of
the cities of Westminster and London, to Blackwall,
where it quits the county, and continues its progress
to the ocean. The largest ships in the service of
the East India Company come up this river with safety
to the corner of the county at Blackwall; and it is
navigable for West India ships to London bridge,
and for large barges in the whole of its course on the
border of Middlesex, along which the tide flows up it,
for the distance of about twenty-three miles, to Rich-
mond bridge. The fish that are occasionally taken in
this part of the Thames are sturgeon, salmon, tench,
barbel, roach, dace, chub, bream, gudgeon, ruffe, bleak,
eels, smelts, and flounders, the three last of which are
of particularly good quality. The Lea forms the entire
eastern boundary of the county, and is divided, in the
greater part of its course, into several natural channels,
uniting into one shortly before its influx into the Thames,
which takes place near Blackwall. From its mouth
upwards the Lea has been made navigable to the dis-
tance of about eight miles, where a canal navigation
branches from it on the western side, and runs nearly
parallel with it through the meadows of Tottenham,
Edmonton, and Enfield, whence it is continued to Hert-
ford. The Coln first touches the county at its north-
western extremity, being there divided into two or three
natural channels, in which manner it flows gently south-
ward, along the western side of the county, to the neigh-
bourhood of Longford and Colnbrook, where it is sub-
divided into six branches, the three principal of which
continue their courses, in the same southerly direction,
until they join the Thames at a short distance west of
Staines: a fourth branch winds its way from near Long-
ford, by the eastern end of Staines, and through Little-
ton, to the Thames between Shepperton and Sunbury;
a fifth, from the same vicinity, runs south-easterly until
it joins the river Cran, near the gunpowder-mills on
Hounslow heath; while the sixth, also from the neigh-
bourhood of Longford, passes near Stanwell, over
Hounslow heath, and through Hanworth, Bushey, and
Hampton-Court parks, to the Thames. The Brent,
rising in Hertfordshire, enters this county near Finch-
ley; and making a circuitous course through the middle
of it, falls into the Thames at Brentford. The Cran
The Cran
takes its rise between Pinner and Harrow, in this county,
and passing under Cranford-bridge, and across Houns-
low heath, joins the Thames at Isleworth. The lake
called the Serpentine river, in Hyde Park, was formed
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1
King's Lynn is a continuation of the line of Bishops-
gate-street, through Tottenham and Edmonton, entering
Hertfordshire, near Waltham-Cross. The great north
road to York, Edinburgh, &c., runs through Highgate,
and after passing through a corner of Hertfordshire, at
Chipping-Barnet, re-enters Middlesex, which it finally
quits just beyond Potter's Bar. The road to Leicester,
Leeds, &c., branches from the last-mentioned road at
the northern extremity of Chipping-Barnet, about three
miles beyond which it enters Hertfordshire in its course
to St. Alban's. The road to Oxford is a continuation of
the line of Oxford-street, passing through Bayswater,
Acton, Hanwell, Southall, &c. to Uxbridge, just beyond
which it quits the county for Buckinghamshire. The
great western road to Exeter, &c., passes along Picca-
dilly, through Knightsbridge, Kensington, Hammer-
smith, Turnham-Green, Brentford, Hounslow, &c., to
Staines, where it enters Surrey at the bridge across the
Thames: the road to Bath and Bristol diverges from it
at Hounslow.
;
which are noticed in the article on London, the royal
palaces of Hampton-Court and Kensington; Sion
House, the seat of the Duke of Northumberland
Chiswick House, that of the Duke of Devonshire;
Osterley Park, that of the Earl of Jersey; Bentley
Priory, that of the Marquis of Abercorn; Caen-
wood, that of the Earl of Mansfield; Fulham Palace,
that of the Bishop of London; Strawberry Hill, formerly
that of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford; and Wrotham
Park, the residence of George Byng, Esq. In various
parts of the county are springs of mineral water, some
of which have been in great repute for their medicinal
virtues; but none of them are now much frequented,
except Bagnigge Wells, St. Chad's Wells, Islington spa,
or New Tonbridge Wells, all which are on the northern
side of London.
:
The only Roman station within the limits of this
county, besides Londinium, which was the seat of the
Roman government of Britain, appears to have been
Sulloniaca, the supposed site of which was on Brockley
hill, near Elstree, bordering on Hertfordshire, on which
spot various Roman remains have been discovered.
The ancient Watling-street is supposed to have run
from Dowgate, on the northern bank of the Thames, in
the city of London, along the line of the modern street
called Watling-street, to Aldersgate, where it quitted
the city it is difficult to trace its course through the
remainder of London, but it is believed to have been
continued north-westerly, and to have fallen into the
line of the present road to St. Alban's by Padding-
ton and Edgware. The Ermin-street led northwards
through Islington and Highgate, by Stoke-Newington
and Hornsey Wood, to Enfield, nearly in the line of
the present high road; but turning off near the latter
place, it passes Clay Hill, and enters Hertfordshire. A
third Roman road led from the metropolis westward
into Surrey and Berkshire, in the line of the present
great western road, through Brentford, Hounslow, and
Staines. A fourth is believed to have led eastward, along
Old-street, and over Bethnal-Green, to Old Ford, where
it crossed the Lea into Essex; and it is probable that
another left the city at Aldgate, and pursued the course
of the present high road, through Whitechapel and
Stratford le Bow, into Essex. Roman antiquities have
been found in different parts of the county, but the
account of the more important of them is given in the
article on London. Middlesex possesses little that is
remarkable in ecclesiastical architecture beyond the limits
of the metropolis. The number of religious houses
in the county before the Reformation, exclusively of
those in the metropolis and its suburbs, was few, and
the principal remains are to be found in London and
Westminster. Among the most perfect specimens of
ancient domestic architecture are, Holland House, Hare-
field Place, and Wyer Hall at Tottenham: this class of
antiquities also includes various fine old mansions within
the ancient limits of the city of London, and the con-
siderable portion still remaining of the royal palace of
St. James'. Among the mansions most distinguished
for grandeur or elegance, may be enumerated, in addi-
tion to the great number of magnificent residences
MIDDLESMOOR, a chapelry in the parish of
KIRKBY-MALZEARD, lower division of the wapentake of
CLARO, West riding of the county of YORK, 15 miles
(w. by N.) from Ripon. The population is returned
with Fountains-Earth. The living is a perpetual cu-
racy, annexed to the vicarage of Masham, in the pecu-
liar jurisdiction of the Dean and Chapter of York,
though claimed to be in the special jurisdiction of the
church, late the prebend of Masham, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, £1200 royal bounty, and
£800 parliamentary grant. John Lazenby, in 1743, de-
vised lands, now producing about £18 a year, for the
establishment and maintenance of a free school for ten
boys; also Simon Horner, in 1809, gave a rent-charge
of £20, for the education of poor children.
MIDDLESTONE, a township in that part of the
parish of ST. ANDREW, AUCKLAND, which is in the
south-eastern division of DARLINGTON ward, county
palatine of DURHAM, 3½ miles (E. by N.) from Bishop-
Auckland, containing 117 inhabitants.
MIDDLETHORPE, a township in that part of the pa-
rish of ST. MARY, BISHOPSHILL, SENIOR, which is in the
ainsty of the city, and East riding of the county, of YORK,
24 miles (S. by W.) from York, containing 44 inhabitants.
MIDDLETON, a joint chapelry with Smerrill, in
that part of the parish of YoULGRAVE which is in the
hundred of WIRKSWORTH, County of DERBY, 32 miles
(S. S. W.) from Bakewell, containing, with Smerrill, 280
inhabitants. There are places of worship for Indepen-
dents and Wesleyan Methodists. Extensive lead mines
are now in operation near the village, which is situated
on a hill abounding in limestone. Middleton is in the
honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the
jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every
third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
MIDDLETON, a parish in the hundred of HINCK-
FORD, County of ESSEX, 1 mile (S. by W.) from Sud-
bury, containing 109 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex
and Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial Court of
the Bishop of London, rated in the king's books at
£8, and in the patronage of the Rev. Oliver Raymond.
The church has some remains of Norman architecture.
The parish is bounded on the east by the river Stour.
MIDDLETON, a township in that part of the parish
of LANCASTER which is in the hundred of LONSDALE,
south of the sands, county palatine of Lancaster, 5
miles (W.S.W.) from Lancaster, containing 185 inhabit-
ants. It is situated upon the coast of Morecambe bay.
MID
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295
by a screen divided into seven compartinents, on which
are carved the shields and armorial bearings of several
families connected by marriage with the Asshetons; in
both the north and south compartments are several
ancient and curious monuments and inscriptions: the
windows also are decorated with armorial bearings,
especially that of the north aisle, on which is depicted
a group consisting of a priest and sixteen archers, in a
kneeling posture, intended as a representation of the
bowmen who accompanied Sir Richard Assheton to
Flodden field: the chancel window is decorated with
portions of stained glass, removed hither from an ancient
apartment in the rectory house, called "the Hall."
There are places of worship for the late Countess of
Huntingdon's Connexion, Independents, Primitive and
Wesleyan Methodists, and Swedenborgians. The gram-
mar school was founded pursuant to royal charter, dated
August 11th, 1572, by Alexander Nowell, D. D., Dean of
St. Paul's, London: the incorporated governors are the
Principal and Fellows of Brasenose College, in which the
dean, then principal, likewise founded and endowed thir-
teen scholarships for the benefit of this and other schools
in the county. It is also entitled to share with others
in two scholarships founded in the same college, by
Samuel Radcliffe, D. D., in 1648, and endowed with an
estate in Bedfordshire. The governors elect the master,
whose salary is only £20 per annum, and the usher,
who has £10; each of the boys pays for instruction.
There is a charity school in the township of Ainsworth,
endowed with a cottage for the master, and land produc-
ing about £12 per annum, for which from six to eight
poor children receive instruction. In 1758, Catherine
Hopwood bequeathed £ 100, directing the interest to be
applied to the instruction of poor children, and the
school-house was erected at the expense of the inhabit-
ants of the township of Hopwood. Sunday schools be-
longing to the various religious communities afford in-
struction to about two thousand children.
MIDDLETON, a parish in the hundred of SAL-
FORD, county palatine of LANCASTER, comprising the
market town of Middleton, the chapelry of Ashworth,
and the townships of Ainsworth, Birtle cum Bamford,
Hopwood, Great Lever, Pilsworth, and Thornham, and
containing 12,793 inhabitants, of which number, 5809
are in the town of Middleton, 55 miles (S. E. by S.)
from Lancaster, and 191 (N. N. W.) from London. The
name of this place is supposed to have originated from
its central situation with regard to some neighbouring
towns, whence it was called Middle town. The manor
was long held by the family of Assheton, to which be-
longed Sir Richard Assheton, who signalized himself
against the Scots, in 1513, at the battle of Flodden,
whither he was accompanied by a band of archers from
Middleton. In modern times this town has chiefly been
distinguished as one of the principal seats of the cot-
ton manufacture, and the weaving of silk is carried
on to some extent; in 1812, when a spirit of discon-
tent and insubordination prevailed among the work-
men, Middleton was, for a short time, the scene of
riot and bloodshed. It is pleasantly situated on the
road from Manchester to Rochdale, and is a consider-
able thoroughfare. The inhabitants are abundantly
supplied with water from springs. Subscription con-
certs have been established, and are well supported, it
being in contemplation to erect a handsome concert-
room. The cotton trade, in its various departments
of spinning, weaving, bleaching, and printing, is exten-
sively carried on, also the manufacture of nankeens,
ginghams, and check-handkerchiefs there are also
a silk-manufactory and extensive dye-works, together
with coal mines in the immediate vicinity; in one of the
cotton manufactories are two steam-engines, of forty and
twenty-four horse power respectively, by which eleven
thousand spindles and five hundred power-looms are
put in motion. The Rochdale canal from Manchester
passes about one mile and a half from the town, and
communicates with other canals, affording a navigable
conveyance to Hull. To the introduction of the different
branches of manufacture Middleton is indebted for its
rapid increase of population, and its present prosperity.
A royal grant for holding a weekly market was obtained
in 1791, since which period a market-house, shambles,
and a range of warehouses for general merchandise,
have been erected, at the expense of Lord Suffield, to
whom the manor belongs. The market was appointed
to be held on Friday; and the fairs on the first Tues-
day after the 11th of March, the first Tuesday after the
15th of April, and the second Thursday after the 29th
of September, all which, however, are merely nominal,
no business being transacted. Manorial courts leet and
baron are held in April and October; at the former of
these, the several constables, appointed at a vestry-meet-
ing of the ley-payers, are sworn in for the township.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Chester, rated in the king's books at £36. 3. 11½.,
and in the patronage of Lord Suffield. The church, de-
dicated to St. Leonard, is ancient, and appears to be the
work of different periods; the southern side, which is
the more modern, was built in 1524, by Sir Richard
Assheton and his wife Anne: the tower is low and sup-
ports a superstructure of wood, the sandy foundation
not being deemed sufficiently firm to sustain an entire
erection of stone: the choir is separated from the nave
:
MIDDLETON, a joint township with Houghton and
Arbury, in the parish of WINWICK, hundred of WEST
DERBY, county palatine of LANCASTER, 3 miles (S. E.
by E.) from Newton in Mackerfield. The population is
returned with Houghton.
MIDDLETON, a parish in the Lynn division of the
hundred of FREEBRIDGE, county of NORFOLK, 3½ miles
(S. E.) from Lynn-Regis, containing 665 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£7, and in the patronage of the Rev. P. S. Wood, L.L.D.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. Here are quarries
of a rough stone well adapted for buildings of an infe-
rior description. In the village is a high mount, proba-
bly the site of an ancient castle; and in the neighbour-
hood are the remains of a mansion of the Lords Scales,
built in the reign of Henry VI.
MIDDLETON, a township in the parish of Cor-
TINGHAM, hundred of CORBY, county of NORTHAMPTON,
2 miles (S. W. by W.) from Rockingham, containing
377 inhabitants.
MIDDLETON, a township in that part of the pa-
rish of BELFORD which is in the northern division of
BAMBROUGH ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 14
mile (N. N. W.) from Belford, containing 79 inhabitants.
MIDDLETON, a parish in the hundred of BLYTH-
ING, county of SUFFOLK, 2 miles (E. S. E.) from Yox-
-
1
MID
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296
!
+
ford, containing, with Fordley, 564 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £5, and in the patronage of Harrison, Esq.
The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
MIDDLETON, a parish in the hundred of Avis-
FORD, rape of ARUNDEL, County of SUSSEX, 8 miles
(S. W. by S.) from Arundel, containing 44 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£5. 10. 10., and in the patronage of the Crown.
MIDDLETON, a parish in the Tamworth division
of the hundred of HEMLINGFORD, county of WARWICK,
4 miles (S.S.W.) from Tamworth, containing 623 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and Co-
ventry, and in the patronage of Lord Middleton. The
church, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, has portions
in the Norman and early English styles, and a tower of
later architecture. The Birmingham and Fazely canal
passes through the parish. The several sums arising
from bequests by Robert Gorton, in 1640; Francis Wil-
loughby, in 1672; and the Dowager Lady Middleton, in
1782, are applied in teaching poor children, and pro-
viding them with bibles. Middleton gives the title of
baron to the family of Willoughby.
MIDDLETON, a chapelry in the parish of KIRKBY-
LONSDALE, LONSDALE ward, county of WESTmorland,
3 miles (N. by E.) from Kirkby-Lonsdale, containing
252 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, an-
nexed to the vicarage of Kirkby-Lonsdale, in the arch-
deaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester, endowed
with £200 private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty.
The chapel, dedicated to the Holy Ghost, was built at
the expense of the inhabitants, in 1634, on ground given
by Dr. Christopher Bainbridge, a native of this place.
A school has been erected by subscription, and is en-
dowed with about £10 per annum for teaching poor
children. A battle is stated to have been fought here
between the English and the Scots: many human bones
have been discovered near the old bridge.
MIDDLETON, a parish in the Bainton-Beacon divi-
sion of the wapentake of HARTHILL, East riding of the
county of YORK, 83 miles (N. W.) from Beverley, con-
taining 441 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of the East riding, and diocese of York,
rated in the king's books at £15. 3. 4., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. J. Blanchard. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Andrew. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists.
MİDDLETON, a parish in PICKERING lythe, North
riding of the county of YORK, comprising the townships
of Cowthorn, Cropton, Hartoft, Lockton, Middleton,
Rosedale (East side), Wretton, and part of Aislaby, and
containing 1727 inhabitants, of which number, 247 are
in the township of Middleton, 12 mile (W. N. W.) from
Pickering. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, rated
in the king's books at £10. 11. 8., endowed with £6 per
annum private benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and
£400 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Devisees of the Rev. J. Robinson.
4
J
West riding of the county of YORK, 53 miles (N. N. W.)
from Wakefield, containing 1096 inhabitants.
MIDDLETON, a joint township with Stockhill, in
that part of the parish of ILKLEY which is in the upper
division of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the
county of YORK, 6 miles (W. N. W.) from Otley, con-
taining, with Stockhill, 205 inhabitants.
MIDDLETON (ST. GEORGE), a parish in the
south-western division of STOCKTON ward, county pa-
latine of DURHAM, 6½ miles (E. S. E.) from Darlington,
containing 209 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Durham, rated in the
king's books at £4, and in the patronage of the Heirs
of the late W. Pemberton, Esq. The foundations of
Pountney's bridge, thought to have been the first bridge
built across the Tees, are still visible: on or near it
stood an ancient chapel; within a short distance of it
there was a hermitage, and on the brow of the hill im-
mediately above it is an artificial mound, encompassed
by a fosse.
MIDDLETON, a township in the parish of ROTH-
WELL, lower division of the wapentake of AGBRIGG,
MIDDLETON on the HILL, a parish in the hundred
of WOLPHY, county of HEREFORD, 6 miles (N. E.) from
Leominster, containing 369 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Hereford, endowed with £200 private benefaction, £400
royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Bishop of Hereford. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary.
MIDDLETON upon LEVEN, a chapelry in the parish
of RUDBY in CLEVELAND, western division of the liberty
of LANGBAURGH, North riding of the county of YORK,
32 miles (S. E. by E.) from Yarm, containing 111 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, endowed
with £1000 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Lady
Amherst. The chapel is dedicated to St. Cuthbert.
MIDDLETON (NORTH), a township in the parish.
of Ilderton, northern division of COQUETDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 2 miles (S. by E.) from
Wooler, containing 128 inhabitants..
MIDDLETON (NORTH), a township in that part
of the parish of HARTBURN which is in the western
division of MORPETH ward, county of NORTHUMBER-
LAND, 83 miles (W. by S.) from Morpeth, containing 75
inhabitants.
MIDDLETON (SOUTH), a township in the parish
of ILDERTON, northern division of COQUETDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 22 miles (S.) from
Wooler, containing 69 inhabitants.
MIDDLETON (SOUTH), a township in that part
of the parish of HARTBURN which is in the western
division of MORPETH ward, county of NORTHUMBER-
LAND, 10 miles (W. by S.) from Morpeth, containing 31
inhabitants.
-
MIDDLETON (STONY), a chapelry in the parish
of HATHERSAGE, hundred of HIGH PEAK, county of
DERBY, 5 miles (N. by E.) from Bakewell, containing 635
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed
to the vicarage of Hathersage, in the archdeaconry of
Derby, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed
with £200 private benefaction, £ 800 royal bounty, and
£1000 parliamentary grant. The chapel, dedicated to
St. Martin, was rebuilt in 1759, in the form of an octa-
gon. There is a place of worship for Unitarians. A
considerable quantity of limestone is burned here, and
MID
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297
used for manure. This parish is in the honour of Tut-
bury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction
of a court of pleas held at Chapel en le Frith every
third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
MIDDLETON (STONEY), a parish in the hundred
of PLOUGHLEY, county of OXFORD, 3 miles (W. by N.)
from Bicester, containing 340 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford,
rated in the king's books at £ 12. 16. 04., and in the
patronage of the Bishop of Lincoln. The church is
dedicated to All Saints.
bury every third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts
under 40s.
MIDDLETON in TEASDALE, a parish in the south-
western division of DARLINGTON ward, county palatine
of DURHAM, comprising the market town of Middleton,
the chapelry of Egglestone, and the townships of Forest
with Frith, and Newbiggin, and containing 2866 inha-
bitants, of which number, 1263 are in the town of Mid-
dleton, 10 miles (N. W.) from Barnard-Castle, and 253
(N. N. W.) from London. The town is irregularly built,
and scattered along the sides of hills which surround,
in a somewhat oval form, an extensive green: the envi-
rons abound with all the varied scenery of rocks,
waterfalls, and chasms of immense depth, with fertile
valleys and sloping hills, enriched by the gentle flow
of the Tees, in its course through this county to the
German Ocean. About two miles above the town is
Wynch bridge, seventy feet in length and two in width,
thrown from rock to rock across a tremendous chasm
sixty feet in depth, and guarded on each side by a
hand-rail; and higher up the river are the stupendous
cataracts of High Force and Caldron Snout. Several
of the inhabitants are occupied in raising and manu-
facturing the lead-ore produced in the northern part
of the parish in immense quantities. The market is
held on Saturday, and every alternate market is nu-
merously attended by the miners, who are paid once
a fortnight there are fairs on the third Thursday in
April, July 7th, and on the second Thursday in Sep-
tember. The town-hall, a neat edifice with a market-
place beneath it, was erected at the expense of the
Earl of Darlington. Courts leet and baron are held
annually for the manor. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Durham, rated in the
king's books at £25. 17. 1., and in the patronage of the
Crown. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is an an-
cient but small edifice; the tower is several yards dis-
tant from the rest of the building. There are places
of worship for Baptists, Independents, and Methodists.
Christopher Stephenson and others bequeathed a small
estate, now producing £22 per annum, for which eight
boys are instructed. A National school, erected and
partly supported by the London Lead Company, espe-
cially for the children of their own labourers, from six
until twelve years of age, who pay 1s. each per quarter,
affords instruction to one hundred and thirty children,
exclusively of one hundred Sunday scholars; the other
children pay two shillings and sixpence per quarterage: a
small library is attached to the school, for the use of
the Company's workmen, to whom the books are lent.
:
MIDDLETON by WIRKSWORTH, a hamlet in
that part of the parish of WIRKSWORTH Which is in the
hundred of WIRKSWORTH, County of DERBY, 1 mile
(N.N.W.) from Wirksworth, containing 904 inhabitants.
It is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and
within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tut-
VOL. III.
MIDDLETON-CHENEY, a parish in the hundred
of KING'S SUTTON, county of NORTHAMPTON, 3 miles
(E. by N.) from Banbury, containing 1398 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of North-
ampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's
books at £ 31. 11. 3., and in the patronage of the Prin-
cipal and Fellows of Brasenose College, Oxford. The
church, dedicated to All Saints, has a fine tower and
spire, and a rich porch. There are places of worship for
Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists. The tenure pre-
vailing in this lordship is that, when estates descend in
the female line, the eldest sister inherits. In the great
civil war a battle was fought here, in which the army
of the parliament was defeated.
MIDDLETON-HALL, a township in the parish of
ILDERTON, northern division of COQUETDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 12 mile (S.) from Wooler,
containing 61 inhabitants.
MIDDLETON-QUERNHOW, a chapelry in that
part of the parish of WATH which is in the wapentake
of HALLIKELD, North riding of the county of YORK,
5 miles (N. N.E.) from Ripon, containing 102 inhabit-
ants.
MIDDLETON-SCRIVEN, a parish in the hundred
of STOTTESDEN, County of SALOP, 5 miles (S. S. W.)
from Bridgenorth, containing 86 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop,
and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£4. 6. 8., and in the patronage of T. Rowley, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
MIDDLETON-TYAS, a parish in the eastern divi-
sion of the wapentake of GILLING, North riding of the
county of YORK, comprising the townships of Mid-
dleton-Tyas with Kneeton, and Moulton, and contain-
ing 805 inhabitants, of which number, 569 are in the
township of Middleton-Tyas with Kneeton, 5 miles
(N. E.) from Richmond. The living is a vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
rated in the king's books at £15. 10., and in the pa-
tronage of the Crown. The church is a handsome
uniform structure.
MIDDLEWICH, a parish comprising the township
of Weever in the first division of the hundred of EDDIS
BURY, the market town of Middlewich, and the town-
ships of Bylcy with Yatehouse, Clive, Croxton, Kinder-
ton with Hulme, Minshull-Vernon, Mooresbarrow with
Parme, Newton, Occlestone, Ravenscroft, Sproston,
Stublach, Sutton, and Wimboldsley, in the hundred of
NORTHWICH, County palatine of CHESTER; and con-
taining 4450 inhabitants, of which number, 1212 are
in the town of Middlewich, 20 miles (E.) from Chester,
and 167 (N. W.) from London. The name of this town
is derived from its central situation with respect to the
Wiches, or salt towns; and it is probable that the
Romans had an establishment here, or in the vicinity,
as there are traces of a Roman road; and in the town-
ship of Kinderton is an intrenched camp, supposed
to be the site of the Roman station called Condate.
The earliest notice of it is in the reign of Edward
the Confessor, when it appears to have been held by
the Earl of Mercia under the king: after the Conquest it
was annexed to the earldom of Chester, and subsequently
to the crown, under which it is held by the present
+
2 Q
1
MID
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298
1
lessee. It was formerly one of the burghs of the pala-
tinate, and the burgesses received grants of various pri-
vileges from some of the baronial proprietors, which they
pleaded in reply to a writ of Quo Warranto issued against
them in the 15th of Henry VII. On the occasion of a
contest here between the royalists and the parliament-
ary forces, March 13th, 1642, the former experienced a
signal defeat; but in a second engagement, about nine
months afterwards, the parliamentarians were van-
quished, in consequence of a reinforcement of their oppo-
nents by troops from Ireland. The town, which is
neat and well built, and extends into the townships of
Kinderton and Newton, is divided by the Grand Trunk,
or Trent and Mersey, canal, here crossed by the river
Dane; and the rivers Croco, Weever, and Wheelock,
also run through the parish: upon the two latter are
several corn-mills. A branch from the Chester canal
is now in progress from Wardle to Middlewich, from
which considerable benefit to the trade of this town
is anticipated. The trade consists principally in salt,
which is obtained from powerful brine springs: there
are likwise some silk - manufactories. The market
is on Tuesday; and fairs are held on Holy Thursday,
August 25th, and October 29th. Constables are ap-
pointed at the court leet of the lessee of the manor.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's
books at £14, endowed with £200 private benefac-
tion, £200 royal bounty, and £1000 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Rev. Isaac Wood.
The church, dedicated to St. Michael and All Angels,
presents indications of various styles of architecture,
having been the work of different periods; it has a
handsome tower; at the eastern end of each of the
aisles is a chapel, or chancel, separated by a screen.
There are places of worship for the Society of Friends,
Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists. A free
school was founded in the sixteenth century, for a
few poor boys, custom having limited the number to
eight, who are taught reading only; the master is
nominated by Lord de Tabley: it is endowed with £160,
and a house and school-room in the township of New-
ton, the inhabitants of which have added a small portion
of land, to entitle them to send a proportionate number
of boys for instruction. The Rev. Theophilus Lindsey,
a Unitarian divine, and theological writer, was born here
in 1723; he died in London, in 1808.
MIDDLEZOY, a parish in the hundred of WHITLEY,
county of SOMERSET, 5 miles (N. W. by N.) from
Langport, containing, with a part of Boroughbridge,
605 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the jurisdiction of Glastonbury, and diocese of Bath
and Wells, rated in the king's books at £ 12, and in the
patronage of the Bishop of Bath and Wells. The
church is dedicated to the Holy Cross. The river Parret
is navigable on the south-west.
county of BERKS, 6 miles (E.) from Speenhamland, con-
taining 329 inhabitants. The chapel, dedicated to St.
Margaret, was rebuilt by John Hillersdon, Esq., in 1714.
There are almshouses erected by the late William Poyntz,
Esq. The Kennet and Avon canal passes in the vicinity.
MIDGLEY, a township in the parish of HALIFAX,
wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county of
YORK, 4 miles (W. by N.) from Halifax, containing
2207 inhabitants.
MIDDOP, a township in the parish of GISBURN,
western division of the wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and
EwCROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, 5 miles
(N. W. by W.) from Colne, containing 100 inhabitants.
A school, erected by subscription on the waste, was
endowed, in 1819, by the Rev. Thomas Bland, with
money now producing about £10 per annum.
MIDGHAM, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
THATCHAM which is in the hundred of FAIRCROSS,
-
MIDHOPE, a chapelry in the parish of ECCLES-
FIELD, northern division of the wapentake of STRAF-
FORTH and TICKHILL, West riding of the county of
YORK, 34 miles (S. S. W.) from Penistone.
The popula-
tion is returned with the parish. The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of York,
endowed with £800 royal bounty, and £200 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of Major-General
Bawille.
MIDHURST, a borough, market town, and parish,
in the hundred of EASEBOURNE, rape of CHICHESTER,
county of SUSSEX, 114 miles (N. by E.) from Chichester,
and 494 (S. W.) from London, containing 1335 inhabit-
ants. This is evidently a place of great antiquity, having
been a large town prior to the Conquest, and having en-
joyed its privilege of parliamentary representation ever
since the reign of Edward II. The town is agreeably
situated upon a gentle eminence surrounded by hills, and
on the banks of the river Rother: the streets are clean
and the houses well built; and the inhabitants are re-
markable for longevity, which is attributed to the great
salubrity of the atmosphere. The market is on Thurs-
day: fairs are held on April 8th and October 27th.
The Rother, or Arundel, navigation commences at this
town. A bailiff is chosen annually at the court leet
of the lord of the manor: the petty sessions for the
hundred are held at the Angel Inn.
The borough
comprises a plot of ground without the boundaries of
the present town, probably the site of some more an-
cient place: there is not a single house upon it, but the
situation of the burgage tenements is accurately marked
by large stones set up for that purpose. Midhurst is a
borough by prescription, and has sent members to
parliament ever since the 4th of Edward II.: the right
of election is vested in about one hundred and twenty
burgage-holders, and the bailiff is the returning officer.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chichester, endowed with £400 private
benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of William Stephen Poyntz, Esq. The church,
which is dedicated to St. Denis, has a south chapel
at its east end, which contains some handsome monu-
ments of the family of Browne, Viscounts Montague,
the most remarkable being that of Anthony, first Lord
Montague, and his two wives: he is represented in his
robes of the garter, with armour and ruff, kneeling at a
square pedestal or altar, on which his helmet is placed.
This church has received an addition of one hundred
and thirty-three free sittings, for which the Incorporated
Society for enlarging churches and chapels contributed
£50. The free grammar school was founded by Gilbert
Hannam, of Midhurst, in 1672, who during his life
granted a rent-charge of £20 for ever, for the educa-
tion of twelve boys in Latin, Greek, and arithmetic, and
at his decease, in 1677, bequeathed a moiety of his
estate for the further support of the master it is
MIL
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299
open to the sons of inhabitants who have resided seven
years in Midhurst, and the late head-master, Dr. Bailey,
having made large additions to the school-house, it has
now become a classical school of considerable import-
ance: the total annual income arising from the above-
mentioned benefaction is £32. 18. A National school
is supported by subscription. At a short distance from
the town are the picturesque ruins of Cowdray House,
once the magnificent seat of the Montague family, which
was accidently destroyed by fire in 1793.
MIDLEY, a parish in the liberty of ROMNEY-
MARSH, though locally in the hundred of Martin-
Pountney, lathe of SHEPWAY, County of KENT, 3 miles
(W. S. W.) from New Romney, containing 33 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £30,
and in the patronage of - Eve, Esq. The church has
been demolished.
MIDLOE, an extra-parochial liberty, in the hundred
of TOSELAND, County of HUNTINGDON, containing 43
inhabitants.
MIDRIDGE, a township in the parish of HEIGH-
INGTON, South-eastern division of DARLINGTON ward,
county palatine of DURHAM, 42 miles (S. E. by S.) from
Bishop-Auckland, containing 201 inhabitants. The
school-room, built in 1817, was enlarged in 1821, and
is used as a chapel of ease, the curacy having been en-
dowed with £27. 6. a year, by the late Bishop of Durham,
who also endowed the school with £10 per annum,
which is further supported by the subscriptions of the
Earl of Eldon and others.
MIDRIDGE-GRANGE, a township in that part
of the parish of ST. ANDREW AUCKLAND which is in
the south-eastern division of DARLINGTON ward, county
palatine of DURHAM, 4 miles (S. E.) from Bishop-
Auckland, containing 58 inhabitants.
MID-VILLE, a township in the eastern division of
the soke of BOLINGBROKE, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, containing 139 inhabitants. This township
is independent of any parish, it having been so created
by act of parliament, in 1812, on occasion of an exten-
sive drainage of fen-lands.
MANILA
port
MILBORNE-PORT, a
borough and parish (for-
merly a market town) in
the hundred of HORE-
THORNE, County of SOMER-
SET, 23 miles (N. E. by E.)
from Sherborne, and 115
(W.) from London, contain-
ing 1440 inhabitants. This
town, which is irregularly
built, and consists chiefly
of detached houses, is situ-
ated at the bottom of a
hill, adjoining the river
Ivel, on the high road from Yeovil to Shaftesbury. The
manufacture of sail-cloth, dowlas, lindsey-woolsey, and
stockings, has been superseded by glove-making and
leather-dressing. Fairs are held on June 5th and Oc-
tober 28th, for cattle and pedlary. There are nine pieces
of borough land, or burgage tenements, and the persons
to whom they are conveyed by the proprietors are called
capital bailiffs; two of them in rotation preside annually,
being called reigning bailiffs, who, at a court leet held
Seal and Arms.
Wilborues
PEREE
*A FE
10th
in October, appoint two deputies, or sub-bailiffs; and
there are two stewards of the commonalty lands, or
public property, belonging to the parish, which is divi-
ded into three tythings, Milborne-Port, Milborne-Wick,
and Kingsbury-Regis. At the last a court baron is
held annually, when a constable, tythingman, and hay-
ward, are appointed. Milborne-Port is a borough by
prescription, and returned members to parliament from
the 26th to the 35th of Edward I., from which time,
until the reign of Charles I., it ceased to exercise the
privilege, but in 1628 the franchise was restored: the
right of election is in the nine capital bailiffs, their two
deputies, the two commonalty stewards, and the inhabit-
ants paying scot and lot; the number of voters is about
eighty: the two sub-bailiffs are the returning officers,
and the predominant influence is in the Marquis of An-
glesey and Sir William Coles Medlycott. The living is
a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £ 14. 1. 3.,
and in the patronage of the Marquis of Anglesey. The
church, dedicated to St. John the Evangelist, is an an-
cient cruciform structure, with a large quadrangular
tower, and has recently received an addition of four
hundred sittings, of which three hundred and fifty are
free, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of
churches and chapels having contributed £200 towards
defraying the expense. There is a place of worship for
Independents.
Zat
KLENBLänder
30.m
DS
:
<<
MILBOURN, a tything in the parish and hundred
of MALMESBURY, county of WILTS, 1 mile (E. N. E.)
from Malmesbury, containing 115 inhabitants.
MILBOURNE (ST. ANDREW'S), a parish in the
liberty of DEWLISH, Blandford (North) division, though
locally in the Dorchester division, of the county of DOR-
SET, 8 miles (S. W.) from Blandford-Forum, containing,
with Milbourne-Churchstone, 244 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, with that of Dewlish annex-
ed, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bris-
tol, rated in the king's books at £13. 6. S., and in the
patronage of T. Gundry, Esq. In this parish is an ob-
long double-intrenched camp, the area of which is about
seven acres. Cardinal Morton, Archbishop of Canter-
bury in the reign of Henry VII., was born here.
MILBOURNE-CHURCHSTONE, a tything in the
parish of MILBOURNE St. ANDREW, liberty of Dew-
LISH, Blandford (North) division of the county of
DORSET. The population is returned with the parish.
MILBOURNE-STYLEHAM, a parish in the hun-
dred of BEER-REGIS, Blandford (South) division of the
county of DORSET, adjacent to Milbourne St. Andrew's,
containing 264 inhabitants.

MILBROOK, a chapelry (formerly a market town)
in that part of the parish of MAKER which is in the
southern division of the hundred of EAST, County of
CORNWALL, 7 miles (S.) from Saltash. The population
is returned with the parish. The inhabitants are chiefly
occupied in an extensive fishery. Fairs are held on
May 1st and September 29th. Milbrook is said to have
anciently sent members to parliament. Courts leet and
baron are still held, annually about Michaelmas, for what
is called the borough of Milbrook, and the manor of
Inswork, at which, by a jury appointed and sworn, a
portreeve, clerk of the market, and other officers, are
chosen, but their powers are become obsolete from disuse.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
2 Q2
MIL
MIL
300
of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, and in the patron-
age of the Vicar of Maker. The chapel, which contains
six hundred sittings, of which three hundred and fifty-
seven are free, was erected at the expense of £300, con-
tributed by the Incorporated Society for the enlarge-
ment of churches and chapels. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
MILBURN, a township in the parish of PONTELAND,
western division of CASTLE ward, county of NORTHUM-
BERLAND, 11 miles (N. W.) from Newcastle upon Tyne,
containing 82 inhabitants. Coal and limestone are
obtained in the parish.
MILBURN, a chapelry in the parish of KIRKBY
THORE, EAST ward, county of WESTMORLAND, 7 miles
(N. by W.) from Appleby, containing, with Milburn-
Grange, 303 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle,
endowed with £500 private benefaction, and £ 400 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Earl of Thanet.
The chapel, dedicated to St. Cuthbert, was founded by
William de Lancaster, about 1355. Sarah Atkinson,
Sarah Atkinson,
in 1790, left £100 for the education of poor chil-
dren, the interest of which is about £4. 10. a year.
There are some inferior veins of coal and lead-ore
in the neighbourhood, but neither of them is worked.
On the southern end of Greenfell there are vestiges
of a circular fort, deeply moated, called Green Cas-
tle, near which was found an altar inscribed "DEO
SILVANO."
MILBURN-GRANGE, a township in the parish of
PONTELAND, Western division of CASTLE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 114 miles (N. W.) from New-
castle upon Tyne, containing 32 inhabitants.
MILBURN-GRANGE, a hamlet in the parish of
Kirkby-ThorE, EAST ward, county of WESTMORLAND,
5 miles (N. by W.) from Appleby. The population is
returned with the chapelry of Milburn.
MILBY, a joint township with Humberton, partly
in the parish of KIRBY on the MOOR, wapentake of
HALLIKELD, North riding, and partly in that part of the
parish of ALDBOROUGH which is in the lower division
of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding, of the county
of YORK, 1 mile (N. by E.) from Boroughbridge. The
population is returned with Humberton. The river
Ure, which separates this place from Boroughbridge,
was, before the Conquest, crossed by a wooden bridge,
on the line of the great north road: some remains
of it are still visible when the water is low.
MILCOMBE, a chapelry in the parish and hundred
of BLOXHAM, County of OXFORD, 6 miles (N. W. by W.)
from Deddington, containing 220 inhabitants.
MILCOTT, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
WESTON Upon Avon which is in the Alcester division
of the hundred of BARLICHWAY, County of WARWICK,
22 miles (S. W.) from Stratford upon Avon, containing
14 inhabitants.
MILDENHALL, a parish in the hundred of SELK-
LEY, county of WILTS, 1 mile (E. N. E.) from Marl-
borough, containing 414 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese of
Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £17. 8. 9., and
in the patronage of the Executors of the late Rev.
Richard Pococke. The church, dedicated to St. John the
Baptist, was repaired by the Rev. Charles Francis, late
rector, at a considerable expense; he also built and en-
dowed a "Protestant" free school, for the education of
poor children. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. On the right of the London road leading
from the forest to Marlborough are slight traces of the
ancient Roman station Cunetio; where many Roman
coins, tesselated pavements, &c., have been discovered.
MILDENHALL (ST. ANDREW'S), a market town
and parish in the hundred of LACKFORD, County of SUF-
FOLK, 38½ miles (N. W.) from Ipswich, and 70 (N. N. E.)
from London, containing 2974 inhabitants. The town
is situated on a tributary of the river Ouse, called the
Lark, which is navigable along the south and west
boundaries of the parish, on the high road from Nor-
wich to London through Newmarket. It is large,
including, besides one principal and several smaller
streets, others of considerable extent, forming detached
portions, reaching towards the fens on the east. The
streets are neither lighted nor paved, but the inhabitants
are plentifully supplied with water from wells and
springs. There is a small spinning-mill for raw silk,
which affords employment chiefly for children; but the
principal branch of commerce is the exportation of
grain and other commodities.
grain and other commodities. A market is held on
Friday, which is well supplied with fish, wild fowl, and
provisions in general; and there is a fair on the 10th
of October, for toys, pedlary, &c. A manorial court is
held twice or thrice a year, as occasion requires. A
high constable is annually appointed; but the town is
within the jurisdiction of the county magistrates, who
meet occasionally for the despatch of business. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£22. 8. 14., and in the patronage of Sir Henry Edward
Bunbury, Bart. The church, which is dedicated to St.
Mary, is a large handsome structure with a lofty tower;
the ceiling is of wood-work, richly carved, and the en-
trance is through a highly-finished old English porch:
in the interior are several ancient monuments. There
are places of worship in the parish for Baptists, those
in the late Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, and
Wesleyan Methodists. A National school for children
of both sexes is supported by subscription. An alms-
house for four widows was founded, in 1722, by Sir
Thomas Hanner; the inmates have 2s. 6d. a week, and
an allowance for coal, clothes, &c.
MILDEN, a parish in the hundred of BAbergh,
county of SUFFOLK, 3 miles (S. W. by W.) from
Bildeston, containing 167 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £10. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of Mrs. M. Hallward. The church
is dedicated to St. Peter. A trifling rent-charge, the
gift of the Rev. William Burkitt, in 1700, is applied in
teaching poor children.
-
MILE-END, a district in the parish of STEPNEY,
Tower division of the hundred of OssULSTONE, County
of MIDDLESEX, 1 mile (E.) from London, comprising
Mile-End Old Town, containing 22,876 inhabitants, and
Mile-End New Town, containing 7091. In the rebel-
lion under Jack Cade, in the reign of Henry VI., the
insurgents who attacked the metropolis encamped
for some time at Mile-End; and in 1642, at the com-
mencement of the civil war, fortifications were raised
here, by order of the parliament, for the defence of
the city. The Old and the New Towns form one of
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301
the most extensive suburbs of London, extending, in a
line from west to east, along the principal road to Essex,
and comprising many handsome ranges of buildings, and
detached houses, and two recently-erected squares, viz.,
Tredegar-square, on the north side of the road, and
Beaumont-square, on the south. The streets are par-
tially paved, and lighted with gas, and the inhabitants
are supplied with water chiefly from the West Ham
water-works, the reservoir belonging to which is situated
to the north of the high road. Here are some extensive
breweries, a large distillery, floor-cloth manufactories,
and a tobacco-pipe manufactory, also a considerable
nursery ground. The Regent's canal crosses the turn-
pike-road here, under a stone bridge, and on its banks
are several coal and timber wharfs. This district is
within the magisterial jurisdiction of the police office
at Lambeth-street, Whitechapel; and here is one of the
stations of the new police. It is also within the juris-
It is also within the juris-
diction of the Tower Hamlets' court of requests, for
debts under 40s., established by act of parliament in the
23rd of George II. The only episcopal places of wor-
ship here are the chapels belonging to certain almshouses.
The principal places of worship for Dissenters are, one
for Calvinistic Methodists, built in 1780, and Brunswick
chapel, for Independents.
The charity school at Mile-End Old Town was estab-
lished, by voluntary contributions, in 1714, and has been
subsequently endowed with various benefactions, produc-
ing £143. 16. per annum; the surplus of the annual ex-
penditure, about £470, arising from subscriptions: one
hundred and sixty boys and one hundred and five girls
are educated on the Madras system; a school-room for
the girls and other apartments were erected at Stepney-
green, in 1786, and the school for boys is situated in
Mile-End-road. The Stepney Meeting charity school,
for Mile-End Old Town, was founded, by voluntary con-
tributions, in 1783, and afterwards endowed with various
benefactions producing £188 per annum: the annual
expense is about £400, which is defrayed principally
by subscriptions, for which one hundred and thirty
boys and sixty_girls are instructed, partly on Dr. Bell's,
and partly on Lancaster's plan. The charity school for
Mile-End New Town was established by voluntary con-
tributions, in 1785, for thirty boys and thirty girls: the
permanent income arises from £715 four per cents.,
and the annual expense, about £230, is chiefly defrayed
by subscriptious. Here are almshouses in the patronage
of the Vintners' Company, originally founded in 1357,
in Thames-street; but having been destroyed by the fire
in 1666, they were rebuilt at Mile-End, but taken down
and rebuilt a second time, in 1802, in consequence of
the bequest of £2250 from Mr. Benjamin Kenton, for
that purpose: they consist of twelve sets of apartments,
with a chapel, and they are appropriated to the benefit
of widows of freemen of the Vintners' Company, who
receive about £36 per annum each; and there is a
chaplain who performs weekly service, and has a salary
of £52. 10. per annum. The almshouses erected by the
Brethren of the Trinity House, consist of twelve sets of
apartments, with a handsome chapel in the centre, in the
front windows of which are some armorial bearings in
stained glass. Francis Bancroft gave, by will, in 1727, in
trust to the Drapers' Company, property then valued at
£28,000, to found and endow twenty-four almshouses,
and a school for one hundred boys: the buildings, which
were completed in 1736, consist of two parallel rows of
houses, and a central range containing a chapel, a school-
room, and other apartments. The present income of
this charity, arising from landed property, from £40,800
three per cent. consols., and from £33,400 three per
cent. reduced annuities, is more than £4000 per
annum; the almsmen have £20 per annum each,
and there is a chaplain whose salary is £31. 10. per
annum. Twelve almshouses were founded, in 1592, by
John Fuller, with an endowment of £50 per annum,
for twelve poor single men; and there are almshouses
for four poor women, founded in 1698, by John Pemer.
At Mile-End Old Town is the Jews' hospital for aged
poor, and the education and employment of youth,
founded in 1806, and enlarged in 1818: the building,
which is handsome and spacious, is adorned in front
with a central pediment and Ionic pilasters: it is situ-
ated on the south side of the road, and nearly opposite
to it is the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' hospital, in-
stituted in 1747, for sick poor, lying-in women, and as
an asylum for the aged, and supported by voluntary con-
tribution. On the north side of the high road are two
large cemeteries belonging to the Portuguese Jews,
and a third belonging to the German, or Dutch Jews,
in which are interred several of the rabbins and other
distinguished Jews. At Mile-End is the East London
lying-in institution, supported by voluntary contribution.
MILE-END (ST. MICHAEL), a parish within the
liberty of the borough of COLCHESTER, county of
ESSEX, 1 mile (N.) from Colchester, containing 447
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Colchester, and diocese of London, rated in
the king's books at £7. 10., and in the patronage of the
Countess de Grey.
MILEHAM, a parish in the hundred of LAUNDITCH,
county of NORFOLK, 63 miles (N. E.) from East Dere-
ham, containing 516 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £ 11. 1. 10., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev.-C. B. Barnwell. The church is de-
dicated to St. John the Baptist. The river Nar rises in the
parish. Charles Ward, in 1743, bequeathed £200 for
teaching children, and clothing the poor.
A strong
castle was crected here, soon after the Conquest, by
Alan, son of Flaald, ancestor of the Fitz-Alans, Earls of
Arundel, vestiges of which may be traced within a
double intrenchment enclosing an area of twelve acres,
and the site of the keep encompassed by an inner trench.
Sir Edward Coke, Lord Chief Justice of the King's
Bench, was born here; he died September 3rd, 1634.
MILFIELD, a township in the parish of KIRK-
NEWTON, western division of GLENDALE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 52 miles (N. W.) from Wooler,
containing 259 inhabitants. This was the residence of
the Saxon kings of Bernicia, after the death of Edwin.
South of the village is a fine plain, the scene of a battle
fought, before that of Flodden, between the English
and the Scots, in which the former were defeated. Un-
der an immense heap of stones, supposed by some to
have been raised by the Britons, a Roman urn, containing
ashes and burnt bones, was discovered in 1823.
MILFORD, a village partly in the township of BEL-
PER, and partly in the hamlet of MAKENY, in the parish
of DUFFIELD, hundred of APPLETREE, county of DERBY,
1 mile (S.) from Belper. The population is returned with
Į
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302
the parish. This flourishing little place, which is situated
on the road from Derby to Chesterfield, Matlock, &c.,
prior to 1781, consisted only of eight houses, and had a
small iron-forge at that period Messrs. Strutt built a
cotton-mill, and subsequently a handsome stone bridge
over the river Derwent, which is now a county bridge.
An extensive trade is carried on in spinning, dyeing,
and bleaching cotton goods, which affords employment
to about seven hundred persons. There are places
of worship for Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists. A
school has been built, and is supported by the pro-
prietors of the different works, for the education of poor
children.
MILFORD, a parish partly in that part of the hun-
dred of RINGWOOD which is in the New Forest (East)
division, but chiefly in the hundred of CHRISTCHURCH,
New Forest (West) division, of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 3 miles (S. W.) from Lymington, containing,
with the tything of Keyhaven and Pennington, 1332
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, with the perpetual
curacy of Hordle annexed, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£20. 13. 14½., and in the patronage of the Provost and
Fellows of Queen's College, Oxford, The parish is
bounded on the south-east by the Isle of Wight channel.
MILFORD, a tything in that part of the parish of
LAVERSTOCK Which is in the hundred of UNDERDITCH,
county of WILTS, ½ a mile (E.) from Salisbury, contain-
ing 489 inhabitants.
I
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MILFORD, a joint township with Kirkby-Wharf, in
that part of the parish of KIRKBY-WHARF which is
in the upper division of the wapentake of BARKSTONE-
ASH, West riding of the county of YORK, 3½ miles (S.
S. E.) from Tadcaster. The population is returned with
Kirkby-Wharf.
MILFORD (SOUTH), a township in the parish of
SHERBURN, partly within the liberty of ST. PETER of
YORK, but chiefly in the upper division of the wapentake
of BARKSTONE-ASH, West riding of the county of
YORK, 42 miles (N. by E.) from Ferry-Bridge, contain-
ing 631 inhabitants. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists.
MİLKHOUSE-STREET, a hamlet in the parish
and hundred of CRANBROOKE, lathe of SCRAY, County of
KENT, 14 mile (N. E.) from Cranbrooke. Here are the
interesting remains of a chapel, dedicated to the Holy
Trinity. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Me-
thodists. A small manufacture for hop-bagging is car-
ried on.
MILLAND, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of TROTTON which is in the hundred of EASEBOURNE,
rape of CHICHESTER, County of SUSSEX, 6 miles (N. W.)
from Midhurst. The population is returned with the
parish.
Benedictine monks, subordinate to the abbey of St. Al-
ban's, who were afterwards removed to the Hermitage
of Moddry, belonging also to St. Alban's.
MILLAND-VILLE, an extra-parochial liberty, ad-
jacent to the city, and within the liberty of the soke,
of WINCHESTER, Fawley division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, containing 101 inhabitants.
MILLBROOK, a parish in the hundred of RED-
BORNESTOKE, County of BEDFORD, 14 mile (W. by N.)
from Ampthill, containing 405 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £9. 16. 3., and
in the patronage of Lord Holland. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Michael. Here was anciently a small cell of
MILLBROOK, a parish in the hundred of Buddles-
GATE, Fawley division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON,
2 miles (W. N. W.) from Southampton, containing, with
the village of Redbridge, 2124 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Win-
chester, rated in the king's books at £10. 6. 3., and in
the patronage of the Bishop of Winchester. The church,
dedicated to St. Nicholas, and lately rebuilt, has re-
ceived an addition of four hundred sittings, of which
two hundred are free, the Incorporated Society for the en-
largement of churches and chapels having granted £200
toward defraying the expense, the remainder having been
defrayed, partly by subscription and partly by a rate
levied on the parishioners. There was formerly a chapel
at Shirley, in this parish. A commodious school-house
has been recently erected, in which about one hundred
and twenty children are taught upon the National system.
Here is an iron-foundry, also a manufactory for agri-
cultural implements, at which about sixty persons are
employed: and at Shirley are iron-works for the manu-
facture of spades, shovels, and various descriptions of edge-
tools. At Redbridge, where the river Test is crossed by an
ancient bridge of five arches, and discharges itself into
Southampton water, there was formerly a considerable
trade in timber, coal, corn, malt, &c., for which its situ-
ation is peculiarly well adapted, but of late years it
has much decreased, though by means of the Andover
canal, which commences here, there is still some traffic
in those articles with the interior of the county. Ship-
building, both for the naval and merchant service, was,
till within the last few years, carried on to a greater ex-
tent than it is at present; sloops of war, mounting from
twenty-eight to thirty-two guns, and schooners of a
particular construction, having been built here about the
close of the last century. A court is held annually by
the lord of the manor. This parish is within the juris-
diction of the Cheyney Court held at Winchester every
Thursday, for the recovery of debts to any amount.
MILLFORD, a hamlet in the parish of Duffield,
hundred of APPLETREE, County of DERBY, 6 miles (N.)
from Derby. The population is returned with the pa-
rish about seven hundred persons are employed in
the spinning and bleaching of cotton. There are places
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists and Unitarians.
There is also a Lancasterian school, in which about four
hundred children are taught.
MILLINGTON, a township in that part of the pa-
rish of RoSTHERN which is in the hundred of BUCK-
Low, county palatine of CHESTER, 4 miles (N. N. W.)
from Nether Knutsford, containing 334 inhabitants.
·
MILLINGTON, a parish partly within the liberty
of St. PETER of YORK, but chiefly in the Wilton-Beacon
division of the wapentake of HARTHILL, East riding of
the county of YORK, 3 miles (N. E.) from Pocklington,
containing 282 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Great Givendale, in
the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean of York. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. John
Wilkinson, in 1801, bequeathed £200 for the education
of ten children, and William Flint, in 1804, gave £ 100
for teaching four others. Four ancient roads meet at
this place, which is supposed to be the Roman Del-
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30.3
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govicia, where are traces of a strong camp defended by
immense earthworks, from sixty to ninety feet in height,
carried indiscriminately over hills and vallies, and en-
compassed with four, and in some places six, ditches,
enclosing altogether an area of four thousand one hun-
dred and eighty-five acres, within which are several tu-
muli. About half a mile north-east from the village,
foundations of a circular temple and two oblong build-
ings, Roman pavements, tiles, coins, and various other
relics of antiquity, have been discovered.
MILLO, a hamlet in the parish of DUNTON, hun-
dred of BIGGLESWADE, county of BEDFORD, 3 miles
(E. S. E.) from Biggleswade. The population is returned
with the parish. The chapel has been demolished.
MILLOM, a parish (formerly a market town) in
ALLERDALE ward above Derwent, county of CUMBER-
LAND, comprising the chapelries of Thwaits and Ulpha,
and the townships of Birker with Austhwaite, Chapel-
Sucken, Lower Millom, and Upper Millom, and contain-
ing 1815 inhabitants, of which number, 460 are in
the township of Lower Millom, and 320 in that of
Upper Millom, 12 miles (S. E. by S.) from Ravenglass.
This parish is bounded on the west and south by the
Irish sea, and on the east by the river Duddon, which
forms a bay famous for cockles and muscles, and
abounding with salmon and sand-eels. The mineral
productions are limestone, slate, and iron and copper
ore; the limestone alone is found in quantities sufficient
to be worked with advantage. A market and a fair
were granted in the reign of Henry III., but have been
long disused. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
rated in the king's books at £ 8. 5. S. endowed with
£ 610 private benefaction, and £ 200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the King, as Duke of Lancaster.
The church, which is dedicated to the Holy Trinity, is
an ancient structure, and contains a mural tablet, with
effigies to the memory of the Huddlestone family. A
school was endowed by this family with £200, which
has long been lost, but the children of the parish are en-
titled to instruction in a grammar school at Whicham,
and there are charity schools at Millom, with small en-
dowments from a benefaction by William Atkinson, in
1809. Here are the remains of Millom castle, the an-
cient seat of the Lords of Millom. In Upper Millom are
several springs, called Holy wells, impregnated with a
purgative salt. In 1824, a curious battle-axe and other
relics were found at Lowscales.
MILLSHIELDS, a joint township with Espershields,
in the parish of Bywell ST. PETER, eastern division of
TINDALE ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 104
miles (S. E. by S.) from Hexham. The population is
returned with Espershields.
MILNROW, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of ROCHDALE which is in the hundred of SALFORD,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 2 miles (E. by S.) from
Rochdale. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with
£400 private benefaction, £ 600 royal bounty, and
£1200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Vicar of Rochdale. John Collier, otherwise "Tim Bob-
bin," the popular author of "The Lancashire Dialect,"
an eccentric caricaturist, poet, and musician, resided
fifty-seven years at this place, as the village school-
master.
:
MILNTHORPE, a market town, and joint town-
ship with Heversham, in the parish of HEVERSHAM,
KENDAL ward, county of WESTMORLAND, 32 miles
(S. W. by S.) from Appleby, and 256 (N. W. by N.) from
London, containing, with the township of Heversham,
1401 inhabitants. This town is situated on the north-
ern bank of the river Belo, near the mouth of the Kent,
and consists chiefly of one long street: the houses are
in general of neat appearance, and some of them are
handsome. Flax and paper mills, with the spinning of
twine, the manufacture of sheeting, bed-ticks, sacking,
sails, &c., and some carding and spinning of wool,
furnish employment to the working class; there is also
some tanning, and in the vicinity are quarries of marble
and limestone. This is the only sea-port in the county,
being a member of the port of Lancaster, and is acces-
sible by none but very small vessels. The market is on
Friday, but not for corn; and fairs are held on May
12th and October 17th, for cattle, sheep and horses:
the former is of ancient institution, and is proclaimed
by the steward of the lord of the manor and a proces-
sion of gentlemen; during its continuance tolls are col-
lected. Courts leet and baron are held annually, and
petty sessions every alternate Wednesday. The paro-
chial church is at Heversham, one mile north of the
town. There is a place of worship for Independents,
built in 1820. A National school was established in
1819, and is supported by voluntary contributions,
George Wilson, Esq. contributing about one-third of
the expense: one hundred children, exclusively of Sun-
day scholars, are educated. A workhouse, for the use
of sixteen incorporated townships, was erected at a
short distance north-east of the town, in 1813, at an
expense of £4,990: the premises occupy two acres of
ground; the paupers are employed in weaving; and a
meeting of visitors and guardians is held monthly. De-
tached from the house, on an eminence, is a fever ward
in connexion with it.
C
MILSON, a parish in the hundred of OVERS,
county of SALOP, 34 miles (S. W.) from Cleobury-Mor-
timer, containing 125 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, annexed to the rectory of Neen-Sollars,
in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Hereford.
The church is dedicated to St. George.
MILSTEAD, a parish in the hundred of MILTON,
lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 3 miles (S. by W.)
from Sittingbourne, containing 191 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at
£8. 15., and in the patronage of Sarah T. Patterson. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary and the Holy Cross, is in
the early style of English architecture.
There are
almshouses for five poor persons. John Wyatt, in
1722, gave land now let for £20 a year, for the educa-
tion of eight poor children of this parish, and the same
number of that of Frinsted.
MILSTON, a parish in the hundred of AMESBURY,
county of WILTS, 23 miles (N.) from Amesbury, con-
taining, with Brigmis, 98 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £ 12. 15. 24., and in the pa-
tronage of P. Templeman, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary. Joseph Addison, the distinguished
essayist and poet, was born at the parsonage-house, in
1672, his father being then rector.
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304
MILTHORPE, a hamlet in the parish of As-
LACKBY, wapentake of AVELAND, parts of KESTEVEN,
county of LINCOLN, containing S6 inhabitants.
MILTON, a parish in the hundred of Оck, county
of BERKS, 34 miles (S. by W.) from Abingdon, con-
taining 421 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Berks, and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £17. 9. 7., and in the pa-
tronage of the Dean and Canons of Christ Church, Ox-
ford, on the demise of the present incumbent, and ano-
ther individual named in the will of the late Rev. J. G.
Warner. The church is dedicated to St. Blaise. The
Rev. J. G. Warner, late rector, gave the dividends on
certain property in the public funds, for the education
of poor children of the parish; the income is about
£67 per annum, for which twenty of each sex are taught
on the National system. The manor-house was erected
by Inigo Jones.
MILTON, a parish in the hundred of NORTHSTOW,
county of CAMBRIDGE, 3 miles (N. E. by N.) from
Cambridge, containing 341 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Ely, rated in the king's books at £ 4. 16. 0½, endowed
with £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the
Rector the rectory is a sinecure, rated at £4.7. 1.,
and in the patronage of the Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated
to All Saints.
:
MILTON, a joint township with Weaverham, in the
parish of WEAVERHAM, second division of the hundred
of EDDISBURY, county palatine of CHESTER, 4 miles
(W. by N.) from Northwich. The population is returned
with Weaverham.
MILTON, a hamlet in the parish of PRITTLEWELL,
hundred of RoCHFORD, County of ESSEX, of a mile
(S. by E.) from Prittlewell, with which the population is
returned. This hamlet is situated on the coast, and
was once a distinct parish, which has been encroached
on by the sea: at low water some remains of the church
were visible not long since. Here are fine beds of
oysters.
3
4
MILTON, a parish in the hundred of WEStgate,
lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, County of KENT, 24 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Canterbury. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £4. 14. 4.,
and in the patronage of W. P. Honeywood, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Nicholas. This parish con-
tains only one house and two hundred acres of land.
MILTON, or MIDDLETON-MALZOR, a parish in
the hundred of WYMERSLEY, county of NORTHAMPTON,
3½ miles (S. by W.) from Northampton, containing 492
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeacon-
ry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated
in the king's books at £ 16. 15. 10., and in the patron-
age of the Rev. J. C. Miller. The church is dedicated to
the Holy Cross. There is a place of worship for Bap-
tists. The Northampton canal crosses the north-western
part of the parish. Six poor children are instructed
for a trifling rent-charge, bequeathed, in 1756, by
Elizabeth Gaffield.
MILTON, a chapelry in the parish of SHIPTON
under WHICHWOOD, hundred of CHADLINGTON, county
of OXFORD, 34 miles (N. by E.) from Burford, contain-
ing 567 inhabitants.
MILTON, a chapelry in the parish of EAST ADDER-
BURY, hundred of BLOXHAM, county of OXFORD, 22
miles (N. N. W.) from Deddington, containing 190 inha-
bitants. The chapel has been demolished.
MILTON, a parish in the hundred of CHRIST-
CHURCH, New Forest (West) division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 42 miles (E. by N.) from Christchurch,
containing 702 inhabitants.
containing 702 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £600 royal
bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Provost and Fellows of Queen's College,
Oxford. The church is dedicated to St. Mary Magda-
lene. There is a place of worship for Independents.
The parish is bounded on the south by Christchurch
bay, where there is a preventive station.
MILTON next GRAVESEND, a parish in the hun-
dred of TOLTINGTROUGH, lathe of AYLESFORD, County
of KENT, comprising part of the town of Graves-
end, and containing 2769 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Ro-
chester, rated in the king's books at £16, 5. 10., en-
dowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the alternate
patronage of the Crown and the Bishop of Rochester.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul. Over
the porch is a curious dial, constructed by Mr. Giles,
master of Gravesend school, and within the church are
painted the crests of the kings of England, from Ed-
ward III. to James I. The parish is bounded on the
north by the Thames, and the Thames and Medway
canal passes through it. Milton is incorporated with the
town of Gravesend, the corporation being styled "The
Mayor, Jurats, and Inhabitants of the parishes of
Gravesend and Milton." It has a fair, commencing on
the festival of the Conversion of St. Paul, and continu-
ing a week. Here was formerly a free chapel, or hospi-
tal, under the government of some Regular friars. For
an account of the school, &c., See GRAVESend.
MILTON (GREAT), a parish partly in the hun-
dred of BULLINGTON, but chiefly in that of THAME,
county of OXFORD, 4 miles (W. by N.) from Tetsworth,
containing, with the hamlets of Ascott and Chilworth,
701 inhabitants.
701 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the pecu-
liar jurisdiction of the Prebendary of Great Milton in
the Cathedral Church of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £15, and in the patronage of the Rev. O.
Manning. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. Here
was formerly a monastery, a cell to that at Abingdon.
MILTON (LITTLE), a chapelry in the parish of
ADDERBURY, hundred of THAME, County of OXFORD, 5
miles (W.) from Tetsworth, containing 442 inhabitants.
The chapel, dedicated to St. John, has been demolished.
MILTON next SITTINGBOURNE, a market town
and parish in the hundred of MILTON, lathe of
SCRAY, county of KENT, 12 miles (N. E. by E.) from
Maidstone, and 40 (E. by S.) from London, con-
taining 2012 inhabitants. This town was anciently
called Middletun, a Saxon appellation, indicative of
its central position in the county, and also “ the king's
town of Milton," having probably been, in early ages,
the place of residence of the kings of Kent, as well
as a part of the demesne of the crown. Its proxi-
mity to the Swale, which separates the Isle of Sheppy
from the main land, rendered it easily accessible to
the invading Danes, by whom it was frequently plun-
MIL
305
MIL
dered in the ninth century. Here their veteran chief,
Hastings, attempted to establish himself in the time
of Alfred; and the remains of his encampment, or for-
tress, in the marshes of Kemsley, between Milton church
and the north end of the creek, are still visible. The an-
cient town, together with the palace of the Kentish
kings, was burnt by Earl Godwin, about the year 1052.
Milton appears to have been rebuilt, and to have become
a place of importance in the time of the Conqueror, who,
according to Domesday-book, held the manor, which, for
a long while afterwards, was vested in the crown, and
frequently granted in dower to the queens of England.
From Isabella, the consort of Edward II., the grant of
a market and an annual fair for four days was obtained.
In the reign of John the right of the fishery in the
manor and hundred of Milton was granted to Faversham
abbey, but at the dissolution, becoming again vested in
the crown, the manor continued to be royal property
till it was finally alienated by Charles I. The town is
situated about half a mile from the high road from Lon-
don to Dovor, on a hill sloping down to a small creek,
or channel, which separates it from the Isle of Sheppy;
the streets are narrow and badly paved. The commer-
cial business consists chiefly in shipping, for the London
market, the agricultural produce of the neighbourhood,
and in bringing goods in return. The oyster fishery
affords employment to a great number of the inhabit-
ants; the right of this fishery is now held on lease by a
company of free dredgers, about one hundred and forty
in number, who are governed by laws made in the court
baron of the manor: the oysters, under the name of na-
tive Milton oysters, are very fine and in great request.
There are extensive yards for making bricks of a very
superior quality, which, together with flints dug in the
neighbourhood, and wild fowl, of which there is a decoy
in the marshes, are sent to London. The market is on
Saturday; and a fair for cattle is held on the 24th of
July the market-house and shambles are near the
centre of the town. A portreeve for the hundreds of
Milton and Marden, who is supervisor of weights and
measures, is chosen, with a warden, on the 25th of July,
at a court baron held before the steward of the manor,
by such of the inhabitants as pay church and poor
rates. The manor courts and public meetings are held
at the market-house, under which is the town gaol.
:
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at
£ 13. 2. 6., and in the patronage of the Dean and Chap-
ter of Canterbury. The church, which is dedicated to
the Holy Trinity, is large and handsome, with portions
in the decorated style of English architecture: it con-
sists of a nave, south aisle, and two chancels, with a
heavy embattled tower at the west end, built of square
flints; in the south chancel, or chapel, which belonged
to the ancient family of Northwood, are a piscina and
two stone seats: it also contains several ancient monu-
ments. There are places of worship for Independents
and Wesleyan Methodists. A free school is endowed
with £10 per annum from benefactions by Elizabeth
Morley, in 1714, and John Knotts, in 1718, for which
ten children are educated; both the master and the
children are appointed by the minister and church-
wardens. National schools, for more than two hundred
children of both sexes, are supported by voluntary con-
tributions. In the western part of the parish is a cop-
VOL. III.
*
(c
pice of several hundred acres, and one adjoining it ex-
tends five miles southward: these woods are noted for
chesnut trees, many of which are very ancient, and
serve as termini," or boundaries, as well for private
property as for parishes. The remains of the Danish
fortress at Kemsley-down form a square, surrounded by
a high vallum and a broad ditch; and being overgrown
by trees and underwood, it has received the appellation
of Castle-rough a raised causeway, leading from it to
the sea-shore, may be distinctly traced.
:
The
MILTON (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
STANBOROUGH, County of DEVON, 22 miles (W. S. W.)
from Kingsbridge, containing 356 inhabitants.
living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of
West Allington, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and
diocese of Exeter.
MILTON upon STOUR, a hamlet in the parish and
liberty of GILLINGHAM, Shaston (West) division of the
county of DORSET, 5½ miles (N. W.) from Shaftesbury.
Here was formerly a free chapel.
MILTON (WEST), a chapelry in the parish and
liberty of POORSTOCK, though locally in the hundred of
Eggerton, Bridport division of the county of DORSET,
33 miles (N. E.) from Bridport. The population is re-
turned with the parish.
MILTON-ABBAS, a parish (formerly a market
town) in the hundred of WHITEWAY, Cerne subdivision
of the county of DORSET, 7 miles (S. W. by W.) from
Blandford - Forum, containing 767 inhabitants. The
present appellation of this place is a contraction of its
ancient name of Middleton, implying its central situa-
tion within the county; the adjunct being given from
its ancient lords, the abbots it was formerly much
larger than it is at present. In 1658, the upper part
of the town was destroyed by fire, and a brief was
granted for rebuilding it in 1661. A Benedictine mo-
nastery was founded here, in the year 933, by King
Athelstan, and dedicated to the honour of St. Mary,
St. Michael, St. Sampson, and St. Branwalader, the
revenue of which, at the dissolution, was valued at
£720. 4. 1. The church, which stood northward of
the abbey, was destroyed by lightning, on September
2nd, 1309: it was handsomely rebuilt, with the excep-
tion of the nave, in the reign of Edward II., and is
now used as the private chapel of the Damer family :
it consists of the choir, transepts, and tower of the
abbey church; the former is in the decorated, and the
two latter in the later English, style of architecture.
The conventual buildings, with the exception of the
ancient hall, were taken down in 1771, and replaced by
the present splendid mansion, called Milton Abbey,
erected from a design by Sir William Chambers, in
imitation of the later style of English architecture.
An ancient chapel, dedicated to St. Catherine, has long
been desecrated. A market was granted by King
Athelstan and confirmed by Edward I., who also
granted a fair, to be held on the 27th and 28th of July:
the market was originally held on Monday, and after-
wards on Tuesday, but has wholly declined. In the
22nd of Charles II., a fair was granted to John Tregon--
well, Esq., which was held at Windmill-Ash, on the 5th
of June, and lasted a week, until its removal to Mil-
ton-Abbas, when it fell to decay. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the jurisdiction of the peculiar
court of Milton-Abbas, rated in the king's books at
+
2 R
MIL
MIL
306
+
.
£10, endowed with £200 private benefaction, £200
royal bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of Lady Caroline Damer. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary and St. Sampson, was built at
the expense of the first earl of Dorchester. Here is a
free school, with a considerable endowment: the school-
room was burnt in 1658, and rebuilt four years after-
wards. An almshouse for six poor persons was founded
and endowed by John Tregonwell, Esq., in 1674: the in-
mates receive a pecuniary allowance weekly, and some ar-
ticles of clothing and money annually on St. Thomas' day.
MILTON-ABBOT, a parish in the hundred of TA-
VISTOCK, County of DEVON, 5 miles (N. W. by W.)
from Tavistock, containing 1151 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£19. 13. 6½., and in the patronage of the Duke of Bed-
ford. The church is dedicated to St. Constantine.
In
this parish, which is watered by the river Tamar, is the
Anglo-Swiss domain of the Duke of Bedford, distin-
guished for its beautiful scenery and landscape gardening.
MILTON-BRYANT, a parish in the hundred of
MANSHEAD, County of BEDFORD, 23 miles (S. E.) from
Woburn, containing 346 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £11. 16. 3., and in
the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. Peter.
MILTON-CLEVEDON, county of SOMERSET. See
CLEVEDON (MILTON).
MILTON-DAMERELL, a parish in the hundred of
BLACK TORRINGTON, county of DEVON, 5 miles (N. E.
by N.) from Holsworthy, containing 661 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, with the perpetual curacy of
Cookbury annexed, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £26. 13.6.,
and in the patronage of Lord Viscount Courtenay. The
church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity.
G
MILTON-ERNEST, a parish forming, with the
parishes of Clapham and Oakley, a detached portion of
the hundred of STODDEN, county of BEDFORD, 5 miles
(N. W. by N.) from Bedford, containing 364 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Bed-
ford, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £7. 6. 8., and in the patronage of Edmund Turnor,
Esq. The church is dedicated to All Saints. An alms-
house for six poor persons was founded, in 1693, by Sir
Edmund Turnor, who endowed it with lands now pro-
ducing about £40 per annum.
MILTON-KEYNES, a parish in the hundred of
NEWPORT, County of BUCKINGHAM, 34 miles (S. by E.)
from Newport-Pagnell, containing 338 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£20, and in the patronage of the Earl of Winchilsea.
The church is dedicated to All Saints: the southern
porch has an ancient open-work screen on each side.
Dr. Francis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester, was born
here in 1662; he died an exile in France, in 1731; and
Dr. William Wotton, a learned divine, critic, and histo-
rian, the author of "Reflections on Ancient and Mo-
dern Learning," was rector of this parish from 1693 till
his death in 1726.
from Pewsey, containing 632 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Wilts,
and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£7. 13. 6., endowed with £600 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of P. Pulse, Esq. The church, de-
dicated to St. Peter, has lately received an addition of
sixty-nine free sittings, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having granted
£25 towards defraying the expense.
MILTON-PODIMORE, county of SOMERSET.-See
PODIMORE (MILTON).
MILVERTON, a market town and parish in the
hundred of MILVERTON, county of SOMERSET, 26 miles
(W. by S.) from Somerton, and 151 (W. by S.) from
The present
London, containing 1930 inhabitants.
name of this town, which is a place of very great
antiquity, is considered to be a corruption of Mill-ford-
town: it was formerly a royal borough, and the king,
as superior lord, still receives certain chief rents
and fines. Milverton is delightfully situated, amidst
woodland scenery, upon an eminence just above the
western extremity of the vale of Taunton-Dean, over
the whole of which it commands an uninterrupted
view: it consists of three irregular streets, which are
neither paved nor lighted; but the inhabitants are well
supplied with water. Here was formerly an extensive
manufacture of serges, druggets, and flannels; at present
the chief employment is silk-throwing, and this has
much declined of late years. The market is on Friday :
a fair, chartered by Queen Anne, formerly held on Easter-
Tuesday, is now disused; but one is held on the 10th
of October, for broad cloth and pedlary. A portreeve and
subordinate officers are appointed annually; but the town
is under the jurisdiction of the county magistrates, who
hold petty sessions here. The living is a vicarage, with the
perpetual curacy of Langford-Budville annexed, in the
peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Archdeacon of
Taunton, as Prebendary of Milverton in the Cathedral
Church of Wells, rated in the king's books at £21. 19. 2.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Michael, is a spa-
cious edifice, supposed to have been one of the numerous
churches in this county which were built in the reign
of Henry VII. There are places of worship for the So-
ciety of Friends and Independents. In 1721, Mary Lamb
devised £300 for the education of children, and the
funds having accumulated for several years, the pre-
sent income is £54. 2. per annum; twenty boys and
twenty girls are instructed by a master, whose salary is
£40 per annum. An old house, called the parsonage-
house, is said to have been erected by Cardinal Wolsey,
whose arms are visible over the door: he had considerable
John de Milverton, a Carmelite
property in this town.
friar in the fifteenth century, who distinguished him-
self by writing against Wickliff, was a native of this
place.
MILTON-LILBORNE, a parish in the hundred of
KINWARDSTONE, county of WILTS, 1 mile (E. by. N.)
MILVERTON, a parish in the Kenilworth division
of the hundred of KNIGHTLOw, county of WARWICK,
12 mile (N. N. E.) from Warwick, containing, with Ed-
monscott, 193 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese
of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed with £200 royal
bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Earl of Warwick. The church is dedi-
cated to St. James. Six children are instruc ed for a
rent-charge of £3, left by John Ayeares in 1775.
MIN
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307
MILWICH, a parish in the southern division of
the hundred of PIREHILL, County of STAFFORD, 5 miles
(E. S. E.) from Stone, containing 567 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in
the king's books at £4. 3. 4., and in the patronage of
Lewis G. Dyve, Esq.
The church is dedicated to All
Saints. Ten children are instructed for £5 a year, the
gift of Elizabeth Harrison.
MIMMS (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of DA-
CORUM, though locally in that of Cashio, or liberty
of St. Alban's, county of HERTFORD, 4 miles (S. S. W.)
from Bishop's Hatfield, containing 1007 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeacon-
ry of Huntingdon, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £10, endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
Mrs. Gaussen. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is
built of flints, with a square tower embattled, and sur-
mounted by a lofty spire; it contains many effigies, and
brasses with inscriptions in black letter, and other an-
cient memorials of the dead. On the north side of the
chancel is the chantry chapel of St. Catherine, founded
in 1323, by Simon de Swonlond, the windows of which
exhibit, in stained glass, various shields and coats of
arms, principally of the Coningsby family.
MIMMS (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
EDMONTON, County of MIDDLESEX, 3 miles (N. N. W.)
from Chipping - Barnet, containing 1906 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Middlesex, and diocese of London, rated in the king's
books at £12. 13. 4., and in the patronage of W. P.
Hammond, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Giles.
MINCHINHAMPTON, county of GLOUCESTER.-
See HAMPTON (MINCHIN).
MINCHINTON, a tything in the parish of HAND-
LEY, in that part of the hundred of SIXPENNY-HAND-
LEY which is in the Shaston (East) division of the
county of Dorset, 7 miles (W. by N.) from Cranborne.
The population is returned with the parish.
MINDTOWN, a parish in the hundred of PURSLOW,
county of SALOP, 5 miles (E.N.E.) from Bishop's Castle,
containing 31 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
Hereford, rated in the king's books at £4. 13. 4., en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Earl of Powis. The
church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
MINEHEAD, a borough, market town, and parish,
in the hundred of CARHAMPTON, county of SOMERSET,
38½ miles (W. N.W.) from Somerton, and 160 (w. by S.)
from London, containing 1239 inhabitants. At the
Conquest this town, then called Manheved, was given
by the Conqueror to William de Mohun: between the
years 1550 and 1654 it was repeatedly visited by the
plague, and has also at various periods suffered from
fires it is situated on the shore of the Bristol channel,
and consists of the Church town, which is composed of
mean irregular streets, on a sloping eminence called
Greenaleigh;" the Lower town, which is the principal
part, comprising some respectable streets, and the town-
hall, lately erected at the expense of John Fownes Lut-
trell, Esq.; and the Quay town, near the water's edge,
including the custom-house: the quay is a solid piece
of masonry, with a parapet towards the sea, into which
C
it extends about a quarter of a mile, affording a tolerable
shelter for small vessels. The climate here is so mild
that myrtles and geraniums flourish in the open air
during the whole winter, and vegetation is supposed to
commence earlier than in any other part of England.
Minehead is occasionally visited by invalids from Bris-
tol, Bath, &c., for the purpose of sea-bathing, but its
reputation as yet is not sufficient to give it the title of a
bathing-place. The inhabitants were formerly engaged
in foreign commerce to a great extent, and even at the
commencement of the last century, forty vessels from
this harbour were in constant communication with
Ireland alone at present five or six vessels only belong
to this port, two of which trade with Bristol in grain,
malt, bark, timber, flour, and leather, and are freighted
back with grocery, iron, &c.; the rest convey similar
commodities to Wales, and return with coal, culm, and
limestone. A considerable number of herrings is
taken on the coast; and there is an annual importation
of cattle, sheep, and pigs, but the vessels return with
ballast. By an act of parliament, granted in the 13th
of William III., and subsequently extended, the harbour
and quay are supported and kept in repair, by eleven
trustees, including the lord of the manor, from certain
duties chargeable upon goods entering the port. There
is a custum-house, with a collector and other officers.
The market, for fish and provisions, is held on Wed-
nesday; and there is a chartered fair, for pedlary, &c.,
on the Wednesday in Whitsun-week. Under a charter
granted by Elizabeth, the town was governed by a port-
reeve; but now only by two constables, who are annu-
ally elected at the court leet of the lord of the manor.
The borough first sent members to parliament in the
reign of Elizabeth: the elective franchise is vested in
all the parishioners of Minehead, and the inhabitants of
that part of the parish of Dunster which is within the
manor of Minehead, who are housekeepers not receiv-
ing alms: the constables are the returning officers, and
the influence of John Fownes Luttrell, Esq. is predomi-
nant. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £18. 9. 7., and in the patronage of John
Fownes Luttrell, Esq. The church, which is dedicated
to St. Michael, is spacious and handsome, with an em-
battled tower at the west end. In the chancel is an an-
cient monument, supposed to be that of Julge Bracton,
Chief Justice of England in the reign of Henry III., and
author of the earliest treatise on the Laws of England
extant; likewise a handsome statue of Queen Anne,
the gift of Sir Jacob Bankes, once a representative of
the borough.
the borough. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
A free school for thirty boys is supported by the lord of
the manor. An almshouse for eleven poor and impotent
persons was built and endowed by Robert Quirke, about
1648: it has been used as a parish workhouse, but is
about to be restored to its original purpose. By an act
of parliament passed in the 18th of Charles II. it was
enacted, that the importation of cattle into Minehead
should be considered a nuisance after February 1st,
1666, and that they should be forfeited, half the value
to be applied for the use of the poor, and the other half
given to the captors: a certain capture having been
made, the moiety was laid out in the purchase of an
estate, the rental of which, amounting to about £30
per annum, together with the interest of £1197. 5. 7.
C
2 R 2
MIN
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308
three per cent. consols., arising from unappropriated
accumulation of income, is distributed annually to the
poor in money and clothing; this charity is called the
"Cow charity." A species of shell fish is found, at low
water, on the rocks off Minehead, which affords a
peculiar fluid, having the property of communicating
to linen a purple tint, supposed to be similar to the
murex, which produced the Tyrian purple mentioned by
Pliny. The celebrated lawyer above mentioned, Henry
de Bracton, is said to have been born at Brattan Court,
an old English mansion here: over the principal gate-
way which remains is a room called the Judge's Chamber,
traditionally reported to have been his study; but the
building is of a later period than the age in which he
lived. Dr. Brocklesby, the friend of Johnson and Burke,
distinguished as a physician and medical writer, was
likewise a native of Minehead.
MINETY, a parish chiefly in the hundred of CROW-
THORNE and MINETY, county of GLOUCESTER, though
partly in the hundred of MALMESBURY, County of WILTS,
5½ miles (N. E. by E.) from Malmesbury, containing 562
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury, rated
in the king's books at £7.7. 6., endowed with £12 per
annum private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Archdeacon of Wilts. The
church, dedicated to St. Leonard, with the parsonage-
house and some other houses, and about forty acres of
land, is in Wiltshire, and surrounded by that part of
the parish which is in Gloucestershire, though the entire
parish is bounded on every side by the former county.
There is a spring in the parish, the water of which is im-
pregnated with iron.
MININGSBY, a parish in the western division of
the soke of BOLINGBROKE, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 6 miles (W. by S.) from Spilsby, containing
134 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £9. 8. 6½., endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £ 200 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of the King, as Duke of Lancaster. The church is
dedicated to St. Andrew.
MINLEY, a tything in the parish of YATELY, hun-
dred of CRONDALL, Basingstoke division of the county
of SOUTHAMPTON, 3 miles (E. by N.) from Hartford-
Bridge, containing 33 inhabitants.
MINSHULL (CHURCH), a parish in the hundred
of Nantwich, county palatine of CHESTER, 5 miles
(N. by E.) from Nantwich, containing 529 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diccese of Chester, endowed with £200 private be-
nefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of J. Brooke, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Bar-
tholomew. There is a place of worship for Independents.
A school, erected by subscription in 1785, is endowed
with about £15 per annum.
MINSHULL-VERNON, a township in that part
of the parish of MIDDLEWICH which is in the hundred
of NORTHWICH, county palatine of CHESTER, 4 miles
(S.S. W.) from Middlewich, containing 349 inhabitants.
MINSKEP, a township in that part of the parish of
ALDBOROUGH which is in the lower division of the
wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the county of
YORK, 1 mile (S. by W.) from Boroughbridge, con-
taining 243 inhabitants.
MINSTEAD, a parish in the northern division of
the hundred of NEW FOREST, New Forest (East) divi-
sion of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 22 miles (N.N.W.)
from Lyndhurst, containing, with a part of Cadnam,
1007 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's
books at £7. 12. 6., and in the patronage of H. C. Comp-
ton, Esq. The church is dedicated to All Saints. Near
Malwood Castle lodge, and within this parish, stands
a triangular stone about five feet in height, erected in
1745, by John, Lord De la Warre, commemorating the
site of the tree from which Tyrrell's arrow glanced
and killed William II., in the year 1100: the place was
visited by George III. and his Royal consort, June 27th,
1789.
-
MINSTER, a parish in the hundred of LESNEWTH,
county of CORNWALL, 3½ miles (E.N.E.) from Bossiney,
containing, with a part of the small sea-port of Boscastle,
425 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £22. 17. 11., and in the
patronage of Thomas John Phillips, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Metherian: near it are some slight
remains of a priory of Black monks, founded by William
de Bottreaux, as a cell to the priory of Tywardreth.
MINSTER, a parish in the hundred of RINGSLOW,
or Isle of THANET, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of
KENT, 44 miles (W. by S.) from Ramsgate, containing
920 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's
books at £33. 3. 4., and in the patronage of the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is a handsome cruciform structure in the early
style of English architecture, with a lofty spire steeple;
in the choir are eighteen stalls. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The river Stour
runs along the southern boundary of the parish, and
its navigation to Sandwich is materially shortened by
a canal called Stonar Cut. Minster once possessed
a charter for a market and a fair: the former is dis-
used, but the latter, for pedlary and toys, is still kept
on Good Friday. Courts leet and baron are held here.
About half a mile south-east from the church is Ebbs-
fleet, where Hengist and Horsa first landed in 449, St.
Augustine in 596, and subsequently, from France, St.
Mildred, the first abbess of a convent of seventy nuns,
founded here about 670, in honour of the Virgin Mary,
by her mother Domneva, a niece of King Egbert. In
980, and 1011, this convent was pillaged and burned,
and its inmates murdered, by the Danes; after which
only a few Secular priests occupied the remains, its
possessions having been given to the monks of St.
Augustine's abbey, Canterbury, who removed the body
of St. Mildred to their own church. About a mile to
the eastward of St. Mary's, St. Eadburgha, in 740, built
another convent, in honour of St. Peter and St. Paul.
MINSTER in SHEPPY, a parish in the liberty of
the Isle of SHEPPY, lathe of SCRAY, county of Kent,
3 miles (E. by N.) from Queenborough, containing, with
Sheerness, 8414 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury,
endowed with £1400 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of Robert Mitchell, Esq.
Robert Mitchell, Esq. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary and St. Sexburg, has a large
square tower crowned with a turret.
There is a
MIN
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place of worship for Independents. A convent was
founded here, in 675, by Sexburg, the mother of Egbert,
King of Kent, for seventy-seven nuns, who suffered much
during the invasions of the Danes, by whom their house
was finally destroyed; but in 1130 it was rebuilt and
dedicated to St. Mary and St. Sexburg, by William,
Archbishop of Canterbury, for Benedictine nuns, whose
revenue, at the dissolution, was estimated at £ 122. 14. 6. :
the ruins are still visible near the church. The port
of Sheerness, at the western extremity of the parish, and
formerly within its limits, has been made a separate vill,
with an independent civil jurisdiction.
MINSTER (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
DENGIE, County of ESSEX, 3 miles (N. by E.) from
Burnham, containing 1445 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of
London, rated in the king's books at £21, and in the
patronage of the Governors of the Charter-house, Lon-
don. The church, dedicated to St. Leonard, is a cruci-
form structure, and has lately received an addition of
three hundred and sixty sittings, of which two hundred
and fifty are free, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having granted
£400 towards defraying the expense. There are slight
remains of a chapel at Southminster hall. The Inde-
pendents have a place of worship here. A National
school was established by the late vicar. The parish
is bounded on the south-east by Crouch river, and on
the east by the North sea.
MINSTER-LOVELL, a parish in the hundred of
CHADLINGTON, county of OXFORD, 23 miles (W. N. W.)
from Witney, containing 326 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Oxford, rated in the king's books at £ 8. 9. 7.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Provost and Fel-
lows of Eton College. The church, dedicated to St.
Kenelm, is a large ancient structure, with a tower rising
from the centre; in the chancel is a splendid monument,
encircled with military trophies, to the memory of
Henry Heylyn, Esq., a distinguished officer in the service
of Charles I. Minster-Lovell is situated on the declivity
of two opposite hills, between which runs the river
Windrush, dividing the parish into what is termed Great
and Little Minster. An Alien priory of Benedictine
monks, a cell to the abbey of St. Mary de Ibreio, was
founded here in the reign of John, and at the suppression
granted to Eton College.
MINSTERLEY, a chapelry in the parish of WEST-
BURY, hundred of FORD, county of SALOP, 94 miles
(S.W.) from Shrewsbury, containing 758 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory
of Westbury, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and dio-
cese of Hereford, endowed with £800 parliamentary
grant. The chapel is dedicated to the Holy Trinity.
There is a place of worship for Baptists, and another
for Independents.
church is dedicated to St. George. The parish is
bounded on the east and south by the navigable river
Severn, in which is a considerable salmon fishery. A
great quantity of cider is made in the neighbourhood.
Daniel Ellis, in 1784, bequeathed £100 for the erection
of a school, which was built, in 1808, on land given by
Jeremiah Hawkins: there is an endowment of £4 per
annum, left by Susannah Crump in 1763, and paid to
this charity for teaching ten children.
MINSTERWORTH, a parish in the duchy of LAN-
CASTER, county of GLOUCESTER, 44 miles (W. by S.)
from Gloucester, containing 462 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at
£10. 13. 4., endowed with £800 private benefaction,
£600 royal bounty, and £500 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Bristol. The
MINTERN (MAGNA), a parish partly in the liberty
of FORDINGTON, Dorchester division, partly in the hun-
dred of CERNE, TOTCOMBE, and MODBURY, but chiefly
in the liberty of PIDDLETRENTHIDE, Cerne subdivision
of the county of DORSET, 10 miles (N. by W.) from
Dorchester, containing, with the tything of Hartly, 311
inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in
the king's books at £ 12. 14. 2., and in the patronage of
Mrs. Sturt and another. The church is dedicated to St.
Andrew: round the north aisle, which is the burial-place
of the Napiers, are coats of arms, and inscriptions to
the memory of several members of that ancient family.
MINTERN (PARVA), a tything in the parish and
hundred of BUCKLAND-NEWTON, Cerne subdivision of
the county of DORSET, 94 miles (N. by W.) from Dor-
chester, containing 105 inhabitants.
MINTING, a parish in the southern division of the
wapentake of GARTREE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 53 miles (N. W. by W.) from Horncastle, con-
taining 270 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £ 5. 7. 11., and in the patronage of the
Master and Fellows of St. John's College, Cambridge.
The church, dedicated to St. Andrew, was given, before
1129, to the abbey of Leyr in France, upon which an
Alien priory of Benedictine monks was established and
continued here till its suppression by Henry V., who
granted it to the Carthusian priory of Mountgrace, and,
as parcel of its possessions, it was given in exchange
to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster.
MINTLYN, a parish in the Lynn division of the
hundred of FREEBRIDGE, county of NORFOLK, 23 miles
(E. S. E.) from Lynn-Regis, containing 30 inhabitants.
The church, which was dedicated to St. Michael, has
been demolished.
MINVER (ST.) HIGHLANDS, a parish in the
hundred of TRIGG, county of CORNWALL, 3 miles
(E.N.E.) from Padstow, containing, with St. Minver Low-
lands, 1028 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £13. 10. 24., and in the patronage of
William Sandys, Esq., who, in 1810, presented the beau-
tiful window of stained glass erected in the chancel of the
church. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Me-
thodists, also a disused meeting-house, with a cemetery,
belonging to the Society of Friends. Trewornan bridge
was built, through the exertions of Mr. Sandys, about
1721, across a dangerous and frequently impassable
ford at high tides, on the road between St. Minver and
Egloshayle, and has since been made a county bridge.
The stream separates these two parishes, and, by the
flowing of the tide, it is rendered navigable up to Am-
blebridge in the parish of St. Kew.
MINVER (ST.) LOWLANDS, a chapelry in the
parish of ST. MINVER HIGHLANDS, hundred of TRIGG,
MIS
MIS
910
county of CORNWALL, 1½ mile (E.) from Padstow, con-
taining 315 inhabitants. The chapel, dedicated to St.
Michael, and commonly called Porthilly church, is
situated on the margin of Padstow river. The village
of that name has long been deserted, owing to the
drifting of the sands.
MINWORTH, a township in the parish of CURD-
WORTH, Birmingham division of the hundred of HEM-
LINGFORD, County of WARWICK, 4 miles (N. W. by W.)
from Coleshill, containing 287 inhabitants.
MIRFIELD, a parish in the lower division of the
wapentake of AGBRIGG, West riding of the county of
YORK, 24 miles (W. by S.) from Dewsbury, containing
5041 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of York, rated in the
king's books at £6. 1. 01., endowed with £400 private
benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of Sir G. Armytage, Bart. The church, dedicated to
St. Mary, has lately received an addition of four hun-
dred and ninety-eight sittings, of which two hundred
and eighty are free, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having granted
£250 towards defraying the expense. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Richard Thorpe,
in 1667, conveyed to trustees certain houses and lands,
now producing about £53 a year, for teaching fifteen
poor children. This income, with the sum of £2. 10.
a year, given by Joseph Lidgard and Thomas Holds-
worth, are applied to the free instruction of twenty
children, in a school-room erected by the inhabitants.
The river Calder runs through the parish, in which the
woollen manufacture is carried on to a great extent.
Up to 1261, Mirfield formed a part of the Saxon parish
of Dewsbury; but the lady of Sir John Heton, on her
way to Dewsbury church, before dawn on Christmas-
day, was attacked by robbers, and her attendant mur-
dered, in consequence of which, at the intercession of her
husband, then at Rome, the pope granted permission to
build a chapel here, which became parochial, and is the
present parish church. Near it is a conical mount, thrown
up by the Saxons for the defence of the ancient mansion,
still called Castle hall. The plague raged here with
great fury in 1631, and swept off a great number of
persons.
MISERDEN, a parish in the hundred of BISLEY,
county of GLOUCESTER, 5 miles (E. S. E.) from Pains-
wick, containing 514 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester,
rated in the king's books at £8. 13. 4., and in the
patronage of Sir Edwin Sandys, Bart. The church is
dedicated to St. Andrew. There are quarries of lime-
stone and some tile-kilns in the parish. Of Miserden
castle little more remains than loose fragments of
stone strewed about its ancient site.
MISSENDEN, a hamlet in the parish of HITCHIN,
hundred of HITCHIN and PIRTON, county of HERTFORD,
3 miles (S. by E.) from Hitchin, with which the popula-
tion is returned.
There is a place of worship for Baptists. A free school
on the British system was established here on the 1st
of January, 1827, by Mr. John Hull, and is attended by
about one hundred and fifty pupils. An abbey for Black
canons, in honour of the Virgin Mary, was founded here,
in 1133, by Sir William de Missenden, the revenue
of which, at the dissolution, was £285. 15. 9. John
Randall, an eminent divine in the reign of James I., was
born here.
MISSENDEN (GREAT), a parish in the hundred
of AYLESBURY, county of BUCKINGHAM, 26 miles
(S. E. by s.) from Buckingham, containing 1735 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln,
and in the patronage of William Astle, Esq. and others.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul.
MISSENDEN (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred
of AYLESBURY, County of BUCKINGHAM, 2 miles
(W. N. W.) from Amersham, containing 814 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £13. 3. 9., and in the patronage of
Earl Howe. The church is dedicated to St. John the
Baptist.
MISSON, a parish in the Hatfield division of the
wapentake of BASSETLAW, county of NOTTINGHAM, 24
miles (E. N. E.) from Bawtry, containing 720 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £6. 4. 4½., and in the patronage of the Crown.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
A free school, erected here in 1693, by Thomas Mow-
bray and John Pinder, is endowed with land, &c., now
producing an annual income of about £65, for teaching
poor children.
MISTERTON, a parish in the hundred of GUTH-
LAXTON, County of LEICESTER, 1 mile (E. by S.) from
Lutterworth, containing, with the chapelry of Walcote,
and the hamlet of Poultney, 539 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £16. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of Jacob Henry Franks, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Leonard. The river Swift,
which at times rises and falls very rapidly, runs through
the parish. James Blick, in 1730, left a trifling sum to
provide books for poor children.
MISTERTON, a parish in the North-clay division
of the wapentake of BASSETLAW, county of NOTTING-
HAM, 43 miles (N. W.) from Gainsborough, containing,
with the chapelry of West Stockwith, 1429 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the lord of the manor of Gringley on the Hill,
rated in the king's books at £10. 5., endowed with £10
per annum, and £200 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £1100 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Dean and Chapter of York. The church
is dedicated to All Saints. There are places of worship
for Calvinistic and Wesleyan Methodists, and a Roman
Catholic chapel. The Chesterfield and Trent canal, also
Bycar Dyke, from the stop of the river Idle, passes
through the parish.
MISTERTON, a parish in the hundred of CREW-
KERNE, County of SOMERSET, 14 miles (S. E. by S.) from
Crewkerne, containing 362 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and
diocese of Bath and Wells, endowed with £500 private
benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of the Dean and Chapter of Winchester. The church
is dedicated to St. Leonard.
MISTLEY, a parish in the hundred of TENDRING,
county of ESSEX, a mile (E.) from Manningtree, con-
taining 778 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
MIT
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311
rectory, with the perpetual curacy of Manningtree, and
the vicarage of Bradfield, in the archdeaconry of Col-
chester, and diocese of London, rated in the king's books.
at £ 16. 13. 4., and in the patronage of F. H. Rigby, Esq.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, stands about a mile
north-west from the site of the former structure, and
was consecrated in 1735, having been rebuilt, principally
at the expense of Edward Rigby, Esq. The river Stour
is navigable at the village, where are good quays and
commodious warehouses for corn, malt, and coal, in
which articles much business is carried on: the quay,
port, and warehouses, at Mistley, belong to the pro-
prietor of Mistley hall. The petty sessions for the
division of Tendring are held here on Mondays, once
in five weeks, alternately with Thorpe, Manningtree, and
Great Bromley.
MITCHAM, a parish in the second division of the
hundred of WALLINGTON, county of SURREY, 9 miles
(S. S. W.) from London, containing 4453 inhabitants.
This place, anciently Michelham, or the great dwelling,
is beautifully situated on the river Wandle, a stream
abounding with excellent trout, and remarkable for the
transparency of its waters, and in the centre of exten-
sive grounds appropriated to the culture of aromatic
and medicinal plants. Sir Walter Raleigh resided here
in an old mansion, of which the remains are at present
occupied as a private dwelling-house; and Sir Julius
Cæsar, Master of the Rolls to Queen Elizabeth, had the
honour of entertaining Her Majesty at his seat in this
parish. The village is irregularly built, and sheltered
by surrounding eminences, among which, Box Hill, so
called from the trees planted on its southern declivity
by the Earl of Arundel, in the reign of Charles I., hav-
ing its northern side shaded with yew trees of venerable
appearance, forms an interesting and picturesque ob-
ject. The houses are in general respectable; and the
inhabitants are amply supplied with water from the river.
The environs afford delighful promenades, and abound
with elegant villas, inhabited by opulent individuals,
who, from the retirement of its situation, the beauty of
its scenery, and its proximity to the metropolis, have been
induced to select it as a place of residence. The trade is
principally in calico-printing, for which there are exten-
sive and convenient grounds, and on the banks of the
Wandle are numerous mills, for corn, logwood, and to-
bacco. Rhubarb, liquorice, peppermint, and lavender, are
extensively cultivated here for sale. The rail-road from
Croydon passes through the parish. The annual fair
commences on the 12th of August, and continues for
three days. Mitcham is within the jurisdiction of the
court of requests for the hundred of Blackheath, esta-
blished by an act passed in the 6th of George III., for
the recovery of debts under 40s., which was extended to
the hundred of Wallington, and its powers to the reco-
very of debts not exceeding £5, by an act passed in the
47th of the same reign.
was erected in 1821: five hundred and fifty-five addi-
tional sittings, of which five hundred and twenty-one
are free, have been lately provided, at an expense of
£600, granted by the Incorporated Society for the en-
largement of churches and chapels. There are places
of worship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists.
The Sunday school has an endowment of £62. 11. 10.
per annum, arising from accumulated savings, amount-
ing to £1600, vested in the three per cent. consols., and
from donations: the school-room was built by sub-
scription, in 1788. There are various charitable bequests
for distribution among the poor.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Surrey, and diocese of Winchester, rated
in the king's books at £ 10, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of Mrs. Simpson. The church, dedicated to St.
Peter and St. Paul, an ancient structure of flint and
stone, having become greatly dilapidated, was taken
down, and the present beautiful edifice, in the later style
of English architecture, with a square embattled tower,
MITCHELDEVER, a parish in the hundred of
MITCHELDEVER, Basingstoke division of the county
of SOUTHAMPTON, 6 miles (N. by E.) from Winchester,
containing, with the tythings of Northbrook, West Strat-
ton, and Weston-Colley, 828 inhabitants. The living is
a vicarage, with the perpetual curacies of Northington,
Popham, and East Stratton annexed, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's
books at £26. 13. 4., and in the patronage of Sir Thomas
Baring, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
MITCHELMERSH, a parish in the hundred of
BUDDLESGATE, Fawley division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, comprising the hamlets of Awbridge, Brash-
field, and Mitchelmersh, and containing 908 inhabitants,
of which number, 374 are in the hamlet of Mitchelmersh,
3 miles (N.) from Romsey. The living is a rectory, in
the peculiar jurisdiction of the Incumbent, rated in the
king's books at £26. 12. 8., and in the patronage of
the Bishop of Winchester. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. The Andover canal runs through the parish.
A Sunday school is endowed with about £8. 10. per
annum, arising from some small bequests. Mitchel-
mersh is within the jurisdiction of the Cheyney Court
held at Winchester every Thursday, for the recovery of
debts to any amount.
·
<la
MITCHEL-TROY, a parish in the upper division
of the hundred of RAGLAND, county of MONMOUTH, 23
miles (S. W.) from Monmouth, containing 305 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, with the perpetual curacy
of Cwmcarvan annexed, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £ 12. 8. 1½., and
in the patronage of the Duke of Beaufort. The church
is dedicated to St. Michael.
MITFORD, a parish comprising the townships of
Edington and Molesden in the western division of CAS-
TLE ward, and the townships of Benridge, High and
Low Heighley, Mitford, Newton-Park, Newton-Under-
wood, Nunridge, Pigdon, Spittle-hill, and Thropple,
in the western division of MORPETH ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, and containing 625 inhabitants, of
which number, 178 are in the township of Mitford, 13
mile (W. by S.) from Morpeth. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Northumber-
land, and diocese of Durham, rated in the king's books
at £10. 6. S., endowed with £400 private benefaction,
£200 royal bounty, and £1100 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Durham. The
rivers Wansbeck and Font run through the parish.
Here are the remains of a castle formerly belonging to
Sir Gilbert Middleton, for whose treasonable practices
it was demolished by order of Edward II.
MITMEECE, a township in the parish of ECCLES-
HALL, northern division of the hundred of PIREHILL,
MIT
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312
1
*
county of STAFFORD, containing 131 inhabitants. It
is within the peculiar jurisdiction of the Prebendal
Court of Eccleshall.
MITTON, a parish comprising the township of Old
Laund-Booth in the higher division, and the township
of Aighton with Bailey and Chaigley in the lower divi-
sion, of the hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine
of LANCASTER; the chapelries of Grindleton and Wad-
dington, and the townships of Bashall-Eaves, West
Bradford, and Mitton, in the western division of the
wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and EwCROSS, West riding
of the county of YORK; and containing 4925 inha-
bitants, of which number, 324 are in the township of
Mitton, 3 miles (W. S. W.) from Clitheroe. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of York, rated in the king's books at £14. 7. 8., and
in the patronage of the Rev. John Wilson. The church,
dedicated to St. Michael, was erected in the reign of
Edward III. The chapel of St. Nicholas, on the north
side of the choir, is the burial-place of the Sherburnes,
and contains numerous memorials to that knightly
family. It stands near the confluence of the rivers Cal-
der, Holder, and Ribble, the neighbourhood of which was
the scene of a great slaughter committed by the Scots,
in one of their irruptions into England, during the exist-
ence of the plague, in 1319. Helen Heighton, in 1795,
devised a school-house and certain messuages, the annual
income arising from which, viz., £38. 10., is applied to
the free instruction of about twenty children. There
is also a rent-charge of £4. 10. bequeathed by William
Parkinson, towards the support of a Sunday school.
MITTON, a township in that part of the parish
of PENKRIDGE which is in the eastern division of the
hundred of CUTTLESTONE, County of STAFFORD, 2
miles (W. N. W.) from Penkridge. The population is
returned with the parish.
MITTON (LITTLE), a township in that part of the
parish of WHALLEY which is in the higher division
of the hundred of BLACKBURN, County palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 34 miles (S. W.) from Clitheroe, containing,
with Coalcoates and Hewthorn, 99 inhabitants.
MITTON (LOWER), a chapelry in the parish of
KIDDERMINSTER, lower division of the hundred of
HALFSHIRE, county of WORCESTER, and containing,
with the town of Stourport, 2544 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Worcester, and in the patronage of the Vicar
of Kidderminster. The chapel, dedicated to St. Michael,
is a small unadorned edifice of brick, erected in 1790,
the chancel at the expense of John Folliott, Esq., as
lord of the manor of Lickhill. In Leland's time, Mitton
was distinguished for the number of its corn-mills, for
the establishment of which, the river Stour, branching
here in various directions, afforded great convenience.
There are now a manufactory for worsted-yarn, an iron-
foundry, a tannery, and a vinegar-yard. The Stafford-
shire and Worcestershire canal joins the Severn at this
place, and, by uniting that river with the Trent, affords
an extended line of inland navigation for the convey-
ance of goods; whence the origin and growth of the
adjoining town of Stourport, now a depôt for the manu-
factures and agricultural produce of the surrounding
counties, and described under its proper head.
MITTON (UPPER), a hamlet in the parish of HAR-
TLEBURY, lower division of the hundred of HALFSHIRE,
county of WORCESTER, & of a mile (N. E.) from Stour-
port, containing 181 inhabitants.
MITTONS, a hamlet in the parish of BREDON, mid-
dle division of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW, county of
WORCESTER, 1 mile (N.E.) from Tewkesbury. The po-
pulation is returned with the parish.
MIXBURY, a parish in the hundred of PLOUGHLEY,
county of OXFORD, 8 miles (N. by E.) from Bicester,
containing, with the hamlet of Fulwell and the town-
ship of Willason, 336 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford, rated
in the king's books at £ 15. 9. 4½., and in the patronage
of the Bishop of Rochester. The church is dedicated
to All Saints. The river Ouse runs through the parish.
MOAT, a township in the parish of KIRK-ANDREWS
upon ЕsK, ESKDALE ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 4/
miles (N.N.E.) from Longtown, containing 300 inhabit-
ants. On the banks of the Liddel are the ruins of
a strong square tower, called Liddel Strength, sur-
rounded by a double moat. It more than once fell into
the power of the Scots, and on one occasion was the
scene of a barbarous act of David, King of Scotland,
who, after making himself master of the place, caused
the two sons of the Governor, Sir Walter Selby, to be
strangled.
MOBBERLEY, a parish in the hundred of BUCK-
Low, county palatine of CHESTER, 3 miles (E. N. E.)
from Nether Knutsford, containing 1198 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Chester, rated in the king's books at £23. 3. 4., and in
the patronage of the Rev. J. H. Mallory. The church,
dedicated to St. Wilfrid, has a rich screen, the remains
of a rood loft, and some stalls in the chancel: it was
thoroughly repaired and the tower rebuilt with stone in
1533, at the expense of Sir John Talbot. There are places
of worship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists.
A free grammar school was founded, in 1569, by the
Rev. William Griffith, who endowed it with the interest
of £200. The manufacture of cotton is carried on at
this place, a large factory affording employment to about
one hundred persons. Three distinct courts baron are
annually held for the several manors within the parish.
A priory of Black canons, in honour of the Blessed Vir-
gin Mary and St. Wilfrid, was founded here, in 1206, by
Patrick de Modberley, who having only a life interest in
the property with which he endowed it, the establish-
ment existed but a short time.
-
MOCCAS, a parish in the hundred of WEBTREE,
county of HEREFORD, 9½ miles (W. N. W.) from Here-
ford, containing 185 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Hereford, rated in the king's books at £6. 4. 4., en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of Sir G. Cornewall, Bart.
The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
MOCKERKIN, a hamlet in the parochial chapelry
of LOWESWATER, ALLERDALE ward above Derwent,
county of CUMBERLAND, 5 miles (S. S. W.) from Cocker-
mouth. The population is returned with Loweswater.
This hamlet forms a constablewick with Sosgill.
MODBURY, a market town and parish in the
hundred of ERMINGTON, county of DEVON, 35 miles
(S. W. by S.) from Exeter, and 208 (W. S. W,) from
London, containing 2194 inhabitants. This place, called
in Latin records "Motberia," was in the possession of
MOD
313
MOL
:
afterwards bestowed by Edward IV. upon the abbey of
Tavistock, but eventually restored to Eton, to which
foundation it still belongs. Sir John Fortescue, a cele-
brated Lawyer, Lord Chief Justice in the reign of
Henry VI., was a native of this place; and Sir George
Baker, M. D., President of the Royal College of Physi-
cians, and author of some medical works, was born
here in 1722.
:
Wado at the time of the Confessor; it subsequently
became the property of the Valletorts, Okestons, and
Champernownes. In 1334, Richard Champernowne
obtained permission to fortify his manorial residence
at Modbury. During the contest between Charles and
the parliament; this fortress was taken by the garrison
at Plymouth, and, in February 1643, Sir N. Stanning,
when intrenched here with two thousand soldiers, was
defeated by the Devonshire clubmen. The town is
situated at the junction of the roads leading to Ply-
mouth, Kingsbridge, and Dartmouth, and occupies the
bottom and declivities of a valley: it consists of four
streets, which meet at right angles, the point of junc-
tion being in the lowest part of the town: the inhabit-
ants are supplied with water from two conduits, which
are connected by pipes with a neighbouring spring.
A new line of turnpike-road is in progress, from Dart-
mouth, Kingsbridge, and Salcombe, through this town
to Plymouth the new London mail-road from Plymouth
to Exeter passes about a mile from Modbury. The ma-
nufacture of woollen goods, which was formerly consi-
derable, has decayed: there is still some weaving of
long ells for the East India Company, also a tolerable
trade in corn and malt. A creek, navigable for barges,
extends from the estuary of the river Erme, which
bounds this parish on the west, to within two miles of
the town, and thus facilitates the importation of coal,
and the export of the produce of the soil. The principal
general market is on Thursday, and there is another on
Saturday for butchers' meat; also a great cattle market
on the second Tuesday in every month, to which the
navy contractors and others resort. Of the two fairs
once held on St. George's and St. James' days, only the
former is retained; it takes place on the 4th of May,
unless that day fall later in the week than Thursday, in
which case the fair is postponed till the following Tues-
day. The town is governed by a portreeve (usually
styled mayor), constables, and other subordinate officers,
who are annually appointed at one of the courts leet,
which are held at Michaelmas and Lady-day, the mayor
being returned by a jury of twelve householders. This
borough sent two members to parliament in the 34th of
Edward I., but was afterwards relieved from making
returns, on the plea of poverty.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Tot-
ness, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books
at £19. 11. 02., and in the patronage of the Provost
and Fellows of Eton College. The church, which is de-
dicated to St. George, and stands upon an eminence
south-westward of the town, is an ancient embattled
structure, with modern additions; the tower, which was
rebuilt in 1622, is surmounted by a spire: the interior
is very neat and spacious, and contains some mutilated
monuments of the Champernowne family. There are
places of worship for Baptists, the Society of Friends,
Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists. A free school
was established, in 1730, by subscription: the perma-
nent income is £12 per annum, and twelve poor boys
are instructed in reading, writing, and arithmetic. Sun-
day and infant schools are supported by voluntary con-
tributions. There are some remains of a Benedictine
priory, founded here in the reign of Stephen, and dedi-
cated to St. Gregory, as a cell to the abbey of St. Peter
sur Dive, in Normandy: its possessions, valued at £70
per annum, were given by Henry VI. to Eton College,
VOL. III.
MOGGERHANGER, a hamlet in the parish of
BLUNHAM, hundred of WIXAMTREE, County of BED-
FORD, 4½ miles (N. W. by N.) from Biggleswade, con-
taining 405 inhabitants.
MOLDASH, a parish in the hundred of FELBO-
ROUGH, lathe of SCRAY, County of KENT, 5 miles (E.N.E
from Charing, containing 378 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Chil-
ham, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
MOLESDEN, a township in that part of the parish
of MITFORD which is in the western division of CASTLE
ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 3½ miles (W. by S.)
from Morpeth, containing 21 inhabitants.
MOLESWORTH, a parish in the hundred of LEIGH-
TONSTONE, county of HUNTINGDON, 44 miles (E. by S.)
from Thrapston, containing 191 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £ 11. 10.,
and in the patronage of the Archbishop of York. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter.
alje
MOLLAND, a parish in the hundred of SOUTH
MOLTON, county of DEVON, 7 miles (E.N.E.) from South
Molton, containing 456 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage not in charge, united to that of Knowstone, in
the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese of Exeter.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. Eight poor chil-
dren are educated by a schoolmistress for £4 a year,
the gift of Thomas Clarke, in 1776. There are vestiges
of an ancient earthwork within the parish.
MOLLINGTON, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of CROPREDY which is in the hundred of BLOXHAM,
county of OXFORD, and the Burton-Dassett division of
the hundred of KINGTON, County of WARWICK, 43 miles
(N. by W.) from Banbury, containing 310 inhabitants.
The chapel is dedicated to All Saints. The chapelry is
within the jurisdiction of the peculiar court of Banbury
in the Cathedral Church of Lincoln.
MOLLINGTON (GREAT), a township in that part
of the parish of BACKFORD which is in the higher di-
vision of the hundred of WIRRALL, county palatine of
CHESTER, 22 miles (N. W. by N.) from Chester, contain-
ing 122 inhabitants.
MOLLINGTON (LITTLE), a township in that part
of the parish of ST. MARY, CHESTER, which is in the
higher division of the hundred of WIRRALL, county
palatine of CHESTER, 24 miles (N. W. by N.) from Ches-
ter, containing 28 inhabitants.
MOLSCROFT, a township in that part of the parish
of ST. JOHN which is within the liberties of the borough
of BEVERLEY, East riding of the county of YORK, 14
mile (W. N. W.) from Beverley, containing 111 inha-
bitants.
MOLTON (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of
SOUTH MOLTON, county of DEVON, 3 miles (N. N. E.)
from South Molton, containing 1847 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, with the perpetual cu
+
2S
MOL
ΜΟΝ
314
racy of Twitchen annexed, in the archdeaconry of Barn-
staple, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books
at £16. 16. 1., endowed with £600 private benefaction,
£400 royal bounty, and £1100 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Morley. The church,
dedicated to All Saints, is furnished with a rich pulpit:
there were formerly three chapels of ease in the parish.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
Almshouses for six poor families were founded and en-
dowed by an ancestor of George Parker: there is also a
small sum, the gift of William Mourman, for teaching
six boys. A weekly market, formerly held at this place,
has been long disused.
Corporate Seal.
MOLTON (SOUTH), an
incorporated market town
and parish, having separate
jurisdiction, though locally
in the hundred of South
Molton, county of DEVON,
28 miles (N. W. by N.) from
Exeter, and 181 (W. by S.)
from London, containing
3314 inhabitants. This town
derives its name from the
river Mole, on the western
bank of which it is situated,
having Exmoor on the north, and Dartmoor faintly per-
ceptible on its southern boundary: over the river, which
falls into the Taw about four miles hence, is a bridge
of three arches: the streets are well paved and lighted,
and the inhabitants are supplied with water from wells.
Monthly assemblies are held in the town-hall, which
stands in the market-place; and there is a subscription
reading-room. The principal branch of manufacture
is that of woollen goods, considerable supplies of which
are occasionally furnished to the East Indies; shalloons,
serges, and coarse woollen cloth, are the articles chiefly
made. The general market is on Saturday; others are
held on Tuesday and Thursday: there are cattle fairs
on the Wednesday before the 22nd of June, and on the
Wednesday after August 26th: great markets also are
held on the Saturday after February 13th, which is noted
for its fine show of North Devon cattle, March 25th,
August 1st, October 10th, and December 12th. For
several successive weeks in the spring, there are large
markets for sheep, one year old. The sale for cattle
is almost constant, the landholders here being chiefly
breeders. On the river are several flour-mills and a
fulling-mill. The charter of incorporation was granted by
Elizabeth, and confirmed by Charles II. The municipal
government is vested in a mayor, recorder, three capital
burgesses, and thirteen common council-men, witha town-
clerk, serjeants at mace, and other officers: the mayor
is elected annually by a majority of the corporation.
The mayor, recorder, and two capital burgesses, are
justices of the peace, and hold quarter sessions, with
power to transport; also a court of record, called the
three weeks' court, for the recovery of debts under £40,
by charter of Elizabeth; but this court is seldom re-
sorted to, on account of the expense of the proceedings.
The county magistrates hold petty sessions for the hun-
dred in a building over the corn market. The freedom
of the borough is obtained by birth, every son of a free
man being entitled to it, whether born in or out of the
parish; it is also conferred by gift of the corporation :
*DE:
BERT
LIB
THM
FIAT JV STERNA
LTOV
every freeman is exempt from serving on county juries,
and the inhabitants do not pay county rates. The town
sent representatives to parliament once in the reign of
Edward I. The town-hall is a handsome building of
Portland stone; and a new prison is in progress of erec-
tion, to comprise four cells, two dwelling-houses for the
serjeants, and a place of confinement for less criminal
offenders.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
of Barnstaple, and diocese of Exeter, endowed with
£400, and a stipend of £30 per annum, private bene-
faction, £400 royal bounty, and £600 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Dean and Canons of
Windsor. The church, dedicated to St. Mary Magda-
lene, is a very spacious structure, in the ancient style of
English architecture; it has been considerably enlarged
by bringing out the walls of the north and south aisles
almost to the angles of the transepts, whereby its ancient
form of a cross has been destroyed: in the interior is a
richly-carved pulpit of stone: from the summit of the
tower, Hartland point and Lundy island are discernible.
There are places of worship for Independents and Wes-
leyan Methodists. The free school was founded, in 1686,
by Hugh Squier, who also endowed it with lands for the
education of twenty poor children: the annual income
is £57. 9., and twenty boys are instructed. The Blue
school was established by subscription, 1711, since
which period many augmentations have been made to its
funds: the present income is about £112. 13. 3. per
annum, out of which a salary of £26. 17. 6. is paid to the
master and mistress: forty-five boys and twenty girls,
appointed by the corporation from the poor of this and
the neighbouring parishes, are instructed and clothed
annually. There are numerous benefactions for the
relief of the poor. A Sunday school, in which one hun-
dred and fifty children of both sexes are instructed, is
supported by voluntary contributions. Iron-ore is found
in the neighbourhood, which also abounds in a species
of slate, or flag-stone, enclosing within its bed a con-
siderable portion of limestone. Fragments of encrinites
and corallimes have been discovered. Some vestiges of
an ancient encampment are visible at Cadbury, near this
place. The late Mr. Justice Buller received the early
part of his education at the grammar school here; and
the Rev. Samuel Badcock, who distinguished himself in
a controversy with Dr. Priestley, and assisted Dr. White
in writing his celebrated Bampton Lectures, was born
here in 1747; he died in London in 1788.
.

MONCKTON (BISHOP'S), a chapelry in that part
of the parish of RIPON which is in the liberty of Ripon,
West riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles (S. S. E.)
from Ripon, containing 479 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the jurisdiction of the peculiar
court of Ripon, belonging to the Archbishop of York
endowed with £800 royal bounty, and £800 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Dean and Chap-
ter of Ripon. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
;;
MONCKTON (TARRANT), a parish in the hundred
of MONCKTON up WIMBORNE, Shaston (East) division
of the county of DORSET, 43 miles (E. N. E.) from Bland-
ford-Forum, containing 236 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of Tarrant-
Launceston annexed, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and
diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's books at £17. 16. 8.,
MON
MON
315
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £200 royal
bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of J. Farquharson, Esq. The church is dedicated
to All Saints. The river Tarrant runs through the parish,
in which there was formerly a monastic establishment,
whence the derivation of the name Monckton.
MONCKTON up WIMBORNE, a tything in the pa-
rish and hundred of CRANBORNE, though locally in the
hundred of Monckton up Wimborne, Shaston (East)
division of the county of DORSET, 2 miles (W.) from
Cranborne, with which the population is returned. The
river Allen has its source here.
MONEWDEN, a parish in the hundred of LoEs,
county of SUFFOLK, 5 miles (W. N. W.) from Wickham-
Market, containing 188 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £8. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of C. Archdeckne, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary.
MONGEHAM (GREAT), a parish in the hundred
of CORNILO, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of KENT,
2 miles (W. S. W.) from Deal, containing 281 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books
at £18. 5., and in the patronage of the Archbishop of
Canterbury. The church, dedicated to St. Martin, is a
large handsome structure, in the early English style. A
market on Thursday, granted by Henry III., has been
long disused, but a fair for cattle and pedlary is held
on October 29th.
MONGEHAM (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
CORNILO, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of KENT, 2
miles. (W. S. W.) from Deal, containing 113 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books
at £5. 15., endowed with £ 200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury. The church has fallen into
ruins.
MONGEWELL, a parish in the hundred of LANG-
TREE, county of OXFORD, 1 mile (S.) from Walling-
ford, containing 142 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford, rated
in the king's books at £9. 9. 41., and in the patronage
of Uvedale Price, Esq. The church, dedicated to St.
John the Baptist, has some portions in the Norman
style remaining.
MONINGTON, a township in the parish of Vow-
CHURCH, hundred of WEBTREE, county of HEREFORD,
10 miles (W. by S.) from Hereford, The population is
returned with the parish,
MONKHILL, a township in the parish of PONTE-
FRACT, upper division of the wapentake of OSGOLD-
CROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, containing
40 inhabitants.
here, the possessions of which, at the suppression, were
granted to the Dean and Canons of Windsor. Courts
leet are occasionally held here.
MONKLAND, a parish in the hundred of STRET-
FORD, county of HEREFORD, 24 miles (W. S. W.) from
Leominster, containing 187 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Hereford, rated in the king's books at £11. 0.9.,
and in the patronage of the Dean and Canons of
Windsor. The church, dedicated to All Saints, with
the manor, was, in the time of William Rufus, given
by Ralph Tony to the abbey of Conches in Normandy,
upon which a cell of Benedictine monks was established
MONKLEIGH, a parish in the hundred of SHEB-
BEAR, county of DEVON, 23 miles (W. N. W.) from
The
Great Torrington, containing 509 inhabitants.
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£12. 14. 7., and in the patronage of Mrs. Saltern. The
church, dedicated to St. George, contains a wooden
screen, an altar-tomb under an arch in the later English
style, and some interesting monuments, among which
is one to the memory of Sir William Hankford, Chief
Justice of the King's Bench, who died here in 1424, or,
as tradition relates, was accidentally killed by his park-
keeper, near a tree still called Hankford's oak.
.
MONKRIDGE-WARD, a township in the parish
of ELSDON, Southern division of COQUETDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 8 miles (N. E.) from
Bellingham, containing 109 inhabitants.
em-
MONKSEATON, a township in the parish of TYNE-
MOUTH, eastern division of CASTLE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 24 miles (N.) from North Shields,
containing 537 inhabitants, many of whom are
There is a place
ployed in the neighbouring collieries.
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Within the town-
ship is a large brewery. On Monkhouse farm are the
remains of an old cross, called the Monks' stone, with
this inscription, "O horror, to kill a man for a pig's
head;" concerning which a curious tradition prevails
of a monk of Tynemouth having been scourged on the
spot by a Mr. Delavel, for having cut off a pig's head
whilst roasting in the kitchen of the latter, and, dying
within a year and a day, his brethren charged Mr.
Delaval with his murder, who, in order to obtain abso-
lution, assigned to the monastery the manor of Elswick
and other estates, and erected an obelisk on the spot
where he chastised the monk.
**
MONKS-ELEIGH, a parish in the hundred of
BABERGH, county of SUFFOLK, 24 miles (W. S. W.) from
Bildeston, containing 713 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage
of the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the king's
books at £14. 18. 11. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
MONKSILVER, a parish in the hundred of WIL-
LITON and FREEMANNERS, county of SOMERSET, 7
miles (N. by W.) from Wiveliscombe, containing 306 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated
in the king's books at £9. 8. 14., and in the patronage
of the Dean and Canons of Windsor. The church is
dedicated to All Saints.
MONKSTON, a parish in the hundred of ANDOVER,
Andover division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 33
miles (W.) from Andover, containing 257 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Winchester, rated in the king's books at £14. 12. 11.,
and in the patronage of the Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge.
MONKSWOOD, an extra-parochial liberty, in the
lower division of the hundred of USK, county of MON-
MOUTH, 2 miles (N. W. by W.) from Usk, containing
156 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
2S2
ΜΟΝ
MON
316
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with
£ 1000 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Duke
of Beaufort.
MONKTON, a parish in the hundred of COLYTON,
county of DEVON, 2 miles (N. E. by N.) from Honiton,
containing 136 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Colyton, in the pe-
culiar jurisdiction of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene.
MONKTON, a joint township with Jarrow, in the
parish of Jarrow, eastern division of CHESTER ward,
county palatine of DURHAM, 5 miles (E.) from Gates-
head. The population is returned with Jarrow the
inhabitants are chiefly employed at the adjacent coal
works. This is said to be the birthplace of Venerable
Bede: : a well, lately used as a bath for weakly or dis-
eased children, and the spot where the rustics celebrated
the eve of Midsummer-day, still retain his name.
MONKTON, formerly a distinct parish, but now in
the parish of OTTERDEN, hundred of EYHORNE, lathe
of Aylesford, county of KENT. The church has been
long since demolished.
:
MONKTON, a parish in the hundred of RINGSLOW,
or Isle of THANET, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of
KENT, 7 miles (W.) from Ramsgate, containing 348 inha-
bitants. The living is a vicarage, with the perpetual curacy
of Birchington united, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the
king's books at £13. 8. 4. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. The river Stour runs along the southern
boundary of the parish. A market, formerly held here,
is now disused; but fairs are still kept on July 22nd for
hogs, and October 11th for toys, &c.
MONKTON (MOOR), a parish in the ainsty of the
city, and East riding of the county, of YORK, compri-
sing the townships of Hessey and Moor-Monkton, and
containing 430 inhabitants, of which number, 269 are
in the township of Moor-Monkton, 72 miles (N. W. by W.)
from York. The living is a rectory, in the archdeacon-
ry and diocese of York, rated in the king's books at
£16. 19. 7., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church, dedicated to All Saints, is an ancient struc-
ture, situated half a mile from the village. A free
school has been endowed by Sir Saville and Lady Sarah
Slingsby, for twelve poor children. Red House, built in
the reign of Charles I. by Sir Henry Slingsby, commands
a noble and extensive view, including the city and ca-
thedral of York.
1
MONKTON (NUN), a parish in the upper division
of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the county
of YORK, 84 miles (N. W.) from York, containing 344
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, £600 royal
bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of S. J. Tuffnell, Esq. The church, dedicated
to St. Mary, formerly belonged to a priory of Bene-
dictine nuns, founded in the reign of Stephen, by
William de Arches and Ivetta his wife, which, before
the dissolution, possessed a revenue of £85. 14. 8.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
A school for twelve poor boys was founded and endowed
by Thomas and Leonard Wilson, about 1716; and ano-
ther, for the like number of girls, by Mary and Dorothy
Wilson; the annual income is £30.
MONKTON (WEST), a parish forming a detached
portion of the hundred of WHITLEY, county of Somer-
SET, 3½ miles (N. E. by N.) from Taunton, containing
1004 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells,
rated in the king's books at £26, and in the patronage
of the Rev. J. F. Maddison. The church, dedicated to
St. Augustine, has lately received an addition of sixty-
two sittings, of which fifty are free, the Incorporated
Society for the enlargement of churches and chapels
having granted £34 towards defraying the expense.
There are places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan
Methodists. The navigable river Tone, and the Taunton
and Bridg-water canal, run through the parish. Nearly
adjoining the town of Taunton is the Spital almshouse,
founded, in 1270, by Thomas Lambret, destroyed by fire
in the reign of Henry VIII., and rebuilt soon afterwards
by an abbot of Glastonbury: it is endowed with several
parcels of land, producing an annual income of about
£44. 10., and at present affords an asylum to eleven
poor widows. John Claymond gave £15 per annum to
establish an exhibition at Brasenose College, Oxford,
for boys from this school.
MONKTON-FARLEY, a parish in the hundred of
BRADFORD, county of WILTS, 4 miles (N. N. W.) from
Bradford, containing 347 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £7. 15. 2½., and
in the patronage of the Bishop of Salisbury. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter. Here are some re-
mains of a convent of Cluniac monks, founded, about
1125, as a cell to the priory of Lewes it was dedicated
to St. Mary Magdalene, and at the dissolution had a
revenue of £217. 0. 4.
:
S&C
•

MONMOUTH, a bo-
rough, market town, and
parish, having separate ju-
risdiction, though locally in
the lower division of the
hundred of Skenfreth, coun-
ty of MONMOUTH, of which
it is the chief town, 130
miles (W. N. W.) from Lon-
don, containing 4164 inha-
bitants. This place, which
derives its name from being
situated at the mouth of
Arms.
12
the river Monnow, is by some antiquaries supposed
to have been the Blestium of Antoninus, but no Ro-
man antiquities have been discovered to confirm that
opinion. It was a place of considerable importance
during the time of the Saxons, who, to secure their
conquests between the Severn and the Wye, and to
repel the frequent incursions of the Britons, erected
a stately castle, and fortified the town with walls of
immense strength; of the former, a small portion is
still remaining, and of the latter, one of the gateway
towers, at the entrance from the Ross road, is almost
entire, and several other vestiges may be traced in
various parts of the town. At the time of the Nor-
man Conquest, it was bestowed upon William Fitz-
Baderon, one of the Conqueror's followers, who, from
that circumstance, assumed the name of William de
Monmouth. The celebrated John of Gaunt, Duke of
Lancaster, resided for some time in the castle; which
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was also the birthplace of Henry V., who passed his
infancy here, and whose cradle, and the sword which he
used at the battle of Agincourt, are deposited in Troy
House, belonging to the Duke of Beaufort, at a short
distance on the road to Chepstow.
with coal from the neighbouring Forest of Dean, from
which a rail-road has been constructed, passing through
Coleford and Newland. Paper is largely manufactured
at mills situated on streams near the town, and there
are also several corn-mills. The market, which is well
supplied, is on Saturday, and a market is held on the
first Wednesday in each month, for the sale of cattle,
sheep, and pigs: the fairs are on Whit-Tuesday, for toys;
the Wednesday before the 20th of June, for wool and
cheese; and September 4th, and November 22d, for
cattle, hops, and cheese.
The town is beautifully situated on the banks of the
river Wye, near its confluence with the Monnow, in
a luxuriant vale, environed by hills of various eleva-
tion, some of them being richly crowned with wood,
and consists of one spacious street, extending from the
market-place to the river Monnow, over which is an
ancient stone bridge with an arched gateway, erected in
1272, forming an entrance from the Abergavenny road,
and of several other streets diverging in different direc-
tions to the river Wye, over which is also a handsome
stone bridge. The houses are in general well built;
many of those in the principal street have gardens
and orchards attached to them, and in various parts
of the town are ancient buildings interspersed with
handsome modern houses; the streets on the side
towards the Wye contain several ranges of respectable
buildings: the town is well paved and lighted, and amply
supplied with water from springs, and with soft water,
for culinary purposes, by carts which convey it to the
houses of the inhabitants at a moderate charge. The
public library is well furnished with modern works; and
assemblies are held occasionally at the Beaufort Arms
and at the town-hall. Chippenham meadow, an exten-
sive plot of ground, forms a delightful promenade on
the bank of the Wye, and is intersected by the river
Monnow, which empties itself into that river: races are
annually held in October, and are well attended. On the
opposite side of the river, and on the acclivities of the
hills which rise from its banks, numerous picturesque
and beautiful villas are irregularly scattered at different
elevations: on the Kymin, a lofty hill commanding an
extensive view of the windings of the river through a
finely varied tract of country, and of the town lying at
its base, a marine pavilion has been erected in honour of
the distinguished Lord Nelson, and other naval heroes,
whose achievements are recorded by paintings and
inscriptions. Beaulieu Grove is a rich wood, through
which many pleasing walks have been made, command-
ing in different points of view agreeable prospects of
the scenery in the neighbourhood. The steep banks of
the Wye, clothed in many places with the most lux-
uriant verdure, are rich in every variety of beauty; and
the windings of the river lead through a succession of
scenes not surpassed by any of like character in the
country. The beauty of the landscape, the mildness of
the air, and its peculiar adaptation as a place of retire-
ment, have made it the retreat of many respectable fa-
milies, who have erected on the shores of the river, and
on the heights which crown its banks, numerous hand-
some villas. The trade principally arises from the na-
vigation of the river Wye, in the traffic carried on with
Hereford and Bristol; and the preparation of bark from
the forests of the Upper Wye, of which a great quantity
is sent to Chepstow for exportation to the south of
England and different parts of Ireland, and in which a
considerable number of men, women, and children, are
employed. The iron and tin manufactures were in-
troduced into this kingdom, and established at Mon-
mouth, by a native of Switzerland, and are now carried
on to a considerable extent: the town is well supplied
Corporate Seal.
The inhabitants were
first incorporated by Ed-
ward VI., who confirmed the
preceding privileges grant-
ed by Henry VIII., which
were afterwards extended by
Charles II., by whose char-
ter the government is vested
in a mayor, recorder, two
bailiffs, and fifteen common
council-men, assisted by a
town-clerk, chamberlain, co-
roner, two serjeants at mace,
and subordinate officers. The corporation hold quar-
terly courts of session for the trial of misdemeanants
within the borough. The assizes for the county, and
the petty sessions for the upper division of the hundred
of Usk, are held here. The town is within the duchy of
Lancaster, and subject to the jurisdiction of the duchy
courts. The town-hall is a substantial stone structure
on piazzas, and ornamented with a statue of Henry V. :
the lower part is appropriated to the use of the mar-
ket, and the upper part contains the court-rooms for
the assizes and the sessions, and a spacious assembly-
room. The county gaol and house of correction is a
spacious stone building in the form of a castle, on the
road to Hereford, and contains forty-one cells, ten day-
rooms, and seven airing-yards, in one of which is a
tread-wheel, for the classification of prisoners. The bo-
rough first exercised the elective franchise in the 27th
of Henry VIII., in conjunction with those of Usk and
Newport: it returns one member to parliament. The
right of election is vested in the resident burgesses of
these several boroughs, the number of whom is about
eight hundred, chiefly in the interest of the Duke of
Beaufort: the mayor and bailiffs are the returning
officers. The election of knights for the shire also
takes place in Monmouth, as the county town.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's
books at £9. 2. 3., endowed with £200 private benefac-
tion, £200 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Duke of Beaufort. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, was anciently the con-
ventual church of a Benedictine priory, founded here
in the reign of Henry II., the revenue of which at the
dissolution was £56. 1. 11. The body of the church
has been rebuilt in the modern style, and the only part
remaining of the original building is the tower, sur-
mounted by an elegant and finely-proportioned spire, in
the early style of English architecture, two hundred
and ten feet high, and forming an interesting feature
in the view of the town. St. Thomas, a chapel of
ease to the vicarage, is an ancient edifice with a low

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tower, exhibiting good specimens of the early English
and the Norman styles, with some portions of an earlier
period; it is supposed to have been founded prior to the
Conquest, and is now undergoing repair, on the com-
pletion of which it is proposed to assign to it a district,
under the authority of the commissioners for building
new churches. There are places of worship for Baptists,
Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists, and a Roman
Catholic chapel. The free grammar school was founded
in the reign of James I., by William Jones, a native of
Newland in this vicinity, and citizen and haberdasher
of London, who bequeathed £ 9000 for the endowment
of a school and almshouse, and for the establishment
of a lectureship in the church: the school is open to
all children of the neighbourhood, with preference to
those of this parish, for instruction in the Latin and
Greek languages: the premises, near Wye bridge, are
handsomely built, comprising houses for the master, who
has a salary of £120 per annum, the usher, who has
£ 60, and the lecturer, whose stipend is £ 140 per annum.
The English language, writing, arithmetic, and the ma-
thematics, are taught by an additional master, recently
appo.nted, with a salary of £ 60 per annum. The alms-
houses consist of twenty separate tenements, with a
garden to each, for twenty aged men and women, who
have a weekly allowance of six shillings each, with a
supply of coal and clothing: the school and almshouses
are under the direction of the corporation and the Ha-
berdashers' Company. A National school, supported
by subscription, and in which nearly one hundred
boys and upwards of ninety girls are instructed, is
kept in an ancient room, with a fine oriel window,
part of the priory of Benedictine monks, said to
have been the study of the celebrated Geoffrey of Mon-
inouth, a native of this town, who resided many
years in that convent. Of the hospitals of the Holy
Trinity and St. John, founded here, in the early part
of the thirteenth century, by Wihenoc de Monemue,
there are no remains. At the distance of a mile from
the town, on the road to Staunton, is a rocking-stone
of very large dimensions, called the Buck stone: it is
twenty-four feet high, fifty-seven feet in circumfer-
ence at the upper surface, and three inches and one-
sixth at the base; and near it is a flight of nine steps,
above which is a large stone, having the appearance of
a baptismal font, with a cavity for holding water; they
are supposed to be Druidical remains. Monmouth
formerly gave the title of duke to James, natural son of
Charles II.
MONMOUTHSHIRE, a maritime county, bounded
on the west by the counties of Glamorgan and Breck-
nock, in South Wales; on the north by part of Breck-
nockshire and by Herefordshire; on the east by
Gloucestershire, from which it is separated by the river
Wye; and on the south-east and south by the river
Severn and the Bristol channel. It extends from 51° 28'
to 51°54′ (N. Lat.), and from 2° 42′ to 3° 19' (W. Lon.),
and comprises an area of four hundred and ninety-eight
square miles, or three hundred and eighteen thousand
seven hundred and twenty acres. The population in
1821 amounted to 71,833. At the time of the second
Roman invasion of Britain, Monmouthshire formed part
of the territory of the Silures. In the reign of the
Emperor Claudius, when Ostorius Scapula had suc-
ceeded to the chief command, that general, leaving gar-
risons in the chain of forts which his predecessor Aulus
Plautius had established upon the rivers Avon and
Severn, crossed the latter with his army, and landed,
according to some authors, at a place called Aust-ferry,
but, according to others, and with greater probability,
at Caldecot-pill. The conquest of the Silurian territory,
however, owing to the difficulties of the ground and the
spirited and persevering resistance of the British inha-
bitants, proved to be a task much more arduous than
the Romans, so accustomed to triumph over hordes of
barbarians, had anticipated: their commander fell a
victim to the fatigue, anxiety, and chagrin, which he
experienced in this expedition, and it was left for Julius
Frontinus, in the reign of Vespasian, to achieve the
final conquest of this portion of Britain. That part of
it which now constitutes the county of Monmouth then
became a portion of the Roman division called Britan-
nia Secunda. From the many stations and camps which
those conquerors here established, and from the numer-
ous fragments of their buildings and sculptures that
have been discovered, it appears that the fine climate
and great natural beauty of this pleasant county ren-
dered it a favourite resort of the Romans, in the ele-
gant and luxurious, though declining, age of Rome.
At a period not long subsequent to the Saxon con-
quests, Monmouthshire, together with the rest of the coun-
try west of the Severn, continued free from the Anglo-
Saxon dominion; and Caerleon, at that time its capital,
was one of the most flourishing cities of the Britons.
Wales, which name was given to this part of the country
by the Anglo-Saxons, then included three regions or prin-
cipalities, viz., Groynnedd, containing the greater part of
the present North Wales; Powysland, comprising part
of North Wales and parts of Shropshire and Worces-
tershire; and Dehenbarth, including the present South
Wales, parts of Herefordshire and Gloucestershire, and
the whole of Monmouthshire. In those remote and ob-
scure times it is difficult to trace the particular his-
tory of this county, which sometimes formed a separate
territory under the name of Gwent, and at others was
comprehended in Morgannoe, which included Glamorgan-
shire and part of Carmarthenshire. The petty chief-
tains of this latter province were professedly tributary
to the Prince of South Wales. The attempts of the Anglo-
Saxon sovereigns to subjugate Wales were opposed by
the Gwentians with extraordinary courage; nor does it
appear that they were ever completely conquered during
the Anglo-Saxon period. Canute entered Gwent, in the
year 1034, with a powerful army, on which occasion he
defeated Rytherch Ap Jestin, Prince of South Wales;
but his conquest seems not to have been permanent.
In the reign of Edward the Confessor, when Harold,
afterwards king of England, penetrated into the inte-
rior of the country, defeated Gryffidd, Prince of North
Wales, placed a prince upon the throne of South Wales,
forced the inhabitants to swear fealty to the English
crown, and took hostages for the payment of the
customary tribute, the Anglo-Saxons, or English, ap-
pear to have occupied Monmouth, Chepstow, Caerwent,
and Caerleon, and Harold is said to have erected a
palace at Portscutt. After the Norman Conquest, when
various Norman adventurers received permission to
make incursions into Wales, and endeavour to establish
themselves upon the Welch territory, several of those
petty feudal sovereignties were here established. These
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lands, having been holden per baroniam, with full power
to administer justice to the tenants, were invested with
jura regalia, so that the king's writs did not run in thern.
But in case of a contest between two lords marchers (as
these territorial proprietors were denominated), con-
cerning the limits of their respective territories, they
had recourse to the king as their supreme lord, and
justice was administered to them in the superior courts
of the realm. This system of feudal jurisprudence
was continued here, as in the other Welch marches,
until Henry VIII., in 1535, abolished the government
of the lords marchers, divided Wales into twelve shires,
and included Monmouthshire among the counties of
England. As regards the administration of justice,
however, Monmouthshire appears to have been consi-
dered a Welch county until the reign of Charles II.,
when it was first included in the Oxford circuit and
even since that time it seems to have been affected in
some degree by the ancient border law, as the jurisdic-
tion of the supreme court of the lords marchers, usually
held at Ludlow, in Shropshire, was not absolutely and
finally abolished until the first year of William and
Mary, when it was suppressed by act of parliament, on
petition of the gentlemen and inhabitants within the
principality of Wales. Reverting to the course of na-
tional events which occurred within the limits of this
county subsequently to the Norman Conquest, the fol-
lowing appear to be the most remarkable-In 1171,
Caerleon was taken by Henry II. in his progress to Ire-
land. In 1215, Abergavenny castle was taken from the
forces of King John, by Llewellyn, Prince of Wales. In
1233, November 12th, at Grosmont, Henry III. was sur-
prised in the night, and defeated by Richard Marshal,
Earl of Pembroke. In 1405, at Usk, Owen Glyndwr was
defeated and driven to the mountains by the forces of
Henry IV. In 1645, Chepstow castle, which had been
garrisoned for the king, surrendered to the parliament-
arians. In 1648, the royalists, under Sir William
Kemeys, re-possessed themselves of it, but on the 25th of
May of that year, the parliamentarians, under Colonel
Ewer, retook it. On the 19th of August, 1648, Ragland
castle, under the celebrated Henry Somerset, first Mar-
quis of Worcester, after a most vigorous and protracted
defence, was surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax.
·
:
Monmouthshire is included in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Llandaff, with the exception, however, of six
parishes, three of which, Welch-Bicknor, Newton, Dix-
on, and St. Mary's in Monmouth, are comprised in the
diocese of Hereford, and the other three, those of Old-
Castle, Llantony, and Cwmyoy, in the diocese of St. Da-
vid's it is within the province of Canterbury, and is
divided into the deaneries of Abergavenny, Netherwent,
Newport, and Usk, containing one hundred and twenty-
three parishes, of which forty-four are rectories, thirty-
nine vicarages, and forty perpetual curacies. For civil
purposes it is divided into the six hundreds of Aber-
gavenny (Lower and Upper), Caldicott (Lower and
Upper), Ragland (Lower and Upper), Skenfreth (Lower
and Upper), Usk (Lower and Upper), and Wentlloog
(Lower and Upper). It contains the borough, mar-
ket, and sea-port, town of Newport, the borough
and market towns of Monmouth and Usk, the mar-
ket and sea-port town of Chepstow, and the mar-
ket towns of Abergavenny, Caerleon, and Ponty-
pool. Two knights are returned to parliament for the
county, and one representative for the boroughs of
Monmouth, Newport, and Usk conjointly. This county
is included in the Oxford circuit: the assizes are held
at Monmouth, and the quarter sessions at Usk. The
county gaol is at Monmouth. There are thirty-nine
acting magistrates. The rates raised in the county,
for the year ending March 25th, 1829, amounted to
£31,836; the expenditure to £31,994; of which
£22,975 was applied to the relief of the poor.
The general aspect of the county is pleasingly diver-
sified: much of it is mountainous and rocky, and those
parts abutting upon the mountain-ridges are sterile,
and afford but a scanty subsistance for the flocks
which feed upon them; but the rich land in the valleys,
and on the slopes of the hills, is finely checquered with
woods and pastures, intermingled with spots of tillage.
The beautiful scenery on the banks of the Wye has
often afforded subjects for the pencil and the pen : the
course of that river is particularly sinuous, and its
banks generally lofty, and much diversified with woods
and projecting rocks. In the hundreds of Wentlloog
and Caldicott, sea-walls have been raised for a consider-
able extent, and at a vast expense, to keep off the sea at
high tides and in stormy weather, particularly during
the prevalence of such winds as blow from the south-
west, from overflowing the spacious marshes in this
district, which would otherwise be subject to continual
damage by frequent inundations. Some of these walls
are of the height of twelve or fourteen feet, falling
back from the sea by a gradual slope, the stone-work in
front being supported by a large embankment of earth :
in other parts, particularly in the level of Wentlloog,
where they are not required to be so high nor SO
strong, they are wholly constructed of earth. The walls
of Caldicott extend from that village almost the whole
distance to Goldcliff: the length of those of Wentiloog
is upwards of fifteen miles and a half.
These expen-
sive works are kept in repair by the contributions of
the several proprietors, assessed according to the value
of their estates in the respective levels; they being
under the control of a court of sewers, and subject to
the same laws and regulations as Romney Marsh in
Kent. This land is divided by parallel ditches, in some
of which the water is stagnant, while in others it runs
in constant streams, called rheens, which at ebb tides
fall through flood-gates, or gouts, into the sea. The
general humidity of the western districts of the king-
dom is felt in this county: the rains are frequently of
long continuance, more particularly towards the sea-
coast; the great æstuary of the Severn attracting the
clouds that rise from the western ocean, and causing
torrents of rain to fall on its northern and southern
shores much more frequently than on the inland parts
of Wales and the West of England. Of the general
salubrity of the atmosphere the longevity of the inha-
bitants affords numerous proofs.
In an agricultural point of view Monmouthshire may
be divided into three districts. The first, comprising the
southern part of the county, consists partly of large
tracts of moor or marsh land, having in some parts
a rich loamy soil of great depth, and in others a vast
body of black peaty matter: other portions, again,
consist of a light loamy soil, which produces fine tim-
ber of various kinds, while in another part there is a
mixture of clay and loam, forming fertile meadows, and
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above them an excellent reddish soil, well adapted to the
growth of corn, turnips, or potatoes. The second divi-
sion includes the eastern part of the county, and ex-
tends for a considerable distance along the banks of the
river Usk the soil is of a light red colour, and such
are its natural advantages and fertility that the whole
district has the appearance of a garden. The third
division comprises the western and more hilly portion of
the county, the soil of which, upon the hills, is generally
thin, of a peaty nature, and covering strata of stone
lying upon beds of coal, or iron-ore. The low or marshy
lands are chiefly in a state of meadow and pasture;
the uplands are partly pasture, and partly arable.
that of Caldicott about eight hundred, besides those of
Devandon, Chepstow, and various others of smaller
extent; much ground is occupied by the extensive mines
and quarries. The woods and coppices are numerous,
and contain a great quantity of various kinds of timber,
particularly beech and oak.
The most important mineral productions are iron,
coal, limestone, and various other kinds of stone,
valuable for building, and other purposes. The iron-
ore is found in such a quantity as to form, in con-
sequence of the district abounding with coal also, its
principal branch of manufacture. Although the mines
had been partially worked in very remote times, the
works in this and the neighbouring county of Glamor-
gan were carried on with little spirit until the latter part
of the eighteenth century, since which time great facili-
ties have been obtained by the application of the steam-
engine, by improvements in hydraulic machinery, and
by the adoption of rollers instead of forge hammers.
The present works on the Welch border are of consi-
derable extent and importance, producing both pig and
bar iron attached to some are wire-works. Lead-ore
is also found; and the coal obtained furnishes more
than sufficient fuel for the supply of the inhabitants.
Limestone of the finest kind is found in almost
every part of the county, and, besides innumerable
quarries of it, there are some of brescia, for mill-
stones, and of other valuable kinds of stone. In ad-
dition to the manufacture of iron, there are, at Caer-
leon and Rogerstone, some tin-works. The manufac-
ture of flannel has been long established, but is of very
limited extent. Some few coarse cloths, woollen stock-
ings, and coarse caps, are made by the inhabitants
among the mountains, and brought to the great fairs
for sale. The caps, which are much in demand for sea-
faring men, were formerly manufactured in much larger
quantities than at present, the principal part of this
trade having been removed to Bewdley, in Worcester-
shire, the few caps still manufactured there being called
"Monmouth caps." A manufactory of japanned goods,
celebrated under the name of "Pontypool ware," from
its having been first invented in that town, in the reign
of Charles II., was formerly carried on both there and
at Usk, but has nearly declined, that trade having been
transferred to the towns of Birmingham, Wolverhamp-
ton, &c. Hats are manufactured at Abergavenny, Mon-
mouth, and Newport; and in the vicinity of Monmouth
are several paper-mills. The commerce, though con-
siderable, yet being chiefly carried on through the me-
dium of Chepstow and Newport, is identified with the
imports and exports of those places.
The principal rivers are the Severn, the Wye, the
Usk, the Rumney, the Monnow, and the Ebwy; be-
sides which are numerous smaller rivers and streams,
flowing through different parts of the county. When
the Severn first touches this county, which it does at
the angle where it receives the waters of the Wye, it
is a river of great magnitude, with a strong tide, and
in its progress, which is in a south-westerly direction,
it widens rapidly, and forms the Bristol channel. The
Wye first reaches Monmouthshire, from Hereford-
shire, at Newton-Dixon, and then forms a long line
of separation between this county and Gloucestershire,
falling into the Severn below Chepstow the course of
this river is peculiarly winding: it is navigable for large
:
The corn chiefly cultivated is wheat, barley, and oats;
and a few peas, or beans, are sometimes sown the
common artificial grasses, such as clover, ray - grass,
and trefoil, are also cultivated. Notwithstanding that
much of the county is mountainous and rocky, and that
it contains numerous wastes and commons in com-
paratively an unproductive state, yet the amount of
agricultural produce is considerably greater than is re-
quired for the consumption of its inhabitants: much
of this surplus is conveyed to Bristol and other markets.
Lime forms the principal manure; and the system of
summer fallowing is very general. The oxen are prin-
cipally bred in the northern parts of the county, and fed
in the southern: they are, for the most part, of a large
useful kind, of a deep red and brindled colour, rather
short in the leg and compact in the body, being evidently
a cross between the breeds of the two adjacent districts
to the north-east and south-west, the Hereford and
Glamorgan: some, indeed, are the pure breed of each.
They generally grow to a large size, weighing, when
fattened, from seven to nine hundred weight: when
young they are in great demand for the graziers,
who purchase them at the great cattle fairs when about
three years old, and sell them again for the labours of
the field after they have been worked for a certain
period, they are also frequently purchased in store con-
dition, and then fed for the market. The sheep are in
general particularly small, and partake of the properties
so conspicuous in the mountain breed of South Wales:
the wool is of a coarse and rather short staple, but the
flesh is fine in grain and of delicate flavour: many of
these characteristic qualities are owing to their migra-
tory mode of feeding, and continual exposure to the vicis-
situdes of the weather. This breed is now chiefly prevalent
in the mountainous parts of the county in the middle
and lower districts are found some of the true Ryeland
breed ; and numerous crosses have been tried with the
Cotswold, South Down, and Dorset breeds. The horses
are of an inferior kind, being meagre, light, and not
well adapted either for the business of the road, or the
labours of the field. Numbers of mules, and those
among the finest in the kingdom, are bred and worked
in this county: they are strong in bone, and of exqui-
site symmetry, selling at very high prices; and are
chiefly employed in carrying coal in the mountainous
districts, and heavy articles from the navigable rivers
and canals, iron-ore from the mines, and manufac-
tured iron to the respective depôts, whence it is for-
warded to the different markets. A considerable portion
of the land is in sheep-walks; the quantity lying in
commons is very considerable: Greenmore common is
supposed to contain about five thousand acres, and
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vessels only to Chepstow bridge, but for barges, with some
difficulty, as high as Hereford. The Usk, rising in the
Hatterell, or Black mountains of Brecknockshire, enters
Monmouthshire at Llangrunny, and takes its course
nearly through the centre of the county to the Severn,
in a southerly direction, and through a most beautiful
valley, between lofty hills: this river, when swollen by
floods, is particularly impetuous: it is navigable for
coasting vessels up to Newport, and for barges as high as
Tredunnock bridge. The Rumney rises in the lower part
of Brecknockshire, and flowing through Duffin-Rum-
ney, forms the line of division between this county and
that of Glamorgan throughout the rest of its course,
falling into the Bristol channel below the village of
Rumney. The Monnow, rising in the Black mountains,
takes a southerly course, and after forming for a
considerable distance the north-eastern border of the
county, which it separates from Herefordshire, it falls
into the Wye at the town of Monmouth. The Ebwy also
rises in Brecknockshire, and passing under the Beacon
mountain, flows through the wild valley of Ebwy, and,
having been joined by a stream similar to its own from
the Sorwy valley, falls into the estuary of the Usk be-
low Newport. This county has some lines of valuable
canal navigation. The Monmouthshire canal, which was
begun in 1792, and finished in 1798, commences on the
western side of the town of Newport, having there a
basin connected with the river Usk, and passing between
the town and the river, crosses the Chepstow road, and
proceeds to Malpas, where it divides into two branches:
one of these pursues a route, parallel to the river Avon
and by Pontypool, to Pontnewyndd, a distance of nearly
eleven miles, in which it has a rise of four hundred and
forty-seven feet: the other runs parallel to the river
Ebwy, in the direction of Crumlin bridge, and forms a
line of upwards of eleven miles in length, having a rise
of three hundred and fifty-eight feet: the average depth
of the water is three feet and a half, the boats which
navigate it carrying from twenty-five to twenty-eight
tons. By virtue of an act obtained in the year 1797,
the proprietors were authorised to extend the line east-
ward one mile and a half; and by another, passed in
1802, various further powers were obtained, for making
collateral tram-roads. In the 33rd of George III., an
act was obtained for the formation of the Brecknock-
shire canal, which was designed to form a communi-
cation between Brecknock and Newport, by way of
Abergavenny and Pontypool, in this county, forming
a junction with the Monmouthshire canal eight miles
and a half from Newport, and one from Pontypool:
from that canal it proceeds across the river Avon,
and, having been carried through a tunnel one hundred
and eighty yards in length, it passes by Mamhilad,
Llanover, &c. The commodities chiefly conveyed on
the Monmouthshire canal, of which the Brecknockshire
canal may be considered a branch, are coal, timber,
pig-iron, and iron in different stages of manufacture,
also various kinds of shop goods, together with fur-
niture, deals, &c., for the supply of the interior. On
the banks of the canal, at Pontnewyndd, commences an
iron rail-road, which runs along the side of the river
Avon to the Blaenavon iron-works, a distance of five
miles and a quarter, in which it has a rise from the
canal of six hundred and ten feet. One of the principal
modern roads passes across the southern part of the
VOL. III.
county, entering it at Chepstow; and, proceeding past
Caerleon and through Newport, it leaves at Rumney.
Another mail-coach road runs across the northern part
of the county, from Monmouth, in a circuitous line
through Abergavenny, to a little north-west of that
town, where it enters Brecknockshire.
There were five principal Roman stations in that
part of the territory of the Silures which is included
within the present county of Monmouth: viz., Venta
Silurum, fixed by the general consent of antiquarics at
Caerwent; Isca Silurum, at Caerleon; and Gobannium,
at Abergavenny: Burrium and Blestium, according to
the opinion of Horsley, which is the most probable one,
were at Usk and Monmouth respectively. Although it
is supposed that most of the great roads connecting the
southern part of Britannia Secunda with the Roman-
British territory east of the Severn, must have passed
through Monmouthshire, yet the only one that can be
distinctly traced is one which passed south-westward
from Abergavenny to Neath, or to some station in Gla-
morganshire, and which is called by the natives Sarn-
hir, signifying the long paved causeway. The miscel-
laneous Roman antiquities discovered in this county at
different times, are numerous and various; comprising
aqueducts, baths, sudatories, tesselated pavements,
columns, statues, bas-reliefs, hypocausts, altars, votive
and sepulchral stones, sarcophagi, urns, medals, coins,
fibulæ, &c. Remains of numerous ancient encamp-
ments are still visible in various parts of the county,
the construction of which, as this part of the British
territory was never permanently occupied either by the
Saxons or the Danes, it seems reasonable to attribute
almost exclusively to the Britons and the Romans.
The ancient castles, from its contiguity to the border of
Wales, were also very numerous, the sites of no fewer
than twenty-five being still distinguishable, most of
which were of Norman erection, and of several of them
considerable portions yet remain, though for the most
part ruinous: those of Caerleon, Usk, and Skenfreth,
have the most decided claim to antiquity; that of
Ragland, though presenting the most magnificent ex-
tent of ruins, is the most modern of all the ancient
fortresses. Many of the churches have a remarkably
picturesque appearance: they generally stand isolated,
in the midst of fields, on the banks of rivers or streams,
and are often embosomed among trees. Their styles of
architecture are very various many of them, especially
in the mountainous parts, are very ancient a few may
be referred to the British period, and several to the
early Norman; but the greater number are of a
date subsequent to the introduction of the pointed
arch.. The most ancient of all have somewhat the
appearance of barns, being of small dimensions, without
lateral aisles, or any distinction in height or breadth
between the nave and the chancel, and without a
steeple. Those of the second period have the chancel
narrower and lower than the nave; and a small
belfry, consisting of two arches, is fixed over the
roof, at the western end. The third class have a
tower, which in some instances is placed in the centre,
in some at the side, and in others at the west end:
some in the eastern part of the county have spires,
and seem to have been erected in the thirteenth cen-
tury. Few of the Monmouthshire churches having
undergone much alteration since the Reformation,
+
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:
MON
ΜΟΝ
S22
they still exhibit many vestiges of the Roman Catholic
worship and discipline, such as rood-lofts, niches, auri-
cular recesses, and confessional chairs. The custom of
whitewashing the outside of these edifices prevails in
this part of the kingdom, its origin being attributed
to the churches having been, in many instances, con-
structed of pebbles and ragstone intermixed, which pro-
ducing an extremely rough surface, it was thought requi-
site to cover them both internally and externally with
plaster; the external whitewashing, though usually con-
fined to the body of the church, sometimes includes the
tower also. The number of religious houses, including
two hospitals, was seventeen: the most interesting re-
mains are those of Llanthony priory church, and of the
Cistercian abbey of Tintern, both which exhibit large
masses of beautiful ruins, in picturesque situations.
The customs of the inhabitants much resemble
those which prevail in the adjacent parts of Wales.
One, which is peculiarly striking to the eye of the
English traveller, is that of whitewashing the outsides
of the houses, which is usually done once a year, and
gives an appearance of remarkable neatness and cheer-
fulness even to the humblest dwellings, considerably
heightening the picturesque effect of the diversified
landscapes with which the county abounds. The cus-
tom of not only scattering flowers, but planting them
and evergreens upon the graves of deceased friends,
a usage of great antiquity, prevails here as in South
Wales. Among the poorest classes of the inhabitants,
Protestant as well as Roman Catholic, a superstitious
custom is observed, of begging bread for the souls of
the departed, on All Souls' day, the bread so given
being termed bara ran, that is, dole-bread. In the
north-eastern and south-eastern parts of the county,
the English language is in common use; but in the
north-western and south-western districts, the Welch
is generally spoken, excepting in the towns. The
natives of the midland parts are accustomed to both
languages in several places divine service is performed
wholly in Welch, in others in English, and in some
alternately in both. The same tenacity shews itself in
the lower orders of the inhabitants of this county that
distinguishes those of the principality itself, with re-
spect to the original language, customs, and manners ;
and, though continual attempts have been made to efface
them, by establishing English schools, yet the antipathy
of the people to the introduction of the language and
manners of the English is still inveterately strong. The
natives of the western and north-western parts, which
are mountainous and sequestered, retain their ancient
national prejudices with little abatement, and continue
to stigmatize every thing assimilating to what is English
with the epithet, opprobious in their estimation, of
Saxon. The provincial language, as in the adjoining
county of Glamorgan, is the Gwentian, one of the three
dialects of Wales, in which many of the Welch odes
were composed, and which was considered the next in
purity to that of the Gwynedd.
:
MONTACUTE, a parish in the hundred of TINTIN-
HULL, County of SOMERSET, 4 miles (W. by N.) from
Yeovil, containing 973 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and
diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at
£8. 10., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Henry
Phelips, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Catherine.
There are places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan
Methodists. This place, in the time of the Saxons, was
called Logaresburch, which is said to have been changed
for its present name by William, Earl of Moreton, who,
soon after the Conquest, built a strong castle here, on
the sharp point of a hill. On the same ridge is a double-
moated Roman camp, called Hampden Hill, about three
miles in circuit, the north-west part of which is further
defended by a high rampart, partly of stone, enclosing
twenty acres, within which many Roman_coins have
been found. Several large cisterns have been disco-
vered in a morass below; and in the neighbourhood are
extensive quarries of freestone, where materials have
been furnished for building many of the churches in
this and the adjoining counties. A priory, in honour
of St. Peter and St. Paul, founded here by William the
Conqueror, was, in the reign of Henry I., amply en-
dowed, and granted to the monks of Cluny, by the Earl
of Moreton; its revenue, at the dissolution, was esti-
mated at £524. 11. 8.
MONNINGTON upon WYE, a parish in the hun-
dred of GRIMSWORTH, County of HEREFORD, 9 miles
(W. N. W.) from Hereford, containing 116 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£7. 12. 10., and in the patronage of Sir G. Cornewall,
Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
MONTFORD, a parish in the hundred of PIMHILL,
county of SALOP, 5 miles (W. N. W.) from Shrewsbury,
containing 517 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£4. 18. 6., and in the patronage of the Earl of Powis.
The church is dedicated to St. Chad. The parish is
bounded on the south by the river Severn, across which
there is a bridge.
MONYASH, a chapelry in the parish of BAKEWELL,
hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY, 42 miles
(W. S. W.) from Bakewell, containing 381 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage
of Bakewell, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean
and Chapter of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £1200 royal bounty.
The chapel, dedicated to St. Leonard, has a low tower
and spire. There is a meeting-house for the Society
of Friends. A court of miners, for the hundred of High
Peak, is held here once in six months, at which all
pleas of debt, and disputes as to title, relating to the
lead mines within the hundred, are determined by the
steward and barmasters, assisted by a jury of twenty-
four persons. Monyash is in the honour of Tutbury,
duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of a
court of pleas held at Chapel en le Frith every third
Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s. A school-
house was built by subscription, in 1750, towards the
endowment of which, the commissioners for enclos-
ing waste lands subsequently awarded fourteen acres,
now producing an annual income of about £17, for
which sixteen poor children are educated free. At
Rucklow-Dales are extensive rocks of grey marble,
much admired for its variegated surface, of which
a large quantity is quarried; and near them rises the
river Lathkill, noted for the beautiful scenery on its
banks.
MOO
MOR
323
MOOR, a joint township with Batchcott, in that
part of the parish of RICHARD'S CASTLE which is in
the hundred of MUNSLOW, county of Salop. The
population is returned with the parish.
MOOR, a joint township with Hill, in the parish of
FLADBURY, middle division of the hundred of OSWALD-
SLOW, County of WORCESTER, 3 miles (E. by N.) from
Pershore. The population is returned with Hill.
"
MOOR-TOWN, a township in the parish of BRANDS-
BURTON, northern division of the wapentake of HOLDER-
NESS, East riding of the county of YORK, 10 miles (N. E.)
from Beverley, containing 29 inhabitants.
·
MOORBY, a parish in the soke of HORNCASTLE,
parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 4 miles (S. E.
by S.) from Horncastle, containing 118 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£7. 11. 8., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Car-
lisle. The church is dedicated to All Saints. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
MOORE, a township in the parish of RUNcorn,
hundred of BUCKLOW, County palatine of CHESTER, 4
miles (S. W. by S.) from Warrington, containing 243 in-
habitants. The Mersey and Irwell canal and the Duke
of Bridgewater's canal pass through the township.
MOORESBARROW, a joint township with Parme,
in that part of the parish of MIDDLEWICH Which is in
the hundred of NORTHWICH, County palatine of CHES-
TER, 24 miles (E. by S.) from Middlewich, containing,
with Parme, 25 inhabitants.
MOORHOUSE, a township in the parish of BURGH
upon the SANDS, ward and county of CUMBERLAND, 4½
miles (W. by N.) from Carlisle, containing 254 inha-
bitants. There is a meeting-house for the Society of
Friends, in which Thomas Stordy, who died in 1684,
after suffering many persecutions; and Jonathan Ostell,
who died in 1755, distinguished themselves as pious and
unyielding preachers.
MOORHOUSE, a township in the parish of HOUGH-
TON le SPRING, northern division of EASINGTON ward,
county palatine of DURHAM, 3½ miles (N. E.) from Dur-
ham, containing 29 inhabitants.
MOORHOUSE, a chapelry in the parish of LAXTON,
or LEXINGTON, South-clay division of the wapentake of
BASSETLAW, county of NOTTINGHAM, 34 miles (S. S. E.)
from Tuxford. The population is returned with the
parish.
MOORLINCH, a parish in the hundred of WHIT-
LEY, county of SOMERSET, 7 miles (E.) from Bridg-
water, containing, with the chapelries of Catcott, Chilton
upon Poldon, Edington, and Stawell, and the hamlet of
Sutton-Mallet, 1887 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, with the chapel of Chilton upon Pol-
don, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath
and Wells, rated in the king's books at £10, and
in the patronage of H. Bradridge, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. Here was a cell to the abbey of
Glastonbury.
MOORSHAM (GREAT), a township in the parish
of SKELTON, eastern division of the liberty of LANG-
BAURGH, North riding of the county of YORK, 6 miles
(E. by S.) from Guilsbrough, containing 353 inhabit-
ants.
county palatine of DURHAM, 4 miles (E. N. E.) from
Durham, containing 48 inhabitants.
MOORSLEY, a township in the parish of HOUGH-
TON le SPRING, northern division of EASINGTON ward,
MOORTHWAITE, a joint township with North-
sceugh, in the parish of CuмWHITTON, ESKDALE ward,
county of CUMBERLAND, 10 miles (S. E. by S.) from
Carlisle, containing, with Northsceugh, 259 inhabitants.
MOORTON, a tything in the parish, and lower
division of the hundred, of THORNBURY, County_of
GLOUCESTER, 2 miles (N. by E.) from Thornbury. The
population is returned with the chapelry of Falfield.
MOORWINSTOW, a parish in the hundred of
STRATTON, County of CORNWALL, 7 miles (N. N.W.)
from Stratton, containing 1091 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and dio-
cese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £ 13. 10. 10.,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Exeter. The
church, dedicated to St. Morvenna, is principally Nor-
man, with an enriched south porch and a large font of
the same character; it has some portions in the later
English style. The parish, situated at the most north-
ern extremity of Cornwall, extends across that portion
of the county, having on the west the Bristol channel,
and on the east the river Tamar, which here takes its
rise.
MORBORN, a parish in the hundred of Norman-
CROSS, county of HUNTINGDON, 2 miles (N. W.) from
Stilton, containing 95 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £ 10. 6. 10.,
and in the patronage of R. E. Duncombe, Esq.
church is dedicated to All Saints.
The
MORCHARD (BISHOP'S), a parish in the hundred
of CREDITON, county of DEVON, 6½ miles (N. W. by N.)
from Crediton, containing 1935 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Bishop of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £36, and in the
patronage of R. H. Tuckfield, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary. Thomasine Tucker, in 1733, gave a
rent-charge of £ 16 for teaching and clothing eight boys
and eight girls. There is a fair for cattle on the Monday
after September 8th.
MORCOTT, a parish in the hundred of WRANDIKE,
county of RUTLAND, 44 miles (E. by N.) from Upping-
ham, containing 443 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of
Peterborough, rated in the king's books at £10. 19. 7.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. E. Thorold. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary.
MORDEN, a parish in the hundred of LOOSE BAR-
Row, Shaston (East) division of the county of DORSET,
6 miles (N.) from Wareham, containing 650 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Dorset,
and diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's books at
£8. 4. 7., and in the patronage of Richard Erle Drax, Esq.
The church is an ancient building, with an embattled
tower crowned with pinnacles. Among other sepulchral
memorials of the Erle family, there are in the chancel
an altar-tomb, and a monument of freestone, having the
figure of a man in complete armour, in the attitude of
prayer, with three children behind him. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
MORDEN (GUILDEN), a parish in the hundred
of ARMINGFORD, county of CAMBRIDGE, 5 miles (E.)
from Biggleswade, containing 570 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
2 T2
MOR
MOR
324
diocese of Ely, rated in the king's books at £7. 3. 6.,
and in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of
Jesus College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary.
MORDEN (STEEPLE), a parish in the hundred of
ARMINGFORD, County of CAMBRIDGE, 5 miles (W. by N.)
from Royston, containing 614 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Ely, rated in the king's books at £6. 18. 6., en-
dowed with £600 private benefaction, and £600 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Warden and Fel-
lows of New College, Oxford. The church is dedicated
to St. Peter and St. Paul: the steeple fell to the ground
about seventy years since.
MORDIFORD, a parish in the hundred of GREY-
TREE, County of HEREFORD, 5 miles (E. S. E.) from He-
reford, containing 638 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford, rated
in the king's books at £10. 6. 5., and in the patronage
of E. T. Foley, Esq. The church, dedicated to the Holy
Rood, had formerly a wooden spire rising from the cen-
tre (which was taken down in 1814, when a tower was
erected at the west end), whereon had been emblazoned
for several previous centuries, a dragon, probably the
bearing of Uter Pendragon, anciently of note in this vi-
cinity. A school-house, lately erected on the east side
of the churchyard, at an expense of £400, raised by sub-
scription, is endowed with about £5 per annum. The
parish, which is situated at the confluence of the rivers
Frome, Lug, and Wye, abounds with limestone, in which
is found a great variety of fossils; and within its limits
is a small portion of St. Ethelbert's camp, on Blackbury
hill.
MORDON, a township in the parish of SEDGEFIELD,
north-eastern division of STOCKTON ward, county pa-
latine of DURHAM, 8½ miles (E. by S.) from Bishop-Auck-
land, containing 124 inhabitants.
dicated to St. George.
dicated to St. George. Here is an almshouse for two
poor persons. A charity school was endowed, in 1688,
by Mr. John Brook, with £10 a year, for the instruc-
tion of poor children of the parish.
MORDON, a parish in the second division of the
hundred of WALLINGTON, County of SURREY, 10 miles
(S. W. by S.) from London, containing 638 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Surrey,
and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£7. 12. 11., and in the patronage of Mrs. Lowndes Stone,
as lady of the manor. The church, dedicated to St.
Lawrence, is a small brick edifice, erected about 1636;
it has a large window of stained glass. Elizabeth Gar-
diner, in 1718, gave £300, and Elizabeth Garth, in
1776, £100, which together produce an annual income
of about £30, applied to the instruction of twenty poor
children. There is also a Sunday school supported by
voluntary contributions. The small river Wandle runs
through the parish, and the Croydon railway passes
near it. Here is a tobacco and snuff manufactory.
MORE, a parish in the hundred of PURSLOW, county
of SALOP, 3 miles (N. E. by N.) from Bishop's Castle,
containing 277 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
Hereford, rated in the king's books at £8. 6. 2., and in
the patronage of R. Moore, Esq.
MOREBATH, a parish in the hundred of BAMPTON,
county of DEVON, 24 miles (N. by W.) from Bampton,
containing 415 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £7. 8. 9., and in the pa-
tronage of Thomas E. Clarke, Esq. The church is de-
MOREBY, a joint township with Stillingfleet, in
that part of the parish of STILLINGFLEET which is in
the wapentake of OUZE and DERWENT, East riding of
the county of YORK, 53 miles (S.) from York. The
population is returned with Stillingfleet.
MORELEIGH, or MORLEY, a parish in the hun-
dred of STANBOROUGH, County of DEVON, 5 miles
(S. W. by S.) from Totness, containing 202 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Totness, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £9. 8. 1., and in the patronage of the Earl of
Morley. The church is dedicated to All Saints. A weekly
market and an annual fair were formerly held here.
Within the parish is Stanborough, the site of an ancient
fort, which gives name to the hundred. Morley gives
the title of earl to the family of Parker.
MORESBY, a parish in ALLERDALE ward above
Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, containing, with the
townships of Moresby and Parton, 934 inhabitants,
of which number, 438 are in the township of Moresby,
2 miles (N. by E.) from Whitehaven. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Richmond,
and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's books at
£6.2. 31., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Earl of
Lonsdale. The church, dedicated to St. Bridget, has
lately received an addition of three hundred and sixty-
two sittings, of which two hundred and twelve are free,
the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches.
and chapels having granted £ 150 towards defraying the
expense. A school was founded and endowed by Joseph
Williamson, Esq., of which the Bishops of Chester and
Carlisle are the governors. There is an iron-foundry
within this parish, which is bounded on the west by
the Irish sea.
It is evident that this was the site of a
Roman station, from the numerous foundations of build-
ings, caverns, and Roman inscriptions, which have been
discovered. Horsley thinks that it was Arbeia, where,
according to the Notitia, the Numerus Barcariorum
Tigritensium was in garrison.
MORESTEAD, a parish in the hundred of FAWLEY,
Fawley division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 34
miles (S. E. by S.) from Winchester, containing 80 in-
habitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Incumbent, rated in the
king's books at £6, endowed with £300 private bene-
faction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Bishop of Winchester. Morestead is within the
jurisdiction of the Cheyney Court held at Winchester
every Thursday, for the recovery of debts to any amount.
MORETON, a liberty in that part of the parish
of DINTON which is in the hundred of DESborough,
county of BUCKINGHAM, 4 miles (S.W.bys.) from Ayles-
bury, containing 14 inhabitants.
MORETON, a joint township with Alcumlow, in
that part of the parish of ASTBURY which is in the
hundred of NORTHWICH, County palatine of CHESTER,
3 miles (S. W. by S.) from Congleton, containing, with
Alcumlow, 129 inhabitants.
MORETON, a township in the parish of BIDSTONE,
lower division of the hundred of WIRRALL, county pa-
Mor
325
MOR
latine of CHESTER, 9 miles (N. by W.) from Great market, which, though on the decline, is still held on
Neston, containing 273 inhabitants.
-
MORETON, a parish in the hundred of WINFRITH,
Blandford (South) division of the county of DORSET,
8 miles (E. by S.) from Dorchester, containing 256 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's
books at £9. 19. 2., and in the patronage of James
Frampton, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Magnus the
Martyr, is a small but very ancient edifice, with a tower
rising from the centre: the south aisle, formerly styled
the chapel of the Holy Trinity, has been the burial-place
of the Framptons, and was rebuilt by James Frampton,
Esq., in 1733.
Tuesday. There are fairs on the 25th of March, and
the 1st of November, but they are very little resorted
to. Constables are appointed at the court held for the
manor. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to
the rectory of Bourton on the Hill, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Gloucester. The church is dedicated to
St. David. There is a place of worship for Independents.
A National school was endowed, in 1813, with £4000,
by Lord Redesdale and Dr. Winford; the present in-
come is about £ 140 per annum, and about one hundred
children of both sexes are educated: there is like-
wise a free school for the children of dissenters, having
about thirty boys on the foundation. On the heath is
a stone, marking the junction of four counties, near
which a memorable battle was fought between the En-
glish and the Danes.
MORETON, a parish in the hundred of Ongar,
county of ESSEX, 3 miles (N. by W.) from Chipping-
Ongar, containing 408 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of
London, rated in the king's books at £20, and in the
patronage of the Master and Fellows of St. John's
College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to St.
Mary.
MORETON, a chapelry in the parish of LLANY-
BLODWELL, hundred of OswESTRY, County of SALOP,
3 miles (S.) from Oswestry. The population is re-
turned with the parish. The living is a perpetual cu-
racy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of St. Asaph,
endowed with £32 per annum private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty. The chapel is dedicated to St.
Michael. Here is a mineral spring.
MORETON, a hamlet in the parish of GNOSALL,
western division of the hundred of CUTTLESTONE,
county of STAFFORD, 4 miles (E. S. E.) from Newport,
containing 754 inhabitants. It is in the honour of
It is in the honour of
Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction
of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday,
for the recovery of debts under 40s.
-
MORETON (MAIDS'), a parish in the hundred and
county of BUCKINGHAM, 1 mile (N.E.) from Bucking-
ham, containing 407 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £18. 2. 11.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. J. L. Long. The
church, dedicated to St. Edmund, is a handsome struc-
ture in the later English style, containing some stalls
highly enriched ; the porch and belfry have groined
roofs. It was built in 1450, by two maiden sisters,
daughters of the last male heir of the family of Pegore.
The river Ouse, and a branch of the Grand Junction
canal, pass through the parish.
MORETON in the MARSH, a market town and
parish in the upper division of the hundred of WEST-
MINSTER, County of GLOUCESTER, 28 miles (E.N.E.)
from Gloucester, and 83 (W.N.W.) from London, con-
taining 1015 inhabitants. This town is situated in a
pleasant valley, on the high road from London to Wor-
cester, which is here crossed by the Roman Fosse-way:
it is an inconsiderable place, and is neither lighted nor
paved. A public library is supported by subscrip-
tion. The only branch of manufacture is that of linen-
cloth, which furnishes employment to about fifty
persons. A railway passes hence to Stratford upon
Avon, being chiefly used for the conveyance of coal.
In the reign of Henry III., the abbot of Westminster,
lord of the manor, procured a charter for a weekly
-
MORETON (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of
MORETON, County of BERKS, 44 miles (W.) from Wal-
lingford, containing 348 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Berks, and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£7. 17. 8., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Arch-
deacon of Berks. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
In Stapleton's chantry chapel, founded before 1467, are
two old tombs of dignified ecclesiastics, with proces-
sional crosses, but without dates: there are also two
ancient mutilated tombs, with Saxon inscriptions.
MORETON (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
MORETON, county of BERKS, 3 miles (W.S.W.) from
Wallingford, containing 364 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Berks, and diocese of
Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £ 12. 15. 5., and
in the patronage of the University of Oxford, in trust
for the Principal and Fellows of Magdalene Hall. The
church is dedicated to St. John. A small stream runs
through the village, and upon it there are three paper-
mills.
MORETON-CORBET, a parish in the Whitchurch
division of the hundred of BRADFORD (North), county
of SALOP, 54 miles (S.E.) from Wem, containing, with
the township of Preston-Brockhurst, 235 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Salop, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated
in the king's books at £5. 3. 6., and in the patronage
of Sir A. Corbett, Bart. The church, dedicated to St.
Bartholomew, is a neat structure, containing some fine
ancient monuments of the Corbet family, whose mag-
nificent mansion, built in the time of Elizabeth, was
burned in the civil war, by a detachment from Crom-
well's army, which was stationed at Wem;
the re-
mains have been converted into workshops, &c.
MORETON-HAMPSTEAD, a market town and pa-
rish in the hundred of TEINGBRIDGE, county of DEVON,
11 miles (W.S.W.) from Exeter, and 184 (W.S.W.) from
London, containing 1932 inhabitants. This town is
romantically situated on the verge of Dartmoor Forest,
and occupies a gentle eminence environed by lofty hills.
It consists of several streets, which are indifferently
paved the houses in general are ancient, and built in
the cottage style, with thatched roofs: the appearance
of the surrounding district is somewhat peculiar, the
surface being strewn with fragments of rock, while the
barren heights of Dartmoor on the west are strikingly,
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1
contrasted with the cultivated slopes of land more im-
mediately adjacent to the town. The woollen trade here
was formerly extensive, but only a few blankets and
stockings are now made: there are some tan-yards, and
a rope-manufactory, the produce of the former being
sent chiefly to Bristol and Exeter: in the vicinity there
are quarries of excellent granite. A market is held on
Saturday, and there are two great cattle markets, on
Whitsun-eve and the first Saturday in October. Fairs
are held on the third Thursday in July and the last
Thursday in November, principally for cattle. A new
market-house and shambles were built, at the expense
of Lord Courtenay, in 1827. A portreeve is annually
elected at a court leet and baron for the manor, held
early in November: four constables are chosen at the
same court, by a jury; also a bailiff, to examine weights
and measures, and two officers, called jurors, to super-
intend the internal affairs of the town.
to the Society of Friends. The river Lyvennet runs
through the parish, the northern and western boun-
daries of which are formed by the river Leeth, and the
eastern by the Eden. An abundance of limestone and
some coal are obtained here. A free school, erected and
partly supported by subscription, has been endowed, by
the Dean and Chapter of Carlisle, with £16 a year and
thirty acres of waste land, enclosed before 1800: the
master's annual stipend is upwards of £30, for which
about forty children are instructed. At Chapelgarth
there formerly stood a chapel, dedicated to St. Mary.
Bewley castle, of which there are still some vestiges,
often afforded security to the Bishops of Carlisle,
during the border warfare, when driven from their usual
residence, Rose castle, by the Scots. Within the parish
are the remains of a monastic building, and several old
halls, now converted into farm-houses.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Tot-
ness, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books
at £49. 19. 7., and in the patronage of the Lord of the
Manor. The church, dedicated to St. Andrew, occupies
the summit of the elevation on which the town is sit-
uated; it is an ancient edifice, with nave, aisles, tran-
septal porch, and chancel, the last being separated from
the body by a carved wooden screen. There are places
of worship for Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, and
Unitarians. The sum of £10 per annum is paid by
the governors of St. John's hospital, in the city of Ex-
eter, agreeably to the directions of Eliza. Hele, for the
maintenance of a free school in this parish; ten poor
children are instructed gratuitously. Some Druidical
remains and Roman antiquities have been found in the
immediate vicinity of the town.
MORETON-SEA or SAY, a parish in the Drayton
division of the hundred of Bradford (North), county
of SALOP, 34 miles (W.) from Drayton in Hales, con-
taining 762 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the rectory of Hodnet, in the arch-
deaconry of Salop, and diocese of Lichfield and Coven-
try. The church is dedicated to St Margaret.
MORETON-VALENCE, a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of WHITSTONE, county of
GLOUCESTER, 73 miles (N. W. by W.) from Stroud,
containing 348 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, £800 royal
bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of Pitt, Esq. The church is dedicated to St.
Stephen. The navigable river Severn bounds the parish
on the north-west, and the Gloucester and Berkeley canal
passes through it. Here are considerable iron-works.
G
MORLAND, a parish in WEST ward, county of
WESTMORLAND, comprising the chapelries of Bolton
and Thrimby, and the townships of Kings-Meaburn,
Morland, Newby, Sleagill, Great Strickland, and Little
Strickland, and containing 1911 inhabitants, of which
number, 372 are in the township of Morland, 63 miles
(W.N.W.) from Appleby. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle,
rated in the king's books at £11. 18., and in the patron-
age of the Dean and Chapter of Carlisle. The church,
dedicated to St. Lawrence, is a large ancient edifice. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists; also a
meeting-house, with a burial-ground attached, belonging
MORLEY, a parish in the hundred of MORLESTON
and LITCHURCH, county of DERBY, containing, with
the chapelry of Smalley, and the township of Morley,
1000 inhabitants, of which number, 273 are in the
township of Morley, 4½ miles (N. E.) from Derby. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's
books at £ 13. 6. 8., and in the patronage of E. S. Pole,
H. S. Bateman, and T. S. Sitwell, Esqrs., alternately.
The church, dedicated to St. Matthew, is a large struc-
ture with a lofty spire, in part built by Ralph Stat-
ham, Esq., who died in 1380, and completed by his
widow Goditha: it contains several monuments of the
ancient families of Statham and Sacheverell; and in
the north aisle are four windows of stained glass, cu-
riously designed, said to have been brought from Dale
abbey at the dissolution. There is an almshouse, founded
about 1657, by Jacinth Sacheverell, for six poor men,
each receiving £5 per annum. At Smalley is a school-
house, built by John and Samuel Richardson, who, in
1721, endowed it for the instruction of twelve poor boys,
with lands now let for £88 per annum; the number of
scholars has been increased to twenty-eight. The latter
also gave £400 to purchase lands, now let for £40 per
annum, directing the rental to be applied towards the
support of fourteen infirm colliers of Smalley, Heanor,
and Horsley-Woodhouse.
MORLEY, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
BATLEY which is in the lower division of the wapentake
of AGBRIGG, West riding of the county of YORK, 4
miles (S. W. by S.) from Leeds, containing 3031 inha-
bitants, who are principally employed in the manufac-
ture of woollen cloth. A chapel is now being erected
by the commissioners appointed under the late act
for building additional churches. Morley, previously
to the Conquest, had a parochial church, which sub-
sequently became dependent on that of Batley; but
in the time of Charles I. it was conveyed by the
Earl of Sussex to trustees of the Presbyterian church,
and was never afterwards restored to the establishment:
it retains much of its ancient appearance, and now be-
longs to the Independents, who, besides this, have a place
of worship recently erected: there is another belonging
to the Wesleyan Methodists.
G
MORLEY (ST. BOTOLPH), a parish in the hun-
dred of FOREHOE, county of NORFOLK, 3 miles (W.
S. W.) from Wymondham, containing 269 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, with the perpetual curacy of
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327
Morley St. Peter annexed, in the archdeaconry of Nor-
folk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£ 14. 11. 5., and in the patronage of B. N. Cooper, Esq.
The church is an ancient structure, with a large square
tower: the chancel was repaired and beautified about
1480, by Thomas Warde, the then rector, of whom it
contains several painted representations, particularly in
the east window. Elizabeth Brown, in 1732, bequeathed
£150, directing the income to be applied in teaching,
and clothing six children, and providing them with
books.
MORLEY (ST. PETER), a parish in the hundred
of FOREHOE, County of NORFOLK, 4 miles (S. W. by W.)
from Wymondham, containing 201 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual-curacy, annexed to the rectory of
Morley St. Botolph, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich. Elizabeth Brown, in 1732,
left £90 for teaching poor children, and supplying them
with books and clothes.
MORNING-THORPE, a parish in the hundred of
DEPWADE, County of NORFOLK, 2 miles (E.) from St.
Mary Stratton, containing 160 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£7, and in the patronage of the Crown. The church
is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
MORPETH, a parish
comprising the townships
of Catchburn and Hepscot
in the eastern, and New-
minster-Abbey, Shilvington,
Tranwell with High Church,
and Twizell, in the western,
division of CASTLE ward;
and Buller's Green, and the
borough and market town
of Morpeth, in the western
division of MORPETH ward,
county of NORTHUMBER-
LAND, and containing 4292 inhabitants, of which num-
ber, 3415 are in the town of Morpeth, 15 miles (N.)
from Newcastle upon Tyne, and 289 (N.) from Lon-
don. This town, which is stated to derive its name
from "Moor-path," or the road across the moor, was an
inconsiderable village prior to the Conquest, when it
became the head of a barony, and, in 1358, a castle
was erected by William, Lord Greystock. In 1215,
the town was set on fire by the barons, in order to
obstruct the military operations of King John; and in
1689, it was again nearly destroyed by an accidental
conflagration. Morpeth is agreeably situated in a valley
on the northern bank of the river Wansbeck, which is
crossed by a stone bridge of two arches, and on the
great road from London to Edinburgh, in the centre of
a richly cultivated district: an elegant bridge of three
arches, from a design by Mr. Telford, is now being erected
a little below the old bridge. The town consists chiefly of
one long street, which is not lighted, and but indifferently
paved with pebbles; the houses are of an inferior descrip-
tion: an abundant supply of water is conveyed into the
town, through pipes, from a spring at Stobhill, the works
having been constructed in 1820; and there is a large
well at the end of Manchester-lane, called St. Thomas'
well. Races are held annually in September, on Cot-
tingwood, immediately northward of the town. A
AMUNDE
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Arms.
subscription library, established in 1817, is well sup-
ported; and in 1825 a mechanics' and scientific in-
stitution was founded, which at present consists of about
two hundred members, and is furnished with a good
library and lecture-room. The trade principally arises
from a colliery in the neighbourhood, two manu-
factories for flannel, and one for carpets, and there is
considerable business in tanning and brewing. The
market cross, built in 1699, and rebuilt in 1783, at the
expense of the corporation, stands in the centre of the
town, and is a small edifice supported by eight stone
pillars and arches. The market, which is on Wednes-
day, is one of the principal markets in the north of
England for live cattle, and is generally well supplied
with corn and provisions; fairs are held on Wednesday
week before Whitsuntide, and the Wednesday before July
22nd, for sheep and cattle; and there is a statute fair
for hiring servants, on the Wednesday before Martin-
mas-day.
TEMEDAY
S
Corporate Seal.
Morpeth is a borough
by prescription, and received
a charter of confirmation
from Charles II. The officers
of the corporation are two
bailiffs, a serjeant at mace;
two ale-tasters and bread-
weighers, two fish and flesh
lookers, four constables,
and an indefinite number
of free burgesses, seldom
exceeding two hundred and
twenty in the whole.
The
Earl of Carlisle, as lord of the manor, holds two courts
leet annually, one on the Monday next after Easter
week, and the other on the first Monday after Michael-
mas-day, at which latter the officers of the corporation
are annually elected. The corporation is composed of,
and contains within itself, seven inferior companies, or
fraternities, each governed by an alderman, and con-
sisting of freemen who are members of the general
body corporate, and of persons who are members only
of their respective companies, and called free brothers.
The freemen are appointed by the seven companies, who
elect, from among their own free brothers, the full num-
ber of twenty-four; viz., the Merchant-Taylors four,
the Tanners six, the Fullers and Dyers three, the Smiths
three, the Cordwainers three, the Weavers three, and
the Butchers two: the whole being sworn and admitted
freemen at the ensuing court leet, after which the com-
panies may elect twenty-four more: the free brothers
become such by servitude, or by being sons of freemen
who are brothers of some particular company. The
borough is within the jurisdiction of the county magis-
trates, who hold a petty session on the first Wednesday
in every month. Quarter sessions for the county are
held here alternately with Alnwick, Newcastle, and Hex-
ham. On the south side of the town are about four
hundred acres of common land, on which each of the
freemen and free brothers is entitled to turn two head
of cattle. The borough first returned representatives
to parliament in 1553: the two members are elected by
the bailiffs and the free burgesses: the bailiffs are the
returning officers, and the parliamentary influence is
enjoyed by the Earl of Carlisle and the Ord family.
The town-hall is a plain structure of hewn stone, with

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a piazza and turrets, erected in 1714, by the family of
Howard it is generally appropriated to meetings for tion is returned.
:
public business, and the lower part is occasionally used
as a theatre. A large and commodious gaol for the
county, with a magnificent sessions-house and offices,
has been lately erected, at the south entrance to the
town: the first stone was laid on the 24th of July,
1822, by his Grace the Duke of Northumberland: the
estimated expense of erection was £80,000. The prison
wards are arranged in the form of a radiated octagon,
with the houses of the governor and turnkeys in the
centre, and a chapel on the east side; the sessions-house
and a turreted gateway form the grand western entrance :
the area consists of about three acres of ground, and
the height of the outer wall is twenty-one feet.
The living is a rectory, with the perpetual curacy of
Ulgham annexed, in the archdeaconry of Northumberland,
and diocese of Durham, rated in the king's books at
£32. 16. 8., and in the patronage of the Earl of Carlisle.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is situated upon an
eminence called “ Kirk Hill," at a considerable distance
from the town: it is a plain structure, in the ancient
style of English architecture, with a low square west-
ern tower in the chancel is a fine east window, which
was formerly of painted glass throughout. An old
square tower of hewn freestone, called the 'Clock
House,' standing near the market-place, contains a clock
and a ring of six bells. On the north of the bridge is a
small but handsome chapel of ease, built of freestone.
There are places of worship for Independents, Presbyteri-
ans, and Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, also a Roman
Catholic chapel. The free grammar school was founded
by Edward VI., in 1552, for the sons of freemen, and
endowed with the lands of dissolved chantries here and
at Nether Witton, the proceeds of which amount to
about £240 per annum, of which sum, the master re-
ceives two-thirds, and the usher the remainder. An
English free school, supported by the corporation, was
erected in 1792: the master receives a salary of £70
per annum, and about sixty children of burgesses are
educated. A dispensary, established in 1817, is liberally
supported by voluntary contributions; and a savings
bank has lately been erected. The remains of the an-
cient baronial castle consist of the old gateway tower,
with part of two exploratory turrets, together with the
outer wall: near the gateway tower, towards the north,
is a large mound of earth on a natural elevation, the
height of which appears to have been greatly increased
by art: this was probably part of the outworks. Williamı
Turner, M. D., the first English writer on botany, who
died in 1568, was born here; and Dr. Robert Morrison,
the celebrated Chinese linguist and missionary, and
author of a Chinese dictionary, is also a native of this
place. Morpeth gives the title of viscount to the family
of Howard, Earls of Carlisle.
miles (W. S. W.) from Wisbeach, with which the popula-
Here was anciently a chapel, or
oratory, in which, by reason of the distance of the
parish church, the inhabitants obtained license from
the bishop, in 1388, to attend divine service for one
year.
MORRAGE, a joint township with Foxt, in that
part of the parish of IPSTONES which is in the southern
division of the hundred of TOTMONSLOW, county of
STAFFORD, Containing, with Foxt, 415 inhabitants.
MORRICK, a township in that part of the parish
of WARKWORTH which is in the eastern division of
MORPETH ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 9 miles
(S. E. by S.) from Alnwick, containing 72 inhabitants.
MORROWE, a hamlet in the parish and hundred
of WISBEACH, Isle of ELY, county of CAMBRIDGE, 6
MORSTON, a parish in the hundred of HOLT,
county of NORFOLK, 3 miles (W. by N.) from Clay,
containing 139 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, an-
nexed to that of Stiffkey St. John, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£18. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
MORTHOE, a parish in the hundred of BRAUnton,
county of DEVON, 4 miles (S. W. by W.) from Ilfra-
combe, containing 280 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£ 9. 19. 3., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Dean
and Chapter of Exeter. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, contains an altar-tomb to the memory of Sir
William de Tracey, who, in 1308, founded a chantry,
and, after the murder of Thomas à Becket, ended his
days in a hermitage at this place. A school, conducted
on the Madras system, has been established here.
Within the parish is a Druidical monument termed
Mortstone.
MORTIMER (WEST), a tything in that part of
the parish of STRATFIELD-MORTIMER which is in the
hundred of HOLDSHOTT, Basingstoke division of the
county of SOUTHAMPTON, 8 miles (N.) from Basing-
stoke, containing 340 inhabitants.
MORTLAKE, a parish in the western division of
the hundred of BRIXTON, County of SURREY, 6½ miles
(S. W. by W.) from London, containing, with East
Sheen, 2484 inhabitants. In this parish, about the
year 1616, a manufactory of tapestry was established,
but it was destroyed in the time of the civil war; there
is at present one for earthenware. The cultivation of
asparagus and lavender was formerly extensive, but not
more than thirty acres are now applied to this use.
A farm, comprising eighty acres, on the Richmond side
of the parish, was formerly the private property of
George III. The river Thames flows on the north side of
the parish. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the pecu-
liar jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury, being in
the exempt deanery of Croydon, and in the patronage of
the Dean and Chapter of Worcester. The church, which
was founded in the fourteenth, and rebuilt in the six-
teenth, century, has undergone many modern repairs ;
the tower, which is very ancient, is of stone and flint,
square and embattled: in the interior is an ancient font,
ornamented with rich tracery, the gift of Archbishop
Bourchier. There is a place of worship for Indepen-
dents. A free school, for the education of poor children
in the principles of the established church, founded
in 1700, and endowed by the will of Dorothy, Lady
Capel, in 1719, was enlarged by subscription in
1815, when the National system was introduced; about
ninety boys and fifty girls are instructed. An ancient
house in this parish, said to have belonged to Oliver
Cromwell, was subsequently the residence of Edward
Colston, Esq., the great benefactor to the city of Bris-
tol, who, during his lifetime, expended more than
£70,000 in the support of various charitable institu-
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329
tions. The only remaining vestige of Mortlake House,
anciently the residence of the Archbishops of Canter-
bury, is the foundation of a single wall.
44 miles (N. N. E.) from Stokesley, containing 26 inha-
bitants.
MORTON, a parish in the hundred of SCARSDALE,
county of DERBY, 34 miles (N.) from Alfreton, contain-
ing, with the chapelry of Brackenfield, 502 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Derby,
and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the
king's books at £11. 10., endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £800 royal bounty, and in the alter-
nate patronage of the Master and Fellows of St John's
College, Cambridge, and the Turbutt family. The church
is dedicated to the Holy Cross.
•
MORTON, a parish in the wapentake of AVELAND,
parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 2 miles (N.)
from Bourne, containing, with the chapelry of Hanthorpe,
or Harmthorpe, 765 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, with that of Hacconby united, in 1732,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in
the king's books at £9. 1. 10., and in the patronage
of the Bishop of Lincoln. The church, dedicated to St.
John the Baptist, is a handsome cruciform structure,
with a lofty and finely-groined tower rising from the
intersection: it has portions in the Norman, and in
the early, decorated, and later English styles of archi-
tecture. Rebecca Leaband, in 1717, bequeathed land
producing a trifling income, for the education of poor
children.
MORTON, an extra-parochial liberty, in the higher
division of the wapentake of BOOTHBY-GRAFFO, parts
of KESTEVEN, County of LINCOLN, 8 miles (S. W. by W.)
from Lincoln, containing 9 inhabitants.
MORTON, a hamlet in the parish of GAINSBO-
ROUGH, wapentake of CORRINGHAM, parts of LINDSEY,
county of LINCOLN, 12 mile (N. by W.) from Gains-
borough, containing 580 inhabitants. There are places
of worship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists.
A school for twenty poor children was endowed with
land, in 1708, by Joshua Teeler.
MORTON, a parish in that part of the liberty of
SOUTHWELL and SCROOBY which separates the northern
and southern divisions of the wapentake of THURGARTON,
county of NOTTINGHAM, 24 miles (S. E.) from South-
well, containing 150 inhabitants. The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Chapter
of the Collegiate Church of Southwell, endowed with
£400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Pre-
bendary of Dunham in the Collegiate Church of South-
well. The church, dedicated to St. Denis, is a small
brick edifice. Here is a trifling endowment in land,
bequeathed by John Dabile, for teaching four poor
children of Morton, and four of Fisherton.
MORTON, an extra-parochial liberty, in the wa-
pentake of BIRDFORTH, North riding of the county
of YORK, 54 miles (N. W. by W.) from Helmsley. The
population is returned with the township of New-
borough.
MORTON, a township in the parish of AINDERBY-
STEEPLE, eastern division of the wapentake of GILLING,
North riding of the county of YORK, 3½ miles (W. S. W.)
from North Allerton, containing 240 inhabitants. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
MORTON, a township in that part of the parish of
ORMSBY which is in the eastern division of the liberty
of LangbaurgH, North riding of the county of YORK,
VOL. III.
MORTON (ABBOT'S), a parish in the lower division
of the hundred of BLACKENHURST, County of WOR-
CESTER, 5 miles (W. S. W.) from Alcester, containing
236 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's
books at £8., and in the patronage of T. B. Eades, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
MORTON (EAST), a township in the parish of
DALTON le DALE, northern division of EASINGTON
ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 8½ miles (E. N. E.)
from Durham, containing 72 inhabitants.
-
MORTON (EAST and WEST), a township in the
parish of BINGLEY, upper division of the wapentake of
SKYRACK, West riding of the county of YORK, 3 miles
(E. N. E.) from Keighley, containing 1199 inhabit-
ants. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Me-
thodists.
MORTON on the HILL, a parish in the hundred
of EYNSFORD, county of NORFOLK, 53 miles (S. by E.)
from Reepham, containing 153 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£3. 14. 7., and in the patronage of Mrs. Le Grys. The
church is dedicated to St. Margaret: under an arch in
the north wall is an ancient monument, with a cross,
cut in wood, but without any inscription.
MORTON upon LUGG, a parish in the hundred of
GRIMSWORTH, County of HEREFORD, 44 miles (N.) from
Hereford, containing 110 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory not in charge, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Dean of Hereford, and in the patronage of the Preben-
dary of Moreton Magna in the Cathedral Church of
Hereford. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
MORTON-BAGGOTT, a parish in the Alcester di-
vision of the hundred of BARLICHWAY, County of WAR-
WICK, 3 miles (W. S. W.) from Henley in Arden, con-
taining 168 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the
king's books at £6, and in the patronage of the
Countess of Warwick. The church is dedicated to the
Holy Trinity.
•
-
MORTON-GRANGE, a township in the parish of
HOUGHTON le SPRING, northern division of EASINGTON
ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 6 miles (N. E. by N.)
from Durham, containing 308 inhabitants.
MORTON-JEFFRIES, a parish in the hundred of
RADLOW, county of HEREFORD, 5 miles (S. W.) from
Bromyard, containing 64 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Hereford, endowed with £800 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Hereford.
MORTON-MORRELL, a parish in the Warwick
division of the hundred of KINGTON, County of WAR-
WICK, 33 miles (N. N. W.) from Kington, containing 257
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedi-
cated to the Holy Cross. There is a small endowment,
the gift of the Rev. Thomas Harbridge, for the instruc-
tion of six children.
MORTON-PINKNEY, a parish in the hundred of
GREENS-NORTON, county of NORTHAMPTON, 8 miles
2 U
+
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MOS
MOS
330
(W. by N.) from Towcester, containing 540 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough, endowed
with £ 186. 15. private benefaction, £ 400 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Provost and Fellows of Oriel
College, Oxford. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
A school-house has been recently built, in which the
children are taught upon the National system. There is
a mineral spring, the water of which is said to be effica-
cious in healing diseases of the eye.
MORTON-TYNEMOUTH, a township in that part
of the parish of GAINFORD which is in the south-west-
ern division of DARLINGTON ward, county palatine of
DURHAM, 8½ miles (N. W. by W.) from Darlington, con-
taining 31 inhabitants.
MORVAH, a parish in the hundred of PENWITH,
county of CORNWALL, 6 miles (N. W.) from Penzance,
containing 325 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Madron, in the arch-
deaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter. The
church has lately received an addition of two hundred
and ninety-two free sittings, the Incorporated Society
for the enlargement of churches and chapels having
granted £250 towards defraying the expense. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The
parish is bounded on the north by St. George's channel.
At Tregaminian are the remains of an ancient chapel;
and Castle Clum, in the neighbourhood, is the most re-
gular Danish fortification in the county.
MORVAL, a parish in the hundred of WEST, county
of CORNWALL, 23 miles (N.) from East Looe, contain-
ing 615 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £ 6. 14. 9., and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church is dedicated to St. Wenn.
The river Love bounds the parish on the west. John
Buller, Esq. in 1714, founded a free school, and en-
dowed it with £8 per annum, for teaching poor children.
MORVILL, a parish in the hundred of STOTTES-
DEN, county of SALOP, 3 miles (W. by N.) from Bridge-
north, containing, with the chapelry of Aston-Eyre,
430 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Hereford,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of Weaver, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. George: in it was origi-
nally a society of Secular canons, and subsequently one
of Benedictine monks, a cell to the abbey of Shrews-
bury: it was founded by Earl Roger, and at the disso-
lution had a revenue of £ 15.
MORWICK, a joint township with Scholes, in the
parish of BARWICK in ELMETT, lower division of the
wapentake of SKYRACK, West riding of the county of
YORK, 6 miles (N. E. by E.) from Leeds, containing, with
Scholes, 491 inhabitants.
MOSBOROUGH, a township in the parish of ЕCK-
INGTON, hundred of SCARSDALE, county of DERBY, 8
miles (N. N. E.) from Chesterfield, containing 818 inha-
bitants. Joseph Stones, in 1680, devised a dwelling-
house, croft, and garden, for the use of a schoolmaster,
also land now producing an annual income of about
£ 18, for the free education of fifteen children.
MOSELEY, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
BUSHBURY which is in the northern division of the
hundred of SEISDON, county of STAFFORD, 4 miles
(N. by E.) from Wolverhampton, containing 55 inha-
bitants.
MOSELEY, a chapelry in the parish of KING'S
NORTON, upper division of the hundred of HALFSHIRE,
county of WORCESTER, 2 miles (S.) from Birmingham.
The population is returned with the parish. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Worcester, endowed with £100 private benefaction,
£400 royal bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Vicar of Bromsgrove. The
chapel, dedicated to St. Mary, has lately received an
addition of three hundred and sixty-two sittings, of
which two hundred and forty-seven are free, the Incor-
porated Society for the enlargement of churches and
chapels having granted £ 250 towards defraying the ex-
pense.
W
MOSS, a township in the parish of CAMPSALL, upper
division of the wapentake of OSGOLDCROSS, West riding
of the county of YORK, 63 miles (W. by N.) from Thorne,
containing 242 inhabitants.
MOSSER, a chapelry in the parish of BRIGHAM,
ALLERDALE ward above Derwent, county of CUMBER-
LAND, 4 miles (S.) from Cockermouth, containing 102
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester, en-
dowed with £ 1200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Earl of Lonsdale. The chapel is dedicated to St.
Philip. There are a few trifling donations for the edu-
cation of children.
-
MOSSLEY, a chapelry in the parish of ASHTON un-
der LINE, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 9 miles (E.) from Manchester. The population
is returned with the parish.
is returned with the parish. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, en-
dowed with £ 1000 royal bounty, and £ 1600 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Rector of Ashton
under Line. The chapel was built in 1755, and enlarged
in 1786. There is a place of worship for Methodists of
the New Connexion, who support a school in which
there are nearly six hundred children. There is a cha-
rity school, affording instruction to about two hundred
and twenty children in connexion with the establishment.
Mossley is a neat village, the houses being principally
built with stone. The manufacture of cotton and woollen
goods is extensively carried on, but the former prevails.
There are two fairs for cattle, on June 21st and the last
Monday in October. On an eminence in the vicinity is
Hartshead Pike, a lofty and circular tower surmounted
by a spire: it was rebuilt of stone in 1758, and has been
used as a beacon.
•
MOSS-SIDE, a township in the parish of MANCHES-
TER, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 2 miles (S.) from Manchester, containing 172 in-
habitants.
MOSTERTON, a parish in the hundred of BeamIn-
STER-FORUM and REDHONE, Bridport division of the
county of DORSET, 4 miles (N. N. W.) from Beaminster,
containing 284 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the rectory of South Perrot, in the
archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol. The
church has lately received an addition of one hundred
and fifty-six sittings, of which eighty are free, the
Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels having granted £ 50 towards defraying the
expense.
MOT
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331
MOSTON, a township in that part of the parish of
ST. MARY, CHESTER, which is in the lower division of
the hundred of BROXTON, County palatine of CHESTER,
3 miles (N. by W.) from Chester, containing 18 inha-
bitants.
MOSTON, a township in the parish of WARMING-
HAM, hundred of NORTHWICH, county palatine of
CHESTER, 24 miles (W. by N.) from Sandbach, contain-
ing 143 inhabitants. The Grand Trunk canal passes
through the township.
MOSTON, a township in the parish of MANCHESTER,
hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LANCASTER, 4
miles (N. E.) from Manchester, containing 593 inhabit-
ants.
MOSTON, a township in the parish of STANTON
upon HINE-HEATH, Whitchurch division of the hundred
of BRADFORD (North), county of SALOP, containing
66 inhabitants.
MOTCOMB, a parish in the liberty of GILLINGHAM,
Shaston (West) division of the county of DORSET, 1½
mile (N. N. W.) from Shaftesbury, containing 1184 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to
the vicarage of Gillingham, in the jurisdiction of the
royal peculiar court of the manor of Gillingham. The
church is an ancient structure. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
MOTHERBY, a joint township with Gill, in the
parish of GREYSTOCK, LEATH ward, county of CUм-
BERLAND, 6 miles (w. by S.) from Penrith, containing,
with Gill, 112 inhabitants.
MOTTINGHAM, a hamlet partly in the parish of
CHISELHURST, hundred of RuXLEY, but chiefly in the
parish of ELTHAM, hundred of BLACKHEATH, lathe of
SUTTON at HONE, county of KENT, 8 miles (S. E.)
from London, containing 94 inhabitants.
MOTTISFONT, a parish in the hundred of THORN-
GATE, Andover division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON,
42 miles (N. N. W.) from Romsey, containing 501 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, with the perpetual
curacy of Lockerely annexed, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£ 14. 18. 11½., and in the patronage of Sir Charles Mill,
Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew. Mottis-
font House, a spacious and venerable edifice, occupies a
portion of the site of a priory of canons Regular of the
order of St. Augustine, founded in the beginning of the
reign of King John, by William Briwere, and dedicated
to the Holy Trinity. In 1494, the establishment being
reduced from eleven, its original number of religious,
to three, Henry VII. procured a bull from Pope Alex-
ander for its suppression, but it continued till the dis-
solution, at which period its revenue was valued at
£167. 15. 8.
MOTTRAM in LONGDEN-DALE, a parish in the
hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county palatine of CHES-
TER, comprising the townships of Godley, Hattersley,
Hollingworth, Matley, Mottram in Longden-Dale, New-
ton, Stayley-Bridge, and Tintwisle, and containing
10,086 inhabitants, of which number, 1944 are in the
township of Mottram in Longden-Dale, 7 miles (E. N. E.)
from Stockport. The living comprises a rectory and
a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester,
rated in the king's books at £32. 3. 9., the former an
impropriation belonging to the Bishop of Chester, the
latter endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Bishop. The
church, dedicated to St. Michael, is in the later style of
English architecture, with a handsome tower: it stands
upon an eminence called War-hill; the vicarage-house,
near it, is surrounded by intrenchments similar to those
of a Roman station. In the churchyard lie the remains
of Lawrence Earnshaw, an eminent self-taught genius
in mechanics and the fine arts; he died in 1767.
There is a place of worship for Independents, and an-
other, with a school attached, belonging to the Wesleyan
Methodists. A free grammar school was founded, in
1612, by Robert Garside, and is endowed with about
£53 per annum. There are also a parochial school, in
which about four hundred children are taught, and a
small subscription library. The river Mersey, rising at
the north-eastern extremity of the parish, separates it
from Derbyshire on the south; and the Tame, from Lan-
cashire on the north. At the village of Mottram, which
consists of one long and spacious street, the Mersey
expands into a broad stream, upon which are the ex-
tensive mills of Messrs. Marshland, occupying a large
space excavated in the rock, and reaching to the middle of
the river, which, lower down, is crossed by a stone bridge
of one immense arch. Here are extensive manufactories
for cotton and woollen goods, paper, and machinery ;
works for printing calico, and an establishment for smelt-
ing iron-ore, which abounds in the south-west part of the
parish, and has the advantage of large collieries in the
neighbourhood. A court leet is held annually on Mi-
chaelmas-day, at which a constable is elected. There
are fairs for cattle on April 27th and October 31st. The
Car Tor, rising above the village, is a precipitous eleva-
tion, eighty feet in perpendicular height, its face exhi-
biting various strata of rock, coal, slate, and freestone,
disposed with great regularity; and the sides being
partly clothed with foliage, it has a picturesque effect.
Mottram hill rises above this to the height of four hun-
dred and fifty feet, and even this, with the village, lies
far beneath the adjacent immense heights of Charleworth
Neck, Wernoth-Loe, &c., the summits of which com-
mand most extensive prospects of the surrounding coun-
try. In this parish are the remains of Bucton castle,
supposed to be of British origin.
MOULDSWORTH, a township in that part of the
parish of TARVIN which is in the second division of
the hundred of EDDISBURY, county palatine of CHES-
TER, 9 miles (N. E. by E.) from Chester, containing 138
inhabitants.
MOTTISTON, a parish in the liberty of WEST ME-
DINA, Isle of Wight division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 52 miles (S. E.) from Yarmouth, containing
149 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, united to the
vicarage of Shorewell, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£11. 16. 3. The church, dedicated to St. Peter and
St. Paul, is principally in the later English style.
MOTTRAM (ST. ANDREW), a township in the pa-
rish of PRESTBURY, hundred of MACCLESFIELD, County
palatine of CHESTER, 42 miles (N. N. W.) from Maccles-
field, containing 382 inhabitants.
MOULSEY (EAST), a parish in the first division of
the hundred of ELMBRIDGE, county of SURREY, 3 miles
(E. N. E.) from Walton upon Thames, containing 526
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese of Winchester,
2 U2
MOU
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332
1
and in the patronage of the Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge. The parish is bounded on
the north by the Thames, and on the west by the river
Mole. John Winkins, in 1779, founded a school, and
endowed it with £400, for teaching twelve poor chil-
dren. Here are three almshouses, the origin of which
is unknown.
MOULSEY (WEST), a parish in the first division
of the hundred of ELMBRIDGE, county of SURREY, 24
miles (N. E. by E.) from Walton upon Thames, contain-
ing 430 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese of Winches-
ter, endowed with £200 private benefaction, £600 royal
bounty, and £500 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. Hibbert Binney, D. D. The parish
is bounded on the north by the Thames, and on the
east by the river Mole.
MOULSFORD, a parish in the hundred of MORE-
TON, County of BERKS, 4 miles (S. S. W.) from Walling-
ford, containing 176 inhabitants. The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, united to the vicarage of Cholsey, in the
archdeaconry of Berks, and diocese of Salisbury. The
church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
MOULSOE, a parish in the hundred of NEWPORT,
county of BUCKINGHAM, 3 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Newport-Pagnell, containing 260 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£16. 16. 3., and in the patronage of Lord Carrington.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. The river Lovet
runs through the parish. There is a free school for
poor children, founded, in 1719, by the Countess of
Northampton, and endowed with about £10 per annum.
MOULTON, a township in the parish of DAVEN-
HAM, hundred of NORTHWICH, county palatine of
CHESTER, Containing 196 inhabitants.
:
MOULTON, a parish in the wapentake of ELLOE,
parts of HOLLAND, county of LINCOLN, 4 miles (W.)
from Holbeach, containing 1629 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of Chapel-
Moulton united, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lin-
coln, rated in the king's books at £28. 13. 4., and in the
patronage of the Rev. M. Johnson. The church is dedi-
cated to All Saints. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. A free school was founded and
liberally endowed with lands, by John Harrox, in 1561.
MOULTON, a parish in the hundred of WALSHAM,
county of NORFOLK, 3 miles (S.) from Acle, containing
185 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
with the perpetual curacy of Tunstall annexed, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, rated in the
king's books at £5. 6. 3., endowed with £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Rev. George
Anguish. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
MOULTON, a parish in the hundred of RISBRidge,
county of SUFFOLK, 3½ miles (E. by N.) from Newmar-
ket, containing 312 inhabitants. The living comprises
a rectory and a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction of
the Archbishop of Canterbury, the former rated in the
king's books at £ 13. 6. 8., and the latter at £4. 7. 8½½.,
and in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of
Christ's College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated
to St. Peter.
MOULTON, a parish in the hundred of SPELHOE,
county of NORTHAMPTON, 4 miles (N. N. E.) from
Northampton, containing, with the extra-parochial li-
berty of Moulton Park, 1072 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Northampton,
and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books
at £14. 3. 9., and in the patronage of the Rev. W.
Stanton. The church, dedicated to St. Peter and St.
Paul, is partly in the Norman style of architecture.
There are places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan
Methodists.
MOULTON, a township in the parish of MIDDle-
TON-TYAS, eastern division of the wapentake of GIL-
LING, North riding of the county of YORK, 5 miles
(E. N. E.) from Richmond, containing 236 inhabitants.
MOULTON (CHAPEL), a chapelry in the parish
of MOULTON, wapentake of ELLOE, parts of HOLLAND,
county of LINCOLN, 7½ miles (N. E. by N.) from Crow-
land. The population is returned with the parish. The
living is a perpetual curacy, united to the vicarage of
Moulton, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
endowed with £8 per annum private benefaction, and
£800 royal bounty.
MOULTON (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
DEPWADE, County of NORFOLK, 3 miles (W. S. W.) from
St. Mary Stratton. The living is a discharged rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £4. 3. 14., and in the
patronage of S. Webster, Esq. The church, which was
dedicated to All Saints, was demolished in 1570.
MOULTON (ST. MICHAEL), a parish in the hun-
dred of DEPWADE, county of NORFOLK, 3 miles (W. S.
W.) from St. Mary Stratton, containing 417 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £6. 13. 4., and in the patronage of W. Chute,
Esq. The church formerly contained a chapel, in which
a light was constantly kept burning before the altar
and image of the Virgin Mary: the tower is circular at
the base, and octangular above. The pious, learned,
and eloquent preacher, John Moulton, a Carmelite friar,
who flourished about 1400, was born here.
MOULTON-PARK, an extra-parochial liberty, in
the hundred of SPELHOE, county of NORTHAMPTON,
23 miles (N. N. E.) from Northampton. The population
is returned with Moulton.
MOUNTFIELD, a parish in the hundred of NETHER-
FIELD, rape of HASTINGS, County of SUSSEX, 24 miles
(S.) from Robert's Bridge, containing 683 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Lewes, and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's
books £5. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Duke of
Dorset. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
MOUNT-GRACE, in the parish of EAST HARSLEY,
wapentake of BIRDFORTH, North riding of the county
of YORK, 53 miles (N. E. by E.) from North Allerton.
A Carthusian priory, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin and
St. Nicholas, was founded here, about 1396, by Thomas
de Holland, Duke of Surrey, who endowed it with ex-
tensive possessions; but dying in rebellion against
Henry IV., before the completion of his design, its pro-
gress was interrupted, but again renewed in 1440, by
Henry VI., who confirmed in parliament the former
grants: its revenue at the dissolution was valued at
£382. 5. 11. there are considerable remains of the
monastic buildings, and of the church, which was cru-
ciform, with a tower rising from the intersection.
MOU
MUC
333
MOUNTHEALY, a township in the parish of
ROTHBURY, Western division of COQUETDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 24 miles (E. S. E.) from
Rothbury, containing 38 inhabitants.
MOUNTNESSING, a parish in the hundred of
CHELMSFORD, county of ESSEX, 2 miles (S. W.) from
Ingatestone, containing 728 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Essex,
and diocese of London, rated in the king's books at
£11, endowed with £400 private benefaction, and £400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of F. B. Bramston,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Giles. Richard
Beyley, in 1743, bequeathed a house and land in sup-
port of a school for teaching poor children. A priory
of Augustine canons was founded, in the reign of
Stephen, at Thoby in this parish, by Michael Capra,
Roise his wife, and William their son: it was dedi-
cated to St. Mary and St. Leonard, and, at the disso-
lution, had a revenue of £75. 6. 10.
is a small stone bridge over the Soar. The market-
house, a small building in the centre of the town, was
erected in 1793, at the expense of Sir John Danvers,
Bart., who at the same time removed a curious and
ancient cross, which occupied a portion of the site, into
his own ground. In addition to the usual manorial
courts, a court of pleas is held every three weeks, for the
recovery of small debts within the eastern and western
divisions of the hundred of Goscote, having the same
jurisdiction over that district as a county court has
over the county at large. The chapel, dedicated to
St. Peter, is a chapel of ease to the vicarage of Barrow.
There are places of worship for Baptists, Presbyterians,
Unitarians, and Wesleyan Methodists. A free school,
for educating twelve boys, was founded in 1742, by Sir
John Danvers; the endowment is about £12 per annum.
There are several considerable benefactions for the relief
of the poor.
MOUSON, a township in the parish and north-
ern division of BAMBROUGH ward, county of NORTH-
UMBERLAND, 2 miles (S. S. E.) from Belford, con-
taining 73 inhabitants. Here are vestiges of a Roman
camp.
MOUNTON, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of CALDICOTT, County of MONMOUTH, 22 miles
(W. S. W.) from Chepstow, containing 52 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with £1000 royal
bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of Lloyd, Esq. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
MOUNTSORREL, a market town and chapelry,
partly in the parish of RoтHLEY, but chiefly in that of
BARROW upon SOAR, western division of the hundred
of GoscoTE, county of LEICESTER, 7½ miles -(N.) from
Leicester, and 104 (N. N. W.) from London, containing
1422 inhabitants. The name of this place, prior to the
Conquest, appears to have been Soar-hill, which, with its
present appellation, is evidently derived from its situa-
tion on a mount or hill near the river Soar. On the
highest of a range of hills, impending above the town,
and called Castle hill, a fortress once stood, which is
mentioned in the reign of Stephen, when it was assigned
to Robert le Bossu, Earl of Leicester, and his heirs, on
condition that Ralph, Earl of Chester, who also laid
claim to it, should, with his family, be amicably received
within the borough, bailiwick, and castle, whenever they
might choose to reside there. In 1167, Robert Blanch-
mains, Earl of Leicester, on his rebellion against Henry II.,
was dispossessed of it with his other estates; the latter
were subsequently restored to him, but the king retained
the castle, and governors were appointed to hold it du-
ring this and succeeding reigns. In 1215, it was garrison-
ed by Saer de Quincey, its governor, for the Dauphin of
France, whom the barons had invited to their assistance;
and when the royal cause became triumphant, in the
beginning of the reign of Henry III., was taken and
razed to the ground. This small town is rather ro-
mantically situated, amidst rocky and variegated
scenery, and consists principally of one street, which
extends about three-quarters of a mile along the high
road, and is paved with red granite from the adjacent
cliffs ;
the houses in general are constructed of the
same material. Worsted-hose and net-lace are manu-
factured here; and the Soar canal affords facility for the
conveyance of stone for the repair of roads throughout
the neighbourhood. The market, which is almost dis-
used, is on Monday; and there is a fair on the 29th of
July, during which a court of pie-powder is held. There
A
MOWSLEY, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of KNAPTOFT which is in the hundred of GARTREE,
county of LEICESTER, 6 miles (W. by N.) from Mar-
ket - Harborough, containing 263 inhabitants. The
Grand Union canal passes on the south of this place.
MOXHALL, a hamlet in the parish of WHISHAW,
Birmingham division of the hundred of HEMLING-
FORD, county of WARWICK, 44 miles (N. by W.) from
Coleshill. The population is returned with the pa-
rish.
MOZE, a parish in the hundred of TENDRING,
county of ESSEX, 7½ miles (S. E.) from Manningtree.
The population is returned with the parish of Beaumont.
The living is a rectory not in charge, united in 1678 to
that of Beaumont, in the archdeaconry of Colchester,
and diocese of London. The church, which was dedi-
cated to St. Mary, has been demolished.
MUCHELNEY, a parish in the hundred of PITNEY,
county of SOMERSET, 21 miles (S. S. E.) from Lang-
port, containing 329 inhabitants. The living is a vi-
carage, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £10, en-
dowed with £600 private benefaction, £800 royal bounty,
and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Henry Tripp, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter
and St. Paul. The navigable river Yeo bounds the pa-
rish on the north-east. A Benedictine abbey, in honour
of St. Peter and St. Paul, was founded here, in 939, by
King Athelstan, the revenue of which, at the dissolution,
was valued at £498. 16. 3.
MUCKING, a parish in the hundred of BARSTA-
BLE, county of ESSEX, 2 miles (S. E. by S.) from Horn-
don on the Hill, containing 189 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £10, and in
the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's,
London. The church is dedicated to St. John the Bap-
tist. The parish is bounded on the east by the river
Thames.
MUCKLEFORD, a tything in the parish of BRAD-
FORD-PEVERELL, hundred of GEORGE, Dorchester divi-
sion of the county of DORSET, 54 miles (W. N. W.) from
1
MUG
334
MUM.
1
Dorchester. The population is returned with the lead-ore, containing some silver, for smelting which there
parish.
is a mill in the neighbourhood.
MUKER, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
GRINTON which is in the western division of the wapen-
take of GILLING, North riding of the county of YORK,
6 miles (N. W. by N.) from Askrigg, containing 1425
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed
to the vicarage of Grinton, in the archdeaconry of Rich-
mond, and diocese of Chester, endowed with £800 royal
bounty, and £1000 parliamentary grant. The chapel,
dedicated to St. Mary, was consecrated in 1580. The
river Swale runs through the parish, and forms a roman-
tic cataract, called Keasden Force. Anthony Metcalfe,
in 1678, bequeathed a messuage for the foundation of á
free school, the income arising from which is about
£20. 10. a year. A subscription library was formed.
here in 1819. A customary market is held on Wednes-
day, and a fair for sheep, &c., on the Wednesday pre-
ceding Christmas-day. The parish abounds with lead
and iron ore, coal, and limestone.
MUCKLESTON, a hamlet in that part of the parish
of SHAWBURY which is in the Whitchurch division of
the hundred of BRADFORD (North), county of SALOP,
9 miles (N. E. by E.) from Shrewsbury. The popula-
tion is returned with the township of Edgbolton.
MUCKLESTON, otherwise MUXON, a parish com-
prising the townships of Bearston, Dorrington, Graven-
hanger, and Woore, in the Drayton division of the hun-
dred of BRADFORD (North), county of SALOP, and the
townships of Aston, Kneighton, Muckleston, Oakley,
and Winnington, in the northern division of the hun-
dred of PIREHILL, county of STAFFORD, and containing
1753 inhabitants, of which number, 179 are in the town-
ship of Muckleston, 4 miles (N. E.) from Drayton in
Hales. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated
in the king's books at £20. 3. 9., and in the patronage
of Lord Crewe. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
Several small sums have been bequeathed by different
individuals for the education of children.
<
MUCKLEWICK, a township in that part of the
parish of HYSSINGTON which is in the hundred of
CHIRBURY, County of SALOP, containing 53 inhabit-
ants.
ants.
MUGGLESWICK, a parish in the western division
of CHESTER ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 10 miles
(N. by W.) from Walsingham, containing 278 inhabit-
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Durham, endowed with £200 pri-
vate benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and £200 parlia-
mentary grant, and in the patronage of the Dean and
Chapter of Durham. The church is small, though very
ancient. There are places of worship for Baptists and
Wesleyan Methodists. The parish is bounded on the
north by the river Derwent, along the bank of which is
a range of hills, abounding in very productive mines of
MUCKTON, a parish in the Wold division of the
hundred of LOUTH-ESKE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 5 miles (S. E.) from Louth, containing 131
inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £6. 3. 61., endowed with £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of M. B. Lister, Esq.
MUDFORD, a parish in the hundred of STONE, County
of Somerset, 3 miles (N. N. E.) from Yeovil, containing
375 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, rated in the king's books at £9. 4. 9., and in
the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Wells. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary.
MUGGINTON, a parish in the hundred of APPLE-
TREE, county of DERBY, 7 miles (N. W.) from Derby,
containing, with the township of Mercaston, and the
hamlet of Ravensdale Park, 525 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese
of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£9. 12. 8., and in the patronage of E. S. Pole, Esq.
The church is dedicated to All Saints. The Rev. Samuel
Pole, rector, in 1746, and Mrs. Frances Pole, in 1751,
gave land now producing about £21. 5. a year, which,
with the profits of a lime-kiln, let for upwards of £100
per annum, is applied to the free education of thirty-six
children.
MULBARTON, a parish in the hundred of HUM-
BLEYARD, county of NORFOLK, 5½ miles (S. S. W.) from
Norwich, containing 417 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, with Keningham, in the archdeaconry of Nor-
folk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books
at £14, and in the patronage of John Steward, Esq. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, was erected
by Thomas de St. Omer, justice itinerant for Cambridge-
shire, who obtained from Henry III. the privileges of a
fair and free warren for this place, and subsequently
view of frankpledge, with other liberties attached to a
court leet. Sir Thomas Richardson, an eminent lawyer,
who was raised to the office of Chief Justice of the Com-
mon Pleas, was born here, in 1626; he died about 1634.
MULLION, a parish in the hundred of KERRIER,
county of CORNWALL, 6 miles (S. by E.) from Helston,
containing 692 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £9. 4. 4., and
in the patronage of the Bishop of Exeter. The church
is dedicated to St. Melan: its tower forms the most con-
spicuous object in this part of Cornwall. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The parish
is bounded by the English channel on the west, where
there is a small cove, convenient for fishing, which is
the principal employment of the inhabitants.
MULWITH, a joint township with Newby, in that
part of the parish of RIPON which is within the liberty
of RIPON, West riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles
(S. E.) from Ripon. The population is returned with
Newby.
MUMBY, a parish in the Marsh division of the
hundred of CALCEWORTH, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 4 miles (E. S. E.) from Alford, containing,
with Chapel-Mumby, 582 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £9. 12. 3., en-
dowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Bishop of Lincoln. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter.
MUMBY (CHAPEL), a chapelry in the parish of
MUMBY, Marsh division of the hundred of CALCE-
WORTH, parts of LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN, 7 miles
(E. S. E.) from Alford. The population is returned with
the parish.
1
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S
MUN
MUN
335
MUNCASTER, a parish in ALLERDALE ward above
Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, 1 mile (E. by N.)
from Ravenglass, containing, with the township of Birk-
by, 555 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Ches-
ter, endowed with £ 1000 royal bounty, and £1200 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of Lord Mun-
caster. The church is dedicated to St. Michael. This
place, anciently written Meol-castre, derives its name
from a castle, the ancient residence of the Penning-
tons, lords of the manor, situated at Esk-Meol, near the
mouth of the river Esk, the principal tower of which is
retained in the modern mansion, which was neatly built
by the late Lord Muncaster. Richard Brockbank, in
1696, left £160 towards the establishment of a school
for the children of those who should contribute to the
building of a school-room, which has been further en-
dowed with £100, by Sir William Pennington, Bart., and
some smaller sums by others: the annual income, about
£ 12, is paid to the master, who receives also trifling
quarterages from the children, of whom from forty to
fifty are instructed. This parish includes the market
town of Ravenglass, which see. Muncaster gives the
title of baron to the ancient and noble family of Pen-
nington, an Irish peerage, without a seat in the House
of Lords.
MUNDEN (GREAT), a parish in the hundred of
Broadwater, county of HERTFORD, 2 miles (W. by N.)
from Puckeridge, containing 515 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£21. 9. 7., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is dedicated to St. Nicholas. At Rownay are
slight remains of a Benedictine nunnery, founded in
honour of St. John the Baptist, by Conan, Duke of Bri-
tain and Earl of Richmond, in the reign of Henry II.,
which falling into decay, through mismanagement, was
surrendered in the time of Henry VI., and its posses-
sions appropriated to the maintenance of a chantry
priest till the dissolution, when they were valued at
£13. 10. 9. per annum.
MUNDEN (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
BROADWATER, county of HERTFORD, 4 miles (W. by S.)
from Puckeridge, containing 464 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £15, and
in the patronage of Robert Thornton Heysham, Esq.
The church is dedicated to All Saints. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A National
school is supported by subscription: the school-house
was erected in 1822.
.
MUNDHAM, a parish in the hundred of LODDON,
county of NORFOLK, 5½ miles (N. by W.) from Bungay,
containing 304 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, and in the patronage of the Mayor and Cor-
poration of Norwich. The church is dedicated to St.
Peter,
MUNDFORD, a parish in the hundred of GRIMS-
HOE, County of NORFOLK, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from Bran-
don-Ferry, containing 397 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£7.17. 6., and in the patronage of Mrs. Newcome. The
church, dedicated to St. Leonard, is built of flint, having
an embattled tower at the west end, with freestone
coping and quoins: the chancel is separated from the
body of the building by a wooden screen, which is sur-
mounted by the royal arms sculptured in stone. The
parish is bounded on the north by the river Wissey,
which is crossed by a bridge at a short distance from
the village.
MUNDHAM (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of
Box and STOCKBRIDGE, rape of CHICHESTER, County
of SUSSEX, 24 miles (S. E. by S.) from Chichester, con-
taining 422 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chichester,
rated in the king's books at £9. 0. 10., and in the pa-
tronage of W. Brereton, Esq. The church has lately re-
ceived an addition of sixty free sittings, the Incor-
porated Society for the enlargement of churches and
chapels having granted £50 towards defraying the
expense. The Arundel and Portsmouth canal passes
through the parish.
.
MUNDON, a parish in the hundred of DENGIE,
county of ESSEX, 33 miles (S. E. by S.) from Maldon,
containing 309 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £13, and in the patronage
of the King, as Duke of Lancaster. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. The parish is bounded on the
north by Blackwater river, which is navigable.
MUNDSLEY, a parish in the northern division
of the hundred of ERPINGHAM, County of NORFOLK, 5
miles (N. N. E.) from North Walsham, containing 333
inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £8.9.9., endowed with
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the King,
as Duke of Lancaster. The church is dedicated to All
Saints. The parish lies on the coast of the North sea,
in a cliff near which were found, some years ago, large
petrified bones of the elephant, also horns of the moose
deer, and other bones of an immense size, supposed to
be diluvial remains.
MUNGRISDALE, a chapelry in the parish of GREY-
STOCK, LEATH ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 8 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Keswick, containing 236 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Carlisle, endowed with £200 pri-
vate benefaction, and £800 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Rector of Greystock. The chapel was
rebuilt in 1754. There are quarries of blue slate
and flag-stone within the chapelry. John Slee, a
member of the Society of Friends, and a distinguished
mathematician, was born here; he died at Terril in
1828.
MUNSLEY, a parish in the hundred of RADLOW,
county of HEREFORD, 4 miles (N. W.) from Ledbury,
containing 182 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford, rated in the
king's books at £8. 7. 6., and in the patronage of Miss
Ann Jones. The church is dedicated to St. Bartho-
lomew.
MUNSLOW, a parish in the hundred of MUNSLOW,
county of SALOP, 11 miles (N.) from Ludlow, contain-
ing 708 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Hereford, rated
in the king's books at £21. 15. 2., and in the patron-
age of the Rev. R. Powell. The church is dedicated to St.
MUR
MUS
336
Michael. Munslow gave birth, in 1589, and the title
of baron, in 1640, to Edward Littleton, Lord Chief
Justice of the Common Pleas, and Keeper of the Great
Seal; he died in 1645,
MURCOT, a hamlet in the parish of CHARLTON
upon ОTMORE, hundred of PLOUGHLEY, county of
OXFORD, 42 miles (S.) from Bicester. The population
is returned with Fencot.
MURCOTT, a hamlet in the parish of LONG BUCK-
BY, hundred of GUILSBOROUGH, county of NORTH-
AMPTON, 5 miles (N. E. by N.) from Daventry, contain-
ing 46 inhabitants.
MURRAH, a township in the parish of GREYSTOCK,
LEATH ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 9½ miles (N. E.
by E.) from Keswick. The population is returned with
the township of Berrier.
MURRELL-GREEN, a tything in the parish and
hundred of ODIHAM, Basingstoke division of the county
of SOUTHAMPTON, 23 miles (S. W.) from Hartford-
Bridge. The population is returned with the parish.
MURSLEY, a parish in the hundred of COTTESLOE,
county of BUCKINGHAM, 32 miles (E. by N.) from Wins-
low, containing, with the hamlet of Salden, 473 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £11, and in the patronage of Lord Say
and Sele. The church is dedicated to St Mary. Murs-
ley had formerly the privilege of a market on Thurs-
day; also two fairs on Assumption-day, and on the
festival of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, but they
have been long disused.
Wesleyan Methodists. A school is endowed with about
£8 per annum. Some veins of lead-ore are now in
operation.
MURSTON, a parish in the hundred of MILTON,
lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 1 mile (E. S. E.) from
Milton, containing 141 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury,
rated in the king's books at £10. 14. 2., and in the pa-
tronage of the Master and Fellows of St. John's College,
Cambridge. The church, dedicated to All Saints, is a
spacious edifice, with a square western tower and wooden
turret. The parish is bounded on the north by the
Swale, which separates the Isle of Sheppy from the
main land. William Houssin, in 1783, bequeathed £200,
directing the interest to be applied in teaching poor
children of Bapchild, Murston, and Tonge.
MURTON, otherwise MOOR-TOWN, a township in
the parish of LAMPLUGH, ALLERDALE ward above Der-
went, county of CUMBERLAND, 8 miles (E. by N.) from
Whitehaven. The population is returned with the
parish. The manufacture of spades, shovels, and edge-
tools is carried on here, and there are several lime-works
in the township. A charity school is supported by
donations amounting to about £ 8. 8. per annum.
MURTON, otherwise MOOR-TOWN, a township in
the parish of TYNEMOUTH, eastern division of CASTLE
ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 2 miles (N. W.)
from North Shields, containing 556 inhabitants, who are
chiefly employed in the coal mines with which the dis-
trict abounds. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists. Freestone is obtained here, and in
raising it, a stone coffin, containing a perfect skeleton,
was found in one of the quarries, in 1790.
MURTON, a township in the parish of BONGATE,
or ST. MICHAEL, APPLEBY, EAST ward, county of WEST-
MORLAND, 3 miles (E. N. E.) from Appleby, contain-
ing 204 inhabitants. There is a place of worship for
MURTON, a township in the parish of OSBALDWICK,
liberty of ST. PETER of YORK, East riding, though lo-
cally in the wapentake of Bulmer, North riding, of the
county of YORK, 3 miles (E. by N.) from York, contain-
ing 134 inhabitants: it is within the peculiar jurisdic-
tion of the Prebendary of Strensall in the Cathedral
Church of York.
MUSBURY, a parish in the hundred of AXMINSTER,
county of DEVON, 2 miles (E. by N.) from Colyton, con-
taining 375 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £19. 11. 8., and in the patronage of George
Tucker, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
The river Axe passes between this parish and Colyton.
Ash House, now occupied as a farm-house, derives interest
from having been the birthplace, in 1650, of the re-
nowned Duke of Marlborough, whose mother was then
on a visit to her father, Sir John Drake. Within the
parish is an ancient fortress, of an elliptical form, having
a double intrenchment enclosing an area of twenty acres.
MUSBURY, a township in that part of the parish
of BURY which is in the higher division of the hundred
of BLACKBURN, county palatine of LANCASTER, 3 miles
(S. W.) from Haslingden, containing 728 inhabitants.
MUSCOATES, a township in that part of the parish
of KIRKDALE which is in the wapentake of RYEDALE,
North riding of the county of YORK, 54 miles (E. S. E.)
from Helmsley, containing 65 inhabitants.
MUSCOTT, a hamlet in the parish of NORTON,
hundred of FAWSLEY, county of NORTHAMPTON, 42
miles (E. by N.) from Daventry. The population is
returned with the parish.
MUSGRAVE (GREAT), a parish in EAST ward,
county of WESTMORLAND, 2 miles (W. S. W.) from
Brough, containing 188 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Carlisle, rated in the king's books at £ 16. 1. 114.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Carlisle. The church is dedicated to St. Theobald.
The parish is bounded on the south-east by the river
Belo, and on the south-west by the Eden, which is
crossed by a bridge of two arches, erected in 1826. The
late Rev. Septimus Collinson, D. D., in 1827, left £ 1500
three per cent. consols., for the endowment of a free
school on the Madras system: the school-room and
residence for the master were built by subscription.
.
MUSGRAVE (LITTLE), a township in the parish
of Crosby-GARRETT, EAST ward, county of WEST-
MORLAND, 3 miles (W. S. W.) from Brough, containing
80 inhabitants.
MUSKHAM (NORTH), a parish in the northern
division of the wapentake of THURGARTON, county of
NOTTINGHAM, 3 miles (N.) from Newark, containing,
with the township of Bathley, 617 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged vicarage in medieties, in the pecu-
liar jurisdiction of the Chapter of the Collegiate Church
of Southwell the first mediety is rated in the king's
books at £5. 6. 8., endowed with £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the prebendary of North
Muskham in the Collegiate Church of Southwell; the
second is rated at £8. 19. 7., endowed with £ 400 royal
:
MYL
NAC
337
bounty, and in the patronage of the Duke of Portland.
The church is dedicated to St. Wilfrid. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The parish is
bounded on the east by the Trent, which is crossed by
a ferry to Holme. A free grammar school was founded
in 1727, by Mrs. Woolhouse, who endowed it with land
producing upwards of £50 per annum. There are two
almshouses, founded by a Mr. Kemp; also a bequest
of £10 per annum, with clothing, for ten poor persons,
by John Smith, who also left £1. 6. 8. each to six poor
scholars in Pembroke Hall, Cambridge.
MUSKHAM (SOUTH), a parish in the northern
division of the wapentake of THURGARTON, county of
NOTTINGHAM, 24 miles (N.) from Newark, containing,
with the hamlet of South Carlton, 278 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the Chapter of the Collegiate Church of
Southwell, rated in the king's books at £4, and in
the patronage of the Prebendary of South Muskham
in the Collegiate Church of Southwell. The church
is dedicated to St. Wilfrid. The parish is bounded on
the east and south by the river Trent, which is crossed
by a bridge leading towards Newark.
MUSTON, a parish in the hundred of FRAMLAND,
county of LEICESTER, 5 miles (W. by N.) from Gran-
tham, containing 242 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £15. 13. 14., and in the
patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated to
St. John the Baptist. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. The Grantham canal passes
through the parish.
MUSTON, a parish in the wapentake of DICKERING,
East riding of the county of YORK, 6 miles (S. E. by
S.) from Scarborough, containing 350 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
the East riding, and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £6. 10., and in the patronage of H. Osbaldeston,
Esq. The church is dedicated to All Saints. There
is a place of worship for Independents.
MUTFORD, a parish in the hundred of MUTFORD
and LOTHINGLAND, county of SUFFOLK, 3 miles
(E. S. E.) from Beccles, containing 387 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, with the rectories of
Barnby and Wheatacre All Saints, in the archdeaconry of
Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books
at £7. 17. 1. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
at great expense levelled the ground, constructed quays,
erected numerous buildings, and endeavoured, but un-
successfully, to establish the packets there. This place
has of late years been much resorted to by invalids, on
account of the mildness of the climate; there is a ferry
to Falmouth, at the distance of half a mile. Within the
parish is part of Perran wharf, also a large iron-foundry.
MYNYDDMAEN, a hamlet in the parish of My-
NYDDYSLWYN, lower division of the hundred of WENT-
LLOOG, county of MONMOUTH, Containing 511 inha-
bitants.
MYERSCOUGH, a township in that part of the
parish of LANCASTER which is in the hundred of
AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine of LANCASTER, 4
miles (S.) from Garstang, containing 557 inhabitants. A
free school is endowed with land producing a consider-
able annual income, the gift of an unknown benefactor.
MYLOR, a parish in the hundred of KERRIER, coun-
ty of CORNWALL, 3 miles (E. by N.) from Penryn, con-
taining 2193 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, with
that of Mabe united, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
patronage of the Bishop of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £16. 15. The church is dedicated to St. Melor.
There are places of worship for Independents and Wes-
leyan Methodists. This parish is bounded on the south-
east by Falmouth harbour, and includes the small sea-
port of Flushing, which has considerably increased in
population since the improvements made, in the early
part of the last century, by Samuel Trefusis, Esq., who
VOL. III.
MYNYDDYSLWYN, a parish in the lower division
of the hundred of WENTLLOOG, County of MONMOUTH,
94 miles (N. W. by W.) from Newport, containing, with
the hamlets of Clawrplwyf, Mynyddmaen, and Penmain,
3186 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with
£600 royal bounty, and £1800 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Llandaff. The
hurch is dedicated to St. Tyder.
MYTHE, an extra-parochial liberty, in the hundred
of SPARKENHOE, county of LEICESTER, containing 14
inhabitants.
MYTON upon SWALE, a parish in the wapentake
of BULMER, North riding of the county of YORK, 32
miles (E.) from Boroughbridge, containing 185 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, rated
in the king's books at £6, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Archbishop of York. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. There is a ferry over the Swale
at this place. A battle was fought here, in 1319, be-
tween the Scots and about ten thousand undisciplined
Yorkshiremen, headed by Melton, Archbishop of York,
amongst whom was a great number of priests, in which
the latter were defeated with immense slaughter.
MYTTON (UPPER), a hamlet in that part of the
parish of HARTLEBURY which is in the lower division
of the hundred of HALFSHIRE, county of WORCESTER,
containing 181 inhabitants.
N.
NABURN, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
ACASTER-MALBIS which is in the wapentake of OUZE
and Derwent, East riding of the county of YORK,
44 miles (S.) from York, containing 366 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory
of St. Denis in York, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of York. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Me-
thodists. A school is endowed with £10 per annum,
£5 having been left by Edward Loftus, in 1784, and
£5 by Lady Hewley. The river Ouse bounds this
chapelry on the west.
NACKINGTON, a parish in the hundred of Bridge
and PETHAM, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, County of KENT,
24 miles (S.) from Canterbury, containing 165 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of York, endowed with £400 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Archbishop of
Canterbury. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
The ancient Stane-street passes through the parish.
NACTON, a parish in the hundred of COLNEIS,
county of SUFFOLK, 4 miles (S. E.) from Ipswich, con-
+
2 X
NAI
ΝΑΝ
338
taining 527 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, united to that of Levington, in the archdeaconry
of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £8. 7. 1. The church is dedicated to St. Mar-
tin. The navigable river Orwell runs along the southern
boundary of the parish.
NAFFERTON, a township in the parish of OVING
HAM, eastern division of TINDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 9 miles (E.) from Hexham, con-
taining 39 inhabitants. Coal is obtained within the
township. There are vestiges of an old monastic build-
ing, said to have been occupied by banditti in the times
of Henry VI. and his successor.
NAFFERTON, a parish in the wapentake of DICK-
ERING, East riding of the county of YORK, Comprising the
townships of Nafferton and Wansford, and containing
1261 inhabitants, of which number, 917 are in the town-
ship of Nafferton, 24 miles (E. N. E.) from Great Driffield.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of the East riding, and diocese of York, rated in the
king's books at £13. 15. 4., endowed with £400 royal
bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Archbishop of York. The church is de-
dicated to All Saints. There are places of worship for
Independents and Wesleyan Methodists. Rope, twine,
and linen-cloth are manufactured here. John Baron, in
1709, gave a rent-charge of £5, for teaching children.
NAFFORD, formerly a parish, but now in the pa-
rish of ECKINGTON, upper division of the hundred of
PERSHORE, County of Worcester. The church, which
was dedicated to St. James, has been demolished, and
the living consolidated with that of Eckington.
NAILSEA, a parish in the hundred of PORTBURY,
county of SOMERSET, 84 miles (N by W.) from Bristol,
containing 1678 inhabitants. The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Bath, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, and in the patronage of Adam Gordon,
Esq. The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. In
this parish are extensive coal-works, and a manufactory
for crown glass upon a very large scale, which together
give employment to a great portion of the inhabitants.
NAILSTONE, a parish in the hundred of SPARK-
ENHOE, County of LEICESTER, 34 miles (N. N. E.) from
Market-Bosworth, containing, with the chapelry of
Normanton le Heath, 574 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £24. 9. 9.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is
dedicated to All Saints. Nailstone is in the honour of
Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction
of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third Tues-
day, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
♦
NANTWICH, a parish in the hundred of NANT-
WICH, county palatine of CHESTER, comprising the
market town of Nantwich, and the townships of Alvas-
ton, Leighton, and Woolstanwood, and containing 5333
inhabitants, of which number, 4661 are in the town of
Nantwich, 20 miles (S. E. by E.) from Chester, and 164
(N. W.) from London, on the road to Chester. The origin
of this town, which is of uncertain date, has been attri-
buted to the Britons prior to the Roman invasion, when
it is said to have been called Halen Gwyn, the white salt
town: its modern appellation is probably a compound
of the British term Nant, a brook, or marsh, and the
Saxon Vic, by corruption Wich, a vill, or settlement,
which latter term appears indefinably to be appro-
priated to towns where salt is made. Previously
to the Conquest, the importance of this place consisted
in its numerous brine springs, which became an am-
ple source of revenue to the King and Earl Edwin, be-
tween whom, according to the record of Domesday,
the district was at that period unequally divided: it was
soon after erected into a barony by Hugh Lupus, the
first Norman Earl of Chester, who conferred it, toge-
ther with the whole hundred, on William Malbedeng, or
Malbank, and in consequence thereof the town was for
some time denominated Wich Malbank. At the time of
the Norman invasion, Nantwich was defended by a line
of earthworks constructed along the bank of the river,
but the opposition made to the progress of the invaders
was terminated by a battle fought here in 1069: the
inhabitants then became subject to the incursions of
the Welch, who are said to have destroyed the town
in 1133. In 1146, a predatory band of that people was
routed here, on returning from one of their plundering
inroads; and in 1282 Edward I. came hither, to concert
measures of protection for the inhabitants from similar
annoyance. On the return of James I. from Scotland,
in 1617, he was received here with demonstrations of
joy; but during the subsequent disastrous reign, the town
was remarkable for its firm adherence to the cause of the
parliament, and was garrisoned in its behalf: in 1642 it
was captured by the royalists, but soon after was retaken
by Sir W. Brereton, who fortified and made it his head-
quarters. Sir Thomas Aston made an effort to dislodge
him, but this attempt, as well as a regular investment and
vigorous assault of the town by Lord Byron, about the
close of the year 1643, proved unsuccessful; and Sir
Thomas Fairfax having defeated the royalists in the
neighbourhood of Nantwich, the siege was raised, and
the parliamentarians held the town during the remainder
of the war. The anniversary of this victory, the 25th
of January, was for many years afterwards esteemed a
kind of festival, and the event was commemorated by
the inhabitants wearing sprigs of holly in their hats.
On the defeat of the Scottish army in 1646, the Duke
of Hamilton, with three thousand and fifty cavalry,
found a temporary refuge here.
found a temporary refuge here. In 1438 and 1583, the
town suffered severly from fire; the injury sustained in
the latter year was estimated at upwards of £30,000, and
a royal license was granted for a general collection for its
renovation. Other calamities have at different periods
befallen the inhabitants, such as the ague in 1587, the
flux in 1596, and the plague in 1604, which severally
produced considerable mortality: on the cessation of the
last disease, the court of assize was removed hither from
Chester, where that infectious malady still prevailed.
NAILSWORTH, a chapelry partly in the parishes
of HORSLEY and MINCHIN-HAMPTON, but chiefly in that
of AVENING, hundred of LONGTREE, county of GLOU-
CESTER, 2 miles (S. W. by W.) from Minchin-Hampton,
containing 898 inhabitants. This place is situated in
the centre of a district in which the manufacture of
woollen cloth is carried on to a considerable extent, and
for which the numerous brooks and rivulets that abound
are extremely favourable. There are places of worship
for Baptists, the Society of Friends, Independents, and
Wesleyan Methodists. A small customary market is
held on Saturday.
*
NAN
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339
1
•
tion of it fell down, and a few persons were killed it
was rebuilt, but not many years afterwards, a similar
accident being apprehended from a sudden crash heard
during the holding of the sessions, it was taken down,
and a modern edifice, used as a market-house and town-
hall, has been erected on its site.
sons.
The town is situated on the banks of the river
Weever, in a level and fertile tract of country: it is irregu-
larly built, and consists of three principal streets, which
are very indifferently paved; most of the houses are of
timber and brick, covered with plaster, having large bay
windows and projecting stories, but some, of modern
erection, are of respectable appearance: the inhabitants
enjoy a plentiful supply of water. There is a small the-
atre, also an assembly-room. Throughout a long period,
the brine springs were a source of extensive commerce:
during the conflicts between Henry III. and the Welch,
that sovereign imposed a temporary restraint on the ma-
nufacture, in order to harrass his opponents, who carried
on an extensive traffic in salt, but on the restoration of
peace it was resumed. In the time of Henry VIII. there
were three hundred salt-works, but this number, from
the destruction of several by fire, and the discovery of
springs and mines of superior quality elsewhere, where
the facility of communication by water was greater, has
been gradually reduced, until only one spring remains.
In the time of Elizabeth and James, the tanning busi-
ness, and the manufacture of bone-lace and stockings,
prevailed somewhat extensively, but they have been
long superseded by that of shoes, chiefly for the Lon-
don and Manchester markets, gloves, and cotton goods,
which afford employment to about two thousand per-
Cheese is the principal article of agricultural
produce. A canal from Chester, terminating about a
quarter of a mile from the town, was completed in
1778, at an expense of about £80,000; and the con-
struction of another, to be called the Liverpool and Bir-
mingham junction canal, is in progress. In 1734, an act
was obtained for making the Weever navigable, but the
design has never been carried into effect: the first stone
bridge across the river here, in lieu of the original one
of timber, was built in 1663. The market is on Satur-
day; and fairs, chiefly for cattle, sheep, and pigs, are
held on March 26th, the second Tuesday in June, Sep-
tember 4th, and December 4th; a market for cattle
also is held once a fortnight, from Candlemas until the
fair in March. The civil government of the town was
anciently vested in a guild, whose common hall was the
present school-house during its existence, a bailiff
and various other officers were regularly appointed: the
fraternity was suppressed in the time of Edward VI.;
the nomination of the bailiff, however, at the court leet
of the lord of the manor, continued to be observed for
a few years, but has long since been abandoned. A
manorial court, and a court for the hundred, are held by
the Marquis of Cholmondeley; at the former constables
are chosen. Petty sessions for the hundred are also held
here: the general quarter sessions, formerly held at Nant-
wich, were removed to Knutsford about 1760. Lord Crewe,
as proprietor of certain fees of the ancient barony, holds a
manorial court, at which a few of the inhabitants render
suit and service; and a similar court is annexed to the fee
granted by Hugh Malbanck to the abbot of Combermere,
and now in the possession of Lord Dysart. A court of
requests, for the recovery of debts under 40s., is held
under the presidency of an officer appointed by the
joint lords of the manor: the inhabitants are exempted
from being impannelled on juries beyond the jurisdic-
tion of the town. The town-hall was built in 1720, by
George, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, afterwards
George II., at an expense of £600; but, in 1737, a por-
-
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Chester, endowed with £200 private benefaction,
£200 royal bounty, and £800 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of Lord Crewe. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Mary and St. Nicholas, is a spacious and
venerable cruciform structure, principally in the deco-
rated and later styles of English architecture, and com-
prising a nave, with lateral aisles, a chancel, transepts,
and an ornamented octagonal tower rising from the
intersection: the chancel has a groined roof, and con-
tains stalls with carved subsellia, and enriched with ta-
bernacle work under the north-eastern angle of the
arches which support the tower is a stone pulpit pro-
jecting from the piers, neatly carved in the ancient style
of English architecture: the church contains several
ancient monuments. There are places of worship for
Baptists, the Society of Friends, Independents, Primitive
and Wesleyan Methodists, and Unitarians. The gram-
mar school, an ancient edifice in the churchyard, was
vested in the crown at the suppression of the ancient
guild to which it belonged, and subsequently purchased
for its present purpose: it was endowed, in 1611,
with a small sum, the joint benefactions of John and
Thomas Thrush, natives of this town, and woolpackers
in the city of London, for which a limited number of
boys are educated. The Blue-cap school has been
endowed with various benefactions, principally by the
family of Wilbraham, of Townsend, for the education
and clothing of forty boys. An almshouse for six poor
men was founded, in 1613, by Sir Roger Wilbraham,
and endowed by Lady Wilbraham with £12 per annum ;
another for the same number, by Sir Edmund Wright,
in 1638: an almshouse for four poor men and their
wives was founded, in 1722, by Mrs. Ermine Delves; one
by Roger Wilbraham, Esq., in 1676; and one for seven
poor persons, in 1767, by John Crewe, Esq. (after-
wards Lord Crewe), in accordance with the will of Sir
Thomas and Sir John Crewe: the inmates of these re-
spective hospitals receive stipends proportioned to the
endowments. The ancient castle, erected here by the
first Norman baron, was in ruins prior to the reign of
Henry VII., and its site alone is now visible. Thomas
Harrison, a major-general in the parliamentarian army,
and one of the judges at the trial of Charles I.; John
Gerarde, the herbalist, born in 1545; and Geoffrey
Witney, a minor poet in the reign of Elizabeth, were
natives of this town. The widow of the poet Milton was
born in the vicinity, where she spent the latter period
of her life, and died, at an advanced age, in the year
1726. The Marquis of Cholmondeley enjoys the inferior
title of Baron Cholmondeley of Namptwich.
NAPPA, a township in the parish of GISBURN,
western division of the wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and
EwCROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, 8½ miles
(S. S. E.) from Settle, containing 44 inhabitants.
NAPTON on the HILL, a parish in the Southam
division of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, county of
WARWICK, 3½ miles (E. by S.) from Southam, contain-
ing 892 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicar-
2 X 2
NAS
NAT
340
age, in the archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£9. 14., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. There is a place of
worship for Baptists. The Oxford canal and the War-
wick and Napton canal form a junction in this parish.
NARBOROUGH, a parish in the hundred of SPAR-
KENHOE, County of LEICESTER, 5 miles (S. W. by S.)
from Leicester, containing, with the hamlet of Huncote,
1064 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in
the king's books at £26. 14. 41., and in the patronage
of John Pares, Esq. The church is dedicated to All
Saints. There is a place of worship for Independents.
The river Soar runs through the parish, and is crossed
by a bridge on the line of the old Fosse-road.
NARBURGH, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of GREENHOE, county of NORFOLK, 5 miles
(N.W. by W.) from Swaffham, containing 294 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, with which that of Narford is
united, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £9. 10., and in
the patronage of the Rev. H. Spelman. The church, de-
dicated to All Saints, originally an ancient structure, has
at various times received more modern additions and
improvements: it contains some ancient monuments to
the family of Spelman. Narburgh, so called by the Sax-
ons, from the river Nar, was a British city in the fifth
century, and subsequently, when governed by Earl Oke-
nard, it endured a long siege by Waldy, a neighbouring
chieftain, who took it and razed it to the ground. There
are several earthworks and intrenchments denoting its
antiquity, particularly a large fosse and rampart running
hence, from an artificial eminence called the Burgh, to
Eastmore Fen, which completely defended the western
boundary of the hundred: human bones, pieces of ar-
mour, &c., have been found here.
NARFORD, a parish in the southern division of
the hundred of GREENHOE, County of NORFOLK, 42
miles (N. W.) from Swaffham, containing 129 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, united to that of
Narburgh, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £6. 13. 4. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary. This seems to have
been a Roman station, from the bricks, urns, and other
relics that have been discovered.
NASEBY, a parish in the hundred of GUILSBO-
ROUGH, County of NORTHAMPTON, 113 miles (N.N. W.)
from Northampton, containing 697 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the
king's books at £8, endowed with £32. 12. per annum
private benefaction, £800 royal bounty, and £200 par-
liamentary grant. The King, by lapse, presented in
1783. The church is dedicated to All Saints. The river
Avon has its source in the village, where a market-
cross is still standing, this having been formerly a mar-
ket town. In the vicinity was fought, June 14th, 1645,
the decisive battle between the royalists and the army of
the parliament, in which the former were irretrievably
defeated.
NASH, a joint township with Rod and Little Bramp-
ton, in that part of the parish of PRESTEIGNE which is
in the hundred of WIGMORE, county of HEREFORD, 2
miles (S. by W.) from Presteigne. The population is re-
turned with Rod.
NASH, a hamlet in the parish of WHADDON, hun-
dred of COTTESLOE, county of BUCKINGHAM, 5 miles
(S. by W.) from Stony-Stratford, containing 375 inha-
bitants. Here are two endowed almshouses.
NASH, a parish in the lower division of the hundred
of CALDICOTT, county of MONMOUTH, 3½ miles (S. E. by
S.) from Newport, containing 233 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, united to that of Gold-
cliff, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated
in the king's books at £9. 15., and endowed with £1200
royal bounty. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
There is a place of worship for Baptists.
NASH, a joint township with Tilsop and Weston, in
the parish of BURFORD, hundred of OVERS, county of
SALOP, 2 miles (N. by E.) from Tenbury, containing,
with Tilsop and Weston, 377 inhabitants.
NASSINGTON, a parish in the hundred of WILLY-
BROOK, county of NORTHAMPTON, 24 miles (S. S. W.)
from Wansford, containing 555 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction
and patronage of the Prebendary of Nassington in the
Cathedral Church of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £7. 13. 4. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
NATEBY, a township in the parish of GARSTANG,
hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 1½ mile (N. N. W.) from Garstang, containing
406 inhabitants.
NATEBY, a township in the parish of KIRKBY-
STEPHEN, EAST ward, county of WESTMORLAND, 1½
mile (S.) from Kirkby-Stephen, containing 140 inhabit-
ants. Clayton, in 1786, gave a sum of money, now
producing about £6 per annum, which, with some
smaller benefactions, is applied in teaching poor chil-
dren. The township is bounded on the west by the
river Eden, which here forms a tremendous cataract,
dashing with great violence and noise from rock to rock.
There is a lofty fell, about two miles and a half east of
the village, called the Nine Standards, from some stones
erected there to mark the boundary of the counties of
York and Westmorland.
NATELEY (UP), a parish in the hundred of BɅ-
SINGSTOKE, Basingstoke division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 2 miles (W. by N.) from Odiham, con-
taining 143 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual cu-
racy, annexed to the vicarage of Basingstoke, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester. The church
is dedicated to St. Stephen.
NATELEY-SCURES, a parish in the hundred of
BASINGSTOKE, Basingstoke division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 4½ miles (E.) from Basingstoke, con-
taining 245 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester,
rated in the king's books at £5. 10. 10., and in the pa-
tronage of Lord Dorchester. The church is dedicated
to St. Swithin.
NATLAND, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
KENDAL which is in KENDAL ward, county of WEST-
MORLAND, 24 miles (S.) from Kendal, containing 244 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester, endowed
with £400 private benefaction, and £ 800 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Vicar of Kendal. The cha-
pel was rebuilt about 1735, but taken down in 1825, and
NAV
341
NAZ
at £13. 3. 9., and in the patronage of the President and
Fellows of Trinity College, Oxford. The church is de-
dicated to St. Thomas the Apostle.
NAWORTH, a township in the parish of BRAMPTON;
ESKDALE ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 24 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Brampton, containing 377 inhabitants.
Within this township is Naworth castle, anciently the
head of the great barony of Gilsland. It is situated in
a fine park, overlooking the river Irthing which bounds
it on the north, and is a spacious quadrangular structure,
with two lofty towers. The hall is a noble room, con-
taining paintings of some of the kings of Scotland; in
another apartment is a full-length likeness of Mary I.;
and in the chapel, a profusion of ancient armour, with
portraits of the Patriarchs and some of the Kings of
Israel, &c.
the present edifice built near its site, at an expense of
£550, defrayed by contributions, aided by a grant of
£100 from the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels. The river Kent and the Lan-
caster canal, run through the parish. Water Crook, a
place so called from a bend of the river, was the site of
the Roman station Concangium, a square fort, the ram-
parts of which are still discernible, where foundations
of buildings, coins, seals, fragments of altars, statues,
and urns, with other relics have been found. A school
is endowed with £40 a year, the income arising from
Crow Park estate, given by Charles Shippards, in 1779,
for the education of children.
NATTON, a joint tything with Fiddington, in the
parish of ASHCHURCH, lower division of the hundred
of TEWKESBURY, county of GLOUCESTER, 23 miles (E.)
from Tewkesbury. The population is returned with
Fiddington.
NAUGHTON, a parish in the hundred of COSFORD,
county of SUFFOLK, 24 miles (E.) from Bildeston, con-
taining 155 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £10. 15., and in
the patronage of the Rev. W. Edge. The church is de-
dicated to St. Mary.
NAUNTON, a hamlet in the parish of WINCHCOMBE,
lower division of the hundred of KIFTSGATE, county of
GLOUCESTER. The population is returned with the
parish.
NAUNTON, a parish partly in the hundred of
BRADLEY, but chiefly in the lower division of the hun-
dred of SLAUGHTER, county of GLOUCESTER, 5 miles
(W. S. W.) from Stow on the Wold, containing, with the
chapelry of Eastington, and the hamlets of Aylworth
and Harford, 691 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in
the king's books at £16. 13. 4., and in the patronage of
the Bishop of Worcester. The church is dedicated to
St. Andrew. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
NAUNTON-BEAUCHAMP, a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of PERSHORE, county of WOR-
CESTER, 43 miles (N. N. E.) from Pershore, containing
149 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's
books at £15, and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is dedicated to St. Bartholomew.
NAVENBY, a parish (formerly a market town) in the
higher division of the wapentake of BOOTH BY-GRAFFO,
parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 9 miles (N. W.
by N.) from Sleaford, and 120 (N. by W.) from London,
containing 625 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £17. 10., and in the patronage of the
Master and Fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge.
The church, dedicated to St. Peter, is partly in the early
English, and partly in the decorated, style of architec-
ture. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Metho-
dists. The market, which was held on Thursday, has
fallen into disuse. There is a trifling endowment for
teaching nine poor children.
NAVESTOCK, a parish in the hundred of ONGAR,
county of ESSEX, 4 miles (S. S. W.) from Chipping-
Ongar, containing 840 inhabitants. The living is a vi-
carage, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean and
Chapter of St. Paul's, London, rated in the king's books
NAWTON, a township in that part of the parish of
KIRKDALE which is in the wapentake of RYEDALE,
North riding of the county of YORK, 22 miles (E.) from
Helmsley, containing 333 inhabitants. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
:
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NAYLAND, a parish (formerly a market town) in
the hundred of BABERGH, County of SUFFOLK, 17 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Ipswich, and 57 (N. E.) from Lon-
don, containing 1019 inhabitants. The town is situ-
ated on the river Stour, over which is a bridge of brick,
in a fertile valley surrounded by hills, on the high road
to Hadleigh it consists of several streets, the prin-
cipal of which contains some good dwelling-houses, and
has three large flour-mills in the centre: the inha-
bitants are supplied with water from springs: the ad-
jacent eminences command a fine view of the harbour
of Harwich and the surrounding country. The woollen
manufacture flourished here for many years, but is now
extinct, and, at present, the trade of the town is chiefly
in flour. · The river is navigable from Sudbury to Har-
wich, by which means a considerable quantity of corn
and flour is conveyed to Mistley, for the port of Lon-
don, and coal is brought back. The market, now dis-
continued, was on Friday: a fair is held on the first
Wednesday in October, for horses, cattle, and toys. A
court leet is held twice a year, at which the steward of
the manor presides. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of Nor-
wich, endowed with £400 private benefaction, and £ 400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Parishioners.
The church, dedicated to St. James, is situated in the
centre of the town, and is a fine structure in the later
style of English architecture: in the interior is a good
painting of our Saviour, and several ancient marble
monuments inlaid with brass. There is a place of wor-
ship for Independents. A small fund, arising from the
rent of certain lands, is appropriated to the instruction
of about fourteen poor children: it is under the manage-
ment of feoffees. A National school, for all poor chil-
dren residing in the parish, is supported by annual
subscriptions; as is also a Sunday school in connexion
with the established church. There are several houses
belonging to the parish, in which poor families live rent-
free.
NAZEING, a parish in the hundred of WALTHAM,
county of ESSEX, 54 miles (N. W.) from Epping, con-
taining 744 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of
London, concurrently with the Consistorial Court of the
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Bishop of London, rated in the king's books at
£14.5.5., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dedicated to All Saints. At the eastern
extremity of the parish are vestiges of an ancient for-
tification, supposed to be British, called Ambersbank.
The learned Dr. Joseph Hall, Bishop of Norwich, was
at one time vicar of this parish; as was subsequently
Dr. Thomas Fuller, the church historian.
NEASHAM, or NYSAM, a township in the parish of
HURWORTH, South-western division of STOCKTON ward,
county palatine of DURHAM, 4½ miles (S. E.) from Dar-
lington, containing 313 inhabitants, who are chiefly em-
ployed in the linen manufacture. The village consists
of one street, extending some distance along the north-
ern bank of the Tees, over which, at this point, there
are a ferry and a ford: the latter is noted as the spot
selected for the performance of a long-accustomed cere-
mony, in which, when the river is fordable, the lord of
Sockburn, or his agent, meeting the Bishop of Durham,
on his first entering the county, and presenting him
with the falchion, as an emblem of his temporal power,
repeats as follows; "My Lord Bishop, I here present you
with the falchion wherewith the champion Conyers slew
the worm dragon, or fiery serpent, which destroyed man,
woman, and child; in memory of which, the king then
reigning gave him the manor of Sockburn, to hold by
this tenure, that upon the first entrance of every bishop
into the county, this falchion should be presented." The
bishop, taking the falchion in his hand, immediately
returns it, wishing the lord of Sockburn health and
long enjoyment of the manor. A Benedictine nunnery,
founded in honour of the Blessed Virgin, formerly
existed here, which at the dissolution had a revenue of
£26.9.9.
NEATESHEAD, a parish in the hundred of TUN-
STEAD, County of NORFOLK, 54 miles (E. by S.) from
Coltishall, containing 576 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£3. 13. 14., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Nor-
wich. The church, dedicated to St. Peter, has been long
without a steeple. There is a place of worship for
There is a place of worship for
Baptists.
NEATHAM, an extra-parochial liberty, in the hun-
dred of ALTON, Alton (North) division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 2 miles (E.) from Alton, containing 92
inhabitants.
NECTON, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of GREENHOE, county of NORFOLK, 33 miles
(E) from Swaffham, containing 867 inhabitants. The
living comprises a rectory and a vicarage, which are
consolidated, and annexed to the rectory of Holme-
Hale, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, the former rated in the king's books at
£8.6.8., and the latter at £8. 1. 8. The church is de-
dicated to All Saints. A free chapel formerly stood at
Sparham Hall. There is a place of worship for Bap-
tists.
liamentary grant, and, in the patronage of the Rev.
William Edge. The river Brent passes through the
parish.
NEDGING, a parish in the hundred of CoSFORD,
county of SUFFOLK, 1 mile (S. E.) from Bildeston,
containing 203 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £8.12. 11.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £300 par-
NEEDHAM, a parish in the hundred of EARSHAM,
county of NORFOLK, 14 mile (S. W.) from Harleston,
containing 351 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£1000 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Fres-
ton, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Peter, was
originally a chapel to Mendham.
NEEDHAM-MARKET, a chapelry (formerly a
market town) in the parish of BARKING, hundred of
BOSMERE and CLAYDON, county of SUFFOLK, Smiles
(N. W. by N.) from Ipswich, and 74 (N. E.) from
London, containing 1300 inhabitants. The town is
situated on low ground near the river Stour, and on the
high road to Ipswich and Bury St. Edmund's: it is to-
lerably well built, and the houses are neat, and many of
them handsome: the inhabitants are supplied with water
from springs: the surrounding country is pleasant, and
abounds in agreeable walks. Near the town is a lake,
between thirty and forty acres in extent, called Bosmere,
which gives name to the hundred. The trade formerly
consisted in wool-combing, and weaving calimancoes,
which has long since ceased; the manufacture of paper
and glue is of considerable extent. The Stow-Market
and Ipswich navigation passes along the north-east
boundary of the parish, and is crossed by a bridge
leading from the town; and the Stour is navigable to
Ipswich, being used chiefly for the conveyance of corn
and coal. The market, formerly held on Wednesday,
was removed to Stow-Market, in consequence of the
plague having raged here for three years: a fair for
toys is held on the 28th of October. Constables are
appointed at the court leet and baron of the lord of
the manor, held annually, and oftener as occasion may
require. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, endowed
with £600 royal bounty, and £800 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Rector of Barking: the
inhabitants, from time immemorial, have had the right
of electing a lecturer. The chapel, dedicated to St. John
the Baptist, is an ancient edifice, with a belfry of wood.
There are places of worship for the Society of Friends
and Independents. The free grammar school was
founded pursuant to the will of Francis Theobald, Esq.,
dated January 10th, 1632, and endowed by him with
estates subsequently conveyed to trustees, and now pro-
ducing a rental of £55 per annum : the master's salary
is £50, with a dwelling-house; twenty-one poor chil-
dren from Needham-Market, Barking, and Darmsden,
are instructed. An almshouse, comprising two tene-
ments, was founded, by some person unknown, for the
benefit of poor widows and widowers, and endowed
with land now producing about £20 per annum: eight
poor women reside in it.
Vry
NEEDINGWORTH, a chapelry in the parish of
HOLYWELL, hundred of HURSTINGSTONE, county of
HUNTINGDON, 24 miles (E. by N.) from St. Ives. The
population is returned with the parish. The chapel,
which was dedicated to St. James, has been demolished.
There is a place of worship for Baptists.
NEEDWOOD-FOREST, a district in the northern
division of the hundred of OFFLOW, county of STAF-
+
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-
a monument to the memory of Humphrey Conyngsby,
Esq., who was born about 1567, an accomplished scholar,
and great traveller. The small river Rea, and the King-
ton canal, run through the parish.
NEENTON, a parish in the hundred of STOTTES-
DEN, county of SALOP, 6½ miles (S. W. by W.) from
Bridgenorth, containing 119 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and
diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£ 5. 3. 62., and in the patronage of the Inhabitants.
The church is dedicated to All Saints.
FORD, formerly extra-parochial, but now included in the
several parishes to which it was allotted for enclosure,
viz., Hanbury, Tatenhill, Tutbury, and Yoxhall. This
forest, in its ancient state, was divided into five dis
tricts, called Barton Ward, Marchington Ward, Tut-
bury Ward, Yoxhall Ward, and Uttoxeter Ward, and
included thirteen parks, which were given to the earls
of Mercia. It was about twenty three miles and a half
in compass, and the nearest part of it was one mile
from the castle of Tutbury. The kings of England
often enjoyed the diversion of hunting here, down to
the time of Charles I., who disafforested a great portion
of the district, by selling and granting away various
parts of it. In 1797, it consisted of the four first-named
wards only, each having its separate lodge and keeper,
and then comprised nearly ten thousand acres; but
it was subsequently enclosed by act of parliament, the
bill for that purpose having received the royal assent
in 1801 up to that period, it having been extra-paro-
chial, no less than twenty-two neighbouring townships
had right of pasturage upon it, independently of a
numerous herd of deer belonging to the king. At the
enclosure, an allotment of land was made to each of
the above-mentioned parishes, and, from that reserved
to the crown, timber valued at £60,000 was sold; and
upwards of sixty miles of road were formed in various
directions throughout its extent. The crown still pos-
sesses a considerable portion of it, chiefly woodland, for
the preservation of deer, &c. It is under the superin-
tendence of a lieutenant, chief ranger, and other officers,
viz., a surveyor, or axe-bearer, four keepers, &c. The
king's steward of the honour of Tutbury holds an an-
nual court for the forest, called the woodmote, at which
these officers attend, and a jury of twenty-four men,
residing within the jurisdiction, present and amerce for
all encroachments and offences committed therein.
This fine tract now contains many elegant mansions,
with extensive parks, &c., the property of individuals
vying with each other in efforts to render their posses-
sions at once beautiful and of public utility. A church,
called Christchurch in Needwood, was erected from
funds left by Isaac Hawkins, Esq., and consecrated in
1809: it is a handsome structure, situated at an equal
distance from each of the parish churches, of which the
living is independent, being a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, endowed, by his late Majesty, George III.,
with one hundred and sixty acres of the forest land, and
in the patronage of the Crown.
NEEN-SAVAGE, a parish in the hundred of STOT-
TESDEN, county of SALOP, 14 mile (N. by E.) from
Cleobury-Mortimer, containing 485 inhabitants.
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and
diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at £6,
and in the patronage of the Crown. A school is endowed
with upwards of £39. 4. per annum, arising from a be-
quest by Richard Edwards.
NEEN-SOLLARS, a parish in the hundred of OVERS,
county of SALOP, 34 miles (S. by W.) from Cleobury-
Mortimer, containing 231 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, with the perpetual curacy of Milson annexed, in
the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Hereford, rated
in the king's books at £ 13. 9. 9., and in the patron-
age of the Provost and Fellows of Worcester College,
Oxford. The church, dedicated to all Saints, contains
·
NEITHROP, a hamlet in the parish and hundred of
BANBURY, county of OXFORD, of a mile (W. N. W.)
from Banbury, containing 1851 inhabitants: it is within
the jurisdiction of the peculiar court of Banbury, be-
longing to the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln.
NEMPNETT-THRUBWELL, a parish in the hun-
dred of KEYNSHAM, County of SOMERSET, 9 miles (N. E.
by E.) from Axbridge, containing 264 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory of
Compton-Martin, in the archdeaconry of Bath, and
diocese of Bath and Wells. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. Within the parish is a large tumulus, of an
oval form, the finest in the kingdom, on opening which
in 1789, it was found to contain two rows of cells, run-
ning from south to north, formed by immense stones set
edgeways, and covered with others of still larger dimen-
sions. Sculls, a vast heap of bones, and other relics,
having been discovered, it is conjectured to have been
a work of the Druids, and to be the cemetery belonging
to their great temple at Stanton-Drew, three miles off.
An old mansion, in this parish, called Reghillbury, where
Sir William Wyndham spent the period of his retire-
ment from public life, is supposed to have been once a
royal palace.
NEOT (ST.), a parish in the hundred of WEST, county
of CORNWALL, 5 miles (N. W. by W.) from Liskeard,
containing 1255 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £ 9. 1. 02., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. R. G. Grylls. The church is an
elegant structure, and the windows exhibit some remains
of the legend of St. Neot and other saints, in ancient
stained glass. Here are the ruins of a chapel, dedicated
to St. Luke; also the site of a monastery, or college,
founded in honour of St. Neotus, brother to King
Alfred, who was buried here. John Austis, Esq., a dis-
tinguished herald and antiquary, was born in this pa-
rish, in 1699.
NEOTS (ST.), a market town and parish in the
hundred of TOSELAND, county of HUNTINGDON, 9 miles
(S. S.W.) from Huntingdon, and 56 (N. N. W.) from
London, containing 2272 inhabitants. The name of
this place is derived from St. Neot, a learned Christian
missionary, whose body was transferred hither from Neot-
stock in Cornwall, and in honour of whom a monastery
was founded here, which was subsequently endowed, by
Earl Leofric, as a priory of monks subordinate to Ely:
about 1113, it became a cell to the abbey of Bec in
Normandy, but, being afterwards made independent, it
existed till the time of Henry VIII., when its revenue
was £ 256. 1. 34. After the death of Charles I., the
Earl of Holland took up arms here in favour of the
royal cause, but was eventually defeated, in July 1648,
and, being subsequently taken prisoner at St. Ives, he
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344
suffered on the scaffold. The town is situated on the
east bank of the river Ouse, over which is a stone bridge
of one central arch, with two smaller ones over the
stream, and six others forming a causeway over the low
lands adjoining: it consists of three principal streets,
and, from its low situation, is exposed to occasional in-
undations, which have sometimes rendered it necessary
to navigate the streets; the back streets are usually
flooded every year to the depth of from one to two feet.
The manufacture of paper is carried on to a considerable
extent, by means of patent machinery introduced by
Mons. Fourdrinier, in a mill upon the river Ouse, which
is navigable from Bedford to Lynn, and furnishes the
means of conveyance for corn, coal, wine, iron, timber,
and grocery: the market, held under a grant from
Henry I., is on Thursday, for corn; and there are fairs
on Holy Thursday, that day three weeks, and December
17th, and a statute fair for hiring servants on the 1st of
August the market-place is very spacious and conve-
nient. A manorial court is held annually. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Hunt-
ingdon, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £10, endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Crown. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is a remarkably fine specimen of the later style
of English architecture, with an elegant tower; in the
interior is a fine timber roof, also someancient screen-
work. There are places of worship for Baptists and
Wesleyan Methodists. A free school was founded and
endowed with the interest of £100, bequeathed by
Loftus Hatley, in 1736, which was augmented by Alder-
man Newton, of Leicester, and others, for the clothing
and educating of thirty-five poor boys.
NEPICAR, a township in the parish and hundred
of WROTHAM, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT,
1 mile (E. by S.) from Wrotham, with which the popu-
lation is returned.
NESBIT, a township in the parish of MONK-HESLE-
TON, Southern division of EASINGTON ward, county
palatine of DURHAM, 12 miles (N.) from Stockton upon
Tees, containing 9 inhabitants.
NESBIT, a township in the parish of Stamford-
HAM, north-eastern division of TINDALE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 11 miles (W. N. W.) from New-
castle upon Tyne, containing 38 inhabitants.
NESBITT, a township in the parish of DODDINGTON,
eastern division of GLENDALE ward, county of NORTH-
UMBERLAND, 3½ miles (N.) from Wooler, containing 52
inhabitants.
M
NESFIELD, a joint township with Langbar, in that
part of the parish of ILKLEY which is in the upper divi-
sion of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the
county of YORK, 7 miles (W. N. W.) from Otley, con-
taining, with Langbar, 210 inhabitants.
NESS, a township in the parish of GREAT NESTON,
higher division of the hundred of WIRRALL, county
palatine of CHESTER, 1 mile (S. S. E.) from Great Nes-
ton, containing 394 inhabitants.
NESS (EAST), a township in the parish of STONE-
GRAVE, wapentake of RYEDALE, North riding of the
county of YORK, 64 miles (S. E. by E.) from Helmsley,
containing 59 inhabitants.
Ness, 833 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Lich-
field and Coventry, rated in the king's books at £9,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is
dedicated to St. Andrew. At Nesscliff there was for-
merly a chapel, dedicated to St. Mary, the site of which
is now occupied by the parish school, which was
founded by William Parry, in 1767, and is supported
by several small bequests subsequently made. Near
it is a remarkable cave, the ascent to which is by a
very steep flight of steps. The interior is divided
into two apartments by a massive pillar of the rock,
upon which is carved the date 1564, and H. K., the
initials of the name of the celebrated outlaw, Hum-
phrey Kynaston, son of Sir Roger Kynaston, of Hord-
ley, who, having contracted enormous debts, and suffered
his mansion, Middle castle, to fall into decay, is stated
to have sheltered himself in this cave, leading an eccen-
tric life, and committing various depredations in the
neighbourhood. The parish contains fine red free-
stone, of which it is said the castle, abbey, walls, and
other buildings, in Shrewsbury were composed.
NESS (LITTLE), a chapelry in the parish of GREAT
NESS, hundred of PIMHILL, County of SALOP, 8 miles
(N. W.) from Shrewsbury, containing 253 inhabitants.
NESS (GREAT), a parish in the hundred of PIM-
HILL, county of SALOP, 7 miles (N. W. by W.) from
Shrewsbury, containing, with the chapelry of Little
NESS (WEST), a township in the parish of STONE-
GRAVE, wapentake of RYEDALE, North riding of the
county of YORK, 6 miles (S. E. by E.) from Helmsley,
containing 65 inhabitants.
NESTON (GREAT), a parish in the higher divi-
sion of the hundred of WIRRALL, county palatine of
CHESTER, comprising the market town of Great Nes-
ton, and the townships of Ledsham, Leighton, Ness,
Little Neston, Raby, Thornton-Mayow, and Willas-
ton, and containing 3216 inhabitants, of which num-
ber, 1418 are in the market town of Great Neston, 11
miles (N. W.) from Chester, and 1914 (N. W.) from Lon-
don. The town is pleasantly situated on the south-west
side of a peninsula, formed by the estuaries of the
rivers Dee and Mersey, and derives its chief support
from visitors, during the summer months, for the be-
nefit of bathing: races are held on Whit-Monday and
the two following days. The canal between the Mersey
and the Dee passes near this town. The market is on
Friday; and fairs are held, February 2nd, May 29th,
and September 29th, for cattle. A court leet and baron
is held annually; a court for the recovery of debts
throughout the hundred of Wirrall, every month; and
petty sessions. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's
books at £11. 5., and in the patronage of the Dean and
Chapter of Chester. The church is dedicated to St.
Mary and St. Helen. There are places of worship for
Independents and Wesleyan Methodists. A National
school is supported by voluntary contributions; and
there is a savings bank.
NESTON (LITTLE), a township in the parish of
GREAT NESTON, higher division of the hundred of
WIRRALL, county palatine of CHESTER, 1 mile (S. E.)
from Great Neston, containing 316 inhabitants.
<d
NESWICK, a township in the parish of NORTH
DALTON, Bainton-Beacon division of the wapentake of
HARTHILL, East riding of the county of YORK, 5
miles (S. W.) from Great Driffield, containing 55 inha-
bitants.
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345
NETHERAVON, a parish in the hundred of EL-
STUB and EVERLEY, county of WILTS, 54 miles (N. by
w.) from Amesbury, containing, with the tything of
Chisenbury, 464 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of
the Prebendary of Netheravon in the Cathedral Church
of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £13. 6. 8. The
church is dedicated to All Saints.
NETHERBURY, a parish in the hundred of BEA-
MINSTER-FORUM and REDHONE, Bridport division of
the county of DORSET, 2 miles (S. S. W.) from Beamin-
ster, comprising the tythings of Aish, Bowood, Mel-
plash, and Netherbury, and containing 1954 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage with Beaminster, in the peculiar
jurisdiction and patronage of the Prebendary of Nether-
bury in the Cathedral Church of Salisbury, rated in the
king's books at £41. 15. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is in the later style of English architecture.
There was formerly a chapel of ease at Mangerton, in
this parish, which has long been desecrated and in ruins.
A great quantity of cider is made in the parish. There
is an endowment for a free grammar school, left by an
unknown benefactor.
NETHERBY, a township in the parish of ARTHU-
RET, Eskdale ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 2½ miles
(N. N. E.) from Longtown, containing 490 inhabitants.
There are some trifling donations for the support of a
charity school. Here was a Roman station of consi-
derable importance, connected with the Picts' wall by
a direct road, but its name has not been clearly ascer-
tained: foundations of streets extending to the river
Esk denote its site, and a large collection of Roman
coins, altars, fragments of domestic utensils, &c., there
discovered, is deposited in Netherby Hall.
NETHERBY, a joint township with Kirkby, in the
parish of KIRKBY-OVERBLOws, upper division of the
wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the county of
YORK, 42 miles (W. by S.) from Wetherby. The popu-
lation is returned with Kirkby.
NETHERCOTE, a hamlet in the parish of WARK-
WORTH, hundred of KING'S SUTTON, county of NORTH-
AMPTON, 2 miles (E.) from Banbury. The population is
returned with the parish.
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-
NETHER-EXE, a parish in the hundred of HAY-
RIDGE, county of DEVON, 5 miles (N. by E.) from Exe-
ter, containing 103 inhabitants. The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £600 royal
bounty, and £500 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Earl of Ilchester and the Hon. Percy
Wyndham. The river Exe bounds the parish on the west.
NETHERMORE, a joint tything with Tytherton-
Stanley, in the parish and hundred of CHIPPENHAM,
county of WILTS, 2 miles (E. by S.) from Chippenham.
The population is returned with Tytherton-Stanley.
NETHERTON, a township in the parish of BED-
LINGTON, eastern division of CHESTER ward, county
palatine of DURHAM, though locally on the east side
of the county of Northumberland, 4 miles (S. E.) from
Morpeth. The population is returned with the parish.
Coal is obtained here.
NETHERTON, a chapelry in the parish of CROP-
THORN, middle division of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW,
county of WORCESTER, 4 miles (W. S. W.) from Evesham,
containing 106 inhabitants. A chapel is now being
erected, the former one having gone to ruin. There is
a place of worship for Baptists.
NETHERTON-NORTH-SIDE, a township in the
parish of ALLENTON, western division of COQUETDALE
ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 64 miles (N. W.)
from Rothbury, containing 54 inhabitants.
NETHERTON-SOUTH-SIDE, a township in the
parish of ALLENTON, western division of COQUETDALE
ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, containing 71 in-
habitants.
NETHER-WASDALE, county of CUMBERLAND.—
See WASDALE (NETHER).
NETSWELL, or NETTESWELL, a parish in the
hundred of HARLOW, county of ESSEX, 24 miles (S. W.)
from Harlow, containing 306 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of
Essex and Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial
Court of the Bishop of London, rated in the king's
books at £13. 6. 8. The King, by reason of lunacy,
presented in 1821. William Martin, in 1710, left cer-
tain bank stock, producing about £40 per annum, for
erecting and endowing a school for ten boys and ten
girls.
NETHERTON, a township in the parish of SEPH-
TON, hundred of WEST DERBY, County palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 6 miles (N. by E.) from Liverpool, containing
186 inhabitants.
VOL. III.
NETTLEBED, a parish in the hundred of Ewelme,
county of OXFORD, 43 miles (N. W. by W.) from Henley
upon Thames, containing 545 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, with that of Pishill united, in the
jurisdiction of the peculiar court of Dorchester, and in
the patronage of - Stoner, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Bartholomew.
Bu
NETTLECOMBE, a tything in the parish and liberty
of POORSTOCK, though locally in the hundred of Eg-
gerton, Bridport division of the county of DORSET, 44
miles (N. E. by E.) from Bridport. The population is
returned with the parish.
NETTLECOMBE, a parish in the hundred of WIL-
LITON and FREEMANNERS, county of SOMERSET, 7
miles (N. by W.) from Wiveliscombe, containing 372 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in
the king's books at £16. 16. 3., and in the patronage
of Sir J. Trevelyan, Bart. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is a small but handsome edifice. A school-house
was erected at the expense of the late Sir John Tre-
velyan, in which the poor children of the parish are
taught.
NETTLEDEN, a chapelry in the parish of PIGLES-
THORNE, hundred of COTTESLOE, county of Bucking-
HAM, 3 miles (N. N. E.) from Berkhampstead, containing,
with the hamlet of Friesden, 108 inhabitants. The liv
ing is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Buck-
ingham, and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with £8 per
annum private benefaction, £1000 royal bounty, and
£200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Trustees of the late Earl of Bridgewater. The chapel,
which is dedicated to St. Lawrence, was consecrated in
the year 1470.
NETTLEHAM, a parish in the wapentake of
LAWRESS, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 3
miles (N. E. by N.) from Lincoln, containing 572 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
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deaconry of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln, and in the
patronage of the Chancellor of the Cathedral Church of
Lincoln. The church is dedicated to All Saints. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A
school for poor children is supported by subscription.
A court leet and a court baron are held here annually,
about Lady-day. The bishops of Lincoln had for-
merly a palace here, the foundations of which are still
discernible.
NETTLESTEAD, a parish in the hundred of Twy.
FORD, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 54 miles
(W.S.W.) from Maidstone, containing 255 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, united to that of West Barming,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Rochester, rated in
the king's books at £12. 10. 10., and in the patron-
age of Mrs. Bouverie. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is in the later style of English architecture, and
the windows exhibit some fine specimens of stained
glass of the time of Edward I. The navigable river
Medway is crossed by Brand bridge on the south of the
parish.
NETTLESTEAD, a parish in the hundred of Bos-
MERE and CLAYDON, county of SUFFOLK, 42 miles (S.)
from Needham-Market, containing 85 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £8. 11. 10., endowed with £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of L. H. Moore, Esq. The church,
which is dedicated to St. Mary, contains several hand-
some mural monuments. There are some remains of
the splendid mansion of the Wentworths, who were
Barons of Nettlestead.
NETTLETON, a parish in the southern division
of the wapentake of YARBOROUGH, parts of LINDSEY,
county of LINCOLN, 1 mile (s. by W.) from Caistor,
containing 353 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £19. 10. 10., and in the patronage of
the Rev. William Jackson. The church is dedicated
to St. John the Baptist. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
NETTLETON, a parish in the northern division of
the hundred of DAMERHAM, County of WILTS, 8 miles
(N. W. by W.) from Chippenham, containing 423 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's
books at £18. 12. 1., and in the patronage of Dr. Car-
rick. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. There are
places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan Metho-
dists. The old Roman Fosse-road passes through the
parish.
.
NEVENDON, a parish in the hundred of BARSTA-
BLE, county of ESSEX, 53 miles (S. E. by E.) from Bil-
lericay, containing 186 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and
diocese of London, rated in the king's books at £ 10. 13.4.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. V. Edwards. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter.
.
Seal and Arms.
NEWARK upon
TRENT, a borough, mar-
ket town, and parish, hav-
ing exclusive jurisdiction,
though locally in the south-
ern division of the wapen-
take of Newark, county
of NOTTINGHAM, 20 miles
(N. E.) from Nottingham,
and 124 (N. N. W.) from
London, containing 8084
inhabitants. The origin of
this town has been ascribed
to the Ceritani, a tribe of ancient Britons; and it is
supposed to have been subsequently a station of the
Romans: it was the Sidnacester of the Saxons, and the
old town having been destroyed by the Danes, the
name of New wark was given to that erected on its site.
Here was a castle, probably erected by Egbert, the first
King of England, which has been emphatically desig-
nated" the Key of the North :" it was repaired by
Leofric, Earl of Mercia, who was governor and lord of this
district in the reign of Edward the Confessor: Leofric
and Godiva his wife gave the town to the monastery of
Stow, near Lincoln. In 1125 the castle was almost en-
tirely rebuilt and enlarged by Alexander, Bishop of Lin-
coln, who obtained a royal charter for establishing a mint
here. In 1139, that prelate having engaged in an insur-
rection against Stephen, was taken prisoner, and sent cap-
tive to his own castle at Newark, and was compelled to
purchase his liberty by the surrender of this and other
fortresses to the crown. During the baronial wars in
the reign of John, it was a royal garrison; and, in order
to put an end to the depredations of the troops, the
Dauphin of France, whose interposition had been
sought by the barons, ordered Gilbert de Gaunt, Earl of
Lincoln, to proceed against the garrison with consider-
able force, but on intimation of the approach of John
at the head of a large body of troops, the earl returned
to London; and that sovereign, having in his march
sustained great loss in men, carriages, and baggage,
owing to a rapid flood-tide in crossing the Washes,
and harassed by disease of body and distress of mind,
was seized with a fever; and having been carried on a
litter to Sleaford, and thence to Newark castle, he there
expired, on the 19th of October, 1216. The fortress was
then given up to the barons, who retained possession
till it was besieged by the Earl of Pembroke, and after
eight days resistance, having surrendered, it was restored
to the Bishop of Lincoln. In the last year of the reign of
Edward III. it was used as a state prison. In 1530, Cardi-
nal Wolsey and his splendid retinue were accommodated
here, on their way to Southwell. In April, 1603, on the
arrival of James I. at Newark, in his journey to London
after his accession, he was addressed, by Alderman John
Twentyman, in a Latin speech, and being much pleased
therewith, he conferred upon him the office of purveyor of
wax to the royal household in the counties of York, Not-
tingham, Lincoln, and Derby: it was in this town that
James is said to have ordered a cut-purse to be hanged
without legal process. In the reign of Charles I.,
Newark was garrisoned for the king, and held in sub-
jection the whole of this county, excepting the town of
Nottingham; and a great part of Lincolnshire was laid
under contribution here that unfortunate sovereign
NEWARK, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
ST. JOHN the BAPTIST, PETERBOROUGH, which is in the
liberty of PETERBOROUGH, county of NORTHAMPTON,
12 mile (N. E. by N.) from Peterborough. The popu-
lation is returned with Eastfield. The chapel, which
was dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, has fallen to
ruins.
3
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established a mint, and issued various pieces of money,
consisting of half-crowns, shillings, ninepences, and six-
pences, some of which were of diagonal shape, bearing
the impress of a castle, and others the royal arms and
crown, with the dates 1645 and 1646. During this con-
test, the town sustained three sieges: in the first, all
Northgate was burnt by order of the governor, Sir John
Henderson; in the second, when under the government
of Sir John, afterwards Lord Byron, the town was re-
lieved by the arrival from Chester of Prince Rupert, who,
according to Clarendon, in an action between his forces
and the parliamentarians under Sir John Meldrum, on
Beacon hill, half a mile eastward of the town, took
four thousand prisoners and thirteen pieces of artillery;
in the third siege, after the display of much prowess
and several vigorous 'sallies, the fortress remained unim-
paired; afterwards Lord Bellasis, then governor, sur-
rendered the town to the Scottish army, by the king's
order, on the 8th of May, 1646. At the close of this
siege, the works and circumvallations were demolished
by the country people, with the exception of two con-
siderable earthworks, which are now nearly perfect, and
are called the King's sconce and the Queen's sconce:
about this time the castle also was destroyed.
The town is neatly built, and consists of several
streets, which are well paved and lighted: the inha-
bitants are well supplied with water. The town is
situated in a level tract on the eastern branch of the
Trent, which joins the main river about a mile below
it; a lateral stream, uniting the two rivers above the
town, forms rather an extensive island on the north-
west, which is remarkably fertile; over this the London
road passes, the river being crossed by a handsome
bridge. About three hundred and fifty yards from the
site of the old castle is the ancient bed of the Trent, the
current of which was diverted, partly by a cut formerly
made from it to the brook at Kelham, and partly by
obstructions occasioned by the Newark mills. The town
is approached from the north by an excellent turnpike-
road, constructed about the year 1770, over the Trent
vale, from Newark bridge to Muskham bridge, and no
longer inconvenienced, as formerly, by inundations of
the river, owing to the erection of fourteen bridges of
different sizes, and ninety-six arches, at irregular dis-
tances: this road is carried on a level over the Trent
vale from Newark bridge to Muskham bridge, a dis-
tance of one mile and a half: the execution of this
useful project was completed by Mr. Smeaton, at an
expense of £12,000. The bridge, which crosses the
river in the vicinity of the castle, was originally of
wood, but, in 1775, it was rebuilt of brick, faced
with stone, by Henry, Duke of Newcastle. Under
the sanction of an act of parliament, obtained in 1793,
great improvement has taken place in the town, the
expense of which has been defrayed from funds vested
in the corporation for its general benefit. One side
of a narrow and dangerous street, called Dry bridge,
has recently been taken down, and new houses erected,
thereby rendering the approach to the market-place
wide and commodious. The "Newark Stock Library"
was established in 1825, and a new building has been
recently erected in the market-place by Lord Middle-
ton, and presented by him, as a library and news-room,
to the shareholders, of whom there are two hundred and
fifty, at £4. 4. each; the annual subscription is £1. 1.
Concerts and assemblies are held in the town-hall; and
there is a theatre occasionally opened for dramatic per-
formances. The prominent commercial feature of this
town is its very extensive trade in malt and flour: of the
former fifty thousand quarters are annually sent to Man-
chester, Liverpool, and London, exclusively of supplies
to the midland counties, and upwards of eighty thousand
sacks of the latter commodity are disposed of annually,
by two mercantile houses alone, and the revenue receiv-
ed from this town is about £92,000: upwards of three
hundred persons are employed in an extensive weaving
and bleaching establishment at the southern extremity of
the town. In consequence of the Trent navigation, there
is a flourishing trade in corn, coal, cattle, wool, and other
commodities, and the corn market here is one of the
largest in this part of the kingdom. An extensive iron
and brass foundry affords employment to several per-
sons, in the various departments of fancy castings, ar-
chitectural ornaments, fac-similies of medallions, coins,
seals, &c., which are so exquisitely finished as to sur
prise the most experienced virtuoso. Among the
different branches of business is the preparation of terra
alba, for paper-mills; and in the town is a depôt for
sheet copper, brass, iron, and tin plates. Large quan-
tities of gypsum and limestone are obtained in the
neighbourhood: the former is calcined and pulverised
for the use of sculptors and plasterers, and sent by sea
to London. During the summer season many persons
are employed in making bricks and tiles: the manu-
facture of tambour lace and stockings employs a few
females. The market is on Wednesday; and fairs,
principally for cattle, are held on the Friday after
Mid-Lent Sunday, May 14th, Whit-Tuesday, August
2nd, November 1st, and on the Monday before December
11th. In the year 1800, an annual cheese market was
established, to be held on the Wednesday before Oc-
tober 2nd. The market-place, formerly much more spa-
cious than at present, still forms a handsome square.
The first charter of incorporation was granted by
Edward VI., and it was renewed, with extended privileges,
by Charles II., in consideration of the loyalty of the
inhabitants during the preceding reign. The corporation
consists of a mayor and twelve aldermen, with a re-
corder, town-clerk, chamberlain, and other officers: the
members of the corporation are self-elected. The mayor
and his predecessor, with the recorder and four senior
aldermen, exercise exclusive magisterial authority within
the borough, which comprises the whole parish of New-
ark, together with the castle precincts and water-mills,
which lie in the adjoining parish of East Stoke. A
court of record is held weekly, on Thursday, for the
cognizance of pleas to the amount of £300; its juris-
diction is co-extensive with the borough: sessions are
held quarterly. The sessions for the hundreds of Newark
and Thurgarton are held quarterly at the county hall in
Cartergate. The county magistrates also hold a petty ses-
sion every alternate Wednesday. The town-hall, which
stands in the market-place, is an elegant stone build-
ing, erected by the corporation, under the superinten-
dence of Mr. Carr, out of the produce of testamentary
estates for the improvement of the town, which they
were empowered to sell under an act of parliament
passed in the 13th year of George III.; the total ex-
pense of its erection was £1790: two wings have
since been added, and the building is considered equal
2 Y 2
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NEW
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348
to any in this part of the county: the front is light
and airy; it is three stories high, having seven win-
dows in each story: the room used for assemblies is
elegantly finished with Corinthian columns and pilas-
ters, and a richly-carved ceiling at one end of this
edifice the sessions are held, and at the other the cor-
poration transact public business; in the rear are very
extensive shambles. It is uncertain when the borough
was first represented in parliament, but there was a
contested election in 1592, when only one member
appears to have been returned; and two members were
first sent in the 29th of Charles II. The right of elec-
tion is vested in the corporation, and all the inhabitants
who have paid scot and lot for at least six months
previously to the election: the mayor is the returning
officer. The Duke of Newcastle, in consequence of the
extensive property which he possesses in the borough,
has very considerable political influence, together with
Lord Middleton and others.
The school is open to all boys of the town and neigh-
bourhood: the present number of scholars on the
foundation is sixty-five; the master, who is allowed
to receive a limited number of boarders, resides on the
premises, which are admirably adapted to the
:
purpose:
the house was erected by the master, at an expense of
£2500, in consequence of which the corporation agreed
to pay him £30 per annum towards the insurance of
his life for fifteen years: there are at present no ex÷
hibitions connected with this school, but the trus-
tees contemplate this desirable addition to the insti-
tution. The National school was erected in 1829, which
affords instruction to about one hundred and ten boys
and eighty girls. Henry Stone, in 1688, bequeathed
to the corporation £700, directing the produce to
be appropriated to the foundation and support of a
Jersey, or working school, the master of which has a
salary of £28 per annum. Almshouses, for fourteen
decayed tradesmen and ten widows, were respectively
founded and endowed under the wills of William Philli-
pott, merchant, dated March 18th, 1556, and George
Lawrence, dated December 1st, 1797; the present
amount of income is £789. 13. St. Leonard's hospital
was founded by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, about
1125, and endowed with lands now producing a rental
of more than £1000: the present building contains three
small rooms, occupied by as many poor men, who receive
five shillings each per week; the master, who is ap-
pointed by the Bishop of Lincoln, receives the surplus
income: various other charitable benefactions, amount-
ing to about £500 per annum, are applied under the di-
rection and management of the corporation. The ruins
of the ancient castle consist of the outer walls, which
enclose a spacious area, now used as a bowling-green;
and the elegant crypt, with its light groined arches
nearly perfect, is used as a coal wharf and stables:
at the north-east angle of the western front is a square
tower, and another in the centre of the elevation; the
remains of an ancient portal are visible in the north front.
Of the conventual buildings there are no vestiges, except
the walls of the Augustine friary, which has been con-
verted into a dwelling-house: the site of the house of
the chantry priests is now occupied by a small but elegant
mansion, finished throughout in the most splendid style,
principally in imitation of the antique, and containing
many rare and valuable cabinets, vases, busts, armour,
fossils, and coins. Amongst other curious Roman relics
are six entire urns of baked earth, found in digging for
the foundation of a house in 1826, filled with calcined
bones and ashes. The great Roman road from London
to Lincoln passed through Newark in a straight line
near the church are the remains of ancient military
works. Amongst the eminent natives of this town
may be enumerated, in addition to Dr. Magnus, its muni-
ficent benefactor, John Ardern, a learned writer on
medicine and surgery in the fifteenth century; Dr.
Thomas White, Bishop of Peterborough; Dr. Lightfoot,
the celebrated Hebraist; and Dr. William Warburton,
Bishop of Gloucester, born 1698. Newark confers
the inferior title of viscount upon Earl Manvers.
:
NEWBALD, a parish within the liberty of ST.
PETER of YORK, though locally in the Hunsley-Beacon
division of the wapentake of Harthill, East riding of
the county of YORK, containing 722 inhabitants, of
which number, 543 are in the township of North New-
-
:
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Not-
tingham, and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
at £21. 5. 21., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, is one of
the largest and most elegant parochial churches in the
kingdom: it exhibits portions in all the styles of English
architecture, and is a cruciform structure, consisting of a
nave, aisles, transepts, choir, and sepulchral chapels, with
a lofty western tower, surmounted by a fine octagonal
spire; the base of the tower is Norman, and in the nave
are two Norman piers: the choir is of exquisite work-
manship, with ancient stone and oak stalls elaborately
carved: it is separated from the nave by a richly-carved
oak screen, some parts of which becoming decayed, have
been successfully imitated by iron castings, the work of a
resident artist; in this part of the edifice is one of the
largest engraved brasses in the kingdom, elaborately or-
namented, to the memory of Allan Flemyng, who died
in 1361: a portion of this has also been restored by the
same artist. The large east window is in the later style
of English architecture, and the corresponding piers and
arches of the nave and choir are unusually rich there
are some excellent specimens of stained glass in the
windows. The altar-piece, an admirable painting of the
"Resurrection of Lazarus," by Hilton, was presented by
the artist, whose father was a native of the town. There
are places of worship for General and Particular Bap-
tists, Independents, Calvinistic, Primitive, and Wes-
leyan Methodists, and Roman Catholics. The free
grammar school was founded, in 1530, by Dr. Thomas
Magnus, Archdeacon of the East riding of Yorkshire,
and a native of Newark, who, by will in 1550, be-
queathed certain lands in the counties of Lincoln, Not-
tingham, and York, for the support of a "school of
grammar and a school of song. The vicar, mayor,
senior alderman, and three churchwardens are the
trustees of the charity, and the present annual income,
amounting to nearly £2,400, is thus appropriated:
namely, to the master of the grammar school £220
per annum; to the usher, £50; to the master of the
song school, £ 105; to ten singing boys, £37. 16.; to
the National schools for boys and girls, £150; to the
dispensary, £150; to the commissioners for lighting,
paving, and improving the town, £290; to the church-
wardens for the repair of the church, clerk's and sexton's
salaries, &c., £750; besides incidental disbursements.
**
NEW
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349
bald, 4 miles (S. E.), and 179 in that of South Newbald,
4 miles (S.E. by S.), from Market-Weighton. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
patronage of the Prebendary of North Newbald in the
Cathedral Church of York, rated in the king's books
at £4, endowed with £200 private benefaction, £400
royal bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant.
church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, is a cruciform struc-
ture, principally in the Norman style, with a tower rising
from the intersection, and several enriched doors and
arches; the font is early English, curiously formed and
ornamented. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. Six poor children are educated for a small
sum paid from the poor's estate.
The
NEWBALL, a hamlet in the parish of STAINTON
by Langworth, western division of the wapentake of
WRAGGOE, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 4/
miles (W. S. W.) from Wragby. The population is
returned with the parish.
NEWBIGGIN, a township in the parish of DACRE,
LEATH ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 32 miles (W. by S.)
from Penrith. The population is returned with the parish.
NEWBIGGIN, a township in the parish of MIDDLE-
TON in TEASDALE, south-western division of DARLING-
TON ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 12 miles (N.W.)
from Barnard-Castle, containing 416 inhabitants. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A
charity school is supported by annual donations. There
is a smelting-mill for refining lead-ore found in the
neighbourhood.
NEWBIGGIN, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of NEWBURN which is in the western division of CASTLE
ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 4 miles (N. W.)
from Newcastle, containing 47 inhabitants. There are
twenty-four acres of land within the chapelry, extra-
parochial.
NEWBIGGIN, a chapelry in the parish of WOOD-
HORN, eastern division of MORPETH ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 84 miles (E. by N.) from Morpeth,
containing 434 inhabitants, who are principally fisher-
men for the Carlisle, Hexham, and Newcastle markets.
The chapel, dedicated to St. Bartholomew, is an ancient
edifice with a spire steeple, situated near the sea-shore, a
fine smooth beach about a mile in length, which is much
resorted to for bathing. There is a suite of warm, cold,
and shower baths at the chief inn, which contains ex-
cellent accommodations for visitors, who may also pro-
vide themselves with private lodgings at several well-
built houses in the village. The bay affording tolerable
security and anchorage for small vessels, much corn is
shipped from the granaries erected for its reception from
the interior. Five boats and nineteen men were lost in a
violent tempest which happened here, in January 1805,
upon which upwards of £1700 was subscribed at New-
castle and the neighbourhood, for the relief of the
families of the sufferers. A branch Bible Society was
established at this place in 1826.
NEWBIGGIN, a township in the parish of SHOTLEY,
eastern division of TINDALE ward, county of NORTH-
UMBERLAND, 94 miles (S.) from Hexham, containing
69 inhabitants.
rated in the king's books at £4. 14. 2., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of W. Crackenthorpe, Esq. The church,
dedicated to St. Edmund, is an ancient building, re-
pewed in 1804. Newbiggin Hall is a fine old castellated
mansion, erected in 1533, upon the site of the previous
manor-house.
manor-house. Some rocks near it are represented to
have formerly borne various Roman inscriptions.
NEWBIGGIN, a hamlet in the parish of KIRKBY-
LONSDALE, LONSDALE ward, county of WESTMORLAND,
The po-
1 mile (S.W. by W.) from Kirkby-Lonsdale.
pulation is returned with Hutton-Roof.
NEWBIGGIN, a township in the parish of Ays-
GARTH, western division of the wapentake of HANG,
North riding of the county of YORK, 8 miles (W. by S.)
from Middleham, containing 128 inhabitants.
NEWBIGGIN (EAST and WEST), a township in
the parish of BISHOPTON, South-western division of
STOCKTON Ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 42 miles
(W.) from Stockton upon Tees, containing 26 inhabitants.
NEWBOLD, a hamlet in the parish of CHESTER-
FIELD, hundred of SCARSDALE, county of DERBY, 14
mile (N.W.) from Chesterfield, containing, with Dunstan,
962 inhabitants. A school-house was erected by the
Executors of George Milnes, Esq., who endowed it with
land producing an annual income of £23. 8., for which
about fifteen children are instructed. An almshouse
was founded, in 1781, by Mrs. Elizabeth Tomlinson,
who endowed it with £400 four per cents., for the main-
tenance of three poor women.
NEWBOLD, a hamlet in the parish of OUSTON,
hundred of GARTREE, county of LEICESTER, 7 miles
(S. by E.) from Melton-Mowbray. The population is
returned with the parish.
NEWBIGGIN, a parish in EAST ward, county of
WESTMORLAND, 7 miles (N. W. by N.) from Appleby,
containing 152 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle,
·
NEWBOLD, a liberty in the parish of BReedon,
western division of the hundred of GoSCOTE, county of
LEICESTER, 4 miles (N.E. by E.) from Ashby de la Zouch.
The population is returned with the chapelry of Wor-
thington.
NEWBOLD, a hamlet in the parish of TREDINGTON,
upper division of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW, County
of WORCESTER, though locally in the Kington division
of the hundred of Kington, county of Warwick, 4
miles (N. by W.) from Shipston upon Stour, containing
258 inhabitants.
NEWBOLD upon AVON, a parish in the Rugby
division of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, county of
WARWICK, 2 miles (N.W. by N.) from Rugby, con-
taining, with the hamlets of Cosford, Little Harborough,
Little Lawford, and Long Lawford, 968 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Coventry,
and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the
king's books at £ 14. 12. 1., and in the patronage of the
Rev. Mr. Parker. The church is dedicated to St. Bo-
tolph. The rivers Avon and Swift, and the Oxford
canal, run through the parish, in which are very ex-
tensive lime-works.
NEWBOLD (LEA), county palatine of CHESTER.—
See LEA-NEWBOLD.
NEWBOLD-GROUNDS, a hamlet in the parish
of CATESBY-ABBEY, hundred of FAWSLEY, county of
NORTHAMPTON, 32 miles (W. S. W.) from Daventry.
The population is returned with the parish.
NEWBOLD-PACEY, a parish in the Warwick
division of the hundred of KINGTON, County of WAR-
W
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WICK, 53 miles (N. W. by N.) from Kington, containing,
with Ashorn, 331 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Worcester, rated in the king's books at £8. 3. 9., en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Provost and Fellows
of Queen's College, Oxford. The church is dedicated to
St. George.
NEWBOLD-REVEL, a hamlet in the parish of
MONKS-KIRBY, Kirby division of the hundred of
KNIGHTLOW, County of WARWICK, 5 miles (N. W.
by N.) from Rugby. The population is returned with
Stretton under Foss.
NEWBOLD-VERDON, a parish in the hundred of
SPARKENHOE, County of LEICESTER, 23 miles (E. by N.)
from Market-Bosworth, containing 576 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Leices-
ter, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £6. 8. 111., and in the patronage of G. Greenaway,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. James. Nathaniel,
Lord Crewe, in 1720, bequeathed a rent-charge of £20,
for teaching poor children.
NEWBOROUGH, a parish in the liberty of PETER-
BOROUGH, County of NORTHAMPTON, 5 miles (N. E. by N.)
from Peterborough, containing 129 inhabitants. This
place, formerly a tract called Borough-Fen common, has
lately been elevated into a parish. A church, of which the
Bishop of Peterborough is the patron, has been erected,
but it has not yet been consecrated or endowed.
NEWBOROUGH, a chapelry in the parish of HAN-
BURY, northern division of the hundred of OFFLow,
county of STAFFORD, 3 miles (E.) from Abbot's
Bromley, containing 744 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed with £200
private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £800 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar of
Hanbury. The chapel is dedicated to All Saints. There
are several small bequests, producing about £8 a year,
for the instruction of children. Newborough is in the
honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the
jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every
third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under forty
shillings.
NEWBOROUGH, a township in the parish of
COXWOLD, wapentake of BIRDFORTH, North riding of
the county of YORK, 8 miles (S. W.) from Helmsley,
containing, with the extra-parochial district of Morton,
162 inhabitants. A priory of Black canons, in honour
of St. Mary, was founded here, in 1145, by Roger de
Mowbray, which, at the dissolution, had a revenue
of £457. 13. 5. William de Newburgh, the cele-
brated Monkish historian, was a member of this esta-
blishment.
NEWBOTTLE, a township in the parish of HOUGH-
ton le Spring, northern division of EASINGTON ward,
county palatine of DURHAM, 8 miles (N. E. by N.) from
Durham, containing 2306 inhabitants, who are princi-
pally employed in the various collieries and potteries
in the vicinity. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. Fifty-seven individuals lost their lives by
an explosion in one of the coal mines in 1815.
NEWBOTTLE, a parish in the hundred of KING'S
SUTTON, County of NORTHAMPTON, 4½ miles (W.) from
Brackley, containing, with the hamlet of Charleton,
352 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peter-
borough, rated in the king's books at £10. 0. 10., and
in the patronage of W. R. Cartwright, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. James. At Charleton Hill in this parish
is an ancient fortification, called Ruinsborough Hill.
NEWBOURN, a parish in the hundred of CARL-
FORD, County of SUFFOLK, 4 miles (S. by E.) from
Woodbridge, containing 181 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£7. 4. 2., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of Sir W. Rowley, Bart. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary. The navigable river Deben runs on
the east of this parish.
NEWBROUGH, a parochial chapelry in the north-
western division of TINDALE ward, county of NORTH-
UMBERLAND, 42 miles (N. W. by W.) from Hexham,
containing 451 inhabitants. The chapel is dedicated to
St. Peter. A school-room has been erected by subscrip-
tion, in which twelve children are instructed for £10
per annum, the gift of the Rev. H. Wastell, who also
built a house for the master.
NEWBURN, a parish comprising the chapelry of
Newbiggin, and the townships of Black Callerton, But-
terlaw, East Denton, West Denton, North Dissington,
South Dissington, Newburn, Newburn-Hall, Sugley,
Throckley, Wallbottle, East and West Whorlton, and
Woolsington, in the western division of CASTLE ward,
and the township of Dalton in the eastern division of
TINDALE ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, and con-
taining 4202 inhabitants, of which number, 918 are in
the township of Newburn, 5 miles (W. by N.) from New-
castle upon Tyne. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Northumberland, and diocese of Dur-
ham, rated in the king's books at £16, and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Carlisle. The church, dedicated
to St. Michael, was partly rebuilt and considerably en-
larged in 1827, at an expense of about £1200: it is a
neat cruciform structure of stone, containing some an-
cient monuments to the Delavals, and the east window
exhibits, in stained glass, the figure of St. James, and
the arms of those who contributed to the renovation of
the building. The parish, which abounds with coal,
stretches along the northern bank of the Tyne, where
are some coal-staiths, iron-foundries, crown glass, and
brick and tile manufactories, chemical works, and a
paper-mill. A school-room was erected, in 1822, by
the Duke of Northumberland, who endowed it with
£15. 15. per annum, for teaching fifteen children: the
number has been lately increased to thirty, in conse-
quence of the members of the Glass Company and the
lessees of Walbottle colliery having subscribed £10. 10.
a year, in augmentation of the master's salary. In
the reign of John, Newburn was styled a borough
town. Severus' Wall passed through the parish, but
its course is no longer traceable. Here Lord Conway,
in 1640, at the head of the royalists, disputed the
passage of the Tyne with the Scots under General
Leslie, but the latter, after a violent conflict, at length
succeeded.
NEWBURN-HALL, a township in that part of the
parish of NEWBURN which is in the western division of
CASTLE ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, contain-
ing 629 inhabitants.
¿
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BOROUGH
OF
Corporate Seal.
NEWBURY, a market
town and parish, having se-
parate jurisdiction, though
locally in the hundred of
Faircross, county of BERKS,
17 miles (W. by S.) from
Reading, and 56 (W. by S.)
from London, on the road
to Bath, containing, with
Sandleford Priory, 5364
inhabitants. This place,
which is said to have risen
from the ruins of the an-
cient Spinæ, a Roman sta-
tion, the site of which is occupied by the village of Speen,
was, in contradistinction to the old town, called Newbyrig,
of which its present name is only a slight modification.
It is a town of considerable antiquity, having been of
some importance at the time of the Conquest, and be-
stowed by the Conqueror on Ernulph de Hesdin, whose
grandson was killed in the battle of Lincoln, in the reign
of Stephen. In the reign of Edward I. Newbury re-
turned two members to parliament, and in the 11th of
Edward III. it sent three deputies to a grand council of
trade held at Westminster. In the reign of Henry VIII.
it was one of the most flourishing towns in the kingdom,
and was particularly distinguished for its extensive ma-
nufacture of woollen clothes. At this period lived the
celebrated John Winchcombe, commonly called Jack of
Newbury, said to have been the most eminent clothier
in England, and to have sumptuously entertained
Henry VIII. and his queen Catherine, on their visit to
the town. When the Earl of Surrey marched against
James IV., King of Scotland, who was ravaging the
borders of the kingdom, this spirited individual, at his
own expense, armed and clothed one hundred of his
workmen; and, at the head of this little band, accom-
panied the earl to Flodden Field, where he greatly signa-
lised himself by his intrepid conduct. On the termi-
nation of the war, he returned to his native place, and
at his own charge built the greater part of the parish
church, in which he was interred in 1519. His descend-
ants possessed large estates for many years, and the last
of them was united in marriage to Lord Bolingbroke. Part
of the house in which he lived, was, about a century
since, converted into an inn, bearing the sign of Jack of
Newbury. During the parliamentary war, two battles
took place in the vicinity, in both which the king
commanded in person: the first was fought on the
18th of September, 1643, on the common called the
Wash;
the second on the 27th of October, 1644, in
the fields between Newbury, Speen, and Shaw. In
this battle, the king, though he kept possession of
the field, suffered the Earl of Essex to march with his
army to London, and the royal cause sustained an irre-
parable loss in the deaths of many distinguished officers,
among whom were the Earls of Sunderland and Caer-
narvon, and the celebrated Lord Falkland. The par-
liamentarians in the following year obtained possession
of the town, which they fortified, and retained till the
close of the war.
NEWBU
The town is pleasantly situated on a fertile plain,
on the banks of the river Kennet, over which was an
ancient wooden bridge of one arch, rebuilt of stone, at
the expense of the corporation, in 1770: it is one of the
largest towns in the county: the houses are mostly of
brick, generally well built and of modern appearance;
the streets, diverging obliquely from the market-place,
are spacious, well paved under the powers of an act re-
cently obtained, and lighted with gas by a company,
whose works being neatly and scientifically constructed,
are much admired: the inhabitants are amply supplied
with water from springs in the neighbourhood. In the
hamlet of Speenhamland, adjoining the borough, is a
small theatre, which is open for about two months
during the season. The environs are pleasant, and afford
many agreeable walks on the banks of the Kennet, and
in the vicinity of the village of Speen. The trade is prin-
cipally in malt and flour, for the latter of which are many
large mills on the banks of the river: there are also a small
paper-mill, and a mill for throwing silk; and in the parish
of Speen, about a mile from the town, is a manufactory
for ribands and galloons. The river Kennet, which in
1723 was made navigable to Reading; and the Kennet
and Avon canal, which passing through the town, in a
line parallel with the river, joins the Thames at Reading,
afford great facilities to the trade. The market is on
Thursday, and is one of the largest in the country for
corn, which is pitched in the market-place for sale: for
nearly a century the corporation took toll of all grain
brought into the town for consumption, or merely pass-
ing through it, and that whether bought and tolled in
any other market, or not; they also took toll of corn
exposed in the market-place for sale, which practice
continued until the year 1818, when proceedings at law
were commenced, and a verdict given against the cor-
poration, as regarded “toll-thorough and toll-traverse."
leaving the question of market-toll undecided: the cor-
poration, however, discontinued the taking of toll alto-
gether, with the exception of some members of their
own body allowing their corn to be tolled for about
two years after the decision, and since then no toll has
been demanded, although the corporation have recently
issued notice of their intention to resume the practice.
The fairs are on Holy Thursday, for horses and cattle;
July 5th for horses, cows, and hogs; September 4th and
November 8th, for horses and cheese; and on the first
Thursday after October 11th is a statute fair for hiring
servants.
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The inhabitants were first incorporated by Queen
Elizabeth, in 1596, in whose charter Newbury is
styled "an ancient and populous borough, which had
enjoyed divers liberties, franchises and privileges by the
charters of many of her ancestors and predecessors, kings
of England.”
of England." Under this charter the government is
vested in a mayor, high steward, recorder, six aldermen;
and twenty-four burgesses, assisted by a town-clerk and
other officers: the mayor is chosen annually on St. Mat-
thew's day, and, with one of the aldermen appointed for
that purpose, is justice of the peace within the borough;
the other officers and the burgesses, as vacancies occur,
are chosen by the corporation: the freedom of the
borough has become obsolete, persons being admitted
indiscriminately to the privilege of carrying on trade.
The corporation hold quarterly courts of session for the
trial of misdemeanants within the borough, and have
power to hold a court of record, under the charter of
Elizabeth, every week, for the recovery of debts not
exceeding twenty marks, now fallen into disuse. The
Easter quarter session for the county is held here;
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and the petty sessions for the division every Thursday.
The town-hall, called the mansion house, is a substantial
modern brick building, erected in 1740, and supported
on piers and arches: the lower part affords an area for
the market, and the upper part consists of a handsome
suite of rooms, in the largest of which the courts are
held, and assemblies during the season: it is a spa-
cious and very handsome room, ornamented with two
beautiful copies, by Cosino Fioravante, from Rubens'
Choice of Hercules, and the Dire Effects of War; adjoin-
ing it are refreshment and card rooms. Part of the
workhouse has recently been converted into a borough
gaol, containing nine wards for the classification of pri-
soners, and used also as a bridewell, or house of cor-
rection; but the inhabitants having been deemed liable
to the payment of the county rate, all prisoners com-
mitted by the magistrates for the borough are sent to
the county gaol at Reading.
fuel and clothes; ten other houses have been added
to the original establishment, the endowment of which
exceeds £700 per annum. Opposite to St. Bartholomew's
are twelve almshouses, erected and endowed in 1670, by
Jemmit Raymond, Esq., for six aged men and six aged
women, who have a weekly allowance of five shillings
each, with coats and gowns annually; the number of
houses has been augmented for the reception of ten aged
persons of each sex. Thomas Pearce, in 1690, and Mr.
Francis Coxhead, each built two almshouses, which have
been consolidated for the maintenance and support of
aged persons, who have each three shillings and sixpence
per week, with an allowance of clothes and fuel; after
defraying these charges, the residue of the endowment,
which is about £112 per annum, is appropriated to the
In
instruction of poor children in reading and writing.
1727, Mr. Thomas Hunt bequeathed lands at Green-
ham, which have been exchanged for an estate at
Ashmoor Green, producing a rental of £70; and £270
in money, for the support of three aged widows, who
have four shillings each per week, with an annual allow-
ance of clothes and fuel: the residue of the income
is appropriated to the instruction of fourteen poor chil-
dren in the Lancasterian school. In Cheap-street are
twelve more almshouses, erected in 1793, and endowed
by Mr. John Kimber, in the centre of which is a neat
brick building, with a stone recording the date of their
erection and the name of the founder. Twelve alms-
houses, which formerly stood near the church, have been
rebuilt near St. Bartholomew's hospital; they are en-
dowed by Mr. Henshaw, for six aged men and six aged
women of the parish, who are nominated by the corpo-
ration: there are also two for poor weavers, founded by
Mr. Robinson, and six for aged women, at St. Mary's Hill.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Berks,
and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£38. 16. 10., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, is a spacious edifice
in the later style of English architecture, with a lofty
square embattled tower crowned with pinnacles: the
tower and the western part of the nave were the por-
tions built by John Winchcombe, whose effigy, on a
brass plate removed from over his tomb, is placed
against the east wall of the north aisle, and above the
altar is some beautiful screen - work. A handsome
chapel of ease, in the later style of English architec-
ture, is now in process of erection in Speenhamland.
There are places of worship for Baptists, the Society
of Friends, Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, and
Unitarians. A Blue-coat school was founded, in 1706,
by the corporation, to whom, in 1624, John Kendrick
gave the sum of £4000, for the purchase of a house
and garden for the employment of the poor, and for
other charitable uses, of which £350 was laid out in
the purchase of an estate, called the Hospital Estate,
let on lease, at £106 per annum, to the Kennet
Navigation Company, at the expiration of which it is
expected to produce £400 per annum, the rental being
appropriated to the clothing and instruction of twenty
poor boys. To this several augmentations were made
for the clothing and instruction of additional scholars,
by Mr. Richard Cowslade, in 1715; Mr. Nicholas Cle-
ment, in 1722; Mr. Thomas Stockwell, in 1736; and by
Mr. John Kimber, who in 1790 gave funds for the in-
struction of ten more scholars, to be clothed in green,
and on their leaving school to be apprenticed, with pre-
miums of £10 each. There are forty boys on the
foundation, who are now instructed by the master of
a National school, established by subscription in 1811,
in which are educated about one hundred and fifty boys,
and one hundred and sixty girls, in addition to the cha-
rity boys. There are also Lancasterian schools for boys
and girls, supported by voluntary contributions. The pa-
rish has, under the will of Mr. John West and Frances his
wife, the privilege of sending several children to Christ's
Hospital, London, who are elected by the vestry. St. Bar-
tholomew's hospital, supposed to have been founded by
King John, and comprising fourteen houses for the recep-
tion of men and women, was, by charter of Elizabeth,
vested in the corporation: the inmates receive a weekly
allowance of five shillings each, with an annual supply of
:
Extending sixteen miles in length, on both sides of
the Kennet, are strata of peat half a mile in breadth,
and varying in depth from one foot to eight feet,
which being dug sells for ten shillings per load in dig-
ging for it have been found oaks, alders, willows, and
firs, indiscriminately mixed, which appear to have been
torn up by the roots; the horns, skulls, and bones of
several kinds of deer; the horns of the antelope, the
heads and tusks of boars, and the heads of beavers.
In rebuilding the bridge, in 1770, a leaden seal of Pope
Boniface IX., a pix, some knives of singular construction,
and several coins from the time of Henry I. to William
III., were discovered. Some years since, an urn of a
light brown colour, of the size of a gallon, was found in
the peat-moss, at the distance of from eight to ten feet
from the river, but being broken by the workmen, the
contents were lost. The present rector of Newbury,
the Rev. James Roe, possesses a private collection of
specimens in natural history, unequalled in the county
for the rarity of the subjects and their suitable arrange-
ment. Within a mile and. a quarter of the town is
Sandleford, a hamlet in the parish, where a small Au-
gustine priory was founded, about the year 1200, by
Geoffrey, Earl of Perche, and dedicated to St. John the
Baptist, which was given by Edward IV. to the Collegiate
Church of Windsor, and the revenue of which, in the reign
of Henry VIII., was valued at £10. Newbury gives the
inferior title of baron to the Marquis of Cholmondeley.
NEWBY, a township in the parish of IRTHING-
TON, ESKDALE ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 6 miles
(E. N. E.) from Carlisle, containing 97 inhabitants.
fak
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NEWBY, a township in the parish of MORLAND,
WEST ward, county of WESTMORLAND, 7 miles (W. by
N.) from Appleby, containing 338 inhabitants. Coal and
limestone are obtained here, and there are lime-kilns
at Towcett, within the township.
NEWBY, a joint township with Rainton, in that
part of the parish of TOPCLIFFE which is in the wa-
pentake of HALLIKELD, North riding of the county of
YORK, 6 miles (N. by W.) from Boroughbridge. The po-
pulation is returned with Rainton. Christopher Coulson,
in 1640, bequeathed certain land, directing the income
to be applied in teaching and clothing poor children.
NEWBY, a township in the parish of STOKESLEY,
western division of the liberty of LANGBAURGH, North
riding of the county of YORK, 3 miles (N. N. W.) from
Stokesley, containing 152 inhabitants. A small free
school was founded here in 1640.
NEWBY, a township in the parish of SCALBY,
PICKERING lythe, North riding of the county of YORK,
3 miles (N. W. by W.) from Scarborough, containing 40
inhabitants.
NEWBY, a joint township with Clapham, in the
parish of CLAPHAM, western division of the wapentake
of STAINCLIFFE and EwCROSs, West riding of the
county of YORK, 74 miles (N. W.) from Settle. The
population is returned with Clapham.
NEWBY, a joint township with Mulwith, in that
part of the parish of RIPON which is in the liberty of
RIPON, West riding of the county of YORK, 34 miles
(S. E.) from Ripon, containing, with Mulwith, 52 in-
habitants. It is situated on the river Ure, which oc-
casionally inundates and enriches the adjacent lands.
Newby Hall was built by Sir Edward Blacket, from a
design by Sir Christopher Wren.
NEWBY-WISK, a township in that part of the
parish of KIRBY-WISK which is in the eastern division
of the wapentake of GILLING, North riding of the
county of YORK, 4½ miles (S.) from North Allerton, con-
taining 265 inhabitants. There is a stone bridge of five
arches over the river Wiske. The Wesleyan Methodists
have a place of worship here. A Sunday school has been
established, and is supported by the Rev. Christopher
Bethel, D.D. There is a trifling bequest by William
Crank, for teaching and apprenticing poor children.
NEWCASTLE, a township in the parish of CLUN,
hundred of PURSLOW, county of SALOP, containing 315
inhabitants.
NEWCASTLE under
LYNE, a borough, market
town, and parish, having se-
parate jurisdiction, though
locally in the northern di-
vision of the hundred of
Pirehill, county of STAF-
FORD, 16 miles (N. N. W.)
from Stafford, and 149 (N.
W. by N.) from London,
containing 7031 inhabit-
ants. This was a place of
some note before the Con-
quest, though known by a different name; its present
appellation being derived from a castle built here by
Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, in the reign of Henry III.,
a former edifice, called Chesterton castle, having fallen
into decay; and the descriptive affix, "under Lyne, or
VOL. III.
FAVI
FA
36%
Seal and Arms.
Lyme," denotes its proximity to a forest of that name,
serving also to distinguish it from Newcastle in North-
umberland. The town is situated on a small branch of
the river Trent, on the great road from Birmingham and
London to Liverpool and Manchester, and consists of
two principal and several smaller streets, which are
paved (the foot-paths with brick), and lighted with gas,
under the provisions of an act passed in 1819: the
inhabitants are supplied with water by means of pipes
leading from water-works in the town, which is raised
by an engine; the houses are mostly ancient. There is
a small theatre, also a concert and assembly room; and
the races, held annually in the first week in August, on a
course near the town, are well attended. The manufac-
ture of hats is very extensive, and is conducted under
an incorporated company of Felt-makers; and silk-
throwing, cotton-spinning, tanning, malting, the manu-
facture of copperas, white lead, and paper, are also
carried on: considerable business is done in the corn
trade, and in the vicinity are some iron-works.
Its
commercial prosperity is much promoted by the neigh-
bouring potteries, which occupy a district nearly eight
miles in extent. A branch canal from this town, about
four miles in length, joins the Trent and Mersey canal
at Stoke; and another to Apedale is used chiefly for
the conveyance of coal hither. The markets are on
Monday and Saturday, and on every alternate Monday
is a great cattle market: fairs are held on Shrove-Mon-
day, for cattle; Easter-Monday, Whit-Monday, and
July 14th, for wool; Monday after September 13th,
and the first Monday in November.
The first charter of incorporation was granted in
the 19th of Henry III., and was confirmed by subse-
quent monarchs: that now in force is dated in the
32nd of Elizabeth, and is a confirmation of all former
grants, with several additions. Under it the corporation
consists of a mayor, two bailiffs, and twenty-four capi-
tal burgesses, who form a common council, by which
body the mayor and bailiffs are annually elected on the
Tuesday next after Michaelmas-day; assisted by a re-
corder, town-clerk, and two serjeants at mace; the two
former enjoy the office for life. By a confirmation of this
charter, in the fifteenth of Charles II., the members of the
common council are empowered to elect annually from
among themselves two justices of the peace, who, with
the mayor, hold general sessions for the borough quar-
terly, but have no power to try capital offenders. A
court of record is held every three weeks, for the reco-
very of debts not exceeding £50; the mayor and bailiffs
are the presiding officers. Courts leet and baron are
likewise held every three weeks. This borough has re-
turned members to parliament from the 27th of Edward
III.: the right of election is in the resident freemen, in
number about eight hundred: the mayor is the return-
ing officer. The freedom is obtained by birth (being ex-
tended to all the sons of resident sworn burgesses), by
apprenticeship within the borough, by gift of the com-
mon council, and by purchase.
Newcastle was formerly a chapelry in the parish
of Stoke upon Trent. The living is a rectory not in
charge, in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, and in the patronage of the
Society for purchasing livings. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Giles, was rebuilt in 1720: it is a modern
edifice of brick, with a very ancient tower of red sand-
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stone. A new church, or chapel, containing six hun-
dred and seventy-one free sittings, was completed in
1828, the parliamentary commissioners having granted
£4400 towards defraying the expense, the remainder
being raised by subscription: it is intended as a chapel
of ease during the incumbency of the present rector,
after which the right of presentation will belong to the
Society for purchasing livings. There are places of
worship for Baptists, Independents, Methodists of the
New Connexion, and Primitive and Wesleyan Metho-
dists. The free grammar school originated in a bene-
faction from Richard Cleyton, Esq., in 1602, augmented
by a bequest from John Cotton, and various other chari-
table contributions; the entire annual income is about
£90 it is free for all the sons of burgesses, and poor
inhabitants of the borough: the school-house has been
rebuilt. An English school was founded, in 1704, by
means of a bequest from the Rev. Edward Orme, for
the instruction of the children of the poor in reading,
writing, and arithmetic; the income is about £160 per
annum, and there is a residence for the master, who
instructs fifty children. About fifteen or twenty chil-
dren are taught by a schoolmistress, for a salary of
£8 per annum, paid by the corporation: there is like-
wise a National school. Almshouses for twenty poor
aged widows were erected and endowed under the will
of Christopher Monk, Duke of Albemarle, dated July
4th, 1687. John Goodwin, an eminent nonconformist
divine and controversialist, was born here about 1593;
and Elijah Fenton, the coadjutor of Pope in his trans-
lation of Homer's Odyssey, was also a native of the
Newcastle confers the title of duke on the family
town.
of Clinton.
TINAM
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Seal and Arms.
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G
NEWCASTLE upon
TYNE, an ancient borough,
port, and market town, and
a county of itself, locally
in Castle ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 276
miles (N. N. W.) from Lon-
don, and 117 (S. E.) from
Edinburgh, containing, ex-
clusively of the townships
of Byker, Cramlington, Hea-
ton, and Jesmond, in the
eastern division, and of Ben-
well, Elswick, Fenham, and Westgate, in the western
division, of CASTLE ward, 35,181 inhabitants, and, in-
cluding the environs, about 60,000. This place was an-
ciently called Pons Ælii, from a bridge erected by the Em-
peror Adrian, on his return from an expedition against
the Picts and Scots, to whose incursions this part of
the island was particularly exposed, and as a barrier
against which, the Emperor Severus afterwards con-
structed the wall called after his name, which, reaching
from the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Frith, passed
through this town, and was defended by numerous forts
and exploratory towers, of which one at Pandon gate was
remaining till the year 1796, when it was removed for
the purpose of widening the passage. During the Oc-
tarchy the kings of Northumbria held their court here;
and, in 653, Peada, King of Mercia, on a visit to Osweo,
whose daughter he obtained in marriage, was converted,
with all his retinue, to the Christian faith, and baptized
by Finan, Bishop of Lindisfarn. From being a fortified
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place, and from having afforded protection to numerous
ecclesiastics from the neighbouring convents of Tyne-
mouth, Jarrow, Lindisfarn, and Wearmouth, which had
been ravaged by the Danes, it obtained the name of
Monkchester; but, in turn, it experienced the devasta-
tions of those barbarians, who destroyed its sacred edi-
fices, and massacred the monks and nuns who had found
an asylum within their walls. From the union of the
several kingdoms of the Octarchy under Egbert till the
Conquest, it was the residence of the Earls of West-
morland and Northumberland; and on the partition
of the kingdom between Edmund Ironside and Canute,
it fell, together with the rest of Northumbria, East
Anglia, and Mercia, into the possession of the latter.
In 1068, Edgar Atheling, and Malcolm, King of Scotland,
with a numerous retinue of native insurgents and fo-
reign auxiliaries, marched from this town to oppose the
sovereignty of William the Conqueror, who, hastening
to crush the conspiracy formed against him, met the
insurgents at Gateshead Fell, and, entering the town after
the defeat of his opponents, levelled it nearly with the
ground. Robert Curthose, eldest son of the Conqueror,
built a fortress here in 1080, which, in contradistinction
to the old Roman castrum of Pons Ælii, was called the
New castle, and hence the present name of the town.
The barons, who under the conduct of Earl Mowbray
had conspired to dethrone William Rufus, took posses-
sion of this castle, which was besieged by that monarch
and taken by storm, in 1095. After the death of Henry I.,
the town was seized by David, King of Scotland, in sup-
port of the claims of Matilda, and continued in the
possession of the Scots till 1157, when it was restored by
treaty to Henry II.; against whom, in 1173, William
of Scotland, surnamed the Lion, marched into England,
with an army of eighty thousand men, but was made
prisoner by a small number of troops under the com-
mand of Ralph de Glanville, sheriff of Yorkshire, and
brought into this place.

Newcastle, from its situation as a frontier station,
has participated largely in all the border feuds, and has
been frequently selected as the place of rendezvous for
troops destined for the invasion of Scotland, and of in-
terview between the contending monarchs. Balliol, King
of Scotland, in 1292, did homage for that crown to
Edward I. in the hall of the castle, before a numerous
assembly of the nobles of both countries. To arrest the
progress of the Scots under Wallace, who had pillaged
the neighbourhood, the parliament assembled at York, in
1298, summoned the military force of the country, and
collected here in eight days an army of one hundred
thousand men, which, marching into Scotland, defeated
the enemy at Falkirk. During this reign the town was
erected into a borough, and fortified with strong walls,
which were begun by an inhabitant who had been car-
ried off by an incursion of the Scots, and completed
by his fellow townsmen, who, stimulated by his efforts,
joined with him in the work. Edward II., in 1311, re-
tired hither with his favourite Gavestone, from the pur-
suit of the exasperated barons, where they remained till
the arrival of the baronial troops headed by the Earl of
Lancaster. In 1322, the town was besieged by the Scots,
who, renewing their attempts a few years afterwards,
were vanquished by Edward III., who, marching hence,
obtained a signal victory over them in their own ter-
ritory. It was again attempted by David II., King of
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Scotland, during the absence of Edward in France; but
his queen Philippa, assembling at Newcastle a body of
sixteen thousand forces, marched against the assail-
ants, and defeated them at Neville's Cross, with the loss
of fifteen thousand of their men, and the capture of
their king.
In the reign of Richard II., a grand rendez-
vous of the military was appointed here, in 1388; and in
the same year, the Scots having advanced to Durham,
encamped on their return before this town, from which,
after several skirmishes, they were compelled to retreat.
In the reign of Henry IV., an army of thirty-seven
thousand men assembled at this place, in 1405, to
oppose an insurrection under the Earl of Northumber-
land; and, in that of Henry VI., commissioners met in
the vestry-room of St. Nicholas' church, to arrange the
terms of a treaty of cessation from hostilities between
the English and the Scots, which was signed in August
1451. Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII., was
sumptuously entertained here, in 1503, on her way to
Scotland, to celebrate her nuptials with James IV., to
whom she had been affianced; and, in 1513, the Earl of
Surrey passed through the town, with an army of twenty-
six thousand men, on his way to Flodden Field, where
a sanguinary contest took place, in which the Scottish
king and the chief of his nobility were slain; the royal
corpse having been embalmed at Berwick, was brought
through Newcastle on its way for interment at Rich-
mond, in Surrey.
The town is situated on the summit and declivities of
three lofty eminences, rising abruptly from the northern
bank of the river Tyne, over which is an elegant stone
bridge, finished in 1781, of nine elliptic arches, built
at an expense, with subsequent alterations, of £60,000,
and connecting Newcastle with the suburb of Gates-
head: it extends nearly two miles along the banks of
the river, from east to west. The streets in the more
ancient part are inconveniently narrow, and the houses
irregularly built in the Elizabethan style; in the mo-
dern parts are spacious streets and squares, containing
handsome and uniform ranges of elegant building,
among which, Eldon and Charlotte squares, and Mosley-
street, Dean-street, Blackett-street, the Leazes Terrace,
and others, have been recently erected, and other plans
are now in progress for the enlargement and improve-
ment of the town: it is well paved, and lighted with
gas. The inhabitants are amply supplied with water,
by aqueducts from Spring gardens, Coxlodge, the town
moor, and other places in the vicinity. A Literary and
Philosophical Society was instituted in 1793; a part of
the funds is appropriated to the maintenance of a lec-
tureship, commenced in 1802, under the title of the New
Institution, and a course of lectures is periodically de-
livered on subjects of natural and experimental philoso-
phy: the buildings, erected in 1825, at an expense of
£13,885, and forming a handsome structure of the Doric
order, comprise a museum, a library, and a room for an
extensive philosophical apparatus, with other apartments
and offices: the library contains nine thousand volumes,
and is ornamented with a marble bust of the late Dr.
Charles Hutton, by Chantrey; a bust of Mr. Thomas
Bewick, by Bailey; and a cast from the bust of the late
Mr. James Watt, presented by his son. The Antiquarian
Society was established in 1813, and the members hold
their meetings in a part of the buildings of the Philoso-
phical Society; they have a museum of coins, Roman
altars, funereal inscriptions, &c., and a library of works
on philosophical and antiquarian subjects; and a vo-
lume of Transactions is annually published, under the
title "Archaeologia Æliana." An institution for the pro-
motion of the fine arts, formed in 1822, is under the
direction of a president and a committee, and exhibition
rooms, of elegant proportions, have lately been erected.
A Botanic and Horticultural Society was established in
1824, a Law Society in 1826, and a Natural History
Society in 1829. In addition to the New library,
already noticed, are various others containing valuable
collections, among which are those of St. Nicholas, the
Trinity House, Hanover-square chapel, besides numerous
congregational libraries, and a medical library: there
are several subscription news-rooms, billiard-rooms,
a racquet-court, and similar sources of amusement.
The theatre royal, a handsome building, erected at
an expense of £ 6281, was opened in 1788, and is gene-
rally open four months in the year, there being per-
formances during the assizes and races: the interior
is well arranged and appropriately decorated, and is
capable of accommodating one thousand three hundred
and fifty persons. A circus also, for equestrian exer-
cises and the performance of pantomimes, was opened
in 1789. The assembly-rooms, an elegant edifice,
in the Grecian style of architecture, with a lofty Ionic
portico rising in the centre of the front to a consider-
able height above the wings, and supporting a tri-
The town continued to maintain its importance as
a frontier, till the union of the two kingdoms in 1603,
by the accession of James of Scotland to the English
throne. In the insurrection of the Covenanters, during
the reign of Charles I., it was surprised and taken
possession of by the Scottish army, under Leslie, Mont-
rose, and other disaffected leaders, who are said to have
destroyed most of the public documents. When the
war broke out between the king and the parliament,
the inhabitants declared for the former; and the town,
having been put into a state of defence, was besieged by
the Earl of Leven, and after a gallant resistance was
taken, in October 1644, and continued in the possession
of the parliamentarians till the conclusion of hostilities.
In the beginning of 1646, King Charles having surren-
dered himself to the Scots at Newark, was conveyed to
Newcastle, where he continued till the arrival of the
parliamentary commissioners, to whose custody he was
transferred in 1647, on the departure of the Scots, and
by whose directions he was conducted to London. Ted-
castle, which occupied a lofty eminence, was a building
of great strength, and, with its several wards, comprised
an area of more than three acres: the walls were of a
thickness varying from fourteen and a half to seven-
teen feet. After being dismantled it was used as a
prison, and for holding the assizes for the county;
and, though the town had been made a county of itself,
the castle and its precincts still formed part of the
county of Northumberland: the site and remains of
this ancient building were purchased by the corporation
in 1812, since which time considerable alterations and
additions have been made, but not in harmony with its
original character, which was in the early Norman style
of architecture. In the rebellion of 1745, Newcastle was
the head-quarters of the king's forces under General
Wade, prior to their advance into Scotland, where the
insurgents were defeated at Culloden, in April 1746.
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angular pediment, form a handsome suite of apartments, of vessels which cleared out, in 1819, was, coastwise,
of which, the principal is ninety-four feet long, thirty-eight thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight; and to
six feet in width, and thirty-two feet high: it is lighted by foreign ports, nine hundred and ninety-five: the num-
brilliant chandeliers of cut glass; the card and refresh- ber which entered inwards from foreign ports, in 1826,
ment rooms are of corresponding character, and are or- was three hundred British, and two hundred and twenty-
namented with a good painting, by Downman, of Sir six foreign; and of those which cleared outwards, eight
John Falstaff and the Merry Wives of Windsor: the build- hundred and eighty-five British, and four hundred and
ing, with its furniture, cost about £6700, of which sum, forty-five foreign. The number of vessels belonging to
the corporation subscribed £200. A Philharmonic and the port, in 1830, was nine hundred and eighty-seven
Choral Society hold occasional meetings. Races take ships, and fifty-nine steam-boats; and the amount of
place annually in July the course is well adapted to the tonnage was two hundred and two thousand three hun-
purpose, and the grand stand, a handsome building of dred and seventy-nine. The jurisdiction of the port
stone, erected by subscription in 1800, affords good ac- extends over the river Tyne, from Sparhawk in the
commodation to the numerous visitors. Public baths sea to Hedwin streams, and its extent is navigated
of every kind were erected in 1781, near the West gate, annually by the corporation, who are conservators of
and are provided with every requisite accommodation. the river, and in whom the jurisdiction was vested on
The artillery barracks and depôt form an extensive the abolition of the admiralty court, by Lord How-
range of building, enclosed within a stone wall: they ard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral of England, and
were erected in 1807, at an expense of £40,000, admiral of the port. A plan for the improvement of
and are chiefly occupied by cavalry. The environs are the navigation of the Tyne has been produced by Mr.
pleasant, and contain much diversified and romantic Rennie, the engineer, the probable expense of which
scenery, particularly the vales called Pandon, Jesmond, is estimated at £519,320, but it has not yet been car-
and Heaton deans. Bridges have been constructed ried into execution. The Newcastle Association, in con-
across the deep dells in several parts, which have a nexion with the "
nexion with the "Royal National Institution for the
picturesque appearance: the bridge over Pandon dean Preservation of Life from Shipwreck," have ten stations
was erected in 1812, at an expense of £7448. 12. 10. along the coast, extending from South Shields to Ber-
wick upon Tweed, at each of which life boats and appa-
ratus are placed, in constant readiness to render assist-
ance to vessels in distress. Ship-building is carried on
to a considerable extent: there are large manufactories
for ropes and sail-cloth: fire-bricks, coal-tar, and brown
paper, are made in large quantities; and there are nu-
merous tanneries, breweries, iron-foundries, and various
other works.
other works. The salmon fishery, for which the town
was distinguished, has materially declined, which is
attributed to the construction of locks at Bywell and
Winlaton mills, whereby the fish are prevented ascending
the smaller streams during the spawning season; to the
pollution of the Tyne, by the discharge of foetid mineral
and other deleterious water from the great number of
manufactories upon its banks; and to the agitation of
the river, by the steam-boats which daily ply between
this town and Shields. On the banks of the river
are numerous mills for grinding corn. The custom-
house, built in 1765, having become insufficient for the
increased trade of the port, it is now being enlarged,
and improved in its external appearance: it is situated
nearly in the centre of the quay. The duties paid in
1772, were £56,000, and in 1824 they had increased to
nearly half a million sterling per annum. A chamber of
commerce was established in 1815. The inland trade
is also very considerable, and is likely to be greatly
extended by the construction of a rail-road from
Newcastle to Carlisle, which is now in progress. The
market days are Tuesday and Saturday: the market
for wheat and rye is held in St. Nicholas' square, for
oats in the Bigg market; the grain is pitched in sacks:
the fish-market is held in a handsome and commo-
dious building, supported on a circular range of Doric
columns, at the east end of the exchange, and gene-
ral markets for provisions of every kind are held daily.
The fairs commence on August 1st and October 29th,
for woollen cloth, hardware, and toys, and continue
nine days, on the first of which horses and cattle are
sold; August 13th and October 30th, for leather; and
·
Newcastle has been one of the principal seats of
trade from a very early period: the extensive mineral
districts abounding with coal, of which prodigious
quantities are exported, not only to London and every
part of Great Britain, but also to France, Holland, and
Germany, and the numerous foundries and manu-
factories, for the establishment of which the abundance
of that mineral has afforded the greatest facility, have
contributed materially to the increase of the trade.
The harbour, which is deep, and affords secure shelter,
is accessible to ships of four hundred tons' burden: the
quay, which is commodious and well adapted to the
loading and unloading of merchandise, is five hundred
and forty yards in length, and is, with the exception of
that of Yarmouth, the largest in the kingdom. The
principal exports are coal and the produce of the va-
rious manufactories in the town and neighbourhood,
namely, tin, brass, and other metals, lead, cast and
wrought iron, glass, pottery, chemical productions, cop-
peras, soap, colours, grindstones, salt, and salmon from
the fisheries: the annual produce of the lead mines is
estimated at twenty thousand tons, at the least: the value
of glass manufactured, in its different varieties, is about
£500,000 annually, and the quantity of coal sent from the
port in 1826, was eight hundred and sixty-three thou-
sand and fifty-seven Newcastle chaldrons, containing each
sixty-eight Winchester bushels; of which, eight hundred
thousand four hundred and thirty-seven chaldrons were
sent coastwise, and sixty-two thousand six hundred and
twenty were exported. This branch of trade affords
employment to about seventy-five thousand persons ;
its weekly produce has been estimated at £60,000,
and the annual duty at £600,000. The chief imports
The chief imports
are wine, spirituous liquors, and fruit from the southern
parts of Europe; corn, timber, flax, tallow, and hides
from the Baltic, and various other commodities from the
opposite coasts: there is also a considerable trade with
North America. A few vessels sail annually to Davis'
Straits, on account of the whale fishery. The number
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November 22nd, which is called the Stone's fair, and
is chiefly for fat cattle. Among the numerous improve-
ments in contemplation is the formation of a spacious
corn-exchange, this being one of the greatest corn
markets in the kingdom.
Newcastle, which is a borough by prescription, was
first incorporated by Henry II., separated from the
county of Northumberland and made a county of itself
by Henry IV., under the designation of" The Town and
County of the Town of Newcastle upon Tyne," and
was exempted by Henry VI. from the jurisdiction of
the high constable, marshal, and admiral of England:
these several privileges were confirmed and extended
by Queen Elizabeth, who granted them, in 1589, a
new charter, ratified by succeeding sovereigns, under
which the government' is vested in a mayor, recorder,
ten aldermen, a sheriff, twenty-four common council-
men, assisted by a town-clerk, under-sheriff, sword-
bearer, eight chamberlains, two coroners, water-bailiff,
quay-master, eight serjeants at mace, and other offi-
cers. The mayor and other officers are chosen annu-
ally, by a body of twenty-four electors, who are them-
selves appointed annually, under the regulations of the
charter. The mayor, recorder, and aldermen, are jus-
tices of the peace within the town and county of the
town. The borough is divided into twenty-four wards,
for each of which two constables are appointed. The
incorporated fraternities, several of which have separate
halls, exercise important privileges; of these the twelve
principal send two deputies, and the fifteen by-trades
one each, to the election of the officers of the corpo-
ration. The freedom of the borough is inherited by all
the sons of freemen, and is obtained by servitude to
a resident freemen, or by gift of the corporation, but
the power of conferring the franchise by gift is rarely
exercised among the privileges are exemption from
toll and quay-dues, and the liberty of depasturing cattle
on the town moor is secured by act of parliament to
resident burgesses, and resident widows of deceased
burgesses. Courts of assise and quarter session for
the town and county of the town are held, for the trial
of all offenders; two courts of record, for the recovery
of debts and the determination of pleas to any amount;
one held every Monday, at which the mayor presides, in
causes relating to free burgesses or their widows; and
the other on the Wednesday and Friday in every week,
at which the sheriff presides, in causes relating to such
inhabitants of the town or county of the town as are not
free burgesses: in both these courts the recorder sits as
judge, or assessor. A court of requests is held, on the
first Wednesday in every month, by commissioners,
under an act passed in the 1st of William and Mary,
for the recovery of debts under 40s., the jurisdiction of
which extends over the town and liberties. A guild
is held thrice a year, for the purpose of proclaiming
the names and titles of persons seeking admission to
the freedom of the borough. The court of pie-powder
has fallen into disuse. The borough first exercised
the elective franchise in the 23rd of Edward I., since
which time it has returned two members to parlia-
ment: the right of election is vested in the free bur-
gesses, whether resident or not, the number of whom is
about three thousand five hundred: the sheriff is the
returning officer.
The guildhall, in which the assizes, sessions, and
:
other courts for the town and county of the town
are held, forms part of an extensive range of build-
ings, which include also
ings, which include also an exchange, merchants'
court, and various other offices: they were erected in
1658, at an expense of £ 10,700; and, in 1809, under-
The
went considerable alteration and enlargement.
hall is a spacious room ninety-two feet long and thirty
feet wide; the ceiling is ornamented with paintings,
and the floor laid with chequered marble; at the foot of
the grand staircase is a statue of Charles II., in Roman
costume; above the bench are full-length portraits of
Charles II. and James II., between which is that of
George III. ; on one side of the hall is the portrait of
Lord Chancellor Eldon, and on the other that of Lord
Stowell, Judge of the Admiralty court; and at the east
end, above the entrance to the merchants' hall, is a por-
trait of Admiral Lord Collingwood. The grand stair-
case leading to the merchants' court is in a handsome
style, and lighted by a dome; the court is thirty feet
square, with a richly groined roof, twenty-two feet high;
above these are offices for the town-clerk and other offi-
cers of the corporation, and an apartment fire-proof, in
which the town records are deposited. The mansion-
house, erected in 1691, at an expense of £6000, is a
handsome edifice of brick, with quoins and cornices of
stone, and has a pleasant terrace overlooking the river
on the south the grand saloon is ornamented with va-
rious kinds of armour tastefully displayed; the princi-
pal staircase, of black oak, leads into a room forty-two
feet in length, handsomely decorated, and used as a ball-
room on public occasions; the banqueting-room is fifty
feet long, and ornamented with two views of the town,
painted by Richardson, and with engraved portraits of
several distinguished characters; the mayor's parlour
contains the regalia; the drawing-room is splendidly
furnished, and the other apartments are of correspond-
ing style. The mayor resides in the mansion-house
during his mayoralty, and has an allowance of £2100
per annum, a state coach and barge, and an elegant
service of plate. The common gaol and house of cor-
rection for the town and county of the town is a spa-
cious building of stone, commenced in 1823, and com-
pleted in 1828: the exterior has a characteristic appear-
ance of massive strength; the entrance in the centre is
through a square gateway tower leading to the keeper's
house and other offices, from which diverge six radiating
wards, with day-rooms and airing-yards, for the clas-
sification of prisoners: the expense of the building,
which is in every respect well adapted to its purpose,
was £35,000. The new courts for the county of North-
umberland, erected on that part of the precincts of
the castle which is included within that county, were
commenced in 1810, and form a handsome range of
building, one hundred and forty-four feet in length and
seventy-two in breadth, having on the south front a
noble portico of six lofty fluted columns of the Doric
order, supporting a handsome frieze, cornice, and archi-
trave, and on the north, a similar portico of four columns,
leading into the grand entrance hall, on the right of
which is the Crown court, and on the left the Nisi Prius
court, commodiously arranged, and having large galleries
for the admission of the public: beyond these are the
grand jury room, with which both the courts have com-
munication; in the wings are rooms for the judge, petty
juries, and witnesses, above which are apartments for
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the gaoler and other officers connected with the courts;
under the courts are ranges of cells for prisoners, from
which is a communication with the Crown bar. These
buildings, which are in the purest style of architecture,
were erected at an expense of £52,000, of which the
Duke of Northumberland, whose portrait is in the grand
jury room, contributed £3000. In digging for the foun-
dation, two Roman altars, some coins, and other relics
of antiquity were found.
The town, originally comprising but one parish, is
now divided into four parochial districts, St. Nicholas',
the original parish, All Saints', St. Andrew's, and St.
John's, in the archdeaconry of Northumberland, and
diocese of Durham. The living of St. Nicholas' is a
vicarage, rated in the king's books at £50, and in the
patronage of the Bishop of Carlisle. The church, ori-
ginally built in 1091, was burnt down in 1216, and the
present structure was rebuilt in 1359. It is a spacious
cruciform structure, two hundred and forty feet long,
and seventy-three broad, principally in the decorated
style of English architecture, with a steeple one hundred
and ninety-five feet high, of singular beauty, in the
later style from the battlements of the tower rise oc-
tagonal turrets, crowned with crocketed pinnacles, of
which the central are lower than those at the angles;
from these spring four flying buttresses of graceful
curve, meeting in a point, and supporting an elegant
lantern turret, unequalled in beauty, and surmounted
by a small crocketed spire, terminating in a vane:
the interior retains many vestiges of its former an-
tiquity, among which are the carved oak roofs, the font,
and other relics; in the east window is a painting
of our Saviour bearing his cross, presented, at the cost
of £50, by the corporation over the communion table
is a fine painting of the Last Supper, by J. Tintoretti,
presented by Sir M. W. Ridley, Bart. During the occu-
pation of the town by the Scottish army, many of the an-
cient monuments were destroyed, and others were remov-
ed in the repairs and modernizations which have taken
place; of those that remain, the principal are to the me-
mory of Sir Matthew White Ridley, M.P., Vice-Admi-
ral Collingwood, the Rev. Hugh Moises, A.M., Calverley
Bewicke, Esq., and several others. On the southern side
of the church is a building erected by the late Sir Wal-
ter Blackett, Bart., who bequeathed a salary for a libra-
rian, for the preservation of a very ancient collection
of books, the ancient library of works on divinity, be-
queathed by Dr. Thomlinson: the lower part is used as
a vestry-room, and the upper for Thomlinson's library.
The church, dedicated to All Saints, situated on the sum-
mit of an eminence rising abruptly from the river, was
founded prior to 1286, and rebuilt in 1786: it is a hand-
some edifice, in the Grecian style of architecture, with
a lofty tower, surmounted by a light and elegant spire;
the south entrance is through a noble portico of four
Doric columns, on one side of which is a chapel for the
performance of the funeral service, and on the other a
large vestry-room, forming two handsome wings; the
body of the church is of an elliptic form, with a circular
portico at the west end, corresponding with the projec-
tion of the chancel at the east; the interior is beautifully
arranged, and derives peculiar advantage from its ellip-
tic form; the galleries and pews are of mahogany: the
living is a perpetual curacy, endowed with £600 royal
bounty, and £1600 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Vicar. St. Andrew's is a very ancient
structure, with a low square embattled tower of large
dimensions, the date of which is not known; it displays
portions in various styles of architecture, from the
early Norman to the later English; it suffered much
in the siege of the town, in 1644, and has undergone
repeated alterations and repairs; the interior contains
numerous ancient monuments: the living is a perpetual
curacy, endowed with £600 royal bounty, and £2200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar.
The church of St. John the Baptist is a spacious and
ancient cruciform structure, founded prior to 1286, in
the early style of English architecture, with a square
embattled tower; the windows, which are of large
dimensions, were formerly ornamented with painted
glass, of which there is scarcely any vestige: there
are several ancient monuments, and an ancient font,
in this church: the churchyard contains the remains
of John Cunningham, the pastoral poet, who died here
in 1773: the living is a perpetual curacy, endowed with
£600 royal bounty, and £1800 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Vicar. The pious Robert
Rhodes, who died about 1490, was a liberal benefactor
to this, as well as to most of the other churches in the
town.
town. St. Anne's chapel was built in 1768, by the cor-
poration, who endowed a lectureship in it, and also
make an annual voluntary payment to the minister,
who is appointed by the vicar, but the payment
being at the will of the corporation, their nomination
of a candidate is always attended to. The ancient cha-
pel near the bridge, dedicated to St. Thomas à Becket,
and annexed to the hospital of St. Mary Magdalene,
after being repeatedly curtailed in its dimensions, was
taken down, and a handsome edifice, in the decorated
style of English architecture, erected in the Magdalene
meadows it is a beautiful structure, with a lofty tower
of elegant design and proportion, having slender oc-
tagonal buttresses at the angles, carried above the
battlements, terminating in canopies, and surmounted
by pinnacles: the belfry windows are lofty, and or-
namented with tracery; over the western entrance,
which is through a stately arch, with deeply receding
mouldings, is an elegant triple shrine, finely sculptured;
the sides of the church are strengthened with panelled
buttresses of two stages, ornamented with canopies,
of which those at the angles rise considerably above
the roof: the interior is lighted on each side by a noble
and lofty range of windows of two lights, enriched with
tracery, and corresponds in every respect with the
general beauty of style for which the exterior is distin-
guished: the master of the hospital, who is appointed
by the corporation, is the incumbent. There are two
places of worship for Baptists, one for the Society of
Friends, three for Independents, two for Wesleyan and
one each for Independent and Primitive Methodists, and
those of the New Connexion, five for members of the
Scottish Kirk, and one each for the Scots relief con-
gregation, the Seceders, and Separatists from them, one
each for Burghers, Antiburghers, Sandemanians, Swe-
denborgians, and Unitarians, and a Roman Catholic
chapel.
-
The free grammar school was founded by Thomas
Horsley, who was mayor in 1525 and 1533, and made
a royal foundation in the 42nd of Elizabeth; and a
part of the buildings of St. Mary's hospital was appro-
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.
priated to its use by the corporation, who added four
marks per annum to the original endowment; they
have the appointment of the master, who has a salary of
£120 per annum : it is open for the gratuitous instruc-
tion of all boys of the town, and has, in common with
other schools in the diocese, an interest in twelve ex-
hibitions, of £20 per annum each, to Lincoln College,
Oxford, founded by Lord Crewe; two exhibitions to either
of the Universities, of £10 per annum each, founded by
Dr. Hartwell, for boys from this town and Durham; and
a scholarship in Emanuel College, Cambridge, founded
for boys from the same schools by Dr. Michael Smith.
Bishop Ridley, the Protestant martyr, is stated to have
received the rudiments of his education in this school,
though more probably, in some similar establishment in
the town, prior to its foundation; since which period
Lords Eldon and Stowell, Vice-Admiral Lord Colling-
wood, Sir Robert Chambers, William Elstob, an antiquary
and divine; the poet Akenside; the Rev. George Hall,
Bishop of Dromore; and the Rev. John Brand, author
of a history of Newcastle, and Secretary to the Antiqua-
rian Society of London, received the early part of their
education in this school. The Trinity House school was
established in 1712, and rebuilt in 1753, for the instruc-
tion of the children of members of that fraternity, in
writing, arithmetic, and the mathematics: the master
has a salary of £80 per annum, with a house, and the
privilege of taking twenty boarders, or of instructing
twenty scholars in addition to those on the foundation.
A charity school was founded in the parish of St. Ni-
cholas, in 1705, by Mrs Eleanor Allen, who endowed it
with a certain sum, which, being augmented by subse-
quent benefactions, is appropriated to the clothing and in-
struction of forty boys and forty girls: this school was
incorporated with the Clergy Jubilee school, founded
in 1819, in commemoration of the attainment of the
fiftieth year of his prelacy by the late Bishop of Dur-
ham, for an indefinite number of children, who are in-
structed on Dr. Bell's system. There are about four
hundred and eighty-five boys and one hundred and
fifty girls in the school; the boys on the foundation, at
fourteen years of age, are put to some trade or sent to
sea: the revenue, including a penny a week paid by
scholars not on the foundation, is about £425 per an-
num: the building is substantial, handsome, and com-
modious. St. Andrew's school was founded, in 1705,
by Sir William Blackett, Bart., for the education of
thirty boys, clothed from a fund appropriated by his son
in 1728; the number has been augmented to thirty-four
by subsequent endowment. A similar establishment,
for fifteen girls, was instituted in this part of the parish,
in 1772. St. John's charity school was founded, in
1705, by Mr. John Ord, who endowed it with property
producing about £54 per annum, for the clothing and
instruction of twenty boys, each of whom receives an
apprentice-fee of forty shillings on leaving the school.
All Saints' charity school, established in 1709, and sup-
ported by subscription, affords clothing and instruc-
tion to forty boys and forty girls; the boys receive.
an apprentice-fee of forty shillings, and the girls a
donation of twenty shillings, on leaving the school.
St. Ann's chapel school was built, in 1682, by the
corporation, by whom it is supported. Hanover-square
shool, in which fifteen boys are educated and clothed,
is chiefly supported by subscriptions. The Royal Ju-
2
bilee school was established in 1810, to commemorate
the fiftieth anniversary of the accession of George III.,
and a handsome building erected for the purpose, at
an expense of £2195; a good library was annexed to
it in 1822: the master's salary is £120 per annum ;
the scholars are instructed on the Lancasterian plan,
and the school is supported by subscription. The Im-
proved school for girls was established in 1812, and
is supported by subscription; the building, erected in
1814, is neat and commodious. The Carpenter's Tower
school, instituted in 1822, is chiefly supported by the
Wesleyan Methodists: the Union day school affords in-
struction to one hundred girls; and there are numerous
similar establishments and Sunday schools (the latter
under the superintendence of a Sunday school Union,
formed in 1815), supported by the members of the esta-
blished church, and the various congregations of dis-
senters. Infant schools have been established in various
parts of the town since the year 1825, and are liberally
supported and numerously attended.
:
;
The infirmary was instituted in 1751, and a com-
modious and handsome building was erected (on a
piece of ground presented by the corporation, who also
subscribe £100 a year), in 1752, at an expense of
£3700, and a chapel, dedicated to St. Luke, was con-
secrated in 1754: in 1801, a plan for enlarging the
buildings was adopted by the governors, and £5329
was subscribed for the purpose. The building, which
is situated at a short distance from the town, is a plain
but neat edifice of stone, four stories in height, with a
wing of brick two stories high: it contains warm baths
on an improved principle, and every accommodation
requisite for the patients and the recovery of their
health in the governors' room are portraits of Sir Wal-
ter Blackett, Bart., by Reynolds; Matthew Ridley, Esq.;
Dr. Joseph Butler, Bishop of Durham Dr. Benson,
Bishop of Gloucester, and other benefactors to the in-
stitution: it is principally supported by subscription,
and a fund arising from benefactions, among which is a
sum bequeathed by Mrs. E. Davison of Durham, for the
relief of patients dismissed as incurable: the average
number of in-patients is about one hundred and twenty,
and the annual expenditure about £3000. The dispen-
sary was established in 1777, and an appropriate building
was purchased and adapted to its use in 1790, a depart-
ment for the recovery of persons apparently drowned
was, in 1789, added to the original institution; it is
supported by subscription, and gratuitously visited by
members of the medical profession resident in the town
and neighbourhood. The lying-in hospital was founded
in 1760, and the present building erected, at an expense
of £1550, in 1826: it is supported by subscription, and,
under good regulations, is open to the poor married wo-
men of the town and neighbourhood. The society for the
relief of pregnant women at their own houses was in-
stituted in 1760, and is liberally supported. The house
of recovery from fever, and other contagious diseases
not admissible into the infirmary, was erected in 1804,
at an expense of £1800, on a site of land granted for
that purpose by the corporation : it is well regulated,
and amply supported by subscription, and is open to
persons not objects of charity, on payment of a mode-
rate remuneration. The Lock hospital, instituted in
1814, and the infirmary for diseases of the eye, esta-
blished in 1822, are supported by subscription. The
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lunatic asylum was erected, by subscription, upon a part
of the Warden Close, granted by the corporation, in 1767,
and was greatly enlarged and improved by that body in
1824: it contains a complete suite of wards for the
classification of the patients, who are provided with
every accommodation requisite for their health and con-
sistent with their condition; the establishment com-
prises warm, cold, and shower baths, and is conducted
on a system combining humanity and skill in the treat-
ment of that malady.
Jesus' hospital was founded by the corporation,
in 1681, for the maintenance of freemen, their widows,
and children: the premises are neatly built of brick,
three stories high; in front is a piazza, forming a plea-
sant walk ninety-one feet in length, and in front of the
upper stories are galleries extending the whole length
of the building: it contains forty-two apartments, for
the reception of as many inmates, who receive each
£ 13 per annum from the corporation, with an allow-
ance of coal and other necessaries. Mrs. Davison's
hospital was founded in 1719, and endowed by her with
£ 940, in consideration of which an annuity of £ 55 per
annum is paid by the corporation, who erected the pre-
sent buildings, in 1754, for the accommodation of a
governess and five sisters, widows of Protestant clergy-
men, merchants, or freemen of the town, who are ap-
pointed by the corporation, and have an annual in-
come of £ 13, with a supply of coal. An hospital was
also founded, in 1754, by Thomas Davison and his sis-
ters, who gave £ 1200 in trust for that purpose to the
corporation, who erected apartments, adjoining the two
former hospitals, for six unmarried women, daughters
or widows of burgesses, who have an allowance of £ 13
per annum, with a supply of coal and other necessaries.
Sir Walter Blackett's hospital was founded in 1754, for
six unmarried burgesses, and endowed by him with
£ 1200, given in trust to the corporation, by whom the
building was erected, and by whom the inmates are ap-
pointed; they have the same allowance as the inmates
of Jesus' hospital. The Westgate hospital, containing
twenty apartments, arranged in a quadrangular building
of stone, in the ancient style of English architecture, was
founded by the corporation, to celebrate the peace with
France, in 1814, and in 1817 it was augmented by twenty
additional rooms, for a governor and twenty brethren
and sisters, who receive each five shillings per week, paid
monthly, and a supply of coal, the governor having £2
per annum extra. The Trinity almshouses were founded
by the guild, or fraternity, of the Blessed Trinity, origin-
ally incorporated in 1492, and refounded in the reign of
Elizabeth, in 1584, for the regulation of the pilotage of
the harbour, and the erection of lighthouses on the
coast: the buildings comprise a hall for the transaction
of business, a chapel, and two ranges of dwellings for
thirteen aged men and thirteen widows, who receive
each £1. 8. per month, with other necessary supplies:
connected with this institution are two classes of out-
pensioners, the first of which receives £ 7, and the second
£5, per annum each, with an extra allowance of £1
per annum for every child under fourteen years of age:
the total number of brethren is about three hundred
and forty. The association for the preservation of life
from shipwreck was instituted, under the patronage of
this society, in 1825.
The Keelmen's hospital was founded in 1788, and is
under the management of twenty-one guardians, who are
empowered to levy one penny per chaldron on the freight
of all keels laden with coal at the port; these funds are
augmented by the payment of one farthing per chaldron
on all coal exported from the Tyne, by the owners or
lessees of the mines, according to agreement, confirmed
by act of parliament in 1820: the buildings, which were
erected in 1701, on ground granted by the corpora-
tion, at an expense of £2000, comprise an office, a
club-room, and sixty dwellings for the reception of poor
keelmen, whose weekly allowance varies, according to
circumstances, from one to five shillings. The Society
of the Sons of the Clergy of the diocese of Durham
and Hexhamshire was instituted in 1709, and, in 1725,
united with a similar institution for the deaneries of
Alnwick and Bambrough; the anniversary meetings are
held alternately at Durham and at Newcastle. A fund
for the widows of Protestant dissenting ministers was
established in 1764; the society hold their meetings
in this town, at Alnwick, and at Morpeth, in rotation.
There are numerous societies for the relief of the
poo
nd indigent of every class, among which are the
Friendless Poor Society, formed in 1797; the Benevo-
lent Society, in 1811; the Society for clothing distressed
females, in 1815; the Stranger's Friend Society, in
1821;
the Repository for the sale of the work of in-
dustrious females, opened in 1825; the Society for
the relief of the indigent sick, instituted in 1827, and
various others. Among the provident societies are, the
Association of Protestant schoolmasters of the North of
England, established in 1774; the Liberal Society of
Tradesmen, in 1791; the Clerks' Society, in 1807; the
Roman Catholics' Friendly Society, in 1823: and nu-
merous benefit societies, consisting in the aggregate of
about sixteen thousand members.
Of the various monastic establishments existing
here at a very remote period of antiquity there are
scarcely any vestiges; and of several the memorial
is preserved only in the names which they have
given to different parts of the town among these was
a small Benedictine nunnery, founded in the reign of
William the Conqueror, and dedicated to St. Bartho-
lomew, the revenue of which, at the dissolution, was
£37.4. 2.; a convent of Dominican friars, founded in
1260, by Sir Peter Scot and his son, of which there are
some remains; a convent of Franciscans, founded in
the reign of Henry III.
the reign of Henry III.; a priory of brethren of the
order De Pœnitentiâ Jesu Christi, of which the first
notice occurs in the year 1268; a priory of Carmelites,
supposed to have been founded here in the reign of
Henry III.; an establishment of Augustine friars, said
to have been founded, in 1290, by Lord Ros, Baron of
Wark upon Tweed; and the priory of St. Michael,
founded in 1360, for brethren of the order of the
Holy Trinity, associated for the redemption of cap-
tives. There still exists two hospitals, one founded by
Henry I., and dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, for a
master and three brethren, to which was annexed the
hospital of St. Thomas, near the bridge; and the
other, called the hospital of St. Mary the Virgín, in
Westgate, for a master and six brethren, the remains
of which are still apparent, and the ancient chapel
is now appropriated to the use of the free grammar
school.
Newcastle has been distinguished as the birth-
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place of many eminent characters, among whom are the
celebrated Dr. John Scot, usually called "Duns Scotus,"
who received his education in the Franciscan convent
in this town; and his disciple and panegyrist, Hugh of
Newcastle, a native of the town, and a friar of the same
convent; Dr. Nicholas Durham, a resident in the con-
vent of the White friars, in 1360, and a zealous oppo-
nent of Wickliff; William Elstob, a learned antiquary
and divine, who was born in 1673; and his sister Eli-
zabeth Elstob, born in 1683, and eminent for her know-
ledge of Saxon literature; Dr. Richard Grey, author
of the Memoria Technica, who was born in 1694; Mark
Akenside, poet and physician, born in 1721; the Rev.
Henry Bourne, historian of the town, who died in
1733; the Rev. John Brand, a subsequent historian,
born in 1743; Sir Robert Chambers, Judge of the Su-
preme Court of Judicature at Calcutta, born in 1737;
Dr. Charles Hutton, born in the same year, an eminent
mathematician, author of the Mathematical and Philo-
sophical Dictionary, Tables of Logarithms, a Course of
Mathematics, and numerous other works, and one of the
compilers employed in the abridgment of the philo-
sophical transactions of the Royal Society; John Scott,
Earl of Eldon, and late Lord High Chancellor of En-
gland, born in 1751; and his brother, William Scott,
Baron Stowell, born in 1745; and Cuthbert, late Baron
Collingwood, Vice-Admiral of the Red, born in 1748:
Mr. Thomas Bewick, the celebrated engraver on wood,
a native of Cherryburn, fourteen miles from Newcastle,
resided in this town from 1767 till his decease.
NEWCHURCH, or WHITEGATE, county palatine
of CHESTER.-See WHITEGATE.
NEWCHURCH, a township in that part of the
parish of KINNERSLEY which is in the hundred of
WOLPHY, County of HEREFORD. The population is
returned with the parish.
NEWCHURCH, a parish in the liberty of ROMNEY-
MARSH, though locally in the hundred of Newchurch,
lathe of SHEPWAY, county of KENT, 5 miles (N.) from
New Romney, containing 281 inhabitants. The living
comprises a rectory and a vicarage, in the peculiar juris-
diction and patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury;
the rectory is rated in the king's books at £8. 4. 2.,
and the vicarage at £19. 16. 04. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter and St. Paul.
NEWCHURCH, a chapelry in the parish of WIN-
WICK, hundred of WEST DERBY, county palatine of
LANCASTER, 6 miles (E. by S.) from Newton in Macker-
field. The population is returned with the parish. The
living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory of
Winwick, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester.
NEWCHURCH, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of CALDICOTT, county of MONMOUTH, 6 miles
(N. W. by W.) from Chepstow, containing 562 inhabit-
ants, of which number, 422 are in the East, and 140 in
the West, division. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with
£ 800 royal bounty, and £ 1400 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of the Duke of Beaufort.
NEWCHURCH, a parish in the liberty of EAST
MEDINA, Isle of Wight division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 41 miles (S. E. by E.) from Newport, contain-
ing, with the north and south divisions and the town of
Ryde, 3945 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vi-
carage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester,
VOL. III.
.
rated in the king's books at £12. 6. 8., and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Bristol. The church is dedi-
cated to All Saints.
cated to All Saints. Maurice Bockland, in 1755, gave
land whereon to build a school-house, and William
Bowles bequeathed £500 for its erection and endow-
ment: the annual income, including other bequests,
is £7.
NEWCHURCH in PENDLE-FOREST, a chapelry
in that part of the parish of WHALLEY which is in the
higher division of the hundred of BLACKBURN, County
palatine of LANCASTER, 4½ miles (W.) from Colne. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Chester, endowed with £10 per annum pri-
vate benefaction, and £ 800 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of Earl Howe. The chapel is dedicated to
St. Mary. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists, also an endowed free school.
NEWCHURCH in ROSSENDALE-FOREST, a
chapelry in that part of the parish of WHALLEY which is
in the higher division of the hundred of BLACKBURN,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 3½ miles (E.S.E.) from
Haslingden, containing, with Bacup, Dead win-Clough,
Tunstead, and Wolfenden, 8557 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Chester, and in the patronage of the Vicar of Whal-
ley. The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The
Wesleyan Methodists and Unitarians have each a place
of worship here, and the former a Sunday school. A
free grammar school was founded, in 1701, by Edward
Ashworth and John Hoyle, who surrendered an estate,
now producing an annual income of £60, in support
of the master, for teaching about thirty-five children.
The river Irwell passes through the parish, in which
cotton and woollen goods are manufactured to a consi-
derable extent, in their various branches. Coal mines
and quarries of freestone, slate, &c., abound here. A
fair for cattle is held on April 29th, and one for cattle,
clothing, and pedlary, on June 29th.
NEWDIGATE, a parish comprising the hamlet
of Newdigate, in the first division of the hundred of
REIGATE, but chiefly in the second division of the hun-
dred of COPTHORNE, County of SURREY, 5 miles (S.S.E.)
from Dorking, containing 579 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese
of Winchester, rated in the king's books at £ 8. 18. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Peter, is principally in the early style of
English architecture. George Steer, in 1661, gave a
school-house, and endowed it with a rent-charge of
£6. 13. 4. a year, to which George Booth, in 1681, added
£100; the present annual income amounts to upwards
of £20, and is applied to the education of about
eighteen poor children.
NEWENDEN-LIBERTY, a parish in the hundred
of SELBRITTENDEN, lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT,
5 miles (S. W. by S.) from Tenterden, containing 151
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at
£7. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Archbishop of
Canterbury. The church is dedicated to St. Peter. This
place, now an inconsiderable village, but still governed
by a bailiff and under-bailiff, independent of the hun-
dred, was formerly a large city and sea-port, and is said
to have contained fifty-two taverns. The Roman station
Anderide has by some been fixed near this spot, where
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large remains of earthworks, many Roman coins, foun-
dations, and other antiquities have been from time to
time discovered. The river Rother, which is crossed by
a modern brick bridge of three arches, on the high road
from Kent to Sussex, runs through the parish. A fair,
principally for pedlary, is held on July 1st. At Losenden
are the remains of a Carmelite friary, founded in 1241,
by Sir Thomas Fitz-Aucher, Knt., in honour of the
Blessed Virgin. Here is a powerful chalybeate spring.
NEWENT, a parish in the hundred of BOTLOE,
county of GLOUCESTER, comprising the liberty and
market town of Newent, and the tythings of Boulsdon
with Killcot, Compton, Cugley, and Malswick, and con-
taining 2660 inhabitants, of which number, 1287 are in
the town of Newent, Smiles (N. W.) from Gloucester,
and 112 (W.N.W.) from London. The name of this place
is supposed to have been derived from a new inn erected
for the accommodation of travellers, on the site of a di-
lapidated mansion, now called the Boothall. A Benedic-
tine priory, a cell to the abbey of Cormeile in Nor-
mandy, was founded here soon after the Conquest; and
on the suppression of Alien priories it was given to the
college of Fotheringhay. The town, which is situated
westward of the river Severn, in the Forest of Dean, is
small and irregularly built, and owes its present impor-
tance to some springs near it, which possess the same
qualities as the Cheltenham water. Some coal mines
were opened in the parish, but the working of them
has been discontinued: the Hereford and Gloucester
canal passes through the parish, and communicates by
a short branch with the town. The market is on
Friday; and fairs are held on the Wednesday before
Easter, the Wednesday before Whitsuntide, and August
12th, and a statute fair on the 19th of September. The
town, which was formerly more extensive than it is at
present, was governed by a bailiff, whose office be-
came obsolete about the end of the seventeenth century.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at
£23, and in the patronage of the Rev. William Andrew
Foley. The church, which is dedicated to the Virgin
Mary, is a spacious fabric, the work of different periods;
over the porch is a tower with a lofty spire, built in 1679,
as was also the roof of the nave, which is supported
without pillars. There are two places of worship for
dissenters. Here are two free schools, and an unen-
dowed almshouse for twenty poor persons of either
sex; and other purposes.
NEW-FOREST, a township in the parish of
KIRKBY-RAVENSWORTH, western division of the wapen-
take of GILLING, North riding of the county of YORK,
11 miles (W. N. W.) from Richmond, containing 73 in-
habitants. An individual, whose name is unknown, left
a rent-charge of £ 12 for teaching poor children.
NEWHALL, a township in the parish of ACTON,
hundred of NANTWICH, County palatine of CHESTER,
5 miles (S. W. by S.) from Nantwich, containing 854
inhabitants. The site of the ancient castle, which suf-
fered greatly from the incursions of the Welch, can no
longer be traced.
NEWHALL, a township in the parish of DAVEN-
HAM, hundred of NORTHWICH, County palatine of
CHESTER, 34 miles (E.S.E.) from Northwich, containing
17 inhabitants.
NEWHALL, a joint township with Stanton, in the
parish of STAPENHILL, hundred of REPTON and GRES-
LEY, county of DERBY, 23 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Burton upon Trent. The population is returned with
Stanton. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. Newhall is in the honour of Tutbury,
duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of
a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday,
for the recovery of debts under 40s.
·
NEWHALL, a joint township with Clifton, in that
part of the parish of OTLEY which is in the upper
division of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding of
the county of YORK, & of a mile (N. N. W.) from Otley,
containing, with Clifton, 208 inhabitants. This was the
residence of Edward Fairfax, Esq., a celebrated poet in
the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.
4
NEWHAM, a township in the parish of BAM-
BROUGH, northern division of BAMBROUGH ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 7 miles (S. E.) from Belford,
containing 298 inhabitants.
NEWHAVEN, otherwise MEECHING, a parish and
sea-port, in the hundred of HOLMSTROW, rape of LEWES,
county of SUSSEX, 7 miles (S.) from Lewes, 9 (E. S. E.)
from Brighton, and 58 (s.) from London, containing
927 inhabitants. The ancient name of this place was
Meeching, and its present appellation was probably given
about 1713, on the formation of the harbour, on which
its importance chiefly depends. In 1731, an act of par-
liament was obtained to empower commissioners to
repair the piers, and to cleanse and enlarge the harbour,
which during the last thirty years has been progres-
sively improving, the frequent dredging of boulders,
or large stones driven upon the beach by the tide,
having essentially contributed to that effect. It is one
of the best tide harbours in the channel between the
Downs and the Isle of Wight, and the bay forms one
of the finest roadsteads on the southern coast: with
the wind from north-north-west to east by south, facility
of entrance to it is afforded, when a similar attempt
at other places would be perilous. The piers are one
hundred and twenty feet distant from each other; the
:
NEWFIELD, a township in that part of the parish
of ST. ANDREW AUCKLAND which is in the north-west pier is seven hundred feet in length, and the east
western division of DARLINGTON ward, county palatine six hundred at low water of spring tides the depth is
of DURHAM, 34 miles (N.) from Bishop-Auckland, con- five feet; at high water, during the neap tides, it stands
taining 11 inhabitants.
at fourteen feet; and during spring tides, from twenty
to twenty-two feet. Skilful pilots are constantly sta-
tioned on the piers; and in the day-time a flag is
hoisted, as soon as the depth of water in the harbour
reaches ten feet, and whilst it continues so long on the
ebb as it is safe for vessels to enter. Ships of three
hundred and three hundred and fifty tons' burden have
found shelter here during tempestuous weather. At the
mouth of the harbour is a small fort, and here also
is moored H. M. frigate Hyperion, with three attendant
cutters, to prevent smuggling along the coast two
steam-packets sail hence to Dieppe twice a week. It
is worthy of observation, that Newhaven is the nearest
NEWHAM, a township in the parish of WHALTON,
western division of CASTLE ward, county of NORTHUM-
BERLAND, 11 miles (N. W.) from Newcastle upon Tyne,
containing 76 inhabitants.
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sea-port to the metropolis of England, and the nearest
English port to that of France.
The town, which is about half a mile distant from the
sea, is situated near the mouth of the Ouse, over which,
about thirty-five years since, a drawbridge was erected,
leading towards Sleaford, in lieu of the ferry the
streets are of neat and clean appearance, and are lighted
by subscription; the houses are respectable, many of
them being of modern erection: the inhabitants are sup-
plied with water by means of wells. A new and more
commodious turnpike-road to Brighton has been formed,
which has proved highly advantageous to the interests
of the town. In the early part of the last century the
inhabitants were extensively engaged in trade, which
afterwards declined, owing to the decay of the old
wooden piers that protected the harbour; but from the
improvement in it, and its having been constituted, un-
der a license from the Lords of the Treasury, a bonding
port for all kinds of timber, as it was previously for wine
and spirits, the commercial interests of the inhabit-
ants have considerably improved; commodious bonding
warehouses have been constructed on the quay, on a
principle similar to those at the West India docks. The
importation of coal has been extensive and progressive
for several years: it is conveyed by the navigable river
Ouse to Lewes and other parts, the navigation extend-
ing twenty miles inland. There is likewise a con-
siderable trade in the importation of foreign timber,
and the exportation of English oak for the dock-yards:
the coasting trade in flour, butter, and corn, is also
considerable. Many of the poor are employed in col-
lecting boulders, which are shipped for the potteries
in Staffordshire, and otherwise used in building walls.
Ship-building formerly constituted a considerable source
of employment, and at one period several were built
for the West India trade; but this branch of occu-
pation has greatly declined, only two vessels having
been built and registered here in 1825. There are two
extensive breweries, and the town is noted for the
excellence of its beer. The number of vessels which
entered from foreign parts in 1826 was forty-three Bri-
tish, and five foreign; and the number of those which
cleared outwards, four British, and four foreign. The
number of vessels belonging to Newhaven, in March
1828, was sixteen, averaging sixty-four tons each. Here
is a custom-house; and a collector, comptroller, and
harbour-master, are stationed at the port. A fair for
pedlary is held on the 10th of October. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lewes,
and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books
at £8. 3. 4., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Michael, and ori-
ginally consisted of but one aisle and a tower, in the
Norman style, has undergone enlargement; one hundred
and seventy-five new sittings have been added, of which
one hundred and twenty are free, and towards defray-
ing the expense of which, the Incorporated Society for
the enlargement of churches and chapels contributed
£50: some windows, in the early style of English ar-
chitecture, have been inserted on the south side. Near
to and on the northern side of the churchyard is an
obelisk, erected to commemorate the wreck of the Brazen
sloop of war on the Ave rocks, near this town, during a
violent storm on the morning of January 26th, 1800,
when Captain Hancock and one hundred and three men
.
were drowned, and only one was saved. A charity
school, for children of both sexes, is supported by volun-
tary contributions. On Castle hill, about a mile from
the town, westward of the mouth of the Ouse, are the
remains of a military encampment; and the strata of
the sub-soil of this eminence contains some curious
minerals and fossils.
NEWHOLM, a joint township with Dunsley, in
the parish of WHITBY, liberty of WHITBY-STRAND,
North riding of the county of YORK, 24 mile (W.)
from Whitby, containing, with Dunsley, 259 inhabit-
ants.
.
NEWICK, a parish in the hundred of BARCOMB,
rape of LEWES, county of SUSSEX, 42 miles (W.) from
Uckfield, containing 540 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lewes, and diocese of
Chichester, rated in the king's books at £7. 17. 84.,
The
and in the patronage of the Rev. T. B. Powell.
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is principally in the early
English and decorated styles of architecture. George
Venables Vernon and Louisa Barbara his wife, in 1771,
founded and endowed, with a rent-charge of £50, a
school for the education and clothing of twelve poor
girls.
NEWINGTON, a parish in the hundred of MILTON,
lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 3 miles (W.) from
Milton, containing 629 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury,
rated in the king's books at £14, and in the patronage
of the Provost and Fellows of Eton College. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, is a handsome structure, princi-
pally in the early English style, with some windows in
the decorated. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists. The village, which had formerly a
market, is supposed to occupy the site of a town in-
habited by the Britons, and after them by the Romans :
the ancient Watling-street crosses the parish. In a field,
called Crockfield, an abundance of Roman urns and
other vessels has been found, lying in various positions,
and frequently empty, which has induced an opinion
that this was only the site of a Roman pottery, though
eminent antiquaries have here fixed the station Duro-
levum, and suppose this field to have been a burial-place
for the Romans stationed at the adjacent military works,
numerous vestiges of which may still be traced, such as
Julius Cæsar's hill, Standard hill, Key-street, anciently
Caii Stratum, &c. There is a traditionary account of a
nunnery, and afterwards of a college of Secular canons,
having existed here.
NEWINGTON, a parish in the hundred of Ewelme,
county of OXFORD, 43 miles (N. by E.) from Walling-
ford, containing, with the chapelry of Brightwell-Prior,
the tythings of Brockhampton and Halcomb, and the
liberty of Berrick-Prior, 445 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, with Brightwell-Prior, in the peculiar
jurisdiction and patronage of the Archbishop of Can-
terbury, rated in the king's books at £18. 13. 4. A
small rent-charge was bequeathed by Mary White, in
1729, for teaching three children of the hamlet of
Berwick.
NEWINGTON next HYTHE, a parish in the hun-
dred of FOLKESTONE, lathe of SHEPWAY, county of
KENT, 2 miles (N. E. by N.) from Hythe, containing
498 inhabitants.
498 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, united to the
rectory of Cheriton, in the archdeaconry and diocese
3 A 2
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1
of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £7. 12. 6.
The church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, is an embattled
structure, partly in the decorated style of architecture.
The ancient chapel of St. Nicholas, every vestige of
which has disappeared, was once famous for the resort
of fishermen to make offerings at the shrine of their
patron saint, on escaping imminent dangers at sea.
The Grand Military canal passes through a detached
portion of the parish. From an eminence near the fine
mansion of Beachborough is a noble prospect over the
country, and across the channel to the coast of France.
Roman coins have been dug up in the village, and in
1760, three human skeletons, with beads of agate, peb-
bles, glass, coral, and red earth, were discovered in
levelling a fence.
3
NEWINGTON (ST. MARY), or NEWINGTON-
BUTTS, a parish in the eastern division of the hundred
of BRIXTON, County of SURREY, 12 mile (S.) from
London, containing, with the hamlet of Walworth,
33,047 inhabitants. This parish obtained the adjunct
by which it is distinguished from other parishes of the
same name from the shooting butts anciently erected
in it. It has, by the recent addition of numerous
ranges of building in various parts, become one of the
most populous parishes in the suburbs of the metro-
polis, and is inhabited by numerous families, whose
residences are in general respectable, and in some in-
stances distinguished by the pleasantness of their situa-
tion, and the style of their architecture. Among the
more ancient of the buildings are a few which still pre-
serve considerable vestiges of their original character;
but by far the greater part of the parish consists of wide
and extended ranges of modern erection and appear-
ance: the principal roads leading through the village,
from the metropolis to Camberwell and Clapham, and
the streets which generally diverge from them at right
angles, are partially paved, and well lighted with gas,
and the inhabitants are amply supplied with water by
the New Lambeth water-works. Among the more recent
improvements which have contributed to extend the
parish, are the handsome ranges of houses on the north
and east sides of Kennington-common, Doddington-
grove, Surrey-square, and several lines of houses on
the Kent road, together with those which have been
erected in the vicinity of Trinity-square, in the centre
of which a new district church has been built. The
Dovor and the Brighton roads diverge from a point in
this parish, at the Elephant and Castle, where the
number of coaches stopping and passing is estimated at
about five hundred daily. The village is not distin-
guished by any particular branch of manufacture, or by
any other trade than what it derives from its situation
as a great thoroughfare, and its proximity to London.
There is a manufactory for oil of vitriol on the east side
of Kennington common, which occupies three acres of
ground, and between that and the Kent road are a
smelting-house for lead and antimony, a tannery, a
manufactory for glue, another for tobacco pipes, with
manufactories for floor-cloth and carriages, and several
nursery grounds. The parish is within the jurisdiction
of the court of requests for the borough of South-
wark, the authority of which was extended, by an act
passed in the 46th of George III., to the recovery of
debts under £5: it is also within the limits of the new
police establishment. The sessions-house, in which the
quarter sessions for the county of Surrey are held re-
gularly, is situated in that part of the parish which
adjoins the borough of Southwark: it is a neat building
of brick, containing a convenient court-room for the
trial of prisoners, to which is a private communication
from the adjoining prison, and rooms for the accommo-
dation of the grand jury, the clerk of the peace, and
other officers. The common gaol in Horsemonger-lane
is a spacious building of brick ornamented with stone,
containing nine wards for the classification of prisoners,
with airing-yards, &c., and affording room for the recep-
tion of one hundred and fifty-six prisoners in separate
cells. The Surrey asylum, for the reception, clothing,
maintenance, and instruction of discharged prisoners,
was instituted in 1824, under the patronage of His
Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, and His Grace
the Archbishop of Canterbury, and is supported by sub-
scription: the building is handsomely constructed of
brick, and is capable of receiving sixty inmates; there
are at present twenty males and seven females in this
institution; the former, after a due time, are apprenticed
to different trades, with a small premium, and the latter
placed out as servants.
The living is a rectory, in the exempt deanery of
Croydon, which is within the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at
£16, and in the patronage of the Bishop of Worcester.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a neat modern
edifice of brick, with a small cupola and campanile tur-
ret surmounted by a dome; the interior is well arranged,
and there are several handsome mural tablets: the
churchyard, which is spacious, contains some ancient
tombs and several good monuments. Two district
churches were erected in this parish, in 1824 and 1825,
by aid of the parliamentary commissioners, who granted
one moiety of the expense, and lent the other moiety
for eight years without interest, to be repaid by a rate
on the inhabitants. The church, dedicated to the Holy
Trinity, in Trinity-square, is a handsome edifice, in the
Grecian style of architecture, with a portico of six
fluted Corinthian columns, supporting a triangular pe-
diment, and having a square tower ornamented with
pillars of the Doric order, and surmounted by a cam-
panile turret surrounded with pillars of the Corinthian
order; the interior is appropriately ornamented, and
contains two thousand and forty-eight sittings, of which
seven hundred and seventy-one are free: the expense of
its erection was £13,316. 4. The church, dedicated to
St. Peter, in the hamlet of Walworth, containing two
thousand sittings, of which five hundred are free, was
erected at an expense of £19,126. 13.: it is a spacious
and handsome edifice of brick, ornamented with stone,
having at the western entrance a receding portico of
four Ionic columns, supporting a cornice and central
balustrade, with a slender square tower, ornamented at
the quoins with pilasters of the Corinthian order, and
surmounted by an open campanile turret of graceful
elevation, surrounded with Corinthian pillars, and
crowned with a conical dome. The livings are per-
petual curacies, in the patronage of the Vicar of
Newington.
There are two places of worship for
Baptists, two for Independents, one for Wesleyan
Methodists, and one for the followers of Johanna
Southcote. The parochial charity, National, and Sun-
day schools, supported partly by endowment and partly
=
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by subscription, were united in 1820, and a handsome
and commodious building erected for their use, contain-
ing, on the basement story, a school-room seventy-five
feet in length and forty-five feet wide for boys, and on
the upper story a room of similar dimensions for girls;
in this establishment, which is calculated for the ad-
mission of one thousand children, there are at present
four hundred boys and two hundred girls; of the
former sixty-five, and of the latter fifty-five, are annu-
ally clothed. The female charity school, established in
1723, and a school of industry, opened in 1796, pre-
viously separate institutions, were united in 1818, and a
neat and commodious school-house erected in Mount-
street, by subscription; there are one hundred girls,
who are clothed, and instructed in reading, writing,
arithmetic, and in household work; and, when qualified
to become useful servants, are placed in respectable
families, and encouraged to good conduct by annual
presents: this institution, which is under the direction
of a president and a committee of ladies, is supported by
subscription among the different dissenting congrega-
tions. The female school in South-street, established
in 1810, is supported by subscription, and conducted by
a committee of ladies: there are one hundred girls in
this establishment, who are instructed on the plan of the
British and Foreign Society. The school for boys, in
Flint-street, conducted on the same system, was esta-
blished in 1816, and a spacious school-room, capable of
receiving four hundred boys, with a dwelling-house for the
master, was erected by subscription: there are at present
three hundred and twenty boys in this institution. The
York-street female charity school, founded in 1810,
chiefly by the congregation of Independents, is conducted
under the superintendence of a committee of ladies, with
a view to qualify the scholars for service in respectable
families: there are fifty girls, who are instructed in
reading, writing, arithmetic, and needlework, and of
whom thirty are annually clothed. In the parish work-
house forty-three boys and twenty-five girls are clothed,
maintained, and instructed in reading, writing, and
arithmetic, and, at a suitable age, placed out apprentices
with a premium of £7 each: in connexion with the work-
house, and within the walls, is a manufactory for ropes,
twine, and door-mats. The southern quadrangle of the
Fishmongers' almshouses, consisting of twenty addi-
tional tenements, founded in 1721, by James Hulbert,
whose statue is placed on a pedestal in the centre of
the area, is within the parish; the older portion of the
almshouses, erected by that company about a century
before, is in the parish of St. George the Martyr: the
more ancient part consists of an outer and an inner quad-
rangle, comprising twenty-three tenements, of two rooms
each, for the residence of decayed members of the com-
pany, who receive twelve shillings per week, if married,
and eight shillings, if single: the buildings of brick, or-
namented with stone, are of the Elizabethan style at
the entrance of the outer quadrangle is a chapel, with
a window over the archway, in the early English style,
and a small belfry turret, and on one side of the inner
quadrangle is a hall, with some painted glass, in which
the wardens of the company hold their meetings for the
business of the charity; behind are extensive gardens
pleasantly laid out, and communicating with those of
the additional buildings, which are of somewhat more
modern appearance. There are also some almshouses in
.
Cross-street, under the superintendence of the Drapers'
Company. Of the hospital of our Lady and St. Ka-
therine, which existed here till the middle of the six-
teenth century, there are no vestiges.
NEWINGTON (NORTH), a hamlet in the parish of
BROUGHTON, hundred of BLOXHAM, county of Oxford,
22 miles (W. by S.) from Banbury, containing 291 inha-
bitants.
NEWINGTON (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred
of WOOTTON, county of OXFORD, 5 miles (W. N. W.)
from Deddington, containing 428 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Oxford, rated in the king's books at £8,
endowed with £600 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £900 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Rector and Fellows of Exeter College,
Oxford. The church, dedicated to St. Peter, has lately
received an addition of two hundred and twenty-four
sittings, of which one hundred and forty-six are free,
the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels having granted £ 100 towards the expense.
The small river Sweve separates this parish from those
of Milcombe and Wigginton.
NEWINGTON (STOKE), a parish in the Finsbury
division of the hundred of OssULSTONE, County of MID-
DLESEX, 3 miles (N. by E.) from London, containing
2670 inhabitants. The village consists principally of
a long street, extending from Kingsland road to Stam-
ford-hill, and on the high road from the metropolis to
Cambridge. The eastern side of this street is within the
parish of Hackney; and from the western side, near the
centre, branches off a street leading to the parish church.
These streets are paved and lighted with gas, and the
inhabitants are supplied with water from the New River,
which pursues a serpentine course through the parish,
in which are a continuous line of respectable private
houses, and several detached handsome residences;
among the latter the ancient manor-house is particu-
larly worthy of notice, as also a modern mansion near
the church; the grounds around which are laid out
with much taste, and the New River winding through
them gives to the whole an agreeable and pleasing effect.
Here are several extensive nursery gardens, but no dis-
tinguishing manufacture, the trade of the place depend-
ing on the resident population, and on its situation as a
thoroughfare on a great public road. The New River
Company are constructing a large reservoir, and erecting
a steam-engine in the parish. Courts leet and baron
for the manor are held annually. The living is a rec-
tory, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean and Chap-
ter of St. Paul's, rated in the king's books at £10, and
in the patronage of the Prebendary of Newington in
the Catheral Church of St Paul. The church, de-
dicated to St. Mary, is a low building, re-erected by
William Patten, Esq., lessee of the manor, in 1563,
and since repeatedly enlarged.
:
Considerable altera-
tions have recently been made, and a new gallery
erected, a steeple has also been added to the tower: it
contains several handsome monuments.
There are
places of worship for the Society of Friends, Indepen-
dents, and Unitarians. A charity school, with an
endowment arising from the benefactions of Thomas
Stock and others, was founded in the early part of the
last century, which, having fallen into decay, was re-
vived in 1790, with the aid of subscriptions and charity
1
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366
A
sermons;
ers.
:
and since that time an additional fund has
been formed of £1100 three per cent. consols., from
legacies, donations, and savings of income. Thirty
boys and twenty-five girls are educated and clothed,
and some of them apprenticed with a premium of £8.
The joint salaries of the master and mistress amount to
£100 per annum. A school for the education and
clothing of fourteen poor girls is supported by dissent-
There is also an infant school. A brick gateway,
with a pointed arch, on the north side of Church-street,
is the only part now standing of the buildings belonging
to the old manor-house. Near the church is a walk
between trees, called Queen Elizabeth's walk and at
Newington resided her favourite, Robert Dudley, Earl
of Leicester, and his contemporary, Edward Vere, Earl
of Oxford. Dr. Isaac Watts, an eminent dissenting
divine and poet, after having passed the last thirty years
of his life at the mansion of Sir Thomas Abney, died
here November 25th, 1748. Among the other dis-
tinguished residents in this parish, were the repub-
lican general, Fleetwood; Daniel Defoe, author of
Robinson Crusoe; Adam Anderson, who wrote a valu-
able "History of Commerce;" Thomas Day, the author
of the History of Sandford and Merton, and other po-
pular productions; Howard, the philanthropist; Dr.
John Aikin, compiler of the "General Biography;" and
his sister, the celebrated Mrs. Barbauld.
NEWINGTON-BAGPATH, a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of BERKELEY, county of GLOU-
CESTER, 43 miles (W. N. W.) from Tetbury, containing
247 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, with the per-
petual curacy of Owlpen annexed, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at
£14, and in the patronage of Robert Kingscote, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Bartholomew.
NEWLAND, a liberty in that part of the parish of
HURST which is in the hundred of SONNING, county of
BERKS, 32 miles (W. by S.) from Wokingham, contain-
ing 264 inhabitants.
NEWLAND, a parish in the hundred of ST. BRIA-
VELLS, county of GLOUCESTER, comprising the cha-
pelries of Breem and Coleford, and the tythings of Clear-
well, Lee-Bailey, and Newland, and containing 3383
inhabitants, of which number, 486 are in the tything of
Newland, 4 miles (S. E. by S.) from Monmouth. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at
£18. 6. 10., and in the patronage of the Bishop of
Llandaff. The church, dedicated to All Saints, is a
large structure, with a handsome western tower orna-
mented with pinnacles and open-worked battlements:
adjoining the churchyard is a free school, also an alms-
house for four poor persons of each sex, both founded by
Edward Bell, who, in 1651, endowed them with an annuity
of £20: the annual income, with subsequent donations,
has been raised to upwards of £ 180, of which £ 40 is paid
for teaching fifteen children, the schoolmaster having also
apartments in the school-house: £ 104 a year is received
by the eight alms-people, 5s. per week being paid to
each, and the residue expended in fuel and clothing for
them, and in repairing the premises of both establish-
ments. There are also two charity schools, conducted
on the National system. The navigable river Wye
forms the western boundary of the parish, through
which run several rapid rivulets, and the rail-road from
Colford to Monmouth. Iron and coal mines abound,
and limestone may be obtained, in the neighbourhood.
Redbrook, where there is now a considerable manu-
factory for tin plates, was formerly the site of the earliest
copper-smelting furnaces in England. The remains
of High Meadow House, which was garrisoned by the
troops of Charles I., when the parliament had possession
of Gloucester, are still visible. There is a spring of
water in Birchamp, which in purity is not inferior to
St. Ann's well at Malvern.
NEWLAND, a township in the parish of ULVER-
STONE, hundred of LONSDALE, north of the sands,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 23 miles (N. N. E.) from
Ulverstone, containing 440 inhabitants.
NEWLAND, a chapelry in the parish of GREAT
MALVERN, lower division of the hundred of PERSHORE,
county of WORCESTER, 52 miles (S. W.) from Worces-
ter, containing 125 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Wor-
cester, endowed with £ 10 per annum private benefaction,
and £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the
Vicar of Malvern. The chapel is dedicated to St.
Michael. Courts leet and baron are occasionally held
here.
•
NEWLAND, an extra-parochial liberty, in the lower
division of the wapentake of AGBRIGG, West riding of
the county of YORK, 3 miles (N. E.) from Wakefield,
containing 46 inhabitants. There was formerly an old
chapel near the mansion house, but it was taken down
about fifty years ago. Courts leet and baron are an-
nually held here, under the styles of "the Court Leet of
our Soveriegn Lord the King," and "the Great Court
Baron of the Manor of Newland cum Woodhouse Moor,"
which was parcel of the possessions of the Knights
Hospitallers, who, in the reign of John, established here
a preceptory of their order, valued at the dissolution at
£202. 3. 8. per annum.
NEWLAND, a township in the parish of DRAX,
lower division of the wapentake of BARKSTONE-ASH,
West riding of the county of YORK, 4½ miles (N. E. by
E.) from Snaith, containing 269 inhabitants. Charles
Read, in 1669, bequeathed land and £2000, directing
the income to be applied for teaching all the poor
children of the parish, and for the clothing and main-
tenance of six poor people and six boys of the parish of
Drax.
NEWLANDS, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of CROSTHWAITE which is in ALLERDALE ward above
Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, 5 miles (S. W. by
W.) from Keswick, containing 115 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Carlisle, endowed with £1200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Vicar of Crosthwaite. The
chapel is situated near the small village of Little Town,
which, lying under a mountain knot, does not receive
the rays of the sun from Martinmas to Candlemas.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
A fair for sheep is held at Little Town on the first Fri-
day in September. Rich copper mines were formerly
in operation here, from which so much gold and sil-
ver was extracted as to entitle them to be considered
royal property; upon which a law-suit was instituted,
in the reign of Elizabeth, against the Earl of Northum-
berland, in whose lordship the mines were discovered,
which terminated in favour of the crown; but since the
NEW
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parliamentary war, in which the original works were
destroyed, and most of the miners slain, they have been
worked on a much smaller scale. The ruins of smelt-
ing-houses and other buildings may still be traced on
the banks of the Bure. Immense quantities of lead-
ore have also been raised in the neighbourhood, but the
mines are now comparatively unproductive. A quarry
of fine slate for roofing has lately been opened, and at
Stairs there is a mill for carding wool.
NEWLANDS, a township in the parish of BYWELL
ST. PETER, eastern division of TINDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 12 miles (S. E. by E.) from Hex-
ham, containing 154 inhabitants.
/
NEWLAND-SIDE, a township in the parish of
STANHOPE, north-western division of Darlington
ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 1½ mile (S. W.) from
Stanhope, containing 763 inhabitants. There is a smelt-
ing mill for lead-ore at Bollihope.
NEWLYN, a parish in the hundred of PYDER,
county of CORNWALL, 24 miles (W. N. W.) from St.
Michael, containing, with part of the borough of St.
Michael, or Midshall, 1045 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £ 16. 13. 4., and
in the patronage of the Bishop of Exeter. The Inde-
pendents and Wesleyan Methodists have each a place of
worship here, and there is a small endowed school. Se-
veral rapid streams run through the parish, in which
are some chalybeate springs, and a valuable lead mine.
The petty sessions for the division are held here, on the
last Monday in every month. At Cargol there was for-
merly a palace belonging to the bishops of Exeter, to one
of whom a market and a fair were granted in 1312:
fairs are held on the first Tuesday in October and No-
vember 8th. In this parish is the fine old mansion of
Trerice, built in 1572, and once the seat of a branch of
the Arundel family.
:
NEWMARKET, a market town, comprising the pa-
rish of St. Mary, in the hundred of LACKFORD, county
of Suffolk, and the parish of All Saints, in the hun-
dred of CHEVELEY, county of CAMBRIDGE, 13 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Cambridge, and 61 (N. N. E.) from
London, on the road to Norwich, containing 2514 inha-
bitants. The earliest account of this town has reference
to the year 1227, when it is supposed to have derived its
name from a market then recently established, which
is said to have been removed hither, on account of the
plague raging at Exning, a village about two miles dis-
tant, where was, probably, the parochial church and in
the time of Edward III. it gave name to Thomas Merks,
or de Novo Mercatu, Bishop of Carlisle, who was proba-
bly a native of the place. A house, called the King's
house, was originally built here by James I., for the
purpose of enjoying the diversion of hunting, and the
subsequent reputation of this town for horse-racing
seems to have arisen from the spirit and swiftness of
some Spanish horses, which having been wrecked with
the vessels of the Armada, were thrown ashore on the
coast of Galloway and brought hither. Its celebrity
greatly increased in the reign of Charles II., the grand
patron of the turf, who rebuilt the King's house, which
had fallen into decay during the civil war, and frequently
honoured the races with his presence. On the 22nd
of March, 1683, being the time of the races, the King,
Queen, and Duke of York were present, but a sudden
conflagration compelled them to return hastily to Lon-
don, to which event some writers have attributed the
defeat of the Rye-house plot: by this disaster a great
part of the town was destroyed, and the damage was
estimated at £20,000. A second conflagration happened
about the beginning of the last century. At the close
of the civil war, Charles I. was removed from the house
of Lady Cutts, of Childerley, to Newmarket, on the 9th
of June, 1647, and remained here about ten days.
The town consists principally of one street, the north
side of which is in the county of Suffolk, and the south
in that of Cambridge: it is neither lighted nor paved;
the houses are modern and well built, and some, erected
for the occasional residence of visitors, are handsome :
the inhabitants are supplied with water from springs.
Coffee-houses, billiard-rooms, and others, furnish ap-
propriate accommodation for all meetings, preliminary
to the races. The race-course and training-grounds are
the finest in the kingdom; the former is on a grassy
heath near the town, and in the county of Cambridge,
extending in length four miles: the training-ground is
more than a mile and a half long, on a very gentle ac-
clivity, admirably adapted to keep the horses in wind.
The races are held seven times in the year, and are dis-
tinguished as the Craven meeting, commencing on the
Monday in Easter-week; the first and second spring
meetings, the former on the Monday fortnight following,
and the latter a fortnight afterwards; the July meeting;
the first and second October meetings, and the third
October, or Houghton meeting, the first of these com-
mencing on the Monday preceding the first Thursday in
that month: the king gives two plates annually. The
palace erected by King James has been sold, and con-
verted into shops: the one added to the original struc-
ture by King Charles is standing, and was the residence
of the late Duke of York during the meetings; belong-
ing to it are extensive stables for the king's horses.
The training of race horses is a source of extensive
profit, several of them, among which are some of the
finest horses in the world, being constantly exported, at
exceedingly high prices about four hundred are here
during the greater part of the year; and it is computed,
that the weekly consumption of oats in the town alone,
amounts to the amazing quantity of five hundred quar-
ters. The market, which was granted or confirmed in
1227, is held on Tuesday; and there are fairs on Whit-
Tuesday and November 8th, the latter being extensively
supplied with cattle, horses, corn, butter, cheese, hops,
The county magistrates hold petty sessions here
every Tuesday; and a court leet is held occasionally.
&c.
The parishes of St. Mary and All Saints are in the
archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich; the
former is a discharged rectory, consolidated with the
vicarage of Wood-Ditton, rated in the king's books at
£4. 15. 24., and in the patronage of the Duke of Rut-
land: the church is a handsome structure with a fine
tower and spire. The latter is a perpetual curacy, en-
dowed with £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
the Bishop of Norwich. There is a place of worship
for Independents. Free schools are supported by a do-
nation of £50 per annum from Queen Anne, which is
equally divided, after the deduction of fees of the Ex-
chequer, between the master and the mistress, for which
they are required to teach twenty-one boys and twenty ·
one girls a National school having been recently esta-
:
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368
NEW
at the back of the works is an extensive picture gal-
lery, containing specimens of painting in oil and water
colours, by Mr. John Potts: this repository promises,
at no very distant period, to become an object of con-
siderable interest to the scientific traveller. A local
subscription, amounting to £1000, has been raised
towards the erection of a new church; the sum of
£2500 has been granted by the parliamentary com-
missioners, in aid of the work; and a piece of ground
has been given by Lord George Cavendish, for the site
of the edifice, which will contain five hundred free
sittings. The living will be a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, and in the patronage of the Vicar of Glos-
sop. There are places of worship for Independents, and
Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists. A charity school
in the hamlet of Whitle, erected by subscription, affords
gratuitous instruction to nine poor children, and the
master receives about £ 10. 10. per annum, arising from
bequests by Mary Trickett, in 1712, and Ralph Bowden,
in 1730; besides which, on a division of the common
lands of Whitle, an extensive allotment was assigned
towards the support of the school.
NEWMINSTER-ABBEY, a township in that part
of the parish of MORPETH which is in the western
division of CASTLE ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND,
containing 79 inhabitants. An abbey of Cistercian
monks from Fountains, in honour of the Blessed Virgin
Mary, was founded here, in 1198, by Ranulph de Mer-
lay, and Julian his wife, which at the dissolution
had a revenue valued at £140. 10. 4. of this once
magnificent structure only a part of the gateway re-
mains.
:
blished, the twenty-one boys on Queen Anne's foun-
dation are instructed there as free scholars; the re-
mainder, being about one hundred and ten, are paid
for by the subscribers; the girls, instructed by the
schoolmistress, are provided with cloaks and bonnets.
About a mile and a half from the town is a remark-
able excavation, called the "Devil's Dyke," extending
nearly in a straight line for seven miles, and being
in some places above one hundred feet in width: this
work, unquestionably of very remote antiquity, has
been attributed to the Britons anterior to the time of
Cæsar, and by some to Uffa, the first king of the East
Angles; but, notwithstanding that much pains have
been taken in the research, no authentic account has
ever yet appeared of this remarkable monument of
human industry and perseverance: it serves for the
boundary between the dioceses of Norwich and Ely.
Several Roman coins were found near Newmarket heath,
in the year 1750.
NEW-MILLS, a manufacturing district in the
parish of GLOSSOP, hundred of HIGH PEAK, county of
DERBY, 21 miles (N. W.) from Derby, and 170 (N. W.
by N.) from London, containing about 5000 inhabit-
ants. Its original name was Bowden-Middle-Cale.
Situated along the north bank of the Guyt, and reach-
ing from Kinder-Scout to Mellor, it formerly com-
prised seven hamlets; but about a century ago it was
subdivided, three of the hamlets remaining attached
to Hayfield, and the other four, Beard, Ollerset, Whitle,
and Thornset, being formed into a township: formerly
the whole of the inhabitants of the hamlets included in
Bowden-Middle-Cale were accustomed to grind their
corn at a common mill in Hayfield, but upon their
subdivision, a new mill was erected upon the river
Kinder, in the hamlet of Ollerset, and the name of
New Mills was, in consequence, conferred on the four
above-mentioned hamlets, the inhabitants of which
ground their corn here. The Kinder derives its source
from the mountain of Kinder-Scout, and, separating the
county of Derby from that of Chester, falls into the
river Guyt at a place called the Tor. The appellation of
New Mills is yet more definitely applied to a cluster of
factories and houses, which rise one above another from
the brink of the river to the summit of the Crags, a
height of several hundred feet, and also extend along
the turnpike-road, as far as London Place. The original
branches of manufacture in this district were those of
paper and cloth, which have been superseded by cotton,
calico-printing, and bleaching works, &c.: coal mines
abound in the neighbourhood, and contain some veins
of lead-ore. In the year 1821, Mr. John Potts con-
ceived the idea of adapting the method used by en-
gravers in the potteries to the purposes of calico print-
ing, with the view of producing a more durable and
brilliant effect than had hitherto been obtained in that
branch of the art; his experiment was crowned with
complete success, and proved the origin of a style
of engraving which has been adopted by every calico
engraver in that branch, not only in Great Britain
and Ireland, but throughout the whole of Europe
and the United States: the engraving establishment,
belonging to the firm of Potts, Oliver, and Potts, is a
neat and spacious fabric of red brick, tastefully deco-
rated with various statues and vases, and affords em-
ployment to about one hundred artists; in the grounds
G
NEWNHAM, a market town and parish in the
hundred of WESTBURY, County of GLOUCESTER, 11½
miles (W. S. W.) from Gloucester, and 116 (W. by N.)
from London, containing 1012 inhabitants. This town
appears to have originated in a ford over the river
Severn, formed by a ridge of rocks and a sand-bank, the
shifting of which latter, in 1802, rendered the river no
longer fordable. Here was anciently a castle, which
constituted one of the fortresses on the Welch frontier,
in the times of our Norman kings, but there are no traces
of it. The town is situated on the western bank of the
river, which is navigable, and across which there is a ferry
to Arlingham. A harbour for vessels of one hundred and
fifty tons' burden was constructed about eighty years
ago, and some coasting trade is carried on, though the
difficult navigation of the river near the town has
contributed to lessen its commerce, much of which has
been transferred to a port, a few miles to the south,
called Gatcombe. A verdegris manufactory, and ship-
building, afford employment to some of the inhabitants;
and at Aylesford, in this parish, are large forges for
working iron and making iron-wire; there being in the
neighbourhood extensive iron and coal mines, and the
carriage of their produce being facilitated by the Bullo
Pill railway, which passes from the marble works on the
Severn southward of the town, into the Forest of Dean,
through a tunnel one thousand and sixty yards in ex-
tent, and also by the Berkeley canal. The market, now
very inconsiderable, is on Friday; and fairs are held on
the 11th of June and 18th of October. The govern-
ment was vested in a mayor and burgesses in the reign
of Edward I., but there are now few relics of its former
-
NEW
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369
importance, except a sword of state, said to have been
the gift of King John: two constables, locally termed
Beams, are appointed; but, until the beginning of the
present century, the inhabitants annually celebrated
the election of a mayor and six aldermen. The lord
of the manor holds a court leet yearly; and petty ses-
sions for the Forest of Dean are held here and at
Woolaston alternately. Newnham was returned as one
of the five boroughs in Gloucestershire, on a mandate
from the Crown, in the ninth of Edward I., and is
said formerly to have sent two members to par-
liament. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Gloucester, and in the patron-
age of the Mayor and Corporation of that city. The
church, which is dedicated to St. Peter, and stands on
a cliff near the river, contains some portions of Norman
architecture, especially the arched entrance into the
chancel, ornamented with zigzag mouldings, and sup-
posed to have belonged to a more ancient edifice. There
is a place of worship for Independents. Fifteen poor
boys are annually clothed from the funds of a charity,
called "Jocham's charity;" James Jocham having, by
will, dated December 21st, 1764, given the interest of
£ 1000 for ever, for this and other benevolent purposes.
There is also a savings bank.
NEWNHAM, a parish in the hundred of CASHIO,
or liberty of ST. ALBAN'S county of HERTFORD, 3 miles
(N.) from Baldock, containing 112 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
St. Alban's, and diocese of London, rated in the king's
books at £5, endowed with £400 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of P. Yorke, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Vincent.
NEWNHAM, a parish in the hundred of FAVERS-
HAM, lathe of SCRAY, County of KENT, 4 miles (S. W.
by W.) from Faversham, containing 356 inhabitants.
w.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at
£5. 12. 6., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Miss Thorn-
croft and Mrs. Hill. The church, dedicated to St.
Peter and St. Paul, is principally in the early English
style of architecture. A fair is held on the festival of
St. Peter. There is a small charity school in the parish.
NEWNHAM, a parish in the hundred of FAWSLEY,
county of NORTHAMPTON, 24 miles (S. S. E.) from Da-
ventry, containing 574 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Badby, in the
archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peter-
borough. The church, dedicated to St. Michael, exhibits
portions in the various styles of English architecture.
The business of lace-making has been introduced into
this parish. Thomas Randolph, the poet and dramatist,
was born here, in 1605.
NEWNHAM, a parish in the hundred of BASING-
STOKE, Basingstoke division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 4½ miles (E. by N.) from Basingstoke, contain-
ing 266 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, with the
perpetual curacy of Maplederwell annexed, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's
books at £17. 17. 1., and in the patronage of the
Provost and Fellows of Queen's College, Oxford. The
church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
NEWNHAM, a hamlet in the parish of LINDRIDGE,
lower division of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW, though
VOL. III.
.
locally in the upper division of the hundred of Dod-
dingtree, county of WORCESTER, 4 miles (E.) from Ten-
bury. The population is returned with the chapelry of
Knighton upon Teame.
NEWNHAM (KING'S), a parish in the Rugby
division of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, county of
WARWICK, 44 miles (N. W. by W.) from Rugby, contain-
ing 134 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, united
to the rectory of Church-Lawford, in the archdeaconry
of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated
in the king's books at £5. The Oxford canal crosses the
north-eastern angle of the parish; and on the bank of
the river Avon is a once celebrated bath, to which the
water is conveyed from a chalybeate spring, about a
mile distant; it is impregnated with alum, and said to
be efficacious in scorbutic complaints, and in healing
fresh wounds.
NEWNHAM-MURREN, a parish in the hundred
of LANGTREE, County of OXFORD, 1 mile (S.) from
Wallingford, containing 260 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of North
Stoke, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary.
NEWNTON (LONG), a parish in the hundred of
MALMESBURY, county of WILTS, 34 miles (N. N. W.)
from Malmesbury, containing 306 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's
books at £8. 5., and in the patronage of Thomas Est-
court, Esq. The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity.
Elizabeth Hodges, in 1723, and Amy Haddon, subse-
quently, bequeathed each a trifling rent-charge towards.
the support of a school.
NEWPARKS, a liberty in the parish of ТHurlas-
TON, hundred of SPARKENHOE, county of LEICESTER,
6 miles (S. W. by W.) from Leicester, containing 17 in-
habitants.
NEWPORT, a borough in the parish of ST. STE-
PHENS, northern division of the hundred of EAST, County
of CORNWALL, adjoining to the town of Launceston, and
214 miles (W. S. W.) from London. The population is
returned with the parish. This place is separated from
Launceston only by a small rivulet, and it appears to
have been joined with it in the parliamentary representa-
tion, under the name of Dunheved. Two representatives
have been separately returned from it since the time of
Edward VI. the right of election is in the burgage-
holders, and inhabitants paying scot and lot: the num-
ber of voters is about sixty; and two vianders, ap-
pointed at the court leet held for the manor, are the re-
turning officers: the influence of the Duke of North-
umberland is predominant.
:
NEWPORT, a parish (formerly a market town) in
the hundred of UTTLESFORD, county of ESSEX, 3 miles
(S. S. W.) from Saffron-Walden, containing 852 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the juris-
diction of the Commissary of Essex and Herts, concur-
rently with the Consistorial Court of the Bishop of
London, rated in the king's books at £9. 10., endowed
with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Mary, is a fine structure in the later En-
glish style, having a lofty western tower, crowned with
embattled turrets. There is a place of worship for In-
dependents. A free grammar school was founded in
+
3 B
NEW
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1
1586, by Joyce Frankland and William Saxie, her son,
who endowed it with a rent-charge and other property,
now producing together an annual income of about
£200. At the northern end of the village are slight re-
mains of an hospital, founded, in the reign of John, by
Richard de Newport, the revenue of which, at the dis-
solution, was £23. 10. 8. Two fairs are held, on Easter-
Tuesday and November 17th, but the market has been
long disused.
BORROVEHE
Corporate Seal.
NEWPORT, a sea-port
and incorporated market
town, in the parish of ST.
WOOLLOS, upper division
of the hundred of WENT-
LLOOG, County of MON-
MOUTH, 25 miles (S. W.)
from Monmouth, and 146
(W.) from London. The
population is returned with
the parish. This place,
called by Giraldus Novus
Burgus, or New Town, in
contradistinction to the ancient city of Caerleon, arose
out of the declining greatness of that celebrated station.
Here Robert, Earl of Gloucester, natural son of Henry I.,
erected a castle for the defence of his possessions, whence
it was denominated Castell Newydd, or New Castle: from
him it descended through several noble families, till, on
the execution of Edward, Duke of Buckingham, it was,
together with the lordship, siezed by Henry VIII. The
town is pleasantly situated on the river Usk, which is
navigable for vessels of large size, and crossed by an
elegant stone bridge, about four miles from its junction
with the Severn: it consists principally of a long narrow
street, which extends from an eminence, on which is the
parish church, to the river, and forms part of the mail-
road from Bristol to Milford-Haven; the streets are
paved, and brilliantly lighted with gas; and the inha-
bitants are supplied with water under an act of par-
liament obtained in the 7th of George IV. Several
new and handsome buildings in progress evince the
rapid improvement of the town. Book-clubs and a
reading-room have been established; and races are held
in the first week in July. Newport possesses a good
haven, and, by means of its river and a canal which
communicates with it, has become a place of great trade.
The chief articles of export are, iron and coal from the
counties of Monmouth and Brecknock, and tin-plate
from the neighbouring districts, which, with other com-
modities, are shipped here for Bristol and the adjacent
counties, also for Ireland, France, the Mediterranean,
and America: the exports for 1829 were, of iron, one
hundred and eight thousand seven hundred and twenty-
six tons; of coal, four hundred and seventy-one thou-
sand six hundred and seventy-five tons: the imports
consist of provisions and other articles of general con-
sumption. The number of vessels which entered in-
wards from foreign ports in 1826, was fifteen British
and twelve foreign; and the number which cleared out-
wards, fifty-two British and twenty-two foreign; and
the number of vessels belonging to the port in 1828,
was twelve of one hundred tons', and thirty-nine below
that burden. Ship-building is extensively carried on;
nine ships were built and registered here in 1825, and
ten in 1826. Two branches diverge from the main ca-
*
NEWPORT
-
nal, which passes through the town, one of which unites
with the Brecon and Abergavenny canal: a rail-road,
consisting of three lines, leads hence to the iron-works,
which are about twenty-four miles distant. Here is a
custom-house, and a collector and a comptroller of the
customs are stationed at the port. The markets are
on Wednesday and Saturday; and fairs are held on
Ascension-day, April 30th, September 19th, and No-
vember 6th, for cattle of all kinds; during their continu-
ance courts of pie-powder are held. The first charter
appears to have been granted by Edward II., but that
under which the town is now governed is dated in the
21st of James I. The corporation consists of a mayor
and twelve aldermen, with a recorder and steward: the
mayor is elected by the steward of the manor, and on
his election nominates two water-bailiffs for the port,
two for the town, constables, clerk of the market, and
other officers: vacancies in the court of aldermen, and
the offices of recorder and town-clerk, are filled up by
the corporation. The mayor, two senior aldermen, and
the steward of the manor, are justices of the peace, with
power to hold courts of session for offences committed
within the borough, which has not been exercised for
the last twenty years, all offenders being committed for
trial to the house of correction for the county. A court
of requests, for the recovery of debts to any amount,
formerly held by the mayor, is also disused. The sheriff's
county hall is held here, alternately with Monmouth,
every month. Newport returns one member to parlia-
ment, conjointly with Monmouth and Usk: the right of
election is in the resident burgage inhabitants: the num-
ber of voters is about one hundred, and the mayor is
the returning officer. The freedom is obtained by birth,
marriage, apprenticeship within the borough, gift, and
purchase.

The parish church of St. Woollos is situated at the
outskirts of this town; the tower is said to have been
built by Henry III., as a reward for the successful re-
sistance of the inhabitants to Simon Montfort, Earl of
Leicester, and was formerly ornamented with the statue
of that monarch, part of which is still preserved: the
church exhibits specimens of various styles of architec-
ture; the nave is Norman, and is entered by a fine arch
of that style; the aisles are Anglo-Norman. A mari-
ners' church, for the accommodation of seamen entering
this port, has been recently constructed between New-
port and Pillgwenlly, on the Caerdiff road. There are
two places of worship for Baptists, four for Independents,
two for Wesleyan Methodists, and a Roman Catholic
chapel. A Lancasterian school for boys, and a National
school for girls, together capable of accommodating
about three hundred children, are supported by voluntary
contributions: in 1824, another school for boys, on the
National system, was erected by Rowley Lascelles, Esq.,
for the instruction of the children of Pillgwenlly; it is
under the superintendence and management of the
directors of the Tredegar Iron Company and is sup-
ported by means of subscription. The only vestiges of
an ancient castle, now converted into a large brewery,
are the external walls and three strong towers this
fortress was evidently intended as a protection to the
inhabitants of the surrounding country, from the
incursions of the Normans and the English, when
Monmouthshire formed a part of the principality of
Wales.
:
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NEWPORT, an incorporated market town and pa-
rish, in the Newport division of the hundred of BRAD-
FORD (South), county of SALOP, 19 miles (E. N. E.) from
Shrewsbury, and 139 (N. W. by N.) from London, con-
taining 2343 inhabitants. This town is situated near
the line of the Roman Watling-street, on the north-east
border of the county, and contains some respectable
dwelling-houses: it sustained a loss, estimated at £30,000,
from a fire in the year 1665. The inhabitants are sup-
plied with water from large cisterns, which are filled
from a neighbouring spring, by means of a watercourse
and pipes, kept in repair from the proceeds of some pro-
perty vested in the corporation : in the vicinity are mines
of coal and iron, and quarries of limestone. A branch
canal, which connects the Birmingham and Liverpool
with the Shrewsbury 'canal, passes a little to the north
of this town. The market is on Saturday; and fairs are
held on the first Tuesday in February, the Saturday
before Palm-Sunday, May 28th, July 27th, Sept. 25th,
and December 10th, principally for live stock. The
earliest municipal privileges were granted by Henry I.,
and confirmed by charters of succeeding sovereigns, until
the time of Edward VI.: the corporation consists of a
high steward, deputy steward, two bailiffs, and about
twenty-five burgesses. Courts leet are held by the joint
lords of the manor, as are also petty sessions for the
Newport division of the hundred. Under the provisions
of an act passed in the 4th of George III., a trust was
formed, for the purpose of enclosing a tract of waste
land, one hundred and twelve acres in extent, on which
each householder had the right of pasturage for one
milch cow, directing the rental to be appropriated to the
repairs of the streets, market-hall (which was erected at
the expense of William Adams, Esq.), and the market
cross. A bridge trust was formed in 1750, having the
control of funds arising from enclosures, which are ap-
plied to general improvements.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
of Salop, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, and
in the patronage of the Crown. The church, which is
dedicated to St. Nicholas, anciently belonged to the
abbey of St. Peter and St. Paul, in Shrewsbury, and was
alienated, by permission of Henry VI., to Thomas Draper
and his heirs, by whom it was made collegiate, for a
warden and four lay chaplains: the structure is princi-
pally in the ancient style of English architecture, with a
square tower, but the aisles have been rebuilt with brick.
There is a place of worship for Independents. The free
grammar school was built at the expense of William
Adams, Esq., a native of this place, who, by indenture,
dated November 27th, 1656, assigned certain lands for
the support of a master and an usher, for the endow
ment of four exhibitions at any of the colleges in Oxford
or Cambridge, for the erection and endowment of four
almshouses for as many poor persons, for annually ap-
prenticing three poor children, and for other purposes :
this grant was confirmed by two acts of parliament,
obtained in 1660 and 1661, by which the master and
four wardens of the Company of Haberdashers were in-
corporated governors; and the property thus appropri-
ated was exempted from the payment of all taxes and
assessments, parochial and parliamentary. The land
belonging to the charity, in 1820, comprised about eight
hundred and eighty-three acres, yielding an annual in-
come of £957. 3. 6., which, by the dividends on stock,
was increased to £1330 per annum. In consequence
of applications made to the court of Chancery, in
1797 and 1808, for an extension of the plan of this
charity, a decree was issued, pursuant to which the mas-
ter receives an increased salary of £150 per annum,
the usher one of £75, each of the four exhibitioners
£22. 10., the resident minister £60, each of the four
alms-people £19. 10., each of the three apprentices £18,
twenty poor persons free of the Company of Haber-
dashers £3. 15. each, a writing-master £45, the re-
ceiver £21, various incidental charges increasing the
expenditure to about £815 per annum. By the statutes
of the founder, the number of boys was limited to
eighty, to be chosen from the boys in the town and its
vicinity; these being inadequate to supply the number,
boys are admitted indiscriminately from other parts,
and are instructed in the usual course of classical and
English literature, preparatory to entering the Univer-
sity. The master and usher are respectively appointed
by the governors, each possessing a rent-free residence.
This school also enjoys the benefit of four exhibitions
founded by Mr. Careswell, for an account of which, see
BRIDGENORTH. An English school, originating in a
free grammar school founded prior to the time of Ed-
ward VI., was endowed by subsequent benefactions, pro-
ducing an annual income of £49. 1; from fifty to sixty
children are educated. Almshouses for the residence
of four poor aged persons, who receive weekly allow-
ances, were also founded by Mr. Adams, who gave a
sum for annually apprenticing three poor children. The
Town's almshouses, for four poor females, were built in
1446, at the expense of William Glover of this town,
and are endowed with £70 per annum. Various other
charitable benefactions, amounting to nearly £200 per
annum, are distributed amongst the poor. Tom Brown,
a witty, but licentious, poet of the seventeenth century,
was educated at the free school, and born here, or at
Shiffnall.
NEWPORT, a borough,
market town, and parish,
having separate jurisdic-
tion, though locally in the
parish of Carisbrooke, liberty
of WEST MEDINA, Isle of
Wight division of the county
of SOUTHAMPTON, 18 miles
(S. S. E.) from Southamp-
ton, and 84 (S. W.) from
London, containing 4059 in-
habitants. The situation of
Newport on the principal
Seal and Arms.
branch of the Medina river being considered more ad-
vantageous for commercial purposes than that of Caris-
brooke, which was formerly a market town, has caused
it to supersede the latter as the capital of the island.
The town is situated on a gentle ascent, and is bounded
on the east by the chief branch of the river, and on
the west by a small stream which unites with the latter
at the quay, where it becomes navigable hence to the
Isle of Wight channel at West Cowes it consists of
five parallel streets, crossed by three others at right
angles, which are well paved, lighted with gas un-
der an act of parliament, and kept in excellent
order; the inhabitants are abundantly supplied with
water, by means of pumps which have been recently
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erected. Here is a small theatre; and assemblies are
held occasionally: a public library and news-room,
called the "Isle of Wight Institution," was established
in 1810 monthly meetings are held, during the winter,
by a Philosophical Society, in a room adjoining the
library, which also contains a museum of natural and
artificial curiosities: a mechanics' institution also has
been recently established, to which is annexed a library.
The town has been much improved of late years, and
some new sewers are now in progress. The manufac-
ture of thread-lace occupies a considerable number of
persons, chiefly children, and furnishes an article for
exportation: some commerce is carried on in timber,
iron, and malt, and large quantities of wheat and flour
are exported. The market for corn and provisions is
on Saturday; there is likewise a cattle market every
alternate Wednesday: fairs are held on Whit-Monday
and the two following days; and there is a statute fair
at Michaelmas.
The first charter was granted, about 1193, by
Richard de Redvers, second Earl of Devon; and a
more important grant was made by the Countess Isa-
bella de Fortibus, in which the town is styled "The
New Borough of Medina," and its burgesses invested
with all the market tolls and other privileges: Henry VII.
granted the petty customs within all ports and creeks
of the island, which charter was confirmed and ex-
tended by Edward VI. and Elizabeth. The borough
was first incorporated by James I., and is at present
governed by the confirmatory charter of the 13th of
Charles II.: the corporation consists of a mayor,
eleven aldermen, and twelve burgesses, assisted by a
recorder, deputy recorder, town-clerk, two serjeants at
mace, eight water-bailiffs, and other officers, all of them
chosen by the corporation, the burgesses from among
the principal inhabitants, and the aldermen from the
burgesses: the mayor the preceding mayor, the re-
corder, and his deputy, and the two aldermen are all
justices of the peace with exclusive jurisdiction. A
court of record is held before the mayor, recorder,
and aldermen, every Tuesday and Friday, for the trial
of actions to any amount. A court of requests for
the Isle of Wight, for the recovery of debts not ex-
ceeding £5, is held before the commissioners appointed
by act of parliament passed in the 46th of George III.
A Knighton court (Curia Militum), of unknown origin,
the jurisdiction of which extends over the whole island,
excepting the borough of Newport, is seldom used,
except on occasion of the annual appointment of con-
stables; it is held under the presidency of the gover-
nor's steward, or his deputy. A court of pie-powder
is held annually. Sessions for the borough are held
quarterly and a petty session of magistrates weekly.
The guildhall, a very handsome edifice of the Ionic order,
with corresponding pillars on the west front, was erect-
ed, about fourteen years ago, from a design by Mr. Nash,
at an expense to the corporation of more than £10,000:
the upper part comprises the town-hall, council-cham-
ber, and other offices, and the base forms an excellent
market-place; in the interior is a fine portrait of the
late Sir L. T. W. Holmes, Bart., by Owen, presented to
the corporation by the inhabitants. There is a common
gaol and house of correction for the borough, under
the jurisdiction of its magistrates, which is also used
as a bridewell for the whole island: it is divided into
Gay
four departments, and will contain thirty prisoners
This borough first returned members to parliament in
the 23rd of Edward I.; its privileges then ceased until
the 27th of Elizabeth: the right of election is vested
in the corporation, the number of voters being twenty-
four: the mayor is the returning officer; and the influ-
ence of the trustees of the late Sir L. T. W. Holmes,
Bart., is predominant.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the
vicarage of Carisbrooke, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Winchester. The church, dedicated to St.
Thomas à Becket, is a spacious building, of different
styles of architecture, with an embattled tower at the
west end in the interior were interred the remains of
the Princess Elizabeth, second daughter of Charles I.,
who died a prisoner in Carisbrooke castle, at the early
age of fifteen. The burial-ground was first appropri-
ated to this church in the reign of Elizabeth, in conse-
quence of a plague, the ravages of which were so great,
that the churchyard at Carisbrooke was too small to
receive the dead. There are places of worship for
Baptists, Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, and
Unitarians, and a Roman Catholic chapel. The free
grammar school was founded originally by subscription,
in 1619, and endowed with a grant of land to the ex
tent of thirty-four acres, by the bailiffs and burgesses;
also with land given by Sir Thomas Fleming, and aug-
mented by several subsequent benefactors: the income
is about £78 per annum; the schoolmaster is appoint-
ed by the corporation, and there are fifteen boys on
the foundation, some of whom are instructed in clas-
sical literature: in the school-room the negociations
between Charles I. and the parliamentary commission-
ers were conducted, in 1648. A girls' charity school
was founded, by subcription, in 1761, for the clothing
and instruction of a number of poor girls, to which, in
1764, Benjamin Cooke devised land; it is otherwise
supported by voluntary contributions: the annual in-
come is £84. 8. 2., and twenty girls are educated and
clothed, some of them being also boarded. National
and Lancasterian schools, for children of both sexes,
and an infant school, are supported by voluntary contri-
butions: the children educated in these institutions
amount to nearly six hundred. An almshouse was
founded, pursuant to the will of Giles Kent, by Sir
Richard Worsley, Bart., in 1618, for five or more poor
aged persons; and another, of unknown foundation,
is inhabited by four poor families, each of which re-
ceives a small sum annually. About a mile southward
of the town is the house of industry, erected under an
act of parliament obtained about the year 1770, the
management of which is vested in a corporation, styled
"The Guardians of the Poor in the Isle of Wight
the requisite officers for the internal government of the
house include a governor, treasurer, chaplain, steward,
schoolmaster, matron, two surgeons, and a secretary,
all of whom, excepting the treasurer, have regular sa-
laries. The house consists of several ranges of build-
ing, of sufficient magnitude for the reception and em-
ployment of about seven hundred and fifty persons:
attached to the edifice are extensive workshops, a cha-
pel, and a pest-house for persons affected with conta-
gious disorders: the sum borrowed for the erection was
£20,000. The principal articles manufactured in it are,
sacks, clothing, dowlas-sheeting, mops, shoes, &c.; and
-
:
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373
the number of inmates varies from seven hundred to
seven hundred and fifty. A little towards the south-
west are the Parkhurst barracks and military hospital,
erected in the year 1798, and capable of receiving up-
wards of three thousand soldiers: they consist of pa-
rallel ranges of building, the principal of which is one
hundred and sixty-three feet and a half in length: the
hospital comprises a centre and two wings, with fumi-
gating rooms, baths, &c. : the whole enclosure occupies
an extent of twenty acres: water for domestic purposes
is procured from four wells of different depths, from
two hundred and sixty-two to two hundred and eighty-
six feet.
NEWPORT-PAGNELL, a market town and parish
in the hundred of NEWPORT, county of BUCKINGHAM,
15 miles (N.E. by E.) from Buckingham, and 51 (N.W.)
from London, containing 3103 inhabitants. The dis-
tinguishing addition to its name is derivable from the
family of Paganell, or Pagnell, to whom the manor
descended from William Fitzansculf, a powerful baron,
who held it at the time of the Conquest. Their castle
had fallen to decay previously to the time when Cam-
den wrote: it was a place of great strength, but probably
suffered in the great civil war, in the early part of which
Newport was garrisoned by Prince Rupert: this gar-
rison was withdrawn after the first battle of Newbury,
in 1643, when the parliamentary troops, under the Earl
of Essex, entered the town. Sir Samuel Luke, sup-
posed to have been the Hudibras of Butler, was the
governor in 1645. The town, one of the largest in the
county, is pleasantly situated on a gentle eminence; it
is well built, particularly the principal street, but badly
paved, and not lighted. Water is supplied from wells,
and, by means of an hydraulic machine, from the small
river Levet, which runs through the town, and falls
into the Ouse. Coal is brought from Staffordshire by
a branch of the Grand Junction canal. Over the Levet,
at its junction with the Ouse, in 1810, an elegant bridge
of cast-iron, having one arch fifty-eight feet in the span,
was constructed; and, about the same time, a very hand-
some stone bridge was erected over the Ouse: the ex-
pense of both was about £12,000. The races, which had
been discontinued for forty years, were revived in 1827,
and are held regularly in the month of August. The
assizes for the county were occasionally held here, from
the reign of Henry III. to that of Henry VI. : the petty
sessions for the three hundreds of Newport are still
held here; and a manorial court is held once in two
years, at which constables are appointed. The manu-
facture of bone-lace here and in the neighbourhood was
formerly carried on to a very considerable extent, the
market for its sale being on Wednesday; but of late
years the trade has very much declined. There are
a few wool-sorters; and a paper-manufactory affords
employment to a considerable number of individuals.
A grant of a market and a fair was made, or confirmed,
to Roger de Somery, in 1270, and a renewal of the
charter for the market, which is held on Saturday, was
obtained by John de Botetort, in 1333. Six fairs are
now held, viz., February 22nd, April 22nd, June 22nd,
August 29th, October 22nd, and December 22nd.
age of the Crown. The church, dedicated to St. Peter
and St. Paul, is an ancient and spacious edifice, with a
square tower, standing on an eminence which affords
a fine view of the surrounding country. The sum of
£6000 has been recently expended in repairing it;
and two hundred new sittings have been added, one
hundred of which are free, the Incorporated Society for
the enlargement of churches and chapels having con-
tributed £ 40 towards defraying the expense.
In 1619,
in the north aisle of this church, the body of a man was
disinterred, whose skull and other hollow bones had been
filled with lead: that taken from the skull is preserved
in the library of St. John's College, Cambridge. In the
churchyard is a fine epitaph, written by Cowper, on
Thomas Abbott Hamilton, who died in 1788. There are
places of worship for Baptists, Independents, and Wes-
leyan Methodists. Here is a school for twenty girls,
founded and endowed with £10 per annum, from a be-
quest by Dr. Lewis Atterbury, brother of the celebrated
Bishop of Rochester. A Lancasterian school, supported
by voluntary contributions, was built in 1824; and a
National school, supported in a similar manner, was
erected two years afterwards. In 1280, John de Somery
founded an hospital, dedicated to St. John the Baptist
and St. John the Evangelist, which was refounded by
Anne of Denmark, queen of James I., and, in conse-
quence, called Queen's hospital; the vicar of the parish
is always the master: its revenue is about £70 a year,
which is divided amongst three poor men and three poor
women, for whose maintenance it was endowed. Two
other hospitals, called St. Margaret's and the New hospi-
tal, were founded so early as 1240, but they have fallen
to decay. Dr. Lewis Atterbury, brother of the Bishop of
Rochester, gave £10 a year for a schoolmistress to in-
struct twenty girls. Mr. John Revis, citizen and draper
of London, founded and endowed an almshouse, in 1763,
for four poor men and three women, each of whom now
receives six shillings a week. A close in North Crawley
was given, by a person unknown, to the widow of any
vicar of this parish; when there is no widow, the
rental is applied to the apprenticing of poor chil-
dren. Fulk Paganell, in the reign of William Rufus,
founded a convent of Cluniac monks at Teckford, ad-
joining this town, which was a cell to the abbey of
Marmontier in Normandy, and the monastery and
lands, valued at £126. 17., were given, in the 17th of
Henry VIII., to Cardinal Wolsey.
C
NEWPORT - WALLINGFEN, a township in the
parish of EASTRINGTON, wapentake of HowDENSHIRE,
East riding of the county of YORK, 6 miles (W. by S.)
from South Cave, containing 339 inhabitants. There
is a place of worship, erected in 1814, for Wesleyan
Methodists, in connexion with which is a large Sunday
school. About half a century ago, this was an unculti-
vated morass, called Walling Fen; but a bed of clay, of
very superior quality, having been discovered, which is
dug to the depth of thirty-feet from the surface, it be-
came noted for the manufacture of bricks, tiles, and
coarse earthenware, to a very great extent, whereby the
value of the land was amazingly increased, and a thri-
ving village sprang up. The Market-Weighton canal
is in the vicinity.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in
the king's books at £10, endowed with £ 200 private
benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patron-
NEWSHAM, a township in the parish of EAGLES-
CLIFFE, south-western division of STOCKTON ward,
county palatine of DURHAM, 3 miles (W.) from Yarm,
NEW
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374
containing 44 inhabitants. Here was anciently a chapel,
dedicated to St. James.
NEWSHAM, a township in the parish of KIRK-
HAM, hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine of
LANCASTER, 5 miles (N.N. W.) from Preston. The po-
pulation is returned with the chapelry of Goosnargh.
NEWSHAM, a joint township with Brind, in the
parish of WRESSEL, Holme-Beacon division of the wa-
pentake of HARTHILL, East riding of the county of
YORK, 24 miles (W. N. W.) from Howden, containing,
with Brind, 177 inhabitants.
NEWSHAM, a joint township with Breckenbrough,
in that part of the parish of KIRBY-WISK which is
in the wapentake of BIRDFORTH, North riding of the
county of YORK, 44 miles (W. N.W.) from Thirsk, con-
taining, with Breckenbrough, 173 inhabitants. Dr.
George Hicks, a learned divine, was born here in 1642;
he died in 1715.
NEWSHAM, a township in the parish of KIRKBY-
RAVENSWORTH, western division of the wapentake of
GILLING, North riding of the county of YORK, 23 miles
(S. E.) from Greta-Bridge, containing 511 inhabitants.
NEWSHOLME, a township in the parish of Gis-
BURN, western division of the wapentake of STAINCLIFFE
and EwCROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, 94
miles (S. by E.) from Settle, containing 75 inhabitants.
NEWSTEAD, a township in the parish of BAM-
BROUGH, northern division of BAMBROUGH ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 54 miles (S. E. by S.) from Bel-
ford, containing 90 inhabitants.
NEWSTEAD, a liberty in the parish of PApple-
WICK, northern division of the wapentake of BROXSTOW,
county of NOTTINGHAM, 54 miles (S.) from Mansfield,
containing 174 inhabitants. A priory of Black canons,
in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was founded
here in 1170, by Henry II.: at the dissolution its re-
venue was valued at £219. 18. 8., and the site granted
to the then lieutenant of Sherwood Forest, Sir John
Byron, in whose family the estate continued until it was
sold by the late Lord Byron, the poet. The present
mansion, in which his lordship resided but for a short
period, exhibits considerable remains of the venerable
monastic buildings; the cloisters and the west end of
the abbey church are elegant specimens of the early En-
glish style of architecture, and in excellent preservation.
NEWSTEAD on ANCOLM, an extra-parochial li-
berty, in the southern division of the wapentake of
YARBOROUGH, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN,
1½ mile (S.) from Glandford-Bridge. It was given by
Henry II. to St. Gilbert and the canons of Sempring-
ham, who here founded a priory of their order, in ho-
nour of the Holy Trinity, the revenue of which, at the
dissolution, was valued at £ 55. 1. 8.
NEWTHORP, a township in the parish of SHER-
BURN, partly in the liberty of ST. PETER of YORK, East
riding, and partly in the upper division of the wapentake
of BARKSTONE-ASH, West riding, of the county of YORK,
6 miles (N. N. W.) from Ferry-Bridge, containing 83
inhabitants.
don, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. John the
Evangelist.
NEW-TIMBER, a parish in the hundred of Pox-
NINGS, rape of LEWES, County of SUSSEX, 3 miles
(S. S. W.) from Hurst-Pierrepoint, containing 161 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Lewes, and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's
books at £8. 8. 4., and in the patronage of Charles Gor-
NEWTON, a parish in the hundred of THRIPLOW,
county of CAMBRIDGE, 63 miles (S.) from Cambridge,
containing 146 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, annexed to that of Hauxton, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Ely. The church is dedicated to
St. Margaret.
NEWTON, a parish in the hundred of WISBEACH,
Isle of ELY, county of CAMBRIDGE, 32 miles (N. N. W.)
from Wisbeach, containing 368 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, with the vicarage of St. Mary in the Marsh,
in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Bishop
of Ely, rated in the king's books at £18. 14. 9. The
church is dedicated to St. James. A college, or chantry,
in honour of St. Mary, was founded here, in the reign
of Henry IV., by Sir John Colville, Knt., consisting
of a warden, four chaplains, four clerks, and ten poor
brethren, whose lands at the dissolution were annexed
to the rectory of Newton.
NEWTON, a township in the parish of MOTTRAM
in LONGDEN-DALE, hundred of MACCLESFIELD, County
palatine of CHESTER, 64 miles (N. E. by E.) from Stock-
port, containing 2159 inhabitants, about two-thirds of
whom are employed in the manufacture of cotton and
hats, and in the printing of calico. The Peak Forest
canal passes through the township, which abounds with
stone of a good quality. There are also salt, coal, and
iron works; and for smelting the ore of the latter, a
large furnace has lately been erected.
NEWTON, a township in the parish of PRESTBURY,
hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county palatine of CHESTER,
54 miles (N. N. W.) from Macclesfield, containing 95
inhabitants.
NEWTON, a township in that part of the parish of
MIDDLEWICH which is in the hundred of NORTHWICH,
county palatine of CHESTER, of a mile (W.) from Mid-
dlewich, containing 1520 inhabitants.
NEWTON, a joint township with Larton, in the
parish of WEST KIRBY, lower division of the hundred
of WIRRALL, County palatine of CHESTER, 8 miles
(N. N. W.) from Great Neston, containing, with Larton,
48 inhabitants.
NEWTON, a hamlet in the parish of PONSONBY,
ALLERDALE ward above Derwent, county of CUMBER-
LAND, 7 miles (S. E. by S.) from Egremont. The popu
lation is returned with the parish.
NEWTON, a joint township with Northway, in the
parish of ASHCHURCH, lower division of the hundred of
TEWKESBURY, county of GLOUCESTER. The population
is returned with Northway.
NEWTON, a township in the parish of CLODOCK,
hundred of EWYASLACY, County of HEREFORD, con-
taining 257 inhabitants.
NEWTON, a joint township with Letton and
Walford, in the parish of LEINTWARDINE, hundred of
WIGMORE, county of HEREFORD, 52 miles (E. S. E.)
from Knighton. The population is returned with Wal-
ford.
NEWTON, a township in the parish of Croft,
hundred of WOLPHY, county of HEREFORD, 5 miles
(N. W. by N.) from Leominster, containing 106 inhabit-
ants.
NEWTON, a joint township with Scales, in the pa-
rish of KIRKHAM, hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county
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palatine of LANCASTER, 2 miles (S. E. by E.) from Kirk-
ham, containing, with Scales, 380 inhabitants. The Blue-
coat school here was founded and liberally endowed, in
1707, by John Hornby; and James Boys, in 1809, be-
queathed £800 in furtherance of this charity, the annual
income of which now amounts to £ 670, and the number
of scholars averages about forty, viz., twenty-seven boys
and thirteen girls, who are clothed, boarded, and edu-
cated.
NEWTON, a joint township with Hardhorn, in the
parish of POULTON, hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county
palatine of LANCASTER, 2 miles (S.) from Poulton. The
population is returned with Hardhorn.
NEWTON, a chapelry in the parish of MANCHES-
TER, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LANCAS-
TER, comprising the townships of Bradford, Droylsden,
Failsworth, Moston, and Newton, and containing 9478
inhabitants, of which number, 2577 are in the township
of Newton, 2 miles (N. E. by E.) from Manchester. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Chester, endowed with £500 private benefac-
tion, £200 royal bounty, and £1000 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Warden and Fellows
of the Collegiate Church of Manchester. The chapel,
dedicated to All Saints, is a handsome edifice in the
later style of English architecture, erected, at an expense
of £8000, defrayed by a rate on the inhabitants, on the
site of an old chapel, which fell down on the 2nd of
May, 1808. There are places of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists and Unitarians; and at Fairfield is an estab-
lishment of Moravians. The manufacture of cotton and
silk, and the printing of calico, are carried on to a con-
siderable extent, and silk-weaving on a smaller scale.
A school has been erected by subscription, in which
twenty children are instructed for about £10 per ann.,
the united bequests of William Purnall, in 1766, and
Elizabeth Chetham.
NEWTON, a township in the parish of EMBLE-
TON, Southern division of BAMBROUGH ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 10 miles (N. N. E.) from Alnwick,
containing 247 inhabitants, most of whom are employed
in a very productive fishery. There are coal mines in the
neighbourhood, and on sinking a pit, a few years ago,
cockle shells were discovered, eighteen fathoms below
the surface of the earth.
NEWTON, a township in the parish of CHIlling-
HAM, eastern division of GLENDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 34 miles (E. S. E.) from Wooler,
Near the village is an
containing 117 inhabitants.
ancient cross, twelve feet high, called the Hurl Stone.
NEWTON, a township in the parish of BYWELL
ST. PETER, eastern division of TINDALE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 72 miles (E. by N.) from Hex-
ham, containing 105 inhabitants.
NEWTON, a township in the parish of SWEEP-
STONE, Western division of the hundred of GoscoTE,
county of LEICESTER, 5 miles (S. by E.) from Ashby
de la Zouch. The population is returned with the
parish.
NEWTON, a joint township with Botcheston, in the
parish of RATBY, hundred of SPARKENHOE, county of
LEICESTER, 64 miles (E. by N.) from Market-Bosworth.
The population is returned with Botcheston.
NEWTON, a parish in the wapentake of AVELAND,
parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 2 miles
(N. W. by W.) from Falkingham, containing 162 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£10, and in the patronage of Sir W. E. Welby, Bart.
The church is dedicated to St. Botolph.
NEWTON, a hamlet in the parish of TROWSE, hun-
dred of HENSTEAD, county of NORFOLK, 1½ mile (S. E.
by S.) from Norwich. The population is returned with
the parish.
NEWTON,
or NEW-
TOWN, a borough in the
parish of CALBOURN, liberty
of WEST MEDINA, Isle of
Wight division of the county
of SOUTHAMPTON, 5 miles
(W. by N.) from Newport,
and 92 (S. W.) from Lon-
don. The population is
returned with the parish.
This place was formerly
called Francheville, which
Corporate Seal.
name occurs in a charter granted by Oymer, Bishop of
Winchester, who bestowed such liberties and franchises
on the burgesses of Newton as were enjoyed by those
of Taunton, Alresford, and Farnham. This charter
was confirmed by Edward II., by Edward IV., and by
Queen Elizabeth. The town, which is situated at the
mouth of the river Newton, was anciently of much
greater extent than it is at present it was burned
by the Danes in 1001, and by the French in the reign
of Richard II., and is now reduced to a very few cot-
tages. The town-hall contains some oaken chairs cu-
riously carved, and supposed to be of the time of Eli-
zabeth: it stands on an eminence overlooking one of
the creeks of Newton harbour, which is formed by the
junction of the river with the sea; at high water
it will admit vessels of five hundred tons' burden. It is
one of the stations of the preventive service. This bo-
rough has a titular mayor, chosen by the burgage-
holders courts leet are held, at which constables are
NEWTON, a parish in the hundred of CORBY, appointed. It first sent representatives to parliament
county of NORTHAMPTON, 32 miles (N. by E.) from in the 27th year of the reign of Elizabeth. The right
Kettering, containing 94 inhabitants. The living is a of election is vested in the titular mayor and the bur-
donative. The church is dedicated to St. Faith. This gesses, or proprietors of burgage tenements: the num-
parish was anciently divided into two townships, Great ber of voters is thirty-three: the titular mayor is the
and Little Newton, each of which had a chapel, subor- returning officer. The parliamentary influence is en-
dinate to the church of Geddington, and part of the pos-joyed by Sir Fitzwilliam Barrington, Lord Yarborough,
sessions of Pippewell abbey.
and the trustees of Sir Leonard T. W. Holmes. Twelve
NEWTON, a township partly in the parish of BING-
HAM, northern division, and partly in the parish of
SHELFORD, Southern division, of the wapentake of BING-
HAM, county of NOTTINGHAM, 2 miles (N. N. W.) from
Bingham. The population is returned with the parishes.
Newton is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancas-
ter, and within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held
at Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the recovery of
debts under 40s.
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poor children are instructed by a schoolmistress for £10
per annum, the gift of Lady Constance Lucy, in 1771.
NEWTON, a liberty in the parish of BLITHFIELD,
southern division of the hundred of PIREHILL, County
of Stafford, 3 miles (W. by N.) from Abbot's Bromley,
containing 263 inhabitants.
NEWTON, a parish in the hundred of THINGOE,
county of SUFFOLK, 23 miles (S. S. E.) from Bury
St. Edmund's, containing 171 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and dio-
cese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £5. 19. 4.,
and in the patronage of Sir Charles Davers, Bart. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter.
NEWTON, a joint hamlet with Biggin, in the parish
of CLIFTON upon DUNSMOOR, Rugby division of the
hundred of KNIGHTLOW, County of WARWICK, 3½ miles
(N. E.) from Rugby, containing, with Biggin, 240 in-
habitants. Edward Cave, the original editor of the
Gentleman's Magazine, was born here in 1691; he died
in 1754.
NEWTON, a township in the parish of BURNESTON,
wapentake of HALLIKELD, North riding of the county
of YORK, 34 miles (E. by S.) from Bedale. The popu-
lation is returned with Exelby.
NEWTON, a parish in the western division of the
liberty of LANGBAURGH, North riding of the county of
YORK, 4 miles (S. W. by W.) from Guilsbrough, con-
taining 119 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean of York,
endowed with £600 royal bounty, and £200 parlia-
mentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar of
Rudby in Cleveland.
NEWTON, a township in the parish and lythe of
PICKERING, North riding of the county of YORK, 5
miles (N. by E.) from Pickering, containing 212 inhabit-
There is a place of worship for Independents.
Richard Poad, in 1726, bequeathed £178, directing the
income to be applied to teaching poor children.
ants.
NEWTON, a township in the parish of SLAIDburn,
western division of the wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and
EWCROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, 7 miles
(N. N. W.) from Clitheroe, containing 581 inhabitants.
NEWTON (ARCHDEACON), a township in the
parish of DARLINGTON, south-eastern division of DAR-
LINGTON ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 3 miles
(N. W.) from Darlington, containing 64 inhabitants.
NEWTON (BANK), a township in the parish of
GARGRAVE, eastern division of the wapentake of
STAINCLIFFE and EwCROSS, West riding of the county
of YORK, 6 miles (W. by N.) from Skipton, containing
139 inhabitants.
NEWTON by CASTLEACRE, a parish in the
southern division of the hundred of GREENHOE, county
of NORFOLK, 44 miles (N. by E.) from Swaffham, con-
taining 68 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vi-
carage, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £2. 15., endowed
with £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the
Bishop of Ely. The church, dedicated to All Saints,
is an ancient structure, with a low square tower
rising from the centre, and surmounted by a wooden
turret.
tine of CHESTER, 12 mile (N.N.E.) from Chester, con-
taining 192 inhabitants. There is a tan-yard at Hook-
ersbrook, in this township.
NEWTON by CHESTER, a township in that part
of the parish of ST. OSWALD, CHESTER, which is in the
lower division of the hundred of BROXTON, county pala-
NEWTON (COLD), a chapelry in the parish of
LowESBY, eastern division of the hundred of Goscote,
county of LEICESTER, 9 miles (E. by N.) from Leices
ter, containing 104 inhabitants.
NEWTON (ST. CYRES), a parish in the hundred
of CREDITON, county of DEVON, 33 miles (S. E. by E.)
from Crediton, containing 1083 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £16. 15. 5., and in thepa -
tronage of J. Quicke, Esq. A fair for cattle is held on
the Monday following Midsummer-day. Lead-ore and
manganese are obtained in the parish.
NEWTON by DARESBURY, a township in the
parish of RUNCORN, hundred of BUCKLOW, county
palatine of CHESTER, 5 miles (N. E. by E.) from Frod-
sham, containing 124 inhabitants.
NEWTON upon DERWENT, a township in the
parish of WILBERFOSS, Wilton-Beacon division of the
wapentake of HARTHILL, East riding of the county
of YORK, 5 miles (W.) from Pocklington, containing
205 inhabitants. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists.
NEWTON (EAST), a township in the parish of
ALDBROUGH, middle division of the wapentake of
HOLDERNESS, East riding of the county of YORK, 12/
miles (N. E. by E.) from Kingston upon Hull, containing
38 inhabitants. An hospital, in honour of St. Mary
Magdalene, was founded here by William, Earl of
Albemarle, who died in 1179, which, at the dissolution,
possessed a revenue of about £40.
NEWTON (EAST), a joint township with Lays-
thorpe, in the parish of STONEGRAVE, wapentake of
RYEDALE, North riding of the county of YORK, 33
miles (S. E. by S.) from Helmsley, containing, with Lays-
thorpe, 72 inhabitants.
NEWTON (ST. FAITH), a hamlet in the parish of
HORSHAM ST. FAITH, hundred of TAVERHAM, County of
NORFOLK, 5 miles (N.) from Norwich, containing 394
inhabitants.
NEWTON by FRODSHAM, a township in the
parish of FRODSHAM, second division of the hundred
of EDDISBURY, county palatine of CHESTER, 24 miles
(S. E. by S.) from Frodsham, containing 109 inhabit-
ants. There is a place of worship for the Society of
Friends.
NEWTON (KIRK), a parish in the western divi-
sion of GLENDALE ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND,
comprising the townships of Akeld, Couldsnouth with
Thompson's Walls, Coupland, Crookhouse, Grey's Forest,
Heathpool, Howtell, Kilham, Kirk-Newton, Lanton,
Milfield, West Newton, Paston, Selby's Forest, and
Yeavering, and containing 1701 inhabitants, of which
number, 83 are in the township of Kirk-Newton, 5 miles
(W. by N.) from Wooler. The living is a vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Northumberland, and diocese of
Durham, rated in the king's books at £ 3. 13. 4., and
in the patronage of the Heirs of William Lowes, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Gregory.
NEWTON (ST. LOE), a parish in the hundred of
WELLOW, County of SOMERSET, 3 miles (W.) from
Bath, containing 431 inhabitants. The living is a reo-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Bath, and diocese of Bath
NEW
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and Wells, rated in the king's books at £17. 18. 4.,
and in the patronage of W. G. Langton, Esq. The church
is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The river Avon is
here crossed by a bridge. A school-house was erected
in 1698, in pursuance of the will of Richard Jocis,
who endowed it with about £60 per annum, for which
twenty children are instructed.
DE
Seal and Arms.
NEWTON (LONG), a parish in the south-western
division of STOCKTON ward, county palatine of DUR-
HAM, 4½ miles (S.W. by W.) from Stockton upon Tees,
containing 338 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Durham, rated in the
king's books at £20, and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Durham. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, was
rebuilt in 1806, but has no tower the churchyard is
tastefully ornamented with shrubs. There are places
of worship for Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists.
NEWTON in MACKER-
FIELD, a borough (for-
merly a market town) and
chapelry, in the parish of
WINWICK, hundred of WEST
DERBY, County palatine of
LANCASTER, 47 miles (S. by
E.) from Lancaster, and 1924
(N.W. by N.) from London,
containing 1643 inhabitants.
During the parliamentary
war, and about the month of
August, 1648, some High-
landers having been defeated and made prisoners by
the parliamentary forces, at Red bank, near this place,
were hanged in an adjacent field, which still retains the
appellation of Gallows Cross. The town consists chiefly
of one broad street; and there are an ancient court-
house, and a handsome assembly-room. The manu-
The manu-
facture of fustians is the principal branch of business,
and spinning and dyeing cotton is also carried on.
The market has long been discontinued, but the cross
is standing. Fairs are held on May 17th and August
11th, for horned cattle; and on May 18th and August
12th, for horses. Newton, anciently the head of a ba-
rony, is a borough by prescription, and has returned two
members to parliament ever since the first year of the
reign of Elizabeth: the right of election is in the free-
holders to the value of forty shillings and upwards
the number of voters is about sixty: the steward of the
borough, and the bailiff of the manor, are the returning
officers ; and the influence of Thomas Legh, Esq., is
predominant. Courts leet and baron are held three times
a year, at which small debts are recoverable. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Chester, endowed with £200 private benefaction, £400
royal bounty, and £ 600 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of Thomas Legh, Esq. The chapel, which is
parochial, and dedicated to St. Peter, was built in 1682,
by Richard Legh, Esq. the burial-ground has been
recently enlarged, and enclosed with a stone wall and
palisades, by the patron. A free school is kept in the
court-house for the instruction of poor children; the
average number is from seventy to one hundred the
master receives about £55 per annum, arising from the
proceeds of certain enclosures of Leyland common, and
the rental of a messuage called Dean school. Upwards
of four hundred children are instructed in the Sunday
VOL. III.
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schools, which were established in 1823. About half a
mile northward of the town are the remains of an ancient
barrow, called Castle Hill, the sides and summit of
which are crowned with venerable oaks; it is from eight
to nine yards high, and twenty-five in diameter. A
whetstone, encased in wood, was discovered in sinking a
coal-pit in this neighbourhood, in 1822, about thirty
yards below the surface of the earth.
NEWTON juxta MALPAS, a township in the parish
of MALPAS, higher division of the hundred of BROxton,
county palatine of CHESTER, 1 mile (S. W.) from
Malpas, containing 18 inhabitants.
NEWTON on the MOOR, a township in the parish
of SHILBOTTLE, eastern division of CoQUETDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 5 miles (S. by W.) from
Alnwick, containing 244 inhabitants. A considerable
quantity of limestone is obtained here for burning.
There is a powerful chalybeate spring near the village;
and in the neighbourhood are vestiges of an ancient for-
tification. Frances and Jane Strother, about 1770, left
£300, the interest of which is applied to the education
of poor children.

NEWTON (NORTH), a chapelry in the parish of
NORTH PETHERTON, northern division of the hundred
of PETHERTON, county of SOMERSET, 42 miles (S.)
from Bridg-water. The population is returned with
the parish. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Sir Thomas
D. Acland, Bart.
NEWTON (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of
SWANBOROUGH, County of WILTS, 34 miles (S.W.
by W.) from Pewsey, containing, with the tything of
Hilcott, 288 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £7. 1. 3., and in the pa-
tronage of the Prebendary of Beaminster-Secunda`in
the Cathedral Church of Salisbury. The church is de-
dicated to St. James.
→
NEWTON (OLD), a parish in the hundred of
Srow, county of SUFFOLK, 3 miles (N. by E.) from
Stow-Market, containing, with the hamlet of Dag-
worth, 577 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £7, 15. 5.,
endowed with £600 private benefaction, and £900 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of Mrs. Torless.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
NEWTON (OUT), a township in the parish of
EASINGTON, Southern division of the wapentake of
HOLDERNESS, East riding of the county of YORK, 4
miles (E.) from Patrington, containing 69 inhabitants.
NEWTON upon OUZE, a parish in the wapentake
of BULMER, North riding of the county of YORK, com-
prising the townships of Benningbrough, Linton upon
Ouze, and Newton upon Ouze, and containing 862 in-
habitants, of which number, 495 are in the township of
Newton upon Ouze, 8 miles (N. W) from York. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdic-
tion of the Lord of the Manor of Newton, endowed
with £200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Mrs. Earle. The church is a very handsome structure.
There are places of worship for Primitive and Wes-
leyan Methodists.
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NEWTON (ST. PETROCK), a parish in the hundred
of SHEBBEAR, county of DEVON, 7 miles (S. W.) from
Great Torrington, containing 278 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£8. 5. 7., and in the patronage of the Rev. F. D.
Lempriere.
NEWTON (POTTER), a township in the parish
of ST. PETER, within the liberty of the town of LEEDS,
West riding of the county of YORK, 2 miles (N. by E.)
from Leeds, containing 664 inhabitants.
NEWTON (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
BRANCH and DOLE, County of WILTS, 24 miles (N. by W.)
from Wilton, containing, with the chapelries of Chil-
hampton and Ugford, and the tythings of Burdens-Ball,
Stoford, and Wishford, 579 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £12. 18. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Pembroke. The
church, dedicated to St. Andrew, has lately received an
addition of fifty-four sittings, of which forty-eight are
free, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of
churches and chapels having granted £50 towards
defraying the expense.
NEWTON near SUDBURY, a parish in the hundred
of Babergh, county of SUFFOLK, 34 miles (E.) from
Sudbury, containing 343 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £17. 13. 9., and in
the patronage of the Master and Fellows of St. Peter's
College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to All
Saints.
NEWTON by TATTENHALL. a township in the
parish of TATTEN HALL, lower division of the hundred
of BROXTON, county palatine of CHESTER, 5 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Tarporley, containing 75 inhabit-
ants.
NEWTON in the THISTLES, or NEWTON-REGIS,
a parish in the Tamworth division of the hundred of
Hemlingford, county of WARWICK, 53 miles (N. E.
by E.) from Tamworth, containing 410 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Coventry, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's
books at £14. 1. 5., and in the patronage of Sir F.
Burdett, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
NEWTON by TOFT, a parish in the northern divi-
sion of the wapentake of WALSHCROFT, parts of LIND-
SEY, county of LINCOLN, 44 miles (W.S.W.) from
Market-Rasen, containing 70 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £4. 10. 10.,
and endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the pa-
tronage of Tyrwhit Smith, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Michael. John Holdsworth, in 1741, be-
queathed £200 for teaching poor children.
NEWTON (WATER), a parish in the hundred
of NORMAN-CROSS, county of HUNTINGDON, 6 miles
(N.N.W.) from Stilton, containing 138 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Hun-
tingdon, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £ 6. 9. 2., and in the patronage of the Rev.
Randolph Richard Knipe. The church is dedicated
to St. Remigius. The river New runs through the
parish.
NEWTON upon TRENT, a parish in the wapentake
of WELL, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 10
miles (W.N.W.) from Lincoln, containing 295 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £4, endowed with £400 private bene
faction, £800 royal bounty, and £300 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of Miss Stowe and others,
The church is dedicated to St. Peter. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
NEWTON (WELCH), a parish in the lower divi-
sion of the hundred of WORMELOW, County of HERE-
FORD, 4 miles (N. by W.) from Monmouth, containing
220 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford, rated in the
king's books at £4. 10., endowed with £800 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of W. H. Jenkins, Esq.
The church is dedicated St. Mary.
NEWTON (WEST), a township in that part of the
parish of BROMFIELD which is in ALLERDALE ward
below Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, 9 miles (N.)
from Cockermouth, containing 309 inhabitants. Here
are the remains of a tower, which formed part of an
ancient castle or hall. In the neighbourhood is a
quarry of red freestone.
NEWTON (WEST), a parish in the Lynn division
of the hundred of FREEBRIDGE, county of NORFOLK,
3 miles (N. E. by E.) from Castle-Rising, containing 211
inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £ 5. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
NEWTON (WEST), a township in the parish of
KIRK-NEWTON, western division of GLENDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 53 miles (W. by N.) from
Wooler, containing 95 inhabitants.
NEWTON (WEST), a township in the parish of
ALDBROUGH, middle division of the wapentake of HOLD-
ERNESS, East riding of the county of YORK, 92 miles
(N.E.) from Kingston upon Hull, containing 158 inha-
bitants.
C
NEWTON le WILLOWS, a township in that part
of the parish of BROMPTON-PATRICK which is in the
eastern division of the wapentake of HANG, North riding
of the county of YORK, 4 miles (W. N. W.) from Bedale,
containing 250 inhabitants. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists. Two children are educated
for a trifling sum, the bequest of Samuel Atkinson, in
1707.
NEWTON (WOLD), or NEWTON upon the WOLDS,
a parish in the wapentake of BRADLEY-HAVERSTOE,
parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 9 miles
(S. by W.) from Great Grimsby, containing 125 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £7. 10. 10., and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Durham. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
NEWTON (WOLD), a parish in the wapentake of
DICKERING, East riding of the county of YORK, 11½
miles (N. by E.) from Great Driffield, containing, with the
chapelry of Fordon, 225 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of the East riding,
and diocese of York, rated in the king's books at
£6. 19. 9., and in the patronage of the Hon. D. Lang-
ley.
ley. This was anciently a chapelry within the parish
of Hunmanby, and is remarkable for one of those clear
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and copious springs, called the Gipsey springs, which
issues out of the ground with great force, and is thought
to be one of the Wold streams emerging from its sub-
terraneous channel.
is supported by subscription. The Widows' hospital,
founded by Lucy, Lady Reynell, in 1638, and situated
beyond the precincts of the town, was originally in-
tended for four, but is now occupied by two, clergy-
men's widows, who receive £10 per annum, and have
a pew allotted to them in the parish church; there are
likewise some smaller almshouses. At Milberdown,
near this place, are the vestiges of an ancient elliptical.
encampment, with a triple intrenchment, where the
Prince of Orange stationed his artillery, when on his
way from Brixham to Exeter. Hacknield ford, in this
neighbourhood, is supposed to have derived its name
from its situation on the line of the ancient Roman
road, called the Iknield-way.
NEWTON-ARLOSH, a hamlet in the parish of
HOLME-CULTRAM, ALLERDALE ward below Derwent,
county of CUMBERLAND, 62 miles (N. W.) from Wigton.
In consequence of the destruction of Skinburness by
an irruption of the sea, in 1404, the abbot of Holme-
Cultram was licensed to build a small church at this
place, and hold here the market and fair, now disused,
which had previously been granted him at Skinburness.
The church, which has long been desecrated, was con-
structed so as to serve the purpose of a fortress, and
its thick rugged walls remain in the cemetery, which is
still used by the parishioners.
NEWTON-BEWLEY, a township in the parish of
BILLINGHAM, north-eastern division of STOCKTON ward,
county palatine of DURHAM,
county palatine of DURHAM, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from
Stockton upon Tees, containing 86 inhabitants. It an-
ciently belonged to the prior of Durham, who resided
and had his court-house here.
NEWTON (WOOD), a parish in the hundred of
WILLYBROOK, county of NORTHAMPTON, 4 miles (N.)
from Oundle, containing 362 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
patronage of the Prebendary of Nassington in the
Cathedral Church of Lincoln, endowed with 400 royal
bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary.
NEWTON-ABBOTS, a market town and chapelry,
in the parish of WOOLBOROUGH, hundred of HAYTOR,
county of DEVON, 14 miles (S.S. W.) from Exeter, and
187 (S. W. by W.) from London. The population is re-
turned with the parish. It is probable that Newton-
Abbots and Newton-Bushell were formerly included un-
der the name of Nuietone, and retained this common ap-
pellation till their separate manors became the property
of different possessors. Newton-Abbots was so denomi-
nated from its being held by the abbot of Tor, to whom
it was given by William, Lord Brewer, founder of that
monastery. The town appears to have possessed a
market and a fair in the time of Edward I. In 1625,
Charles I. and his suite, when on their way to and from
Plymouth, were entertained at Ford House, near this
town, on which occasion the king attended divine service
in the parish church. In 1688, the same mansion was
occupied by William, Prince of Orange, after his landing
at Torbay; and from the pedestal of the market cross,
on which is an inscription commemorative of the fact,
his declaration to the people of England was first
read. The town is situated on the river Teign, on the
high road between Exeter and Plymouth, and consists
of two large, and several minor, streets, which are
roughly paved: the inhabitants are supplied with water
from pumps and adjacent springs. Here was formerly
an extensive woollen manufactory, but the principal
business now is that connected with the tan-yards:
small quantities of shoes are exported to Newfoundland,
with which island the inhabitants formerly carried on
a very extensive trade, which having declined during
the war in the beginning of the present century, has not
since been revived. The river Teign is navigable to its
junction with the Teigngrace canal, about three quar-
ters of a mile from the town: lighters and boats come
up by the Stover canal from Teignmouth with coal, and
return with granite and potters' clay. The markets are
on Wednesday and Saturday, and on the last Wednes-
day in February is a great annual market for cattle :
the market-place is new, spacious, and commodiously
arranged. Fairs are held on June 24th, September 11th,
and November 6th, unless these fall on Wednesday, in
which case the fairs take place on that day week. A
portreeve, reeve, and inferior officers, are annually elected
by a jury, at the borough court; the office of port-
reeve being always filled by the reeve for the preceding
year. A court leet is held annually, and a petty ses-
sion monthly. The chapel, dedicated to St. Leonard, is
used only for baptisms and occasional service. There
are places of worship for Baptists and Independents:
the latter, with a free school, was founded and libe-
rally endowed, pursuant to the will of Mr. Bearne, in
1787. A National school for children of both sexes
•
NEWTON-BLOSSOMVILLE, a parish in the hun-
dred of NEWPORT, county of BUCKINGHAM, 3 miles
(E.) from Olney, containing 243 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£8. 8. 11., and in the patronage of F. G. S. Farrer,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
NEWTON-BROMSHOLD, a parish in the hundred
of HIGHAM-FERRERS, County of NORTHAMPTON, 34
miles (S. E.) from Higham-Ferrers, containing 115 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in
the king's books at £8. 3. 4., and in the patronage of
the Rev. E. Tanqueray. The church is dedicated to St.
Peter.
NEWTON-BUSHELL, a chapelry (formerly a
market town) in the parish of HIGHWEEK, hundred of
Teingbridge, county of DEVON, 14 miles (S. S. W.)
from Exeter, and 187 (W.S.W.) from London. The
population is returned with the parish. This town
received its distinguishing appellation from Robert
Bussell, or Bushell, the foster-child and kinsman of
Theobald de English Ville, made lord of the manor by
Henry III., in 1246, and who granted to the inhabit-
ants a charter for a market. This town is separated
from Newton-Abbots by the river Lemon.
A port-
reeve and two constables are annually chosen at the
court held by the lord of the manor. The chapel is a
large edifice, in the ancient style of English architecture,
and has received an addition of two hundred and seventy
sittings, of which one hundred and seventy are free,
the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels having contributed £250 towards defraying
3 C 2
NEW
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1
the expense. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. Limestone, with argillaceous slate, and
organic remains, are found in the vicinity of the town.
NEWTON-CAPP, a township in that part of the
parish of ST. ANDREW AUCKLAND which is in the
north-western division of DARLINGTON ward, county
palatine of DURHAM, a mile (N. W.) from Bishop-
Auckland, containing 154 inhabitants. It is situated on
the Wear, which is here crossed by a bridge. On the
north bank of the river are the ruins of an unfinished
mansion, erected by the Bacon family, who were long
proprietors of this place.
I
NEWTON-FERRERS, a parish in the hundred of
ERMINGTON, County of DEVON, 6 miles (S. by E.) from
Earl's Plympton, containing 719 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £41. 12. 1.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. John Yonge. The
church, dedicated to the Holy Cross, contains three
stone stalls. Here is an almshouse. The parish is
bounded on the west by the æstuary of the Yealm, and
the vicinity is remarkable for scenery of great beauty.
NEWTON-FLOTMAN, a parish in the hundred of
HUMBLEYARD, county of NORFOLK, 34 miles (N. by E.)
from St. Mary Stratton, containing 390 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory in medieties, in the archdeaconry
of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £10, and in the patronage of Miss Long. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, contains memorials of
several of the Blundeville family, and an arched monu-
ment with a representation of Noah's Ark. This place
received the adjunct to its name from the ancient flote,
or ferry, over the river Taus, which is now passed by a
bridge of brick.
NEWTON-GRANGE, a liberty in that part of the
parish of ASHBOURN which is in the hundred of
Wirksworth, county of DERBY, 4 miles (N. by W.)
from Ashbourn, containing 38 inhabitants.
NEWTON-HALL, a township in the parish of By-
WELL ST. PETER, eastern division of TINDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 72 miles (E. by N.) from
Hexham, containing 89 inhabitants.
NEWTON-HARCOURT, a chapelry in the parish of
WISTOW, hundred of GARTREE, county of LEICESTER,
62 miles (S. E. by S.) from Leicester, containing 298 in-
habitants. The Union canal passes through the chapelry.
NEWTON-KYME, a parish in the upper division of
the wapentake of BARKSTONE-ASH, West riding of the
county of YORK, 24 miles (N. W. by W.) from Tadcas-
ter, containing, with Toulston, 184 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
York, rated in the king's books at £14, and in the pa-
tronage of T. L. Fairfax, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Andrew.
abbey of St. Faith, at Longueville in Normandy, was
founded here in the reign of Henry I., and suppressed
in 1415, when it was granted to New College, Oxford.
The learned Grocyn, tutor to Erasmus, and one of the
revivers of classical literature in the sixteenth century,
was rector of this parish.
NEWTON-MORRELL, a township in the parish of
BARTON, eastern division of the wapentake of GILLING,
North riding of the county of YORK, 63 miles (S. W.)
from Darlington, containing 31 inhabitants.
NEWTON-MULGRAVE, a township in the parish.
of LYTHE, eastern division of the liberty of LANG-
BAURGH, North riding of the county of YORK, 9 miles
(N. W. by W.) from Whitby, containing 134 inhabit-
ants.
NEWTON-LONGVILLE, a parish in the hundred
of NEWPORT, county of BUCKINGHAM, 3 miles (S. W.
by W.) from Fenny-Stratford, containing 486 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Bucking-
ham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £20. 9. 7., and in the patronage of the Warden and
Fellows of New College, Oxford, by whose predecessors
the church, dedicated to St. Faith, was erected about
1415. In the chancel are two piscina, one of them
bearing the arms of William of Wykeham, and of others.
An Alien priory of Cluniac monks, subordinate to the
NEWTON-PARK, a township in that part of the
parish of MITFORD which is in the western` division of
MORPETH ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 3 miles
(W. by N.) from Morpeth, containing 15 inhabitants.
NEWTON-POPPLEFORD, a chapelry in the parish
of AYLESBEAR, eastern division of the hundred of BUD-
LEIGH, county of DEVON, 32 miles (N. W. by W.) from
Sidmouth, containing 481 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Ayles-
bear, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter, and
endowed with £ 600 royal bounty. The chapel, dedi-
cated to St. Luke, was originally founded as a chan-
try by Edward III., about 1330; it has lately received
an addition of one hundred and twenty free sittings,
the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels having granted £75 towards defraying the
expense. In the neighbourhood is Woodbury castle,
occupying the brow of a considerable eminence: it is
deeply intrenched, and within its enclosure are the
remains of a building from which visitors could enjoy
a magnificent view over the Ex, and the vale, to Exeter,
Honiton, &c., and the sea.
:
NEWTON-PURCELL, a parish in the hundred
of PLOUGHLEY, county of OXFORD, 5 miles (N. N. E.)
from Bicester, containing 143 inhabitants.
The living
is a rectory, with that of Shelswell annexed, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford, rated in the king's
books at £3. 15. 5., and in the patronage of J. Har-
rison, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
NEWTON-RIGNY, a parish in LEATH ward, coun-
ty of CUMBERLAND, 3 miles (W. N. W.) from Penrith,
containing, with the townships of Catterlen and New-
ton-Rigny, 250 inhabitants, of which number, 126 are in
the township of Newton-Rigny. The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, £ 200 royal
bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Carlisle. The river Petterel
runs through the parish.
NEWTON-SOLNEY, a parish in the hundred of
REPTON and GRESLEY, county of DERBY, 24 miles
(N. E.) from Burton upon Trent, containing 261 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Derby, and diocese of Lichfield and Coven-
try, and in the patronage of Sir Henry Every, Bart.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. The parish is
bounded on the west by the river Trent.
On a com-
manding eminence is a large castellated building, called
"Hoskins' Folly." This place is in the honour of Tut-
bury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction
NEW
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381
of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday,
for the recovery of debts under 40s.
NEWTON-STACEY, a tything in the parish and
hundred of BARTON-STACEY, Andover division of the
county of SOUTHAMPTON, 6 miles (S. W. by S.) from
Whitchurch. The population is returned with the
parish.
NEWTON-TONEY, a parish in the hundred of
AMESBURY, County of WILTS, 4½ miles (E. by S.) from
Amesbury, containing 282 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £19. 13. 9., and in the
patronage of the President and Fellows of Queen's
College, Cambridge.
NEWTON-TRACEY, a parish in the hundred of
FREMINGTON, county of DEVON, 5½ miles (E.) from
Bideford, containing 84 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£5. 8. 14., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. Thomas à Becket.
NEWTON-UNDERWOOD, a township in that
part of the parish of MITFORD which is in the western
division of MORPETH ward, county of NORTHUMBER-
LAND, 3 miles (W.) from Morpeth, containing 75 inha-
bitants. Here are the ruins of an ancient tower.
NEWTON-VALENCE, a parish in the hundred
of SELBORNE, Alton (North) division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 4 miles (S.) from Alton, containing 280
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's
books at £13. 10. 21., and in the patronage of the Rev.
E. White.
-
•
NEWTOWN, a township in the parish of IRthing-
TON, Eskdale ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 23 miles
(N. W. by W.) from Brampton, containing 222 inha-
bitants.
NEWTOWN, a hamlet in the parish of LEO-
MINSTER, hundred of WOLPHY, county of HEREFORD,
4 miles (S. by E.) from Leominster. The population is
returned with Ivington.
NEWTOWN, a township in the parish of ROTH-
BURY, western division of CoQUETDALE ward, county
of NorthumbERLAND, 1½ mile (W. S. W.) from Roth-
bury, containing 56 inhabitants.
NEWTOWN, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of WEM which is in the Whitchurch division of the
hundred of BRADFORD (North), county of SALOP, 4
miles (N. W.) from Wem, containing 72 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Salop, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed
with £600 royal bounty, and £ 200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Inhabitants. The chapel
was consecrated in 1663, and dedicated to King Charles
the Martyr.
NEWTOWN-LINFORD, a parish in the western
division of the hundred of GoscoTE, county of LEI-
CESTER, 5 miles (N. W.) from Leicester, containing
549 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Lord of the Manor of Groby.
NEW-VILLAGE, an extra-parochial liberty, in the
Hunsley-Beacon division of the wapentake of HARTHILL,
East riding of the county of YORK, 2½ miles (S. W.)
from North Cave, containing 149 inhabitants.
NEYLAND, formerly a parish, now a hamlet in
that of ASHWELLTHORPE, hundred of HUMBLEYARD,
county of NORFOLK, 4 miles (S. E.) from Wymond-
ham. The population is returned with the parish. The
church, which was dedicated to St. Peter, has long since
been demolished, and the living consolidated with that
of Ashwellthorpe.
NEWTOWN near NEWBURY, a parish in the
hundred of EVINGAR, Kingsclere division of the county
of SOUTHAMPTON, 2 miles (S. by E.) from Newbury,
containing 268 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the rectory of Burghclere, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary and St. John the Baptist.
Lady Lucy Berkeley, in 1626, bequeathed a rent-charge
of £10 for teaching poor children.
NIBLEY (NORTH), a parish in the upper division
of the hundred of BERKELEY, county of GLOUCESTER,
24 miles (N. W.) from Wotton under Edge, containing
1553 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester, endowed
with £400 private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and
£800 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
The
Dean and Canons of Christ Church, Oxford.
church, dedicated to St. Martin, has lately received an
addition of fifty free sittings, the Incorporated Society
for the enlargement of churches and chapels having
There is
granted £50 towards defraying the expense.
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. William
Purnell, in 1763, bequeathed £300 to purchase an
annuity for teaching five boys of the parish, also an
estate for apprenticing the sons of parishioners, with
each of whom a premium of about £20 is given, the
total annual income being £57. 2. 6. There is a bequest
of £4. 10. per annum by Matthew Tyndall, for teaching
poor children to read.
NIBTHWAITE, a township in the parish of COUL-
TON, hundred of LONSDALE, north of the sands, county
palatine of LANCASTER, 8 miles (N.) from Ulverstone.
The population is returned with the parish.
NICHOL-FOREST, a chapelry in the parish of
KIRK-ANDREWS upon Esк, ESKDALE ward, county of
CUMBERLAND, 10 miles (N. E. by N.) from Longtown,
containing 795 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle,
endowed with £ 1000 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Rector of Kirk-Andrews upon Esk. The chapel,
situated at Kingfield, was rebuilt in 1812. There is a
small charity school. The Liddel and Kershope rivers,
which separate the chapelry from Scotland, form here
some beautiful cascades, and from the bed of the former
rises a chalybeate spring, called Hert-fell Spa, the water
Arm-
of which is strongly impregnated with alum.
strong, the poet, was born in this neighbourhood.
NICHOLAS (ST.), a parish in the hundred of WON-
FORD, county of DEVON, 52 miles (E. by S.) from New-
ton-Abbots, containing 969 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Exeter, endowed with £200 private benefaction, £800
royal bounty, and £500 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of Lord Clifford. This parish is bounded
on the east by the river Teign, and lies opposite to Teign-
mouth, a pleasant and much improved bathing-place.
NICHOLAS (ST.), a chapelry in the parish of
STANFORD le HOPE, hundred of BARSTAPLE, county of
NIN
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382
1
ESSEX. Four almshouses were endowed, with about £6
per annum, by Ralph Finch.
NICHOLAS (ST.) CASTLE-HOLD, a parish in the
liberty of WEST MEDINA, Isle of Wight division of the
county of SOUTHAMPTON, adjacent to the town of New-
port, containing 281 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Winchester, rated in the king's books at £7, and in the
patronage of the Governor of the Isle of Wight.
NICHOLAS (ST.) at WADE, a parish in the hun-
dred of RINGSLOW, or Isle of THANET, lathe of ST.
AUGUSTINE, County of KENT, 6 miles (W. S. W.) from
Margate, containing 590 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of
the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the king's books.
at £15. 19. 7., and endowed with £200 parliamentary
grant. Thomas Paramore, in 1636, gave a house and
land, also a rent-charge of £6, in support of a school-
master, who, by the further aid of the parishioners,
instructs about forty-two children.
NICKLEBY, a township in the parish of LYTHE,
eastern division of the liberty of LANGBAURGH, North
riding of the county of YORK, 6½ miles (W. by N.) from
Whitby, containing 147 inhabitants. There is a place of
worship for Independents.
NIDD, a parish in the liberty of RIPON, West
riding of the county of YORK, 1 mile (E.) from Rip-
ley, containing, with Killinghall, 86 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Richmond, and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's
books at £3. 6. 10., endowed with £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the King, as Duke of Lan-
caster.
NIGHTON, a chapelry in the parish of ST. WINNOW,
hundred of WEST, county of CORNWALL, 2 miles (E. by N.)
from Lostwithiel. The population is returned with the
parish. The chapel, dedicated to St. Necton, has lately
received an addition of one hundred and twenty free
sittings, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels having granted £60 towards
defraying the expense.
NINEBANKS, a chapelry in the parish of ALLEN-
DALE, southern division of TINDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 6 miles (N. E.) from Alston-
Moor. The population is returned with the parish.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to that of Al-
lendale, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Archbishop
of York, endowed with £400 private benefaction,
£1000 royal bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant.
The chapel was rebuilt and the cemetery enlarged
about 1813.
NINEHEAD, a parish in the hundred of TAUNTON
and TAUNTON-DEAN, County of SOMERSET, 1½ mile (N.
by W.) from Wellington, containing 308 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £ S. 7. 11., endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of the Crown. The church is dedicated to All
Saints. The river Tone, which runs through the
parish, was wont frequently to overflow its banks, till
the spirited proprietor of the parish, W. A. Sanford,
Esq., caused its bed to be widened to the extent of
about forty yards, at which work and in building a
bridge of three arches, one hundred and seventy
feet in length, forming several picturesque cascades, &c.,
he employed from five hundred to six hundred men
during the greater part of the years 1815 and 1816.
A school also has been erected and is supported by his
son, E. A. Sanford, Esq., for the education of from sixty
to seventy children upon the National system. Lime-
stone is obtained in the parish.
NINFIELD, a parish in the hundred of NINFIELD,
rape of HASTINGS, county of SUSSEX, 5 miles (S. W.
by W.) from Battle, containing 618 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Lewes, and
diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at £8,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Ashburnham. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary.
NITON, a parish in the liberty of EAST MEDINA,
Isle of Wight division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON,
8 miles (E.) from Newport, containing 443 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, united to the vicarage of Gods-
hill, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester,
rated in the king's books at £20. 7. 1. The church,
dedicated to St. John the Baptist, is a very ancient
structure on the south side of it, without the wall of
the cemetery, is a cross raised upon steps with a basin
on the top, supposed to have been used anciently as a
baptismal font. Richard Weecks, in 1784, bequeathed
£150, which, with subsequent gifts, produces an annual
income of £ 10, for teaching the children of the parish
to read.
NIXONS, a township in the parish of BEWCASTLE,
ESKDALE ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 13 miles
(E. N. E.) from Longtown, containing 224 inhabitants.
Several trout streams bound and intersect the township.
NOCKHOLT, a parish in the hundred of RUXLEY,
lathe of SUTTON at HONE, county of KENT, 5 miles
(N. W.) from Seven-Oaks, containing 407 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the exempt deanery
of Shoreham, which is in the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, endowed with £400 private
benefaction, and £600 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Rector of Orpington. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
"
NOCTON, a parish in the second division of the
wapentake of LANGOE, parts of KESTEVEN, county of
LINCOLN, 7 miles (S. E.) from Lincoln, containing 376
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £7. 17. 11., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter. A priory of Black
canons, in honour of St. Mary Magdalene, was founded
here, in the reign of Stephen, by Robert D'Arcy, which
at the dissolution had a revenue of £52. 19. 2.
NOCTORUM, a township in the parish of Wood-
CHURCH, lower division of the hundred of WIRRALL,
county palatine of CHESTER, 7½ miles (N.) from Great
Neston, containing 30 inhabitants.
NOKE, a parish in the hundred of PLOUGHLEY,
county of OXFORD, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from Oxford,
containing 168 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford,
rated in the king's books at £7. 19. 7., and in the pa-
tronage of the Duke of Marlborough. The church is
dedicated to St. Giles.
NONINGTON, a parish in the hundred of WING-
HAM, lathe of St. AugustinE, county of KENT, 44 miles
(S. by E.) from Wingham, containing 730 inhabitants.
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The living is a perpetual curacy, with that of Womens-
would annexed, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Can-
terbury, and in the patronage of the Archbishop of
Canterbury. The church, dedicated to St. Mary,
is principally in the early style of English archi-
tecture.
NOOK (THE), a township in the parish of BELLING-
HAM, north-western division of TINDALE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, a mile (E.) from Bellingham,
containing 113 inhabitants. It is bounded on the south
by the North Tyne river.
NORBRECK, a joint township with Bispham, in
the parish of BISPHAM, hundred of AMOUNderness,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 3 miles (W. N. W.) from
Poulton. The population is returned with Bispham.
NORBURY, a chapelry in the parish of Sтockport,
hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county palatine of CHESTER,
44 miles (S. S. E.) from Stockport, containing 680
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with
£600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Thomas
Leigh, Esq. A school-house was erected about 1760, by
Peter Leigh, Esq.
NORBURY, a township in the parish of MARBURY,
hundred of NANTWICH, county palatine of CHESTER,
4 miles (N. by E.) from Whitchurch, containing 438
inhabitants. Á branch of the Chester canal passes
through the township.
NORBURY, a parish in the hundred of APPLETREE,
county of DERBY, 4 miles (S. W.) from Ashbourn, con-
taining, with the township of Roston, 498 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, with the perpetual curacy of Snel-
stone, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£15. 16. 0½., and in the patronage of Thomas Fitzher-
bert, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary: the
chancel is a fine specimen of the decorated style, with
large windows exhibiting the original stained glass, which
is strikingly beautiful. Here, amongst many ancient
monuments of the Fitzherberts, is one to the memory of
Sir Anthony, a celebrated writer on the law, who was
born at this place, and died in 1538. A free school was
founded in 1678, by a bequest from Mr. Thomas Wil-
liams, and endowed with land now let for £18 per
annum, for which about twenty poor children are
instructed.
NORBURY, a parish in the hundred of PURSLOW,
county of SALOP, 44 miles (N. E.) from Bishop's Castle,
containing 377 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the vicarage of North Lydbury, in
the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Hereford,
and in the patronage of the Rev. John Bright Bright.
The church is dedicated to All Saints.
NORBURY, a parish in the western division of the
hundred of Cuttlestone, County of STAFFORD, 4 miles
(N. E.) from Newport, containing, with the township of
Weston-Jones, 309 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, rated in the king's books at £10. 2. 6.,
and in the patronage of Lord Anson. The church is
dedicated to St. Peter.
NORDLEY (KING'S), a township in that part of
the parish of ALVELEY which is in the hundred of
STOTTESDEN, County of SALOP, 52 miles (S. E.) from
Bridgenorth. The population is returned with the
parish.
NORCOTT, a township in that part of the parish
of ST. HELEN, ABINGDON, which is in the hundred of
HORMER, County of BERKS, 1 mile (N.) from Abing-
don, containing 85 inhabitants.
;
NORFOLK, a maritime county, bounded on the
north and east by the German Ocean, or North sea; on
the south by the county of Suffolk, from which it is se-
parated by the river Waveney, and the Lesser Ouse;
and on the west by Cambridgeshire and a small part of
Lincolnshire, from which it is separated by the Greater
Ouse and Nene rivers. It extends from 52° 22′ to 52°
58′ (N. Lat.), and from 10' to 1° 43' (E. Lon.); and in-
cludes an area of two thousand and ninety-two square
miles, or one million three hundred and thirty-eight thou-
sand eight hundred and eighty statute acres. The popula-
tion, in 1821, was 344,368. The name is but slightly
altered in orthography and pronunciation from the Saxon
compound, North-folc, signifying "the northern people,"
which term was used in the early Saxon kingdom of
East Anglia, to distinguish the inhabitants of the north-
ern part of it from those of the southern, who were
called Suth-folc, for the like reason. At the period of
the Roman Conquest this county was inhabited by the
Cenomanni, or Cenimagni, a tribe of the Iceni, who,
according to Whitaker, were descended from the Ceno-
manui of Gaul, and had their chief city at Caistor,
near Norwich. Within the limits of the county, or
contiguous to it, were established five principal, be-
sides several subordinate, Roman stations. These and
other fortifications were placed under the command of
an officer, whose title, according to some authors, was
Comes tractus maritimi, Count of the maritime district
and, according to others, Comes litoris Saxonici, Count
of the Saxon shore; the Saxons at that period greatly
harassing the Roman possessors of Britain by their
piratical attacks on this part of the coast. After the
disastrous events which succeeded the retirement of the
Roman forces from Britain, in the year 575, Uffa, the
first Saxon leader that established himself in this part
of the island, assumed dominion over the territory
now comprised in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, and
Cambridge, which then took the name of East Anglia,
of which Norfolk continued to form a very important
part until all the kingdoms of the Octarchy were united
under the dominion of Egbert, about four hundred
years after the first landing of the Saxons. Norfolk
shared largely in the general calamity produced by the
hostile and piratical incursions of the Danes, who at
first chiefly directed their attacks upon East Anglia,
landing in 870, within the mouth of the river Yare.
Prior to the death of Egbert they obtained possession
of the whole of East Anglia; and although, during
the reigns of several of his successors, they were
masters of almost every part of the kingdom, yet,
having been totally defeated by the Saxon forces un-
der Alfred, that prince limited their residence to the
province of East Anglia, and Norwich became their
chief city. In revenge for the general massacre of
the Danes by King Ethelred II., Sweyn, King of Den-
mark, invaded England with a numerous army and a
powerful fleet, and landing on the coast of Norfolk,
burned the cities of Norwich and Thetford; but in
this desolating career his army was opposed by the
Saxons under Earl Ulfketel, who defeated the Danes in
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successive battles, and at last compelled them to re-em-
bark. In the year 1010 they returned, and having
landed at Ipswich, and defeated Ulfketel, once more pos-
sessed themselves of East Anglia; and this province
was afterwards included in that portion of the country
allotted to Canute, the son of Sweyn, when the kingdom
was divided between him and Edmund Ironside, and
which was in consequence called Denelege, or the Danish
jurisdiction.
After the Norman Conquest, and in the reign
of William Rufus, Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, taking
part with Robert, Duke of Normandy, against William,
Norfolk sustained considerable devastation in the con-
Alicts that ensued. It also greatly participated in the
disasters caused by the attempt of Prince Henry to
deprive his father, King Henry II., of the crown, his
cause having been espoused by the Earl of Norfolk.
In the reign of John, Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk,
took part with the refractory barons, and that monarch,
laying waste the baronial possessions in this part of
his dominions, came to Lynn, and thence crossed the
washes into Lincolnshire, but, in consequence of the
advance of the tide, lost his baggage in the passage.
This county was afterwards over-run by the forces of
Louis the Dauphin, who exacted heavy contributions from
the inhabitants. In the reign of Richard II., during
the rebellion headed by Jack Straw and Wat Tyler, the
standards of those leaders were joined by several of
the lower orders in this county; and Norwich was in-
vested by the insurgents, led on by an individual named
Letester: these, however, were so dispirited by the
so dispirited by the
seizure and condemnation of their captain, that they
forthwith dispersed. Henry VII., when Lambert Sim-
nel was counterfeiting the person of Edward Planta-
genet, and as such had been crowned in Dublin, doubt-
ful of the loyalty of the eastern counties, or apprehen-
sive that the Pretender would attempt a landing on this
coast, went in person through the counties of Suffolk
and Norfolk, and kept his Christmas at Norwich,
whence he proceeded on a pilgrimage to the chapel of
Our Lady at Walsingham, to offer his devotions at the
holy shrine; and when all fear of danger had been dis-
sipated, he sent his banner to the chapel in acknow-
ledgment of his deliverance, and returned to the
capital. In the reign of Edward VI., owing to a system
of enclosing adopted by the nobility and gentry who
had become possessed of the abbey lands, a rebellion
broke out in this county; and the insurgents, being
actuated by the same spirit as the levellers in the
reign of Richard II., proceeded to abolish all distinc-
tions of rank or title, and to execute their designs under
the direction of two ringleaders named Ket. Their
chief place of rendezvous was Mousehold heath, near
Norwich, where the elder of the leaders, Robert Ket,
with assistant deputies from every hundred, held his
councils under a large tree, hence called "The Oak
of Reformation." After the county had long been
harassed by exactions and other outrages, committed
by these rebels, and all previous attempts to quell the
insurrection had failed, a large army, which had been
raised for the king's service in Scotland, was despatched
against them, under the command of the Earl of War-
wick, by which Robert Ket was taken, and the rebels
dispersed, though, it appears, with considerable loss to
the king's troops. At the commencement of the dis-
sensions between Charles I. and his subjects, the county
of Norfolk took an active part; and when the parlia-
ment had voted the necessity of taking up arms, the in-
habitants generally approved of the determination. This
was one of the associated eastern counties placed under
the command of the Earl of Manchester, and at an
early period of the contest, Norwich was fortified
against the royalists. At no period of the struggle do
the king's forces appear to have gained much advan-
tage in this county; Lynn was at first in their posses-
sion, but was quickly besieged and taken by the Earl
of Manchester's troops.
Norfolk is in the diocese of Norwich, and province
of Canterbury, and comprises the two archdeaconries
of Norfolk and Norwich, in the former of which are
included the deanèries of Brooke, Burnham, Cranwick,
Depwade, Fincham, Hingham, Hitcham, Humbleyard,
Reddenhall, Repps, Rockland, and Wacton, and in the
latter those of Blofield, Breckles, Brisley, Flegg, Holt,
Ingworth, Lynn, Norwich, Sparham, Taverham, Toft-
Trees, and Walsingham, and part of that of Thetford,
which together contain seven hundred and fifty-six pa-
rishes, of which four hundred and forty-one are rectories,
one hundred and seventy-one vicarages, and seventy-
eight perpetual curacies. For the purposes of civil go-
vernment it is divided into the thirty-three hundreds of
Blofield, Brothercross, Clackclose, Clavering, Depwade,
Diss, Earsham, Erpingham (North and South), Eyns-
ford, Flegg (East and West), Forehoe, Freebridge
(Lynn and Marshland divisions), Gallow, Greenhoe
(North and South), Grimshoe, Guilt-Cross, Happing,
Henstead, Holt, Humbleyard, Launditch, Loddon, Mit-
ford, Shropham, Smithdon, Taverham, Tunstead, Wals-
ham, and Wayland. It contains the city of Norwich, the
borough, market, and sea-port towns of Lynn-Regis
and Yarmouth; the small sea-port and market town
of Cley; the borough and market town of Thetford ;
the borough of Castle-Rising; the market towns of
Aylsham, East Dereham, Diss, Downham-Market, Fa-
kenham, Foulsham, Harleston, East Harling, Holt,
Loddon, Reepham, Swaffham, North Walsham, Watton,
and Wymondham; and the little sea-port towns of
Blakeney and Wells, which have no market. Two
knights are returned to parliament for the shire,
two representatives for the city of Norwich, and two
for each of the boroughs. This county is included in
the Norfolk circuit: the assizes and quarter sessions
are held at Norwich and Thetford, alternately. There
are one hundred and fifty-four acting magistrates. The
rates raised in the county for the year ending March
25th, 1829, amounted to £308,564, and the expendi-
ture to £309,799, of which £275,859 was applied to the
relief of the poor.
ܚ
The marine department of the civil government
is vested in the Vice-Admiral of Norfolk, an officer ap-
pointed under a commission from the Board of Ad-
miralty. He has power to hold a court of admiralty
for the county, with judges, marshals, and other proper
officers, subordinate to him, for the purpose of exer-
cising jurisdiction in all maritime affairs. From the
sentence of this court an appeal lies to the High Court
of Admiralty, from the Lords Commissioners of which
he regularly receives his instructions. This county, be-
sides containing several places having separate jurisdic-
tion, has various courts possessing peculiar privileges;
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385
of which the principal are the court of the Liberty of the
Duchy of Lancaster, held at Aylsham, and a court of
the Liberty of the Duchy of Norfolk, which is held at
Lopham, or elsewhere within the liberty, at the discretion
of the Duke of Norfolk. This latter liberty is of great
extent within the county, comprising the whole hun-
dred of Earsham, and the half-hundred of Guilt-Cross,
besides the manors of Forncett, Framlingham Parva,
Ditchingham, Ditchingham Parva, Loddon, Sisland,
Halvergate, South Walsham, Cantley, Strumpshaw,
Caistor, Winterton, Dickleburgh, Beighton, and Byfield;
it also includes some small portions of the counties of
Essex, Suffolk, Surrey, and Sussex. It was granted
by Edward IV., by patent dated at Westminster, De-
cember 7th, 1468, to John, Duke of Norfolk, and Eli-
zabeth, his wife, and their heirs for ever; the duke to
have within the said manors, lordships, and jurisdic-
tions, the return of all writs, bills, summonses, precepts,
and mandates of the king, so that no sheriff, or any
other officer, shall enter the said liberty: to this
privilege were added all fines, amercements, profits, pe-
nalties, and other royalties; and with these was con-
veyed to the duke full power to have his own coroners,
clerks of the markets, and other officers, and to appoint
a steward of the liberty, who should have power to
determine all actions under the value of 40s., and that
persons residing within the said liberty should not be
liable to answer for debts of such amount in any other
The present Duke of Norfolk is lord of this
liberty, and appoints a steward, coroner, &c., having
also a prison for debtors. Formerly one sheriff served
for the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, but they were
placed under distinct shrievalties in the reign of Queen
Elizabeth, in the year 1576, and have continued so ever
since.
court.
The shape of the county is nearly elliptical; and it
is so surrounded by the sea and by rivers that it may
almost be considered an island, being actually connected
with the main land only by a narrow causeway, raised
across the marshes near Lopham. The surface is less
varied in feature than perhaps that of any tract in the
kingdom of equal extent, being for the most part flat;
yet this uniformity of appearance is sometimes inter-
rupted, particularly in the northern parts, where the
ground is broken by gentle elevations, the hills and
valleys being diversified by woods, coppices, hedge-rows,
and plantations. On the south side of the county is a
fine rich tract, extending towards the north and north-
east; and these parts being enclosed, well cultivated,
and abounding in timber more than most maritime dis-
tricts, exhibit a variety of pleasing and cheerful pros-
pects. In some parts the hedge-rows abound with
trees, which at a distance have the appearance of ex-
tensive woods; but in others the great expanse of
heath and bare unenclosed land has a dreary aspect:
some of the most uninteresting parts lie on the south-
western side of it. The most extensive prospects
are those from Ashill, near Swaffham ; Holkham
Docking, near Burnham; Melton, near Holt; Poring-
Melton, near Holt; Poring-
land; and Thorpe, near Norwich. The road from War-
ham is picturesque, overlooking Stiffkey vale, across
which the hills rise in a bold manner, though bare of
wood ; near Blakeney also is another pleasing valley.
Most of the rivers rise in marshy lands, and running
through a comparatively level country, the fall is con-
VOL. III.
sequently small, and their current slow; so that they
contribute to keep the adjacent grounds in a swampy
state, and to fill the atmosphere with dense and noxious
vapours. When swelled by land-floods, their æstuaries
being for the most part choked with silt driven up by
the violence of the tide,they often overflow the low
lands, and in their course form numerous small shallow
lakes, or pools, provincially termed broads, or meres,
which are plentifully stocked with fish, and much fre-
quented by aquatic birds. The principal of these are in
the districts through which the Bure, the Wensum, and
the Waveney pursue their courses. Breedon, or Brey-
don broad, at the mouth of the Waveney, and imme-
diately to the west of Yarmouth, is three miles in length
and one and a half in breadth; Hickling broad is
nearly three miles in length and one in breadth; and
that at Rockland is a mile and a half long and half a
mile wide. There are a few in other parts of the county,
as at Quiddenham, Diss, and Hingham; and in the
fenny districts many temporary ones are formed during
the winter season, in the vicinity of which are nume-
rous decoys for wild fowl.
The coast has no indentations of magnitude, and
although it terminates that great bed of chalk which,
commencing in the high cliffs of Dorsetshire, passes
across the kingdom to this county, yet it is for the most
part flat, and, exclusively of some bold headlands in
the vicinity of Cromer, and some wooded hills in the
neighbourhood of Sherringham, the only remarkable
promontory throughout its whole extent is Hunstan-
ton cliff, commonly called St. Edmund's Point. The
other eminences on the east consist of clay, and are con-
tinually being undermined by the violence of the waves.
Much of the coast consists of a low sandy beach, covered
with gravel and loose pebbles, called shingles, which, by
the force of the waves, are frequently thrown up in vast
heaps: these, by the constant accumulation of sand, are
formed into banks, and are held together by the matted
roots of what is called "sea-reed grass.
sea-reed grass." Numerous
banks of the same kind have been raised off the coast,
far out at sea, and, being only discoverable at ebb or
quarter tides, are frequently fatal to coasting vessels:
the most remarkable is the large bank running parallel
with the coast near Yarmouth, between which and the
shore is a deep channel, known by the name of Yar-
mouth Roads, where ships ride safely in all states of
the weather. The ranges of sand-hills on this, as on
the opposite coast of Holland, tend to preserve a
valuable portion of the county from inundation: a line
of them, called the Meals, or Marum Hills, commences
at Caistor, two miles north of Yarmouth, and extends,
with occasional interruptions, to Happisburgh point, and
thence to Cromer bay, where what are called “Mud
Cliffs" begin, and line the northern shore to Lynn-
Regis: these sand - banks are not all permanent,
sometimes shifting their station suddenly by a sub-
marine movement. Large portions of the county be-
ing exposed to the winds from the ocean, and other
tracts to winds that blow over an immense extent of
marsh land, the air is there extremely cold in winter
and during the early part of the spring. Winds
from the north and north-east are more prevalent
here than in any other part of the kingdom, and are
severely felt, so as considerably to retard the growth of
vegetation.
t
3 D
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}
year 1786; and in 1790, eight hundred and sixty-eight
acres were embanked and enclosed in the parishes of
A
Terrington St. Clement and Terrington St. John.
still greater improvement was also accomplished by the
family of Bentinck, in Marshland, where one thousand
acres were reclaimed by an embankment about four
miles in length; and in 1797, an act passed for the
drainage and allotment of the immense tract of land
situated in Marshland, Smeeth, and Fenn, besides much
private property. According to the table of the soils fur-
nished by the late secretary to the Board of Agriculture,
Mr. Arthur Young, there are, of light sand, two hundred
and twenty square miles; of more valuable sand, four
hundred and twenty; of marshland clay, sixty; of va-
rious loams, nine hundred; of rich loam, one hundred
and forty-eight; and of peat-earth, eighty-two. The
substrata of the county, as far as research has disco-
vered, consists of clunch, or indurated chalk; chalk in
which flints are imbedded; gault, gravel, sand, silt,
and peat-earth. On Mousehold heath, and in some
other places, are extensive beds of clunch, which is used
in building, and burned for lime: the chalk-pits in the
vicinity of Norwich abound with those large black flints
which compose the walls of many buildings in that city.
In the gault, or argillaceous strata, has been found a
sort of clay which is manufactured into an excellent
species of earthenware: good brick-clay abounds in
various places. The silt, or sea-sand, finely pulverised,
is found at various depths, and is used in repairing the
roads; and throughout the fen lands the peat-earth fur-
nishes the poor with an abundant supply of fuel. On
the shore near Thornham, at low water, is the appear-
ance of a large forest having been, at some period, swal-
lowed up by the waves, the stools of many large timber
trees and many trunks being distinguishable, but in a
state of great decay; these lie in a black mass of vege-
table fibres, consisting of decayed branches, leaves,
rushes, flags, &c. : a great extent of this matter is dis-
coverable at low water.
With regard to soil, Norfolk may be divided into
five districts. The first, lying to the north and east of
Norwich, and comprising the eastern and western
divisions of the hundred of Flegg, the hundreds of
Walsham, Blofield, Happing, Tunstead, and the greater
part of the northern and southern divisions of the
hundred of Erpingham, consists of a deep, mellow,
putrid sandy loam, similar to that of the most fertile
part of the Austrian Netherlands: but unfortunately
much of this tract is occupied by meres and marshes.
The second, lying to the south and south-east of
Norwich, includes the hundreds of Loddon, Clavering,
Henstead, Earsham, Diss, Depwade, and Humbleyard,
and some portions of those of Forehoe and Mitford, and
consists of stiff wet land, composed of a mixture of sand
and clay abounding in springs. The third includes the
northern division of the hundred of Greenhoe, the
hundreds of Taverham, Eynsford, Gallow, Launditch,
Brothercross, Smithdon, Freebridge and Clackclose:
this is generally called "West Norfolk," and consists
principally of light sandy land. Part of it in the north-
western angle of the county, contains large tracts of
excellent land, with a good deal of inferior quality; and
here is practised the system of agriculture to which the
general epithet of "Norfolk husbandry" is applied.
Along the Ouse is a line of rich marshes. All the
more central portion of the county has considerable
natural fertility: marl is found in almost every part of
it, and extensively employed as manure. The fourth
tract, lying in the south-western part of the county, com-
prises the southern division of the hundred of Greeenhoe,
the hundreds of Shropham, Guilt-Cross, Wayland, and
Grimshoe, and is composed of a light sand, so light in-
deed, in the last-mentioned hundred, that it frequently
drifts with the wind, and is bare of vegetation. The whole
of the westernmost part of the county, which is cut off
from the rest of it by the Ouse, consists of the rich tract
of Marshland, forming a fifth district, consisting of ooze,
or silt, as it is provincially called, a marine deposit rest-
ing on clay at various depths: in some parts the clay
mixes with the silt to the surface, and forms the richer
grazing lands. Of this kind also is a narrow tract of
land on the easternmost part of the coast, near the
mouth of the united rivers Yare and Waveney, which
extends a considerable distance inland towards Norwich;
the whole in winter being commonly under water, so
that in the spring it is necessary to drain it in order to
convert it into pasture. There are also large tracts of
swampy ground in the vicinity of Lodham, frequently
inundated by land-floods, and producing little, except
sedge and reeds. In the south-westernmost part of the
county is an extensive tract of level land, forming part
of the great fenny district, which also includes large
portions of the counties of Suffolk, Cambridge, Hun-
tingdon, Northampton, and Lincoln. The district called
Marshland is one of the richest in the kingdom; it
extends also into Lincolnshire, and forms an immense
salt-marsh. The soil is strongly impregnated with salt,
and is of so argillaceous a quality as to be generally re-
garded as a strong clay. It is intersected by ranges of
banks, raised at different periods, to secure the fresh
tracts which had been abandoned by the ocean: one of
these is called the Roman bank. Other tracts have at
various later times been regained from the sea: at
Titchwell, three hundred acres were embanked in the
A
P
Although by nature sterile, superior cultivation has
rendered Norfolk one of the most productive counties
in the kingdom. The arable lands form about two-
thirds of the county; and the usual course of crops is,
first year, turnips; second, barley; third, seeds for hay;
fourth, seeds; fifth, wheat or rye; and sixth, barley:
the next most frequently practised is the old four-shift
system of turnips, barley, seeds, and wheat, in succes-
sion. Wheat is a general crop, but thrives best on the
stiff loamy soils: the produce varies, according to the
soil, from two to six quarters per acre; the general aver-
age is computed at three quarters. A vast quantity of
barley is raised on the lighter soils, made into malt, and
then shipped off; malt, indeed, may be considered the
staple commodity of the county: the general average
produce of barley is stated at four quarters per acre.
Oats are sown only as a shifting crop, more than is con-
sumed in the county being seldom grown: the rich lands
in Flegg and Marshland usually produce ten quarters
per acre. Rye is a common crop upon the light are-
Other
naceous lands of the south-eastern district.
crops frequently cultivated are, buck-wheat, peas,
beans, potatoes, vetches, or tares, cole-seed, clover, and
other artificial grasses; and, but less frequently, cabbages.
A considerable quantity of mustard is cultivated be-
tween March and Wisbeach, and around the latter
Gala
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387
A
place. Saffron is grown in the south-western district,
and in the parts adjacent to Cambridgeshire. Flax is
cultivated in the vicinities of Wisbeach, Downham, and
Outwell; and hemp near Downham, Old Buckenham,
Diss, Harleston, &c. Some of the marshes are pecu-
liarly favourable to the growth of corn; but their lia-
bility to inundations has induced the inhabitants to
prefer the dairy system, and in these parts large quan-
tities of butter are made and exported, under the name
of "Cambridge butter." On the whole, the grass lands
of Norfolk, from the prevailing system being arable,
have been too generally neglected, though some have
been greatly improved by the practice of marling and
by under-draining. The quantity of upland meadow
and pasture has been estimated at nearly one hundred
and twenty-seven thousand acres; and that of the
marsh lands at upwards of sixty-three thousand. From
Norwich to Yarmouth is an extensive range of meadow
and marsh land; at Dawling and Guestwick is a con-
siderable extent of pasture; and at Tasburgh, between
Wymondham and Stratton, are many excellent mea-
dows. One of the richest tracts of grazing land in Nor-
folk is the marshy district lying to the south of Lynn,
and on the eastern side of the Ouse: these marshes, like
all others in the county, are in general hired by the up-
land farmers, and not stocked regularly, but only when
convenience requires it. Besides the marl, there are seve-
ral peculiar kinds of manure employed, one of which is
the little fish called stickleback, which is sometimes taken
in immense quantities in the Lynn rivers. In East
Winch and West Bilney, and scattered for ten miles
thence to Wallington, is a remarkable bed of oyster
shells lying in sea mud, from which the farmers obtain
a great quantity to apply to their lands. Lime, sea-
ooze, pond-weed, oil-cake, and river mud, are also used
for the same purpose.
ber of sheep annually fattened for distant markets, in
the same manner as the cattle, is supposed to be not
less than thirty thousand. Some persons keep flocks
of ewes solely for breeding; and at weaning time sell off
the wether lambs to other counties. The hog is com-
paratively small, and of a thin bristly breed, very pro-
lific, and the flesh is esteemed of good flavour: the
number has been diminished by the decline of dairy
farms, and the enclosure of waste lands. The horses,
whether native or a cross with the Suffolk breed, are a
hardy, and active race, from fourteen to fifteen hands
high, and well adapted for the purposes of husbandry
and the road. Poultry of all kinds is very plentiful;
and in the sandy and loamy districts, owing to the dry-
ness of the soil, and the range afforded by the unenclosed
parts, the turkies are extremely numerous, and esteemed
of excellent quality and flavour; besides affording a
supply to several of the neighbouring counties, nu-
merous large flocks are annually driven out of the
county to London, and other distant places. Large
supplies of geese are also bred in the fenny parts, and
annually driven on foot to London, from the neigh-
hourhoods of Downham, Wisbeach, and Lynn: turkey-
poults, goslings, chickens, &c., are sent hence to the
same market by light caravans, or stage-coaches. Rab-
bits are extremely numerous on the light sandy soils,
being a considerable object of trade: numbers are bred
about Castle-Rising, Thetford, Winterton, and Sherring-
ham; but Methwold heath is the most celebrated, as
producing the finest and best flavoured: this spot was
noticed as a rabbit-warren so early as the reign of Ca-
nute. Woodcocks, snipes, widgeons, ducks, and other
aquatic fowl, in consequence of the numerous marshes
and meres, are very abundant: the heath lands are
frequented by the great bustard, the largest of British
land-fowl.
Of the cattle, the native cow is of small size, with
middle-sized horns turned up, resembling those of the
Alderney breed, generally of a red colour, and not
profitable for the dairy, but hardy, and well calculated
for barren pastures. Few of this kind are now kept
by the large farmers, the Suffolk, polled, dun-coloured
cow, having been generally substituted, and being
deemed more profitable, though less hardy. The
greater part of the cattle fed for the market are
brought from Scotland, and purchased by the graziers,
at a large fair held at St. Faith's, a small village near
Norwich: several are also imported from Ireland. The
average number of fat cattle annually sent from this
county to the markets at Smithfield, Islington, St. Ives,
and other places, is estimated at not less than twenty-
thousand. The open sheep-walks were formerly very
extensive: the native breed, and that which prevails
in the county, carries a fleece of about two pounds in
weight, and, when fattened, weighs about eighteen pounds
per quarter. The wool was formerly classed for fine-
ness as a third-rate among the native breeds; but it
has been discovered that the neck wool of the Norfolk
sheep is equal to the fleece of the Spanish breed.
Although this was considered the breed best adapted
to the soil, situation, and system of management of the
county, yet the South Down is now to be found in
almost entire possession of all the district from Swaff-
ham to Holkham, and also in some other parts, to-
gether with a few of the Leicester breed. The num-
A great part of this county was, within a cen-
tury and a half, comparatively wild, bleak, and un-
productive, more than half of it being rabbit-war-
rens and sheep-walks; and notwithstanding that so
much has been effected towards bringing the whole
of the land into a state of cultivation, and although
the commons have been very much diminished during
the latter part of the last century, and the early part
of the present, yet the open and waste lands are still
of great extent. Of the former, a great quantity lies
in the northern division of the hundred of Greenhoe,
the Lynn division of the hundred of Freebridge, and
the hundreds of Brothercross, Smithdon, Grimshoe,
Loddon, &c.; and large wastes and commons still exist
at Attleborough, Turnmoor, Westear, Broad Moor, Fen
and Row, Lyng, Beaconthorpe, Decoy, Borough, South
Creake, Holt, and Flegg. From either Brandon or
Thetford to Swaffham, the road lies for eighteen miles
across a tract consisting of warrens or sheep-walks, with
but few cultivated patches. Eccles common comprises
four hundred acres of thick fern. A peculiar custom ex-
ists in Norfolk respecting the grazing of sheep on com-
monable lands; which is, that the lord, as he is called, of
every township, orders how many and what sort of sheep
the people shall have, where the walks shall be fixed
both in summer and winter, on what spots they shall be
folded, and how they shall be driven from place to place.
Norfolk contains numerous woods, though they are par-
tially scattered through the county: the principal are
3 D 2
NOR
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388
1
those of Foxley, in the hundred of Eynsford; some to
the westward of Wymondham, in that of Forehoe;
Shottesham, in Henstead; Ashwellthorpe, Hempnall,
and Bunwell, in Depwade; and Hethel, Hethersett, and
Ketteringham, in Humbleyard; besides smaller woods
in Erpingham, Clavering, Earsham, &c. There are also
some large woods at Billingford and Thorpe-Abbots,
where hurdles and hoops are the principal articles of
profit; and in several parts of the county, particularly
in those to the north-west, are extensive woods of tim-
ber: these woods and plantations have been computed
to occupy not less than ten thousand acres.
+
The manufactures, excepting for home consumption,
consist chiefly of woven goods, which, in a variety of
branches, still constitute the staple trade. The small vil-
lage of Worsted, in this county, is remarkable as having
given name to a kind of cloths made of wool differently
dressed from that of which woollen goods are made; the
yarn of the former being spun from combed, and that
of the latter from carded, wool. Dormics, cambrics,
calicoes, &c., which in like manner took their names
from the places where they were first made, formerly
constituted the principal articles of manufacture: and
these were followed by druggets, serges, shalloons, duf-
fields, &c.; which, in their turn, have been superseded
by bombazins, worsted damasks, flowered satins, cam-
blets, crapes, stuffs, tabinets, poplins, shawls, and a
great variety of fancy articles, most of which are formed
of wool, mohair, and silk, by different intermixtures
and curious combinations. In this trade Norwich takes
the lead; but the articles which have usually been con-
sidered as having been made in that city only, have
been produced by the joint labour of several towns
and villages of the county. Since the introduction of
machinery, however, the trade has been more con-
centrated, and is now almost exclusively confined to
Norwich, in which city are several silk-mills; the silk,
after being prepared, passes through other hands for
the purpose of being manufactured into crape there
are establishments at North Walsham and Yarmouth,
connected with the manufacturers at Norwich in this
branch of trade: the Lincolnshire and Leicestershire
wools are chiefly used, while that of Norfolk is for the
most part exported for the use of the Yorkshire clothiers.
At Norwich the making of cotton thread-lace has been
introduced of late years.
:
.
all engage to serve for the season at stipulated wages,
besides which the master, mate, hawseman, and wale-
man, have an allowance of a certain sum per last.
The vessels, being victualled, and having some tons of
salt on board, proceed four, six, or even twelve leagues
from shore. Numerous boats from other parts of the
eastern coast of England, and many from Holland, also
fish on this coast, selling their cargoes at the free Mi-
chaelmas mart at Yarmouth. In prosperous years, as
many as seventy thousand barrels have been exported,
exclusively of the home consumption, which may be
estimated at fifteen thousand more. A summer fish-
ing for herrings was formerly practised, and nume-
rous French and Dutch vessels repaired to the coast
for that purpose; but the herrings have ceased to fre-
quent it during the warm season. In the course of the
summer months, therefore, the boats are employed in
the mackarel fishery, which is very considerable, and,
though of minor importance in a commercial point of
view, yet, during the spring and summer season, when
this fish, which is gregarious and migratory, appears off
the coast in vast shoals, it furnishes an abundant supply
of food, at a very moderate expense, to the inhabitants
of Norfolk and the neighbouring counties. This county
also participates in the Greenland fishery.
Norfolk, by means of its rivers, &c., has a most
extensive internal communication with the northern
and midland counties; but, having only two grand
outlets to the sea, its foreign and coasting trade are
almost wholly engrossed by the ports of Lynn and Yar-
mouth; Wells, Blakeney, Burnham-Market, and Cley,
although they share in the corn trade, being chiefly fish-
ing towns. By means of the Greater Ouse, and the
rivers and canals with which it is connected, Norfolk
supplies the central parts of the kingdom with coal,
wine, timber, grocery, and other articles, previously
imported into the ports above mentioned; and in re-
turn receives large quantities of cheese, corn, and malt.
Its foreign trade, though now comparatively small, was
formerly very considerable, especially to the Baltic,
Norway, Holland, Portugal, and Spain. The agricultu-
ral produce of Norfolk amounting to twice as much as
is consumed by its inhabitants, the exports are conse-
quently great; and in a good corn year, when the ex-
portation is free, it has been stated that the ports of
this county, including that brought down the rivers,
which forms about one-tenth of the whole, export as
much corn as all the other ports of England collectively.
Possessing a great extent of sea-coast, and abound-
ing in rivers and streams, accompanied by numerous
broads, or meres, Norfolk is well supplied both with
fresh and salt-water fish: the latter are of all species,
and in great plenty. The two chief fisheries are those
of the herring and the mackarel. The herring fishery
is by far the most important, and Yarmouth is the
grand place of rendezvous for the boats engaged in it.
The large shoal of herrings, which appears from the
north off the Shetland Islands, is there separated into
two divisions, one of which takes its course along the
western shores of Britain, while the other, proceeding
southward in the German Ocean, appears off the east-
ern coast of England in the month of September, when
the grand fishing season commences. The merchants
fit out large decked boats, of from forty to fifty tons'
burden, each of which is manned with a master, mate,
hawseman, waleman, net-rope man, and net-stower man,
besides five or six labourers, called capstan-men: these
I
The principal rivers are the Greater Ouse, the Lesser
Ouse, the Waveney, the Bure, the Wensum, the Yare,
and the Nar. The Greater Ouse rising in Northamp-
tonshire, and having previously received the waters of
the Lark, the Cam, and the Lesser Ouse, enters this
county on its western border, to the south-west of
Downham-Market, and having passed under Stow, Mag-
dalen, and German bridges, is then joined by the Nar
from the eastward, and empties its waters, after a
course of nearly sixty miles, into the large arm of the
German Ocean called the Wash, two miles below the
harbour of Lynn-Regis, which is formed by it, the
large æstuary at its mouth being called Lynn Deeps.
The tide flows up this river to the vicinity of Denver,
where it is checked by sluices erected for the purposes
of drainage and navigation: at the period of the equi-
noxes this tide rushes up with great fury, and is called
1
NOR
389
NOR
:
navigation in the form of canals: the principal exertions
of that kind having been directed towards extending
and improving the navigation of the rivers. There is
a canal from Wisbeach in Cambridgeshire to Outwell
creek and Salter's Load in Norfolk, an extent of about
six miles, for the purpose of improving the navigation
of the river Nene. With a view to the more effectual
drainage of the fens, as well as to facilitate the carriage
of heavy goods, an act was obtained, in the year 1795,
for making a navigable canal, called the Eau-brink cut,
to Lynn-Regis in the year 1805, another act was
passed to amend the former; but the work was not
begun till 1818, and completed in 1820. Different
private estates have small cuts to the navigable rivers,
for the conveyance of corn, &c. A navigable com-
munication with the sea at Lowestoft, in the county of
Suffolk, is now in progress, under the superintendence
of an incorporated body of shareholders.
principal modern roads crossing the county concentrate
at Norwich: the mail-coach road from London, through
Newmarket, enters the county near Thetford, and that
from Ipswich, near Scole, or Osmondiston, both passing
on to Norwich. The road from London, through Cam-
bridge, enters near Outwell, and passes through Down-
ham-Market, Swaffham, and East Dereham, to Nor-
wich: parallel with this, more northerly, a line of road
from Lynn-Regis leads through Fakenham, Foulsham,
and Reepham, to the same city. From Norwich, north-
ward, a road leads through Aylsham, and terminates
at Cromer, on the coast of the North sea; another ex-
tends north-eastward to the coast; and a third east-
ward, through Castle-Thorpe, Acle, &c., to Caistor, with
a bend southerly to Yarmouth.
All the
:
by the inhabitants "the Eagre." Besides admitting
merchant-vessels of considerable burden as high as
Lynn, it is navigable for barges above that port for the
whole of its course through this county. The Lesser
Ouse, or Brandon river, rises in a swampy meadow near
the village of Lopham, in the southern part of the
county, and almost immediately becomes its boundary,
which it thenceforward continues to be; it takes a
course, at first westward, but afterwards gradually in-
clines towards the north at Thetford, where it becomes
navigable, it is joined by the little river Thet, and
thence, meandering through a sandy soil, it passes under
Brandon bridge, and afterwards flows sluggishly through
the fens until it joins the Greater Ouse at Littleport,
on the borders of Cambridgeshire. The Waveney has
its source in the same tract as the Lesser Ouse, but it
pursues an opposite direction, immediately becoming
the boundary of the county, which it continues to be
throughout the rest of its course, and running eastward
by Diss, Billingford, and Harleston, to Bungay in Suf-
folk, it there makes an extensive curvature, in the form
of a horse-shoe, and then proceeds to Beccles, in the
same county, where it continues nearly north to Burgh,
being there joined by the Yare, or Wensum, at the head
of Breedon water, an expansion formed by these united
rivers, which, contracting again, joins the sea below Yar-
mouth: the Waveney is navigable for barges as high
as Bungay bridge. The Bure rises near Hindolveston,
on the northern side of the county, and, running by
Blickling, becomes navigable at Aylsham, whence its
general course is in a south-easterly direction: after
receiving several tributary streams, among which is
the Thone, which flows from a lake near North Wals-
ham, it passes under Acle bridge, and after being in-
creased by the superfluous waters of the marshes, it
joins the Yare on the northern side of Yarmouth. The
Bure and its attendant broads abound with various
kinds of fish, such as pike, tench, trout, and perch,
the last being particularly plentiful. The Wensum
rises near West Rudham, in this county, and being joined
by numerous smaller streams in its course, which is
in a south-easterly direction, it passes the city of Nor-
wich, where it begins to be navigable; at Trowse it
receives the Tass, or Tase, and near Burgh it is joined
by the Waveney, and proceeds towards Yarmouth.
The Yare is considered to rise near Attleborough,
and taking a north-easterly course, it joins the Wen-
sum to the east of Norwich, and in this latter river
its name is lost until the Wensum has been joined by
the Waveney at the head of Breedon water, between
which place and Yarmouth the united waters again
assume the name of Yare, flowing past that town to the
sea, to which it opens in a south-easterly direction. In
the Yare, or Wensum, is found a singular species of
perch, called a ruffe, which is smaller and of a more
slender form than the common perch. The Nar, called
also Sechy and Seechy river, has its source at Litcham,
whence it flows westward by Castle-Acre to Nar-
burgh, and thence under Sechy bridge, shortly below
which it assumes a northerly course, and finally falls
into the Greater Ouse, near Lynn-Regis, whence it is
navigable up to Narburgh, a distance of about fifteen
miles. The navigable river Nene forms part of the
western boundary of the county, which it separates
from Lincolnshire. This county has little artificial
A
Five principal Roman stations were established in,
and contiguous to, this county, viz.: Branodonum,
Garianonum, Venta-Icenorum, Sitomagus, and Ad-Tuam,
besides various encampments, where different remains
of that people, such as coins, urns, &c., have been
discovered, particularly at Brompton, Buckenham, and
Thetford. Of the Roman roads that traversed this
county there are few distinct vestiges. The great road
which crossed the island from east to west, from the
Norfolk coast to St. David's Head in Pembrokeshire, is
supposed to have commenced at Burgh, near Yarmouth,
whence it passed by Caistor, and is now conspicuous
near Downham - Market, whence, crossing the river
Ouse, it passes through the fens into Cambridgeshire.
Some traces of vicinal ways are also still discernible.
What is called Pedder's way, running from Thetford, by
Ickborough, Swaffham, Castle-Acre, and Tring, to the
sea near Brancaster, appears to be one of these.
road leading by Long Stratton to Tasburgh was pro-
bably another, whilst a third branched off from this
to the north west, passing through Marshland, Upwell,
and Elm, to Wisbeach. What is called the Milky
Way has been considered Roman; but is more likely
of later date, and was probably made for the con-
venience of the pilgrims to the chapel of our Lady of
Walsingham: it is traceable in several places, and is
tolerably perfect in the vicinity of the tumuli called
Grimes Graves. Other tumuli may be seen in differ-
ent parts of the county, but they are not very nu-
merous. On Mousehold heath, near Norwich, are
many excavations in the earth, which King and other
antiquaries have considered hiding-pits, or British
The
•
NOR
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390
caves. The number of parishes in this county being
greater than that in any other county in England, the
ecclesiastical edifices are numerous in a corresponding
degree, though few of them possess grandeur of archi-
tecture. Many of them are in great part of Saxon, or
Danish construction, and several have circular towers.
There are also a few fine specimens of the Norman
period, the principal of which is Norwich cathedral.
Other examples of nearly the same style and age may
be found in the ruinous churches of Wymondham,
Attleborough, Binham, Castle-Acre, and St. Margaret's,
in the town of Lynn. Many of the parishes have also
been united, and, either as a cause or consequence
thereof, several churches have fallen into ruins. Of an-
cient fonts, particularly fine specimens are contained
in the churches of Binham, Norwich, Walsingham, and
Wymondham. This county producing scarcely any
stone, the greater number of the churches, as well as
many of the other public buildings, are constructed al-
most wholly with flints, which are found in great abun-
dance, and in many edifices are faced and squared, and
laid in regular courses. The religious houses were ex-
tremely numerous, amounting, at the time of the general
dissolution, to no fewer than one hundred and twenty-
three, of all orders. The principal remains of mo-
nastic buildings are those of the abbeys of Creake,
Dereham, and St. Bene't at Holme; and of the priories
of Binham, Bromeholme, Old Buckenham, Castle-Acre,
Flitcham, Thetford, and Walsingham. Of ancient cas-
tles, chiefly Norman, there are considerable remains at
Norwich, Castle-Acre, and Castle-Rising. The most re-
markable ancient mansions are Caistor Hall, near Yar-
mouth; Oxborough Hall, near Stoke; Winwal House,
near Stoke; Stiff key Hall, near Walsingham; and Bea-
consthorpe Hall.
NORHAM, otherwise NORHAMSHIRE, a parish
forming a detached portion of the county palatine of
DURHAM, comprising the chapelry of Cornhill, and the
townships of Duddo, Felkington, Grindon, Horncliffe,
Loan-End, Longridge, Norham, Norham-Mains, Shores-
wood, Thornton, and Twizel, and containing 3906 in-
habitants, of which number, 901 are in the township
of Norham, 7 miles (S. W. by W.) from Berwick upon
Tweed. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Northumberland, and diocese of Durham, rated in the
king's books at £ 15. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the
Dean and Chapter of Durham. The church, dedicated
to St. Cuthbert, and built about 840, is principally in
the Norman style of architecture, but it comprises only
a part of the original edifice, the chancel and the east
end having been demolished. It had anciently three
chantries, in honour of St. Cuthbert, the Blessed Virgin
Mary, and St. Nicholas, and had the privilege of sanc-
tuary for thirty-seven days. The remains of Ceol-
wulph, a lineal descendant of Ida, and King of North-
umberland, were brought from Lindisfarne and buried
here, where also Gospatric, Earl of Northumberland,
was interred. There is a place of worship for Indepen-
dents. A free school, with a house for the master, was
erected by subscription in 1809, and is endowed with
about twenty acres of land allotted on enclosing the
common, and producing an annual income of £36.
The doctrine of Christianity is stated to have been first
preached to the Northumbrians, by the Scottish mis-
sionaries, at Norham. On the establishment of a see
for Northumbria, this place was given to Aidan, the first
bishop, and continued in the possession of his suc-
cessors until the time of Bishop Barnes, who alienated
his rights to the crown: the bishops exercised a special
jurisdiction throughout the district, having their sheriff,
coroner, justices, and other civil officers, their court of
exchequer, gallows, &c. By charter of Bishop Pudsey,
the inhabitants enjoyed very extensive privileges.
Being situated on a pass, or ford, on the river
Tweed, called Ubbanford, on the borders of England
and Scotland, Norham was frequently the scene of
rapine and bloodshed, and the place of meeting be-
tween the nobility and principal individuals of the two
kingdoms for settling the affairs relative to the bor-
der. Bishop Flambard, in 1121, probably erected the
first regular fortress, which, having been enlarged and
strengthened by succeeding prelates, was, when well
garrisoned, deemed almost impregnable. David I., King
of Scotland, however, in 1138, took and destroyed the
town and castle, after a spirited resistance; but they
were restored, in 1154, by Bishop Pudsey, who built
the present great tower of the castle. Various treaties
between the Scots and King John were arranged here,
and, in 1215, that monarch, in consequence of the de-
fection of the Northumbrian barons, and their having
sworn homage to the Scottish king, Alexander II., laid
siege to the castle, which held out successfully for forty
days, when he was obliged to withdraw his forces. In
1318, it was unsuccessfully besieged by the Scots, who,
however, were more fortunate in an attack in 1322,
when they obtained possession of it, but were soon
afterwards obliged to abandon it, having for ten days
resisted an assault of Edward II. Soon after the acces-
sion of Edward III., they stormed the castle with suc-
cess, but did not long retain it. The town was plundered
and burnt, in 1355, by a party of Scottish troops, under
the command of Sir William Ramsay; and the castle,
in 1498, was besieged by the Scottish monarch, but the
Earl of Surrey advancing to the relief of the garrison,
the assailants were compelled to retire. A short time
prior to the battle of Flodden Field they again invested
the fortress, which fell into their possession through in-
formation given by a deserter from the garrison. The
remains of this strong edifice occupy the summit of a
steep rocky eminence impending over the bed of the
river, and so near that portions have been washed away
by the stream: the keep, or main tower, with its vaults
and prisons entire, is the principal part, and is con-
structed of a soft red freestone. About two miles below
Norham, on the banks of the river, two urns, containing
human bones, were found in a gravel pit, called the
Crooks, near which are the pedestals of two ancient
crosses, also an artificial eminence, probably a barrow,
surrounded by stone steps. At New Waterford the
Tweed is crossed by a chain bridge, the first of the
kind erected in England: it was commenced in August
1819, and opened July 26th, 1820, having been com-
pleted at an expense of not more than £ 5000, to which
the trustees added £1050 above the estimate of the en-
gineer: the extreme length of the suspension chains,
from the point of junction on each side of the river, is
five hundred and ninety feet, and from the abutments
four hundred and thirty-two; the height of the bridge
from the surface of the river, twenty-seven feet; and
its width sufficient to allow two carriages to pass be-
NOR
NOR
391
tween the foot-paths: the weight of the chains, plat-
form, &c., is about one hundred and sixty tons. Here
is a considerable salmon fishery; and two annual fairs
are held on the second Thursday in May, and the third
Thursday in October: a market was formerly held at
Norham, but it has been long discontinued. The
learned Dr. George Carlton, successively Bishop of Llan-
daff and Chichester, was born here.
NORHAM-MAINS, a township in the parish of
NORHAM, otherwise Norhamshire, county palatine of
DURHAM, though locally to the northward of North-
umberland, 6½ miles (S. W. by W.) from Berwick upon
Tweed, containing 122 inhabitants.
NORLAND, a township in the parish of HALIFAX,
wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county of
YORK, 24 miles (S. W.) from Halifax, containing 1665
inhabitants. On Norland moor is an immense rock,
called the Lad Stone, a name supposed to be derived
from the British word Llad, to slay, and to have been in
some way connected with the sacrifices of the Druids.
NORLEY, a township in the parish of FRODSHAM,
second division of the hundred of EDDISBURY, county
palatine of CHESTER, 5 miles (S. E.) from Frodsham,
containing 434 inhabitants. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
NORMANBY, a parish in the eastern division of
the wapentake of ASLACOE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 7 miles (W. by S.) from Market-Rasen, con-
taining 328 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Stow, and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £5, endowed with
£600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Dean
and Chapter of Lincoln. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter and St. Paul. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. Mrs. Dunn, in 1767, gave a
small endowment for the instruction of children. The
parish is bounded on the east by the river Ancholme.
NORMANBY, a township in the parish of Srow,
wapentake of WELL, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 7 miles (S. E.) from Gainsborough, contain-
ing 21 inhabitants.
NORMANBY, a tything in that part of the parish of
ASH which is in the first division of the hundred of
WOKING, county of SURREY, 54 miles (W. N. W.) from
Guildford. The population is returned with the parish.
NORMANBY, a township in that part of the parish
of ORMSBY which is in the eastern division of the
liberty of LANGBAURGH, North riding of the county of
YORK, 5 miles (W. N. W.) from Guilsbrough, contain-
ing 122 inhabitants.
NORMANBY, a parish in the wapentake of RYE-
DALE, North riding of the county of YORK, comprising
the townships of Normanby and Thornton-Risebrough,
and containing 223 inhabitants, of which number, 191
are in the township of Normanby, 54 miles (W. S. W.)
from Pickering. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, rated
in the king's books at £9. 12. 6., and in the patronage
of Arthur Cayley, Esq. Five poor children are educated
for £6 a year, arising from a rent-charge left by Judith
Boynton, in 1700. Here is a sulphureous mineral
spring, the water of which contains carbonic acid and
a small portion of neutral salt, and is taken as an alter-
ative and purgative. Normanby gives the title of vis-
count to the family of Phipps, Earls of Mulgrave.
NORMANBY on the WOLD, a parish in the
northern division of the wapentake of WALSHCROFT,
parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 4 miles (N. by
E.) from Market-Rasen, containing 96 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, united to that of
Claxby in 1740, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £9. 10. 10. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter.
NORMANTON, a parish in the hundred of Repton
and GRESLEY, county of DERBY, 2 miles (S.) from
Derby, containing 294 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of St. Peter
in Derby, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry. Normanton is in the honour
of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the juris-
diction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third
Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s. The
Derby canal crosses the north-east part of the pa-
rish.
NORMANTON, a hamlet (formerly a chapelry) in the
parish of BOTTESFORD, hundred of FRAMLAND, county
of LEICESTER, 8 miles (N. W. by W.) from Grantham.
The population is returned with the parish. The chapel
is demolished.
NORMANTON, a parish in the wapentake of Love-
DEN, parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 74
miles (N. N. E.) from Grantham, containing 189 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £10. 2. 6., and in the patronage of the
Marquis of Bristol. The church, dedicated to St.
Nicholas, is partly Norman, and partly in the early style
of English architecture, with a curious tower, and a
large stone font.
NORMANTON, a hamlet in the parish of SOUTH-
WELL, liberty of SOUTHWELL and SCROOBY, county of
NOTTINGHAM, 1 mile (N. E. by N.) from Southwell. Here
was formerly a chapel, which, after its desecration, was
converted into a barn.
NORMANTON, a parish in the hundred of MAR-
TINSLEY, county of RUTLAND, 5 miles (E. S. E.) from
Oakham, containing 26 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northamp-
ton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's
books at £5. 4. 7., and in the patronage of Sir Gilbert
Heathcote, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Mat-
thew. The river Gwash runs through the parish, in
which there is a chalybeate spring strongly impregnated
with steel.
NORMANTON, a parish in the lower division of the
wapentake of AGBRIGG, West riding of the county of
YORK, comprising the townships of Altofts, Normanton,
and Snydale, and containing 773 inhabitants, of which
number, 250 are in the township of Normanton, 41
miles (E. N. E.) from Wakefield. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
York, rated in the king's books at £7, and in the pa-
tronage of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College,
Cambridge. The church is dedicated to All Saints. A
free school was founded here about 1592, by John Free-
ston, who endowed it with £10 a year, besides two hun-
dred marks for the building of a house for the master
and usher: twenty children are taught upon this foun-
dation, and eight poor girls are instructed for about £5
per annum, the bequest of Elizabeth Levitt.
NOR
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392
NORMANTON le HEATH, a chapelry in the parish
of NAILSTONE, hundred of SPARKENHOE, county of
LEICESTER, 3 miles (S. S. E.) from Ashby de la Zouch,
containing 215 inhabitants. There is a place of wor-
ship for Wesleyan Methodists.
NORMANTON upon SOAR, a parish in the south-
ern division of the wapentake of RUSHCLIFFE, county
of NOTTINGHAM, 4 miles (N. N. W.) from Loughbo-
rough, containing 326 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese
of York, rated in the king's books at £7. 11. 01., and
in the alternate patronage of Richards, and
Buckley, Esqrs. The church is dedicated to St. John.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
NORMANTON (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred
of SCARSDALE, county of DERBY, 22 miles (E. N. E.)
from Alfreton, containing 1056 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese
of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books
at £9. 15. 5., and in the patronage of Sir E. Wilmot,
Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A charity
school is supported by voluntary contributions. Some
collieries are in operation in the neighbourhood, but the
inhabitants are principally employed in frame-knitting.
Jedediah Strutt, Esq., the ingenious inventor of the ma-
chine for manufacturing ribbed stockings, was born here.
NORMANTON (TEMPLE), a chapelry in the
parish of CHESTERFIELD, hundred of SCARSDALE, county
of DERBY, 34 miles (S. E.) from Chesterfield, containing
141 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, endowed with £1400 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of Miss Lord. A school is supported
by small annual donations.
Magy
NORMANTON upon TRENT, a parish in the north-
ern division of the wapentake of THURGARTON, county
of NOTTINGHAM, 32 miles (E. S. E.) from Tuxford, con-
taining 297 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vi-
carage, in the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese
of York, rated in the king's books at £4. 5., endowed
with £400 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Duke of Devonshire. The
church is dedicated to St. Matthew. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Peter Moreau, in
1725, left a trifling sum for teaching poor children and
providing each a bible: ten are instructed in a school-
house erected by Henry Jackson, whose daughter, Eliza-
beth Hall, in 1781, conveyed certain land, producing
about £10 per annum, in further support of the master.
NORMANTON on the WOLDS, a township in that
part of the parish of PLUMTREE which is in the northern
division of the wapentake of RUSHCLIFFE, County of
Nottingham, 6 miles (S. E. by S.) from Nottingham,
containing 194 inhabitants. It is in the honour of Tut-
bury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of
a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday,
for the recovery of debts under 40s.
NORMANTON-TURVILLE, a hamlet in the parish
of THURLASTON, hundred of SPARKENHOE, county of
LEICESTER, 53 miles (N. E. by E.) from Hinckley, con-
taining 19 inhabitants.
·
P
NÕRMICOTT, a liberty in the parish of STONE,
southern division of the hundred of PIREHILL, county
of STAFFORD, containing 878 inhabitants.
NORTHALL, a hamlet in the parish of EDDLES-
BOROUGH, hundred of COTTESLOE, county of BUCKING-
HAM, 3 miles (N. by E.) from Ivinghoe, containing 482
inhabitants.
NORTHALLERTON, North riding of the county of
YORK.-See ALLERTON (NORTH).
NORTHAM, a parish in the hundred of SHEBBEAR,
county of DEVON, 1 mile (N. by W.) from Bideford,
containing 2550 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and dio-
cese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £ 10. 10.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £ 200 royal
bounty, and £400 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Dean and Canons of Windsor. The
church is dedicated to St. Margaret. A place of wor-
ship for Independents was erected in 1829.
almshouses for four widows, and several small endow-
ments for teaching poor children, of which some are
applied in support of a school conducted on the Ma-
dras system. The parish is bounded by the Bristol
channel on the west, and by the navigable river Torridge
on the east.
Here are

NORTHAMPTON, a
borough and market town,
having separate jurisdiction,
locally in the hundred of
Spelhoe, county of NORTH-
AMPTON, of which it is
the chief town, 66 miles
(N. W. by N.) from Lon-
don, on the road to Leices-
ter, containing 10,793 in-
habitants. This place, from
its situation to the north of
the river Nine, or Nene,
(called by Camden the Avon)
formerly the Aufona, is by some antiquaries supposed
to have been called North Aufonton, of which its pre-
sent name is probably a contraction; by others it
is said to have been called, by the Saxons, Hamtune,
and to have had the word North prefixed by way of dis-
tinguishing it from other towns of the same name. It
is unquestionably a place of antiquity, and must have
attained a considerable degree of importance prior to
the division of the kingdom into shires, from its having
given name to that in which it is situated. In the
reign of Edward the Elder it was in the possession of
the Danes, who, in 921, made it the principal station
of their forces, who marched thence to the siege of
Towcester. In 1010, it was again attacked by the
Danes, who burnt the town and laid waste the adjacent
country. During the insurrection of the Northumbrians,
in 1064, against Tosti, son of Earl Godwin, the insur-
gents, under Earl Morcar, whom they had chosen for their
leader, marched to this place, where they committed exces-
sive outrages, burning the houses of the inhabitants, whom
they massacred, and carrying off great quantities of
cattle, and several hundred prisoners. Harold, after-
wards king, being sent against the insurgents, encoun-
tered them near the town, but listening to their just
representations of the tyranny and oppression of Tosti,
he entered into an accommodation with them, and pro-
cured for Morcar a confirmation of his assumed autho-
rity. The town, which had scarcely recovered from the
depredation it suffered upon this occasion, was, at the
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NORTHAMPTON
Seal and Arms.
NOR
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393
time of the Conquest, given to Earl Waltheof, who had
married the Countess Judith, niece of the Conqueror;
but the earl having entered into a conspiracy against
the king, was executed as a traitor, and his confiscated
possessions were bestowed on Simon de St. Liz, Earl
of Huntingdon and Northampton, who repaired and
beautified the town, erected a strong castle for its de-
fence, and surrounded it with massive walls, in which
were four gates. From this period it rapidly improved,
and from its central situation and the security of its
fortifications, became the occasional residence of several
of the kings, of whom Henry I., in the twenty-third
year of his reign, celebrated the festival of Easter here
with great pomp, and, in 1131, assembled a parliament,
in which the English barons swore homage to his
daughter, the Empress Matilda, whom he appointed his
successor. In the 11th of Henry II., a council was
convened here, at which Archbishop Becket was sum-
moned to appear for his refusal to submit to the con-
stitutions of Clarendon; and on the rebellion of Prince
Henry, Anketil Mallore, one of his partizans, advancing
to Northampton with a body of forces, defeated the
king's troops, aided by a party of the inhabitants, and
took two hundred of the latter prisoners. William,
King of Scotland, being taken prisoner at the battle of
Alnwick, was brought to Northampton, where Henry
was then residing, and the Bishop of Durham, Roger
de Mowbray, Earl Ferrers, with Anketil Mallore, and
William de Dive, constables of the Earl of Leicester,
waited upon him, to surrender the several castles which
they had held against him. In 1180 a convention of
barons and prelates was held here, to take into consi-
deration the laws of the realm, and to amend and en-
force the constitutions of Clarendon, by which the
kingdom was first divided into six circuits, and three
itinerant justices were assigned to each, for the ad-
ministration of the laws and the punishment of of-
fenders; and in the following year the king held a
council previously to his visiting his dominions on the
continent.
•
termined loyalist.
H
In 1216, the townsmen attacked
and killed many of the garrison under the command of
that officer, in retaliation for which the soldiers burnt
a considerable portion of the town. Henry III., at-
tended by his court, celebrated the festival of Christmas
at the castle, where he was splendidly entertained by
the governor; and in the thirtieth year of his reign, the
king gave the inhabitants ten marks to purchase books
for a public library, a sacramental chalice for the church
of All Saints, and smaller vessels of silver for the other
churches. The castle was, in 1264, occupied by the in-
surgent barons under the Earl of Leicester, from whose
son, Simon de Montfort, it was taken by stratagem,
after many fruitless attempts to reduce it; but the fol-
lowing year it was retaken by the Montforts, who cele-
brated a tournament there, which was numerously and
brilliantly attended; soon after which the elder Mont-
fort was defeated and slain at the battle of Evesham.
In 1268, a parliament was held here, in which the re-
bellious barons were deprived of their estates, and
Simon de Montfort was banished the realm; and a
council of prelates was assembled at the same time, at
which the pope's legate excommunicated those bishops
who had joined their party. During this reign, repeated
attempts were made to establish a university in the
town, in consequence of dissensions between the students
and the citizens of Oxford; in 1258, a large party of
students removed to this place, and a royal license was
obtained for erecting public schools for teaching the
arts and sciences: subsequent disputes between the stu-
dents and the townsmen, both of Oxford and Cambridge,
occasioned fresh accessions to Northampton, but, in
1265, the establishments were dissolved by order of the
king, and the professors returned with their pupils to
their ancient seats. In the reign of Edward II., John
Poydras, the son of a tanner of Exeter, who pretended
to be the son and heir of Edward I., was convicted and
executed as an impostor in the town; and in the second
year of the reign of Edward III., a treaty was concluded
with the Scots, by which the king resigned his preten-
sions to the sovereignty of Scotland, in consideration of
thirty thousand marks paid by Robert Bruce, whose in-
fant son David was affianced to Jane, the king's sister, also
an infant in the same parliament was enacted the
statute of Northampton, specifying in what cases par-
don should be granted for felony, and regulating the
appointment of judges of assize. The last parliament
held here, was summoned in the fourth year of the
reign of Richard II., to grant supplies for the troops
destined to serve in a war against France, when a poll-
tax was ordered, the levying of which excited the rebel-
lion headed by Wat Tyler: this parliament, together
with the convocation of Canterbury, sat in the chancel
of All Hallows' church, now All Saints', the castle hav-
ing fallen into a ruinous state.
During the war between the houses of York and Lan-
caster, a sanguinary and decisive battle took place on
the 9th of July, 1460, in which Henry VI. was defeated
and taken prisoner. The treacherous desertion of Lord
Grey of Ruthin, who commanded the vanguard of the
king's army, contributed to the defeat of the royal forces,
on whose side fell the Duke of Buckingham, the Earl
of Shrewsbury, Viscount Beaumont, Lord Egremont,
and other nobles, who were buried in the town; the
duke was interred in the church of the Grey friars, and
3 E
t
Richard I., soon after his return from captivity, kept
the festival of Easter in this town, where he entertained
William of Scotland, who came to solicit a grant of the
county of Northumberland. During this reign a mint
existed here, and on the death of Richard, the barons
assembled in council at this place, and took the oath of
allegiance to his brother John, at that time in Normandy.
John, in the tenth year of his reign, being displeased
with the citizens of London, removed his court of Ex-
chequer to Northampton, and three years afterwards as-
sembled a council of temporal lords, at which Pandulph
and Durand, legates from the pope, attended on behalf
of the exiled clergy, whom the king allowed to return
to their country; but refusing to restore their confis-
cated property, he was excommunicated by the legates.
Previous to the commencement of the war between the
king and the barons, the latter transmitted to him their
memorial of grievances, which the king having indig-
nantly refused to redress, they laid siege to the castle
of Northampton, but, being unable to reduce it, they
withdrew their forces, after remaining before it fourteen
days it was, however, on the signing of Magna Charta,
among other castles, placed in their custody, as security
for the fulfilment of the conditions; but, on the renewal
of the war, it was entrusted to Fulke de Brente, a de-
VOL. III.
:
NOR
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394
several of the others in St. John's hospital, where their
bones have been recently discovered. In the 9th of
Edward IV., Earl Rivers and his son, who had been
taken by the rebels under Sir Henry Nevil and Sir
John Coniers, who headed the insurrection in Yorkshire,
were beheaded in this town. Queen Elizabeth, in her
progress through the country, visited Northampton,
where she was hospitably received, and presented by
the magistrates with a valuable purse containing £20:
a similar mark of respect was also paid to Charles I.
and his consort, who, on passing through the town, were
presented by the mayor and corporation with two bowls
of silver gilt, containing one hundred marks. In
1637, the court of Eyre for the forests was held here,
under the Earl of Holland, Chief Justice, as head of the
commission, assisted by five of the judges and many of
the nobility and gentry. During the parliamentary war,
Lord Brooke took possession of the town, which he for-
tified for the parliament; and in 1765 it was nearly de-
stroyed by a fire, which consumed six hundred houses,
chiefly built of wood and roofed with thatch. From this
severe calamity, of which the damage was estimated
at £ 150,000, it recovered, under the auspices of the Earl
of Northampton, who procured an act of parliament for
its restoration.
Saturday; the last, a very large cattle market: the fairs
are on the second Tuesday in January, February 20th,
the third Monday in March, April 5th, May 4th,
June 19th, August 5th and 26th, September 19th, (for
cheese), the first Thursday in November, the 28th of
the same month, and December 19th, principally for
horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs: the fairs for horses
and cattle are numerously attended by dealers. The
market-place is a spacious and commodious area, in the
centre of which is a column with a powerful gas-light,
and on the south side the conduit from which the town
is supplied with water.
The town is pleasantly situated on the acclivity of
an eminence rising gradually from the north bank of
the river Nene, over which are two bridges of stone, of
which that to the south is a handsome structure of three
elliptic arches: it consists principally of two spacious
and regular streets, nearly a mile in length, which, in-
tersecting each other at right angles, divide it into four
nearly equal parts; the houses are handsomely built of
stone, and the town, which is well paved, and lighted with
gas, under an act of parliament recently obtained, has a
clean, respectable, and cheerful appearance: the central
part is supplied with water from a reservoir near the
market-place, into which it is conveyed by pipes from a
spring, called the Conduit Head, in a field to the east of
the town. The theatre, a handsome modern building,
conveniently arranged and well fitted up, was opened
in 1806, and the performances are well conducted by a
provincial company: races take place annually in Sep-
tember, and are in general well attended; and within
these few years a spring meeting has been held, about
the last week in March; the race-course comprises
about one hundred and seventeen acres, at a short dis-
tance from the town. At the end of Derngate street is
a fine promenade, made at the expense of the corpora-
tion: it is shaded by a range of lofty trees, and com-
mands a pleasing view of the adjoining meadows. The
environs are pleasant, and abound with handsome villas
and thriving plantations at the northern extremity of
the town are the barracks, erected in 1796, forming a
handsome range of building, consisting of a centre and
two wings. The principal articles of manufacture are,
boots and shoes, of which great quantities are made
for the supply of the army; and stockings and lace,
the latter of which, since the introduction of machi-
nery, has materially declined: a considerable trade is
carried on in the currying of leather. A branch canal
was constructed, in 1815, from the river Nene to the
Grand Junction canal, by means of which a facility of
communication is obtained with almost every part of the
kingdom. The market days are Wednesday, Friday, and
:
The borough received a charter of incorporation in
the 31st of Henry II., which was confirmed in several
succeeding reigns, and modified and enlarged in the 36th
of George III., by which the government is vested in a
mayor, an indefinite number of bailiffs who have served
that office, a recorder, deputy-recorder, an indefinite
number of aldermen, and forty-eight common council-
men, assisted by a town-clerk, chamberlain, two coroners,
four serjeants at mace, and subordinate officers. The
mayor, who is annually chosen, becomes an alderman
on the expiration of his office; the bailiffs are chosen
from the common council, in which vacancies are filled
up by the mayor and aldermen from the general body
of freemen. The mayor, the late mayor, the recorder,
deputy-recorder, and three aldermen annually appointed,
are justices of the peace within the borough. The free-
dom of the borough is inherited by birth, acquired by
servitude, or obtained by marriage with a freeman's
widow or daughter, or by purchase. The corporation
hold quarterly courts of session, and have power to try
for capital offences, which, however, they transfer to the
assizes for the county: they also hold a court of re-
cord, at which the mayor and bailiffs preside, every
third week, for the recovery of debts and determining
pleas to any amount. The town-hall is an ancient
edifice commodiously arranged, and decorated with por-
traits of Sir Thomas White, the founder of St. John's
College, Oxford, and a munificient benefactor to North-
ampton and other towns, and of the late Rt. Hon. Spen-
cer Perceval, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and first
lord of the Treasury. The borough gaol and house
of correction is a small modern building adapted to
the classification of prisoners. The borough has re-
turned two members to parliament from the early part
of the reign of Edward I.: the right of election is vested
in the inhabitant householders not receiving alms, of
whom the number is about two thousand: the mayor
and bailiffs are the returning officers. The assizes for
the county and the election of knights of the shire are
held here. The county hall is a spacious and elegant
structure, in the Grecian style of architecture, and con-
tains courts for the assizes and quarter sessions, and
a suite of rooms well adapted to the transaction of
the general business of the county; in the hall, the
ceiling of which is splendidly decorated, are portraits
of King William III. and Queen Mary, Queen Anne,
George I., and George II.: this edifice is deservedly
admired as a handsome specimen of the Corinthian
order. Adjoining the shire-hall is the common gaol
and house of correction for the county, erected in 1794,
at an expense of £16,000: it is a spacious building,
and contains eleven wards, four work-rooms, twelve day-
rooms, and eleven airing-yards, for the classification of
A
NOR
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395
prisoners; an additional piece of ground has been en-
closed within the area of the prison, for the erection of
a tread-mill; the prisoners are employed in grinding
and dressing corn, splitting beans, and drawing wire,
and receive one-half of their earnings: the old county
gaol has been converted into a lodge for the turnkey,
and a prison for debtors.
The town comprises the parishes of All Saints, St.
Giles, St. Peter, and St. Sepulchre, all in the archdea-
conry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough,
and formerly had seven parochial churches within the
walls, and two without, of which only four are remain-
ing. The living of All Saints' is a vicarage, rated in the
king's books at £ 22, and in the patronage of such mem-
bers of the Corporation as are Parishioners: the church,
rebuilt soon after the fire in 1675, is a spacious edifice,
in the Grecian style of architecture, having in the centre
a cupola supported on columns of the Ionic order, and
at the west end the original square embattled tower,
which escaped the conflagration, and in which is a dial
illuminated with gas, and a portico of twelve lofty Ionic
columns supporting a cornice and balustrade, in the
centre of which is a statue of Charles II.; on the pe-
destal is recorded his donation of one thousand tons of
timber for the rebuilding of the church; the interior is
appropriately ornamented; the altar-piece is decorated
with paintings of Moses and Aaron, by Sir Godfrey
Kneller; the chancel is separated by a richly-carved
oak screen, and among the monuments are, one to the
memory of the learned Dr. Conant, Prebendary of Wor-
cester, and vicar of this parish, and a handsome mar-
ble monument, by Chantrey, to the Rt. Hon. Spencer
Perceval, many years member for the borough, who was
assassinated in the lobby of the House of Commons;
his statue, elevated on a pedestal, is admirably sculp-
tured, and exhibits gracefulness of form and dignity
of expression: the old stone wall which enclosed the
churchyard has been taken down, and a handsome
iron palisade substituted in its place. The living of St.
Giles' is a discharged vicarage, rated in the king's books
at £7. 19., endowed with £200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Rev. Edward Watkins: the
church is a large cruciform structure, with a lofty
square embattled tower rising from the intersection; it
displays good portions in various styles of English
architecture, with a fine western Norman entrance; the
chancel is in the early English, with an east window
of the decorated, style, and in the nave and transepts
the windows and other portions are of the later En-
glish;
in a chapel in the south aisle is a beautiful altar-
tomb of alabaster, with a recumbent figure of a female,
supposed to represent some individual of the family of
Gobion, and an octagonal font, richly panelled in the
later English style. The living of St. Peter's is a rec-
tory, with the perpetual curacies of Kingsthorpe and
Upton, rated in the king's books at £34. 2. 11., and in
the patronage of the Governors of St. Katherine's hos-
pital, London: the church, supposed to have been erect-
ed about the same time as the castle, is a beautiful and
perfect specimen of the enriched Norman style of ar-
chitecture, with a highly-ornamented tower, communi-
cating with the church by a richly-moulded arch; the
details are exquisitely wrought, and, having been cleared
from the plaster and whitewash which concealed their
beauty, exhibit some of the finest models in that style
of architecture; to the east of the chancel is a vaulted
crypt; the roof of the church is supported on circu-
lar arches, and a series of alternately clustered and
single-shafted columns; the font is richly ornamented
in the later English style: there are various ancient and
some modern monuments, among which latter is one to
the memory of John Smith, an eminent mezzotinto en-
graver, who died in 1742. The living of St. Sepulchre's
is a discharged vicarage, rated in the king's books at
£ 6. 1., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and £1000
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of Thomas
Butcher, Esq.: the church is supposed to have been
built by the Knights Templars, after the model of the
church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, and is one
of four buildings of that kind remaining in the king-
dom; it is of a circular form, and has a cupola in the
centre of the roof, which is supported on eight round
Norman columns, and plain pointed arches, with a
western tower surmounted by a spire, and a chancel, in
which are many curious figures and ancient inscriptions.
There are two places of worship for Baptists, one for
the Society of Friends, one for Huntingtonians, three
for Independents, one for Wesleyan Methodists, and a
Roman Catholic chapel.
The free grammar school was founded, in 1542, by
Mr. Thomas Chipsey, who endowed it with lands, which,
together with subsequent benefactions, produce an in-
come of about £ 120 per annum; in 1557, Cardinal
Pole granted for its use the remains of the dilapidated
church of St. Gregory: the master is appointed by the
mayor and corporation, and the usher by the master, the
mayor, deputy-recorder, the vicar of All Saints, and the
lord of the manor of Lillingston-Lovell. The corpora-
tion charity school was founded by the corporation, who
appropriated to that purpose an unrestricted gift of
£1000 by the Earl of Northampton, with which sum
and other benefactions an estate was purchased, produ-
cing an income of £310 per annum, of which a part is
appropriated to the clothing of twenty aged freemen, to
each of whom ten shillings per annum is also paid. The
Blue-coat school was founded, in 1710, by Mr. John
Dryden of Chesterton, who endowed it with a house,
to which Mr. Zachariah Herbert added a farm, the rents
of which are applied to clothing, instructing, and ap-
prenticing twenty boys, who, on the expiration of their
indentures, receive each a gratuity of £ 10. The Green
school was founded, in 1761, by Mr. Gabriel Newton
of Leicester, who endowed it with a rent-charge of
£26. In 1738, Mrs. Dorothy Becket, and her sister,
Mrs. Ann Sargeant, established a school for the cloth-
ing and education of thirty poor girls; the number has
been increased, and a more convenient school-room
and house for the mistress were erected in 1813. A
National and a British and Foreign school are support-
ed by subscription. St John's hospital, said to have
been founded, in 1090, by William, Archdeacon of
Northampton, for the reception of aged and infirm per-
sons, is governed by a master, appointed by the Bishop
of Lincoln, and two brothers, nominated by the master,
who must be in holy orders, and officiate as chaplains:
there are also eight aged women, who receive a small
weekly allowance in money, and a supply of coal. To
the south of St. John's is the hospital of St. Thomas à
Becket, founded by the burgesses, about the year 1450,
and endowed for the support of twelve aged widows:
3 E 2
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:
2
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4s.
the endowment was augmented, in 1654, by Sir John
Langham, for six additional widows, and has been in-
creased by subsequent benefactions: the present income
is about £780 per annum; the inmates receive each
per week, besides clothes, fuel, &c., and fifty out-pen-
sioners £8 per annum each: the establishment is go-
verned by a warden, who is one of the aldermen; the
vicar of All Saints' is chaplain. The general infirmary,
to the east of the town, erected and fitted up by sub-
scription in 1793, at an expense of near £25,000, is a
handsome building of white stone, three stories high,
and well adapted to its various uses: it is under the
management of a committee, and is gratuitously attend-
ed by the physicians and surgeons resident in the town:
it is supported by the income arising from benefac-
tions, and by annual subscription: there are numerous
and extensive bequests for benevolent purposes, among
which may be noticed Sir Thomas White's fund,
amounting to upwards of £13,000, for loans, in sums of
£100 each, for nine years without interest, to young
tradesmen on their commencing business, and various
charitable donations for distribution among the indigent
and necessitous poor.
Among the monastic institutions formerly esta-
blished here, were the priory of St. Andrew, founded about
1076, for Cluniac monks, the revenue of which, at the dis-
solution, was £344. 13. 7.; an abbey of Black canons,
founded about 1112, by William Peverill, natural son of
William the Conqueror, and dedicated to St. James, the
revenue of which was £213. 17. 2.; the abbey de la Pré,
or de Pratis, for nuns of the Cluniac order, founded in
the reign of Stephen, by Simon de St. Liz, second Earl
of Northampton, and dedicated to St. Mary, the revenue
of which was £119. 9. 74.; a house of Friars minors,
built about the year 1217, on ground to the north of
the market-place, given to them by the inhabitants,
who were consequently regarded as the founders, of
which the revenue was £6. 13. 4.; an hospital, on the
south side of the town, for a master and leprous bre
thren, founded in 1240, by Henry III., and dedicated
to St. Leonard, of which the revenue was £12. 4. 8.,
now consolidated with the hospital of St. Thomas à
Becket; a Carmelite priory, founded in 1271, by Simon
de Montfort, the revenue of which was £10. 10.; a
priory and chapel for Augustine friars, founded in
1322, by John Longville, near the South gate; and
the college of All Saints, founded in 1459, for a mas-
ter and two fellows, of which the revenue was £2. 13. 4.
Of the ancient castle only a few vestiges, consisting
of mounds of earth, are to be traced; and of the em-
battled walls and the four gates, which were demolished
by order of the king, in 1662, there are no remains.
Robert Brown, founder of the religious sect called
Brownists, was a native of this town; and Dr. Samuel
Parker, Bishop of Oxford under James II., and author
of some curious historical memoirs, was born here in
1640. Dr. Philip Doddridge, author of the "Family
Expositor," was tutor in a dissenting academy at North-
ampton, until a short time previous to his death in
1749. Northampton gives the titles of earl and mar-
quis to the family of Compton.
hamshire and Oxfordshire; and on the west by Oxford-
shire and Warwickshire: it extends obliquely from 52°
to 52° 42′ (.N Lat.) and from 8' to 1° 19′ (W. Lon.),
and includes an area of one thousand and seventeen
square miles, or six hundred and fifty thousand eight
hundred and eighty statute acres. The population, in
1821, was 162,483. This county, which in the an-
cient British times was the most southern part of the
territory of the Coritani, was included by the Romans
in the division of Flavia Cæsariensis, and by the Saxons
in the kingdom of Mercia. It suffered repeatedly and
severely from the ravages of the Danes, to which its
situation particularly exposed it. Hamtune, and North-
ampton, was in the possession of those invaders for
nearly forty years. Towcester appears to have been
burned by them, and King Edward the Elder ordered
it to be rebuilt. In the year 921, the same sovereign
marched with his army to Passenham, in order to
expel the Danes from this part of the country. The
central situation of the county, and that of its capital,
the ancient town of Northampton, have occasioned
the former, in the earlier periods of English history,
to become a scene of action in almost every civil war
that has agitated the nation; and the latter, where
the royal court was often held, to be frequently chosen
as a military rallying-point, or for holding important
national councils.
national councils. Any details of these transactions,
anterior to the reign of Charles I., belong more pro-
perly to the histories of particular places within the
county, and some mention of the most important of them
will be found in the preceding article on the town of
Northampton. In February 1642, a petition of the
knights, gentlemen, and freeholders of the county was
presented to the parliament, commending its exertions,
and entreating a continuance of them. On the com-
mencement of hostilities, several skirmishes took place
in Northamptonshire, and on the 6th of May, 1643, the
parliamentarians were defeated by the Earl of North-
ampton, at Middleton-Cheney. In this county also,
on the 14th of June, 1645, was fought the memorable
battle at Naseby, between Sir Thomas Fairfax and the
king in person, which gave the final blow to the power
of the latter. When the king had been placed in the
hands of the parliamentary commissioners, he was
brought to Holdenby, or Holmby House, on the 16th of
February, 1647, and remained there until the 4th of
June, when he was seized by Cornet Joyce. General
Monk, in his march to the south, reached Northamp-
ton about the 24th of January, 1660, on which day an
address was presented to him by the gentlemen, minis-
ters, and freeholders of this county, requesting him to
use his power to restore the freedom of parliament, and
procure the adoption of other salutary measures; and
on the 15th of March following, a letter, subscribed by
above fifty of the most considerable Northamptonshire
gentlemen, was presented to the same general at White-
hall, thanking him for having procured the restoration
of the excluded members to their seats in the house.
Northamptonshire is contained in the diocese of
Peterborough, and province of Canterbury, excepting
the parishes of Gretton and Nassington, which are in
the diocese of Lincoln, and that of King's Sutton, which
is a peculiar belonging to the Dean and Chapter of
Lincoln, in the diocese of Peterborough. It forms an
archdeaconry, comprising the ten deaneries of Brack-
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, an inland county, bound-
ed on the north by the counties of Leicester, Rutland,
and Lincoln; on the east by those of Cambridge,
Huntingdon, and Bedford; on the south by Bucking-
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the greater portion is of a strong heavy staple, which
is applied to the culture of beans and wheat, while in a
state of open common; but when enclosed, is generally
laid down to permanent grass: the lighter enclosed
lands are kept more in tillage. The land varies con-
siderably in nature and quality, but seldom changes
abruptly: the general excellency of the Northampton-
shire soils seems owing partly to their sufficient depth,
and partly to the looseness and porous nature of the
stony substratum. They may be classed as follows:
first, the black, or dark-coloured soils, being generally
a deep strong loam, on a strong gravelly or clay-loam
substratum: of these the county has a greater propor-
tion than of any other; as they extend over the whole
of the western part of it, from Market-Harborough, on
the Leicestershire border, to its most southern extremity,
and include the whole of its rich upland feeding-pastures,
and a part of its cultivated common fields and enclosures.
Daventry field and its neighbourhood consist, however,
generally of brownish or greyish loam, on a rubble
stone bottom: a considerable tract north and east of this
has also a similar soil, resting on a clay, marl, or sandy
bottom, but sometimes on a stony substratum. Se-
cond, the red land, as it is called, which includes the
brown and snuff-coloured loams, is tolerably extensive,
comprising a portion of the common fields, as well as
enclosures, and extends over a large tract of country,
to the north-west of Northampton, and through various
other parts of the county, in divers shades of colour and
consistence. Third, the white or grey loams, which are
inferior in fertility to the above; they are found to the
south of the Nen, from which river, in an extensive
district lying south of Northampton, they extend to the
borders of Buckinghamshire. Fourth, the miscellaneous
upland district, including the light thin soils near Stam-
ford, and those dispersed in other parts of the county,
not classing with the above descriptions, such as the
sands of Harlestone, &c.: this, with some exceptions,
includes the whole north-eastern portion of the county,
beyond Rothwell, Kettering, and Wellingborough. Fifth,
the soil of the natural meadows and pasture-lands of
the vales, and of the fen land north of Peterborough,
consisting of the decomposed matter of decayed grasses
and aquatic vegetables, combined with the sediment of
the streams, which, being drained and consolidated,
forms the basis of meadow soil. The red soils are of the
lightest quality, the grey or black soils more tenacious ;
the latter having less of sand, and more of calcareous
earth in their composition, with a loose substratum
of a kind of stone, generally either half or wholly cal-
ley, Daventry, Haddon, Higham-Ferrers, Northampton,
Oundle, Peterborough, Preston, Rothwell, and Wel-
don, containing two hundred and ninety-three parishes,
of which one hundred and seventy-two are rectories,
ninety-three vicarages, and twenty-nine perpetual cu-
racies. For purposes of civil government it is divided
into the nineteen hundreds of Chipping-Warden, Cleley,
Corby, Fawsley, Greens-Norton, Guilsborough, Ham-
fordshoe, Higham-Ferrers, Huxloe, Navisford, Nobottle-
Grove, Orlingbury, Polebrooke, Rothwell, Spelhoe, King's
Sutton, Towcester, Willybrooke, and Wymersley, and the
liberty of Nassaburgh, or Peterborough. Of these, the
hundreds of Corby, Hamfordshoe, Higham-Ferrers, Hux-
loe, Navisford, Orlingbury, Polebrooke, Rothwell, and
Willybrooke, and the liberty of Nassaburgh, or Peter-
borough, are in the eastern division of the county, and
the rest in the western. It contains the city of Peter-
borough, the borough of Higham-Ferrers, the borough
and market towns of Brackley and Northampton, and
the market towns of Daventry, Kettering, Oundle,
Thrapston, Towcester, and Wellingborough. Two knights
are returned to parliament for the shire; two represen-
tatives for the city of Peterborough; two for each of
the boroughs of Brackley and Northampton; and one
for that of Higham-Ferrers. Northamptonshire is
included in the Midland circuit: the assizes are held
at Northampton, where is the county gaol: the quar-
ter sessions are held at Northampton on January 14th,
April 22nd, July 15th, and October 21st; and at Peter-
borough on January 13th, April 21st, July 14th, and
October 20th. There are seventy-nine acting magis-
trates. The rates raised in the county for the year
ending March 25th, 1829, amounted to £160,089, the
expenditure to £159,518, of which, £140,925, was ap-
plied to the relief of the poor.
The general aspect of the county exhibits great
beauty and variety, extensive flats being of rare occur-
rence. The greater part of it is agreeably diversified
by gentle undulations, the valleys being watered by nu-
merous rivulets, and the whole forming an interesting
scene of vale and upland. The entire surface is avail-
The entire surface is avail-
able for agricultural purposes; the trees and hedge-rows
flourish luxuriantly, and the county is in numerous
places adorned with woods and ornamented grounds.
The higher and middle parts are more particularly or-
namented with extensive woods, which are intersected
by numerous vistas and beautiful lawns. The summits
of the hills around Daventry, which are supposed to
be the highest land in the county, are only about eight
hundred feet above the level of the tide in the Thames,
at the mouth of the Grand Junction canal at Brent-
ford. The county contains no land that can properly
be called bog: the lowest is Peterborough fen. The
climate is favourable both to health and vegetation; the
county being seldom visited by deep falls of snow, or
long-continued rains. These advantages it derives from
its inland situation and moderate degree of elevation;
the aqueous vapours from the distant ocean being in
some measure exhausted before their arrival here, and
even when they reach the county, overcharged with
snow, there are no mountains to precipitate an imme-
diate and heavy fall.
The fertility of the soil renders it equally well
adapted either for corn or pasturage; and although
numerous instances of light soils occur, yet by much
GRAN
careous.
Of the superficies of the county about one hundred
and fifty thousand acres are in common fields, by much
the greater part being under tillage; and there are one
hundred and fifty thousand acres of modern enclosures,
in alternate grass and tillage, besides occasional, though
rare, instances of tillage in the ancient enclosures. On
the arable land of the open fields the following course
of crops is practised: first year, fallow or turnips; se-
cond, wheat and some barley; and third, beans, with
a few acres of oats, and occasionally a few peas, vetches,
or a little barley. The newly-enclosed lands are crop-
ped thus: first year, fallow or turnips; second, wheat,
or barley after the turnips; third, beans or peas; fourth,
barley, with red clover; fifth and sixth, clover; seventh,
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part beans, and part oats. Wheat is cultivated in large
quantities in both the open fields and the enclosures,
on the red friable soils, and is supposed annually to oc-
cupy sixty thousand acres, the general average produce
being estimated at twenty-five and one-third bushels
per acre. About thirty-three thousand acres are annu-
ally sown with barley, the average produce being thirty-
one bushels per acre: this is the favourite crop on the
red and light sand soils. Oats are grown on twenty-
four thousand acres annually, the average produce per
acre being forty-two bushels, and the quantity thus
raised is not only sufficient to supply the consumption
of this county, but also contributes to meet the demands
of the neighbouring counties of Leicester, Warwick,
Buckingham, Hertford, and Bedford. Rye is cultivated
to a considerable extent, particularly in the vicinity of
Northampton, and upon the light lands in other quar-
ters: it occupies about three thousand acres, which
produce, on an average, thirty-two bushels each: this
grain is also frequently sown immediately after harvest,
to form spring food for sheep. The quantity of beans
cultivated is very considerable, as they annually occupy
an extent of thirty thousand acres: the average is
twenty-one and two-thirds bushels per acre, and not-
withstanding the great consumption within the county,
by horses employed on the thoroughfares to London, a
considerable surplus remains to be exported to other
districts. Peas are grown in a much less quantity than
beans: vetches are extensively cultivated in most parts
of the county, and considerable quantities are kept for
seed: these two crops annually occupy about fifteen
thousand acres, and green crops thirty thousand acres,
while thirty thousand more remain in fallow. Turnips
are cultivated, in considerable quantities, upon all the red
light soils; the Swedish turnip is grown in most parts
of the county. Rape or cole-seed is cultivated, but not
generally cabbages are grown in the field in several
parts of the county; clover is not only sown for hay
and pasture, but much is also kept for seed. Sainfoin
is cultivated on the soils that have a stony substratum.
Hemp is grown to a considerable extent in the fenny
district on the borders of Lincolnshire and Cambridge-
shire; of flax there is but very little. Lentils are pro-
duced on the poor common fields of Easton and Colly-
weston, near Stamford. Woad is cultivated and pre-
pared for the dyers by persons whose sole occupation it
is;
the crop is gathered three times during each season.
Onions are grown about Northampton, to a great extent
and in high perfection: the same neighbourhood is also
famous for carrots.
turf, and affording herbage on which cattle and sheep
fatten with great rapidity. About one-half of the en-
closed land has long been laid down, and principally oc-
cupied as grazing or dairy farms. From Northampton,
westward, a great quantity of cheese is made, and in
that part of the county south of the Coventry and Lon-
don road are numerous dairies, the produce of which
is chiefly butter: some of the fresh butter from this
county is sold in London as "Epping butter." In the
parishes of Grafton-Regis, Yardley-Gobion, Potters-Pury,
and a large district in that neighbourhood, there are
considerable dairies, the chief produce of which is butter
for the London market, as also about Charwelton and
between Daventry and Banbury, from which much
butter and pork is sent to London : dairies are also
kept in several other districts.
kept in several other districts. As manure, lime is ex-
tensively used; marl, but little; woollen rags are em-
ployed to a considerable extent; and, besides what are
procured in the county, considerable quantities are
purchased in Leicestershire and other neighbouring
counties.
The grass land, including not only all pleasure
grounds, but also clover and other artificial and tem-
porary grasses, is computed to amount to three hun-
dred and seventy-five thousand acres. The extent of
meadow land is not less than forty thousand acres ;
the most considerable tract being that on both sides of
the river Nen, which, commencing in different branches
many miles above Northampton, extends down to
Peterborough, and, in consequence of its sinuousness,
is upwards of sixty miles in length. The meadow
land is generally rich, owing to the frequent inunda-
tions; but it frequently sustains great damage from
floods, particularly upon mowing-grass. The upland
pasture occupies a much greater extent, the strong
deep loams having been found naturally disposed to
Numerous sheep and cattle are fattened on the pas-
tures of the sheep many are bred within the county,
and the rest brought from other districts. Most of
the cattle are brought from other parts of the island :
those bred in the county are almost wholly an im-
proved variety of the long-horned breed: of the sorts
brought in from distant places, the short-horned Hold-
erness cows, which are supplied from Yorkshire, are
generally preferred for the dairy, particularly in the
south-western part of the county, in consequence of the
greater quantity of milk which they afford: there are,
however, numerous dairies of the long-horned breed.
The calves are seldom reared, being sold when a few
days old to dealers, who carry them to the markets of
Buckinghamshire and other counties, where they are
purchased by dairy-farmers from Essex, to be fattened
for the London market. The oxen fattened, by far the
greater part of which are brought from distant parts of
the kingdom, include almost all sorts; they are princi-
pally fattened at grass, and great numbers are sold
from the pastures, but some are kept through the
winter: those chiefly in the graziers' hands are of the
long-horned Hereford, and of the Devon, Scotch, and
Welch breeds, with a few of a mixed kind bred in the
county, and others of a particularly small kind from
Monmouthshire, called Pontypools, from the fair at
which they are generally purchased: cattle from Staf-
fordshire, Shropshire, and Ireland are also introduced :
a great many half-fed cattle are brought from Stafford-
shire and other counties, early in the spring, to be fat-
tened in the early feeding-pastures of this county. A
few black cattle are grazed in the open field lordships:
very few oxen are worked. It is computed that, besides
what are consumed in the county, or sold in the neigh-
bouring districts, fifteen thousand head of fat cattle are
annually sent to London from Northamptonshire. The
sheep of the common fields are considered the original
breed of the county, but are much inferior to those of
the ancient pastures, having longer legs, smaller and
less compact bodies, and sometimes horns, and well
adapted for folding, which is constantly practised with
them: their wool is of a combing quality.
A great
portion of the county, particularly the middle and
northern tracts, has an improved breed, which is a cross
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399
between the old stock and the New Leicester sheep,
being extremely handsome, well-made, and much dis-
posed to fatten; they will also thrive on comparatively
bare pastures: the wool is less in quantity, but of better
quality than that of the old breed; their pelts are lighter ;
and they are considered altogether much more profit-
able, and are ready for the butcher at an earlier age :
the weight of the full-grown wether varies from
twenty-five to forty pounds per quarter. London is
annually supplied with about one hundred thousand
sheep and lambs from this county. The beef and mutton
produced annually are supposed to be nearly equal in
weight, amounting each to about twenty-seven millions of
pounds: the number of sheep is estimated at two hun-
dred and fifty thousand, that of cattle at about thirty-
three thousand seven hundred and fifty. The most
approved hogs are a cross between the Berkshire and
Tonquin breeds; they have fine bones, thin hides, thick
bodies, short legs, and a disposition to fatten rapidly.
The horses bred in the county are chiefly for draught
or other purposes of husbandry; they are mostly of the
strong black breed; but the number being insufficient
for its supply, many are brought from the counties
of Derby, Lincoln, and York, generally when about two
or three years old: the number kept is estimated at
twenty thousand.
vicinity of Wansford, on the great north road, towards
Weldon and Rockingham, and still further to the south-
west, forming an almost continued chain of woodland
for a distance of nearly twenty miles: its boundaries
are not very exactly defined, but it is supposed to con-
It consists of
tain from eight to ten thousand acres.
three divisions, called the bailiwicks of Rockingham,
Brigstock, and Clive or Cliffe, each of which is divided
into several walks: the three bailiwicks were formerly
under the superintendence of one warden, or master-
forester; but that office was abolished by Charles I., who
appointed a master-forester to each, since which period
the bailiwicks have been wholly dictinct, with respect to
their government and management. The election of
verderers is still continued, although, since the abolition
of the office of warden, and the discontinuance of the
forest courts, their office has been little more than
nominal. The next in extent is Whittlebury, or Whittle-
wood Forest, which reaches along the southern border
of the county to the south of Towcester, for a distance
of upwards of eleven miles, and contains about seven
thousand acres. This forest, which is part of the
honour of Grafton, is under the superintendence of a
lord-warden, a lieutenant or deputy-warden, two verde-
rers, a woodward, a purlieu-ranger, five keepers, and six
page-keepers: the Duke of Grafton is hereditary lord-
warden: the number of deer kept in the forest is
If to these two be
about eighteen hundred, of all sorts.
added the remaining one, Salcey Forest, between North-
ampton and Newport-Pagnell, to the south of the road,
the whole will amount to about twenty thousand acres.
The forest of Salcey was likewise made part of the
honour of Grafton, by act of parliament, in the 33rd of
Henry VIII., and, by a grant in reversion made in the
25th of Charles II., the Duke of Grafton has now the
property of the underwood in the several coppices.
The forest is under the government of a warden, a
lieutenant, or deputy-warden, two verderers, a wood-
ward, three yeomen-keepers of the three walks into
which it is divided, and one page-keeper: no courts
are now held for the forest. The chases of Gedding-
ton and Yardley are of considerable extent; the
former having been anciently a part of the forest of
Rockingham, and the latter of that of Salcey: the
purlieu woods are numerous, and cover large breadths
of land: and these, together with the extensive woods
and plantations that abound on freehold property,
amount to twenty thousand acres more.
Northamptonshire does not abound in fruit trees,
though there are a few productive orchards in dif-
ferent parts of it. There is much excellent garden-
ground around Northampton, besides some very good
orchards of different kinds of fruit for domestic use.
A considerable portion of the county, supposed to be
about one-fourth, remains unenclosed; yet the waste
lands are of comparatively trifling extent. Some of
the hilly land near Daventry is confined to sheep-walks,
and of the same description are, the common of Stoke-
Bruerne, and a few others; the whole amount of un-
productive land, with the exception of Peterborough fen,
being less than one thousand acres. The great Peter-
borough fen is a perfectly level tract, originally formed,
like the adjoining fen-lands of the counties of Cam-
bridge and Lincoln, by the deposits of the neighbouring
rivers Ouse, Nen, and Welland, containing between six
and seven thousand acres, and having a fine soil suscep-
tible of the highest cultivation. It is situated between
Peterborough and Crowland, forming the north-eastern
extremity of the county, and is subject to the depas-
turage of the cattle, horses, and sheep of the thirty-two
parishes and townships which are comprised in the
soke of Peterborough: the right of common, however,
is considered by its possessors to be of very little value,
the drainage of this extensive tract being in a very im-
perfect state. The woodlands are very extensive; so
much so, when the excellence of their soil is considered,
as to form objects of considerable national importance:
they may be arranged into the four distinct classes of
forests, chases, purlieu woods, and woods and plantations
on freehold property. The forests are held by the same
tenure as the other crown lands: the most considerable
is that of Rockingham, situated towards the north-west
side of the county. This was anciently one of the
largest forests in the kingdom, extending for about thirty
miles in length, from Northampton to Stamford, and
about eight in breadth, from the river Nen to the
Welland and the Maidwell; it now reaches from the
▸
The whole of what are now considered forest woods
are subject to the depasturing of deer, and, at a stated
time of the year, to that also of the cattle belonging to
the inhabitants of the neighbouring townships, who claim
commonage. The underwood in the forests and chases
chiefly consists of black and white thorn, ash, sallow,
maple, and a small proportion of hazel: it is generally
cut at from twelve to eighteen years' growth; and the
different woods are divided into as many parts, or sales,
as the number of years' growth of the underwood may
amount to, so that a regular rotation in cutting takes
place every year: those parts which had been last cut,
the proprietors of the underwood are empowered, by
the ancient laws and customs of the forests, to fence in
for four years against the deer, and for seven years
against the cattle. A considerable portion is made into
hurdles for folding sheep; the remainder is chiefly
1
NOR
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I
used as fuel. The principal trees are oak, ash, elm,
and poplar besides which are considerable quantities
of other white wood, as beech, chesnut, lime, &c. A fall
of oak timber is generally made in that part, or sale,
in which the underwood has been last cut.
In some
parts of Whittlebury Forest the timber is not very thick
upon the ground, but in most parts the spaces which
are thus left are occupied by thick masses of under-
wood: this part of the produce belongs, by a grant of
the crown in the time of Charles II., to the Duke of
Grafton and his heirs male for ever, with the right of
fencing out the deer and all commonable cattle during
nine years after cutting: the timber is reserved for the
crown the number of parishes having right of com-
mon for such cattle and horses as they can support
through the winter is fourteen. Salcey Forest con-
tains some large oaks, but they are thin upon the
ground. Geddington Chase is supposed to "contain
about fourteen thousand acres, of which about twelve
thousand are woodland, the remainder consisting of
lawns, ridings, and vistas: it once formed part of Rock-
ingham Forest, but permission was given by the crown
to the ancestors of the Montagu family to disafforest
it, and convert it to its present state: deer are kept in
it, and it is subject to a commonage, from May-day to
about Martinmas, for the adjoining townships: it is in
every respect managed like the forest-woods in fencing
out the deer and cattle from the recently felled por-
tions it also contains a valuable stock of large oak
timber. Yardley Chase once formed part of Salcey Fo-
rest, but has likewise been disafforested. Purlieu woods
are those which are situated immediately in the vicinity
of the forests, and which have at some time formed
part of it but the respective owners having obtained
grants and permissions from the crown to disafforest
them, and appropriate them to their own use, they are
not now subject to any of the laws and regulations that
regard the forest woods. From the extensive woods above
enumerated a considerable supply is procured for the
navy. The common fuel is wood and coal: of the former
the county itself produces abundance; and though of
coal it used to have but a scanty supply, which was ob-
tained at a very dear rate, yet great quantities are now
brought into it from the Staffordshire collieries, by
means of the Grand Junction canal: some are also
brought up the river Nen from the north. Several so-
cieties have been formed for the promotion of improve-
ments in agriculture, one of which holds its meetings at
Wellingborough, another at Lamport, and a third at
Peterborough.
:
C
The mineral productions include neither coal nor
any of the metals; but limestone in great plenty is
but limestone in great plenty is
found in almost every part of the county, and is used
in some instances to form enclosures, but is more ex-
tensively burned into lime, or used in the making and
repairing of roads. Freestone for building is raised
at Brackley, at Kingsthorpe, near Northampton, and at
various other places: it is often of a calcareous nature.
A whitish kind of slate, used for roofing, is dug in con-
siderable quantities at Collyweston, near Stamford; the
laminæ are generally of a good size, but rather thick
and heavy; most of the buildings in that and the neigh-
bouring townships are covered with it; it is customary
to raise large blocks of it in the autumn, which being
placed in a position different from what they had in the
quarry, the rain insinuates itself between the layers,
and, in frosty weather, the water expanding, splits the
block into plates of a proper thickness. Good clay
for making bricks and tiles is found in different parts of
the county.
:
The principal articles of manufacture are shoes,
bone-lace, and woollen stuffs; the latter are confined
chiefly to moreens, tammies, and calimancoes. In
Northampton, Wellingborough, and some other towns,
many persons are employed in making shoes for the
supply of the army and navy, and the shops in Lon-
don, and some for exportation to different foreign
countries, about seven or eight thousand pair being
manufactured weekly the leather is purchased partly
in this and the neighbouring counties, but is obtained
chiefly from the London market. In Wellingborough
and its neighbourhood, and towards the south-western
corner of the county, lace-making affords employment
to a great proportion of the population, chiefly young
women and boys. The manufacture of silk stockings
is carried on at Towcester and at Kettering, and at
Towcester wool-stapling constitutes the principal branch
of trade: the material is, in the first instance, purchased
of the growers, or farmers, in the neighbourhood, and,
after having undergone a very minute assortment, the
finest is sent into Yorkshire, for the clothiers, or into
Leicestershire for the hosiers, and the other qualities dis-
posed of to other markets, while some of the longest staple
only is reserved to be worked at home.
At Daventry
there is a considerable manufactory for whips. The
produce of the soil exported from the county consists of
wheat, wheat-flour, oats, beans, timber, oak-bark, fat
cattle and sheep, wool, butter, and cheese: the manufac-
tured exports are chiefly shoes, lace, and woollen stuffs,
which are sent to London, and various other parts of
Great Britain; also to Ireland, America, and the West
Indies; the stuffs are sold to the London and York-
shire markets, to persons who dress and dye them.
The imports are chiefly lean cattle, store sheep, coal,
iron, deals, and leather.
:
All the principal rivers of the county rise within its
limits: they are the Nene, the Welland, the Ouse, the
Charwell, the Avon, and the Leam. The Nene is the
most considerable it takes its rise near Catesby and
Hellidon, in the hundred of Fawsley, near the borders
of Warwickshire, and being quickly joined by a number
of other small streams in the vicinity of Daventry, it
runs directly eastward to Northampton, where it be-
comes navigable: from that town its course is for the
most part in a north-easterly direction, which it pur-
sues through the county for nearly the whole length
of its south-eastern side, and at a short distance from
its borders, passing the towns of Wellingborough,
Thrapstone, Oundle, and Peterborough: at the dis-
tance of a few miles above Wansford bridge, however,
it begins to form the southern boundary of the county,
which it separates from Huntingdonshire, and so con-
tinues as far as the last-mentioned town, where it
wholly quits it. The Welland rises near Hothorpe, in
the hundred of Rothwell, and immediately becoming
the northern boundary of the county, winds by Rocking-
ham and Stamford, at which latter place it becomes na-
vigable, and finally quits it at its north-eastern extre-
mity. The Ouse has its rise in a spring, called Ouse-
well, near Brackley, in the hundred of King's Sutton, in
NOR
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401
the southernmost part of the county, which it soon
quits; but, after taking a circuitous course through a
part of Buckinghamshire, it touches upon it again at
Stony-Stratford, soon however diverging from it towards
Newport-Pagnell. The Charwell, rising near the source
of the Nene, and running southwards through a small
portion of Oxfordshire, afterwards forms the boundary
between that county and Northamptonshire for a few
miles, finally quitting it at its south-western extremity, in
its course to the Thames. The Avon, rising on the borders
of this county and Leicestershire, and taking a westerly
course, forms the boundary line between them for the
distance of a few miles, and then enters the county of
Warwick. The Leam, rising near the sources of the
Nene and the Charwell, almost immediately enters War-
wickshire. The county abounds, almost in every part
of it, with fine springs and numerous smaller streams;
and derives considerable benefit from its canal navi-
gation, more especially in the conveyance of coal.
The Oxford canal runs for a considerable distance
along its western confines, through a small projecting
portion of which it passes, in the vicinity of Barby
and Braunston, and through another at its south-
western extremity, near the river Charwell. The
Grand Junction canal commences at the Oxford canal,
at Braunston, and is continued, after having passed
through a tunnel about a mile in length, in a devi-
ous south-easterly course, to Weedon, where having
crossed the great London road, it is carried over a
valley, by means of an embankment of earth nearly
half a mile in length and about thirty feet high, un-
der which pass one small river and two carriage roads :
it soon after again crosses the London road, and is
continued in a south-easterly direction by Lower Hey-
ford, Bugbrooke, Gayton, Blisworth (where it passes
under another tunnel), Stoke-Bruerne, Grafton-Regis,
and Cosgrove, at which latter place it quits the
county of Buckinghamshire: it is navigable for barges
of sixty tons burden. It was intended to make a col-
lateral cut from this canal at Gayton to the river Nene,
at Northampton; but this communication has been
effected by means of a railway. The only other arti-
ficial navigation is that of the Union canal, so called
because it was designed to unite the navigation of the
Trent and Soar with that of the Grand Junction canal
and the Nene commencing from the navigable channel
of the river Soar above Leicester, it was intended to
enter this county near Market-Harborough, and be con-
tinued to Northampton, where it was to communicate
with the Nene, and the Grand Junction canal.
.
-
The road from London to Holyhead, through Buck-
ingham and Shrewsbury, or through Birmingham, enters
this county from Mixbury in Oxfordshire, and passing
through Barley-Mow, Croughton, and Aynho, re-enters
the latter county. The road from London to Holyhead,
through Chester, enters from Stony-Stratford in Buck-
inghamshire, passes through Towcester, Daventry, and
Braunston, and quits for Willoughby in Warwick-
shire: this is also the road from London to Warring
ton, Lancaster, and Carlisle. The road from London to
Manchester and Preston, through Derby, enters from
Stoke-Goldington in Buckinghamshire, and passing
through Horton, Northampton, Kingsthorpe, Brixworth,
and Kelmarsh, quits the county for Market- Harborough
in Leicestershire: this is also the road from London to
VOL. III.
Sheffield, Settle, Kirkby Lonsdale, and Whitehaven,
through Derby. The road from London to Halifax and
Clitheroe, through Bedford, Nottingham, and Rotherham,
enters the county from Bletsoe in Bedfordshire, and pass-
ing through Higham-Ferrers, Kettering, and Rockingham,
quits it for Uppingham in Rutlandshire. The road from
London to Manchester and Clitheroe, through Leek,
branches from the former Manchester road at North-
ampton, and passing through Welford, quits the county
for Kegworth in Leicestershire. The road from London
to Scarborough, through Huntingdon and Lincoln,
enters from Yaxley in Huntingdonshire, and passes
through Peterborough and Glinton to Market-Deeping
in Lincolnshire. The great mail-roads are for the most
part level, wide, and good: some of the collateral turn-
pike-roads are likewise kept in good repair; but the
cross roads are much neglected. Few counties, however,
possess a greater number of handsome, well-built stone
bridges; not only the larger streams, but every brook
and rivulet being crossed by a stone arch.
-
Of the four consular or military ways made by the
Romans in Britain, two are still visible in different parts
of this county. The Watling-street, having crossed the
Ouse, enters Northamptonshire at Old Stratford, and
running towards its western border, passes the Lesser
Avon at Dow bridge, and proceeds into Leicestershire :
its course may very easily be traced. The Ermin-street
enters the county from Cambridgeshire at Castor, on
the eastern side, and subsequently divides into two
branches which direct their courses into Lincolnshire
by two different points on the Welland. Most of the
Roman fortresses and garrisons were erected either
upon these ways or in their vicinity. Stations and forts
are also thought to have been erected on the southern
banks of the Nene, to guard the passages and fords, and
prevent the inroads of the Britons inhabiting the woods
on the other side, which extended from the Nene to the
Welland. On the course of the Watling-street there.
are supposed to have been three principal stations
within the limits of the county, viz. Lactodorum, which
is placed at Towcester; Benaventa, or Bennavennum,
which has been variously placed, at Weedon-Beck, at
Castle-Dykes, and near Daventry; which latter suppo-
sition seems to be the most probable; and Tripontium,
usually placed at Lilbourn, though Horsley supposes it
to have been at Rugby in Warwickshire. Parts of the
Ermin-street are still lofty and conspicuous between
Castor and Upton, and again in the parish of Barnack :
the only station in the county on this line was Duro-
brivæ, at or near Castor. Remains of tesselated pave-
ments, coins, &c., have been found in various places,
especially at Weldon, and at Cotterstock near Oundle.
Besides the intrenchments already mentioned as either
decidedly Roman, or supposed to be such, there are
several other ancient encampments of considerable mag-
nitude, such as Arbury Banks, Raynsbury Camp, and
"the Boroughs," at Guilsborough.
Of ancient church architecture this county affords
numerous interesting specimens. Peterborough cathe-
dral and the contiguous buildings display some fine and
varied examples, from the early Norman down to the
latest English. St. Sepulchre's church, at Northampton,
is one of the remaining few built by the Templars on
the model of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem: St.
Peter's, in the same town, and the churches of Castor,
+
3 F
1
NOR
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402
Barnack, Earls-Barton, Barnwell, Twywell, and Spratton,
also furnish specimens of the Anglo-Saxon or the early
Norman style. Among large churches displaying fine
examples of enriched and florid architecture may be
enumerated those of Fotheringhay, Oundle, Lowick,
Kettering, Higham-Ferrers, Wellingborough, and Fine-
don. The elegant crosses at Geddington and near North-
ampton are two of the only three now remaining of
the monuments erected by Edward I. to the memory
of his queen, Eleanor. In sepulchral monuments of
marble, brass, &c., Northamptonshire is considered to
be richer than any part of the kingdom, of equal or
smaller extent, Middlesex alone excepted; which cir-
cumstance seems to be in some degree accounted for by
the number of noble families that have been settled
here from an early period. The number of religious
houses of all denominations, including colleges, hospi-
tals, &c., was about fifty-five: the remains of monastic
buildings are inconsiderable, excepting Peterborough
cathedral, which was the conventual church of the
ancient abbey of Medeshamsted, or Peterborough; to
which may be added the anciently collegiate churches
of Fotheringhay, Higham-Ferrers, and Irthlingborough.
Of ancient mansion-houses the county affords a few
interesting specimens, particularly in those of Bur-
leigh, Kirby, Castle-Ashby, Fawsley, Rushton, and
Drayton. Burleigh House, the seat of the Marquis of
Exeter, is the finest among the great number of modern
seats which adorn this highly ornamented county;
amongst which Althorp, the property and residence of
Earl Spencer, is also one of the most distinguished.
There are mineral springs at Astrop, Northampton, and
Wellingborough; and at Rothwell, a petrifying well and
a bone well.
NORTHAW, a parish in the hundred of CASHIO,
or liberty of ST. ALBAN'S, county of HERTFORD,
miles (N. E. by N.) from Chipping-Barnet, containing
566 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of St. Alban's, and diocese of London,
and in the patronage of the Rev. A. Trenchard, D.D.
The church, dedicated to St. Thomas à Becket, was re-
built in 1810, at an expense of £1600, defrayed by
W. Strode, Esq., the late patron. There is a free school
for eight boys, endowed with £20 per annum. Within
the parish is a fine saline spring, formerly much resorted
to, but now almost neglected.
living is a vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of Sholden,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury, rated in
the king's books at £ 12. 11. 8., and in the patronage
of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Augustine. Here are the remains of an
ancient chapel.
NORTHEN, or NORTHENDEN, a parish in the
hundred of MACCLESFIELD, County palatine of CHES-
TER, containing, with the township of Northen, and
part of that of Etchells, 1406 inhabitants, of which
number, 630 are in the township of Northen, 4½ miles
(W.) from Stockport. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's
books at £10. 7. 6., and in the patronage of the Dean
and Chapter of Chester. The church, dedicated to St.
Wilfrid, is principally in the later style of English ar-
chitecture, with an enriched wooden screen. A part of
4the hall, the seat of the Tattons, is very ancient; it was
garrisoned by Charles I., and besieged and taken by
the parliamentarians.
NORTHFIELD, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of HALFSHIRE, County of WORCESTER, 6
miles (S. W. by S.) from Birmingham, containing 1567
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, with the curacy
of Coston-Hacket, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Worcester, rated in the king's books at £14. 15. 24.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. John Thomas Fen-
wick. The church, dedicated to St. Lawrence, is partly
in the early English, and partly in the decorated, style,
with a Norman door. The small river Rea, also the
Birmingham and Worcester, and the Netherton canals,
run through the parish, in which there are quarries of
freestone. Here are some remains of Weoley castle,
formerly belonging to the Jervoise family. A charity
school is supported with the income arising from a be-
quest of £150 by William Worth, and another of £ 100,
in 1779, by the Rev. Mr. Soley,
NORTHBOROUGH, a parish in the liberty of
PETERBOROUGH, county of NORTHAMPTON, 12 mile
(S. E. by S.) from Market-Deeping, containing 232
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough,
rated in the king's books at £10. 19. 7., and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Peterborough.
The church, dedicated to St. Andrew, has a fine admix-
ture of the Norman and the various later styles of
English architecture, and contains a monument, with
other memorials, to the family of Claypole, of whom
John married Elizabeth, daughter of Oliver Cromwell,
who created him a baronet in 1657, and made him Mas-
ter of the Horse, and a Lord of the Bedchamber. Their
ancient mansion, a beautiful specimen of the decorated
style, has been converted into a farm-house.
NORTHBOURNE, a parish in the hundred of
CORNILO, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of KENT, 22
miles (W.) from Deal, containing 757 inhabitants. The
NORTHBROOK, a tything in the parish and hun-
dred of MITCHELDEVER, Basingstoke division of the
county of SOUTHAMPTON, 5 miles (S. E.) from Whit-
church. The population is returned with the parish.
NORTHCHAPEL, a parish in the hundred of Ro-
THERBRIDGE, rape of ARUNDEL, county of SUSSEX, 5
miles (N. by W.) from Petworth, containing 749 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory not in charge, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Chichester, and in the
tronage of the Earl of Egremont. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Michael. This was formerly part of the
parish of Petworth.
See
pa-
NORTHCHURCH, county of HERTFORD.
BERKHAMPSTEAD (ST. MARY).
NORTHCOTT, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
BOYTON which is in the hundred of BLACK TORRING-
TON, county of DEVON, 54 miles (N. by E.) from Laun-
ceston, containing 83 inhabitants.
NORTHFLEET, a parish in the hundred of TOL-
TINGTROUGH, lathe of AYLESFORD, County of KENT,
1 mile (W.) from Gravesend, and 20 miles (E.) from
London, containing 1964 inhabitants. This place is
mentioned in Domesday-book, and is supposed to have
been more anciently a Roman and a Danish station.
The river Thames bounds the parish on the north. At
a distance from the river the face of the country is di-
versified with gently rising hills and small vallies; but
to the north-west the land lies so low as to be overflowed
NOR
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403
at high tides, and the flood would extend even beyond
the London road, if not prevented by a raised causeway
and bridge, to which flood-gates are affixed as a barrier
against the tides, and an outlet for the fresh water.
The bridge was erected at an early period, and rebuilt of
brick in 1634, which being found inconvenient, another
has been constructed in a line with the direction of the
road. Large chalk and lime works extend from the
north side of the village to the Thames. Lime is sent
in very considerable quantities for the use of the
builders in London, and is also exported to Holland
and Flanders, the refuse being used for manuring the
land in Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk. The chalk pits
are very extensive, and strata of flint stones abound,
which are frequently wrought into flints for guns. Em-
bedded in the chalk are found many curious fossils,
chiefly echinites and glossopetra (or sharks' teeth);
and some of the flints enclose cockle-shells filled with
chalk, forming singular natural curiosities. Here is a
large yard for ship-building, near which is a spacious
dock excavated in the solid chalk, and capable of con-
taining six or seven large ships: the first vessel built
here was the Royal Charlotte, East Indiaman, in 1789.
At this place is an establishment for the manufacture
of Parker's Roman cement. Fairs are held on Easter
Fairs are held on Easter
and Whit Tuesdays, and on the 24th of March. The
living is a vicarage, within the exempt deanery of Shore-
ham, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Archbishop of
Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £21, and in
the patronage of the Crown. The church, which is de-
dicated to St. Botolph, is one of the largest in the
diocese it displays various styles of English architec-
ture, with some good decorated windows: in the chan-
cel are the remains of some ancient oak stalls; in the
south wall are three stone seats, and on a slab in the
pavement a full-length brass figure of a priest standing
beneath a richly-ornamented canopy, with an imperfect
Latin inscription around the verge of the slab; the
grave beneath being opened about forty years ago, the
body of Peter de Lucy was found enveloped in leather.
Among the monuments of more modern date is a fine
alabaster tomb to the memory of Dr. Edward Browne,
physician to Charles II., and author of Travels in Hun
gary. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Me-
thodists.
NORTH-FORTY-FOOT-BANK, or FEN-CORNER,
an extra-parochial liberty, in the wapentake of KIRTON,
parts of HOLLAND, county of LINCOLN, 9 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Boston, containing 136 inhabitants.
NORTH-FORTY-FOOT-BANK near FOSDYKE,
an extra-parochial liberty, in the wapentake of KIRTON,
parts of HOLLAND, county of LINCOLN, containing 179
inhabitants.
NORTH-FORTY-FOOT-BANK near PELHAM'S
LANDS, an extra-parochial liberty, in the wapentake
of KIRTON, parts of HOLLAND, county of LINCOLN,
containing 27 inhabitants.
NORTH-HILL, a parish in the northern division of
the hundred of EAST, county of Cornwall, 63 miles
(S. W. by S.) from Launceston, containing 1089 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £36. 6. 8., and in the patronage of Mrs.
Darley. The church is dedicated to St. Torney. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
NORTH-HOLME, a parish in the Marsh division
of the wapentake of CANDLESHOЕ, parts of Lindsey,
county of LINCOLN, 8 miles (S. E. by E.) from Spilsby,
containing 155 inhabitants. The living is a rectory with
Wainfleet, not rated in the king's books, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Lincoln. The church has long
since been destroyed: the cemetery is also used by the
inhabitants of Wainfleet.
NORTH-HALES, otherwise COVEHITHE, a parish
in the hundred of BLYTHING, county of SUFFOLK, 44
miles (N. by E.) from Southwold, containing 169 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, with the
rectory of Binacre, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£5. 6. 8., and endowed with £200 royal bounty. The
church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
NORTHIAM, a parish in the hundred of STAPLE,
rape of HASTINGS, County of SUSSEX, 73 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Rye, containing 1358 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lewes, and
diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£15. 10. 2., and in the patronage of Miss Lord. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is partly in the early
English and partly in the decorated style. The river
Rother bounds the parish on the north, and separates
it from the county of Kent. Robert Iden, in 1614, con-
veyed a house and certain land upon which a school-
house was subsequently erected, at an expense of £700,
defrayed by Frewin Turner: the annual income, includ-
ing the proceeds of £500 left, in 1723, by George Bains-
ley, is applied to the education of poor children.
NORTHILL, a parish in the hundred of WIXAM-
TREE, county of BEDFORD, 3 miles (W. N. W.) from
Biggleswade, containing, with the hamlets of Brookend,
Budnor, Upper and Lower Caldicotts, Hatch, Ickwell,
Thorncote, and part of Beeston, 1001 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Bed-
ford, and diocese of Lincoln, and in the patronage of
the Master and Wardens of the Grocers' Company, Lon-
don. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a handsome
structure, in the ancient English style, the east window
exhibiting beautiful specimens of stained glass, by Oliver;
it was endowed by Sir John Traylly, Knt., and made
collegiate in the reign of Henry IV., for a master, war-
den, and fellows, whose revenue at the dissolution was
estimated at £61. 5. 5. Elizabeth Hutchinson, in 1728,
gave £200 for the education of poor fatherless girls;
the annual income is now about £ 16, for which four are
taught. The navigable river Ivel bounds the parish on
the east.
NORTHINGTON, a parish in the hundred of
MITCHELDEVER, Basingstoke division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 32 miles (N. N. W.) from New Alres-
ford, containing 277 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Mitcheldever,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester. The
church is dedicated to St. John. Northington is within.
the jurisdiction of the Cheyney Court held at Win-
chester every Thursday, for the recovery of debts to
any amount.
NORTHLEACH, a market town and parish in the
hundred of BRADLEY, county of GLOUCESTER, 20 miles
(E. by S.) from Gloucester, and 82 (W. N. W.) from Lon-
don, containing 773 inhabitants. This is a small town,
consisting principally of a long irregular street, situated
3 F 2
NOR
NOR
404
in a vale at the base of the Cotswold hills, near the
source of the little river Leche, from which it derives
its name, and on the road from Cheltenham to Oxford.
The ancient British road, called the Lower Salt-way, lead-
ing from Droitwich to the eastern parts of the island,
is here crossed by the Roman Fosse-way, which forms
the north-western boundary of the parish. About the
beginning of the sixteenth century it was one of the
most considerable clothing towns in the county, and a
principal mart for the sale of wool; but the deficiency of
water occasioned a gradual decay of the manufacture,
and the trade is no longer carried on. The market is
held on Wednesday; and there are fairs on the Wednes-
days before May 4th and June 1st, August 3rd, the first
Wednesday in September, and the Wednesdays before
and after October 10th. A bailiff and two constables
are chosen annually at the manorial court leet; and
petty sessions for the district are held here. Near the
town is a house of correction for the county, capable of
containing thirty-eight prisoners. The living is a vicar-
age, with Eastington, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at £11, and in
the patronage of the Bishop of Gloucester. The church,
dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, is a handsome and
extensive edifice, in the decorated style of English
architecture, with a lofty tower at the west end: the
south porch is ornamented with elegant tracery; the
lateral buttresses have sculptured niches; and two
niches with statues are placed over the arch, the cornice
bordering which is decorated with various figures, in
oval compartments: the tower has open-worked battle-
ments; and the whole building is adorned with an em-
battled parapet and pinnacles: there are several sepul-
chral brasses, one of which is to the memory of John
Fortey, a rich clothier of the town, who rebuilt the
nave, in 1458.
Hugh Westwood, Esq. founded a free
grammar school, in the first year of the reign of Eliza-
beth, and endowed it with impropriate tithes of Ched-
worth, and a messuage and tenement, now producing
about £600 per annum, vested, by an act of incorpora-
tion passed in the fourth of James I., in the patronage
of the Provost and Scholars of Queen's College, Oxford,
who appoint a master, and pay him two-thirds of the
annual income, and an usher the remainder. The
scholars on the foundation are usually very few; but
they are entitled to share with the schools of Glouces-
ter, Cheltenham, and Chipping-Campden, in the exhibi-
tions at Pembroke College, Oxford, instituted by George
Townsend, Esq., who also gave property producing
£10 per annum, for the instruction of twelve poor boys,
a similar sum for poor girls, and an annual sum for
apprenticing a poor boy. An hospital, or almshouse,
for six poor women was founded by Thomas Dutton,
Esq., in 1615, and endowed with about £30 per an-
num. In 1816, Mrs. Mary Harritts Allen bequeathed
£2649. 17. 6. for charitable purposes, including £93. 12.
per annum, for the endowment of an almshouse for six
poor men; and a small sum in augmentation of the
stipends of the women in Mr. Dutton's almshouse. Ad-
joining the Fosse-way is an intrenched camp, with a
double vallum, called Norbury, and supposed to be of
Roman origin.
-
NORTHMOOR, a parish in the hundred of CHAD-
LINGTON, County of OXFORD, 63 miles (W. S. W.) from
Oxford, containing 366 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Oxford, endowed with £1100 private benefaction, £400
royal bounty, and £900 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the President and Fellows of St. John's
College, Oxford. The church is dedicated to St. Denis.
NORTHOLT, a parish in the hundred of Elthorne,
county of MIDDLESEX, 23 miles (S. W. by S.) from Har-
row on the Hill, containing 455 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and
diocese of London, rated in the king's books at £15,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of London. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary.
NORTHORPE, a hamlet in the parish of THURLBY,
wapentake of NESS, parts of KESTEVEN, county of
LINCOLN, containing 136 inhabitants.
NORTHORPE, a parish in the wapentake of Cor-
RINGHAM, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 8
miles (N. E.) from Gainsborough, containing 127 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £4, endowed with £400 Bank annuities
and £119 private benefaction, and £800 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Lincoln. The
church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. The river
Eau runs through the parish and falls into the Trent.
NORTHOVER, a parish in the hundred of TINTIN-
HULL, county of SOMERSET, of a mile (N.) from Ilches-
ter, containing 121 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £6. 12. 11.,
and in the patronage of J. H. Chichester, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Andrew. The navigable river Yeo,
and the old Fosse-way, pass through the parish.
NORTHSCEUGH, a joint township with Moor-
thwaite, in the parish of CUMWHITTON, ESKDALE
ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 6½ miles (N. N. W.) from
Kirk-Oswald. The population is returned with Moor-
thwaite.
NORTHUMBERLAND, a maritime county, and,
excepting a detached part of the county of Durham,
the most northern of England; bounded on the east
by the North sea, or German Ocean, and by a small
detached portion of the county of Durham, called Bed-
lingtonshire, which is situated on the coast, between
the mouths of the rivers Blyth and Wansbeck; on the
south by the county of Durham; on the west, by
Cumberland, and by Roxburghshire in Scotland; and
on the north, by the Scottish county of Berwick, from
which it is separated by the Tweed; and by the larger
detached part of Durham (divided into Norhamshire
and Islandshire), which includes Holy Island, and a
large triangular space, the two other sides of which are
bounded by the river Tweed and the North sea. It
extends from 54° 51' to 55° 41′ (N. Lat.), and from
1° 9' to 2° 28' (W. Lon.), and includes an area of
one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one square
miles, or one million one hundred and ninety-seven
thousand four hundred and forty statute acres. The
population, in 1821, was 198,965. The historical
notices respecting the aboriginal inhabitants of North-
umberland are extremely scanty. According to Pto-
lemy, the people inhabiting the tract of sea-coast which
extends from the river Tyne to the Frith of Forth,
were called the Otodini; to the west of whom, in the
mountainous districts, and in Tiviotdale, were seated
NOR
405
NOR
C
sea.
the Gadeni; both which tribes appear to have been
either dependent on, or confederated with, the Bri-
gantes, whose extensive territory lying southward, in-
cluded some portion of the south-western part of this
county. The Romans did not penetrate into this part
of Britain until the year 79, when Agricola led his
legions into the north, and partly by the terror of
his arms, and partly by the fame of his clemency,
subjugated the country; to secure which he erected a
chain of forts extending from the Solway Frith to Tyne-
mouth. This barrier, however, being soon broken
through by the British refugees, in conjunction with the
Britons of Caledonia, the Emperor Adrian constructed
a rampart of earth, which, connecting the forts of Agri-
cola, likewise extended across the county from sea to
The Brigantes who settled north of this wall ap-
pear to have assumed the name of Meata, supposed
to be derived from the British word meath, a plain. In
the reign of Antoninus Pius, about the year 140, the
Meatæ fought several severe battles with the Romans
ünder Lollius Urbicus, who at length re-conquered the
whole country as far as the isthmus, between the Friths
of Forth and Clyde, where the Roman commander, by
the emperor's order, constructed a second rampart, after
the manner of Adrian's, and upon the same line along
which Agricola had also previously built a second chain
of forts. The country between the two ramparts being,
however, again devastated by the barbarians, the Emperor
Severus, about the year 207, took the field against them
in person; and entering Caledonia at the head of a
large army, compelled the inhabitants to purchase peace
by the surrender of a large portion of territory: on his
return he repaired and strengthened Adrian's rampart.
During his subsequent indisposition at York, the
Meata and Caledonians recommenced hostilities, which
so much exasperated him, that he resolved upon
their utter extermination: his son Caracalla led the
army to the north; but, on the death of his father,
which soon afterwards ensued, he hastily concluded a
dishonourable peace, and returned to the southern
provinces of Britain, the more effectually to prosecute
his claims to the empire. A chasm of more than seventy
years now occurs in the Roman history of Britain; and we
find nothing on record regarding this particular district,
until the year 306, about which time Constantine the
Great, having allayed the disturbances on the northern
frontiers, entrusted their defence to an officer, styled Duke
of Britain, who had under him fourteen thousand foot,
and nine hundred horse, being more than two-thirds
of the whole Roman forces in the island. In the reigns
of the succeeding emperors, the rampart was fre-
quently broken through by the northern tribes, deno-
minated Scots, Picts, and Attacotes, and the contigu-
ous districts on the south depopulated in the most
savage and unrelenting manner. At length the Em-
peror Valentinian having sent over Theodosius with a
formidable body of troops, that commander repelled
the barbarians, and recovered all the country be-
tween the wall of Severus and the rampart of An-
toninus, which tract now received the name of Valentia,
and was added, as a fifth province, to the four into
which the more southern parts of the island were
divided. About the year 380, Maximus having with-
drawn the Roman forces from Britain, to support him
in aspiring to the government of the eastern provinces
of the empire, the Scots and Picts renewed their in-
cursions with dreadful success, until the arrival of the
legion under the command of Stilicho, which was sent
over to expel the northern invaders and to guard the
rampart, but which, on the death of Theodosius in 402,
was recalled to Italy to repel the Gothic invaders under
Alaric. It is believed to have been during the stay of
this legion in Britain that the wall was added to the
former line of defensive works across this part of the
country: this was a massive bulwark of stone, defended
by an outer ditch, and guarded by an interior chain of
forts and military stations, many vestiges of it still
being visible: it extended in a line nearly parallel with
Adrian's barrier, and at a very short distance from it.
The Britons being left without the safeguard of a Ro-
man force, and the extinction of the Roman authority
in the island speedily following, a number of petty states
sprang up, which were continually involved in sanguinary
dissensions, whereby the barbarians of the north were
more easily able to carry their devastations into the very
heart of South Britain. The district north of the Tyne,
under the name of Bernicia, formed at this period one
of the numerous independent sovereignties.
The establishment of the Saxon dominion in this
part of the country took place about the year 547,
when the Saxon chief, Ida, landed at Flamborough, and
after many obstinate conflicts, drove the Northumbrian
Britons from the vicinity of the coast, and subse-
quently obtained sole dominion in the province of Ber-
nicia, which appears to have comprised all the country
between the Tyne and the Frith of Forth. Having as-
sumed the title of King of Bernicia, he erected the
strong fortress of Bambrough, on the coast opposite the
Farn isles, in a remarkably eligible situation, and made
it his principal residence his reign was one of almost
incessant warfare with the Scots and the fugitive Bri-
tons, and he was at length slain in battle by Owen, in
560, being succeeded by his son Adda. At the same
period, Ælla, one of the chieftains who had come
over with Ida, made himself master of the province.
or kingdom of Deira, being the whole of the coun-
try between the Tyne and the Humber. The two so-
vereignties were united by Ethelfrith, grandson of
Ida, who having ascended the Bernician throne in
593, invaded Deïra, then under the government of
Edwin, son of Ælla, who had succeeded at the age of
three years, and by expelling this infant monarch and
espousing his sister Ethelfrith, became the first king of
Northan-hymbra-land, as it is called in the ancient Saxon,
signifying the land, or country, north of the Humber;
which name was contracted by the Anglo-Saxons into
Northymbraland, and has since been slightly corrupted
into Northumberland, being in modern times confined to
that portion of country only which lies on the eastern
side of the island, between the rivers Tyne and Tweed,
which was but a small part of the ancient Northum-
berland, or Northumbria, as it is called according to the
Latin orthography. The young Edwin having found a
protector in Redwald, King of East-Anglia, Ethelfrith
waged war against the latter, and was slain in a battle
fought on the banks of the Idle, in Nottinghamshire;
upon which event Edwin, supported by the arms of
Redwald, entered the capital of Northumbria, and in
617 was restored to the throne. Cwichelm, King of
Wessex, having employed an assassin to murder Edwin.
NOR
NOR
406
in his palace, and the attempt failing, Edwin marched
a powerful army against Cwichelm, and after devas-
tating the kingdom of Wessex, returned to Northum-
berland in triumph. The reign of this prince was
distinguished by the introduction of Christianity into
the North of England, at the instance of his queen,
a daughter of the Christian king of Kent, under whose
influence the Roman missionary Paulinus succeeded in
converting the Northumbrian sovereign and his people.
Edwin was now the greatest prince of the Heptarchy,
distinguished both by his influence over the other king-
doms, and by his strict and impartial administration of
justice in his own dominions. He subdued a consider-
able part of Wales, including the isle of Anglesey, and
for some time all the British princes paid him tribute;
but the latter forming an alliance with Penda, King of
Mercia, their united forces defeated those of Edwin on
Hatfield Chase, in Yorkshire, who, with his son Osfrid,
perished in the battle: Edwin's widow and his other
children, together with the Archbishop Paulinus, were
now compelled to take refuge in Kent, and Northum-
bria was again divided into two kingdoms, and re-
verted to paganism; Bernicia being taken possession
of by Eanfrid, the son of Ethelfrid, who now returned
from his exile in Scotland; and Deïra by Osric, a
cousin of Edwin. The former of these princes having
perished by treachery, and the latter in battle against
Cadwallon the Briton, Oswald, brother of Eanfrid, in
634, again united the two provinces: this prince sur-
prised the camp of Cadwallon near Hexham, where,
after a sanguinary conflict, he gained a complete victory
over the Britons, who could never after successfully
make head against the Saxons. In this reign the see of
Lindisfarne was founded, and in a few years the church
of Northumbria was fixed on a solid and permanent
basis. Oswald being slain in battle against Penda, the
pagan king of Mercia, at Oswestry in Shropshire, the
latter ravaged Northumberland, but, being unable to
make himself master of the royal city of Bambrough,
he marched back to oppose the East Anglians, and the
ancient division of Northumbria was once more revived;
Oswy, the brother of Oswald, being elected king of
Bernicia, while Oswin, son of Osric, the last king of
Deïra, assumed the sceptre of the latter province. Penda,
King of Mercia, still exhibiting the most inveterate
malignity against the Northumbrians of Bernicia, again
marched against Oswy, who met, defeated, and slew
him near Leeds.
greatly diminished; the Welch made encroachments on
the western side, and the Picts on the northern, as far
as the Solway and the Tweed. Alefrid, or Alfred, the
natural son of Oswy, was raised to the throne on the
demise of his brother: he was a meritorious prince, at-
tentive to the welfare of his subjects, and reigned in
peace over Northumbria for seventeen years. But from
the time of this sovereign's death, in 705, until the king-
dom became tributary to Egbert, King of Wessex, in
828, excepting only the vigorous reign of Eadbert, from
737 to 759, Northumberland seems to have been little
else than a scene of the most frightful anarchy; one
tyrannical usurper succeeding another on the throne,
and one after another falling by open rebellion, or
treacherous assassination; insomuch that the Emperor
Charlemagne declared that the Northumbrians were more
perfidious than pagans. It was under King Eardulf,
who had been liberated from confinement through the
intervention of that powerful potentate, by a bull from
Pope Leo III., that Northumberland first became tribu-
tary to Wessex, being the last kingdom of the Octarchy
which acknowledged that subjection.
The short period of tranquillity it now enjoyed was
interrupted by the descents of the Danes, to which its
situation particularly exposed it, who inflicted upon it
a devastation still more horrible than it had ever be-
fore experienced. Northumbria ceased to be an Anglo-
Saxon kingdom in 867, when Ivar, the Dane, assumed
the government of all the country between the Humber
and the Tyne; the people north of the Tyne then chose
Egbert as their sovereign; but ten years afterwards
Halfden completed the conquest of their country, which
he parcelled out amongst his Danish officers, and in
which the Danes became permanently settled, this being
a part of the territory which, by treaty with Alfred,
they were allowed peaceably to occupy. After Alfred's
death, the Northumbrian Danes soon threw off their sub-
jection; and when Athelstan ascended the English throne,
in 925, Sygtryg, the Dane, enjoyed the title of King of
Northumbria. To secure the attachment of the Anglo-
Danes, Athelstan gave one of his sisters in marriage to
the Northumbrian prince, who at the same time em-
braced Christianity, but he afterwards returned to pa-
ganism, and repudiated his wife; upon which Athelstan
led his army through the whole extent of the Northum-
brian territory, and annexed it to his paternal domi-
nions. This conquest was finally completed by the great
battle of Brunanburh, in which Athelstan and his son so
signally overthrew the combined forces of the Scotch,
Welch, Irish, and Danes, and which, among the various
parts of the country where, by different antiquaries,
it has been thought to have taken place, has been sup-
posed by some to have been fought within the limits of
the present Northumberland. But the Northumbrian
Danes again revolted against Athelstan's successor,
Edmund, and subsequently against Edred, who deso-
lated their country, and under whom it ceased to be
a nominal kingdom, being reduced to an earldom. It
was soon after involved in the Danish conquest of
all the North of England, which ensued upon the im-
politic massacre of the Danes of the South, by com-
mand of Ethelred II. In the reign of Edward the Con-
fessor, an army of Northumbrians, under Malcolm, son
of the murdered Duncan, King of Scotland, and Siward,
Earl of Northumberland, entered Scotland, destroyed
In 664, on the death of Adelwald, who had suc-
cceded his father Oswin on the throne of Deïra, Oswy
assumed the latter sovereignty. In the same year a
council was held in Whitby abbey, to determine the
proper time for the celebration of Easter. The dis-
pute was conducted with great acrimony, and termi-
nated against the opinion of the Scottish clergy; which
circumstance is thought to have had some influence
in protracting the subsequent wars between the North-
umbrians and their northern neighbours. Oswy died
in 670, and was succeeded by his son Egfrid, who,
after repelling an incursion of the Picts, waged a violent
war against the Mercians, which was terminated by the
mediation of Theodore, Archbishop of York, after a
sanguinary battle had been fought on the banks of the
Trent. By the unsuccessful wars of this prince, the
limits of the Northumbrian kingdom were afterwards
NOR
NOR
407
the usurper Macbeth, and seated Malcolm on the throne.
The rapacity of Tostig, brother to Harold, afterwards
King of England, who was appointed Earl of Northum-
berland on the death of Siward, provoked the people
to revolt, and elect Morcar for their earl, which election
was confirmed by King Edward. After the death of the
latter, Harold espoused the sister of Morcar, and de-
feated his brother Tostig, who attempted to resume his
authority in Northumberland. It was also at the in-
stigation of Tostig that Harfagar, King of Norway, un-
dertook the formidable invasion of England, which ter-
minated in Harold's memorable victory at Stamford-
bridge, when the expelled earl and the Norwegian king
were both slain.
2
-
In this part of England, the resistance to the
Norman conquerors' was the most obstinate, and the
revolts against their power the most frequent and for-
midable. The unsparing devastation which this per-
severing resistance of the northern English brought
upon them from the vengeance of the Conqueror was
such, that this county, in common with the remainder
of that district, lay uncultivated and unpeopled for a
century after. To this desolation is attributed the
omission in the Norman survey of the northern coun-
ties of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, and
Westmorland. Nearly a century later, however, about
the year 1170, it was included in the survey made by
order of Hugh Pudsey, Bishop of Durham, of all the
ancient demesne lands and possessions of his bishop-
rick, which is recorded in a small folio volume, called
"Boldon Buke," still existing in the office of the bishop's
auditor, at Durham. The succession of the earls of
Northumberland after the Conquest may be thus briefly
summed up, nearly in the words of Camden :-Copsi,
being made earl by William the Conqueror, expelled
Osulf, the former earl, who soon after slew him at
Newburn, but did not long survive this revenge, being
killed by a javelin from the hands of a robber. Gos-
patric then purchased the earldom of the Conqueror,
but was soon deposed. Waltheof, the son of Siward,
succeeded him, but was soon after beheaded on a charge
of treason brought against him by his wife, niece to
the Conqueror. Walcher, Bishop of Durham, next en-
joyed the earldom, but was slain in a riotous assemblage
of the people. Robert Mowbray then attained this
honour, which he forfeited by attempting to depose
William Rufus in favour of Stephen, Earl of Albemarle.
King Stephen gave the earldom to Henry, son of David,
King of Scots; and his son William afterwards assumed
the title in right of his mother, who was of the family of
the Earls of Warren. Some time afterwards, Richard I.
sold it to Hugh Pudsey, Bishop of Durham, for life;
but when that king had been made prisoner in his re-
turn from the Holy Land, the same bishop having con-
tributed what Richard considered too small a sum to-
wards his ransom, the king divested him of his earldom,
and the title lay dormant for about one hundred and
eighty years, until it was revived in the ancient family
of Percy, in which it still continues.
:
The period of the Norman Conquest may be regarded
as the commencement of that long era of rivalry be-
tween the English and the Scottish crowns which oc-
casioned an almost uninterrupted series of hostilities
upon the common border of the two kingdoms, until
the accession of James VI. of Scotland to the English
In
crown. The military movements which took place in
this county during these five centuries are far too nu-
merous to be here detailed: the following are some of
the most remarkable. In 1043, Alnwick was successfully
defended against Malcolm, King of Scots, and his eldest
son Edward, both of whom were surprised and slain by
Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland. In 1095,
Tynemouth castle, under Earl Robert de Mowbray (who
had revolted in consequence of his having received
no reward for his victory at Alnwick), after a seige of
two months, was taken by William Rufus; but the earl
escaped to Bambrough castle, which the king imme-
diately invested, but being unable to take it by siege,
he commenced a blockade, by building a castle, called
Malvoisin, to interrupt supplies from the surrounding
country, when the earl, endeavouring to escape, was
taken prisoner at Tynemouth, and his wife surrendered
Bambrough castle to the king, on his threatening to put
out her husband's eyes if she refused; the earl was
carried to Windsor castle, where he suffered a long im-
prisonment. In 1073, Harbottle castle was taken by
William, King of Scotland, who shortly after, at the
siege of Alnwick, was defeated and made prisoner. In
1215 and 1216 Northumberland was ravaged by an
army of Flemings, under King John, in consequence of
the barons of the county having done homage to Alex-
ander of Scotland, at Felton-hall. In 1244, at Ponteland,
peace was concluded between England and Scotland,
through the medium of the prior of Tynemouth. In
1295, Carham was burned by Sir William Wallace.
1302, on Red Rigs, near Yeavering, ten thousand Scots,
under Earl Douglas, were defeated by Henry, Lord Per-
In July 1314, after the
cy, and George, Earl of March.
battle of Bannockburn, Harbottle castle was taken by
the Scots. In 1316, Tynemouth priory was plundered by
the insurgents under Sir William Middleton and Walter
de Serlby, who were shortly after taken prisoners, sent
to London, and hanged. In 1318, Harbottle, Milford,
and Werk castles were demolished by the Scots; and
in 1333, Bambrough castle, in which was Philippa,
Queen of Edward III., was ineffectually besieged by
them. In 1341, Newcastle was successfully defended
by Sir John Nevill, against David, King of Scotland.
In 1346, Hexham priory was pillaged, and the sur-
rounding country devastated, by David, King of Scot-
land. In 1388, at Otterburn, on the 9th of August,
the English were defeated, having two thousand five
hundred men killed and wounded, and one thousand,
with their commander, Sir Ralph Percy, taken pri-
soners, by the Scots, whose general, Earl Douglas, was
slain; which battle furnished the subject of the cele-
brated ballad of Chevy Chase, in which, however, there
are material deviations from truth. In 1414, the
Scots were defeated at Yeavering, by Sir Robert Um-
fraville, Lord Warden of the Marches; and in 1419,
Werk castle was taken by them, but retaken by the En-
glish. In 1463, Margaret, Queen of Henry VI., having
landed from France at Berwick, advanced to Bambrough
castle, which she took, and proceeded to Hexham, near
which town was fought, on Lyvel's plain, on the 24th of
June, the celebrated battle in which she was defeated by
John Nevill, Lord Montague, brother of the great Earl
of Warwick, when her general, the Duke of Somerset,
with Lords Ros and Hungerford, were taken prisoners,
and she herself, with her son, Prince Edward, after
NOR
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falling into the hands of banditti, at length escaped
into Scotland, and thence to Flanders. After this
victory, Bambrough and Dunstonbrough castles were
taken from the Lancastrians by the Earl of Warwick,
who also besieged the French garrison in that of Aln-
wick, which, however, was rescued by the arrival of a
Scottish army under the Earl of Angus. A few days
before the battle of Hexham, a body of Lancastrians,
on their march to join the queen, had been defeated
by Lord Montague, on Hedgeley moor.
James IV. of
Scotland, in his invasion of the north of England in
1513, took Etal castle; but a division of his army was
routed on Millfield plain, by the men of Durham, under
Sir William Bulmer; and on the 9th of September, on
Branxton-Westfield, near Flodden Hill, the Scotch sus-
tained that signal defeat from the English forces under
the Earl of Surrey, in which their king, with the flower
of his nobility, and about ten thousand men, was slain.
In 1523, Werk castle was successfully defended against
the Scots and their French auxiliaries, under the Scot-
tish Regent, the Duke of Albany. In 1640, the army of
the Scottish covenanters, under General Leslie, having
crossed the border, defeated the king's forces under
Lord Conway at Newburn.
On the breaking out of the parliamentary war,
this was
one of the four northern counties which,
together with the town of Newcastle, were placed by
the king under the command of the Earl of Newcastle,
who levied a considerable army in this part of England
at his own expense. In 1644, General Leslie again en-
tered Northumberland, and after capturing the castle
of Tynemouth, besieged Newcastle unsuccessfully; but
after a second siege, which continued from August 14th
to October 22nd, it surrendered to the Earl of Callender
and General Leven. At the time of the unsuccessful
movement in the year 1648, in favour of the captive
king, Charles I., the garrison of Tynemouth castle having
declared for the king, it was taken by assault by the
parliamentarians, and its governor beheaded. In the
ill-concerted rebellion of 1715, the friends of the Stuart
family assembled on the 6th of October at Greenrigs,
under the conduct of Mr. Thomas Foster, member of
parliament for the county, and on Waterfalls-hill were
joined by the Earl of Derwentwater, after which they
proceeded to Rothbury. The next day they marched to
Warkworth, and on the 10th they passed through Aln-
wick to Morpeth, where their number was about three
hundred horse. Finding the gates of Newcastle shut
against them, they marched to Hexham, where they
proclaimed James III., and on the 19th returned to
Rothbury, where they formed a junction with the Scots.
under Viscount Kenmure. On the 20th they marched
to Wooler, and thence proceeded to Kelso in Scotland.
Of the three marches into which the northern borders
were anciently divided, the Middle march, comprising
Tyndale and Reedsdale, was within the present limits
of this county, the greater part of the Western march
being included in that of Cumberland, and of the eastern
in the detached portion of the county of Durham, which
extends to the mouth of the Tweed. Each of these
marches was governed by a lord-warden, with almost
unlimited authority. These border jurisdictions, and
their laws, were abolished in the early part of the seven-
teenth century, on the accession of James VI. of Scot-
land to the English throne. Many of the moss-troopers,
however, as the border plunderers were commonly
called, still continued their depredations, until they
were checked by an edict which prohibited all bor-
derers, except gentlemen of rank, from wearing wea-
pons. The civil war in the reign of Charles I., how-
ever, afforded some of them an opportunity of resuming
their ancient practices; and in the reign of Charles II.,
several fresh statutes were enacted against the moss-
troopers, who are stated in the preambles to have
been very numerous. So lately as the year 1701, the
police of Tyndale and of Reedsdale was maintained by
officers called country-keepers, who, for a certain sum,
ensured their respective districts against theft and
robbery. Many of the borderers were engaged in the
rebellion of 1715; but in the course of the last century,
their ancient peculiarities have entirely disappeared, and
their habits, manners, and customs, have become assi-
milated to those of their countrymen in general.
Northumberland is contained in the diocese of Dur-
ham, excepting the parishes of Allendale, Hexham,
St. John Lee, and Throckington, which are included in
that of York: it is in the province of York, and forms
an archdeaconry, which includes the five deaneries of
Alnwick, Bambrough, Corbridge, Morpeth, and New-
castle, and comprises eighty-seven parishes, of which
eighteen are rectories, forty-one vicarages, and the
remainder perpetual curacies. For purposes of civil
government it is divided into six wards, viz., those
of Bambrough (North and South), Castle (East and
West), Coquetdale (East, North, South, and West),
Glendale (East and West), Morpeth (East and West),
and Tindale (East, North-East, North-West, South, and
West). It contains the borough, market, and sea-port
town of Newcastle; the borough and market town of
Morpeth; the market and sea-port town of North
Shields; the market towns of Allendale, Alnwick,
Belford, Bellingham, Haltwhistle, Hexam, Rothbury,
and Wooler; and the small sea-port towns of Aln-
mouth, Bamborough, Blyth, Hartley, Seaton, and Wark-
worth. Two knights are returned to parliament for
the shire, and two representatives for each of the
boroughs: the county members are elected at Alnwick.
This county is included in the northern circuit: the
assizes are held at Newcastle, and the quarter sessions
alternately at Newcastle, Morpeth, Hexham, and Aln-
wick; the county goal is at Morpeth: there are forty-
three acting magistrates. The rates raised in the county
for the year ending March 25th, 1829, amounted to
£ 84,884, the expenditure to £85,405, of which £72,274
was applied to the relief of the poor.
The surface of the county is very various; along the
sea-coast it is nearly level, but nearer the middle it is
more diversified, and rises into large swelling ridges,
which are separated by the principal rivers: these dis-
tricts are well enclosed, and in some parts are adorned
with woods and plantations, which, however, are but
thinly scattered. The whole western side of the county
is an open, mountainous, and uncultivated tract. Of
these mountainous districts, the parts around Che-
viot are the most valuable, being in general fine
green hills, in an endless variety of form, and enclos-
ing numerous deep, narrow, and sequestered glens:
they extend from the source of the Coquet down
to Allenton, and thence
to Allenton, and thence northward to Prendick,
Branton, Ilderton, Wooler, Kirknewton, and Mindrim,
NOR
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409
and occupy an area of at least ninety thousand acres.
The other mountainous tracts are not marked by any
striking irregularities of surface, being in general open,
extensive, elevated, solitary wastes, having little vege-
tation besides heath, and affording an extremely scanty
subsistence to the flocks that are depastured upon
them: the greatest expanse of these reaches from the
Roman wall to the borders of the Coquet, and beyond
that river includes the moors to the north of Rothbury.
The whole of the mountainous tracts are included in the
three wards of Tindale, Coquetdale, and Glendale; and
comprise about four hundred and fifty thousand acres
of land, which is unfit for any kind of cultivation.
These three wards, however, contain also a considerable
portion of enclosed and cultivated country; and the
three others, namely Bambrough ward, Morpeth ward,
and Castle ward, all which adjoin the sea-coast, being
without any mountainous tracts, have long been under
cultivation: the vast beds of coal, also, which these
three possess, and the increased population which the
coal trade has occasioned in them, give them a decided
pre-eminence in wealth, although in magnitude they are
far inferior, occupying less than one-fourth of the whole
county. At the distance of a mile from the main land,
opposite the mouth of the river Coquet, is Coquet island,
which is about a mile in circumference. The Farn
islands, situated off the coast, to the south of Coquet
island, form two groups of islets and rocks, seventeen
in number, several other rocky points appearing above
the surface of the sea at low water: the one nearest to
the shore, from which it is distant a mile and sixty-eight
chains, is called House island.
The climate, with regard to temperature, is very va-
riable, and generally changes to extremes. Upon the
mountains snow often continues for several months,
and frequently to a considerable depth, when none is to
be seen in the lower districts. In the spring months,
cold, piercing, easterly winds are the most prevalent;
and the longest droughts experienced are always ac-
companied by them in some parts of Northumber-
land, in consequence of the slow progress of vegetation
whenever they continue for a few weeks, they have
received the provincial name of sea pines; and so
great is the cold attending them, that hardly any bene-
fit is experienced from rain which falls during their
prevalence. Mild breezes from the west and south are
rarely experienced earlier in the year than the month of
June: they are the certain harbingers of rain and vi-
gorous vegetation, and are the most prevailing winds
during the summer and autumn: in the latter season
they often blow with tempestuous fury, and frequently
do great damage by shaking out the grain from the
ears of corn.
The various soils are disposed as follows: a strong
fertile clayey loam occupies the level tract of country
along the sea-coast, and, in its whole length, almost
every where extends as far inland as the great north
road from London to Edinburgh it is well adapted
to the culture of wheat, pulse, and clover, and to
the purpose of grazing. Sandy, gravelly, and dry
loam, or what is generally called a turnip soil, is
found on the banks of the Tyne, from Newburn to
Haltwhistle; on those of the Coquet about and above
Rothbury; on those of the Aln, from its mouth to
Alnwick; and on the borders of the Tweed but a still
VOL. III.
:
greater extent of this kind of soil is found in the
vales of Breamish, Beaumont, and the river Till. The
hills surrounding the Cheviot mountains are mostly of
a dry, sharp-pointed, gravelly loam. Moist loams on a
cold, wet, and clayey bottom occupy a large portion of
the county, prevailing most in the middle and south-
eastern parts of it: the soil which is composed of
them is unsafe for sheep, and unfit for turnips, and is
principally employed in the production of grain, the
rearing of young cattle, and the feeding of ewes and
lambs. Black peat-earth is the prevailing soil in most
of the mountainous districts, and is found in many
places in the lower parts of the county.
On the arable lands the following rotations of crops
are commonly practised, viz.: on the clayey soils, first,
fallow; second, wheat; third, clover for one or two years,
pastured by sheep; fourth, beans or peas: on dry strong
loams, first, turnips; second, barley; third and fourth,
clover or grass seeds, pastured for two or three years
by sheep, and a small number of cattle; fifth, oats;
sixth, beans or peas; seventh, wheat; and lastly, on the
sandy and dry loams, after having been ploughed from
grass, first, oats; second, turnips; third, barley or wheat,
with clover, which is pastured for three or more years by
sheep and a small number of cattle. Wheat is extensively
cultivated, the produce varying considerably, but aver-
aging from twenty-four to thirty bushels per acre. Rye
was formerly the principal grain grown upon all the light
dry soils, but it is now only grown on very sandy land:
the produce is from twenty to thirty bushels per acre:
the chief part of the rye grown here, and considerable
quantities which are imported from abroad, are con-
sumed in the southern parts of the county, where it
forms the common bread of the labouring class after
being leavened until it gains a considerable degree of
acidity, it is made into loaves and baked in a large
brick oven, or made into cakes of one and a half
or two inches thick, called "sour cakes," and baked
on the girdle this is very firm, solid, and dark-
coloured, and retains its moistness longer than any
other kind of bread. Wheat and rye mixed, pro-
vincially called maslin, is sown in some parts of the
county, and bread made from the grain thus raised,
which is of finer quality than when the two species
are grown separately, is esteemed by many as much
superior to that made from wheat alone. Barley is
grown to a considerable extent, being generally sown
after turnips: the produce is from thirty to sixty
bushels per acre: great quantities of this grain are
made into pearl or shelled barley, or pot-barley, as it is
here called, not only for home consumption, but also
for exportation, very few corn-mills in the northern
part of the county being found without the appendage
of a barley-mill: the common bread of the labouring
people in the northern parts is made from this grain,
with the addition of grey peas or beans, in the propor-
tion of one-third: the meal is kneaded with water,
made into unleavened cakes, and immediately baked
on a girdle; very little being ever leavened, or baked
in loaves. Oats are grown in every part of the county;
the varieties cultivated are numerous: the produce of
common oats is from twenty to forty bushels per
acre, that of the Poland and the Dutch kind from
forty to sixty: those grown in Glendale are of remark-
able fine quality and appearance, being known in the
+
3 G
J
NOR
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410
:
London market by the name of Berwick oats: oatmeal,
both for home consumption and for exportation, is
prepared to a considerable extent it is a principal
article of food with the great mass of the inhabit-
ants, not only in the form of bread, but in crowdies,
or hasty-pudding, provincially called "meal kail,"
which is taken for breakfast and supper, with butter,
or, more commonly, skimmed milk, being with the
latter an agreeable, nutritive, and healthy food. The
wheat is invariably cut with sickles: oats and bar-
ley are sometimes, though very seldom, mown.
Beans have, from time immemorial, been a prevailing
crop on all the strong lands, especially along the
southern part of the sea-coast: twenty bushels per
acre are considered a fair average produce. Peas
were formerly a more general crop than at present;
from twenty-five to thirty bushels per acre are consi-
dered a good crop. Turnips and tares are of common
cultivation the former are chiefly applied to the feed-
ing and rearing of cattle and sheep, but small quan-
tities are reserved for seed; the average produce
being about twenty bushels, or half a ton, per acre;
the latter are principally consumed as green food for
horses. Potatoes are also much grown, and are fre-
quently given raw as spring food to horses: cabbages
are of less frequent cultivation. Rape, together with
a little rye, is often sown for early spring food for
sheep. The artificial grasses most commonly cultivated
are red clover, white clover, and ray-grass, with which
are sometimes mixed rib-grass and hop-medic: few of
these are ever grown alone, except the red clover.
Woad is cultivated at Newburn, on the banks of the
Tyne. Of natural meadows, which term is generally
understood to mean such lands as are occasion-
ally overflowed by rivers, and receive no other ma-
nure than what is deposited by such inundations, this
county has very few; what are here called meadows
being such old grass lands as are employed for growing
hay almost every year, the greatest part of which are
upland, and generally produce from one ton to a ton
and a half per acre: the aftermath, or fog, as it is
here called, is mostly consumed in fattening oxen and
COWS. Natural pastures, or old grass lands, are most
prevalent along the sea-coast, and are frequently pas-
tured with both sheep and oxen.
a similar kind at Turvilaws, Doddington, Ewart, &c.,
have been successfully protected by means of embank-
ments of from three to five feet high. Lime is very
extensively applied as a manure, and has superseded
the use of stone-marl, which was employed in con-
siderable quantities on the borders of the Tweed; shell-
marl is used with great advantage in some small tracts.
Marine plants, thrown on shore by the tide, and here
called sea-wrack, or sea-ware, are also applied with
great effect for the same purpose, whenever they can be
obtained coal-ashes are much used in the vicinity of
the principal towns, as a dressing for grass land.
:
Almost the only kind of cattle bred is the short-
horned breed, which has been long established in
every part of the county. In Chillingham park is
a peculiar race of wild cattle, their colour being invari-
ably white, with black about the mouths: the whole
of the inside of the ear and about one-third of the
outside, from the tip downwards, being red: the horns,
which are very fine and are bent upwards, are white,
with black tips: some of the bulls have a thin up-
right mane of about an inch and a half, or two inches
long: their disposition, which is ferocious, has many
singularities: the weight of the oxen is from thirty-
five to forty-five stones per quarter, that of the cows
from twenty-five to thirty-five; and their flesh is finely.
marbled and of excellent flavour. Some of the gra
ziers purchase, for the purpose of fattening, an excellent
breed of small cattle, called Kyloes, which are brought
from the Highlands of Scotland, and sold at Falkirk
trysts, or meetings, or at Newcastle October fair. The
few dairies which the county contains are chiefly for
the supply of Newcastle and the other populous towns
with milk and fresh butter: but the breeding of young
cattle is practised in almost every part of it, and upon
the large farms many cows are kept, much more for
this purpose than for the profit of the dairy. Oxen are
sometimes, but not generally, worked. Of sheep, North-
umberland contains three distinct breeds, the Cheviot,
the heath, and the long woolled. The Cheviot are a very
hardy and valuable mountain sheep, without horns, and
their faces and legs generally white: when fat they weigh
from twelve to eighteen pounds per quarter: they are bred
only on the hilly districts in the north-western part of
the county, and are seldom found much farther south
than Preedwater: none of them are bred on the mountain
of Cheviot itself, the higher districts being pastured
with old sheep. The heath sheep have a fierce wild-
looking eye, and short firm bodies, covered with fleeces
of long, coarse, shaggy wool: they are an exceed-
ingly active and hardy race, the best adapted for
high, exposed, heathy districts, like that which they
occupy, from the western parts of the county of Dur-
ham to the North Tyne. The old breed of long-woolled
sheep, which formerly occupied the lower districts of
the county, were called mugs, probably from their faces
being covered with a muff of wool close up to the eyes;
these, however, have been much improved in conse-
quence of the introduction of the New Leicester sheep
among them; the weight of the carcass in general is
from eighteen to twenty-six pounds per quarter; the
fleece, upon an average, weighs seven pounds and a
half: many of this kind are bred to be sold to the
graziers to fatten. Scarcely any are bred in Castle ward,
or the south-eastern part of Morpeth ward. Goats
The greatest number of oxen is grazed in the east-
ern part of the county, and a few in the vicinity of
Whittingham: they are bought in May or June, and sold,
as they become ready, to supply the large fleets of col-
liers and other trading vessels belonging to the ports
of Newcastle, Shields, Sunderland, Hartley, and Blyth.
A great number of sheep is fattened on grass in the
same manner, and many for the same purpose; but a
large portion of the lands being liable to give them the
rot, the occupiers only venture to have ewes for one
year the lambs are sold fat in the months of May,
June, and July, and the ewes are then fattened and
sold in October and November. It was formerly a
general practice to milk ewes after the lambs had been
weaned, for six, eight, or ten weeks, and from this
milk a great quantity of cheese was made; but it
has almost wholly been discontinued. In the vicinity
of Wooler, a large tract of low flat ground, called
haughs, adjoining the rivers Till and Glen, being sub-
ject to frequent inundation, both that and haughs of
:
•
❤
I
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411.
Nor
"
are kept in small numbers on many parts of the Cheviot
hills, where the shepherds assert that the sheep are
healthier in consequence: the chief profit obtained from
them is by the sale of their milk, to invalids, who re-
sort to Wooler during the summer season. The Berk.
shire hogs and the large white breed of swine were for-
merly the most prevalent in this county; but they have
been in a great measure superseded by the small, black,
Chinese breed, besides which there is a small white
breed of still more modern introduction. The horses
are of various sorts, amongst which are excellent hunt-
ers, and road and carriage horses, besides the draught
horses, which are in general middle sized and active,
well adapted to the husbandry of the country: the
best draught horses are obtained from Clydesdale, in
Scotland; they are strong and hardy, being about fif-
teen and a half or sixteen hands high. Rabbits are
found in considerable numbers among the sand hills
on the sea-coast: foxes are also very numerous, and are
very destructive to the young lambs. The nocturnal
frosts, and the north-east winds, which are here so pre-
valent in the spring, are very hurtful to fruit crops; so
that orchards are but rarely seen, at least nine-tenths of
the apples consumed in the county being imported from
Kent, Essex, and other southern counties. The com-
mons capable of being converted into profitable tillage
land are now very trifling; but the extent of the open
mountainous districts incapable of affording profit by
cultivation with the plough, is very great. Woods
growing in a natural state are found chiefly on the
banks of the rivers, those of the greatest extent being
on those of the North and South Tyne, the Wansbeck,
the Coquet, and their tributary streams; they comprise
much valuable oak timber. The demand for small
wood at the collieries and lead-mines has induced the
proprietors of woods on the Derwent, Tyne, &c., to cut
the oak, ash, and elm, which they contain, at from
twenty-five to thirty years' growth; birch, willow, and
alder, at a somewhat shorter growth; and hazel, for
corf-rods, once in three or four years; these corves are a
kind of large wicker baskets used for drawing up the
coal from the pits. Flourishing plantations, on an ex-
tensive scale, are scattered over the county, among the
great variety of the trees of which they are composed,
the larch is one of the most prevalent and conspicuous.
On the edges of the moors towards the western parts
of the county a few peats are burned, but in every other
part of it coal is generally used as fuel.
.
`Of the rarer birds, the golden eagle is sometimes to
be seen on the highest summits of the Cheviot hills,
and the osprey breeds annually near Greenley lake.
The common and the moor-buzzard are frequently seen;
several species of owls, and the butcher-bird, inhabit
the woods and mountainous wilds; the heron frequents
the waters in Glendale and the moors about Wal-
lington, Elsdon, &c., abound with red grouse.
The
cormorant breeds in the cliffs of the Farn islands; and
wild geese and ducks, with a variety of other aquatic
birds, are often found on Prestwick Car and other
waters. Among the fish on this coast are the lump-fish
and the porpoise. Vast quantities of cod are taken
weekly, and furnish a cheap food to the labouring poor.
Ling, haddock, sole, plaice, flounders, turbot, herrings,
skate, and thornbacks, are very plentiful. Mackarel,
basse, gar, sturgeon, and halibut, are very scarce. The
·
•
lamprey is frequently taken near the mouths of the
large rivers, and the conger-eel abounds in the sea sands.
A great variety of flat fish is found in the Tyne and
other rivers. Crustaceous and testaceous fishes are
taken in great diversity on the sea-coast, of which the
most valuable is the lobster: it is said that between
£12,000 and £15,000 worth of lobsters were caught in
one year between Newbiggin and Newton. Cockles are
very plentiful along the coast, the best and largest being
found at Budle: oysters of an excellent quality are
sometimes taken among the sea rocks. Every variety
of trout abounds in the rivers, rivulets, and other waters
of this county.
:
The most important mineral productions are coal and
lead. The great coal field of the north-eastern extremity
of England, which extends over the greater part of this
county, and the neighbouring one of Durham, forms a
most important object in the national economy. This
district is included within an irregular triangle, having
its apex at Berwick upon Tweed, and its base upon the
river Tees it consists of a series of beds, which, includ-
ing several smaller ones of nearly the same material,
amount to two hundred and twenty-nine: they consist
of five different substances, some of which alternate with
each other several times, viz., coal, sand-stone, slate-clay
or shale, limestone, and basalt. All the beds of coal dip
towards the east, so that the lowest of them, which rises
to the surface at Cross Fell in Cumberland, is calculated
to lie three hundred and eighty-seven fathoms below the
lowest of the Newcastle beds, a little eastward of that
town. The whole district has been divided into two
separate formations, which are distinguished as the
"Independent Coal Formation," and the "Newcastle Coal
Formation," and familiarly into "lead measures and
"coal measures.' The tract termed the lead measures,
from the veins of lead which abound in a particular part
of it, extends from Berwick on the north, to the Tees on
the south; its northern part being bounded, on the east
by the sea, and on the west by the Cheviot hills; and
its southern part, on the east by the coal measures, and
on the west by a range of high land, of which Cross
Fell is the apex. The coal measures extend from the river
Coquet on the north, nearly to the Tees on the south,
the length of this tract being about fifty-eight miles, and
its greatest breadth about twenty-four. The leading dis-
tinction between the two formations appear to be this;
that of the numerous and various organic remains which
have been found in the course of the mining operations
in both of them, those discovered in the strata constitut-
ing the coal measures are exclusively vegetable, or be-
longing to fresh water; while in the strata of the lead
measures are found both sandstone and limestone, con-
taining marine shells, or impressions of them. The beds
of the coal, and of the other strata composing the coal
measures, are not every where of uniform thickness, but,
from the best information, their thickness is calculated at
one thousand six hundred and twenty feet; and the lead
measures, which pass beneath them, and are tolerably
regular, are estimated at two thousand seven hundred
and forty-nine feet. The beds of coal rise to the surface
one after the other, each to the eastward of that which
immediately precedes it in point of age; they are some-
times visible, but are more frequently covered by alluvial
soil. The latter contains masses of the different rocks
composing the whole district, and among them portions
·
""
}}
•
3 G 2
NOR
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412
of hard black basalt are found every where in abundance:
of this stone the ancient Britons formed the heads of
their battle-axes, which are usually denominated celts.
Barbed arrow-heads of pale-coloured flint, neatly
finished, are frequently found on the moors, and are
provincially called elf-bolts. This alluvium also con-
tains portions of the trap rocks of the Cheviot range;
and masses of fine granite are scattered over the sur-
face of the whole county. In the coal measures, pot-
ters' clay of a blueish, and sometimes of a yellow,
colour, is found immediately below the vegetable soil,
and is used for making coarse earthenware, bricks,
and tiles. The number of beds of coal in the lead mea-
sures has not been precisely ascertained; seven have
been enumerated, of which only four exceed three or
four feet in thickness, and consist of a slate coal, similar
to the Scotch, Welch, or Staffordshire, and which does
not cake; it is used only for home consumption, and for
burning lime, for which latter purpose it is peculiarly
adapted, being also generally found together with lime-
stone: the mines are very numerous between Berwick
and the river Coquet, south of which there are but few
in the tract termed the lead measures, and the coal is
very inferior in quality to that of the mines north of
that river; these mines are very shallow, and it is re-
markable that the beds of coal and the strata between
which they lie undulate with the surface of the country,
which is not the case with the coal measures. The
whole surface of the coal measures has been calculated
at one hundred and eighty square miles: the majority
of the numerous mines are situated on both sides of
the river Tyne, and not far distant from its banks. In
these measures forty beds of coal have been seen, but
of that number many are of inconsiderable thickness:
the two most important are those distinguished by the
names of the high main and the low main; the thickness
of the former being six feet, and that of the latter six feet
six inches. The high main coal is about sixty fathoms
above the low main, which, at St. Anthon's colliery near
Newcastle, is a hundred and thirty-five fathoms from
the surface between them occur eight beds of coal,
one of which is four feet thick, and another three :
seven beds have been found under the low main, but
the quality is inferior. Thus the quantity of coal in the
district termed the lead measures is far less considerable
than that in the coal measures, besides which, the supe-
riority of the latter over every other is well known.
:
The quantity of coal raised annually in this dis-
trict, and exported from Shields and Sunderland to
London, and the whole eastern and southern coasts
of Great Britain, is immense; and there is a curious
distribution of the trade consequent upon the re-
lative magnitudes of the rivers Tyne and Wear. The
Tyne vessels, being large, are chiefly destined for the
London market; the Wear vessels, on the contrary,
are so small that they can make their way into all
the small rivers and harbours, so that they supply
the whole eastern coasts, and the southern as far
westward as Plymouth. Besides the coal exported to
different parts of England, a large quantity is consumed
in the two counties, which cannot easily be calculated.
About forty years ago a practise was adopted at the
pits, where the coal was of a fragile nature, of erecting
screens to separate the small from the larger coal.
This system is now become universal, and immense
heaps of coal are thus raised at the mouths of the pits:
these soon take fire from the heat of the decomposing
pyrites, and continue to burn for several years. Not
less than one hundred thousand chaldrons are thus an-
nually destroyed on the Tyne, and nearly an equal quan-
tity on the Wear. The choak-damp, the fire-damp, and
the after-damp, or stythe, are the mining terms for the
gases with which the coal mines are affected, and of these
the second, both from its immediate violence and as
occasioning the other kinds of damp, is the most to be
dreaded; the accidents arising from it have become more
frequent of late years, although every possible precau-
tion is taken in examining and in ventilating the mines.
The beds of sandstone in the lead measures, when
coarse-grained, are called grit, which is quarried for
mill-stones, whence the beds are termed mill-stone grit.
In the coal measures, sandstone is termed post by the
miners; but when the bed is very hard it is termed
whin. A hard bituminous shale often forms the floor of
the coal beds, and is used by the manufacturers of fire-
bricks. No beds of limestone occur in the coal mea-
sures; but in the lead measures there are about twenty,
varying in thickness from three feet to sixty or seventy,
making an aggregate thickness of five hundred and
sixty-seven feet: they are generally hard, of a blue
colour, not crystalline, and are without petrifactions,
except two of the beds, one of which is full of mad-
repores, and hard enough to receive a polish; the other
is full of shells, and is called the cockle-shell limestone.
The lead veins, which occupy but a small part of the
large district named from them, are chiefly situated in
a space of about fifteen miles from north to south, and
twenty from east to west, the southern boundary of
which, lying partly in this county and partly in that
of Durham, may be defined to be a line extending about
twenty miles eastward from Cross Fell. In this district
there are two descriptions of nearly vertical veins: those
which run north and south, or nearly so, are without lead,
and are frequently filled with quartz; those running east
and west contain it in great abundance: the latter are
the most numerous, and have been wrought for at least
two hundred years; some are only a few inches wide,
while others are several fathoms: they also vary in
width in the different veins through which they pass.
The only lead-ore procured in abundance from these
mines is galena: it contains silver, the proportion
of which varies from two to forty-two ounces in the
fother of twenty-one hundred weight: the average is
twelve ounces; but eight are considered to be worth
extracting. When it is of good quality, thirty-two
hundred- weight of clean ore yield twenty hundred-
weight of lead. Basalt is found both in the lead
and coal measures: in the first it occurs in the form
of beds, interstratified with beds of sandstone, lime-
stone, &c., in veins, and in masses lying on the sur-
face, termed over-lying masses: in the latter situation it
occurs in the general form of a long range, crossing the
country from south-west to north-east, north of the
lead-mines. Further north other masses are visible, and
still further basaltic eminences form a striking feature
in the country between Alnwick and Berwick, and have
frequently been chosen for the sites of castles, as at
Dunstanbrough, Bambrough, and Holy Island.
of the small islands near the coast are also composed
of this rock. The number of basaltic veins, or dykes,
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413
"
traversing the coal measures is very considerable; the
largest, in the immediate neighbourhood of Newcastle, is
that which passes through Coley-hill, about four miles
west of the town, which is twenty-four feet wide, and in
which a long range of quarries has been opened, in some
places to the depth of fifty feet.
The richest fields of lead-ore are at Allenhead and
Coalcleugh, which, with the other five mines in the
parish of Allendale, furnish an annual produce of
about two thousand five hundred tons of lead. Lead-
Lead-
ore is also found in some of the northern parts of
the county: a strong vein is now worked near Fal-
low field; and strings of ore have been discovered on
the coast at Elwick, and on the eastern side of Holy
Island. Arsenic is found in the lead mines. The wash-
ing of the ore and the other operations at these mines
have been much facilitated during the last thirty years
by the introduction of improved machinery. The ore is
wrought by a measure containing eight hundred-weight
of clear ore, called a bing; most of the proprietors have
smelting-mills of their own, where they smelt the ore,
take out the silver it contains by refining, and then cast
the lead into pigs, of one hundred-weight and a half
each. Ore of zinc is found in great abundance in
most of the veins producing lead-ore; but its distance
from any brass-works and the want of water-carriage
render it of little value: in these mines is also found
a great variety of the different kinds of spar. Iron-ore
is found both in the coal and lead districts. Immense
quantities of iron pyrites lie imbedded in the strata
of indurated clay through all the coal-field. The iron-
works at Lemington are chiefly supplied with this
metal from the neighbouring collieries. Iron-stone is
still more abundant in the shale of the lead-mines; but
owing to the high price of fuel, and the great distance
from any water-carriage, it cannot be manufactured
to advantage. There were formerly furnaces at Lee-
hall, near Bellingham, and at Bebside: iron-ore was
got about four miles west of Blyth; and the Carron
Company were once accustomed to collect on Holy
Island a part of the ore smelted at their furnaces. The
remains of some ancient blomeries are found in different
parts of Northumberland, seeming to indicate that
the Romans were acquainted with these iron mines,
which is further evinced by a Roman altar, found at
Benwell, inscribed to Jupiter Dolichenus, the deity who
presided over iron.
three thousand seven hundred and seventy chaldrons,
equal to four millions four hundred and thirty-five
thousand four hundred and ninety tons and a half,
nearly two-thirds of which was shipped at the different
ports. The facilities derived from the introduction of
steam machinery at these collieries has been immense;
for, besides working the hydraulic machinery and draw-
ing up the coal from the pits, it is now employed at
nearly all the collieries in propelling the coal wagons
along the rail-ways to the different staiths, or loading-
places on the Tyne.
The great coal trade of this district has been flour-
ishing for the last five centuries, and has been constantly
increasing with the increasing population of the country.
Of the quantity raised it is not easy to form an exact
estimate; but it is supposed to be about equal in ex-
tent to the exports of this article from the river Tyne,
in which a considerable quantity from the county
of Durham is included, the latter being reckoned
equal to the quantity consumed within this county.
The average annual export of coal from Newcastle,
Sunderland, Hartley, and Blyth, for five years, ending
with 1826, was one million three hundred and thirty-
three thousand seven hundred and seventy Newcastle
chaldrons; which, added to the home consumption and
waste, estimated at three hundred and forty thousand
chaldrons, makes the aggregate amount of coal raised
annually from the mines in the counties of Durham and
Northumberland, one million six hundred and seventy-
Limestone abounds through the whole of Bam-
brough ward, and that part of Glendale ward lying
east of the river Till; and thence it stretches, in a
south-westerly direction, through the central parts of
the county, being found at Shilbottle, Long Framlington,
Hartburn, Ryall, Corbridge, &c., and at numerous other
places to the westward of these. Freestone, of various
kinds, abounds in almost every part of the county, and
is applied to all the purposes of building: many of
the quarries afford tolerably good slate for roofing, and
flag-stones for floors; and at some of them are obtained
excellent grind-stones, of which many are exported.
Whinstone, of the blue kind, is found in many parts
of the county, particularly in that called Bambrough-
shire; and the district on the western side of the
river Till, including all the Cheviot mountains, pro-
duces scarcely any other mineral substance than brown,
red, or grey whinstone, which is a superior material
for making roads, and is sometimes carried several
miles for that purpose. Stone-marl abounds in many
places near the Tweed; and shell-marl is found in a
few places in Glendale ward: clay-marl is also found
in small quantities, but in situations unfavourable to its
being used as manure.
The staple manufactures of the county are princi-
pally derived from, or connected with, the coal trade
and mines, such as ship-building, rope-making, and the
production of the several articles made at the forges,
foundries, copperas-works, soda, or marine alkali manu-
factories; white-lead works, potteries, glass-works, &c.
Hexham has long been known for its manufacture of
gloves, called "Hexham Tan." A manufacture of straw-
plat is carried on to a considerable extent in the county,
and in some of its branches much ingenuity is display-
ed. The coal trade is the chief basis of the commerce
of the county, and the principal source of its wealth,
as well as a nursery for some of the best seamen in
the world. The principal exports from the Tyne, be-
sides coal, are lead, shot, cast and wrought iron, grind-
stones, bricks, earthenware, and glass. The exports
through the medium of the port of Berwick are chiefly
corn, flour, oatmeal, shelled barley, potatoes, eggs,
pork, and wool, which are conveyed coastwise. The
foreign trade is chiefly to the north of Europe. The
port of Alnmouth also employs a few vessels in export-
ing corn, flour, &c.; and during the summer season a
few are engaged in carrying lime from the neighbour-
hood of Bambrough to different parts of Scotland.
Among the chief imports are corn, flax, hemp, linen,
yarn, timber, and iron.
-
The principal rivers are the Tyne, the Tweed, the
Coquet, the Aln, the Blyth, the Wansbeck, and the Till.
The Tyne is formed by the confluence, a little above
Hexham, of two streams of nearly equal magnitude, called
1
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414
NOR
Morpeth, Alnwick, and Belford, to Berwick. A rail-
road from Newcastle to Carlisle has been long projected,
which it is thought will be of great convenience to those
two commercial towns, and to all the intermediate
country: contractors to commence and complete this
great undertaking were advertised for about the year
1828.
the North Tyne and the South Tyne: the former has
its sources in the mountainous heaths, on the extreme
western confines of the county, and runs in a south-
easterly direction towards Hexham. The South Tyne,
rising behind Cross Fell in the county of Cumberland,
enters the south-western extremity of the county, and
runs directly east to its junction with the North Tyne,
their united waters pursuing the same direction by Hex-
ham to Newcastle, and thence to Shields, immediately
below which the Tyne falls into the North sea: the
tide flows up this river to a short distance above New-
burn; it is navigable up to Newcastle for vessels of
three or four hundred tons' burden, the larger vessels
loading at Shields; about forty steam-boats now ply
upon it between Newcastle and Shields. The conser-
vancy of the Tyne belongs to the corporation of New-
castle, by grant of Edward II.; and their jurisdiction
extends to high-water mark on both sides of the
river, from Spar-Hawk, a rock at the mouth of the
haven, to Hedwin streams, above Newburn, a distance
of nineteen miles. The Tweed forms the northern
boundary of the county for a few miles in the vicinity
of Wark. The Tyne and Tweed have been long famous
for their salmon fisheries, more especially the latter, in
which the fish taken are the salmon, bull-trout, whitling,
and large common trout, nearly the whole of which are
sent to London, in pounded ice, by means of fast-sailing
vessels, called smacks, constructed for the purpose:
they are from seventy to one hundred and twenty tons'
burden; twelve men on an average being employed in
each. The Coquet, rising among the Cheviot hills, pursues
an easterly course by Allenton, Rothbury, and Felton,
to Warkworth, immediately below which it falls into
The Aln has a source similar to that of the
last-mentioned river, but its course is much shorter,
although in the same direction, and only a few miles
to the north of it: it passes by Whittingham and Aln-
wick, and falls into the sea at Alemouth, or Alnmouth.
The Blyth rises to the east of the course of the North
Tyne, and discharges itself into the sea at Blyth, the
small harbour of which it constitutes. The Wansbeck,
which runs a few miles to the northward of the last-
mentioned, is formed by different small streams,
which, descending from the mountain wastes, unite
before they reach Morpeth, their combined waters
continuing an easterly course to the sea, which they
join at Cambois, a few miles below that town. The
Till, which is the largest stream that joins the Tweed
from this county, rises among the Cheviot hills, where
it is called the Brennich, and has upon it the cataract
called Linhope-spout, a fall of fifty-six feet: this name
it retains until it has passed Wooler, at first running
castward; but it afterwards assumes a northerly course,
receiving from the same mountainous tract the waters of
different smaller streams, the principal of which is the
Glen, and passing by Chillingham, Doddington, and Ford,
below the latter village it soon enters the detached part
of the county of Durham. The river Derwent forms
the southern boundary of the county for the distance
of some miles, both to the east and west of Allensford;
and afterwards running through a small part of the
County of Durham, it joins the Tyne above Newcastle.
'The road from London to Berwick, through York, enters
this county from Chester le Street, in Durham, and
runs the whole length of it, passing through Newcastle,
the sea.
The principal Roman remains, which, indeed, are
among the most interesting in the island, are those
of the great barrier constructed as a security against
the incursions of the North Britons. Of the eighteen
stations along its line, the sites of eleven
are in
this county, viz., Segedunum, Pons Elii, Condercum,
Vindobala, Hunnum, Cilurnum, Procolitia, Borcovicus,
Vindolana, Esica, and Magna, which are here enu-
merated as they occur in succession, from the mouth
of the Tyne, westward, and which were at Wallsend,
Newcastle, Benwell, Rutchester, Halton-Chesters, Wal-
wick Chesters, Carrawbrugh, House-Steads, Little Ches-
ters, Great Chesters, and Caervoran, respectively. Of
all these there are traces, more or less distinct; and
numerous remains of Roman buildings, utensils, coins,
&c., of almost every description, have been discovered
among their foundations, and deposited in various
antiquarian repositories. The most extensive remains of
a Roman, or Roman-British, town, are those at House-
Steads, where they occupy a space of two miles and
a half in length. The most conspicuous fragments
of the wall itself are at Dentonburn, Heddon on
the Wall, Harlowhill, and near Chollerford bridge,
on the Tyne. In addition to the stations along the
wall, there were others in this county, at Old Town,
Bellingham, Corchester, Hexham, Tynemouth, Elsdon,
and Rochester; which have also furnished various and
interesting remains. Besides the paved way which ran
from turret to turret, immediately within the wall, ano-
ther was carried by the most direct course from one
station to another, and is still distinguishable in different
places. The Watling-street traversed the county from
south to north, entering it at Corbridge on the Tyne,
and crossing the great wall at Portgate, a mile and a half
beyond which it separates into two branches, the one run-
ning north-north-east, and entering Scotland, near Ber-
wick, the other north-north-west, crossing the border
at Black-Halls: the former branch, commonly called
the Devil's causeway, passes on the east side of Kirk-
Heaton, and crossing the Wansbeck, proceeds by the
west of Hartburn church, in a straight line between
Netherwitton and Wittonshiels, to Brinkburn Abbey: it
may be distinctly traced across Rimside Moor, whence
it proceeds by Glanton, Horton castle, Lowick, and
Ancroft, to Cornmills, where it crosses the Tweed.
The other line runs by Swinburn castle, Corsenside,
Elishaw, Rochester, and over the head of the Coquet,
between Chewgreen and Thirlmoor, to Black-Halls.
The vicinal road called the Maiden Way, supposed to
be a corruption of Made-way, runs from Caervoran,
on the western side of the county, to Whitley castle,
and thence to Whellop castle in Westmorland. The
ecclesiastical architecture of Northumberland has little
that is especially remarkable: the number of churches,
in proportion to the size of the county, is but small,
some of the parishes being very extensive, parti-
cularly in the more barren and mountainous portions
of it. The religious houses, too, owing, it is probable,
·
NOR
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415
partly to the unfruitfulness of a great part of the
county, and to the great insecurity of its border situ-
ation, during the whole period of the existence of those
establishments, were not numerous, amounting only
to about forty-nine, including hospitals and colleges.
There are some remains of the abbeys of Alnwick,
Blanchland, and Hulne; but the chief monastic ruins
are those of the priories of Brinkburn, Hexham, and
Tynemouth; the anciently conventual church of Hex-
ham is one of the finest ecclesiastical buildings in the
county. There are medicinal springs at Eglingham,
Halliwell, Snowhope, and Thurston, but none of them
are much frequented. There are numerous ancient
castles remaining, either wholly or in part; amongst
which that of Bambrough is of the highest antiquity,
while that of Alnwick is the most extensive, and one
of the greatest historical celebrity: in this class of re-
mains are several of the ancient border towers, of com-
paratively small dimensions, but of strong though sim-
ple construction. Alnwick Castle, so long the seat of
the noble family of Percy, with its modern additions,
also takes the lead amongst the present mansion-houses
of Northumberland. On the mountain streams there
are several falls of considerable height, but owing to
the very great barrenness of the tracts in which they
are situated, they are less picturesque than those of
the adjoining county of Durham. The lawless and pre-
datory habits of the ancient borderers, so large a por-
tion of whom inhabited this county, are well known;
they were finally suppressed about the commence-
ment of the last century; and the numerous ballads
in which the achievements of these half-licensed bri-
gands were celebrated, have, like the ballad of Robin
Hood, ceased to engage the public mind, but have as-
sumed a less changeable form in the volumes of Percy
and of Scott, as lasting memorials of a state of manners
which, at least in Britain, has probably disappeared for
ever.
NORTHWAY, a joint tything with Newton, in the
parish of ASHCHURCH, lower division of the hundred
of TEWKESBURY, county of GLOUCESTER, 24 miles
(E. N.E.) from Tewkesbury, containing, with Newton, 185
inhabitants.
NORTHWICH, a market town in the parochial
chapelry of WITTON, which is included in that part of
the parish of GREAT BUDWORTH which is in the hun-
dred of NORTHWICH, County palatine of CHESTER, 17
miles (E.N.E.) from Chester, and 173 (N. W.) from
London, containing 1490 inhabitants. The name of
this place is intended to point out its situation with
regard to the other wiches, or salt towns. Camden
states that it was called by the Britons Hellath, or Hel-
lah Du, meaning the Black Salt Town: it is situated
on the line of the northern Watling-street, and the
same author is of opinion that its brine springs were
used by the Romans. At the Norman survey it con-
stituted part of the demesne belonging to the earldom
of Chester, and eventually passed to the crown: in
the reign of Richard III., the manor was, with
many others, granted to the Derby family, but it
has since been alienated. During the civil commo-
tions in 1643, the town was fortified, and the par-
liamentary forces had a garrison here; the first attack
of the royalists was unsuccessful, but, on the arrival
of a reinforcement, they took the town and garri-
soned it; it was, however, subsequently retaken by
the parliamentarians, and retained by them during the
remainder of the war. What is usually considered,
from the contiguity of the streets, to constitute the
town, lies on the verges of the adjoining townships of
Witton, Castle-Northwich, Winnington, Leftwich, Mars-
ton, and Anderton, at the confluence of the rivers
Dane and Weaver, and at the intersection of the high
road from Chester to Manchester, with that from Lon-
don to Liverpool: it is irregularly built, the streets are
paved and lighted, many of the houses are ancient, and
the inhabitants are supplied with water conveyed by
pipes from a reservoir.
The commercial prosperity of Northwich is entirely
dependent on its numerous brine springs and extensive
mines of rock-salt, in which article the trade is so great
as to produce an annual export of one hundred thousand
tons from the springs alone: they were discovered at a
very early period, and are usually from twenty to forty
yards in depth; the water is so intensely impregnated
as to be fit for immediate evaporation. The brine being
raised by pumps set in motion by steam-engines, is con-
veyed directly, by means of pipes, into pans from thirty
to forty feet square; these are fixed over furnaces, the
heat arising from which causes the water to evaporate,
when the salt chrystallizes on the surface, and ultimately
sinks to the bottom. The evaporation being completed,
the salt is put into moulds perforated at the bottom to
drain off the moisture, and afterwards dried in rooms
heated by hot air pipes, or in stoves, when it is ready
for sale. The grain of salt differs in size according to
the degree of heat that is applied: a period of from
twenty to twenty-four hours is required to dry a pan
of coarse-grained salt, whilst two pans of salt having a
fine grain may be worked off in that time; hence the
latter is considerably cheaper than the former. The
mines of rock-salt were discovered in 1670; the up-
per stratum, lying about sixty yards below the sur-
face of the earth, is ten yards thick: about 1773, a
second stratum, of superior quality and ten feet in
thickness, was discovered, at the depth of one hun-
dred and ten yards, the intermediate space being occu-
pied by a solid mass of stone. This alone is worked,
and by the following process: a shaft is sunk, and on
reaching the mine, a roof is left, which is supported by
pillars of the same material; as the excavation pro-
ceeds the fragments are raised in buckets, by means of
steam-engines. The pits include an area of two, three,
or four acres, and when greatly illuminated, present a
singularly magnificent appearance, the light being re-
flected from all points in every variety of hue, as from a
promiscuous assemblage of mirrors and prisms. The
rock-salt is conveyed down the Weaver: one-third un-
dergoes a refining process at Frodsham, and at the works
on the Lancashire side of the Mersey, and the remain-
der is sent to Liverpool, whence it is exported to Ireland
and the ports of the Baltic. From an account published
in 1818, it appears that two hundred thousand tons of
manufactured salt, and upwards of forty thousand tons
of rock-salt, were landed at Liverpool during the prece-
ding year, and that upwards of two hundred and eighty
thousand bushels are annually sold for internal con-
sumption, by far the greater portion having been ob-
tained in this neighbourhood; since that period the
business has materially increased. The number of vessels
NOR
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416
thus employed, and which return with coal, is about
three hundred, of from ninety to one hundred tons'
burden each. Many others are engaged exclusively in
the importation from Liverpool of timber, grain, wine,
spirituous liquors, raw cotton, grocery, &c., and these
frequently return with oak timber. Some vessels of
small burden are built here in the docks and ship-
yards. Facilities of water-carriage are supplied by the
Weaver, which flows through the town, and the Grand
Trunk canal, which passes in a semicircular direction
through the salt-works, about one mile to the northward.
The market, which is held by prescription, is on Friday;
and there are fairs on April 10th, for cattle only, on
August 2nd, and December 6th, which are numerously
attended by the manufacturers from Manchester, York-
shire, Birmingham, and Sheffield, with their respective
goods, and by venders of Irish linen; a commodious
range of booths for their use was erected about a quarter
of a mile from the town by Mr. Mort, a late lord of the
manor of Northwich. Courts leet and baron are held,
at which constables and other officers are appointed.
The general quarter sessions, formerly held here once
in the year, were removed to Knutsford in 1784. There
are places of worship for Independents and Wesleyan
Methodists. Here is a charity school for twelve poor
children, with a small endowment given by Thomas Key,
in 1735.
NORTHWICH, a hamlet in the parish of BLOCK-
LEY, upper division of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW,
county of WORCESTER, though locally in the upper
division of the hundred of Kiftsgate, county of Glou-
cester, 12 mile (S.) from Chipping-Campden, contain-
ing 37 inhabitants.
4
NORTHWICK, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of HENBURY which is in the lower division of the hun-
dred of HENBURY, county of GLOUCESTER, 6½ miles
(S. W. by W.) from Tewkesbury: the population is re-
turned with Redwick. It is within the peculiar juris-
diction of the Bishop of Bristol. The navigable river
Severn runs through the chapelry.
NORTHWOLD, a parish in the hundred of GRIMS-
HOE, County of NORFOLK, 44 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Stoke-Ferry, containing 981 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £29. 14. 9.,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Ely. The church,
built in the reign of Edward IV., and dedicated to St.
Andrew, has a stately quadrangular tower of flint, em-
battled and quoined with freestone, and crowned with
eight richly-carved pinnacles. The river Wissy runs
through the parish. Bridget Holder, in 1736, gave cer-
tain land, and John Carter, in 1782, bequeathed £200,
the income to be applied for teaching sixteen children.
NORTHWOOD, a township in that part of the
parish of WEM which is in the Whitchurch division of
the hundred of BRADFORD (North), county of SALOP,
containing 182 inhabitants.
the gift of Thomas Cole, in 1725. A rent-charge of
about £15 was bequeathed by John Mann, in 1687, for
the maintenance of poor orphans.
NORTON, a township in the parish of Runcorn,
hundred of BUCKLOW, county palatine of CHESTER, 41
miles (N. E.) from Frodsham, containing 294 inhabit-
ants. A priory of Augustine canons, originally founded
in 1133, at Runcorn, by William Fitz-Nigell, was removed
hither by his son William, constable of Chester: this
house was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, and at
the dissolution had a revenue of £258. 11. 8.: it was
subsequently a private mansion, and was besieged by the
royalists in the early part of 1643. The Mersey and
Irwell and the Duke of Bridgewater's canal pass
through the township.
NORTHWOOD, a parish in the liberty of WEST
MEDINA, Isle of Wight division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 1 mile (S.) from West Cowes, containing, with
the town of West Cowes, 3579 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Caris-
brooke, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester.
The parish is bounded on the east by the navigable river
Medina. There is a small endowment for a school,
NORTON, a parish in the hundred of SCARSDALE,
county of DERBY, 3 miles (N. by E.) from Dronfield, con-
taining 1697 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£6. 13. 4., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Rev.
Henry Pearson. The church, dedicated to St. James,
contains several monuments, among which is an altar-
tomb to the memory of the parents of John Blythe,
Bishop of Salisbury, and Geffrey Blythe, Bishop of Lich-
field, both which prelates were born here. There is a
place of worship for Unitarians. A free grammar school
was founded and endowed, in 1654, by Edward Gill,
in pursuance of the will of his father: the annual in-
come, including several subsequent gifts, is £80, which
is applied to the education of about sixty children, in
a school-room rebuilt upwards of forty years ago.
-
NORTON, a parish in the south-western division of
STOCKTON ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 2 miles
(N.) from Stockton upon Tees, containing 1186 inha-
bitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Durham, rated in the king's books at
£31. 11. 5½., and in the patronage of the Bishop of
Durham. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, was
formerly collegiate it is partly Norman, and partly
in the early English style, with various windows of
later date, and a tower rising from the centre, and has
lately received an addition of four hundred and forty-
five sittings, of which three hundred and thirty-nine
are free, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels having granted £350 towards
defraying the expense. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists. Henry II. granted permis-
sion for a market to be held here weekly, on Sunday.
Norton enjoys the privilege of one of the six scholar-
ships founded in the University of Oxford, in 1536, by
the Rev. John Claymund, then vicar of this parish,
and master of Corpus Christi College. The Rev. John
Wallis, author of the history and antiquities of North-
umberland, died here in 1793.
-
NORTON, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of DUDSTONE and KING'S BARTON, county of
GLOUCESTER, 4 miles (N. E. by N.) from Gloucester,
containing 349 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester,
endowed with £400 royal bounty, and £400 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Dean and Chap-
ter of Bristol.
ter of Bristol. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a
small structure, principally in the later English style.
NOR
NOR
417
NORTON, a township in the parish of BROMYARD,
hundred of BROXASH, County of HEREFORD, 3 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Bromyard, containing 574 inhabit-
ants.
NORTON, a parish in the hundred of CASHIO, or
liberty of ST. ALBAN'S, county of HERTFORD, 1 mile
(W. N. W.) from Baldock, containing 313 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of St. Alban's, and diocese of London, rated in the
king's books at £5. 6. 8., endowed with £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Rev. R. W. Sutton.
The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
NORTON, a parish in the hundred of FAVERSHAM,
lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 34 miles (W.) from
Faversham, containing 98 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury,
rated in the king's books at £10. 18. 4., and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Rochester. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Mary, is principally in the early English
style of architecture.
NORTON, a parish in the hundred of FAWSLEY,
county of NORTHAMPTON, 24 miles (E. N. E.) from
Daventry, containing, with the hamlets of Muscott and
Thorpe, 474 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peter-
borough, and in the patronage of Beriah Botfield, Esq.
The church is dedicated to All Saints. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The Grand Junc-
tion canal crosses the parish on the east and north.
NORTON, a township in the parish of CuCKNEY,
Hatfield division of the wapentake of BASSETLAW,
county of NOTTINGHAM, 42 miles (S. by W.) from
Worksop, containing 391 inhabitants.
NORTON, a parish in the hundred of BLACKBOURN,
county of SUFFOLK, 3 miles (S. E. by S.) from Ixworth,
containing 691 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £14. 3. 9., and in the
patronage of the Master and Fellows of St. Peter's
College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to St.
Andrew.
NORTON, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of BLACKENHURST, county of WORCESTER, 3
miles (N. by E.) from Evesham, containing, with the
chapelry of Lench-Wick, 386 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Wor-
cester, rated in the king's books at £5. 17. 8.,
and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of
Worcester. The church, dedicated to St. Egwin, was
a small cruciform structure, principally in the later
English style, but the nave having fallen down, the
tower is now distinct from the rest of the building.
There is a trifling endowment, the gift of Anne Walter,
for teaching poor children.
.
NORTON, a parish in the wapentake of BUCK-
ROSE, East riding of the county of YORK, comprising
the townships of Norton, Sutton, and Welham, and con-
taining 1168 inhabitants, of which number, 1017 are in
the township of Norton, & of a mile (E. S. E.) from New
Malton. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of the East riding, and diocese of York,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £1100 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of Ewbank, Esq. Norton is separated
from Malton by the river Derwent, which is here
VOL. III.
P
crossed by a stone bridge, at the foot of which there
was formerly an hospital, founded early in the reign of
Henry II., by Roger de Flamville, and made subor-
dinate to the priory of Malton. From the great number
of Roman coins discovered, this is supposed to have
been anciently a place of more consequence than it is
now.
NORTON, a township in the parish of CAMPSALL,
upper division of the wapentake of OSGOLDCROSS, West
riding of the county of YORK, 8 miles (N. by W.) from
Doncaster, containing 668 inhabitants. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
NORTON (BISHOP'S), a parish in the eastern di-
vision of the wapentake of ASLACOE, parts of LINDSEY,
county of LINCOLN, 10 miles (W. N. W.) from Market-
Rasen, containing, with the township of Atterby, 413
inhabitants.
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Prebendary
of Bishop's Norton in the Cathedral Church of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £9. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists.
NORTON by BREDON, a chapelry in the parish of
BREDON, middle division of the hundred of OSWALD-
SLOW, County of WORCESTER, 41 miles (N. E. by N.)
from Tewkesbury, containing 199 inhabitants.
NORTON (BRIZE), a parish in the hundred of BAMP-
TON, county of Oxford, 5 miles (S. E.) from Burford,
containing 528 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford,
rated in the king's books at £9. 7. 11., and in the
patronage of the Dean and Canons of Christ Church,
Oxford. The church is dedicated to St. Brise. Ten
poor children are educated for an annuity of £10, the
gift of Goddard Carter, in 1723.
NORTON under CANNOCK, a parish in the south-
ern division of the hundred of OFFLOW, county of
STAFFORD, 84 miles (W. by S.) from Lichfield, contain-
ing, with the township of Little Wyrley, 669 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar
jurisdiction of the Prebendary of Hansacre and Har-
mitage in the Cathedral Church of Lichfield, endowed
with £200 royal bounty, and £1400 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Prebendary of Al-
rewas in the Cathedral Church of Lichfield. The church,
dedicated to St. Margaret, is an ancient structure,
much dilapidated. The Essington and Wyrley canal
passes through the parish, which abounds with excellent
coal. Richard Gildart and Phineas Hussey, in 1776,
founded a school, and endowed it with an estate now
producing £20 a year, for teaching poor children.
There is also a Sunday school for children, who are
clothed and educated by voluntary contributions.
NORTON (CHIPPING), a market town and parish,
having exclusive jurisdiction, though locally in the hun-
dred of Chadlington, county of OXFORD, 18 miles (N.
W.) from Oxford, and 73 (N. W. by W.) from London,
containing, with the hamlet of Over Norton, 2640
inhabitants. The prefix, Chipping, is a corruption of
Ceapan, a market, or place of trade, Norton im plying
the north town, from which it appears to have been a
place of some note during the Saxon era. The streets
are partially paved and lighted, and there is a plentiful
supply of water, A woollen-manufactory, which has
existed here for some time, is now on the decline. The
+
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NOR
▼
418
NOR
market is on Wednesday: fairs are held on March 7th,
May 6th, the last Friday in May, July 18th, Septem-
ber 4th, the last Wednesday in September, November
Sth, and the last Friday in November; there are also
three statute fairs in October. The following large
markets are for cattle; the last Wednesday in January,
the second in April, June, and August, and the Wednes-
day next after December 11th. The civil government
is vested in two bailiffs and ten burgesses, who are
chosen at the court baron held at Michaelmas; the
bailiffs are justices of the peace, exercising exclusive
jurisdiction within the borough; they hold a court of
session for the trial and punishment of offenders. The
petty sessions are held here; and there was formerly
a court of record, held under a charter of James I.,
for the recovery of debts under £4, now disused.
The borough returned two representatives to parlia-
ment, once in the reign of Edward I., and twice in
that of Edward III. The living is a discharged vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford, rated
in the king's books at £10. 6. 8., endowed with £200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Dean
and Chapter of Gloucester. The church, which is de-
dicated to St. Mary, stands a little below the town,
and exhibits specimens of exquisite workmanship, par-
ticularly in the middle aisle and the windows. There
are places of worship for Baptists, the Society of
Friends, and Methodists. On the dissolution of the
Trinity guild, in the 1st of Edward VI., the grammar
school was re-founded, its former endowment of £6
per annum, which had long been paid out of the re-
venue of the guild, having been continued, and since
paid at the Salt office, out of the land revenue be-
longing to the crown. A bequest of £300 was left
by Francis Barnes, by will, dated May 21st, 1762, the
income arising from which is about 17 per annum :
out of this sum the master is bound to keep his re-
sidence (which is rent-free) and school in repair : he re-
ceives boarders : two boys, appointed by the corporation,
are gratuitously instructed in the elements of English
and classical literature, the rest pay seven shillings
and sixpence each per quarter. The Lancasterian
school for girls is supported by voluntary subscription.
Eight almshouses for poor widows, who are appointed
by the bailiffs and burgesses, were built about 1649, by
Henry Cornish, who, amongst other charities, also devised
twelve cottages, on condition that they should always
be let at the same moderate rent, for the residences of
poor persons of good repute. In a part of the parish,
called Cock's Town End, there are four almshouses for
persons appointed by the corporation, which are repaired
at the expense of the parishioners; but the origin of
this charity is unknown. An ancient monument, called
Rowldrich, or Rollrich stones, is situated about two
miles from the town: it originally consisted of sixty
stones, now reduced to twenty-two, forming a circle
thirty-five yards in diameter from north to south, and
thirty-three from east to west. Few of them exceed
four feet in height, and sixteen inches in thickness, ex-
cept one at the northern point, which is seven feet high,
and five and a half broad. Eighty-four yards north-
east is a large one, called the King stone, which is eight
feet high, and seven broad, and about twelve inches in
thickness. There are various conjectures as to the
origin of this monument. Camden considers it to be a
memorial of some victory, erected probably by Rollo
the Dane, who invaded England in 876; but Dr. Stuke-
ley ascribes the work to the Druids, Rholdrwg signify-
ing the circle, or church of the Druids. He assigns the
same origin to the several barrows near this spot, one
of which is sixty feet long and twenty broad. Near this
monument are four stones contiguous to each other,
each of which is the boundary of a county, the several
counties of Oxford, Gloucester, Worcester, and War-
wick, terminating at this point. At Cold Norton, in
this parish, an Augustine priory was founded by Wil-
liam Fitz-Alan, in the reign of Henry II., and dedicated
to the Virgin, St. John the Evangelist, and St. Giles,
which having escheated to the crown in the reign
of Henry VII., was purchased by Dr. William Smith,
Bishop of Lincoln, and given to Brasenose College,
Oxford.
NORTON le CLAY, a township in the parish of
CUNDALL, wapentake of HALLIKELD, North riding of
the county of YORK, 3 miles (N.) from Boroughbridge,
containing 142 inhabitants.
NORTON (COLD), a parish in the hundred of
DENGIE, County of ESSEX, 5 miles (S.) from Maldon,
containing 226 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £ 16. 13. 4., and in the
patronage of the Governors of the Charter-house, Lon-
don. The church, dedicated to St. Stephen, stands on
a hill.
NORTON (COLD), a township in the parish of
CHEESEY, Southern division of the hundred of PIRE-
HILL, County of STAFFORD, 23 miles (N. E.. by E.) from
Eccleshall, containing 44 inhabitants.
NORTON (EAST), a parish in the eastern division
of the hundred of GoscoTE, county of LEICESTER,
6 miles (W. by N.) from Uppingham, containing 120
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, with the
vicarage of Tugby, in the archdeaconry of Leicester,
and diocese of Lincoln. The church is dedicated to
All Saints. A small sum, the bequest of Catharine
Parker in 1747, is applied to teaching poor children.
NORTON (GREENS), county of NORTHAMPTON.—
See GREENS-NORTON.
NORTON in HALES, a parish in the Drayton divi-
sion of the hundred of BRADFORD (North), county of
SALOP, 3½ miles (N. E. by N.) from Drayton in Hales,
containing 241 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£5.9. 4. The King presented for that turn in 1786.
The church is dedicated to St. Chad. The learned Dr.
Lightfoot, Master of Clare Hall, Cambridge, was rector
of this parish.
NORTON under HAMBDON, a parish in the
hundred of Houndsborough, BERWICK, and COKER,
county of SOMERSET, 4 miles (N. N. E.) from Crew-
kerne, containing 482 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £9. 16. 3.,
and in the patronage of W. Locke, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary.
NORTON (HOOK), a parish in the hundred of
CHADLINGTON, county of OXFORD, 54 miles (N.E. by N.)
from Chipping-Norton, containing, with the township of
Southrope, 1351 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
NOR
NOR
419
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford, and
in the patronage of the Bishop of Oxford. The church
is dedicated to St. Peter. There are places of worship
There are places of worship
for Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists. William Hobbs,
in 1810, bequeathed £5 towards the support of a Sun-
day school, which is further aided by subscriptions, and
an annuity of £2. 2. from the lessees under the Bishop
of Oxford.
·
.
NORTON by KEMPSEY, a parish in the lower
division of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW, county of
WORCESTER, 3½ miles (S. S. E.) from Worcester, con-
taining 517 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the
Dean and Chapter of Worcester, rated in the king's
books at £2. 12. 6., endowed with £600 royal bounty,
and £200 parliamentary grant. The church is dedi-
cated to St. James. There are extensive quarries of
limestone within the parish.
NORTON (KING'S), a parish comprising the cha-
pelry of Stretton Parva and part of that of Illston on
the Hill, and the township of King's Norton, in the
hundred of GARTREE, county of LEICESTER, and con-
taining 199 inhabitants, of which number, 71 are in
the township of King's Norton, 7 miles (E. S. E.) from
Leicester. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated
in the king's books at £7, and in the patronage of
Henry Greene, Esq. The church is dedicated to St.
John the Baptist.
NORTON (KING'S), a parish (formerly a market
town) in the upper division of the hundred of HALF-
SHIRE, county of WORCESTER, 6 miles (S. S. W.) from
Birmingham, containing, with Headley, Moseley,
Moundsley, and Rednal, 3651 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Broms-
grove, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Nicholas, is spa-
cious, and principally in the decorated style of English
architecture, with later insertions; the tower and spire
are very fine. A free grammar school was endowed by
Edward VI. This town received the grant of a market
from James I.; and during the succeeding reign, in the
year 1645, Hawkesley house, then belonging to the Mid-
dlemores, was burnt down by the royalists. The market
is disused; but fairs are held April 25th and September
5th. The Birmingham and Worcester canal, in passing
through this parish, forms a junction with that of Strat-
ford on Avon, and is conveyed through a tunnel into
the parish of Alvechurch.
Downside College, where young men are prepared for
ordination for the priesthood, and a number of boys
educated: connected with the institution is a very ele-
gant chapel, completed about eight years ago, also a
good library. The parish is bounded on the east by
the old Roman Fosse-way, and abounds with coal of a
superior quality, of which there are extensive mines,
affording employment to a great portion of the inhabit-
ants. A fair for cattle, pigs, &c., is held annually on April
25th. Ann Harris, in 1719, gave the residue of her
personal estate, now producing about £45, for teaching
poor children; forty are instructed.
NORTON (MIDSUMMER), a parish in the hun-
dred of CHEWTON, county of SOMERSET, comprising the
tythings of Clapton, Downside, Midsummer-Norton,
and Wilton, and containing 2326 inhabitants, of which
number, 893 are in the tything of Midsummer-Norton,
9 miles (S. W. by S.) from Bath. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and dio-
cese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at
£ 10. 3. 4., and in the patronage of the Dean and Canons
of Christ Church, Oxford. The church, dedicated to
St. John the Baptist, is a large and handsome structure,
with a modern tower, having on the south side a recess
containing a statue of Charles II. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. At the southern
extremity of the parish is a modern Roman Catholic
establishment, from Douay in French Flanders, called
NORTON on the MOORS, a parish in the northern
division of the hundred of PIREHILL, County of STAF-
FORD, containing, with the townships of Bermersley and
Norton on the Moors, 1983 inhabitants, of which number,
1793 are in the township of Norton on the Moors, 21
miles (N. by E.) from Hanley. The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese
of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed with £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Rev. J. Wildig.
The church is dedicated to St. James. The Caldon
canal passes through the parish. Five poor children
are educated for a trifling bequest by Hugh Ford, in
1730.
NORTON (OVER), a hamlet in the parish of CHIP-
PING-NORTON, hundred of CHADLINGTON, County of
OXFORD, 2 of a mile (N. by E.) from Chipping-Norton,
containg 374 inhabitants.
3
4
NORTON (ST. PHILIP), a parish in the hundred
of WELLOW, County of SOMERSET, 6½ miles (S. by E.)
from Bath, containing 669 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of Hinton-Charter-
house annexed, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese
of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £5.11. 3.,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Bath and Wells. The
church, dedicated to St. Philip and All Saints, is partly
in the later style of English architecture. There is a
place of worship for Baptists. Rachael Coles, in 1756,
bequeathed £10 per annum towards the foundation of
a school for twenty poor children.
NORTON (PUDDING), a parish in the hundred of
GALLOW, county of NORFOLK, 1½ mile (S.) from Faken-
ham, containing 14 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £6, and in the
patronage of Thomas Wright, Esq.
Of the church,
which was dedicated to St. Margaret, there are no re-
mains, except a small square tower.
NORTON juxta TWYCROSS, a parish in the
hundred of SPARKENHOE, county of LEICESTER, 61
miles (W.N.W.) from Market-Bosworth, containing, with
the chapelry of Bilstone, 502 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £14, and
in the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to the Holy Trinity. William Whiston, the celebrated
divine, was born here in 1667, during the incumbency
of his father.
NORTON-BAVANT, a parish in the hundred of
WARMINSTER, county of WILTS, 23 miles (S. E. by E.)
from Warminster, containing 268 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£6. 0. 10., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
3 H 2
NOR
NOR
420
church is dedicated to All Saints. Ann Jacob, in 1709,
bequeathed £100, directing the interest to be applied
for teaching poor children.
NORTON-CANON, a parish in the hundred of
GRIMSWORTH, county of HEREFORD, 34 miles (S. S. W.)
from Weobley, containing 347 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction of
the Dean of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£5, and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of
Hereford. The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
A court leet is annually held here. There is a small
school, endowed by a Mr. Barnett with about £ 8 a
year.
NORTON-COLEPARLE, a parish in the hundred
of MALMESBURY, county of WILTS, 33 miles (S.W.
by W.) from Malmesbury, containing 110 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's
books at £2. 19. 9., endowed with £ 200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of E. T. Gould, Esq. The church
is dedicated to All Saints.
NORTON-CONYERS, a chapelry in that part of
the parish of WATH which is in the wapentake of AL-
LERTONSHIRE, North riding of the county of YORK,
3 miles (N. by E.) from Ripon, containing 87 inhabit-
ants. This was the seat of Richard Norton, Lord Chief
Justice of England in the early part of the reign of
Henry IV.; and subsequently of the gallant royalist,
Sir Richard Graham, who, having received numerous
wounds in the battle of Marston Moor, and finding it
lost, fled to his house here, and died the same night.
NORTON-DISNEY, a parish in the lower division
of the wapentake of BOOTHвY-GRAFFO, parts of KES-
TEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 7 miles (N. E. by E.) from
Newark, containing 214 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £6. 6. 10., endowed
with £400 private benefaction, and £ 600 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of Sir Thomas Clarges, Bart.
The church is dedicated to All Saints. The parish is
bounded on the east by the river Witham.
NORTON-FALGATE, an extra-parochial liberty,
locally in the Tower division of the hundred of Ossul-
stone, county of MIDDLESEX, adjoining the ward of
Bishopsgate (Without) in the city of London, con-
taining 1896 inhabitants. Norton-Falgate, or Folgate,
called also Norton-Folley, derives its name from its situ-
ation north of Bishopsgate, and probably the adjunct
from the Saxon Foldweg, a highway, the Roman Ir-
min-street having passed through the place. It is a
precinct exempt from archidiaconal jurisdiction, being
subject to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, to whom
the manor belongs, and who are stated in Domesday-
book to have held ten cottages and nine acres of land
here in the reign of Edward the Confessor. According
to some authorities, this place belongs to the parish of
St. Faith under St. Paul's, but the inhabitants consider
it an extra-parochial liberty, marrying and burying where
they please, and maintaining their own poor, except in
that part of the liberty which includes part of Long-alley,
Hog-lane, and Blossom-street, the inhabitants of which
pay poor-rates to the parish of Shoreditch, but as to
watch and ward they pay to this liberty. It is within the
jurisdiction of the court of requests held for the Tower
Hamlets, for the recovery of debts under 40s. A court-
house formerly stood in the High-street, which was long
used as a free school for boys, founded in 1691; but
the school has been removed to Primrose-street, in the
parish of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, where a school-house
was erected in 1775, in which sixty boys are educated,
and thirty of them clothed. The endowment consists
of £7000 three per cent. consols., arising from the be-
nefactions of Mr. Richard Turner and others, which,
with a house in Lombard-street, produces £228 per an-
num. A school for girls was established in this liberty
in 1703, by voluntary subscription; it is now endowed
with £1720 stock in the three per cents., with the divi-
dends on which, aided by subscriptions, thirty-six girls
are clothed and educated. In Elder-street are alms-
houses for six poor members of the Weavers' Com-
pany, founded and endowed, in 1729, by Nicholas
Garrat, Esq., and adjoining them are others for the
poor of Norton-Falgate, erected in 1728. St. Mary Spitak,
a priory for canons and brethren of the order of St.
Augustine, was founded by William Brune, a citizen of
London, in 1197: its revenue, at the dissolution, was
£557. 14. 10.
NORTON-FITZWARREN, a parish in the hundred
of TAUNTON and Taunton-Dean, county of SOMERSET,
24 miles (W. N. W.) from Taunton, containing 475
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated
in the king's books at £20. 10. 10., and in the patron-
age of William Peachey, Esq. The church is dedicated
to All Saints.
NORTON-HAWFIELD, a ville in the hundred
of CHEW, county of SOMERSET, containing 43 inhabit-
ants.
4
NORTON-LINDSEY, a parish in the Snitterfield
division of the hundred of BARLICHWAY, county of
WARWICK, 32 miles (W.S.W.) from Warwick, contain-
ing 149 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
annexed to the vicarage of Claverdon, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Worcester, endowed with £200
royal bounty. The church is dedicated to the Holy
Trinity.
NORTON-MALEREWARD, a parish in the hun-
dred of CHEW, county of SOMERSET, 24 miles (N. W.)
from Pensford, containing 118 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Bath, and diocese
of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £ 9. 2. 6.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. W. P. Wait.
NORTON-MANDEVILLE, a parish in the hundred
of ONGAR, County of ESSEX, 3 miles (N. E. by E.) from
Chipping-Ongar, containing 141 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Essex,
and diocese of London, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £800 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of C. Cure, Esq. The church is dedicated to All
Saints.
NORTON-SUBCOURSE, a parish in the hundred
of CLAVERING, county of NORFOLK, 6 miles (N. by W.)
from Beccles, containing 367 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich, endowed with £400 private
benefaction, and £ 600 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of Sir Edmund Bacon, Bart. The church is
dedicated to St. Margaret. A chantry, or college of eight
Secular priests, was removed hither from Raveningham,
in the reign of Edward III.; in 1387 the number was
NOR
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421
increased to thirteen, and in 1393 the society was trans-
lated to Castle-Mettingham in Suffolk.
NORWELL, a parish in the northern division of
the wapentake of THURGARTON, county of Notting-
HAM, 6 miles (N. by W.) from Newark, containing, with
the chapelry of Carlton upon Trent, and the township
of Norwell-Woodhouse, 874 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage divided into three portions, deno-
minated respectively Norwell-Secunda, Norwell-Tertia,
and Norwell-Overhall, in the peculiar jurisdiction of
the Chapter of the Collegiate Church of Southwell; Nor-
well-Secunda is rated in the king's books at £ 4. 12. 11.,
and in the patronage of the Prebendary of Norwell-
Tertia; Norwell-Overhall is rated in the king's books
at £4. 12. 11., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the Prebendary thereof. The church
is dedicated to St. Lawrence.
walle
1:
SAC
Arms.
NORWELL-WOODHOUSE, a township in the
parish of NORWELL, northern division of the wapentake
of THURGARTON, county of NOTTINGHAM, 74 miles
(N.N.W.) from Newark, containing 111 inhabitants.
NORWICH, a city and
county of itself, locally in
the hundred of Humble-
yard, county of NORFOLK,
of which it is the capital,
108 miles (N.E. by N.) from
London, containing, exclu-
sively of that part of the
parish of Hellesdon which
is in the hundred of Taver-
ham, and of that part of
the parish of Thorpe St. An-
drew which is in the hun-
dred of Blofield, 50,288 inhabitants. This ancient city,
which rose from the ruins of the Venta Icenorum of the
Romans, so named from the river Wentsum, or Wensum,
the site of which is now occupied by the village of Cais-
tor, was by the Britons, in allusion to that circumstance,
called Caer Gwent; and by the Saxons, in reference to
its situation with respect to the Roman station, North-
wic, or the northern castle, of which its present name
is an evident contraction. Uffa, first king of the East
Angles, is stated to have built a castle here in 575, and
to have made it his residence: Henry I. granted to
Harvey, first Bishop of Ely, exemption for the lands of
his church from the service of castle guard to Norwich,
by which tenure they were held previously to the erec-
tion of the monastery of Ely by Ethelreda, daughter
of Anna, King of the East Angles, and wife of Egfrid,
King of Northumbria, in the year 673. According to
Spelman, it was a residence of the kings of East An-
glia, who established a mint here, from which issued
coins of Alfred and several succeeding kings. Being
an object of frequent contention between the Saxons
and the Danes, it was alternately in the possession of
each party, and was repaired and fortified by Alfred
the Great against the latter, to whom, after a treaty
of peace, that monarch finally conceded it. The Danes
being subsequently driven out, it remained in the
possession of the Saxons till 1004, when those in-
vaders, stimulated by the weakness of Ethelred II. and
the treachery of Alfric, Earl of Mercia, landed on the
coast of Essex under Sweyn their king, plundered and
burnt the city, and left it in a state of desolation till
their return in 1018, when they again took possession
of it under Canute, by whom it was rebuilt and the for-
tifications of the castle were restored. From this time
it rapidly increased in extent and importance till the
Norman Conquest, when it was inferior only to the city
of York. It was bestowed by the Conqueror on Ralph
Guader, who, with the Earls of Hereford and North-
umberland, entered into a conspiracy against the king;
but, being frustrated in his design by the vigilance of the
Bishop of Worcester, the sheriff for that county, and
Walter Lucy, Baron of Hereford, he withdrew into Brit-
tany, leaving in the castle a garrison of Britons under
the command of his wife, who heroically sustained a
protracted siege, till, being reduced by famine, she sur-
rendered to the king, on condition of being suffered to
leave the kingdom with all her forces in perfect secu-
rity. During this siege the city sustained material
injury, and was so much reduced, that, from one
thousand three hundred and twenty burgesses who in-
habited it in the reign of Edward the Confessor, there
were only five hundred and sixty remaining. It gra-
dually recovered from this severe calamity, and in 1094,
Herbert de Lozinga, who accompanied William Rufus
from Normandy, being made bishop of East Anglia,
removed that see from Thetford to Norwich, where he
erected a cathedral, an episcopal palace, and a mo-
nastery, in which he placed sixty monks.

From this time the city rapidly improved, and, accord-
ing to William of Malmesbury, soon became famous for
the number of its inhabitants, and the extent of its trade.
It was rebuilt in the reign of Stephen, who incorporated
the inhabitants, and gave the town as an appanage to
his third son William, from whom it was afterwards
taken by Henry II.; whose son gave it to Hugh Bigod,
Earl of Norfolk, in order to secure his interest in his
rebellion against his father. The earl having repaired
the fortifications, and placed a strong garrison of French
and Flemings in the castle, held it for some time against
the king, but, after a vigorous defence, he was compelled
to surrender it, and to purchase peace by the payment of
one thousand marks. In the reign of John the Dauphin
of France, whom the confederated barons had invited
to their assistance, besieged and took possession of the
castle, plundered the citizens, and committed numerous
depredations. In the reign of Edward I., having recovered
from the injury it had sustained, and grown into import-
ance, it abounded with opulent citizens, who environed
it with walls of great strength; and in the reign of
Henry IV., in 1403, they obtained permission to elect
a mayor and sheriffs, in lieu of their ancient bailiffs,
whereby Norwich was constituted a county of itself. In
the reign of Richard II. an insurrection was excited by
John Listher, a dyer in the town, which was quelled by
the exertions of the Bishop of Norwich, by whom he
was defeated, and, being taken prisoner, was executed
in 1381. The city suffered severely by continued dis-
cord between the monks and the citizens; the latter
assaulted and set fire to the monastery, which, with
the exception of the chapel, was burnt down. The
king, having been informed of this outrage, visited
Norwich, and, after due examination, caused thirty
young men of the city to be executed. In 1446, an-
other assault on the monks was restrained by the ac-
tivity of the Duke of Norfolk, who seized and punished
the ringleaders, displacing the mayor from his office,
1
NOR
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422
and appointing Sir John Clifton governor of the city,
till the king might be pleased to restore its forfeited
privileges. Soon after the suppression of these tumults,
the city, which had repeatedly suffered from a similar
calamity, was nearly consumed by a fire, which broke
out in a house in the parish of St. George. In the reign
of Edward VI., Robert Kett, a tanner, and his brother
William, both of Wymondham, under the pretence of
resisting the enclosure of waste lands, excited a formid-
able rebellion; and, having seized on the palace of the
Earl of Surrey, plundered and converted it into a prison,
in which they confined many noblemen and gentlemen :
they then encamped on Mousehold heath, where they
were at length defeated by the Earl of Warwick with a
numerous army, and the two brothers being taken pri-
soners, Robert was hanged on Norwich castle, and
William on the steeple of Wymondham church. In the
reign of Elizabeth, the manufacture of bombazin and
other articles, for which the city has been since noted,
was introduced by the Dutch and Walloons, who, fleeing
from the Netherlands, found in this country an asylum
from the persecution of the Duke of Alva: that queen,
who, by the encouragement she gave to the emigrants,
laid the foundation of the commercial and manufactur-
ing prosperity of this and other towns, visited Norwich,
where she was received with great demonstration of
respect, and pompously entertained for several days.
During the civil war in the reign of Charles I., the city
was held by the parliamentarian forces, who defaced the
cathedral, stripped it of all its plate and ornaments, and
greatly damaged the episcopal palace. After the Resto-
ration, Norwich was visited by Charles II. and his
consort, aud subsequently by Queen Anne, who were
hospitably entertained by the corporation.
is open to subscribers not being shareholders at £2. 2.
per annum. The Norwich and Norfolk United medical
Book Society was established in 1824, and is supported by
professional members in the city and county. A society
of artists was instituted in 1803, for promoting the study
of painting, sculpture, and architecture; and, in 1816,
some of the original members instituted the Norwich and
Norfolk society of artists and amateurs, who hold their
meetings in a room built for that purpose near the
corn exchange. The Friars' Society, for the dissemina-
tion of useful knowledge, was established in 1785; and
a mechanics' institution in 1825. The theatre royal, a
handsome building tastefully fitted up, is a newly-erected
edifice opened in 1826, under the direction of the Nor-
wich company. Near it is an extensive suite of assembly-
rooms, consisting of a larger ball-room, sixty-six feet
long, and twenty-three wide; a smaller, fifty feet long,
and twenty-seven wide; and a tea-room, twenty-seven
feet square, which, by the removal of partitions, form
one room one hundred and forty-three feet in length;
they are lighted with gas, and furnished in an elegant
style; there are also two appropriate card-rooms. The
new concert-room, in the parish of St. Andrew, erected
by subscription in 1816, is fifty feet in length, and
thirty-five wide; it is handsomely ornamented, and
well adapted to its purpose; the orchestra contains an
excellent organ. The public gardens, in which is a
handsome edifice called the Pantheon, are tastefully
laid out for the reception and entertainment of visitors.
The cavalry barracks, in Pockthorpe, form an extensive
and handsome range of building of red brick, consisting
of a centre and two wings: the walls enclose an area
of ten acres, for the exercise of the troops.
The city is pleasantly situated on the summit and
acclivities of an eminence rising gently from the river
Wensum, which, after pursuing a winding course
through the town, joins the river Yare, thus affording
a line of navigation from the sea at Yarmouth. The
houses are in general of antique appearance, and the
city, from being thickly interspersed with orchards and
garden-grounds, presents a rural aspect, almost unpa-
ralleled in towns of such extent the principal streets
are well paved, the others only partially. There are not
less than nine bridges over the river, connecting the
various parts of the town, which has recently been
lighted wholly with gas: the streets are in many places
narrow, and diverge from one common centre. The
town, extending a mile and a half in length, and one
mile and a quarter in breadth, was formerly surrounded
on all sides, except where it was defended by the river,
with embattled walls, in which were forty towers and
twelve principal gates; the former are in a dilapidated
state, and the latter have been taken down. Various
parts of it are supplied with water by means of public
water-works. The environs, which are in the highest
state of cultivation, have, from the salubrity of the air,
and the pleasantness of their situation, become the re-
sidence of numerous opulent families. A public sub-
scription library, established in 1784, contains more than
fourteen thousand volumes: the admission ticket is
£ 5. 5., and the annual subscription £1. 1. The Norwich
and Norfolk Literary Institution, under the direction of
a committee of twenty-one members, was formed by a
proprietary, who also subscribe annually £1. 11. 6. it
:
•
The principal articles of manufacture are bomba-
zins, crapes, camlets, shawls, plaids, worsted stuffs,
fabrics in which silk, wool, and mohair are interwoven
(called Norwich shawls), and various others; to pre-
vent fraud in the manufacture of which, eight wardens,
of whom four are chosen from the citizens, and four
from the neighbourhood, are annually appointed, with
full powers of inspection: the number of looms in these
several factories is about fourteen thousand, affording em-
ployment to more than fifteen thousand persons. There
are several silk-mills, in the principal of which from
three to four hundred persons are employed; it is worked
by steam-engines of various degrees of power: the
silk, after being properly prepared, is distributed to the
weavers to be manufactured into crape. The towns of
Yarmouth, Bungay, and North Walsham, participate in
the benefit of this manufacture, of which branch esta-
blishments have been opened in those several places.
There are extensive iron-foundries, breweries, establish-
ments for making vinegar, snuff-manufactories, and
numerous corn-mills: a considerable trade in agricul-
tural produce arises from the situation of the town in
the centre of an extensive district remarkable for its
fertility and the improved state of its agriculture. The
trade between Norwich and Yarmouth is carried on by
keels and wherries of very light construction, varying
from fifteen to forty tons' burden, by which coal, timber,
grain, and various other articles of merchandise, are
brought from that port by the river, on which is a
regular establishment of steam-packets; and great
facility will be also afforded to the trade of the city by
a navigable communication with the sea at Lowestoft,
-
NOR
NOR
423
#
in the county of Suffolk, now in progress under the
superintendence of the Norwich and Lowestoft Navi-
gation Company, incorporated in the 8th of George IV.
Besides the British products just mentioned, consider-
able quantities of wine and oil are imported from the
continent of Europe, and yarn from Ireland; and the
and the
manufactures of Norwich are exported from London
and Yarmouth to Russia, the Baltic, Germany, the
Netherlands, France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy, as well
as the East and West Indies and to America. The mar-
ket days are Wednesday and Saturday, the latter being
a very considerable market for corn: the corn exchange
is a commodious building, erected in 1828, the front of
which is ornamented with a noble Ionic portico of four
columns, and the interior constitutes one of the most
spacious rooms in the kingdom. A very extensive mar-
ket is held on the same day, on the Castle Ditches, for
horses and cattle; and there is a market for fish daily.
The fairs are on the day before Good Friday, and on the
Monday and Tuesday in Easter and Whitsun weeks.
Corporate Seal.
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Obverse.
Reverse.
The government of the city, by charter of Charles II.,
is vested in a mayor, recorder, steward, two sheriffs,
twenty-four aldermen, and sixty common council-men,
assisted by a town-clerk, chamberlain, two coroners,
water-bailiff, sword-bearer, serjeants at mace, and sub-
ordinate officers. The mayor is nominated annually by
the resident freemen, who appoint two of the aldermen,
the latter choosing one to be mayor; the other officers
of the corporation are also appointed by the aldermen.
The mayor, recorder, steward, and such of the alder-
men as have filled the office of mayor, are justices of
the peace within the city and county of the city. The
freedom is inherited by birth, acquired by servitude, or
obtained by purchase. A court of assize is held annually
under the judges travelling the Norfolk circuit, which
is opened by a commission distinct from that for the
county of Norfolk; courts of general quarter session,
for the trial of all but capital offenders; and, under a
grant from Richard I. and other charters, a court of
record for the recovery of debts to any amount, called
the Court of Guildhall of the City of Norwich,"
is held on Wednesdays and Saturdays, the judges
of which are the sheriffs, assisted by the steward, who
is a barrister. A court of requests is held every
Monday, under an act passed in the 12th and 13th of
William and Mary, before an alderman and two common
council-men, for the recovery of debts under 40s. The
guildhall, situated on the north of the market-place, is
an ancient structure of black flint, containing convenient
and well-arranged courts for the assizes and quarter
sessions for the city and county of the city, with the re-
:
quisite offices for the town-clerk, chamberlain, and other
officers of the corporation: the mayor's council-chamber
is a noble room, splendidly fitted up, and ornamented
with a series of historical paintings and with numerous
portraits of eminent persons; at the east end is a fine
window of stained glass in this chamber is deposited
the sword of Don Xavier Francisco Winthuysen, the
Spanish admiral, presented to the corporation by Ad-
miral Lord Nelson, and accompanied with a letter in his
lordship's own hand-writing. St. Andrew's Hall, former-
ly the church of the monastery of the Black friars, and
now converted into a banqueting-hall, and used occa-
sionally for public meetings, is an ancient structure,
of which the front has been carefully restored: the
choir is used as a church for the inmates of the city
workhouse, which stands near it, having been formerly
appropriated to the use of a Dutch congregation, and
thence called the Dutch church: the nave, one hun-
dred and twenty-four feet long, is elegantly fitted up,
and decorated with paintings; the roof is supported on
twelve lofty pillars, and the windows, which are of large
dimensions and ornamented with rich tracery, were for-
merly embellished with painted glass: among other de-
corations in the hall is the ensign of the French ship
Le Genereux, captured in the Mediterranean by the
squadron under the command of Admiral Lord Nelson,
in 1800, and presented to the corporation by Captain
Sir Edward Berry, Knt.; and at the east end is a fine
portrait, by Sir William Beechy, of Admiral Lord Nel-
son, presented to the corporation in 1804 : in this hall
are held the grand musical festivals. The new city gaol,
erected in 1829, at an expense of £24,000, is a massive
and appropriate building, containing requisite wards,
airing-yards, and other offices adapted to the classifica-
tion of prisoners, and amply supplied with water by
means of pumps worked by the tread-mill. The city first
exercised the elective franchise in the 23rd of Edward I.,
since which time it has regularly returned two members
to parliament: the right of election is vested in the free-
holders, and in the freemen generally not receiving alms,
the number of whom is about four thousand the she-
riffs are the returning officers. The assizes and quarter
sessions for the county of Norfolk are held in the shire-
hall, a spacious edifice, erected in 1822; and, this being
the county town, the election of knights of the shire re-
gularly takes place in it. The castle, which, though
situated in the centre of the city, belongs to the county
of Norfolk, has been converted into a prison for that
county, and a new gaol and shire-hall have lately been
erected in connexion with it. The principal remains of
the ancient building are, the shell of the keep, a mas-
sive structure on the summit of an artificial eminence,
and Bigod's tower, a fine specimen of the Norman style
of architecture; over the fosse, an ancient stone bridge
of one circular arch, of forty feet span, is still entire, and,
from the supposed date of its erection, is considered to
be of Saxon architecture. The outer walls, of which
only some small portions are remaining, formerly en-
closed an area of twenty-three acres, on part of which
the new buildings have been erected. The county gaol
and house of correction is a commodious building, com-
prising fifteen wards, fifteen day-rooms, and the same
number of airing-yards, in one of which is a tread-mill,
applied to the grinding of corn, for the employment of
the prisoners.
:

-
NOR
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424
Norwich was raised into
an episcopal see by Herbert
de Lozinga, who having been.
made Bishop of Thetford
(which had become the head
of the diocese of East An-
glia, founded by Segebert,
King of the East Angles, in
630), whither the episcopal
chair had been removed
from North Elmham in
1091, transferred the seat
of the diocese to this city in
Arms of the Bishoprick.
1094, where, having purchased a large plot of ground
near the castle, he erected a cathedral, an episcopal pa-
lace, and a monastery for sixty Benedictine monks, the
revenue of which, at the dissolution, was £ 1050. 17. 6.
The diocese comprehends the counties of Norfolk and
Suffolk, and eleven parishes in the county of Cam-
bridge the ecclesiastical establishment consists of a
bishop, dean, four archdeacons, six prebendaries, six
minor canons, of whom one is precentor, an epistoler, a
gospeller, eight lay clerks, ten choristers, an organist,
and other officers. The bishop is a suffragan of the
Archbishop of Canterbury; and, besides being entitled
by his episcopal diguity, he sits in the House of Peers
as titular abbot of St. Bene't at Holme, being the only
abbot in England. The cathedral church, dedicated to
the Holy Trinity, after being destroyed by fire, was re-
built by John of Oxford, the fourth bishop; and having
suffered materially from frequent accidents, and from
repeated assaults arising from the dissensions between
the monks and the citizens, it has undergone numerous
repairs and alterations, especially in 1806, when a tho-
rough reparation took place. In its present state it dis-
plays much of its original Norman architecture, of which
:
PARISHES.
All Saints
St. Julian..
St. Andrew
St. Augustine
St. Benedict
St. Clement
St. Edmund
St. Etheldred
St. George Colegate
St. George Tombland..
St. Giles
•
•
•
St. Gregory.
St. Helen.
St. John Maddermarket
St. John Sepulchre
St. John Timberhill
St. James
St. Paul S
St. Lawrence
St. Margaret de Westwick
·· ..
·
··
United....
•
•
··
2)))!!
N
LIVINGS.
United Rectory
Vicarage..
Discharged Rectory
Perpetual Curacy
Discharged Rectory
Discharged Rectory
Perpetual Curacy
Perpetual Curacy
Perpetual Curacy
Perpetual Curacy
Perpetual Curacy
Perpetual Curacy
Discharged Rectory
PARISHES IN THE CITY OF NORWICH.
Perpetual Curacy
Perpetual Curacy
··
……….
..
··
••••
Perpetual Curacy
Rectory
..
....
Discharged Rectory
Discharged Rectory
··
..
me.allufl
• •
it affords some of the finest specimens in the kingdom:
it is a spacious cruciform structure, with a tower of the
most finished and highly ornamented Norman style
rising from the centre, and surmounted by an octagonal
spire, in the later decorated style, crocketed at the an-
gles; the west front, of Norman character, has a central
entrance, with a large window above it in the later En-
glish style; the east end has several circular chapels,
and the lady chapel, now destroyed, was in the early
English style of architecture: there are some vestiges
of a part resembling that portion of Canterbury cathe-
dral which is called Becket's Crown, and, amidst all the
alterations and insertions which have been made, there
are still numerous remains of its ancient character.
The interior is finely arranged, and has an impressive
grandeur of effect; the nave, of which and of the aisles
the roof is finely vaulted, is purely Norman; the trifo-
rium, is large, and surmounted by a fine range of cleres-
tory windows; the choir is richly ornamented with tra-
cery, in the later English style, of excellent design, and
is decorated with screen and tabernacle-work of elabo-
rate execution: the font, in St. Luke's chapel, is re-
markably beautiful, and there are some ancient monu-
ments of great beauty and interest. The cloisters are
peculiarly fine, displaying a continued series of the
purest specimens, from the early decorated to the later
style of English architecture. In the chapel of St.
Mary the Less, within the cathedral, are held the con-
sistorial episcopal courts. The chapter-house has been
demolished: of the bishop's palace the entrance gate
and hall are remaining; and St. Ethelbert's and Er-
pingham gates, both beautiful structures, are in good
preservation. The precincts of the cathedral are under
the special jurisdiction of the dean and other members
of the establishment, who exercise magisterial powers
within them.
Als
Value in
King's Books,
£ s. d.
3 14 7
5 0 0
6 17 85
7 9 2
4 6 3
7 10 2
Not in charge.
4 13 9
5 4 94
Endowments under nct of 12th of Anne.
Privato
Benefaction
Royal
Bounty.
Parliament-
Ary Grant.
£
£
£
700
600
800
200
600
800
400
200
1000
200
400
800
1000
1000
100
800
200
1000
800
800
600
600
400
800
600
1400
800
600
900
600
800
600
1000
200
PATRONS.
S. Thornton, Esq.
Parishioners
Dean and Chapter
Parishioners
Caius College, Cambridge
Rev. C. D. Brereton
•
Mayor and Corporation.
Dean and Chapter
Bishop of Ely
Dean and Chapter
Dean and Chapter
•
•
•
Mayor and Corporation..
New College, Oxford
Dean and Chapter
Dean and Chapter .
}
The Crown
Bishop of Norwich
Dean and Chapter.....
{
Population
in 1821.
$ 934
743
1513
1625
1125
2364
677
273
1610
797
1422
1244
345
957
1599
1103
1268
2160
1092
938
:

NOR
NOR
425
PARISHES.
St. Martin at Palace
St. Martin at Oak
St. Mary Coslany
St. Mary
St. Michael Coslany
St. Michael at Plea
St. Michael at Thorn.
St. Peter Hungate.
St. Peter Mancroft.
St. Peter Mountergate
St. Peter Southgate
St. Saviour
:
•
•
St. Simon and St. Jude.
St. Stephen
St. Swithin
·
•
PARISHES.
Eaton (St. Andrew)
Heigham.
Pockthorpe..
Lakenham
•
•
•
•
•
•
LIVINGS.
Perpetual Curacy
Perpetual Curacy
Perpetual Curacy
S Discharged Recto-
ry, now held as a
Perpetual Curacy.
Discharged Rectory
Discharged Rectory
Perpetual Curacy
Discharged Rectory
Perpetual Curacy
Perpetual Curacy
Discharged Rectory
Perpetual Curacy
Discharged Rectory
Discharged Vicarage
Discharged Rectory
LIVINGS.
Vicarage
Rectory
Perpetual Curacy
··
••
•
··
•
•
•
•
..
Value in
King's Books.
£ s. d.
V. united with that
of Trouse, in the
county of Norfolk
5 0 10
13 6 8
6 10 0
3 15
2 17 3
3 10 0
9 0 0
6 3 4
Value in
King's Books.
£ s. d.
Not in charge.
6 13 4
Endowments under act of 12th of Anne.
Private
Benefaction.
Royal
Bounty.
[Parliament.
ary Grant.
£
£
£
1000
800
800

200
200
Many of the churches, of which the prevailing style
is that of the later English, with portions of an ear-
lier date, and some Norman remains, are deserving
of architectural notice among these are the church
of St. Peter Mancroft, a spacious structure, in the
later style of English architecture, with a lofty square
embattled tower highly enriched; the interior is re-
markably light and elegant; the intervals between the
arches of the nave are ornamented with niches of
exquisite design, and the windows are large and filled
with excellent tracery; the east window is ornamented
with stained glass, and in the vestry are some ancient
portraits of the saints, and a painting of the Resurrec-
tion;
there are numerous ancient monuments, of several
of which the inscriptions are obliterated. The church
of St. Michael Coslany is a handsome structure of flint
and stone, and affords a fine specimen of that mode of
building; the prevailing character is the later English,
intermixed with the decorated and early styles; the
details are elaborately wrought, and the chancel in par-
ticular is beautifully ornamented. The churches of St.
VOL. III.
400
200
PARISHES IN THE LIBERTY OF THE CITY OF NORWICH.
200
600
800
600
1400
400 1000
600 1000
1000 1000
400 200
200 600
200 800
1000
1000 800
1000
600 400
800
800
Endowments under act of 12th of Anne.
Private
Benefaction.
£
200
Royal
Bounty.
£
200
Parliament-
ary Grant.
£
PATRONS.
Dean and Chapter
Dean and Chapter
Marquis Townshend
Dean and Chapter..
Caius College, Cambridge...
Sir T. B. Lennard, Bart.
Dowager Lady Suffield
The Crown, by lapse..
Parishioners
•
Dean and Chapter
Bishop of Norwich
Dean and Chapter
Bishop of Norwich
Dean and Chapter.
Bishop of Norwich
•
•
PATRONS.
Dean and Chapter..
Bishop of Norwich
Dean and Chapter
Dean and Chapter
··
··
..
..
.. ..
Population
in 1821.
1262
2477
1521
1340
389
1750
511
2671
1789
529
1266
447
2927
750

Population
in 1821.
1313
1503
1313
1875
All the above parishes, with the exception of those of St. Andrew, St. Helen, St. James, St. Paul, and Lakenham, which are within the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean and Chapter, are in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich.
Benedict, St. Etheldred, and St. Julian, have round
towers, in which, though greatly obscured by alterations
and repairs, many remains of Norman architecture are
discernible. The church of St. Lawrence is a handsome
edifice, with a tower of flint and stone one hundred and
twelve feet high; over the western entrance are sculp-
tured representations of the martyrdon of St. Lawrence,
and of St. Edmund, King of East Anglia. The churches.
of St. Andrew, St. George Colegate, St. Giles, St.
Saviour, and various others, are handsome structures
in the later style of English architecture, with lofty
and elegant towers of flint and stone, and contain
numerous interesting portions in earlier styles, toge-
ther with valuable specimens of architectural skill.
There are four places of worship for Baptists, two for
the Society of Friends, two each for Independents and
Wesleyan Methodists, and one each for those in the
late Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, and Unita-
rians, a synagogue, and two chapels belonging to the
Roman Catholics, one of which is an elegant edifice
lately erected.
+
3 I
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426
The free grammar school, originally built by Bishop
Salmon, was established by Edward VI., and is endowed
by the corporation, who have the appointment of the
master, and the nomination of the scholars; the master's
salary is £50 per annum, with a house and the privilege
of taking boarders; the under-master's salary is £30:
gratuitous instruction in the classics is afforded to a
certain number of boys of the city. Belonging to this
school and that at Aylsham are three scholarships, of
£2. 13. 4. each per annum, founded at Corpus Christi
College, Cambridge, by Archbishop Parker; and two
scholarships for boys educated at Norwich, Aylsham,
or Wymondham; four scholarships, of £5 each per
annum, founded at Emanuel College, Cambridge, by
William Braithwaite, in 1618; and two of three scho-
larships, of £5 per annum each, founded at Caius Col-
lege, for natives of Norfolk. Edward Coleman also,
in 1659, bequeathed £20 per annum to Corpus Christi
College, for the maintenance of four scholars from
this school, or from the school of Wymondham. The
boys' hospital, founded in 1618 by Mr. Thomas An-
guish, mayor, for the maintenance and education of
forty boys; and the girls' hospital, endowed in 1649, for
thirty-two girls, are both conducted under good regu-
lations, and provide for an increased number of chil-
dren. There are twelve charity schools supported by
subscription, for the clothing and education of children,
in which are two hundred and ten boys, and one hun-
dred and thirty girls. In 1775, Mr. Moy, of this city,
bequeathed £1000 Bank stock, directing the interest
to be appropriated to apprenticing children educated
in the schools; and Mr. Elmy left £400 for the same
purpose. The National schools afford instruction to
nearly one thousand eight hundred children; and in
the county of Norfolk there are not less than ten thou-
sand children instructed in these institutions, which
are supported by subscription. The Norwich British
The Norwich British
and Foreign school was instituted in 1811, and is sup-
ported by subscription; there are nearly four hundred
children in this establishment.
a committee, and is gratuitously attended by the prin-
cipal medical practitioners of the city as a school of
medicine and surgery it is distinguished by its success-
ful operations in cases of lithotomy. The Magdalen
asylum is under the management of a committee of
ladies; there are now twenty females in it, the greatest
number which it can accommodate. Bethel hospital,
for the reception of lunatics, was erected by Mrs. Mary
Chapman, in 1713, and is supported by funds arising from
donations, and by annual subscription; and at Thorpe,
about two miles from the city, is the Norfolk and Nor-
wich lunatic asylum, established in 1814, under the sta²
tute of the 48th of George III., "for the better care
and maintenance of lunatics, being criminals or paupers.
The Norwich dispensary, established in 1804, is chiefly
supported by subscription. An infirmary for the cure of
diseases of the eye was established in 1822, since which
period nearly two thousand five hundred persons have
been cured or relieved. The institution for the relief of
the indigent blind, established chiefly by the exertions of
Thomas Tawell, Esq., one of its greatest benefactors,
embraces also a school for the instruction of blind chil-
dren, in which there are thirty pupils, in addition to
eight aged persons now in the asylum; it is under the
direction of a president, three vice-presidents, and a
committee of subscribers, by whom a matron and an in-
structor of the blind are appointed. Among the charit-
able associations are, a society for the relief of clergy-
men's widows; a benevolent medical society, for the
widows and children of surgeons and apothecaries, and
indigent members of that profession, in the city and
county, and a similar society for the widows and children
of attornies; a society for the relief of decayed trades-
men, their widows, and orphans; the Friendly Society,
for the relief of poor women in sickness and old age ;
the society of universal good will, for the relief of stran-
gers; the Humane Society, for the recovery of persons
apparently drowned, and various others; and there are
also considerable charitable bequests for distribution
among the poor.
.
Of the monastic establishments formerly existing
in the town and neighbourhood, numerous vestiges of
which are still visible, were the priory and church of
St. Leonard at Thorpe-wood, near the city, in which
Herbert de Lozinga placed several monks, while he was
erecting the cathedral; also an hospital for lepers, en-
dowed by him, the revenue of which, at the dissolution,
was £10: the hospital of St. Paul, founded in 1121, by
the prior and convent of Norwich; a nunnery, dedicated
to St. Mary and St. John, and endowed by King Ste-
phen, for sisters of the Benedictine order, who in 1146
founded a new convent at Carrow, the revenue of which,
at the dissolution, was £84. 12. 13.; St. Edward's
hospital, founded in 1200, by Hildebrand de Mercer,
citizen of Norwich, which had so far decayed, that at
the dissolution its revenue was only 14s. 6d. ; the mo-
nastery of the Black friars, founded in the reign of
Edward II., of which the ancient church is now St.
Andrew's Hall; the monastery of the Grey friars,
founded in 1226, by John de Hastingford, the site of
which is now occupied by Cook's hospital; the monas-
tery of White friars, founded in 1256, by Philip Congate,
merchant, which remained till the dissolution; the
convent of Augustine friars, founded in the reign of
Edward I., by one of the bishops; a convent of friars
St. Giles' hospital was founded, in 1249, by Bishop
Suffield, who endowed it for the maintenance and sup
port of aged persons of both sexes, who are nominated
by the corporation: the ancient collegiate church of St.
Helen has been appropriated to its use; the choir is
fitted up for the residence of fifty women, part of the
nave has been prepared for the reception of fifty men,
and the remainder is used as a chapel: this edifice, not-
withstanding the alterations it has undergone, still dis-
plays many interesting portions of its ancient architec-
ture. Doughty's hospital was founded, in 1687, by Mr.
William Doughty, who bequeathed £6000 for its erec-
tion and endowment; there are forty aged persons of both
sexes, who have a weekly sum of money, clothes, firing,
and other necessaries; according to the directions of the
founder, no person can be admitted who is under sixty
years of age. Cook's hospital was founded prior to the
year 1701, by Robert and Thomas Cook, who endowed
it for the residence and support of ten poor women
of the city, who receive each a weekly allowance of
money. The Norfolk and Norwich hospital, a hand-
some building of red brick, erected in 1771, at an ex-
pense of £13,323. 8. 11., contains spacious accom-
modation for the reception of all classes of patients:
the institution is under the direction of a president and
K
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427
1
of the order "de pœnitentiâ Jesu," founded in 1266, and
which, after the suppression of that order, was annexed
to the convent of the Black friars; the college of St.
Mary, originally a chapel, founded in 1250, by Sir
John Broun, or Brom, and at the time of the dissolu-
tion consisting of a dean, four prebendaries, and others,
with a revenue of £86. 16.; also various hospitals, ves-
tiges of which may be traced in several parts of the
city.
William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich in the four-
teenth century, and founder of Trinity Hall, Cambridge;
Matthew Parker, second Protestant Archbishop of Can-
terbury, chaplain to Queen Anne Boleyn, whom he at-
tended to the scaffold: ; Dr. John Kaye, or Caius,
founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, author
of a treatise on the antiquities of that university, and
other works; Robert Green, a popular writer in the
reign of Elizabeth; Dr. John Cosin, Bishop of Dur-
ham in the reign of Charles II.; the learned Dr. Samuel
Clarke, the son of an alderman of this city, born in
1675; Edward King, F.R.S. and F.S.A., a most erudite
antiquary, and author of a work on ancient architecture,
entitled "Munimenta Antiqua," born in 1734; the Rev.
William Beloe, the translator of Herodotus; and Sir
James Edward Smith, M.D., founder and first president
of the Linnæan Society, and author of the "Flora Britan-
nica," were natives of this city. Among the distin-
guished residents were Sir Thomas Erpingham, Knight
of the Garter, and chamberlain to Henry IV.; he dis-
tinguished himself at the battle of Agincourt, and built
the beautiful gate facing the western end of the cathe-
dral, which is still called Erpingham gate; he died in
1428, and was interred in the cathedral: Sir John
Fastolf, a renowned warrior, who signalized himself in
the wars with France in the reigns of Henry IV., V.,
and VI.; he died in 1459, and was interred in a chapel
which he had founded in the abbey of Holme; and va-
rious others.
NORWOOD, a precinct and parochial chapelry in
the hundred of ELTHORNE, County of MIDDLESEX, 2
miles (N. by W.) from Hounslow, containing 1124 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to
the vicarage of Hayes, in the exempt deanery of Croy-
don, which is in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, endowed with £210 private
benefaction, and £200 royal bounty. The chapel has
received an addition of three hundred and sixty free
sittings, towards defraying the expense of which the
Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels contributed £300.
new churches in this district. The church, dedicated
to St. Luke, in the parish of Lambeth, is a large and
handsome edifice in the Grecian style, with a Corinthian
portico, and a steeple tower, containing one thousand
four hundred and twelve sittings, of which six hundred
and eighty-eight are free: it was commenced in 1823,
and completed in 1825, at an expense of £12,897. 13. 10.,
of which the commissioners gave one moiety, and
lent without interest the other, together with the sum
of £49. 6. 9. for extra expenses; they also lent on
interest the further sum of £4325. 6. 11., expended in
making a cemetery, furnishing the church, &c. The
living is a district incumbency, in the patronage of the
Rector of Lambeth. The church, situated at Beaulieu
Hill, in the parish of Croydon, is in the English style
of architecture, with four turrets, containing one
thousand and five sittings, of which six hundred and
thirty-two are free: it was completed in 1829, by a
grant of £3000 from the commissioners. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the Vicar
of Croydon. There is a place of worship for Inde-
pendents. A school of industry for poor children of
also a
the parish of Lambeth has been founded here;
charity school for the instruction of children of both
sexes.
NORWOOD, a district partly in the parish of
LAMBETH, eastern division of the hundred of BRIXTON,
partly in that of BATTERSEA, Western division of the same
hundred, and partly in that of CROYDON, first division
of the hundred of WALLINGTON, county of SURREY,
6½ miles (S.) from London. The population is returned
with the respective parishes. The village derives its
name from an adjacent wood, which borders on a com-
mon formerly a noted resort for numerous camps of
gypsies. Its elevated situation, the beauty of the sur-
rounding scenery, and the salubrity of the atmosphere,
have of late years caused the erection of many elegant
seats in the vicinity. The only manufactory is a pot-
tery, where coarse earthenware is made. Norwood is
within the limits of the new police act. There are two
NORWOOD, a joint township with Clifton, in the
parish of FEWSTON, lower division of the wapentake
of CLARO, West riding of the county of YORK, 6 miles
(N. by E.) from Otley. The population is returned with
Clifton.
NOSLEY, an extra-parochial liberty, in the hun-
dred of GARTREE, County of LEICESTER, 8 miles (N.
by E.) from Market-Harborough, containing 18 inhabit-
ants. A chantry, or college, was founded here about
1274, by Sir Anketine de Martival; it was dedicated to
the Ascension of our Lord and the Assumption of
the Blessed Virgin, and in the reign of Henry VI. was
valued at £6. 13. 4. per annum.
NOSTAL, a joint township with Hurstwick, in that
part of the parish of WRAGBY which is in the upper
division of the wapentake of OSGOLDCROSS, West
riding of the county of YORK, 42 miles (S. W. by W.)
from Pontefract. The population is returned with Hurst-
wick. A priory of Augustine canons, in honour of St.
Owald, king and martyr, was founded here in the time
of William Rufus, by Ilbert de Lacy, the revenue of
which at the dissolution was valued at £606. 9. 3.
3
NOTGROVE, a parish in the hundred of Bradley,
county of GLOUCESTER, 42 miles (N.) from North
Leach, containing 198 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester,
rated in the king's books at £15. 6. 8., and in the
patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated to
St. Bartholomew.
NOTLEY (BLACK), a parish in the hundred of
WITHAM, county of ESSEX, 1½ mile (S. by E.) from
Braintree, containing 418 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £15, and in the
patronage of Marmaduke Wyvill, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul. There is a school
for fifteen poor children, endowed by James Coker in
1702. On raising gravel, in 1752, some curious relics of
antiquity were discovered, consisting of fragments of
a fluted column and a vessel, both of copper, also an
3 12
NOT
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428.
oblong blue glass vessel, with pieces of another, and
of several glazed earthen urns. The learned William
Bedell, Bishop of Kilmore, was born in this parish, in
1570, as was also John Ray, A.M., author of some
works on Natural history.
Ntur
Arms.
NOTLEY (WHITE), a parish in the hundred of
WITHAM, County of ESSEX, 34 miles (N. W.) from
Witham, containing 397 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and dio-
cese of London, rated in the king's books at £10,
and in the patronage of D. Pennell, Esq.
NOTTINGHAM, a bo-
rough, market town, and
county of itself, locally in
the county of Notting-
ham, of which it is the
chief town, 124 miles (N.
N. W.) from London, con-
taining, with the extra-pa-
rochial liberty of Standard
Hill, and the limits of the
castle, which are in the
are in the
south division of the wapen-
take of Broxtow, 40,415 in-
habitants. This place, from the numerous caverns and
subterraneous dwellings excavated in the sandy rock
on which it is situated, was by the Saxons called Snot-
tingha ham, or place of caverns, of which its present
name is only a slight modification. According to the
Saxon Chronicle, the Danes, having in one of their nu-
merous predatory incursions made themselves masters
of the town, in S68, were attacked by Burrhed, King
of Mercia, who, having obtained the assistance of King
Ethelred I. and his brother Alfred, afterwards Alfred the
Great, compelled the invaders to conclude a treaty of
peace, and to retire to York. The town having subse-
quently suffered material injury from their renewed at-
tempts to take possession of it, in which they were fre-
quently successful, was fortified with a wall by Edward
the Elder, who in 910 built a bridge over the river
Trent. In 924, the town was repaired on the south
side, towards the river, but soon after fell again into the
hands of the Danes, who retained it till they were finally
subdued by Edmund, in 940. In the reign of Edward
In the reign of Edward
the Confessor, Tosti, brother of Harold, had considerable
possessions in Nottingham, which at that time contained
one hundred and ninety-two burgesses; but this num-
ber, at the time of the Conquest, had decreased to one
hundred and twenty. The Conqueror, in order to keep
his new subjects in awe, erected on the site of the an-
cient fort a formidable castle, the government of which
he conferred on William Peverel, his natural son: this
castle, from its situation on the summit of a bold emi-
nence, rising perpendicularly from the river Leen, and
from the strength of its fortifications, was regarded as
impregnable, and the town was at the same time
same time
strongly fortified. During the war between Stephen and
Matilda, Nottingham was besieged by the Earl of Glou-
cester, who having gained possession of it, plundered
and burnt it, and in a few years after it experi-
enced a similar calamity from the partisans of the
young prince Henry, in his rebellion against his father,
Henry II. On the death of the prince, and the con-
sequent pacification of the kingdom, the king great-
ly contributed to the rebuilding of the town; and to
-
reward the fidelity and loyalty of the inhabitants,
granted them a charter, by which he confirmed all the
privileges they enjoyed under Henry I. Richard I.,
previously to his embarking in the crusades, assembled
a parliament here, to deliberate upon the requisite mea-
sures for the administration of the government during
his absence, which was entrusted to his younger brother
John, in whose attempts to usurp the dominion, the
castle was alternately in the possession of his partisans
and of those of his absent brother, by whom, on return-
ing from his captivity in Germany, it was finally reduced.
Richard, on taking possession of the throne, held an-
other parliament in this town, in which he demanded:
justice against the unnatural usurpation of his brother
John, whom, however, he ultimately pardoned. In
the reign of John the town and castle were unsuc-
cessfully assaulted by the confederate barons, who
had invited the Dauphin of France to accept the En-:
glish crown. In the early part of the reign of Ed-
ward III., Mortimer, Earl of March, and the queen
dowager Isabel, resided in the castle, which was
strongly fortified; but a party of noblemen in the
interest of the king, having obtained entrance through a
subterranean passage which led to the keep, surprised
that nobleman in an apartment adjoining the queen's,
and having seized him, conveyed him to London, when,
being convicted of high treason, he was hanged at
Elmes. In the same reign a parliament was held here,
which passed the first enactments for prohibiting the
exportation of English wool, and for encouraging fo-
reign manufacturers to settle in the kingdom. David
Bruce, who had been made prisoner at the battle of
Durham, was for some time confined in the castle,
previously to his removal to London
and in 1396,
Richard II. held a council here, the members of which
having declared the proceedings of the parliament which
had impeached his ministers to be illegal, were after-
wards accused of treason by the House of Commons,
and many of them executed.
and many of them executed. In 1461, Edward IV.,
after landing at Ravenspur in Yorkshire, assembled his
forces in this town, where he caused himself to be pro-
claimed king, and made extensive additions to the castle,
which were completed by Richard III., who marched
hence with his forces to Bosworth Field. Henry VII.
held a council of war here previously to the battle of
Stoke, in which the rebels who had espoused the preten-
sions of Lambert Simnel were defeated, with the loss
of four thousand men.
;

-
Previously to the commencement of the parliamenta-
rian war, Charles I., having retired to York, received the
answer of the parliament to his various propositions for
an accommodation; but the conditions proposed by that
body being so humiliating and unreasonable, the monarch
resolved upon war as the milder alternative, and collect-
ing what forces he could in those parts of the country that
still adhered to his cause, advanced to Nottingham, where
he set up his standard on a hill within the limits of the
castle, which is still distinguished by the appellation of
Standard Hill; but, wishing to avoid extremities, he
again made overtures for a treaty, which were still refused.
Very early in the war, Prince Rupert, commanding at
body of cavalry which had been stationed at Worcester,
to observe the movements of the Earl of Essex, defeated
a party under the command of Colonel Sandys, who was
killed in the encounter, a short time prior to the battle
1
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429
of Edge Hill. The town and castle were soon after-
wards besieged and taken by the parliamentarians, who
stationed Colonel Hutchinson, with a powerful body, as
a check on the garrison at Newark, which still held out
for the king. During the usurpation of Cromwell, the
castle was dismantled, and so far demolished as to
render it unserviceable. After the Restoration, it be-
came the property of the Duke of Buckingham, who
sold it to the Duke of Newcastle, by whom it was pulled
down, and a mansion commenced on a part of the site,
which was completed in a few years after his death.
At the time of the revolution in 1688, the Earl of
Devonshire and other noblemen who had declared for
a free parliament, held a meeting here on the landing of
William, Prince of Orange, whom they assisted with
all their influence in establishing his claims to the
crown. During the French revolution of 1798, there
existed a considerable degree of political excitement in
the town; and in the years 1811 and 1812, the work-
men, ascribing their distresses to the introduction of the
improved machinery, were excited to the destruction of
property to a considerable amount, by the party called
"Luddites;" since which time some disturbances, ori-
ginating with the frame-work knitters, occasioned the
passing of the act of the 57th of George III.
:
The town is situated nearly in the centre of the
kingdom, and at the south-western extremity of the Fo-
rest of Sherwood, and occupies the acclivity of a sandy
rock, commanding an extensive view of the beautiful
vale of Trent, the fertile meadows watered by that river,
and the Leen, from the bank of which rises the preci-
pitous rock on which its castle is built, and skirted by
the pleasant village of Sneinton on the east it is shel-
tered from the winds by a chain of hills on the north,
and on the south is open to the vale of Belvoir, the
Nottinghamshire wolds, and the Leicestershire hills.
The streets in the central and more ancient part of the
town are narrow, but, since the increase of the inanu-
factures, it has experienced considerable improvement,
and several spacious streets have been formed, and
handsome ranges of building erected it is well paved,
lighted with gas, and supplied with water by two com-
panies, incorporated by act of parliament in 1827, and
with spring water of great purity by pumps in various
parts; the general appearance of the town is interest-
ing, and, from its elevated situation, the streets are
always clean. At the distance of a mile, on the Lon-
don road, is an ancient stone bridge of twenty arches
over the river Trent, which is here of considerable
breadth, being increased by the waters of the Der-
went, the Soar, the Dove, and the Erwash: this bridge,
for the repairs of which ample funds are vested in the
corporation, having been repeatedly damaged by floods,
exhibits a great diversity of style, corresponding
with the several times at which it has been repaired:
from the frequency of the rapid floods to which the
river is exposed in rainy seasons, a flood-road, or cause-
way, over the meadows has been constructed, by act
of parliament, and a strong embankment raised for
the protection of the lower part of the town, which
are maintained by a toll granted under the act: the
approaches have been widened and greatly improved,
and a considerable improvement has been effected in
the entrance from Mansfield. The environs abound
with pleasant walks, and with interesting and diver-
sified scenery. A public subscription library and news
room was established in 1816; and, in 1821, a: spa-
cious mansion at the west end of the market-place
was purchased by the subscribers (of whom there are
about two hundred and thirty-five), and appropriated
to the use of the institution: it contains a commodious
suite of rooms, comprising the library, in which there
are eight thousand volumes (a valuable library of old
books, given by the Rev. Mr. Standfast, in 1744, is also
deposited here, but kept distinct from the other works),
a news-room, lecture-room, law-library, and a billiard-
room: a mineralogical cabinet has been recently added
to the establishment: the price of a proprietor's share
is £20, and the annual subscription £2; the admission
to the news-room is £1. 5. per annum. A Literary So-
ciety, consisting of one hundred members, established
in 1824, meets every alternate Monday, during the winter,
in the lecture-room of the library, for the discussion
of literary and scientific subjects. A mechanics' insti-
tution, formed in 1824, has a library of two thousand vo-
lumes, and a reading room; the members hold their meet-
ings in one of the upper apartments of the Exchange
buildings, where is also a commodious suite of assem
bly-rooms, in which concerts and balls are held; there
are also other assembly-rooms, in that part of the town
called the Low Pavement, where the assize and race
balls are held. The theatre, a small plain building in
Marygate, is open generally for about three months in
the year. Races formerly took place on the second
Tuesday in August, but have lately varied; they are
well attended: the course, which is situated to the
north-east of the town, is one of the finest in the
kingdom, and is two miles in circumference; the grand
stand, a handsome brick building, was erected by sub-
scription, in 1777: adjoining the course is a spacious
cricket ground. The cavalry barracks, an extensive
range of building at the upper extremity of the Castle
park, were erected in 1793, on land leased to the crown
by the Duke of Newcastle. Near the Castle-gate is a
spacious brick building, erected in 1798, as a riding-
house, by the Nottingham yeomanry cavalry, which is
occasionally used as
occasionally used as a circus, and for other public
amusements.
The staple manufactures are cotton and silk stock-
ings, bobbin-net and lace, which afford employment to
nearly forty thousand persons in the town and envi-
rons; and so much has the trade of the town increased,
that the manufacturers have agents, or factors, in
most parts of the world with which commercial inter-
course is carried on. For its present prosperity Not-
tingham is greatly indebted to science for the improve-
ments lately made in the machinery employed in these
branches of national industry, which have given to the
manufactures of the town a decided superiority. The
machines for making the bobbin-net and lace are ex-
ceedingly expensive, and being therefore beyond the
purchase of the poor, are let out to them at a weekly
rent by the proprietors, who invest large capitals in this
species of property, which has lately so much decreased
in value, that a machine which, about four years since,
would have cost from £1000 to £1200, may now be
purchased for about £200. The improved lace ma-
chines have been latterly worked by steam, but the
recent depression of the lace trade has compelled the
manufacturers to limit the hours of employment, and,
.
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in some instances, to suspend their operation for a
time: the machines for stockings and lace are princi-
pally made in the town, and afford employment to a
considerable number of persons, who, till the de-
pression in the lace trade, were receiving very high
wages. There are several mills for spinning and twist-
ting silk, and for spinning cotton and woollen yarn.
In addition to the staple branches of manufacture, pin-
making, wire-drawing, and the manufacture of brass
fenders, are carried on to a considerable extent; there
are also white lead-works, an iron-foundry, and several
breweries; the trade in malt is very extensive; and the
ale brewed here is in high repute. The town derives
great facility of trade from its situation on the river
Trent, which is navigable to the Humber; from the
Grantham canal, affording communication with Lincoln-
shire and a part of Leicestershire; and from the Notting-
ham, Cromford, and Erwash canals, with those of
Staffordshire, Leicestershire, and Derbyshire, and open-
ing a communication with the extensive mines of coal,
lead, and iron, in those counties, and affording a
medium of intercourse with the metropolis, and the
principal manufacturing towns. The market days are
Wednesday and Saturday; the latter, which is prin-
cipally for corn and cattle, is the most considerable
in the midland district: the fairs are on the Friday
after January 13th, for cattle; March 7th and 8th, for
cheese, cloth, and cattle; Thursday before Easter, for
horses; October 2nd, called Goose fair, which is very con-
siderable for geese, cheese, cloth, and cattle, and conti-
nues nine days. The market-place, including an area of
more than five acres and a half, is one of the most exten-
sive and commodious in the kingdom: it is surrounded
with lofty buildings, the first stories of which, projecting
over the pavement, form a piazza. At the east end is the
New Exchange, a handsome building of brick, erected by
the corporation in the early part of the last century, and
in 1814 repaired and faced with Roman cement; the
ground-floor has been converted into shops, behind
which are the shambles; the upper stories contain a
suite of noble rooms for the transaction of public busi-
ness; of these the principal is seventy-five feet long,
thirty feet wide, and thirty feet high, with an arched
ceiling; two other rooms communicate with the prin-
cipal hall by folding doors, forming a suite one hundred
and twenty-three feet in length.
The town, with the ex-
ception of the castle and the
County gaol, was separated
from the county of Notting-
ham, and constituted a dis-
tinct county, under the de-
signation of "the Town and
County of the Town of Not-
tingham," in the 27th of
Henry VI., by which title
it is recognised in an act
of the 3rd of George I.
The inhabitants have been
incorporated by various charters from time imme-
morial; under the last of which, granted by Henry VI.,
the government is vested in a mayor, recorder, de-
puty-recorder, two sheriffs, six aldermen, eighteen
senior and six junior common council-men, assisted by
a town-clerk, two chamberlains, two coroners, two
Corporate Seal.
AMIES
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Final
bridge-masters, and subordinate officers. The mayor is
elected from among the aldermen by the corporation at
large, by whom also vacancies in that body are filled
up the common council-men are chosen by the bur-
gesses at large; the senior members from those who
have filled the office of chamberlain, after which they
are chosen sheriffs, and the junior members from the
burgesses generally. The mayor and aldermen are
justices of the peace, with whom the county magis-
trates have concurrent jurisdiction, by an act passed in
the 43rd of George III., called the Nottingham election
and police bill, in consequence of the tumultuous
proceedings which took place at the election in
1802. The freedom of the borough is inherited by the
eldest sons of freemen, born in the town, and by the
younger sons after the expiration of their indentures
of apprenticeship in any place; by others it is obtained
by servitude to a resident freeman, by gift from the
corporation, or by purchase: among the privileges of
the freemen is the right of depasturing three head of
cattle, or forty-five sheep, in the common fields and
meadows, which comprise nearly sixteen hundred acres.
The corporation hold courts of quarter session for the.
borough for the trial of all but capital offenders; a
court of record, under the mayor and sheriffs, every
alternate Wednesday, for the recovery of debts to any
amount, the power of which extends to the recovery
of freehold property by ejectment; the sheriffs hold
their monthly county court for the recovery of debts
under 40s., and courts leet and baron are held twice
in the year. The town-hall, rebuilt in the reign of
George I., is a spacious and commodious edifice, two
stories in height, containing on the ground-floor the
town prison or common gaol, comprising cells and
rooms for the classification of prisoners, and on the
first story the court-room for the sessions, appropriately
fitted up, and other apartments. The town bridewell, or
house of correction, is an extensive edifice, well adapted
to the classification and employment of the prison-
ers, to whom one-half of their earnings is given on
their discharge. The borough has returned two mem-
bers to parliament from the reign of Edward I.: the
right of election is vested in the freemen generally, and in
freeholders to the amount of 40s. per annum, the num-
ber of whom is about five thousand: the sheriffs are the
returning officers. This being the county town, the elec-
tion of knights of the shire, and the assizes and quar-
ter sessions for the county, are held in it. The county
hall, rebuilt in 1770, is a handsome edifice with a
stone front, containing two well-arranged courts for
the Crown and Nisi Prius bar, with the requisite
rooms for the grand jury, and offices for transacting the
business of the county: behind it is the common gaol
for the county, comprising one ward for debtors, one
for prisoners convicted of misdemeanor, three for felons,
and five airing-yards, for the classification of prisoners.
The town comprises the parishes of St. Mary, St.
Nicholas, and St. Peter, in the archdeaconry of Not-
tingham, and diocese of York, and the liberty of St.
James, which is extra-parochial. The living of St.
Mary's is a vicarage, rated in the king's books at £ 10. 5.,
and in the patronage of Earl Manvers: the church is
a spacious and elegant cruciform structure, in the later
style of English architecture, with a beautiful tower
rising from the centre to the height of two stages, and
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crowned with battlements and pinnacles: the west
front, which has been modernized, presents a striking
contrast to the rest of the building, which is of beauti-
ful design and of elaborate execution; the south porch
is highly enriched with panels and fan tracery, depend-
ing from the roof, which is finely groined; the interior
is lighted by ranges of noble windows of exquisite
tracery, and under the end windows of the north and
south transepts are two monuments of elegant de-
sign. It has received an addition of three hundred
free sittings, in consequence of a grant of £ 500 from
the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of
churches and chapels. The archbishop holds his tri-
ennial, and the archdeacon, his annual, visitation in
this church. The living of St. Nicholas' is a discharged
rectory, rated in the king's books at £ 2. 16.8., en-
dowed with £ 600 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Crown: the church was rebuilt in 1678, the
former structure having been taken down during the
parliamentary war: it is a neat edifice of brick, with
quoins and cornices of stone, and was enlarged in 1756
and in 1783, by subscription, and the churchyard en-
closed with neat iron palisades in 1824. The living of St.
Peter's is a discharged rectory, rated in the king's books
at £ 8. 7. 6., endowed with £ 400 private benefaction, and
£ 600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Crown:
the church is a spacious edifice, in the later style of
English architecture, of which it retains some few good
portions, though the greater part of it has been mo-
dernized it has a lofty spire, and has lately received
three hundred and eighty additional sittings, of which
two hundred and sixty-four are free, at the expense of
the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels, who granted £800 for that purpose: the
spiritual courts are held in this church. St. James'
church, or chapel, was erected in 1808, on Standard Hill,
which is extra-parochial, and within the county of Not-
tingham: it is a neat edifice in the later style of English
architecture, with a low square embattled tower: the
living is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the sub-
scribers, for a certain number of years, with reversion to
the Crown. St. Paul's, a chapel of ease to the vicarage
of St. Mary's, was erected in 1822; it is a handsome edi-
fice in the Grecian style of architecture, with a portico
of the Doric order. There are four places of worship
each for Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyan Metho-
dists, one each for the Society of Friends, Huntingto-
nians, Sabellians, Sandemanians, and Unitarians, a sy-
nagogue, and a Roman Catholic chapel, which last is a
handsome edifice, in the Grecian style of architecture.
in 1815 a Lancasterian school was opened, which is
supported by subscription, chiefly among the dissenting
congregations, who maintain a similar institution for
girls: there are Sunday schools in connexion with the
established church and the dissenting congregations, in
which more than three thousand children are instructed :
an infant school has also been established.
The free grammar school was founded, in 1513, by
Agnes Mellors, but had nearly fallen into disuse prior to
1807, when the corporation made some regulations for
its better government; the property with which it is en-
dowed produces about £ 500 per annum; there are nearly
one hundred scholars instructed in the classics gratui-
tously, and in writing and arithmetic, on payment of
ten shillings per annum. The Blue-coat school, for the
clothing and instruction of children, is supported by
an income arising from property in land, and by
subscription; there are sixty boys and twenty girls in
this establishment: the school-house, a neat building,
was erected on land given for that purpose by Mr.
William Thorpe. A National school, established about
twenty years since, is supported by subscription; and
Plumtree hospital was founded, in 1392, by John
de Plumtree, who endowed it for two chaplains, of
whom one was master, and thirteeen aged widows; in
1751, a descendant of the founder built four new tene-
ments, to which two more were added by his son,
who also repaired the old buildings: in 1823, John
Plumtree, Esq., the late trustee, obtained an act of
parliament to dispose of part of the trust property,
and rebuilt the hospital. Exclusively of the widows
who reside in the hospital, and receive each a weekly
allowance of six shillings, a ton of coal, and a gown
annually, there are thirty out-pensioners, who receive
each £10 per annum: the premises are neatly built
of brick, coated with cement, and in the ancient style
of English architecture. Collin's hospital was founded,
in 1704, by Mr. Abel Collin, who bequeathed an es-
tate for its erection and endowment: there are in this
institution twenty-four aged widowers and widows, who
have each a tenement consisting of three rooms, a
weekly allowance of four shillings, and two tons and a
half of coal annually. Willoughby's hospital, in Fisher-
gate, founded in 1525, and comprising nineteen tene-
ments, has at present but a very trifling endowment,
which is expected to be considerably augmented on the
expiration of the present leases in 1831. Handley's
hospital, in Stony-street, comprising twelve ancient
tenements for aged persons, who receive at present a
quarterly sum of sixteen shillings and eightpence, is
endowed with some estates, of which the produce is
likely to be augmented. Bilby's almshouses, in Coal-
Pit lane, founded in 1709, comprise eight tenements for
aged persons, who have each a sixpenny loaf weekly,
and two tons of coal yearly, with a gratuity at Christmas.
Labray's hospital was founded, in 1700, for six poor
frame-work knitters, who have a weekly allowance of four
shillings each. The Lambley hospital, a neat building,
consisting of a centre and two wings, with a grass-plot
in the frout, comprises twenty-two tenements for de-
cayed burgesses, or their widows, who are nominated
by the corporation. Wartnaby's hospital was founded,
in 1665, for six aged persons, who have a weekly
allowance of one shilling, and an annual supply of
clothes and coal. Warser-gate hospital, Wooley's alms-
houses, and St. Nicholas' White rents, comprise each six
tenements: there are also the Charitable Society, pa-
tronised by the Society of Friends, and several similar
establishments, together with numerous charitable be-
quests for apprenticing poor children, and for distribu-
tion among the infirm and indigent. The general hospital,
a spacious and commodious building, consisting of a
centre and two projecting wings, was erected in 1781, on
the highest part of Standard Hill, on a site given by
the corporation and the Duke of Newcastle it is sup-
ported by funds arising from liberal donations, and by
annual subscription, and is under the direction of a
president and committee, being open to invalids from
any part of the country: near it is a house of recovery
from fever, under the same management. The lunatic
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asylum, a large and well-arranged building, erected in
1812, at an expense of nearly £20,000, in an airy situ-
ation in the parish of Sneinton, about a quarter of a
mile to the north-east of the town, is under the inspec-
tion of the town and county magistrates: it is adapted
to the reception of three classes of patients; namely,
such as are in circumstances to pay a full remuneration,
the poor who are admitted on very moderate terms, and
paupers who are paid for by the county: it comprises
distinct wards and separate airing-grounds for the clas-
sification of patients, according to their rank and degree
of malady, and is partly supported by donations and
subscription.
Some fragments of the town walls are visible on
the side of the hill above Narrow Marsh; and of
the ancient castle, the gateway, repaired some years
since, and some portions of the out-works, are still
remaining a subterraneous passage, called Mortimer's
Hole, is still an object of interest; and there are numerous
caverns and galleries excavated in the rock, which are
of great antiquity, and attract much notice. The man-
sion erected by the Duke of Newcastle, in the seventeenth
century, on the castle hill, a noble edifice in the Grecian
style of architecture, with a handsome façade of the
Corinthian order, in front of which is an equestrian
statue of the founder, has been for many years divided
into separate dwellings. Thurland Hall, formerly called
Clare Hall, an ancient brick mansion faced with stone,
of which the great room is still used as a dining-room
on public occasions, was the temporary residence of
James I., during his frequent visits to Nottingham. In
the northern part of the town was an ancient hospital,
dedicated to St. John the Baptist, founded about the
reign of John, for a master, warden, two chaplains, and
several sick persons, the revenue of which, at the disso-
lution, was £5. 6. 8. In the reign of Henry III., there
was a cell for two monks in the chapel of St. Mary, in the
rock under the castle, in which latter there were also a
house of brethren of the Holy Sepulchre, and a college
of Secular priests. To the west of the town was a
convent of Grey friars, founded by Henry III., in 1250;
and in the parish of St. Nicholas was a convent of
Carmelite friars, founded in 1276, by Reginald, Lord
Grey de Wilton, and Sir John Shirley, Knt. At Bab-
bington colliery, near Nottingham, a saline chalybeate
spring has been recently discovered, the properties of
which, according to an analysis by a medical gentleman
in the town, are such as to render it one of the most
valuable mineral springs in this county. Near the
Forest of Sherwood, on the spot formerly used for the
execution of criminals, á great quantity of human
bones was lately discovered. Among the eminent natives
of this town were, the Rev. Dr Andrew Kippis, a cele-
brated biographer, who was born in 1725; the Rev.
Gilbert Wakefield, distinguished for his acquaintance
with classical literature, born in 1756; and the poet, Henry
Kirke White, who was born in 1785, and died whilst
pursuing his studies at Cambridge, in 1806. Notting-
ham gives the title of earl to the family of Finch-Hatton.
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, an inland county,
bounded on the north by Yorkshire, on the east by
Lincolnshire, on the south by Leicestershire, and on
the west by Derbyshire. It extends from 52° 51′ to
53° 34' (N. Lat.), and from 44' to 1° 23' (W. Lon.);
including an area of eight hundred and thirty-seven
•
square miles, or five hundred and thirty-five thousand
six hundred and eighty statute acres. The population,
in 1821, was 186,873.
in 1821, was 186,873. This county, having formed part
of the territory of the Coritani, was included in the
Roman district called Flavia Cæsariensis. On the esta-
blishment of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, which
took place about the year 560, the greater part of Not-
tinghamshire, viz., that on the north-western bank of
the river Trent, became part of the country of the North
Mercians, the portion on the other side of that river
being in South Mercia. The first memorable event
in the history of the Octarchy, recorded as having oc-
curred within its limits, is the defeat of Ethelfrith,
King of Northumbria, by Redwald, King of East
Anglia, who had espoused the cause of Edwin of
Northumbria, expelled by Ethelfrith; the battle, in
which the latter perished, having been fought on the
eastern bank of the river Idel, or Idle. When Egfrid
of Northumbria invaded Mercia, in 679, the Mercians
met him on the banks of the Trent, and in the first con-
flict his brother Elfuin was slain; but the further
effusion of blood was prevented by the mediation of
Theodore, Archbishop of York. The Danes first visited
this county in 868, when they crossed the Humber into
Mercia, and possessed themselves of Nottingham, where
they wintered, and where they were besieged by Burrhed,
King of Mercia, and Ethelred, King of Wessex, with the
whole force of their dominions, when a treaty was en-
tered into, by virtue of which they evacuated Mercia,
and retired with their plunder to York. The entire
subjection of this shire to the Danish power was in-
volved in the final overthrow of the Anglo-Saxon sove-
reignty of Mercia, which took place in 874. When
Alfred had delivered the Mercian territory from its sub-
jection to the Danes, he did not avowedly incorporate
it with Wessex, but constituted Ethelred its military
commander, to whom he afterwards gave his daughter
Ethelfleda in marriage. In the early part of the follow-
ing century, Nottinghamshire again fell under the
Danish dominion, and so continued until 941, when it
was again rescued by Edward the Elder. At the period
of the Norman Conquest, a great portion of the territo-
rial property of the county was given by the Conqueror
to his illegitimate son, William Peverel, whose principal
fortified residence was the castle of Nottingham. In
almost all the English civil wars of the middle ages, the
central situation of the county, and the circumstance of
its being intersected by the large river Trent, which in
those ages was an important barrier, defended by the
two strong fortresses of Nottingham and Newark, made
it the scene of numerous important military movements,
and consequently of many ravages, which are detailed
in the account of the places in which they respectively
occurred. In 1216, King John died at Newark, after his
disastrous march across the Washes of Lincolnshire; and
in the neighbourhood of the same town, in 1487, Lam-
bert Simnel, the pretended Earl of Warwick, assisted
by John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and Fitzgerald,
Earl of Kildare, with a body of Irish, and two thousand
Germans, was defeated and taken prisoner, with the loss
of four thousand men, including the Earls of Lincoln
and Kildare, and Lord Lovel.
In the course of the parliamentary war, this county
was the scene of several of the most remarkable trans-
actions. It was at Nottingham that the king first
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433
solemnly erected his standard, in August 1642. In 1643,
Newark was successfully defended against the parlia-
mentarians under Lord Willoughby of Parham, and Sir
John Meldrum, whose forces, on the arrival of the
troops under Prince Rupert, sent to raise the siege,
were totally defeated, with the loss of their ordnance
and ammunition. The castle of Nottingham being held
for the parliament, several skirmishes occurred during
the war between the garrison and detachments from
the royalist garrison at Newark. In this county also,
at Southwell, on the 6th of May, 1646, Charles I. sur-
rendered himself to the commissioners from the Scot-
tish army then lying before Newark, the garrison of
which, under Lord Bellasis, surrendered to the Scots,
on the 19th of the same month, by the king's special
command. In the year 1812, the manufacturing
district, of which Nottingham is the centre, was
much agitated by the disturbances among the frame-
work knitters, owing to the very low rate of wages;
and by the operations of the Luddites, as they were
called, being parties of the working manufacturers, who,
with masks on their faces and otherwise disguised,
broke into many houses and workshops in the night,
and destroyed several stocking-frames; and in June
1817, the south-western part of the county was thrown
into some alarm, by the insurrection of a number of
misguided men in the vicinity of South Winfield, in
Derbyshire, on the Nottinghamshire border, who at-
tempted to march upon Nottingham, but were dispersed
by a party of the military within a few miles of that
town, when many of them were taken and committed
to the prisons of Nottingham and Derby; several of
whom being tried by special commission at Derby, in
the following October, for high treason, three of those
who were convicted were executed on the 7th of No-
vember.
The county gaol is at Nottingham, and the county
house of correction, or bridewell, at Southwell. Notting-
hamshire was under the same shrievalty with Derby-
shire, until the 10th year of the reign of Queen Eliza-
beth. There are fifty-eight acting magistrates. The rates
raised in the county for the year ending March 25th,
1827, amounted to £99,085. 18., the expenditure to
£99,685. 9., of which £71,935. 13. was applied to the
relief of the poor.
.
Nottinghamshire is included in the diocese and pro-
vince of York, and forms an archdeaconry, comprising
the deaneries of Bingham, Newark, Nottingham, and
Retford, which contain two hundred and five parishes,
of which seventy-five are rectories, eighty-nine vicar
ages, and the remainder perpetual curacies. Two sy-
nods of the clergy of this county are held annually
at Southwell. For purposes of civil government it is
divided into six wapentakes, or hundreds, viz., Basset-
law, which is subdivided into North Clay, South Clay,
and Hatfield divisions; Bingham (North and South),
Broxtow (North and South), Newark (North and
South), Rushcliffe (North and South), and Thurgarton
(North and South), and the liberty of Southwell and
Scrooby. It contains the borough and market towns of
Nottingham, Newark, and East Retford; and the mar-
ket towns of Bingham, Mansfield, Ollerton, Southwell,
Tuxford, and Worksop. Two knights are returned to
parliament for the shire, two representatives for each
of the boroughs of Nottingham and Newark, and two
by the burgesses of East Retford, conjointly with the
freeholders of the hundred of Bassetlaw: the county
members are elected at Nottingham. This county is
included in the midland circuit; the assizes are held
at Nottingham; the quarter sessions at Nottingham,
on January 11th, April 19th, July 12th, and October
18th; at Newark, on January 15th, April 23d, July
16th, and October 22nd; and at East Retford, on Ja-
nuary 18th, April 26th, July 19th, and October 25th.
VOL. III.
;
The shape of this county is elliptical. Its sur-
face is for the most part uneven, but none of the hills
are of great elevation: those of the sandy district,
which anciently formed a considerable part of the ce-
lebrated Forest of Sherwood, are chiefly long ridges of
gentle acclivity, running from west to east, and form-
ing narrow valleys, through the principal of which run
fine streams of water. The tract formed by these
ridges would, on the whole, be dreary and monotonous,
as the view from one generally extends only to the
summit of the next, were it not that it is adorned by
numerous noblemen's and gentlemen's seats, surrounded
by very extensive parks and plantations, several of
them having magnificent artificial sheets of water: the
view from its southern extremity at Nottingham, over
the vale of the Trent and into Leicestershire, is rich
and extensive. The noble river Trent is bordered, in the
whole of its course through Nottinghamshire, by a fine
rich tract of level land, varying in breadth from about
a mile and a half to upwards of five miles, many parts
of which are bounded by high woody cliffs below
Newark, however, its borders are flatter it is for the
most part enclosed, and the greater proportion, par-
ticularly in the immediate vicinity of the river, is rich
grass land. The part of the county lying south of the
Trent, and forming the three hundreds of Bingham,
Rushcliffe, and Newark, comprises, besides the lower
and more extensive part of the vale of Belvoir, and the
fertile levels in the vicinity of the Soar, at the south-
western extremity of the county, the range of high
bleak country, called the Nottinghamshire Wolds, lying
to the south and south-east of Bunny, and including
the townships of Clipstone, Normanton on the Wolds,
Broughton-Sulney, Plumtree, Stanton on the Wolds,
Widmerpool, Willoughby on the Wolds, and Wysall,
most of which are enclosed. The view from Beacon
Hill, in the hundred and near the town of Newark, is
remarkably extensive. The hundred of Bassetlaw com-
prises the whole northern part of the county, from the
vicinity of Mansfield, and includes the towns of Ollerton
and Tuxford: from Gringley on the Hill, near its north-
eastern extremity, are obtained some remarkably fine and
extensive views, over the broad vale of the Trent, the Isle
of Axholme, and a great extent of the counties of Not-
tingham, Lincoln, and York: the other two hundreds
occupy the space between the southern border of the
last-mentioned and the river Trent, that of Broxtow on
the west, and Thurgarton on the east: they include a
considerable part of those tracts of the forest which
still remain unenclosed, and which are of comparatively
small extent.
The soils may be divided into the three classes of
sand or gravel, clay, and limestone and coal land.
The forest district, the soil of which is for the most
part a deep light sand, extends northward, from Not-
tingham to the northern boundary of the county at
3 K
+
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434
Tickhill, Bawtry, Finningley, and West Stockwith, in
length about thirty miles, and in breadth from seven to
ten, including the towns of Mansfield, Ollerton, Work-
sop, Retford, and Blyth. The tract of level country
on the eastern bank of the Soar, and that on the bor-
ders of the Trent, from its entrance into the county
to the vicinity of Sutton, where the clay soil reaches
down to the river on the western side, have in ge-
neral a mellow vegetable mould, resting on sand or
gravel, which in some places rise to the surface:
nearly similar is also the ground lying between the
wolds and the level of the Soar, on an elevation be-
tween the two, and contained in the townships of
East and West Leake, Cortlingstock, and Remstone;
as well as the strip of higher land on the borders of the
Trent vale, comprising the townships of East Bridgford,
Kneeton, Flintham, and Stoke, both of which have a
good mellow mixed soil of easy tillage. At the north-
eastern extremity of the Trent vale district of light land
just described, is a tongue of land on the eastern bank
of the Trent, projecting into Lincolnshire, of a sandy
soil, which is in general very poor. The clay lands
north of the Trent include the North and South clay
division of the hundred of Bassetlaw, and almost the
whole of the hundred of Thurgarton: they are in
general not of the most tenacious quality, being ren-
dered more friable by the intermixture of a portion
of sand, particularly the red clay, of which there is a
great extent in the country round Tuxford, and in the
hundred of Thurgarton, and the black clay soil com-
monly called a woodland soil." The whole of the
vale of Belvoir, with the exception of those parts in-
cluded in the districts of the lighter soils before de-
scribed, consists of clay, or very strong loam; the
soil of the wolds is a cold clay. The limestone and
coal districts is a narrow tract lying on the western
side of the county, to the west of a line drawn from
the little river at Shireoaks, in the north, nearly south
by west to the river Lene near Wollaton and Rad-
ford, no limestone being found east of the Lene; the
limestone, running from Shireoaks, begins to abut
upon the coal near Teversall, to the west of Mans-
field, and afterwards runs between it and the sand;
the line of coal, which in this county is scarcely more
than a mile broad, commencing a little to the north
of Teversall, runs nearly south by west to Brook-
hill, then south to Eastwood, and thence, in nearly a
south-easterly direction to Bilborough, Wollaton, and
the river Lene: the soil upon the limestone is of a
hungry quality; that upon the coal a cold blue or
yellow clay.
<<
Nearly all the enclosed part of the forest district
which is not occupied by woods, most of the coal and
lime district, and a considerable portion of the other
parts of the county, are under tillage. It has been be-
sides an immemorial custom for the inhabitants of town-
ships to take up "breaks," or temporary enclosures, and
keep them in tillage for five or six years: for this the per-
mission of the lord of the manor is necessary, and two
verderers of the forest must inspect, who report to the
lord chief justice in Eyre that it is not to the prejudice
of the king or subject; they are also to see that the
fences are not such as to exclude the deer: the increased
number of enclosures, and the consequent decrease in
the waste lands, have rendered this custom almost ob-
solete. The crops usually cultivated are, wheat, rye,
barley, oats, beans, and peas. The produce of wheat
varies from two to four quarters per acre. Rye is chiefly
grown in the Trent vale, in the vicinity of Markham,
&c., and on the forest; the produce is generally from
three to four quarters per acre. Barley is very extensively
cultivated, the produce varying from three to six and
sometimes seven quarters per acre. Oats of various
kinds are grown: the produce is generally from four to
seven quarters per acre, but sometimes as much as ten
quarters: the Trent vale produces remarkably fine oats :
there is also cultivated an inferior species of oats, almost
peculiar to this county, called slegs, which will grow on
the forest land, and although seldom brought to market,
they are much esteemed by those who grow them, and
are frequently given as fodder in the straw. The produce
of beans varies from three to five quarters per acre ; that
of peas, from four to six quarters: in the clay district
north of the Trent, crops of peas and beans mixed are
not unfrequent. Buck-wheat is cultivated in small
quantities. Turnips are most cultivated on the sandy
and lighter soils; and on the limestone tract the Swedish
turnip is also frequently grown: rape is sometimes
sown instead of turnips in the clayey districts, as food
for sheep and oxen; and when reserved for seed, it is
generally found to produce four or five quarters per
acre. Winter tares, are common in several parts, as
green food for horses and cattle. Potatoes in small
quantities are grown in every part of the county the
common artificial grasses, red and white clover, tre-
foil, ray-grass, and rib-grass, are cultivated, as is also
lucerne burnet grows naturally and plentifully in the
Trent meadows. Hops form a considerable article in
the produce of the clay districts north of the Trent,
more particularly in the part about Retford, and, in a
minor degree, in the vicinity of Southwell: they are ge-
nerally known by the name of North Clay hops, and are
much stronger than the Kentish, but those who are ac-
customed to the latter object to their flavour as rank;
they are also cultivated to a small extent at Rufford,
Ollerton, and Elksey, situated on the sand; the quan-
tity grown fluctuates, some grounds being laid down and
others taken up every year: the extent of land occu-
pied in this manner is upwards of one thousand acres.
The crops in the best seasons are small compared with
those of the Kentish plantations, and do not in the
very best years average eight hundred-weight per acre.
Woad is cultivated at the northern extremity of the
county, on the light soils in the vicinity of Scrooby,
Ranskill, and Torworth, but the quantity varies greatly,
according to the demand; it is sown with barley and
clover, and is pulled up from among the clover the next
year, when the latter is coming into blossom, and then
tied in bundles and dried about six hundred-weight
per acre is an average crop.
:
:
On the banks of the Trent and the Soar is much ex-
cellent grass land, which is employed more for feeding
than for the dairy, except along the course of the Soar,
and in the vale of the Trent above Nottingham, where
there are large dairies, the chief produce of which is
cheese. The large island formed by the two branches
of the Trent near Newark is remarkably fine feeding
land. In the clay district north of the Trent, most
of the farmers keep cows for the dairy; but it is not
their principal object, except in the vicinity of Fled-
NOT
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435
borough; and thence also along the Trent, as far as
Gainsborough, a good many young cattle are reared,
and in some parts, particularly in the North Clay, many
cattle are fed. In the forest district very little land
remains permanently in grass, except the bottoms near
brooks and rivers, as meadow. A considerable quan-
tity of meadow land has been improved by irrigation
in various parts of the county, the most considerable
tract being in the valley of the Maun, between Mans-
field and Edwinstow, the property of the Duke of
Portland. Lime to a greater or less extent is used as a
manure in every part of Nottinghamshire, and in vari-
qus quarters of it bone-dust, malt-combs, and soot are
commonly used for the same purpose. The cattle on
the borders of the Soar are of the long-horned breed;
almost all the cow-calves are reared, and at three years
old are taken into the dairy, and the old cows fed off.
The cattle reared in the clay district north of the Trent
are of a poor coarse kind commonly called "woodland
beasts:" those reared in the vale of Belvoir are a mix-
ture between the long-horned and the short-horned
breed. The lime and coal district has a mixture of
long-horned and short-horned woodland cattle: few are
reared in either the forest district, or in the Trent vale;
those fed in the latter tract are generally of the short-
horned, Lincolnshire, and the Holderness breeds.
The old forest sheep are a small polled breed (though
some few have horns), with grey faces and legs, and
a fleece of fine wool, the average weight of which is
nearly two pounds; when fat they weigh from seven
to nine pounds per quarter: this breed has of late
years been much improved by crossing with the Lei-
cestershire sheep, and the new sort thus produced are
a round compact kind, carrying a fleece of about four
pounds weight, and weighing generally from seventeen
to twenty-two pounds per quarter. In the Trent vale,
and the vale of Belvoir, the breed has also been much
improved by the introduction of Leicester sheep, and
they are now of a good size, and carry a fleece upwards
of seven pounds' weight. In the clay district north of
the Trent they are of a mixed kind, generally between
the forest and the Lincolnshire pasture sheep, with an
intermixture of the New Leicester breed. In the lime
and coal district also the Leicester sheep now prevail:
of late years many of the South Down breed have
been introduced. The breed of hogs for bacon is the
old lop-eared; that for pork the Chinese, or swing-
tailed; a mixture with the old sort is very prevalent.
In the Trent vale some horses are bred, chiefly tole-
rably good, middle-sized, black cart-horses; in the
clay district north of the Trent, some of the same
kind also are reared, though of a rather inferior sort;
in the lime and coal district, the breed of black horses
is much attended to, and many of them are sold to
the southern dealers, who come down to purchase
them. The rabbit warrens were formerly very numer-
ous and extensive in the forest district, and they are
still very considerable: in the clay district north of
the Trent more pigeons are kept than in any other
district of equal size in the kingdom. In several parts
of the county are considerable market-gardens and
nursery-grounds, particularly in the vicinity of New-
ark;
and in the clay district are many orchards of
apples and pears, among the most considerable of
which are those about the villages of Halam and
·
a very
Edingly, and in the vicinity of Southwell; a
ready sale for this fruit is found at Mansfield market,
whence it is forwarded for the supply of the Peak of
Derbyshire: some of it is also sent to Sheffield. Little
waste land is now left in the county, by far the greater
part of the forest being enclosed: the parts which re-
main are chiefly about the centre of the forest district,
in the space between the towns of Mansfield, South-
well, and Ollerton, and consists in great part of rabbit
warrens. On the tongue of sandy land east of the
Trent, between Newark and Gainsborough, before men-
tioned, are some low, flat, barren commons, almost al-
ways under water in the winter. The Nottinghamshire
Wolds, properly so called, are wastes in the open pa-
rishes, which afford a stinted pasture for young cattle
and horses.
:
The ancient royal Forest of Sherwood extends
from Nottingham to the vicinity of Worksop, in length
about twenty-five miles, and varies in breadth from
seven to upwards of nine miles. Several smaller
tracts of land, particularly in the northern part of the
county, as far as Rossington bridge, have been usually
called forest; but, from the survey made in the year
1609, they appear either not to have belonged to the
forest, or to have been disafforested before that period.
In Sherwood Forest are included several large parks,
which have been taken in at different times, as those
of Welbeck, Clumber, Thoresby, Beskwood, Newstead,
Clipstone, and several villages, or lands, belonging to
them. The whole soil of the forest is understood to
have been granted from the crown to different lords
of manors, reserving only what is called in forest
language the "vert and venison," or trees and deer: the
latter, which were all of the red kind, though formerly
very numerous, are now, in consequence of the ad-
vance of cultivation over their sylvan haunts, entirely
extirpated. The forest is the only one that remains
under the superintendence of the lord chief justice in
Eyre, north of the Trent, or which now belongs to
the crown in that portion of England. The officers are,
the lord-warden, at present the Duke of Newcastle,
who holds his office by letters patent from the crown
during pleasure; the bow-bearer and ranger, who is
appointed by the lord warden, and holds his office also
during pleasure; four verderers, elected by the free-
holders of the county for life, who have each a tree
out of the king's hays of Birkland and Bilhagh, and a
fee of £2. 2. on attending the enclosure of a break ; a
steward; nine keepers, appointed by the verderers
during pleasure, who have so many different walks,
and receive a salary of £1 per annum from the
Duke of Newcastle, paid out of a fee-farm rent from
Nottingham castle; and two sworn woodwards for Sut-
ton and Carlton. Thorneywood Chase comprises a great
part of the southern division of the forest lying on the
eastern side: the Earl of Chesterfield is hereditary
keeper of it, by grant of the 42nd of Queen Elizabeth to
J. Stanhope, Esq.
•
The principal remains of the ancient woods are the
hays of Birkland and Bilhagh, situated to the north of
Ollerton and Edwinstow, which form an open wood
of large old oaks, most of them in decay, and stag-
headed, as it is called; that is, the tops have decayed,
and the highest branches now forming the top, being
sapless, have somewhat the appearance of a stag's
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436
S
horns: this wood is about three miles in length, and
one and a half in breadth, occupying an extent of about
one thousand four hundred acres, and is without un-
derwood, except some birch in one part, which has
given name to one of its divisions. From a survey
made in the year 1790, it appears that there were then,
in both, ten thousand one hundred and seventeen trees,
valued at £17,147. 15. 4. during the late war with
France, however, nearly all the valuable timber was
felled for the use of the royal navy: a part of this
tract has been taken by grant into Thoresby park.
Harlow wood, Thieves' wood, and the scattered remains
of Mansfield woods, are of small extent, containing tim-
ber of an inferior size: in Clumber park are also some
remains of ancient woods. The effects of a disposition
for planting which has prevailed among the noble-
men and gentlemen of this county since the middle of
the last century, are amazing, the Duke of Newcastle,
in Clumber park alone, having one thousand eight hun-
dred and forty-eight acres of plantation. Extensive
tracts of plantations, consisting chiefly of firs of various
kinds, occupy many miles of country to the south and
south-east of Mansfield; and there is an immense ex-
tent of the same kind of woods in a similar direction
from Worksop, chiefly on the large estates of the Duke
of Norfolk, the Duke of Portland, the Duke of New-
castle, and Earl Manvers. There are besides numerous
large plantations still further north in the county,
and some close upon its western border. In the clay
districts, north of the Trent, are considerable tracts of
wood, which are chiefly sprung, their principal value, in
common with that of all other spring woods in the
county, arising from the ash hop-poles and the stakes
and bindings, &c. for the farmers' use, which they pro-
duce in the limestone and coal district are also con-
siderable woods, and in the sandy tongue of land east
of the Trent, are extensive plantations: but in the rest
of the county they are comparatively few, and of small
extent. Besides the various kinds of fir, including
Weymouth pine, the woods contain much fine oak, ash,
beech, chesnut, and elm, besides inferior kinds of tim-
ber: numerous plantations of willow, sallow, and owler,
are made in the low bottoms. The fuel almost univer-
sally used is coal, much of which is raised in the lime
and coal district, and a great deal brought from Der-
byshire, by the Erwash, Cromford, and Chesterfield
canals.
GRA
At Maplebeck is a blueish stone used for building, which,
with continued exposure to the air, bleaches to nearly
a clear white. At Beacon Hill, near Newark, is obtained
a blue stone for hearths, approaching to a marble in
texture, and which also burns to lime. At Linby, a few
miles to the south-west of Mansfield, a coarse paving
stone is raised, much used at Nottingham.
The chief minerals are coal, gypsum, and stone of
various kinds. Coal is got in the line before described,
on the western border of the county, whence it is con-
veyed by the Erwash and Nottingham canals, or dis-
tributed over the country by land-carriage. Gypsum of
an excellent quality is dug on Beacon Hill, near Newark,
and is much used for plastering floors: a considerable
quantity is also sent in lumps to the colourmen of Lon-
don; and some of the white kind, ground and packed
in hogsheads, is likewise sent to the metropolis. At Red
Hill, at the junction of the Trent and the Soar, is a
quarry of the same mineral: it is also found at Great
Markham, the Wheatleys, and many other places in the
red clay districts. Lime is burned at various places in the
limestone tract, as also on Beacon Hill, near Newark,
from a blue stone. At Mansfield a very good yellowish
freestone is quarried, for the purpose of building, paving,
&c., and a coarser red kind for cisterns and troughs.
The manufacture of stockings from cotton and silk
is that most anciently established in the county, and is
carried on to a great extent, affording employment to a
large number of persons at Nottingham, and the villages
for some miles round it, as also in Mansfield and its
neighbourhood. The very high state of improvement to
which the machinery for manufacturing British lace
was here brought, about twelve years ago, and the great
demand for the superior article thus produced, have
rendered the manufacture of "bobbin net," and the
embroidering of machine lace, a source of employment
to a great portion of the inhabitants of the same district,
the dense population of which it has also materially
contributed to collect. The cotton-mills and silk-mills
for the supply of these manufactures are very numerous.
The bleaching trade in the vicinity of Nottingham ist
very extensive; there are several large starch-mills and
some paper-mills in different parts of the county. The
malting business is carried on to a great extent, parti-
cularly at Nottingham, Newark, Mansfield, Worksop,
and Retford a great deal of malt is sent up the Trent
and the canals into Derbyshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire.
At Newark are large breweries, which rival those of
Burton in their trade to the Baltic and other quarters :
Nottingham also has extensive breweries. The exports
are chiefly lace and stockings, much of which is sent
to London by the stage coaches and light vans, coal,
oak timber and bark, and malt and hops; the principal
imports are coal, in the northern part of the county,
from Derbyshire, foreign timber, and iron.
:
The principal river, the Trent, ranks the first in
England after the Thames and the Severn; after form-
ing, for about two miles, the boundary between Der-
byshire and this county, it enters it near Thrumpton,
and runs in a north-easterly direction, by the Trent
bridge, south of Nottingham, to the vicinity of Newark,
where it forms a large island; a small branch of it pass-
ing by that town, while the main stream flows two miles
to the northward of it, and then almost immediately
assumes a direction nearly north, which it continues
throughout the rest of its course, beginning, a little
above Dunholm ferry, to form the eastern boundary of
the county, which it separates from Lincolnshire, and
so continuing until just below Stockwith, where it wholly
quits Nottinghamshire, and enters Lincolnshire. The
tide in this river, which flows for a distance of some
miles above Gainsborough, more particularly at spring
tides, rushes up with great violence, bearing a breast of
water several feet in perpendicular height, provincially
called the agar, supposed to be a corrupt pronunciation
of the word cager. The Trent is navigable for mer-
chant ships of considerable burden up to Gainsborough,
and for barges during the rest of its course in this
county to facilitate this navigation, there is a side-cut
of ten miles in length, in order to avoid the numerous
shallows which occur in about thirteen miles of its
course, between the Trent bridge, at the commencement
of the Nottingham canal, and Sawley ferry in Derby-
:
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NOT
437
1
:
shire, at the commencement of the Trent and Mersey
canal this side-cut, sometimes called the Trent canal,
has a rise of twenty-eight feet, and not only crosses
and communicates with the Erwash canal near Sawley,
but has also a short cut and lock into the Trent at
Beeston. The Soar forms the south-western boundary
of the county, which it separates from Leicestershire
for the distance of between seven and eight miles, above
its junction with the Trent near Thrumpton; this river
is navigable for the Trent barges. The Erwash forms the
boundary between this county and that of Derby, for
the distance of ten or twelve miles, down to its junc-
tion with the Trent, a little below Thrumpton. No less
than five fine streams cross the sandy forest district,
from west to east: the junction of two of these, the
Maun from Mansfield, and 'the Meaden, forms the river
Idle, which, receiving the other streams at irregular
distances, flows northward by Retford and Bawtry, and
thence eastward to the Trent at Stockwith, having
below Bawtry formed the northern boundary of the
county for a few miles. From Bawtry to the Trent it
has been rendered navigable, and has gates at its
mouth sixteen feet high, for the purpose of preventing
the tide from overflowing the low lands which border
the latter part of its course: this channel in one part
has the name of Bycar Dyke, and about half a mile from
Stockwith assumes that of Misterton Sluice. Numerous
smaller streams pursue a more direct course from the
higher parts of the county to the Trent; the principal
being the Lene, which falls into it at Nottingham; the
Dover or Darebeck, which joins it near Caythorpe;
the Greet, from Southwell; and the Smite and Devon,
united, from the vale of Belvoir, which have their con-
fluence with it at Newark.
·
border of the county, and proceeds to Worksop, at
a little distance below which it crosses the small
river Ryton, by an aqueduct, and continues its course
in an irregular easterly direction to Retford: here,
having crossed the Idle, it takes a northerly direction
to Drakelow, where it passes through a tunnel of two
hundred and fifty yards in length, and then runs, in a
north-easterly direction, near Gringley on the Hill,
across Misson Car to Misterton, and across Walkering-
ham moor to West Stockwith, terminating in a large
basin which communicates with the Trent: the whole
line of this canal is about forty miles in length, and
from the summit level, at Norwood in Derbyshire, it
has a fall to the Trent of three hundred and thirty-five
feet. [For an account of the Pinxton railway, see the
article on MANSFIELD.]
:
The commerce of this county is materially faci-
litated by its great extent of canal navigation. The
Nottingham canal, commencing in the Trent near that
town, passes along the southern side of it, and then
proceeds in a devious north-westerly course of about
fifteen miles to its termination in the Cromford canal,
near Langley bridge, and not far from the termination
of the Erwash canal, the rise being comparatively
small: the Trent canal, before mentioned, forms a
junction with this a little to the westward of Notting-
ham the Nottingham canal was completed in 1802:
the articles brought down it are chiefly coal from the
Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire pits, and lime from
Crich, in the former county; those conveyed up it are
for the most part corn and malt, for the supply of the
populous district in the central parts of Derbyshire. A
small part of the course of the Erwash canal is within
the county of Nottingham. The Grantham canal com-
The Grantham canal com-
mences from the Trent near Holme-Pierrepoint, and
takes a course nearly east towards the head of the vale
of Belvoir, where it enters the north-eastern extremity
of Leicestershire: it has a branch of upwards of three
miles in length to the town of Bingham; in the ascent
from the Trent to the Wolds, this canal has a rise of
eighty-two feet in a space of only six miles and a half.
The proprietors of the Trent river navigation, having
been at considerable expense in deepening the river
near the entrance of this canal, are entitled to certain
toll on all goods passing along that river, from this to
the Nottingham canal. The Chesterfield canal enters
Nottinghamshire near Shire-Oaks, on the north-western
The great north road from London to Edinburgh
enters Nottinghamshire about three miles to the south
of Newark, passing through which town it crosses
the Trent, and continues by Tuxford and Retford,
quitting the county as it enters Bawtry in York-
shire: The great road from London to Sheffield and
Leeds enters it from Leicestershire immediately to the
south of Rempstone, and passing through Nottingham
and Mansfield, quits it for Derbyshire at Pleaseley, about
three miles beyond the latter town. The Leeds mail road
enters from Leicestershire between Nether Broughton
and Over Broughton, whence it crosses the Nottingham-
shire Wolds, and falls into the last-mentioned road at
the southern extremity of the Trent bridge, near Not-
tingham. An excellent turnpike-road branches from
the great Leeds road at Mansfield, and passing through
Worksop quits the county for Yorkshire at South Carl-
ton, in its way to Doncaster, where it falls into the
great north road. A branch of the great north road
also diverges from it at Newark, and passing through
Ollerton, falls into the last-mentioned road at Worksop.
are
Nottinghamshire possesses comparatively few monu-
ments of remote antiquity: the most remarkable British
remains are the caves in the sand-rock near Notting-
ham. At Barton, four miles to the south-west of
Nottingham, is Brent's Hill, considered by Aubrey to
have been a fortified place of the Britons; and at Ox-
ton are three large tumuli, supposed by Major Rooke
to be of equal antiquity: brass celts have also been
found, particularly between Hexgrove and the little
stream called Rainworth-water. Of Roman antiquities,
the camp on Holly-hill, near Arnold, is considered by
Dr. Gale to have been the important Roman station
Causennis; and about two miles from Mansfield
still the remains of a Roman villa, while in various other
parts of the county have been found spears, fibulæ, and
brass keys, of Roman workmanship. The principal re-
mains of Roman roads are those of the Fosse-way, which,
coming from Leicestershire, enters this county near Wil-
loughby on the Wolds, proceeds to Newark, and crossing
the line of the Ermin-street, enters Lincolnshire. This
may be traced for many miles across the Wolds, being
literally a fosse, dug to a great depth, so as to form a spa-
cious covered way. Another ancient road, formerly called
"the Street," commences at Newark and proceeds through
part of Southwell to Mansfield: it is still discernible
between the two former towns. The most various
and interesting examples of ancient ecclesiastical ar-
chitecture are conspicuous in the collegiate church of
}
NUN
NUN
438
Southwell; fine specimens may also be seen in the
churches of Worksop, Newark, and Nottingham: in
those of Southwell and Worksop in particular, the
Anglo-Saxon, or early Norman style, is strikingly ex-
hibited. The religious houses, including colleges and
hospitals, were about thirty-nine: the chief remains of
monastic buildings are those of the abbeys of Newstead
and Worksop, and of the college of Southwell. There
are considerable remains of the once important castle
of Newark, and some interesting relics of that of Notting-
ham. Bunny Park, the seat of Viscount Rancliffe, and
Thurland Hall, in Nottingham, are among the most
curious specimens of ancient mansion houses. Among
the most distinguished of the numerous modern seats
which adorn the county, more especially the northern part
of its once dreary forest district, may be enumerated
Worksop manor, the property of the Duke of Norfolk,
and the residence of the Earl of Surrey; Welbeck abbey,
the property and residence of the Duke of Portland;
Clumber Park, that of the Duke of Newcastle; Thoresby
Park, that of Earl Manvers; Wollaton Hall, that of Lord
Middleton; and Newstead Abbey, recently that of the
late Lord Byron, but now of Lieut. Col. Wildman. The
ordinary houses, except on the borders of Derbyshire,
where stone is more plentiful, are generally of brick and
tiled, though sometimes thatched some of the poor cot-
tages and barns in the clay country are of lath and
plaster, but all new buildings are there of brick and tiled:
in the southern part of the county, many of the better
class of houses are slated. The traditions respecting
Robin Hood and the Sherwood outlaws of the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries, which, in the form of popular
ballads, were current for ages among the lower orders,
seem to have fallen into oblivion in the latter part
of the last century, and are now scarcely preserved,
except in the libraries of the curious.
:
NOTTON, a township in the parish of ROYSTON,
wapentake of STAINCROSS, West riding of the county
of YORK, 5 miles (N.) from Barnesley, containing 329
inhabitants.
NUFFIELD, a parish in the hundred of EWELME,
county of OXFORD, 4 miles (E. by S.) from Walling-
ford, containing 198 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford,
rated in the king's books at £7. 16. 10., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. B. R. Fisher, and the Rev. W. Hop-
kins. The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. A
house of friars, of the order of the Holy Trinity, ex-
isted here before the 33rd of Edward III.
-
NUN-BURNHOLME, a parish comprising the
township of Thorpe in the Street in the Holme-Beacon,
and the township of Nun-Burnholme in the Wilton-
Beacon, division of the wapentake of HARTHILL, East
riding of the county of YORK, and containing 240 inha-
bitants, of which number, 203 are in the township of
Nun-Burnholme, 3½ miles (E. by S.) from Pockling-
ton. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
the East riding, and diocese of York, rated in the
king's books at £6. 12. 6., and in the patronage of the
Archbishop of York. The church is dedicated to St.
James. Here was a small Benedictine nunnery, founded
by an ancestor of Roger de Morley, Lord of Morpeth,
who lived in the time of Henry III.; wherein a short
time previous to the dissolution were eight religious, it
had a revenue of £ 10. 3. 3.
NUNEATON, a market town and parish, in the
Atherstone division of the hundred of HEMLINGford,
county of WARWICK, 18 miles (N. N. E.) from Warwick,
and 100 (N. W. by W.) from London, containing, with
the hamlets of Attleborough and Stockingford, 6610 in-
habitants.
habitants. The name of this place is derived from the
river in its neighbourhood, Ea in Saxon signifying
water, and from a priory established here, in the reign
of Stephen, by Robert, Earl of Leicester, for nuns of the
order of Fontevrault, in whose convents abroad there were
sometimes nuns and monks in one establishment, but here
there were only a prior, a prioress, and nuns, the prioress
having supreme authority. In the reign of Henry III., a
weekly market was granted to the prioress, and at the
dissolution the revenue of the nunnery was £290. 15.04.
The town is pleasantly situated on the river Anka, over
which are two bridges, and consists principally of one
long street, from which a cross street leads to the mar-
ket-place; the houses are in general of mean appearance,
though interspersed with some handsome modern build-
ings: it is neither paved nor lighted, but is well supplied
with water. The principal source of occupation is ri-
band weaving for the London market, in which branch
of manufacture French looms and machinery have been
recently introduced, especially in the figured gauze ri-
band. The Birmingham and Coventry canal passes by
the north-west extremity of the town, and about two
miles distant are coal mines: fine clay for pottery, and
also manganese, are dug here, and there are quarries of
freestone in the parish. The market is on Saturday; and
fairs are held on May 14th, 15th, and 16th, for cattle
and hardware; on February 18th and October 31st, for
horses and cattle; and a statute fair is held fourteen
days before Michaelmas. Three constables are annually
elected, and sworn in at the court leet for the town
and hamlets; there is also a permanent constable: the
town-hall is a neat modern edifice of brick, containing
in the upper story several apartments, of which one is
used as a subscription news-room, and two others for a
Sunday school.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Coventry and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated
in the king's books at £24. 14. 7., and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church, dedicated to St. Nicholas,
is a fine structure, exhibiting portions in the various
styles of English architecture, with a square embattled
tower having pinnacles at the angles: the interior con-
sists of a nave, chancel, and aisles separated by clus-
tered columns and pointed arches; the roof is of oak,
divided into panels, and richly ornamented with ribs and
foliage. A proprietary chapel has been recently erected,
and elegantly fitted up in the cathedral style, but it is not
yet used. There are places of worship for Independents
and Wesleyan Methodists. The free grammar school
was founded in the 6th of Edward VI., and endowed
with one hundred and three acres of land at Coventry :
the management is vested in twelve trustees, who ap-
point the masters; the classical master has a salary of
£50 per annum, with a house and garden; and the under
master, who teaches reading, writing, and arithmetic,
£45 per annum. An English free schoool, for forty boys
and thirty girls, under the management of seven trustees,
was founded in 1712, by the will of Mr. Richard Smith,
of St. Ann's, Westminster, and endowed with ninety-
four acres of land at Hartshill: the salary of the mas-
NUN
NUR
439
ter is £15 per annum, and that of the mistress £7
per annum, with houses and gardens: a great augment-
ation of the endowment having taken place, from the
discovery of mines and manganese on the estate, an ad-
ditional annual gratuity of £ 10 is given to the master,
and one of £ 8 to the mistress. In the churchyard is an
almshouse for four aged persons, who receive each
a small annual stipend: there is likewise a fund aris-
ing from land, for putting out poor apprentices. The
site and ground-plan of the ancient monastery, with
fragments of columns, and richly-moulded arches, to-
gether with a considerable portion of the walls of the
main building, are yet visible; the outer walls, which
enclosed a spacious quadrangular area, are still stand-
ing on the east and north sides; a considerable portion
of the materials was used in repairing or rebuilding the
church.
NUNEHAM-COURTNEY, a parish in the hundred
of BULLINGTON, county of OXFORD, 64 miles (S. S. E.)
from Oxford, containing 312 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford,
rated in the king's books at £15. 6. 01., and in the
patronage of the Archbishop of York. The church, de-
dicated to All Saints, is an elegant building of the Ionic
order, erected in 1764, at the expense of Simon, Earl of
Harcourt. The parish is bounded on the west by the
river Isis. Nuneham gives the inferior title of viscount
to the Earl of Harcourt, who has a splendid mansion
and park here.
NUNKEELING, a parish in the northern division
of the wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the
county of YORK, 103 miles (N. E.) from Beverley, con-
taining, with the hamlet of Bewholme, 243 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
the East riding, and diocese of York, endowed with
£600 royal bounty, and £ 200 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of R. R. Dixon and H. Hudson, Esqrs.
A priory of Benedictine nuns, in honour of St. Mary
Magdalene and St. Helen, was founded here in the reign
of Stephen, by Agnes de Archis, the revenue of which,
at the dissolution, was £50. 17. 2.
NUNNEY, a parish in the hundred of FROME,
county of
SOMERSET, 23 miles (S. W. by W.) from
Frome, containing, with the hamlet of Trudox-hill,
1120 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells,
rated in the king's books at £ 15. 9. 4., and in the pa-
tronage of C. Theobald, Esq. The church, dedicated to
St. Peter, is a handsome structure, and has lately re-
ceived an addition of four hundred sittings, of which
three hundred and fifty are free, the Incorporated Soci-
ety for the enlargement of churches and chapels having
granted £ 250 towards defraying the expense. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The Rev.
Samuel Whitchurch, in 1797, left an annuity of £2. 10.
in support of a Sunday school for both sexes. On the
banks of the Frome is a small manufactory for agricul-
tural implements. Here are the remains of a castle,
erected by the family of De la Mere, and subsequently
garrisoned for Charles I., during which it was besieged
and taken, after a stout resistance, by the parliamentary
forces, in September 1643. Near the site is an old de-
cayed mansion, now occupied as a farm-house; and on
a steep hill in the neigbourhood are vestiges of a single
intrenched Roman camp.
NUNNIKIRK, a township in the parish of NETHER-
WITTON, Western division of MORPETH ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 92 miles (W. N. W.) from Morpeth,
containing 13 inhabitants.
NUNNINGTON, a parish in the wapentake of RYE-
DALE, Northriding of the county of YORK, 4½ miles
(S. E. by E.) from Helmsley, containing 418 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Cleveland, and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £13. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dedicated to All Saints. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
NUNRIDGE, a township in that part of the parish
of MITFORD which is in the western division of MOR-
PETH ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 42 miles
(W. by N.) from Morpeth, containing 39 inhabitants.
3
NUNTHORPE, a chapelry in the parish of AYTON,
western division of the liberty of Langbaurgh, North
riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles (N. N. E.) from
Stokesley, containing 110 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Cleveland, and
diocese of York, endowed with £1000 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of T. Simpson and T. Masterman,
Esqrs. The chapel, dedicated to St. Mary, is much di-
lapidated. This place, anciently called Thorpe, received
its distinguishing appellation about 1162, from a Cis-
tercian nunnery, then removed hither from Hutton.
NUNTON, a chapelry in the parish and hundred of
DOWNTON, County of WILTS, 3 miles (S. S. E.) from Sa-
lisbury. The population is returned with Bodenham.
NUNWICK, a joint township with Howgrave, in
that part of the parish of RIPON which is in the liberty
of RIPON, West riding of the county of YORK, 2 miles
(N. N. E.) from Ripon, containing, with Howgrave, 28
inhabitants. Here were formerly five stones, each eight
feet high, and twenty in girt, enclosing a circular area.
NURSLING, otherwise NUTSHALLING, a parish
in the hundred of BUDDLESGATE, Fawley division of the
county of SOUTHAMPTON, 3 miles (S.) from Romsey,
containing 637 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester, rated in
the king's books at £13. 11. 10., and in the patronage
of the Bishop of Winchester. The church has a tower
surmounted by a wooden spire. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The Andover canal
runs through the parish. A Sunday school is partly
supported with £1. 10. per annum, the bequest of the
Rev. Robert Cramer. Nursling is within the jurisdic-
tion of the Cheyney Court held at Winchester every
Thursday, for the recovery of debts to any amount.
Grove House, formerly a hunting-seat which belonged
to Queen Elizabeth, has been converted into a private
asylum for lunatics.
NURSTED, a parish in the hundred of ToLting-
TROUGH, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 41
miles (s. by W.) from Gravesend, containing 33 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Rochester, rated in the king's
books at £4. 15., endowed with £200 private benefac-
tion, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
H. Edmeads, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Mil-
dred, is a small decayed building with a square western
tower.
NURSTED, a tything in the parish of BURITON,
hundred of FINCH-DEAN, Alton (South) division of the
1
NYL
440
OAD
county of SOUTHAMPTON, 1½ mile (S.) from Petersfield.
The population is returned with the parish.
NUTFIELD, a parish in the second division of the
hundred of REIGATE, county of SURREY, 1 mile (W.)
from Bletchingley, containing 707 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and
diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£14. 14. 7., and in the patronage of the Principal and
Fellows of Jesus College, Oxford. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Peter and St. Paul, is partly in the early,
and partly in the later, style of English architecture.
Fullers' earth is found here in great quantities and of
superior quality. In 1755, an earthen vessel was dis-
covered, containing nine hundred coins of the Lower
Empire.
NUTHALL, a parish in the southern division of the
wapentake of BROXTOW, County of NOTTINGHAM, 4
miles (N. W.) from Nottingham, containing, with the
chapelry of Awsworth, 465 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Notting-
ham, and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
at £3. 14. 91., and in the patronage of Robert Holden,
Esq., whose elegant mansion, Nuthall-Temple, occupy-
ing a commanding site near the village, is built in
imitation of the Villa Capra, at Vicenza in Italy, one
of the most celebrated works of Palladio. The church
is dedicated to St. Patrick. Richard Smedley, in 1744,
Richard Smedley, in 1744,
gave certain land, directing the income to be applied in
teaching twenty children.
NUTHAMPSTEAD, a hamlet in the parish of
BARKWAY, hundred of EDWINSTREE, county of HERT-
FORD, 2 miles (E. by S.) from Barkway, containing
222 inhabitants. Here was formerly a chapel, which
has been long since demolished.
NUTHILL, formerly a parish in the southern divi-
sion of the wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of
the county of YORK, 8 miles (E. by N.) from Kingston
upon Hull. The living is rated in the king's books at
£2, as a rectory, in the archdeaconry of the East riding,
and diocese of York: but the church is in ruins, and
there is now only one farm-house, which is assessed
with the parish of Burstwick.
NUTHURST, a parish in the hundred of SINGLE-
Cross, rape of Bramber, county of SUSSEX, 33 miles
(S. S. E.) from Horsham, containing 628 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Chichester, rated in the king's books at £ 10, and in
the patronage of the Bishop of Chichester. The church,
dedicated to St. Andrew, is in the decorated style of
architecture.
NUTHURST, a hamlet in the parish of HAMPTON
in ARDEN, Solihull division of the hundred of HEM-
LINGFORD, County of WARWICK, containing 76 inhabit-
The chapel is demolished.
ants.
NUTLEY, a parish in the hundred of Bermond-
SPIT, Basingstoke division of the county of SOUTHAMP-
TON, 5 miles (S. S. W.) from Basingstoke, containing 130
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed
to the vicarage of Preston-Candover, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Winchester.
NYLAND, formerly a parish in the hundred of
GLASTON-TWELVE-HIDES, County of SOMERSET, 6
miles (N. W. by W.) from Wells, containing, with the
tything of Batcombe, 38 inhabitants. Here was an-
ciently a church, dedicated to St. Andrew, which, in
670, was given by Kenewalch, King of the West Saxons,
to the abbot of Glastonbury, to which parish Nyland is
now considered to belong.
NYMETT (BROAD), a parish in the hundred of
NORTH TAWTON with WINKLEY, county of DEVON, 11
mile (W. S. W.) from Bow. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £2. 4. 2., and in the pa-
tronage of Sir T. B. Lethbridge, Bart. This parish is
very small, containing only fifty acres.
3
NYMETT-ROWLAND, a parish in the hundred of
NORTH TAWTON with WINKLEY, County of DEVON, 42
miles (S.S. E.) from Chulmleigh, containing 102 inhabit-
ants.
ants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £6. 1. 3., endowed with £400
private benefaction, £ 400 royal bounty, and £300 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Rev.
H. Radford. The church is dedicated to St. Bartho-
lomew.
NYMPSFIELD, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of BERKELEY, county of GLOUCESTER, 54
miles (E. by N.) from Dursley, containing 462 inhabit-
The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's
books at £11. 5. 04., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dedicated to St. Margaret.
ants.
NYMPTON (BISHOP'S), a parish in the hundred
of WITHERIDGE, county of DEVON, 3 miles (E. S. E.)
from South Molton, containing 1096 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £20. 7. 3½., and
in the patronage of the Bishop of Exeter. The church
contains some elegant screen-work, and a rich monu.
ment to one of the Pollard family. Cattle fairs are held
here on April 14th and October 20th.
NYMPTON (ST. GEORGE), a parish in the hundred
of SOUTH MOLTON, county of DEVON, 2½ miles (S.S.W.)
from South Molton, containing 259 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£9. 19. 2., and in the patronage of Sir T. D. Acland,
Bart.
NYMPTON (KING'S), a parish in the hundred of
WITHERIDGE, county of DEVON, 34 miles (N.) from
Chulmleigh, containing 623 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and dio-
cese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £28. 6. 8.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. J. Southcombe. The
church, dedicated to St. James, has a handsome wooden
screen. A considerable number of poor children are sup-
Buller, Esq.,
ported and educated at the expense of
of Nympton park.
0.
OADBY, a parish in the hundred of GUTHLAXTON,
county of LEICESTER, 3 miles (S. E.) from Leicester,
containing 856 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £8, endowed
with £240 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of Miss Wright. The church,
dedicated to St. Peter, contains some fine specimens of
OAK
OAK
441
ancient sculpture. There is a place of worship for
Baptists.
OAKE, a parish in the hundred of TAUNTON and
TAUNTON-DEAN, county of SOMERSET, 52 miles (w.)
from Taunton, containing 189 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and dio-
cese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at
£11. 0. 5., and in the patronage of the Rev. Bowse
Ford. The church is dedicated to St. Bartholomew.
Six poor children are educated for a trifling rent-charge,
the gift of the Rev. Francis Prowde.
OAKEN, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
TETTENHALL which is in the northern division of the
hundred of SEISDON, county of STAFFORD, 43 miles
(N. W. by W.) from Wolverhampton, containing 244
inhabitants. It is within the jurisdiction of the royal
peculiar court of Tettenhall.
OAKENGALE, a hamlet in the parish of SHIFF-
NALL, Shiffnall division of the hundred of BRIMSTREE,
county of SALOP. The population is returned with the
chapelry of Priors-Lee.
OAKENSHAW, a hamlet in the parish of BIR-
STALL, wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county
of YORK, 33 miles (S. by E.) from Bradford. The po-
pulation is returned with Clackheaton. The printing
of muslins and calicoes is carried on here to a great
cxtent.
OAKFORD, a parish in the hundred of WITHE-
RIDGE, county of DEVON, 34 miles (W. by S.) from
Bampton, containing 474 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and dio-
cese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £24. The
Bishop of Exeter, by lapse, presented in 1813. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter. Gertrude Pyncombe,
in 1730, left an annuity of £5 for teaching poor chil-
dren of the parish.
OAKHAM, or OAKHAM-LORDSHOLD, a parish
and market town, in the soke of OAKHAM, county
of RUTLAND, of which it is the chief town, 95 miles
(N. N. W.) from London, containing, with Oakham-
Deanshold, which includes the chapelry of Barley-
thorpe, 2160 inhabitants. This place is situated in
the luxuriant vale of Catmose, so called from the woods
with which it abounded (Coet-maes signifying, in the
British language, a woody plain), and is supposed to
have derived its name from the oaks which formerly
grew in the vicinity. A castle, of which there are still
some remains, was erected here soon after the Norman
Conquest, by Walkelin de Ferrars, in relation to which
a singular custom still prevails; but whether originating
with the family of Ferrars, whose arms are three horse-
shoes, or of later origin, has not been distinctly as
certained. Every peer of the realm, on first passing
through the town, is compelled to give a shoe from the
foot of one of his horses, which, upon his refusal, the
bailiff of the lordship may take by force, or, in com-
mutation, a sum of money for the purchase of a horse-
shoe, to be nailed upon the castle gate, or placed in
some part of the building. Among many of different
sizes, in proportion to the sum paid for the purchase,
and of which some are gilt and stamped with the
donor's name, with which various parts of the castle
are decorated, are those of Queen Elizabeth, the late
Duke of York, and the late king, George IV., when
Prince Regent. Richard II. having advanced Edward,
VOL. III.
son of the Duke of York, to the earldom of Rutland,
assigned to him the castle, which, in the reign of
Henry VIII., was the baronial seat of Thomas, Lord
Cromwell. Of the ancient building the hall only is
remaining, in which the assizes are held, and the public
business of the town and county is transacted; the
other parts are in ruins.
other parts are in ruins. The houses are neatly built,
and the inhabitants are amply supplied with water.
The town formerly enjoyed the staple of wool, and many
French merchants settled in it, of whose descendants
several may still be traced among the present inha-
bitants. A silk-manufactory was established here about
three years since, chiefly for weaving silk shag for
covering hats; but the town is not at present distin-
guished for trade, though it possesses the advantage of a
canal to Melton-Mowbray in Leicestershire, by which coal
is brought from Derbyshire, and corn sent to Manches-
ter and Liverpool. The market, which is well supplied
with corn, is on Saturday: the fairs are on March 15th,
May 6th, September 9th, under the original charters,
and on February 4th, April 9th, June 2nd, July 16th,
August 13th, October 15th, November 19th, and Decem-
ber 15th, which have been established within the last
thirty years, and are principally for the sale of cattle.
The town is within the jurisdiction of the county magis-
trates; and courts leet are held annually by the lord of
the manor of Lordshold, and triennially by the Dean of
Westminster, who is lord of the manor of Deanshold, for
the election of parochial and other officers. The assizes
and quarters sessions for the county, and the election of
knights of the shire, take place in this town. The
common gaol and house of correction for the county is
a commodious edifice, containing seven wards, seven
work-rooms, and the same number of day-rooms and
airing-yards, for the classification of prisoners.
The living is a vicarage, with the perpetual curacies
of Brooke and Langham annexed, in the archdeaconry of
Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in
the king's books at £28. 3. 1½., and in the patron -
age of George Finch, Esq.
age of George Finch, Esq. The church, dedicated
to All Saints, is a spacious structure, chiefly in the
later style of English architecture, with a fine tower,
surmounted by a lofty spire. There are places of wor-
ship for Baptists, the Society of Friends, Independents,
and Wesleyan Methodists. The free grammar school
was founded, about 1584, by the Rev. Robert Johnson,
Archdeacon of Leicester, who also founded a similar
school at Uppingham; these schools, to each of which
an hospital for the relief and support of poor per-
sons is annexed, were incorporated by Queen Elizabeth,
who endowed them with certain alienated ecclesiastical
property, producing an income of more than £3000 per
annum, and placed them under the control of twenty-
four governors, including the Bishops of London and
Peterborough, the Deans of Westminster and Peterbo-
rough, the Archdeacon of Northampton, and the
Masters of Trinity and St. John's Colleges, in Cam-
bridge: these schools, the masters of which receive a
salary of £150, and the ushers one of £120 each, are
open gratuitously to all boys of the towns of Oakham
and Uppingham, whose parents cannot afford to pay,
and, upon moderate terms regulated by the governors, to
others of those towns. There are belonging to them
twenty exhibitions, of £40 per annum each, tenable for
seven years, to any of the colleges of Oxford or Cam-
+ † ·
3 L
!
OAK
OAK
442
bridge; four scholarships of £24 per annum each, in
Emanuel College; four of £20 per annum each, in
Sidney Sussex College; four of £13 per annum each,
in Clare Hall; and four in St. John's College, Cambridge,
founded by Archdeacon Johnson, in the gift of the master
and senior fellows, with preference to boys from Oakham
and Uppingham schools; and two exhibitions, of £40 per
annum each, founded by W. Lovett, for the sons of gra-
duated clergymen, who have been for three years in the
schools of Oakham or Grantham. In the hospitals an-
nexed to them were originally twenty-eight aged men, the
number of whom has been augmented to one hundred,
who receive each £10 per annum at their own dwellings,
the buildings of the hospitals being occupied by the
schoolmasters for the accommodation of boarders. The
hospital of St. John and St. Anne, originally founded
about the 22nd of Richard II., by Walter Dalby, for
two chaplains and twelve aged men, and of which at the
dissolution the revenue was £ 12. 12. 11., was refounded
in the reign of Elizabeth, by Archdeacon Johnson, who
enlarged the endowment: there are at present twenty
aged men on this foundation, who receive each £6 per
annum at their own dwellings, the buildings of the
hospital, with the exception of a house for the warden,
who has a salary of £15 per annum, and in which the
sub-warden, whose salary is £10 per annum, at present
resides, a chapel, and four separate tenements under one
roof, having fallen to decay. A National school, esta-
blished in 1816, is supported by subscription. There are
also several charitable bequests for distribution among
the poor. Geoffrey Hudson, a dwarf only three feet
nine inches in height, was a native of Oakham; he was
of mean parentage, but became page to Henrietta Maria,
consort of Charles I., and during the civil war he was
a captain of cavalry in the king's service; after which
he went to France with his mistress, and there fought a
duel and killed his antagonist; in the reign of Charles
II., he suffered imprisonment as a Roman Catholic, on
account of the pretended Popish plot; and being dis-
charged, died in poverty about 1682.
OAKHAMPTON, a bo-
rough, market town, and
parish, having separate ju-
risdiction, though locally
partly in the hundred of
Black Torrington, but chiefly
in that of Lifton, county of
DEVON, 22 miles (W. by N.)
from Exeter, and 198 (W. by
S.) from London, containing,
with the hamlet of Kigbear,
2023 inhabitants. This place
is interesting as having been
Seal and Arms.
the head of the earldom of Devon, and the seat of the
hereditary county sheriffs, keepers of the castle of
Exeter. This great barony was given by the Conqueror
to Baldwin de Brioniis, one of his most faithful follow-
ers, who distinguished himself for courage and general-
ship at the battle of Hastings. The castle erected by
this nobleman, was remarkable for its grandeur, of which
there is abundant evidence in the venerable remains.
The power and possessions of the barons were co-ex-
tensive: they exercised the right of capital punishment
over eight manors; besides these, they held a great
number in demesne, no less than one hundred and
E KENNA BE A PAR
WERE IN BARSI ESKİ!
CAMERE
sixty-four having been at one time occupied by in-
ferior tenants. They acted as stewards at the installa-
tion of the bishops of the diocese, claiming on the oc-
casion perquisites to a very great amount. They pos-
sessed also numerous advowsons, and were the patrons
of several priories; holding three fees of the see of
Exeter, and ninety-two by knights' service. In the
reign of Henry II. this barony came, by marriage, to
the Courtenay family, in which it continued till the
reign of Edward IV., when Thomas, Earl of Devon,
was beheaded at Pontefract, for taking part with Henry
VI. at the battle of Towton Field, in 1461. From this
period until the accession of Henry VII. it passed
through divers hands, but in that reign it was restored
to the Courtenays, of whom Henry having forfeited his
life under a charge of treasonable correspondence, the
park of Oakhampton was laid waste, and its noble
castle reduced to ruins. During the great civil war, this
town was twice visited by King Charles, and as often
by his victorious enemy, Sir Thomas Fairfax. Oak-
hampton is situated in the lowest part of a valley, wa-
tered by a rapid stream, called the Ock, or Oke, over
which there is a bridge, leading into the market-place.
The forest of Dartmoor lies on the south and south-
east, and the town is on all sides surrounded by hills.
It is of mean appearance, but is a great thoroughfare
between Exeter and Cornwall: there is a plentiful
supply of water from pumps. The roads in the vicinity
have been lately improved, a new road having been
made to Plymouth about eight years since. The forest
of Dartmoor affords pasturage to numerous flocks of
sheep, the flesh of which, from the sweetness of the
herbage, is esteemed for its superior flavour, in conse-
quence of which, great numbers are sent hence to
the London market. At the weekly market, which
is held on Saturday, by prescription, there is an ex-
cellent supply of every necessary commodity, including
fish and corn. Six annual fairs are held by charter,
viz., second Tuesday after March 11th, May 14th, first
Wednesday after July 6th, August 5th, first Tuesday
after September 11th, and first Wednesday after Octo-
ber 11th: there are also great markets on the Saturday
before Christmas, and on the Saturday after "Giglet's
market," where the rustic swain, weary of his ba-
chelorship, enjoys the privilege of self-introduction to
any disengaged female who may attract his particular
notice.
.

Oakhampton is governed by a mayor, recorder,
justice, five principal burgesses, and eight assistants,
aided by a town-clerk and other officers. The mayor
is chosen on the first Monday after Michaelmas-day,
by the entire body, from two principal burgesses no-
minated by the late mayor: the principal burgesses
are in all eight, the mayor, the late mayor, who is styled
justice, and the town-clerk, being included: the mayor,
the late mayor, and the recorder, are justices of the
peace: there is also a portreeve; who is appointed
annually. The county magistrates have concurrent ju-
risdiction only as regards regulations for the poor :
quarter sessions are held for the borough, but there are
seldom any prisoners. A court of record formerly held
for the recovery of debts not exceeding £30, has become
obsolete. The freedom is acquired by birth and servi-
tude; the eldest son alone becomes free at his father's
death, though not unless born within the borough. The
-
OAK
OAK
443
•
first return of members to parliament was in the reign of
Edward I., and the next in the 7th of Edward II., after
which there was an intermission till 1640, but from
that period the returns have been regular. The right of
election is vested in the freemen and proprietors of free-
holds within the borough, about two hundred in num-
ber: the mayor is the returning officer. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £20, and in the
patronage of Albany Saville, Esq., as lord of the manor.
The church, dedicated to All Saints, is an ancient edi-
fice, about half a mile from the town, with a handsome
square tower, surmounted with pinnacles, and having
north and south porches. St. James' chapel, a small
structure, was originally founded as a chantry, and now
belongs to the corporation, divine service being perform-
ed in it during the sessions, and occasionally in Lent.
There is a place of worship for Independents. Some
small endowments have been left for the education of
poor children; a school for boys, and another for girls,
are principally supported by subscription. Two alms-
houses were founded, in 1586, by Mr. Richard Brock;
and there is another, called the Wester almshouse. Se-
veral sums have been given for apprenticing poor boys
and other purposes. The castle, situated about half a
mile from the town, is a most interesting ruin, and is
particularly striking when first observed on approaching
from the south it occupies the summit and declivity
of a conoidal mount, so thickly clothed with trees that,
although the ruins are of considerable extent and mag-
nitude, the keep and a smaller fragment northward are
alone visible from the road. The road is cut along the
western side of a valley, from the bed of which the
mount rises; the latter is close to the road, and its
summit nearly on the same level.
:
OAKHAMPTON (MONK), a parish in the hundred
of BLACK TORRINGTON, county of DEVON, 22 miles
(E. N. E.) from Hatherleigh, containing 229 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Totness, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £6. 14. 7., and in the patronage of Sir S.
Northcote, Bart.
OAKINGHAM, county of BERKS.-See WOKING-
HAM.
OAKINGTON, a parish partly in the hundred of
CHESTERTON, but chiefly in that of NORTHSTOW,
county of CAMBRIDGE, 5 miles (N. N. W.) from Cam-
bridge, containing, with the hamlet of Westwick, 440
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Ely, rated in the king's books at
£4. 13. 14., and in the patronage of the President and
Fellows of Queen's College, Cambridge. The church is
dedicated to St. Andrew. There is a place of worship
for Baptists.
OAKLEY, a parish in the hundred of ASHENDON,
county of BUCKINGHAM, 6 miles (N. W. by N.) from
Thame, containing 382 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Bucking-
ham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £5. 17. 1., and in the patronage of Sir J. Aubrey,
Bart. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, was formerly
the mother church of Brill, Borstall, and Addingrave;
the two first have been made distinct parishes; the
last had a chapel of ease, which has gone to decay. A
rent-charge of £25, upon the parish charity estate, is
applied to the education of poor children.
OAKLEY, a township in that part of the parish of
CROXALL which is in the northern division of the hun-
dred of OFFlow, county of STAFFORD, 6½ miles (N. by
W.) from Tamworth, containing 31 inhabitants.
OAKLEY, a township in that part of the parish of
MUCKLESTON which is in the northern division of the
hundred of PIREHILL, county of STAFFOrd, 34 miles
(N. E. by N.) from Drayton in Hales, containing 94 in-
habitants.
OAKLEY, a parish forming, with the parishes of
Clapham and Milton-Ernest, a detached portion of the
hundred of STODDEN, County of BEDFORD, 4 miles
(N. W.) from Bedford, containing 486 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Bedford, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £8. 14. 9., endowed with £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Provost and Fellows of
Eton College. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, con-
tains an ancient altar-tomb, and effigy in robes, of the
family of Reynes.
OAKLEY, a parish in the hundred of HARTISMERE,
county of SUFFOLK, 3 miles (N. N. E.) from Eye, contain-
ing 403 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, annexed
to that of Broome, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£9. 4. 94. The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
OAKLEY (CHURCH), a parish in the hundred of
CHUTELY, Kingsclere division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 4 miles (W. by S.) from Basingstoke, con-
taining 246 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester, rated in the
king's books at £11. 13. 11., and in the patronage of
the Provost and Fellows of Queen's College, Oxford.
The church is dedicated to St. Leonard. George Wither,
in 1666, gave certain lands and tenements, also a rent-
charge of £8, in support of a school for the education
of eight poor boys; and Gilbert Wither, in 1676, gave a
rent-charge of 40s., to be applied in apprenticing boys.
William Warham, successively Bishop of London, and
Archbishop of Canterbury, and an eminent statesman,
was born here; he died in 1532.
OAKLEY (GREAT), a parish in the hundred of
TENDRING, County of ESSEX, 7 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Manningtree, containing 990 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and dio-
cese of London, rated in the king's books at £23, and
in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of St.
John's College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to
All Saints. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. This parish, with the other Oakleys, lies
contiguous to an inlet of the North sea, opposite Pewit
island, and is celebrated as the scene of a bloody battle
fought between King Ethelwolf and the Danes. It had
formerly a castle, the remains of the keep and moat of
which are still visible.
OAKLEY (GREAT), a parish in the hundred of
CORBY, county of NORTHAMPTON, 5 miles (N.) from
Kettering, containing 183 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Northampton,
and diocese of Peterborough, and in the patronage of
Sir Richard Brooke, Bart. The church is dedicated to
St. Michael.
OAKLEY (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
TENDRING, County of ESSEX, 4 miles (S. w. by w.)
3 L 2
OAK
OCC
444
from Harwich, containing 262 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and
diocese of London, rated in the king's books at
£13. 11. 01., and in the patronage of Thomas Scott,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
OAKLEY (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
CORBY, County of NORTHAMPTON, 5 miles (N. N. E.)
from Kettering, containing 121 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£7. 7. 6., and in the patronage of the Duke of Buccleuch.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
OAKLEY (PARVA), in the hundred of HARTIS-
MERE, county of SUFFOLK, 22 miles (N. N. E.) from
Eye. This was formerly a distinct parish, which was
consolidated with Oakley Magna in 1449. The church,
now in ruins, was dedicated to St. Peter.
OAKMERE, a township in the parish of Delamere,
first division of the hundred of EDDISBURY, county pa-
latine of CHESTER, containing 90 inhabitants.
OAKOVER, a parish in the northern division of
the hundred of TOTMONSLOW, County of STAFFORD, 2
miles (N. W. by W.) from Ashbourn, containing 69 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the diocese
of Lichfield and Coventry, and in the patronage of H.
F. Okeover, Esq. it is exempt from the jurisdiction of
the Archdeacon, but there is no official. The church,
dedicated to All Saints, is a small ancient structure,
completely overgrown with ivy, eglantine, and roses.
The river Dove runs through the parish. In the park
are several tumuli, and in the neighbourhood a square
intrenchment, all of them supposed to be of Roman
origin. This parish is entitled to partake in the benefit
of a bequest by Rowland Okeover, in 1727, now applied
for clothing and apprenticing poor children. Oakover
is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and
within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at
Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts
under 40s.
OAKSEY, a parish in the hundred of MALMESBURY,
county of WILTS, 5 miles (N. E.) from Malmesbury,
containing 385 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £6. 8. 4., and in the patron-
age of Thomas Ryder, Esq. The church is dedicated to
All Saints.
OAKSHOT, a hamlet in the parish of STOKE
D'ABERNON, second division of the hundred of ELM-
BRIDGE, County of SURREY, 24 miles (N. N. W.) from
Leatherhead. The population is returned with the
parish.
4
OAKTHORPE, a hamlet partly in the parish of
MEASHAM, partly in that of STRETTON en le FIELDS,
but chiefly in that of CHURCH-GRESLEY, hundred of
REPTON and GRESLEY, county of DERBY, 33 miles
(S. W. by S.) from Ashby de la Zouch, containing, with
the hamlet of Donisthorpe, 732 inhabitants. There are
places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists.
Oakthorpe is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lan-
caster, and within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas
held at Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the recovery
of debts under 40s.
returned with the parish. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese of
Winchester, endowed with £400 private benefaction,
and £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Sir
J. Evelyn, Bart. The chapel is dedicated to St. John
the Baptist.
OARE, a chapelry in the parish of CHIEVELEY,
hundred of FAIRCROSS, County of BERKS, 5 miles
(N. N. E.) from Speenhamland. The population is re-
turned with the parish.
OAKWOOD, a chapelry in the parish, and first divi-
sion of the hundred, of WOTTON, county of SURREY,
The population is
The population is
9 miles (S. S. W.) from Dorking.
OARE, a parish in the hundred of FAVERSHAM,
lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 1½ mile (N. W. by N.)
from Faversham, containing 197 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged perpetual curacy, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Canterbury, endowed with £400
private benefaction, and £ 800 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The church
is dedicated to St. Peter. The parish is bounded on the
north-east by the Swale, over which there is a ferry to
Harty Island.
OARE, a parish in the hundred of CARHAMPTON,
county of SOMERSET, 12 miles (W.) from Minehead,
containing 66 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £4. 17. 6.,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of Mrs. Oliver and others. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary.
OATHILL, a tything in the parish of WAYFORD,
hundred of CREWKERNE, county of SOMERSET, 3 miles
(S. W.) from Crewkerne. The population is returned
with the parish.
OBLEY, a joint township with Clunbury, in the
parish of CLUNBURY, hundred of PURSLOW, county of
SALOP, 9 miles (S.) from Bishop's Castle. The popula-
tion is returned with Clunbury.
OBORNE, a parish in the hundred of SHERBORNE,
Sherborne division of the county of DORSET, 14 mile
(N. E. by E.) from Sherborne, containing 123 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the Dean of Salisbury, rated in the king's
books at £6. 5. 10., and in the patronage of Earl Digby.
The church is dedicated to St. Cuthbert.
OBTHORPE, a hamlet in the parish of THURLBY,
wapentake of NESS, parts of KESTEVEN, county of
LINCOLN, containing 12 inhabitants.
OBY, a parish in the western division of the hun-
dred of FLEGG, county of NORFOLK, .3 miles (N. by E.)
from Acle. The population is returned with Ashby.
The living is a rectory, with that of Ashby, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Norwich.
OCCANEY, an extra-parochial district, in the upper
division of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding of
the county of YORK, 34 miles (N.) from Knaresbo-
rough. The population is returned with Walkingham
Hill.
OCCLESTONE, a township in that part of the
parish of MIDDLEWICH which is in the hundred of
NORTHWICH, County palatine of CHESTER, 34 miles
(S. S. W.) from Middlewich, containing 94 inhabitants.
OCCOLD, a parish in the hundred of HARTISMERE,
county of SUFFOLK, 2 miles (S. by E.) from Eye, con-
taining 461 inhabitants.
taining 461 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich,
OCK
ODD
445
*
rated in the king's books at £19.
tronage of George Thomas, Esq.
cated to St. Nicholas.
1. 5½., and in the pa-
The church is dedi-
OCKBROOK, a parish in the hundred of MORLES-
TON and LITCHURCH, county of DERBY, 54 miles (E.
by S.) from Derby, containing 1203 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Derby, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed
with £800 private benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and
£300 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
John Pares, Esq. The church, dedicated to All Saints,
has portions in the Norman style of architecture, and
some of later date. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. A National school, erected in
1816, is attended by about two hundred and fifty chil-
dren. The rivers Derwent and Trent, and the Derby
canal, run through the parish. On the banks of the
former are extensive cotton-mills, affording employment
to upwards of three hundred of the poor in the manu-
facture of bobbin and lace thread for the Buckingham,
Nottingham, and Loughborough markets. At a short
distance from the village is a considerable establishment
of the Moravians, founded in 1750: the principal build-
ings stand in a regular line, and consist of the single
sisters' house, containing thirty or forty females, who
are employed in fine muslin work, a smaller house for
about the same number of single men, and between
them a commodious chapel, and a boarding-school for
fifty boys and thirty girls.
OCKENDON (NORTH), a parish in the hundred
of Chafford, county ESSEX, 4 miles (E. S. E.) from
Hornchurch, containing 325 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £16. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of Sir Charles Hulse, Bart. The
church is dedicated to Mary Magdalene.
OCKENDON (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred
of CHAFFORD, county of ESSEX, 44 miles (N.N.W.)
from Grays-Thurrock, containing 777 inhabitants. The
The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and
diocese of London, rated in the king's books at £33. 6. 8.,
and in the patronage of G. Leith, Esq. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Nicholas, has a circular embattled tower.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
Some Saxon silver coins have been found in this parish,
and vestiges of a Roman road may be traced. There is
a building, called Furnace House, where iron was for-
merly smelted.
.
OCKHAM, a parish in the second division of the
hundred of WOKING County of SURREY, 1 mile (E.)
from Ripley, containing 565 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese
of Winchester, rated in the king's books at £11. 2. 1.,
and in the patronage of Lord King. The church, dedi-
cated to All Saints, has portions in the decorated, and
some in the later English, style.
OCKLEY, a parish in the first division of the
hundred of WOTTON, County of SURREY, 6 miles (S.
by W.) from Dorking, containing 642 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and
diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£16. 5. 21., and in the patronage of the Master and
Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Margaret, has lately received an addition
of one hundred and fifty-four free sittings, the Incorpo-
rated Society for the enlargement of churches and cha-
pels having granted £ 100 towards defraying the expense.
Eight children are taught for £ 8. 8. a year, the produce
of £100, bequeathed by Elizabeth Eversted in 1721.
On Holmbury Hill are vestiges of a Roman encamp-
ment
ment; and a battle is stated to have taken place here,
in 851, between the Saxons and the Danes, which
terminated in the defeat of the former, with great
slaughter.
OCLE-LIVERS, an extra-parochial liberty, in the
hundred of BROXASH, County of HEREFORD, 6½ miles
(N. E.) from Hereford. Here was a priory of Benedic-
tine monks, a cell to that of Lira, in Normandy, founded
about 1160.
OCLE - PITCHARD, a parish in the hundred of
BROXASH, county of HEREFORD, 7½ miles (N. E. by E.)
from Hereford, containing 224 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at £4. 19.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Representatives
of the Rev. J. Lilly. The church is dedicated to St.
James.
OCTON, a township in the parish of THWING, wa-
pentake of DICKERING, East riding of the county of
YORK,
YORK, 8 miles (W.) from Bridlington. The population
is returned with the parish.
OCTON-GRANGE, a township in the parish of
THWING, wapentake of DICKERING, East riding of the
county of YORK, 9 miles (W. N.W.) from Bridlington.
The population
The population is returned with the parish.
ODCOMBE, a parish in the hundred of Hounds-
borough, BerWICK, and COKER, county of SOMERSET,
34 miles (W. by S.) from Yeovil, containing 540 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £15. 9. 9., and in the patronage of
the Dean and Canons of Christ Church, Ôxford. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul. Hum-
phery Hody, an eminent divine, was born here in 1659;
he died in 1706.
ODDINGLEY, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of OSWALDSLOW, county of WORCESTER, 3
miles (S.) from Droitwich, containing 168 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's books at
£4. 19. 44., and in the patronage of J. H. Galton, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. James. A charity school
is supported by voluntary subscription.
ODDINGTON, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of SLAUGHTER, county of GLOUCESTER, 21
miles (E.) from Stow on the Wold, containing 458 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at
£21. 7. 1., and in the patronage of the Precentor of
the Cathedral Church of York. The church has a
Norman door, but the rest of the building is of later
date; it has recently received an addition of sixty free
sittings, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement.
of churches and chapels having granted £50 towards
defraying the expense. Edward Chamberlayne, an
English historian, was born here in 1616; he died in
1703.
ODDINGTON, a parish in the hundred of PLOUGH-
LEY, county of OXFORD,7 miles (S. W. by S.) from
ODI
446
OFF
Bicester, containing 166 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford,
rated in the king's books at £12. 16. 01., and in the
patronage of the President and Fellows of Trinity Col-
lege, Oxford. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
The river Ray runs through the parish.
ODELL, a parish in the hundred of WILLEY,
county of BEDFORD, 14 mile (N.E. by N.) from Harrold,
containing 439 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £19, and in the patronage
of T. Alston, Esq. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
This place formerly possessed a market, granted to
William Fitzwarren, in 1222, which has been long dis-
used; but a fair is held on the Thursday and Friday in
Whitsun-week. Odell castle, the seat of the Alston
family, a small part of which constitutes the remains
of the ancient building of the same name, stands con-
spicuously on an eminence, commanding a fine view of
the river Ouse.
ODESTONE, a hamlet in the parish of SHACKER-
STONE, hundred of SPARKENHOE, county of LEICESTER,
34 miles (N. by W.) from Market-Bosworth, containing
216 inhabitants.
ODIHAM, a market-town and parish in the hun-
dred of ODIHAM, Basingstoke division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 26 miles (N.E.) from Winchester, 37
(N. E.) from Southampton, and 40 (W. S. W.) from
London, containing, with the chapelry of Lyss-Tur-
ney, and the tythings of Hillside, Murrell-Green, Rye
with Stapeley, and North Warnborough, 2983 inha-
bitants. This place was formerly a free borough be-
longing to the Bishops of Winchester; and the castle,
which stood about a mile north-west of the town, was
built before the time of King John, in whose reign it
became celebrated for its resistance to the army of
Louis, the Dauphin of France, having sustained a siege
for fifteen days, though garrisoned only by three officers
and ten private soldiers. That monarch was here a
few days before the signing of Magna Charta, attended
by a retinue of not more than seven knights. In the
27th of Edward I., the town, park, and hundred, were
granted to the queen, as part of her dower. In the
reign of Edward III., David Bruce, King of Scotland,
having been made prisoner at the battle of Neville's
Cross, was confined in this fortress for eleven years.
The town is pleasantly situated on the side of a chalk
hill, and from the neighbouring chalk-pits the adjacent
country is supplied with manure, the means of convey-
ing which is afforded by the Basingstoke canal, which
passes about a mile north-east of the town. A book-
club has been established about forty years, and races
were formerly held there. The manufacture of cotton
stockings was carried on a few years since, but at present
there is no trade deserving particular notice. In some
parts of the parish hops are cultivated. The market is
on Tuesday; and fairs are held on the Saturday preced-
ing Mid-Lent Sunday, and July 31st, for horses and
cattle. The county magistrates hold a meeting every
fortnight; and constables are annually chosen at the
court leet of the manor, held at Easter: a court for the
recovery of small debts has fallen into disuse. Odiham
Odiham
was summoned to send members to parliament in the
reigns of Edward I. and Edward II., but never made any
return.
-
Hand
The living is a vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of
Grewell annexed, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Win-
chester, rated in the king's books at £23. 11. 5½., and in
the patronage of the Chancellor of the Cathedral Church
of Salisbury. The church, which is dedicated to All Saints,
is a large ancient building of brick, coated with stucco.
There are places of worship for those in the Connexion
of the late Countess of Huntingdon, and Independents.
A free school, for the education of twenty boys, was
founded in 1694, by Robert May, and endowed with
£600 for its support, and £200 for apprenticing the
children; the funds were subsequently augmented by a
rent-charge of £10 for five additional children, and an
addition of £ 20 per annum to the apprentice fund, the
bequest of James Zouch, Esq., but this benefaction has
become much reduced in value from losses: about
twenty-three children are educated, and three on an
average are annually apprenticed. A National school
is supported by subscription, and another school, in
which the children are partly clothed, is supported
by dissenters. Near the church is an almshouse,
founded and endowed by Sir Edward More, in 1623,
with property producing about £80 per annum, for the
support of eight poor widowers and widows; and there
are apartments for two more poor persons, with stipends
from other benefactions. Vestiges of the keep of the
ancient castle are visible about a mile north-west of the
town; and the remains of a royal residence have been
converted into a farm-house, still called Palace Gate.
William Lilly, the grammarian and astrologer, was born
here about 1469.
ODSTOCK, a parish in the hundred of CAWDEN
and CADWORTH, County of WILTS, 3 miles (S.) from
Salisbury, containing 133 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Salis-
bury, rated in the king's books at £11. 17. 11., and
in the patronage of the Earl of Radnor. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary.
ODSTONE, a tything in the parish of ASHBURY,
hundred of SHRIVENHAM, County of BERKS, containing
31 inhabitants.
OFFCHURCH, a parish in the Kenilworth division
of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, county of WARWICK,
5 miles (E. by N.) from Warwick, containing 337 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, rated in the king's books at £7.7. 6., en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £ 200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of T. W. Knightley, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Gregory. The Warwick
and Napton canal intersects the old Roman Fosse-way.
on the southern boundary of the parish. In the Anglo-
Saxon times this was a place of some importance, and
during the Octarchy, Offa, King of Mercia, made it
his residence.
OFFCOAT, a joint liberty with Underwood, in that
part of the parish of ASHBOURN which is in the hun-
dred of WIRKSWORTH, County of DERBY, containing,
with Underwood, 341 inhabitants. It is in the ho-
nour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the
jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every
third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
OFFENHAM, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of BLACKENHURST, County of WORCESTER, 24
miles (N.E. by N.) from Evesham, containing 342 inha-
OFF
O G B
447
bitants. The living is a discharged perpetual curacy,
annexed to that of Littleton, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's books at
£6. 11. 51. The church is dedicated to St. Milburgh.
Offenham took its name from the Saxon King, Offa,
who had a palace here; it was afterwards possessed by
the abbots of Evesham, and became their favourite re-
sidence, some remains of the boundary walls being still
discernible. The navigable river Avon is here crossed
by a ferry. A small school is supported by the income
arising from £ 110, left by Mr. Brent.
-
OFFERTON, a township in the parish of STOCK-
PORT, hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county palatine of
CHESTER, 21 miles (S.E. by E.) from Stockport, contain-
ing 401 inhabitants. There is a trifling sum, left by
Richard Dodge in 1765, for teaching two poor children
whose parents do not receive parochial relief.
OFFERTON, a hamlet in the parish of HOPE,
hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY, 54 miles
(N.E.) from Tideswell, containing 40 inhabitants.
-
OFFERTON, a township in the parish of HOUGH-
Ton le SPRING, northern division of EASINGTON ward,
county palatine of DURHAM, 4 miles (W. S. W.) from
Sunderland, containing 198 inhabitants. The ancient
manor-house has been converted into a public-house.
OFFHAM, a parish in the hundred of LARKFIELD,
lathe of AYLESFORD, County of KENT, 34 miles (E.S.E.)
from Wrotham, containing 274 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Rochester, rated in the king's books at £6,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church, dedicated to St. Michael, is principally
in the early style of English architecture, with a tower
steeple. The great Roman military way, from the
Weald to London, crosses this parish. Jack Straw, the
rebel in the reign of Richard II., is said to have been
born at Pepingstraw in this parish. Offham-green is
remarkable for having on it the ancient instrument of
amusement called a quintin, which the lord of the
manor is obliged to preserve.
OFFHAM, a tything in the parish of SOUTHSTOKE,
hundred of AVISFORD, rape of ARUNDEL, county of
SUSSEX, 12 mile (N.E.) from Arundel. The population
is returned with the parish.
·
OFFLEY, a parish in the hundred of HITCHIN and
PIRTON, County of HERTFORD, 34 miles (W. S. W.) from
Hitchin, containing 873 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £9,
and in the patronage of the Rev. Lynch Burroughs.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, has a very
handsome chancel, erected, in 1777, by Dame Sarah
Salusbury, who also left £1000, which has been applied
to the foundation and support of a charity school; the
children, seventy in number, are partly clothed. Mrs.
Alice Pigott, in 1724, endowed the living with a rent-
charge of £20 in aid of the vicarial tithes, and be-
queathed another of £10 for apprenticing two poor chil-
dren. Offley received its name from King Offa, who
resided, and is said to have died, here. In a wood at
Highdowns are several barrows and dikes, supposed to
be of British origin.
OFFLEY (HIGH), a parish in the northern division
of the hundred of PIREHILL, County of STAFFORD, com-
prising the townships of Loynton and High Offley, and
containing 609 inhabitants, of which number, 569 are
in the township of High Offley, 44 miles (S. W.) from
Eccleshall. The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar
jurisdiction of the Prebendary of Offley and Flixton in
the Cathedral Church of Lichfield, rated in the king's
books at £ 6. 6. 04., and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Lichfield and Coventry.
of Lichfield and Coventry. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary. The Birmingham and Liverpool canal
passes through the parish.
OFFLOW (BISHOP'S), a township in the parish
of ABDASTON, northern division of the hundred of PIRE-
HILL, county of STAFFORD, 3 miles (W.) from Eccles-
hall, containing 210 inhabitants. Eight poor children
are taught for £4 a year, the bequest of John Wright,
in 1724.
OFFORD-CLUNY, a parish in the hundred of
TOSELAND, county of HUNTINGDON, 5 miles (N. N.
E.)
from St. Neots, containing 237 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£19. 2. 1., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Lon-
don. The church is dedicated to All Saints. A charity
school is endowed with £30, the bequest of Dr. New-
come, in 1763.
OFFORD-DARCY, a parish in the hundred of
TOSELAND, county of HUNTINGDON, 44 miles (N.N. E.)
from St. Neots, containing 214 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and
diocese of Lincoln,
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£ 15. 2. S., and in the patronage of G. Thornhill, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
OFFTON, a parish in the hundred of BOSMERE and
CLAYDON, County of SUFFOLK, 5 miles (E.) from Bildes-
ton, containing 328 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, with that of Little Bricett united, in the
archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated
in the king's books at £7. 16. 04., and in the patronage
of J. G. Sparrow, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary.
OFFWELL, a parish in the hundred of COLYTON,
county of DEVON, 24 miles (E. S. E.) from Honiton, con-
taining 379 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £14. 3. 61., and in the patronage of the Rev.
G. B. Coplestone.
OGBOURN (ST. ANDREW), a parish in the hun-
dred of SELKLEY, county of WILTS, 2 miles (N.) from
Marlborough, containing 415 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, with Temple Rockley, in the peculiar juris-
diction and patronage of the Dean and Canons of Wind-
sor, rated in the king's books at £ 15. 2. 11. At Rock-
ley the knights of St. John of Jerusalem had formerly a
preceptory: there was also a chapel of ease, dedicated to
St. Leonard, but it has been long demolished. In the
neighbourhood are several mineral springs. The re-
mains of Barberry Castle, a large British encampment,
may still be traced; they are partly in this parish, but
chiefly in that of Wroughton.
OGBOURN (ST. GEORGE), a parish in the hun-
dred of SELKLEY, county of WILTS, 34 miles (N.) from
Marlborough, containing 493 inhabitants. The living is
a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese of
Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £14. 5. 10., and
in the patronage of the Dean and Canons of Windsor.
OKE
OLD
448
A priory of Benedictine monks, subordinate to the abbey
of Bec-Herlowyn in Normandy, was founded here about
1149, and became the richest and principal cell to that
house in England. In 556, a most sanguinary battle
between the Britons and the West Saxons was fought
here, which lasted a whole day, and ended in the total
rout of the Britons, and the capture of their neighbour-
ing fortress, Barberry Castle, in the vicinity of which
numerous barrows are still visible.
OGLE, or OCLE, a township in the parish of WHAL-
TON, Western division of CASTLE ward, county of NORTH-
UMBERLAND, 73 miles (S. W.) from Morpeth, contain-
ing 148 inhabitants. There are slight remains of the
once strong fortress of Ogle castle, in which David,
King of Scotland, was confined after the battle of
Nevill's Cross.
-
OGLY-HAY, an extra-parochial district, in the
southern division of the hundred of OFFLow, county of
STAFFORD, containing 23 inhabitants. The Essington
and Wyrley canal passes through this place.
OGWELL (EAST), a parish forming, with the pa-
rish of West Ogwell, a distinct portion of the hundred of
WONFORD, County of DEVON, 1½ mile (W. S. W.) from
Newton-Abbots, containing 295 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £19. 3. 9., and in the pa-
tronage of P. J. Taylor, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Bartholomew. Richard Reynell, in 1735, gave
certain land, the income arising from which, about £10
a year, is applied in teaching twenty-eight children.
Here are two almshouses, founded by Lady Lucy Reynell.
OGWELL (WEST), a parish forming, with the pa-
rish of East Ogwell, a distinct portion of the hundred of
WONFORD, County of DEVON, 24 miles (W. S. W.) from
Newton-Abbots, containing 42 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £7. 2. 11., and in
the patronage of P. J. Taylor, Esq. The church contains
three ancient stone stalls.
OKEFORD (CHILD), a parish in the hundred of
REDLANE, Sturminster division of the county of
DORSET, 6½ miles (N. W. by N.) from Blandford-Forum,
containing 694 inhabitants. The living consists of two
rectories, Superior and Inferior, in the archdeaconry
of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, the former rated in
the king's books at £6. 13. 4., and the latter at £7, and
in the patronage of the Rev. Charles Edward North.
The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas. The naviga-
ble river Stour runs through the parish. On Hameldon
Hill are traces of an extensive intrenchment, in which
Roman coins have been found.
neighbourhood is Banbury Hill, a circular camp with a
single trench.
OKENEY cum PETSOE, a parish in the hundred
of NEWPORT, county of BUCKINGHAM, 2. miles (S. S. E.)
from Olney. The population is returned with Ember-
ton. The living is a discharged rectory, with that of Petsoe
annexed, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £2. 17. 6.
The church, which was dedicated to St. Martin, has
been long since demolished. The parish is assessed with
the adjoining parish of Emberton.
OKEFORD-FITZPAINE, a parish in the hundred of
STURMINSTER-NEWTON-CASTLE, Sturminster division
of the county of DORSET, 7 miles (N. W. by W.) from
Blandford-Forum, containing 499 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and
diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's books at
£21. 12. 8., and in the patronage of Lord Rivers. The
church is dedicated to St. Andrew. The navigable river
Stour runs through the parish. Okeford was anciently
possessed by the family of Nichole, one of whom obtained
the privilege of a market to be held here; from them
it came to the Fitz-Paynes, and, by a corruption of that
name, is vulgarly called Fipenny-Okeford. Several
British silver coins were found here in 1753. In the
OLAVE (ST.) MARY-GATE, a parish partly in the
liberty of ST. PETER of YORK, East riding, and partly
in the wapentake of BULMER, North riding, of the county
of YORK, comprising the township of St. Olave Mary-
Gate, and part of those of Clifton and Rawcliffe, and
containing 992 inhabitants, of which number, 666 are in
the township of St. Olave Mary-Gate, adjacent to the
north-western side of the city of York. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
York.
OLD, or WOLD, a parish in the hundred of Orling-
BURY, county of NORTHAMPTON, 6½ miles (S. W. by W.)
from Kettering, containing 450 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£18. 12. 8½., and in the patronage of the Principal and
Fellows of Brasenose College, Oxford. The church is
dedicated to St. Andrew. There is a place of worship
for Independents.
OLDBERROW, a parish forming a detached por-
tion of the lower division of the hundred of BLACK-
ENHURST, county of WORCESTER, 24 miles (W.) from
Henley in Arden, containing 102 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's books at £4,
The
and in the patronage of the Rev. John Peachell.
church is dedicated to St. Mary.
OLDBURY, a parish in the hundred of STOTTESDEN,
county of SALOP, 1 mile (S. by W.) from Bridgenorth,
containing 110 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
endowed
Hereford, rated in the king's books at £5,
with £200 private benefaction, and in the patronage of
the Crown. The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
His Majesty's Commissioners have proposed a grant
There are places of
for the erection of a new church.
worship for Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyan Me-
thodists. The iron trade is here carried on to a con-
siderable extent there are also steel-works; and an
The
abundance of iron-stone and coal is obtained.
Birmingham canal nearly surrounds the village. Fairs
are on June 6th and October 3rd. A court of requests
is held, once a fortnight for the recovery of debts under
£5, also courts leet and baron annually: here is a
spacious prison for debtors. Edmund Darby, in 1659,
gave land, among other purposes, for the erection and
endowment of a school, in which twenty children are
educated.
:
C
OLDBURY, a hamlet in the parish of MAncetter,
Atherstone division of the hundred of HEMLINGFORD,
county of WARWICK, 44 miles (N. W. by W.) from Nun-
Here was a small
eaton, containing 79 inhabitants.
nunnery of the Dominican order, dedicated to St. Law-
rence, and subordinate to Pollesworth; it is said to
H
OLD
OLD
449
2
have been founded by Walter de Hastings and Athawis
his wife, and at the dissolution possessed a revenue of
£6.0. 10.
OLDBURY on the HILL, a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of GRUMBALD'S ASH, county
of Gloucester, 54 miles (S. W. by W.) from Tetbury,
containing 371 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
united to that of Didmarton, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at £16,
and in the patronage of the Duke of Beaufort. The church
is dedicated to St. Arila.
OLDBURY upon SEVERN, a chapelry in the pa-
rish of THORNBURY, lower division of the hundred of
THORNBURY, Ccounty of GLOUCESTER, 23 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Thornbury, containing 528 inhabitants.
The navigable river Severn passes in the vicinity.
OLDCASTLE, a township in the parish of MALPAS,
higher division of the hundred of BROXTON, County
palatine of CHESTER, 1½ mile (S. W.) from Malpas,
containing 93 inhabitants. This place took its name
from an ancient castle, which was destroyed before 1585.
A battle was fought here. 1644, between the par-
liamentarian forces from Nantwich and some of the
king's cavalry, in which the latter were defeated, and
Colonels Vane and Conyers illed.
OLDCASTLE, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of ABERGAVENNY, county of MONMOUTH, 8½
miles (N. by E.) from Abergavenny, containing 67 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Brecon, and diocese of St. David's, endowed
with £400 private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Oxford. The church
is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
OLDCOTT, a township in the parish of WOLSTAN-
TON, northern division of the hundred of PIREHILL,
county of STAFFORD, containing 615 inhabitants.
OLDFIELD, a joint township with Heswall, in the
parish of HESWALL, lower division of the hundred of
WIRRALL, county palatine of CHESTER, 44 miles
(N. N. W.) from Parkgate. The population is returned
with Heswall.
from a reservoir covering about twelve acres of ground,
in Strines-dale, about two miles and a half east of the
town, partly in Lancashire and partly in Yorkshire, the
whole having been constructed at an expense of £28,000 :
it is only partially paved. The affairs of the town are
regulated by commissioners appointed under a police
act obtained in 1828, which also provides for the erec-
tion of a town-hall and other offices. A subscription
library has been established. Oldham has for a long
period been celebrated for the manufacture of hats,
which was established so early as the fifteenth century,
and is still carried on to a considerable extent; but the
principal manufactures are fustians, velveteens, cotton
and woollen corduroys, and the spinning of cotton,
for which there are now about seventy-five mills in
full operation, for the most part worked by steam, and
not less than one hundred and fifty steam-engines em-
ployed in the other different factories and in the mines.
A great quantity of the coal obtained in the neighbour-
hood is sent to Manchester, where it obtains a ready
market, at a superior price; the mines are exceedingly
productive, and afford employment to a considerable
number of persons. The trade of the town is greatly
facilitated by the Oldham canal, constructed in pursu-
ance of an act of parliament obtained in 1792, which
commences at Hollinwood, and forms a direct commu-
nication with Manchester, the grand mart for the sale
of its manufactures, and with Ashton under Line and
Stockport, and the Rochdale canal, which passes through
the township of Chadderton. A railway has been pro-
jected from Oldham to Manchester, but not yet car-
ried into effect. A customary market for provisions is
held on Saturday; and fairs are held on the first
Thursday after Candlemas-day, May 2nd, July 8th, and
the first Wednesday after October 12th, for horses, cat-
tle, sheep, and pedlary. Petty sessions for the Middle-
ton division of the hundred of Salford are held here
once a fortnight.
OLDHAM cum PRESTWICH, a parochial chapelry
in the hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LANCAS-
TER, comprising the chapelries of Chadderton and Roy-
ton, and the townships of Crompton and Oldham, and
containing 38,201 inhabitants, of which number, 21,662
are in the township of Oldham, 7 miles (N. E. by E.) from
Manchester. This place, the name of which appears
to indicate some degree either of absolute or of relative
antiquity, is not connected with any event of historical
importance, and has only within the last fifty years
risen into notice from the rapid progress of its manu-
factures, for which it is indebted to its vicinity to Man-
chester, and to the mines of excellent coal which
abound in the neighbourhood. The town is situated on
elevated ground, near the source of the river Irk, and
is bounded on the east by a branch of the Medlock.
The houses are irregularly built, but, since the extension
of its manufactures, the town has been very much en-
larged, and is undergoing considerable improvement.
It was first lighted with gas on March 1st, 1827, the
works, situated at the bottom of Greaves-street, having
been erected by a company incorporated in 1825, at an
expense, including the laying of the mains, &c., of
£20,000: it is supplied with water conveyed by iron pipes
VOL. III.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chester, endowed with £400 royal
bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Rector of Prestwich. The ancient chapel,
dedicated to St. Mary, erected in 1476, by “Sir Ralph
Langley, priest of Prestwich," and third warden of
Manchester college, was taken down and rebuilt on a
larger scale, the first stone having been laid on the 16th
of October, 1827, and the expense estimated at upwards
of £12,000: the present edifice, dedicated to St. Paul,
is in the later style of English architecture, with a hand-
some embattled tower surmounted by angular turrets
and pinnacles. St. Peter's chapel was built by subscrip-
tion in 1765, and enlarged in 1804: the living is a
perpetual curacy, endowed with £2200 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Rector of Prestwich.
The church, dedicated to St. James, erected in 1829,
by grant from the parliamentary commissioners, at an ex-
pense of £ 8905. 16. 6., is a neat edifice, in the later style
of English architecture, with a tower and campanile tur-
ret, and contains two thousand and eighty-one sittings,
of which one thousand two hundred and eighty-five are
free: the living is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage
of the Incumbent of Oldham: this church is situated
about a quarter of a mile east of the town, where a
subscription library and news-room has been esta-
blished. Near Chadderton Hall, within the township of
3 M
t.
OLD
OLN
450
Oldham, is an episcopal chapel, built in 1765; and there
are two other chapels of ease at Crompton and Royton.
There are places of worship for Baptists, the Society of
Friends, Independents, Kilhamites, Moravians, Primitive
Wesleyan and Independent Methodists, and Unitarians.
The free grammar school was founded, in 1611, by James
Assheton, Esq., of Chadderton Hall, who endowed it
with an acre of land in the town, which has been let for
building, and the endowment was augmented by the
bequest of £3 per annum from Mr. Thomas Nuttall, in
1726; the whole income is about £35 per annum, and
the school is free to all boys of the town for instruction
in the classics, a quarterly sum being paid for writing
and arithmetic, and six boys are taught English on Mr.
Nuttall's foundation. In 1747, Samuel Scoles gave £ 16
per annum, for which thirty-nine poor children of the
township of Oldham are instructed at three different
schools. A school was founded by subscription in the
hamlet of Hollingwood, in this parish, in 1786, with an
endowment of £8 per annum, chiefly from a bequest
by the Rev. John Darbey in 1808, and £7 per annum
from another benefaction, for which twenty children are
instructed. Thomas Henshaw, Esq., by will dated the
14th November, 1807, gave the sum of £20,000 for the en-
dowment of a Blue-coat school at Oldham, and a like sum
for an asylum for the blind at Manchester; and having
subsequently added a codicil, by which he gave the fur-
ther sum of £20,000 for the endowment of the school,
with liberty to his trustees to establish it either at Old-
ham or Manchester, on condition that persons at either
place would provide a site and suitable buildings for the
institution in this town, the trustees determined upon
establishing the school here. The testator having died
in 1810, a bill was filed in the court of Chancery by
his heirs, praying that the will might be set aside, but
a decree was ultimately obtained by the trustees in
favour of the charity. In consequence of the delay
occasioned by this suit, on the part of the inhabitants
of Oldham and Manchester, on providing land and
building, the sum bequeathed has accumulated to nearly
£100,000; and three acres of land having been given
for that purpose by R. Radcliffe and Joseph Jones,
Esquires, the first stone of a commodious and substan-
tial edifice in the English style of architecture, for the
use of this school, was laid at Oldham-Edge, in April
1829, and the building completed at an expense of about
£8000, defrayed by subscription. There are other bene-
factions for the education of boys and girls. A benevo-
lent, or medical charity, for the relief of the poor, was
established in 1814; and there is also a humane society.
Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, and Mr. Thomas Hen-
shaw, an opulent hat-manufacturer, whose munificent
charitable endowments are noticed here and in Man-
chester, were both natives of this town.
£700; it contains one thousand and nineteen sittings,
of which eight hundred and eighty-eight are free. The
navigable river Avon, and the Julian way, pass in the
vicinity.
OLDLAND, a chapelry in the parish of BITTON,
upper division of the hundred of LANGLEY and
SWINEHEAD, County of GLOUCESTER, 5 miles (E. S. E.)
from Bristol, containing 4297 inhabitants. The chapel
has lately received an addition of three hundred and
eighty-five free sittings, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having granted
£408 towards defraying the expense. An additional
chapel, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, has been built,
under the provisions of a late act, towards defraying
the expense of which the same society contributed
OLDMOOR, a township in that part of the parish
of BOTHALL which is in the eastern division of Mor-
PETH ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 4 miles (N.
E. by E.) from Morpeth, containing 79 inhabitants.
OLD-PARK, a township in that part of the parish of
ST. ANDREW AUCKLAND which is in the south-eastern
division of DARLINGTON ward, county palatine of DUR-
HAM, 32 miles (N. E. by N.) from Bishop-Auckland,
containing 30 inhabitants.
and
OLDRIDGE, a chapelry in the parish of ST. THOMAS
the APOSTLE, hundred of WONFORD, county of DEVON,
3 miles (S. by W.) from Crediton. The population is
returned with the parish. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £800 royal
bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Vicar of Tavistock. The chapel was
erected at the expense of James Buller and the late
Giles Yarde, Esqrs.
OLERSET, a hamlet in the parish of GLOSSOP, hun-
dred of HIGH PERK, county of DERBY, containing 293
inhabitants.
OLLERTON, a township in the parish of KNUTS-
FORD, hundred of BUCKLOW, county palatine of CHES-
TER, 2½ miles (S. E.) from Nether Knutsford, contain-
ing 246 inhabitants.
OLLERTON, a market town and chapelry in the
parish of EDWINSTOW, Hatfield division of the wapen-
take of BASSETLAW, county of NOTTINGHAM, 18 miles
(N. N. E.) from Nottingham, and 1384 (N. N. W) from
London, containing 576 inhabitants. This is a small
town in the Forest of Sherwood, situated on the banks
of the little river Mann. In the neighbourhood a
considerable quantity of hops is produced. The
market, which is but of trifling importance, is held on
Friday; and there is a fair for cattle and sheep on
the 1st of May. The chapel is a modern edifice, in
the English style of architecture. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A small bequest
for the education of poor children was left by Francis
Thompson.
OLLERTON, a township in the parish of STOKE
upon TERN, Drayton division of the hundred of Brad-
FORD (North), county of SALOP, 7 miles (N. W. by W.)
from Newport, containing 133 inhabitants.
OLNEY, a market town and parish, in the hundred
of NEWPORT, county of BUCKINGHAM, 19 miles (N. E.)
from Buckingham, and 57 (N. W. by N.) from London,
containing 2339 inhabitants. The town is situated on
the northern bank of the Ouse, and consists of one long
Street, paved, but not lighted: most of the houses were
thatched previously to the occurrence of a destructive
fire in 1786, and those erected since are covered with
tiles; they are in general built of stone, and some of
them are of very respectable appearance: the inhabitants
enjoy an abundant supply of water. Over the Ouse is
a bridge, with four large arches, and a considerable
number of smaller ones, the latter extending across the
adjoining low meadow lands, which are frequently over-
flowed during heavy rains. For keeping in repair this
causeway and the foot-paths around the town, there is
OM B
ONG
451
an especial fund, arising from a public benefaction.
The principal branch of manufacture was that of bone-
lace, which has declined, in consequence of the general
use of machinery; and a few persons are now employed
in making worsted-hose, and in silk-weaving, both of
recent introduction. The market is held on Thursday ;
and there are fairs on Easter-Monday, June 29th, and
October 21st. Courts leet and baron for the manor are
held annually. The living is a vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in
the king's books at £13. 6. 8., endowed with £200
private benefaction, and £ 500 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of the Earl of Dartmouth. The church,
dedicated to St. Peter and St., Paul, is a large ancient
edifice, in the English style, with a handsome tower
and a spire, which was partially rebuilt in 1807. In
the churchyard was formerly a chapel, dedicated to the
Virgin Mary, with a chantry, founded by Lord Basset.
There are places of worship for Baptists, the Society of
Friends, Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists. Na-
tional and Lancasterian schools are supported by sub-
scription. Almshouses for twelve single women have
been erected and endowed by the Misses Smith. Moses
Browne, author of " Piscatory Eclogues," and other
works, was vicar of Olney; and John Newton, after-
wards minister of the parish of St. Mary Woolnoth,
Lombard-street, London, and a popular preacher and
writer, was once curate; at which time Cowper, the
at which time Cowper, the
poet, resided here, his house and garden, with his fa-
vourite seat, being still shewn.
OLVESTON, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of LANGLEY and SWINEHEAD, county of
GLOUCESTER, comprising the tythings of Olveston and
Upper Tockington, and containing 1351 inhabitants, of
which number, 681 are in the tything of Olveston, 3
miles (S. W.) from Thornbury. The living is a vicarage,
to which that of Elberton was united, in 1767, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Bishop of Bristol, rated in
the king's books at £24, and in the patronage of the
Dean and Chapter of Bristol. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists. The parish is partly bounded by
the river Severn, and contains extensive strata of lime-
stone.
OMPTON, a township in that part of the parish of
KNEESALL which is in the South-clay division of the
wapentake of BASSETLAW, County of NOTTINGHAM, 22
miles (S. E. by E.) from Ollerton, containing 106 inhabit-
ants.
OMBERSLEY, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of OSWALDSLOW, County of WORCESTER, 4
miles (W.) from Droitwich, containing, with the town-
ships of Borley, Hadley with Hay-Elms, Mayeux with
Chatley, Northampton-Parsonage with Powers, Ombers-
ley, Sychampton with Brookhampton and Comhampton,
Uphampton, Winnall with Acton and Dunhampton, 1814
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the
king's books at £15. 7. 34., and in the patronage of the
Marchioness of Downshire. The church, dedicated to
St. Andrew, has lately been rebuilt, in the later style of
English architecture, and is now one of the most elegant
in the county in the churchyard are the remains of an
ancient cross, supported on steps. The river Severn
passes through the parish. Here was formerly a mar-
ket, granted by Edward III., but it has been long
disused. A charity school was founded, in 1701, by
Thomas Tolley, to which Thomas Baker, in 1722, be-
queathed £100, and Richard Lloyd, in 1723, liberally
endowed it with land and houses.
:
ONECOTE, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
LEEK which is in the northern division of the hundred
of TOTMONSLOW, county of STAFFORD, 5 miles (E. by S.)
from Leek, containing 585 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed with £800
royal bounty, and £1400 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of the Vicar of Leek. The chapel is a
small stone structure. There are copper-mines at Mixen,
and small portions of copper and lead are found imbed-
ded among limestone in most of the hills in the neigh-
bourhood. Within the chapelry is a deep valley sur-
rounded by rocks, called Narrowdale, in which the in-
habitants, during several months in the year, cannot
behold the sun.
ONE-HOUSE, a parish in the hundred of Stow,
county of SUFFOLK, 2 miles (W.) from Stow-Market,
containing 185 inhabitants, exclusively of the house of
industry for the hundred of Stow, which is in this pa-
rish, and contains 235 inmates. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £7. 2. 6., and in the patron-
age of R. Pettiward, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. John the Baptist. Two streams, which run through
the parish, are formed into ornamental pieces of water
below the park. There is also a mineral spring. The
chapel of Stow and the Hundred-House are situated with-
in this parish.
ONELY, a hamlet in the parish of BARBY, hundred
of FAWSLEY, County of NORTHAMPTON, 7 miles (N. W.
by N.) from Daventry. The population is returned
with the parish.
ONGAR (CHIPPING), a market town and parish
in the hundred of ONGAR, County of Essex, 12 miles
(W. by S.) from Chelmsford, and 21 (N. E.) from Lon-
don, containing 768 inhabitants. Its name is derived
from the Saxon aungre, i. e. the place, or, as Morant sup-
poses, from the old word hangre, a hill, the addition of
chipping, or cheaping, signifying a market. It was an-
ciently denominated Ongar ad Castrum, on account of its
castle, and to distinguish it from High Ongar, a village
in the vicinity. The town is of considerable antiquity,
having probably been founded by the Saxons soon after
their settlement in England. At the time of the Norman
survey, the manor was held in demesne by Eustace,
Earl of Boulogne, and after passing through several fa-
milies, came into the possession of Richard de Lucy,
Chief Justice of England under Henry II., who pro-
cured for the town, as the head of the barony, a market
and fairs, and built the castle on a high circular emi-
nence to the east of it, surrounded by a moat and
some earthworks, of which there are still traces; the
castle itself was destroyed in the reign of Elizabeth.
The town occupies an eminence on the bank of the river
Roden, and consists principally of one long street, within
the area of an extensive intrenchment, which may be
distinctly traced: it is neither paved nor lighted, but
amply supplied with water from wells and springs. A
new road has been recently made through it from Lon-
don to Clare, in Suffolk. A market for corn and cattle
3 M 2
1
ORC
ORE
452
is held on Saturday; and there is a fair on the 12th of
October, for hiring servants. The magistrates hold a
petty session on the market day. The living is a dis
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and dio-
cese of London, rated in the king's books at £6, en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of Mrs. Bennett. The
church, dedicated to St. Martin, is a small neat structure,
partly built with Roman bricks, and is remarkable for
the castellated loop-hole appearance of its windows.
There is a place of worship for Independents. A free
school was founded, in 1678, pursuant to the will of
Joseph King, a native of this town, who bequeathed to
trustees five houses, the rents of which, amounting to
£70 per annum, are applied to the education and ap-
prenticing of six poor boys, for teaching poor girls to
read, and for other charitable purposes: any one of the
scholars that may be eligible for the University is en-
titled annually to £5 for four years from this fund.
3
4
ONGAR (HIGH), a parish in the hundred of On-
GAR, County of ESSEX, & of a mile (N.E.) from Chipping-
Ongar, containing 1126 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of
London, rated in the king's books at £39. 10. 5., and
in the patronage of the Executors of the Rev. E. Earle.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is lofty and spacious,
with an arched roof, having clouds, stars, and a rising
sun, painted on it.
ONIBURY, a parish in the hundred of MUNSLOW,
county of SALOP, 5 miles (N. W.) from Ludlow, con-
taining 445 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Hereford, rated
in the king's books at £8. 17. 8., and in the patronage
of the Bishop of Hereford. The church is dedicated to
St. Michael. A court baron is occasionally held here.
William Norton, in 1593, left a rent-charge of £6. 6.9.
for teaching poor children.
ONN (HIGH), a township in the parish of CHURCH-
EATON, Western division of the hundred of CUTTLE-
STONE, County of STAFFORD, 7 miles (W. by N.) from
Penkridge. The population is returned with the parish.
ONŇ (LITTLE), a township in the parish of
CHURCH-EATON, western division of the hundred of
CUTTLESTONE, county of STAFFORD, 64 miles (W. by N.)
from Penkridge. The population is returned with the
parish.
-
ONSTON, a township in the parish of WEAVERHAM,
second division of the hundred of EDDISBURY, County
palatine of CHESTER, 5 miles (W. by N.) from North-
wich, containing 71 inhabitants.
OPENSHAW, a township in the parish of MAN-
CHESTER, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of
LANCASTER, 34 miles (E. by S.) from Manchester, con-
taining 497 inhabitants.
ORBY, a parish in the Marsh division of the wa
pentake of CANDLESHOE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 6½ miles (E. by N.) from Spilsby, containing
282 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £9. 19. 4., and in the patronage of the
Bishop of Lincoln. The church is dedicated to All
Saints. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
ORCHARD (EAST), a parish in that part of the
hundred of SIXPENNY-HANDLEY which is in the Shas
ton (West) division of the county of DORSET, 4 miles
(S. S. W.) from Shaftesbury, containing 193 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicar-
age of Iwerne-Minster, in the archdeaconry of Dorset,
and diocese of Bristol.
ORCHARD (WEST), a parish in that part of the
hundred of SIXPENNY-HANDLEY which is in the Shas-
ton (West) division of the county of DORSET, 5 miles
(S. S. W.) from Shaftesbury, containing 173 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage
of Fontmell Magna, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and
diocese of Bristol.
ORCHARD-PORTMAN, a parish in the hundred
of TAUNTON and TAUNTON-DEAN, county of SOMERSET,
2 miles (S. S. E.) from Taunton, containing 100 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, rated in the king's books at £7. 11. 5, and in
the patronage of E. B. Portman, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Michael.
ORCHARDLEIGH, a parish in the hundred of
FROME, county of SOMERSET, 2 miles (N.) from Frome,
containing 27 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £2, and
endowed with £600 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of T. S. Champneys, Esq.
ORCHESTON (ST. GEORGE), a parish in the
hundred of HEYTESBURY, County of WILTS, 6 miles
(W. N. W.) from Amesbury, containing, with the tything
of Elston, 177 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the
king's books at £19. 7. 6., and in the patronage of the
Rev. Francis Gibbs.
ORCHESTON (ST. MARY), a parish in the hun-
dred of BRANCH and DOLE, county of WILTS, 7 miles
(N. W. by W.) from Amesbury, containing 110 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£13. 13. 9., and in the patronage of the Master and
Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge.
ORCOP, a parish in the upper division of the hun-
dred of WORMELOW, County of HEREFORD, 9½ miles
(W. N. W.) from Ross, containing 491 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction
of the Chancellor of the diocese of Hereford, and in
the patronage of William Palmer, Esq. Limestone is
obtained here.
ORDSALL, a parish in the Hatfield division of
the wapentake of BASSETLAW, county of NOTTINGHAM,
1 mile (S.) from East Retford, containing 632 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £19. 10. 7., and in the patronage of Lord
Wharncliffe. The church, dedicated to All Saints, ex-
hibits various styles of architecture. On the river Idle,
in this parish, are some paper-mills. The Chesterfield
canal passes through the parish.
ORE, a parish in the hundred of BALDSLOw, rape
of HASTINGS, county of SUSSEX, 24 miles (N. N. W.)
from Hastings, containing 546 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lewes,
and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£3. 0. 2., and in the patronage of Miss Palmer. The
church, dedicated to St. Helen, is principally in the
later style of English architecture.
ORF
ORL
453
VRGI
ORFORD, a borough
and parish, formerly a mar-
ket town, having separate
jurisdiction, though locally
in the hundred of Plomes-
gate, county of SUFFOLK,
20 miles (E. by N.) from
Ipswich, and 89 (N. E. by
E.) from London, contain-
ing, with the hamlet of
Gedgrave, 1119 inhabitants.
This was formerly a place
Corporate Seal.
of trade and importance, but
has been reduced to an inconsiderable hamlet. The
town is situated on the river Alde, and consists of
houses irregularly scattered and indifferently built the
streets are neither lighted nor paved, but the inhabit-
ants are well supplied with water. Its decline is at-
tributable to the loss of the harbour by the retiring of
the sea, which, on its retreat, threw up a barrier that
rendered the navigation dangerous. The oyster fishery
is carried on here, under license from the corporation.
Coal is imported, and corn exported to London and
other places. The river Alde is navigable up to Ald-
borough quay, for vessels of three hundred tons' burden.
The market, which was on Monday, is disused: a toy
fair is held on June 24th.
,
OREF
EFORD
S
$7
Askeri
SIGILL
OFFICI
The inhabitants received a charter of incorporation
prior to the reign of Richard III., by which monarch,
by Elizabeth, and by James I., their privileges were
confirmed. Under the charter granted by King James,
the corporation consists of a mayor, eight portmen, and
twelve capital burgesses, assisted by a recorder, coro-
ner, chamberlain, town-clerk, two serjeants at mace,
two water-bailiffs, and a harbour-master. The mayor
and two portmen are justices of the peace. The cor-
poration are empowered to hold sessions twice a year,
or as often as may be requisite, and a court of record
for the recovery of debts under 40s., at which the mayor,
two portmen, the recorder, and the town-clerk, preside.
The freedom is obtained by gift, or purchase for £5.
The elective franchise was granted in the 23rd of Ed-
ward I., but the exercise of it was discontinued till the
reign of Henry VIII., since which period two members
have been regularly returned to parliament: the right
of election is vested in the mayor, portmen, capital bur-
gesses, and freemen not receiving alms: the number of
voters is about one hundred: the mayor is the return-
ing officer, and the patronage of the borough belongs to
the Marquis of Hertford.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rec-
tory of Sudborne, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and dio-
cese of Norwich. The church, which is dedicated to St.
Bartholomew, was, when entire, a spacious and magni-
ficent structure of great antiquity, with a square embat-
tled tower the chancel, now in ruins, appears to be
more ancient than the rest of the building, and is sepa-
rated from the church by a wall built across the east
end of the nave; the ruins are in the Norman style,
and consist of a single row of massive columns, support-
ing semicircular arches decorated with zigzag mouldings
and other highly-finished carvings; the columns are
cased with hewn freestone, and display great diversity
of style in their embellishments. In the church is a
font of exquisite workmanship and great antiquity, and,
amongst several others, a monument to the memory of
the Rev. Francis Mason, who died in 1621, at the
advanced age of one hundred and ten years, eighty of
which he was rector of Sudborne. The porch, which
is curious, was formerly adorned with eleven heads of
kings, and is still decorated with escutcheons: the win-
dows contain rich tracery, and there is an elegant cross
of exquisite workmanship. At the west end of the town
are the ruins of an ancient castle, supposed to have
been built about the time of the Conquest, and evi-
dently of Norman architecture; the keep only remains,
a polygonal building of eighteen sides, flanked by three
square embattled towers, equidistant from each other,
on the north, north-east, and south-east; the lower
part of the walls is solid, the upper parts contain cham-
bers: the whole was formerly surrounded by a double
fosse, with a bridge and gateway tower. This structure
was anciently in the centre of the town, as the names of
fields taken from streets formerly existing, and the fre-
quent discovery of the foundations of buildings suffi-
ciently prove. In the interior of the castle a room has
been elegantly fitted up by the Marquis of Hertford,
which commands two extensive views of the North sea,
and one of the interior of the country for many miles.
An hospital for a master and brethren was founded in
the time of Edward II., and dedicated to St. Leonard,
which continued until after 1586; and a priory of Au-
gustine friars was founded in the 23rd of Edward I. :
part of the walls of a monastery, and the burial-ground,
yet remain; in the latter a quantity of bones and of
Saxon and Roman coins has been found. On the south-
east of this parish, towards the North sea, is a light-
house; and in the parish of Sudbourne, a little north of
the Ness, is another, together being designated "The
Orford Ness Lights." Orford confers the title of earl
upon the Walpole family.

ORFORTH, an extra-parochial district, in the south-
ern division of the wapentake of WALSHCROFT, parts of
LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN. The population is re-
turned with the parish of Binbrooke St. Mary.
ORGARSWICK, a parish in the liberty of ROMNEY-
MARSH, though locally in the hundred of Worth, lathe
of SHEPWAY, county of KENT, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from
New Romney, containing 10 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canter-
bury, rated in the king's books at £3, and in the patron-
age of the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury. The
church has been demolished.
ORGREAVE, a hamlet in the parish of Alrewas,
northern division of the hundred of OFFLOW, county of
STAFFORD, 42 miles (N. N. E.) from Lichfield, contain-
ing 87 inhabitants.
ORGREAVE, a township in that part of the parish
of ROTHERHAM which is in the southern division of the
wapentake of STRAFFORTH and TICKHILL, West riding
of the county of YORK, 44 miles (S. by W.) from Ro-
therham, containing 47 inhabitants.
ORLESTONE, a parish partly in the liberty of
ROMNEY-MARSH, and partly in the hundred of HAM,
lathe of SHEPWAY, County of KENT, 5½ miles (S. by W.)
from Ashford, containing 453 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £4. 15. 9.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of J. Thornhill, Esq.
ORM
ORM
454
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. The Royal
Military canal passes through the parish, in which
there are some chalybeate springs, but of no great
efficacy.
ORLETON, a parish in the hundred of WOLPHY,
county of HEREFORD, 6 miles (N. by E.) from Leomin-
ster, containing 574 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Here-
ford, endowed with £400 private benefaction, and £400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Governors of
Lucton school. The Leominster canal passes through
the parish. Courts leet and baron are held in March
and October; and the petty sessions for the division
take place here. There is a great fair for cattle annually
on the 23rd and 24th of April. Blount, the celebrated
antiquary, was a native of the parish, and lies buried in
the chancel of the church.
ORLETON, a chapelry in the parish of EASTHAM,
upper division of the hundred of DODDINGTREE, county
of WORCESTER, 7 miles (E. by S.) from Tenbury, con-
taining 135 inhabitants.
ORLINGBURY, a parish in the hundred of ORLING-
BURY, county of NORTHAMPTON, 32 miles (N. W. by N.)
from Wellingborough, containing 243 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton,
and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books
at £20. 7. 3., and in the patronage of Sir B. W. Bridges,
Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. The Rev.
Owen Manning, the editor of Lye's Saxon Dictionary,
was born here in 1721.
ORMSBY, a parish partly in the eastern and partly
in the western division of the liberty of LANGBAURGH,
North riding of the county of YORK, 54 miles (W. by N.)
from Guilsbrough, containing, with the chapelry of Eston,
and the townships of Morton, Normanby, and Upsall, 785
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Cleveland, and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £6. 18. 6., and in the patronage of the Arch-
bishop of York. The church is dedicated to St. Cuth-
bert. A rent-charge of £10, from an unknown bene-
factor, is paid for teaching poor children.
ORMSBY (ST. MARGARET), a parish in the eastern
division of the hundred of FLEGG, County of NORFOLK,
3 miles (N. W.) from Caistor, containing, with Scratby,
687 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
with the perpetual curacy of Ormsby St. Michael, and
with which was united, in 1548, the vicarage of Scrowtby,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, rated in
the king's books at £10. 0. 10., endowed with £210
private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Norwich.
ORMSBY (ST. MICHAEL), a parish in the eastern
division of the hundred of FLEGG, county of NORFOLK,
24 miles (N. W. by W.) from Caistor, containing 261
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, united
to the vicarage of Ormsby St. Margaret, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Norwich.
ORMSBY (NORTH), a parish in the wapentake of
LUDBOROUGH, parts of LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN,
62 miles (N. W. by N.) from Louth, containing 111 in-
habitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £3, endowed with £600 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of Misses E. and S. Ansell. The church
is dedicated to St. Helen. A monastery, for nuns and
brethren of the Sempringham order, was founded here
in the time of Stephen, by William, Earl of Albemarle,
and Gilbert, son of Robert de Ormesby: it was dedi-
cated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, and its revenue was
valued at the dissolution at £80.
ORMSBY (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
HILL, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 72 miles
(N. N. W.) from Spilsby, containing, with Ketsby, 261 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, with that of Ketsby,
with which the vicarage of Calceby, and the rectory of
Driby, were united in 1774: it is in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£14. 13. 11., and in the patronage of C. B. Massing-
berd, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Leonard.
Within the parish are the remains of a Roman explora-
tory camp.
ORMSIDE, a parish in EAST ward, county of WEST-
MORLAND, 34 miles (S. E. by S.) from Appleby, contain-
ing 202 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, rated in the
king's books at £17. 17. 3., and in the patronage of
the Bishop of Carlisle. The church, dedicated to St.
James, is a small ancient structure, situated on a com-
manding eminence. In the bed of the river Eden, which
runs through the parish, several brazen vessels were
discovered in 1689, which probably were placed there
during the parliamentary war.
ORMSKIRK, a parish in the hundred of WEST
DERBY, county palatine of LANCASTER, comprising the
market town of Ormskirk, the chapelry of Skelmersdale,
and the townships of Bickerstaffe, Birkdale, Burscough,
Lathom, and Scarisbrick, and containing 12,422 inha-
bitants, of which number, 3838 are in the town of Orms-
kirk, 13 miles (N. N. E.) from Liverpool, 40 (S. by W.)
from Lancaster, and 209 (N. W. by N.) from London. This
place is supposed to derive its name from a church built
here by two sisters of the name of Orm; and it constituted
part of the possessions with which Robert Fitz-Henry,
lord of Latham, endowed Burscough priory, an establish-
ment founded by him for Black canons, in the reign of
Richard I. The town, which is situated on the road
from Liverpool to Preston, is clean and well built : it
consists chiefly of four streets, diverging at right angles
from a central area used as the market-place : it
is not lighted, but paved under the direction of the
surveyors of highways. Its trade and manufactures
are on a limited scale; the principal establishments
are hat-manufactories and roperies. The manufac-
ture of cotton and silk has also been introduced, but
the produce has hitherto been inconsiderable: there is
also a small trade in balance-making. The loamy soil
in this parish produces a great quantity of carrots,
which are sent to the market at Liverpool; and the
farmers in the neighbourhood are noted for the culture
of early potatoes of a superior quality. The inhabitants
have also long been famous for making gingerbread,
which meets with a rapid sale in the surrounding towns,
and is even exported. The disposal of local produce,
and the importation of articles of consumption, are
greatly facilitated by the Leeds and Liverpool canal and
the Douglas navigation, which are about three miles
distant from the town. There are considerable coal
mines within the parish. The market, granted in the
14th of Edward I. to the prior of Burscough, is on
Thursday; and fairs are held on Whit-Monday and
·
OR R
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455
Whit-Tuesday, and on the 8th of September. The petty
sessions for the division are held here; and a court leet
is held annually in October, at which a constable and
other officers are appointed for the town. Quarter
sessions, formerly held here, have been removed to
Kirkdale.
.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea
conry and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's books
at £10, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Earl
of Derby. The church, dedicated to St. Peter and St.
Paul, is of ancient, but obscure, foundation. It is stated
to have been built at the expense of the two sisters
above named, to a disagreement between whom, regard-
ing the completion of the design, tradition ascribes the
peculiarity of its possessing a tower and a steeple de-
tached from each other: but it is more probable that
the tower was erected for the express purpose of receiv-
ing eight bells, removed hither from Burscough priory, on
the dissolution of that monastery. Within the building
are a chapel and vault, constructed pursuant to the will,
dated in 1572, of Edward, the third Earl of Derby, for
a cemetery for that noble family, the deceased members
of which have been interred here since the dissolution
of the priory, when such bodies as were not already re-
duced to ashes, were removed hither. An episcopal
chapel at Skelmersdale was erected by subscription in
1776, and greatly enlarged in 1823: it is presented to
by the Vicar. That at Latham is a donative belonging
to Lord Skelmersdale. There are places of worship
for Independents, Methodists of the New Connexion,
and Unitarians. The free grammar school was founded
about 1614, and is endowed with various benefactions,
producing £138. 15. per annum: the salary of the
master is £60 per annum, with permission to receive
small gratuities: the school is open to all boys of the
parish, and about forty free scholars are instructed in
classical and general literature. A school-room, in
Church-street, was built in 1724, at the expense of
James, Earl of Derby, for a Blue-coat school, now
called the United charity school, in which seventy boys
and fifty girls receive gratuitous instruction on Dr. Bell's
plan it is supported partly from permanent funds,
amounting to about £32 per annum, and partly by
subscriptions. There is also an infant school. A dis-
pensary was established in 1705; and a bank for savings
in 1822.
:
ORPINGTON, a parish in the hundred of RUXLEY,
lathe of SUTTON at HONE, county of KENT, 3 miles
(S. by W.) from Foot's Cray, containing 754 inhabitants.
The living comprises a sinecure rectory and a discharged
vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of St. Mary Cray,
the rectory rated in the king's books at £30. 14. 41,
and in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, and the vicarage at £11.10.5.,
and in the patronage of the Rector. The church is
dedicated to All Saints. There is a place of worship
for Independents. The river Cray, which has its
source in this parish, gives name to several places in the
neighbourhood. Queen Elizabeth was splendidly enter-
tained at the manor-house in 1573. Orpington is en-
titled to participate in the advantages of a school at St.
Mary Cray.
•
ORRELL, a joint township with Ford, in the parish
of SEPHTON, hundred of WEST DERBY, County palatine
of LANCASTER, 44 miles (N.) from Liverpool, containing,
with Ford, 217 inhabitants.
ORRELL, a township in that part of the parish of
WIGAN which is in the hundred of WEST DERBY,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 34 miles (W.) from
Wigan, containing 2106 inhabitants. There is a place
of worship for Independents. At Orrell Mount is an
establishment of French Benedictine nuns, who, driven
by the Revolution from their native country, first settled
at Heath in Yorkshire, and in 1821 removed hither.
There are mines of coal in the neighbourhood.
ORSETT, a parish in the hundred of BArstable,
county of Essex, 18½ miles (S. S. W.) from Chelmsford,
containing 1130 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex and
Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial Court of the
Bishop of London, rated in the king's books at
£29. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the Bishop. The
church is dedicated to St. Giles and All Saints. There
is an endowed school for educating and clothing four-
teen boys, founded by Edward Anson, Esq. Orsett Hall,
the manor-house, was erected upwards of three hun-
dred and fifty years ago. In the neighbourhood are
vestiges of ancient intrenchments, enclosing four or five
acres.
ORSTON, a parish in the northern division of the
wapentake of BINGHAM, county of NOTTINGHAM, 61
miles (E. by N.) from Bingham, containing, with a part
of Flawborough chapelry, 391 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, to which is annexed the per-
petual curacies of Scanington and Thoroton, in the arch-
deaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated in
the king's books at £12. 4. 7., and in the patronage of
the Dean of Lincoln. The church is dedicated to St.
Mary. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Metho-
dists. The small river Smite runs through the parish;
and here is a powerful chalybeate spring impregnated
with sulphur. Limestone abounds here. Orston is in
the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within
the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury
every third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under
40s.
ORTON, a parish in the ward and county of
CUMBERLAND, comprising the townships of Baldwin-
Holme and Orton, and containing 442 inhabitants, of
which number, 208 are in the township of Orton, 5/1/
miles (W. by S.) from Carlisle. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, rated in
the king's books at £9, and in the patronage of Sir
Wastell Brisco, Bart. Near the church is the school-
house, endowed, in 1785, by Thomas Pattinson, with the
interest of £100, for teaching ten children.
A mar-
ket, once held here, has been long disused. Orton was
anciently of greater importance than it is now, many
Roman remains having been discovered in the neigh-
bourhood. The whole parish was formerly encompassed
by a rampart and ditch, and at each extremity of
two lanes, running northward and eastward from the
village, is an intrenchment for the defence of the road,
across which an iron chain was fixed, to guard against
sudden attacks from the moss-troopers during the bor-
der warfare. A remarkably neat sandal was found some
years since in digging peat. Coal is found in the parish.
William Nicholson, a learned divine and antiquary, was
born here in 1655; he died in 1727.
L
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456
1
ORTON, a chapelry in the parish and hundred of
ROTHWELL, County of NORTHAMPTON, 44 miles (W. by
N.) from Kettering, containing 91 inhabitants.
ORTON, a liberty in the parish of Woмbourne,
southern division of the hundred of SEISDON, County
of STAFFORD, containing 170 inhabitants.
:
ORTON, a market town and parish, in EAST ward,
county of WESTMORLAND, 9 miles (S. W. by S.) from
Appleby, and 275 (N. W. by N.) from London, contain-
ing, with part of Birbeck Fells and Fawcet Forest, 1525
inhabitants. The town is pleasantly situated near the
river Lune, and consists chiefly of one irregular street,
which is neither paved nor lighted: it is supplied with
water by two small rivulets, which unite at its extre-
mity. The knitting of hose was formerly carried on
to a considerable extent, but has now fallen into de-
cay. There is a copper mine in the neighbourhood,
which also abounds with limestone: at Coalflat, about
a mile from the town, is a small mill for spinning flax.
A small market is held on Friday, the grant of which
was confirmed by Cromwell, in 1653; and there are
fairs on May 3rd, Friday before Whit-Sunday, and on
the second Friday after Old Michaelmas, for horned
cattle and sheep. The land is freehold, the manorial
rights being vested in the landowners; the freeholders
elect four nominal lords, who hold a court occasionally
for the enrollment of the names of purchasers of land,
and for other matters. The living is a vicarage, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, rated in the
king's books at £ 16. 17. 34., and in the patronage of
the Landowners. The church, which is dedicated to
All Saints, stands upon rising ground on the north
side of the town; it is a neat edifice, in the ancient
style of English architecture, with a low embattled
tower in the interior is a monument in memory
of Dr. Richard Burn, vicar of Orton, chancellor of the
diocese, author of treatises on "The Office of a Justice
The Office of a Justice
of the Peace," and on Ecclesiastical Law," and, con-
jointly with Joseph Nicholson, of the History of
Westmorland and Cumberland. The free school,
which was founded by subscription, about 1730, was re-
built on a different spot in 1809; Mrs. Frances War-
dale, in 1781, bequeathed the sum of £400, which with
other benefactions produces annually £21. 15.; from
seventy to eighty children are instructed, those who
can afford it paying a small quarterage. At Tebay,
within this parish, is a free grammar school, endowed
by Robert Adamson, in 1672, with land in Kendal pa-
rish, producing £45 per annum; about sixty children
are instructed gratuitously: another, at Greenholme,
was endowed by George Gibson, Esq., in 1733, with
£400 original Bank stock: the master receives a small
quarterly payment from some of the children. On the
highest part of Orton Scar there was formerly a beacon,
communicating with those of Penrith, Stanmore, and
Whinfell, in Kendale; and behind the Scar, to the east,
is Castle-Folds, a place of safety for cattle, in case of
incursions from the Scottish borderers, before the union
of the two kingdoms. Near Raisgill hall is a circular
tumulus of loose stones, one hundred yards in circum-
ference, on digging beneath which, a human skeleton
and several bones were found. In a field, called " Ga-
melanes," is a number of large granite stones, con-
sidered to be the remains of a Druidical temple. Near
the church is Our Lady's Well, with a small chapel,
<<
formerly appropriated to the reception of offerings made
by pilgrims. Dr. Thomas Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln,
and a writer of some eminence, was born in this parish
in 1607; he died in 1691.
ORTON on the HILL, a parish in the hundred of
SPARKENHOE, county of LEICESTER, 44 miles (N.) from
Atherstone, containing 370 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Leicester,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£6. 12. 8., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Ox-
ford. The church is dedicated to St. Edith.
This pa-
rish is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster,
and within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at
Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts
under 40s.
ORTON-LONGVILLE, a parish in the hundred of
NORMAN-CROSS, county of HUNTINGDON, 24 miles (S. W.
by W.) from Peterborough, containing 213 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, to which that of Botolph-Bridge
was united in 1721, in the archdeaconry of Hunting-
don, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £12. 6. 5½., and in the patronage of the Earl of
Aboyne. The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity.
ORTON-WATERVILLE, a parish in the hundred
of NORMAN-CROSS, County of HUNTINGDON, 3 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Peterborough, containing 282 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Huntingdon, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £12. 11. 5., and in the patronage of the
Master and Fellows of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
ORWELL, a parish in the hundred of WETHERLEY,
county of CAMBRIDGE, 7½ miles (N.N. W.) from Royston,
containing 475 inhabitants. The living comprises a sine-
cure rectory and a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Ely, the rectory rated in the king's
books at £19. 19. 44., and the vicarage at £7. 10. 10.,
the former in the patronage of the Master and Fellows
of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the latter in that
of the Rector. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
At Malton, anciently a distinct parish, is a desecrated
church, now used as a barn. A school for poor chil-
dren was founded and liberally endowed, in 1750, by
the Rev. John Colbatch, D.D., some time rector.
OSBALDESTON, a township in the parish, and
lower division of the hundred, of BLACKBURN, county
palatine of LANCASTER, 4 miles (N. W. by N.) from
Blackburn, containing 319 inhabitants.
OSBALDWICK, a parish in the liberty of ST.
PETER of YORK, East riding, though locally in the
wapentake of Bulmer, North riding, of the county of
YORK, comprising the townships of Murton and Os-
baldwick, and containing 310 inhabitants, of which
number, 176 are in the township of Osbaldwick, 24
miles (E.) from York. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of
the Prebendary of Strensall in the Cathedral Church of
York, rated in the king's books at £4, and endowed
with £600 royal bounty. The church is dedicated to
St. Thomas.
OSBASTON, a township partly in the parish of
MARKET-BOSWORTH, but chiefly in that of CADEBY,
hundred of SPARKENHOE, County of LEICESTER, 2 miles
(N. E.) from Market-Bosworth, containing 176 inha-
bitants.
OSM
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457
OSBOURNBY, a parish in the wapentake of AVE-
LAND, parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 22
miles (N.) from Falkingham, containing 428 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£7. 0. 5., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Duke
of Devonshire. The church, dedicated to St. Peter and
St. Paul, is principally in the decorated style of archi-
tecture: it contains some stalls, the remains of a rood-
loft, screen, and a large ancient font.
OSGARTHORPE, a parish in the western division
of the hundred of GoscoTE, county of LEICESTER, 54
miles (E.N.E.) from Ashby de la Zouch, containing 352
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £7, and in the patronage of the Marquis of
Hastings. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. A free
school was erected by Thomas Hardy, Esq., who, in
1670, vested in trustees so much money as would pur-
chase lands to the value of £100 a year, for the main-
tenance of a schoolmaster and six clergymen's widows.
A canal passes from Barrow Hill, in this parish, crosses
the parish of Sheepshead, and terminates in that of
Loughborough.
OSGODBY, a township in the parish of LAVING-
TON, or LINTON, wapentake of BELTISLOE, parts of
KESTEVEN, County of LINCOLN, 4½ miles (N.E.) from
Corby, containing 95 inhabitants.
OSGODBY, a joint parish with Kirkby, in the north-
ern division of the wapentake of WALSHCROFT, parts
of LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN, 4 miles (N. W.) from
Market-Rasen. The population is returned with Kirkby.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
OSGODBY, a township in the parish of HEMING-
BROUGH, wapentake of OUZE and DERWENT, East riding
of the county of YORK, 24 miles (E.N.E.) from Selby,
containing 185 inhabitants.
OSGODBY, a township in the parish of CAYTON,
PICKERING lythe, North riding of the county of YORK,
24 miles (S. by E.) from Scarborough, containing 72
inhabitants.
OSGOODBY-GRANGE, a hamlet in that part
of the parish of KILBURN which is in the liberty of
RIPON, West riding of the county of YORK, 42 miles
(E. by S.) from Thirsk. The population is returned
with the township of Hood.
OSLESTON, a joint township with Thurvaston, in
the parish of SUTTON on the HILL, hundred of APPLE-
TREE, county of DERBY, 7 miles (W. by N.) from
Derby, containing, with Thurvaston, 440 inhabitants.
OSLOW, a township in the parish of CHURCH-
EATON, Western division of the hundred of CUTTLE-
STONE, County of STAFFORD. The population is returned
with the parish.
-
OSMASTON, a parish in the hundred of Apple-
TREE, county of DERBY, 24 miles (S.E. by S.) from
Ashbourn, containing 296 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, and in the patronage
of the Rector of Brailsford. The church, dedicated to
St. Martin, has lately received an addition of forty-
eight free sittings, the Incorporated Society for the en-
largement of churches and chapels having granted £ 50
towards defraying the expense.
VOL. III,
OSMASTON, a parish in the hundred of REPTON
and GRESLEY, county of DERBY, 24 miles (S.E.) from
Derby, containing 159 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed with £ 200
private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of Sir Robert Wilmot, Bart. The church is
dedicated to All Saints. The River Derwent and the
Derby canal pass through the parish.
OSMINGTON, a parish in the hundred of CULLI-
FORD-TREE, Dorchester division of the county of DOR-
SET, 4½ miles (N. E.) from Melcombe-Regis, containing
318 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in the
king's books at £ 11. 0. 2., and in the patronage of
the Bishop of Salisbury. The church is dedicated to
St. Osmond. The parish is bounded on the south by
the English channel.
<he
OSMOTHERLEY, a township in the parish of
ULVERSTONE, hundred of LONSDALE, north of the
sands, county palatine of LANCASTER, 3 miles (N.
by W.) from Ulverstone, containing 264 inhabitants.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
A school has been erected by subscription; the income
is about £10. 10. per annum, for which twenty children
are educated.
-
OSMOTHERLEY, a parish in the wapentake of
ALLERTONSHIRE, North riding of the county of York,
comprising the townships of Ellerbeck, West Harsley,
Osmotherley, and Thimbleby, and containing 1087 in-
habitants, of which number, 755 are in the township of
Osmotherley, 7 miles (E. N. E.) from North Allerton.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the Court of the Bishop of Durham for Al-
lerton and Allertonshire, rated in the king's books at
£8. 10., endowed with £600 royal bounty, and £1000
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Durham. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
Here are places of worship for the Society of Friends,
Wesleyan Methodists, and Roman Catholics. There are
extensive quarries of freestone in the parish, and mills
for spinning small cordage. Two small endowments
were bequeathed by the Rev. Mr. Nicholson, in 1757,
and by Daniel Tyerman, in 1786, for teaching poor
children. A Carthusian priory was founded here, about
1396, by Thomas, Duke of Surrey, the revenue of which,
at the dissolution, was valued at £323. At West Harley
are the remains of a castle, the tower of which having
been much damaged by a thunder-storm, was, a few
years since, taken down.
OSPRINGE-LIBERTY, a parish in the hundred of
FAVERSHAM, lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, of a
&
mile (W.S.W.) from Faversham, containing 912 inha-
bitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at
£ 10, and in the patronage of the Master and Fellows
of St. John's College, Cambridge. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Peter and St. Paul, is principally in the
early style of English architecture. This was doubtless
the site of the ancient Durolevum, though some have
fixed that station at Newington. A Roman fortifica-
tion and burial-place have been discovered here, be-
sides numerous Roman antiquities of various kinds.
Ospringe is an independent franchise, governed by its
own constable, and has a fair annually on May 25th.
t
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458
Here is a neat range of infantry barracks, erected
during the late war. On a stream which flows through
the village are extensive gunpowder-mills, belonging to
government, and on its northern bank are some remains
of a Maison Dieu, founded by Henry III., about 1235,
and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary; it was for-
merly of great repute, and consisted of a master and
three brethren of the order of the Holy Cross, and two
secular clerks; but falling into decay, at the close of
the reign of Edward IV., it escheated to the crown,
and its remains have since been converted into dwell-
ing-houses.
OSSETT, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
DEWSBURY which is in the lower division of the wa-
pentake of AGBRIGG, West riding of the county of
YORK, 44 miles (W.) from Wakefield, containing 4775
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of York, endowed with £800
private benefaction, £ 800 royal bounty, and £ 600 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar of
Dewsbury. The chapel, dedicated to the Holy Trinity,
has lately received an addition of three hundred free
sittings, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels having granted £300 to-
wards defraying the expense. There are places of wor-
ship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists. A A
school was established by subscription in 1745; part
of the money was applied for the erection of a school-
room and a house for the master, and the remaining
portion was invested in the purchase of certain pre-
mises, producing about £20 per annum; for several
years the income has been allowed to accumulate for
the repair of the school-house, and establishing a Sun-
day school.
OSWESTRY, a borough,
market town, and parish,
having separate jurisdiction,
though locally in the hun-
dred of Oswestry, county
of SALOP, comprising the
townships of Llanforda with
Trefarclawdd, Pontregaer,
and Lynymon; Maesbury
with Morton and Crick-
heath; Middleton with As-
ton, Hisland, and Wooton;
Corporate Seal.
Weston with Sweeney, Tre-
flach, and Trefonnen; and containing 7523 inhabitants,
of which number, 3910 are in the town of Oswestry, 17
miles (N. W.) from Shrewsbury, and 180 (N. W.) from
London. This town is supposed to have been founded,
in the fourth century, by the Britons, and having been
given by Cunetha Wledic, Prince of North Wales, to his
son Ussa, in the sixth century, was named Maes Usswalt,
and subsequently Maserfield. Its present appellation is a
corruption of the Saxon Oswaldstre, Oswald's tree, or
town, and originated in a battle fought here, August 5th,
642, between Oswald, the Christian King of Northum-
berland, and Penda, the Pagan King of Mercia, in which
the former was slain; and the members of his body
were severally affixed to three crosses, in token of con-
quest, and in derision of his religious tenets: on this ac-
count also the Welch called it Croes Oswald, which name
they still retain. The esteem in which Oswald had been
held by the monks led to his canonization; the scene
of his death became hallowed, miraculous virtues were
attributed to his relics, and a monastery was soon after-
wards raised to his memory, from which institution
this place received the appellation of Blanc minster, with
other names of similar import. Oswestry continued in
the possession of the Britons, and constituted a portion
of the kingdom termed Powysland, until the year 777,
when it was annexed to the kingdom of Mercia, by con-
quest, and an earthen mound, called Clawdd Offa, Offa's
OSSINGTON, a parish in the northern division of
the wapentake of THURGARTON, county of Notting-
HAM, 44 miles (S. S. E.) from Tuxford, containing 301
inhabitants. The living is a donative, in the patronage
of J. E. Denison, Esq. The church is dedicated to the
Holy Rood.
OSWALD (KIRK), county of CUMBERLAND.-See dyke, and vulgarly the Devil's ditch, was raised, as a line
KIRK-OSWALD.
of demarcation between that kingdom and the princi-
pality of Wales. This dyke extends from the river Wye,
along the counties of Hereford, Radnor, Montgomery,
and Denbigh, and terminates near the Clwydian hills;
near this town it crosses the race-course on Cefn-y-bwch.
Parallel with it, but at unequal distances, is a similar ram-
part, called Watt's Dyke, or perhaps originally Watch
Dyke, from the number of Watch forts on its course: the
Welch call it Clawdd Wat, from Cadwalader, King of
Wales. The formation of this work is of much earlier
date, and is ascribed to the Britons, as a means of de-
fence against Roman invasion: the intervening space
was esteemed neutral ground, whereon the Britons,
Danes, &c., were accustomed to meet for the purpose of
traffic, without molestation. On the line of Watt's Dyke,
about a mile northward of the town, is another work of
the ancient Britons, denominated by their descendants
Llys Ogran, or Ogyrvan, or Caer Ogran, Ogran's palace, or
strong hold; and also Hến Dinas, old camp or city: its
present name is Old Fort, or, by corruption, Old Port,
and it is occasionally called Old Oswestry, there being
a vulgar tradition that it was anciently the site of the
town: it was a famous military post, being a lofty na-
tural eminence, of an oblong shape, and surrounded by

OSWALD (ST.), county of NORTHUMBERLAND.-
See WALL.
OSWALD-KIRK, a parish in the wapentake of
RYEDALE, North riding of the county of YORK, 3½
miles (S.) from Helmsley, containing 212 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cleve-
land, and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
at £10. 1. 8., and in the patronage of William Gray,
Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Oswald, is prin-
cipally in the Norman style. Here are the remains of
an old monastic edifice. Eight poor children are
instructed for £4 a year, the gift of Mary Fyshe, and
the charity school has an endowment of £5 per
annum, by Thomas Carter.
Roger Dodsworth, the
antiquary, was born at Newton-Grange, in 1585; he died
in 1654.
OSWALDTWISTLE, a township in that part of the
parish of WHALLEY which is in the lower division of
the hundred of BLACKBURN, County palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 32 miles (E. by S.) from Blackburn, containing
4960 inhabitants. Here are print-works on a large
scale, and other establishments for the manufacture of
cotton goods. Coal is obtained in the township.
4
OSWA
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PRETTIES
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a deep triple intrenchment on the summit and sides,
the area comprising nearly sixteen acres, and the forti-
fications, which are covered with timber and brushwood,
upwards of forty.
Oswestry is not mentioned in the Norman survey:
according to Dugdale, it was given by the Conqueror to
"Alan, ancestor of the Fitz-Alans, Earls of Arundel, in
which noble family the barony continued upwards of
five hundred years; but another authority states that
the Fitz-Alans became lords of it by marriage of one of
the lords of Clun with Maud, widow of Madog ap Me-
redydd, who, on partition of Powysland by his father,
succeeded to the division termed Powys Vadog, of which
Oswestry formed part. This was Madog's chief resi-
dence, and, according to the Welch records, he built
the castle about 1149, though the English historians
mention it to have existed before the Conquest: it stood
on an artificial mound on the north-west side of the town,
but there are scarcely any remains. When Henry II. at-
tempted to subjugate the principality, in the year 1164, he
assembled his army and encamped here for a consider-
´able time, prior to the sanguinary conflict beneath Cas-
tell Crogen, now Chirk castle, the scene of which is yet
marked by a heap of stones, called Adw'yr Bedhan, or
the Passage of the Graves. During the contest between
John and the barons, about 1216, the castle was de-
stroyed by fire, and, in 1233, the town experienced a
similar fate from Llewellyn ap Jorwerth, Prince of Wales.
In 1277, Edward I., still meditating the subjugation of
Wales, began to surround this town with walls, for
the completion of which he imposed a murage tax upon
the county for six years: they were about a mile in
circumference, had four gates, and were flanked by a
foss. Soon after the dissolution of the parliament held
at Shrewsbury, in which the Duke of Hereford, after-
wards Henry IV., accused the Duke of Norfolk of
treasonable expressions, those illustrious persons were
cited to appear before the king, and the commissioners
appointed by that parliament, in this town. During an
insurrection of the Welch, under Owen Glyndwr, in
1400, Oswestry was again nearly destroyed by fire; and
in 1403, that renowned leader, having caused himself
to be proclaimed Prince of Wales, assembled a force
of twelve thousand men here, with a view to join Lord
Percy against the king; but this union was not ef-
fected; and, on the issue of that celebrated battle,
Glyndwr retreated precipitately into Wales. At the
commencement of the parliamentary war, Oswestry was
garrisoned in support of the royal cause; but on June
22nd, 1644, the forces were compelled to surrender to
a detachment of the parliamentary army, under the
command of the Earl of Denbigh and General Mytton;
an ineffectual attempt was made to retake the town, and
a few years afterwards the castle was demolished. A
great part of the town was destroyed by casual fires,
which occurred in 1542, 1544, and 1567: the western
suburb is yet called Pentre poedd, the burnt town. In
1559, the plague swept off more than five hundred of
its inhabitants, on which occasion the market was re-
moved to a place on the road to Welchpool, about half
a mile distant, where is the base of an old cross, called
Croes Willin, which is supposed to have been erected at
the time; in 1585, a similar visitation took place, and
during its continuance, the flannel market, for which
Oswestry was then noted, was held at Knockin.
.
·
:
The town, situated on the road from London to
Holyhead, occupies the declivity of a range of hills
which skirt it on the western side, and commands an
extensive view over the fertile plain of Salop : the
streets are paved and lighted, under the provisions of an
act obtained in 1810, gas having been introduced in
1825; the old buildings, of timber and brick, have been
succeeded by respectable modern edifices, and the town,
which has long since stretched beyond its ancient boun-
daries, is still progressively increasing in size, and im-
proving in appearance. A neat theatre, in Willow-street,
is occupied by a respectable company in the autumn;
races are held annually in September; and accommo-
dation for occasional assemblies is provided at the
Wynnstay Arms. The sale of Welch flannel and of
cotton goods, which was formerly carried on to a great
extent, was removed to Shrewsbury about 1625 at
present the chief business of the town is in malting,
and there is some trade in flannel. Coal abounds in
the neighbourhood. The markets are on Wednesday
and Saturday, the former being the principal. A fair
on the eve, day, and morrow of St. Andrew was granted
by Henry III.; fairs are also held on the third Wednes-
day in January, March 15th, May 12th, Wednesday be-
fore Midsummer-day, August 15th, Friday before Sep-
tember 29th, and December 10th. The first charter was
granted to the inhabitants by William Fitz-Alan, their
feudal lord, in the reign of Henry II., and the first
royal charter by Richard II., confirmations having been.
received from subsequent sovereigns: the borough is
now governed by the charter of Charles II., under which
the corporate body consists of a mayor, high steward,
twelve aldermen, and fifteen common council-men,
assisted by a recorder, coroner, town-clerk, murenger,
and other officers. The mayor, recorder, and murenger,
are elected by the aldermen and members of the com-
mon council; the high-steward and town-clerk are
appointed by the lord of the manor: the mayor for
the preceding year acts as coroner. Courts for the
borough, and petty sessions for the hundred, are held
here. The guildhall is a plain stone edifice, with a
small turret, comprising apartments for holding quarter
sessions and other public meetings, and a jury-room;
it is private property, and forms one side of the square
denominated Bailey-head: near it is the town-clerk's
office, a lofty edifice built with the stone which formerly
belonged to the town gates; behind it is a small prison.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of St. Asaph, rated in the king's
books at £23. 15.71., and in the patronage of Lord Clive.
The church, dedicated to St. Oswald, was originally the
conventual church of the ancient monastery, and was
greatly damaged during the commotions of 1616 and
1644, at which latter period the tower was taken down
by the royalists, lest, as it stood without the town walls,
their opponents should annoy them from its summit.
On the north side of the churchyard is a pleasant walk,
shaded by a double row of lime trees, and terminated by
an alcove. A chapel of ease was erected, in 1810, at
Trefonnen, in this parish, by subscription, for the ac-
commodation of the Welch inhabitants, the service
being performed in the Welch language. There are
places of worship for Baptists, Independents, and Wes-
leyan Methodists.
M
The free grammar school was founded, about the time
3 N 2
OSY
OTH
460
:
of Henry IV., by Davy Holbecke, and endowed with land
then worth £10; in 1776, the sum of £780 was raised
by subscription, for the erection of a new school-room
and a residence for the master; at the same time a field,
called Cae Groes, from having contained the cross, or
pole, on which the mangled remains of Oswald were ex-
posed, was given to the school by Sir W. W. Wynn, Bart.,
having been regularly conveyed to it, by deed dated
September 22nd, 1815, at a small rental, by the present
baronet of that name: the premises then begun were
completed by the present master, who also recovered
about twenty-six acres of land for the institution, which
had been considered lost. The annual rental arising from
the original endowment is about £260: the master's
salary, including the value of the house, &c., is about
£300 per annum, and he receives a considerable num-
ber of boarders the school is free to all the sons of
parishioners for instruction in English and classical
literature. Thomas Bray, D. D., a learned divine, the
principal promoter of the "Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel in Foreign Parts," and the founder of
parochial and lending libraries, received the early part
of his education at this school. A National school for
boys and girls is held in apartments above the town-
clerk's office and town-hall, and is supported by volun-
tary contributions, the National Society having contri-
buted £200 towards its establishment; here also school-
masters are prepared for Wales. The house of industry,
a spacious and handsome edifice of brick, about a mile
from the town, was erected for the poor of this town
and parish, and those of ten neighbouring parishes, with
the township of Llwyntedman, in the parish of Llany-
mynech, at the joint expense of the respective places,
pursuant to an act passed in 1791. There is a society
for ameliorating the condition of the poor. A little
westward from the town is Oswald's well, a small basin
under an arch in the recess of a stone wall, with a
crowned head of Oswald, near the spot where that mo-
narch is supposed to have fallen; a chapel formerly
stood near it. On the ancient walls which surrounded
the town were several towers, and the entrance was
through four gates, called respectively, New gate, Bea-
trice gate, Willow, or, more properly, Wallia gate, and
Black gate, the last-named having been taken down in
1766, and the others in 1782. Oswestry confers the
inferior title of baron on the Duke of Norfolk.
nity, retired hither, where she founded a church and a
nunnery: these were afterwards plundered by the Danes,
who beheaded the foundress near an adjacent fountain.
About the year 1118, Belmeis, Bishop of London, esta-
blished a priory for Augustine canons on the supposed
site of the nunnery, which, at the dissolution, had a
revenue of £758. 5. 8.
revenue of £758. 5. 8. The quadrangle of this building
is almost entire, excepting part of the north side, where
are some modern apartments: the entrance is by a beau-
tiful gateway of hewn stone, mixed with flints, having
two towers and posterns: to the east are three towers,
one larger and loftier than the rest.
OSYTH (ST.) CHICH, a parish in the hundred of
TENDRING, county of ESSEX, 11 miles (S. E.) from Col-
chester, containing 1414 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Colchester,
and diocese of London, and in the patronage of F. Nas-
sau, Esq.
The church is a large, irregular building,
some parts being of considerable antiquity, and others
of the time of Henry VI.: in the chancel are two hand-
some monuments in alabaster, erected to the memory
of the two first Lords D'Arcy, and their wives. A
creek, or arm of the river Coln, dividing into two
branches, leads to two wharfs in this parish, and is
navigable for barges and sloops. At the south-eastern
boundary are a martello tower, for the defence of the
coast, and a signal station. A school is endowed with
land producing about £7 per annum. This place,
remarkable for the remains of its noble monastery,
derives its name from St. Osyth, daughter of Redwald,
King of East Anglia, who, having made a vow of virgi-
OTFORD, a parish in the hundred of CODSHEATH,
lathe of SUTTON at HONE, county of KENT, 3 miles
(N.) from Seven - Oaks, containing 630 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the Archbishop of Canterbury, endowed with
£400 private benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and
£900 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Dean and Chapter of Westminster. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Bartholomew, is principally in the deco-
rated style of architecture. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists. An hospital for lepers ex-
isted here in the reign of Henry III. The river Darent
runs through the parish. In the village are the ex-
tensive ruins of an ancient palace of the Archbishops
of Canterbury, once the residence of the celebrated
Thomas à Becket, the square tower of which is still in
good preservation: some idea may be formed of its
extent and grandeur from the repairs, in Warham's
time, having cost upwards of £33,000. Near it is a
well, thirty feet deep and fifteen in diameter, enclosed
by a wall, which is called Thomas à Becket's well, and
said to have been used by him as a bath. Archbishop
Winchelsea died here in 1313. At this place, in
773, Offa, King of Mercia, gained a great victory over
Ealhmund, King of Kent; and here Edmund Ironside,
in 1016, defeated the Danes with great slaughter: many
skeletons and bones of the slain have been discovered in
the neighbourhood.
OTHAM, a parish in the hundred of EYHORNE,
lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 23 miles (S. E.
by E.) from Maidstone, containing 337 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £9. 17. 34.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. W. Horne. The church
is dedicated to St. Nicholas. The small river Lenham
forms the northern boundary of the parish, in which
there is an abundance of what is called Kentish ragstone.
An abbey of Premonstratensian canons was founded here,
and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin and St. Lawrence,
about the time of Henry II.; but, in the reign of John,
they removed to a more convenient situation at Beau-
lieu, in the parisk of Frant. Bishop Horne was born in
this parish in 1730; he died in 1792.
OTHERTON, a township in that part of the parish
of PENKRIDGE which is in the eastern division of the
hundred of CUTTLESTONE, county of STAFFORD, 1 mile
(S. S. E.) from Penkridge, with which the population is
returned.
OTHERY, a parish in the hundred of WHITLEY,
county of SOMERSET, 4 miles (N. W. by N.) from
Langport, containing, with a part of Boroughbridge,
509 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
within the jurisdiction of Glastonbury, and diocese of
OTL
OTT
461
•
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £ 12, en-
dowed with £ 200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
the Bishop of Bath and Wells. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Michael, is a large cruciform structure, with
a handsome tower, seventy-five feet in height. The na-
vigable river Parret forms the western and southern
boundaries of the parish, in which there is a quarry of
good building stone.
OTLEY, a parish in the hundred of CARLFORD, County
of SUFFOLK, 53 miles (N. W. by N.) from Woodbridge,
containing 629 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated
in the king's books at £16. 6. 5½., and in the patronage
of the Earl of Abergavenny. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
OTLEY, a parish comprising the market town of
Otley, the chapelries of Baildon, Bramhope, Burley, and
Poole, and the townships of Esholt, Hawksworth, and
Menstone, in the upper division of the wapentake of
SKYRACK, and the chapelry of Denton in the lower,
and the townships of Farnley, Lindley, Newhall with
Clifton, and little Timble in the upper, division of the
wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the county of
YORK, and containing 9358 inhabitants, of which num-
ber, 3065 are in the market town of Otley, 28 miles
(W. by S.) from York, and 206 (N.N.W.) from London.
The name has been considered a contraction of Oat-lea,
from the quantity of oats formerly cultivated in the
neighbourhood; but, with more probability, and on
better evidence, it is believed to be a corruption of
Othelai, as spelt in Domesday-book, meaning the field of
Othe, or Otho. The town, which is pleasantly situated on
the banks of the river Wharf, is small, and neatly built.
A few persons are employed in the worsted manufacture.
Considerable quantities of smelts, eels, and trout, are
taken in the river, near Otley, and occasionally salmon.
The market, which is amply supplied with corn, cattle,
sheep, and calves, is on Friday; and fairs are held, on
the first Monday after August 2nd, for horses and cattle;
on the Friday between New and Old Martinmas day,
for hiring servants; and on every second Monday, for
cattle and sheep.
•
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
at £ 13. 1. 8., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church, which is dedicated to All Saints, was originally
of Norman architecture, but of the ancient building
the north door alone remains it is a spacious edifice,
and contains several monuments of the families of Fair-
fax, Fawkes, Vavasour, &c. There are places of worship
for the Society of Friends, Independents, and Wesleyan
Methodists. The free grammar school, founded by
means of a bequest of £ 250 from Thomas Cave, in the
year 1602, was established by letters patent of James I.,
and named, in honour of the then Prince of Wales, "The
Free Grammar School of Prince Henry;" the above be-
quest having been augmented by subscription, a school-
room, and other apartments, were erected about 1611,
under the direction of the governors: the master re-
ceives £ 20 per annum : the school is open for gratuitous
classical instruction to the sons of parishioners, but three
boys only are taught on the foundation, and about forty
are instructed by the usher, in English grammar, writing,
and arithmetic, on paying quarterage. Here was an-
ciently an hospital for lepers. Sir Thomas, afterwards
Lord, Fairfax, the celebrated parliamentary general, was
born at Denton Park, in this parish, in the year 1611, and
died in the same house, on the 12th of November, 1671.
OTTERBOURNE, a parish in the hundred of
Buddlesgate, Fawley division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 4 miles (S. S. W.) from Winchester, con-
taining 565 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Hursley, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Vicar of Hursley. The
church is dedicated to St. Matthew. The Itchen navi-
gation passes through the parish, which is within the
jurisdiction of the Cheyney Court held at Winchester
every Thursday, for the recovery of debts to any
amount.
OTTERBURN, a township in that part of the
parish of KIRKBY in MALHAM-DALE which is in the
western division of the wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and
EwCROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, 8½ miles
(S. E.) from Settle, containing 40 inhabitants.
OTTERBURN-WARD, a township in the parish of
ELSDON, Southern division of COQUETDALE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 11 miles (N. E. by N.) from
Bellingham, containing 388 inhabitants, who are prin-
cipally employed in the manufacture of woollen cloth,
including carding, dyeing, and fulling. Otterburn castle
was a strong fortress well adapted for sustaining the
frequent attacks of the Scottish borderers. Here was
fought, in 1388, the famous battle between the English,
under Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur, and the Scots,
commanded by Earl Douglas, in which the latter fell by
the sword of the former, who, with many of his knights,
was afterwards taken prisoner. The ancient and
popular ballad of "Chevy Chase," in which, however,
there are material deviations from historical facts, was
founded upon this sanguinary contest.
On the spot
where the battle was fought are several tumuli, also re-
mains of intrenchments, and a cross erected where
Douglas is said to have fallen.
OTTERDEN, a parish partly in the hundred of
FAVERSHAM, lathe of SCRAY, but chiefly in the hundred
of EYHORNE, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT,
3 miles (N.) from Charing, containing 172 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £6. 14. 2.,
and in the patronage of W. G. Paxton, Esq. The church,
dedicated to St. Lawrence, was erected in 1753, near
the ruins of a more ancient edifice, which are still dis-
cernible.
OTTERFORD, a parish in the hundred of Taun-
TON and TAUNTON-DEAN, County of SOMERSET, 7 miles
(S.) from Taunton, containing 366 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells, endowed with
£ 200 private benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and £300
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of R. Bun-
combe, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Leonard.
John Boles, in 1769, bequeathed £50 in support of a
school for six poor children.
OTTERHAM, a parish in the hundred of LESNEWTH,
county of CORNWALL, 6 miles (N. E. by N.) from Camel-
ford, containing 212 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £6. 14. 2.,
and in the patronage of W. Chilcott, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Denis.
OTT
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462
OTTERHAMPTON, a parish in the hundred of
CANNINGTON, County of SOMERSET, 53 miles (N. W.)
from Bridg-water, containing 221 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £13. 6., and in the patronage of J.
Evered, Esq. The navigable river Parret bounds the
parish on the east.
OTTERINGTON (NORTH), a parish comprising
the townships of North Otterington and Thornton le
Beans, in the wapentake of ALLERTONSHIRE, and the
township of Thornton le Moor, in that of BIRDFORTH,
North riding of the county of YORK, and containing 585
inhabitants, of which number, 44 are in the township
of North Otterington, 34 miles (S.) from North Allerton.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the jurisdiction
of the peculiar court of Allertonshire, belonging to the
Bishop of Durham, rated in the king's books at £4,
and in the patronage of the Dean and Canons of Christ
Church, Oxford. The church is dedicated to St Michael.
OTTERINGTON (SOUTH), a parish in the wapen-
take of BIRDFORTH, North riding of the county of
YORK, 41 miles (S. by E.) from North Allerton, contain-
ing 201 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory
in two portions, called Gamwell House, and Weatherel
House, in the archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese
of York, the former endowed with £200 royal bounty,
each rated in the king's books at £7. 14. 4., and in
the patronage of the Rev. J. Sampson. The church is
dedicated to St. Andrew.
OTTERTON, a parish in the eastern division of the
hundred of BUDLEIGH, county of DEVON, 4 miles (S. W.
by W.) from Sidmouth, containing 1071 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £ 22, and in the
patronage of Lord Rolle. The church is dedicated to
St. Michael. There was formerly a chapel at He-
derland. The river Otter runs through the parish.
Fairs are held on the Wednesday in Easter week and
October 11th. Here was an Alien priory of Black monks,
founded in the reign of the Conqueror, and subordinate
to the abbey of St. Michael in Pericula Maris, in Nor-
mandy; at the suppression, in the 1st of Edward IV.,
its revenue was estimated at £ 87. 10. 4., and its pos-
sessions were given to the monastery of Sion. The
prior enjoyed the singular rights of first choice in the
fish-market, of appropriating to himself the half of every
dolphin brought thither, and of claiming every porpoise
at the price of "twelve pence, and a loaf to each sailor,
and two to the master."
:
tions required by that commander, his troops are re-
ported to have defaced the church, and destroyed two
organs in it. The town is situated a little to the south
of the high road from Honiton to Exeter it is irre-
gularly built on very uneven ground, and, exclusively
of a few respectable houses in the higher part of it,
near the church, it is composed chiefly of cottages.
There is a good supply of water from wells and
springs, and the surrounding country is pleasant and
fertile. The manufacture of serge, which once flou-
rished here, has been superseded by extensive silk-works,
the machinery belonging to which is very ingeniously
constructed, and is put in motion by a water-wheel
of large dimensions. Handkerchiefs and ribands are
among the chief articles now made, and the factory
furnishes employment to between three and four hun-
dred persons. Here are also a tan-yard and a rope-
The market
walk, and some lace is made in the town.
is on Thursday; and fairs are held on the Tuesday
before Palm-Sunday, Whit-Tuesday, and August 15th,
for cattle, and at the last a considerable quantity of
cheese also is sold: there is a great market on the
Thursday before the second Friday in every month.
Courts leet and baron are held annually for the manor,
at which two constables are appointed for the parish,
and two for the town, and there is likewise a constable
for the hundred, whose office is permanent.
OTTERY (ST. MARY), a parish, market town, and
hundred, in the county of DEVON, 12 miles (E. by N.)
from Exeter, and 156 (W.S.W.) from London, containing
3522 inhabitants. The town is agreeably situated on the
eastern bank of the river Otter, from which it receives
its name, the adjunct having originated either from the
foundation of a collegiate church, in honour of the Virgin
Mary, by John Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter, in 1337;
or, from the manor having been given by Edward the
Confessor to the church of St. Mary at Rouen, in Nor-
mandy. During the civil war between Charles I. and the
parliament, this town was alternately occupied by both
parties; and in 1645, a detachment of the parliamentary
army being quartered here, under Sir Thomas Fairfax,
on the refusal of the inhabitants to furnish the contribu-
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books
at £20, endowed with £ 1400 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of the Crown. After the suppression
of the college founded by Bishop Grandisson, the church,
the cemetery, the school-house, and other collegiate
buildings and premises, were granted in trust to four
inhabitants of the town, who were incorporated as
"Governors of the Church of St. Mary Ottery," who
collect the small tithes, and have the exclusive possession
of the choir of the church: they also nominate a
The church,
chaplain, sexton, and church-keeper.
dedicated to St. Mary, a large and curious edifice,
has been called " a cathedral in miniature," being con-
structed, like that of Eexter, with towers in the transepts,
besides which it comprises a nave, choir, aisles, and
Lady chapel. The principal part of the body of the
church exhibits the early English style of architecture,
having been erected about 1260. The groined roof of the
whole of the interior is of a later date than the structure
itself, and the north aisle of the nave, which is in the
latest style, has a very rich ceiling, with pendant orna-
ments. The Lady chapel has, at the east end, some
fine tabernacled niches, of a more modern date than the
chapel itself. In the nave is a plain altar-tomb, with a
recumbent statue of an armed knight, under a monu-
mental arch, embellished with fine mouldings and pen-
dant tracery, having an ogee canopy, with crockets and
a handsome finial: the pulpit is decorated with carved
wood-work. There are places of worship for Indepen-
dents and Unitarians. A free grammar school was
founded by Henry VIII., and endowed with £10 per
annum from the church corporation trust, and with
various subsequent benefactions, amounting in the whole
to about £ 60 per annum, but no boys have been instructed
on this foundation for many years; two or three free
scholars only receive classical education, in consideration
of a donation of land, in 1666, by Mr. Edward Salter,
OUL
OUN
463
who also assigned from the proceeds an exhibition of £6
per annum to any one of the colleges or halls of Oxford,
for four years, for a scholar from this school; and in
default of which, the sum thus appropriated was to be
divided between two children of the school for their
maintenance and education. A charity school is sup-
ported by subscription, also a Sunday school. Two
sets of almshouses have been founded here; and there
are considerable benefactions for distribution among the
poor, and for other purposes. Races are held occasion
ally at Caddy Lawn, about half a mile from the town.
In the neighbourhood is a spring, called " Hawkins'
Well," said to be efficacious as a remedy for diseases
of the eye.
OTTRINGHAM, a parish in the southern division
of the wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the
county of YORK, 64 miles (S. E. by E.) from Hedon,
containing 637 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of the East riding, and
diocese of York, endowed with £400 royal bounty, and
£1200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Chancellor of the University of Oxford. The church, de-
dicated to St. Wilfrid, is principally in the decorated
style of architecture, with a tower surmounted by a spire.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
Four poor children are instructed for the interest arising
from £100 stock, the gift of Mary Fox, in 1792.
OUGHTERBY, a township in the parish of KIRK-
BAMPTON, ward and county of CUMBERLAND, 74 miles
(W.) from Carlisle, containing 105 inhabitants.
OULSTON, a township in the parish of CoXWOLD,
wapentake of BIRDFORTH, North riding of the county
of YORK, 4 miles (N. N. E.) from Easingwould, contain-
ing 225 inhabitants.
OULSWICK, a chapelry in the parish of MONKS-
RISBOROUGH, hundred of AYLESBURY, county of BUCK-
INGHAM, 5 miles (W. by S.) from Wendover. The
population is returned with the parish. The chapel,
now demolished, was dedicated to St. Peter. Oulswick
is within the peculiar and exempt jurisdiction of the
Archbishop of Canterbury.
OULTON, a township in the parish of WIGTON,
ward and county of CUMBERLAND, 2 miles (N. N. W.)
from Wigton, containing 336 inhabitants. There is
a place of worship for Baptists, with a cemetery at-
tached. A workhouse was erected in 1828, the expense
of which was defrayed by the sale of an allotment of
common land.
OULTON, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of ERPINGHAM, county of NORFOLK, 4 miles
(W. N.W.) from Aylsham, containing 382 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£8. 5., and in the patronage of R. Bell, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Paul. There is a place of
worship for Independents. A workhouse has been
A workhouse has been
erected here for several united parishes.
OULTON, a parish in the hundred of MUTFORD
and LOTHINGLAND, county of SUFFOLK, 3 miles (W.)
from Lowestoft, containing 471 inhabitants, exclusively
of the house of industry for the hundred, which is in
this parish, and contains two hundred and thirty-three
inmates. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £14. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Exe-
:
cutors of J. Marston, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Michael. The river Waveney bounds the parish
on the west, and receives the surplus water of Lake
Lothing on the south.
OULTON (LOW), a township in the parish of
OVER, first division of the hundred of EDDISBURY,
county palatine of CHESTER, 33 miles (E. by N.) from
Tarporley, containing 60 inhabitants.
OUNDLE, a market town and parish, in the hundred
of POLEBROOKE, county of NORTHAMPTON, 30 miles
(N.E.) from Northampton, and 77 (N. by W.) from Lon-
don, containing, with the chapelry of Ashton, and the
hamlets of Biggin, Churchfield, and Elmington, 2279 in-
habitants. A monastery was established here before the
year 711, when Wilfrid, Archbishop of York, died in it:
by some it is thought to have been founded by that
primate, whilst others consider it to have been a cell to
the abbey of Peterborough, and part of its possessions.
The town is situated on a gentle declivity on the northern
bank of the river Nene, by which it is nearly surrounded,
and over which are two bridges, leading respectively to
the Thrapston and Peterborough roads: North bridge
is remarkable for its length and the number of its arches,
which support an elevated causeway. The streets are
well paved and lighted, and, in consequence of recent
improvements made under the provisions of a local
act of parliament, the general appearance of the town
has been entirely modernised: two or three houses yet
remain, which were built with the stones of Fotheringhay
castle. Several of the inhabitants are employed in
making bobbin-lace. The market is on Thursday; and
fairs are held on February 25th, Whit-Monday, and
August 21st, for horses, cattle, and sheep; and on
October 12th, for cheese, cattle, &c.: a commodious
market-house and shambles have been recently erected.
Manorial courts leet and baron, and a court for the
hundred, are held annually: a court is likewise held for
the rectorial manor of Oundle, once in two or three
years. The petty sessions for the division take place
here once a fortnight.
A court for the recovery of
debts under 40s. was attached to the hundred court,
but it has been disused for several years.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterbo-
rough, rated in the king's books at £13. 6 8., and
in the patronage of the Crown. The church, which
is dedicated to St. Peter, is a spacious and very hand-
some cruciform structure, combining the different
styles of English architecture, with a lofty tower, ter-
minated at the angles by octagonal turrets, and sur-
mounted by an hexagonal crocketed spire, erected in
1634: in the chancel are some rich stalls, good screen-
work, and a portion of ancient stained glass. There are
places of worship for Baptists, Independents, and Wes-
leyan Methodists. The free grammar school was founded,
in 1556, by Sir William Laxton, a native of this town,
and lord mayor of London in 1544, the amount of en-
dowment is about £400 per annum, and the manage-
ment is vested in the Master and Wardens of the Gro-
cers' Company, who appoint the master, with a stipend
of £40 per annum, for himself and usher, and a gratuity
of £60: the school is open to boys of the town for
free instruction. A school, for the education of thirty
poor men's sons, was built and endowed, in 1620, by
the Rev. Nicholas Latham, with £10 per annum, for a
OUS
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464
master to teach reading and writing: the master at pre-
sent receives a salary of £20 per annum, with a house
for his residence, and the writing-master about £16.
A Blue-coat school is supported by voluntary contri-
butions. An almshouse, founded and endowed by Sir
William Laxton, for seven poor men, is also under the
superintendence of the Grocers' Company. An hospital
for sixteen poor women, who must each exceed the age
of fifty years, with two nurses for the sick, and a week-
ly allowance to each inmate, was also founded by the
Rev. N. Latham. There are two contingent exhibitions
to the University of Cambridge, of £4 per annum each,
for poor scholars of the parishes of Oundle, Glap-
thorne, Cotterstock, and Tansor. In the vicinity of
this town are some chalybeate springs.
OUSBY, a parish in LEATH ward, county of Cuм-
BERLAND, 94 miles (E. N. E.) from Penrith, containing
276 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Carlisle, rated in the king's
books at £13. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Carlisle. The church is dedicated to St. Luke: it
contains in a niche a wooden effigy of a man in armour,
probably of a knight who had fought under the ban-
ners of the cross, though, according to a vulgar tradi-
tion, it is said to represent a wild man killed in an at-
tempt to repel an invasion of the Scots. Limestone and
red sandstone abound here, and there are veins of lead-
ore, also some small seams of coal. Ousby, properly
Ulfsby, the seat of Ulff, a Dane, is situated to the west
of that chain of mountains which runs in a south-east
direction from the borders of Scotland, through North-
umberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, and Yorkshire,
and terminates in Derbyshire. Here are the remains
of a British fortification, consisting of an outer and
an inner rampart, within the area of which Roman
urns and other antiquities have been found. The
Maiden Way traverses the mountainous parts of this
parish, which, from its elevated position, is subject to
great damage from the "Helm Winds" that occur fre-
quently from September to May, and do great injury to
the corn.
OUSDEN, a parish in the hundred of RISbridge,
county of SUFFOLK, 64 miles (E. S. E.) from Newmarket,
containing 331 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £ 10. 3. 9., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. J. T. Hand. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter. Richard Moseley, in 1743, gave £10
a year as a salary to a master for teaching twenty
children.
OUSEBURN (LITTLE), a parish comprising the
townships of Kirkby-Hall and Thorp-Underwoods, in
the lower, and those of Little Ouseburn and Widding-
ton, in the upper, division of the wapentake of Claro,
West riding of the county of YORK, and containing 558
inhabitants, of which number, 293 are in the township
of Little Ouseburn, 5 miles (S. E. by S.) from Aldborough.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Rich-
mond, and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's books
at £3. 9. 4., endowed with £100 and £3 per annum
private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Precentor in the Cathedral Church of
York. The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
Five poor children are educated for a trifling annuity,
the gift of Elizabeth Colston in 1756.
OUSEBURN (GREAT), a parish in the lower di-
vision of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the
county of YORK, 4 miles (S. E.) from Aldborough,
containing 437 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the court of the
honour of Knaresborough, rated in the king's books at
£3. 10., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, has lately received an
addition of one hundred and twenty sittings, of which
sixty are free, the Incorporated Society for the enlarge-
ment of churches and chapels having granted £60
towards defraying the expense. There is a place of
worship for Independents. Six poor children are in-
structed for £3 a year, the produce of sundry trifling
bequests for that purpose.
OUSEFLEET, a township in the parish of WHIT-
GIFT, lower division of the wapentake of OSGoldcross,
West riding of the county of YORK, 7 miles (S. E. by E.)
from Howden, containing 253 inhabitants: it is within
the jurisdiction of the peculiar court of Snaith.
OUSTON, a township in that part of the parish of
CHESTER le STREET which is in the middle division of
CHESTER ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 9 miles
(N.) from Durham, containing 304 inhabitants.
OUSTON, a parish in the hundred of GArtree,
county of LEICESTER, 8 miles (S. by E.) from Melton-
Mowbray, containing, with the hamlet of Newbold, 212
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Rev. Henry Palmer.
The church, dedicated to St. Andrew, formerly belonged
to a small priory of canons regular of the order of St.
Augustine, which was founded here, in the time of
Henry II., by Sir Robert Grimbald, and possessed, at
the dissolution, a revenue of £173. 18. 9.
OUSTON, a township in the parish of STAMFORD-
HAM, north-eastern division of TINDALE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 12 miles (W. N. W.) from New-
castle upon Tyne, containing 32 inhabitants.
OUTCHESTER, a township in the parish of Baм-
BROUGH, northern division of BAMBROUGH ward, coun-
ty of NORTHUMBERLAND, 2 miles (E. by S.) from Bel-
ford, containing 109 inhabitants. This place, situated
on the western bank of the river Warn, near its outlet
into Budle bay, was the site of the Castrum Ulterius of
the ancient port of Warnmouth. The camp is of a
square form, and there are vestiges of a Roman road
extending from it towards Alnwick. The bay affords
secure anchorage for small vessels, which are principally
employed in the exportation of corn and flour, and in
importing coal and wood.
OUTERSIDE, a joint township with Allerby, in the
parish of ASPATRIA, ALLERDALE ward below Derwent,
county of CUMBERLAND, 6 miles (N.) from Cocker-
mouth, containing, with Allerby, 347 inhabitants. Coal
is obtained in the township, which is bounded on the
south by the river Ellen.
OUTSEATS, a hamlet in the parish of HATHER-
SAGE, hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY, Con-
taining 177 inhabitants. Benjamin Ashton left a rent-
charge of £5 for teaching ten poor boys.
OUTTON, a township in the parish of ROTHWELL,
lower division of the wapentake of AGBRIGG, West
1
OVE
OVE
465.
1
riding of the county of YORK, containing 936 inhabit-
ants.
OUTWELL, a parish, partly in the hundred of Wis-
BEACH, Isle of ELY, county of CAMBRIDGE, and partly
in the hundred of CLACKCLOSE, County of NORFOLK, 5
miles (S. E.) from Wisbeach, containing 954 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £16, and in the patronage of the Bishop of
Ely. The church, dedicated to St. Clement, is a very
handsome structure. This parish is remarkable for its
extensive market-gardens, the produce of which is con-
veyed by the Nene, which runs through the village, to
many of the towns situated on' that river. A school is
supported by annual subscriptions. Molycourt priory,
or the chapel of St. Mary de Bello Loco, which was si-
tuated in this parish, was founded before the Conquest,
for Benedictine monks; but its revenue having con-
but its revenue having con-
siderably diminished, Henry VI. appropriated it to the
priory of Ely, and it continues parcel of the possessions
of that see.
OVENDEN, a township in the parish of HALIFAX,
wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county of
YORK, 1½ mile (N.W.) from Halifax, containing 6360
inhabitants. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
OVER, a parish in the hundred of PAPWORTH, County
of CAMBRIDGE, 4 miles (E. by S.) from St. Ives, con-
taining 802 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Ely, rated
in the king's books at £19. 0. 10., and in the patronage...
of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge the rectory, an impropriation belonging to the
college, is rated at £51. 13. 11. The church is de-
dicated to St. Mary. There is a place of worship for
Baptists. Alice Walpole, in 1709, left a trifling sum for
the education of children; and the late Mrs. Kirkby
gave £300, since laid out in land, for the endowment
of a charity school, and the relief of poor widows.
:
OVER, a parish having separate jurisdiction, locally
in the first division of the hundred of Eddisbury,
county palatine of CHESTER, comprising the town of
Over (formerly a market town), the chapelry of Wetten-
hall, and the township of Little Oulton, and containing
2514 inhabitants, of which number, 2157 are in the town
of Over, 164 miles (E.) from Chester, and 168 (N. W.
by N.) from London. The town is situated on the
road from Middlewich to Chester, and consists chiefly
of one long and irregular street, in which are remains
of several crosses over the river Weever, between the
parishes of Over and Davenham, is Winsford bridge,
on each side of which houses have been built, in con-
sequence of the extension of the salt manufacture in
this neighbourhood: on both sides of the river, which
bounds this parish on the east, and is navigable to
Winsford, are brine pits, and by means of it salt is
conveyed in flats to Liverpool. The market, formerly
held on Wednesday, under the authority of a charter
of Edward I., has been disused for about a century:
fairs are held on May 15th and September 25th. The
town, called in ancient records the borough of Over, has
been from time immemorial under the government of a
mayor, who is chosen annually at the court leet and ba-
ron of the lord of the manor, held in October; two juries.
are then empannelled, one for the borough, called the
VOL. III.
·
Grand Jury, the other for the subordinate townships,
called the County Jury: the former return six inhabitants
of the lordship of Over to the lord of the manor, by whom,
at an adjourned court held fourteen days afterward, one
of them is nominated mayor for the year ensuing, and,
during his mayoralty, acts as justice of the peace within
the borough and lordship, including the parishes of
Over and Whitegate, and has a sworn serjeant who
executes all processes within his jurisdiction: on quit-
ting office he takes the title of alderman, but is no
longer invested with any authority. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Chester, rated in the king's books at £7. 4., endowed
with £1000 private benefaction, £ 600 royal bounty,
and £600 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Bishop of Chester. The church, dedicated to St.
Chad, was rebuilt in 1543, by Hugh Starkey, gentleman
usher to Henry VIII.; it is in the later style of English
architecture: in the interior is a font with a decorated
niche over a water basin, some good stained glass,
tabernacle-work, and an altar-tomb, supporting an effigy
in brass to the memory of Hugh Starkey. There is a
place of worship for Independents. The free grammar
school, near the church, was founded in 1689, by Mrs.
Elizabeth Venables, and her son, Thomas Lee, Esq., at
Darnhall, in the adjoining parish of Whitegate, and en-
dowed with lands, the present value of which is £53
per annum the school is open to children of Over
and Whitegate, also to those of the township of Weever;
it was removed to its present situation in 1803.
:
OVER, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
CHURCHAM, which is in the lower division of the
hundred of DUDSTONE and KING'S BARTON, County of
GLOUCESTER. The population is returned with High-
nam and Linton.
OVER, a tything in that part of the parish of AL-
MONDSBURY which is in the lower division of the hun-
dred of LANGLEY and SWINEHEAD, County of GLOU-
CESTER, 6 miles (N. by W.) from Bristol, containing
133 inhabitants.
OVER (CHURCH), county palatine of CHESTER.-
See UPTON.
OVERBURY, a parish in the middle division of the
hundred of OSWALDSLOW, county of WORCESTER, 51
miles (N. E. by E.) from Tewkesbury, containing, with
the chapelries of Alstone, Teddington, and Little Wash-
bourne, and the hamlet of Conderton, 764 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's
books at £9. 10., and in the patronage of the Dean
and Chapter of Worcester. The church is dedicated to
St. Faith. Here are some malt-kilns and a paper-mill.
OVERSLEY, a hamlet in that part of the parish
of ARROW which is in the Stratford division of the
hundred of BARLICHWAY, county of WARWICK, a
mile (S. E.) from Alcester, containing 211 inhabitants.
OVERSTONE, a parish in the hundred of Spelhoe,
county of NORTHAMPTON, 5 miles (N. E.) from North-
ampton, containing 192 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£12. 16. 3., and in the patronage of Earl Brownlow.
The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
OVERSTRAND, a parish in the northern division
of the hundred of ERPINGHAM, county of NORFOLK,
t
30
}
i
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OVI
466
1 mile (S. E. by E.) from Cromer, containing 154 in-
habitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated
in the king's books at £2. 1. 5½., endowed with £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of Lord Suffield. The
church, dedicated to St. Martin, which was formerly in
a very dilapidated state, has lately received an addition
of sixty sittings, of which fifty are free, the Incorpo-
rated Society for the enlargement of churches and
chapels having granted £10 towards defraying the
expense.
59 are in the township of Overton, 44 miles (N. W.)
from York. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, rated
in the king's books at £4. 8. 11., endowed with £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of Mrs. Earle. The
church is dedicated to St. Cuthbert. A free school was
founded, in 1655, under the will of Ann Middleton, who
bequeathed £1000 for its erection and maintenance :
the income is £40 a year, for which fifty boys are in-
structed.
OVERTON, a township in the parish of MALPAS,
higher division of the hundred of BROXTON, county pa-
latine of CHESTER, 1½ mile (N. W.) from Malpas, con-
taining 101 inhabitants. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
OVERTON, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
LANCASTER which is in the hundred of LONSDALE,
south of the sands, county palatine of LANCASTER, 4
miles (S. W.) from Lancaster, containing 344 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdea-
conry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester, endowed
with £400 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Vicar of Lancaster. The
chapel is a very ancient building. Overton occupies a
peninsula formed by the river Lune and Morecambe
bay.
OVERTON, a township in that part of the parish
of RICHARD'S CASTLE which is in the hundred of
MUNSLOW, County of SALOP, 12 mile (S. by W.) from
Ludlow. The population is returned with the parish.
OVERTON, a parish (formerly a borough) in the
hundred of OVERTON, Kingsclere division of the county
of SOUTHAMPTON, 3 miles (E. N. E.) from Whitchurch,
and 54 (W. S. W.) from London, containing 1341 inha-
bitants. This village is situated on the great western
road: a manufactory for throwing silk affords employ-
ment to the greater part of the female inhabitants. The
river Test, which has its source about a mile distant,
passes through the village. Fairs are held on May 4th,
Whit-Monday, and July 18th, and on October 22nd is
a considerable fair for sheep. This place formerly sent
two members to parliament. The living is a vicarage,
with the perpetual curacy of Tadley annexed, in the pecu-
liar jurisdiction and patronage of the Rector, rated in the
king's books at £14. 12. 31.; the rectory is a sinecure,
rated in the king's books at £29. 19. 7., and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Winchester. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place of worship for
Independents.
OVERTON, a parish partly in the hundred of
ELSTUB and EVERLEY, but chiefly in that of SELKLEY,
county of WILTS, 2 miles (S. by W.) from Marlbo-
rough, containing, with the chapelry of Alton-Priors,
the township of Lockeridge, and the tything of Stowell,
900 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the
king's books at £23. 0. 5., and in the patronage of the
Duke of Marlborough. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael.
OVERTON, a parish partly in the liberty of ST.
PETER OF YORK, East riding, but chiefly in the wapen-
take of BULMER, North riding, of the county of YORK,
comprising the townships of Overton, Shipton, and Skel-
ton, and containing 709 inhabitants, of which number,
OVERTON (COLD), a parish forming, with the
parishes of Somerby and Withcote, a detached portion
of the hundred of FRAMLAND, county of LEICESTER,
7 miles (S. E. by S.) from Melton-Mowbray, containing
123 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in
the king's books at £19. 12. 3., and in the patronage
of E. H. Wigley, Esq. The church is dedicated to St.
John the Baptist.
OVERTON (MARKET), a parish in the hundred.
of ALSTOE, county of RUTLAND, 6 miles (N. by E.) from
Oakham, containing 468 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and dio-
cese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£14. 11. 3., and in the patronage of John Wingfield,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul.
A market, formerly held on Tuesday, has been long dis-
used.
OVING, a parish in the hundred of ASHENDON,
county of BUCKINGHAM, 6 miles (N. N. W.) from Ayles-
bury, containing 372 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £7. 17. 11.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is
dedicated to All Saints.
OVING, a parish in the hundred of Box and STOCK-
BRIDGE, rape of CHICHESTER, county of SUSSEX, 23 miles
(E.) from Chichester, containing 637 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Chichester, rated in the king's books at £10. 11. 10.,
and in the patronage of the Precentor in the Cathe-
dral Church of Chichester. The church is principally
in the early style of English architecture. Stephen
Challen, in 1731, left a small sum for teaching poor
children.
OVINGDEAN, a parish in the hundred of Youns-
MERE, rape of LEWES, County of SUSSEX, 22 miles (E.
by S.) from Brighton, containing 79 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£9. 5. 6., and in the patronage of the Rev. John Mar-
shall.
shall. The church is in the early style of English ar-
chitecture. In this parish, not far from the church, is
an ancient farm-house, recently modernised, in which
Charles II. sought refuge, and was entertained for a few
days, by the then occupant, Mr. Maunsell, prior to his
escape to the continent. The village is situated in a
pleasant valley, about a mile from the coast.
OVINGHAM, a parish in the eastern division of
TINDALE ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, compri-
sing the chapelry of Mickley, and the townships of
Dukeshagg, Eltringham, Harlowhill, Hedley, Hedley-
Woodside, Horsley, Nafferton, Ovingham, Ovington,
Prudhoe, Prudhoe-Castle, Rouchester, Spittle, Welton,
Whittle, and Wylam, and containing 2742 inhabitants, of
OWE
ows
467
which number, 265 are in the township of Ovingham, 11
miles (W.) from Newcastle upon Tyne. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Northumberland, and
diocese of Durham, rated in the king's books at £5. 8. 4.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £ 1200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of C. W. Bigge, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary. There is a place of worship for Indepen-
dents. The river Tyne passes through the parish, which
abounds with mines of coal. Here are a brewery, a
dye-house, and bleaching-grounds. Courts leet and
baron are occasionally held; and there are two fairs,
on April 26th and October 26th. The vicarage-house
occupies the site of a cell of Black canons, founded by
one of the Umfravilles, the revenue of which, at the
dissolution, was valued at £13. 4. 8.
OVINGTON, a parish in the hundred of HINCKFORD,
county of ESSEX, 24 miles (S. by W.) from Clare, con-
taining 149 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, con-
solidated with that of Tilbury, in the archdeaconry of
Middlesex, and diocese of London, rated in the king's
books at £7, and in the patronage of John Fisher, Esq.
A small charity school is supported by annual dona-
tions.
OVINGTON, a parish in the hundred of WAYLAND,
county of NORFOLK, 1 mile (N. N. E.) from Watton,
containing 219 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £7. 3. 61., and in the pa-
tronage of the Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the
University of Cambridge. The church is dedicated to
St. John the Evangelist.
-
OVINGTON, a township in the parish of OVINGHAM,
eastern division of TINDALE ward, county of NORTH-
UMBERLAND, 12 miles (W.) from Newcastle upon Tyne,
containing 362 inhabitants. An extensive coal mine is
now in operation, and there are a large malthouse, and
a brewery, within the township.
OVINGTON, a parish in the hundred of FAWLEY,
Fawley division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 2
miles (W. by S.) from New Alresford, containing 180
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the peculiar
jurisdiction of the Incumbent, rated in the king's books
at £9. 10., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Win-
chester. Ovington is within the jurisdiction of the
Cheyney Court held at Winchester every Thursday, for
the recovery of debts to any amount.
OVINGTON, a township in the parish of FORCETT,
western division of the wapentake of GILLING, North
riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles (E. N. E.) from
Greta-Bridge, containing 166 inhabitants. A priory of
Gilbertine canons, subordinate to that of Sempring-
ham, was founded here about the reign of John, by
Alan de Wilton, which, at the dissolution, was valued at
£11. 2. 8.
OWERSBY, a parish in the northern division of the
wapentake of WALSHCROFT, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 5 miles (N.W. by N.) from Market-Rasen,
containing 408 inhabitants, of which number, 272 are
in North, and 136 in South, Owersby. The living is
a discharged vicarage, with that of Kirby and Osgodby
united, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £ 8. 18. 4., and in the
patronage of Lord Monson. The church is dedicated to
St. Martin. There is a school with a trifling endow-
ment by Dunn Rawvy.
OWERMOIGNE, a parish and liberty in the Bland-
ford (South) division of the county of DORSET, 74
miles (S. E.) from Dorchester, containing 377 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's books
at £23. 4. 7., and in the patronage of the Hon. William
Damer. The church is dedicated to St. Michael. The
parish is bounded on the south by the English channel.
A charity school is supported by donations amounting
to about £8 per annum.
OWLPEN, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of BERKELEY, county of GLOUCESTER, 32
miles (E.) from Dursley, containing 232 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory
of Newington-Bagpath, in the archdeaconry and diocese.
of Gloucester.
of Gloucester. The church has lately received an ad-
dition of sixty sittings, of which forty are free, the
Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels having granted £50 towards defraying
the expense.
OWMBY, a parish in the eastern division of the
wapentake of ASLACOE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 7 miles (W. by S.) from Market-Rasen, con-
taining 196 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in
the king's books at £9. 3. 4., and in the patronage of
the King, as Duke of Lancaster. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter and St. Paul.
OWMBY, a joint parish with Searby, in the south-
ern division of the wapentake of YARBOROUGH, parts
of LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN, 4 miles (N. W.) from
Caistor. The population is returned with Searby. The
living is a discharged vicarage, annexed to the rectory of
Searby, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln.
OWRAM (NORTH), a township in the parish of
HALIFAX, wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the
county of YORK, 24 miles (N. E.) from Halifax, contain-
ing 6841 inhabitants. A free school was erected here,
about 1711, by Joseph Crowther, who endowed it with
a dwelling-house and croft for the master, and certain
lands let for £21 per annum, for which twelve poor
children are instructed. Jeremiah Hall, in 1687, be-
queathed land, directing the income to be applied to-
wards the maintenance of two men and two women,
each of them receiving an annuity of £5, and £5 per
annum is paid for teaching five boys and five girls.
OWRAM (SOUTH), a township in the parish of
HALIFAX, wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the
county of YORK, 13 mile (S. E.) from Halifax, contain-
ing 4256 inhabitants.
OWRE, county of KENT.- See OARE.
OWSLEBURY, a parish in the hundred of FAWLEY,
Fawley division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 5 miles
(S. S. E.) from Winchester, containing 603 inhabitants.
The living is
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the
vicarage of Twyford, and in the peculiar jurisdiction
of the Vicar. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
The parish is within the jurisdiction of the Cheyney
Court held at Winchester every Thursday, for the reco-
very of debts to any amount.
OWSTHORPE, a township in the parish of Pock-
LINGTON, Wilton-Beacon division of the wapentake of
HARTHILL, East riding of the county of YORK, 12 mile
(N. by E.) from Pocklington, containing 9 inhabitants.
✓
302
OX B
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468
}
OWSTON, a parish in the western division of the
wapentake of MANLEY, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 7½ miles (N.) from Gainsborough, containing,
with the chapelry of West Butterwick, and the township
of Kelfield, 1969 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Stow, and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £ 19. 10., endowed
with £400 private benefaction, and £1600 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Archbishop of York.
The church is dedicated to St. Martin. Near Millwood
park a Carthusian monastery was founded, about 1395,
by Thomas Moubray, Earl of Nottingham, afterwards
Duke of Norfolk it was dedicated to St. Mary, St. John
the Evangelist, and St. Edward the Confessor, and at
the dissolution had a revenue of £290. 11. 7.
OWSTON, a parish in the upper division of the wa-
pentake of OsGOLDCROSS, West riding of the county of
YORK, comprising the townships of Ŏwston and Skel-
low, and containing 452 inhabitants, of which number,
306 are in the township of Owston, 5 miles (N. by W.)
from Doncaster. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of York, rated in the
king's books at £7. 0. 24., and in the patronage of
P. D. Cooke, Esq. The church is dedicated to All
Saints. Four poor children are instructed for a trifling
annuity left by Ann Jackson, in 1675.
OWSTWICK, a township partly in the parish of
GARTON, and partly in that of Rooss, middle division
of the wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the
county of YORK, 12½ miles (E. by N.) from Kingston
upon Hull, containing 139 inhabitants.
OWTHORNE, a parish comprising the township of
Waxholme, in the middle division, and the townships
of South Frodingham, Owthorne, and Rimswell, in the
southern division, of the wapentake of HOLDERNESS,
East riding of the county of YORK, and containing 415
inhabitants, of which number, 143 are in the township
of Owthorne, 18½ miles (E.) from Kingston upon Hull.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of the East
riding, and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
at £11. 6. 3., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church, which was dedicated to St. Peter, fell into the
sea on February 16th, 1816, and, in consequence of the
continual encroachments of that element, the village has
also sustained considerable damage.
OWTHORPE, a parish in the southern division of
the wapentake of BINGHAM, county of NOTTINGHAM,
Smiles (S. E. by E.) from Nottingham, containing 138
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York, en-
dowed with £1000 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of Sir R. H. Bromley, Bart. The church, dedicated to
The church, dedicated to
St. Margaret, was built by Colonel Julius Hutchinson, an
active parliamentary officer during the great civil war,
and for some time governor of Nottingham castle: he
died in confinement, in 1664, and lies interred in the
family vault here; a monument having been erected to
his memory, among others of the family. The Grantham
canal passes through the parish, and the Fosse-road
forms its western boundary.
OXBOROUGH, a parish in the southern division
of the hundred of GREENHOE, county of Norfolk, 3
miles (E. N. E.) from Stoke-Ferry, containing 320 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, with the
vicarage of Foulden united, in the archdeaconry of
Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £18. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the Master
and Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
The church, dedicated to St. John the Evangelist, is a
spacious structure of flint and stone, with a square
tower embattled, and surmounted by a lofty spire. The
east window exhibits the most striking portions of our
Saviour's history, the Virgin Mary, &c., in richly-stained
glass, and the roof, composed of oak panels, is curi-
ously carved with various emblems. Attached to the
south aisle is a chantry, built in 1573, having a stone
screen of the earliest revived Grecian architecture. The
small river Wissey runs through the parish, in which
are many tumuli, and some pits called Danes' graves.
Roman and Saxon coins have been found here, from
which, and the remains of a considerable vallum to the
north-west of the village, it seems to have been anciently
a place of importance. Edward I. granted a market,
several fairs, and various other privileges, long since
disused. The mansion-house, which much resembles
Queen's College, Cambridge, was erected in the same
year, and is a fine specimen of the style of architecture
that prevailed in the time of Edward IV.; the outer
walls stand within a moat supplied by a stream from an
adjoining rivulet.
OXCLIFFE, a joint township with Heaton, in that
part of the parish of LANCASTER which is in the hun-
dred of LONSDALE, South of the sands, county palatine
of LANCASTER, 2 miles (W.) from Lancaster. The
population is returned with Heaton.
OXCOMB, a parish in the hundred of HILL, parts
of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 7 miles (N. E. by N.)
from Horncastle, containing 28 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£ 6. 15. 7½., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of B. Grant, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to All Saints.
OXENDEN (GREAT), a parish in the hundred of
ROTHWELL, county of NORTHAMPTON, 3 miles (S. by
E.) from Market-Harborough, containing 277 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the
king's books at £13. 8. 4., and in the patronage of
Henry Boulton, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Helen.
Sir George Buswell, in 1667, founded and liberally en-
dowed a free school and hospital here, for the benefit
of the inhabitants of Clipston, East Farndon, Hasel-
beech, Kelmarsh, Marston, Oxenden, and Trussell, to
which Francis Horton subsequently bequeathed £200.
OXENDEN (LITTLE), a hamlet in the parish of
LITTLE BOWDEN, hundred of ROTHWELL, County of
NORTHAMPTON, 2 miles (S. S. W.) from Market-Har-
borough, containing 6 inhabitants. The chapel has been
demolished.
OXENHALL, a hamlet in the parish of DARLING-
TON, South-eastern division of DARLINGTON ward, county
palatine of DURHAM, 23 miles (S.) from Darlington,
with which the population is returned. In the neigh-
bourhood are three remarkable pools, termed Hell
Kettles.
OXENHALL, a parish in the hundred of BOTLOE,
county of GLOUCESTER, 1 mile (N. N. W.) from Newent,
containing 323 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Hereford, and diocese
OXF
469
OXF
of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at £9. 12. 6.,
endowed with £400 royal bounty, and £200 parlia-
mentary grant, and in the patronage of the Bishop of
Gloucester. The church is dedicated to St. Anne. The
Herefordshire and Gloucetershire canal passes through
a tunnel, extending two thousand one hundred and
ninety-two yards, in this parish.
OXENTON, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of TEWKESBURY, County of GLOUCESTER, 5
miles (E. by S.) from Tewkesbury, containing 178 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, with that of
Tewkesbury, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Glouces-
ter, endowed with £600 royal bounty, and in the pa-
tronage of the Earl of Coventry. The church is de-
dicated to St. John the Baptist.
FORTIS EST VERITAS
mint
Seal and Arms.
OXFORD, a university
and city, having separate
jurisdiction, locally in the
hundred of Wootton, coun-
ty of OXFORD, of which
it is the capital, 55 miles
(N. N. W.) from London,
containing 16,364 inhabit-
ants. This place, which,
from a very remote period
of antiquity, has been ce-
lebrated as a seat of learn-
ing, is supposed by some
to have derived its Saxon name, Oxenford, from its ford
over the river for the passage of oxen. By others that
name is said to be a corruption of Ouseford, from the
river Ouse, now the Isis, from which source an island
in that river, whereon the wealthy abbey was erected,
was also named Ouseney, or Osney. To the establish-
ment of schools in this place, supposed to have been
originally by Alfred the Great, the origin of the city is
by some historians attributed; but though Alfred un-
questionably restored, and more liberally endowed, the
university, its original foundation is demonstrated to
have been many years prior to the reign of that mo-
narch, in an act of confirmation by Pope Martin II., in
802, in which it is described as an ancient academy of
learning. During the earlier times of the Saxons, a
monastery, dedicated to St. Mary and All Saints, was
founded here, about the year 730, by Didanus, one of
the Saxon princes, for twelve sisters of noble birth, of
which Frideswide, his daughter, was first abbess, who,
being canonized after her death, the abbey, in which
she was interred, was dedicated to St. Frideswide,
in honour of her memory: this monastery having
been plundered during the Danish wars, and the nuns
dispersing, was restored for Secular canons. In the
interval between the destruction of the abbey and its
restoration, Alfred, with his three sons, resided here,
where he founded three public schools, established a
royal mint, and contributed greatly to the rebuilding of
the city. In the reign of Ethelred, the Danes burnt the
city, in retaliation for the general massacre of their
countrymen by order of that monarch; and, in 1013,
another party of those rapacious invaders, under the
command of King Sweyn, landed in England, and having
laid waste the adjoining country, compelled the inhabit-
ants of Oxford to surrender, and to give hostages for
their fulfilment of the terms of capitulation. The city
was again burnt by the Danes, in 1032; and, in 1036,
-
*
Harold Harefoot was crowned at Oxford, on which, in
revenge for the slaughter of some of his men, he inflicted
considerable injury. At the time of the Norman Con-
quest, Oxford, refusing to submit to the Conqueror, was,
in 1067, taken by storm, and given to Robert D'Oily,
who erected a strong castle on the west side of it, for
the purpose of keeping the inhabitants in subjection,
and fortified it with strong earthworks, within which he
built a collegiate church, dedicated to St. George, and
settled in it Secular canons of the order of St. Augustine.
William Rufus held a council in the town, under Lan-
franc, Archbishop of Canterbury, at which several bishops
assisted, for the purpose of defeating a conspiracy formed
against him by Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, his uncle, in
favour of Robert, Duke of Normandy. Robert D'Oily,
nephew of the former, and chamberlain to Henry I.,
founded the abbey of Osney, which was situated a little
below the castle. Henry I. built a new hall, or palace,
at Oxford, called Beaumont, where he celebrated the fes-
tival of Easter, in 1133, with great pomp, and in which
Richard I. was born. Stephen, in the early part of
his reign, assembled a council of the principal nobility
here, to whom, in order to attach them to his interests,
and to strengthen his party in the kingdom, he pro-
mised to abolish the tax called Dane Gelt, and to restore
the laws of Edward the Confessor. Matilda, having
obtained possession of the castle, was besieged by Ste-
phen, but, previously to surrendering it, she contrived to
escape by night over the river, which was at that time
frozen. During this siege, the inhabitants being ex-
cluded from the church of St. George, within the castle,
the chapel of St. Thomas was erected for their accom-
modation, and Stephen is reported to have repaired the
city walls, which had fallen into decay: these walls
are supposed to have been built in the seventh century,
but by whom is uncertain.

During the contest between Henry II. and Thomas à
Becket, that monarch held a parliament at Oxford, for
the purpose of counteracting the authority of the pope,
who had threatened to lay the kingdom under an inter-
dict; and in 1167, another parliament, in which the par-
titioning of Ireland among those of his subjects who had
at different times achieved the conquest of it, was de-
liberated upon. Richard I. invested Oxford, his native
city, with many privileges, in gratitude for which, the
citizens contributed largely to his ransom when detained
prisoner in Austria, on his return from the Holy Land.
King John held a parliament here in 1204, in order
to raise supplies, which were liberally granted. In the
reign of Henry III., who kept the festival of Christmas
in this city, in 1222, Stephen Langton, Archbishop of
Canterbury, held here a synod for reforming abuses in
the ecclesiastical polity of the kingdom, by a decree
of which two men were crucified, each pretending that
he was Christ, and two women starved to death, for
pretending to be the Virgin Mary, and Mary Magda-
lene. The same king, in 1227, when he became of age,
assembled a parliament here, in which he assumed
the government, and revoked the grant of Magna
Charta, and the charter of Forests, alledging that they
were signed by him when a minor. Towards the end
of this reign, an adjourned parliament was held at
Oxford, in which all Poictevins and other foreigners
were ordered to leave the kingdom. In 1319, a man
named Pondras, son of a tanner at Exeter, came to
OXF
OX F
470
-
Oxford, affirming that he was the rightful heir of Ed-
ward I., and had been stolen from his cradle and ex-
changed for Edward II., the reigning prince; but the
imposture was soon detected, and Pondras was executed
at Northampton. Queen Isabel, on her return from
France, remained for some time in this city, while pro-
secuting the war against the two Spensers. In the reign
of Henry IV., a conspiracy was formed by the Earls
of Huntingdon, Kent, Salisbury, and Rutland, for as-
sassinating the king at a tournament to be held here,
and restoring the deposed monarch, Richard II., to the
throne; but their plot was discovered, and the Earls
of Kent and Salisbury, Sir Thomas Blount, and others,
were hung at Greenditch, near Oxford. Henry VIII.
erected Oxford into a see, separating it, with the county,
from the diocese of Lincoln, in which it had previously
been included. Soon after the accession of Mary, Cran-
mer, Archbishop of Canterbury, Ridley, Bishop of London,
and Latimer, Bishop of Worcester, were conveyed from
the Tower, where they had been imprisoned, to hold a
disputation with the learned men of the University, at a
convocation held in St. Mary's church; and in the fol-
lowing year, the Bishops of London, Gloucester, and
Bristol, were sent commissioners to Oxford, to examine
Ridley and Latimer, whom they condemned to the stake.
This sentence was executed in a place called Canditch,
on the 16th of October, 1555, in presence of the chief
magistrates of the university and city; and on the 21st
of the following March, Cranmer, who had witnessed
the spectacle from the prison Bocardo, in which he was
confined, suffered martyrdom in the same place. In
1625, the parliament having adjourned from London,
on account of the plague, assembled at Oxford; but, on
symptoms of the infection appearing in the city, the
king hastily dissolved it, after repeated and unavailing
attempts to procure supplies.
castle at Leicester; but Fairfax returning to the siege,
and the garrison being reduced by famine, it surrendered
to the parliament, and the king escaping to Newcastle,
placed himself under the protection of the Scottish
army. In 1665, the plague raging in London, the par-
liament adjourned to Oxford, and continued their de-
liberations in the schools of the university. In this
parliament, supplies were granted for carrying on the
war against the Dutch, and statutes were enacted
against the non-conforming clergy, who were prohibited
aproaching within five miles of any corporate town.
During the continuance of the plague, the courts of law,
at Michaelmas term, were held in this city; in which
also Charles II., having dissolved the parliament at
Westminster in 1681, assembled a new parliament, which,
after sitting only a few days, was dissolved by the king,
for the apparent purpose of preventing the differences
that threatened to arise between the lords and the com-
mons, the former having rejected a vote of impeachment
decreed by the latter.
Oxford was intimately connected with many of the
principal events during the parliamentary war. In
the earlier part of it, Sir John Byron, with a party of
the royal forces, attempted to garrison the city for the
king; but Lord Say, then lieutenant of the county, ad-
vancing against him with a superior force, the former
retired, leaving Oxford in possession of the latter. Sir
John Byron, on his retreat from Oxford, advanced to
Worcester, of which he gained possession, and garrisoned
it for the king, who, reinforced by numbers whom his vic-
tory at Edgehill had drawn over to his party, marched to
Oxford, took possession of it, and there fixed his head-
quarters. During the king's occupation of the town, a
treaty of negociation was opened, and the Earl of North-
umberland, and four members of the lower house, were
appointed commissioners by the parliament: the con-
ferences continued for several weeks, and after various
propositions for a mutual accommodation, terminated
without their differences being adjusted. A deputation
from the citizens of London afterwards waited upon the
king, who had resolved to pass the winter at Oxford, with
proposals for peace, which, through the agency of the par-
liament, were also rendered ineffectual. The king invited
the members who had either retired or had been expelled
from the Westminster parliament, to meet him at Ox-
ford, and assembled a parliament in the great hall of
Christ Church College. Sir Thomas Fairfax, advancing
with his army to besiege the city, was for a time diverted
from his purpose by Frince Rupert, who attacked his
:
Oxford, for the splendour of its public buildings,
among which the colleges and halls of the university
are conspicuous, for the grandeur of their elevation, and,
in many instances, for the beauty of their architecture,
is not surpassed by any city in the kingdom; and, from
the antiquity and importance of its venerable institu-
tions, possesses an intense degree of interest. It is plea-
santly situated on a gentle acclivity, at the confluence of
the rivers Cherwell and Isis, by which it is nearly sur-
rounded over these rivers are several bridges, hand-
somely built of stone, of which, Magdalene bridge
over the river Cherwell, and a new bridge over the Isis,
on the Abingdon road, lately erected at an expense of
£11,000, are the principal. The approaches are spa-
cious, and afford striking and finely varied prospects of
the city, and of its sumptuous edifices and stately towers.
The entrance from the London road, over Magdalene
bridge, is exquisitely beautiful; on the right is the
small but pleasing vale of the Cherwell, in which the
newly-erected church of St. Clement's forms an inter-
esting feature, together with the grounds, the water-
walk, and the noble tower of Magdalene College; and
on the left are seen Christchurch meadows, watered by
the Isis and the Cherwell, with the spire of the Cathe-
dral Church, and the tower of Merton College in the
distance. The entrance from Woodstock is remarkably
fine, leading into the town through the broad street of
St. Giles', on each side of which is a row of stately trees,
and on the east side the college of St. John, and part
of Balliol College. The entrance from Abingdon, over
Folly, or the New bridge, leads through St. Aldate's-
street, on the east side of which is the magnificent front
of Christchurch College, and the town-hall. The city,
which is more than a mile in length, from east to west,
and, including the suburbs, more than three miles in cir-
cumference, is divided into four parts by two principal
streets, which intersect each other nearly at right angles
in the centre, where was formerly a handsome conduit,
erected in the seventeenth century, by Otho Nicholson,
one of the examiners in Chancery, but removed in
1787, and presented by the university to the late Earl
of Harcourt, who placed it in Nuneham - Courtney
park. The High-street is one of the noblest streets
in Europe, presenting in pleasing succession, from its
great length and easy and graceful curvature, many
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of the stately and venerable public edifices for which
this city is so eminently distinguished: on the north
side, after crossing Magdalene bridge, and passing the
college of St. Mary Magdalene on the right, and the
Physic Garden on the left, are Queen's and All Souls'
Colleges, beyond which are the churches of St. Mary
and All Saints, and at its upper extremity, that of St.
Martin, or Carfax; and on the south side are University
College, and some handsome private houses. Near
Magdalene bridge are the warm and cold baths, in St.
Clement's parish, a handsome establishment recently
constructed, comprising a saloon, reading-room, and
other appendages, and a very superior arrangement of
warm and cold baths, with dressing-rooms, and every
requisite accommodation. Races are annually held on
Port-meadow, near the city, and are well attended. The
city is well paved, lighted with gas, and amply supplied
with water. The gardens of the colleges afford delight-
ful promenades, and in the environs, which contain many
handsome residences, are varied rides and agreeable
walks, of which latter, that to Headington Hill, command-
ing a fine view of the city and its vicinity, may be con-
sidered the principal. The rivers Cherwell and Isis,
branching into several streams, and pursuing a winding
course, contribute greatly to adorn the city, and their
united streams afford the means of aquatic excursions.
The trade is principally in corn and other agricul-
tural produce of the surrounding district, which is ex-
tremely fertile. Coal is brought from Staffordshire by
the Oxford canal, which communicates with those of Bir-
mingham, Warwick, and Coventry; and a considerable
traffic is carried on with the metropolis and the inter-
mediate towns, by the Thames, which is navigable to
London. Convenient wharfs and quays have been con-
structed at considerable expense, and every facility has
been obtained for the promotion of the inland trade.
Oxford has been long celebrated for the superior qua-
lity of its brawn, of which a considerable quantity
is forwarded to London. The market days are Wed-
nesday and Saturday, which are abundantly supplied,
the latter being also for corn, which is sold by sample
at the upper extremity of the High-street, near a spot
called the Butter Bench, the farmers preferring to
transact their business in the open air, though the
corporation have offered them the use of a convenient
area under the town-hall. The market-place is a suit-
able area, arranged into various sections for the diffe-
rent kinds of produce, on the northern side of the High-
street, from which there are entrances by means of iron
gates, the houses in front being appropriated as shops.
The fairs are on May 3rd, on Gloucester Green; another
in St. Giles', on the Monday after the festival of St.
Giles, which is a pleasure fair; and the Thursday before
New Michaelmas-day, for cattle.
the city in a mayor, four aldermen, eight assistants,
two bailiffs, and twenty-four common council-men.
Many other charters were granted by succeeding sove-
reigns, but that by which the city is at present more es-
pecially governed was granted by James I., in 1605 by
this an addition was made of the offices of high steward
(usually a nobleman of high rank), recorder, town-clerk,
two chamberlains, mace bearer, and subordinate officers.
The mayor is chosen annually, from among the aldermen
or assistants, by the freemen generally, and, previously
to entering upon his office, takes an oath to observe the
lawful customs and privileges of the university, as does
also the sheriff for the county. The bailiffs must have
served the office of chamberlain.
served the office of chamberlain. The mayor, recorder,
aldermen, and assistants, are justices of the peace within
the city and liberties, which office they hold, not by their
charter of incorporation, but by commission under the
great seal, renewed from time to time, under which
authority also they hold a commission of gaol delivery.
The freedom of the city is inherited by birth, and ac-
quired by apprenticeship to a freeman for seven years, by
gift of the corporation, or by purchase: among the privi-
leges is the right of depasturing cattle on Port-meadow, a
tract of about four hundred and forty acres near the city.
The corporation hold quarterly courts of session, which
take cognizance of all capital offences except high treason;
and two courts of record, for the trial of pleas and the
recovery of debts to any amount, one called the mayor's
court (styled also a Hustings' court), and in which actions
of ejectment are tried, and the other the court of the
mayor and bailiffs the practice, which is similar in
both, is nearly the same as in the common-law courts at
Westminster; the town-clerk sits as judge, or assessor.
The town-hall is a spacious stone building, one
hundred and thirty-five feet in length, and thirty-
two feet broad, with a basement story of rustic work,
forming an open corridor, and surmounted in the
centre by a handsome pediment. George IV., when
Prince Regent, the late Emperor of Russia, the King of
Prussia, the late Duke of York, the Prince of Orange,
the Prince of Mecklenburgh, Prince Metternich, General
Blucher, and other illustrious persons repaired to the
town-hall, and received the honorary freedom of the
city, in 1814, during their visit at the university: the
council-chamber is decorated with portraits of Queen
Anne, John the first Duke, and George the third Duke,
of Marlborough, and several distinguished members of
the corporation and benefactors to the city. The city
gaol was erected in 1789, prior to which delinquents
were confined in the prison of Bocardo, over one of the
city gates, which was taken down in 1771: the door of
the cell in which Cranmer was confined has been pre-
served, and fixed up in the present gaol, with an ap-
propriate inscription; this prison contains four wards
The city received a regular charter of incorpora- for the classification of prisoners, and thirty-two cells,
tion from Henry II., confirming all preceding grants, and has a neat chapel. The city has regularly sent
and extending to the inhabitants all the rights and privi- two members to parliament from the earliest returns
leges enjoyed by the citizens of London, besides confer- extant of the reign of Edward I.: the right of election
ring upon the mayor the distinction of assisting, with the is vested in the mayor and corporation, and in the free-
lord mayor of London, in the king's buttery at the men generally, the number of whom is about one thou-
coronation festivals, upon which occasion he is attended sand eight hundred: the mayor is the returning officer.
by the recorder, four aldermen, the town-clerk, bailiffs, The assizes for the county and the election of knights
and mace-bearer, and receives a silver cup and cover
of the shire are held here, as the county town. The
richly gilt, from the king. This charter was con- county gaol and house of correction is an extensive
firmed by Henry III., who vested the government of building, erected on part of the site of the ancient cas-
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;
Tiny Pla
tle, the remains of which consist of the original tower
and a vaulted magazine for the use of the garrison : the
principal entrance is through a large gateway, flanked
by embattled towers: it comprises eleven wards, the
same number of day-rooms and airing-yards, for the
classification of prisoners, and two tread-mills, on which
they are employed in grinding corn and raising water
for the use of the prison: the prisoners receive a por-
tion of their earnings on their discharge.
Arms of the University.
The origin of the uni-
versity is by different his-
torians attributed to various
eras and to different found-
ers by some, Oxford is
supposed to have been se-
lected as a place of resort
for students at a very early
period of British history,
and to have attained consi-
derable eminence as a seat of
learning during the Saxon
Octarchy; and it is stated
that Alfred, during his residence in the city, founded
and endowed three halls, or additional colleges, which,
involved in its fate, were destroyed by the Danes,
whose frequent incursions and devastation of this
part of the country materially retarded the progress
of the university. Amidst a mass of conflicting tes-
timony its origin may, perhaps, be attributed to the
monastic institutions established in the city and neigh-
bourhood, which, by the encouragement they afforded to
the pursuit of literature, drew around them a number
of students, who, not being able to find admission as
residents in these establishments, may have taken up
their residence in the city and suburbs, with the view
of obtaining that assistance in their studies which the
learned members of those institutions were capable of
affording them. At the time of the Conquest, Robert
D'Oily, to whom the Conqueror gave the government of
the city, founded, within the precincts of the castle, the
collegiate church of St. George, for Secular canons,
which, being subsequently annexed to the abbey of
Osney, founded by his descendant, the buildings were
occupied by students, and the society existed for some
time under the style of the Warden and Scholars of St.
George within the Castle.
Soon after the foundation of
Osney abbey, Robert Pullein, a learned member of that
institution, first began to read lectures on the sacred
scriptures at Oxford, which had been much neglected,
and revived the divinity lectures, which had fallen into
disuse, and, under the patronage of Henry I. and his
successors, greatly promoted the interests of literature.
In the reign of Stephen, Roger Vacarius introduced
the study of the Roman or civil law, which, being re-
garded as an innovation, was vehemently opposed by
other professors. At this time the students are said to
have amounted to nearly thirty thousand, and to have
lived at their own expense in inns, or hostels, of which
not less than three hundred were rented by them for
their accommodation; for their supply, the country for
twenty miles round Oxford was appropriated by the
king, whose purveyor was not permitted within that
distance to purchase provisions for the king's house-
hold: exclusively of such as lived in these hostels, and
who were under the control of a governor, or principal,
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who presided over the literary and moral discipline of the
seminaries, were several who were resident in St. Frides-
wide's priory, and Osney abbey. In 1209, a scholar
having accidentally killed a woman of the city, while
amusing himself with athletic sports, made his escape,
and the exasperated citizens seized upon three scholars
of the same hall, whom, upon receiving a mandate from
the king (then at Woodstock) to that effect, they hanged,
which so exasperated the students, that three thousand
of them left the university for some time; but the citi-
zens having obtained pardon from the pope's legate, then
in England, and having done penance in the churches at
Oxford, the scholars returned. Repeated disturbances
arose between the citizens and the students, some of
which were attended with very serious consequences. In
1229, disputes having arisen in Paris, on account of the
high price of wine, Henry III. invited the students of
that city to Oxford, where more than one thousand of
them soon afterwards settled. Cardinal Otho, legate
from the pope in 1236, on his arrival in England, took
up his residence at Osney abbey, and the scholars
having sent him presents, in token of their respect,
waited upon him in great numbers to pay him their
congratulations, when a dispute arising between the
scholars, who pressed for admission, and the legate's
servants, in which the legate's brother, who, from fear
of treachery by poison, officiated as principal cook, was
killed, thirty of the scholars were put under confinement,
and, to compromise the affair, the principals of the
schools were compelled to implore pardon of the legate.
In 1248, Henry III. granted the university a charter,
to defend it more effectually against the attacks of the
citizens, who had wantonly assassinated a young noble-
man, a student in one of the schools. In 1274, Walter
de Merton founded Merton College, which appears to
have been the first regular establishment in the uni-
versity, and the foundation of that system by which,
under certain trifling modifications, it was afterwards
organized, and is still governed. About this time the
number of scholars in the various hostels was about
fifteen thousand, but by what regulations they were
controuled does not distinctly appear. The statutes
of Merton College, which with little alteration are still
observed, appear to be the result of experience, and to
have been adapted, in an extraordinary degree, to the
diffusion of learning and to the establishment of moral
discipline. Henry III., who visited the shrine of St.
Frideswide, and held a parliament in the city, to settle
his disputes with the barons, conferred many privileges
upon the university, renewing all previous charters;
and in 1286, Edward I. invested the chancellor with
authority to take cognizance of offences committed by
the Jews resident at Oxford, and subsequently gave
him power to summon any of the burgesses before him,
to answer any plea originating in personal action with
any of the scholars. Edward II. ratified all the rights
and privileges of the university, and, by letters patent,
took that institution under his immediate protection.
Prior to this the pope had formally conferred upon Ox-
ford, which was considered the next great school to Paris,
the rank of university, a distinction then only enjoyed
by Paris, Bologna, and Salamanca; and in the reign of
Edward II., schools for the Hebrew, Arabic, and Chaldee
languages were founded, by order of the council of
Vienna, in 1311. In the reign of Edward III., a dis-

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púte having arisen between a scholar and an inn-keeper,
the latter, by an appeal to the citizens, incited them to
an insurrection against the scholars, and both parties
having recourse to arms, a violent conflict ensued
for two days, when, after repeated skirmishes, a party
of two thousand rustics, whom the citizens had invited
to their assistance, entered the city, which the scholars
had barricadoed, and attacking the halls, to several of
which they set fire, killed sixty-three of the scholars,
and plundered their halls. After the suppression of this
tumult, the sheriff of the county, and the mayor of the
city, being called to a severe account, were compelled
to pay a very heavy fine, and to take an oath, on entering
upon their office, to protect the interests and privileges
of the university: the fine was afterwards commuted
for the payment of one penny each by the mayor and
principal citizens, annually in St. Mary's church, at the
festival of St. Scholastica; but in the year 1825 the
university relinquished all claim to the payment. On
the breaking out of the war with France, in 1369, all the
French students were ordered to quit the kingdom. The
privileges of the university appear to have been an object
of particular regard with all succeeding sovereigns;
Henry VI., in 1444, gave power to the chancellor to
banish any refractory person to the distance of twelve
miles from the city, which, with all other privileges, was
confirmed by Edward IV., in the first year of his reign.
The wars between the houses of York and Lancaster ap-
pear to have had an unfavourable influence upon its in-
terests, and, during their continuance, to have consider-
ably diminished the number of students. Richard III.
visited Oxford, and was met, on his way from Windsor,
by the whole body, by whom he was escorted to Magda-
lene College, where he passed the night, and the following
day attended the public exercises and disputations;
and in 1501, Prince Arthur, son of Henry VII., came
hither, where he was sumptuously entertained, and lodged
in Magdalene College. In the reign of Henry VIII., the
public chest of the university was robbed, and the re-
gisters stolen; and in 1518, the king and the queen,
attended by Cardinal Wolsey and a large retinue of the
nobility, having arrived at Abingdon, a deputation from
the university waited on them to offer their respects,
and escorted the queen to St. Frideswide's shrine; after
having visited which, her majesty returned to Merton
College, where she was sumptuously entertained. Queen
Elizabeth paid visits to the university in 1566, 1571,
and in 1592.
though subject to the paramount authority of the univer
sity. Every member of the university must be matricu-
lated, and on appearing before the chancellor, or vice-
chancellor, must declare his rank in life, whether the son
of a nobleman, baronet, gentleman, or plebeian, and pay a
matriculation fee accordingly, subscribe to the thirty-nine
articles of the church of England, and, if sixteen years
of age, take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, and
swear to observe all the statutes, privileges, and customs
of the university, and neither to sue before the mayor or
bailiffs of the city, nor answer before them as justices,
so long as he continues to enjoy its privileges. The
laws by which the university is at presant governed
were compiled by its members in the reign of James I.,
and confirmed in the 14th of the reign of Charles I.,
since which they have been modified or ratified by sub-
sequent parliaments.
The members of the University of Oxford are a
body corporate, possessing important privileges, which
have been confirmed and extended by a long succession
of royal charters, from the earliest period to the reign
of Charles I.; and, under various munificent and royal
patrons, its ancient halls have been endowed, and new
colleges founded, which, taken collectively, form one of
the most comprehensive and magnificent seats of learning
in Europe. The university was incorporated in the 13th
year of the reign of Elizabeth, by the style and title of
the Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University
of Oxford; it comprises nineteen colleges, the members
of which are all distinct corporate bodies, and five halls,
which are not incorporated, associated for the acquire-
ment of learning requisite to qualify their members for
the learned professions, and the high offices of the state:
these several colleges and halls have their own statutes,
VOL. III.
The principal officers are a chancellor, vice-chancel-
lor, high steward, two proctors, a public orator, a
keeper of the archives, a registrar of the university,
a registrar of the university courts, two curators
of the theatre, a librarian, keeper of the Ashmolean
museum, two clerks of the market, three esquire
bedels, the yeoman bedels, and other officers. The
Chancellor, who is the highest officer in the univer-
sity, and is generally a distinguished nobleman, is
elected by the members of the house of convocation;
his office was anciently for one, two, or three years, but
was made perpetual in 1484, when Dr. John Russel,
Bishop of London, was first elected for life: he does
not attend the meetings of the university, except at his
installation, and upon the occasion of royal visits. The
Vice-chancellor, who is the highest resident officer, is
always the head of a college, and is nominated by the
chancellor, but must be approved by the house of con-
vocation he appoints four pro-vice-chancellors, also
heads of houses, to assist him in his office, which is
annual, though generally continued for four years, by
renewed nominations: to him is assigned the superin-
tendence of the university; he enforces the observance
of every regulation, convenes the houses of congregation
and convocation, and the courts; he is a magistrate for
the university, the county and city of Oxford, and the
county of Berks, and is preceded in all academic pro-
cessions by the esquire and yeoman bedels; he grants
wine licenses to taverns and vintners, and expels offenders
from the city; at all meetings of convocation, and at the
annual commemoration in the theatre, he remains covered
during the whole ceremony.
during the whole ceremony. The High Steward, who is
always a nobleman, is appointed by the chancellor, subject
to approval by the house of convocation, and holds his
office for life: his province is to assist the chancellor,
vice-chancellor, and proctors, in the execution of their re-
spective duties, and to defend the rights and privileges
of the university; to hear and determine on capital causes
in which either scholars or privileged persons are par-
ties, and either personally, or by deputy, to hold the
university court leet. The Proctors, who must be mas-
ters of arts of four years' standing at least, and of not
more than ten, are appointed annually, and are taken
from the various colleges in rotation: they each nomi-
nate two pro-proctors, also masters of arts, of any
college or hall, as their deputies: the office of proctor
is to inspect the conduct of all members of the uni-
versity, and to take cognizance of, and punish for, all
t
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the university; and convictores, or persons not on the
foundation of any college or hall, who have at any time
been regents, and whose names have been constantly
on the books, from the time of their admission to the
degree of master of arts, or to that of doctor in either
of the three faculties. The business of the house of
congregation is principally confined to the passing of
graces and dispensations, and to the granting of degrees.
All suffrages in cases of graces and dispensations are
to be whispered in the ear of the proctors, by a ma-
jority of which, given in the words "placet," or "non pla-
cet," the fate of the measure is decided. The business
of the house of convocation embraces all subjects af-
fecting the credit, interest, or welfare of the university.
Nine regents, exclusively of the vice-chancellor and the
proctors, are necessary to form a congregation; the num-
In both
ber requisite for a convocation is not defined.
houses, the chancellor, or vice-chancellor singly, and the
two proctors jointly, have an absolute negative upon all
proceedings, except in elections. All elections, except for
members of parliament, are made in writing by private
scrutiny, at which the vice-chancellor presides, and the
proctors act as scrutators, and, previously to their pro-
ceeding to elect, the act of the 31st of Elizabeth, and the
statute de Electionibus are read, and the vice-chancellor
administers an oath to the proctors that they will make
a faithful scrutiny, and to each of the electors that he
will vote only once, and for a person whom he firmly be-
lieves to be duly qualified: the election is decided by a
majority: should two candidates have an equal number
of votes, the senior is elected, if they are graduates, if
not, the chancellor, or vice-chancellor, decides by a
casting vote. For the better government of the uni-
versity, a meeting takes place every Monday, and at
other times when convened by the vice-chancellor; in
these the vice-chancellor, heads of houses, and the proc-
tors, deliberate upon all matters relating to the privi-
leges and liberties of the university, previously to their
being proposed in congregation, or decreed in convoca-
tion. The chancellor holds a court of record every
week during term, at which his assessor presides, for
the recovery of debts to any amount, the jurisdiction of
which is confined to members of the university. The
university received the elective franchise by charter of
James I., in 1603, since which time it has regularly re-
turned two members to parliament: the right of election
is vested in the doctors and regent masters of arts in
convocation: the vice-chancellor is the returning of
ficer.
offences committed by them without the walls of their
respective colleges, to see that the members of the seve-
ral colleges appear in public in their proper dresses,
that just weights and measures are used, and to preserve
the public peace. The Public Orator, who must be at
least master of arts, or bachelor of civil law, is chosen
by the members of the house of convocation: his office
is to write letters and addresses upon public occasions,
and to pronounce harangues to princes and other illus-
trious persons visiting the university, to present the
honorary degrees conferred by the university, and, alter-
nately with the professor of poetry, to deliver the annual
Creweian oration. The Keeper of the Archives (an officer
established in 1634), who must be at least master of
arts, is appointed by convocation: his duty is to take
charge of, and to arrange, all charters, records, and do-
cuments, relating to the rights, privileges, and posses-
sions of the university. The Registrar of the University,
who must be at least master of arts, or a bachelor in
civil law, and a notary public, is chosen by the house
of convocation: his office is to attend all meetings, to
register graces, dispensations, elections, and degrees; to
copy all letters, leases, indentures, and grants, that pass
the seal of the university, or of the chancellor, and to
receive the rents. The Registrar of the University Court is
appointed by patent from the chancellor: his office is
to make probates of wills, and grant letters of adminis-
tration to the effects of persons dying intestate within
the university, as well as to record all the transactions
of the court. The Clerks of the Market, who must be
principals of halls, masters of arts, or bachelors of divi-
nity, law, or medicine, are appointed annually, one by
the chancellor, and the other by the vice-chancellor:
their office is to take cognizance of the quality of bread,
and of all provisions, and to inspect the weights and
measures.
The public business is transacted by two principal
assemblies, called respectively the houses of congrega-
tion and convocation, in both which the chancellor, the
vice-chancellor, or, in his absence, one of his deputies,
and the proctors, or their deputies, preside. The
house of congregation consists exclusively of Regents,
who are either necessary regents, or regents ad placitum;
the former are doctors of every faculty, and masters of
arts during the first year of their regency; the latter
are doctors of every faculty, resident in the university,
heads of colleges and halls (and, in their absence, their
deputies), professors, and public lecturers, the mas-
ters of the schools, the public examiners, the deans
and censors of colleges, and all other masters of arts
during the second year of their regency. The house
of convocation, or, as it is sometimes called, the great
congregation, consists both of regents and non-regents:
the right of voting in this house is, by the statutes,
restricted to the chancellor, vice-chancellor, the two
proctors and their deputies, doctors in divinity, medi-
cine, or civil law, who are necessary regents, masters
of arts during the first year of their necessary regency,
heads of colleges and halls, or their deputies; members
on the foundation of any college, who have at any time
been regents; doctors of divinity, medicine, or law,
living with their families within the precincts of the
university; professors, and public lecturers, who have
at any time been regents, and have performed the exer-
cises required by the statutes, and paid all fees due to
-
There are seven Regius Professorships, namely, Di-
vinity, Civil Law, Medicine, Hebrew, Greek, Modern
Languages and History, and Botany: the first five were
founded by Henry VIII., who endowed each of them with
a yearly stipend of £40, payable, those of Divinity, He-
brew, and Greek, by the Dean and Canons of Christ
Church; the others out of the Royal Exchequer. The
Regius Professorship of Modern Languages and History was
founded by George I., in 1724, and confirmed by George
II., in 1728; and the Regius Professorship of Botany by
The original endowment of
George III., in 1793.
these professorships has been subsequently augment-
ed; to that of Divinity have been annexed a canonry
in Christ Church and the rectory of Ewelme, in this
county; to that of Civil Law, a lay prebend in the
Cathedral Church of Salisbury; to that of Medicine,
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475
the mastership of the hospital of Ewelme, with Tomlins'
prelectorship of Anatomy, founded in 1623, by Richard
Tomlins, Esq., of Westminster, and to that of Hebrew,
a canonry in Christ Church. The Margaret Professor-
ship of Divinity was founded by Margaret, Countess of
Richmond, mother of Henry VII., who endowed it with
an annual stipend of twenty marks, to which Charles I.,
in 1627, added a prebend in the Cathedral Church of
Worcester: the election is vested in the graduates of
divinity; the appointment is for two years from the 8th
of September following the election, but the professor
is usually continued, by re-election, for life. The Profes-
sorship of Natural Philosophy was founded, in 1618, by
Sir William Sedley, of Aylesford in Kent, who be-
queathed to the university £2000 for its endowment,
which sum was invested in the purchase of an estate pro-
ducing £ 120 per annum: the appointment is vested in
the vice-chancellor, the president of Magdalene College,
and the warden of All Souls. The Savilian Professorships
of Geometry and Astronomy were founded and endowed, in
1619, by Sir Henry Savile, Knt.; they are open to eminent
mathematicians of all countries, who, if Englishmen, must
have taken the degree of master of arts: the professors
are admitted in congregation on the nomination of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, the
Chancellor of the university, the Bishop of London, the
principal secretary of state, the chief justices, the chief
baron of the Exchequer, and the dean of the Arches.
The Camden Professorship of Ancient History was founded,
in 1622, by William Camden, Clarencieux King at Arms,
the celebrated antiquary, who endowed it with the
manor of Bexley in Kent. The Professorship of Music,
the appointment to which is annual, and vested in the
proctors, was founded in 1626, by William Heather,
doctor in music, who also established a fund for the
payment of a Choragus, or Præfectus Musica Exercita-
tionis, who is nominated by the vice chancellor, the
dean of Christ Church, the warden of New College, the
president of Magdalene, and the president of St. John's.
The Laudian Professorship of Arabic was founded, in
1636, by William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury,
who endowed it with lands in the parish of Bray, in
the county of Berks: the appointment is vested in the
presidents of St. John's and Magdalene Colleges, and
in the wardens of New College, All Souls', and Merton.
The Professorship of Botany was founded, in 1728, by
Willian Sherrard, D. C. L., &c., some time fellow of St.
John's, and afterwards consul at Smyrna, who be-
queathed to the university £3000 for its endowment,
and his valuable library and herbarium: the appoint-
ment is in the gift of the Royal College of Physicians.
The Professorship of Poetry was founded and endowed
by Henry Birkhead, Esq., barrister of the Inner Temple,
and D. C.L., some time of Trinity, and afterwards fel-
low of All Souls': the appointment is in the members
of convocation, being tenable for five years, and may
be retained for five years more by re-election.
sorship; he must not be a member of the Royal or An-
tiquarian Societies, nor a native of Scotland, Ireland,
the Colonies, or the son of any native of those places.
-
The Vinerian Professorship of Common Law was
founded, in 1755, by Charles Viner, Esq., who bequeath-
ed £ 12,000 to the university for its endowment, and
also for the endowment of as many fellowships of
£50 per annum, and scholarships of £30 per annum,
of the common law, as those funds would permit; the
appointment is in the members of convocation. Sir
William Blackstone was the first professor on this
foundation, and the substance of his lectures forms the
subject of his celebrated Commentaries. The Clinicul
Professorship, for reading Clinical lectures to the students
in the Radcliffe Infirmary, was founded, in 1772, by the
Earl of Lichfield, Chancellor of the university: the ap-
pointment, which is vested in the members of convoca-
tion, is tenable only by a person who has taken a doctor's
degree in medicine five years before the time of election.
The Aldrichian Professorships of Anatomy, of the practice of
Medicine, and of Chemistry, were founded and endowed,
in 1803, by George Aldrich, of the county of Notting-
ham, M.D.: the endowment of the professorship of
Chemistry, which, with that of Medicine, is in the nomi-
nation of the members of convocation, has been aug-
mented by a grant from the crown: the professorship
of Anatomy is annexed to the prelectorship founded by
Richard Tomlins, Esq., and both held with the regius
professorship of medicine: one course of lectures in che-
mistry is annually delivered at the museum. The Profes-
sorship of Political Economy was founded, in 1825, by
Henry Drummond, Esq., of Albury park, in the county
of Surrey, who endowed it with a rent-charge of £ 100
on his estates in that county: the appointment is in
the members of convocation, and is tenable for five
years by a master of arts, or bachelor of civil law, who
has regularly graduated at Oxford. The Lord Almoner's
Reader in Arabic is appointed by the Lord Almoner, and
has an annual stipend out of the Almonry bounty. The
Readership in Experimental Philosophy was founded by
grant from the crown, in 1810: two courses of lectures
are read in the museum, comprising the principal ex-
periments in mechanics, hydrostatics, optics, electricity,
and magnetism. The Readership in Mineralogy, esta-
blished in 1813, and the Readership in Geology, in 1818,
were also founded by grants from the crown.
The
Anatomical Lectureship was founded, in 1750, by the
late Matthew Lee, M.D., of Christ Church: two courses
of lectures are delivered in the Anatomical school at
Christ Church, one in Lent, and the other at Michaelmas
term. The Bampton Lectures were founded, about the
year 1780, by John Bampton, M.A., canon of Salisbury,
who bequeathed funds for the annual preaching of
eight divinity lecture sermons on the leading articles
of the Christian faith; of which thirty copies are to be
printed for distribution among the heads of houses: the
preachers, who are appointed by the heads of colleges
only, must have taken the degree of master of arts in
either of the universities, and no person can be appointed
to preach the divinity lecture sermons twice. The
Whitehall Preacherships were founded by George I.,
in 1724: the preachers were appointed by the Bishop
of London, as Dean of His Majesty's chapel, and were
resident fellows of colleges during the time they held
the office; there were twenty-four preachers, of whom
The Anglo-Saxon Professorship was founded, in 1750,
by Richard Rawlinson, Esq., D. C. L., of St. John's
College, who endowed it with rent-charges on lands in
Lancashire: the appointment, which is tenable for five
years, is in the members of convocation, and is open to
candidates from all the colleges in rotation, reserving
every fifth turn to St. John's: the candidate must be
unmarried, and remain so while he holds the profes-
3 P 2
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476
i
twelve were chosen from each of the universities, but
in 1829 the establishment was broken up by the Bi-
shop of London. The University Sermons are, with cer-
tain exceptions, preached in St. Mary's church every
Sunday morning during term, by the heads of colleges,
the dean and canons of Christ Church, the two pro-
fessors of divinity, and the professor of Hebrew: the
dean and canons of Christ Church, when it comes to
their turn, preach these sermons in their own cathedral
church. Ten select preachers, who must be doctors, or
bachelors in divinity, or in civil law, or masters of arts,
are nominated by the vice-chancellor and proctors, and
the Regius and Margaret professors of divinity; of
these, five go out of office annually, but may be re-ap-
pointed after one year.
Dr. Radcliffe founded two fellowships in the uni-
versity, which he endowed with £600 per annum, for
the maintenance of two fellows for ten years, one-half
at least to be spent in travelling in foreign parts for
their improvement, and to whom, while in the uni-
versity, he assigned chambers in New College; the
Travelling Fellows are appointed by the electors of the
Radcliffe librarian. The Vinerian fellowships of £50
each, and scholarships of £30 each, per annum, te-
nable for ten years only after the date of election, vary
in number, according to the state of the revenue of
the endowment: the election is made by the mem-
bers of convocation: the fellows must have taken the
degree of master of arts, or bachelor in civil law, at
the time of their appointment; and if the candidate be
not a barrister at the time, he must become one within
a year after his election; the fellowships are given in
preference to such as have been scholars on this foun-
dation: the scholars must have completed twenty-four
months from the time of their matriculation, and take
the degree of bachelor in civil law as soon as possible
after the appointment, and within one year after the
taking that degree become barristers. The Craven Scho-
larships were founded, in 1647, by John, Lord Craven,
who bequeathed lands for the endowment of two
scholarships, tenable for fourteen years, in this uni-
versity, and two in the university of Cambridge:
the nomination is vested in the vice-chancellor, the re-
gius professors, and the public orator: three additional
scholarships, tenable for seven years only, supported
by the same funds, were established by a decree of the
court of Chancery, in 1819; in the appointment to
these scholarships, preference is given to candidates
of the name or family of the founder, and no one is
eligible who is a graduate in the university, or a fel-
low or scholar of any college, or whose parents are
able to maintain him otherwise. The Ireland Scholar-
ships were founded, in 1825, by John Ireland, D.D.,
Dean of Westminster, who transferred to the univer-
sity £4000 in the three per cent. consols., for the en-
dowment of four scholarships of £30 per annum each,
for undergraduates, who shall not have exceeded their
sixteenth term from the date of matriculation: the can-
didate must produce in writing the consent of the head
of his college, and the certificate of his standing: the
clection is made by three examiners appointed by the
trustees. A circular has recently been sent round to
the respective colleges by the managers of the "Eldo-
nian Testimonial Fund," stating that the Law scholar-
ship, to be founded from that source, will be filled up in
•
May or June, 1831; candidates to be persons who have
gained distinguished honours at this university.
The four terms in the year are, Michaelmas, which
commences on the 10th of October, and ends on the
17th of December; Hilary term, which commences on the
14th of January, and ends on the Saturday before Palm-
Sunday, or, if that day be a festival, on the Monday after;
Easter term, which commences on the 10th day after
Easter-Sunday, and ends on the day before Whit-Sunday;
and Trinity term, which commences on the Wednesday
after Whit-Sunday, and ends on the Saturday after the
first Tuesday in July: the full term begins on the first
day of the week after the first congregation is held.
Michaelmas and Hilary terms are kept, by six weeks'
residence, by such as have not taken any degree in arts,
and Easter and Trinity terms, by a residence of three
weeks each. Sixteen terms are requisite to qualify
for the degree of bachelor of arts, except the sons of
English, Scotch, or Irish peers, matriculated as such,
and not on the foundation of any college, who are
admitted candidates for that degree after three years'
residence. Twelve terms, exclusively of the term of ma-
triculation, are requisite for bachelors of arts keeping
terms for a master's degree, and for students in civil
law, who, having resided three weeks in each term, as-
sume the civilian's gown. For the degree of bachelor in
civil law, without proceeding through arts, twenty-eight
terms are requisite; but of these, two are considered as
being kept by matriculation in term, and by taking the
degree, and, as in the case of a master's degree, three
others are dispensed with by congregation, and six more
by the chancellor's letter. For the degree of doctor in
civil law, five years are requisite, to be computed from
the time of taking the bachelor's degree; but, upon
making oath in convocation of intention to practise in
Doctors' Commons, one year is remitted. For the de-
gree of bachelor in medicine, one year is requisite from
the regency, and for that of doctor, four years' residence
from the time of matriculation. For the degree of
bachelor in divinity, seven years are required from the
time of matriculation, and for that of doctor, four years
more. Candidates for all degrees, who possess certain
property, must go out, according to the local phrase, as
grand compounders; the property requisite for this pur-
pose may arise either from civil or ecclesiastical property;
if the former, it must amount to £300 per annum :
if the latter, the preferment must be rated in the
king's books at £40: candidates who do not pos-
sess property to that amount are termed petty com-
pounders, and must at least have ecclesiastical pro-
perty of the annual value of five shillings, or property
of any other description to the amount of £5 per an-
num. The exercises for the degree of bachelor of arts
are, responsions held in Michaelmas, Hilary, and Tri-
nity terms, to which candidates who have entered on
their sixth term and not completed their ninth are ad-
mitted, on giving their names for that purpose to the
junior proctor, at least three days previously to the com-
mencement of the exercises, which consist of exami-
nation in the classics, the rudiments of logic, and in
Euclid's elements of Geometry; and public examinations,
held twice a year, in Michaelmas and Easter terms, to
which candidates who have entered on their fourth year
of matriculation, and have previously responded before
the masters of the schools, are admitted, by giving their
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names for that purpose three days before the examina-
tion commences: the public examination comprehends
the rudiments of religion, under which is included a
sufficient knowledge of the Gospels in the original
Greek, of the thirty-nine articles of the church of En-
gland, and of the evidences of natural and revealed reli-
gion ; the literæ humaniores, including a competent
knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages, rhetoric
and moral philosophy, as derived from the Greek and
Roman writers, logic, and Latin composition; and the
elements of the mathematical sciences and of physics.
In the literaæ humaniores, and in the elements of the
mathematical sciences and physics, the examiners have
a certain discretionary power, but they have none with
respect to the rudiments of religion, any failure in which
inevitably excludes the candidate from his degree,
without regard to his other attainments. The exami-
nations, both in the responsions and in the public ex-
aminations, may be conducted either in the Latin or
English language. The public examiners, who are
nine in number, are chosen from those who have
taken the degree of master of arts, or doctor of civil
law; they are, nominated by the vice-chancellor and
proctors, but must be approved by the houses of con-
gregation and convocation; six of them examine in
literis humanioribus, and four must be present at each
examination; the other four examine in Disciplinis
Methematicis et Physicis, and three at least must be
present at each examination: there cannot be two ex-
aminers of either class from the same college or hall,
neither can any of them examine a candidate belonging
to his own college or hall. Three masters, who have
been admitted regents in arts, preside over the schools,
of whom one is nominated by the vice-chancellor, and
one by each of the proctors, annually on the first
day of Trinity term two masters must always be
present at the responsions, and when the proctors
are absent during the performance of the exercises, the
masters are invested with procuratorial power.
477
The exercises requisite for a bachelor's degree in di-
vinity, law, or medicine, are disputations on two distinct
days, before the professors of those respective faculties;
in divinity, the preaching of a Latin sermon at St.
Mary's, before the vice-chancellor, is also required. For
a doctor's degree in either of the faculties, three dis-
tinct lectures are to be read in the schools, on three
several days, which, by a dispensation from the houses of
congregation or convocation, are permitted to be read
at three different hours on the same day. Three prizes
of £20 each are given annually by the chancellor
for the best compositions in Latin verse, Latin prose,
and English prose; for the first, candidates only who
have not exceeded four years from their matriculation
can contend; for the other two, all such as have ex-
ceeded four years, but not completed seven, and have
not taken the degree of M. A., or B. C. L., may be
competitors. Sir Roger Newdigate, in 1806, be-
queathed to the university funds for an annual prize
for English verses on ancient sculpture, painting, or
architecture. Dr. Ellerton, fellow of Magdalene Col-
lege, gave a rent-charge of £21, on an estate at
Horspath, in the county of Oxford, for an annual
prize for the best English essay on some doctrine or
duty of the Christian religion, or on some subject in
theology. The subjects of all these compositions are
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given out by the vice-chancellor, and the compositions
are sent, under a sealed cover, without the author's
name, but distinguished by a motto, a duplicate of which,
signed with the author's name, is also sent to the regis-
trar of the university, on a day fixed by the vice-chan-
cellor, who, with the two proctors, the public orator,
and the professor of poetry, decide on their merits in the
theatre, where the compositions are publicly recited at
the commemoration. The university enjoys the right
of presentation to the rectory of South Moreton, in the
county of Berks, held in trust for Magdalene Hall; the
vicarage of South Petherwin cum Trewen, in the county
of Cornwall; the vicarage of Holme-Cultram, in the
county of Cumberland; the rectory of Gatcomb, in
trust for the Principal of St. Edmund Hall, in the
county of Southampton; the vicarage of Syston, in
the county of Leicester; the rectory of Stutchbury, in
the county of Northampton; the lectureship of St.
Giles', in the city of Oxford; and the perpetual curacy
of Kirkdale, in the county of York.
Arms.
University College is supposed by
some to have been founded so early
as 872, by Alfred the Great, and to
have constituted the largest of his
three halls; but, with far greater pro-
bability, its foundation is ascribed
to William Archdeacon of Durham,
who, in 1249, left three hundred and
ten marks to the chancellor and uni-
versity, in order to purchase certain annual rents for the
support of ten, twelve, or more masters, at that time
the highest academical title, the first purchase hav-
ing been made in 1253. The funds left by him were
appropriated to the support of a limited number of
individuals, chosen by the various halls of the univer-
sity, and who at first did not form an independent so-
ciety, but were subordinate to the several schools in which
they had been educated: in 1280, the institution of a
society was determined upon, and the statutes even-
tually settled by the university bear the date 1292. The
situation of the original house, or hall, is generally
considered to be the site now occupied by Brasenose
College, and historians assert that the society removed to
the present college about 1343, under the style of "the
Master and Scholars of the Hall of the University of
Oxford," giving to their house the name of "Univer-
sity Hall," at what period it was first denominated a
college is unknown. The style at present in use, name-
ly," the Master and Fellows of the College of the Great
Hall of the University, commonly called University
College in Oxford," was fixed by Queen Elizabeth, in
1572. A common seal was used so early as 1320, and
the statutes now in force were enacted in 1726. The
foundation consists of a master, twelve fellows, and
twenty-four scholars and exhibitioners: two of the fel-
lowships were founded by William of Durham, for that
county; three by Henry IV., for the dioceses of York
and Durham; three, in 1442, by the Earl of Northum-
berland, for the dioceses of Durham, Carlisle, and York
and four, in 1631, by Sir Simon Bennet, for any part
of England, except these three dioceses. The King be-
came visitor in the beginning of the reign of George II.,
in consequence of a decree in the court of King's Bench,
assigning the foundation to Alfred; the House of Con-
vocation had previously exercised that power, as trustees
[;

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under the will of William of Durham. The livings in the
patronage of the Master and Fellows are, the rectory of
Tarrant-Gunville, in the county of Dorset; the rectory
of North Cerney, in the county of Gloucester, the rec-
tory of Headbourn-Worthy, in the county of Southamp-
ton; the perpetual curacy of Flamstead, in the county
of Hertford ; the rectory of Elton, in the county
of Huntingdon; the rectory of Checkendon, in the
county of Oxford; the rectory of Kingsdon, in the
county of Somerset; the rectory of Beckley, in the
county of Sussex; the vicarage of Arncliffe, and the rec-
tory of Melsonby, in the county of York. The college,
which is on the south side of the High-street, is in
the ancient style of English architecture, with por-
tions in the Italian style, and comprises two parallel
quadrangles: one, built at various periods, with a chapel
and hall on the south side, is one hundred feet square;
the other, built principally by Dr. Radcliffe, has only
three sides, each being about eighty feet in length; on
the south is the master's garden: the two constitute
a front of about two hundred and forty feet in extent,
from the High-street, which it faces, presenting a mag-
nificent appearance: each quadrangle is entered by a
gateway surmounted by a tower; over one entrance, in
front, is the statue of Queen Anne, and within, that of
James II.; over the other, in front, that of Mary II.,
and within, that of Dr. Radcliffe. The chapel, built in
1665, displays a profusion of painted glass, and con-
tains a fine cenotaph, by Flaxman, to the memory of
Sir William Jones. In the library, which was com-
pleted in 1660, is a very valuable collection of books
and manuscripts. Amongst the most eminent members
formerly belonging to this society may be enumerated
Ridley, Bishop of London, who was burnt at the stake
in this city; Bingham, author of Origines Ecclesiastica;
Sir William Jones; Dr. Radcliffe; Edward, Lord Her-
bert of Cherbury; Dr. John Hudson, a learned critic;
Carte, the historian; Richard Jago, an ingenious poet;
Sir Robert Chambers, Vinerian Professor, afterwards a
Judge in India two archbishops, and nine bishops.
The members on the books are two hundred and
eighteen, of whom one hundred and ten are members
of convocation.
R
Arms.
Balliol College appears to have
been founded, about 1260, by John
Balliol, of Bernard Castle, father of
Jon Balliol, King of Scotland: he
gave to each of his scholars 8d. per
week for their commons, and settled
yearly exhibitions upon them, with
the intention of providing a house
and appropriate accommodation,
which was carried into effect after his decease, in 1269,
by his wife Devorguilla, who, in 1281, purchased a te-
nement in Horsemonger-street, now called Broad-street,
and prescribed statutes for their government: in 1284,
she likewise purchased the adjoining hall of St. Mary,
and having repaired it, established the society there by
charter of incorporation, which, being confirmed by the
king, her son, and Oliver, Bishop of Lincoln, the name of
New Balliol College was given to it: the code of statutes
at present in force was enacted in 1507. The number of
scholars has varied at different times, according to the
state of the finances: in 1610 the society included not
less than one hundred and twenty-seven persons; at
present it consists of a master, twelve fellows, and fourteen
scholars, of whom nine fellows and ten scholars are on
the old foundation. In 1620, Lady Eliz. Periam, widow
of the Lord Chief Baron, Sir William Periam, Knt.,
added one fellowship, which, as well as those on the old
foundation, is open to candidates indiscriminately: in
1615, and 1676, the trustees of Mr. Peter Blundell
founded two fellowships for persons to be elected from
his grammar school at Tiverton, in the county of Devon:
there are also thirty-three scholarships and exhibitions;
and, in 1522, lands were given by Thomas Harrope to
increase the number of scholarships: among the exhi-
bitions are four founded by John Warner, Bishop of
Rochester, in 1666 or 1667, for natives of Scotland, to
support the cause of episcopacy in that country; they
are endowed with £20 per annum each, and are now
held by four of the exhibitioners of John Snell, Esq.
This college alone has the privilege of electing its own
visitor, who at present is the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The livings in the patronage of the Master and Fellows
are the rectory and vicarage of Duloe, in the county of
Cornwall; the vicarage of Beer-Regis, in the county of
Dorset; the rectories of All Saints', St. Leonard, St.
Nicholas, Holy Trinity, and the perpetual curacy of St.
Botolph's, in the town of Colchester; the vicarage of
Marks-Tey, and the rectory of Tendring, in the county
of Essex; the vicarage of Abbotsley, in the county of
Huntingdon; the rectories of Brattleby, Fillingham,
and Riseholme, in the county of Lincoln; the conso-
lidated vicarages of St. Lawrence Jewry and St. Mary
Magdalene, Milk-street, London; the vicarage of Long
Benton, in the county of Northumberland; and the
rectories of Kilve cum Stringston, Huntspill, and Tims-
bury, in the county of Somerset. The buildings of this
college chiefly form a quadrangle of one hundred and
twenty feet by eighty, in addition to which is an area
on the north-west side: in the centre of the front is
a fine square embattled tower, surmounted by a turret,
and ornamented with a highly enriched canopied niche,
and the arms of the founder: on the west side of the
quadrangle are the hall and master's residence; on the
north the chapel and library, which latter, originally
completed in 1477, was repaired and embellished under
the direction of Mr. James Wyatt, architect, and con-
tains a valuable collection of illuminated manuscripts,
several rare English Bibles, and other works: the other
sides consist of rooms for the fellows and scholars.
The buildings to the north-east of the quadrangle were
the gift of Archbishop Abbot; those to the south-west
of it, fronting the street, and containing twelve sets
of rooms, were erected at the expense of Mr. Fisher,
formerly a fellow of this college; to which was added,
in 1827, a building on the north, fronting the church of
St. Mary Magdalene, containing twenty-two sets of
rooms.
rooms. Among the more eminent members may be
enumerated John Wickliff, the Reformer, who was mas-
ter; Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester; Tiptoft, Earl of
Worcester; John Ross and Robert Parsons; Sir John
Popham, Chief Justice of the King's Bench; Sir Robert
Atkyns, Chief Baron of the Exchequer; Sir John Eve-
lyn; Dr. Bradley, Astronomer Royal; Rev. John Hut-
chins, author of the History of Dorsetshire; three arch-
bishops, and eight bishops. The members on the books
are two hundred and forty-eight, of whom one hundred
are members of convocation.

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479
梦
​Arms.
Merton College was founded by
Walter de Merton, Bishop of Ro-
chester, and Lord High Chancellor
of England, who having previously
founded one at Merton, in the
county of Surrey, removed the
society hither in 1274, under the
name of Domus-Scholarum de Mer-
ton, and the statutes bear that
date this college, in point of legal establishment, is
the oldest in the university, and was so well endowed,
that in the 26th of Henry VIII. its revenue was valued
at £354. The society consists of a warden, twenty-
four fellows, fourteen postmasters, four scholars, two
chaplains, and two clerks. The natives of the following
dioceses are ineligible to fellowships, viz., St. Asaph,
Bangor, St. David's, Llandaff, Hereford, Chichester,
Exeter, Rochester, Lichfield and Coventry, Chester, and
Carlisle. Exhibitions for the twelve portionists, called
postmasters, were given in 1380, by John Willyott, D.D.,
Chancellor of Exeter; these were increased to fourteen
by John Chamber, fellow of Eton, and canon of Wind-
sor, who directed his exhibitioners to be elected from
Eton College: the four scholarships were founded, in
1753, by Henry Jackson, M. A., of this college, and
afterwards a minor canon of St. Paul's, London: the
sum of £20 per annum is vested in the Warden and
Fellows, for general distribution among poor scholars.
The Archbishop of Canterbury is visitor. The livings
in the patronage of the Warden and Fellows are, the
rectory of Gamlingay, in the county of Cambridge;
the vicarage of Diddington, in the county of Hunting-
don; the vicarage of Elham, in the county of Kent,
on the nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury;
the rectory of Kibworth-Beauchamp, in the county of
Leicester; the vicarages of Embleton and Ponteland,
in the county of Northumberland; the rectories of
Cuxham and Ibstone, with the perpetual curacies of
Holywell and Wolvercott, in the county of Oxford
the perpetual curacies of St. John the Baptist, and
St. Peter in the East, in the city of Oxford; the rec-
tory of Farley, and the vicarage of Malden, with the
perpetual curacy of Chessington, in the county of Sur-
rey; the rectory of Lapworth, and the vicarage of Great
Wolford, in the county of Warwick; and the vicarage
of Stratton St. Margaret, in the county of Wilts: the
Archbishop of Canterbury must also collate one of the
fellows, or one who has been a fellow, of this college, to
the rectory of Denton, in the county of Norfolk. The
college is situated on the south side of the city, in St.
John's street, and its buildings form three quadrangles;
the first, which opens by a noble arch into the inner
quadrangle, is one hundred and ten feet by one hundred
feet, and was rebuilt in 1589, with the exception of the
tower and gatehouse, which were constructed in the
early part of the fifteenth century, during the warden-
ship of the celebrated mathematician, Thomas Redburn,
Bishop of St. David's: it contains the warden's apart-
ments, some portions of which are supposed to be co-
eval with the original edifice. The second, or grand
court, is of modern date, and exhibits a mixed style of
architecture, the centre elevation is adorned with tiers
of columns of the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian
orders. The third, or small court, is ancient, and sup-
posed to have been built, as it now stands, about the

G
same time as the library, which forms its south and
west sides, and was founded in 1376, by Rede, Bishop
of Chichester: this is thought to be the most ancient
structure of the kind in existence. At the western end
of the outer court is the chapel, which is considered
one of the finest in the university, and consists of a
choir, in the decorated style, and transepts, with a low
massive tower at the intersection, in the later style
of English architecture; the windows are of painted
glass, and the east window of seven lights is ornamented
with a rich wheel, crocketed canopies, and pinnacles,
being considered a remarkable specimen of fine taste,
and is called the Catharine Wheel window: the tower
is embattled and pinnacled. It is the parish church of
St. John the Baptist, being used only as the college
chapel, and the parochial duties are discharged by one
of the chaplains of the college, a small portion of the
interior being allotted as a burial-place for the inhabit-
ants. Among the eminent members of this society may
be classed Dr. Harvey, who discovered the circulation of
the blood, warden of the college;
the blood, warden of the college; the celebrated Duns
Scotus; Archbishop Bradwardyn; John Wickliff; Sir
Henry Savile; John Greaves; John Hales; Francis
Cheynell; Hugh Cressy; Samuel Clarke; Anthony à
Wood, the Oxford historian; Sir Richard Steele; the
Earl of Essex, the parliamentary general; Thomas
Farnaby, a learned critic; Dr. Edmund Dickenson;
Thomas Tyrwhitt, editor of Chaucer's Tales; thirteen
bishops, and five archbishops: Savile and Wood were
buried here. The members on the books are one hun-
dred and twenty-seven, of whom sixty-four are mem-
bers of convocation.
UCSON
Arms.
Exeter College was founded, in
1314, by Walter de Stapledon, Bi-
shop of Exeter, and called Staple-
don Hall on the removal of his
scholars to this spot, from Hart Hail,
the foundation comprised a rector
and twelve fellows, eight of the thir-
teen to be elected from the archdea-
conries of Exeter, Totness, and Barn-
staple, four from the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and one,
to be nominated by the Dean and Chapter of Exeter,
from any other place, provided the candidate should be
in priest's orders. Two additional fellowships were found-
ed, in 1404, by Edmund Stafford, Bishop of Exeter (who
obtained leave to bestow on the college its present name),
to be chosen from the diocese of Salisbury; eight, in
1565, by Sir William Petre, Knt., for natives of the
counties of Devon, Somerset, Dorset, Oxford, and Essex,
and any others in which his descendants might have
lands of inheritance, or other possessions, who also pro-
cured a new body of statutes, and a regular deed of in-
corporation for this college; one by Charles I., in 1636,
for a native of Jersey or Guernsey; and two, about
1700, by Lady Elizabeth Shiers, for natives of the coun-
ties of Hertford and Surrey, which are exclusively in the
gift of the rector and five senior fellows: the society
at present includes a rector and twenty-five fellows;
there are also sixteen scholarships and exhibitions. The
Bishop of Exeter is visitor. The livings in the patron-
age of the Rector and Fellows are, the vicarage of Long
Wittenham, in the county of Berks; the vicarage of
Menheniot, in the county of Cornwall, on the nomina-
tion, by the Dean and Chapter of Exeter, of one who is
A

Frock
Sta
OXF
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480
i
or has been a fellow of the college; the rectory of
Bushey, in the county of Hertford; the rectory of
Wootton, in the county of Northampton; the vicarages
of Merton and South Newington, in the county of
Oxford; the rectories of Ripe and Waldron, in the
county of Sussex; and the rectories of Baverstock and
Somerford Magna, in the county of Wilts: the vicar-
age of Kidlington, in the county of Oxford, is annexed,
without institution, to the rectorship. The front of
this college is on the eastern side of the Turle, and is
two hundred and twenty feet in length; a gateway of
rustic work, surmounted by a tower, with Ionic pilas-
ters, which support a semicircular pediment, orna-
mented with the arms of the founder, leads into the
first quadrangle, in which are the hall, a handsome
building, in the later style of English architecture,
erected about 1610, by Sir John Ackland; the chapel,
in similar style, towards the erection of which, about
1623, Dr. George Hakewill contributed £ 1200, and
which possesses the peculiarity of having two aisles;
and the rector's lodgings: there is an inner court of si-
milar construction, one hundred and thirty-five feet
square; behind it is a garden laid out with great taste.
The library was erected about 1778, and contains,
with other valuable works, a fine collection of the Al-
dine classics, also a portrait of Mr. Sandford, a learned
but eccentric divine, who included in his valuable be-
quest to this college, the extremely rare and valuable
Hebrew Bible, printed at Soncino in Italy, in 1488.
Among the eminent members may be enumerated the
following writers: Trevisa; Grocyn; Sir John Dod-
deridge; Digory Whear; George Hakewill; Joseph
Caryll; Browne, the poet; the celebrated lawyer, Sir John
Fortescue; and Anthony Astley Cooper, Earl of Shaftes-
bury; Maundrell, the oriental traveller; Dr. William
Borlase, the Cornish antiquary; Jonathan Toup, an
eminent critic; Nicholas Tindal, the continuator of
Rapin; Sir Michael Foster, a learned lawyer; Dr. Ben-
jamin Kennicott; also two archbishops, and eleven
bishops. The members on the books are two hundred
and eighty-eight, of whom one hundred and twenty-
three are members of convocation.
Arms.
Oriel College was founded, in 1326,
by license of Edward II. to his
almoner, Adam de Brome, to build
and endow a college to the honour
of the Virgin Mary, towards which
project that sovereign had, in 1325,
given the advowson of St. Mary's,
and the parsonage - house of that
rectory of this institution Brome
became the first provost. In 1333, the parsonage-
house was converted into an academical hall, called
St. Mary's Hall, and Edward III. gave to the society
a tenement, called L'Oriele, on which this college was
founded, and whence its name is derived. The original
foundation included a provost and ten fellows; four
fellowships were added about 1441, by John Frank,
Master of the Rolls, for the counties of Somerset, Dorset,
Wilts, and Devon; one by John Carpenter, Bishop of
Worcester, about 1476; one by William Smyth, Bishop
of Lincoln, in 1507; and two by Richard Dudley, chan-
cellor of the church of Salisbury, in 1529. A prebend in
Rochester cathedral was annexed to the office of provost
for ever, by Queen Anne. There are fifteen exhibitions.
There are fifteen exhibitions.
豐
​The King is visitor. The livings in the patronage of
the Provost and Fellows are, the rectory of Ufton, in
the county of Berks; the rectory of Purleigh, in the
county of Essex; the rectories of Abbot's Cromhall and
Tortworth, in the county of Gloucester; the vicarage of
Coleby, in the county of Lincoln; the perpetual curacy of
Morton-Pinkney, in the county of Northampton; the
vicarage of St. Mary the Virgin, in the city of Oxford;
the rectory of Swainswick, and the vicarage of Twiverton,
in the county of Somerset; the rectory of Cholderton,
in the county of Wilts; and the vicarage of Aberford,
in the county of York: the rectory of Plymptree, in
the county of Devon; and the rectory of Saltfleet by
St. Peter's, in the county of Lincoln; are in the gift
of the Provost. The buildings consist of a spacious
and handsome quadrangle, and two lateral ranges of
chambers on the east and west sides of the garden;
the eastern wing, erected by Robinson, Bishop of
London, in 1719; the western, by Dr. George Carter,
provost, in 1729; and in 1817 a modern stone building,
comprising fifteen sets of rooms, was erected to the
southward of Bishop Robinson's wing. The entrance
to the quadrangle from the street is through a tower-
gateway, the roof of which is decorated with the royal
arms of Charles I., and the tower with a bay window,
or oriel. The hall, immediately opposite, is approached.
by a flight of steps, under a portico, surmounted by
statues of Edward II. and Edward III., in niches, and
above these, in another niche, are sculptured representa-
tions of the Virgin and Child. The Provost's house is
on the north side of the quadrangle; the south and
west sides are occupied by the members' apartments:
on the east side is the entrance to the chapel, which
edifice was completed in 1642, and, with the hall, pre-
sents specimens of the later style of English architec-
ture: the library was designed and constructed under
the direction of Mr. James Wyatt. Among the eminent
members are Dr. Joseph Butler, the learned Bishop of
Durham; Sir Walter Raleigh; William Prynne; Sir
John Holt, an eminent lawyer; and Dr. Joseph Warton.
The members on the books are two hundred and ninety-
eight, of whom one hundred and fifty-nine are members
of convocation.

Queen's College was founded, in
1340, by Robert de Egglesfield,
rector of Brough, in the county
of Westmorland, and Confessor to
Philippa, Queen of Edward III.,
and it has, in consequence, received
the especial patronage of the Queens
of England. The original founda-
tion consisted of a provost and twelve
fellows, afterwards increased to sixteen, to be elected
exclusively from the counties of Cumberland and
Westmorland; to these, eight fellowships were added,
on the foundation of John Michel, Esq., of Richmond
in Surrey, for natives of any county: there are also
forty-eight scholarships and exhibitions: the Archbishop
of York is visitor. The livings in the patronage of the
Provost and Fellows are, the vicarage of Sparsholt, and
the rectories of Sulhampstead-Abbas, and Sulhampstead
Bannister, in the county of Berks; the rectory of Hol-
well, in the county of Somerset ; the vicarage of Ched-
worth, in the county of Gloucester; the vicarages of
Bramley, Carisbrooke, Godshill with the rectory of Niton,

Arms.
C
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481
:
the traveller; Collins, the poet; as clerical dignita-
ries, one archbishop, and fourteen bishops, includ-
ing Cardinal Beaufort, and Bishops Gibson, Nichol-
son, and Tanner. The members on the books are three
hundred and fifty-one, of whom one hundred and sixty-
four are members of convocation.
Milford with the perpetual curacy of Hordle, Monks'
Sherborne, Holy Rood (Southampton), the rectories of
Bramshot, Knight's Enham, Headley, Newnham with the
perpetual curacy of Maplederwell, Church-Oakley, and
Weyhill, and the chapels of Pamber and Upton-Grey, in
the county of Southampton; the rectories of Blechingdon,
Charlton upon Otmore, Hampton-Poyle, and South Wes-
ton, in the county of Oxford; the vicarage of Newbold-
Pacey, in the county of Warwick; and the vicarage of
Brough, in the county of Westmorland. The livings on
Mr. Michel's, or the New, foundation are, the vicarage of
Wendron with Helston, in the county of Cornwall; the
rectory of English-Bicknor, in the county of Gloucester;
the second portion of the rectory of Pontesbury, in the
county of Salop; and the rectory of Upton-Scudamore,
in the county of Wilts. The whole of this magnificent
edifice was erected in the last century: the entire area
forms an oblong square of three hundred feet by two
hundred and twenty, and is divided into two spacious
courts by the chapel and hall; the principal front is
on the north side of the High-street, and the grand
entrace is under a large central gateway, which is
surmounted by, an open cupola, supported on pillars,
and containing a statue of Queen Caroline, consort of
George II., by whose munificence it was erected:
this gateway leads into the first quadrangle, which
was erected in 1710, by Hawksmore, at the expense
of Provost Lancaster, and is one hundred and forty
feet by one hundred and thirty, being thought to bear
a resemblance to the Luxembourgh palace in Paris:
on three of its sides are lofty cloisters, supported by
square pillars, leading to the lodgings of the provost, and
the rooms of the different members of the society; the
north side, at the extremities of which are the chapel
and hall, consists of a grand Doric elevation, with an
enriched central pediment, supported on four lofty
columns, terminating in a circle, with intervening pilas-
ters; and crowned with a balustrade and fine Ionic
cupola: the south front is ornamented with six figures,
of which, the two placed on pediments are Jupiter and
Apollo: the chapel windows contain several exquisite
specimens of ancient stained glass, and the ceiling is
decorated with a painting of the Ascension by Sir
James Thornhill. The inner court is one hundred
and thirty feet by ninety on its western side is the
library, which was completed in 1690: it is one of
the largest in the university, and contains, besides
a valuable collection of books amounting to more
than eighteen thousand volumes, some fine busts
and paintings, two very ancient paintings in glass of
Henry V., who was educated at this college, and a
most magnificent cast of a Florentine boar. In the
buttery is an ancient and curious drinking horn,
capable of containing two quarts, and presented to the
college by Queen Philippa; the ornamental engravings
are rich and curious, and it bears several inscriptions
of the Saxon word Wacceyl. Among the more eminent
members may be enumerated, Dr. Holyoake, Wycheley,
Halley, Addison, Tickell, and Burn, author of the "Jus-
tice of the Peace; Henry V., said to have been a
student here; Bernard Gilpin, called "the Apostle of
the North;" Dr. John Mill, the learned editor of the
New Testament; Sir John Davies, a learned lawyer
and poet; Dr. Thomas Hyde, Professor of Arabic; Sir
John Floyer, a learned physician; Dr. Thomas Shaw,
VOL. III.
"}
Arms.
New College was founded, in
1386, by William of Wykeham,
Bishop of Winchester, and Lord
High Chancellor of England, for
a warden, seventy fellows and scho-
lars, ten chaplains, an organist, three
clerks, and sixteen choristers. In
the original charter it is called the
College of St. Mary of Winchester:
the present popular appellation was acquired at the time
of its erection, and has continued to the present time.
Wykeham's school, at Winchester, was instituted as a
nursery to supply scholars by election to this college,
and is annually subject to the visitation of the warden;
for which reason the fellows enjoy the privilege of ad-
mission to degrees, without obtaining a grace from the
house of congregation, or being examined in the public
schools, provided they have undergone examinations in
their own college, according to the forms of the univer-
sity: the fellows and scholars must be elected from the
college, or school, at Winchester, at a regular meeting
held annually for that purpose, and attended by the
wardens of both colleges, two fellows of New College,
and the subwarden and head-master of that at Win-
chester. The founder's kin are fellows on admission;
others are probationary scholars until the expiration of
two years.
two years. The statutes of the founder, the counter-
part of those at Winchester, were deemed so complete
that they have served as a model in framing regulations
for most of the succeeding colleges. The Bishop of
Winchester is visitor. The livings in the patronage of
the Warden and Fellows are, the rectories of Akely,
Hardwick, Great Horwood, Newton-Longville, Rad-
clive, and Tingewick, and the vicarage of Whaddon, in
the county of Buckingham; the vicarage of Steeple-
Morden, in the county of Cambridge; the rectory of
Abbot's Stoke, in the county of Dorset; the rectories
of Birchanger and Little Sampford, the vicarages of
Hornchurch, and Writtle with Roxwell chapel, and the
perpetual curacy of Romford, in the county of Essex; the
vicarage of Marshfield, in the county of Gloucester; the
vicarage of Heckfield with Mattingley chapel, in the county
of Southampton; the rectories of Saham-Toney, Stratton
St. Michael, St. John Madder-Market (in the city of
Norwich), Weston, and Witchingham St. Faith consoli-
dated with the vicarage of Witchingham St. Mary, in
the county of Norfolk; the rectory of Paulers-Pury,
in the county of Northampton; the vicarages of East
Adderbury, Chesterton, and Swalcliffe with the chapelry
of Epwell, and the rectories of Bucknell, Heyford-War-
ren, Stanton St. John, and Wootton, in the county of
Oxford; the rectory of Worthen, in the county of Salop;
the rectory of Long Ditton, in the county of Surrey;
the rectory of Stockton, in the county of Warwick;
the rectories of Alton-Barnes, Berwick St. John, and
Donhead St. Mary, in the county of Wilts: the si-
necure rectory of Colerne, in the county of Wilts, is
annexed to the Wardenship, and the Warden is patron of
the vicarage. This college is situated in New College
+
3 Q

INOH
SOIT
QUI M
OXF
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482
ane, and consists of a principal quadrangle, measuring
one hundred and sixty-eight feet by one hundred and
twenty-nine, which includes the chapel, hall, and library;
and a smaller quadrangle, called the Cloisters, adjacent
to which is a lofty and substantial square tower the
other buildings, which form the garden-court, are an
addition to the original design, and were built in
imitation of the palace of Versailles, or, according to
some, of the king's house at Winchester, but with
battlements to correspond with the old quadrangle
and city wall, by which the more ancient part of the
buildings is surrounded: this part of the college was
finished in 1684, and is separated from the garden,
which is spacious and tastefully arranged, by an iron
palisade ;
the approach to the great quadrangle is by a
portal, surmounted by a tower, the front of which still
retains, in one of its ornamented niches, the sculptured
effigy of the founder. The chapel and hall, on the
north side of the great court, present a magnificent ele-
vation; the former was remarkable for its splendour
prior to the Reformation, and still retains a primary
rank among the sacred structures of the university: it
is in the later style of English architecture, with a very
rich interior, and consists of an ante-chapel, eighty feet
by thirty-six, leading at right angles into a choir of
one hundred feet by thirty-five: in the former division
is a splendid display of painted glass, in four different
styles of execution, but these are surpassed by the
great west window, which is divided into two parts, the
higher representing the Nativity, and the lower seven
figures emblematical of the Christian and cardinal vir-
tues, executed by Jarvis, from the designs of Sir Joshua
Reynolds on the north and south sides of the choir
are other paintings; those on the south side were ori-
ginally Flemish, and are said to have been done from
designs by some of the scholars of Rubens; they
were purchased by the college, and repaired in 1740:
over the altar are some beautiful specimens of sculp-
ture, by Westmacott. The costly and beautiful crosier
of the founder, seven feet in height, of silver gilt, and
richly decorated, is preserved in the chapel. Among
the eminent literary persons educated here were Somer-
ville, the poet; and Wood, author of the "Institutes;
amongst its clerical dignitaries, two archbishops, and
twenty-nine bishops, including Archbishop Warham, and
Dr. Lowth. The members on the books are one hun-
dred and fifty-three, of whom sixty-six are members of
convocation.
:
of Winterborne-Abbas united with that of Winterborne-
Steepleton, in the county of Dorset; the rectories of Had-
leigh and Great Leighs, in the county of Essex; the rec
tory of Waddington, in the county of Lincoln; the per-
petual curacies of All Saints' and St. Michael's, in the
city, and Long Combe, and Forest-Hill, in the county,
of Oxford: the rectory of Twyford, in the county of
Buckingham, is annexed to the Rectorship. The col-
lege, which is situated between All Saints' church and
Exeter College, consists of two quadrangles, one eighty
feet, and the other seventy feet square; the larger, begun
soon after the founder's death, and finished by Bishop
Rotheram, is entered by a tower gateway, and contains
the hall, library, rector's lodgings, and rooms for mem-
bers; the inner quadrangle was erected about 1612, and
six sets of rooms were added, in 1759, from the funds
of the college: the chief ornament of this court is the
chapel, on its south side, erected by Bishop Williams;
the windows, which present splendid specimens of
painted glass and emblazonry, were procured from Italy,
by that prelate, in 1629; the large east window is di-
vided into six compartments, and exhibits a variety of
scriptural subjects: in the twelve side windows are re-
presentations of the Prophets and Apostles: on the south
side of the college is a handsome garden. Among
the eminent members may be enumerated Sir William
D'Avenant; James Hervey, Author of the "Meditations ;"
John Wesley, the celebrated founder of Methodism,
who, though a student of Christchurch, was elected a
fellow of this college; Dr. Robert Sanderson, Bishop
of Lincoln, a learned divine and casuist; Sir William
Davenant; Dr. George Hickes; Sir George Wheler ;
Dr. Matthew Tindal; Archbishop Potter, and nine bi-
shops. The members on the books are one hundred
and forty-two, of whom sixty-seven are members of
convocation.
*
1
Arms.
Lincoln College was founded, in
1427, by Richard Fleming, Bishop
of Lincoln, from which see it takes
its name, under permission, ob-
tained from Henry VI., to make
the church of All Saints collegiate,
and establish a college for a rector
and seven scholars: it was com-
pleted by Rotherham, Archbishop
of York, who added five fellowships, and, by a new body
of statutes, enacted in 1479, limited the election of all
the fellows to the old dioceses of York and Lincoln,
with one exception to the diocese of Wells: there are
thirteen exhibitions, eight scholarships, and one bible
clerkship. The Bishop of Lincoln is visitor. The livings
in the patronage of the Rector and Fellows are, the rectory
of Cublington, in the county of Buckingham; the rectory
""
+
-
Arms.
All Souls' College was founded,
in 1437, by Henry Chichele, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, who induced
Henry VI. to assume the title of co-
founder; it was chiefly endowed with
the lands of Alien priories dissolved
by that monarch. A code of sta-
tutes, on the model of Wykeham's,
were drawn up by the archbishop,
by which, in conformity with the charter, the society
consists of a warden, forty fellows, two chaplains, and
clerks; the fellowships are open to the descendants of
the founder's family, or to others born within the pro-
vince of Canterbury: there are also six scholarships. The
Archbishop of Canterbury is visitor. The livings in the
patronage of the Warden and Fellows are, the rectory
of Weston-Turville, in the county of Buckingham; the
vicarage of Barking, in the county of Essex; the per-
petual curacy of Walton-Cardiff, in the county of Glou-
cester; the rectory of Welwyn, in the county of Hert-
ford; the rectories of Chelsfield with Farnborough,
Elmly, and Harrietsham, and the vicarages of New
Romney and Upchurch, in the county of Kent; the
rectory of Harpsden, and the vicarage of Lewknor, in
the county of Oxford; the vicarage of Alberbury, or
Abberbury, in the county of Salop; the rectory of
Buckland, in the county of Surrey; the rectory of Bar-
ford St. Martin, in the county of Wilts; and the vicar-
ages of Llangennith and Pen-arth, in the county of


OXF
OXF
483
Glamorgan: the rectory of East Lockinge, in the county
of Berks, is annexed to the Wardenship. The college
buildings consist of two quadrangles; that erected by the
founder is about one hundred and twenty-four feet by
seventy-two, and still retains many of its ancient fea-
tures: it is entered from the High-street, through two
gateways, the western surmounted by a tower beautifully
ornamented with large and well-sculptured effigies of
Henry VI. and Chichele: it contains a curious dial,
designed by Sir Christopher Wren: the whole line of
building is adorned with battlements. The other qua-
drangle is comparatively modern, and measures, with
the court, one hundred and seventy-three feet by one
hundred and fifty-five: it contains the grand entrance
from Radcliffe square, and the cloister, on the west;
the common and other rooms, with two magnificent
towers, on the east; the chapel and hall on the south;
and the library on the north: the whole of this square
is in the later style of English architecture, with some
admixtures. The chapel is very generally admired, and
is separated from the ante-chapel by an elegant screen,
constructed by Sir Christopher Wren; the windows are
in chiaro oscuro, and among the interior decorations,
immediately over the altar, is the beautiful Noli me tan-
gere of Raphaello Mengs, purchased of the artist for
£315; above it is a remarkably fine al fresco painting,
intended to represent the assumption of the founder,
by Sir James Thornhill: the respective dimensions of
the chapel and ante-chapel are seventy feet by thirty.
The hall contains a fine marble bust of Chichele, and
paintings. The splendid library, consisting of about
forty thousand volumes, was the gift of Colonel Cod-
rington, a member of the college, who, in addition to
his own library, bequeathed £4000 for the purchase of
books, and £6000 to defray the expense of the building:
it was completed in 1756, and its principal room, ex-
clusively of a central recess, containing a statue of the
colonel, is one hundred and ninety-eight feet by thirty-
three and a half; the foundation stone was laid by Dr.
Young, author of the "Night Thoughts." Among the
eminent members are, Leland, the antiquary; Linacre;
Caius; Sir Christopher Wren, who removed hither from
Wadham College; Sir William Blackstone; Dr. Thomas
Sydenham; Robert Heyrick, the poet; and Marchmont
Nedham, a political writer in the reign of Charles I.;
with one archbishop, and twelve bishops. The mem-
bers on the books are one hundred, of whom sixty-
eight are members of convocation.
Slee
Arms.
Magdalene College was founded,
in 1456, by William of Waynfleet,
Bishop of Winchester, and Lord
High Chancellor of England, on or
near the site of the ancient hospital
of St. John the Baptist, which, with
all the estates belonging to it, was
given to him by Henry VI., for a
president, forty fellows, thirty scho-
lars (called demies, because formerly they were entitled
only to half-commons), a schoolmaster, usher, four
chaplains, an organist, eight clerks, and sixteen cho-
risters. The fellows are eligible alone from the follow-
ing dioceses and counties:-five from the diocese of
Winchester, four from Norwich, two from York and
Durham, two from Chichester, seven from the county of
Lincoln, four from Oxford, three from Berks, one from
0p REU
York, two from Gloucester, two from Warwick, one
each from the counties of Buckingham, Kent, Notting-
ham, Essex, Somerset, Northampton, and Wilts, and
one from the city of London. Demies are eligible from
any of the above-mentioned dioceses or counties, except-
ing those of York and Durham. There are nine exhi-
bitions, exclusively of some founded by John Hygden, D. D.
The Bishop of Winchester is visitor. The livings in the
patronage of the President and Fellows are, the rectories
of Appleton, Aston-Tirrold, East Ilsley and Tubney, and
the vicarage of Ashbury, in the county of Berks; the
rectories of Beaconsfield and Saunderton, in the county
of Buckingham; the rectory of Stanway, in the county
of Essex; the rectory of Slimbridge, in the county of
Gloucester; the vicarages of Basingstoke, Selborne, and
East Worldham, and the perpetual curacy of West Tisted,
in the county of Southampton; the rectories of Candles-
by, Horsington, Saltfleet by All Saints, and Swaby, in
the county of Lincoln; the rectory of Brandistone, in
the county of Norfolk; the vicarage of Evenley and the
rectory of Great Houghton, in the county of North-
ampton; the rectory of East Bridgford, in the county
of Nottingham; the rectories of Ducklington, Stand-
lake, Swerford with the chapel of Showell, and the
perpetual curacy of Horsepath, in the county of Ox-
ford; the rectories of Ashurst and Bramber, and the
vicarages of Findon, Beeding, New Shoreham, Old
Shoreham, and Washington, in the county of Sussex;
the vicarage of Willoughby, in the county of Warwick;
and the rectories of Boyton, Fittleton, Winterbourne-
Bassett, and the vicarage of Dinton, in the county of
Wilts. The college is situated at the bottom of the High-
street, on the western bank of the river Cherwell, near
the bridge to which it gives name, and from the unaltered
state of the buildings, it presents the most venerable ap
pearance it consists chiefly of two ancient quadrangles
built by Waynfleet, one side of a third, called the New
Buildings, a lofty tower, and the chaplain's court. The
principal entrance is from the gravel walk, through a
modern Doric gateway, ornamented with a statue of the
founder, which leads into the first quadrangle, on the
north side of which are the president's lodgings, and
near them an ancient gateway, now disused, surmounted
by a tower (in which is an apartment called the founder's
chamber), with battlements and pinnacles, and adorned
with small statues of the founder, Henry VI., St. Mary
Magdalene, and St. John the Baptist, under canopies of
exquisite workmanship: in the south-east angle of this
court is a stone pulpit, from which an annual sermon
was formerly preached on the festival of St. John the
Baptist: a passage leads from this court into the second
quadrangle, which is surrounded by covered cloisters,
and from which are the entrances to the chapel, li-
brary, hall, common rooms, and apartments for the fel-
lows and demies: the interior of this court is adorned
by a series of hieroglyphics, the solution of which
has been given by William Reeks, fellow of the college,
in a manuscript preserved in the library. The chapel,
which occupies its south-western angle, was erected by
the founder, but has undergone several modern altera-
tions, and is now under a course of considerable embel-
lishment: near the west door, which opens into the first
quadrangle, is a light detached stone arch: this elegant
structure is adorned with beautiful stained windows,
and the ante-chapel contains several interesting monu-
3Q2
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:
:
ments; the western window, painted in chiaro oscuro,
and executed after a design by Christopher Swartz, ex-
hibits a representation of the Last Judgment; under-
neath the altar-piece, by Isaac Fuller, which was placed
here about 1680, is the celebrated picture of Christ
bearing his Cross, now generally attributed to Moralez,
a Spanish artist of the sixteenth century, and presented
to the college, by William Freeman, Esq. of Hamels, in the
county of Hereford: the inner chapel is paved with black
and white marble, and separated from the ante-chapel by
a handsome screen, over which is a fine organ. The li-
brary, which occupies the western side of the cloisters, is
spacious. The hall, at the south-eastern angle, is deco-
rated with various devices in wainscot, principally from
scripture history, and with portraits of different dimen-
sions; the windows exhibit some curious specimens of
old painting in glass: the remainder of the quadrangle
is occupied by the fellows' and demies' common rooms,
the kitchen, and the rooms of members of the society;
a passage on the north side leads to the New Buildings,
the first stone of which was laid in 1733 the structure
is three hundred feet in length, and consists of three sto-
ries, divided into their respective ranges of apartments:
in front is a handsome covered cloister. Eastward of
this quadrangle are the water walks, which, bordered
with trees, and extending along the side of a branch of
the Cherwell, surrounding a spacious meadow, afford a
delightful and retired promenade part of these is
called Addison's Walk, from having been the favourite
retreat of the poet, whilst a student at this college
on the north is the College Grove, adorned with more
private walks, and enlivened with a number of deer.
In the centre of a range of buildings, on the south side
of the chaplain's court, is the lofty and elegant tower,
crowned with eight rich pinnacles, which was com-
pleted in 1498; in the belfry story are two fine windows,
and a rich open battlement, and it contains a ring of
ten musical bells. On the summit of this tower, mass
was performed every May-day, previously to the Refor-
mation, for the repose of the soul of Henry VII., and
some pieces of choral music are now annually performed
there, by the choristers, at five o'clock in the morning of
that day. Magdalene college is required by its statutes
to maintain the Kings of England, and their eldest sons,
on the occasions of their visiting the university of Ox-
ford; the hall has, in consequence, been honoured at
various times with the presence of several royal guests,
amongst whom were Edward IV., Richard III., Prince
Arthur, in 1496, James I., and Prince Henry, who was
admitted a member in 1605. During the parliament-
ary war, Generals Cromwell and Fairfax, with their
officers, were also entertained here in 1647, and after
dinner amused themselves at bowls on the college
green. Among the former eminent members were Lilly,
the grammarian and astrologer; Fox, the martyrologist;
Hampden, the patriot; Heylin, the controversial writer;
the poets Addison, Collins, and Holdsworth; Cardinals
Wolsey and Pole; Dean Colet, founder of St. Paul's
school; Theophilus Gale, author of "The Court of the
Gentiles;" Dr. Henry Hammond; Dr. Sacheverell;
Gibbon, the historian, who took no degree; Dr. Richard
Chandler, a learned traveller and antiquary; one arch-
bishop, and twenty-seven bishops. The members on
the books are one hundred and sixty-seven, of whom
one hundred and thirty-one are members of convocation.
:
Arms.
Brasenose College was founded, in
1509, by William Smyth, Bishop of
Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton, of
Prestbury, in Cheshire, the latter
of whom revised its statutes. The
society originally consisted of a
principal and twelve fellows, who
must be natives of the old diocese
of Lichfield and Coventry, with pre-
ference to persons born in the county of Chester, and
in those parts of Lancashire which were then in that
diocese, especially in the parishes of Prescot and Prest-
bury; in default of eligible candidates, the society may
elect from the diocese of Lincoln, or, if none be there
found, from the university itself: eight additional
fellowships have been founded, viz., two by the will of
J. Williamson, rector of St. George's, Canterbury, in 1522,
confined to his kindred, or those of John Port, serjeant
at law, who are natives of the city, or county palatine, of
Chester; one by John Elton, alias Baker, canon of Salis-
bury, in 1528, with preference to his kindred, born in the
diocese of Hereford, or in that of Worcester, or, in default
thereof, from the diocese of Salisbury, or elsewhere; one
by William Porter, clerk, in 1531, for the county,or diocese,
of Hereford, or, in default of a qualified person, then
for a native of any diocese next adjacent to Oxford;
one by Edward Darbie, Archdeacon of Stow, in the
county of Lincoln, in 1538, for a graduate born in the
said archdeaconry, or, in case of successive defects of
graduates, from the counties of Leicester, Northamp-
ton, Oxford, and Lincoln, then an under-graduate, to be
elected under similar restrictions; one by William
Clyfton, subdean of York, in 1538, for a priest and
graduate of the counties of York and Lincoln alter-
nately, or else of the county of Nottingham, or univer-
sity of Oxford; one by Brian Higden, Dean of York,
in 1549, alternately for the counties of York and Lin-
coln; and one, in 1586, by Joyce Frankland, of London,
widow, for her kindred, especially those of the Trapps
and Saxies, or, in defect of such, then for any county
in England. There are also thirty-two scholarships, and
fifteen exhibitions. The Bishop of Lincoln is visitor.
The livings in the patronage of the Principal and Fel-
lows are, the rectories of Dudcote and West Shefford, in
the county of Berks; the lectureship of Rodborough, in
the parish of Michinhampton, county of Gloucester;
the rectory of Tedstone-Delamere, in the county of He-
reford; the rectory of Great Catworth, in the county of
Huntingdon; the vicarage of Gillingham, in the county
of Kent; the vicarage of Preston, and the perpetual
curacies of Downham, Longridge, Newchurch in Pendle,
Church Kirk in Whalley, in the county of Lancaster ;
the vicarage of Osburnby, in the county of Lincoln
the rectories of St. Matthew, Bethnal-Green, Stratford
le Bow, St. Anne Limehouse, Christ Church Spital-
fields, Stepney, St, George in the East, St. John Wap-
ping, Poplar, St. Mary Whitechapel, and the perpe-
tual curacies of St. John Bethnal-Green, and Stepney,
chapel, in the county of Middlesex; the rectories of
Great Billing, Cottingham, Middleton-Cheney, Old or
Wold, and Stoke-Bruerne, in the county of Northamp-
ton;
the rectories of Great Rollright, and Steeple-As-
ton, in the county of Oxford; the rectories of Clayton.
and Selham, in the county of Sussex; and the rectory
of Wootton-Rivers, in the county of Wilts, alternately
;
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with the President and Fellows of St. John's College;
the rectory of Begbrooke, in the county of Oxford, is in
the patronage of Sir George Dashwood, Bart., for three
turns, and of the principal of this college for the fourth.
The college is situated on the west side of Radcliffe-
square: the buildings consist of a spacious quadrangle,
which contains the hall and rooms for members, and,
in the centre, statues called "Cain and Abel," which
were presented by Dr. Clarke; and a small court to-
wards the south, in which are the chapel and library,
and an elegant house for the principal, which fronts
the High-street: over the gateway entrance to the
great quadrangle is a square tower, ornamented with
architectural designs: the small court was built in the
seventeenth century, from the plan, as is believed, of
Sir Christopher Wren; its style is of the mixed kind,
windows with pointed arches being occasionally opposed
by Grecian pilasters and capitals. Amongst the emi-
nent members of this college may be reckoned, John
Fox, the martyrologist, prior to his removal to Magda-
lene College; Prince, author of the "Worthies of Devon ;
Sampson Erdeswick; John Gwillim, author of "the
Heraldry," James, Lord Ley; William and Robert Bur.
ton of Leicester; Sir Elias Ashmole, founder of the
museum called after his name; Sir Peter Leicester;
John Watson, author of "the History of the Earls of
Warren and Surrey ;" Dr. Whitaker, the late learned
Manchester historian; Reginald Heber, late bishop of
Calcutta, and nine other bishops. The members on the
books are four hundred and three, of whom two hun.
dred and twenty-five are members of convocation.
Corpus Christi College was found-
ed, in 1516, by Richard Fox, Bishop
of Winchester, and Lord Privy Seal
to Henry VII. and Henry VIII.,
for a president, twenty fellows,
twenty scholars, two chaplains, two
clerks, and two choristers: Hugh
Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, gave
six thousand marks towards the
building, and land towards the endowment. The fellows
are elected from the scholars, and these from the fol-
lowing dioceses and counties; four from the diocese
of Winchester, of which two must be of the county of
Southampton, and two of Surrey; two from the diocese
of Bath and Wells, two from the diocese of Exeter, two
from the county of Gloucester, two from the county of
Lincoln, one from the county of Wilts, two from the
county of Kent, one from the county of Lancaster, one
each from the counties of Bedford and Oxford, one from
the diocese of Durham, and one founded by William Frost,
of Yavington, Hants, in 1529, for his kindred; in failure
of which, election to be made from that county. The
Bishop of Winchester is visitor. The livings in the patron-
age
of the President and Fellows are, the rectory of Little
Staughton, in the county of Bedford; the rectories of
Childrey and Letcomb-Bassett, and the vicarage of West
Hendred, in the county of Berks; the rectory of Ruan-
Lanyhorne, in the county of Cornwall; the rectory of
Skelton, in the county of Cumberland; the rectory of Great
Holland, in the county of Essex; the rectories of Dunts-
bourn-Rouse and Maisey-Hampton, in the county of
Gloucester; the rectory of Stoke-Charity, in the county
of Southampton; the rectory of Pembridge, in the county
of Hereford; the rectory of Bassingham, in the county of
Arms.
Lincoln; the rectories of Church-Brampton, Byfield, and
Helmdon, in the county of Northampton; the rectories.
of Goddington and Lower Heyford, and the perpetual
curacy of Warborough, in the county of Oxford; the
rectory of Trent, in the county of Somerset; the rectory
of Fenny-Compton, in the county of Warwick; and the
rectories of Steeple-Langford and Stratford St. Anthony,
in the county of Wilts. The entrance to this college
is opposite to the south wall of Oriel college, through a
gateway, above which is a square tower, ornamented in
front with three vacant canopied niches it leads to the
quadrangle, which is one hundred and one feet by eighty,
and contains in the centre a curious cylindrical dial, con-
structed by Charles Turnbull, fellow of the college, and
described in a manuscript in the library, written by
Robert Pegge: on the eastern side of the college are
apartments for the gentlemen commoners; and in 1700,
the fellows' building was erected, at the expense of Dr.
Turner, president, on the site of the old cloisters, facing
In the cha-
the broad walk in Christ Church meadow.
pel, which was built by the founder, is a very fine altar-
piece of the Adoration, by Rubens, presented to the col-
lege, in 1804, by the late Sir R. Worsley, Bart.; there
are also monuments to the memory of distinguished
members. In the hall are three full-length portraits, ad-
mirably painted by Owen, of the Rt. Hon. Lord Tenter-
den, Lord Chief Justice of England; the Rt. Rev. Dr.
Burgess, Bishop of Salisbury; and the Rt. Rev. Dr. Coples-
ton, Bishop of Llandaff; formerly fellows on this foun-
dation: in the college are still preserved the crosier of
the founder, which is upwards of three hundred years
old, of silver gilt, richly ornamented, and about six feet
in length; his gold sacramental plate, salt cellar of sil-
ver gilt, rings, and other valuable relics. On the visit
of the sovereigns to the university, the King of Prus-
sia resided in the president's lodgings. Amongst its
eminent members have been, Basil Kennett, author of
the "Antiquities of Rome," and president of the college;
Hooker, the celebrated author of "Ecclesiastical Polity;"
Hales, commonly called 'the ever-memorable;' and
Fiddes, the biographer of Cardinal Wolsey. The mem-
bers on the books are one hundred and thirty-two, of
whom eighty-one are members of convocation.
Arms.
Christ Church College was founded,
about 1525, by Cardinal Wolsey, on
the site of the monastery of St.
Frideswide, and intended to com-
prise a dean, subdean, one hundred
canons, ten public readers, thirteen
chaplains, an organist, twelve clerks,
and sixteen choristers; but, on the
disgrace of that dignitary, the esta-
blishment was suspended for a short time: in 1532 it
was completed, under the name of Henry the Eighth's
college, for a dean and twelve canons, again suppressed
in 1545, and in the following year, on the removal of the
episcopal see from Osney to this college, the church of
St. Frideswide was constituted a cathedral, under the
name of Christ's Church; the society to consist of a
dean, eight canons, and one hundred students, eight
chaplains, a schoolmaster, an organist, eight clerks, and
eight choristers; an addition of one student was made,
in 1664, on the foundation of William Thurstone, Esq.;
many of the studentships are filled up from Westmin-
ster school, the rest open to all parts of the kingdom.

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The deanery and canonries are in the gift of the Crown;
one is annexed to the Regius Professorship of Divinity,
and one to the Regius Professorship of Hebrew: there
are thirty scholarships and exhibitions. The King is
visitor. The livings in the patronage of the Dean and
Canons are, the vicarages of Cople and Flitton, with the
curacy of Silsoe, in the county of Bedford; the vicar-
ages of Ardington, East Garston, and Marcham, and
the rectory of East Hampstead, in the county of Berks;
the perpetual curacies of Ashendon, Dorton, Hillersdon,
Lathbury, the rectory of Slapton, and the vicarage of
Willen, in the county of Buckingham; the vicarages
of Great Budworth, Frodsham, Runcorn, and the per-
petual curacy of Daresbury, in the county of Chester;
the rectory of St. Tudy, in the county of Cornwall; the
vicarage of Great Torrington, in the county of Devon;
the vicarage of Tolpuddle, in the county of Dorset ;
the rectory of Sheering, in the county of Essex; the
rectory of Batsford and Iron-Acton, the vicarages of
Bledington, Ampney-Downe, Lower Swell, Thornbury,
Turkdean, Twining, Wotton under edge, and the perpe-
tual curacies of Little Compton, North Nibley, and Tem-
ple-Guyting, in the county of Gloucester; the rectory
of Staunton upon Wye, in the county of Hereford; the
perpetual curacies of Tring and Wigginton, in the county
of Hertford; the vicarage of Hawkhurst, in the county.
of Kent; the vicarage of Kirkham, in the county of
Lancaster; the perpetual curacies of Great Bowden
and Market-Harborough, in the county of Leicester;
the united rectories of Swanton-Novers and Wood-
Norton, in the county of Norfolk; the vicarages of
Badbey with that of Newnham, Easton-Maudit, Floore,
Harringworth, Ravensthorpe, Staverton, and the perpe-
tual curacy of Daventry, in the county of Northamp-
ton; the perpetual curacies of Bensington, alias Benson,
Binsey, Caversham, Cowley, Drayton, and Stratton-
Audley, the vicarages of Black Bourton, Brize-Norton,
Cassington, Chalgrove with the chapel of Berrick-Salome,
Pirton, South Stoke, and Spelsbury, and the rectories
of Wendlebury and Westwell, in the county of Oxford;
the vicarage of St. Mary Magdalene, and the perpetual
curacy of St. Thomas, in the city of Oxford; the rectory
of Wentnor, in the county of Salop; the vicarages of
Bath-Easton, Midsummer-Norton, and the rectory of
Odcombe, in the county of Somerset ; the vicarages of
Charlton, Chippenham, East Lavington, the perpetual cu-
racy of Maiden-Bradley, and the rectory of Semley, in the
county of Wilts; the perpetual curacies of Badsey, Great
Hampton, South Littleton with that of North Littleton,
Offenham, and Wickhamford, in the county of Worcester;
the vicarages of Bramham, Broughton, Carleton, Feather-
stone, Kildwick, North Otterington, Long Preston, Skip-
ton, Thornton le Street, and Wath upon Dearn, in the
county of York. The extensive buildings of this college
occupy the site of the ancient monastery, and form three
quadrangles: the grand front is in St. Aldate's-street,
and extends to a length of four hundred feet, present-
ing a very grand elevation, though its effect is much
weakened by the declivity of the ground on which it
stands, the narrowness of the approach to it, and the
proximity of other buildings. The principal entrance
is through a gateway, begun by Wolsey, and finished by
Sir Christopher Wren, over which is a most magnificent
circular tower, surmounted by an ogee dome, and con-
taining the huge bell, called "Great Tom of Oxford,"
:
which weighs nearly seventeen thousand pounds, is
seven feet one inch in diameter, and five feet nine
inches from the crown to the brim; the weight of the
clapper is three hundred and forty-two pounds: it
formerly belonged to Oseney abbey, and was recast in
1680 this bell tolls every night at a quarter after nine
o'clock, as a signal for students to repair to their re-
spective colleges, before the gates are closed, agreeably
to the statutes of the university. The court to which
this gateway leads is called the Great quadrangle, and
measures two hundred and sixty-four feet by two hun-
dred and sixty: it contains the hall, the dean's lodgings,
those of some of the canons, and rooms for members of
the society; in the centre is a small fountain, supplied
with water from the Isis and from the spring at Hinck-
sey over the passage at the north-east corner is a
statue of Bishop Fell, and over the opposite one leading
to the hall and chapel is one of Cardinal Wolsey: the
ascent to the hall, which is in the south-eastern angle,
is by a stately staircase, with a vaulted roof supported
by a single central pillar: the interior of this mag-
nificent refectory, which was erected by Wolsey, is one
hundred and fifteen feet by forty, and fifty feet in
height; the roof, which is lofty, presents a fine speci-
men of open work in wood highly ornamented, and at
the upper end of the south side is a large window, hav-
ing a fine carved canopy in the ancient style of English
architecture: in this hall many of the kings and
queens of England have been entertained. The second
quadrangle, called Peckwater square, derives its name
from an ancient hall which stood at the south-west
corner, and was the property of Richard Peckwater;
but having been given to the ancient monastery, in the
reign of Henry III., and having received, in that of Hen-
ry VIII., the addition of another, called Vine-hall, event-
ually formed the present quadrangle, which was rebuilt
in 1705, and towards defraying the expense £ 3000 were
bequeathed by Anthony Radcliffe, canon, an inscription
on the north side of the court, which was built with his
money, recording the munificence of the benefactor : the
south side is formed by the library, which contains an
ample collection of books, manuscripts, prints, and coins,
also several paintings, statues, and busts; the upper
room is one hundred and forty-one feet by thirty, and
thirty-seven feet in height, having a richly-decorated
ceiling, with wainscot and pillars of the best Norway oak.
Eastward of Peckwater is Canterbury quadrangle, the
smallest of the three, which consists of modern build-
ings; its principal ornament is a magnificent Doric gate-
way, erected, in 1778, under the superintendence of Mr.
James Wyatt: the chapel is also the cathedral of the dio-
cese, in the account of which it is described. Attached to
this college, and situated southward of the great qua-
drangle, are a grammar school for choristers and other
boys, and a theatre, which contains many anatomical pre-
parations, and some very elegant and beautiful wax mo-
dels: lectures are delivered here by Dr. Lees, Reader in
Anatomy, who is appointed by the Dean and Canons. Here
also are the chapter-house, common room, chaplains'
quadrangle, Fell's buildings, and east cloisters, with a
portal and passage leading to Christ Church meadow,
which is bounded on the south and west by the Isis, on
the east by the Cherwell, and on the north by a wide
walk overshadowed by lofty elms, and leading to nar-
rower walks on the margin of the rivers, forming a cir-
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cumference of one mile and a quarter, and, being kept
in excellent order, they constitute the most frequented
promenade in the city. Some of the most illustrious
names of which this or any other country can boast
have been enrolled on the books of this college, amongst
which are those of Littleton, Bolingbroke, Ben Jonson,
Philip Sydney, Otway, Colman, Locke, Browne Willis,
and Canning. The members at present on the books
are nine hundred and twenty-two, of whom four hun-
dred and forty-two are members of convocation.
Arms.
Trinity College was originally
founded and endowed by Edward
III., Richard II., and the Priors and
Bishops of Durham, and dedicated
to the Holy Trinity, St. Mary, and
St. Cuthbert; it was also called
Durham College: at the dissolution
the site and buildings were pur-
chased by Sir Thomas Pope, Knt., of
Tittenhanger, in the county of Hereford, and the present
college was refounded by him, in 1554, for a president,
twelve fellows, and twelve scholars: only two natives of
the same county can be fellows at one time, excepting
those from the county of Oxford, from which five are
admissible as cotemporaries; the scholars to be chosen
from the founder's manors, or, in default of candidates
on Trinity Monday, which is the day of election, from
any county in England: four scholarships and exhibi-
tions have since been added. The Bishop of Winchester
is visitor. The livings in the patronage of the President
and Fellows are, the lectureship of St. Nicholas' Abing-
don, in the county of Berks; the rectory of Farnham,
and the vicarages of Navestock and Great Waltham,
in the county of Essex; the rectories of Oddington
and Rotherfield-Grays, in the county of Oxford; the
perpetual curacy of Hill - Farrance, in the county of
Somerset ; and the rectory of Barton on the Heath, in
the county of Warwick: the rectory of Garsington, in
the county of Oxford, is annexed to the President-
ship. The college is situated opposite the Turl, in
Broad-street, from which it is separated by an iron
palisade, enclosing a spacious area. The chapel, as
seen from the street, is a light and elegant edifice, with
columns supporting a rich cornice, and surmounted by
a balustrade, and is terminated at its western end by a
tower of similar construction, beneath which is the
principal entrance to the first quadrangle, which con-
tains the hall, library, and lodgings of the president:
in the chapel, which opens into this court, is a monu-
ment to the memory of the founder and his lady,
whose remains were removed hither, in 1567, from the
church of St. Stephen, Walbrook, London: the effigy
in marble represents him in complete armour, with
a helmet and crest at the head, and a griffin at the
feet. The second court consists of three sides, with
an opening on the east into a spacious garden, which
is partly enclosed by yew hedges, in the formal Dutch
style, and partly arranged in devious walks, inter-
spersed with shrubs and evergreens. Among the
more eminent names of former members enrolled here
are those of Archbishop Sheldon, Chillingworth, Sir
John Denham, Merrick, and Warton. The members
at present on the books are two hundred and sixty,
of whom one hundred and five are members of con-
vocation.
000
Arms.
St. John's College was founded,
in 1557, by Sir Thomas White,
a citizen and merchant of Lon-
don, on the site of a college dedi-
cated to St. Bernard, for student
monks of the Cistercian order:
the society comprises a president,
fifty fellows, or scholars, one chap-
lain, an organist, six singing men,
six choristers, and two sextons; six of the fellows are
elected from the founder's kin, two from Coventry, two
from Bristol, two from Reading, and one from Tonbridge
grammar schools, and the rest from Merchant Taylors'
school. Twelve of the fellows must enter on the law,
and one may proceed in medicine, retaining his fellow-
ship under the title of College Physician. The founder's
kin are actual fellows on admission, others are scholars,
or probationary fellows, until the expiration of three.
years: there are also eighteen scholarships and exhibi-
tions. The Bishop of Winchester is visitor.
ings in the patronage of the President and Fellows are,
the rectory of Sutton, in the county of Bedford; the
rectory of Kingston-Bagpuze, and the vicarages of Fy-
field and Reading St. Lawrence, in the county of Berks;
the vicarage of Chalfont St. Peter, in the county of
Buckingham; the rectory of Cranham, in the county
of Essex; the rectory of Winterbourne, in the county
of Gloucester; the sinecure rectory of Leckford, and
the rectory of South Warnborough, in the county of
Southampton; the vicarage of Linton, in the county of
Hereford; the vicarage of Great Staughton, in the county
of Huntingdon; the rectory of Barfreston, in the county
of Kent; the vicarage of St. Sepulchre's, London; the
rectories of Aston le Walls, Crick (to one from Merchant
Taylors' school), and East Farndon, in the county of
Northampton; the vicarages of Charlbury and Kirtling-
ton, the rectories of Handborough and Tackley, and the
perpetual curacy of Northmoor, in the county of Oxford;
the vicarage of St. Giles', in the city of Oxford ; the
rectory of Bardwell, in the county of Suffolk; the rec-
tory of Cheam, in the county of Surrey; the rectory of
Codford St. Mary, in the county of Wilts; the rectory of
Belbroughton, in the county of Worcester; and the rec-
tory of Bainton, in the county of York. The buildings
contain an outer and an inner quadrangle: in the former
are the hall, chapel, and president's lodgings; a passage
leads from this to the inner quadrangle, on the east and
west sides of which are cloisters, supported by eight
pillars, over which are busts, representing the four car-
dinal virtues, the three Christian graces, and the arts
and sciences, with emblematical cornices: each cloister
is divided by a Doric gateway, surmounted by a semi-
circular pediment of the Ionic and Corinthian orders.
This quadrangle leads to the spacious and picturesque
gardens of the college: a range of buildings to the
north-east includes two very handsome common rooms,
and other apartments. The chapel belonged to the
original monastery of St. Bernard; the altar is orna-
mented with a representation in tapestry of our Saviour
and his two disciples at Emmaus, and on the north
wall is a black marble urn, containing the heart of Dr.
Richard Rawlinson, a distinguished benefactor to the
college: the remains of the founder, of Archbishop Laud
(once president), of Archbishop Juxon, and of Dr.
Bailie, repose in vaults beneath the altar: in a small

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inner chapel, called Bailie's chapel, are various monu-
ments to subsequent presidents. The library is on the
south and east sides of the inner quadrangle, and con-
sists of two spacious and handsome rooms: amongst
its many curious and valuable contents are, a picture of
Charles I., comprising the whole book of Psalms written
in the lines of the face and on the hairs of the head; and
an ancient crosier of dark wood beaded with silver, re-
cently discovered in a garret of the president's lodgings;
also many old missals, manuscripts, and coins. Amongst
eminent members were, Archbishops Laud, Juxon, and
Dawes; Bishops Meaux and Buckeridge; Shirley, the
dramatic poet; William Louth and Charles Wheatley,
learned divines and commentators; and Sherard, the
botanist. The members on the books are two hundred
and nineteen, of whom one hundred and twenty-nine
are members of convocation.
Wadham College was founded, in
1613, on the site of an ancient and
magnificent priory of Augustine
friars, by Nicholas Wadham, Esq.,
of Edge and Merrifield, and Doro-
thy his wife, for a warden, fifteen
fellows, fifteen scholars, two chap-
lains, and two clerks. The fellows
are superannuated on the comple-
tion of eighteen years from the expiration of their
regency; they are elected from the scholars, of
whom, three are chosen from the county of Somer-
set, three from that of Essex, and the remainder
from any county in Great Britain. There are also se-
veral other scholarships and exhibitions, among which
are four for the study of Hebrew, six for Greek, and one
for botany: the most eminent benefactor was the Rev.
John Wills, D.D., Warden of the College, who died in
1806, and bequeathed, subject to legacy duty, £400 per
annum to the office of warden, £ 1000 to improve the
warden's lodgings, £100 a year for a law exhibition to
a fellow, £ 20 a year for a law exhibition to a scholar,
£100 for a medical exhibition to a fellow, and £20 for
a medical exhibition to a scholar; also £31. 10.
per
annum to a divinity lecturer and preacher, £75 a year
to one superannuated fellow, and £50 a year to a
second; he also appointed the society his residuary
legatees. The Bishop of Bath and Wells is visitor.
The livings in the patronage of the Warden and Fel-
lows are, the rectory of Fryerning, and the vicarage of
Hockley, in the county of Essex; the vicarage of
Southrop, in the county of Gloucester; the rectories
of Maperton and Limington, in the county of Somer-
set; the rectory of Esher, in the county of Surrey; and
the vicarage of Wadhurst, in the county of Sussex.
The buildings form an extensive quadrangle of one hun-
dred and thirty feet square in the centre of the eastern
side is a portico, ornamented with statues of James I.,
in his robes, and of Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham,
with a Latin inscription commemorative of the founda-.
tion: in an adjoining court are two buildings of three
stories, one erected in 1694, the other in 1829, and
inhabited by members. The front of this college was
greatly improved in 1822, by the removal of some heavy
iron and stone work, and substituting light iron pali-
sades. The chapel contains a fine east window, the
work of Bernard Van Linge, exhibiting typical paintings
and historical subjects, and presented by Sir John
Strangeways: the subject of the altar-piece is the Lord's
Supper, in brown and white crayons, on cloth, by Isaac
Fuller, accompanied with other subjects. At right angles
with the choir is a noble ante-chapel, containing monu-
ments of several distinguished members of the society:
on the north side of the chancel is a handsome marble
monument to the memory of Sir John Portman, Bart.,
who died in 1624: thère is also a well-executed brass
eagle. The hall is one of the largest in the university,
and adorned with handsome modern painted windows:
the gardens are extremely neat. The Royal Society of
London originated in this college. Amongst its eminent
and scientific members may be classed, Walsh, the poet;
Sir E. Sedley; Admiral Blake; Sir Christopher Wren;
and Lord Chief Justice Pratt. The members on the
books are two hundred and fourteen, of whom eighty-
three are members of convocation.

k
Arms.
Jesus' College was founded, in
1571, by Queen Elizabeth, on peti-
tion of Hugh ap Price, D.C.L., a
native of Brecknock, and Treasurer
of St. David's, for a principal, eight
fellows, and eight scholars: in con-
sequence of various benefactions, the
society now consists of a principal,
and nineteen fellows (among whom
is one from Jersey or Guernsey, on the foundation of
Charles I., in 1636), and there are eighteen scholarships
and several exhibitions. The Earl of Pembroke is visitor.
The livings in the patronage of the Principal and Fellows
are, the rectories of Longworth and Remenham, in the
county of Berks; the rectory of Aston-Clinton, in the
county of Buckingham; the sinecure rectory of Badge-
worth, the rectory of Badgington, and the perpetual
curacy of King's Charlton, in the county of Gloucester;
the rectory of Scartho, in the county of Lincoln; the
perpetual curacy of Llanthewy-Vach, in the county of
Monmouth; the rectories of Braunston and Furtho, in
the county of Northampton; the rectories of Rother-
field-Peppard and Wigginton, in the county of Oxford;
the rectory of Nutfield, in the county of Surrey; the
vicarage of Shipston upon Stour cum Tidmington, and
the rectory of Tredington, in the county of Worcester;
the perpetual curacy of Holyhead, in the Isle of Angle-
sea; the vicarage of Holywell, in the county of Flint;
and the rectory of Llandow, in the county of Glamorgan:
the rectory of Llandyssul, in the county of Cardigan,
and the rectory of Clynnog and the vicarage of Llanwn-
da, in the county of Carnarvon, are annexed to the
Headship. The buildings consist chiefly of two quad-
rangles: the first contains the chapel and hall, and the
second the library: the altar-piece in the chapel is a
fine copy of Guido's painting of St. Michael overcoming
the Devil: in the library are many scarce and curious
books and manuscripts; the statutes of the society,
written on vellum, beautifully illuminated; a curious
metal watch, given by Charles I.; one of Queen Eliza-
beth's stirrups; and a capacious silver gilt bowl, con-
taining ten gallons, and weighing two hundred and
seventy-eight ounces, the gift of Sir Watkin Williams
Wynn, in 1732. Amongst its eminent members were,
David Powell, the celebrated antiquary; and John Davis,
lexicographer and antiquary. The members on the
books are one hundred and eighty-one, of whom fifty-
seven are members of convocation.
Arms.
ele
-

OXF
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Arms.
Pembroke College, formerly Broad-
gate Hall, was founded, in 1624,
by means of a bequest from Tho-
mas Tesdale, Esq., of Glympton,
in the county of Oxford, aided
by a donation of Richard Wight-
wick, B. D., rector of East Ils-
ley, in the county of Berks, under
letters patent of James I., and
during the chancellorship of the Earl of Pem-
broke, from whom it received its name: the original
foundation included a master, ten fellows, and ten
scholars, now extended to fourteen fellows, and thirty-
one scholars and exhibitioners; four fellows to be
four fellows to be
chosen from the kindred of Thomas Tesdale, Esq., and
two from those of Richard Wightwick; the rest from
the free school at Abingdon. In 1636, a fellowship was
founded by Charles I., for a native of Guernsey or
Jersey; and, about 1672, two fellowships were added by
Sir John Bennet, afterwards Lord Ossulstone; also one,
in 1749, by Sir John Phillips, Bart. The Chancellor of
the university is visitor. The livings in the patronage
of the Master and Fellows are, the rectory of Coln St.
Denis, in the county of Gloucester; the rectory of Sib-
son, in the county of Leicester; the rectory of St. Al-
date's, in the city of Oxford; the perpetual curacies of
West Harroldston and Lambston, in the county of
Pembroke; the rectory of Ringshall, in the county of
Suffolk; the rectories of Brinkworth, Codford St. Peter,
and Liddiard-Millicent, in the county of Wilts; the per-
petual curacy of Colnbrook, in the county of Bucking-
ham; and the perpetual curacy of Uxbridge, in the
county of Middlesex; the two last intended for the ex-
hibitioners on Townshend's foundation. This college,
which is situated nearly opposite to the grand front of
Christ Church College, consists chiefly of a quadrangle,
erected at different periods, and regularly built. The
interior has within the last two years been newly faced
with Bath stone, and altered from the Palladian to a
later style of English architecture, the whole presenting
a neat appearance.
The northern front and the master's
lodgings have been very neatly decorated (these build-
ings likewise being originally Palladian) after a design
by Mr. Daniel Evans of Oxford, in the later style of
English architecture. The oriel windows may be men-
tioned as well worthy of attention, particularly that
over the gateway, constructed on the model of the re-
mains of one in John of Gaunt's palace at Lincoln. The
battlement of the tower and the chimnies is executed in
a style corresponding with the other parts of the build-
ing. The hall, which has been considerably enlarged
and improved, contains a bust of Dr. Johnson, by Bacon,
presented to the college by the late Samuel Whitbread,
Esq. The chapel is a small building of the Ionic order;
the altar-piece is a copy from a picture of Rubens, at
Antwerp, of our Saviour after his Resurrection, presented
by Archdeacon Corbett. Among the eminent residents
may be enumerated, the laborious Camden, who studied
at the original hall, after he left Magdalene College;
Judge Blackstone, previously to his removal to All
Souls'; Dr. Johnson, whose rooms were upon the second
floor, over the gateway; George Whitefield, founder of
the Calvinistic Methodists; Shenstone, the poet; Sir
Thomas Brown, author of the "Medici; Richard
Graves, author of the "Spiritual Quixote;" and Dr.
VOL. III.
""
Newman, Primate of Ireland, and author of the "Har-
mony of the Gospels." The members on the books are
one hundred and ninety-five, of whom eighty-four arc
members of convocation.
S
Arms.
Worcester College was founded, in
1714, by the trustees of Sir Thomas
Cookes, Bart., of Bently Pauncefort,
in the county of Worcester, by
elevating Gloucester Hall, also
named St. John the Baptist's Hall,
to the rank of a college: the original
foundation was for a provost, six
fellows, and six scholars, the last
eligible only from the grammar schools of Bromsgrove,
Feckenham, Worcester, Hartlebury, and Kidderminster,
or, in default of candidates, from any endowed school
in the county of Worcester, such schools to have a
priority of claim in the order in which they stand, and
the candidates to have been at the schools for at least
two years previously to the election, the founder's kin
always to be preferred: the right of election is vested
in the provost and three senior fellows of the founda-
tion. In 1727, two fellowships and two scholarships
were added, by James Finney, D.D., prebendary of Dur-
ham, for natives of Staffordshire; six fellowships and
three scholarships were founded, in 1734, by George
Clark, D.C. L., the scholars to be of English parents,
born in the provinces of Canterbury and York, with
preference to the orphans of clergymen: the election is
vested in the provost and six senior fellows on this and
Sir Thomas Cookes' foundation. In 1731, seven fellow-
ships and five scholarships were founded by Sarah Eaton:
candidates for the latter must produce testimonials
that they are sons of clergymen, requiring assistance to
support them at the university: the election is in the
provost and five senior fellows of this foundation and
that of Sir T. Cookes. The fellows are invariably elected
from the scholars, and must take holy orders, except
in cases specifically provided for. The society at pre-
sent includes a provost, twenty-one fellows, sixteen
scholars, and three exhibitioners.
scholars, and three exhibitioners. The Bishops of Ox-
ford and Worcester, and the Vice-Chancellor of the
university, are visitors. The livings in the patronage
of the Provost and Fellows are, the vicarage of Dench-
worth, in the county of Berks; the rectory of Hogston,
in the county of Buckingham; the rectory of Dinedor,
in the county of Hereford; the rectory of Whitfield, in
the county of Northampton; the rectory of Tadmarton,
in the county of Oxford; the rectory of Neen-Sollars,
in the county of Salop; and the rectories of High-Ham
and Windford, in the county of Somerset. The college
is pleasantly situated on an eminence, at the western
extremity of the university, near the Isis: the buildings
form three sides of a quadrangle, the eastern elevation
being occupied by the library, hall, and chapel; on the
north is an elegant pile, containing the provost's lodgings,
and rooms for fellows and scholars, and on the south,
the old buildings of Gloucester Hall. The chapel has a
richly ornamented stucco roof; the altar-piece is a fine.
old painting of a Magdalene. In the library is the large
and curious collection of books bequeathed by Dr. Clarke,
who also left £1000 towards the building: the room is
one hundred and twenty feet in length, with an extensive
gallery. The gardens, which are laid out with great
taste, occupy three acres of ground, and are ornamented
+
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with a fine sheet of water. Thomas Allen, the mathe-
matician, and Sir Kenelm Digby, studied here, previously
to the conversion of Gloucester Hall into a college. The
members on the books are two hundred and twenty-two,
of whom ninety-one are members of convocation.
tronage of the society. Among eminent persons edu-
cated here were, Warner the poet, Lord Clarendon, Sir
Matthew Hale, and Dr. Plot. The members on the books
are one hundred and eighty-four, of whom fifty-nine are
members of convocation.
Besides the above colleges are five halls, enjoying the
same privileges, and requiring the same terms and exer-
cises for taking degrees in them as the colleges, but not
incorporated, the estates and other property belonging
to them being held in trust by the university. The
Chancellor of the university is visitor, and appoints the
principals, with the exception of St. Edmund Hall, the
headship of which is vested in the Provost and Fellows
of Queen's College. St. Alban Hall derives its name and
foundation from Robert de Sancto Albano, a burgess
of Oxford, who lived in the time of John: it now be-
longs to the Warden and Fellows of Merton College, to
which it was united June 15th, 1549: the buildings are
situated eastward of Merton College. The members on
the books, including the principal and vice-principal,
are forty-three, of whom eight are members of convoca-
tion. St. Edmund Hall is situated in Queen's-lane, and
derives its name from St. Edmund, Archbishop of Can-
terbury in the reign of Henry III.: it is the most an-
cient of the halls now remaining, having been devoted
to the purposes of academical instruction so early as the
thirteenth century; in 1537 it had come into the pos-
session of Queen's College, which society soon after-
wards obtained from the university the right of nomi-
nating the principal. Sir William Jones, the celebrated
lawyer; Oldham, the poet; and Hearne, the indefatiga-
ble antiquary, were educated here. The members on the
books are one hundred and five, of whom fifty-two are
members of convocation. St. Mary Hall, formerly the
parsonage-house of the rectors of St. Mary's, was given
to the Provost and Fellows of Oriel College, in 1325,
and made academical in 1333. Four scholarships, for
natives of the county of Somerset, were founded by
Thomas Dyke, M.D., in 1677. The buildings, which are
near Oriel College, are comprised in a quadrangle, in
which are the hall, the chapel, the principal's lodgings,
and rooms for members. Sir Thomas More, and Sandys,
the poet, were educated here. The members on the
books are eighty-six, of whom forty-one are members
of convocation. New Inn Hall, formerly Trilleck's Inn,
was originally inhabited by Bernardine monks, and sub-
sequently by students of canon and civil law it came
into the possession of the Warden and Fellows of New
College in 1392. During the civil war, from 1642 to
1646, it was used as a mint by Charles I., where the
plate, sent by different colleges for his Majesty's use,
was melted: after the Restoration it again became a
place of study, but of late years has had no members;
the only part of its buildings now remaining is a house
for the principal, who is a member of convocation. The
celebrated Blackstone was one of its principals. Mag-
dalene Hall, originally erected by Waynfleet, for students
previously to admission into his college, became an in-
dependent hall in 1602. The society was removed by
act of parliament from its former house, adjoining Mag-
dalene College, to Hertford College, in 1822, which,
having lapsed to the crown and become decayed, was
repaired and fitted up for their reception: there are
twenty-three scholarships and exhibitions. The rectory
of South Moreton, in the county of Berks, is in the pa-
The principal public buildings connected with the
university are, the Theatre, Schools (comprising the
Bodleian Library and Picture Gallery), Clarendon Print-
ing-House, New Printing House, Ashmolean Museum,
Radcliffe Library, Physic Garden, Astronomical Observa-
tory, and Music Room. The Theatre is situated north-
ward of Radcliffe-square, on the south side of Broad-
street, and is appropriated to holding the acts de-
nominated Comitia et Encania, Lord Crewe's annual
commemoration of benefactors, the recitation of prize
compositions, the ceremony of conferring degrees on
illustrious personages, and other public meetings of the
university: it was constructed in £1664, by Sir Christo-
pher Wren, at an expense of £12,470, which was de-
frayed by Archbishop Sheldon, who also gave £2000
towards keeping it in repair, directing the surplus to be
applied in the erection of a printing-house: the plan of
the building is that of the Theatre of Marcellus, at
Rome, and it is capable of containing nearly four thou-
sand persons: the first stone was laid in 1664; a new
roof was constructed in 1802, the ceiling exhibiting a
magnificent allegorical painting, by Streater, serjeant
painter to Charles II., divided into compartments: the
room is adorned with portraits of the founder, of
George IV., by Sir Thomas Lawrence, and of the late
Emperor of Russia, and the King of Prussia, presented
by those respective sovereigns; the latter of whom, with
other illustrious personages, received honorary degrees
in this noble edifice, on their visit to the university in
1814. The Schools form a handsome quadrangle on the
north side of Radcliffe-square, and were founded early
in the fifteenth century, by Thomas Huskenorton, abbot
of Oseney, and completed in the commencement of the
seventeenth century: this range of building comprises
schools for divinity, logic, moral philosophy, music,
sculpture, &c., in which lectures are read by the pro-
fessors of the different sciences, and candidates for de-
grees pass their respective examinations; the Bodleian
Library is on the western side, and the Picture Gallery
in the upper story of the other three sides: on the
north is the Clarendon printing-office. The principal
front, in Cat-street, is one hundred and seventy-five feet
in length, and is divided by a tower gateway, adorned
with pinnacles and mullioned windows, and exhibiting
all the five orders of architecture: this part of the
building is the repository for the muniments and re-
gisters of the university, and is surmounted by a statue
of James I., enthroned, and presenting a copy of his
works, with his right hand, to Fame, and with the left
to the university; over the throne are the emblems of
Justice, Peace, and Plenty: these devices were once
doubly gilt, and presented a magnificent appearance.
In the logic and moral philosophy school, at the south-
east angle of the court, are the Pomfret statues, given
to the university, in 1755, by the Countess Dowager
of Pomfret. The Divinity school, which is opposite the
principal gateway, and devoted to the exercises for the
degrees of Bachelor and Doctor in Divinity, exhibits a
beautiful specimen of later English architecture, with
a roof consisting of bold four-centered arches, with
Ga
OXF
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•
fan tracery, in delicate workmanship of elegant design.
The Bodleian Library was founded by Sir Thomas Bodley,
of Dunscombe, near Crediton, in the county of Devon,
Knt., on the remains of one by Humphrey, Duke of Glou-
cester, and opened to the public, November 8th, 1602: it
is entered at the south-west angle of the court, and con-
sists of three principal, and several smaller rooms; one is
devoted to topographical works and manuscripts, be-
queathed to the university by Mr. Gough, the antiquary,
in 1799; a second to foreign, and a third to domestic,
literature: on the entrance staircase is the Auctarium, for
the reception of the choicest and most valuable books
and manuscripts: the several rooms are decorated with
many valuable portraits. In addition to the continual in-
crease of books by donations and purchase, this institu-
tion claims, as a matter of right, in common with the
British Museum and other national establishments, a copy
of every book printed in this country. The library is
open from nine o'clock till four in the afternoon, between
Lady-day and Michaelmas, and from ten till three during
the other half year, and, next to that of the Vatican, is
considered to have the richest collection of books and
manuscripts in Europe: the officers are a librarian, two
sub-librarians, and two assistants. The Picture Gallery
contains, in addition to numerous portraits, landscapes,
and historical pieces, some fine busts, especially one near
the entrance of John, Duke of Marlborough; casts of
Apollo and Venus de Medicis ; a superb brass statue of
William, Earl of Pembroke, Chancellor of the university
from 1616 to 1630, designed by Rubens, and executed
by Hubert le Sœur; and many elegant models of ancient
buildings. In an apartment on the north side of the
quadrangle are the famous Arundelian marbles, col-
lected by the Earl of Arundel, and presented to the uni-
versity by his grandson, the Duke of Norfolk; here
also are the antique marbles, presented by the execu-
tors of the learned Selden. The Clarendon printing-
office was erected, in 1711, by Sir John Vanburgh,
out of the profits arising from the sale of Lord Claren-
don's History of the Rebellion, the copyright of which
was presented by his son to the university; over the
south entrance is a fine statue of Lord Clarendon, and
the north entrance is by a flight of steps from Broad-
street; the summit is ornamented with the statues of the
nine Muses. A New Printing-House has been recently
erected westward of the Observatory, at the expense of
the university, and under the direction of Mr. Daniel
Robertson, architect, with a press-room of two hundred
and one feet by twenty-eight, and other apartments and
conveniences, which render it the most complete, and,
with the exception of the royal printing-house at Paris,
the largest, establishment of the kind in Europe: the
buildings occupy an area of two acres and a half, and
form a square, two sides of which are devoted to the
Bible department, and the other two are appropri-
ated to that of the classics, with their respective ac-
commodations. This edifice is constructed of stone,
procured in the neighbourhood, and faced with Bath
stone; the principal front is decorated with a splendid
entrance gateway into the quadrangle, designed after
the model of the arch of Constantine at Rome. Nearly
adjoining the theatre, on the western side, is the Ash-
molean Museum, which was founded, in 1682, by Elias
Ashmole, from whom it is named, and who gave to the
university his own collection of coins, medals and
manuscripts, together with a valuable and curious col-
lection made by the Tradescants, two eminent gardeners
and botanists at Lambeth, on condition that the uni-
versity should erect a building for their reception: at
his death the museum was enlarged, by the addition of
his valuable antiquarian library, and has been since
greatly increased by various donations. On the first
floor of this building the lectures on experimental phi-
losophy and mineralogy are delivered, and in the lower
one, those on chemistry, for which the apparatus is
kept here.
The Radcliffe Library, esteemed one of the most
splendid architectural ornaments of the university, and
situated in the centre of Radcliffe-square, was com-
pleted by Gibbs, in 1749, at the expense of the celebra-
ted and eccentric Dr. Radcliffe, who bequeathed £40,000
for the building, £150 per annum for the librarian,
£100 per annum for the purchase of books, and legacies,
to a great amount, for other purposes connected with
this public establishment: this superb structure is cir-
cular in form, and consists of a rustic basement, in
which are several arched entrances into an area, from
which a flight of steps affords an ascent to the principal
room, which contains a variety of casts and busts, and,
by a recent determination of the trustees, is to become
the repository of books in natural history and medicine;
above the basement rises a series of duplicated columns
of the Corinthian order, supporting an enriched frieze,
entablature, and cornice, and surmounted by an open
balustrade ornamented with urns; the building is crown-
ed with a spacious and well-proportioned dome, which
rises to the height of eighty feet from the floor. Over
the door of the entrance from the principal staircase is
a portrait of the founder, by Sir Godfrey Kneller, and
within the library is his statue finely sculptured by
Rysbrach. On the visit of the allied sovereigns, a mag-
nificent dinner was provided by the university for the
imperial, royal, and illustrious guests, of which they
partook in this library, on the 14th of June, 1814.
The Botanic Garden, said to be the site of an ancient
burial-ground belonging to the Jews, is situated opposite
to the tower of Magdalene College, near the bridge, and
was founded, in 1622, by Henry, Lord D'Anvers, Earl
of Danby: it consists of about five acres of ground,
divided into four parts, and containing a great variety
of plants, arranged according to their respective classes:
on the right and left of the entrance are green-houses,
and eastward of the garden, without the walls, is an
excellent hot-house: the entrance is by an elegant arched
gateway, said to have been designed by Inigo Jones, the
centre of which is ornamented by a bust of the founder,
and the sides by statues of Charles I. and II.: it is fronted
by a broad area next the High-street, and encompassed by
a parapet surmounted with iron palisades: the library
attached to it was built, and furnished with a valuable col-
lection of botanical works, by Dr. Sherard, Fellow of St.
John's College: there is a handsome residence for the
professor at a small distance from the garden. The
Astronomical Observatory is situated at the northern ex-
tremity of Oxford, on the road to Woodstock, and was
erected by trustees under the will of Dr. Radcliffe,
who bequeathed £7000 for this object, the Duke of
Marlborough having given ten acres of ground for the
site: this beautiful pile of building comprises an ex-
cellent library, apartments for observation and lectures,
-
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a valuable apparatus of astronomical instruments, and
a residence for the professor: the tower, which exhibits
a general representation of the Temple of the Winds, at
Athens, is surmounted by figures of Hercules and Atlas
supporting the globe. In Holywell-street is the Music-
room, built at an expense of £1263, and opened in 1748,
the funds having been principally raised by means of
subscription oratorios: concerts, under the direction of
stewards from different colleges, are performed during
term.
m
The ca-
Oxford, on the removal
of the see of Dorchester to
Lincoln, was included within
that diocese, from which
it was separated in 1542,
and erected into a see, by
Henry VIII., who appointed
the conventual chapel of the
abbey of Osney the cathe-
dral church, which distinc-
tion was subsequently trans-
ferred to the monastery of
Arms of the Bishoprick.
St. Frideswide, on the site of
which Cardinal Wolsey had commenced the foundation
of a splendid college, afterwards completed, but upon
a scale of less magnificence, by the king; who having
dedicated the chapel of the college to Christ, assigned
it as the cathedral church of the diocese. The jurisdic-
tion of the see comprehends the whole of the county,
except seven parishes: the ecclesiastical establishment
consists of a bishop, d'ean, archdeacon, eight canons, eight
chaplains, one hundred and one students, eight clerks,
eight choristers, and twenty-four almsmen.
thedral is a spacious cruciform structure, in the Nor-
man style of architecture, and of singular character,
with a central tower surmounted by a spire of early
English architecture: the exterior is concealed by the
college buildings, with which it is surrounded; the in-
terior contains many interesting portions of singular
and beautiful design; the arches of the nave, part of
which has been demolished, are in a double series, the
tower springing from corbels on the piers; the roof of
the choir is richly groined, and decorated with pen-
dants on the north of the choir are some chapels of
later character than the rest of the building, and the
Latin chapel has several windows in the decorated style;
in the Dean's chapel are altar-tombs of considerable an-
tiquity, a monument in the decorated style, with three
canopied niches of great beauty, and the shrine of St.
Frideswide, an elaborate and magnificent design, in the
later style of English architecture, consisting of three
tiers of tabernacle work, the upper tier of which is
richly ornamented with canopied niches. Many of the
windows were destroyed during the parliamentary war:
in those that remain are several devices in painted
glass; in the east window is a painting of the Nativity,
from a design by Sir James Thornhill: the central west
window is embellished with ancient painted glass, re-
presenting St. Frideswide, St. Catherine, and other
saints; in the central part of the great window in the
north transept is a representation of the murder of
Becket, which appears to be of great antiquity: the
pulpit is very antique and richly carved. There are nu-
merous ancient and interesting monuments, among
which are those of Lady Elizabeth Montacute; of Ro-
-
bert Burton, author of the Anatomy of Melancholy;
and of several distinguished members of the university,
and of other eminent persons who died at Oxford while
Charles I. held his court at Christ Church; also a very
fine statue of Dr. Cyril Jackson, by Chantrey, from his
portrait in the hall. Part of the cloisters, in the later
style of English architecture, is remaining; and the
chapter-house is a beautiful and valuable specimen of
the early English style.
The city comprises the parishes of St. Aldate, All
Saints, Holywell, or St. Cross, St. Ebbe, St. Giles, St. John
the Baptist, St. Martin, St. Mary Magdalene, St. Mary the
Virgin, St. Michael, St. Peter le Bailey, St. Peter in the
East, and St. Thomas. The living of St. Aldate's is a dis-
charged rectory, rated in the king's books at £8. 13. 4.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and in the pa-
tronage of the Master and Fellows of Pembroke College:
the church is a very ancient structure, with a tower,
surmounted by an octagonal spire, and is said to have
been restored in 1004. The living of All Saints' is a
discharged perpetual curacy, rated in the king's books at
£5. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the Rector and Fel-
lows of Lincoln College: the church is a handsome
modern structure, in the Grecian style of architecture,
with a tower, crowned with a circlet of Corinthian pil-
lars, from within which rises an elegant spire: it was
erected by subscription in 1708, on the site of the former
edifice: the walls are ornamented by a handsome balus-
trade, the floors laid with variegated marble, and the ceil-
ing adorned with curious fret-work, and with the arms
of benefactors, painted in compartments. The living of
the parish of St. Cross, or Holywell, is a perpetual cu-
racy, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Warden and
Fellows of Merton College: the church is an ancient edi-
fice, in the early style of English architecture, with some
later insertions, having a tower, which was added to it
in 1664. The living of St. Ebbe's is a discharged rectory,
rated in the king's books at £3. 5., endowed with £400
private benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and £1200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Crown:
the church is said to have been founded by Athelmer,
Earl of Cornwall, and annexed to the monastery of
Eynesham, on the destruction of which by the Danes it
was given to the monastery of Stow, which grant was
confirmed by Henry I.; the ancient edifice was taken
down in 1814, and the present, a plain neat building
of English architecture, was erected in 1816. The
living of St. Giles' is a discharged vicarage, rated in
the king's books at £14. 12. 3., endowed with £600
private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £800 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of the President
and Fellows of St. John's College: the church, an an-
cient structure in the early style of English architec-
ture, with lancet-shaped windows, and having a square
embattled tower, is said to have been built in 1120.
The living of St. John's the Baptist is a perpetual cura-
cy, in the patronage of the Warden and Fellows of Mer-
ton College. The living of St. Martin's is a discharged
rectory, rated in the king's books at £8. 1. 54., endowed
with £800 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the
Crown: the church is an ancient structure, with a
tower, which, in the reign of Edward III., was consi-
derably lowered, on complaint of the scholars that the
townsmen used to retire into it and annoy them with

14
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493
:
.
arrows, stones, and other missiles. The living of St.
The living of St.
Mary Magdalene's is a discharged vicarage, rated in
the king's books at £6, endowed with £600 private
benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Dean and Canons
of Christ Church the church, an ancient structure,
founded long prior to the Conquest, was given, by
Robert D'Oilly, and annexed, to the college of St.
George, within the castle, and, after the annexation
of that college to Osney abbey, was, with that monas-
tery, given to Christ Church by Henry VIII. The liv-
ing of St. Mary's the Virgin is a discharged vicarage,
rated in the king's books at £ 5. 4. 2., endowed with
£ 200 private benefaction, and £ 200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the Provost and Fellows of Oriel
College: the church, which is the University church,
though used by the parishioners at other times, is a spa-
cious and elegant structure, in the later style of English
architecture, with a tower on the north side, surmounted
by a beautiful spire, rising to the height of one hun-
dred and eighty feet, in the decorated style; the front of
the church is in the best style of the period of Henry VII.,
but is rather disfigured by a porch of heavy twisted
pillars, over which is a statue of the Virgin: the inte-
rior is very beautiful; the piers and arches are richly
moulded, and above each pier are elegant niches, from
which spring corbels, carrying the wooden arches of the
finely-carved ceiling; the windows are enriched with
good tracery: on the north of the chancel is the sepul-
chral chapel of Adam de Brome, founder of Oriel Col-
lege there are several ancient and interesting monu-
ments. The living of St. Michael's is a perpetual curacy,
in the patronage of the Rector and Fellows of Lincoln
College: the church is an ancient edifice, in the early
style of English architecture, with a square embattled
tower, and a handsome porch in the later style; the
windows are in general of large dimensions and finely
pointed. The living of St. Peter's le Bailey is a dis-
charged rectory, rated in the king's books at £ 3. 14. 2.,
endowed with £800 royal bounty, and £ 1600 parlia-
mentary grant, and in the patronage of the Crown: the
church is a neat modern edifice, erected in 1740, on
the site of the old structure, which fell down in 1726.
The living of St. Peter's in the East is a discharged
vicarage, rated in the king's books at £13. 2. 1.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and 600 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Warden and Fellows of Merton College:
the church is a very ancient structure, said to have been
originally built in the ninth century; the prevailing
character, however, is decidedly Norman, and the
details are very rich and elaborately wrought it has
undergone many alterations and repairs, and received
several additions, in the later style of English archi-
tecture, which have materially altered its external ap-
pearance at the west end of the north aisle is a
square tower, which has vestiges of great antiquity;
underneath the chancel is a fine Norman crypt, of
which the roof is vaulted, and supported on four ranges
of low massive pillars; several of the windows have
remains of ancient painted glass, and there are many
ancient monuments. Hearn, the antiquary, was in-
terred in the churchyard, and, in 1754, Dr. Raw-
linson repaired the monument erected to his me-
mory. This was formerly the university church, and
the university sermons preached there on the Sunday
afternoons during Lent, and on Easter-Sunday, were
discontinued about two years ago. The living of St.
Thomas' is a perpetual curacy, endowed with £600 pri-
vate benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and £1200 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Dean and
Canons of Christ Church: the church was founded by
the canons of Osney priory, in 1141; it is a neat and
ancient structure, with a square embattled tower, and
has recently undergone an extensive repair: the church-
yard is tastefully laid out, and planted with trees,
flowering shrubs, and evergreens. There are places of
worship for Baptists, and Wesleyan Methodists, and a
Roman Catholic chapel.
A charity school was founded, in 1658, by John
Nixon, alderman, who bequeathed £600 for its endow-
ment; and, in 1685, Mrs. Joan Nixon left eighteen acres
of land, producing £35 per annum, for apprenticing two
boys every year from the school; which funds have
been consolidated. Christian Smith, in 1718, gave a
rent-charge of £2 for teaching poor girls of the parish
of St. Mary Magdalene.
The Blue-coat school, sup-
ported by subscription, was instituted in 1710; thirty-
five boys are clothed and educated in it, and a certain
number of them apprenticed, with a premium of £10
each, and £2 for clothing: there are also thirty-five
other boys, who are educated only. Mrs. Ann Alworth,
in 1721, gave £400, to be laid out in lands, for the edu-
cation of twenty children belonging to St. Michael's
parish. Mr. John Coombe, in 1702, gave a house for
a schoolmaster to teach ten boys gratuitously, in St.
Thomas' parish. Mrs. Elizabeth Rowney gave the in-
terest of £50 for teaching poor children of the parish.
of St. Giles. A school for thirty-six girls, who are in-
structed, clothed, and placed out to service, is supported
by subscription among the ladies. A National school
is supported by the university, in which three hundred
and thirty boys are educated, including forty, called the
Grey-coat boys, who are also clothed, and eight of them
apprenticed annually, with a premium of £20 each. A
Lancasterian school, for one hundred boys and fifty
girls, is supported by voluntary contributions; and a
charity school for two hundred girls, wholly by the lady
of J. D. Macbride, D.C.L., Principal of Magdalene Hall.
Considerable sums have been left by several individuals
for apprenticing poor children, for distribution in loans
without interest to young tradesmen, and for clothing and
annual payments to aged and indigent persons: others
have also been appropriated, by will, for the repair of
the several churches, with the remainder for distribu-
tion among the poor, and for various other charitable
uses. Edmund Boulter, Jun., of Hasely-Court, Esq.
built and endowed an almshouse for an aged man from
each of the parishes of Wimple in Cambridgeshire,
Harwood in the county of York, Wherwell in Hamp-
shire, Hasely in the county of Oxford, Barlings in Lin-
colnshire, and Deptford with Brockley, in Kent; the in-
mates receive an allowance of eight shillings each per
week. The infirmary, an elegant and commodious build-
ing of stone, was erected and completely furnished by
the trustees of Dr. Radcliffe, and was opened for the
reception of patients in 1770: the buildings, to which
are attached five acres of land given by Thomas Row-
ney, Esq., comprise a chapel, to which the late Duke of
Marlborough presented a communion service of gilt
OXF
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494
plate: the institution is under the direction of a presi-
dent and a committee of governors, and is attended by
four physicians, who divide between them the interest
of £2000, bequeathed to them by the late Dr. Frewin,
of Christ Church; four surgeons, who officiate gratui-
tously; a chaplain, resident apothecary, secretary, ma-
tron, and assistants. The lunatic asylum at Heading-
The lunatic asylum at Heading-
ton, in the vicinity of the city, a spacious and handsome
building of stone, was erected in 1813, at an expense
of £20,000 raised by subscription, towards which the
trustees of the Radcliffe Infirmary, with whom the de-
sign originated, contributed £2700: the institution, the
interest of which was greatly promoted by the Rev.
John Cooke, D. D., President of Corpus Christi Col-
lege, is adapted to the reception of various classes of
patients, who are admitted on terms varying accord-
ing to their accommodations, from 12s. to £2. 2. per
week and upwards, according to the rank and circum-
stances of the patient. The house of industry, a neat
stone building, two hundred and thirty-seven feet in
length, and two stories in height, was erected for the
accommodation of eleven of the parishes, incorporated
by act of parliament, in 1771, for the maintenance of
their poor: it is under the direction of a governor, two
deputy governors, weekly visitors, and a committee, who
afford their services gratuitously the parishes of St.
Giles and St. John separately maintain their own poor.
.
White friars was founded in 1254, to whom King
Edward II. assigned the palace of Beaumont, built by
Henry I.: there are scarcely any vestiges of the build-
ings. The monastery of Augustine friars was founded
by Henry III., in 1268, and continued till the founda-
tion of Wadham College, which was built on part of
the site. Rewley abbey, for monks of the Cistercian
order, was founded in 1280, by Edmund, Earl of Corn-
wall, in pursuance of the will of his father, Richard,
King of the Romans, on an island called North Osney,
and dedicated to the Virgin Mary; at the dissolution,
the revenue was estimated at £174. 3. some arched
windows and doorways in an out-building remain, and
some stones on which are inscriptions and armorial bear-
ings. Oxford confers the title of earl on the family of Harley.
OXFORDSHIRE, an inland county, bounded on
the south-west, south, and south-east by Berkshire ;
on the east by Buckinghamshire; on the north-east
by Northamptonshire; on the north and north-west by
Warwickshire; and on the west by Gloucestershire.
It extends from 51° 28′ to 52° 9′ (N. Lat.), and, in its
greatest breadth, which is a little north of the centre of
the county, from 1° 2' to 1° 38′ (W. Lon.), and com-
prises an area of seven hundred and fifty-two square
miles, or about four hundred and eighty-one thousand
two hundred and eighty acres. The population, in 1821,
was 136,971. At the period of the Roman invasion, this
county formed part of the territory of the Dobuni,
who, desirous of releasing themselves from subjection to
their eastern neighbours, the Cattieuchlani, offered no
resistance to the Romans, who, on their first division of
the island, included it in Britannia Prima. Its central
situation retarded its final subjection to the Saxon domi-
nion, until the latter part of the sixth century. It had
been the scene of several sanguinary conflicts between the
Saxons and the retiring Britons, and became that of several
others between the sovereigns of Wessex and Mercia.
In the year 778, this county, being ceded by Cynewulf,
King of Wessex, to Offa, King of Mercia, the latter
made a wide and deep trench, as a boundary between
the two kingdoms, which may still be traced at Ardley,
Middleton-Stoney, Northbrook, Heyford, and Kirtling-
ton. In 917, the Anglo-Saxons were defeated with great
slaughter by the Danes, at Hook-Norton, who burned
the town of Oxford three several times, in the years
979, 1003, and 1009, and plundered that of Thame, in
1010. In the early progress of the Norman Conquest,
Oxford was stormed and burnt by the Conqueror. In
1142, the Empress Matilda was besieged in the castle of
that place by King Stephen, for three months, until the
river being frozen, and the ground covered with snow,
she, accompanied by three knights, all dressed in white,
passed the sentinels unobserved, crossed the river, and
proceeded on foot to Abingdon, whence she took horse,
and arrived safely at Wallingford. In 1264, Oxford was
taken from the barons by Henry III. In 1387, at Rad-
ford bridge, between this county and Berkshire, Thomas
de Vere, Marquis of Dublin and Earl of Oxford, was
defeated by Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester,
and Henry, Earl of Derby, afterwards Henry IV., when
the marquis with difficulty saved his life by swimming
across the Isis. In 1469, at Danesmoor, near Banbury,
on July 26th, the Yorkists, under the Earl of Pembroke,
were defeated by Sir John Conyers, when six thousand
five hundred men were slain, and the earl made prisoner.
(d
Of the numerous monastic establishments which for-
merly flourished here, some have been incorporated in
the buildings of the various colleges, in which only a few
small memorials have been preserved, and of others
there are still some remains in various parts of the
city and neighbourhood. About a quarter of a mile
from the church of St. Thomas are some trifling re-
mains of Osney abbey, already noticed, consisting chiefly
of an arched window and a small portion of a wall now
belonging to a corn-mill, which occupies the site; the
bells are now in the steeple of Christ Church. About
half a mile to the east of the city was the hospital of
St. Bartholomew, founded by Henry I., when he built
the palace of Beaumont, and which was annexed to
Oriel College by Edward III., in 1328. There are
some slight remains of the convent for Benedictine
nuns, founded at Godstow, in 1138, by Editha, and de-
dicated to the Virgin Mary and St. John the Baptist, in
which Rosamond Clifford was interred, and to which
Henry II. was a great benefactor; the revenue at the
dissolution was £319. 18. 8. The hospital of St. John
the Baptist, without the east gate, was founded pre-
viously to the reign of John, who was a great benefactor
to the institution, and was rebuilt by Henry III. in the
reign of Henry VI. it was given to Waynfleet, Bishop
of Winchester, who founded on its site his magnificent
college of Magdalene, in the walls of which some
vestiges of the ancient building may be traced. The
house of Dominican friars was founded, in 1221, by
Isabel de Bulbec, widow of Robert, Earl of Oxford, and
subsequently removed to a small island near the Water-
gate, in the parish of St. Ebbe, given to that fraternity
by Henry III., where it continued till the dissolution.
The Franciscan priory was originally founded, in 1224,
by Richard Le Mercier and others, and was afterwards
refounded by Henry III.: the fine chapel and exten-
sive enclosures of this establishment were alienated in
the reign of Henry VI. The priory of Carmelite or
:
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One of the earliest transactions relating to the great
civil war occurred on Chalgrove Field, in this county,
on the 15th of August, 1642, when the celebrated
John Hampden appeared in arms, to enforce the or-
dinance of the militia. Such of the other events con-
nected with that memorable contest as relate espe-
cially to this county may be thus briefly recounted. On
the 14th of September, 1642, Sir John Byron, having
taken possession of Oxford for the king, was driven
from it by Lord Say and Sele. On the 27th of Octo-
ber, four days after the battle of Edge-Hill, Banbury
castle, in which was a garrison of eight hundred foot
and a troop of horse, and Broughton castle, surren-
dered to the king, who the next day entered Oxford,
whence he marched to Brentford, and after the battle
there, returned with his prisoners to Oxford, on the
28th of November. At Oxford, in April 1643, the twelve
commissioners from the parliament waited on the king
with proposals of peace, which negociation was bro-
ken off on the 15th of the same month; and on the
25th, at Caversham bridge, between this county and
Berkshire, Ruthven, Earl of Forth, with the van of
the king's army, was repulsed by Lord Robarts, in an
attempt to relieve Reading, which surrendered on
the following day to the Earl of Essex. In the night
of June 17th, detachments from the army under the
Earl of Essex were attacked at Wycombe and Postcombe,
by Prince Rupert, who, on his return, with many pri-
soners and much booty, was overtaken the following
morning on Chalgrove Field, but after a smart skir-
mish, the parliamentarians were repulsed, Colonel John
Hampden was mortally wounded, and the prince re-
turned in triumph to Oxford. On the 1st of August
the king left Oxford for Bristol, but returned on the
16th; on the 18th he proceeded to the unsuccessful
siege of Gloucester; and on September 23rd, three days
after the battle of Newbury, he again returned to Ox-
ford. That city having been now for some time the
head-quarters of the royalists, to supply its garrison
with provisions became a heavy burden upon the
county on the 15th of April, 1644, a royal proclama-
tion was issued to the inhabitants of the counties of
Oxford and Berks, requiring them to bring in supplies
for the garrison, on pain of being visited with fire and
sword: this produced a declaration from both houses
of parliament, dated the 22nd of the same month, ex-
pressing their horror at the proclamation, and their de-
termination to hazard their lives and fortunes to pre-
vent its being carried into effect. Vigorous operations
were accordingly commenced, with a view to the reduc-
tion of Oxford, and that city being nearly surrounded
by two numerous detachments of the parliamentarian
army, under the Earl of Essex and Sir William Waller,
the king, in the night of June 3rd, effected his escape,
and proceeded to Worcester, upon which the enemy
relinquished their intention of besieging Oxford. At
Cropredy bridge, on the 30th of June, an indecisive ac-
tion took place between the king and Sir William Waller.
The garrison of Banbury, commanded by Sir William
Compton, was besieged by the parliament's troops, under
Colonel Fiennes, who, on October 25th, was compelled,
by the Earl of Northampton, to raise the siege. No-
vember 27th, the king returned to Oxford. On the 24th
of April, 1645, near Islip bridge, four regiments of the
royal horse were routed by Cromwell, who on the same
:
•
day took Blechingdon house without resistance, for
which surrender its governor, Colonel Windebank, was
shot at Oxford on the 3rd of May. The king left
Oxford on May 7th, and Fairfax laid siege to it on
the 22nd; but the siege was raised on the 7th of
June, and the king again returned thither, on the 27th
of August. On the 30th he departed for Hereford, and
on November 6th he once more came to Oxford, where
he passed the winter. April 26th, 1646, Woodstock
manor-house, after a vigorous defence, surrendered
to the parliamentarian forces; and the next day the
king left Oxford to surrender himself to the Scottish
army besieging Newark, May 8th, the garrison in
Banbury castle, after an heroic defence for ten weeks,
capitulated on honourable terms to Colonel Whalley;
and on the 24th of June, Oxford, which had been be-
sieged by Fairfax since May 2nd, surrendered at the
king's command. At the time of the rebellion of 1715,
several partizans of the Stuart family were seized at
Oxford.
This county lies in the diocese of Oxford, and in the
province of Canterbury, and forms an archdeaconry,
comprising, exclusively of Oxford, the deaneries of As-
ton, Burcester, Chipping-Norton, Cuddesden, Dedding-
ton, Henley, Witney, and Woodstock; and containing
two hundred and twelve parishes, of which ninety-nine
are rectories, seventy-two vicarages, and the remainder
perpetual curacies. For purposes of civil government
it is divided into the fourteen hundreds of Bampton,
Banbury, Binfield, Bloxham, Bullington, Chadlington,
Dorchester, Ewelme, Langtree, Lewknor, Pirton,
Ploughley, Thame, and Wootton. It contains the city
and university of Oxford, the borough and market
towns of Banbury and Woodstock, and the market
towns of Bampton, Bicester, Burford, Chipping-Norton,
Henley upon Thames, Thame, Watlington, and Witney.
Two knights are returned to parliament for the shire;
two representatives for the city, and two for the uni-
versity, of Oxford; two for the borough of Woodstock;
and one for that of Banbury: the county members are
elected at Oxford. This county is in the Oxford
circuit; the assizes are held at Oxford, where is the
county gaol; and the quarter sessions at the same city,
on January 11th, April 19th, July 12th, and October
18th: there are fifty-nine acting magistrates. The
rates raised in the county for the year ending March
25th, 1829, amounted to £139,992; the expenditure
to £137,428, of which, £123,398 was applied to the
relief of the poor.
The shape of the county is extremely irregular:
near the middle of it, at Oxford, it is not more than
seven miles across, and though the northern part
spreads out to the breadth of about thirty-eight miles,
yet that lying to the south of Oxford is not in any
part more than twelve miles broad: the latter is com-
puted to contain one hundred and forty-one thousand
acres; the former, three hundred and nine thousand.
The southernmost part has a fine alternation of hill and
dale, which produces much pleasing scenery; and the
Chiltern elevations, more particularly, which are partly
clothed with fine woods of beech, partly arable, and
partly in open sheep downs, are beautifully varied.
The more central district has little inequality of surface,
but is adorned with numerous woods, which present
a rich and pleasing aspect. In the northern and
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western districts of that portion of the county lying
north of Oxford, the scenery is for the most part less
agreeable, in consequence of the enclosures being formed
by bare stone walls in Whichwood Forest, however, are
many grassy vales and woody glens, which afford much
charming scenery. But the rivers of Oxfordshire are
among its chief natural beauties, flowing through almost
every part of it, and being always accompanied by luxu-
riant meadows, and varying prospects. In the vicinity
of Oxford, the vale of the Isis expands into a spacious
amphitheatre, bounded by some striking hills, in the
centre of which rise the majestic towers, domes, and
spires of that city, from behind the thick shade of vene-
rable groves. Shillingford bridge occupies a romantic
situation on the same river, soon after it has been joined
by the Thame; and after having passed Wallingford, in
Berkshire, the scenery upon its banks assumes an im-
mense variety of fresh beauties, and forms an indented
valley through the range of the Chiltern hills, which,
gradually losing the appearance of downs, exhibited by
some of their more naked summits in the distance,
become adorned by numerous varied beauties of art and
nature: thick woods clothe their sides and summits,
while the slopes, in the more immediate vicinity of the
river, consist of rich meadows. Towns and villages
lie scattered along its banks, and magnificent seats
adorn the declivities on each side. Having been joined
by the Kennet and the Loddon, which it receives from
the south, the Thames swells into a majestic river, na-
vigated by numerous small craft, and glides onward
through the plain, until it becomes engulphed amidst the
fine hills around Henley, the scenery of which is among
the most interesting on its banks. The climate of Ox-
fordshire, its situation and latitude considered, is cold,
particularly in the western part of the northern divi-
sion of the county, where the fences consist chiefly
of stone walls, affording but little shelter. In the Chil-
tern district, at the southern extremity of the county,
it is moist: it is also cold upon the Chiltern hills,
and in their vicinity, more especially upon the poor
white lands at the foot of them, where it is observed
that the frosts always take effect sooner, and are of
longer continuance, than on the other soils.
ton and Bicester, to Stratton-Audley, and thence north-
ward, at a short distance from the borders of Bucking-
hamshire, to Mixbury in so extensive a tract as this,
which is computed to comprise one hundred and sixty-
four thousand and twenty-three arces, a great variety is
found, from poor loose sandy slopes, to deep and more
heavy soils, approaching to clay; but that which pre-
dominates is a loose, dry, friable sand, or loam, appa-
rently formed in a great measure of abraded limestone,
of which it contains many fragments; in the vales vari-
ous loams are found. The Chiltern district comprises the
south-eastern extremity of Oxfordshire; its boundary
from the rest of the county extending from Chinnor, in
a south-westerly direction, near Watlington, to the vici-
nity of the Thames at Gatehampton: the basis of this
tract, which contains sixty-four thousand seven hundred
and seventy-eight acres, is chalk, in some places very
white and pure, in others imperfect, which is covered to
various depths with a clayey loam, generally sound and
dry, and containing a considerable quantity of flints,
mostly brown, rough, and honey-combed, frequently to
perforation: many of these flints have also a sparry in-
crustation, and the best soils are often the most covered
with them: on the banks of the Thames, and in some
other places where the hills recede, the soil is an ex-
cellent sandy loam, which, as well as the flinty hills,
forms a good turnip soil. The remaining large por-
tion of the county, extending from this to the stone-
brash district, and calculated to comprise one hundred
and sixty-six thousand four hundred acres, includes
all sorts of soils, from a loose sand to a heavy
clay, and these are so intermixed, and the respective
tracts of each so small, as to render it difficult to give
a distinct account of them. Peat-earth is occasionally
found; and it is considered as a mark of the general fer-
tility of the county, that good crops of wheat grow on all
its soils. Quarries of freestone are numerous; limestone
is very plentiful; and slate, fit for roofing common
buildings, is obtained in several parts: the ochre found
at Shotover is esteemed of the very best quality.
With regard to soil, this county comprises three
different tracts, the limits of which are pretty clearly
defined, and which may be distinguished as the red-land
district, the stonebrash land, and the Chiltern hills.
The red-land occupies the whole northern part, and
may be separated from the rest of it by an irregular
line drawn from Little Rollright, on the borders of
Warwickshire, by Westcott-Barton and Somerton, to
the vicinity of Mixbury, near the confines of North-
amptonshire and Buckinghamshire: this district, which
much exceeds in fertility any other of equal extent in
Oxfordshire, and contains about seventy-nine thousand
six hundred and thirty-five acres, consists of a rich
sandy loam of a reddish colour, which is deep, sound,
and friable, being well adapted to the production of
every crop the substratum is red grit-stone rock. The
stonebrash district adjoins the former, and extends
from the borders of Gloucestershire, on the west, nearly
to those of Buckinghamshire, on the east, the southern
border of it running from the boundary of the county,
near Broughton-Poggs, in a north-easterly direction by
Brize-Norton, Witney, North Leigh, Bladon, Kirtling-
-
On the arable lands, which occupy by far the greater
part of the county, the courses of cropping are very
irregular, even on soils that are alike. The corn crops
commonly cultivated are wheat, barley, and oats: the
general average produce of wheat is estimated at three
quarters per acre; that of barley, at four quarters; and
that of oats, at five quarters. Peas are occasionally
cultivated; beans are sown on the heavier soils; and
there exists likewise a practice of sowing what is here
called poulse, namely beans and peas mixed, of which
good crops are produced on the lighter lands. The com-
mon turnip and the Swedish turnip are both extensively
cultivated. Tares are commonly grown; lentils to a small
extent; rape, but little; cabbages, carrots, and potatoes
occasionally as agricultural crops. Clover and trefoil are
frequently cultivated; and sainfoin is grown to a great
extent upon all the soils that are proper for it. Of the
grass lands, the chief part is situated in the narrow
flat tracts on the borders of the rivers, containing most
of the open field meadows, which are extensive, and
situated so low as to be frequently overflowed by sudden
rains, and sometimes even during the hay-harvest,
insomuch, that the crops are either spoiled or entirely
swept away: this flooding, however, improves the soil,
when the waters do not remain out long enough to in-
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jure the grass, which seldom receives any other manure
than the sediment thus deposited. At Water-Eaton is
the best grass land in the county, which is occupied
for dairies; but it is very liable to summer floods: at
North Weston, in the rich district near Thame, the
meadows are mown twice a year. The enclosed pas-
ture, or meadow land, is chiefly confined to the central
part of the county, near Oxford, where there is a con-
siderable tract of deep rich soil: besides the quantity
of butter made here, which is considerable, numerous
calves are suckled, to supply the London market with
veal; in various parts of this district some cattle and
sheep are also fattened: many of the pasture grounds,
however, are full of ant-hills, and a great part of the
herbage is consequently coarse. Much butter is sent to
the London market from some other parts of Oxford-
shire, particularly from the vicinity of Bicester; and in
the district around Thame many calves are also fattened,
to be sent as veal to the same market: little cheese
is made the produce of hay per acre is calculated to
average nearly two tons. The best feeding-land lies
on the banks of the rivers Thame, Isis, and Cherwell,
but the lowest meadows are subject to floods, which
sometimes do much damage to the herbage, when they
occur late in the spring. Lime is extensively used
as a manure, as are also peat and coal ashes; and
great quantities of rags, purchased in London, are
brought for the same purpose. Oxfordshire has no
peculiar breed of cattle, nor does any particular sort
prevail; those most frequently seen are of the short-
horned Yorkshire, the long-horned Leicestershire, the
Devon, and the Alderney breeds: oxen are frequently
employed in agricultural labours, for which the Here-
fordshire breed is preferred. It is well stocked with
sheep, of which the most common are the South Down,
the Berkshire, the New Leicester, a cross between the
Berkshire and the Leicester, a Spanish breed, which is
sometimes found mingled with the South Down, and a
mixed breed between the New Leicester and the Cots-
wold sheep. Of hogs, the Berkshire breed is the most
common throughout the county: many boars are fed
for the purpose of making brawn and sausages, which
form considerable articles of trade at Oxford, and some
other places in the county.
+
+
Oxfordshire may be considered a well-wooded county,
excepting the northernmost part of it, but there is
comparatively but very little oak. The woodlands may
be classed as follows: first, groves on spring-woods;
secondly, woods consisting of timber trees and under-
wood; and thirdly, coppices consisting of underwood
only. Of the first class, the extensive natural beech-
woods confined to the Chiltern district are the princi-
pal, consisting of large trees, among which is a suc-
cession of younger ones that have been produced by the
falling of the beech mast: these woods are never all
felled at once, except for the purpose of bringing the
land under tillage, but are drawn occasionally. Of
the second kind are the woods in the vicinity of Stan-
ton St. John, called "the Quarters," the soil of which
is a strong clay there are also numerous spots of
woodland of this description dispersed in various
other parts of the county. Coppices are not very nu-
merous, there being hardly any extensive ones, except
those tracts of Whichwood Forest that are thus called,
but which, containing timber trees, are more properly
VOL. III.
:
woods. There are extensive artificial plantations in
The waste
several places, particularly at Blenheim.
lands, excepting the large tract of Whichwood Forest,
is inconsiderable. This forest, situated towards the
western confines of the county, and having a soil, in
some places of reddish loam, and in others of the
common stonebrash of the extensive district in which
it is included, contains six thousand seven hundred and
twenty acres, and is subject to a right of commonage
for horses and sheep only. It comprises thirty-four
coppices, eighteen of which belong to the king, twelve
to the Duke of Marlborough, and four to different indi-
viduals; and contains some thriving young oak timber :
next to oak, ash is the most abundant, and after that
beech, with some elm. The coppices occupy three
thousand and thirty-seven acres, the keepers' lodges
and lawns one hundred and thirty-four, and the open
forest (which produces nothing but brushwood and
pasturage for the numerous deer and the cattle) two
After
thousand four hundred and twenty-one acres.
having been cut, the coppices are fenced off for seven
years against the cattle and sheep, but the deer are
never excluded. Comprised within the forest are also
the chase woods, occupying four hundred and eighty-
eight acres; and Blandford park, containing six hun-
dred and forty acres.
dred and forty acres. Otmoor, near Islip, six miles
north of Oxford, contains about four thousand acres,
and prior to its enclosure, under an act obtained in
1815, was commonable to eight adjoining townships:
the soil is generally a good loam, but the whole tract
is so extremely flat, and situated so low, that in wet
seasons much of it lies under water for a long time,
the consequence of which is that the cattle and sheep
upon it become diseased. Formerly the number of
cattle turned upon the moor by each householder
was subject to no limitation: some large flocks of geese
were also kept upon it. What are called flits upon
this moor are the holes from which peat has been dug;
pills are hills of quaking bog. The poor inhabitants of
these townships, who had been deprived of their cus-
tomary right of common by the enclosure bill, destroyed
the fences repeatedly, and, in September 1830, assem-
bled in a numerous body, and proceeded, in a riotous
manner, to effect the removal of what they considered
to be an encroachment on their ancient rights, inso-
much that the military were called in, and some of the
ringleaders taken into custody, but subsequently libe-
rated by their companions on their way to prison,
under a small escort. Most of the unenclosed parishes,
which are rather numerous, have larger or smaller
tracts of waste, or down land, which is appropriated
chiefly to the pasturage of sheep the range of the
Chiltern hills, which crosses the southern end of the
county, has much land of this description, being in
many places too steep to admit of cultivation. In the
more northern parts too are considerable tracts of downs,
which are in many instances overrun with ant-hills and
coarse herbage, and of little value, being chiefly appro-
priated to the pasturage of young cattle, and some-
times of oxen that are employed in the plough. At
Kidlington is a large common, which feeds three hun-
dred cows, from May 16th until Michaelmas; and at
Campsfield, in the same parish, is an extensive common
pastured by sheep.
The principal manufactures are, that of blankets, at
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Witney; and those of gloves and articles of polished
steel, at Woodstock: the glove manufacture was esta-
blished about the middle of the last century, and now
furnishes employment to the poor for many miles around
that town. A coarse kind of velvet, called Shag, is made
at Banbury the female poor in the southern part of
the county are chiefly employed in lace-making.
The principal rivers are the Thames (or Isis),
the Cherwell, the Thame, the Evenlode, and the Wind-
rush. The first-mentioned river, which forms the entire
southern boundary of the county, separating it from
Berkshire, rises in Gloucestershire, and having been
joined by different small streams near Lechlade, first
touches this county at its south-western extremity,
being then imperfectly navigable, and bearing the name
of Isis: hence it pursues its course, for a considerable
distance, through an undiversified plain, and in an
easterly direction, until it has received the waters
of the Windrush, when it takes a north-easterly
course, and having been joined by the Evenlode, soon
after suddenly turns southward to Oxford, a little
above which city it divides into small channels,
which traverse the meadows of Witham, and, leaving
Oxford immediately on the left, pass under several
stone bridges, connected by a grand causeway, which
forms the principal approach to that city on the west:
these streams soon re-uniting, the river winds round the
city towards the north-east, and having been crossed by
an ancient stone bridge, and joined by the Cherwell, be-
comes navigable, and pursues a very devious course, for
the most part in a south-easterly direction, through an
extensive tract of rich low meadows, to a short distance
below Dorchester, where it is joined by the Thame: at
this junction the river loses its assumed poetical name
of Isis, and is first popularly called Thames, although
in various old grants and charters, both of the period
of the Saxon sway in England, and since the Norman
Conquest, it is always denominated by the latter title
in the higher parts of its course also. The Thames im-
mediately passes under Shillingford bridge, and shortly
after under that of Wallingford, below which the river
continues a protracted southerly course, until it begins
to make an extensive sweep round by the east to the
north, enclosing the southern extremity of the county,
which it wholly quits at a short distance below Henley,
when it takes an easterly direction, and begins to
form the boundary between Berkshire and Bucking-
hamshire. Though by no means a rapid river, it is
far from being sluggish in its course, and has been
poetically described as "without o'erflowing full :"
its waters are here clear and silvery, except when
disturbed by floods. The principal fish which it con-
tains, in that part of its course bordering on Oxford-
shire, are pike, chub, barbel, perch, eels, roach, dace,
and gudgeons: salmon are also sometimes taken. The
Cherwell, rising in Northamptonshire, enters this
county at its northernmost extremity, and almost im-
mediately, in the vicinity of Banbury, becomes its east-
ern boundary, separating it from Northamptonshire for
the distance of seven or eight miles; it then finally enters
Oxfordshire, and, receiving numerous smaller streams,
continues its irregular southerly course through an
extensive tract to the eastern side of Oxford, where it
runs under Magdalene bridge, and soon after joins the
Thames. The Thame, rising on the borders of Bucking-
.
hamshire and Oxfordshire, near Chinnor, takes a north-
westerly course, forming the eastern boundary of the
county, and passing by the town of Thame, until, in the
vicinity of Waterstock, it enters it, and pursues a south-
westerly, and afterwards a southerly, course, passing
under the bridges of Wheatley and Dorchester, to the
Isis, a little below the latter place, the united waters
then taking the name of Thames. The Evenlode,
rising on the north-western borders of the county, and
descending by Whichwood Forest, pursues a very irre-
gular south-easterly course by Charlbury, and having been
augmented by the smaller stream of the Glyme, which
flows past Woodstock, and forms the magnificent sheet
of water in Blenheim park, joins the Thames a few
miles above Oxford. The Windrush, rising at a short
distance within the borders of Gloucestershire, soon
enters this county, and pursues a nearly eastern course
by Burford to Witney, to the manufactures of which
latter town it is of great service, and whence it takes
a direction about south-south-east, falling into the
Thames near Northmoor. The smaller streams, all of
which fall into some of the larger rivers before men-
tioned, are extremely numerous. The Oxford canal,
which is of immense advantage to the county, by
opening a communication, through other canals, with
Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, and the Wednes-
bury collieries, enters at its northern extremity, and
soon approaching the Cherwell, runs nearly parallel with
the course of that river, which it crosses, near Banbury,
and a few miles to the east of Deddington and Wood-
stock, to the city of Oxford, where it communicates with
the navigation of the Thames.
C
The turnpike roads are generally very good, espe-
cially in situations where gravel can be obtained : in
the northern part of the county, the red grit-stone is
used, but is not so good for the purpose. The road
from London to Cheltenham, Gloucester, and Hereford,
enters the county from Maidenhead, in Berkshire, and,
passing through Henley, Nettlebed, Dorchester, Oxford,
Witney, and Burford, leaves it a little beyond that
town. The upper road from London to Oxford, Wor-
cester, and Aberystwith, enters from High Wycombe
in Buckinghamshire, and passes through Stoken-
church, Tetsworth, Wheatley, Oxford, Wolvercott,
Woodstock, Over Kiddington, Chapel-House, and Little
Rollright, and enters Gloucestershire at the Four Shire
Stone: this is also the road from London to Holy-
head, through Worcester. The road from London to
Holyhead, through Buckingham and Shrewsbury, en-
ters the county from Tingewick in Buckinghamshire,
passes through Finmere and Mixbury, and, after crossing
a part of Northamptonshire, re-enters it at Nell bridge,
and passes through Adderbury, Banbury, Drayton, and
Wroxton, to Upton in Warwickshire: this is also the
road from London to Holyhead, through Birming-
ham, and from London to Chester, through the same
town. The road from London to Aylesbury, Bicester,
and Oxford, enters from Fleet-Marston in Bucking-
hamshire, and passes through Bicester to Oxford.
Several very curious British coins have been found
in the county; and one of the most interesting remains
of antiquity which it contains is the circle of high stones,
called Rollrich stones, in the vicinity of Chipping-Norton.
Few considerable remnants of Roman military works
exist in Oxfordshire at Alcester, or Aldchester, in
:
OXF
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499
the eastern part of the county, are the traces of a Ro-
man station, the Alauna of the Itinerary, and it is pro-
bable that there was another at Dorchester. Various
Roman coins and pavements have been discovered, at
different periods, in almost every quarter of the county;
and, in addition to these, may be noticed several se-
pulchral mounds, formed of rude grassy squares of
turf, which, says Dr. Plot, the Roman soldiers were ac-
customed to raise over the ashes of any eminent war-
rior, and the most remarkable of which is termed Astal
Barrow, in the vicinity of the Akeman-street: numer-
ous urns and other funereal relics of the same people
have also been dug up, at various periods, in dif-
ferent parts of the county. Only one of the four con-
sular, or prætorian ways passed through Oxfordshire :
this was the Iknield-street, which crossed the southern
part of it, from north-east to south-west; and though
its remains are not very conspicuous, in consequence
of the dry soil over which it passes not having required
it to be formed into a paved ridge, or with deep tren-
ches, yet its course may be pretty accurately de-
scribed: entering from Buckinghamshire, at the parish
of Chinnor, it proceeds along the base of the Chiltern
hills; leaves Lewknor, Shirburn, and Watlington to the
north-west; crosses the vallum, or ridged bank, called
Grime's Dyke; and, passing Ipsden, may be traced to
an enclosure about three miles distant from the village
of Goring, whence its course out of the county cannot
be followed; but it is asserted by Dr. Plot, that it quitted
it at Goring, and the name of the hamlet on the op-
posite bank of the Thames, viz., Streatley, seems to
corroborate this opinion. Of the vicinal ways, the
principal was the Akeman-street, which in different parts
of its course seems to have been constructed either
with or without a raised bank, according to the nature
of the soil over which it passed: it enters from Buck-
inghamshire, in the parish of Ambrosden, whence it
proceeds to the north of Gravenel, or Gravenhill, Wood,
and Alchester, to Chesterton and Kirtlington, and, cross-
ing the river Cherwell, near Tackley, passes through
Blenheim park towards the village of Stonesfield, where
it crosses the Evenlode, and then passes near Wilcote and
Ramsden, to Asthall-Leigh and Asthall, and thence to
Broadwell Grove, where its form is bold and perfect,
and whence it procceds nearly in a straight line towards
Gloucestershire. Several minor roads, traces of which
are still visible, diverged from this, or crossed it in
different parts of its course through the county. Be-
tween Mongewell and Nuffield, towards the southern
extremity of the county, is a vallum, or long earth-
work, called Grime's Dyke: it is very high, and only
single until it approaches the vicinity of Nuffield, where
it is double, with a deep trench between the ramparts:
it has been conjectured that the other part of it was
once likewise double-banked, but that the trench was
filled up by one of the banks being thrown into it in the
progress of agricultural improvements. Marks of the
sanguinary contests between the Saxons and the Danes
are distinguishable in many parts of the county, con-
sisting chiefly of military intrenchments, and sepulchral
mounds, or barrows.
Frideswide's abbey church, now the cathedral church
of Oxford. Amongst the parochial churches are some
interesting specimens of Saxon, or early Norman,
especially in that of Iffley, and many fine examples of
English, architecture. In number, beauty, and magni-
ficence of its public and private buildings, Oxfordshire
at least rivals any other county in England. Blenheim
House is well known as one of the most magnificent
residences in the kingdom; and many other of the
mansions of the resident nobility and gentry possess
considerable beauty and grandeur, both of exterior ap-
pearance and interior decoration: among the principal
are, Ditchley Park, the property and residence of Lord
Viscount Dillon; Nuneham-Courtney, that of the late
Earl of Harcourt; and Wroxton Priory, that of the Earl
of Guildford. The facility with which building mate-
rials are procured causes the habitations of the middle
and lower classes to be commodious, substantial, and
neat in appearance: nearly every cottage has a good
garden. The medicinal springs are very numerous, the
greater number being of the various kinds of chaly-
beate. In the extensive bed of gravel on which Oxford
stands, and which forms one of the geological features
of England, are found many remarkable fossils, such
as fragments of teeth, tusks, and bones of elephants;
bones of the hippopotamus; horses' teeth; and horns
of a species of stag; sometimes in a complete state of
preservation.
At the period of the general dissolution, the number
of religious houses in the county, exclusively of the col-
leges at Oxford, was about forty, including hospitals, &c.
The principal relic of the monastic buildings is St.
OXHEY, a hamlet in the parish of WATFORD, hun-
dred of CASHIO, or liberty of ST. ALBAN's, county of
HERTFORD, containing 560 inhabitants. An earthen
vessel, containing some Roman seals, was, a few years
since, turned up here by the plough.
OXHILL, a parish in the Kington division of the
hundred of KINGTON, county of WARWICK, 4 miles
(S. S. W.) from Kington, containing 307 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Worcester, rated in the king's books at £14. 10.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. Devenport Bromley.
The church is dedicated to St. Lawrence. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
OXNEAD, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of ERPINGHAM, county of NORFOLK, 4 miles
(S. E.) from Aylsham, containing 53 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, united to that of Skey-
ton, and the vicarage of Buxton, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£9. 1. 5. The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
OXNEY, formerly a parish, now annexed to that of
St. Margaret at Cliffe, hundred of CORNILO, lathe of ST.
AUGUSTINE, county of KENT, 5 miles (N. E.) from
Dovor, containing 11 inhabitants. The church has long
been demolished.
OXSPRING, a township in the parish of PENISTONE,
wapentake of STAINCROSS, West riding of the county of
YORK, 2 miles (E.) from Penistone, containing 247
inhabitants.
OXTED, a parish in the first division of the hun-
dred of TANDRIDGE, county of SURREY, 2 miles (E. by N.)
from Godstone, containing 777 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese
of Winchester, rated in the king's books at £24. 6. 01.,
and in the patronage of C. L. H. Master, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary. A fair is held here on
the 1st of May.
3 S 2
1
PAC
PAD
500
OXTON, a township in the parish of WOODCHURCH,
lower division of the hundred of WIRRALL, county pa-
latine of CHESTER, 74 miles (N. E.) from Great Neston,
containing 169 inhabitants.
OXTON, a parish in the southern division of the
wapentake of THURGARTON, County of NOTTINGHAM, 5
miles (W. by S.) from Southwell, containing 798 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Chapter of
the Collegiate Church of Southwell, rated in the king's
books at £6, and endowed with £ 200 royal bounty.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Oxton consti-
tutes the endowment of two prebends, Prima et Secunda,
in the Collegiate Church of Southwell. The small river
Dove runs through the parish, which lies in the centre of
the ancient Forest of Sherwood, though it is said never to
have formed part of that district. In the village is a free
school, founded by Mrs. Sherbrooke, and endowed with
a rent-charge of £20, for teaching all the poor children
of the parish. In 1789, a barrow was opened in the
neighbourhood, and found to contain a curious urn of
iron, a sword in a wooden scabbard, a dagger much
corroded, and several glass beads.
OXTON, a township in that part of the parish of
TADCASTER which is in the ainsty of the city, and
East riding of the county, of YORK, 1½ mile (E.) from
Tadcaster, containing 66 inhabitants.
OXWICK, a parish in the hundred of LAUNDITCH,
county of NORFOLK, 34 miles (S. by W.) from Faken-
ham, containing, with Pattesley, 79 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£6. 9. 2., and in the patronage of the Rev. Joseph
Alderson. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
OZELWORTH, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of BERKELEY, county of GLOUCESTER,
3 miles (E. by S.) from Wotton under Edge, con-
taining 134 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester,
rated in the king's books at £6. 10. 5., and in the pa-
tronage of Mrs. Fisher. The church, dedicated to St.
Nicholas, has an octagonal central tower, rising from
enriched Norman arches.
OZENDIKE, a township in that part of the parish
of RYTHER which is in the lower division of the wapen-
take of BARKSTONE-ASH, West riding of the county of
YORK, 8 miles (N. W.) from Selby. The population is
returned with the parish.
P.
of STAFFORD, 33 miles (W. N. W.) from Tamworth,
containing 53 inhabitants.
PACKINGTON (GREAT), a parish in the Solihull
division of the hundred of HEMLINGFORD, county of
WARWICK, 42 miles (S. E. by S.) from Coleshill, con-
taining 351 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese
of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£7. 10. 2., and in the patronage of the Earl of Ayles-
ford. The church is dedicated to St. James.
4
PACKINGTON, a parish partly in the hundred of
REPTON and GRESLEY, county of DERBY, but chiefly in
the western division of the hundred of GoscoTE, county
of LEICESTER, 12 mile (S. by E.) from Ashby de la
Zouch, containing, with the hamlet of Snibston, 702
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £5. 15. 10., and in the patronage of
Sir Charles Abney Hastings, Bart. The church is de-
dicated to the Holy Rood.
PACKINGTON, a liberty in the parish of WEEFORD,
southern division of the hundred of OFFLOW, county
PACKINGTON (LITTLE), a parish in the Solihull
division of the hundred of HEMLINGFORD, county of
WARWICK, 3 miles (S. S. E.) from Coleshill, containing
150 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, rated in the king's books at £3, and in
the patronage of the Earl of Aylesford. The church
is dedicated to St. Bartholomew.
PACKWOOD, a parish in the Warwick division
of the hundred of KINGTON, County of WARWICK, 4/
miles (N. N. E.) from Henley in Arden, containing 279
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Manorial Court of Pack-
wood, endowed with £400 private benefaction, and
£ 800 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Earl Corn-
wallis. The church is dedicated to St. Giles. The
Stratford on Avon canal passes through the parish.
PADBURY, a parish in the hundred and county of
BUCKINGHAM, 22 miles (S. E. by S.) from Buckingham,
23
containing 618 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£6. 13. 4., endowed with £400 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
for Wesleyan Methodists. Padbury is situated on the
river Ouse, over which is a substantial stone bridge,
erected in 1742. In July 1643, a skirmish took place
here between the king's troops under Sir Charles Lucas,
and a detachment of the parliamentarians commanded
by Colonel Middleton, in which the latter were defeated.
PADDINGTON, a parish in the Holborn division
of the hundred of OSSULSTONE, county of MIDDLE-
SEX, a suburb of the metropolis, containing 6476 in-
habitants. The manor was given by King Edgar to
the abbey of Westminster, and at the dissolution it
was appropriated to the endowment of the then newly-
founded bishoprick of Westminster; since the aboli-
tion of which, in the reign of Edward VI., it has be-
longed to the see of London. The hamlet consists
principally of several modern streets and handsome
detached houses: it is partially paved, and lighted with
gas, under a local act; and the inhabitants are supplied
with water from the West Middlesex water-works: the
reservoir, originally constructed for the supply of Ken-
sington palace, and now belonging to the Grand Junc-
tion water-works, is situated in this parish. It is within
the jurisdiction of the magistrates acting for the metro-
polis, and under the superintendence of the New Police,
established under Sir Robert Peel's act: debts under 40s.
are recoverable at the county court held at Kingsgate-
street, Holborn. A customary market is held on Friday,
for poultry, butter, eggs, &c. The living is a perpetual
curacy, or donative, in the jurisdiction of the Commis-
sary of London, concurrently with the Consistorial
PAD
501
PAD
Court of the Bishop, and in the patronage of the
Bishop of London. The church, which is dedicated to
St. James, and was anciently a chapel of ease to St.
Margaret's Westminster, was originally founded by Sir
Joseph Sheldon, lessee of the manor, about the year
1700. The present edifice was begun in 1788, and
consecrated April 27th, 1791: it stands on a piece of
ground adjoining the old churchyard, and is a neat
building, with a Doric portico on the south side, and a
handsome cupola. In the church and adjacent cemetery
lie the remains of John Bushnell, an eminent statuary,
who died in 1701; Sir John Elliot, M.D., a popular
writer, who became deranged in consequence of a dis-
appointed attachment to a lady, whose life he attempted,
by shooting at her in the public street, and shortly
after destroyed himself, while in confinement, in 1787;
Dr. Alexander Geddes, a very learned but eccentric Ro-
man Catholic divine, interred in 1802; Thomas Banks,
an ingenious sculptor; Lewis Schiavonetti, engraver;
and John Henry Petty, late Marquis of Lansdowne.
handsome chapel of ease is now being erected, partly by
means of a grant from the parliamentary commissioners,
and partly by subscription. There are places of wor-
ship for Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists. The Pad-
dington canal, which communicates with all the princi-
pal canals in the kingdom, and on the banks of which
are extensive wharfs and warehouses, was constructed
in consequence of an act of parliament passed in 1795
it is joined by the Regent's canal, which unites it with
the Thames at Limehouse. A National school, in which
upwards of three hundred children are instructed, and
fifty of them clothed, is supported by voluntary con-
tributions: the school premises were built by subscrip-
tion in 1822. There are some unendowed almshouses,
built by Peps Cockerill, Esq., and others by the inha-
bitants, for the use of the aged poor, for whose relief
funds amounting to about £250 per annum, arising
from lands and tenements assigned for that purpose,
are appropriated.
A
PADDLESWORTH, a joint parish with Snodland,
in the hundred of LARKFIELD, lathe of AYLESFORD,
county of KENT, 6 miles (S. W.) from Rochester. The
population is returned with Snodland. The living is a
rectory, united at an early period to that of Snodland,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Rochester, rated in
the king's books at £3. 6. 8. The church has been
destroyed, and the inhabitants have married, baptized,
and buried at Snodland since the reign of Elizabeth.
PADDLESWORTH, a parish in the hundred of
LONINGBOROUGH, lathe of SHEPWAY, county of KENT,
33 miles (N. W.) from Folkestone, containing 44 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, with that of
Stamford, annexed to the vicarage of Lyminge, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The church, dedicated to St. Oswald, is in the early
style of English architecture.
PADDOCKS, an extra-parochial district, in the wa-
pentake of CORRINGHAM, parts of LINDSEY, County of
LINCOLN, containing 3 inhabitants.
PADFIELD, a township in the parish of GLOSSOP,
hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY, 10 miles
(N. by. W.) from Chapel en le Frith, containing 499 in-
habitants.
dred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of LANCASTER,
3 miles (W. by N.) from Burnley, containing 3060 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with £400
private benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and £900 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of Le Gendre
Pierce Starkie, Esq. The chapel, dedicated to St. Leo-
nard, has lately received an addition of two hundred and
twenty-nine free sittings, the Incorporated Society for
the enlargement of churches and chapels having granted
£150 towards defraying the expense. There are places
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists and Unitarians.
The Leeds and Liverpool canal passes in the vicinity.
Coal and stone abound here; and the cotton manufac-
A fair is
ture is carried on to a considerable extent.
held on August 12th, chiefly for pedlary. A school was
erected and endowed by subscription in 1698, in which
from seventy to eighty children are instructed, each
paying a trifling quarterage.
PADLEY (NETHER), a hamlet in the parish of
HOPE, hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY, 23
miles (N. E. by N.) from Stony-Middleton, containing
36 inhabitants.
PADIHAM, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
WHALLEY which is in the higher division of the hun-
PADSIDE, a township in the parish of HAMPS-
THWAITE, lower division of the wapentake of CLARO,
West riding of the county of YORK, 7 miles (W.) from
Ripley. The population is returned with the chapelry
of Thornthwaite.
PADSTOW, a sea-port,
market town, and parish,
in the hundred of PYDER,
county of CORNWALL, 14
miles (W. N. W.) from
Bodmin, and 249 (W. S.
W.) from London, contain-
ing, according to the last
census, 1700 inhabitants,
which number is estimated
to have since increased to
2000. The town is of Seal formerly used by the
great antiquity, and was
Corporation.
known, under the name of Lodenek at Heglemith, in the
earliest annals of Cornish history. According to Bor-
lase and others, the first religious house, called Laffenack,
was established here in 432, by St. Patrick ;
about a
century afterwards, he was succeeded by St. Petroc, and
under the auspices of this popular saint a monastery
was founded, in 513, which, having progressively in-
creased in extent and holy reputation, was visited by
Athelstan, on the occasion of his triumphant excursion
into Cornwall, in 926. This sovereign conferred impor-
tant privileges on both the monastery and the town, the
latter of which he named after himself, Adelstow, or
Aldestow. Whitaker has satisfactorily proved that at
this time the localities of Bodmin presented little more
than the solitary cell of St. Guron: the same authority,
however, rejects the visit of St. Patrick in favour of his
successor. In ancient records Patrickstowe and Petroc-
stowe are equally common; from the former of these
Padestowe, or Padstow, is more naturally derived, and
perhaps the continued influx of Irish at this port from
the earliest times may have had some influence on the
change of name. It was in the year 981, when the mo-
nastery was in the plenitude of its prosperity, that it
was ravaged by Danish pirates, and burnt to the ground.

紀
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PAD
PAD
502
On this event it became necessary to find a situation
less exposed for the new foundation, which was fixed at
Bodmin, and the sacred ashes of St. Petroc were trans-
ferred to its sanctuary. It has been a subject of anti-
quarian dissertation, whether Padstow is described as
Elhil or Lancuhoc in Domesday-book. In 1344, this
place was one of the few ports in Devonshire and
Cornwall that furnished ships for the siege of Calais.
In 1645, the Prince, afterwards Charles II., was for
some time resident here: the inhabitants were at that
time zealous in their support of royalty; but about five
years after, a singular change appears to have taken
place in their political feelings. A vessel from Ireland,
with troops and dispatches, having arrived, with the
certainty of a favourable reception, was boarded by the
townspeople, assisted by some parliamentary dragoons,
and after a contest, in which many lives were lost, she
was captured, and the troops made prisoners. As the
only port on the coast for the exportation of large quan-
tities of grain, Padstow was, in the last century, repeat-
edly exposed to the inroads of large parties of miners,
from the districts in the west they assembled to the
number of upwards of one thousand men, armed with
bludgeons. The high price of bread was the grievance
complained of, and they generally returned home after
having broken open the granaries, and distributed the
corn. The interference of the military on these occa-
sions was usually found necessary.
1
:
:
The town is beautifully situated on an æstuary,
formed by the confluence of the river Camel and other
subordinate streams, and opening into St. George's chan-
nel it is embosomed in a richly cultivated vale, the
eastern side of which opens on the harbour, a sheet of
water which, being apparently enclosed by a bold range
of hills, and singularly retaining its clear azure hue,
presents the attractive beauties of lake scenery. The
high land to the north and west of the town is occu-
pied by the grounds of Place, an ancient seat of the
Prideaux family. On the southern eminences and along
the vale are the fine plantations of Saunders Hill, which
command a varied and luxuriant prospect. In the im-
mediate vicinity, however, nature assumes a severity and
boldness of character seldom equalled the cliffs of
black granite on the coast, which are alike remarkable
for their stupendous height and grotesque form, are
frequently visited by the scientific traveller; they pre-
sent curious specimens of geological strata peculiar to
this part of the kingdom. The streets are roughly
paved, but not lighted, and the town is plentifully sup-
plied with water. The houses are all covered with the
fine blue slate raised in the neighbourhood. Previously
to the sixteenth century the harbour of Padstow was
considered one of the finest on the western coast of
England, but from the accumulation of sand, the driving
of which was so violent as, in the course of one
night, to cover several houses on the coast, it became
of less importance: the trade was very considerable at
the commencement of the present century, and it now
carries on a large coasting trade, corn, malt, and other
merchandise being sent to Liverpool, Bristol, London,
Wales, and Ireland. The port was formerly noted for
valuable importations of Russian produce, much of
which was re-shipped to Bristol; and the exportation
of pilchards; but the little foreign trade which it at
present enjoys is chiefly with Norway and America.
·
-
The number of vessels that entered inwards from fo-
reign ports in 1826, was five British and five foreign,
and the number that cleared outwards, eighteen
British and five foreign. In 1826 seven vessels were
built and registered; and the number which belonged
to the port in March, 1828, was three of more than
one hundred tons' burden, and sixty-nine of smaller
size. One hundred and seventy-five vessels have been
wrecked and stranded, and upwards of two hundred lives
lost, in the last thirty-three years, within the limits of
the port. Several important works have been con-
structed, for the assistance of ships entering the harbour,
by a benevolent association, established in November
1829, which having been liberally supported by gentle.
men of influence in the county, has already been attended
with the most beneficial results. A life-boat is attached
to the apparatus. The Trinity House has recently
brought the port under the regulation of branch pilots.
Several persons are employed in ship-building, and sail
and rope making. The market is held on Saturday, by
prescription, for meat and provisions; but the fairs, on
April 18th and September 31st, which were formerly well
supplied with cattle and staple produce, are no longer
continued.
In the 25th of Elizabeth the town was incorporated
by royal charter, under the title of the “ Mayor and
Burgesses of the borough of Padstow," when the exe-
cutive government was vested in the mayor, steward,
five aldermen, and two serjeants at mace, annually
elected by the burgesses; a market was established on
Friday, of which the mayor was constituted clerk; and
two fairs were granted. The corporation were em-
powered to hold a weekly court, for the recovery of
debts to the amount of £ 40: the charter likewise con-
tained a clause reserving to the lord of the manor seve-
ral important rights and privileges. About the middle
of the seventeenth century, the municipal rights having
been allowed to lapse by desuetude, the town was placed
under the jurisdiction of the county magistrates, one of
whom, Thomas Rawlings, Esq., was for a long period
resident, but on his decease the magisterial business
was transferred to the petty sessions at St. Columb. A
portreeve, who formerly had the control of the harbour,
and other officers, are still chosen at the manorial court
leet, but their duties are little more than nominal.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar
jurisdiction of the Bishop of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £11. 3. 4., endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and in the patronage of the Rev. C. Prideaux
Brune. The church is a spacious light structure, in
the decorated and later styles of English architec-
ture, built at different periods, the earliest in the
fourteenth century: the richly - sculptured font and
curious piscina have attracted much attention. A
commodious place of worship has been recently built
for the Wesleyan Methodists. A National school for
children of both sexes was established in 1819; the
school-room was erected by the contributions of the
resident gentry, assisted by the National Society.
In 1640, £ 200 was laid out in land for the benefit of
the poor, and vested in trustees by enfeoffment, called
"Stock Money ;" £10 per annum for a free school for ten
boys, and £5 per annum from the Rev. St. John Eliot,
are also similarly secured. The learned Dr. Humphrey
Prideaux, Dean of Norwich, was born here in 1648.
PAI
ΡΑΙ
503
With some slight exceptions, the remains of nine religious
edifices in the town and its immediate vicinity have en-
tirely dissappeared. The old provincial festivities of
Christmas and May-day are attended with many sin-
gular customs, traditionally connected with the early
history of the place.
PADWORTH, a parish in the hundred of THEALE,
county of BERKS, 9 miles (S. W. by W.) from Reading,
containing 271 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Berks, and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £6.6.8., and in the
patronage of the Crown. The church, dedicated to St.
John the Baptist, is an ancient structure with a semi-
circular chancel, the roof of which is supported by a
well-proportioned Norman arch. The Kennet and Avon
canal, and the old Roman Vallum, or earthwork, called
Gryme's Dyke, pass through the parish. Elizabeth
Brightwell, in 1750, gave £200 South Sea Annuities,
for teaching poor children of both sexes.
PAGHAM, a parish in the hundred of ALDWICK,
rape of CHICHESTER, county of SUSSEX, 6 miles
(s. s. E.) from Chichester, containing 1009 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in
the king's books at £9. 18. 9. The church, dedicated
to St. Thomas à Becket, is in the early style of English
architecture. The parish is bounded on the south by
the English channel.
PAGLESHAM, a parish in the hundred of ROCH-
FORD, county of ESSEX, 4 miles (N. E. by E.) from Roch-
ford, containing 396 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £26, and in the patronage
of the Bishop of London. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter. This parish includes the western part of
Wallisea island: on the north runs the navigable river
Crouch, and on the south the Bromhill river.
PAINGTON, a parish in the hundred of HAYTOR,
county of DEVON, 52 miles (E.) from Totness, contain-
ing 1796 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, to which
the perpetual curacy of Marldon is annexed, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Bishop of Exeter, rated in
the king's books at £52. 1. 04., and in the patronage of
the Rev. John Templar. The church, dedicated to St.
John the Baptist, has an enriched Norman door, the
upper part of the tower and the transept being in the
later English style; there are also a screen of elegant
tabernacle-work, and a stone pulpit, richly ornamented
with foliage. There is a place of worship for Indepen-
dents. Paington was anciently held in demesne by the
Bishops of Exeter, who had here a palace, of which some
fragments still remain. It is situated on Torbay, at its
western extremity, and carries on a considerable trade
in cider, for shipping which and discharging coal, &c.,
vessels come close up to the village. A small fair is
held on Whit-Tuesday. John Kellond, in 1692, gave
£100 for teaching, and Charles Kellond, in 1690, £50
for apprenticing, poor children. In 1800, Allan Bal-
field bequeathed £1000 three per cents. for the education
of twenty poor children.
PAINSHAW, a chapelry in the parish of HoUGHTON
le SPRING, northern division of EASINGTON ward, county
palatine of DURHAM, 3 miles (N. by E.) from Houghton
le Spring, containing 2090 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Durham, endowed with £400 private benefaction, and
£600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Rector
of Houghton. The chapel was built in 1746. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Free-
stone, limestone, and firestone abound here, a consider-
able quantity of the latter being exported. At Low
Lambton, within the township, are some coal-staiths.
.
PAINSWICK, a market town and parish, in the
hundred of BISLEY, county of GLOUCESTER, 7 miles
(S. S. E.) from Gloucester, and 100 (W. by N.) from
London, comprising the tythings of Edge, Shepscomb,
Spoonbed, and Stroudend, and containing 4044 inhabit-
ants. The manor is noticed in Domesday-book under
the name of Wiche, among the possessions of Roger de
Lacy; its prefix is derived from one of its subsequent
proprietors, Pain Fitz-John. The town is situated on
the declivity of Spoonbed hill, at the foot of which
runs a branch of the Stroud river, and the turnpike
roads from Stroud to Gloucester, and from Cheltenham
to Bath, pass through it. The streets are neither
lighted nor paved; the inhabitants are supplied with
water from wells. The manufacture of cloth is exten-
sively carried on in the town and neighbourhood, al-
though, by comparison with its former state, it may be
considered on the decline: there are quarries of freestone
and weather-stone in the vicinity. The market is on
Tuesday, but it is very inconsiderable; there is a large
market for sheep on the first Tuesday after All Saints' day
(O. S.). Fairs are held, principally for cattle and sheep,
on Whit-Tuesday and September 19th. A court leet
for the manor is held annually, at which constables and
tythingmen are chosen. The living is a vicarage, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in
the kings books at £14. 15. 21., and in the patronage
of J. Gardener Esq., and others, as trustees for the
inhabitants who pay poor rates. The church, which is
dedicated to St. Mary, is a spacious edifice, with a very
lofty spire, and a fine ring of twelve bells: it was erect-
ed at different periods, and is somewhat remarkable
for the incongruous combination of the Grecian and
English styles of architecture: the entrance is under a
portico of the Ionic order; Doric columns appear in
another part of the building, and, under the battlements
on the north side, the spouts represent singularly gro-
tesque heads of demons.
In the chancel are monu-
ments of the Jerningham family, to which the manor
belonged in the reign of Elizabeth; and there is a
handsome altar-piece, erected in 1743. There are places
of worship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists.
A free school was founded, in 1707, for the education of
ten boys, by Giles Smith, who bequeathed £ 200 for this
purpose; and £200 more having been raised by volun-
tary contributions, lands were purchased, now produ-
cing about £30 per annum, for which twenty-six boys
are educated: other benefactions have since been
made, the most considerable of which is the sum of
£500, the bequest of John Hillman, in 1808. A be-
nevolent school was established here in 1809, and
there is a National school, both supported by subscrip-
tion. On the summit of Spoonbed hill is an ancient
PAINSFORD, a chapelry in the parish of Asн-
PRINGTON, hundred of COLERIDGE, county of DEVON.
The chapel, which was dedicated to St. David, is in
ruins. Here is a mineral spring, the water of which is
occasionally used for medicinal purposes.
PAL
PAN
504
·
camp, with a double intrenchment, called Kimsbury
Castle, King's barrow, or Castle Godwin: it comprehends
a space of about three acres, is nearly quadrangular, and
is supposed to have been a British fortress, afterwards
occupied by the Romans, as many Roman coins, with
a sword, and spear-heads greatly corroded, have been
found at different periods. In the reign of Edward the
Confessor, this camp was occupied by Earl Godwin,
who headed an insurrection against the king, in 1052.
During the siege of Gloucester by Charles I., his forces
encamped on this hill, and it is related, that after
raising the siege, the king being seated on a stone near
the camp, with his two elder sons, one of them asked
him when they should return home, "Alas! my Son,"
replied the unfortunate monarch, "I have no home to
go to." During the insurrections in the west and other
parts of the kingdom, in the reign of Edward VI., Sir
Anthony Kingston, then Knight Marshall, being lord of
the manor of Painswick, caused a gallows to be erected
on Shepscombe Green, in this parish, for the execution
of insurgents, and gave three plots of land in his lord-
ship, since called Gallows' lands, for the purpose of keep-
ing in readiness a gallows, two ladders, and halters; he
likewise appointed the tythingman of Shepscombe to the
office of executioner, with an acre of land in the tything,
as a reward for his services; a field at Shepscombe, held
by the tythingman for the time being, is still known by
the appellation of Hangman's Acre.
PAITTON, a hamlet in the parish of MONKS' KIR-
BY, Kirby division of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW,
county of WARWICK, 54 miles (N. N. W.) from Rugby,
containing 552 inhabitants.
PAKEFIELD, a parish in the hundred of MUTFORD
and LOTHINGLAND, county of SUFFOLK, 24 miles
(S. S. W.) from Lowestoft, containing 349 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in medieties, in
the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich,
both rated in the king's books at £14, and in the pa-
tronage of the Earl of Gosford. The church is dedicated
to All Saints. Pakefield is a small fishing village, lying
on the coast of the North sea. The Rev. Francis Cun-
ningham, rector, supports schools for the education of
children.
PAKENHAM, a parish in the hundred of THED-
WESTRY, county of SUFFOLK, 5 miles (E. N. E) from
Bury St. Edmund's, containing 928 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £ 10. 3. 9., and in the patronage of Lord Cal-
thorpe. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
PALGRAVE, a hamlet in the parish of SPORLE,
southern division of the hundred of GREENHOE, county
of Norfolk, 4 miles (N. N. E.) from Swaffham. The
population is returned with the parish. Here was for-
merly a chapel, which has been demolished.
G
PALGRAVE, a parish in the hundred of HARTIS-
MERE, County of SUFFOLK, 1 mile (S.) from Diss, con-
taining 654 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, an-
nexed to the vicarage of Sporle, in the archdeaconry of
Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £19. 11. 3. The church, which was dedicated
to St. Peter, has been destroyed. There is a place of
worship for Unitarians.
PALLING, a parish in the hundred of HAPPING,
county of NORFOLK, 114 miles (E. S. E.) from North
Walsham, containing 300 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, annexed to the rectory of Waxham,
in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Nor-
wich, rated in the king's books at £2. 6. 8., and en-
dowed with £800 royal bounty. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Margaret.
PAMBER, a parish in the hundred of BARTON-
STACEY, Andover division, though locally in that of
Basingstoke, Basingstoke division, of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 44 miles (N. N. W.) from Basingstoke,
containing 409 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester,
and in the patronage of the Provost and Fellows of
Queen's College, Oxford.
PAMINGTON, a tything in the parish of ASH-
CHURCH, hundred of TEWKESBURY, County of GLOU-
CESTER, 3 miles (E.) from Tewkesbury, containing 126
inhabitants.
w
·
PAMPISFORD, a parish in the hundred of CHIL-
FORD, County of CAMBRIDGE, 4½ miles (W. by N.) from
Linton, containing 285 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Ely, rated in the king's books at £8, endowed with
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Trustees
of J. Mortlock, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. John
the Baptist, is principally in the Norman style of archi-
tecture.
PANBOROUGH, a hamlet in the parish of WED-
MORE, hundred of BEMPSTONE, though locally in the
hundred of Glaston-Twelve-Hides, county of SOMERSET,
5 miles (W.) from Wells. The population is returned
with the parish.
PANCRAS (ST.), a parish in the Holborn division
of the hundred of OSSULSTONE, County of MIDDLE-
SEX, a suburb to London, containing 71,838 inhabitants.
This parish exhibits, in an extraordinary degree, the
vast increase which within the last half century, and
particularly within the last ten years, has taken place
in the numerous districts bordering upon the metropo-
lis. In the year 1765, it was a remote and isolated
spot, consisting of a few scattered dwellings, and con-
taining only sixty inhabitants, and its ancient church,
of diminutive size, suited to the smallness of the popu-
lation, formed a romantic feature in the landscape.
Since that period, large tracts of meadow land have
been covered with buildings, and it is now one of the
most extensive and populous parishes in the vicinity of
London; Kentish-Town, Camden-Town, Somers-Town,
and Battle-Bridge, each a thickly-inhabited district,
forming only chapelries and hamlets within its limits.
Among the principal additions are, the numerous
spacious and regularly formed streets, leading from
the north side of Holborn to the New-road, intersected
by various handsome streets from Gray's-Inn-lane, and
Regent, Mecklenburgh, Brunswick, Tavistock, Gordon,
and Fitzroy squares, handsome ranges of modern houses,
the areas of which are tastefully laid out; the numer-
ous continuous lines of respectable buildings on both
sides of the New-road, extending from Battle-Bridge to
Albany-street; Cumberland market, an extensive qua-
drangular area, surrounded with neat brick houses, of
which the centre will be appropriated to the hay market
now about to be removed from St. James'; Clarence mar-
ket, the continuation of Tottenham Court-road to Prim-
rose-hill, Chalk-farm, and Haverstoke-hill, on the Hamp-
PAN
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505
"
:
In
:
of beautiful design and exquisite art in this interesting
collection of marbles are full-length statues and busts
of the principal public characters, the muses, personifica-
tions of the passions and virtues, and some composition
pieces of striking beauty, several subjects from the
pagan mythology, a fine sculpture in marble of Christ
on the Cross, in alto relievo, by Sievier, various models
of buildings, and many objects of interest and attrac-
tion; among which is preserved the only perfect copy of
the only three in Europe of the sacred code of the Bur-
mese laws, from the collection of Lieut. Brand, R. N.,
taken from a niche in a pagoda by the brother of that
gentleman, at the storming of Syriam, in 1825, only
a few minutes before the destruction of the fort.
the central part of the saloon, exclusively of a spiral
staircase on the outside, is a circular enclosure, con-
taining a coved chamber, capable of holding twenty
persons, which by machinery is raised to the platform
of the gallery from which the panorama is viewed. The
view of London is arranged in the interior of the dome,
well lighted by a circular sky-light, which surrounds
the upper section, and by which also the interior of
the building is lighted the view, extending over so
wide a field, embraces an almost inconceivable multi-
tude of objects, represented with complete effect, and
with the utmost accuracy and precision, and which,
from the truth of their relative proportions, the accu-
racy of the linear and aërial perspective, and the just
distribution of light and shade, are powerfully delusive
in their effect upon the sight; and those in the distance,
which are almost undistinguishable by the eye, are, with
the aid of the prospect-glass, brought into view in all
the fulness of minute and faithful detail. The conser-
vatories, abounding with choice specimens of exotic
plants, and ornamented with jets d'eau, fountains, and
grotto-work, afford a delightful promenade; and the
Swiss cottage, containing several apartments, with win-
dows in recesses, affording miniature views of the beau-
tiful and romantic scenery peculiar to that country, are
objects of high interest; a veranda surrounds the front
of the building, which appears to be on an island in a
lake, in which fish of various kinds are seen gliding in
every direction, and numerous waterfowls sailing along
the surface, or seated on the points of rock which rise
above it; the distant view is a mass of rugged rocks, in
the fissures of which are various waterfalls, and on the
higher crags, which are interspersed with trees and
mountain plants, are seen the eagle and other birds of
prey. The whole of the apartments, promenades, gal-
leries, and conservatories, are warmed to the tempera--
ture of summer, by hot water, conveyed in tubes by
means of an excellent apparatus. The exterior of the
building forms a grand and interesting object in the
scenery of the Regent's Park, from many parts of which
it is seen with beautiful effect, and the noble dome ap-
pears with striking grandeur from many of the higher
grounds in various parts of the town.
Beyond the Colosseum, on that side of the Regent's
Park which is in this parish, are Cambridge-place, a
range of plain substantial houses, undistinguished by
any architectural features; Chester-terrace, an ele-
gant pile of building, consisting of a centre decorated
with a range of eight Corinthian pillars supporting
an entablature and cornice, with similar arrangements
of four columns at each extremity, and two hand-
+
3 T
stead road, comprising Mornington-crescent, and nu-
merous handsome villas and pleasant cottages; and the
eastern ranges of building in the Regent's Park, including
part of the Zoological gardens. The streets are well
paved, and lighted with gas, and the inhabitants are sup-
plied with water by the West Middlesex and New River
companies, the latter of which has a large reservoir in
the Hampstead-road. Of the principal buildings on
the south side of the New-road, the London University
is the most conspicuous: it occupies an area of seven
acres at the upper end of Gower-street, and was founded
in 1827, for the purpose of affording to the youth of
the metropolis, and to such as might object to the re-
ligious conformity required at the Universities of Ox-
ford and Cambridge, a liberal course of instruction, cal-
culated to qualify them for professional pursuits. The
institution is governed by a council of twenty-four, who
appoint a warden, and the several professors in the
various departments of literature, to whom a regular
stipend is paid till the fees of the students form an in-
come sufficient for their remuneration. According to
the statutes, the funds of the institution are not to be
less than £150,000, nor more than £300,000, advanced
on shares of £100 each, every proprietor receiving a
dividend of £ 4 per cent., and having the privilege of
appointing one pupil. The course of studies compre-
hends the ancient, modern, and oriental languages and
literature, the mathematics, natural, moral, and experi-
mental philosophy, mechanics, astronomy, ancient and
modern history, logic, political economy, botany, che-
mistry, medicine, and surgery. The buildings, of which
the first stone was laid by the Duke of Sussex, in 1827,
are not yet completed: the principal range has, in the
centre, a lofty portico of ten Corinthian pillars, support-
ing a cornice and triangular pediment, surmounted by
a handsome elliptical dome, and on each side a noble
façade of the Doric order: it contains the lecture-rooms,
libraries, the museum, and offices for the present use
of the professors and students, projecting behind which
are the different theatres, laboratory, &c.: the entire
plan is intended to include two projecting wings in
front also, of corresponding character with the central
range, having in the centre of each a tetrastyle portico
of the Corinthian order, surmounted by a pediment and
dome, facing the interior of the quadrangle, and having
the end fronts decorated with four Doric pilasters, sup-
porting a cornice and triangular pediment.
The Colosseum, in the Regent's Park, erected in 1824,
for the exhibition of the grand panoramic view of Lon-
don, and of the environs for ten miles round, taken by
Mr. Horner, from the cross of St. Paul's Cathedral, is a
structure very much resembling the Pantheon at Rome,
a stately polygonal building of stone, four hundred feet
in circumference, with a massive and boldly projecting
portico of six columns, of the Grecian Doric style, sup-
porting a cornice and triangular pediment; from the
main building rises a spacious and well-proportioned
dome, crowned with a parapet, forming a circular gal-
lery, from which an extensive and pleasing view of the
surrounding country is obtained. A flight of steps
leading from the entrance affords a descent to the saloon
on the right hand, a circular apartment, fitted up as a
tent, with festooned and flowing draperies, and contain-
ing a beautiful assemblage of statuary, sculptures, alto
relievos, bronzes, verds antique, and numerous specimens
VOL. III.
1
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506
some wings projecting at right angles, and connected by
lofty arched portals with the main building; Cumber-
land-terrace, consisting of a centre and two continuous
wings of the Ionic order, connected by arched portals;
the tympana of the central pediment and of those in
each wing being enriched with alto relievos, and sur-
mounted on the apex and at each end with finely-sculp-
tured statues; and Gloucester-terrace, a handsome range
of building, having in the centre six Ionic pillars support-
ing a cornice surmounted by an open balustrade, and a
similar arrangement of four pillars at each end.
At the north-western extremity of the park, are the
gardens of the Zoological Society, recently laid out in
walks and shrubberies, and divided into compartments,
in which various buildings have been erected, for the
reception and classification of animals of every de-
scription, from every part of the globe, of which there
is a beautiful and extensive collection, consisting of
more than six hundred species of mammalia, including
feræ and pecora, four hundred birds, one thousand rep-
tiles, one thousand testacea and crustacea, and thirty
thousand insects, classed according to their respective
genera, and secured within enclosures accommodated to
their several habits, and well adapted to their complete
exhibition. The entrance to the south garden is through
a rustic lodge, leading to a broad terrace, at the extre-
mity of which, on the right hand, is the bear pit, con-
taining six varieties of that animal, with a rugged pole
in the centre, on which they climb for exercise. Below
the terrace, on the north side, is an enclosed lawn, with
a piece of water for aquatic birds, among which are,
the cormorant, the sea-pheasant, the gull, several black
swans, and other varieties of water-fowl: nearly oppo-
site is an aviary, in which are the Balearic, or crowned,
the Numidian, or Demoiselle, and the African, or gigan-
tic, crane; white and black storks; the tiger bittern;
two white spoon-bills; and several varieties of the cu-
rassow, and the heron: to the west is an enclosure, in
which are two pair of white pelicans. At the foot of
the terrace is an octagonal cage, containing beautiful
specimens of the red and yellow, blue and yellow, and
red and blue, maccaw, and of the sulphur-crested
cockatoo ; and opposite to this is the lama-house and
paddock, in which are several red and black specimens
of that beautiful animal in the roof of this building is
a collection of pigeons. To the south, is a court-yard,
in which are mastiffs from Cuba, wolf-dogs from Italy
and Hungary; in a shed is a fine dromedary; in others
are several varieties of deer; and in a den, a large sloth
bear. On one side is a building, containing dens for
feline quadrupeds, among which are, an African lion,
a lioness, tigers, panthers, leopards, a jaguar, a puma,
and chittahs, or hunting leopards; and on the opposite
side, a range of building, in which are, American fallow
deer, a gnu, zebras, two American tapirs, antelopes,
nylghaus, two gazelles, a nine-banded armadillo, and
some of the more delicate birds, among which is the
scarlet ibis. In the adjoining grounds are aviaries,
containing elegant varieties of the hybrid, gold, silver,
and ring-necked Chinese pheasants; and near them is
an enclosure with a pond, for the white, or polar bear.
In this part of the gardens are aviaries for eagles, vul-
tures, falcons, kites, and other birds of prey, with a va-
riety of owls of every species; and enclosures for seals,
otters, beavers, and land tortoises. To the north of
:
these is a house for monkeys and baboons, of which
there is an extensive variety from every part of the
world. In the western division of the cattle sheds are
two zebras, the zebus, the Brahmin bull, the bison, or
American buffaloe, and several other buffaloes. An
archway, ornamented on the south side of the entrance,
with a greyhound and a buffaloe, well sculptured in
stone, and surmounted by a balustrade, behind which is
a handsome range of four Doric pillars, supporting a
triangular pediment, leads under the road surrounding
the park, from the south into the north garden, which
has more recently been added, and is similarly laid
out; and in which are various ranges of building, the
principal of them containing several striped and spotted
hyænas, leopards, a jaguar, several ocelets, civet cats,
racoons, jackalls, coati mondi, agoutis, a harpy eagle,
eagles from Africa and Chili, vultures, condors, and
other birds. Adjoining this building is a kennel, in
which are several dogs from different countries, and an
Esquimaux dog of great beauty, brought over by Capt.
Sir Edward Parry; and to the west of it are a shed and
paddock, in which are four specimens of the ostrich,
of remarkably fine growth. Nearly adjoining is the
kangaroo hut, beyond which is a large building, not yet
completed, for the reception of the Wapiti deer, from
North America, given by the king, who has also pre-
sented to the society the collection of birds and beasts
of his late Majesty, George IV. At the furthest ex-
tremity of the garden are some sties, in which are a
wild boar, and several species of the peccary.
The cavalry barracks in Albany-road are neatly built
of brick, and occupy an area of eight acres and a half:
the buildings comprise accommodation for four hundred
men, with stabling for their horses, a riding-school, in-
firmary, magazine, and requisite offices for the establish-
ment, and include an extensive ground for exercise. The
city light-horse barracks, in Gray's-Inn-lane, are a neat
range of substantial brick building, with a gateway en-
trance ornamented with sculpture. King's Cross, at
Battle-Bridge, is a handsome pile of freestone building,
having a square basement, and at each angle a project-
ing group of two Doric pillars, designed to support pe-
destals, on which it is intended to erect the statues of
George I., II., III., and IV.; above this stage are to be
four illuminated dials surmounted by a pedestal, on
which is to be placed a statue of his present Majesty,
King William IV. The Tottenham-street theatre is a
plain building: the interior comprises a pit, two tiers of
boxes, and a gallery, and is well arranged for the recep-
tion of about eight hundred persons: performances take
place regularly during the season. The Panarmonion is
a handsome small theatre, opened by Signior Lanza as
a dramatic school: the exterior consists of a plain and
neat façade, with a niche over the entrance, containing
a statue; the interior is elegantly decorated and conveni-
ently arranged. The bazaar, in Liverpool-street, to which
the principal entrance is from Gray's-Inn-lane, is a hand-
some quadrangular building of stone, originally intended
solely as a repository for horses, but lately adapted also
to the purposes of a general bazaar; around the quad-
rangle are stabling and boxes for horses, above which
are extensive galleries for carriages; the public room, of
large dimensions, is appropriated to the sale of trinkets,
millinery, perfumery, toys, and other similar wares.
Bagnigge wells, noted for its chalybeate water, and still
PAN
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507
a place of resort as a tea-garden, St. Chadd's wells, and
Pancras wells, are in this parish. Brookes' menagerie,
in the New-road, has long been celebrated for an exten-
sive collection of foreign birds, constantly on sale. Crog-
gon's manufactory and shew-rooms of artificial stone,
which, by a process of fire, is rendered proof against the
injuries of the atmosphere, contains an elegant assort-
ment of fonts, shrines, and statuary, with many beau-
tiful devices in bas and alto relievo, Scagliola marbles,
and busts. On the line of the New-road are numerous
statuaries and masons, and shew-rooms for ornamental
marble chimney-pieces; there are also several organ-
builders and piano-forte manufacturers, but there is no
particular branch of trade peculiar to the parish: the
Regent's canal passes through it, and there are several
wharfs in various parts. In addition to the newly-
formed Cumberland market, which is intended for hay,
there is an extensive general market for butchers' meat
and provisions, in a part of Somers-Town, called the
Brill. The parish is within the jurisdiction of the
stipendiary magistrates of the metropolis, and within
the limits of the new police act: the jurisdiction of
the county court, in Kingsgate-street, Holborn, for
the recovery of debts under 40s., also extends to this
parish.
at Camden-Town and Somers-Town, by parliamentary
grant, and a chapel by subscription at Kentish-Town,
in this parish, which are severally described in the ac-
count of those places. Fitzroy proprietary episcopal
chapel is a neat building of brick. A chapel to the
church of St. James', Piccadilly, with an extensive ce-
metery in Hampstead-road; the chapel and cemetery
belonging to St. Giles' in the Fields; the burial-grounds
of St. Andrew's, Holborn, St. George's, Bloomsbury, St.
George's the Martyr, and St. Martin's in the Fields, are
in this parish. There are places of worship for Bap-
tists, Huntingtonians, Independents, and Calvinistic,
Wesleyan, and other Methodists, a Scottish church,
and a Roman Catholic chapel. Of these the Scotch
church in Regent-square is an elegant structure, in the
later style of English architecture, with two lofty towers
at the western entrance. The St. Pancras female cha-
rity school, in Hampstead-road, is supported by funds
arising from donations, and by annual subscriptions:
the premises are neatly built of brick, and accommo-
dated to the reception of sixty-five girls, who are main-
tained, clothed, and instructed till fourteen years of
A National
age, when they are placed out to service.
school, in which are more than four hundred children,
is supported by subscription; and there is a school in
connexion with the Roman Catholic chapel, for the
maintenance, clothing, and instruction of Catholic chil-
dren.
The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction
and patronage of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's,
rated in the king's books at £9. 5. The old parish
church, now a chapel of ease, has undergone so many
alterations and repairs, that it retains few vestiges
of its original character: it is of great antiquity, and
the churchyard has been long the burial-place of Ro-
man Catholics; of many eminent foreigners, among
whom were the Archbishop of Narbonne, and seven
bishops expelled from France; General Paoli; several
of the French marshals; the Chevalier D'Eon; and of
the following distinguished persons; viz., Mary Woll-
stonecroft Godwin; John Walker, author of a treatise
on Elocution, and compiler of the Pronouncing Diction-
ary; Tiberius Cavallo, a philosophical writer; Woollet,
an eminent engraver; Webbe, the glee composer; Dr.
J. E. Grabe, a learned divine; and Jeremiah Collier, a
celebrated nonconformist preacher. The new parochial
church in Euston-square is a splendid structure, begun
in May 1819, and consecrated May 7th, 1822, having
been built and furnished at an expense of upwards of
£76,600: it is after the model of the temple of Erectheus
at Athens, with a lofty tower of three stages, resem-
bling the Temple of the Winds; at the west entrance is
a stately portico of six fluted Ionic columns, support-
ing an entablature and cornice, surmounted by a trian-
gular pediment; at the east end are two projecting
wings forming the vestry and registry, the roofs of
which, on the facia, are supported on caryatides: the
interior is chastely decorated, and the altar-piece is
ornamented with six verd antique columns of Scagliola
marble. A new church, in Regent-square, was erected
by grant of the parliamentary commissioners in 1824,
at an expense of £ 16,025. 10. 2., and contains one thou-
sand eight hundred and thirty-two sittings, of which
seven hundred and seventy-four are free: it is a hand-
some edifice, in the Grecian style of architecture, with
a portico of the Ionic order, and an octagonal tower of
two stages. The living is a district incumbency, in the
patronage of the Vicar. Churches have been built also
The Foundling hospital, situated on the north side
of Guildford-street, between Brunswick and Mecklen-
burgh squares, was founded by charter of George II. in
1739, "for the maintenance and instruction of deserted
infants," who are put under the care of nurses in the
country till of a proper age to receive instruction: there
are generally about four hundred children in the insti-
tution, who, after having received a suitable education,
are placed out apprentices, or put to service, and, at the
discretion of the committee, are supplied with money,
clothes, or other necessaries, to the amount of £10 each.
The income is about £14,000 per annum, arising from
funded property, the produce of sums given for admission
to the chapel, the children's work, and subscriptions.
The premises consist of a spacious and elegant chapel,
which occupies the centre, and two wings for the dormi-
tories, schools, offices, and apartments for the conductors
of the establishment. The chapel is decorated with a
fine altar-piece, painted by West, and the organ was
presented by Handel, who devoted to the use of the
charity the profits arising from the performance of his
oratorio of the Messiah. The Welch charity school,
in Gray's-Inn-lane, was established in 1714, for the
maintenance, clothing, and education of children, born
of Welch parents resident in or near London. The
premises, occupying three sides of a quadrangle, are
handsomely built of brick, and contain school-rooms
and dormitories for the children, and apartments for the
master and mistress in this institution are several
interesting manuscripts illustrative of the history of
the ancient Britons. St. Katherine's hospital was ori-
ginally founded by Matilda, wife of Stephen, in 1148,
and the endowment was augmented by Eleanor, queen
dowager of Henry III., for a master, three clerical
brethren, three sisters, ten bedeswomen, and six poor
clerks: the institution was subsequently patronised by
succeeding queens of England, and takes its name from
3 T 2
PAN
508
PAP
Katherine, consort of Henry VIII. On the construction
of St. Katherine's docks, near the Tower, the old
buildings were taken down, in 1826, and the establish-
ment removed to the Regent's Park, where the present
buildings were erected. The premises, handsomely
built of white brick, comprise two ranges, consisting of
three separate houses, in the Elizabethan style, with an
oriel window at the end front, for the residence of the
brethren and sisters, between which is the chapel, an
elegant structure, in the later style of English architec-
ture, with two angular turrets at the west end, crowned
with bold pinnacles; the west front is ornamented with
sculptures, and the entrance doorway and window
above it are of elegant design; the windows of the chapel
are of lofty dimensions and enriched with tracery, and
the large east window is embellished with painted glass:
adjoining the chapel is the school, in which twenty-five
boys and twelve girls are instructed and clothed from
the funds of the establishment. Opposite to the hos-
pital, in the area of the park, is the elegant villa of Sir
Herbert Taylor, who is master of the hospital. The
small-pox hospital at Battle-Bridge was instituted by
subscription, in 1746, and the present building erected
in 1767; it consists of a centre and two wings, hand-
somely built of brick, and surmounted by a central cu-
pola and dome since the introduction of vaccination,
the practice of inoculation has been abandoned, and not
less than one hundred thousand patients have been
vaccinated in this institution. Near the building is a
fever hospital, of later erection, for the reception of
patients afflicted with typhus and scarlet fever, and
other contagious diseases.
T
:
PANCRASSWEEK, a parish in the hundred of
BLACK TORRINGTON, County of DEVON, 4 miles (W.N.W.)
from Holsworthy, containing 529 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Brad-
worthy, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of
Exeter, endowed with £400 royal bounty. The church
The church
is dedicated to St. Pancras. The river Tamar, and the
The river Tamar, and the
Bude and Launceston canal, pass through the parish. At
Lana is the site of an ancient chapel.
PANFIELD, a parish in the hundred of HINCK-
FORD, County of Essex, 2½ miles (N. W. by N.) from
Braintree, containing 263 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £10. 10., and
in the patronage of the Rev. R. L. Page. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary and St. Christopher. Panfield
hall, built in 1546, is a curious specimen of the domestic
architecture of that period. An Alien priory of Bene-
dictine monks, subordinate to the abbey of St. Stephen,
at Caen in Normandy, was founded here in the reign of
William the Conqueror; but in that of Henry V. it be-
came parcel of the possessions of the prior and con-
vent of Canterbury, and at the dissolution was granted
to Sir Giles Capel.
PANGBOURN, a parish in the hundred of
READING, County of BERKS, 5 miles (W. N. W.) from
Reading, containing 703 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Berks, and diocese of
Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £10, and in the
patronage of J. S. Breedon, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. James. There is a place of worship for
Independents. A fine trout stream, called the Pang,
runs through the parish, and flows into the Thames,
.
which separates this from the parish of Whitchurch in
Oxfordshire. A school for twelve boys was founded in
1685, by John Breedon, Esq., who endowed it with a
rent-charge of £40, payable by the lord of the manor;
the master's salary is £25 a year, and the remainder is
applied in apprenticing the boys. Mrs. Dibble, in 1800,
bequeathed £ 100 three per cents. towards repairing the
school premises.
PANNALL, a parish in the lower division of the
wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the county of
YORK, 7 miles (W. N. W.) from Wetherby, containing,
with a part of the township of Swindon, 1314 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Court of the Honour of
Knaresborough, rated in the king's books at £5. 5.,
endowed with £323 private benefaction, and £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Rev. R. B.
Hunter. The church is dedicated to St. Robert of Knares-
borough. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. Five poor children are educated for a
trifling annuity, the gift of Richard Wright, in 1813.
PANTEAGUE, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of USK, county of MONMOUTH, 4 miles (W.s.w.)
from Usk, containing 1478 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese.
of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £7. 10. 2.,
and in the patronage of Capel Hanbury Leigh, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
PANTON, a parish in the eastern division of the
wapentake of WRAGGOE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 33 miles (E. by N.) from Wragby, containing
83 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £ 12, and in the patronage of Edmund Turnor, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
PANXWORTH, a parish in the hundred of WALS-
HAM, county of NORFOLK, 4 miles (N. W. by W.)
from Acle. The population is returned with Ranworth.
The living is a discharged rectory, annexed to the vicar-
age of Woodbastwick, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Norwich.
PAPCASTLE, a joint township with Goat, in the
parish of BRIDEKIRK, ALLERDALE ward below Der-
went, county of CUMBERLAND, 1 mile (N. W.) from
Cockermouth, containing 384 inhabitants. It is finely
situated on an eminence above the river Derwent, and
occupies the site of a Roman castrum, where a great
number of urns and coins, remains of baths, &c., havẹ
been discovered. After the Conquest, the castle becom-
ing the property of Waldeof, Lord of Allerdale, he caused
it to be demolished, and the materials to be used in the
erection of Cockermouth castle, the seat of his descend-
ants.
PAPERHAUGH, a township in the parish of ROTH-
BURY, western division of COQUETDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 3½ miles (E. S. E.) from Rothbury,
containing 80 inhabitants. The river Coquet runs
through the township, parallel to which a fine road
has been recently made from Rothbury to Weldon, at
the expense of about £ 1400.
PAPPLEWICK, a parish in the northern division of
the wapentake of BROXTOW, County of NOTTINGHAM,
7½ miles (N. by W.) from Nottingham, containing, with
Newstead Priory, 767 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and
-
PAR
PAR
509
diocese of York, endowed with £400 royal bounty, and
£1200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Fontayne Wilson, Esq. The church, dedicated to St.
James, was rebuilt in 1797, in the later style of English
architecture. Here are extensive cotton-mills, affording
employment to a great number of persons. In the side
of a hill in the neighbourhood is a curious ancient
excavation, with passages and doorways, traditionally
called Robin Hood's Stable.
PAPWORTH (ST. AGNES), a parish partly in the hun-
dred of TOSELAND, county of HUNTINGDON, but chiefly
in the hundred of PAPWORTH, county of CAMBRIDGE,
5 miles (N. N. W.) from Caxton, containing 74 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Ely, rated in the king's books at £9. 16. 3.,
and in the patronage of Henry Piper Sperling, Esq.
The church, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, is in
Cambridgeshire. From the extensive ruins scattered
throughout the parish, Papworth appears to have been
formerly a place of considerable importance, and the re-
mains of the old manor-house, now a farm-house, still
exhibit vestiges of decayed magnificence. There is a
saline chalybeate spring in the parish, which at one
time was in great repute.
PAPWORTH (ST. EVERARD), a parish in the
hundred of PAPWORTH, county of CAMBRIDGE, 4 miles
(N. N. W.) from Caxton, containing 117 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Ely, rated in the king's books at
£9. 15. 10., and in the patronage of the Master and
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge. The church is
dedicated to St. Peter.
•
PARACOMBE, a parish in the hundred of SHER-
WILL, County of DEVON, 11 miles (E. by S.) from
Ilfracombe, containing 364 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£13. 10. 10., and in the patronage of L. St. Albyn,
Esq. There are vestiges of an ancient fortification in
the neighbourhood.
PARBOLD, a township in the parish of ECCLESTON,
hundred of LEYLAND, county palatine of LANCASTER,
52 miles (N. W.) from Wigan, containing 339 inhabit-
ants.
PARDSEY, a joint township with Ullock and
Dean-Scales, in the parish of DEAN, ALLERDALE ward
above Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, 4 miles (S.S.W.)
from Cockermouth. The population is returned with
Ullock.
PARHAM, a parish in the hundred of PLOMESGATE,
county of SUFFOLK, 34 miles (N. by E.) from Wickham-
Market, containing 448 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, with that of Hacheston consoli-
dated, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of
Norwich, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Mrs. White.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. Parham Hall is
one of the curious remaining specimens of domestic
architecture prevalent in the reign of Elizabeth. Richard
Porter bequeathed a cottage for a school-house, and
a rent-charge of £12 for teaching twelve poor boys of
Parham and Hacheston.
PARHAM, a parish in the hundred of WEST EAS-
WRITH, rape of ARUNDEL, County of SUSSEX, 6 miles
(N. E. by N.) from Arundel, containing 77 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£10, and in the patronage of Lord de la Zouche. The
church, dedicated to St. Peter, is in the later style of
English architecture: it was repaired and the tower
added in 1800, and has an ancient leaden font in good
preservation. Here was formerly a cell to the abbey of
Glastonbury.
PARK, a ward in the parish of ST. STEPHEN, hun-
dred of CASHIO, or liberty of ST. ALBAN's, county of
HERTFORD, 2 miles (S.) from St. Alban's. The popu-
lation is returned with the parish.
PARK-END, a township in the parish of AUDLEY,
northern division of the hundred of PIREHILL, county
of STAFFORD, containing 88 inhabitants.
PARKGATE, a hamlet in the township of LEIGHTON,
parish of NESTON, higher division of the hundred of
WIRRALL, county palatine of CHESTER, 12 miles (N.W.)
from Chester, and 192 (N. W.) from London. The im-
portance of this place is derived from its being the resort
of visitors during the bathing season: it consists prin-
cipally of one long and irregular range of houses built
of brick, which front the estuary of the Dee, over which
is a commodious ferry to Flint: here is a custom-house
for vessels loading from the contiguous collieries: for-
merly this place was a sea-port of considerable import-
ance, and packets and other vessels were employed,
especially in the trade with Ireland; but at present it
is neglected as a packet station, vessels of burden being
prevented from approaching the quay, owing to the
formation of a large sand-bank, which greatly impedes
the navigation of the channel.
-
PARKHAM, a parish in the hundred of SHEBBEAR,
county of DEVON, 6½ miles (S.W.) from Bideford, con-
taining 967 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £20. 6. 8., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. Dr. Woodcock. The church, dedi-
cated to St. James, has an enriched Norman door. A
school is supported by the united bequests of John
Lovering, in 1671, and Wear Giffard. Bableigh, in this
parish, was long held by the family of Risdon, of which
the county historian was a member.
PARKHOLD, a township in the parish of LEDBURY,
hundred of RADLOW, county of HEREFORD, 2 miles
(S. by E.) from Ledbury, containing 55 inhabitants.
PARK-LEYS, an extra-parochial district, in the
northern division of the wapentake of THURGARTON,
county of NOTTINGHAM, containing 10 inhabitants.
PARK-QUARTER, a township in the parish of
STANHOPE, north-western division of DARLINGTON
ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 3 miles (W.) from
Stanhope, containing 1259 inhabitants.
PARKSTON, a chapelry in the parish of CANFORD
MAGNA, hundred of COGDEAN, Shaston (East) division
of the county of DORSET, 2 miles (E. by N.) from Poole;
containing 385 inhabitants. The chapel contains four
hundred free sittings, towards defraying the expense of
which the Incorporated Society for building and en-
larging churches and chapels contributed £500.
PARLEY (WEST), a parish in that part of the
hundred of CRANBORNE which is in the Shaston (East)
division of the county of DORSET, 63 miles (E. S. E.)
from Wimborne-Minster, containing 204 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Dorset,
PAR
PAS
510
and diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's books at
£6. 17. 6., and in the patronage of Thomas Deverell, Esq.
and others. There is a place of worship for Independents.
The navigable river Stour flows past the village.
PARLINGTON, a township in the parish of ABER-
FORD, lower division of the wapentake of SKYRACK,
West riding of the county of YORK, 7 miles (S. W.)
from Tadcaster, containing 229 inhabitants.
PARLY, a joint tything with Hurn, in the parish
and hundred of CHRISTCHURCH, New Forest (West) di-
vision of the county of SOUTHAMPTON. The popula-
tion is returned with the parish.
PARME, a joint township with Mooresbarrow, in
that part of the parish of MIDDLEWICH which is in the
hundred of NORTHWICH, County palatine of CHESTER,
23 miles (E. by S.) from Middlewich. The population
is returned with Mooresbarrow.
PARNDON (GREAT), a parish in the hundred
of Harlow, county of ESSEX, 34 miles (S. w. by W.)
from Harlow, containing 396 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of
Essex and Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial
Court of the Bishop of London, rated in the king's
books at £ 16. 10. 7., and in the patronage of the
Hon. W. T. L. P. Wellesley.
PARNDON (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
HARLOW, County of ESSEX, 23 miles (W. by S.) from
Harlow, containing 103 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the jurisdiction of the Com-
missary of Essex and Herts, concurrently with the
Consistorial Court of the Bishop of London, rated in the
king's books at £6, and in the patronage of William
Smith, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
PARR, a township in the parish of PRESCOT, hun-
dred of WEST DERBY, county palatine of LANCASTER,
3½ miles (W. by S.) from Newton in Mackerfield, con-
taining 1523 inhabitants. It adjoins the eastern part
of the town of St. Helen's.
PARSON-DROVE, a chapelry in the parish of
LEVERINGTON, hundred of WISBEACH, Isle of ELY,
county of CAMBRIDGE, 43 miles (W. by S.) from Wisbeach,
containing 675 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the rectory of Leverington, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Bishop of Ely. The chapel
is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. A school is sup-
ported by annual subscriptions amounting to about £15.
PARTINGTON, a township in the parish of Bow-
DON, hundred of BUCKLOW, county palatine of CHES-
TER, 5 miles (N. W.) from Altrincham, containing 434
inhabitants. There is a place of worship for Indepen-
dents. The village is situated on the navigable river
Mersey, where are extensive paper-mills, a mill-board
manufactory, a large corn-mill, and two tan-yards.
gious establishment here, over which the abbess Edelhild
presided.
PARTNEY, a parish in the Wold division of
the wapentake of CANDLESHOE, parts of LINDSEY,
county of LINCOLN, 12 mile (N. by E.) from Spilsby,
containing 293 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £ 11. 10. 24., and in the
patronage of Lord Gwydir. The church is dedicated to
St. Nicholas. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
So early as the seventh century, a monastery is said
to have existed at Partney; and it is certain that in the
time of Henry I., there was an hospital dedicated to St.
Mary Magdalene: Bede also mentions another reli-
3
PARTON, a township in the parish of MOResby,
ALLERDALE ward above Derwent, county of CUMBER-
LAND, 12 mile (N.) from Whitehaven, containing 496
inhabitants. There is a place of worship for Indepen-
dents. Several vessels were employed here in the coal
trade until 1795, when the pier. was washed away
by an unusually high tide, since which the harbour has
been resorted to by only a few fishing-boats: north of
the village is an extensive iron-foundry. Some years
ago a tunnel was constructed through Rednees point, in
continuation of a railway from the neighbouring coal-
works to Whitehaven. A free school was erected, in
1818, by Joseph Williamson, Esq., with an endowment
of £ 42 per annum, to which Chilwell Williamson, Esq.
has since bequeathed a house for the master, who
teaches sixty children.
-
PARTON, a township in the parish of THURSBY,
ward and county of CUMBERLAND, 24 miles (N. E.)
from Wigton, containing 95 inhabitants.
PARWICK, a parish in the hundred of WIRKS-
WORTH, county of DERBY, 6 miles (N. by E.) from
Ashbourn, containing 551 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed with £400
private benefaction, £ 400 royal bounty, and £ 600 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of William
Evans, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Peter, has
some portions of Norman architecture. A railway
from the Peak Forest canal to the Cromford canal
crosses the northern part of the parish. William Beres-
ford, in 1695, granted certain land, now producing about
£8 per annum, for which ten poor children are in-
structed. Parwick is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy
of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of a court of
pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the re-
covery of debts under 40s.
la
PASSENHAM, a parish in the hundred of CLELEY,
county of NORTHAMPTON, 14 mile (S. by W.) from Sto-
ny-Stratford, containing, with the hamlet of Denshanger
and part of that of Old Stratford, 753 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton,
and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£20, and in the patronage of Lord Viscount Maynard.
The church is dedicated to St. Guthlake. The Buck-
ingham canal passes through the parish. Six poor
children are educated for £ 2. 10. a year, arising from
a rent-charge bequeathed by John Swannell, in 1707.
This is mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle as the place
where the army of Edward the Elder lay whilst he was
fortifying Towcester against the Danes. Shrob Lodge,
in this parish, was the seat of the learned and indus-
trious antiquary, Browne Willis, Esq.
PASTON, a parish in the hundred of TUNSTEAD,
county of NORFOLK, 4 miles (N. E.) from North Wals-
ham, containing 238 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£ 6. 13. 4., endowed with £ 400 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of Lord Viscount Anson. The church is
dedicated to St. Margaret. Near it are the ruins of the
old hall and chapel belonging to the Paston family.
PASTON, a parish in the liberty of PETERBOrough,
county of NORTHAMPTON, 22 miles (N. by W.) from
PAT
PAT
511
Peterborough, containing, with the hamlets of Gun-
thorpe, Walton, and Werrington, 764 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northamp-
ton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's
books at £13. 7. 11., and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Peterborough. The church is dedicated to All
Saints.
PASTON, a township in the parish of KIRK-NEW-
TON, western division of GLENDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 9 miles (W. N. W.) from Wooler,
containing 209 inhabitants. It is bounded on the north
by the Beaumont river, and about a mile to the south-
ward of the village is Pawston Tarn, a large lake of a
circular form.
PATCHAM, a parish in the hundred of DEAN, rape
of LEWES, County of SUSSEX, 34 miles (N. by W.)
from Brighton, containing 403 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Lewes,
and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£7. 1. 51., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church, dedicated to All Saints, is partly in the early
English, and partly in the decorated, style of architec-
ture.
PATCHING, a parish and hundred in the rape of
BRAMBER, County of SUSSEX, 42 miles (E. by S.) from
Arundel, containing 222 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of
the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the king's books
at £11. 13. 4.
with a bequest of £1800 stock by Mrs. Alice Shepherd,
the dividends to be applied to the education and cloth-
ing of twenty poor children.
PATMER, a hamlet partly in the parish of ALBURY,
hundred of EDWINSTREE, and partly in the parish of
BISHOP'S STORTFORD, hundred of BRAUGHIN, county
of Hertford, adjacent to the town of Bishop's Stort-
ford. It belongs to the Bishops of London, who here
hold courts leet and baron, at which a constable and
other officers are annually chosen, and misdemeanants
punished.
PATCHWAY, a joint tything with Hempton, in that
part of the parish of ALMONDSBURY which is in the
lower division of the hundred of LANGLEY and SWINE-
HEAD, county of GLOUCESTER, 53 miles (N. by E.) from
Bristol. The population is returned with Hempton.
PATELEY-BRIDGE, a market town and parochial
chapelry in the lower division of the wapentake of CLARO,
West riding of the county of YORK, 8 miles (W. N. W.)
from Ripley, and 224 (N. N. W.) from London. The po-
pulation is returned with the township of High and
Low Bishopside, parish of Ripon, in which it is situated.
This town is situated on the northern bank of the river
Nidd, and is indebted for its importance to the adjacent
lead mines. A weekly market, granted by Edward II.,
in 1324, is held on Saturday: fairs are on Easter and
Whitsun eves, May 11th, September 17th (if on a Sa-
turday, otherwise on the following Saturday), Monday
after October 10th, and on Christmas-eve. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Archbishop of York, in the deanery of Ripon, endowed
with £400 private benefaction, £ 200 royal bounty, and
£ 1900 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Dean and Chapter of the Collegiate Church of Ri-
pon. The chapel, dedicated to St. Mary, has received
three hundred and sixty-five additional sittings, of which
two hundred are free, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having contributed
£500 towards defraying the expense. A new church,
in the English style of architecture, was commenced
in October 1825, and completed in 1827, the parli-
amentary commissioners having granted £2000 to-
wards its erection; it contains eight hundred and three
sittings, of which four hundred and thirty-two are free.
There is a place of worship for Independents. An
ancient foundation, called Rake's school, from the site
of ground on which it stands, was augmented, in 1806,
PATNEY, a parish forming a distinct portion of the
hundred of ELSTUB and EVERLEY, County of WILTS,
43 miles (E. S. E.) from Devizes, containing 141 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£19. 8. 4., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Win-
chester. The church is dedicated to St. Swithin.
PATRINGTON, a market town and parish in the
southern division of the wapentake of HOLDERNESS,
East riding of the county of YORK, 56 miles (E. S. E.)
from York, and 189 (N. by E.) from London, containing
1244 inhabitants. This place, which is of great anti-
quity, is supposed by some antiquaries to be the Præ-
torium of Antoninus, and the point where the Roman
road leading from the great Picts' wall terminates : about
seventy years ago, a stone, which had formed part of a
Roman altar, was dug up here.
Roman altar, was dug up here. The town is pleasantly
situated near a small river, which empties itself into the
æstuary of the Humber, and although in a flat country,
different points in the vicinity afford commanding views
of the Humber and its fertile shores, as far as Spurn
Point, about seven miles south-eastward, and also of
the opposite coast of Lincolnshire; the houses are but
indifferently built.
indifferently built. The haven, about a mile distant,
according to tradition, was formerly capable of admit-
ting large vessels, but it has become so obstructed by
the accumulation of silt, as only to afford access to small
craft, which convey corn to Hull and London, and im-
port lime and coal from the West riding. The market
is on Saturday, principally for corn, the trade in which
is considerable; and fairs are held on March 28th,
July 18th, and December 6th, for shoes, linen-drapery,
woollen cloth, copper and tin ware, toys, &c. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of the East riding, and
diocese of York, rated in the king's books at £22, and
in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of Clare
Hall, Cambridge. The church, dedicated to St. Patrick,
is a spacious and handsome cruciform edifice, combining
the decorated and later styles of English architecture :
it is surmounted by a fine lofty spire, visible at a great
distance, and forming a land-mark for mariners ap-
proaching the mouth of the Humber. There are places
of worship for Independents and Primitive and Wes-
leyan Methodists.
PATRIXBOURNE, a parish in the hundred of
BRIDGE and PETHAM, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, County
of KENT, 34 miles (S. E. by E.) from Canterbury, con-
taining 268 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, with the
perpetual curacy of Bridge annexed, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at
£5. 7. 3., and in the patronage of E. Taylor, Esq. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is principally in the
Norman style, but there are some portions of later
date. A priory of Augustine canons, a cell to the
PAT
PAU
512
abbey of Beaulieu in Normandy, was founded here
about 1200, and in 1399, or the year following, was
made subject to the priory of Merton in Surrey.
14
PATSHULL, a parish in the southern division of
the hundred of SEISDON, County of STAFFORD, 52
miles (S. E.) from Shiffnall, containing 144 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £400 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of Sir George Pigot, Bart.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. Within the parish
are two fine lakes, called Patshull-pool and Snowdon-pool.
PATTERDALE, a joint chapelry with Hartsop, in the
parish of BARTON, WEST ward, county of WESTMORLAND,
4 miles (N. by E.) from Ambleside. The population is
returned with Hartsop. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, endowed
with £200 private benefaction, £ 600 royal bounty, and
£500 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Earl of Lonsdale. The church is dedicated to St. Pa-
trick. There is a small school endowed with £6 per
annum. Patterdale lies along the upper reach of Ulls-
water, amidst scenery of a most sublime character, the
view being bounded by a vast amphitheatre of moun-
tains, which surrounds the lake. It is intersected by
numerous rills from the mountains, and by others
flowing from the three tarns, Brotherwater, Hayswater,
and Angle tarn, emptying themselves into lake Ulls-
water at the head of the latter is an inn for the con-
venience of tourists, near which a large fair for sheep
is held in October. There are several very productive
quarries of fine blue slate in the neighbourhood.
PATTESLEY, a parish in the hundred of LAUN-
DITCH, County of NORFOLK, 4 miles (S. S. W.) from
Fakenham. The population is returned with Oxwick.
The living is a sinecure rectory, annexed to the vicarage
of Mattishall, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Nor-
wich, rated in the king's books at £8. 18. 9., endowed
with £200 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty.
The church, which has fallen into ruins, was dedicated
to St. John the Baptist.
PATTINGHAM, a parish partly in the hundred of
STOTTESDEN, County of SALOP, but chiefly in the south-
ern division of the hundred of SEISDON, County of STAF
FORD, 6½ miles (W.) from Wolverhampton, containing,
with the township of Rudge, 935 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in
the king's books at £8, and in the patronage of Sir
George Pigot, Bart. The church is dedicated to St.
Chad in the cemetery is an old Roman cross. A
school is endowed with about £ 12 per annum.
PATTISWICK, a parish in the Witham division of
the hundred of LEXDEN, county of ESSEX, 23 miles
(W. N. W.) from Great Coggeshall, containing 320 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Colchester, and diocese of London, and in
the patronage of the Bishop of London. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene.
PATTISHALL, a parish in the hundred of Towces-
TER, county of NORTHAMPTON, 4 miles (N. N. W.) from
Towcester, containing 695 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage in two portions, in the archdeaconry of North-
ampton, and diocese of Peterborough, respectively rated
in the king's books at £6. 11. 10., and in the patron-
age of the Crown and the Rev. T. C. Welch, alternately.
The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Thomas
Young, in 1684, bequeathed houses and land, now pro-
ducing an income of about £ 14 a year, for which six
boys receive instruction, and four others are taught for
an annuity of £5, paid from the funds of Foxley charity.
The Roman Watling-street passes through the parish.
PATTON, a township in that part of the parish of
KENDAL which is in KENDAL ward, county of WEST-
MORLAND, 31 miles (N. E. by N.) from Kendal, contain-
ing 89 inhabitants.
PAUL, a parish in the hundred of PENWITH, County
of CORNWALL, 23 miles (S. by W.) from Penzance, con-
taining 3790 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £13. 11. 0ž., and in the pa-
tronage of the Crown. In this parish are the village's
of Mousehole and Newlyn, both situated on the coast of
Mount's bay, and numerously inhabited by fishermen.
The pilchard and mackarel fisheries are carried on to a
great extent. The various kinds of fish that frequent
this part of the channel are sent in abundance to Pen-
zance and several of the other Cornish towns; and the
London market, in the early part of the season, is chiefly
supplied with mackarel from this place, by way of Ports-.
mouth. Mousehole, otherwise called Port Enys, was
anciently a port of considerable importance, a new quay
having been constructed so early as 1392: it was also a
market town, but the market has been discontinued since
that place and Newlyn were burned by the Spaniards
in 1595: it is still defended by a battery. There is an
almshouse for six poor men, founded in 1709, by Cap-
tain Stephen Hitchens, and endowed with land now pro-
ducing about £70 per annum.
PAUL, a parish in the southern division of the wa-
pentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the county of
YORK, comprising the chapelry of Thorn-Grumbald,
and the township of Paul, and containing 745 inhabit-
ants, of which number, 486 are in the township of Paul,
24 miles (S. W.) from Hedon. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of the East riding, and
diocese of York, rated in the king's books at £10. 0. 5.,
and in the patronage of the Archbishop of York. The
church, dedicated to St. Andrew and St. Mary, is a small
cruciform structure, in the later English style. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists, with a Sun-
day school attached. Here is an extensive dock-yard,
in which several ships of the line were built during the
late war.
PAULERS-PURY, a parish in the hundred of
CLELEY, County of NORTHAMPTON, 3 miles (S. E. by S.)
from Towcester, containing 1069 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£24. 4. 2., and in the patronage of the Warden and
Fellows of New College, Oxford. The church, dedi-
cated to St. James, contains a curious ancient font.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
William Marriott, in 1721, bequeathed certain land, di-
recting the income to be applied in teaching six poor
boys. The ancient Watling-street passes through the
parish, in which coins of Constantine, Maximian, and
other emperors have been found. Dr. Edward Bernard,
a learned astronomer and Savilian professor at Oxford,
was born here in 1638; he died in 1697.
PAY
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513
PAULTON, a parish in the hundred of CHewton,
county of SOMERSET, 9 miles (S. W.) from Bath, con-
taining 1380 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual cu-
racy, annexed to the vicarage of Chewton-Mendip, in the
archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells.
The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. There
are places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan Me-
thodists.
PAUNTLEY, a parish in the hundred of BOTLOE,
county of GLOUCESTER, 22 miles (N. E. by N.) from
Newent, containing 280 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Hereford, and
diocese of Gloucester, endowed with £600 royal bounty,
and £ 200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Bishop of Gloucester. The church, dedicated to
St. John the Evangelist, has an enriched Norman door.
The river Leddon runs through the parish. Here are
springs, the water of which is similar in quality to the
Cheltenham waters.
PAVENHAM, a parish in the hundred of WILLEY,
county of BEDFORD, 7 miles (N. W.) from Bedford,
containing 455 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Felmersham, in the
archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese of Lincoln. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter.
PAWLETT, a parish in the northern division of the
hundred of PETHERTON, County of SOMERSET, 5 miles
(N.) from Bridg-water, containing 529 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry 'of
Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £ 10. 17. 11., and in the patronage of the
Crown. The church is dedicated to St. John the Bap-
tist. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Metho-
dists. The navigable river Parret bounds the parish on
the east and south.
PAXFORD, a hamlet in the parish of BLOCKLEY,
upper division of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW, County
of WORCESTER, though locally in the upper division of
the hundred of Kiftsgate, county of Gloucester, 4 miles
(N. by W.) from Moreton in the Marsh, containing 153
inhabitants.
PAXTON (GREAT), a parish in the hundred of
TOSELAND, County of HUNTINGDON, 3 miles (N. E. by
N.) from St. Neots, containing 250 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, with the perpetual curacies of Little
Paxton and Toseland annexed, in the archdeaconry of
Huntingdon, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £ 16. 2. 11., and in the patronage of the Dean
and Chapter of Lincoln. The church is dedicated to the
Holy Trinity. The river Ouse bounds the parish on the
west.
PAXTON (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
TOSELAND, County of HUNTINGDON, 2 miles (N.) from
St. Neots, containing 301 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Great Pax-
ton, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and diocese of
Lincoln. The church is dedicated to St. James. The
river Ouse runs through the parish.
PAYHEMBURY, a parish in the hundred of HAY-
RIDGE, county of DEVON, 5 miles (W. N. W.) from
Honiton, containing 507 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £18. 4. 2., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. T. T. Jackson. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Mary, is a handsome structure, and has a fine
VOL. III.
wooden screen. At Leyhill is an old mansion, with a
chapel; and at Hembury is an ancient intrenchment.
•
PAYTHORNE, a township in the parish of Gis-
BURN, western division of the wapentake of STAIN-
CLIFFE and EWCROSS, West riding of the county of
YORK, 9 miles (S.) from Settle, containing 242 inhabit-
ants.
PAYTON, a township in the parish of LEINtwar-
DINE, hundred of WIGMORE, County of HEREFORD,
containing, with the townships of Adforton and Grange,
<
212 inhabitants.
PEAK, a joint hamlet with Westbury, in that part
of the parish of EAST MEON which is in the hundred of
MEON-STOKE, Portsdown division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 10 miles (W. by S.) from Petersfield.
The population is returned with Westbury.
PEAK-FOREST, an extra-parochial liberty, in the
hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY, 3½ miles
(N. W.) from Tideswell, containing 680 inhabitants.
Here is a chapel, dedicated to King Charles the Martyr :
the living is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdic-
tion of the Dean and Chapter of Lichfield, and in the
patronage of the Duke of Devonshire. A free school is
endowed with about £10 per annum, for the education
of ten poor children. This district is in the honour of
Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction
of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday,
for the recovery of debts under 40s.
PEAKIRK, a parish in the liberty of PETERBO-
ROUGH, county of NORTHAMPTON, 34 miles (S. E.) from
Market-Deeping, containing 180 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, with the perpetual curacy of Glinton annexed,
in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of
Peterborough, rated in the king's books at £ 18. 3. 114.,
and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Peter-
borough. The church is dedicated to St. Pega, who, in
714, settled here in a cell which Edmund Atheling after-
wards converted into a monastery, which, though twice
destroyed by the Danes, existed till 1048. A charity
school for five poor girls of Peakirk, and ten of Glinton,
is supported with the interest of a sum of money be-
queathed by Ann Ireland in 1712.
PEALS, a township in the parish of ALLENTON,
western division of COQUETDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, Smiles (W. by N.) from Roth-
bury, containing 76 inhabitants. It is situated on the
river Coquet.
PEASEMORE, a parish in the hundred of FAIR-
CROSS, county of BERKS, 44 miles (W. S.W.) from East
Ilsley, containing 284 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Berks, and diocese of Salis-
bury, rated in the king's books at £ 12. 12. 1., and in the
patronage of J. A. Houblon, Esq. In the church is a
memorial of William Coward, lord of the manor, who,
though his income did not exceed £110 per annum,
built at his own expense the tower of the church, and
gave the great bell and communion plate, besides per-
forming various other acts of charity; he died in 1739.
The Wesleyan Methodists have a place of worship here.
PEASENHALL, a parish in the hundred of Blyth-
ING, county of SUFFOLK, 23 miles (W. by N.) from
Yoxford, containing 746 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Sibton, in
the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich,
endowed with £ 400 royal bounty. The church is dedi-
3 U
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514
cated to St. Michael. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists.
PEASMARSH, a parish in the hundred of GOLD-
SPUR, rape of HASTINGS, county of SUSSEX, 34 miles
(N. W. by W.) from Rye, containing 913 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Lewes, and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's
books at £5. 9. 2., and in the patronage of the Master
and Fellows of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. The
church, dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, is in the
early style of English architecture. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
PEATLING (MAGNA), a parish in the hundred of
GUTHLAXTON, county of LEICESTER, 6 miles (N. E.
by N.) from Lutterworth, containing 228 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, united in 1729 to
the rectory of Willoughby-Waterless, in the archdea-
conry of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £5. 9. 2. The church is dedicated to
All Saints.
PEATLING (PARVA), a parish in the hundred of
GUTHLAXTON, county of LEICESTER, 43 miles (N. E.
by N.) from Lutterworth, containing 173 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Leicester,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£9. 14.7., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is dedicated to St. Andrew. There are some
mild chalybeate springs in the parish.
PEATON, a township in the parish of DIDDLEBURY,
hundred of MUNSLOW, County of SALOP, containing 193
inhabitants.
PEBMARSH, a parish in the hundred of HINCK-
FORD, county of ESSEX, 3 miles (N. E. by E.) from
Halsted, containing 601 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £10, and in
the patronage of the Earl of Verulam. The church is
dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
PEBWORTH, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of KIFTSGATE, County of GLOUCESTER, 64 miles
(N. by W.) from Chipping-Campden, containing 620 in-
habitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the
king's books at £10. 1. 2., endowed with £400 royal
bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in the joint
patronage of Messrs. Shekell and Millard. The church
is dedicated to St. Peter. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists. Two small schools are en-
dowed to a trifling extent. Several mineral springs rise
in this parish, which are said to resemble the Chelten-
ham waters, but they are not generally known.
PECKFORTON, a township in that part of the pa-
rish of BUNBURY which is in the first division of the
hundred of EDDISBURY, county palatine of CHESTER,
4 miles (S. S. W.) from Tarporley, containing 294 in-
habitants. Horseley bath, a mineral spring formerly in
considerable esteem, is in this township. A school is
supported by small annual subscriptions.
distance of it. Peckham was formerly the scene of
a popular fair annually in August, which has been sup>
pressed: a little beyond this point is Forest Hill, com-
manding many varied and beautiful prospects. A silk-
factory has been recently established. There are two
proprietary episcopal chapels, one in Hill-street, which
is in the later style of English architecture, and is sur-
mounted by a spire; the other has been recently erected,
and is in the same style, with a tower. There are places
of worship for Baptists and Independents. A National
school, for children of both sexes, amounting to two
hundred and eighty in number; a Lancasterian school,
for one hundred and forty children; and an infant
school, are severally supported by voluntary contribu-
tions. In that part of the hamlet called Peckham New
Town is the asylum for decayed victuallers, instituted
in 1827, under the patronage of His Royal Highness
the Duke of Sussex, who laid the first stone of the
building, which, when completed, will consist of a spa-
cious range, occupying three sides of a quadrangular
area enclosed with a handsome palisade, and tastefully
laid out in parterres of flowers and shrubs; the north
and south wings are not yet above the foundation, but
the centre forms a noble range of building, comprising
the committee-room and other offices, fronted with a
handsome portico of six pillars of the Ionic order, sup-
porting an entablature and triangular pediment, in the
tympanum of which is a clock, and surmounted by a
handsome cupola, surrounded with Ionic pillars sup-
porting a dome; the whole number of tenements will
be one hundred and one, of which forty-three are at
present occupied the grounds surrounding the asylum
comprise more than six acres, commanding a pleasing
view of the Surrey hills on the south, and of the metro-
polis to the north.
PECKHAM (EAST), a parish in the hundred of Twy-
FORD, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 6 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Tonbridge, containing 1724 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction of
the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the king's books
at £14, and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter
of Canterbury: the impropriate rectory is rated at £23.
The church, dedicated to St. Michael, has lately received
an addition of one hundred and five sittings, of which
eighty-five are free, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having granted
£40 towards defraying the expense.
PECKHAM (WEST), a parish in the hundred of
LITTLEFIELD, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT,
6 miles (N. E.) from Tonbridge, containing, with Oxen-
oath, 498 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vi-
carage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Rochester,
rated in the king's books at £7. 5. 10., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Rochester.
The church, dedicated to St. Dunstan, is a small build-
ing, with a tower surmounted by a spirė, situated on an
eminence nearly in the centre of the parish. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Hops and
fruit are cultivated to a considerable extent, and a fair
is held on Whit-Thursday. A preceptory of Knights
Hospitallers was founded here, in 1408, by John Cole-
pepper, one of the Justices of the Common Pleas.
PECKLETON, a parish in the hundred of SPARK-
ENHOE, county of LEICESTER, 5 miles (N. E. by N.)
PECKHAM, a hamlet in the parish of CAMBERWELL,
eastern division of the hundred of BRIXTON, county of
SURREY, 4 miles (S. E. by S.) from London. The po-
pulation is returned with the parish. This pleasant
village contains many spacious and excellent houses,
forming one principal street, which is lighted with gas:
a branch of the Surrey canal approaches within a short
.
PEL
PEM
515
*
from Hinckley, containing, with the hamlet of Tooley,
359 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in
the king's books at £8, and in the patronage of the
Rev. Mr. Cooper. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
Peckleton is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lan-
caster, and within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas
held at Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the recovery
of debts under 40s.
PEDMORE, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of HALFSHIRE, County of WORCESTER, 1 mile
(S. by E.) from Stourbridge, containing 307 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Worcester, rated in the king's books at £9.10.,
and in the patronage of Lord Foley. The church, de-
dicated to St. Peter, is a very ancient structure, with
some remains of Norman architecture. About 1699, a
free school was founded and endowed with £6 per
annum, by Thomas Foley, Esq.
PEDWARDINE, a joint township with Boresford,
in that part of the parish of BRAMPTON-BRYAN which
is in the hundred of WIGMORE, county of HEREFORD,
42 miles (N. E.) from Presteigne. The population is re-
turned with Boresford. Here was formerly a castle
belonging to the family of Hay, Barons of Penwardine,
and now Earls of Kinnoul.
PEEL, county palatine of LANCASTER.-See HUL-
TON (LITTLE).
PEELE, a joint township with Horton, in that part
of the parish of TARVIN which is in the second divi-
sion of the hundred of EDDISBURY, county palatine of
CHESTER, 7 miles (E. N. E.) from Chester. The po-
pulation is returned with Horton.
PEERSTON-JAGLIN, a township in that part of
the parish of FEATHERSTONE which is in the upper di-
vision of the wapentake of OSGOLDCROSS, West riding
of the county of YORK, 24 miles (S. W.) from Pontefract,
containing 244 inhabitants. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
PEGSWORTH, a township in that part of the pa-
rish of BOTHALL which is in the eastern division of
MORPETH ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 1½ mile
(E. N. E.) from Morpeth, containing 155 inhabitants.
Here are some collieries.
PELDON, a parish in the hundred of WINSTREE,
county of ESSEX, 5 miles (S. by W.) from Colchester,
containing 438 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £ 16. 15. 10., and in the pa-
tronage of Earl Waldegrave. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary. The parish is bounded on the south-east
by Mersea chanel.
PELHAM (BRENT), a parish in the hundred of ED-
WINSTREE, County of HERTFORD, 52 miles (E. by N.)
from Buntingford, containing 280 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged vicarage, consolidated, in 1771, with
that of Furneux-Pelham, in the peculiar jurisdiction of
the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, London, rated in
the king's books at £7. 6. S., endowed with £210
private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of the Bishop of London. The church,
dedicated to the Virgin Mary, has a square embattled
tower; the chancel is less than it formerly was, the
south side having fallen down some years ago.
PELHAM (FURNEUX), a parish in the hundred of
EDWINSTREE, county of HERTFORD, 5 miles (E. by S.)
from Buntingford, containing 566 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged vicarage, with that of Brent-Pelham
consolidated, in 1771, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, London, rated in the
king's books at £9, endowed with £250 private bene-
faction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Bishop of London. The church, dedicated to
St. Mary, has a chapel, the burial-place of the Calvert
family, on the south side of the chancel; and at the
west end a square tower, embattled, and surmounted
by a short spire. Mrs. Wheatley, in 1754, founded a
school, and endowed it with a house and land, for teach-
ing poor children.
PELHAM (STOCKING), a parish in the hundred of
EDWINSTREE, County of HERTFORD, 6 miles (E.) from
Buntingford, containing 150 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and dio-
cese of London, rated in the king's books at £7. 10. 7.,
and in the patronage of Calvert, Esq. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, has a small wooden tower with
a low spire.
—
PELSALL, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of WOLVERHAMPTON which is in the southern divi-
sion of the hundred of OFFLOW, county of STAF-
FORD, 34 miles (N.) from Walsall, containing 579
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
jurisdiction of the royal peculiar court of Wolver-
hampton, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Dean
of Windsor. The chapel is dedicated to St. Michael.
The Essington and Wyrley canal passes through the
parish.
PELTON, a township in that part of the parish of
CHESTER le STREET which is in the middle division
of CHESTER ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 8 miles
(N. by W.) from Durham, containing 522 inhabitants.
PELYNT, a parish in the hundred of WEST, county
of CORNWALL, 4 miles (W. N. W.) from West Looe, con-
taining 750 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £17. 18. 6., and in the
patronage of J. Buller, Esq. The church, dedicated
to St. Nunn, contains a curious monument to the
memory of Francis Buller, Esq., who died in 1615.
At Trelawny, in this parish, there remains a portion of
a castellated mansion, erected by Lord Bonville, in the
fifteenth century.
PEMBERTON, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of WIGAN which is in the hundred of WEST DERBY,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 24 miles (W. S. W.) from
Wigan, containing 3679 inhabitants, who are chiefly
employed in the coal mines, which are worked here to
a considerable extent. The parliamentary commis-
sioners for building new churches and chapels have
given directions for the erection of a new chapel at this
place. In the neighbourhood is Hawkley Hall, a very
ancient building, the original proprietors of which came
over with the Conqueror.
PEMBRIDGE, a parish and borough (formerly a
market town), in the hundred of STRETFORD, county
of HEREFORD, 15 miles (N. W. by N.) from Hereford,
containing 1203 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford,
3 U 2
PEN
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516
rated in the king's books at £36. 10. 2., and in the
patronage of the President and Fellows of Corpus
Christi College, Oxford. The church, dedicated to St.
Peter, is a large and lofty structure, with a detached
steeple of singular construction, its wooden frame-work
being particularly curious. The Wesleyan Methodists
have places of worship here; and there is also a chapel
belonging to the Home Missionary Society. The river
Arrow passes through the town, which is governed by
a high bailiff, chosen every two years by a majority of
the householders. Courts leet and baron are held an-
nually; and there are fairs, on May 13th for hiring ser-
vants, &c., and November 22nd for the sale of cattle;
but the market, granted by Henry I., has long since
declined. A free school, endowed by William Carpenter
in 1650, is at present conducted on Dr. Bell's system.
Here are almshouses, erected and endowed, in 1661, by
Jeffry and Bishop Duppa, for six poor persons, each to
receive £5 per annum.
C
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PEMBURY, a parish in the hundred of WASHLING-
STONE, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 34 miles
(S. E.) from Tonbridge, containing 891 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Rochester, rated in the king's books at
£6. 8. 8., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Rev.
S. S. Woodgate. The church, dedicated to St. Peter, has
lately received an addition of sixty free sittings, the
Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels having granted £30 towards defraying
the expense.
Several small streams, tributary to the
Medway, run through the parish. An almshouse
for six poor blind persons was erected, in 1716, by
Charles Selby, in pursuance of the will of Charles
Amherst, who previously, in 1702, bequeathed a rent-
charge of £213 for its maintenance.
3
4
PENALTH, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of RAGLAND, county of MONMOUTH, 12 mile
(S. E. by S.) from Monmouth, containing 464 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the
vicarage of Trellack, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Llandaff.
PENCOMBE, a parish in the hundred of BROX-
ASH, County of HEREFORD, 44 miles (W. by S.) from
Bromyard, containing, with the townships of Grendon-
Warren and Marstone-Stannett, 453 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Hereford, rated in the king's books at £13. 6. 8.,
and in the patronage of Richard Arkright, Esq. A
court leet is held here once in three years; and, by
ancient custom, the lord of the manor claims a pair
of gilt spurs whenever a mayor of Hereford dies while
in office.
PENCOYD, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of WORMELOW, County of HEREFORD, 6 miles
(W. N. W.) from Ross, containing 161 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, united with that of Mars-
tow, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford, en-
dowed with £800 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Rev. Francis Coke.
PENDEFORD, a township in that part of the parish
of TETTENHALL which is in the southern division of
the hundred of SEISDON, County of STAFFORD, 44 miles
(N. N. W.) from Wolverhampton, containing 253 inha-
bitants.
PENDLEBURY, a township in the parish of Ec-
CLES, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of Lan-
CASTER, 44 miles (N. W. by W.) from Manchester, con-
taining 1047 inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in
the manufacture and printing of cotton.
There is a
place of worship for Independents. The Bolton and'
Bury canal runs through the township. Agecroft Hall
is a fine ancient fabric, supposed to have been built
before the time of Richard II. it was the birthplace
of Cardinal Langley, and a staining of the royal arms,
still remaining in the window of its chapel, was pre-
sented by John of Gaunt to that family.
:
PENDLETON, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of WHALLEY which is in the higher division of the
hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 24 miles (S. S. E.) from Clitheroe, containing 1319
inhabitants, of whom about one thousand are employed
at the extensive calico-printing establishment here.
PENDLETON, a chapelry in the parish of ECCLES,
hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LANCASTER,
24 miles (W. by N.) from Manchester, containing 5948
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed
to the vicarage of Eccles, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Chester, endowed with £200 royal bounty, and
£1800 parliamentary grant. The chapel, dedicated to
St. Thomas, was built by Messrs.. S. Brierly and John
Fletcher, in 1777, and was purchased by subscription
among the inhabitants shortly afterwards: it was ori-
ginally used as a place of worship for. Methodists, the
celebrated John Wesley having first officiated in it. The
first stone of a new church was laid in July 1829, in
which it is intended to accommodate one thousand six
hundred persons, the commissioners for building ad-
ditional churches having granted £600, and the inha-
bitants having subscribed £1000, towards defraying the
expense. The Independents, Wesleyans, and Methodists
of the New Connexion, have each a place of worship
here. The Liverpool and Edinburgh road, the Bolton
and Bury canal, and the Manchester and Liverpool rail-
road, pass through the chapelry. There are several
cotton-mills, with dyeing, printing, and bleaching esta-
blishments, also a flax-mill upon an improved principle,
together affording employment to about two thousand
five hundred persons, the remainder of the inhabitants
being chiefly occupied in the manufacture of silk and
cotton, in handicraft trades, and at the neighbouring col-
lieries. A small library of useful works was established
in 1829 at the village, adjacent to which are many plea-
sant genteel villas. A school is supported by subscription,
in which about two hundred children are instructed.
PENDOCK, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of OsWALDSLOW, though locally in the lower
division of that of Pershore, county of WORCESTER, 5
miles (S. S. W.) from Upton upon Severn, containing
276 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's
books at £11. 2. 11. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists.
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PENDOMER, a parish in the hundred of HoUNDS-
borough, BerWICK, and COKER, county of SOMERSET,
43 miles (S. W. by S.) from Yeovil, containing 70 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £3. 4. 4., and in the patronage of
William Helyar, Esq.
PEN
PEN
517
PENGE, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
BATTERSEA which is in the eastern division of the hun-
dred of BRIXTON, county of SURREY, 32 miles (N.N.E.)
from Croydon, containing 228 inhabitants.
PENHOW, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of CALDICOTT, County of MONMOUTH, 5 miles
(E. by S.) from Caerleon, containing 220 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at
£5. 4. 9., and in the patronage of John Cave, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. There
are still some remains of Penhow castle.
PENHURST, a parish in the hundred of Nether-
FIELD, rape of HASTINGS, County of SUSSEX, 33 miles
(W. by N.) from Battle, containing 106 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, annexed to the vicarage of
Ashburnham, in the archdeaconry of Lewes, and diocese
of Chichester, rated in the king's books at £3. 18. 4.,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty. The church is principally in the later style of
English architecture.
PENISTONE, a parish in the wapentake of STAIN-
CROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, comprising the
market town of Penistone, the chapelry of Denby, and
the townships of Gunthwaite, Hunshelf, Ingbirchworth,
Langsett, Oxspring, and Thurlestone, and containing
5042 inhabitants, of which number, 645 are in the town of
Penistone, 8 miles (W.S.W.) from Barnesley, and 177 (N.
N. W.) from London. The town is situated on the south-
ern bank of the river Don, and consists of four streets,
which intersect each other at right angles: it is in general
well built. The only branch of manufacture is that of
linen, which is not very extensive. The market is on
Thursday, principally for cattle. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
York, rated in the king's books at £ 16. 14. 2., and in the
patronage of Major-General G. Bosville. The church is
dedicated to St. John the Baptist. There are places of
worship for the Society of Friends, Independents, and
Wesleyan Methodists. A free grammar school was
founded in 1604, and endowed by sundry persons
with houses, lands, and rent-charges, now producing
an income of about £110 per annum, which till lately
was applied for teaching the classics, but at present the
children are only taught English. There is also a free
school for girls, erected in 1821 by subscription, to
which the National School Society also contributed :
it is endowed with £420 four per cents., producing
£16. 16. per annum; one hundred and twenty are in-
structed: the mistress also receives £10 per annum, the
bequest of Josias Wordsworth, for which twenty addi-
tional girls are taught. Dr. Nicholas Sanderson, the cele-
brated blind Professor of Mathematics in the University
of Cambridge, was a native of this parish.
PENKETH, a township in the parish of Prescot,
hundred of WEST DERBY, County palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 3 miles (W.) from Warrington, containing 477
inhabitants. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
tion of a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third Tues-
day, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
PENKHUL, a joint township with Boothen, in the
parish of STOKE upon TRENT, northern division of the
hundred of PIREHILL, County of STAFFORD, 1 mile
(S. E. by E.) from Newcastle under Line, containing,
with Boothen, 4915 inhabitants. It is in the honour of
Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdic-
PENKRIDGE, a parish partly in the western, but
chiefly in the eastern, division of the hundred of CUT-
TLESTONE, County of STAFFORD, comprising the town
of Penkridge, the chapelries of Coppenhall and Dun-
ston, and the townships of Lovedale with Drayton, Mit-
ton, Otherton, Pileton, Water-Eaton, Rodbaston, and
Whiston with Bickford, and containing 2641 inhabitants,
of which number, 2299 are in the town of Penkridge,
6 miles (S.) from Stafford, and 128 (N. W.) from London.
This place is of great antiquity, and is supposed by
Camden to have been the Roman Pennocrucium; part of
its modern name is evidently deduced from the river
Penk, on which it stands, but whether the remainder
denotes the bank of this stream, or is a corruption of
bridge, is a matter of conjecture: there is a stone
bridge over the river. This small town, from its low
situation, is subject to frequent inundations: it consists
principally of two streets. Here are some iron works;
and the Staffordshire and Worcestershire canal passes
eastward of the town. The market, formerly held on
Tuesday, is now disused; fairs are held April 30th, the
first Monday in September, and the 10th of October, the
first of which is said to be one of the greatest marts for
cattle in the kingdom, and the second is a noted horse fair.
The petty sessions for the east and west divisions of the
hundred are occasionally held here. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the jurisdiction of the royal peculiar
court of Penkridge, endowed with £ 400 private benefac-
tion, and £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of E.
J. Littleton, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Michael,
is principally in the later style of English architecture,
but the east window is of the decorated character, with
elegant tracery: it was made collegiate by King John,
and given by him to the see of Dublin, the archbishop
of which was dean, and under him were thirteen pre-
bendaries, whose prebends, at the Reformation, were
valued at £106. 15. 1. A school-house was erected by
subscription in 1695; and in 1731, Francis Sherratt
endowed it with land for the education of eight poor
boys; the income, arising from this and other bequests,
amounts to £36. 3. per annum; twelve boys and eight
girls are now educated. In 1819, two school-rooms,
and a residence for the master and mistress, were built
by E. J. Littleton, Esq., in which two hundred children
are instructed on Dr. Bell's system, at his sole expense.
Congreve, a hamlet in this parish, was long the seat of
an ancient family of the same name, and it is stated
by some writers to have been the native place of Con-
greve, the poet, but it is most probable that he was
born in Ireland: this hamlet is, however, the birthplace
of the learned divine and critic, Dr. Richard Hurd,
Bishop of Worcester, who died in 1808.
PENMAIN, a hamlet in the parish of MYNYDDS-
LWYN, lower division of the hundred of WENTLLOOG,
county of MONMOUTH, 12 miles (N. W.) from Newport,
containing 1425 inhabitants. There is a place of
worship for Independents, established upwards of a
century, in which service is performed in the Welch
language.
PENN, a parish in the hundred of BURNHAM,
county of BUCKINGHAM, 3 miles (N. W. by N.) from
Beaconsfield, containing 1054 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Buck-
PEN
518
ingham, and di cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £9. 13. 4., and in the patronage of Earl Howe.
The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. There are
places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists.
A school was founded, in 1750, by Sir Nathaniel and
Elinor Curzon, for teaching poor children.
PENN, a parish in the northern division of the
hundred of SEISDON, county of STAFFORD, comprising
the township of Lower Penn, and the liberty of Upper
Penn, and containing 769 inhabitants, of which num-
ber, 539 are in the liberty of Upper Penn, 2 miles (S. W.
by S.) from Wolverhampton. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese
of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£4. 5. 10., endowed with £200 private benefaction,
and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the
Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. The church is de-
dicated to St. Bartholomew. A manorial court is an-
nually held by the Marquis of Stafford's agent, to decide
upon encroachments on Penn-Wood common. Here
are several small manufactories for locks, keys, coffee-
mills, &c., from which the warehouses in Wolverhampton
and Sedgeley are supplied: there is also a small nail-
manufactory. The Rev. Charles Wynn, in 1669, gave a
messuage, &c., and a rent-charge of £6, in support of a
free school, in aid of which Dr. Sedgewick, in 1747, gave
an annuity of £10; the total income is nearly £105,
and the average number of children about fifty. An
almshouse was founded, in 1761, by Ann Sedgewick, for
five aged women.
PENN (LOWER), a township in the parish of
PENN, northern division of the hundred of SEISDON,
county of STAFFORD, 3 miles (W. S. W.) from Wolver-
hampton, containing 230 inhabitants.
PENNARD (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
WHITESTONE, County of SOMERSET, 5 miles (S. S. W.)
from Shepton-Mallet, containing 755 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, with the perpetual curacy
of West Bradley annexed, in the archdeaconry of Wells,
and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books
at £7.4.9½., endowed with £200 private benefaction,
and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the
Bishop of Bath and Wells. The church is dedicated
to All Saints. The old Roman Fosse-way bounds the
parish on the south-east.
PENNARD (WEST), a parish in the hundred of
GLASTON-TWELVE-HIDES, County of SOMERSET, 3
miles (E. by S.) from Glastonbury, containing 890 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to
that of St. John the Baptist in Glastonbury, and in
the peculiar jurisdiction of Glastonbury, endowed with
£ 1400 parliamentary grant. The church is dedicated
to St. Nicholas. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists.
PEN
chapels having granted £ 100 towards defraying the ex-
pense. James Fell, in 1733, gave £60, now producing
£3 per annum, for teaching poor children.
Iron-ore
and blue slate abound in the parish.
PENNINGTON, a township in the parish of LEIGH,
hundred of WEST DERBY, County palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 1 mile (S. by W.) from Leigh, containing 2782 in-
habitants. This township includes part of the market
town of Leigh. The manufacture of cotton is exten-
sively carried on; and the neighbourhood produces
coal, and lime of a very superior quality. At Penning-
ton Hall is a small chapel for Swedenborgians.
PENRITH, a parish in LEATH ward, county of
CUMBERLAND, 18 miles (S. E. by S.) from Carlisle, and
283 (N. N. W.) from London, comprising the market
town of Penrith, and the townships of Burrowgate, Dock-
ray, Middlegate with Sandgate, Netherend-Bridge with
Carleton, and Town with Plumpton-Head, and contain-
ing 5385 inhabitants. This is a place of considerable
antiquity: its name is evidently of British origin, and,
signifying "the red hill or summit," has reference either
to the nature of the adjacent soil, or to the red free
stone of which the town is built. Old Penrith, the Breme-
tenracum of the Romans, is situated about five miles
north-by-west of the town. At the Conquest, the honour
of Penrith was a royal franchise, which, after repeated
changes, was assigned to Alexander III., King of Scot-
land, in consideration of his ceding all claim to the coun-
ties of Cumberland, Northumberland, and Westmorland,
at that time subjects of frequent contests between the
sovereigns of England and Scotland; from him it de-
scended to John Balliol, on whose defection it was seized
by Edward I., and given to Anthony Beck, Bishop of
Durham having repeatedly lapsed to the crown, in
1696 it was granted to William Bentinck, Earl of
Portland, and was sold by the late duke, in 1783, to
the Duke of Devonshire, its present proprietor. During
the reigns of Edward III. and Richard II., this town
suffered greatly from the incursions of the Scots, who,
in the latter, having ravaged the country, fired towns
and villages, and enslaved many of the inhabitants ;
but becoming infected by the plague, which then raged
here, and conveying the contagion into Scotland, on
their return, nearly one-third of the inhabitants of that
country fell a sacrifice: a second visitation of this dis-
ease, in the years 1597 and 1598, swept away upwards
of two thousand inhabitants of this town and parish.
The town is pleasantly situated in a fine fertile
vale, which is enclosed by eminences of varied cul-
tivation, and watered by three small rivers, the Eamont,
the Lowther, and the Petteril, and on the west are
the ruins of an ancient castle: it consists principally
of one long street, situated at the junction of the
main roads from Lancashire and London to Glas-
gow, and is well paved, and lighted with oil; the
houses, many of which are modern, are built chiefly of
red freestone, covered with plaster and whitewashed,
and roofed with slate. About the year 1400, a water
course was cut through the town from the river Petteril
to the Eamont, at the expense of Wm. Strickland, Bishop
of Carlisle. On Beacon Hill, so called from having been
anciently crowned with a beacon, is a square stone edi-
fice, erected in 1719, the windows of which command an
extensive and diversified prospect, combining nearly all
the varieties of landscape scenery; the principal objects
PENNINGTON, a parish in the hundred of LONS-
DALE, north of the sands, county palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 2 miles (W. S. W.) from Ulverstone, containing 284
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £600
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the King, as
Duke of Lancaster. The church, dedicated to St. Mi-
chael, has lately received an addition of one hundred
and ten sittings, of which seventy-five are free, the In-
corporated Society for the enlargement of churches and
J
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1
PEN
PEN
519
being Lowther and Greystoke castles, with their mag-
nificent parks; the ancient castles of Brougham and
Penrith; a beautiful, though limited, view of Ullswater
lake, with the finely-wooded hill of Dunmallet; the
mountain scenery of the lakes, viz., Helvelyn, Saddle-
back, Skiddaw, &c.; also the Penine Alps., viz., Cross-
fell, &c.; and the river and vale of Eden, including
Eden Hall, with the park and forest scenery. Towards
the north is an excellent enclosed race-course, with a
handsome grand stand, where, on the four last days of
the first week in October, horse races and stag hunts
are numerously and respectably attended. An assembly-
room, occasionally used as a theatre, a bowling-green,
news-room, subscription and circulating libraries, in
the town, and many picturesque and beautiful walks in
its neighbourhood, contribute to furnish amusement
and recreation to the inhabitants. The manufacture
of checks, gingham, calico, and other cotton goods, was
formerly carried on to a considerable extent, but is
now on the decline: the mineral produce of the neigh-
bourhood consists of red freestone, slate, and limestone.
The principal market is held on Tuesday, at which
a considerable quantity of corn is pitched, and there
is a smaller one for butchers' meat on Saturday: fairs
for cattle are held on the 1st of March, 24th and
25th of April, and the third Tuesday in October; two
fairs for hiring servants are held annually on the Tues-
day at Whitsuntide and Martinmas. New shambles
were erected, and the old market cross, shambles, and
moot-hall, were removed from the market-place, in 1807.
The market and fairs are under the regulation of the
bailiff appointed by the Duke of Devonshire, whose
steward presides at a court baron, every third Mon-
day, the powers of which extend to the recovery of
debts under 40s.: the county court is held here four
or five times a year, and petty sessions every alternate
Tuesday; also a quarter session for the county, on the
Tuesday in the first week after October 11th. A house
of correction was built in 1826, at an expense of £400,
which was defrayed out of the county rate.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Carlisle, rated in the king's books at £ 12. 6. 3.,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Carlisle. The
church, which is dedicated to St. Andrew, was given
by Henry I. to the see of Carlisle, then newly founded:
it was rebuilt, with the exception of the tower, in 1722,
and is a plain, neat, and spacious edifice, consisting of
a centre and two side aisles; the choir and centre aisle
are open, and from the lofty ceiling depend two gilt
chandeliers, the gift of the Duke of Portland; the side
aisles are covered with galleries uniting at the western
end, and supported by twenty pillars of the Ionic order,
each consisting of one entire stone, which, from its
colour and high polish, looks like mahogany: the upper
range of pillars from the gallery to the roof are of
wood painted white, with gilt mouldings. The altar
is placed in a semicircular recess adorned with appro-
priate paintings in very good style: the church con-
tains many monuments preserved from the former
building, and, among other inscriptions, a record of
the devastation caused here by the plague. In the
churchyard are two stone monuments, called the Giant's
Grave, or more commonly the Giant's legs; they are
about twelve feet high, and fifteen feet distant from
each other, and are traditionally said to have been raised
to commemorate the exploits of Sir Ewen Cæsarius, an
ancient hero, against the robbers and wild boars that
infested Inglewood Forest. There are places of wor-
ship for the Society of Friends, Independents, Primi-
tive and Wesleyan Methodists, and Scottish Seceders.
The free grammar school was founded, in 1340, by
Bishop Strickland, who, having established a chantry
here, required his chantry priest to teach music and
grammar, at a salary of £ 6 per annum : it was refounded
by Queen Elizabeth, at the request of her secretary,
Sir Thomas Smith, Dean of Carlisle, and endowed with
the above salary, which was augmented, in 1661, with
a rent-charge of £10, by Mr. William Robinson, and,
in 1782, with another of £6, by Mr. William Bleamire;
the whole endowment at present is nearly £30 per
annum, and the school is on the decline: it is entitled
to share, with other schools in the counties of West-
morland and Yorkshire, in five exhibitions of £50 per
annum each at Queen's College, Oxford, the bequest
of Lady Elizabeth Hastings, in 1739; and the above-
mentioned Mr. William Bleamire gave an additional
rent-charge for providing a silver medal for the best
composition in Latin verse, a silver pen for the best
writer, and a book on arithmethic for the best arithme-
tician, with the remainder, if any, to the master: there
are thirty-four scholars, each of whom pays 10s. 6d.
per quarter. Mr. William Robinson built a school for
the education of girls, and in 1661 endowed it with
£20 a year, to which the sum of £5 per annum was
added by the Executors of Mrs. Joan Lascelles, for the
instruction of the girls in knitting; these, with sub-
sequent benefactions, yield an income of about £30 per
annum, for which sixty poor girls are instructed in
reading, writing, needlework, &c., and several of them
in knitting. A school of industry for fifty poor girls
was established in 1813; and there is a National
school, erected in 1816, a commodious stone building,
situated in Benson's Row: it is supported by voluntary
contributions, and one hundred and seventy boys are
instructed, exclusively of more than one hundred girls,
who attend on Sundays.
The remains of the ancient castle are westward of
the town: this fabric is supposed to have been erected
as a protection from the incursions of the Scots; it
was repaired and enlarged by Richard, Duke of Glouces-
ter, who resided here, and was sheriff of Cumberland
for five years in succession the site favours the opinion
of its having been a Roman encampment, being irre-
gularly quadrilateral. It exhibits no indication of very
ancient date, being built of red stone; and the ruins
are remarkable, more for their extent than their magni-
ficence: the chief objects of interest are the projecting,
corbels in the eastern front, which appear to have sup-
ported an open corridor; there are some large vaults,
which were probably prisons: the walls, broken in
many places, and intersected with remaining windows,
assume, from different points of view, many striking
varieties of perspective scenery. After the great civil
war, the edifice was dismantled, and part of the ma-
terials was sold. About half a mile north of Fenrith
is a square mount, measuring twenty yards on each
side, which is generally supposed to have been used,
during the rebellion, as a place of execution for the
Scotch rebels. Three miles east by south of the town,
on the north side of the river Eamont, are two remark-
·
PEN
PEN
520
able excavations in a perpendicular rock, called Giant's
Caves, according to fabulous tradition, the residence
of Isis, a giant. On the south bank of the same river
is a circular intrenchment, called King Arthur's Round
Table.
CASA
PENROSE, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of RAGLAND, county of MONMOUTH, 2 miles
(N.) from Ragland, containing 385 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of
Lantillio-Grossenny, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Llandaff. The church is dedicated to St. Cadocus. There
is a place of worship for Baptists.
Corporate Seal.
PENRUDDOCK, a hamlet in the parish of GREY-
STOCK, LEATH Ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 64 miles
(W. by S.) from Penrith. The population is returned
with the parish. The Independents have a place of
worship here, which is endowed with land producing
£11 per annum.
PENRYN, a borough,
market town, and chapel-
ry, having separate juris-
diction, though locally in
the parish of Gluvias, hun-
dred of KERRIER, county of
CORNWALL, 2 miles (N. W.)
from Falmouth, and 266
(W. S. W.) from London,
containing 2933 inhabit-
ants. The manors of Pen-
ryn-Borough and Penryn-
Foreign have belonged from
time immemorial to the Bishops of Exeter, who had for-
merly a country-house at or near this place. In the thir-
teenth century, Bishop Stapleden founded a college here
for twelve prebendaries, the revenue of which, at the
dissolution, was valued at £205. 10. 6.: the building is
said to have occupied an area of three acres, and to have
been surrounded by embattled walls. During the great
civil war, Penryn was garrisoned for the king, but was
surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax, in March 1646. The
town is large, and pleasantly situated on the declivity
of a hill, at the head of an inlet communicating with
Falmouth harbour, of which it commands a fine view.
It consists principally of one street, from which others
diverge at right angles, not lighted, and roughly paved;
the inhabitants are supplied with water from streams
which issue from the adjacent eminences, one of which
forms a cascade, and the landscape, diversified with mills
and cottages, presents a scene of picturesque beauty. The
adjacent country is highly cultivated, and interspersed
with elegant mansions. In addition to the general trade
of the town, great quantities of granite, supplied by the
neighbouring quarries, are shipped here, for London and
elsewhere. The manufactures consist of paper, woollen
cloth, gunpowder, and arsenic, and paint is made in great
quantities by the "Cornish Colour Company:" corn-
mills and breweries afford employment to several per-
sons; and there are spacious warehouses, generally well
filled with flour and grain from the Isle of Wight and
Hampshire, this being considered the granary for the
south-eastern part of the county. A market and fair
were granted, in 1258, by the Bishop of Exeter, and a
fair on the festival of St. Vitalis, in 1312: the present
market is on Saturday, for meat, fish, poultry, and ve-
getables; and cattle fairs are held on Wednesday after
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March 6th, May 12th, July 7th, October 8th, and De-
cember 21st.
Penryn is a borough by prescription, and was in-
corporated in the 18th of James I.: it is governed by
a mayor, eleven more aldermen, and twelve common
council-men, with a recorder, steward, town-clerk, and
inferior officers. The mayor, commonly styled port-
reeve, is chosen at the manorial court; the town-clerk
is appointed by the recorder; and the remaining officers
are elected by a majority of that body. The mayor,
recorder, deputy recorder, and justice (who is the mayor
for the preceding year), are magistrates for the borough,
exercising concurrent jurisdiction with the county ma-
gistrates, and holding a court of session quarterly. A
court of record for the manor of Penryn-Foreign is held
for pleas to any amount, at which the steward of the
manor presides. The borough first regularly sent re-
presentatives to parliament in the reign of Mary, but
is said to have returned once in the reign of Edward VI.:
the right of election is in the inhabitants paying scot
and lot, in number about one hundred and forty: the
mayor is the returning officer; and the influence of
Lord de Dunstanville is predominant. The living is a
perpetual curacy, united to the vicarage of Gluvias, within
the peculiar jurisdiction of the Bishop of Exeter. The
chapel, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, has received
an addition of one hundred and forty free sittings, to
which the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of
churches and chapels contributed £85. There are places
of worship for Bryanites, Independents, and Calvinistic
and Wesleyan Methodists. A grammar school was
founded by Elizabeth for the education of three boys,
and endowed with a rent-charge of £6. 13. 4., which is
for the present discontinued. In 1758, John Verran
bequeathed £1000, which sum was laid out in the three
per cents., for the support of eight poor men, or women,
who have never received public relief, and other pur-
poses. James Humphry, Esq., in 1823, bequeathed
£3000, directing the sum to be invested also in the
three per cent. consols., and the dividends to be appro-
priated, first, to the payment of certain annuities, and,
on the death of the annuitants, the whole to be given, in
sums of £10 per annum each, to inhabitants in reduced
circumstances, not receiving any other charitable relief.
PENSAX, a chapelry in the parish of LINDRIDGE,
lower division of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW, but
locally in the upper division of the hundred of Dod-
dingtree, county of WORCESTER, 6 miles (S. W.) from
Bewdley, containing 574 inhabitants. Coal is obtained
in the neighbourhood.

PENSBY, a township in the parish of WoOD-
CHURCH, lower division of the hundred of WIRRALL,
county palatine of CHESTER, 44 miles (N. N. W.) from
Great Neston, containing 22 inhabitants.
PENSCELLWOOD, a parish in the hundred of
NORTON-FERRIS, county of SOMERSET, 33 miles (N. E.)
from Wincanton, containing 332 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £6. 14. 9½., and in the patronage of
the Earl of Ilchester. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael. On the site of an ancient Danish camp, in this
parish, a tower, one hundred and twenty feet in height,
was erected, by an ancestor of Sir R. C. Hoare, Bart.,
to commemorate the celebrated visit of Alfred the
PEN
PEN
521
Great, in the disguise of a minstrel, to the tent of
Guthrum, whom he afterwards defeated and converted
to Christianity, himself being sponsor at the font.
PENSFORD (ST. THOMAS), a parish in the hun-
dred of KEYNSHAM, county of SOMERSET, 27 miles (N.
N. E.) from Somerton, containing 319 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of
Stanton-Drew, in the archdeaconry of Bath, and diocese
of Bath and Wells. The church is dedicated to St.
Thomas à Becket. There are places of worship for In-
dependents and Wesleyan Methodists. The river Chew
runs through the parish, and turns several considerable
copper-mills, which, with the adjacent coal mines, afford
employment to the greater, portion of the inhabitants.
A market, formerly held by charter at this place, has
been disused for some years past; but there are still
two fairs, on May 6th and November 8th.
.
.
PENSHAM, a hamlet in the parish of ST. ANDREW,
PERSHORE, upper division of the hundred of PERSHORE,
county of WORCESTER, 1½ mile (S. by W.) from Per-
shore, containing 95 inhabitants.
PENSHURST, a parish in the hundred of SOMER-
DEN, lathe of SUTTON at HONE, county of KENT, 4
miles (W. S. W.) from Tonbridge, containing 1392 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the
king's books at £30. 6. 04., and in the patronage of Sir
J. S. Sidney, Bart. The church, dedicated to St. John the
Baptist, has a spire steeple and three chancels, and is
rich in ancient monuments. There is a place of wor-
ship for Independents. The river Eden here meanders
in divided streams, and unites with the Medway in its
course to Tonbridge. Penshurst castle, adjoining the vil-
lage, is a noble pile erected in the reign of Henry VIII.,
on the site of an ancient mansion, which, in the time
of William the Conqueror, belonged to the Penchester
family; but, since that of Edward IV., to the Sydneys,
from whom Sir Philip Sydney was descended. A fair
is held here on June 25th and 26th: on the evening of
the latter day, as soon as it is dusk, the young peasants
in the vicinity, and sometimes the gentry, have been ac-
customed, time immemorially, to resort to a flat wooden
bridge over the river Medway, about a quarter of a mile
off, and there dance all night; a public house, two or
three cottages near the bridge, and the bridge itself,
being illuminated. In the neighbourhood are remains of
a Roman fortification. Penshurst gives the inferior title
of baron to the family of Smythe, Viscounts Strangford.
PENSTHORPE, a parish in the hundred of GALLOW,
county of NORFOLK, 2 miles (E. S. E.) from Fakenham,
containing 26 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £10, and in the patronage
of A. Hamond, Esq. The church has been demolished.
PENTERRY, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of CALDICOTT, county of MONMOUTH, 34 miles
(N. by W.) from Chepstow, containing 60 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with £1000 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Prebendary of Caire.
in the Cathedral Church of Llandaff.
-
PENTLOW, a parish in the hundred of HINCKFORD,
county of ESSEX, 23 miles (E. by N.) from Clare, con-
taining 310 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex and Herts, con-
VOL. III.
currently with the Consistorial Court of the Bishop of
London, rated in the king's books at £12, and in the
patronage of the Rev. John Bull. The church is dedi-
cated to St. George.
PENTNEY, a parish in the Lynn division of the
hundred of FREEBRIDGE, county of NORFOLK, 7
miles (N. W. by W.) from Swaffham, containing 418
inhabitants.
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, endowed with
£800 royal bounty, and held by sequestration. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene. About a
mile to the westward is the remaining gate-house of a
priory of Black canons, founded in honour of the Holy
Trinity, the Blessed Virgin Mary, and St. Mary Mag-
dalene, by Robert de Vallibus, a follower of the Con-
queror; at the dissolution here were twelve canons,
whose revenue was estimated at £215. 18. 8.
PENTON-GRAFTON, a hamlet (formerly a parish)
in the parish of WEYHILL, hundred of ANDOVER,
Andover division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 3
miles (W. by. N.) from Andover. The population is re-
turned with Weyhill. An annuity of £9, the gift of
John Read, in 1651, is applied for teaching poor chil-
dren, and other charitable uses.
PENTON-MEWSEY, a parish in the hundred of
ANDOVER, Andover division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 22 miles (N. W. by W.) from Andover, contain-
ing 202 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester, rated in the
king's books at £9. 12. 8., and in the patronage of
the Rev. E. Fulham. The church is dedicated to the
Holy Trinity. A school-room was erected in 1815, by
subscription, to which £6 a year, the bequest of John
Read, in 1651, has been added, in support of a school-
mistress, who instructs about forty children.
PENTONVILLE, a chapelry in the parish of Sr.
JAMES, CLERKENWELL, Finsbury division of the hundred
of OSSULSTONE, county of MIDDLESEX. The popula-
tion is returned with the parish. The chapel, a neat
edifice, was erected in 1791, since which period a con-
siderable number of streets has been formed, and it
now constitutes one of the most populous and respec-
table suburbs of the metropolis; a further description of
which is given in the article on CLERKENWell.
PENTRICH, a parish in the hundred of MORLES-
TON and LITCHURCH, County of DERBY, comprising the
townships of Pentrich and Ripley, and containing 2143
inhabitants, of which number, 508 are in the township
of Pentrich, 23 miles (S. W. by S.) from Alfreton. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Derby, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated
in the king's books at £6, endowed with £600 royal
bounty, and £ 1000 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Duke of Devonshire. The church is de-
dicated to St. Matthew. There are places of worship for
Independents and Unitarians.
Independents and Unitarians. The parish is bounded
on the west by the river Amber. The population of
the township of Pentrich has decreased one-third since
the disturbances which broke out there in 1817, when
the agents of the Duke of Devonshire razed many of
the houses to the ground. It had anciently a market
and two fairs; the latter are still held on the Wednesday
in Easter-week and October 23rd. At Butterley are
iron-works, established about 1793, underneath which
the Cromford canal is conducted through a tunnel two
一​十
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PEN
PEN
522
thousand nine hundred and sixty-six yards in length;
and in the neighbourhood is the reservoir of the Notting-
ham canal, covering an extent of many acres. There
are also considerable coal and iron-stone works in the
parish. A National school, erected by the Duke of
Devonshire in 1819, is supported by voluntary contri-
butions. The Romans had a camp on the adjoining
common, near which passed the Iknield-street.
PENTRIDGE, a parish in that part of the hundred
of Cranborne which is in the Shaston (East) division
of the county of DORSET, 3½ miles (N. W. by N.) from
Cranborne, containing 272 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of
Bristol, rated in the king's books at £6. 15. 10., and in
the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. Rumbold. On Penbury hill, which commands an
extensive prospect, there was formerly a beacon.
PENWORTHAM, a parish in the hundred of LEY-
LAND, county palatine of LANCASTER, comprising the
chapelry of Longton, and the townships of Farrington,
Howick, Hutton, and Penwortham, and containing 4554
inhabitants, of which number, 1501 are in the township
of Penwortham, 12 mile (S. W.) from Preston. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Chester, endowed with £ 1600 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of L. Rawstorne, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary. A free grammar school
was founded at Hutton, in 1552, by Christopher Walton,
who endowed it with houses and lands now producing
an annual income of about £675, for which a few boys
are instructed in the rudiments of Latin, and about one
hundred and forty children of both sexes are educated
on the National system. The petty sessions for the
hundred of Leyland are held here on Mondays, once in
five weeks, alternately with Chorley, Cuerdon, Leyland,
and Rufford. A Benedictine priory, in honour of the
Virgin Mary, was founded here, on lands granted by Wa-
rine Bussel to the abbey of Evesham, in the time of the
Conqueror, and several monks of that establishment
placed therein, whose revenue at the dissolution was
valued at £114. 16. 9.
3
ants.
PEN-Y-CLAWDD, a parish in the lower division
of the hundred of RAGLAND, county of MONMOUTH, 42
miles (S. W.) from Monmouth, containing 41 inhabit-
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to
that of Llangoven, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Llandaff, endowed with £ 800 royal bounty, and £200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Chap-
ter of Llandaff.
P
PENZANCE, a sea-port,
market town, and chapelry,
in the parish of MADRON,
having exclusive jurisdic-
tion, though locally in the
hundred of Penwith, coun-
ty of CORNWALL, 67 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Laun-
ceston, and 282 (W. S. W.)
from London, containing
5224 inhabitants. The for-
mer appellation of this town
was Burriton; its present
name, signifying "the head of the bay," is indicative
of its situation, which is at the north-west side of
Mount's bay. In the year 1595, it was set on fire
Corporate Seal.
16
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by a small party of Spaniards, who landed near Mouse-
hole, a mile and a half distant, on the 23rd of July,
and who, as observed by historians, were the only
Spaniards that ever landed in the kingdom as enemies:
on this occasion, Sir Francis Godolphin summoned
the county to his assistance, and attempted to save
Penzance from the threatened danger, but his followers
being seized with a sudden panic, he was obliged to
abandon it to its fate; the Cornish men having rallied
the next day in greater numbers and better courage,
the Spaniards, who had already set fire to Newlyn,
Mousehole, and Penryn, quitted the coast without at-
tempting further hostilities. During the great civil
commotions, the town is said to have been plundered
by the army of Sir Thomas Fairfax, in 1646, as a
punishment for the kindness which the inhabitants
had shewn to the troops under Lord Goring and Lord
Hopton.
The town, which has of late years considerably
increased in size and population, is situated on the north-
west side and nearly at the bottom of Mount's bay,
opposite to St. Michael's Mount, and Marazion on the
east the streets are lighted and paved; the houses in
general modern, neat, and commodious; and the inha-
bitants are supplied with water from a reservoir. The
fine situation of the town, its salubrious atmosphere,
and the picturesque beauties of the vicinity, through
which the walks and rides are particularly pleasant,
have rendered it a place of resort for valetudinarians,
and gained for it the well-deserved epithet of the
Montpellier of England; the great variety of boats and
shipping constantly lying in Mount's bay contributes
much to the interest of the scenery, which, in its
diversity and combinations, is considered to be unsur-
passed by that of any other place in Great Britain.
battery pier, constructed in 1766, extended in 1782,
and again in 1812, is now more than six hun-
dred feet in length; and in 1816, a lighthouse was
erected at its extremity, which is illuminated only
when there are nine feet of water in the harbour.
Among the scientific and literary institutions is
"The Royal Geological Society of Cornwall," which
was established here in 1814, under the patronage
of his late Majesty, George IV., and has published
three volumes of transactions, which were received
in the most flattering manner by the various scientific
institutions of Europe and America; attached to it is
a most splendid museum of minerals, illustrative of
geology and mineralogy: there is also a public library,
established about ten years since, and now containing
nearly three thousand volumes of standard works; be-
sides which, several book clubs, subscription and com-
mercial news-rooms, and commodious apartments for
public assemblies, contribute to the instruction and re-
creation of the inhabitants. Here is a considerable ex-
port trade in tin, copper, china, clay, pilchards, and other
fish: the imports are timber, iron, hemp, tallow, and
groceries, with various other articles of merchandise. The
pilchard fishery is chiefly carried on by the inhabitants
of Newly and Mousehole, on the west side of the bay,
and the fish are brought hither for exportation. About
the period of the Restoration, Penzance was added as a
fifth stannary town, and all the Cornish tin is now coined
here and at Truro, and about two-thirds of it shipped at
this port. A dry dock has been constructed, and the port.
:

PEN
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523
regulations are efficient and well conducted. A packet
sails weekly to the Scilly islands. The manufacture of
yarn and coarse woollen cloth affords employment to
several persons. A market and an annual fair for seven
days were granted in 1332, and under the charter of
incorporation, two markets and seven fairs, most of
which have fallen into disuse. The present markets are
on Thursday and Saturday; the former is well supplied
with corn: fairs are held on May 28th, Thursday after
Trinity-Sunday, and Thursday before Advent-Sunday.
The annual income from the tolls of the market is about
£600, and that from the pier dues about £1200, both
being under the control of the corporation. A grant of
anchorage, keelage, and bushellage, was made to the in-
habitants by Henry VIII., which was confirmed in the
charter of incorporation granted by James I., bearing
date May 9th, 1614, under which the corporation con-
sists of a mayor, eight aldermen, and twelve assistants,
with a recorder, town-clerk, and other officers: the
mayor is elected from among the aldermen, by the cor-
poration at large, on the Friday after Michaelmas; the
retiring mayor is justice of the peace for the ensuing
year: the aldermen are elected from among the assist-
ants, and these from the inhabitants: the aldermen and
assistants have an equal vote on all corporation affairs.
The mayor, recorder, and justice, are magistrates for the
borough, with exclusive jurisdiction, but have no power
to appoint deputies (excepting the mayor in the
court of record): the aldermen and assistants hold
their situation for life, but the recorder and town-
clerk only during the pleasure of the corporation.
A court of record is held every alternate Friday by the
mayor and town-clerk, who is steward of the court, for
the recovery of debts under £50: after having been dis-
used seventy years, this court was revived in 1826.
Sessions for the borough are held quarterly, on the
Friday following those for the county, by the officers of
the corporation, whose power extends to transportation
for seven years, and has been recently exercised for the
first time. Petty sessions for the west division of the
hundred are held here, on the first Friday in every
month. A court for the hundred is held by the steward,
as occasion requires.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the
vicarage of Madron, in the archdeaconry of Corn-
wall, and diocese of Exeter, endowed with £800 par-
liamentary grant. The chapel, dedicated to St. Mary,
was erected prior to 1612, enlarged in 1671, and at
its consecration, in 1680, was endowed with land which
now lets for £20 per annum, by John Tremenhere,
Esq.; a cemetery was then enclosed, and the limits of
the town were defined to be those of the chapelry.
There are places of worship for Baptists, the Society of
Friends, Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists, also a
synagogue. The free school was endowed, in 1714, by
John Buller, Esq., with £15 per annum : the poor chil-
dren of the chapelry also receive instruction in a school
at Madron, founded in 1704, by Mr. George Daniel.
Northward of this town there are considerable earth-
works, with a treble intrenchment, called Leseaddock, or
Leseudjack, supposed to be of remote antiquity. An
annual custom, the origin of which is unknown, prevails
here on Midsummer-eve, when a great quantity and
variety of fire-works, accompanied with bonfires, ignited
tar barrels, and torches, are exhibited, and attended by
K
young persons of both sexes; and on Midsummer-day,
a fair is held on the pier, and a number of persons from
the town and neighbourhood enjoy the gratification of
water excursions: similar customs are observed on the
28th and 29th of June. Sir Humphrey Davy, the cele-
brated natural philosopher and chemist, and late Presi-
dent of the Royal Society, was a native of this town,
and bequeathed £100 four per cents. to the master of
the grammar school, to allow the boys a holiday an-
nually on his birthday, the 17th of December.
PEOPLETON, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of PERSHORE, County of WORCESTER, 3½ miles
The
(N.) from Pershore, containing 264 inhabitants.
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Worcester, rated in the king's books at £11. 10., and
in the patronage of Dineley, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Michael.
PEOVER (LITTLE), a township in that part of
the parish of GREAT BUDWORTH which is in the hun-
dred of BUCKLOW, county palatine of CHESTER, 3 miles
(S. by W.) from Nether Knutsford, containing 88 inha-
bitants. A school is supported by considerable dona-
tions for the education of poor children.
PEOVER (NETHER), a chapelry in that part of
the parish of GREAT BUDWORTH which is in the hun-
dred of NORTHWICH, County palatine of CHESTER, 3
miles (S. by W.) from Nether Knutsford, containing
250 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with
£400 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of Lord
de Tabley. The chapel is dedicated to St. Oswald.
❤
PEOVER (SUPERIOR), a chapelry in that part of
the parish of ROSHTHERN which is in the hundred of
BUCKLOW, county palatine of CHESTER, 4 miles (S. S. E.)
from Nether Knutsford, containing 543 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chester, and in the patronage of Sir H.
Mainwaring, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Law-
A school-house was built about 1730, in which
four boys and four girls are taught and clothed for £10
a year, the proceeds of certain property bequeathed
for the purpose by Charlotte Mainwaring, in 1728.
rence.
PEPPER-HARROW, a parish in the first division
of the hundred of GODALMING, county of SURREY, 3
miles (W.) from Godalming, containing 130 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Surrey, and diocese of Winchester, rated
in the king's books at £6. 7. 6., and in the patronage
of Viscount Midleton. The church is dedicated to St.
Nicholas. The river Wey passes through the parish.
PERLETHORPE, a chapelry in the parish of ED-
WINSTOW, Hatfield division of the wapentake of Bas-
SETLAW, county of NOTTINGHAM, 24 miles (N. by W.)
from Ollerton, containing 93 inhabitants. The chapel,
though small, is a very handsome structure, erected by
one of the Pierrepoint family, upon the site of a former
one the windows exhibit both ancient and modern
specimens of stained glass, and over the altar is a paint-
ing, by West, of Peter denying Christ.
PERRAN-ARWORTHAL, a parish in the hundred
of KERRIER, county of CORNWALL, 4 miles (N.) from
Penryn, containing 1362 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Stithians,
in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter.
The church is dedicated to St. Piran. There is a place
3 X 2
PER
PER
524
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. This parish in-
cludes part of Perran-Wharf, or Perran-Cove, in Fal-
mouth harbour, to which there is a rail-road communi-
cating with the Redruth and Gwennap mines. Here is
a manufactory for arsenic.
PERRAN-UTHNOE, a parish in the hundred of
PENWITH, County of CORNWALL, 12 mile (S. E.) from
Marazion, containing 786 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £17. 11. 5.,
and in the patronage of Sir J. Trevelyan, Bart. The
parish, which lies near the entrance to Mount's bay, is
bounded on the south by the English channel. At
Gold-Sithney is a large fair for cattle, coarse cloths,
hardware, &c.
PERRANZABULOE, a parish in the hundred of
PYDER, county of CORNWALL, 7 miles (W. N. W.) from
St. Michael, containing 1702 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, to which is annexed the perpetual
curacy of St. Agnes, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter, rated in
the king's books at £24. The ancient church was col-
legiate, for a dean and canons, in the time of Edward
the Confessor, and had the privilege of sanctuary, but
having been overwhelmed with the sand, another
church has been erected, near the village of Lambourn,
which was consecrated in 1805. There are tin, copper,
and lead mines in full operation within the parish. At
Perran Porth is a fine sandy beach, frequented as a
bathing-place, the visitors procuring lodgings in the
cottages by the sea-side. The western part of the
parish is very populous, being inhabited by miners,
who live in detached cottages, thickly scattered over
the commons. A fair is held on Easter-Tuesday,
sometimes at Millingy, and at other times at Penhal-
low. St. Perran's well, near Lambourn, which is en-
closed by an ancient stone building, is one of those to
which the power of working miraculous cures was for-
merly ascribed. On the downs, about a mile and a
half from the same place, is St. Perran's Round, one
of the ancient Cornish amphitheatres: there are seve-
ral other old earthworks within the parish.
PERRIVALE, a parish in the hundred of ELTHORNE,
county of MIDDLESEX, 34 miles (S. by E.) from Har-
row on the Hill, containing 25 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Middle-
sex, and diocese of London, rated in the king's books at
£6. 13. 4., and in the patronage of John Lateward, Esq.
PERROT (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of
HOUNDSBOROUGH, BERWICK, and COKER, county of
SOMERSET, 34 miles (E.) from Crewkerne, containing
387 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells,
rated in the king's books at £9. 18. 14., and in the pa-
tronage of Henry Hoskins, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Martin.
PERRY (EAST), a hamlet in the parish of Graff-
HAM, hundred of LEIGHTONSTONE, County of HUNTING-
DON, 32 miles (E. by S.) from Kimbolton. The popula-
tion is returned with the parish.
PERRY-HILL, a tything in the parish of Wor-
PLESDON, first division of the hundred of WOKING,
county of SURREY. The population is returned with
the parish. The parish church stands in this tything.
PERSHALL, a township in the parish of ECCLES-
HALL, northern division of the hundred of PIREHILL,
county of STAFFORD, 1 mile from Eccleshall, containing
80 inhabitants. It is within the peculiar jurisdiction of
the Prebendary of Eccleshall in the Cathedral Church of
Lincoln.
PERROT (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
BEAMINSTER-FORUM and REDHONE, Bridport division
of the county of DORSET, 44 miles (N. by W.) from
Beaminster, containing 317 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, with the perpetual curacy of Mosterton an-
nexed, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of
Bristol, rated in the king's books at £17. 14. 2., and in
the patronage of Samuel Wills, Esq. The church is de-
dicated to St. Mary.
G
PERSHORE, a market town, partly in the parish of
ST. ANDREW, and partly in that of HOLY CROSS, upper
division of the hundred of PERSHORE, County of WOR-
CESTER, 9 miles (S. E.) from Worcester, and 102 (N. W.
by W.) from London, containing, exclusively of those por-
tions of the parishes which are without the town, 2328
inhabitants. The name of this place, variously spelt Per-
sore, Pearshore, and Pershore, is supposed by Camden to
be derived from Periscoran, in allusion to the numerous
pear-trees which grew in the vicinity: a convent was
founded here, according to William of Malmesbury, by
Egelward, Duke of Dorset, or, according to others, by
Oswald, nephew of Etheldred, King of Mercia, about
689, for Secular clerks. It was remodelled by Edgar,
as a monastery for Benedictine monks, about 984, and
dedicated to the Virgin Mary, St. Peter, and St. Paul,
and afterwards to Edburga, eighth daughter of Edward
the Elder. The buildings suffered repeatedly from fire,
especially in 1287, when a considerable part of the
town was also destroyed at the dissolution its reve-
venue was valued at £666. 13. The only remains are
the church of the Holy Cross, and the Abbey house,
the latter having undergone such alterations that every
vestige of its ancient character has been removed. The
town is pleasantly situated on the lower road from
Worcester to London, and on the western bank of
the river Avon, which is here navigable, and is crossed
by a bridge on the south. The principal street is about
three quarters of a mile in length; it is well paved,
and the houses are of respectable appearance. There is
a manufactory for stockings, and two for watch main-
springs. The market is on Tuesday: fairs are held on
Easter-Tuesday, June 26th, first Monday in August,
and on the Tuesday before November 1st. This town
returned two burgesses to parliament in the reign of
Edward I., since which period the privilege has been
discontinued.
As to all civil jurisdiction the parishes of St. Andrew
and Holy Cross are absolutely distinct, each having its
own officers: the former includes the chapelries of
Bricklehampton, Defford, Penvin, and Wick, and the
hamlet of Pensham; and the latter the hamlets of Wad-
borough and Walcott. The living of St. Andrew's is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Worcester, rated in the king's books at £8. 19. 2., and
in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Westmin-
ster. The church consists of a choir and south transept,
the remains of a noble cruciform church, and is partly
in the Norman, but principally in the early English,
style of architecture. The church of the Holy Cross is
in the later English style, and was formerly conventual,
PET
PET
525
having belonged to the abbey: the living is held as a
curacy, with the vicarage of St. Andrew's both are
subject to the jurisdiction of the Archdeacon of Wor-
cester. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
PERTENHALL, a parish in the hundred of STOD-
DEN, county of BEDFORD, 2 miles (S. W. by s.) from
Kimbolton, containing 324 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £ 18, and in the
patronage of the Rev. J. R. Martyn. The church is de-
dicated to St. Peter and St. Paul. Here was formerly
a preceptory of the Knights Templars, of which only
the site, surrounded with a moat, is now remaining.
There is a chalybeate spring, called Chad-well.
PERTHOLEY, a parochial chapelry in the lower
division of the hundred of USK, county of MONMOUTH,
4 miles (S. by E.) from Usk. The population is re-
turned with the parish of Llantrissent. The living is a
perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Llantris-
sent, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, en-
dowed with £200 royal bounty. The chapel is dedi-
cated to St. Bartholomew.
PERTWOOD (UPPER), a parish forming a dis-
tinct portion of the hundred of WARMINSTER, though
locally in that of Dunworth, county of WILTS, 2 miles
(N. W.) from Hindon, containing 23 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£3. 1. 5., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of R. Rickwood, Esq. The church is de-
dicated to St. Peter.
PETER (ST.), a parish and a member of the
cinque-port liberty of DovoR, though locally in the
hundred of Ringslow, or Isle of Thanet, lathe of ST.
AUGUSTINE, County of KENT, 2½ miles (N.) from Rams-
gate, containing, with the hamlets of Broadstairs, Kings-
gate, &c., 2101 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury, rated
in the king's books at £9, and in the patronage of the
Archbishop of Canterbury. The church, though small,
is remarkable for its neatness. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. At Broadstairs, in
this parish, a chapel of ease was erected by subscrip-
tion in 1828. The village is much frequented by visitors
from Margate; and there are public gardens, called
Ranelagh Gardens, disposed with much taste, and at a
considerable expense, and placed under the superinten-
dence of the master of the ceremonies at Margate,
during the season, when it is not unusual for seven hun-
dred persons to assemble at one time, to partake of the
amusements of the place. Elizabeth Lovejoy, in 1694,
bequeathed her interest in certain tithes for the support.
of a schoolmaster to teach twenty boys; the income is
£20 a year, and is applied as directed by the donor.
PETER (ST.) CHEESEHILL, a parish within the
liberty of the soke, and adjacent to the city, of WIN-
CHESTER, Fawley division of the county of SOUTHAMP-
TON, containing 581 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Winchester, rated in the king's books at £14. 9. 9.,
endowed with £600 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Crown.
-
PĒTER-CHURCH, a parish in the hundred of
WEBTREE, County of HEREFORD, 11½ miles (W.) from
Hereford, containing 686 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Hereford, rated in the king's books at £5. 6. 8., and in
the patronage of the Governors of Guy's Hospital, Lon-
don. The church is dedicated to St. Peter. There is a
place of worship for Baptists.
PETERBOROUGH, a city, and the seat of a dic-
cese, having separate jurisdiction, and the head of the
liberty of Nassaburgh, or Peterborough, county of
NORTHAMPTON, 42 miles (N. E. by E.) from Northamp-
ton, and 79 (N. by W.) from London, containing, with the
precinct of the Minster-close, and exclusively of the
chapelries of Dogsthorpe, Eastfield with Newark, and
Longthorpe, in that part of the parish which is within
the liberty, 4598 inhabitants. The original name of this
place, according to ancient records, was Medeswelhamsted,
or Medeshamsted, from a whirlpool in that part of the
river Aufona, now the Nene, near which the town was
built. During the Saxon Octarchy, Peada, fifth king of
Mercia, having embraced the Christian faith, laid the
foundation of a monastery, about 655, which was com-
pleted by his brother Wulfhere, in atonement for having
murdered his own sons, for their attachment to the
Christian doctrine, prior to his own conversion to Chris-
tianity. From this monastery, which was dedicated to
St. Peter, and soon became celebrated for the magnificence
of its buildings and the richness of its endowments, the
town derived the name Petriburgus, whence its present
appellation. The monastery continued to flourish until
about the middle of the ninth century, when the Danes
having laid waste the neighbouring country, plundered
the town, massacred the monks, and burnt the monastic
buildings. In this state of desolation it remained for more
than a century, till it was restored by Ethelwold, Bishop
of Winchester, with the assistance of King Edgar, and of
Adulph, the king's chancellor, who appropriated all his
wealth to the rebuilding of the monastery, of which, after
its restoration, he was made abbot. In the reign of William
the Conqueror, Hereward, the last of the Anglo-Saxon
warriors who distinguished themselves by their exploits,
having heard that the Conqueror had given away his pa-
ternal lands to a Norman, set sail from Flanders, whither
he had retired, and having landed in Lincolnshire, made
an incursion into this city, and setting fire to the gates
and outbuildings of the monastery, which he was un-
able to storm, opened for himself a passage through the
flames, plundered the treasury, and having committed
various outrages, retired to his ships with an immense
booty. Against this invader, and for the protection of
the abbey from similar attacks, Abbot Turold erected a
fort, or castle, which, from his name, is called Mont
Turold: this mound, or hill, is on the outside of the
deanery garden, and is now called Tot-hill, or Toot-
hill. In 1116, the monastery and town were greatly
injured by fire, and to this accident may be attributed
the existence of the present cathedral church, the build-
ing of which was commenced two years afterwards
by Abbot Salisbury; and at this period the town,
which had previously stood on the eastern side of the
monastery, was re-erected on the situation it now occu-
pies. The town suffered materially in the war between
John and the confederate barons, many of whom took
refuge in the monastery here and in Croyland abbey, from
which sanctuaries they were forced by the king's sol-
diers, who plundered the religious houses and carried
PET
526
PET
off a rich booty. This was a mitred abbey of the Be-
nedictine order, the abbots having been summoned to
parliament in the reign of Henry III.: at the dissolution,
its revenue was estimated at £1972. 7. 03., and the
conventual church, on the establishment of the see,
became the cathedral of the diocese. During the civil
war in the reign of Charles I., the parliamentary forces
under the command of Cromwell, destined for the
siege of Croyland, were stationed in this town, where
they committed numerous depredations, defacing the
cathedral, which they stripped of its plate and orna-
ments, and pulling down part of the cloisters, the
chapter-house, and the episcopal palace, which were
sold by order of the parliament.
The city is pleasantly situated on the north side of
the river Nene, over which is a wooden bridge: it
consists of several regular and well-formed streets; the
houses are in general neatly built, and many of them
have been modernised in the recent improvements of the
city, which have been effected under the provisions of
an act of parliament in 1790: the town is well paved,
lighted with gas, and amply supplied with water. The
environs are pleasant, and afford much agreeable and
diversified scenery. A book society was established in
1730 there is a small theatre, which is opened gene-
rally in June, for six weeks; and assemblies are held
at stated times, generally for the benefit of the dispen-
sary and the National school. The trade is principally
in corn, coal, timber, coke, lime, bricks, and stone, the
produce of the neighbourhood. The river Nene is not
navigable for shipping, but boats pass to Northampton,
where it communicates with the Grand Junction canal;
and in the opposite direction vessels proceed through
Wisbeach to Lynn, to the former of which packets sail
twice a week. The market is on Saturday: the fairs
commence July 9th and October 1st, each for three
days, for cattle, timber, and various kinds of merchan-
dise: the former only is held in the city, and the latter,
called "Bridge Fair," on the opposite side of the river,
in the adjoining part of the county of Huntingdon. The
liberty, or soke, of Peterborough, is co-extensive with
the hundred, and comprises thirty-two townships and
hamlets the civil government is vested in the lord of
the hundred, a custos rotulorum, and magistrates ap-
pointed by the crown, with powers equal to that of
judges of assize, and in a high bailiff of the city, who is
appointed by the dean and chapter, who are lords of the
; constables and other officers are appointed at
the court leet held annually. Courts of quarter session,
for all offences committed within the soke, are held
here, on the day preceding those for the county; also a
court of record, for the recovery of debts to any amount,
but in which debts above £5 are seldom sued for. The
town-hall, erected in 1671, is a neat building, under
which is a covered area for the use of the market. There
are two gaols; that for the liberty is a small building,
containing three cells, being calculated to receive only
seven prisoners it is under the superintendence of
the Marquis of Exeter, as lord of the hundred: the
other, usually called the house of correction, is adapted
to the reception of eleven prisoners. The city first sent
members to parliament in the 1st of Edward VI.,
since which time it has regularly returned two: the
right of election is vested, by a decision of the House
of Commons, May 13th, 1728, in the inhabitants within
:
manor;
:
the precincts of the Minster, being householders not
receiving alms, and in the other inhabitants of the
city paying scot and lot
city paying scot and lot; the high bailiff is the return-
ing officer, and the patronage belongs to Earl Fitz-
william. The great borough fen between Peterborough
and Crowland, containing nearly seven thousand acres,
was, until the year 1815, subject to the pasturage of
the cattle belonging to the inhabitants of the thirty-
two townships which comprise the soke, it has since
been enclosed, and a new parish, called Newborough,
formed.

This city was anciently
included in the diocese of
Lincoln, from which, with
the counties of Northamp-
ton and Rutland, it was se-
parated by Henry VIII., in
1541, and erected into an
episcopal sec, of which the
last abbot of Peterborough
was made the first bishop,
the conventual church of
that monastery appropri-
ated as the cathedral, and
Arms of the Bishoprick.
the abbot's house as the episcopal palace. The eccle-
siastical establishment consists of a bishop, dean, sub-
dean, six prebendaries, four minor canons, a master
and eight choristers, six singers, an organist, two school-
masters, twenty scholars, a steward, and six almsmen.
The cathedral is a spacious and venerable structure,
partly in the Norman, and partly in the early English,
style of architecture, with a low lantern tower rising
from the centre. An ancient gateway entrance of the
Norman style, which has received some additions in
the later English, leads into a small quadrangle, on
one side of which are the conventual buildings, which
retain much of their original character; and opposite.
the entrance is the magnificent west front of the cathe-
dral, consisting of three lofty arches in the early English
style, of unparalleled beauty, but the effect greatly
diminished by a small porch (over which is the chapel
of St. Thomas à Becket), which, though of elegant
design, is not in accordance with the general character
of this part of the building. Each of the three mag-
nificent arches is surmounted by a decorated gable,
pierced with Catherine-wheel windows: on each side is
a highly-enriched turret, surmounted by a spire, and at
the north-west angle of the nave is a square tower with
angular turrets crowned with pinnacles, with which a
similar tower at the south-west angle formerly corres-
ponded. The nave, which is in the Norman style, is
separated from the aisles by finely-clustered piers and
arches, of lighter character than generally prevails in
that style, and is a fine specimen of just proportion
and elegant arrangement: the roof, which is of wood,
is divided into compartments, panelled, and ornamented
with paintings and with gilt fillets and mouldings:
the choir has a groined roof of wood; on the south
side is the shrine of St. Tibba, generally mistaken for
the cenotaph of Mary, Queen of Scots, who was buried
near the spot, but whose remains were afterwards re-
moved to Westminster; and on the north was the tomb
of Queen Catherine of Arragon, destroyed by the par-
liamentarian troops under Cromwell, which has been
replaced by a marble slab to the memory of that queen.
H
56
PET
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527
-
The east end is circular, and there are several chapels
in the later English style, with fan-tracery of elegant
design; the windows generally appear to have been
enriched with tracery, subsequently to their original
formation, and many of them have been enlarged. To
the south of the south transept are the remains of
what was probably the refectory, and the infirmary
of the convent, exhibiting a beautiful specimen of the
early English style: the cloisters, of which part only re-
mains, appear to have been singularly beautiful, and to
have combined various styles of architecture, from the
early Norman to the later English. The length of the
cathedral, from east to west, is four hundred and se-
venty-one feet, and the breadth, along the transepts,
one hundred and eighty feet: among the monuments
are three for abbots of the twelfth century, and one for
the abbot, and eighty-four of the monks, who were
massacred by the Danes, in the year 870, of black and
blue marble, formed like a shrine, and sculptured with
figures of Christ and the Apostles, which is placed
behind the altar. The Cathedral Close exhibits several
interesting remains of English architecture, and it has
a gateway communicating with the town, another lead-
ing to the Bishop's palace, and a third, of considerable
beauty, to the deanery.
The city comprises only the parish of St. John
the Baptist. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of
Peterborough, endowed with £200 private benefaction,
and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the
Bishop of Peterborough. The church of St. John, a
spacious structure, recently repaired and partly rebuilt,
has a handsome altar-piece, painted by Sir Robert Ker
Porter. There are places of worship for Baptists, In-
dependents, and Wesleyan and other Methodists. The
free grammar school was founded by Henry VIII., on
the dissolution of the monastery, and placed under the
control of the Dean and Chapter, being endowed for
twenty scholars, nominated by them, who receive each
£2. 13. 4. annually, and are instructed in the classics
and in English literature: there are belonging to this
school three exhibitions, of £ 6 per annum each, to St.
John's College, Cambridge, founded by Edmund Mun-
steven, Esq., in the patronage of the Bishop and Dean of
Peterborough, which, on failure of candidates from this
school, are open to Oundle, or any other school in the
county of Northampton; in the same college are one fel-
lowship and two scholarships, founded by Francis Dee,
Bishop of Peterborough, for boys of his kindred and name,
who have been educated at this school, or at Merchant
Taylors', London, also three exhibitions of seven shil-
lings per week, with preference to boys educated here.
A charity school was founded, in 1721, by Mr. Thomas
Deacon, who endowed it with land for clothing, edu-
cating, and apprenticing poor children, for which pur-
pose also Mr. Lowry, in 1707, had bequeathed £20,
and Mrs. Ann Ireland, in 1712, £100. A National
school for children of both sexes, upon an extensive
plan, and a dispensary, with an infirmary, are supported
by subscription; and there are various charitable be-
quests for distribution among the poor. -Wortley,
Esq., formerly one of the representatives of the city,
bequeathed a commodious dwelling and premises, as
a workhouse for the parish. An ancient hospital, de-
dicated to St. Leonard, for lepers, dependent on St.
Peter's abbey, was founded in the reign of Stephen;
and an hospital near the abbey gate was founded, in
1180, by Benedict, Abbot of Peterborough, to the ho-
nour of Thomas à Becket, whose life he wrote. Among
the eminent natives of this place were, Abbot Benedict,
just mentioned; and John of Peterborough, an English
historian in the beginning of the fourteenth century,
also abbot of the monastery; Archdeacon Paley, cele-
brated as a divine and moralist, who was born in 1743,
and died in 1805; to whom may be added Sir John
Hill, a popular writer, supposed to have been born in
1716. The title of Earl of Peterborough, now extinct,
was bestowed on the family of Mordaunt by Charles I.,
and was held by Charles, Earl of Peterborough and
Monmouth, a distinguished military officer, in the reigns
of Anne and George I.
PETERSFIELD,

-
a
parish in the hundred of
FINCH-DEAN, Alton (South)
division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, comprising
the borough town of Pe-
tersfield, and the tything
of Street, and containing
1752 inhabitants, of which
number, 1446 are in the
borough of Petersfield, 24
miles (E.N.E.) from South-
ampton, and 54 (S. w.)
from London. This small town is situated on the road
from London to Portsmouth; the streets are partly
lighted by subscription, tolerably paved, and well sup-
plied with water. In the centre of the market-place
is a fine equestrian statue of William III., erected at
the expense of the late William Jolliffe, Esq., one of the
representatives for this borough; it was formerly gilt,
but has been lately coloured to resemble stone.
Great
improvements have been recently made in the roads in
the neighbourhood, and others are in progress. The
market, which is also for corn and cattle, is every alter-
nate Wednesday; and fairs are on July 10th, for toys, &c.;
October 6th, established within the last ten years, for
lean cattle; and December 11th, for sheep. The town,
which was incorporated by charter of Elizabeth, is go-
verned by a mayor and commonalty: the mayor, whose
office is become merely titular, is appointed annually
at the court leet of the lord of the manor, held in
January, in the town-hall, at which a constable and
two tythingmen are also chosen. A court of requests,
for the recovery of debts under 40s., formerly held here,
has been disused for the last forty years. The town
hall was rebuilt, about three years since, at the expense
of Hylton Jolliffe, Esq. This borough made one return
to parliament in the 35th of Edward I., and then dis-
continued until the reign of Edward VI., since which
it has returned two members: the right of election was
originally vested in the proprietors of houses, or sham-
bles, built on ancient foundations, but is now in the
freeholders generally: the number of voters is not pre-
cisely known; the mayor is the returning officer, and
the influence of Hylton Jolliffe, Esq. is predominant.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the
rectory of Buriton, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Winchester. The chapel is dedicated to St. Peter.
There are places of worship for Independents and Wes-
Arms.
PET
PET
528
leyan Methodists. Churcher's college was founded and
endowed with £3000 by Richard Churcher, in 1722,
for boarding, clothing, and educating from ten to
twelve boys, who should be subsequently apprenticed
to masters of ships voyaging to the East Indies: this
institution was further regulated by act of parliament,
obtained in 1744; the annual income is £568. 8. 8.;
the master receives a salary of £40 per annum, and is
allowed to take boarders and day scholars there are
twelve boys on the foundation. One poor child is eligible
for apprenticeship from this town, every alternate year,
by means of a benefaction from Bishop Lanney to the
parish of Buriton. There is an unendowed almshouse,
consisting of four tenements, for poor and aged per-
sons, founded by Thomas Antrobus, in 1622.
:
PETERSHAM, a parish in the first division of the
hundred of KINGSTON, County of SURREY, 7 miles
(S.W. by W.) from London, containing 516 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage
of Kew, in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese of
Winchester. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
Petersham gives the title of viscount to the family of
Stanhope, Earls of Harrington.
PETERSTONE, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of WENTLI.OOG, county of MONMOUTH,
6½ miles (S. S. W.) from Newport, containing 122 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with £600
royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of William Jones, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter,
PETERSTOW, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of WORMELOW, county of HEREFORD, 3 miles
(W. by N.) from Ross, containing 277 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Hereford, rated in the king's books at £7. 10. 10.,
and in the patronage of the Governors of Guy's Hospital,
London. The church is dedicated to St. Peter. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
PETHAM, a parish in the hundred of BRIDGE and
PETHAM, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of KENT,
6 miles (S. S. W.) from Canterbury, containing 536
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, with that of
Waltham annexed, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £8. 0. 2.,
and in the alternate patronage of the Archbishop of
Canterbury, and Sir J. C. Honywood, Bart. The church,
dedicated to All Saints, is principally in the early
style of English architecture. The parish is bounded
on the east by the ancient Stane-street.
PETHERICK (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred
of PYDER, County of CORNWALL, 2 miles (S.) from
Padstow, containing 217 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Bishop of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £6. 6. 8., and in
the patronage of Sir W. Molesworth, Bart. The church
is dedicated to St. Petrock. A noble bridge has been
built by subscription across a small river that flows
through the parish and into the Camel. A small hos-
pital is endowed with funds under the superintendence
of the rector.
PETHERTON (NORTH), a parish in the northern
division of the hundred of PETHERTON, County of So-
MERSET, 34 miles (S. by W.) from Bridg-water, contain-
ing 3091 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, rated in the king's books at £27. 7. 11., and in
the patronage of the Rev. W. George. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Mary, is a fine structure with a lofty tower,
in the later English style. The navigable river Parret,
and the Bridg-water and Taunton canal, pass through
the parish, which is one of the most extensive in the
county. The village, which consists of one well-built
street on the turnpike-road from Bridg-water to Taun-
ton, had formerly a large market, principally for corn,
which has long been disused; but two considerable
fairs are still held for cattle and pedlary, on May 1st
and the Monday before November 13th.
The prin-
cipal bequests for the education of children are a
house and land, the gift of Dorothy Cheek, in
1687, for teaching six or more; the sum of £500, by
Sir Thomas Wroth, in 1721, and a rent-charge of £2,
by Thomas Bacon; the two latter produce an income
of about £41 a year, for which twenty boys are
clothed and instructed in a school-room erected by the
late John Slade, Esq.
PETHERTON (SOUTH), a market town and parish
in the southern division of the hundred of PETHERTON,
county of SOMERSET, 5 miles (N. by W.) from
Crewkerne, and 130 (w.s.w.) from London, containing
2090 inhabitants. This town is ancient, and derives
its name from the river Peder, or Parret, which passes
it on the east, over which, on the old Roman Fosse-
way, is a stone bridge of three arches; it was formerly
of wood, but rebuilt in its present state by the parents
of two children who were drowned in the river, and
whose effigies are placed upon it to commemorate the
event. It comprises three principal streets, which, by
uniting, form a triangle. A few of the inhabitants are
engaged in the manufacture of dowlas and sail-cloth; and
on the river are several corn-mills. The markets, formerly
considerable, but now on the decline, are on Thursday
and Saturday; and a fair, principally for lambs, is held
on the 6th of July. Courts leet for the manor and hun-
dred are held annually in October. The living is a vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath
and Wells, rated in the king's books at £24, and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Bristol. The
church, which is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, is
a spacious cruciform edifice, with an octangular tower
surmounted by a spire. There are two places of wor-
ship for Independents, and one each for Baptists and
Wesleyan Methodists. The free school was founded,
about 1732, by William Glandfield, who bequeathed £60,
augmented, in 1739, by Mary Prowse, who bequeathed
£100, and by a further bequest from Thomas Musgrave,
commuted for £100 in the four per cents., for educating
and clothing poor children: twenty boys are instructed,
and occasionally clothed by subscription: the salary of
the master is £30 per annum. In 1720, a large earthen
vessel, full of Roman coins, was dug up in a field
near the bridge; and other Roman antiquities have at
different times been discovered in the vicinity.
PETHERWIN (NORTH), a parish in the hundred
of BLACK TORRINGTON, county of DEVON, 4 miles
(N.W.) from Launceston, containing 955 inhabitants
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Corn-
wall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£9. 10. 10., and in the patronage of the Duke of Bedford.
The church is dedicated to St. Paternus.
!
PET
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529
PETHERWIN (SOUTH), a parish in the northern
division of the hundred of EAST, county of CORNWALL,
3 miles (S. W. by S.) from Launceston, containing 914
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, with the perpe-
tual curacy of Trewen annexed, in the peculiar jurisdic-
tion of the Bishop of Exeter, rated in the king's books
at £9. 2. 6., and in the patronage of the Chancellor
and Fellows of the University of Oxford. The church
is dedicated to St. Paternus. There is a place of wor-
ship for Wesleyan Methodists. Fairs are held on the
second Tuesdays in May and October.
PETROCKSTOW, a parish in the hundred of SHEв-
BEAR, County of DEVON, 4 miles (N. N. W.) from Hather-
leigh, containing 571 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £ 17. 0.24., and
in the patronage of Lord Clinton.
PETSOE, a hamlet in the parish of OKENEY, hun-
dred of NEWPORT, county of BUCKINGHAM, 24 miles
(S. E. by S.) from Olney. The population is returned
with Emberton, to the church of which parish the in-
habitants resort. This was formerly a parish, but the
church, dedicated to St. James, having been demolished,
the living, a discharged rectory, was annexed to that of
Okeney. Petsoe still maintains its own poor, excepting
those of Petsoe-End, who are supported by the parish-
ioners of Emberton.
PETT, a parish in the hundred of GUESTLING, rape
of HASTINGS, county of SUSSEX, 34 miles (S. W.) from
Winchelsea, containing 300 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lewes, and diocese
of Chichester, rated in the king's books at £4. 15. 10.,
and in the patronage of Mrs Wynch. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary and St. Peter. The Royal Mili-
tary canal passes through the parish.
PETTAUGH, a parish in the hundred of THREDLING,
county of SUFFOLK, 24 miles (S.) from Debenham, con-
taining 254 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £9. 12. 1., and in
the patronage of the Countess of Dysart. The church
is dedicated to St. Catherine.
PETTERELL-CROOKS, a township in the parish of
HESKET in the FOREST, LEATH ward, county of CUM-
BERLAND, 9 miles (N. N. W.) from Penrith, containing
513 inhabitants.
This ancient town, called in Domesday-book Peteorde
is situated on a small branch of the Arun, near the na-
vigable river Rother, and on the high road from London
to Arundel and Chichester. It is in general well built,
and consists of several irregular streets: the inhabit-
ants are supplied with water from a spring in the Earl
of Egremont's park, and from wells, but principally
from the Rother, by means of an engine at Coultershall-
mill, whence it is conveyed through pipes: the Rother
is navigable about a mile and a half south of the
town, and joins the river Arun at Stopham, about five
miles south-east, being crossed by a bridge at Coulter-
shall in this parish. The market is on Saturday, for
corn; and fairs are on Holy Thursday and November
20th, for cattle and corn. In the centre of the town
is the market-house, a handsome edifice adorned at one
end with a bust of William III.; the lower part consists
of piazzas, with an open space for holding the market,
and above is the court-room for transacting public
business. A capital court baron for the honour and
manor is holden annually, under the Earl of Egremont:
formerly there was a court baron for pleas under 40s.,
but it has long since fallen into disuse. A court leet
under the Duke of Norfolk, for the hundred of Ro-
therbridge, is held annually; the Epiphany and Easter
quarter sessions for the western division of the county
are held in the court-room; as is also a petty session
of magistrates, every alternate Saturday. The bride-
well, or house of correction, a brick building, was
erected in 1787, on Howard's plan; it stands in a
healthy situation, and contains a tread-mill: the pri-
soners are employed in manufacturing rugs, horse-
cloths, and other coarse woollen articles.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£41. 10. 5., and in the patronage of the Earl of Egre-
mont. The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary,
and was erected apparently about the time of Henry VII.,
is in the decorated style, and has recently undergone
reparation, having also received two hundred additional
sittings, of which one hundred and twenty-six are free,
and towards defraying the expense, the Incorporated
Society for the enlargement of churches contributed
£70: the greater part of the tower has been rebuilt,
with the addition of a beautiful spire, one hundred and
eighty feet high, the whole having been executed, in a
superior manner, under the direction of Mr. C. Barry,
architect, and at the sole expense of the Earl of Egre-
mont. There are places of worship for Independents
and Wesleyan Methodists. The free school, called
Taylor's charity, which was founded in 1753, by the
Rev. John Taylor, who bequeathed the sum of £2400,
for instructing and apprenticing twenty poor children,
and for other purposes, and a further sum of £ 800 for
clothing them, has merged into a large school on the
National system, for children of both sexes, which is
supported by voluntary contribution. Thompson's hos-
pital, for twelve poor men and women, was founded in
1618, by Thomas Thompson, Gent., and originally en-
dowed with land for the payment of £ 5 a year to each
of the inmates; which sum, from the accumulation of
the funds, has been increased to £20. Almshouses
were founded, in 1746, by Charles, Duke of Somerset,
for twenty-two widows, each of whom receives £ 20
per annum; in addition to which, several widows,
十一
​3 Y
PETTISTREE, a parish in the hundred of WIL-
FORD, county of SUFFOLK, of a mile (S. by W.) from
Wickham-Market, containing 260 inhabitants. The mont.
inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, to which that of Lowd-
ham has been annexed, the church of that parish having
been demolished; it is in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and
diocese of Norwich, and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul.
PETTON, a parish in the hundred of PIмHILL,
county of SALOP, 6 miles (S. S. E.) from Ellesmere,
containing 48 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£ 3. 4. 2., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Crown.
PETWORTH, a market town and parish, in the hun-
dred of ROTHERBRIDGE, rape of ARUNDEL, county of
SUSSEX, 14 miles (N. E. by N.) from Chichester, and 49
(S. W. by S.) from London, containing 2781 inhabitants.
VOL. III.
PEV
PHI
530
as out-pensioners, receive annual sums varying from £5
to £20. Donations of £12 each per annum to two
clergymen's widows of the neighbourhood, and of £6
each to two poor tradesmen, to assist them in business,
were included in the bequests of the above-mentioned
Rev. John Taylor, founder of the free school.
PEVENSEY, a parish and a member of the town
and port of Hastings, locally in the lowey and rape of
Pevensey, county of SUSSEX, 6 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Hailsham, and 60 (S. E. by S.) from London, contain-
ing 292 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Lewes, and diocese of Chichester,
rated in the king's books at £18. 7. 8., and in the pa-
tronage of the Chancellor of the Cathedral Church of
Chichester. The church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, is
in the early style of English architecture. The manor
of Pevensey is in ancient records styled the honour of
Aquila, or the Eagle. Somner considers this to have
been the Anderida of the Romans; it was by the Sax-
ons called Peowensea, by the Normans Pevensel, and is
now vulgarly pronounced Pemsey. It is known to have
been anciently much resorted to as a sea-port, and
various historical circumstances connected with it oc-
cur so early as the invasion of England by Sweyn,
King of Denmark, and again, in the reign of Edward
the Confessor, when Godwin, Earl of Kent, is stated
to have taken several ships from it. It is distinguished
as the place of landing of William the Conqueror,
in 1066; who thence proceeded to, and fortified, Has-
tings castle, previously to the conflict which took place
at Battle, eight miles distant. On ascending the throne,
William gave Pevensey to his half-brother, Earl Robert,
who fortified it with a noble castle, now in ruins. It
subsequently reverted to the crown, and was, by
Henry I., bestowed on Gilbert de Aquila, from whom it
afterwards assumed the name of the Honour of the
Eagle, the castle being esteemed the head of that ho-
The lordship afterwards passed through several
hands: John of Gaunt had a grant, in tail general, of
the castle and leucata of Pevensey, from whom it de-
scended to the king, in the person of his son and heir,
Henry IV. It was, by the latter, given to Sir John Pel-
ham, and continued in that family till disposed of by the
late Lord Pelhain to its present proprietor. It lies in
the parishes of Pevensey, Hailsham, Westham, and
Boxhill. Pevensey is at present a small village, standing
on a rivulet which runs into Pevensey bay. Its decline
from the importance it once possessed has been, like
several other places in this neighbourhood, principally
owing to the receding of the sea, from which it is now
a considerable distance, being only accessible to small
boats, which crowd up the stream on which it is situ-
ated; it has still a corporation, consisting of a bailiff,
jurats, and commonalty. A fair for live stock is held
on the 5th of July. Here is a National school for chil-
dren of both sexes. The remains of Pevensey castle, an
interesting relic of antiquity, are situated on a craggy
steep, commanding a beautiful view of the adjacent
country. The external walls are circular, and enclose
an area of seven acres, being, together with the towers,
tolerably entire for the height of twenty-five feet: they
display throughout abundance of Roman bricks, afford-
ing the strongest presumption of there having origi-
nally been a Roman fortress on the spot. Tradition
informs us, that the rock on which the castle is built
nour.
-
was once on a level with the sea; and, from fossils and
shells of various sorts, occasionally met with about
the base, the account is most probably true. The Duke
of York, in the reign of Henry IV., was for some time
confined within the walls of this castle. Andrew Borde,
in Latin Perforatus, physician to Henry VIII., and,
from his jocularities, thought to have given origin to
the appellation of "Merry Andrew," was a native of this
village.
PEVINGTON, a parish in the hundred of CALEHILL,
lathe of SCRAY, County of KENT, 4 miles (S. w. by W.)
from Charing. The population is returned with the
parish of Pluckley. The living is a rectory, united to
that of Pluckley, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £5. 13. 4. The
church, now in ruins, was dedicated to St. Mary.
PEWSEY, or PUSEY, a parish in the hundred of
GANFIELD, county of BERKS, 4 miles (E. by N.) from
Great Farringdon, containing 122 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Berks, and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£8. 12. 11., endowed with £200 private benefaction,
£200 royal bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of the Bishop of Salisbury. The church,
dedicated to All Saints, was rebuilt at the expense of
Mr. Allen Pusey, who died in 1789, and to whose me-
mory it contains a handsome marble monument. The
Antiquarian Society has caused an engraving to be made
of the celebrated Pusey Horn, by which the manor is
held by the Pusey family.
held by the Pusey family. According to Dr. Hickes,
the manor was possessed in his time by Charles Pusey,
Esq., who had recovered it in Chancery before Lord
Chancellor Jefferies, when the horn being produced in
court, was proved to be the identical horn by which,
under a charter, Canute the Great granted the manor
to his ancestor, seven hundred years before. The horn
is that of an ox, of a dark brown colour, and may have
been used either as a hunting or a drinking horn, but
more particularly the former.
•
PEWSEY, a parish in the hundred of KINWARD-
STONE, county of WILTS, 6 miles (S. W.) from Great
Bedwin, containing 1337 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese of
Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £26. 16. 8., and
in the patronage of the Earl of Radnor. The church,
dedicated to St. John the Baptist, has lately received an
addition of one hundred and five sittings, of which
ninety are free, the Incorporated Society for the enlarge-
ment of churches and chapels having granted £25
towards defraying the expense. The petty sessions for
the division are held here.
PEWSHAM, an extra-parochial liberty, in the
hundred of CHIPPENHAM, County of WILTS, 14 mile
(S. E. by S.) from Chippenham, containing 322 inhabit-
ants.
PEXALL, a joint township with Henbury, in the
parish of PRESTBURY, hundred of MACCLESField,
county palatine of CHESTER, 3 miles (W. S. W.) from
Macclesfield. The population is returned with Henbury.
PEYTON, a chapelry in the parish and hundred of
BAMPTON, county of DEVON, 4 miles (N. E.) from Bamp-
ton, with which the population is returned.
PHILLACK, a parish in the hundred of PENWITH,
county of CORNWALL, 7½ miles (N. E. by N.) from Mara-
zion, containing 2529 inhabitants. The living is a ree-
PIC
PIC
531
:
tory, with that of Gwithian annexed, in the archdeaconry
of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £45. 10. 10., and in the patronage of the Rev.
William Hockin. The church is dedicated to St. Felix.
This parish includes the port of Hayle, also several
villages, the principal of which, Hayle Copper House,
carries on a considerable trade in coal, timber, iron, and
limestone, imported from Wales; and earthenware,
groceries, &c., from Bristol: the chief exports are cop-
per-ore, in considerable quantities, from the western
mines. Extensive improvements have been recently
made in the harbour by canals, flood-gates, wharfs, &c.;
and a grand causeway, one thousand and forty feet in
length, across an arm of the sea, was finished in 1826,
at the expense of £7200 a weekly market has been
established, and a market-house erected. Here is the
largest and most complete iron-foundry and factory in
Cornwall, where apparatus for steam-engines of the
greatest dimensions are made. The smelting and re-
fining of copper were formerly carried on to a great
extent, but within these last few years the works have
ceased, owing to the great expense, and the arsenic
smoke having been found destructive to the health of
the workmen, and to vegetation in general. There is
a smelting-house for tin at Argarrack. The great wheal
Alfred, which formerly produced one thousand tons of
copper-ore per month, and several other mines, are
within this parish, though none are at present in opera-
tion. The north side of the parish is overwhelmed with
sand, blown up from the coast of St. Ive's bay. There
was once a castle at Hayle Bar Riviere, and another at
Castle Hayle, of which the moat still remains.
PHILLEIGH, or FILLEY, a parish in the western
division of the hundred of POWDER, county of CORN-
WALL, 6 miles (S. W.) from Tregoney, containing 395
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in
the king's books at £15. 6. 0ž., and in the patronage
of the Trustees of T. Bedford, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Felix. The navigable river Mopus
bounds the parish on the west, and Tregoney river runs
on the north.
PHILLYHOLME, a tything in that part of the
parish of HAWKCHURCH which is in the hundred of
UGGSCOMBE, Dorchester division of the county of DOR-
SET, containing 558 inhabitants.
PHOSIDE, a liberty in the parish of GLOSSOP,
hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY, 4 miles
(N. by W.) from Chapel en le Frith, containing 504 inha-
bitants. Mary Trickett, in 1712, and John Hague, in
1782, each bequeathed a small sum for teaching poor
children.
caster.
PICKBURN, a joint township with Brodsworth, in
the parish of BRODSWORTH, northern division of the
wapentake of STRAFFORTH and TICKHILL, West riding
of the county of YORK, 41 miles (N. W.) from Don-
The population is returned with Brodsworth.
PICKENHAM (NORTH), a parish in the southern
division of the hundred of GREENHOE, county of NOR-
FOLK, 3½ miles (S. E. by E.) from Swaffham, containing
218 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, with
that of Houghton on the Hill annexed, in the archdea-
conry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the
king's books at £5. 14. 2., and in the patronage of the
Rev. Henry Say. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
PICKENHAM (SOUTH), a parish in the southern
division of the hundred of GREENHOE, County of NOR-
FOLK, 44 miles (S. E. by S.) from Swaffham, containing
146 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £8. 1. 54., and in the patron-
age of C. W. Chute, Esq. The church is dedicated to All
Saints. The north window of the chancel exhibits some
fragments of ancient stained glass, which, when perfect,
represented the Salutation. Attached to the north side
was a chapel, erected by Henry, younger son of Sir
Henry Hobart, Knt., Lord Chief Justice of the Com-
mon Pleas, whose remains lie buried there; it has long
been dilapidated and is overgrown with ivy.
:
PICKERING, a parish in PICKERING lythe, North
riding of the county of YORK, comprising the market
town of Pickering, the chapelry of Goadland, or Goath-
land, and the townships of Kingthorp, Marrishes, and
Newton, and containing 3555 inhabitants, of which
number, 2746 are in the town of Pickering, 26 miles
(N.N.E.) from York, and 222 (N. by W.) from London.
The origin of this town is of very remote antiquity,
being dated two hundred and seventy years before the
commencement of the Christian era, and ascribed to
Peridurus, a British king, who was interred here, on the
brow of a hill called Rawcliff. According to local tradi-
tion, its name is derived from the circumstance of a ring
lost by the founder whilst washing in the river Costa, and
subsequently found in the belly of a pike. An ancient cas-
tle, of great strength and extent, which occupied an emi-
nence near the western extremity of the town, where
some vestiges are still visible, was the prison of Richard II.,
after his deposition, and previously to his removal to
Pontefract, where he was murdered in one of the
towers still remaining Queen Elizabeth is supposed to
have been imprisoned, during the reign of Mary, and it
still retains the name of Queen Elizabeth's tower.
During the great civil war this fortress was besieged by
the parliamentary forces, and sustained considerable in-
jury. The town, which is long and straggling, is situated
on a declivity, at the bottom of which, and through a
part of the town, flows a small stream, called Pickering-
beck: the castle hill commands a fine view of the fer-
tile vale of Pickering, and on one side is a barren moun-
tainous district, called Black, or Blake moor, which ex-
tends to a considerable distance, and furnishes materials
for making brooms: on the river Costa, which rises at
Kildhead, and upon the old Beck stream, are several
flour-mills. The market is on Monday; and fairs are
held on the Mondays before February 14th and May 13th,
on September 25th, and on the Monday before Novem-
ber 23rd. Pickering was formerly of more importance
than it is at present, having been the principal town in
this district; in the 23rd of Edward I. it sent mem-
bers to parliament. It is the head of an honour in the
duchy of Lancaster, having jurisdiction throughout the
lythe and wapentake, which are co-extensive, including
two market towns and forty-six townships. A mano-
rial court, for all actions under 40s. arising within the ho-
nour, is held on the second and third Mondays after Easter,
and on the first and second Mondays after Michaelmas,
in Queen Elizabeth's tower in the castle. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
patronage of the Dean of York, rated in the king's
books at £ 8. 3. 9. The church, which is dedicated to
3 Y 2
PIC
PID
532
St. Peter, is an ancient and spacious edifice, with a lofty
spire. There are places of worship for the Society of
Friends, Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists. The
free school is supported by the interest of various endow-
ments, and rent-charges, of unknown origin, amounting
to about £80, with some subsequent small legacies,
vested in trustees, and applied, under their direction,
for the instruction of the children of poor inhabitants:
the average number is one hundred and fifty. On
Pickering moor are vestiges of two Roman encamp-
ments of great strength, and several others between the
barrows and the town, as well as on the western moors.
PICKHILL, a parish comprising the township of
Holme with Howgrave, in the wapentake of ALLERTON-
SHIRE, and the townships of Ainderby - Quernhow,
Howe, Pickhill with Roxby, Sinderby, and Swainby
with Allarthorp, in the wapentake of HALLIKELD, North
riding of the county of YORK, and containing 686 in-
habitants, of which number, 334 are in the township of
Pickhill with Roxby, 7 miles (W. by N.) from Thirsk.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of York, rated in the king's books at
£5. 13. 4., endowed with £400 private benefaction,
£400 royal bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of
Trinity College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated
to All Saints. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists. Sarah Eden, in 1742, bequeathed
£200 for teaching twenty poor children. The river
Swale forms the eastern boundary of the parish. Here
was once a castle, and there are still some fields called
the Roman fields.
PICKMERE, a township in that part of the parish
of GREAT BUDWORTH which is in the hundred of
BUCKLOW, County palatine of CHESTER, 34 miles (N. E.)
from Northwich, containing 217 inhabitants.
PICKTON, a township in that part of the parish of
PLEMONSTALL which is in the lower division of the
hundred of BROXTON, county palatine of CHESTER, 42
miles (N. N. E.) from Chester, containing 93 inhabit-
ants.
PICKTON, a township in the parish of KIRK-LEAV-
INGTON, Western division of the liberty of LANGBAURGH,
North riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles (S.) from
Yarm, containing 94 inhabitants.
PICKWELL, a parish forming a detached portion
of the hundred of GARTREE, being locally in that of
Guthlaxton, county of LEICESTER, 53 miles (S. S. E.)
from Melton-Mowbray, containing, with the hamlet of
Leesthorpe, 167 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese of Lin-
coln, rated in the king's books at £16, and in the
patronage of Sir G. Noel, Bart. The church is dedi-
cated to All Saints. Dr. William Cave, an eminent
church historian, was born here in 1637.
PICKWORTH, a parish in the wapentake of AVE-
LAND, parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 24 miles
(W.) from Falkingham, containing 186 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £11. 12. 3., and
in the patronage of the Duke of St. Albans. The church
is dedicated to St. Andrew.
PICKWORTH, a parish in the hundred of EAST,
county of RUTLAND, 42 miles (N. W. by N.) from Stam-
ford, containing 140 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, annexed to that of Great Casterton, in the arch-
deaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterbo-
rough, rated in the king's books at £4. Of the church,
which was dedicated to All Saints, only the steeple
is remaining.
PIDDINGHOE, a parish in the hundred of HOLMS-
TROW, rape of LEWES, county of SUSSEX, 5 miles
(S. by E.) from Lewes, containing 251 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Lewes, and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's
books at £7. 14. 2., and in the patronage of Thomas
Crewe, and J. Philpot, Esqrs. The church, which is
principally of flint, with a circular tower, is in the early
style of English architecture. The parish is bounded on
the east by the Ouse, or Lewes river, and on the south
by the English channel.
PIDDINGTON, a parish in the hundred of Wx-
MERSLEY, county of NORTHAMPTON, 52 miles (S. E.
by S.) from Northampton, containing, with the hamlet
of Hackleton, 871 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, united to the vicarage of Horton, in the
archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peter-
borough. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. Lime-
stone is obtained in the parish.
PIDDINGTON, a parish in the hundred of BUL-
LINGTON, though locally in that of Ploughley, county
of OXFORD, 5 miles (S. E.) from Bicester, containing
359 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford, and in the
patronage of the Parishioners. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Nicholas.
PIDDLE (NORTH), a parish in the upper division
of the hundred of PERSHORE, County of WORCESTER,
8 miles (E. by S.) from Worcester, containing 133 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's books at
£9. 1. 3., and in the patronage of Earl Somers. The
church is dedicated to St. Michael.
PIDDLEHINTON, a parish in the liberty of PIDDLE-
HINTON, Dorchester division of the county of DORSET,
5 miles (N. N. E.) from Dorchester, containing 853
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
Conry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in the
king's books at £17. 3. 9., and in the patronage of the
Provost and Fellows of Eton College. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. The small river Piddle runs
through the parish. A school is supported by annual
donations averaging about £ 16.
PIDDLETOWN, a parish in the hundred of PIDDLE-
TOWN, Dorchester division of the county of DORSET,
5 miles (N. E. by E.) from Dorchester, containing 961
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in the
king's books at £31. 2. 11., and in the patronage of the
Rev. G. H. Templer. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is a large structure with an embattled tower,
partly in the decorated, and partly in the later English,
style: the font is curiously carved with trellice-work
and foliage. This extensive parish is bounded on the
north by the river Piddle, and had formerly a market,
long since disused, and two fairs, which are still held on
April 8th and October 29th, for horses, bullocks, hogs,
and sheep.
PIDDLETRENTHIDE, a parish in the liberty of
PIDDLETRENTHIDE, Cerne subdivision of the county
PIL
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533
of DORSET, 7 miles (N. by E.) from Dorchester, con-
taining 590 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol,
rated in the king's books at £19. 10. 5., and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Winchester. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. John Harding, in
John Harding, in
1750, left the sum of £431. 13., the interest to be ap-
plied for teaching poor children.
PIDLEY, a parish in the hundred of HURSTING-
STONE, County of HUNTINGDON, 2 miles (W. N. W.)
from Somersham, containing, with the hamlet of Fenton,
374 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
united to the rectory of Somersham, in the archdea-
conry of Huntingdon, and diocese of Lincoln. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. A school here is en-
dowed with about £20 per annum, arising from the be-
quests of unknown benefactors.
:
PILHAM, a parish in the wapentake of CORring-
HAM, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 42 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Gainsborough, containing 102 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £6. 3. 4., and in the patronage of the
Crown.
miles (W. N. w.) Crown. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
PILKINGTON, a township in the parish of OLD-
HAM cum PRESTWICH, hundred of SALFord, county
palatine of LANCASTER, 44 miles (S. by W.) from Bury,
containing 8976 inhabitants. The manufacture of silk
and cotton is here carried on to a great extent. Henry
Siddall, in 1688, devised a messuage and land towards
the endowment of a free grammar school; the income
is £30 a year, but the boys are not educated gratui-
tously, there being eleven day scholars, who pay £5. 5.
per annum each.
-
PIECOMBE, a parish in the hundred of POYNINGS,
rape of LEWES, county of SUSSEX, 3 miles (S.) from
Hurst-Pierrepoint, containing 218 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lewes, and diocese
of Chichester, rated in the king's books at £15. 8. 9.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is in
the later style of English architecture.
PIERRE (ST.), a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of CALDICOTT, county of MONMOUTH, 3
miles (S. W. by S.) from Chepstow, containing, with
the hamlet of Runston, 81 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, annexed to that of Portscuett, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the
king's books at £3. 12. 34., and endowed with £500
royal bounty.
PIERSE-BRIDGE, a township in that part of the
parish of GAINFORD which is in the south-western divi-
sion of DARLINGTON ward, county palatine of DUR-
HAM, 5 miles (W. by N.) from Darlington, containing
236 inhabitants. This place occupies the site of a con-
siderable Roman station, the north and west sides of
the vallum, and part of the south side being still con-
spicuous. The Roman road, called Watling-street,
passes a few yards to the east of it, and many coins
and other antiquities, particularly a fine altar and seve-
ral urns, have been found. There is a stone bridge
over the river Tees at this place, said to have been
built by two priests, who erected near it a chapel,
of which there are still some remains. About two
hundred yards below the present bridge, foundations of
a more ancient one were visible a few years ago, but
every vestige has been since swept away by the floods.
PIGDON, a township in that part of the parish of
MITFORD which is in the western division of MORPETH
ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 33 miles (W. N. W.)
from Morpeth, containing 36 inhabitants.
dred of CUTTLESTONE, county of STAFFORD, 13 mile
(E. S. E.) from Penkridge, with which the population is
returned.
PIGLESTHORNE, a parish in the hundred of Cor-
TESLOE, County of BUCKINGHAM, 1 mile (S. by W.)
from Ivinghoe, containing, with the chapelry of Nettle-
den with Friesden, 461 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham,
and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with £600 royal
bounty, and £400 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Trustees of the late Earl of Bridgewater.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. The Grand
Junction canal passes through the parish.
PILETON, a township in that part of the parish of
PENKRIDGE which is in the eastern division of the hun-
PILL (ST. GEORGE'S), a chapelry in the parish
of EASTON in GORDANO, hundred of PORTBURY, county
of SOMERSET, 6 miles from Bristol, containing nearly
2000 inhabitants. The chapel contains six hundred
free sittings, the Incorporated Society for the enlarge-
ment of churches and chapels having contributed £450
for that purpose. There are places of worship for Bap-
tists, Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists.
is a pilot station for the port of Bristol, being situated
at the mouth of the river Avon. The Roman Fosse-
way passes through it, and Roman coins, urns, and
fibulæ, have been found here.
This
PILLATON, a parish in the middle division of the
hundred of EAST, county of CORNWALL, 3½ miles (S.)
from Callington, containing 452 inhabitants.
The liv-
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£16. 15. 7., and in the patronage of Edward Helyar,
Esq. The parish is bounded on the west by the small
river Lyner, and on the east by the river Tamar, which
separates it from Devonshire. There is a mine of an-
timony, but not at present in operation. A fair is held
on Whit-Tuesday.
PILLERTON-HERSEY, a parish in the Brails
division of the hundred of KINGTON, county of WAR-
WICK, 34 miles (S. W. by W.) from Kington, containing
268 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, with the per-
petual curacy of Pillerton-Priors annexed, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's
books at £8, endowed with £643 private benefaction,
and £1200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the
Rev. Francis Mills. The church, dedicated to St. Mary,
bears the architectural character of Queen Mary's time.
The parish is situated to the westward of a lofty range
of hills, called Edge Hills, of historical celebrity. Lime-
stone exists here.
Ang
PILLERTON-PRIORS, a parish in the Brails di-
vision of the hundred of KINGTON, county of WAR-
wICK, 4 miles (S. W. by W.) from Kiugton, containing
211 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, an-
nexed to the vicarage of Pillerton-Hersey, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Worcester. The church, which
was dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, was burnt down
in 1666. This place received the adjunct to its name
from having formerly belonged to Kenilworth priory.
S
!
PIL
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594
PILLING, a chapelry in the parish of GARSTANG,
hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 6 miles (W. by N.) from Garstang, containing
1043 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £1100 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of G. Hornby, Esq. The chapel, consecrated
in 1721, is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
Carter, in 1710, gave a house, land, and £60, towards
the support of a school; the income is about £40 a
year, for which sum from fifteen to thirty children are
instructed.
Robert
PILSDON, a parish in the hundred of WHITCHURCH-
CANONICORUM, Bridport division of the county of DOR-
SET, 4 miles (W. by S.) from Beaminster, containing
100 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated
in the king's books at £7, and in the patronage of the
Hon. Lady Damer. The church is small and very an-
cient.
PILSGATE, a hamlet in the parish of BARNACK,
liberty of PETerborough, county of NORTHAMPTON,
23 miles (E. S. E.) from Stamford, containing 153 inha-
bitants.
PILSLEY, a hamlet in the parish of EDENSOR, hun-
dred of HIGH PEAK, county of DERBY, 21 miles (N. E.)
from Bakewell, containing 243 inhabitants. Pilsley is
in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and within
the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Chapel en le
Frith every third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts
under 40s.
PILSLEY, a hamlet in the parish of CHESTERFIELD,
hundred of SCARSDALE, County of DERBY, 6 miles
(S. S. E.) from Chesterfield, containing 284 inhabit-
ants.
PILSWORTH, a township in the parish of MID-
DLETON, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 3 miles (S. E.) from Bury, containing 499 in-
habitants.
ton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's
books at £11, and in the patronage of Sir G. Robinson,
Bart. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is principally
in the early style of English architecture, with a tower
and spire.
PILTON, a parish in the hundred of BRAUNTON,
county of DEVON, a mile (N.) from Barnstaple, con-
taining 1230 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the jurisdiction of the Precentor of the Ca-
thedral Church of Wells, endowed with £8 per annum
and £200 private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and
£600 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Basset, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Margaret,
contains a wooden screen and a stone pulpit, also a hand-
some monument to Sir John Chichester, dated 1569.
A Benedictine priory, a cell to the abbey of Malmesbury,
was founded here by King Athelstan; it was dedicated
to the Blessed Virgin Mary, and at the dissolution had a
revenue of £56. 12. 8. The prior, in 1345, obtained for
Pilton the grant of a weekly market and an annual fair.
An ancient hermitage is said to have been established
here; and an hospital, founded in honour of St. Mar-
garet, before 1191, is still in existence; the inmates are
a prior, brother, and sister. Pilton communicates with
Barnstaple by a bridge over the river Yeo.
PILTON, a parish in the hundred of NAVISFORD,
county of NORTHAMPTON, 23 miles (S. S. W.) from
Oundle, containing 116 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northamp-
PILTON, a parish in the hundred of WRANDIKE,
county of RUTLAND, 42 miles (N. E. by E.) from
Uppingham, containing 66 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northamp-
ton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's
books at £4. 17. 3., and in the patronage of Sir Gil-
bert Heathcote, Bart. The church is dedicated to St.
Nicholas. The small river Charter bounds the parish
on the north and limestone is obtained in the southern
part of it.
PILTON, a parish in the hundred of WHitestone
county of SOMERSET, 24 miles (S. W.) from Shepton-
Mallet, containing, with the chapelry of North Wotton,
and the hamlet of West Holm, which is in the hundred
of Glaston-Twelve-Hides, 1100 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and
patronage of the Precentor of the Cathedral Church of
Wells, rated in the king's books at £7, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £ 200 royal bounty. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, has lately received an
addition of one hundred and twelve sittings, of which
seventy-six are free, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having granted
£40 towards defraying the expense. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The Roman
Fosse-way passes through the parish. An old building,
now used as a barn, formerly belonged to Glastonbury
abbey.
PIMLICO, a parochial district, formerly a chapelry
in the parish of ST. GEORGE, HANOVER-SQUARE, liberty
of the city of WESTMINSTER, county of Middlesex,
3 miles (S. W. by W.) from St. Paul's. The population
is returned with the parish. The origin of this place is
comparatively modern, but the name is of earlier date,
though at what period, or on what occasion, it was
appropriated to the suburb of the metropolis west-
ward of St. James' and the Green Park, is uncertain.
Most, if not all the present buildings are of a date
subsequent to the erection of Buckingham House, in
the beginning of the last century. The eastern part of
Pimlico contains a range of handsome houses, called
Grosvenor-place, extending southward from Hyde Park
corner, and fronting the Green Park and the Royal gar-
dens; and the ground to the west, between Knights-
bridge and Chelsea, is partly occupied by many well-
executed and several truly magnificent buildings, both
public and private, which, when completed, will form
various streets and squares, that may vie with the con-
temporary erections in the Regent's Park. To the north
is Wilton-crescent, a semicircular range of buildings,
with another along the diameter, the latter ornamented
in front with Corinthian pilasters. Eaton-place and
Wilton-place contain some handsome and much embel-
lished mansions, especially the former. Belgrave-square,
which perhaps may be fairly termed the finest square
in the metropolis, includes in its plan four detached
lines of buildings, respectively fronting the east, west,
north, and south, with four isolated structures at the
angles, of which last one only is yet completed, a man-
sion, with low wings and a good Ionic portico in the .
-
PIM
PIM
535
centre. The four lateral lines of houses are embellished
with various architectural ornaments: the fronts of
those on the eastern and western sides have correspond-
ing decorations, and the central houses on each of the
four sides are ornamented with columns and sculpture,
as also in a less degree are those near the extremities;
but the central edifice on the south side is the most re-
markable, having in the lower story a colonnade with
highly enriched capitals, and in the principal story Co-
rinthian columns, the windows of the attic story, as well
as the parapet, having sculptured ornaments: this edifice
is from the design of G. Bassevi, architect. The oppo-
site house, on the north side of the square, has a similar
front, exclusively of the colonnade; and the corres-
ponding edifices in general, being uniform in plan and
decorations, afford a display of much architectural taste
and elegance. From this square, Belgrave-street forms
a noble avenue to Eaton-square, of which only the eastern
part, including the new church of St. Peter, and some
detached portions, is yet erected.
under the portico leads into a handsome hall, beyond
which is the guard-chamber; and from the hall the
grand staircase, which is of white marble, and consists
of a centre, with two returning flights, conducts to the
state apartments, consisting of the saloon, throne cham-
ber, picture gallery, state bed-chamber, and drawing-
rooms, all which are of noble dimensions, and, when
finished, will display the utmost splendour and magni-
ficence of style and embellishment. To make room
for the enlargement of this magnificent edifice, and
for the arrangement of the grounds belonging to it, a
considerable number of dwelling-houses will be taken
down in its vicinity, and the entire neighbourhood laid
out on an improved plan. The architect of the new
palace is Mr. Nash, whose taste and professional skill
are said to have been assisted by the suggestions of
the late royal proprietor, George IV. The principal
streets and squares of Pimlico are well paved and
lighted with gas, under the direction of commissioners
appointed by act of parliament; and water is supplied.
chiefly from the Chelsea water-works, which were con-
structed in 1724, when the proprietors were incorporated
by act of parliament, and a canal was made from
the Thames, near Ranelagh, to Pimlico, whence the
water is conveyed by pipes to the reservoirs in Hyde
Park and the Green Park. Here are saw-mills, a Ro-
man cement manufactory, white lead works, and a
distillery; and on the banks of the Grosvenor
canal, extending from the Thames, and those of the
basin in which it terminates, are coal, stone, and tim-
ber wharfs. In Grosvenor-place are Tattersall's well-
known betting and auction rooms, and the large
establishment connected with them for the sale of
horses, and the arrangement of affairs belonging to the
turf; and in Halkin-street is Fozard's riding-school.
Pimlico was constituted a district, by order of the
king in council, in July 1830. The church, dedicated
to St. Peter, is a Grecian edifice, with a grand Ionic por-
tico of six fluted columns, supporting a plain pediment,
behind which is a square tower, surmounted by a dome
and cross. The building was commenced in Septem-
ber, 1824, and completed in 1827, at an expense of
£5555. 11. 1., granted by the parliamentary commission-
ers; and it contains one thousand six hundred and fifty-
seven sittings, of which six hundred and forty-one are free.
The incumbency is in the patronage of the Rector of St.
George's, Hanover-square. The episcopal chapels are
Belgrave chapel, in Halkin-street, the front of which has
a noble Ionic portico of four plain columns; Charlotte
chapel, in Charlotte-street, erected as a chapel of ease to
St. George's, Hanover-square; Ebury chapel, near Chel-
sea; and the Lock chapel, Grosvenor-place. In Palace-
street, near the border of St. George's parish, is Buck-
ingham chapel, a place of worship for Independents.
The new grammar school, in Ebury-street, erected in
1830, is a handsome structure, in front of which is a
well-executed portico of two Doric columns between
pilasters, supporting a pediment decorated with tri-
glyphs and dentils: this institution is supported by a
proprietary subscription, for the classical education of
youth on moderate terms. St. George's hospital, for
the sick and wounded poor, was originally established
in 1733, when an edifice, which had been the residence
of a nobleman, was enlarged and appropriated to
the purposes of the charity. A new and handsome
The royal palace, now almost completed, stands
on the site of Buckingham House, so called, because
it was erected, in 1703, by John Sheffield, Duke of
Buckingham, on a piece of ground which had been a
place of public entertainment, called the Mulberry Gar
dens. Buckingham House was purchased as a resi-
dence for the Queen, in 1761, by a grant from par-
liament of £21,000. The entrance to the new palace
is through a triumphal arch, said to be the largest work
of the kind executed in modern times, and equalling,
in its dimensions and general effect, the Arch of Con-
stantine at Rome. It consists of three gateways, that
in the centre rising to the architrave; over those on
the sides are tablets, containing on one side female re-
presentatives of England, Scotland, and Ireland; and
on the other the Genius of England inciting youth:
between the arches are columns twenty feet high, which
will support groups of trophies and figures; and be-
hind is a representation in bold relief of the bat-
tle of Waterloo. On the opposite side, fronting the pa-
lace, is a representation of the battle of Trafalgar; and
this structure, which is about sixty feet high, will be
adorned above with several figures, and surmounted by
a bronze equestrian statue of His Majesty. The gates
will be of Mosaic gold, and a handsome palisade will
connect this building with the wings of the palace, en-
closing a quadrangle, surrounded by a peristyle of Gre-
cian Doric columns. The principal order of the palace
is the Roman Corinthian, raised on a Doric basement.
The central portion of the front is a porte cochere, su-
perior portico of eight coupled columns, and corre-
sponding towers, with four columns each at both extre-
mities. The tympanum of the central portico is filled
with sculpture, and the pediment crowned with statues.
The projecting wings, or sides, of the quadrangle are less
embellished, the centre compartments only (forming
the entrances respectively to the Lord Steward's and
Lord Chamberlain's apartments) are decorated with
pilasters, and adorned, the one with a clock tower, and
the other with a wind tower, both enriched with ap-
propriate groups of sculpture: the ends of the wings
towards the park display Corinthian porticos, with sta-
tues, and other sculptured ornaments. In the centre
of the edifice is a cupola yet unfinished, which will be
adorned with ribs and other decorations. The entrance
PIN
PIN
536
I
structure in Grosvenor-place, on the site of the old hos-
pital, has been recently erected, consisting of a central
compartment and projecting wings. The hospital is sup-
ported by the interest of property in the funds and by
annual subscriptions; and attached to it is a charity for
convalescents. The Lock hospital, in Grosvenor-place,
was instituted in 1746, for the relief of persons suffering
under syphilitic diseases; the name is said to be derived
from an old French term, les Loques, signifying a house
for lepers. It is supported by subscription, and the in-
terest of funded property; and connected with it is the
Lock asylum, for the reception of indigent females who
have been discharged from the hospital. Near Bucking-
ham gate stood a building called Tart Hall, erected in
1638, by Nicholas Stone, an eminent architect, for the
Countess Alathea, wife of Thomas Howard, Earl of
Arundel, who formed the celebrated collection of Arun-
delian marbles, a part of which was placed in it. After
the death of the countess the mansion became the pro-
perty of her second son, Lord Stafford, who fell a victim
to the popular rage against Roman Catholics, in the reign
of Charles II., and at that period the statues and sculp-
tured marbles were buried, to preserve them from the
mob, who, says Pennant, "would have mistaken the
statues for Popish saints." They were sold in 1720,
and the house pulled down.
.
PIMPERNE, a parish in the hundred of PIMPERNE,
Blandford (North) division of the county of DORSET,
24 miles (N. E.) from Blandford-Forum, containing 426
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's
books at £ 19. 2. 6., and in the patronage of E. B. Port-
man, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Peter, has seve-
ral Norman portions, particularly an enriched doorway
and an arch between the nave and chancel; the font is
very ancient, and in the churchyard are several coffin-
shaped stones, each having a cross carved on it. There is
a trifling endowment for teaching six poor children. In
this parish are some irregular earthworks, anciently
forming a maze, which covered about an acre of ground,
but, in 1730, it was almost obliterated by the plough.
PINCHBECK, a parish in the wapentake of ELLOE,
parts of HOLLAND, county of LINCOLN, 24 miles (N.
by W.) from Spalding, containing 2099 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£ 40. 6. 5½., and in the patronage of the Rev. John
Caparn. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is princi-
pally in the later style of English architecture. There
is a place of worship for Independents. Fourteen chil-
dren are instructed for a trifling rent-charge, bequeathed
by James Rawlett, aided by the gifts of other charitable
persons, whose names are unknown. In the garden of
the mansion-house, which is an ancient moated build-
ing, was found, in 1742, a large commodus of brass; on
the reverse, a female sitting on a globe, the right hand
extended, and in the left a victory: several pipes of
baked earth were also met with in 1743.
PINCHINGTHORPE, a township in the parish of
GUILSBROUGH, eastern division of the liberty of LANG-
BAURGH, North riding of the county of YORK, 22 miles
(W. S. W.) from Guilsbrough, containing 80 inhabitants.
PINDLEY, a hamlet in the parish of CLAVERDON,
Henley division of the hundred of BARLICHWAY, county
of WARWICK, 4 miles (E.) from Henley in Arden, con-
taining 26 inhabitants. A Cistercian nunnery, in honour
of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was founded here, in the
time of Henry I., by Robert de Pilardinton, which, at
the dissolution, had a revenue valued at £ 27. 14. 7.
PINHOE, a parish in the hundred of WONFORD,
county of DEVON, 3 miles (N. E. by E.) from Exeter,.
containing 477 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter, rated in the
king's books at £ 14. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the
Bishop of Exeter. The church, dedicated to St. Michael,
is furnished with a screen and pulpit of wood highly
enriched. Twelve poor children are instructed for
about £3 a year, the united bequests of Sir Edmond
Elwill and John Sanders. Pinhoe is said to have been
the scene of a bloody conflict between Ethelred and the
Danes, in 1001.
PINNALS, an extra-parochial liberty, in the hun-
dred of SPARKENHOE, county of LEICESTER, 1½ mile
(N.) from Atherstone. The population is returned with
Merevale.
PINNER, a parish in the hundred of GORE, county
of MIDDLESEX, 24 miles (N. W. by W.) from Harrow
on the Hill, containing 1076 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, endowed with £1000 pri-
vate benefaction, £ 400 royal bounty, and £900 parlia-
mentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar of
Harrow. The church, dedicated to St. John the Baptist,
is a large edifice, chiefly of flints, erected in 1321; in
it lies interred Sir Bartholomew Shower, an eminent
lawyer in the time of James II. Pinner received a grant
of a weekly market from Edward III., and two fairs,
one on the nativity of John the Baptist, and the other
on the decollation of the same saint. At this place died,
in 1798, John Zephaniah Holwell, who had been Gover-
nor of Bengal, and who published a curious and interest-
ing account of his confinement, with many other persons,
in the Black Hole at Calcutta.
PINNOCK, a parish in the lower division of the hun-
dred of KIFTSGATE, county of GLOUCESTER, 3½ miles
(E.) from Winchcombe, containing 33 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, annexed to the vicarage.
of Didbrook, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Glou-
cester, rated in the king's books at £3. 13. 4. The
church is demolished.
PINNOCK (ST.), a parish in the hundred of WEST,
county of CORNWALL, 4 miles (W. S. W.) from Liskeard,
containing 431 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £17. 13. 6., and in the patron-
age of the Rev. Joseph Pomeroy, Tilly Corington, Esq.,
and Joseph Austen, Esq., alternately. A stream, called
Herod's Foot, runs through the parish, and there is a
lead mine of the same name. A school is supported
here by subscription amounting to about £10 per
annum.
PINVIN, a chapelry in the parish of ST. ANDREW,
PERSHORE, Upper division of the hundred of PERSHORE,
county of WORCESTER, 2 miles (N. N. E.) from Pershore,
containing 199 inhabitants.
PINXTON, a parish in the hundred of SCARSDALE,
county of DERBY, 4 miles (E. by S.) from Alfreton,
containing 681 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, rated in the king's books at £ 6. 0. 10.,
PIR
PIT
537
and in the patronage of D. Ewes Coke, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Helena. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The Erewash canal
passes through the parish, and a railway leads hence
to Mansfield.
The living is a rectory, united to that of Croom-D'Abitot,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in
the king's books at £8. 3., and in the patronage of the
Earl of Coventry. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
PISFORD, a parish in the hundred of SPELHOE,
county of NORTHAMPTON, 5 miles (N.) from Northamp-
ton, containing 506 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of
Peterborough, rated in the king's books at £17. 19. 7.,
and in the patronage of Colonel Vyse. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, has a mixture of various styles;
the south doorway is a fine specimen of the Norman,
and the font is very curious and ancient. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A branch
of the river Nene, and numerous smaller streams, run
through the parish. Limestone and a peculiar white soft
sand abound here. Near the London road is a sepul-
chral tumulus, called Lyman Hill; and on a neighbour-
ing heath is a small ancient encampment, called Barrow,
or Borough Dykes, nearly obliterated by the plough.
G
PION (CANON), county of HEREFORD. See
CANON-PION.
PION (KING'S), a parish in the hundred of STRET-
FORD, County of HEREFORD, 3 miles (E. S. E.) from
Weobley, containing 376 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, with that of Birley consolidated,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford, rated in
the king's books at £5. 11. 8., endowed with £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of S. Peploe, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. A court leet is
occasionally held here. A charity school is supported
by subscription.
PIPE, a parish in the hundred of GRIMSWORTH,
county of HEREFORD, 3 miles (N.) from Hereford,
containing, with the township of Lyde, 141 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar ju-
risdiction of the Dean of Hereford, rated in the king's
books at £7.3. 14., endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Dean and Chapter of Hereford. The church is
dedicated to St. Peter.
PIPE-HILL, a hamlet in that part of the parish
of ST. MICHAEL, LICHFIELD, which is in the southern
division of the hundred of OFFLOW, county of STAF-
FORD, 1 mile (s. W.) from Lichfield, containing 92
inhabitants.
4.
PIPEWELL, a hamlet *partly in the parishes of
GREAT OAKLEY and WILBARSTON, hundred of CORBY,
and partly in the parish of RUSHTON, hundred of Rотн-
WELL, County of NORTHAMPTON, 64 miles (N. N. W.)
from Kettering. An abbey for Cistercian monks, in
honour of the Blessed Virgin, was founded here, in
1143, by William de Boutevylein, which, at the dissolu-
tion, had a revenue of £347. 8.
PIRBRIGHT, county of SURREY.
See PUR-
BRIGHT.
PIRTON, a parish in the hundred of HITCHIN and
PIRTON, County of HERTFORD, 3 miles (N. W.) from
Hitchin, containing 630 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, united to the rectory of Ickleford, in the
archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and diocese of Lincoln.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
PIRTON, a parish in the hundred of PIRTON,
county of OXFORD, 5 miles (S.) from Tetsworth, con-
taining, with the hamlets of Assendon, Clare, Golder,
and Standhill, and the liberty of Christmas-Common,
622 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Oxford, rated in the king's
books at £17. 9. 4., and in the patronage of the Dean
and Canons of Christ Church, Oxford. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary.
PIRTON, a joint hamlet with Trescott, in that part
of the parish of TETTENHALL which is in the northern
division of the hundred of SEISDON, county of STAF-
FORD, 3 miles (W.) from Wolverhampton, containing,
with Trescott, 259 inhabitants. It is within the juris-
diction of the royal peculiar court of Tettenhall.
PIRTON, a parish in the upper division of the hun-
dred of PERSHORE, county of WORCESTER, 4 miles
(N. N. W.) from Pershore, containing 214 inhabitants.
VOL. III.
PISHILL, a parish in the hundred of PIRTON,
county of OXFORD, 5½ miles (N. N. W.) from Henley
upon Thames, containing 155 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, united to that of Nettlebed, in
the jurisdiction of the peculiar court of Dorchester.
PITCHCOMB, a parish in the middle division of
the hundred of DUDSTONE and KING'S BARTON, county
of GLOUCESTER, 12 mile (S. W. by W.) from Pains-
wick, containing 187 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, united with that of Harescomb, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester. The church was
erected about 1819, on the site of a more ancient struc-
ture, and exhibits a chaste specimen of the decorated
style of English architecture.
style of English architecture. There is a place of wor-
ship for Independents.
PITCHCOTT, a parish in the hundred of ASHENDON,
county of BUCKINGHAM, 53 miles (N. W. by N.) from
Aylesbury, containing 44 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £10, and
in the patronage of Thomas Saunders, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Giles.
PITCHFORD, a parish in the hundred of CONDO-
VER, county of SALOP, 6 miles (S. S. E.) from Shrews-
bury, containing 226 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and dio-
cese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books
at £6. 5. 5., and in the patronage of the Earl of Liver-
pool. The church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a very
ancient fabric, and much admired for its neat appear-
ance: in it are four curious and handsome alabaster
monuments of the Otley family, also a very fine oaken
figure of a Knight Templar, supposed to represent a
Baron de Pitchford, a crusader, who was buried here.
Pitchford derives its name from a stream issuing out of
a rock, and forming a well near a brook or ford adjoin-
ing the village; the surface of the water being frequently
covered with an oily substance, called Petrolcum, aud
having a strong pitchy smell, from which has been
extracted a medicinal preparation, called British oil,
for which a patent was a few years since obtained :
it is considered efficacious for burns, bruises, &c. The
petty sessions for the division are held here.
PITCHLEY, a parish in the hundred of ORLING-
BURY, county of NORTHAMPTON, 2 miles (S. by W.)
3 Z
+
G
PIT
PLA
538
from Kettering, containing 452 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. William Aylworth,
in 1661, bequeathed a rent-charge of £18 for the sup-
port of a free school: there is also a small endowment
in land, with a house for the master, by a person un-
known, for a similar purpose.
w
PITCOMB, a parish in the hundred of BRUTON,
county of SOMERSET, 12 mile (S. W.) from Bruton,
containing, with the tythings of Cole and Hadspen,
431 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Bath, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, endowed with £600 royal bounty, and £200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of Sir R. C.
Hoare, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Leonard:
in the churchyard is an ancient stone cross, the top of
which is a cross patée perfect. In the neighbouring
meadows, the banks of the fish ponds formerly belong-
ing to Glastonbury abbey may still be traced.
PITMINSTER, a parish in the hundred of Taun-
TON and TAUNTON-DEAN, County of SOMERSET, 44 miles
(S. by W.) from Taunton, containing, with the tythings
of Blagdon, Duddlestone, Fulford, Leigh, Poundisford,
and Trendle, 1416 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £ 15. 10. 5.,
and in the patronage of F. Grey Cooper, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Andrew and St. Mary. There is a
place of worship for Independents.
PITNEY, a parish in the hundred of PITNEY, county
of SOMERSET, 2½ miles (W.) from Somerton, containing
301 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, rated in the king's books at £9. 14. 9., and in
the patronage of Wm. Pyne, and J. Williams, Esqrs.
The church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist.
PITSEA, a parish in the hundred of BARStable,
county of ESSEX, 4 miles (W. s. W.) from Rayleigh,
containing 289 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £16. 13. 4., and in the
patronage of Mrs. Heathcote and others. The church
is dedicated to St. Michael.
PITTINGTON, a parish in the southern division of
EASINGTON ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 3 miles
(E. N. E.) from Durham, comprising the townships of
Hall-Garth, Shadforth, and Sherburn, and containing
808 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Durham, rated in the
king's books at £14. 14. 2., endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the pa-
tronage of the Dean and Chapter of Durham. The
church, dedicated to St. Lawrence, is an ancient struc-
ture, principally in the Norman style, and had formerly
two chantries, in honour of St. Mary and St. Katherine.
In the churchyard, among other memorials, are the
effigy of a cross-legged knight, and a stone in the
shape of a coffin, with a Saxon inscription. Limestone
and coal abound here; and a rail-road, eight miles
long, extends from Hall-Garth colliery to the river
Wear at Painshaw,
PITTLEWORTH, an extra-parochial district, con-
sisting of only one farm, in the hundred of THORNGATE,
Andover division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON. The
population is returned with the parish of Broughton.
There was formerly a chapel, now in ruins.
1
PITTON, a chapelry in the parish and hundred
of ALDERBURY, county of WILTS, 4 miles (E. by N.)
from Salisbury, containing 308 inhabitants. This cha-
pelry is in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Treasurer
in the Cathedral Church of Salisbury. The chapel is
dedicated to St. Peter. Sir Stephen Fox, in 1711, gave
£188 in support of an hospital for twelve poor per-
sons, and for clothing and teaching twenty poor chil-
dren.
PIXLEY, a parish in the hundred of RADLOW,
county of HEREFORD, 33 miles (W. by N.) from Led-
bury, containing 132 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of He-
reford, rated in the king's books at £4. 0. 21., endowed
with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of Earl Somers. The church is
dedicated to St. Andrew.
PLAINMELLOR, a township in the parish of HALT-
WHISTLE, Western division of TINDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 3½ miles (S. by E.) from Halt-
whistle, containing 184 inhabitants. It is so named
from a mountain within its limits, and is bounded on
the north by the South Tyne, across which there is a
wooden bridge.
PLAISTOW, a ward in the parish of WEST HAM,
hundred of BEACONTREE, county of ESSEX, 5 miles
(E. by N.) from London. The population is returned
with the parish. It is bounded on the south by the
Thames, and on the west by Bow creek. The living is a
district incumbency, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and
diocese of London, and in the patronage of the Vicar of
West Ham. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, was
completed in 1930, at an expense of £4800, towards
which the parliamentary commissioners contributed
£2300: it is a neat edifice, in the later style of English
architecture. There are places of worship for Indepen-
dents and Wesleyan Methodists.
PLAITFORD, a parish forming a distinct portion
of the hundred of ALDERBURY, locally in that of
Frustfield, county of WILTS, 4 miles (W. by S.)
from Romsey, containing 276 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory of West
Grimstead, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese
of Salisbury.
PLASHETS, a township in the parish of FALSTONE,
north-western division of TINDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 12 miles (W. N. W.) from Belling-
ham, containing 234 inhabitants. Coal is obtained
here.
PLAWSWORTH, a township in that part of the
parish of CHESTER le STREET which is in the middle
division of CHESTER ward, county palatine of DUR-
HAM, 4 miles (N.) from Durham, containing 227 inha-
bitants.
PLAXTOL, a chapelry in the parish and hundred
of WROTHAM, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of Kent, 5
miles (S. by W.) from Wrotham. The population is
returned with the parish. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Archbishop
of Canterbury, endowed with £ 400 private benefaction,
PLE
PLU
539
and £800 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Rector of Wrotham.
PLAYDEN, a parish in the hundred of GOLDSPUR,
rape of HASTINGS, county of SUSSEX, & of a mile (N.)
from Rye, containing 317 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, annexed to that of East Guildford,
in the archdeaconry of Lewes, and diocese of Chichester,
rated in the king's books at £ 12, and in the patronage
of Thomas P. Lamb, Esq. The church, dedicated to
St. Michael, is in the early style of English architecture.
The river Rother and the Royal Military canal pass
through the parish. Foundations of old buildings are
frequently met with, denoting the population to have
been formerly greater than it is now. Here was also
an hospital, founded in honour of St. Bartholomew, and
placed under the government of the abbey of West-
minster.
PLAYFORD, a parish in the hundred of CARLFORD,
county of SUFFOLK, 44 miles (N. E. by E.) from Ips-
wich, containing 264 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and dio-
cese of Norwich, endowed with £800 royal bounty, and
£200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Marquis of Bristol. The chapel is dedicated to St.
Mary.
PLEASELEY, a parish in the hundred of SCARS-
DALE, county of DERBY, 34 miles (N. W. by N.) from
Mansfield, containing 529 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese.
of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£11. 4.7., and in the patronage of Bache Thornhill,
Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Michael, is an an-
cient stone edifice, remarkably long and narrow; there
is a large chasm in the steeple, caused by the shock of
an earthquake, which was felt over a great part of the
midland counties, on March 17th, 1816. Limestone
abounds in the parish, and there are some considerable
manufactories for cotton thread, hosiery, &c., princi-
pally for the Nottingham market. Pleaseley had an-
ciently a market on Monday, granted, in 1284, to
Thomas Bec, Bishop of St. David's, with a fair for three
days; the former has been long disused, but fairs are
now held on May 6th and October 29th, for cattle, horses,
and sheep. Seven children are instructed for £9 a year,
the bequest of William Pearse, in 1818, by a school-
mistress, who also superintends a Sunday school, ac-
cording to the will of the donor. In the park adjoining
the cotton-mills is a large enclosure, with a double
vallum and intrenchments, two sides of which are
secured by natural precipices: it is two hundred and
fifty feet in length, by one hundred and ninety-five in
breadth, and is evidently a Saxon work, though not
hitherto noticed by antiquaries.
PLEASINGTON, a township in the parish, and
lower division of the hundred, of BLACKBURN, County
palatine of LANCASTER, 3 miles (W. by S.) from Black-
burn, containing 625 inhabitants. A handsome Roman
Catholic chapel, called Pleasington Priory, was erected
by the late J. F. Butler, Esq.
PLEDGON, a hamlet in that part of the parish.
of HENHAM which is in the hundred of CLAVERING,
county of ESSEX, 34 miles (N. E. by E.) from Stansted-
Mountfitchet, containing 160 inhabitants.
lower division of the hundred of BROXTON, and the
township of Bridge-Trafford, in the second division of the
hundred of EDDISBURY, County palatine of CHESTER,
44 miles (N. E.) from Chester, and containing 710 inha-
bitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's books at
£6. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Earl of Bradford.
The church, dedicated to St. Peter, stands in the town-
ship of Mickle-Trafford, a mile and a half north-east
of the village of that name. There is a small endowed
school, erected by subscription, more than a century
ago. At Trafford, in this parish, a garrison was placed
for the king, by Sir William Brereton, during the siege
of Chester in the parliamentary war.
PLEMONSTALL, a parish comprising the town-
ships of Hoole, Pickton, and Mickle-Trafford, in the
PLESHEY, a parish in the hundred of DUNMOW,
county of ESSEX, 6 miles (N. N. W.) from Chelmsford,
containing 289 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex
and Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial Court of
the Bishop of London, endowed with £200 private be-
nefaction, and £ 400 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of W. Tuffnell, Esq. The church, dedicated to the
Holy Trinity, was rebuilt of brick in 1708, chiefly by
the munificence of Bishop Compton; the tower, which
rose from the intersection of the ancient cruciform
structure, still remaining in decay, until renovated by
the late Samuel Tuffnel, Esq., who also added a hand-
some chancel. To the southward of the church a college
was founded, about 1394, in honour of the Holy Trinity,
by Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, sixth
son of Edward III., for a master, warden, eight chap-
lains, two clerks, and two choristers, whose revenue, at
the dissolution, was estimated at £143. 12.7. Pleshey,
though now an obscure village, was once a place of
considerable importance, having been the seat of the
high constables of England, from the first institution
of their office till nearly four centuries after the Nor-
man Conquest. From discoveries made here it seems
to have been the site either of a Roman station, or a
villa. The village is surrounded by an intrenchment,
enclosing also the keep mount of the Norman fortress,
of which there only remains the stone bridge of sin-
gular construction, across the moat to the keep. The
treacherous arrest of the Duke of Gloucester by
Richard II. was planned while the former lay at this
castle, to which the king himself came, and decoyed
him from it under the pretence of a friendly invitation
to London.
A
PLESSEY, a joint township with Shotton, in the
southern division of the parish of STANNINGTON, west-
ern division of Castle ward, county of NORTHUMBER-
LAND, 6 miles (S. by E.) from Morpeth, containing, with
Shotton, 395 inhabitants.
A
PLOMPTON, a township in the parish of SPOF-
FORTH, upper division of the wapentake of CLARO,
West riding of the county of YORK, 24 miles (S. S. E.)
from Knaresborough, containing 208 inhabitants. It
is within the jurisdiction of the peculiar court of the
honour of Knaresborough.
PLUCKLEY, a parish in the hundred of CALEHILL,
lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 3 miles (S. W.) from
Charing, containing, with Pevington, 663 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, with that of Pevington united,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury, rated in
the king's. books at £20. 1. 5., and in the patronage
3 Z 2
PLU
540
PLU
of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The church is de-
dicated to St. Nicholas. A fair is held on Whit-Tues-
day, for toys, and another on December 6th, for cattle
and hogs, which are brought in great numbers, the
Prices they bear here generally regulating those at the
neighbouring markets. A school is supported by volun-
tary subscriptions.
PLUMBLAND, a parish in ALLERDALE ward below
Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, 6 miles (N. by E.)
from Cockermouth, containing 396 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Carlisle, rated in the king's books at £20. 14. 9., and
in the patronage of C. Curwen, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Cuthbert. Coal and limestone abound
here, and much of the latter is burned into lime. Free-
stone of an inferior quality is also obtained. There
is an excellent free school, founded in 1759, by Captain
John Sibson, who endowed it with lands now pro-
ducing an annual income of £87: the school-house was
erected of freestone in 1800, and contains two very
spacious rooms, one for teaching the classics, the other
for English and the mathematics; also an entrance
porch and clock tower.
PLUMLEY, a township in that part of the parish
of GREAT BUDWORTH which is in the hundred of
BUCKLOW, County palatine of CHESTER, 3 miles (S. W.
by S.) from Nether Knutsford, containing 366 inhabit-
A school is supported by subscription amount-
ing to about £ 10 per annum.
ants.
PLUMPTON, a joint township with Westby, in the
parish of KIRKHAM, hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county
palatine of LANCASTER, 3 miles (W. by N.) from Kirk-
ham. The population is returned with Westby. There
is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. This
place was celebrated, no less than five centuries ago, for
its mines of iron, and a considerable quantity of ore
is still obtained at Whitrigs, in the neighbourhood.
PLUMPTON, a parish in the hundred of Greens-
NORTON, County of NORTHAMPTON, 6 miles (W.) from
Towcester, containing 63 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northamp-
ton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's
books at £10, and in the patronage of the Rev. Ben-
jamin Hill. The church is dedicated to St. John the
Baptist.
PLUMPTON, a parish in the hundred of STREET,
rape of LEWES, county of SUSSEX, 43 miles (N. W. by W.)
from Lewes, containing 272 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lewes, and diocese of
Chichester, rated in the king's books at £10, and in
the patronage of Mrs. Woodward. The church is a
small mean building. There is a trifling sum, the be-
quest of Anthony Springet, in 1735, for teaching poor
children and supplying them with books. On Plumpton
plain, a considerable eminence between Ditchling and
Lewes, Sir Simon de Montford drew up his army, pre-
viously to the battle of Lewes.
PLUMPTON (WOOD), a chapelry in the parish of
ST. MICHAEL, hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county pa-
latine of LANCASTER, 44 miles (N. W. by N.) from Pres-
ton, containing 1635 inhabitants. The living is a per-
The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and
diocese of Chester, endowed with £400 private bene-
faction, and £600 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Vicar of St. Michael's.
PLUMPTON-STREET, a township in the parish of
HESKET in the FOREST, LEATH ward, county of CUM-
BERLAND, 6½ miles (N. by W.) from Penrith, containing
128 inhabitants.
PLUMPTON-WALL, a chapelry in the parish of
LAZONBY, LEATH ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 52
miles (N. by W.) from Penrith, containing 268 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Carlisle, endowed with £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Bishop of
Carlisle. The chapel, dedicated to St. John the Bap-
tist, was built by subscription among the inhabitants.
This was the ancient Voreda, where a Roman altar has
been found; and at Castle Steads, in the neighbourhood,
an inscribed stone, with a bust, was discovered.
ants.
PLUMSTEAD, a parish in the hundred of LESS-
NESS, lathe of SUTTON at HONE, County of Kent, 10
miles (S. by E.) from London, containing 2386 inhabit-
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Rochester, rated in the king's books
at £6. 18. 4., and in the patronage of B. Bowell, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas. The river
Thames bounds the parish to the northward. Plum-
stead was formerly a market town, and possessed also
a charter for fairs, now disused. John Budgen, Esq.,
in 1807, granted land whereon to build a school-
room, which was afterwards erected by private sub-
scription; in the same year William Cole bequeathed
£1000, now producing upwards of £46 per annum,
for the support of a day and a Sunday school, in which
fifty-seven boys and fifty girls are educated, the addi-
tional expense being defrayed by contributions.
PLUMSTEAD, a parish in the northern division
of the hundred of ERPINGHAM, County of NORFOLK, 5
miles (S. E. by E.) from Holt, containing 159 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £5. 3. 4., and in the patronage of the King,
as Duke of Lancaster. The church is dedicated to
St. Michael.
**
PLUMSTEAD (GREAT), a parish in the hundred
of BLOFIELD, county of NORFOLK, 54 miles (E.) from
Norwich, containing 288 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction and pa-
tronage of the Dean and Chapter of Norwich, endowed
with £600 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
PLUMSTEAD (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred
of BLOFIELD, County of NORFOLK, 54 miles (E. by N.)
from Norwich, containing 247 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, with those of Brundall and
Witton consolidated, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £7. 12. 6.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. Charles Penrice.
The church is dedicated to St. Gervase and St. Pro-
tásius.
PLUMTREE, a parish comprising the township of
Clipston, in the southern division of the wapentake
of BINGHAM, and the township of Normanton on the
Wolds, in the northern division of the wapentake of
RUSHCLIFFE, county of NOTTINGHAM, 5 miles (S. S. E.)
from Nottingham, and containing 579 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Notting-
ham, and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
at £19. 19. 7., and in the patronage of W. Elliott, Esq.
PLY
PLY
541
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is principally in
the Norman style of architecture. The villages of
Plumtree and Normanton adjoin each other; at the
latter the Wesleyan Methodists have a place of wor-
ship, erected in 1827. A school is supported by volun-
tary contributions. There are considerable rocks of
limestone in the parish. Courts leet are annually held
here. Plumtree is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of
Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of a court of
pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the re-
covery of debts under 40s.
PLUNGAR, a parish in the hundred of FRAMLAND,
county of LEICESTER, 10½ miles (N. by E.) from Melton-
Mowbray, containing 203 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Leicester,
and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with £600 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Duke of Rutland.
The church is dedicated to St. Helen. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The Grantham
and Nottingham canal passes through the parish.
PLUSH, a tything in the parish and hundred of
BUCKLAND-NEWTON, Cerne subdivision of the county
of DORSET, 3 miles (S. E.) from Buckland, containing
167 inhabitants. Here is a chapel of ease to the vicar-
age of Buckland.
Imm
-
PLYMOUTH, a sea-port,
borough, and market town,
having separate jurisdiction,
locally in the hundred of Ro-
borough, county of DEVON,
44 miles (S.W.) from Exeter,
and 215 (W. S. W.) from
London, containing, exclu-
sively of parts of the pa-
rishes of St. Andrew and
Charles the Martyr, but in-
cluding the towns of Devon-
port and Stonehouse, 61,212
inhabitants, of which about 35,000 are in Plymouth.
This place, which is one of the principal naval and
military stations in the kingdom, and, during war, the
most important, as commanding the entrance of the
English channel, and being the grand rendezvous of
the channel fleet, is by some supposed to have been the
Tameorwerthe of the Saxons. At the time of the Con-
quest, however, it was known only as a small fishing-
town, which, under the appellation of Sutton, or South
Town, was dependent on the abbey of Plympton, and
which some time afterwards obtained the name Ply-
mouth, descriptive of its situation on the river Plym,
near its influx into the bay called Plymouth Sound.
Henry III., in the 37th of his reign, granted to the prior
of Plympton a market and a fair, with the right of
holding weekly courts, assize of bread and beer, and
view of frankpledge. This port became at an early
period the occasional rendezvous of the British navy;
and here, in 1355, Edward the Black Prince embarked,
on his expedition to France, and landed, on his return,
with his royal prisoners. From the convenience of its
harbour the town appears to have soon obtained a con-
siderable degree of importance, and to have become ex-
tremely populous. The French effected a landing here
in the course of this reign, and attempted to burn it,
but were repulsed by the intrepidity of Courtenay, Earl
of Devonshire, who, with the neighbouring gentry and
16
Arms.
their vassals, drove them back to their ships, with the
loss of five hundred men. They made various other
attempts, and, in the reign of Henry IV., landed with
a party of troops from Bretagne, under the command
of the Marshal of Bretagne and Monsieur De Castell,
and, before any effectual resistance could be opposed
to them, burnt six hundred houses in the town; but
failing in their design to reduce the castle, and take
possession of the higher part of the town, they re-
treated to their ships, and proceeded to Dartmouth,
where De Castell and several hundred of his men were
made prisoners. From this time the town declined into
a mere fishing village again, till the reign of Henry VI.,
during which it was improved greatly by the prior of
Plympton, who rebuilt many of the houses, and, by
granting liberal leases, encouraged persons to reside
there, thus considerably promoting the increase of its
population; its port became once more frequented by
merchants, its trade revived, and its importance as a
naval and military station became apparent.
On a
petition from the inhabitants, urging the necessity of
fortifying the town and port against the future assaults
of the enemy, the king granted them a toll on all
merchandise entering the port. To these fortifications
Leland alludes, in his description of the town, with
which a chart, taken in the reign of Henry VIII.,
and now in the British Museum, exactly coincides. In
1439 the town was incorporated, under the designation
of Plymouth; and the manor of Sutton-Prior, with
all its rights and appurtenances, was settled on the
corporation, with a reserved annual rent of £40 pay-
able to the prior of Plympton, and an annuity of ten
marks to the abbot of Bath. In 1512, an act was passed
for enlarging and strengthening the fortifications, a
grant of indulgences being issued by Bishop Lacy to
all who contributed to that work; and, to prevent the
accumulation of sand at the mouth of the harbour,
the tin miners were prohibited working in the neigh-
bourhood of any river communicating with the sea
at Plymouth. In the 27th of Elizabeth, Sir Francis
Drake obtained an act of parliament for supplying the
town with fresh water, which he brought by a rivulet,
called a leat, from the confines of Dartmoor, which,
after a circuitous course of twenty-four miles, dis-
charges itself into a reservoir in the town.

Mok
In 1588, the British fleet of one hundred and twenty
sail, to which this port contributed seven ships, assem-
bled in Plymouth Sound, under the command of Sir
Francis Drake, Lord Howard, and Sir John Hawkins, to
oppose the Spanish Armada, the admiral of which, con-
fident of success, and delighted with the beauty of the
place, had selected Mount-Edgecumbe as his place of
residence in England. The Armada, after appearing off
Penlee point, the Hoe, and adjacent coast, advanced to
the east, where it was attacked by the British fleet, which
had sailed to Torbay, to join the Exeter squadron, and
after having suffered severely from a storm, this formi-
dable armament was annihilated. In 1595, a body of
Spaniards effected a landing on the coast of Cornwall, but
their progress was checked by the activity of Sir Francis
Godolphin, and twenty-two chests, full of Papal bulls,
dispensations, and pardons, which had been taken in that
county, were brought into Plymouth and burnt in the
market-place. In 1596, this port was the place of ren-
dezvous for the British fleet destined for the expedition
<
1
PLY
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542
:
1
t
against Cadiz, under the command of the Earls of Essex
and Nottinghamn, in which Lord Howard was Vice-
Admiral, and Sir Walter Raleigh Rear-Admiral; and
from it also the Earl of Essex embarked on his unfortu-
nate expedition to Ireland. In 1625, Charles, I., with
one hundred and twenty ships, and six thousand troops,
arrived from Portsmouth, and remained in this town
for ten days, during which time he was, with his
whole court, sumptuously entertained by the mayor
and commonalty. At the commencement of the par-
liamentary war, the inhabitants, embracing the cause
of the parliament, seized the town during the absence of
the king's delegate; and, in 1643, the royalists under
Prince Maurice and Colonel Digby, after having besieged
it for more than three months without success, were com-
pelled to withdraw their forces. After repeated attempts
to obtain possession of the town, Sir R. Grenville en-
deavoured to blockade it, but was repulsed by the ar-
rival of the Earl of Essex. Sir Robert, however, com-
menced a second blockade, which, after a continuance of
nearly a year and a half, was found unavailing, and not-
withstanding repeated assaults, the parliamentarians
remained in quiet possession of the town: many of the
fortifications and military works which were raised on
this occasion are still perceptible on the heights in the
vicinity. After the Restoration, the present citadel was
erected, and the fortifications rendered more complete.
On the appearance of the combined fleets in the chan-
nel, in 1779, the French prisoners of war were removed
from this place to Exeter; and in 1814, the Bellerophon
anchored in the Sound, on her voyage to St. Helena with
the Emperor Napoleon. In 1828, the Russian fleet re-
mained for some time in this harbour, while waiting for
tidings of the Admiral's ship, which had parted from it
in a storm; and in 1829, Don Miguel, Regent of Por-
tugal, visited Plymouth, which subsequently afforded an
hospitable asylum for several months to three thousand
of the adherents of Don Pedro of Brazil.
•
The town is pleasantly situated at the mouth of the
river Plym, on the north shore of the Sound: the east-
ern portion exhibits several irregularly formed streets,
which in some parts are inconveniently narrow; but the
western part is more regularly built, and contains many
ranges of handsome and substantial houses, among which
are several fine specimens of architecture: it is lighted
with gas, and amply supplied with excellent water. The
surrounding scenery abounds with objects of intense in-
terest and striking magnificence. From the summit of the
Hoe, an eminence near the town, are seen on the south
the spacious Sound, containing within the Breakwater
an area of nearly five square miles, affording safe an-
chorage to ships of the largest burden, and bounded on
the west by the richly wooded heights of Mount-Edge-
cumbe, and on the east by Mount-Batten and the
Wembury cliffs; the fortified summit of Drake island,
near the shore, and the Breakwater, in the distance. The
inland view is bounded by the lofty elevations of Corn-
wall, and the barren heights of Dartmoor; and in the
foreground are seen the towns of Plymouth, Stonehouse,
and Devonport, extending in a continued line. This
This
place is chiefly distinguished for the capaciousness of
its harbours, and for the importance of its maritime
commerce; the naval arsenal, and yards for building
ships of war, are noticed under the head of Devon-
port (which see). The principal harbours are the
Sound, Sutton Pool, the Hamoaze, Stonehouse Pool,
Barn Pool, the Catwater, and several smaller ones.
The Sound, which is capable of holding two thou-
sand vessels, has been rendered much more secure
by the construction of the Breakwater, which may
be regarded as the most gigantic work ever effected
in England. It was commenced on the 12th of August,
1812, and has, during its progress, experienced two
most severe trials, effectually proving its strength and
utility. In January 1817, and November 1824, the
southern coast of England was strewed with wrecks.
The Breakwater, presenting an uneven and unfinished
surface, was the more liable to be disturbed by the vio-
lence of the waters; but it was by no means seriously
injured, and evidently served as a very great protection
to the town of Plymouth. This immense barrier is
composed of granite blocks of several tons' weight. It
is in length at the base one thousand seven hundred and
sixty yards; in breadth, one hundred and twenty. The
slope facing the sea is much more gradual than the in-
clination toward the land. The flat surface on the top
forms a fine promenade, approached by three flights of
steps, leading to one common landing, near the centre of
the work. On the eastern side of the Sound, at Staddon
Point, is a quay for the accommodation of vessels taking
in fresh water. Near it, in a hollow between two hills,
a reservoir has been constructed, capable of containing
twelve thousand tons of fresh water, for the use of
the navy, which is constantly supplied by an ex-
cellent stream: the water is thence conveyed to the
quay in iron pipes. Near the reservoir is the residence
of the superintendent of the Breakwater establishment,
and in the vicinity are numerous cottages for the con-
venience of those who visit this interesting spot.
The Eddystone Lighthouse, as a successful effort
of art, is scarcely less extraordinary than the gigantic
structure just described. It is built on a rock in the
channel, about fifteen miles south-south-west from the
citadel of Plymouth. In 1696, a wooden lighthouse was
first erected on this rock by Mr. Winstanley, who was
so convinced of its security, that he desired to be within
it during "the greatest storm that might ever blow
under the heavens.” His wish was fatally fulfilled:
in November 1703, he perished with the structure itself.
A second lighthouse of stone and timber was completed
by Mr. Rudyerd, in 1709, which was destroyed by an
accidental fire, in December 1755. The present build-
ing was begun on the 1st of June, 1757, and completed
in October 1759, according to the masterly design of
Mr. Smeaton: it is one hundred feet high, and twenty-
six feet in diameter. The outside and basement are
formed of granite, the lantern on the summit being
composed of cast-iron and copper: it is octagonal in
plan. The Citadel is a most noble fortification, consisting
of three regular and two irregular bastions, the curtains
of the former being strengthened by ravelins, &c. This
extensive building includes houses for the governor and
officers, barracks, an hospital, chapel, magazine, and ar-
moury. The ramparts are three quarters of a mile in
circuit.
circuit. Here are in general from four to five hundred
men, a portion of whom relieve the garrison on St.
Nicholas' Island every month. The Victualling-Office
below the citadel, on the east, is a vast range of build-
ings, including the Navy cooperage, &c. The ovens are
large and of remarkable construction: they are eight
PLY
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543
in number; and it is said, that in time of war a suf-
ficient quantity of bread has been baked in one day for
sixteen thousand men. The Mill Bay Prisons of War
are capable of holding three thousand men ; the building
stands on an eminence near the sea, whereby it is ren-
dered, not only more healthy, but more convenient for
the landing of prisoners.
The Union Sea Baths, lately erected, comprise shower,
vapour, private, plunging, and swimming baths, a read-
ing-room, and another for refreshments, with all neces-
The greatest architectural orna-
sary appendages.
ment in the town is the Royal hotel, assembly-room, and
theatre, comprised in one design, covering nearly an acre
of ground. The north-west front is nearly three hun-
dred feet in length, the centre being decorated with a
noble Ionic portico of eight columns, under which is
the entrance to the assembly-room and the theatre;
the former is a most elegant apartment, eighty feet in
length, and forty feet wide, decorated with Corinthian
columns. The theatre is sufficiently spacious, and ap-
propriately decorated: it contains a good pit, and two
tiers of boxes, with gallery and slips above: the pro-
scenium is ornamented with Ionic columns, and the
scenery is superior to what might be expected in a pro-
vincial town. The entrance to the inn is under a smaller
portico at the eastern side of the building, which is in
every respect a noble structure: it was commenced in Sep-
tember 1811, and completed at an expense of £60,000,
defrayed by the corporation. Near this is the Athenæum,
a structure of inferior magnitude, though of equal
architectural merit its front exhibits a Grecian Doric
portico, and in the interior is a spacious lecture-room,
decorated with casts from the Elgin marbles, &c.
The foundation stone was laid in 1818, by the presi-
dent of the Plymouth Institution for the promotion of
the Arts, Science, and Literature, and the institution
was opened February 4th, 1819: the society meet once
a week during the season, when a paper is read, and the
subject subsequently discussed; a volume of transac-
tions is also published from time to time. The public
library is another ornament to the town; simple, but
classical: adjoining the library, which is a handsome
vaulted apartment, are reading and committee rooms.
The Freemason's Hall is a well-designed edifice, includ-
ing, besides the hall used by the brethren, an auction-
room, &c. A mechanics' institute was opened in Decem-
ber 1827, when a most excellent introductory paper
was read by Dr. Cookworthy: its members are nu-
merous and respectable.
·
-
Plymouth Regatta usually takes place in the Sound,
in July, when thousands assemble on the Hoe to
witness the splendid exhibition. The races are held
on Chelson meadow, containing one hundred and se-
venty-five acres, which have been recovered from the
sea by an embankment two thousand nine hundred and
ten feet in length: this great improvement was exe-
cuted under the directions of the Earl of Morley, who
received, in consequence, a gold medal from the Society
of Arts. To this nobleman the inhabitants are also
indebted for a magnificent iron bridge over the Lara,
opened to the public on the 16th of July, 1827. It con-
sists of five elliptical arches of cast-iron, the central
arch being one hundred feet in span. As a design it
is highly worthy of encomium; and its convenience is
equally unquestionable; for, by following the new line
j
of road to which it leads, the hills in the old route to
Totness are avoided. Near this bridge is Saltram, the
noble residence of the Earl of Morley.
A considerable trade in timber is now carried on
with North America, the Baltic, the Mediterranean, &c.;
and a direct intercourse has been established with the
West Indies, highly advantageous to the port, inasmuch
as the imports, coming immediately from the colonies,
escape the agencies, duties, and port-charges of London
and Bristol. The coasting trade is chiefly with London,
Great
Newcastle, Newport (in Wales), and Bristol.
quantities of manganese are shipped to Scotland, wool
to Hull, and lead to Bristol and the metropolis. In the
foreign trade there are employed, besides numerous char-
tered vessels, thirty sail belonging to the port of Sutton,
their burden varying from sixty to five hundred tons.
Upwards of fifty coasting vessels also belong to Sutton
Pool, which, in the year 1828, received within its piers
one thousand one hundred and ninety-four ships, the
cargoes of which amounted to seventy-five thousand
and sixty-seven tons. Besides the Sutton harbour,
there are others, viz., Hamoaze (see Devonport), Stone-
house Pool, Barn Pool, Catwater, with several smaller
harbours. To the entire port of Plymouth it may be
said, that three hundred merchant-vessels belong, the
combined burden of which amounts to twenty-one
thousand tons. The fishery is accounted excellent,
whiting and hake being among the fish which more
particularly abound. Fifty trolling, and twelve hooking,
boats, employed in this fishery, belong to Sutton Pool.
The harbour is held on lease under the duchy of
Cornwall. The piers, through which it is entered,
were erected by means of parliamentary grants, in
1791 and 1799. The quays surrounding it are nu-
merous and convenient: here are also several yards for
building and repairing merchant-ships. Catwater har-
bour, into which the river Plym falls, is capable of re-
ceiving a thousand sail of large merchant-vessels. The
Custom House is a commodious and substantial struc-
ture, with a handsome granite front, and well-designed
long room. The exchange has no pretensions to ele-
gance, though fully serving its intended purpose: it
includes a Chamber of Commerce, Marine Insurance
Office, Steam-Packet Office, &c.
The manufacture of serge is carried on to a small
extent. The neighbourhood abounds with quarries of
granite and slate, and the traffic in these articles has
been greatly facilitated by a rail-road, the projection of
which is mainly attributable to Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt :
it is in length twenty-four miles, reaching from King's
Tor on Dartmoor, to Jory-street, and communicating
with Sutton Pool. Among its advantages may by enu-
merated the means it affords for conveying coal, lime,
and, in particular, manure, from Plymouth into the in-
terior. The Plymouth marble is justly esteemed, on ac-
count of its veining and susceptibility of polish. The
principal quarry is at Oreston, near the Lara bridge,
from which is obtained the material for the breakwater.
It was opened in 1812, and in the progress of the work
a cavity was discovered in the marble rock, about twenty-
five feet long, and twelve feet square. Here were found,
imbedded in clay, numerous bones of the rhinoceros, wolf,
deer, cow, horse, &c., containing less animal matter in
them than any fossil bones hitherto discovered, and un-
usually perfect. The market days are Monday, Thursday,
PLY
PLY
544
and Saturday; the market-place, a spacious area com-
prising three acres, is enclosed with a wall, in which are
three principal entrances. The fairs, in April and No-
vember, are not fixed to any particular day, but are re-
gulated by those of Plympton; the latter, which is called
the great market, is well attended.
a
Corporate Seal.
The government, by suc-
cessive charters of incor-
poration, is vested in
mayor, twelve aldermen,
and twenty-four common
council - men, assisted by
a recorder, town - clerk,
chamberlain, coroner, ser-
jeants at mace, and subor-
dinate officers. The mayor
is annually elected by the
corporation on the 17th,
and sworn into office on
the 29th, of September, and, with the late mayor, re-
corder, and two senior aldermen, is a justice of the peace
within the borough. The corporation hold courts of
quarter session after the festivals of Lady-day, Mid-
summer, Michaelmas, and Christmas, for all offences
not capital. A court of record, formerly held by pre-
scription under the prior of Plympton, and confirmed
by an act of the 18th of Henry VI., for the recovery of
debts to an unlimited amount, is held every Monday,
under the presidency of the mayor, assisted by the town-
clerk, who must be a barrister of three years' standing:
and the mayor, chamberlain, and other officers, sit every
Monday and Thursday at the guildhall, for determining
minor offences. The borough exercised the elective
franchise in the 26th and 33rd of Edward I., and in
the 4th and 7th of Edward II., since which time it
omitted till the 20th of Henry IV.; it has since re-
gularly returned two members to parliament, the right
of election being vested in the freemen generally: the
mayor is the returning officer. The guildhall is an ir-
regular structure, in a mixed style of architecture, com-
prising a hall for the transaction of the public business,
jury and committee rooms, the central watch-house,
and the town prison.
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The town is included within the parishes of St. An-
drew and King Charles the Martyr. The living of
St. Andrew's is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Totness, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's
books at £12. 15. 5., endowed with £600 private be-
nefaction, and £3000 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Mayor and Corporation: the church
is a spacious structure of very ancient foundation, and
has been recently repaired and improved, at an ex-
pense of £3000: it has a lofty square embattled tower;
the interior is finely arranged, and coloured in imitation
of granite, and has a handsome altar-piece. The living
of the parish of King Charles the Martyr is a vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £12. 15. 5., and in the
patronage of the Mayor and Corporation: the church,
begun a little before, and completed soon after, the par-
liamentary war, is a neat edifice in the later style of
English architecture, with a square tower surmounted
by a well-proportioned spire. St. Andrew's and St.
Charles' chapels are neat edifices, of which the former,
built at the expense of the Rev. Robert Lampen, and
Messrs. Woollcombe, Gill, and Pridham, was consecrated
in 1823, and the latter in 1829. There are places of
worship for Baptists, the Society of Friends, Indepen-
dents, Wesleyan Methodists, Presbyterians, and Unita-
rians, and a synagogue.
The grammar school, a substantial stone building,
with a residence for the master, was founded, in 1572,
by Queen Elizabeth, who granted to the corporation the
arrears of a rent-charge upon the vicarage, on con-
dition that they should find a curate, and pay £20
a year to a schoolmaster. The Red boys' school was
established in pursuance of the will of E. Hele, Esq.,
of Wembury, dated 1632: eight poor boys are clothed,
educated, and apprenticed. The Blue boys' school was
founded by means of a bequest by Mr. J. Lanyon: it
has the same advantages as the Red boys' school, and
there are generally twelve children on the foundation.
In 1625, Messrs. T. and N. Sherwill founded a school
and asylum for orphans: this charity is managed by a
committee, including four aldermen and two common
council-men: there are now twelve boys on the founda-
tion. In Vennel-street is the Household of Faith, in which
near two hundred children are educated: it is supported
by contributions. The Grey school was founded in 1713:
it is supported by subscription, and affords instruction
to one hundred boys, of whom forty are clothed; and
sixty girls, of whom twenty are clothed. The public
school, conducted on the plans of Mr. Lancaster and
Dr. Bell, is supported by subscription, and affords in-
struction to three hundred boys and girls: the master
has a salary of £70 per annum :
has a salary of £70 per annum the committee of
management assemble monthly, and the school is open
to public inspection twice a week. In Princes-square
is the subscription classical school, a neat Doric build-
ing. In Dame Rogers' school forty-five girls are clothed,
maintained, and educated. Here are also a school of
industry, chiefly supported by the Society of Friends,
and a Presbyterian school for fifty girls. A Misericordia
Society was established in 1794.
Society was established in 1794. The Merchantmen's
hospital is for the relief of maimed or disabled seamen,
and for the widows and orphans of such as are killed
or drowned in the merchants' service. St. Andrew's
almshouses are for the reception of twelve poor widows,
who receive two shillings and sixpence per week each:
behind these are others belonging to the workhouse.
Charles' almshouses, built in 1679, are capable of con-
taining forty persons, who receive a weekly allowance
from the parish. In 1703, Col. Jory erected a building
for twelve sailors' widows, each of whom now receives
a monthly allowance of twenty-five shillings. The pub-
lic dispensary was erected, in 1807, in consequence of
a bequest of £1000 by C. Yonge, Esq. it is gratui-
tously attended by two physicians, surgeons, &c. Here
is also an eye infirmary, supported by voluntary con-
tributions. The workhouse was established by act of
parliament in 1708 it is under the management of a
body corporate, entitled "the Governor and Guardians
of the poor's portion in Plymouth.” The guardians
are fifty-two in number, the mayor and recorder being
among them; the remainder are chosen annually, six
from the aldermen, six from the common council, twenty
from the parish of St. Andrew, and eighteen from the
parish of King Charles the Martyr. The right of voting
is obtained by paying at the rate of sixpence per month
to the poor, and the election takes place in May; the

TLY
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545
establishment includes, besides the wards for the paupers,
school-rooms for boys and girls, a bridewell, infirm
ary, &c: the principal governor has the right of com-
mitting offenders to the bridewell for a period not ex-
ceeding seven days. The remaining charitable societies
are, for lying-in women, for reclaiming dissolute females,
and for the relief of the sick poor generally. This is
the birthplace of Sir Thomas Edmondes, a distinguished
statesman and political writer, born in 1563; of the
gallant admiral, Sir John Hawkins, who died in 1590;
and of Jacob Bryant, a learned antiquary, who was born
in 1715, and died in 1804. Plymouth gives the title of
earl to the family of Windsor.
PLYMOUTH-DOCK, county of DEVON.-See DE-
VONPORT.
---
COMIT
Corporate Seal.
PLYMPTON (EARL'S), a
borough, market town, and
parish, having separate ju-
risdiction, though locally
in the hundred of Plymp-
ton, county of DEVON, 39
miles (S. W.) from Exeter,
and 210 (W. S. W.) from
London, containing 762 in-
habitants. This place was
the head of an ancient ba-
rony, and had a magnificent
castle, supposed to have
been erected by Rivers, Earl of Devon, to whom the
barony was given by Henry I., about the year 1100, and
delivered up to Stephen by certain knights who held it
during the absence of Earl Baldwin, who had rebelled
against that monarch: the lords of the barony were
invested with the power of inflicting capital punishment.
The town is beautifully situated on an elevation
rising out of a vale, south-eastward of the river Plym:
it is small, but of respectable appearance, and the sur-
rounding scenery is rich and picturesque. The market
is on Friday; and fairs are held on February 25th,
August 12th, eve of the Ascension, eve of the Annuncia-
tion (O.S.), and October 28th. The charter of incor-
poration, and for permission to hold a market, is said
to have been obtained by Earl Baldwin, and subsequently
confirmed by Edward III. and other sovereigns. The
town is governed by a mayor, eight aldermen, and a re-
corder, who constitute the common council: the mayor,
recorder, and the senior alderman, are magistrates.
A court of record, for the recovery of debts to any
amount, is occasionally held, under a charter of William
and Mary, but it is used only to a trifling extent. The
guildhall, which bears date 1696, is a neat and substan-
tial edifice, supported on pillars and arches, and in the
dining-room are some ancestorial portraits of the Treby
family, also one of Sir Joshua Reynolds, by himself.
The borough first sent members to parliament in the
23rd of Edward I., and was constituted a stannary
town in 1328; the right of election is vested in the
mayor and freemen: the freedom is elective, and depen-
dent on the common council; the number of voters is
about forty: the mayor is the returning officer, and the
influence of the Earl of Mount-Edgecumbe, and of Paul
Treby Treby, Esq., is predominant. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and
diocese of Exeter, endowed with £400 royal bounty, and
£600 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
VOL. III.
WATA
Bony
SIGILL
VRGED
Dean and Canons of Windsor. The church, which
contains some interesting monuments, was anciently
the chantry chapel of St. Maurice. There are places
of worship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists.
A grammar school was founded and endowed, in 1658, by
the trustees of Eliza Hele: the school-house, a spacious
building in the ancient English style, with large an-
tique windows, and a piazza of nine arches, supported
on stone pillars, was erected in 1664: the master is
appointed by the trustees, but there are no scholars
on the foundation. Sir Joshua Reynolds, the celebrated
portrait painter, who was born here in 1723, received
the rudiments of his education at this school, under the
tuition of his father, at that time master. Some of his
earliest sketches were inscribed upon the walls, and pre-
served for many years, but were at length obliterated.
A few vestiges of the ancient castle are still visible:
the artificial mount on which it was erected is con-
sidered one of the most perfect specimens of the kind
now in existence.

PLYMPTON (ST. MARY), a parish in the hundred
of PLYMPTON, County of DEVON, 1 mile (N. W. by W.)
from Earl's Plympton, containing 2044 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Totness, and diocese of Exeter, endowed with £ 15 per
annum private 'benefaction, and £1300 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Dean and Canons
of Windsor. The church is principally in the later
style of English architecture, with a handsome tower : it
contains three stone stalls, and, among various other
monuments, an altar-tomb, much mutilated, with a re-
cumbent figure of a knight in armour. The village is
chiefly remarkable as having been the site of a priory,
accounted the richest in the county. A college is said
to have been founded here by one of the Saxon kings,
fora dean and four prebendaries. This was suppressed by
Bishop Warlewast, in 1121, in consequence of the ob-
stinacy of the monks, who, notwithstanding the injunc-
tion of celibacy, passed twenty years before, still enter-
tained their connubial inclinations. The bishop's newly-
founded priory was for Black canons, and dedicated
either to the Virgin Mary, or to St. Peter and St. Paul.
The families of Baldwin and Valletort were considerable
benefactors to it; and in 1534 the society consisted of
a prior and twenty monks at this time its yearly re-
venue was stated to be £912. 11. 8. The prior's pen-
sion, after, the monastery was dissolved, amounted to
£120 per annum. St. Anthony's abbey in Cornwall,
and that of St. Mary de Marisco near Exeter, were sub-
ject to it.
The ject to it. Among its possessions were included Ply-
mouth and the Isle of St. Nicholas : it was also distin-
guished for the extent of its church patronage.
site was granted to James Coffin and Thomas Goodwin.
The parish workhouse occupies the site of an ancient
hospital, and is endowed with land yielding £50 per
annum.
PLYMSTOCK, a parish in the hundred of PLYMP-
TON, county of DEVON, 3 miles (S. W. by W.) from
Earl's Plympton, containing 2735 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Totness, and diocese of Exeter, endowed with £15 per
annum private benefaction, and £ 1500 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Dean and Canons of
Windsor. The church, dedicated to St. Mary and All
Saints, was formerly attached to Plympton priory, and
+
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546
POL
has lately received an addition of one hundred and
forty sittings, of which one hundred and ten are free,
the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels having granted £ 120 for that purpose. At
At
Hooe was formerly a chapel, dedicated to St. Catherine.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
A free school was endowed, in 1790, with £2000 three
per cents., by the Rev. Vincent Warren, the interest of
which is applied for teaching thirty children on the
National system, and clothing twenty of them, viz., ten
of each sex.
An almshouse was founded, in 1600, by
Sir Christopher Harris, for four poor persons. At Ores-
ton, in this parish, is the great marble quarry from
which the material was obtained for the construction of
the Breakwater. There are wet docks at Turnchapel, be-
longing to the Earl of Morley, sufficiently capacious for
the reception of frigates, and a yard adjoining, in which
seventy-four gun ships have been built. Plymstock was
an important post during the civil war between Charles
and his parliament. Radford, in this parish, is said to
have been the residence of Sir Walter Raleigh, after his
arrival at Plymouth, in 1618; and Stoddescombe was
the birthplace of Dr. Foster, the editor of Plato.
PLYMTREE, a parish in the hundred of HAYRIDGE,
county of DEVON, 32 miles (S. E. by S.) from Cullompton,
containing 381 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter, rated in the
king's books at £21. 18. 11., and in the patronage of
the Provost and Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford. The
church, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, has an elegant
gilt wooden screen and an octagonal stone font.
POCKLEY, a township in the parish of HELMSLEY,
wapentake of RYEDALE, North riding of the county of
YORK, 24 miles (N. E. by E.) from Helmsley, containing
227 inhabitants. A neat chapel of ease was erected in
1822, by C. Duncombe, Esq.
POCKLINGTON, a parish in the Wilton-Beacon
division of the wapentake of HARTHILL, East riding of
the county of YORK, comprising the market town of
Pocklington, the chapelry of Yapham, and the townships
of Meltonby and Owsthorpe, and containing 2163 inha-
bitants, of which number, 1962 are in the town of Pock-
lington, 13 miles (E. by S.) from York, and 195 (N.by W.)
from London. This town is small, and pleasantly situ-
ated in a level country, about two miles from the west-
ern edge of the Wolds, on a small stream which falls into
the river Derwent: it consists principally of two streets.
Races are held annually on the 2nd of May. About a
mile distant is a navigable canal, recently completed,
which communicates with the river, and furnishes the
means of supplying the town and neighbourhood with
coal, lime, manure, and merchandise, and of conveying
to different places corn, flour, timber, and other articles.
The market is on Saturday; and fairs are held March
7th, May 6th, August 5th, and November Sth: on the
9th of November is a statute fair for hiring servants:
Petty sessions for the Wilton-Beacon division are held
here. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the pecu-
liar jurisdiction and patronage of the Dean of York,
rated in the king's books at £10. 1. 10., endowed with
£1400 private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and
£300 parliamentary grant. The church is dedicated to
All Saints. There are places of worship for Indepen-
dents, Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, and Ro-
man Catholics. The free grammar school was founded,
in the 6th of Henry VIII., by John Dowman, L. L. D.,
under writ of the privy seal, for the instruction in
classical literature of all children resorting to this town,
the government being vested in an ancient guild, esta-
blished by the founder, in the parochial church here.
In the 5th of Edward VI., the appointment of the
master was vested in the Master and Fellows of St.
John's College, Cambridge, and that of the usher, in the
churchwardens of Pocklington; and the master and
usher were incorporated, and authorised to receive all
endowments of the said school, and also, with the vicar,
curate, or churchwardens, to nominate to the vacancies
in any of the five exhibitions established and endowed
in St. John's College, Cambridge, by the founder, for
scholars from this school: the endowments were aug-
mented, in the 5th of Mary, by the conveyance of mes-
suages, lands, and hereditaments from Thomas Dow-
man, the founder's nephew, and still further by a simi-
lar grant from the Rev. Thomas Mountfrith the annual
income is £1020. 9. S., which sum the master retains for
his own use, after deducting £200 for the salary of the
usher: about seventeen boys are instructed on the
foundation. The old school apartments and master's
house were taken down in 1819, and new premises
erected on the site by the master. A National school,
in which about seventy-five boys and sixty girls are
educated, was erected at the sole expense of Robert
Dennison, Esq., and is supported by voluntary contri-
butions. In 1763, four human skeletons, one of which
was enclosed in a coffin, with an urn at the head, were
dug up in Barnsley field, near this town: several ancient
characters were inscribed on the urn.
:
PODEN, a hamlet in the parish of CHURCH-HONEY-
BOURNE, upper division of the hundred of BLACKEN-
HURST, County of WORCESTER, 23 miles (N. N. W.)
from Chipping-Campden. The population is returned
with the parish.
PODIMORE (MILTON), a parish forming one of
five unconnected portions of the hundred of WHITLEY,
being locally in that of Somerton, county of SOMERSET,
2 miles (N. E. by N.) from Ilchester, containing 176 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £12. 6. 5½., and in the patronage of
T. S. Horner, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
·
PODMORE, a township in the parish of ECCLES-
HALL, northern division of the hundred of PIREHILL,
county of STAFFORD, 3 miles from Eccleshall, contain-
ing 75 inhabitants: it is within the peculiar jurisdic-
tion of the Prebendary of Eccleshall`in the Cathedral
Church of Lichfield.
POINTINGTON, a parish in the hundred of HORE-
THORNE, County of SOMERSET, 2½ miles (N. by E.)
from Sherborne, containing 162 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese
of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at
£ 13. 8. 4., and in the patronage of Lord Willoughby de
Broke. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
POINTON, a chapelry in the parish of SEMPERING-
HAM, wapentake of AVELAND, parts of KESTEVEN,
county of LINCOLN, 3 miles (E. S. E.) from Falking-
ham, containing 363 inhabitants.
POLEBROOK, a parish in the hundred of POLE-
BROOK, County of NORTHAMPTON, 22 miles (E. S. E.)
from Oundle, containing, with the hamlet of Armston,
M
POL
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547
339 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough,
rated in the king's books at £29. 3. 6., and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Peterborough. The church,
dedicated to All Saints, is partly Norman, but princi-
pally in the early English style, with a beautiful tower
and spire at the western extremity of the south aisle:
the font has a cylindrical base, and an octagonal top
with trefoil panelling. There is a trifling endowment,
the bequest of William Tawyer, in 1721, for teaching
children.
5 miles (E.) from Fowey, and 3 (W. S. W.) from West
Looe. The population is returned with the parishes.
This is a small fishing town, romantically situated,
the houses being built on the sides of two steep
rocky hills, and between them, through a very nar-
row valley, flows a small river which separates the
parishes. Here is a harbour for vessels of one hundred
and fifty tons' burden: the imports are chiefly coal,
culm, and limestone, and grain is occasionally exported.
A pilchard fishery and an extensive hook and line
fishery are carried on, the latter of which supplies Bath,
Plymouth, &c., with large quantities of fine whiting,
pipers, dace, plaice, and turbot. A small market is
held on Friday, and a pleasure fair on July 10th, which
continues for several days, on which occasion a no-
minal mayor is elected by a mock council of alder-
There was formerly a chapel at Polperro, dedi-
cated to St. Peter, some remains of which, called the
Chapel house, are on the brow of the western hill above
the town. There are places of worship for Independents
and Wesleyan Methodists, in that part of the town
which is in the parish of Talland. The interest of
£200, the benefaction of Captain Charles Kendall, and
of £100, the gift of Mrs. Mary Kendall, is paid to a
master and a mistress, for the education of children of
both sexes.
men.
POLESWORTH, a parish in the Tamworth division
of the hundred of HEMLINGFORD, county of WARWICK,
44 miles (E. S. E.) from Tamworth, containing 1834
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, rated in the king's books at £10, and in
the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. Edith. The Independents have recently erected
a place of worship here. A Benedictine nunnery, in
honour of our Lady, was founded here about the begin-
ning of the ninth century, by King Egbert, of which his
daughter Editha was abbess, to whom, on her canoni-
zation, it was afterwards dedicated. Soon after the
Conquest, the nuns were dispossessed of their lands, and
retired to their cell at Oldbury; but, in the time of
Stephen, they returned hither, and from Henry III.
had the grant of a weekly market and an annual fair :
at the dissolution this house possessed a revenue of
£109. 6. 6. there are still considerable remains of
the conventual buildings. The Coventry canal passes
through the parish. Francis Nethersole, in 1656, found-
ed and liberally endowed a free school: the income is
applied for teaching and apprenticing children of both
:
sexes.
POLING, a parish in the hundred of POLING, rape
of ARUNDEL, county of SUSSEX, 3 miles (S. E.) from
Arundel, containing 191 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Chichester, rated in the king's books at £10, and in the
patronage of the Provost and Fellows of Eton College,
on the nomination of the Bishop of Chichester. The
church is principally in the later style of English archi-
tecture. John Tilly, in 1785, bequeathed a rent-charge
of £3 for teaching poor children. The knights of St.
John of Jerusalem had a preceptory here, which, at the
dissolution, was granted to the college of Arundel.
POLLARDS-LANDS, a township in that part of
the parish of ST. ANDREW AUCKLAND which is in the
north-western division of DARLINGTON ward, county
palatine of DURHAM, containing 117 inhabitants.
POLLECOT, a hamlet in the parish and hundred
of ASHENDON, county of BUCKINGHAM, 6 miles (N.)
from Thame. The population is returned with the
parish.
POLLINGTON, a township in that part of the
parish of SNAITH which is in the lower division of the
wapentake of OSGOLDCROSS, West riding of the county
of YORK, 24 miles (S. W.) from Snaith, containing 483
inhabitants. It is within the jurisdiction of the pecu-
liar court of Snaith. There is a place of worship for
Independents.
POLPERRO, a sea-port and market-town partly
in the parish of LANSALLOES, and partly in that of
TALLAND, hundred of WEST, county of CORNWALL,
POLSTEAD, a parish in the hundred of BAbergh,
county of SUFFOLK, 34 miles (N. N. E.) from Nayland,
containing 900 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £22, and in the patronage
of F. R. Reynolds, Esq.
of F. R. Reynolds, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary.
POLTIMORE, a parish in the hundred of WON-
FORD, county of DEVON, 4 miles (N. E.) from Exeter,
containing 270 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, with
that of Huxham united, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £15. 15. 5.,
and in the patronage of Sir G. W. Bampfylde, Bart. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is principally in the de-
corated style of English architecture, with an elegant
wooden screen: it was built by John Bampfylde, who
died in 1390, and to whose memory it contains a slab.
Near it is an almshouse for four poor persons, founded
by Mrs. Bampfylde about 1595, and endowed at different
times by Sir Amias Bampfylde and several of his des-
cendants. Poltimore is situated on the river Clist, and
there are mines of manganese within the parish.
PONDERS-END, a hamlet in the parish of EN-
FIELD, hundred of EDMONTON, county of MIDDLESEX,
9 miles (N. N. E.) from London. The population is
returned with the parish.
returned with the parish. Here is an establishment for
finishing crape, at which about one hundred and fifty
persons are employed. The Lea navigation passes
within a mile of the village. The Independents have
a place of worship; and an infant school has recently
been established.
PONSONBY, a parish in ALLERDALE ward above
Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, 43 miles (S. E. by s.)
from Egremont, containing, with the hamlet of Newton,
150 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
endowed with £800 private benefaction, £1000 royal
bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of E. Stanley, Esq. The church is a neat
4 A 2
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548
1
structure, exhibiting in the windows some ancient
stained glass brought from Dalegarth Hall. The river
Calder bounds the parish on the north. Freestone is
obtained here; and on an eminence at Infell are some
remains of a Roman camp.
PONTEFRACT, a pa-
rish in the upper division
of the wapentake of Os-
goldcross, West riding of
the county of YORK, com-
prising the borough of Pon-
tefract, which has a sepa-
rate jurisdiction, the cha-
pelry of Knottingly, and
the townships of Carleton,
East Hardwick, Monkhill,
and Tanshelf, and contain-
ing 8824 inhabitants, of which number, 4447 are in the
borough of Pontefract, 23 miles (S. S. W.) from York, and
177½ (N. N. W.) from London. This place, which appears
to have risen from the ruins of the ancient Legeolium, a
Roman station in the vicinity, now Castleford, was by
the Saxons called Kirkby, and after the Conquest ob-
tained the name of Pontfract, from the breaking of a
bridge over the river Aire, while William, Archbishop
of York, and son of the sister of King Stephen, was
passing over it, attended by an immense crowd, who
escorted him on his return from Rome. Though not
itself a Roman station, it was probably a place of infe-
rior importance connected with Legeolium, as the Wat-
ling-street passed through the park, near the town, and
vestiges of a Roman camp were distinctly traceable pre-
viously to the recent enclosure of waste lands. During
the time of the Saxons, to whom some historians attribute
the building of the town, Alric, a Saxon chief, erected a
castle here, which having been demolished, or suffered to
fall into decay, was repaired, or more probably rebuilt,
by Hildebert de Lacy, to whom, at the time of the
Conquest, William granted the honour and manor of
Pontefract. In the reign of Edward II., the castle
being then in the possession of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster,
who had revolted against the king, on account of his
partiality to Piers Gaveston, was besieged and taken;
and the earl being soon after made prisoner, by An-
drew de Hercla, at Boroughbridge, was brought to Pon-
tefract, where, being condemned by the king, he was
beheaded, and several of the barons who had joined
his party were hanged. Having been canonized, a
chapel was erected on the spot of his decapitation,
and, in honour of his memory, dedicated to St. Thomas.
His descendant, the renowned John of Gaunt, retired to
this castle in the reign of Richard II., and fortified it
against the king, but a reconciliation taking place,
through the medium of Joan, the king's mother, no
further hostilities ensued. Henry de Bolingbroke, Duke
of Hereford, then an exile in France, exasperated by
the king's attempt to deprive him of the duchy of Lan-
caster and honour of Pontefract, to which he had suc-
ceeded by the death of his father, and having received
an invitation from some of the principal nobility, landed
at Ravenspur in this county, and being joined by the
Lords Willoughby, Ross, D'Arcy, Beaumont, and other
persons of distinction, with an army of sixty thousand
men, a battle ensued, which terminated in the deposi-
tion and imprisonment of the king, and the exaltation
5K
Arms.
of the duke to the throne, by the title of Henry IV.
Richard, after his deposition, was for some time con-
fined in this castle, where he was inhumanly put to
death. Henry frequently resided in it, where he held a
parliament, after the battle of Shrewsbury, and, in 1404,
signed the truce between England and Scotland. Scroop,
Archbishop of York, having raised an insurrection, in
which he was joined by the Earl of Northumberland,
for the dethronement of the king, was by treachery made
prisoner, and being brought hither, where Henry at that
time resided, was sentenced to death and executed.
Queen Margaret, during the absence of the king in
Scotland, resided in this castle, and was delivered of her
fifth son at Brotherton, in the immediate vicinity, having
been taken ill while on a hunting excursion. After the
battle of Agincourt, in the reign of Henry V., the Duke
of Orleans and several French noblemen of the highest
rank, whom that monarch had taken prisoners, were
confined in the castle; and in the year following, the
young king of Scotland, who had been taken prisoner on
his voyage to France, was confined here till the com-
mencement of the following reign.
During the war between the houses of York and
Lancaster, this castle was the prison of numerous no-
blemen, of whom several were put to death within its
walls. Earl Rivers, who had been kept a prisoner here
by the Duke of Gloucester, whose designs he had inef-
fectually attempted to oppose, was put to death in the
castle, together with Sir Richard Grey and Sir Thomas
Vaughan. In 1461, Edward IV., with an army of forty
thousand men, fixed his head-quarters here, whence
he marched against the Lancastrians; the two armies
met at Towton, where the battle took place, and nearly.
thirty-seven thousand men were left dead on the field.
After the union of the houses of York and Lancaster,
in the person of Henry VII., that monarch visited the
castle, in the second year of his reign: it was honoured
also by a visit from Henry VIII., in 1540.; from James I.,
in 1603 and 1617, on his progress to Scotland; and
from Charles I., in 1625.
from Charles I., in 1625. In the rebellion called the
Pilgrimage of Grace, the castle was surrendered by
Thomas, Lord D'Arcy, to the troops under the com-
mand of Aske.
mand of Aske. At the commencement of the parlia-
mentary war, it was garrisoned for the king, and, in
1644, it was closely invested by Sir Thomas Fairfax,
who had taken possession of the town for the par-
liament.
liament. The royalists maintained a spirited defence
under a heavy cannonade, which continued several days,
and held out till the arrival of Sir Marmaduke Lang-
dale, with a detachment of two thousand men, who after
a severe conflict with the parliamentarians in Chequer
field, in which he was assisted by sallies from the castle,
at length obliged them to raise the siege. On the de-
parture of Sir Marmaduke, the parliamentarians again
obtained possession of the town, and throwing up in-
trenchments for a blockade, renewed their efforts to
reduce the castle. The garrison under Governor Low-
ther fought with obstinate intrepidity, and did consider-
able execution by frequent sallies, but being in want
of provisions, and, owing to the blockade of the town,
unable to obtain supplies, they capitulated on honour
able terms, and surrendered the castle to the par-
After it had been for a short
liamentary forces.
time in their possession, it was retaken by Col. Mor-
rice, and a small band of determined royalists, dis-

•
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549
guised as peasants carrying in provisions, who entered
it without being suspected, and having a reinforce-
ment at hand, secured Col. Cotterell, the governor, and
his men in the dungeons, and kept possession of it till
it was afterwards invested by Cromwell in person. The
garrison, however, maintained their post, and it was
not till after the execution of the king that they surren-
dered this fortress, which the parliament soon after-
wards ordered to be dismantled, and the materials to be
sold. Of this castle, so memorable for its connexion
with the most interesting periods of English history, and
which consisted of numerous massive towers, connected
by walls of prodigious strength, and fortified by its
situation on the summit of an isolated rock, only a
small circular tower remains.
:
The town is pleasantly situated on dry and elevated
ground, near the confluence of the rivers Aire and
Calder: the streets are spacious and clean: the houses,
mostly of brick, are commodious and well built the
town is paved, and lighted with oil, under an act of par-
liament for its general improvement, and abundantly
supplied with excellent water from springs. Two sub-
scription reading-rooms have been established. The
theatre, a small neat building, erected by subscription,
is opened at Easter, and at the time of the races. The
races, which commence in the first week of September,
and continue three days, are well attended, and are
annually growing into repute: the course, which is in
the park, is one of the finest in the country, and the
rising ground on the south-west side affords a com-
manding view of the whole: a grand stand was built
in 1802, and is well adapted to the accommodation
of the visitors. At a short distance from the town a
neat monument was erected, in 1818, in commemo-
ration of the battle of Waterloo. In the environs,
which are pleasant, and abound with interesting
and diversified scenery, are several noblemen's seats.
The gardens and nursery grounds produce abun-
dance of excellent fruit and vegetables for the supply
of the neighbouring markets, and are famous for the
superior quality of the liquorice, which is cultivated
extensively; and the making of it into cakes forms
the only article of manufacture carried on to any ex-
tent. The town has an excellent local trade, arising from
the populousness and respectability of the surrounding
neighbourhood. The market, which is well supplied
with corn and provisions of every kind, is on Saturday:
the market-place is a spacious area; in the centre of it
was formerly a cross, dedicated to St. Oswald, around
which, for a certain space, extended the privilege of
freedom from arrest, which was for a considerable time
kept unpaved, as a memorial of that right: the cross was
removed in 1734, and a neat market-house, ornamented
with pillars of the Doric order, erected in pursuance
of the will of Mr. Solomon Dupier, by his widow. The
fairs are, St. Andrew's, on the first Saturday in Decem-
ber; the twenty days' fair, on the first Saturday after the
twentieth from Christmas; Candlemas fair, on the first
Saturday after the 13th of February; St. Giles,' on the
first Saturday after the 12th of September; April 8th,
and May 4th, for cattle and sheep, with the moveable
fairs on the Saturdays preceding Palm-Sunday, Low
Sunday, and Trinity Sunday: there are also fairs every
fortnight, on the Saturday next after those of York.
The Aire and Calder canal affords a conveyance by water
from the ports of Hull and Goole, to Ferrybridge, from
which place there is a direct land-carriage to Ponte-
fract.

-
:
Corporate Seal.
The town, which had en-
joyed various and extensive
privileges under the charters
of the lords of the honour
and manor, was first incor-
porated by royal charter in
the reign of Richard III.,
which was confirmed by
James I., in the 4th year of
his reign the government is
vested in a mayor and twelve
aldermen, assisted by a re-
corder, town-clerk, and sub-
ordinate officers. The mayor is elected by ballot of
the burgesses, from the body of aldermen, and appoints
the recorder and town-clerk, subject to approval by
the king. The mayor and aldermen are justices of
the peace within the borough, and hold quarter ses-
sions in the town-hall, where all the business of the
corporation is transacted; a court of record for the
borough, every three weeks, for the recovery of debts
to any amount; and a court baron for the honour, of
which the power was extended, in the 17th of George
III., to the recovery of debts not exceeding £5: the
general quarter sessions for the West riding of the
county are held here at Easter. The town-hall is a
neat building, erected at the joint expense of the county
and the corporation: the lower part, surrounded by an
open corridor, is used as a prison, and above is the
hall, which is conveniently arranged for the borough
courts, and occasionally used as an assembly-room : the
front of the building is ornamented with pilasters of the
Doric order, surmounted by a cornice. The court-house,
erected at the expense of the county, is a handsome
structure of freestone, in the Grecian style of architec-
ture, and of the Ionic order, and is in every respect
adapted to the business of the county. The borough
exercised the elective franchise in the 23rd and 26th of
Edward I., from which period it was discontinued till
the privilege was revived by James I., in 1621, since
which time it has regularly returned two members to
parliament: the right of election is vested in the resi-
dent householders: the mayor is the returning officer.
The living is a discharged vicarage, with the curacy
of St. Giles,' in the archdeaconry and diocese of York,
rated in the king's books at £ 13. 6. 8., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the King, as Duke of Lancaster.
The church, dedicated to All Saints, formerly the parish
church, was nearly demolished in the parliamentary
war, and is in ruins; and the church of St. Giles was, by
an act of parliament passed in the 29th of George III.,
rendered parochial: it is a neat edifice, of which the old
tower was taken down and rebuilt, in 1707, at the charge
of Sir John Bland, of Kippax Park, Bart. The colle-
giate chapel, dedicated to St. Clement, within the pre-
cincts of the castle, and the free chapel of St. Thomas,
erected on the spot where the Earl of Lancaster was
beheaded, have long since disappeared. There are places
of worship for the Society of Friends, Independents,
Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, and Roman Ca-
tholics. The free grammar school was founded and en-
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dowed in the second year of the reign of Edward VI., and
the endowment was augmented in the reign of Eliza-
beth; but the institution having fallen into decay, was
refounded, on petition of the inhabitants, in the 32nd
of George III., and is open to all boys of the town.
An exhibition of £10 per annum, with rooms, and one of
£5 per annum, to two scholars from this school, were
founded in University College, Oxford, by John Fries-
ton, of Altofts, who also founded two scholarships in
Emanuel College, Cambridge, for boys from Normanton
school, and in failure of such, for boys from the schools
of Pontefract, Leeds, Rotherham, and Wakefield. There
are fourteen boys on the foundation, who are nomi-
nated by the mayor, recorder, aldermen, and the vicar:
the master and usher are appointed by the Chancellor
of the duchy of Lancaster. A charity school, which had
an endowment of £95 per annum, including a share in
Lady Elizabeth Hastings' charity, and was further sup-
ported by subscription, for the clothing and instruction
of children of both sexes, has been incorporated with a
National school, recently built, on an extensive scale,
for children of both sexes; and there are Sunday
schools in connexion with the established church and
the dissenting congregations. The college and hospi-
tal of St. Nicholas was originally founded by an abbot of
the monastery of St. Oswald, in the county of York, for a
reader and thirteen poor persons, and endowed with an
income of £23. 13. 4., payable out of the revenue of
the duchy of Lancaster: it was vested in the corporation
of the borough by James I., and was rebuilt, or materi-
ally repaired, by a legacy of £100, bequeathed for that
purpose by Mr. Thomas Sayle, of Pontefract: the en-
dowment, by subsequent donations, has been increased
to £36 per annum : the premises comprise two separate
houses, with a common room to each, and separate
lodging-rooms for thirteen aged persons, who receive one
shilling each per week, with a supply of coal. Knolles,
or the Trinity, almshouse, was founded in the reign of
Richard II., by Sir Robert Knolles, and endowed with
an annual sum, payable from the revenue of the duchy
of Lancaster, the moiety of an estate in Whitechapel,
London, devised by Mr. John Mercer, and other pro-
perty, producing an income of more than £108 per
annum the premises comprise a large common room,
and sixteen lodging-rooms for seven aged men and nine
women, between whom the revenue of the hospital is
divided in equal weekly payments. Perfect's hospital
was built at the joint expense of the corporation and the
town, and endowed by Mr. William Perfect with land,
which, with other donations, produces an income of £40
per annum : the premises comprise three separate dwell-
ings, each for an aged man and his wife, who receive each
five shillings per week. The Bede house, of which the
crigin is unknown, is maintained by the overseers, for the
residence of the parish poor. Thwaites' hospital, com-
prising two cottages with gardens, was bequeathed for the
residence of four aged unmarried women, by Mr. Richard
Thwaites, in 1620: the inmates divide among them the
rents of the gardens, producing, together with susbe-
quent benefactions, about £7 per annum. Cowper's hos-
pital was founded, in 1668, by Mr. Robert Cowper, who
bequeathed two cottages, which have been rebuilt at the
expense of the parish, and contain a kitchen and four
sleeping-rooms, for four aged widows, who receive
twenty shillings each per annum, and the interest of
£100, bequeathed to them by Mr. Matthew Swinney,
in 1765. Two hospitals, or almshouses, built respec-
tively by Mr. Matthew and Mr. Robert Franks, in 1737,
and containing each apartments for two aged widows,
have an endowment of £11. 10., and £17. 10., per an-
num, which sums are divided among them, in equal
shares weekly. Watkinson's hospital was founded,
in 1765, by Edward Watkinson. M.D., who endowed
it with personal estates producing £87. 14. 6.: the
premises contain apartments for four aged men and
four aged women, from the parishes of Pontefract and
Ackworth, among whom the income, after paying the
necessary repairs, is equally divided. George Talbot,
Earl of Shrewsbury, gave in trust to the mayor and cor-
poration £200 per annum, to be distributed in loans
to poor tradesmen; and there are numerous charitable
bequests for distribution among the poor. Among the
numerous monastic institutions formerly existing here,
was a Cluniac priory, founded in the reign of William
Rufus, by Robert de Lacy, and dedicated to St. John
the Evangelist, the revenue of which, at the dissolution,
was £472. 16. 1.: there are not any remains. During
the erection of this priory, the monks inhabited a build-
ing which afterwards became the hospital of St. Nicholas,
before noticed. A convent of Carmelites was founded, in
1257, by Edmund Lacey, Earl of Lincoln, of which not
even the site can be traced. A convent of Dominican, or
Black friars, was founded, in 1266, by Symon Pyper, in a
place now called Friar-Wood, which at the dissolution
consisted of a prior, seven brethren, and a novice. There
was also an hospital for Lazars, dedicated to St. Mary
Magdalene, of uncertain foundation, to which, in 1286,
Archbishop Romain was a benefactor; the site is
supposed to be occupied by Frank's hospital; and an
hospital for a chaplain and eight poor brethren was
founded, in the reign of Edward III., by William la
Tabourere, which is supposed to be identified with
the Bede-house. On the 25th of March, 1822, as two
labourers were trenching the land for liquorice, in a
field, called Paper Mill Field, near St. Thomas' Hill, one
of them struck his spade against a stone coffin, which
weighed about a ton and a half, and, on examination,
was found to contain the skeleton of a man, with the
head between the legs, in good preservation, supposed
to be the decapitated remains of Thomas, Earl of
Lancaster, who suffered on the 22nd of March, 1322,
exactly five hundred years previously the coffin and
its contents were removed into the grounds of Fry-
stone Hall, where they now remain. Dr. Bramhall,
who after the Restoration was made Primate of Ire-
land, was a native of this place. Thomas de Castleford,
a monkish historian, was a brother of the Dominican
convent; and Dr. Johnson, a physician and eminent
antiquary, resided in the town. Pontefract gives the
title of earl to the family of Fermor, who are styled
Earls of Pomfret.
:
PONTEFRACT-PARK, an extra-parochial liberty,
in the upper division of the wapentake of OsGoldcross,
West riding of the county of YORK, ½ a mile (N. W. by
N.) from Pontefract, containing 47 inhabitants.
PONTELAND, a parish in the western division
of CASTLE ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, com-
prising the townships of Berwick-Hill, Brenkley, High
Callerton, Little Callerton, Coldcoats, Darras-Hall, Din-
nington, Higham-Dykes, Horton-Grange, Kirkley (in-
PON
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551
cluding Benridge and Cartermoor), Mason, Milburn,
Milburn-Grange, Ponteland, and Prestwick, and contain-
ing 1524 inhabitants, of which number, 358 are in the
township of Ponteland, 7 miles (N. W. by N.) from New-
castle upon Tyne. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Northumberland, and diocese of Durham,
rated in the king's books at £13. 6. 8., and in the pa-
tronage of the Warden and Fellows of Merton College,
Oxford. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is partly in
the Norman style of architecture, with a square tower
surmounted by a low spire. It was formerly collegiate,
and had a chantry, and was repaired in 1810, when the
north wall was rebuilt. There is a place of worship for
Scotch Presbyterians. A free school was founded, in
1719, by Richard Coates, Esq., who bequeathed property
in Newcastle upon Tyne, producing, in 1828, about £70
a year for its support: the school-house was erected
at the expense of his widow, in 1727; about twenty-
five children are instructed in it. The rivers Blyth
and Pont run through the parish: coal is obtained here;
and there are some slight remains of a castle in the
village of Ponteland. This place was built by Elius
Hadrianus, and was garrisoned by the first cohort of
the Cornavii. In 1944, Henry III. and the king of
Scots concluded a peace here.
PONTESBURY, a parish in the hundred of FORD,
county of SALOP, comprising the chapelry of Longdon,
and the townships of Cruckton, Edge, and Pontesbury,
and containing, with Little Hanwood, 2458 inhabitants,
of which number, 1322 are in the township of Pontes-
bury, 7 miles (S. W. by W.) from Shrewsbury. The
living is a rectory, in three portions: the first is rated
in the king's books at £17. 13. 4., and in the patron-
age of the Rev. Ham. Harrison; the second also at
£17. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Provost and
Fellows of Queen's College, Oxford; and the third at
£8. 10., and in the patronage of W. E. Owen, Esq.
The church, dedicated to St. George, was formerly col-
legiate, including a dean and three prebendaries: it has
lately received an addition of three hundred and twenty
sittings, of which three hundred are free, the Incorpo-
rated Society for the enlargement of churches and
chapels having granted £200 for that purpose. There
is a place of worship for Baptists. Lead mines are
worked here to a considerable extent.
-
man coins, arched vaults, tesselated pavements, bricks,
&c., have been discovered at different periods.
PONTON (LITTLE), a parish in the wapentake of
WINNIBRIGGS and THREO, parts of KESTEVEN, county
of LINCOLN, 24 miles (S. S. E.) from Grantham, con-
taining 180 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £7. 10., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. Dr. Dewdeswell. The church is
dedicated to St. Guthlake. A silver Trajan was found
in digging near the high dyke in this parish.
PONTOP, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
LANCHESTER which is in the western division of CHES-
TER ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 12 miles (N. W.)
from Durham. The population is returned with the
township of Collierly.
PONT-Y-POOL, a market town and chapelry in the
parish of TREVETHAN, upper division of the hundred of
ABERGAVENNY, county of MONMOUTH, 20 miles (S. W.
by W.) from Monmouth, and 146 (W. by N.) from
London. The population is returned with the parish.
This town, the name of which is a corruption of Pont
ap Howel, is situated on a declivity between the river
Avon and the canal to Newport, near the base of the
bold elevation of Mynydd-Mean. It appears to have
arisen out of the village of Trevethin, and to have owed
its present importance to the inventive genius of Thomas
Allgood, a native of Northamptonshire, who made some
discoveries here of considerable advantage to the ma-
nufactures of the country, in the art of imitating japan
varnish, from which the articles were denominated
Japan ware: in addition to which his son introduced
and carried on here for a considerable time, a branch
of art in cleansing and polishing iron, which produced
articles of such excellent workmanship, as eventually to
obtain for them the name of Pont-y-pool ware. The
prosperity of the town was completed, about the close
of the sixteenth century, by the establishment of iron-
works, under the auspices of Capel Hanbury, to which
the mineral productions of the county, with the nu-
merous forges and furnaces, and the more modern ac-
commodations of conveyance, both by land and water,
have essentially contributed. The surrounding scenery
is of a rugged character, the prospect from some points
being exceedingly extensive. The town is situated on
the great basin of coal and iron stone which extends
westward through Wales to Pembrokeshire; it is irre-
gularly built, and consists chiefly of two streets, which
contain many neat, but detached, houses: the streets
are partially Macadamized, lighted with gas, and well
supplied with water from the small river Avon, and
the adjacent springs: many good houses are in progress
of erection, and the town is in a state of moderate im-
provement. In the vicinity is a great number of new
buildings for the accommodation of agents to the differ-
ent companies, also numerous cottages for workmen,
the walls of which are invariably whitewashed. The
extensive iron-works were begun in 1565, and en-
larged by John Hanbury, Esq., who, in addition
to various improvements in machinery, discovered
the method of making sheet-iron by the compres-
sion of rollers, and of casting iron with tin. Nu-
merous forges and iron-mills, for making tin plate,
are continually at work. The furnaces of the British
Mining Company are situated at the Varteage, about
PONTISBRIGHT, or CHAPEL, a parish in the
Witham division of the hundred of LEXDEN, county of
ESSEX, 5 miles (N. E.) from Great Coggeshall, contain-
ing 331 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese of Lon-
don, and in the patronage of the Parishioners.
PONTON (GREAT), a parish in the soke of
GRANTHAM, parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN,
4 miles (N.) from Colsterworth, containing 418 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£11. 9. 7., and in the patronage of the Prebendary of
North Grantham in the Cathedral Church of Salisbury.
The church, dedicated to the Holy Cross, has a tower
and spire, erected in 1519, at the expense of Anthony
Ellys, Esq., and much admired for their beauty. W.
Archer, in 1713, liberally endowed with land and houses
a free school for poor children. The river Witham
runs through the village, which was the Ad Pontem of
Antoninus, Here and in the immediate vicinity, Ro-
•
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552
three miles distant from the town. A great part of
the soil in this district is upon limestone, and the sheep
fed here yield excellent mutton. About a mile south-
west of the town, at the base of the mountain called
Mynydd-Maen, a level and colliery have been lately open-
ed, which drain ten veins of coal forty-two feet in thick-
ness, with an equal number of iron-stone, one hundred
feet thick, whence issues a stream of chalybeate water.
The manufacture of the Japan and Pont-y-pool ware
is still carried on, though it is now rivalled by that of
Birmingham. The chief articles of trade are, iron of
every description and quality, of which this parish is
capable of sending thirty thousand tons annually to
market; and coal, in which the neighbouring hills
abound: these works, with the lime-kilns, afford em-
ployment to many thousand persons. There is also
some business in the leather trade, and a good brewery.
Facility of conveyance is supplied by several tram-roads,
and, to the port of Newport, by the Monmouthshire and
Brecon canals, which pass through Pont-y-pool, and
form a junction at the village of Pent-y-Moil. The
market is on Saturday, and, during the summer, there
is an additional market on Wednesday: fairs are on
April 2nd and 22nd, July 5th, and October 10th, for
horses, cattle, sheep, cheese, &c. The government of
the town is under the jurisdiction of the county magis-
trates, of whom one is resident; and petty sessions for
the upper division of the hundred of Abergavenny are
held here; as also an annual court leet for the lords of
the manors of Wensland and Brynwyn, at which the
stewards preside.
The living is a perpetual curacy, united to that
of Trevethan, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Llandaff, endowed with £2200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Chapter of Llandaff. The
chapel, dedicated to St. James, is a very ancient building,
but it has recently undergone such considerable repairs
as to make it a neat and commodious structure: it
contains four hundred and fifty free sittings, the Incor-
porated Society for building and enlarging churches and
chapels having contributed £350 towards defraying the
expense. There are four places of worship for Baptists,
four for Wesleyan Methodists, three for Independents,
and one each for the Society of Friends, and Roman
Catholics; some of these are situated on the adjacent
hills.
.
POOL, a joint township with Byrome, in the parish
of BROTHERTON, partly within the liberty of ST. PETER
of YORK, East riding, and partly in the lower division
of the wapentake of BARKSTONE-ASH, West-riding, of
the county of YORK, 12 mile (N. N. E.) from Ferry-
Bridge, containing 61 inhabitants.
POOL (NETHER), a township in the parish of EAST-
HAM, higher division of the hundred of WIRRALL,
county palatine of CHESTER, 7½ miles (N. by W.) from
Chester, containing 24 inhabitants.
POOL (OVER), a township in the parish of EAST-
HAM, higher division of the hundred of WIRRALL,
county palatine of CHESTER, 8 miles (N. by W.) from
Chester, containing 74 inhabitants.
patronage of T. H. Hayes, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Cyriac.
POOL (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of COLE-
RIDGE, county of DEVON, 42 miles (S. E.) from Kings-
bridge, containing 493 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £22. 16. 54., and in the
POOLE, a township in the parish of ACTON, hun-
dred of NANTWICH, county palatine of CHESTER, 24
miles (N. W. by N.) from Nantwich, containing 185 in-
habitants. The Chester canal passes within its western
boundary.
Seal and Arms.
POOLE, a borough,
sea-port, and market town,
being a distinct county of
itself, styled " the Town and
County of the Town of
Poole," though locally in
the hundred of Cogdean,
Shaston (East) division of
the county of Dorset, 28
miles (E.) from Dorchester,
and 104 (S.W. by W.) from
London, containing 6390
inhabitants. This town ap-
pears to have risen from insignificance as a fishing
hamlet, about the time of Edward III., at which period
the port was much frequented; and it furnished that
sovereign with four ships and ninety-four men in aid of
the siege of Calais: after much fluctuation in its pros-
perity during the succeeding reigns, about the time of
Henry VI. the population had considerably increased,
and the immediate successors of that monarch granted
various privileges to the inhabitants. Becoming the
resort and residence of Spanish merchants, the trade
improved greatly, until the commencement of the reign
of Elizabeth, and the breaking out of the war with
Spain, when a temporary failure in its commercial
interests succeeded their departure; but various addi-
tional privileges and immunities having been granted,
its rising importance was established on a solid and
permanent basis. During the great civil war, Poole was
fortified and garrisoned for the parliament, and became
the scene of severe contests and extensive slaughter,
and in the succeeding reign its fortifications, though
inconsiderable, were destroyed.

ADMOREM
សេចពញមាន
VILLÆDE
POOLE
The town is situated on a peninsula, which is con-
nected by an isthmus with the main land, on the north
side of the harbour, from which it derives its name,
and consists of several good streets, paved under the
general highway act, and lighted and watched, ac-
cording to the provisions of a local act obtained in the
29th of George II.: the houses in general are of a re-
spectable appearance, several of them being of a superior
order: the inhabitants are supplied with water brought
from a well at Tatnam, about a mile distant, and there
are wells of good water belonging to most of the dwell-
ing-houses. Different reading societies have been form.
ed, and a public library has recently been established,
for which a building is about to be erected in the
High-street, at the expense of the Hon. W. F. S. Pon-
sonby, one of the representatives for the borough,
on ground given by the other, B. L. Lester, Esq. The
town-house, a neat structure on the quay, has been
recently erected by subscription, and is used by the
subscribers, who are chiefly merchants, as a news-room.
The trade of the port is principally with Newfound-
land, and was formerly more extensive than it is at
present the exports consist of provisions, wearing ap-
parel, and commodities of all kinds useful for the re-
:
POO
553
POO

sidents there, which are exchanged for cod and salmon
the greater part of which is sent to foreign markets; and
oil, seal skins, furs, and cranberries, for home consump-
tion. Considerable quantities of corn are imported
and exported. The manufactures of the town and
neighbourhood consist principally of rope, twine, and
sail-cloth; and in the yards for ship-building many
workmen are engaged. The oyster-fishery employs a
great number of boats; and, with the abundance of
other fish taken in the harbour, especially plaice and
herrings, which are remarkably fine, furnishes a large
supply for the London market. By charter of Henry VI.,
who transferred the privileges of the port of Melcombe-
Regis hither, a market and two fairs were granted; the
former is held on Thursday, there being also another
on Monday: one fair is held on the feast of St. Philip
and St. James, the other on All Souls' day, each continu-
ing seven days. The butchers' market is held under the
guildhall, and there are two adjacent market-places for
vegetables and poultry, one of them recently erected by
the corporation.
The municipal government is vested in a mayor, re-
corder, sheriff, four justices of the peace, and an in-
definite number of aldermen, with a town-clerk, and
other officers. The first charter, which is without date,
is supposed to have been granted between the 1st and 9th
of Richard I., by which William Longespee, lord of the
manor of Canford, of which Poole then formed a part,
granted to his burgesses of Poole certain privileges, and
prescribed the form of government for the borough.
This charter was confirmed by William de Montacute,
in the 45th of Edward III., and subsequently by Thomas
de Montacute, in the 12th of Henry IV., both Earls
of Salisbury, and lords of the manor of Canford: these,
with all former charters, were confirmed by Elizabeth,
by charter dated February 18th, 1559: that sovereign
also granted a new one, in the 10th of her reign,
which is the governing charter, and re-incorporated
the burgesses and inhabitants, by the style of "the
Mayor, Bailiffs, Burgesses, and Commonalty of the
Town of Poole," erecting it into a county of itself,
entirely independent of the county of Dorset. Other
charters, with an extension of former privileges, were
granted by Charles II., in the 19th of his reign, and
James II., in the 4th. The burgesses are chosen by
the corporation at large, and the mayor is elected by
the burgesses from their own body, on the Friday be-
fore St. Matthew's day; he is a justice of the peace,
and the ensuing year is elected senior bailiff and a
justice the number of aldermen is unlimited, as every
person who has served the office of mayor becomes
an alderman: the recorder and town-clerk are chosen
by the corporation, subject to the approval of the king.
On the day of election for mayor, the burgesses ap-
point from among their own number, a senior bailiff,
four justices of the peace, a sheriff, water-bailiff, and
two coroners: the two serjeants at mace are elected
by the corporation. The county magistrates have no
jurisdiction within the town. A weekly court of record
is held under the charter of Elizabeth, in which the
mayor and the senior bailiff preside as judges: the ju-
risdiction embraces pleas of any amount within the
town and county of the town, with the same power of
personal arrest and attachment of goods as that exer-
cised by the superior courts.
VOL. III.
:
Admiralty Seal.
A court of admiralty, for-
merly annual, is now occa-
sionally held by the mayor,
as admiral within the liber-
ties; a jury is empannelled,
and a perambulation of the
boundaries of the port made,
and all nuisances and en-
croachments are presented.
The sheriff holds his Tourn
annually, at which present-
ments of illegal weights and
measures are made. Quarter
sessions are held before the recorder, mayor, and jus-
tices. The guildhall, in which the sessions and public
meetings of the corporation are held, was erected, in
1761, at the joint expense of Joseph Gulston, jun., Esq.,
and Lieut. Col. Calcraft: the chandeliers and sconces
with which it is ornamented were given by William Mor-
ton Pitt, Esq., formerly one of the representatives for
Poole, and late member for the county of Dorset, who
also gave a pair of handsome silver gilt maces, now
in use. The first return made by this borough was to
a council in the 14th of Edward III., and to two of
his parliaments, there having been an intermission from
that time until the 31st of Henry VI., since which it
has regularly returned two members. The elective
franchise is prescriptive: the right is vested in the cor-
poration, the number of voters being two hundred and
nine, of whom one hundred and forty-seven are resi-
dent, and sixty-two non-resident; thirty-two of the re-
sidents, however, are minors: the sheriff is the return-
ing officer, and the interest of the Garland family pre-
dominates. The number of the electors having consider-
ably decreased, and several being non-resident, the cor-
poration, pursuant to a notice given by William Jolliffe,
Esq., then mayor, held a special meeting on the 16th of
September, 1830, at which, on the nomination of forty-
eight burgesses, ninety-six inhabitants were admitted to
the freedom, each burgess being allowed to nominate two.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the jurisdiction
of the peculiar court of Great Canford and Poole, and
in the patronage of the Mayor and Corporation. The
church, dedicated to St. James, is a new and elegant
edifice of Purbeck stone, the old church having become
dilapidated. There are places of worship for Baptists,
the Society of Friends, Independents, Wesleyan Metho-
dists, and Unitarians. A free school, on the National
system, for poor children of both sexes, is conducted
by a master, who receives £24 per annum, arising from
a bequest of £300 by a Mr. Harbin, in trust to the cor-
poration, and invested in the purchase of land at Corfe-
Castle, now producing £60 a year, the residue being dis-
tributed among the poor at Christmas. Almshouses in
West-street, for twelve poor persons, were founded and
endowed, early in the seventeenth century, with an an-
nuity of £ 18, chargeable on an estate near Longham, by
Mr. Robert Rogers, of London. Other almshouses, for
a similar number, situated at Hungerhill, were founded
in 1812, by George Garland, Esq., who endowed them
with £200 and the rent of property in Poole, amount-
ing at present to £26 per annum, appointing the
corporation trustees. There are also some almshouses
in Church-street, of unknown foundation. Sir Peter
Thompson, a Hamburgh merchant, and many years fel-
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low of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, collected
all the known ancient records relating to this his native
place, where he almost constantly resided, and where,
at his death, he was buried. This was also the birth-
place of John Lewis, a divine and antiquary.
POOLE, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
OTLEY which is in the upper division of the wapentake
of SKYRACK, West riding of the county of YORK, 2
miles (E.) from Otley, containing 294 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of York, endowed with £200 private benefac-
tion, and £1000 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
the Vicar of Otley. There is a trifling annuity, the gift
of Mr. Fleetham, for teaching six children.
POOLE-KEYNES, a parish in the hundred of
MALMESBURY, county of WILTS, 7 miles (N. E. by N.)
from Malmesbury, containing 146 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£7. 12. 6., and in the patronage of the King, as Duke of
Lancaster. The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
POORSTOCK, a parish partly in the hundred of
EGGERTON, but chiefly in the liberty of POORSTOCK,
Bridport division of the county of DORSET, 4 miles
(N. E. by E.) from Bridport, containing, with the ty-
things of West Milton, Nettlecombe, and South Poor-
ton, 1010 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of
Bristol, rated in the king's books at £16. 16. S., and
in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Salisbury.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. In the 7th of
Edward III., a market on Thursdays, and a fair on the
eve, day, and morrow, of St. Philip and James, and two
days afterwards, were granted to John Wroxhale, to be
held here. At Mappercombe are the remains of an
ancient chapel.
POORTON (NORTH), a parish in the hundred of
BEAMINSTER-FORUM and REDHONE, Bridport division
of the county of DORSET, 5 miles (S. E.) from Bea-
minster, containing 89 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Dorset,
and diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's books at
£5. 11. 5., and in the patronage of T. Banger, Esq. The
church is dedicated St. Mary.
POORTON (SOUTH), a tything in that part of the
parish of PoORSTOCK which is in the hundred of EG-
GERTON, Bridport division of the county of DORSET.
The population is returned with the parish.
POPHAM, a parish in the hundred of MITCHEL-
DEVER, Basingstoke division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 7 miles (S. W.) from Basingstoke, containing
98 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, an-
nexed to the vicarage of Mitcheldever, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Winchester. The church is dedi-
ated to St. Catherine.
tremely favourable. It is situated at the south-east ex-
tremity of the county, and is bounded on the east, west,
and south, by the river Thames, and on the north by
the parishes of Bromley and Limehouse. It is inhabited.
chiefly by persons engaged in the shipping interest,
by numerous artizans employed in the various yards
for building and repairing ships, and by a multitude of
labourers, who find employment in the docks. The
West India docks, an extensive establishment for the
accommodation of the homeward and outward bound
fleets, were constructed in this parish, in 1802; and, from
the peculiar advantages of its situation, the East India
docks were also established here, in 1804: these mag-
nificent undertakings, which are honourable to the
commercial enterprise of the country, have been de-
scribed under the head of BLACKWALL. The parish is
partially paved, well lighted with gas, and amply sup-
lied with water by the East London water-works.
It is within the jurisdiction of the court of requests,
for the Tower Hamlets, for the recovery of debts under
the amount of 40s., and within the limits of the new police
establishment. The town-hall was erected in 1770, on
the removal of an ancient edifice, which stood in the
highway, and which was taken down in the preceding
year. The management of the poor, and the superin-
tendence of the watching, paving, and lighting of the
parish, were, by act of parliament in 1813, vested in
certain of the parishioners, who were subsequently ap-
pointed a vestry to regulate the parochial concerns.
The living is a rectory not in charge, in the juris-
diction of the Commissary of London, concurrently with
the Consistorial Episcopal Court: the present incum-
bent was appointed by the inhabitants, but at his
decease, the right of presentation will lapse to the
Principal and Fellows of Brasenose College, Oxford.
The church, dedicated to All Saints, was erected by
the parishioners, at an expense of £37,000: it is a
handsome structure in the Grecian style of architecture,
with a lofty steeple of the Composite order: the interior,
of which the central part is appropriated to the use
of the poor, is conveniently arranged, and chastely
ornamented, and ample accommodation is provided for
the children of the numerous schools in the parish.
It is situated on the south side of the East India
road, in the centre of a spacious cemetery, on the
west of which is a handsome house for the rector. A
chapel of ease, dedicated to St. Mary, was built by sub-
scription in 1654, at an expense of £2000, on a piece of
ground given for that purpose by the East India Company,
by whom it was almost entirely rebuilt in 1776; it is
a neat building, and has a spacious burial-ground: the
living is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the
Hon. the East India Company, being attached to the
hospital supported by them here. There are places
of worship for Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyan
Methodists. The boys' school, established in 1711, in
union with the parish of Limehouse, for thirty chil-
dren, but now a separate institution, affords instruction
on the National system to two hundred and thirty
boys, of whom seventy are annually clothed. The
free school, instituted in 1816 by subscription, for
children of Poplar, Blackwall, and the neighbourhood,
is liberally supported, and affords instruction to three
hundred boys and two hundred girls, of whom, one hun-
dred and fifty of each are clothed: a school-room for
POPLAR, formerly a joint hamlet with Blackwall,
in the parish of STEPNEY, now a parish, in the Tower
division of the hundred of OssULSTONE, County of MID-
DLESEX, 3 miles (E. by S.) from London, containing, at
the time of the last census, 12,223 inhabitants, and at
present (1830) nearly 16,000. This place, which was se-
parated from Stepney, and erected into a parish, by act
of parliament, in 1817, derived its name from the number
of poplar trees with which it abounded, and for the
growth of which its situation near the river was ex-
POP
POR
555
boys, and another for girls, with houses for the master
and mistress, have been erected, at an expense of
£3037. 1. 11½., on a piece of ground given by the East
India Company. This institution has an income of
£240, arising from benefactions: the master's salary is
£100 per annum, and that of the mistress £70, with
an allowance of coal and candles: it is open to children
of all religious denominations. A Roman Catholic
school, for the children of the numerous Irish labour-
ers employed in the docks, affords the means of in-
struction to upwards of one hundred and fifty; and
in the Ladies' charity school, in union with the Na-
tional Society, one hundred girls are taught and an-
nually clothed, under the superintendence of a com-
mittee of ladies. An infant school has recently been
erected, and is solely maintained by George Green, Esq.,
ship-builder, who has been a munificent benefactor
to the parish, and a zealous promoter of the schools,
to the establishment and support of which, and to
other charitable uses, he has appropriated more than
£10,000.
**
-
The East India hospital, in connexion with the chapel,
which the inmates attend for divine service, was esta-
blished for the maintenance of widows of officers and
seamen in the Company's service: it is a spacious and
substantial quadrangular structure, comprising twenty-
two tenements, having been entirely rebuilt by the Com-
pany in 1802: the south front contains the chaplain's re-
sidence in the centre, and on each side dwellings for the
hospitallers; and to the north of the chapel are superior
dwellings for the widows of superior officers: the institu-
tion is maintained partly by contribution from the pay
of seamen employed in the East India service, and by
funds appropriated by the Company. Sir Henry John-
son, in 1683, bequeathed £300 for the purpose of build-
ing six almshouses for poor ship-carpenters, which de-
sign was not accomplished till 1756, when they were
erected chiefly through the exertions of Dr. Glo'ster
Ridley. Mrs. Esther Hawes founded an almshouse for
six aged widows, and endowed it with £9 per annum ;
and Mr. John Till, by will, gave four almshouses at Black-
wall for poor watermen. The workhouse is a substantial
brick building, with a handsome front elevation, and is
in every respect well adapted to the comforts of the poor.
There are various charitable bequests for distribution
among the necessitous and aged parishioners. George
Stevens, the celebrated commentator and editor of Shaks-
peare's plays, was born here in 1736, and buried in the
chapel in 1800, where is a monument to his memory,
with a fine bas relief, in which he is represented con-
templating the bust of his favourite author. In the
cemetery are the tombs of Dr. Glo'ster Ridley, minister
of Poplar, who died in 1774, and of his son, the Rev.
James Ridley, author of the "Tales of the Genii :" he
died in 1765. Among the eminent men who occasionally
resided here were, Ainsworth, the compiler of the Latin
Dictionary, who kept a school in the neighbourhood;
and Sir Richard Steele, coadjutor with Addison in the
Tatler and Spectator; he is said to have had a labora-
tory here, and to have expended large sums of money
in the study of alchymy.
POPPLETON (NETHER), a parish in the ainsty
of the city, and East riding of the county, of YORK, 4
miles (N. W.) from York, containing 254 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of York, and in the patronage of the Archbishop
of York. The church, dedicated to All Saints, is a very
ancient structure. A school was established, in 1799.
by John Dodsworth, who endowed it with £10 per an◄
num: it is conducted on the National system, and
is aided by voluntary subscriptions. The parish is situ-
ated on the river Ouse.
POPPLETON (UPPER), a chapelry in that part of
the parish of ST. MARY BISHOPSHILL, JUNIOR, which
is in the ainsty of the city, and East riding of the
county, of YORK, 4 miles (N. W. by W.) from York,
containing 346 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the
Dean and Chapter of York. The chapel is a small edi-
fice. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Metho-
dists.
PORCHESTER, or PORTCHESTER, a parish in
the hundred of PORTSDOWN, Portsdown division of the
county of SOUTHAMPTON, 2½ miles (E. S. E.) from Fare-
ham, containing 757 inhabitants. This place, the an-
cient Caer Peris of the Britons, and the Portus Magnus
of the Romans, was by the Saxons called Port ceastre,
either from the castle which defended its spacious har-
bour, or from Port, a Saxon chief, who landed here with
his two sons, Bieda and Maegla, and having obtained
a settlement in this part of the island, assisted Cerdic
in establishing the kingdom of the West Saxons. A
castle of great strength was erected on the old Ro-
man works, which was greatly enlarged, or more pro-
bably rebuilt, soon after the Conquest; and previously
to the destruction of the harbour, on the retiring of the
sea, this place was the principal station of the British
navy, subsequently removed to Portsmouth. Porches-
ter castle is situated on a neck of land projecting for
a considerable way into the sea: the walls, which are
from eight to twelve feet in thickness, and eighteen
feet high, enclose a quadrangular area of nearly five
acres, and are defended by numerous towers, and
surrounded by a broad and deep moat: the keep
is a strong square building, one hundred and fifteen
feet in length, and sixty-five feet in breadth, with
four towers, the largest of which forms the north-
west angle; it contains many spacious rooms, of which
some are vaulted with stone; and one appears
to have been the chapel: the entrance to the outer
area is through massive Norman towers on the east
and west sides. The ancient parish church of St.
Mary is within the outer area of the castle, of which
several of the towers and a considerable portion of the
walls are now in ruins the castle, during the late war,
was appropriated as a place of confinement for prisoners
of war. The village of Porchester, called by way of
distinction Porchester-street, extends for about a mile
on the road to Fareham, and contains several neat
houses: the publicans, by charter of Elizabeth, enjoy
exemption from having soldiers billeted in their houses.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books
at £6, endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Crown. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is an ancient and venerable cruciform structure,
in the Norman style of architecture, with a low central
tower; the south transept has been destroyed, and the
chancel, which is small, is of later date, and has an east
window of three lights, in the later style of English
4 B 2
POR
POR
556
architecture; the west front is in good preservation,
and exhibits a fine specimen of the Norman style.
PORINGLAND (GREAT, or EAST), a parish in
the hundred of HENSTEAD, County of NORFOLK, 5 miles
(S. S. E.) from Norwich, containing, with Little Poring-
land, 407 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £6. 13. 24., and
in the patronage of the Duke of Norfolk. The church,
dedicated to All Saints, was founded before the Con-
quest, and the body of it rebuilt about 1432; the win-
dows are decorated with stained glass, particularly one
in the chancel, which is in fine preservation, and repre-
sents the Salutation.
PORINGLAND (LITTLE, or WEST), a parish in
the hundred of HENSTEAD, County of NORFOLK, 5
miles (S. S. E.) from Norwich. The population is re-
turned with Great Poringland. The living is a perpe-
The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, united, in 1728, to the rectory of Howe, in
the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich.
The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
PORLOCK, a parish (formerly a market town)
and small port, in the hundred of CARHAMPTON, county
of SOMERSET, 6 miles (W.) from Minehead, containing
769 inhabitants. The name is derived from the
Saxon Portlocan, an enclosed harbour. The place is
of considerable antiquity, having been a residence of
the West Saxon kings, who also had an extensive
chase here. About the year 918, a band of pirates en-
tered this harbour, but the greater number were slain
by the inhabitants, and the rest having escaped to the
island of Steep-holmes, died of hunger. In 1052, Ha-
rold, the son of Earl Godwin, having sailed from Ireland
with nine ships, entered Porlock bay, and having been
unsuccessfully opposed by the inhabitants, he slew great
numbers, set fire to the town, and carried off much
booty. The town is romantically situated near the
Bristol channel, being surrounded on all sides, except
the sea, by lofty hills, winding valleys, and deep glens:
it consists of two streets, composed of straggling houses
of the meanest order. At the western corner of
Porlock bay is a small harbour, to which three sloops
and several fishing-boats belong, but they have little
employment: the inhabitants were formerly occupied
in spinning yarn of excellent quality, and which was
carried to Dunster market, at that time the resort of
dealers in that commodity: the trade at present con-
sists in the importation of coal and lime from Wales.
The market, which was held on Thursday, has been
discontinued. Fairs are held on the Thursday before
the 13th of September, October 11th, and November
12th, for cattle, and a small breed of sheep, called
Porlocks. A manorial court is held annually. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and
diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books
at £18. 11. 8., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church, dedicated to St. Dubritius, is a fine structure in
the ancient English style, and contains some old mo-
numental effigies, supposed to be in memory of the early
feudal lords. Eight poor persons living within the
manor are maintained from the rents and profits of
lands purchased with a bequest assigned, for the benefit
of this and other places, by Henry Rogers, Esq., about
1672, who also bequeathed £600 towards a work-
house, and a fund for the maintenance of those poor
inhabitants of the parish whose ancestors were born
in it. In an adjacent wood are the remains of an im-
perfect oval encampment, supposed to have been con-
structed at the time of Harold's invasion, within the
area of which swords and other warlike implements
have been dug up. John Bridgewater, a controversial
divine, and Matthew Hales, D. D., the companion and
friend of Dr. Stukeley, and author of "Vegetable Sta-
ticks," were once rectors of this parish; the former
subsequently resigned all his preferment, and embraced
the tenets of the church of Rome.
PORTBURY, a parish in the hundred of PORTBURY,
county of SOMERSET, 6 miles (W. by N.) from Bristol,
containing 594 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, with that of Tickenham annexed, in the arch-
deaconry of Bath, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated
in the king's books at £10. 11. 3., and in the patronage
of the Bishop of Bristol. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. Portbury is a very ancient place, and gives
name to the hundred. It was occupied by the Romans,
as is evident from the coins and foundations discovered
here, as well as from traces of the Roman road being
still visible through the parish to the sea at Portshead,
whence there was a passage to Caerleon, anciently Isca
Silurum. Here was formerly a cell to the Augustine
priory of Breamore, Hants.
PORTCASSEGG, a hamlet in that part of the pa-
rish of ST. ARVANS which is in the upper division of
the hundred of RAGLAND, county of MONMOUTH, con-
taining 18 inhabitants.
•
PORTGATE, a township in the parish of ST. JOHN-
LEE, southern division of TINDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 5 miles (N. E. by E.) from Hexham,
containing 33 inhabitants. It was so called from a
passage through the great Roman wall, the site of which
at this place has been levelled by the plough. Here is
an old border tower, near which the Devil's Causeway
branches from Watling-street.
PORTINGSCALE, a joint township with Coledale,
in that part of the parish of CROSTHWAITE which is in
ALLERDALE ward above Derwent, county of CUMBER-
LAND, 14 mile (W. by N.) from Keswick. The popu-
lation is returned with Coledale. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The village is situ-
ated on the margin of Derwentwater, of which and the
lake Bassenthwaite, with the beautifully romantic tract
from Swineshead to Skiddaw, there are fine prospects
from the adjacent heights.
-
PORTINGTEN, a joint township with Cavil, in the
parish of EASTRINGTON, wapentake of HOWDENSHIRE,
East riding of the county of YORK, 34 miles (N. E.)
from Howden, containing, with Cavil, 98 inhabitants.
PORTISHAM, a parish in the hundred of UGGS-
COMBE, Dorchester division of the county of DORSET,
7 miles (S. W. by W.) from Dorchester, containing 600
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Dorset, and diocese of Bristol, rated in the
king's books at £8. 14. 2., endowed with £1000 parlia-
mentary grant, and in the patronage of Joseph Hardy,
Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Peter, is a large
ancient structure, having a lofty embattled tower
crowned with pinnacles. Charles Masterman, in 1771,
left £100 for teaching poor children. In this parish is
the largest cromlech in the county; it consists of a flat
stone, ten feet by six, resting horizontally on nine up-
POR
POR
557
right ones, and stands on a tumulus, having on the
north-west an avenue leading to it: there is a small
barrow to the eastward of this ancient monument.
the king's steward holds two courts yearly, viz., at
Lady-day and Michaelmas. The custom of gavelkind
prevails in it; and the inhabitants have a curious prac-
tice of passing lands by sale, viz., by church gift: the
seller and buyer go into the church, taking with them
three or four persons, tenants of the island, and there
make the church gift, which is very concise. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and
diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's books at £ 18. 2. 1.,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Winchester.
The church is dedicated to St. George. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. In the
southern part of the island are the remains of an an-
cient castle, and the ruins of the old church, which
formerly was in the centre; and behind the Portland
Arms Inn are traces of what is supposed to have been
a Roman encampment. This place gives the title of
duke to the family of Bentinck.
The
PORTLEMOUTH (EAST), a parish in the hundred
of COLERIDGE, county of DEVON, 6 miles (S. by E.)
from Kingsbridge, containing 391 inhabitants.
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Totness,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£29. 18. 4., and in the patronage of the Duke of Bol-
ton. The church, dedicated to St. Onolaus, has a hand-
some wooden screen. Portlemouth commands one of
the most beautiful sea-views in the county, including
Kingsbridge, the estuaries, and Salcombe harbour.
Walter Jago and others, in 1679, left small sums to-
wards the support of a schoolmaster for teaching Latin
and arithmetic.
PORTISHEAD, a parish in the hundred of PORT-
BURY, County of SOMERSET, 8 miles (W. N. W.) from
Bristol, containing 506 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Bath, and diocese of Bath
and Wells, rated in the king's books at £32. 15.7.,
and in the patronage of the Mayor and Corporation of
Bristol. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. The parish is bounded on the north
by the Bristol channel; and there is a battery at
Portishead point for the defence of King Road, where
ships of war on this station usually anchor. The
Britons, Romans, and Danes, successively occupied this
spot: the form of the camp approaches that of an irre-
gular rhomboid, its longer diameter being four hundred,
and its shorter about two hundred, yards; it was con-
verted to similar purposes during the great civil war,
for, according to the parliamentary records of that pe-
riod, the royalists posted here surrendered to Sir Thomas
Fairfax, who had been sent against them. The ancient
boundary called Wansdyke terminates here. It is in
contemplation to form a landing pier at this place, for
the delivery of the Irish mails, to communicate with a
suspension bridge, now about to be constructed over
the Avon, at St. Vincent's rock.
PORTLAND, a parish, forming the liberty of the
Isle of PORTLAND, in the Dorchester division of the
county of DORSET, 4 miles (S.) from Weymouth, con-
taining 2254 inhabitants. Though called an island,
this parish is in reality a peninsula, connected with the
main land by an extremely narrow isthmus, called Che-
sil Bank, a line of shingles thrown up by the sea, and
extending for more than eight miles from Portland to
Abbotsbury. The parish, which contains seven villages,
is bounded on the north by Portland road and Small-
mouth, leading into the waters called the Fleets, behind
Chesil Bank, across which is a ferry to Weymouth; on
the east by Portland Race, the passage of which, even in
the calmest weather, is rendered dangerous by an eldy
of two opposing currents; and on the south and west by
the channel. The island is about four miles and a half
in length, and two miles in breadth, of an elliptical form,
and nearly ten miles in circumference; the shores are
steep and rugged, but the summit is smooth, and the
soil produces wheat, peas, oats, and barley. At the
southern extremity, called Portland Bill, are the higher
and lower lighthouses, and a signal station called the
"Lowes:" near the former is a remarkable cavern, from
which the water rises as from a fountain. On the
eastern side are Rufus and Pennsylvania castles; and
on the northern side are Portland castle, and a signal
station called Veru. The whole island is one vast rock
of stone, of very superior quality, much esteemed, and
generally used in the most magnificent buildings; it
was first brought into repute in the reign of James I.,
and the digging of it constitutes the principal employ-
ment of the inhabitants. The quarries are in the west-
ern part of the island, and have proved an inexhaustible
source of wealth to the proprietors. The village of
Easton is nearly in the centre of the island, and, with
the various other hamlets, is chiefly inhabited by the
families of the men employed in the quarries. This
is a royal manor, the lands being ancient demesne, and
-
-
PORTON, a tything in the parish of IDMISTON,
hundred of ALDERBURY, county of WILTS, 54 miles
(N. E. by N.) from Salisbury, containing 140 inhabit-
ants.
PORTSCUETT, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of CALDICOTT, county of MONMOUTH, 5 miles
(S. W. by S.) from Chepstow, containing 168 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged rectory, with that of
St. Pierre annexed, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £7. 2. 1., and
in the patronage of Charles Lewis, Esq. Near the bank
of the Severn are vestiges of a Roman camp, part of
which has been swept away by the river. The ancient
road from this station to the great camp at Caerwent
passes through the parish. From Black Rock there is
a ferry over the Severn, called the New Passage, con-
necting the great road from London into South Wales.
PORTSEA, a parish, divided into the liberty part,
which is within the jurisdiction of the borough of
PORTSMOUTH, and the Guildable part, which is in the
hundred of PORTSDOWN, Portsdown division of the coun-
ty of SOUTHAMPTON, 17 miles (S. E. by E.) from South-
ampton, and 71 (S. W.) from London, and containing
38,379 inhabitants. This place, which is now the prin
cipal naval arsenal of Great Britain, takes its name
from the island of Portsea, to which, on the retiring of
the sea from the ancient Portchester, the inhabitants
removed, and at the mouth of the harbour built the
town of Portsmouth, to which it was originally a small
suburb. The island is nearly sixteen miles in circum-
ference, and is bounded on the south by Spithead, on
the east by Langston harbour, on the west by Ports-
mouth harbour, and on the north by a channel uniting
them, over which is a bridge, connecting it with the
POR
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558
main land. It abounds with a great variety of animal
and vegetable productions, but has nothing peculiar in
its geological formation. Widgeons, wild ducks, teal, and
curlew, are found in abundance; larks congregate in nu-
merous flocks, and the snow-bunting, the cross-bill, and
other scarce birds, are occasionally seen. More than
two hundred different species of insects have been col-
lected in the course of one summer, and a great variety
of shells is found on the beach. The town, which is si-
tuated on the waste ground formerly called Portsmouth
common, has rapidly increased within the last century,
and its population is at present more than five times as
great as that of Portsmouth, though the houses were
originally permitted to be built on condition of their de-
molition in the event of an enemy landing. It contains
many good and regularly-formed streets, several terraces,
crescents, and handsome ranges of respectable houses,
inhabited by the more opulent families connected with
Portsmouth, and has very extensive suburbs, chiefly
inhabited by artizans employed in the dock-yards: it
is well paved, lighted with gas, by a company incorpo-
rated by act of parliament in 1821, and amply supplied
with water by the Portsea Island water-works. The
Hampshire subscription library is well supported, and
contains a valuable collection of volumes in the various
departments of literature.
from the sawing of the wood to the completion of the
block, are conducted by the aid of machinery alone, with
a degree of precision and celerity difficult to describe.
The rigging and the mast houses are upon the largest
scale and every department in this extensive and
ably-conducted establishment exhibits a combination
of skill, efficiency, aud grandeur, in every respect cha-
racteristic of the arsenal of a great maritime state.
The Dock chapel, appropriated to the officers of the
dock-yard, the crews of the ships in ordinary, and the
various classes of artizans, is a neat modern structure,
with a cupola, in which hangs the bell originally belong-
ing to the Royal George, which was sunk off Spithead.
The principal officers are, a commissioner, clerk of the
checque, storekeeper, master-wright, chaplain, surgeon,
and purveyor. During the war, nearly four thousand
men were employed.
num.
Within the walls are the Royal Naval College,
founded, in 1720, for one hundred students in time of
war, and for seventy during peace; of these, thirty,
the sons of commissioned naval officers, pay £ 60 per
annum, for board, clothing, and education; and the
remainder, sons of noblemen, military, or civil officers,
pay £100 per annum :
pay £100 per annum: the term of continuance in
the college is two years, and no one can remain in
it more than three, at the end of which, if qualified,
the students are appointed midshipmen in the navy,
from which if they retire before the expiration of
the term requisite for obtaining a lieutenancy, a fine
of £200 is imposed on those of the first class, and of
£100 on those of the second. This institution is under
the superintendence of a governor, who is first lord of
the Admiralty, a lieutenant-governor, a post-captain,
and professor, each of whom has a salary of £800
per annum, with apartments; four lieutenants, who
have each £250 per annum, with board and lodg-
ing; a mathematical assistant, with a salary of £ 250 ;
two other assistants, with £ 200 per annum, who have
apartments rent-free; and French, drawing, and fen-
cing masters, who have each a salary of £ 100 per an-
The buildings are extensive, and contain many
noble apartments; over them is an Observatory, in
which is a beautiful model of H.M. S. the Victory, of
one hundred guns, which was wrecked off the French
coast on her first voyage: a new Observatory has been
recently erected over the central arch of the western
storehouses, commanding a view of the whole coast,
from the Needles to the coast of Sussex. A school of
naval architecture was projected, in 1809, by Mr. Robin-
son, in the House of Commons, and, in 1816, incorpo-
rated with the Naval College, in which provision is made
for the maintenance and education of twenty-four ship-
wrights' apprentices, who are required, previously to
their admission, to write English grammatically, to speak
French, and to be acquainted with the first six, and the
eleventh and twelfth, books of Euclid, and with quadra-
tic equations in Algebra. Their admission is dependent
on examination before the commissioners, the professor,
and the lieutenant-governor; they remain for seven
years in the establishment, and, at the expiration of that
term, they are appointed to some situation in the Royal
Dock-yard: during their apprenticeship they are under
the superintendence of a professional shipwright, and
receive an annual salary, which increases gradually from
£ 25 to £ 60. The Gun wharf, without the dock-yard,
-
The fortifications, which were begun in 1770, are
very complete, and are unrivalled for strength and
beauty the lines extend from north to south, pre-
senting to the eastward several strong bastions and
outworks, crowned with batteries of heavy ordnance;
and the trenches, which are broad and deep, can be
instantaneously filled with water up to the bridges,
which connect it with Portsmouth, on the south. The
Royal Dock-yard occupies an area of one hundred and
ten acres, and comprises, on the grandest scale, and on
the most scientific principles, the numerous arrange-
ments for supplying the necessary equipments, and ex-
tensive depôts of naval and military stores. The
entrance into the yard, which forms a town of itself, is
through a lofty handsome gateway; and among the nu-
merous buildings within the walls, the residence of the
commissioner is conspicuous for its stateliness: in the
centre of the building is a noble portico, and on each
side are the various offices connected with the esta-
blishment. The great basin comprehends an area of
thirty-three thousand square yards, communicating with
four dry docks; and there is also a double dock for
frigates. Ships of the line may at any time enter from
the harbour into the dock-yard, where twelve men of
war can be fitted up at the same time. The covered
building-docks are very capacious: the rope-house is
of vast extent, being one thousand and ninety-four yards
long, and four stories high; on the lower story, the
floor of which is laid with iron and tin, is the immense
machinery for making cables, of which some are thirty
inches in circumference; the three upper stories are
appropriated to the manufacture of twine and cordage.
The anchor forge is an immense building, in which an-
chors weighing more than ninety hundred weight are
made for the navy. Near the forge are the copper-
foundry, and the admirable machinery for making
blocks, invented by Mr. Brunel, who for many years su-
perintended its operation: it is impelled by a steam-en-
gine of extraordinary power, and the various processes,
:
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•
A
:
includes an area of fourteen acres, and consists of a
spacious building of brick, ornamented with stone, oc-
cupying three sides of a quadrangle, with an arched en-
trance in the centre of the fourth side, surmounted by a
lofty tower and cupola; it contains a vast number of
guns and gun-carriages, and an immense quantity of
ordnance stores on the right of the entrance is the ar-
moury, containing twenty-five thousand stand of small
arms, arranged in the most exact order, a laboratory,
and an extensive ordnance department, with residences
for the principal officers; on the opposite side are the
offices of the Royal Engineers, with stores adjoining, and
a large depôt of ammunition. The dock-yard has suf-
fered from several destructive fires, the last of which oc-
curred in 1776; the incendiary, John Aitkin, more com-
monly known as Jack the Painter, was gibbeted on Block
House heath. No other trade is carried on except
what arises from, or is connected with, the dock-yard.
In that part of the parish called the Guildable is a
considerable number of market gardens, from which
the towns of Portsea and Portsmouth are principally
supplied with vegetables. The Portsmouth and Arun
canal passes through the town: it was opened in 1823,
and joins Langston harbour, across which barges are
towed by steam-boats constructed for the purpose. The
market days are Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. That
part of the parish which is not within the limits of the
borough of Portsmouth, is within the jurisdiction of the
county magistrates.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£ 12, and in the patronage of the Warden and Fellows
of Winchester College. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, was erected in the reign of Edward III., and
is surrounded by one of the largest cemeteries in the
kingdom. St. George's church, a commodious brick
structure, was erected for the additional accommoda-
tion of the increasing population in 1753: the living is
a perpetual curacy, endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £900 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Vicar of Portsea. St. John's church, a
neat commodious edifice, of which the internal decora-
tions are extremely rich, was consecrated in 1789: the
living is a perpetual curacy, endowed with £800 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar.
The church dedicated to St. Paul, in the suburb of
Southsea, was erected in 1822, at an expense of
£15,229. 18. 8., of which £600 was raised by subscrip-
tion, and the rest by grant from the parliamentary com-
missioners; it is a handsome structure in the later
style of English architecture, with four turrets at the
angles, and contains one thousand eight hundred and
twenty-one sittings, of which nine hundred and three
are free: the living is a perpetual curacy, in the patron-
age of the Vicar. In this suburb is an excellent bath-
ing establishment, which has contributed greatly to
the attractions of Portsea, as a watering place. The
church, dedicated to All Saints, in the suburb of Mile-
End (including the Half-Way houses, Newton, and
several spacious streets, forming an extensive district,
now called Southport), was erected, in 1827, by grant
from the parliamentary commissioners, at an expense
of £12,064: it is an elegant edifice, in the later style
of English architecture, with a splendid western front,
surmounted by a campanile turret, and contains one
;
thousand seven hundred and thirty-nine sittings, of
which one thousand one hundred and six are free; the
interior is neatly arranged, and over the altar is a win-
dow of beautiful design. In Portsea and its suburbs are
six places of worship for Baptists, and one each for In-
dependents and Wesleyan Methodists. St. Paul's school,
a commodious building, near the church of that name,
has been recently established by one hundred subscribers,
for the education of their children. The National school,
in which two hundred children are educated, is supported
partly by subscription, and with funds arising from vari-
ous benefactions. Mr. Edward Crafts bequeathed a house
and premises, in 1780, which produced £28 per annum
Mr. Richard Wilmot, in 1805, bequeathed £500; and
Major Ebenezer Vavasour, in 1808, left £100, towards
the support of this institution. A dispensary, and an
infirmary for diseases of the eye, are supported by
subscription. Thomas Fitzherbert, Esq., in 1821, left
£10,000 in the four per cents., in trust to the vicar and
ministers of the chapels, for the maintenance of five
aged men, ten aged widows, and five single women, of
this parish: there are also various charitable bequests
for distribution among the poor. The eastern part of
the island, not included in the boundaries of Portsmouth
and Portsea, is extra-parochial, and belongs chiefly to
government; in this part are numerous salt-works.
PORTSLADE, a parish in the hundred of FISHER-
GATE, rape of LEWES, county of SUSSEX, 2 miles (E.
by N.) from New Shoreham, containing 421 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Lewes, and diocese of Chichester, rated
in the king's books at £S. 18. 8., and in the patron-
age of the Crown. The church, dedicated to St.
Nicholas, is principally in the early style of English
architecture.

A
PORTSMOUTH, a sea-
port, borough, market town,
and parish, having separate
jurisdiction, locally in the
hundred of Portsdown,
Portsdown division of the
county of SOUTHAMPTON,
18 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Southampton, and 72 (S. W.)
from London, containing, ex-
clusively of that part of the
parish of Portsea which is
within its jurisdiction, 7269
inhabitants. This place, which is one of the principal
naval and military stations of the British empire,
derives its name from its situation at the mouth of a
capacious harbour on the southern coast.
In 501, a
body of Saxons, under the command of Port, a German
chieftain, and his two sons Biedda and Maegla, landed
on this part of the coast, and, after a severe conflict
with the Britons, succeeded in gaining possession of the
surrounding country. They are supposed to have found-
ed the ancient town of Portchester, so called from the
name of their leader, about three miles to the north-
north-west, from which, on the contraction of the har-
bour by the retiring of the sea, the inhabitants removed
to Portsea island, on the south-west side of which they
erected the present town. Alfred having fitted out a
fleet of nine ships at this port, after an obstinate en-
gagement, defeated the Danes, who infested the coasts of
Arms.
1
POR
POR
560
Hampshire and Dorsetshire, and caused many of them
to be hanged along the coast, in order to deter their coun-
trymen. Harold equipped a large fleet at this port, with
a view of intercepting the armament of William, on its
way from Normandy, for the conquest of the country;
and after the death of William Rufus, Robert, Duke of
Normandy, landed here with his forces, to take posses-
sion of the throne. Henry, who had raised an army to
support his own claim to the crown, also assembled his
forces here, where, after the two armies had lain for
some time, an accommodation took place, and Robert
returned to Normandy. At this place Henry III. col-
lected a numerous army for the invasion of France,
but the enterprize was abandoned, in consequence of
the treachery of his ally, the Duke of Bretagne: the
same monarch established a guild merchant here, in
1256. In 1377, the French attacked and burnt a con-
siderable part of the town, but were compelled to retire
to their ships with considerable loss. Edward IV., for
the greater security of the harbour, erected two towers
commanding the entrance, and made additions to the for-
tifications of the town, which consisted only of a single
wall, strengthened at the angles with bastions. According
to Leland, Henry VII. established seven extensive brew-
eries for supplying the troops in the time of war; and
Henry VIII. erected Southsea castle, at the south-west
extremity of the Isle of Portsea. In 1544, a powerful
French fleet anchored off St. Helen's, having on board a
large military force for the invasion of England. The
English army, under the command of the Duke of Suffolk,
assembled at Portsmouth, and the British fleet, com-
manded by Viscount Lisle, the Lord High Admiral, after
an obstinate engagement, repulsed the enemy with con-
siderable loss: at the commencement of the action, the
Mary Rose, the largest British ship next to the admi-
ral's, by some unknown accident, foundered between the
fleets, and sunk, when the commander, and his crew of
six hundred men, perished. Edward VI. passed a night
at Southsea castle, and reviewed the fortifications, order-
ing, for the greater security of the harbour, two towers
to be erected, with an immense iron chain extending
from one to the other, across the mouth of the harbour,
which, on the French fleet in the American war appear-
ing off Plymouth, was raised, so as to prevent the ves-
sels entering. During the reign of Elizabeth the forti-
fications were greatly strengthened, and the signals now
used on the approach of any vessels were established.
In the reign of Charles I., John Villiers, Duke of Buck-
ingham, who had arrived at Portsmouth to superintend
the movements of the fleet and army assembled there
for the invasion of France, was assassinated by Felton,
a disappointed officer, who had served under him at
the Isle of Rhé, and the spot, in the High-street, then
an inn called the Spotted Dog, is still pointed out.
Felton was soon after hanged at Tyburn, and gibbeted
on Southsea common. Soon after the commencement
of the parliamentary war, a party of Cromwell's sol-
diers surprised Southsea castle, of which they took pos-
session, and the town itself subsequently fell into the
hands of the parliamentarians. After the Restoration,
the nuptials of Charles II. with Catherine of Portugal
were solemnized in the chapel of the garrison; and
James II., while Lord High Admiral, frequently visited
Portsmouth, but previously to his abdication of the go-
vernment, he imprisoned the officers of the garrison for
refusing to admit his Irish troops. In 1782, the Royal
George, of one hundred and ten guns, and one thou-
sand two hundred men, commanded by Admiral Kem-
penfelt, while under the process of careening at Spit-
head, unfortunately sank, and the admiral, and more
than two-thirds of the crew, perished: many of her
guns, and a considerable portion of her stores, have, by
the use of the diving-bell, been recovered, but all at-
tempts to raise her have hitherto failed; the spot where
she lies is marked by a red buoy attached to the wreck.
George III. frequently visited this port, and, in 1814,
the Prince Regent, afterwards George IV., remained
here for several days with the allied sovereigns.
The town, which is about a mile and a half in
circuit, is divided into two nearly equal parts, by
the principal street, and intersected by numerous
others in every direction: it is well paved, lighted
with gas by a company established in 1821, and
supplied by two companies, incorporated by act of
parliament, with excellent water from Portsea isle, and
from springs at the foot of Portsdown Hill. The house
of the governor, at the upper end of the grand parade,
originally the Domus Dei founded by Peter de Rupibus,
Bishop of Winchester, retains but few vestiges of its
monastic character; it has undergone repeated alter-
ations, for adaptation to its present use, and is be-
come a splendid modern mansion, having been the
residence of his late Majesty, on his visit to the town.
The residences of the port-admiral, and of the lieu-
tenant-governor, are elegant and commodious buildings;
the former, situated in the High-street, has been re-
cently improved at the expense of government. A
Philosophical Society was established in 1818 it has
a convenient theatre, in which lectures are delivered
weekly, from October till March, and a good museum,
containing more than nine thousand specimens in na-
tural history: a handsome building is now being erected
for its use in St. Mary-street. A mechanics' institution
was founded in 1825, and is, under good regulations,
numerously attended. The theatre, a handsome and
well-arranged building, is opened during the season ;
and concerts and assemblies are held in a suite of rooms
elegantly fitted up, and well adapted to the purpose. The
various gateways leading into the town, through its
gigantic fortifications, which surround it in a semicir-
cular form, are remarkable for the justness and variety
of their architectural character; that erected by James
II. is an elegant specimen of the Corinthian order, that
of St. Thomas is Doric, and that of George III. in the
rustic character. The ramparts, which are in parts
ornamented with timber, afford extensive and beautiful
prospects; and the view of the town from Portsdown
hill, combining an infinite variety of objects of the
deepest interest and stately grandeur, is strikingly mag-
nificent. The fortifications, which are the most com-
plete in Europe, combine beauty with strength, and,
exclusively of those which immediately surround the
town, consist of numerous and extensive outworks: the
entrance to the harbour is defended by Brockhurst fort,
on the one side, and the fortifications of the town on
the other. Southsea castle having suffered considerable
damage from an accidental explosion, was rebuilt in 1814,
and contains a garrison of two hundred men, with well-
mounted batteries of heavy ordnance. Fort Monkton
is a regular fort, of prodigious strength, defended with
1
m
POR
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561
thirty-two pieces of heavy ordnance, and numerous re-
doubts: these two forts, built by Edward VI., also serve
to defend the mouth of the harbour; on the east and
west sides of which, along the coast, are various strong
fortifications, of which Cumberland fort, erected in 1820,
and commanding the approach of Langston harbour, is
mounted with one hundred pieces of heavy ordnance,
and contains accommodations for four thousand troops.
At Hilsea, about four miles on the London road, is a
strong military fortress, with extensive outworks, and
a double drawbridge. Within the town are four guard-
houses; and near the principal entrance gate are Cole-
worth barracks, being numerous extensive ranges of
buildings, with a parade ground: the garrison includes
three regiments of infantry, a division of the royal
marines, with detachments of artillery and engineers:
over the magazine a semaphore was erected, in 1823, by
means of which signals may be transmitted to the Ad-
miralty in London in the space of three minutes. The
naval department is under the control of the port-
admiral, and the garrison is under the command of a
lieutenant-governor.
The port extends from the opening of Southampton
water, on the west, to the town of Emsworth on the
east, including Langston, St. Helen's, and Portsmouth
harbours, and Spithead. The custom-house, a neat and
commodious building, was erected in 1785, and is under
the direction of a collector, comptroller, surveyor, or
searcher, and warehouse-keeper for bonded goods. In
the port watchouse are kept the boats of the revenue
officers, and from this place all vessels entering the
harbour are hailed: the preventive stations are at
Southsea castle, Cumberland fort, Hayling island,
Stokes bay, and Hill head. The harbour is unrivalled
for capaciousness, security, and depth of water: it is
about two hundred and fifty yards broad at the mouth,
and expanding into an open and broad lake, extends for
several miles to the north, affording secure and capaci-
ous shelter to ships of the largest burden: its security
is greatly increased by the Isle of Wight, which forms a
natural breakwater, and by the inland elevations, which
afford additional protection. From the western side of
the entrance is the sand bank called the Spit, at the
head of which a ship of war is always stationed: this
bank is about three miles in length, but is not percepti-
ble above water; the roadstead, called from this cir-
cumstance Spithead, is marked out by buoys fixed at
regular intervals. The foreign trade consists chiefly in
the importation of timber from the Baltic, and eggs
from France: the coasting trade is very extensive, and
in time of war the influx of merchant ships is very
great: the principal branch of manufacture carried on
is rope-making. The port is the general rendezvous
where all ships either homeward or outward bound take
convoy, and frequently seven hundred merchantmen
have sailed at one time from Spithead. Packet-boats
sail daily for the Isle of Wight and Southampton, and
steam-vessels ply regularly between this port and Ply-
mouth and Havre. The ferry to Gosport is under the
regulations of an act of parliament, the fares differing
according to the state of the weather. The market days
are Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday: the fairs are,
July 10th, which, by charter of Richard I., continues
fourteen days, and July 26th, a well-frequented fair on
Portsdown Hill, which continues three days.
VOL. III.
Tekst path
⭑
Obverse.
1946688)
Corporate Seal.

SIGU
E
འབན་ཏུ
OUDI
Reverse.
The civil government, by a succession of charters, of
which the last was conferred by Charles I., is vested in
a mayor, twelve aldermen, and an indefinite number
of burgesses, assisted by a recorder, town-clerk, cham-
berlain, harbour-master, serjeants at mace, and subor-
dinate officers. The mayor is elected by the aldermen
and burgesses; the former fill up vacancies in their own
body, and elect the burgesses. The mayor, the late
mayor, and three aldermen chosen for that purpose, are
justices of the peace. The corporation hold courts of
quarter session for all offences not capital; a court of
record, on Tuesday in every week, for the recovery of
debts to any amount; and a court leet, at which the
constables and other officers are appointed. The town-
hall is a large and commodious building in the centre
of the High-street, with an open area underneath for
the use of the market, the space for holding which,
within the last five years, has been considerably cur-
tailed: it was repaired and considerably enlarged in
1796. The borough gaol, completed in 1809, at an ex-
pense of £18,000, is a large range of building, including
court-rooms for the business of the sessions, a council-
chamber, and a bridewell, well arranged for the classifi-
cation of prisoners: the prison is about to be enlarged.
The borough first exercised the elective franchise in the
23rd of Edward I., since which time it has regularly
returned two members to parliament: the right of
election is vested in the mayor, aldermen, and burgesses,
of whom the number is about forty-five, thirteen only
being resident: the mayor is the returning officer; and
the principal parliamentary influence belongs to the
family of Carter.
VIRGO
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£6. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Warden and
Fellows of Winchester College. The church, dedicated
to St. Thomas à Becket, is a venerable and spacious
cruciform structure, in the early English style of archi-
tecture, with a tower surmounted by a cupola, one hun-
dred and twenty feet high, forming an excellent land-
mark: the interior is handsomely arranged; the cenotaph
of the Duke of Buckingham, in which his heart is en-
shrined, forms the principal ornament of the altar-piece.
The garrison chapel, once appertaining to the monastery
of Domus Dei, has been thoroughly repaired, for the
use of the officers and soldiers of the garrison: the
communion cloth exhibits a view of Lisbon, and the
plate was presented by Queen Anne. There are places
of worship for Baptists, Independents, Wesleyan Me-
thodists, and Unitarians, a Roman Catholic chapel, and
a synagogue. The free grammar school was founded,
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562
in 1732, by Dr. Smith, a physician of the town, who
bequeathed for its support the farm of East Standon,
in the Isle of Wight: there are fifty boys, natives of
Portsmouth, who receive a gratuitous education in
the classics: the head-master, who is allowed to take
boarders, is appointed by the Dean and Canons of
Christ Church, Oxford. The National and Lancas-
terian schools, in which, in conjunction with Portsea,
not less than seven thousand children are instructed,
are supported by subscription; and there are Sunday
and there are Sunday
schools in connexion with the established church and
the dissenting congregations. There are various charit-
able bequests for distribution among the poor. On the
summit of Portsdown Hill, and fronting the harbour, is
a beautiful stone pillar, erected to the memory of Lord
Nelson, by those who fought under his command in
the memorable battle of Trafalgar, which forms a most
interesting object, whether viewed from the sea or the
land. Jonas Hanway, the philanthropist, was born
here in 1712; he died in 1786. Portsmouth gives the
title of earl to the family of Wallop.
PORTSWOOD, a tything in that part of the parish
of SOUTH STONEHAM which is within the jurisdiction
of the borough of SOUTHAMPTON, 2 miles (N. by E.)
from Southampton, containing 440 inhabitants.
POSENHALL, an extra-parochial district, within
the liberties of the borough of WENLOCK, County of
SALOP, 14 mile (W.) from Broseley, containing 14 inha-
bitants.
POSLINGFORD, a parish in the hundred of RIs-
BRIDGE, County of SUFFOLK, 12 mile (N.) from Clare,
containing, with Chipley, 295 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Sud-
bury, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books
at £6. 10., and in the patronage of the Rev. G. G. Golding.
POSTCOMBE, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of LEWKNOR Which is in the hundred of LEWKNOR,
county of OXFORD, 2 miles (S.E.) from Tetsworth. The
population is returned with the parish.
POSTERN, a joint township with Shottle, in the
parish of DUFFIELD, hundred of APPLETREE, county
of DERBY. The population is returned with Shottle.
It is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster,
and within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held
at Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the recovery of
debts under 40s.
POSTLING, a parish in the hundred of HAYNE,
lathe of SHEPWAY, county of KENT, 34 miles (N. by W.)
from Hythe, containing 175 inhabitants. The living is
a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canter-
bury, rated in the king's books at £6. 8. 14., and in
the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The
church is in the early style of English architecture; in
it is a stone bearing an inscription stating that it was
consecrated to the Virgin Mary, 19th Kal. Sept., St.
Eusebius' day. White Kennett, Bishop of Peterborough,
tutor to the Duke of Gloucester, and author of the
Roman Antiquities, &c., was vicar of this parish; he
died in 1714.
POSTLIP, a hamlet in the parish of WINCHCOMBE,
lower division of the hundred of KIFTSGATE, county of
Gloucester, 2½ miles (S. W. by W.) from Winchcombe,
with which the population is returned.
POSTWICK, a parish in the hundred of BLOFIELD,
county of NORFOLK, 44 miles (E. by S.) from Norwich,
containing 254 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, rated in the
king's books at £ 10, and in the patronage of the Earl
of Rosebery.
of Rosebery. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
POTSGROVE, a parish in the hundred of Mans-
HEAD, county of BEDFORD, 34 miles (S. by E.) from
Woburn, containing 183 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, united to that of Battlesden, in the archdeaconry
of Bedford, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £10. 19. 42. The church is dedicated to St.
Mary.
POTT, a joint township with Ilton, in the parish
of MASHAM, eastern division of the wapentake of
HANG, North riding of the county of YORK, 54 miles
(W. S. W.) from Masham. The population is returned
with Ilton.
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POTT-SHRIGLEY, a chapelry in the parish of
PRESTBURY, hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county pala-
tine of CHESTER, 42 miles (N. N. E.) from Macclesfield,
containing 331 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, en-
dowed with £1200 private benefaction, £600 royal
bounty, and £ 1200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of William Turner, Esq. The chapel is a neat
building of stone, with an embattled tower. The Mac-
clesfield and Congleton canal passes through the parish.
Freestone and coal abound in the neighbourhood. John
Barlow, in 1684, founded a school for ten poor children,
with an endowment of about £6 per annum, and £2 for
apprenticing one every third year. There is another
smaller sum, the bequest of William Lunt, in 1688, for
teaching two children.
POTTER-HANWORTH, a parish in the second
division of the wapentake of LANGOE, parts of KES-
TEVEN, county of LINCOLN, 64 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Lincoln, containing 374 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £13. 16. 8., and in the
patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated to
St. Andrew.
POTTERNE, a parish in the hundred of POTTERNE
and CANNINGS, County of WILTS, 13 mile (S. by W.)
from Devizes, comprising the tythings of Marston
and Worton, and containing 1609 inhabitants.
The
living is a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Bishop of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at
£20. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Sa-
lisbury, as Prebendary of Potterne. The church, de-
dicated to St. Mary, is an ancient cruciform structure :
a new gallery has been lately erected in the north tran-
sept, at the expense of the present vicar, who has in
other respects contributed to the embellishment of
this venerable edifice. The Bishops of Salisbury had
formerly a residence here, of which there are no traces,
excepting a garden wall.
POTTERS-BAR, a hamlet in the parish of Monken-
HADLEY, hundred of EDMONTON, county of MIDDLE-
SEX, 3 miles (N.N.E.) from Chipping-Barnet. The
population is returned with the parish. There is a
place of worship for Baptists.
POTTERS-PURY, a parish in the hundred of CLE-
LEY, county of NORTHAMPTON, 2½ miles (N. W.) from
Stony-Stratford, comprising the hamlet of Yardley-Go-
bion, and part of that of Old Stratford, and contain-
ing 1410 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicar-
POU
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563
age, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of
Peterborough, rated in the king's books at £8. 6., en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, £200 royal bounty,
and £600 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Earl Bathurst. The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
There is a place of worship for Independents. The
old Roman Watling-street, and the Grand Junction
canal, pass through the parish, in which there is a
large manufactory for coarse earthenware.
POTTERTON, a joint township with Kiddal, in the
parish of BARWICK in ELMETT, lower division of the
wapentake of SKYRACK, West riding of the county of
YORK, 7 miles (S. W. by W.) from Tadcaster. The
population is returned with Kiddal.
POTTO, a township in the parish of WHORLTON,
western division of the liberty of LANGBAURGH, North
riding of the county of YORK, 54 miles (S. W.) from
Stokesley, containing 207 inhabitants.
POTTON, à market town and parish in the hun-
dred of BIGGLESWADE, county of BEDFORD, 11½ miles
(E.) from Bedford, and 48 (N. by W.) from London,
containing 1498 inhabitants. A great part of this town
was destroyed by fire in 1783, on which occasion the
damages were estimated at £25,000, exclusively of the
expense of temporary erections in the adjacent fields,
for the accommodation of the inhabitants, until their
houses could be rebuilt. It is pleasantly situated
at the foot of a hill, on the high road from London to
Cambridge, and consists principally of one long street:
the inhabitants are supplied with water by means
of several small rivulets, and the adjacent neighbour
hood is highly respectable, and contains some genteel
and handsome mansions. The market is on Saturday,
chiefly for corn and straw-plat, but the business done
is very inconsiderable. In 1227, a fair was granted
by charter of Henry III.: at present, fairs are held
on the third Tuesday in January, the last Tuesday in
April, first Tuesday in July, and the Tuesday before
the 29th of October, all which are noted for the sale
of horses and sheep. The living is a discharged vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £13. 6. 8., and in
the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
Three several bequests have been made for the instruc-
tion of children; in 1711, of £50, by Dame Constance
Burgoyne; in 1712, of £30, by Alexander Atkinson;
and in 1770, of £400, by John Caryer; which are vested
in land, and, with the sum of £3. 16. 8. per annum,
a proportion of the town land receipts, are applied to
the instruction of about thirty of both sexes.
POUGHILL, a parish in the hundred of STRATTON,
county of CORNWALL, 1 mile (N. W.) from Stratton,
containing 378 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese.
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £6. 12. 1., and
in the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Olave. The Bude and Holsworthy canal
passes through the parish. Here was fought, on May
16th, 1643, the celebrated battle of Stratton, in which
the parliamentarian troops, under the Earl of Stamford,
were signally defeated by the Cornish forces, under Sir
Beville Granville.
POUGHILL, a parish in the western division of
the hundred of BUDLEIGH, County of DEVON, 64 miles
(N. by E.) from Crediton, containing 321 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £8. 17. 8.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. Here was formerly a chantry
chapel, dedicated to St. John the Baptist. Gertrude
Pyncombe, in 1730, bequeathed £5 a year, and, in
1725, Robert Gay gave £1 a year, for teaching poor
children.
POULSHOT, a parish in the hundred of MELKS-
HAM, county of WILTS, 33 miles (S. W. by W.) from
Devizes, containing 323 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £6. 5., and in the patron-
age of the Bishop of Salisbury. The church, dedicated
to St. Peter, has lately received an addition of forty free
sittings, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels having granted £20 towards
defraying the expense.
POULTNEY, a hamlet in the parish of MISTER-
TON, hundred of GUTHLAXTON, county of LEICESTER,
23 miles (E. by N.) from Lutterworth. The population
is returned with the parish.
POULTON, a township in the parish of Pulford,
lower division of the hundred of BROXTOW, county pa-
latine of CHESTER, 5 miles (S. by W.) from Chester,
containing 132 inhabitants. A Cistercian abbey was
founded here, in 1153, by Robert, who was butler
to Ranulph, second Earl of Chester; but the monks,
having suffered greatly from the frequent incursions
of the Welch, were translated, in 1214, to Dieulacres
in Staffordshire, and thenceforth, till the dissolution,
Poulton continued parcel of the possessions of that
monastery.
POULTON; a joint township with Spittle, in the
parish of BEBBINGTON, lower division of the hundred
of WIRRALL, county palatine of CHESTER, containing,
with Spittle, 101 inhabitants.
POULTON, a joint township with Seacomb, in the
parish of WALLAZEY, lower division of the hundred
of WIRRALL, county palatine of CHESTER, 11 miles
(N. by E.) from Great Neston, containing, with Sea-
comb, 380 inhabitants.
POULTON, a parish in the hundred of ВEWSвO-
ROUGH, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of KENT, 31
miles (W.) from Dovor, containing 29 inhabitants. This
parish comprises only three houses, and has no church.
Here are the venerable ruins of Bradsole, or St. Ra-
degund's abbey, said to have been founded, in 1191,
by Richard I., for monks of the Premonstratensian
order, the abbots of which were afterwards summoned
to parliament, to sit as peers. It was dedicated to St.
Mary and St. Radegund, and at the dissolution pos-
sessed a revenue of £ 142. 8.
POULTON, a chapelry in that part of the parish of
LANCASTER which is in the hundred of LONSDALE,
south of the sands, county palatine of LANCASTER, 34
miles (N. W.) from Lancaster, containing 363 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester, endowed
with £400 private benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and
£600 parliamentary grant. The chapel was consecrated
in 1745. Poulton has of late years become a favourite
bathing-place: it commands fine views of Morecambe
bay and the Westmorland, Cumberland, and Yorkshire
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564
mountains. Francis Bowes, in 1732, demised, for the
foundation of a free school, lands now producing an
annual income of about £35, for which sixty children
are instructed: the school-room was erected in 1745.
at £13. 6. 8., and in the patronage of John Dayman,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Neot. The parish
is bounded on the west by Widemouth bay, in the
Bristol channel. A fair is held on the Monday before.
Ascension-day.
POULTON, a joint township with Fearnhead, in
the parish of WARRINGTON, hundred of WEST DERBY,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 2 miles (N. E. by E.)
from Warrington, containing 631 inhabitants.
POULTON, a parish in the hundred of HIGH-
WORTH, CRICKLADE, and STAPLE, county of WILTS,
4 miles (W. by S.) from Fairford, containing 309 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury, endowed
with £200 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of T. Ingram, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Michael. A Gilbertine priory, in ho-
nour of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was founded here,
about 1347, by Sir Thomas de Sancto Mauro, or Seymor,
which, at the dissolution, was valued at £20. 3. 2. per
annum.
POULTON in the FYLDE, a parish in the hundred
of AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine of LANCASTER,
comprising the market town of Poulton, the chapelry of
Marton, and the townships of Carleton, Hardhorn with
Newton, and Thornton, and containing 4031 inhabitants,
of which number, 1011 are in the town of Poulton, 21
miles (S. W. by S.) from Lancaster, and 235 (N. W. by N.)
from London. This is a small and very ancient port
under Preston, situated near the mouth of the Wyre, in
an extensive district called the Fylde, and much fre-
quented in the bathing season. The inhabitants are
chiefly employed in agriculture. The market is on
Monday; and fairs for cattle, cloth, and other commo-
dities, are held on February 6th, April 13th, and Novem-
ber 3rd. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
rated in the king's books at £7. 16. 8., endowed with
£400 private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of Peter Hesketh, Esq. The church,
which is dedicated to St. Chad, occupies the site of an
ancient structure, which, having stood for nearly seven
centuries, was taken down in 1751, with the exception
of the tower, which was rebuilt in the time of Charles I.,
and remains attached to the modern edifice. There are
places of worship for the Society of Friends, Indepen-
dents, Wesleyan Methodists, and Roman Catholics. A
free school was founded, in 1717, by James Baines, who
endowed it with land now producing an income of £ 69
per annum a master and an usher are elected annually,
and the number of children instructed varies from eighty
to one hundred and twenty. The founder likewise be-
The founder likewise be-
queathed land, of the present value of £ 100 a year, for
apprenticing poor children of this parish.
POUNDEN, a hamlet in the parish of TwYFORD,
hundred and county of BUCKINGHAM, 62 miles (S. W.
by S.) from Buckingham, containing 91 inhabitants.
POUNDISFORD, a tything in the parish of PIT-
MINSTER, hundred of TAUNTON and TAUNTON-DEAN,
county of SOMERSET, 4 miles (S. by W.) from Taunton.
The population is returned with the parish.
POUNDSTOCK, a parish in the hundred of LES-
NEWTH, County of CORNWALL, 43 miles (S. S. W.)
from Stratton, containing 744 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Corn-
wall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books
POWDERHAM, a parish in the hundred of Ex-
MINSTER, County of DEVON, 8 miles (S. E. by S.) from
Exeter, containing 216 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter, rated
in the king's books at £27. 3. 61., and in the patron-
age of Viscount Courtenay. The church, dedicated to
St. Clement, has a wooden screen, and in a window
of the north aisle is the stone effigy of a lady, pro-
bably one of the Courtenays. Powderham castle and
grounds are delightfully situated on an acclivity rising
from the western bank of the navigable river Exe. The
former, now merely retaining its castellated appearance,
was, in Leland's time, a strong fort, with a barbican for
the protection of Exe haven. During the parliament-
ary war it was fortified with eighteen pieces of ordnance,
and garrisoned with three hundred men: the present
drawing-room was formerly a chapel. The Belvidere
tower, occupying an elevated site above the castle,
commands a noble terra-marine view. The Exeter
canal joins the river near this place.
POWICK, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of PERSHORE, county of WORCESTER, 23 miles
(S. S. W.) from Worcester, comprising the chapelry of
Clieveload, and the hamlet of Woodsfield, and contain-
ing, exclusively of a part of the chapelry of Bransford,
which is in this parish, 1452 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, with the curacy of Mordeford
annexed, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester,
rated in the king's books at £10. 2. 7., and in the pa-
tronage of the Earl of Coventry. The church is dedi-
dicated to St. Peter and St. Lawrence. The river Teme
is here crossed by an ancient bridge, a short distance
below which it falls into the Severn. In December 1642,
an action was fought near this place, between the parlia-
mentarian troops under Colonel Sandes, and the royal-
ists under Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice, in which
the former were defeated, and the colonel was mortally
wounded.
POWNAL-FEE, a township in the parish of
WILMSLOW, hundred of MACCLESFIELD, County pala-
tine of CHESTER, 33 miles (S. by W.) from Stockport,
containing 1432 inhabitants.
POXWELL, a parish in the hundred of WINFrith,
Blandford (South) division of the county of DORSET,
6 miles (S. E. by S.) from Dorchester, containing 73 in
habitants. The living is a rectory, united, in 1749, to
that of Warmwell, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and
diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's books at £9. 5. 5.,
and in the patronage of J. Trenchard, Esq.
POYNINGS, a parish in the hundred of POYNINGS,
rape of LEWES, county of SUSSEX, 3 miles (S. W. by S.)
from Hurst-Pierrepoint, containing 232 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lewes,
and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£ 10, and in the patronage of the Crown. The church,
dedicated to the Holy Trinity, is partly in the decora-
ted, and partly in the later English, style of archi-
tecture. The Rev. George Beard, in 1786, gave £100,
directing the interest to be applied for teaching eight
poor children.
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565
POYNTON, a chapelry in the parish of PRESTBURY,
hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county palatine of CHES-
TER, 5 miles (S. S. E.) from Stockport, containing 540
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £800 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of Sir George Warren, Bart. The
chapel, dedicated to St. Mary, was rebuilt, in 1789, by
the late Sir George Warren, Bart., K.B., and some of
the windows exhibit the arms of the Warren and
Bulkeley families, in stained glass. A school-house
was built by subscription in 1703. There are several
collieries in the neighbourhood. A court baron is held
twice a year.
PREEN (CHURCH), a parish in the hundred of
CONDOVER, County of SALOP, 64 miles (W. by S.) from
Much Wenlock, containing 73 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, with that of Longnor, in the arch-
deaconry of Salop, and diocese of Hereford, endowed
with £800 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of W. Webster, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. Here was a small
Cluniac priory, a cell to that of Wenlock.
PREES, a parish in the Whitchurch division of the
hundred of BRADFORD (North), county of SALOP, com-
prising the chapelries of Calverhall and Whixhall, and
the townships of Prees with Steel, and Sandford, and
containing 3190 inhabitants, of which number, 1525
are in the township of Prees with Steel, 42 miles (N. E.)
from Wem. The living is a vicarage, with the per-
petual curacy of Preston-Gubbals, in the peculiar ju-
risdiction of the Prebendary of Prees, otherwise Pipa
Minor, in the Cathedral Church of Lichfield, rated in
the king's books at £10, and in the patronage of the
Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Chad, is an ancient cruciform structure,
with a tower of modern erection: it contains two old
figures of Moses and Aaron, and some pieces of tes-
selated pavement, also several monuments to the ances-
tors of General Lord Hill, who was born here in 1772.
There is a place of worship for Independents. Prees
had formerly a weekly market and an annual fair, the
former of which has been long disused; two fairs are
now held on the 2nd Mondays in April and October.
Here are charity schools for about one hundred and
sixty children, towards the support of which there are
several small endowments. A considerable traffic in
coal, lime, and slate, is carried on by means of Quise
Brook canal, which runs through the parish.
PREESALL, a joint township with Hackersall, in
that part of the parish of LANCASTER which is in the
hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 6 miles (N. by E.) from Poulton, containing
700 inhabitants. Richard Fleetwood, Esq., in 1687,
built a school-house, and endowed it with an annuity of
£ 13. 6. 8., for which the children of parishioners are
taught to read.
PRENDICK, a township in the parish of ALN-
HAM, northern division of CoqUETDALE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 10 miles (N. N.W.) from Roth-
bury, containing 68 inhabitants.
PRENTON, a township in the parish of WOOD-
CHURCH, lower division of the hundred of WIRRALL,
county palatine of CHESTER, 6 miles (N. by E.) from
Great Neston, containing 99 inhabitants.
PRESCOT, an extra-parochial liberty, in the upper
division of the hundred of TEWKESBURY, county of
GLOUCESTER, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from Cheltenham, con-
taining 56 inhabitants.
PRESCOT, a parish in the hundred of WEST
DERBY, county palatine of LANCASTER, comprising the
market town of Prescot, the chapelries of Rainford and
Great Sankey, and the townships of Bold, Cronton,
Cuerdley, Ditton, Eccleston, Parr, Penketh, Rainhill,
Sutton, Whiston, Widness with Appleton, and Windle,
and containing 22,811 inhabitants, of which number,
4468 are in the town of Prescot, 51 miles (S.) from
Lancaster, and 197 (N. W.) from London. This town,
consisting chiefly of one long straggling street, on the
high road from Liverpool to Manchester, lies prin-
cipally on a substratum of coal, several mines of
which are excavated to its very edge, and which not
only furnish abundant employment to the labouring
class, but supply fuel at a cheap rate to the inhabit-
ants, and essentially promote the manufacturing inte-
rests of the district, which has long been noted for the
superior construction of watch tools, and the more
minute parts of that beautiful piece of mechanism com-
prised in what is termed motion-work. The drawing of
pinion wire, extending to fifty different sizes, and remark-
able for its exquisite adaptation to the requisite pur-
poses, originated here; and small files, considered to be
of unparalleled excellence, are made, and exported in
large quantities. The manufacture of coarse earthenware,
especially sugar moulds, has been established here for
a very long period, the clay of the neighbourhood being
peculiarly adapted to that purpose; and a few persons
are employed in the cotton business. The Liverpool and
Manchester railway passes about one mile south of
the town. A charter for a market and a fair was granted
in the 7th of Edward III.: there are now two markets,
on Tuesday and Saturday; a fortnight fair for cattle,
from Shrove-Tuesday to the first Tuesday in May, and
annual fairs on Ash-Wednesday, the Wednesday after
Corpus Christi, August 24th and 25th, October 21st, and
November 1st. The inhabitants have, since the time of
Henry VII., claimed exemption from serving on juries, ex-
cept within the manor, also from the payment of all tolls
to public markets, with divers other privileges. A court
baron is held six times a year; a court leet annually, on
the festival of Corpus Christi, when a coroner for the
manor and liberty is appointed; and a court of requests,
for the recovery of debts to any amount, at which last, the
steward of the manor presides: petty sessions for the
Prescot division of the hundred also are held once a month.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Chester, rated in the king's books at £24. 10., and in the
patronage of the Provost and Fellows of King's College,
Cambridge. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is an
ancient edifice: in 1789, the old steeple was taken
down, and replaced by an elegant tower and spire, one
hundred and fifty-six feet high in the interior are some
modern monuments, particularly one of great elegance,
by Chantrey, to the memory of William Atherton, Esq.
There are places of worship for Independents, Wes-
leyan Methodists, and Unitarians. The free grammar
school is of somewhat uncertain foundation: it has
been endowed by various benefactors, and, in 1759, the
present school-house was built by subscription: the
entire income is estimated at £159. 17. 4.; the stipend
:
.
VA
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566
of the master is £90 per annum: nearly fifty boys are
instructed, but classical education has not of late been
required. This school has a preference to seven fellow-
ships in Brasenose College, Oxford, and two exhibi-
tions to the same college, for boys being natives of
Prescot, and educated in it; several children not on the
foundation are instructed for pay. In 1824, Mrs. Jane
Chorley bequeathed to trustees the sum of £2000,
for establishing and supporting a schoolmistress to
educate poor girls. Almshouses were founded and
endowed originally by Oliver Lyme, to which several
additions have been made; nineteen almspeople are
eligible under the direction of the trustees, preference
being given to inhabitants not receiving relief in Prescot
and Whiston, and to widows. Among the numerous
benefactions to the parish are funds for apprenticing
poor children.
The celebrated tragedian, John Philip
Kemble, was born here, in 1757.
PRESCOTT, a hamlet in that part of the parish
of CROPREDY which is in the hundred of BANBURY,
county of OXFORD, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from Banbury,
containing 19 inhabitants.
PRESHUTE, a parish in the hundred of SELKLEY,
county of WILTS, 14 mile (S. W. by W.) from Marlbo
rough, containing, with the tything of Clatford, 693 in-
habitants. The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar juris-
diction of the Bishop of Salisbury, rated in the king's
books at £8, and in the patronage of the Choristers
in the Cathedral Church of Salisbury, on the nomina-
tion of the Bishop. The church, dedicated to St. George,
is partly in the Norman style, and has a plain ancient
font of dark grey marble.
jurisdiction of which comprehends all pleas under 40s.
In the township of Butley, in this parish, several an-
cient tumuli, containing urns and other relics of anti-
quity, were discovered some years since; in these ves-
sels it is said that oak leaves, and shells of acorns, were
found, retaining a freshness of appearance as if recently
gathered stones from several of the tumuli have been
used for the repair of the roads in the neighbourhood.
PRESTBURY, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of DEERHURST, county of GLOUCESTER, 11/
mile (N. E.) from Cheltenham, containing 906 inhabit-
ants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's books
at £11, and in the patronage of W. J. Agg, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary.
PRESTBURY, a parish in the hundred of MACCLES-
FIELD, county palatine of CHESTER, comprising the
market town of Macclesfield, the chapelries of Bosley,
Capesthorne, Chelford, Macclesfield - Forest, Marton,
Poynton, Pott-Shrigley, Rainow, Siddington, and Win-
cell, and the townships of Adlington, Birtles, Bolling-
ton, Butley, Eaton, Fallybroom, Henbury with Pexall,
Hurdsfield, Kettleshulme, Lyme-Handley, Mottram St.
Andrew, Newton, Prestbury, North Rode, Sutton, Ty-
therington, Upton, Wildboar-Clough, Lower Withing-
ton, Old Withington, Woodford, and Worth, and con-
taining 34,976 inhabitants, of which number, 440 are
in the township of Prestbury, 22 miles (N. N. W.) from
Macclesfield. The living is a vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's books
at £10, and in the patronage of Thomas Legh, Esq.
The church, dedicated to St. Peter, is of great antiquity,
and has portions in various styles: on the south side is
an ancient low building of stone, now used as a paro-
chial school-house, which is considered to be an ancient
Norman church, and consists of a nave and chancel,
with an enriched west entrance in a private chapel,
which terminates the south aisle of the church, is a
piscina, together with a portion of a carved oak screen.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
A school-house was built in 1720, principally at the ex-
pense of John Legh, Esq., and endowed by Mrs. Ann
Whittacres, with the interest of £100, for the instruc-
tion of ten of the poorest children in the township. In
the parochial school belonging to the church, one hun-
dred children are taught. Fairs for cattle are held on
April 28th and October 22nd. A court leet and baron
for the township is held in May and December, the
:
PRESTON, a parish in the liberty of SUTTON-
POINTZ, Dorchester division of the county of Dorset,
3 miles (N. E. by N.) from Melcombe-Regis, containing,
with the tything of Sutton-Pointz, 508 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdic-
tion and patronage of the Prebendary of Preston in the
Cathedral Church of Salisbury, rated in the king's
books at £8. 18.
books at £8. 18. The church, dedicated to St. Andrew,
is very ancient, and had formerly ten pensionary chapels
belonging to it. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
PRESTON, a parish in the hundred of CROWTHORNE
and MINETY, county of GLOUCESTER, 1½ mile (E.S.E.)
from Cirencester, containing 160 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Gloucester, rated in the king's books at £9. 10 7½., and
in the patronage of Miss Master. The church, dedi-
cated to All Saints, is an ancient and singular structure,
in the early style of English architecture. The river
Churn runs through the parish.
PRESTON, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of DUDSTONE and KING'S BARTON, county of
GLOUCESTER, 34 miles (W. by S.) from Ledbury, con-
taining 87 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry of Hereford, and diocese of
Gloucester, rated in the king's books at £7. 6. 8., and
in the patronage of the Bishop of Gloucester.
·
PRESTON, a hamlet in the parish of HITCHIN,
hundred of HITCHIN and PIRTON, county of HERTFORD,
3 miles (S. by W.) from Hitchin. The population is
returned with the parish.
I
PRESTON, a parish in the hundred of FAVERSHAM,
lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, a mile (S.) from
Faversham, containing 351 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canter-
bury, rated in the king's books at £8. 12. 6., and in
the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The
church, dedicated to St. Catherine, is principally in the
early style of English architecture, with a tower and
spire at the east end of the south aisle on the north
side of the chancel is a sumptuous altar-tomb of black
and white marble, in memory of Roger Boyle, Esq., and
his wife Joan, ancestors of the Earls of Cork; there are
also some sepulchral brasses of the fifteenth century.
In a school, founded by Thomas Smith, in 1730, thir-
teen children are taught to read for about £10 per an-
num, arising from various bequests.
PRESTON, a parish in the hundred of PRESTON,
lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of KENT, 2 miles (N.)
from Wingham, containing 504 inhabitants. The living
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KAPREISHION
dow
Seal and Arms.
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at
£9. 15., and in the patronage of the Dean and Chap-
ter of Canterbury. The church is dedicated to St.
Mildred.
PRESTON, a parish in
the hundred of AMOUN-
DERNESS, County palatine
of LANCASTER, comprising
the borough of Preston,
which has a separate juris-
diction, the chapelries of
Broughton, and Grimsargh
with Brockholes, and the
townships of Barton, Els-
ton, Fishwick, Haighton,
Lea (with Ashton, Ingol, and
Cottam), and Ribbleton, and
containing 27,300 inhabitants, of which number,
24,575 are in the borough of Preston, 21 miles (S.
by E.) from Lancaster, and 217 (N. W. by N.) from
London. This place, which is supposed to have grown
out of the ruins of the ancient Rerigonium, a Roman
station, of which the site is now occupied by the town
of Ribchester, is supposed, from its having belonged to
the monks, to have obtained the appellation of Priest's
town, of which its present name is a contraction.
Though it may be difficult to ascertain its precise origin,
it was unquestionably a place of considerable import-
ance prior to the Conquest, soon after which it was
granted to Tosti, fourth son of Godwin, Earl of Kent.
In 1307, the town was burnt and nearly levelled with
the ground by the Scottish army under Robert Bruce,
and, in 1333, Edward III. passed through it, on his way
to Halidown Hill, where he defeated the Scots, with the
loss of twenty thousand men, and took Baliol, their
king, prisoner. The same monarch, in recompense for
the assistance he derived from the inhabitants, gave the
corporation a common seal, and invested them with
several valuable privileges. During the war between
the houses of York and Lancaster, the Earl of Derby
raised considerable supplies of troops in the town for
the service of the Lancastrian cause. Soon after the
commencement of the parliamentary war, a battle was
fought on Ribbleton common, to the east of the town,
in which the parliamentarians were commanded by
General Fairfax ; and in 1645, another battle took
place, in which the mayor and several of the principal
inhabitants became the victims of their attachment to
the royal cause. In 1648, a fierce engagement took
place at the pass of Walton bridge, between the En-
glish and Scottish allied forces, commanded by the
Duke of Hamilton and Sir Marmaduke Langdale, and
a detachment of the parliamentarian troops under the
command of General Lambert, in which the former
were defeated, and the duke and his officers, who had
retired into the town, were compelled to effect their
escape by crossing the river at the ford below Walton
bridge. Throughout the whole of this contest the town
of Preston suffered materially for its adherence to the
royal cause, and the inhabitants were treated by the
parliamentarians with the utmost severity. In 1715,
the party in the interest of the Pretender obtained pos-
session of the town, which they endeavoured to fortify
against the assault of the king's forces; but being at-
se
*
SIGILL
PT
MILA VENAMO
tacked suddenly by General Wills, aided by the subse-
quent arrival of General Carpenter, with a party of
dragoons, they were compelled, after an obstinate re-
sistance, to surrender at discretion. The town suffered
severely also during this contest, a considerable part of
it being burnt by the inhabitants, who were in the
interest of the king, to assist the movements of the
besiegers, and many of the houses of those who assisted
the rebels having been given up to plunder after the town
was taken. The Lords Widdrington, Derwentwater, and
Nairn, were taken in the town, and sent prisoners to
London, where they were condemned and executed;
and sixteen of the rebels were hanged on Gallows' Hill
for high treason. The rebels again made their appear-
ance, in 1745, and attempted to intrench themselves
in the town; but on the approach of the royal forces
under the Duke of Cumberland, made their escape from
Preston, only a few hours before the duke's arrival.

A
The town is pleasantly situated on an eminence
rising from the north bank of the river Ribble, over
which are Walton and Penwortham bridges: the for-
mer, a neat structure of three arches, leading from the
London road, was erected in 1782; and the latter, a
handsome bridge of five arches, leading from the Liver-
pool road, was built by act of parliament in 1759. The
streets are spacious and well paved; the houses are
neatly and substantially built of brick, and many of
them are handsome and of large dimensions; the inha-
bitants are partially supplied with water conveyed by
cast-iron pipes from a large reservoir, called the Folly,
at the bottom of Mid Spit Wiend, into which it is
raised by an engine constructed in 1729; and with
spring-water by carts, at a moderate price. A com-
pany was established for lighting the town with gas
in 1816, and considerable improvements are daily taking
place. The environs, in which are many handsome vil-
las, inhabited by opulent families, abound with richly-
diversified scenery, and the high grounds afford exten-
sive and interesting prospects.
sive and interesting prospects. There are several plea-,
sant and extensive promenades, of which the principal
are, Avenham Walk, belonging to the corporation, by
whom it is kept in order; Common Bank, from which
are extensive views; and the Marsh, along the margin
of the river, by which an ancestor of Sir Walter Scott,
with his comrades, escaped to Liverpool, during the
siege of Preston in 1715. The library was founded by
R. Shepherd, Esq., M.D., twice mayor for the borough,
who, in 1761, endowed it with £50 per annum for its
augmentation, and with the interest of £200, as a
salary to the librarian; it is open to the inhabitants
under certain regulations. A botanical society was es-
tablished in 1804, from which a smaller establishment
has branched; and a Literary and Philosophical Society
was instituted in 1810, of which the members hold their
meetings in the town-hall. A society for promoting the
study of natural history was established in 1823, to
which is annexed an appropriate library, and a museum
is about to be added to it. There are also a law society,
consisting principally of attorneys' clerks, a mechanics'
institution, two principal news-rooms and several on a
smaller scale, and various book societies. The theatre, a
neat and well-arranged building, erected by a proprietary
in 1802, is opened occasionally; and assemblies are held
in a handsome suite of rooms, built at the sole expense
of the Earl of Derby. A choral society was established
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568
in 1819, and a musical academy has been instituted,
which is well supported, and ably conducted. Warm
and cold baths have been constructed, which are
arranged with every attention to the convenience of the
visitors, and fitted up with the requisite accommodation;
and races annually held in July on Fulwood moor,
which are well attended.
The trade of the town, till within the last half cen-
tury, principally consisted of the manufacture and sale
of linen cloth, which, from a petition of the mayor and
corporation to parliament, for preventing the exporta-
tion of Irish linen to the colonies, and of Scotch linen
into Ireland, appears to have been for ages the staple
trade of the town and neighbourhood for twenty
miles round. The manufacture of cotton goods was in-
troduced, in 1791, by John Horrocks, Esq., to whose
public-spirited enterprise the town is indebted for its
present prosperity. There are at present numerous
factories, many of which are upon a very large scale;
that in the township of Fishwick is said to be the
largest in England. Machinery impelled by steam has
been introduced with great success into the factories,
in which the raw material, supplied from Liverpool, is
conducted, through every process, to the printing and
dyeing of the manufactured article. The greater portion
of the goods is sold to the Manchester merchants,
and the remainder is sent to London, or into foreign
markets in connexion with the machinery employed
in the factories, several iron-foundries have been esta-
blished in the town. At spring tides, vessels of one
hundred and fifty tons' burden can navigate the Ribble
to Preston Marsh, where convenient quays have been
constructed, and, by an act of parliament passed in
the 46th of George III., commissioners were appointed
for improving the navigation of the river; buoys
have been placed to mark out those parts which have
been deepened by excavation. The river is supposed,
by Dr. Whitaker, to have been formerly navigable to
Ribchester, and the discovery in that neighbourhood
of anchors, and of the hull of a larger vessel than could
now be floated so far up the river, seems to confirm that
opinion. The port of Preston includes Lytham, Freckle-
ton, Hesketh, and Poulton; a few vessels sail annu-
ally to foreign parts, and a coasting trade is carried on
to a moderate extent: there are forty-five vessels be-
longing to it, averaging a burden of seventy-one tons.
The custom-house, a neat and commodious building
in Fox-street, is under the management of the usual
officers.
The fishery on the river is of very ancient
establishment, and forms part of the revenue of the
borough: salmon, plaice, eels, and smelts, are found in
abundance, and of good quality. In the years 1715 and
1774, the river is said to have ceased to flow, in the latter
year for five hours, and for a length of three miles to have
been dry, except in the deeper places; at the expiration
of that time the water returned with a strong current.
Common and cannel coal are brought to the town by
the river Douglas, which, by an act of parliament ob-
tained in 1727, was made navigable from the mouth of
the Ribble to within one mile of Ormskirk, whence a
short line, parallel with its course, by which the navi-
gation is continued to Wigan, has been since con-
structed by the proprietors of the Leeds and Liverpool
canal, who have purchased the right of the Douglas
navigation. The Lancaster canal passes by the west side
C
of the town, and, after being conducted through a tunnel
about two miles in length, which crosses the river
Ribble, joins the Leeds and Liverpool canal one mile
north of Chorley, affording a communication with the
principal navigable rivers in England. The market
days are Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, the last
being principally for corn. The market-place is a spa-
cious well-paved area, in the centre of which is an obe-
lisk, supporting a gas-light; and the sides of the quad-
rangle contain several good buildings, and shops well
stored with wares of every kind: the cattle market is
held in the north road, and that for vegetables in Cheap-
side. The fairs are the week before the first Sunday
after Epiphany, which is a great horse fair; the spring
fair, March 27th, which continues for three days; the
summer fair, August 26th, which continues for eight
days; and the winter fair, November 7th, which con-
tinues for five days: to all these fairs is attached a
court of pie-powder.
;
sances.
The borough has received numerous charters from
successive sovereigns, of which the first was granted
by Henry II., and the last by George IV. The govern-
ment is vested in a mayor, recorder, two bailiffs, seven
aldermen, and seventeen common council-men, assisted
by a town-clerk, serjeants at mace, and subordinate
officers. The mayor and other officers are elected by a
jury of twenty-four guild burgesses, empannelled by two
elisors, who are appointed for that purpose, on the Fri-
day before the festival of St. Wilfred. The mayor, re-
corder, and aldermen, are justices of the peace, and have
power to hold quarterly courts of session for all offences,
but the prisoners are generally referred to the quarter ses-
sions for the county. A court of record is held every third
Friday, before the mayor and two or more of the alder-
men, for the recovery of debts to any amount
and a
court leet, twice in the year, for the examination of
weights and measures, and for the presentation of nui-
The Preston guild, or Guilda Mercatoria, a ju-
bilee celebrated every twentieth year, is the tenure by
which the freemen retain their privileges: it was ori-
ginally granted by Henry II., and confirmed by the
charters of Charles II. It commences in the last week of
August, and is proclaimed to continue twenty-eight days;
the festivities, however, have been limited to a fortnight :
the last guild was held in 1822. The celebration of
this jubilee is conducted under the superintendence of
the mayor and three aldermen, appointed as stewards,
who, with the other officers of the corporation, dressed
in their robes of ceremony, and preceded by their in-
signia of office and the regalia of the borough, walk
from the guildhall, attended by the several trading com-
panies, with their banners and bands of music, and by
the principal gentry resident in the neighbourhood, to
the ancient cross, or obelisk, in the market-place,
where a proclamation is read, calling upon all the bur-
gesses, resident and non-resident, to appear before the
stewards of the guild and three senior aldermen, in
open court, and renew their freedom. During this fes-
tival, various processions of the municipal bodies take
place; balls, concerts, dramatic representations, public
banquets, and every species of amusement, are provided,
and attract an immense concourse from the surrounding
districts, to assist at the ceremony, and partake of the
festivities. The quarter sessions for the hundreds of
Amounderness, Blackburn, and Leyland, are held here,
PRE
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569
by adjournment from Lancaster; the hundred court for
Amounderness, for the recovery of debts under 40s., is
held every third Wednesday; and the county court, every
fourth Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under the same
sum, of which the jurisdiction extends through the whole
county, with the exception only of Salford hundred: the
quarter sessions for the county, the meetings of the deputy
lieutenants, and other county meetings, are held here;
and, from its central situation, the offices of the courts
of chancery, common pleas, and other courts of the
duchy of Lancaster, unless when the officers attend
the assizes at Lancaster, are also held at Preston.
The principal officers of the duchy court are, the vice-
chancellor, the registrar, the cursitor, the clerk of the
crown, the clerk of the peace, and the deputy protho-
notary of the common pleas. The offices of the under
sheriff and treasurer for the county are also in this
town. The town-hall is a neat brick building with
quoins and cornices of stone, surmounted by a turret and
dome; the interior comprises a court-room, in which
the borough sessions are held, a council chamber, a
news-room, and various offices: it was rebuilt on the
site of the ancient moot-hall, which fell down in 1780,
within a few hours after a party that had assembled
there for a ball had departed. The sessions-house and
house of correction is a capacious building, enclosed
within a lofty boundary wall, including every requisite
accommodation for the county sessions, the meeting of
the county magistrates, a house for the governor, two hos-
pitals, a chapel, and extensive workshops: the prison
is on the radiating principle, and is well adapted to the
classification of prisoners, including day-rooms, airing-
yards, a tread-mill, and other things requisite for the
employment of the prisoners. The borough, which made
returns to parliament in the 23rd, 26th, 33rd, and 35th
of the reign of Edward I., and in the 1st of Edward II.,
intermitted till the reign of Edward VI., since which time
it has regularly returned two members: the right of
election is vested in all the inhabitants having resided
six months, and not receiving parochial relief within
twelve months prior to the election, of whom the num-
ber is about five thousand: the mayor and bailiffs are
the returning officers.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Rich-
mond, and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's books
at £15. 3. 11., and in the patronage of the Trustees of
the late Mr. Hulme, Manchester. The church, formerly
dedicated to St. Wilfred, was a very ancient structure,
repaired by Wilfred, Archbishop of York, in 700: it has
been rebuilt, and dedicated to St. John, and has a hand-
some square embattled tower crowned with clustered
pinnacles, which was erected in 1814; the whole style
is a mixture of the later Norman and the early En-
glish the interior contains some good stucco-work
and some ancient monuments. St. George's church,
built in 1723, is a cruciform structure of brick, with
a square embattled tower crowned with pinnacles,
and chiefly in a style resembling the Norman: the
living is a perpetual curacy, endowed with £800 private
benefaction, £800 royal bounty, and £1300 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar of Pres-
ton. The church of the Holy Trinity, a neat stone
edifice in the later style of English architecture, with
a square embattled tower crowned with pinnacles, was
erected in 1814, at an expense of £9080. 9. 3., of which
VOL. III.
£4000 were donations, and the remainder was raised by
subscription: the living is a perpetual curacy, endowed
with £400 private benefaction, and £2200 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Trustees and the
Vicar alternately. St. Paul's, a handsome structure in
the later style of English architecture, with four turrets,
and containing one thousand two hundred and fifty-nine
sittings, of which eight hundred and thirteen are free,
was erected in 1825, by grant from the parliamentary
commissioners, at an expense of £6063. 17. 10.; and
St. Peter's in the Fylde road, a handsome edifice in the
same style of architecture, with a small campanile turret,
and containing one thousand two hundred and fifty
sittings, of which eight hundred and sixty-one are free,
was erected by the same means, at an expense of
£6638. 10. 2.: the livings are both perpetual curacies,
in the patronage of the Vicar. There are two places of
worship for Independents, and one each for Baptists, the
Society of Friends, Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists,
and Unitarians, also two Roman Catholic chapels, one
of which, dedicated to St. Wilfred, is a stately and
elegant structure.
The free grammar school is of uncertain founda-
tion: it is under the direction of the officers of the
corporation, who appoint the master and usher, each
having a salary of £ 45 per annum, arising from ground
given by Mr. R. Worthington: it is open to all boys
of the town. A National school, for children of both
sexes, is supported by subscription; the school-house,
a handsome and capacious brick building, was erect-
ed in 1814: the Blue-coat charity schools, founded in
1701, by Mr. Roger Sudell, have been incorporated with
this institution. The Roman Catholic school was esta-
blished in 1814; and a large day school is supported
by the Wesleyan Methodists. The dispensary was in-
stituted in 1809, and is well supported: a room in
the building is appropriated to the use of a committee
of ladies, who superintend the lying-in charity con-
nected with this establishment; and a house of reco-
very from fever and other contagious diseases was
opened in 1813. The corporation almshouses, built in
1790, in lieu of sixteen others, the site of which is now
occupied by the house of correction, have no endow-
ment, and afford only a rent-free residence to the in-
mates.
mates. Adjoining these are others rebuilt by the cor-
poration, in lieu of some originally founded, in 1663, by
Mr. Worthington, which, having neither endowment nor
funds for their maintenance, fell into decay. There
are also numerous benevolent and benefit societies,
and various charitable bequests for distribution among
the poor. There were anciently a convent of Grey
friars on the north-west of the town, founded by Ed-
ward, Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III., and an hos-
pital, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, of which there
are no remains.
PRESTON, a township in the parish of ELLING-
HAM, Southern division of BAMBROUGH ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 8 miles (N.) from Alnwick,
containing 63 inhabitants. Here is an ancient lofty
tower.
PRESTON, a township in the parish of TYNE-
MOUTH, eastern division of CASTLE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, of a mile (N.) from North
Shields, containing 627 inhabitants. Here were formerly
barracks, which have been converted into dwelling-
4 D
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570
¡
houses. There are two breweries and a linen-manu-
factory.
PRESTON, a parish in the hundred of MARTINSLEY,
county of RUTLAND, 12 mile (N.) from Uppingham,
containing 295 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Pe-
terborough, rated in the king's books at £9. 17. 6., and
in the patronage of the Rev. H. Shield. The church is
dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul.
PRESTON, a parish in the hundred of STONE,
county of SOMERSET, 1 mile (W.) from Yeovil, con-
taining 317 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual cu-
racy, annexed to the vicarage of Yeovil, in the archdea-
conry of Bath, and diocese of Bath and Wells. This
parish has the privilege of sending a certain number of
boys to the Yeovil charity school.
PRESTON, a parish in the hundred of BABERGH,
county of SUFFOLK, 24 miles (E. N. E.) from Laven-
ham, containing 320 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £5. 6. 04., and
in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of Emanuel
College, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to St.
Mary.
PRESTON, a parish in the hundred of PRESTON,
rape of LEWES, county of SUSSEX, 1 mile (N. N. W.)
from Brighton, containing 319 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, with that of Hove united, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Chichester, rated in the
king's books at £20. 2. 11., and in the patronage of
the Prebendary of Hova Villa in the Cathedral Church
of Chichester. The church, dedicated to St. Peter, is
in the early style of English architecture. Anne of
Cleves, the divorced queen of Henry VIII., resided at
Preston House, which contains her portrait, a good
original painting: from this place she retired to a con-
vent at Falmer, about three miles distant, where she
died and was buried.
•
PRESTON, a parish partly in the liberty of ST.
PETER of York, and partly in the middle division of
the wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the coun-
ty of YORK, comprising the townships of Lelley and
Preston, and containing 947 inhabitants, of which num-
ber, 828 are in the township of Preston, 7 miles (E. by N.)
from Kingston upon Hull. The living is a discharged
vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of Hedon annexed,
in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Sub-
Dean of York, rated in the king's books at £ 12, and
endowed with £200 prigate benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant. The church,
dedicated to All Saints, is in the later style of English
architecture. There are places of worship for Primitive
and Wesleyan Methodists. Thomas Holmes, in 1718,
gave £200 to support a school, which sum was laid
out in land, now producing an annual income of about
£27, for which twenty-seven children are educated.
PRESTON (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
POLING, rape of ARUNDEL, county of SUSSEX, 34 miles.
(E.) from Little Hampton, containing 259 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage not in charge, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Chichester, and in the patronage
of the Prebendary of Ferring in the Cathedral Church
of Chichester.
take of SKYRACK, West riding of the county of YORK,
6 miles (N. W.) from Pontefract, containing 478 inha-
bitants.
PRESTON (GREAT and LITTLE), a township in
the parish of KIPPAX, lower division of the wapen-
PRESTON on the HILL, a township in the parish
of RUNCORN, hundred of BUCKLOW, county palatine
of CHESTER, 4 miles (N. E. by E.) from Frodsham, con-
taining 391 inhabitants. The Grand Trunk canal passes
through the township, and forms a junction with the
Duke of Bridgewater's canal, along both which the
transmission of goods is very considerable. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
PRESTON (LONG), a parish in the western divi-
sion of the wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and Ewcross,
West riding of the county of YORK, comprising the
townships of Hellifield, Long Preston, and Wiggles-
worth, and containing 1491 inhabitants, of which num-
ber, 733 are in the township of Long Preston, 4 miles
(S. by E.) from Settle. The living is a vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £10. 18. 11½., and in the patronage of the
Dean and Canons of Christ Church, Oxford. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary. There a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
PRESTON under SCAR, a township in the parish
of WENSLEY, western division of the wapentake of HANG,
North riding of the county of YORK, 5 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Middleham, containing 378 inhabitants.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
PRESTON le SKERNE, a township in the parish of
AYCLIFFE, south-eastern division of DARLINGTON ward,
county palatine of DURHAM, 7 miles (N. by E.) from
Darlington, containing 126 inhabitants.
PRESTON upon STOUR, a parish in the upper
division of the hundred of DEERHURST, County of
GLOUCESTER, 44 miles (S.) from Stratford upon Avon,
containing, with Alscote, 334 inhabitants.
The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and dio-
cese of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at
£8. 13. 4., endowed with £1200 royal bounty, and
£200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
James Roberts West, Esq. The river Stour runs
through the parish.
PRESTON (TARRANT), a tything in the parish of
CRAWFORD-TARRANT, hundred of BADBURY, Shaston
(East) division of the county of DORSET. The popula-
tion is returned with the parish.
PRESTON upon TEES, a township in the parish of
STOCKTON upon TEES, South-western division of STOCK-
TON ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 2 miles (S. S. W.)
from Stockton upon Tees, containing 57 inhabitants.
It is bounded on the south by the navigable river Tees,
and is intersected by the Stockton and Darlington
railway.
PRESTON upon the WILD MOORS, a parish in
the Wellington division of the hundred of BRADFORD
(South), county of SALOP, 31 miles (N. E. by N.) from
Wellington, containing 209 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's
books at £3, and in the patronage of the Trustees of
Preston Hospital. The church is dedicated to St. Law-
rence. The Shrewsbury canal passes within the south-
west boundary of the parish. Here is a large hospital
for decayed widows and their children, with ample funds
for its support: the Earl of Bradford is the trustee.
PRE
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571
PRESTON upon WYE, a parish in the hundred of
WEBTREE, County of HEREFORD, 8½ miles (W. by N.)
from Hereford, containing 272 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, united to that of Blakemere,
in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean of Hereford,
rated in the king's books at £3. 16. 9., endowed with
£400 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty. The
church is dedicated to St. Lawrence.
PRESTON-BAGGOTT, a parish in the Henley
division of the hundred of BARLICHWAY, county of
WARWICK, 24 miles (E. by s.) from Henley in Arden,
containing 219 inhabitants. The living is
The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in
the king's books at £4, and in the patronage of Mrs.
Elizabeth Cartwright. The church is dedicated to All
Saints. The Stratford and Avon canal passes through
the parish. A school has been established here on the
British system.
PRESTON-BISSETT, a parish in the hundred and
county of BUCKINGHAM, 4 miles (S. W.) from Buck-
ingham, containing, with the hamlet of Cowley, 396 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £11. 9. 4., and in the patronage of
T. W. Coke, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. John
the Baptist.
PRESTON-BROCKHURST, a township partly in
the parish of SHAWBURY, hundred of PIMHILL, and
partly in the parish of MORETON-CORBET, Whitchurch
division of the hundred of BRADFORD (North), county
of SALOP, 34 miles (S. E. by S.) from Wem. The popu-
lation is returned with Moreton-Corbet.
PRESTON-CAPES, a parish in the hundred of
FAWSLEY, County of NORTHAMPTON, 53 miles (S.) from
Daventry, containing 441 inhabitants. The living com-
prises a rectory and a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the
king's books at £8. 0. 5., and in the patronage of Sir
C. Knightley, Bart. The church is dedicated to St.
Peter and St. Paul. Richard Knightley, in 1667, be-
queathed a rent-charge of £24 for a charity school,
which is further supported with a voluntary gift of £20
a year by Sir Charles Knightley. A Cluniac priory
formerly here was transferred to Daventry.
PRESTON-DEANERY, a parish in the hundred of
WYMERSLEY, County of NORTHAMPTON, 44 miles (S. E.
by S.) from Northampton, containing 67 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in
the king's books at £7, and in the patronage of Lang-
ham Christie, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter
and St. Paul.
PRESTON-GUBBALS, a parish in the liberties of
the town of SHREWSBURY, County of SALOP, 42 miles
(N.) from Shrewsbury, containing, with the township
of Merrington, 369 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, united to the vicarage of Prees, in the
archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, endowed with £400 private benefaction, and
£600 royal bounty. The church is dedicated to St.
Martin.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Richmond, and diocese of Chester, endowed with £400
private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the inhabitants. The chapel, dedicated to
St. Patrick, is a neat building, situated on the acclivity
of a hill rising from the eastern bank of the Belo, which
is here crossed by the Lancaster canal, in its course
through the parish. A school, founded by subscription
in 1780, is endowed with an allotment of land, awarded
under the enclosure act, and now let for £12. 12. a
year, for which ten children receive free instruction.
There are marble works in the neighbourhood, where
large blocks, raised at Dent in Yorkshire, and conveyed
hither, are cut and polished for the trade. Challen, or
Chanon hall, stands on the site of an abbey which
existed here for a short time, but was ultimately re-
moved to Shap.
PRESTON-PATRICK, a chapelry in that part of
the parish of BURTON in KENDAL which is in KENDAL
ward, county of WESTMORLAND, 6 miles (N. W. by W.)
from Kirkby-Lonsdale, containing 398 inhabitants.
PRESTON-QUARTER, a township in the parish
of ST. BEES, ALLERDALE ward above Derwent, county
of CUMBERLAND, on the south side of the town of
Whitehaven, containing 4256 inhabitants. Here are very
extensive collieries, the produce of which is shipped at
Whitehaven. There is an endowed free school.
PRESTON-RICHARD, a township in the parish of
HEVERSHAM, KENDAL ward, county of WESTMORLAND,
6 miles (W. N. W.) from Kirkby-Lonsdale, containing
348 inhabitants. The Kendal canal passes through the
township, and on its banks are several coke ovens, and
a large coal wharf. At Birkrigg is a burial-ground,
termed "the Sepulchre," formerly belonging to the
Society of Friends, but now disused. A school is sup-
ported by subscription, amounting to about £15 per
annum. At End-Moor an antique hammer-head of
stone was found in 1770.
PRESTON-WYNNE, a chapelry in the parish of
WITHINGTON, hundred of BROXASH, County of HERE-
FORD, 6 miles (N. E. by N.) from Hereford, containing
167 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Dean of
Hereford, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty. The chapel is dedicated to the
Holy Trinity.
3
PRESTWICH, a parish with Oldham, in the hun-
dred of SALFORD, county palatine of LANCASTER, 42
miles (N. W. by N.) from Manchester, containing 2724
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's books
at £46. 4. 9., and in the patronage of Earl Grosvenor.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, has a lofty tower,
forming a fine object in the general landscape. Here
are manufactories to a very considerable extent. (See
OLDHAM.)
PRESTWICK, a township in the parish of PONTE-
LAND, western division of CASTLE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 6½ miles (N. W. by N.) from New-
castle upon Tyne, containing 155 inhabitants. Prestwick
Carr, an extensive marsh, is, in wet seasons, so completely
inundated by the river Pont, as to form one vast lake; but
in summer, when the waters retire, it affords excellent
pasturage common to the neighbouring townships.
PRESTWOOD, a township in the parish of ELLA-
STONE, southern division of the hundred of TOTмONS-
LOW, County of STAFFORD, 7 miles (N.) from Uttoxeter,
containing 88 inhabitants. It is in the honour of Tut-
bury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of
4 D 2
PRI
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572
a court of pleas held at Tutbury, every third Tuesday,
for the recovery of debts under 40s.
PRESTWOULD, a parish in the eastern division of
the hundred of GoSCOTE, County of LEICESTER, 3 miles
(E. N. E.) from Loughborough, containing, with the
chapelry of Hoton, and the townships of Burton on the
Wolds, and Coates, 974 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and
diocese of Lincoln, and in the patronage of C. Packe,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
PRIDDY, a parish in the hundred of WELLS-FO-
RUM, county of SOMERSET, 44 miles (N. N. W.) from
Wells, containing 141 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Westbury, in
the peculiar jurisdiction of the Archidiaconal Court of
Wells. One of the largest cattle fairs in the county is
held here annually, on August 21st. In the neighbour-
hood arc vestiges of a Roman encampment and nine
barrows.
PRIESTCLIFFE, a township in the parish of BAKE-
WELL, hundred of HIGH PEAK, county of DERBY, 3
miles (S. S. W.) from Tideswell. The population is re-
turned with the chapelry of Taddington. The Rev.
Roger Wilkinson, late of this place, gave £400 for
the endowment of a charity school, which, having been
invested in land, produces £80 per annum.
PRIORS-DEAN, county of SOUTHAMPTON.
DEAN (PRIORS).
PRIME-THORP, a township in the parish of
BROUGHTON-ASTLEY, hundred of GUTHLAXTON, county
of LEICESTER, 5 miles (N. by W.) from Lutterworth,
containing 270 inhabitants.
PRINCETHORPE, a hamlet in the parish of
STRETTON upon DUNSMOOR, Rugby division of the hun-
dred of KNIGHTLOW, county of WARWICK, 64 miles (N.
by W.) from Southam. The population is returned
with the parish.
PRINKNASH-PARK, an extra-parochial district,
in the middle division of the hundred of DUDSTONE
and KING'S BARTON, county of GLOUCESTER, 34 miles
(N. by E.) from Painswick, containing 9 inhabitants.
PRIORS-ASH, county of SOMERSET.-See ASH
(PRIORS.)
Magadang
diocese of London, rated in the king's books at £ 18. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of London. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a handsome structure,
in the later English style of architecture, with a fine
pinnacled tower, which serves as an excellent sea-mark.
The parish borders on the Thames, and includes South-
end, a noted bathing-place, a short distance above which
is Crow Stone, marking the extreme eastern boundary
of the jurisdiction of the lord mayor of London, as con-
servator of the river. A Cluniac priory, in honour of St.
Mary, and subordinate to the abbey of Lewes in Sussex,
was founded here, in the reign of Henry II., by Robert
Fitz-Swaine, which at the dissolution had a revenue of
£194. 14. 3. Mrs. Scrattons and others gave a house
and land in support of a free school for sixteen poor
children.
PRIORS-LEE, a chapelry in the parish of Shiff-
NALL, Shiffnall division of the hundred of BRIMSTREE,
county of SALOP, 3 miles (W. N. W.) from Shiffnall,
containing, with Oakengale, 1851 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Salop, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed
with £600 private benefaction, £ 600 royal bounty, and
£ 1400 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
the Vicar of Shiffnall.
PROBUS, a parish in the western division of the
hundred of PowDER, county of CORNWALL, 24 miles
(w. by s.) from Grampound, containing, with part of
the borough of Grampound, 1353 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, with the perpetual curacies of Cornelly and
Merther annexed, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £13. 16. 8.,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Exeter. The church
is remarkable for the beautiful simplicity of its archi-
tecture, and its stately tower, a fine specimen of the
later English style, which, rising to the height of one
hundred and eight feet, forms a striking contrast with
the low thatched dwellings around. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A market was for-
merly held weekly; and large fairs for horses and cattle
are now held, on April 5th and 23d, July 5th, and
See September 17th. A free school was founded, in 1688,
by Mr. John Williams, who endowed it with about
£10 per annum. There is also a trifling endowment
in land by William Williams, in augmentation of the
master's salary.
PRISTON, a parish in the hundred of KEynsham,
county of SOMERSET, 54 miles (S. W. by W.) from Bath,
containing 286 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Bath, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, rated in the king's books at £ 12. 18. 4., and in
the patronage of the Heir of the late William Vaughan,
Esq., a minor. The church is dedicated to St. Luke.
Six poor children are taught by a schoolmistress for
£20 a year, paid out of the poor's estate,
PRITTLEWELL, a parish in the hundred of RоCH-
FORD, County of ESSEX, 19 miles (S. E.) from Chelms-
ford, containing, with Milton, 1922 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and
G
PRIVETT, a parish in the hundred of FAWLEY,
Fawley division of the county of SoUTHAMPTON, 52
miles (N. W. by W.) from Petersfield, containing 229 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed
to the rectory of West Meon, in the peculiar jurisdic-
tion of the Incumbent. This parish is within the ju-
risdiction of an ancient court, called the Cheyney Court,
held at Winchester every Thursday, for the recovery of
debts to any amount.
PRUDHOE, a township in the parish of OVINGHAM,
eastern division of TINDALE ward, county of NORTHUM-
BERLAND, 12½ miles (W. by S.) from Newcastle upon
Tyne, containing 293 inhabitants. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists, with a Sunday school
attached a school-room was erected in 1823.
-
PRUDHOE-CASTLE, a township in the parish of
OVINGHAM, eastern division of TINDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 123 miles (W.) from Newcastle upon
Tyne, containing 79 inhabitants. Here was formerly
a chapel, dedicated to St. Thomas. On an eminence
sloping to the southern bank of the Tyne stood the
castle, once the chief baronial seat of the Umfravilles ¿
it has been long in ruins, but its ivy-mantled towers and
lofty keep still remain, venerable monuments of its an-
cient grandeur and importance. Its present posses-
sors are the Percy family, of whom Algernon, the only
brother of the Duke of Northumberland, was created
Lord Prudhoe, Baron of Prudhoe castle, in 1816.
PUD
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573
PUBLOW, a parish in the hundred of KEYNSHAM,
county of SOMERSET, of a mile (N. E.) from Pensford,
containing 836 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Bath, and diocese of
Bath and Wells, and in the patronage of Cox, Esq.
PUCKINGTON, a parish in the hundred of ABDICK
and BULSTONE, County of SOMERSET, 24 miles (N. N. E.)
from Ilminster, containing 220 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and dio-
cese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at
£7. 13. 34. The Bishop of Bath and Wells presented
by lapse in 1787.
PUCKLE-CHURCH, a parish in the hundred of
PUCKLE-CHURCH, county of GLOUCESTER, 5 miles
(S.W. by S.) from Chipping-Sodbury, containing 612 in-
habitants. The living is a vicarage, with the perpetual
curacies of Abston and Westerleigh, in the archdeacon-
ry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's books
at £ 14. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Dean and
Chapter of Wells. The church, dedicated to St. Tho-
mas à Becket, is partly Norman and partly of later
date. The Rev. Henry Berrow, in 1718, founded a free
school for ten boys and ten girls: the annual income is
£52. 10., of which one-fifth is paid towards the educa-
tion of the poor of Abston and Wick. This was the
site of a royal palace of the Saxon kings of England, in
which Edmund received a stab from one Leof, that
caused his death. A market was formerly held here,
but it has been long disused.
PUDDINGTON, a parish in the hundred of WIL-
LEY, county of BEDFORD, 5 miles (N. by W.) from
Harrold, containing 581 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Bedford,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£7. 6. 8., endowed with £200 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of R. Orlebar, Esq. The church, de-
dicated to St. Mary, contains several ancient monuments,
the principal of which is erected to the memory of Ge-
neral Livesay. The manufacture of thread-lace is car-
ried on here. There is a petrifying spring in the parish;
and small shells of the ostroites, belemnitæ, and turbi-
nitæ species are found imbedded in the clay and gravel
pits. Canary birds in a wild state are frequently met
with in the neighbourhood.
Z
PUDDINGTON, a township in the parish of
BURTON, higher division of the hundred of WIRRALL,
county palatine of CHESTER, 8 miles (N. W.) from
Chester, containing 155 inhabitants.
PUDLICOTT, a tything in that part of the parish
of CHARLBURY which is in the hundred of CHADLING-
TON, county of OXFORD, 4½ miles (S. by W.) from Chip-
ping-Norton. The population is returned with the
tything of Chilson.
PUDSEY, a chapelry in the parish of CALVERLEY,
wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county of
YORK, 44 miles (E.) from Bradford, containing 6229
inhabitants.
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
peculiar jurisdiction of the manorial court of Crossley,
Bingley, and Pudsey, endowed with £ 200 private bene-
faction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Vicar of Calverley. The chapel is dedicated to
St. Lawrence. A new church, in the later style of
English architecture, was erected in 1823, under the
sanction of " His Majesty's Commissioners for building
churches;" the amount of contract, including incidental
expenses, was £13,362. 1. 10.
expenses, was £13,362. 1. 10. There are places of wor-
ship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists. The
manufacture of woollen cloth is here carried on to a
considerable extent. Jacob Simpson, in 1737, bequeathed
£100 for the relief of decayed housekeepers, and for
teaching poor children.
PUDDINGTON, a parish in the hundred of
WITHERIDGE, county of DEVON, 8 miles (w. by S.)
from Tiverton, containing 176 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £6. 8. 1.,
and in the patronage of Thomas Welman, Esq. Here is a
Presbyterian place of worship, with an endowment in
land yielding about £35 per annum. A charity school
is partly supported by some small benefactions.
PUDDLESTONE, a parish in the hundred of
WOLPHY, County of HEREFORD, 53 miles (E. by N.)
from Leominster, containing, with While and the town-
ship of Brockmanton, 316 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, with While, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books
at £7. 17. 81, and in the patronage of Thomas Rose,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
I
PULBOROUGH, a parish in the hundred of WEST
EASWRITH, rape of ARUNDEL, County of Sussex, 9 miles
(N. N. E.) from Arundel, containing 1901 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Chichester, rated in the king's books at £ 19. 0.71/.,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Egremont. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is principally in the
early style of English architecture. The river Arun,
and the Arun canal, pass through the parish.
PULFORD, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of BROXTON, county palatine of CHESTER,
comprising the townships of Poulton and Pulford, and
containing 318 inhabitants, of which number, 186 are
in the township of Pulford, 54 miles (S.S.W.) from
Chester.
Chester. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's books at
£6. 15. 10., and in the patronage of Earl Grosvenor.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. Earl and Countess
Grosvenor support two schools in the parish, one for
boys, and the other for girls. A Cistercian monastery, a
cell to the abbey of Combermere, was founded in 1153,
by Robert, the Earl of Chester's baker, the monks being
placed in it to pray for the earl while a prisoner in the
hands of King Stephen. This establishment, on account
of the frequent incursions of the Welch, was removed, in
1214, to Dieulacres in Staffordshire. In a field, called
the Castle Hill, are traces of a foss and other remains of
an ancient fortification.
PULHAM (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
BUCKLAND-NEWTON, Cerne subdivision of the county
of DORSET, 7 miles (S. E.) from Sherborne, containing,
with the manor of West Pulham, 272 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and
diocese of Bristol, rated in the king's books at £18. 17. 11.,
and in the patronage of Joseph Haseley, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Thomas à Becket. A school is
partly supported by some trifling donations.
PULHAM (ST. MARY MAGDALENE), a parish
in the hundred of EARSHAM, county of NORFOLK, 3/
miles (N.W.) from Harleston, containing 1009 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the
rectory of Pulham St. Mary the Virgin, in the archdea-
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conry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich. The church,
called Pulham Market church, is a neat building with a
large square tower, and a handsome north porch. Pul-
ham Market hall, formerly the seat of a junior branch
of the Percies, is an ancient edifice, surrounded by an
embattled brick wall; the greater part of it was built
by William Brampton, a staunch royalist during Kett's
rebellion.
PULHAM (ST. MARY the VIRGIN), a parish in the
hundred of EARSHAM, county of NORFOLK, 2½ miles
(N. W.) from Harleston, containing 797 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, with the perpetual curacy of Pul-
ham St. Mary Magdalene annexed, in the archdeaconry
of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £33. 6. S., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is adorned with numerous shields, also a
great quantity of imagery of stone; and the east window
exhibits emblems of the Trinity, &c., in stained glass.
A rent-charge of £5, the bequest of William Pennoyer,
in 1670, is applied for teaching poor children.
PULHAM (WEST), a manor in the parish of EAST
PULHAM, hundred of BUCKLAND-NEWTON, Cerne sub-
division of the county of DORSET, 94 miles (S. E. by S.)
from Sherborne. The population is returned with the
parish.
PULLOXHILL, a parish in the hundred of FLITT,
county of BEDFORD, 24 miles (S. W.) from Silsoe, con-
taining 475 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £9. 10., and in
the patronage of the Countess de Grey. The church is
dedicated to St. James. A vein of gold has been dis-
covered here, but the produce is not sufficient to defray
the expense of working it.
PULVERBATCH (CHURCH), a parish in the hun-
dred of CONDOVER, county of SALOP, 8 miles (S. W.
by S.) from Shrewsbury, containing 539 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop,
and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£ 10. 13. 4., and in the patronage of Lord Kenyon.
The church is dedicated to St. Edith. This parish was
distinguished in ancient times for its extensive castle,
which had within it a chapel, called the royal free cha-
pel of Pullerbache. It had a charter for a weekly mar-
ket and an annual fair, granted by Henry III. Courts
leet and baron are held twice a year for the manor.
PUNCKNOWLE, a parish in the hundred of UGGS-
COMBE, Dorchester division of the county of DORSET,
6 miles (S. E. by E.) from Bridport, containing 300 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, with Bexington an-
nexed, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of Bris
tol, rated in the king's books at £14, and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. Robert Frome. The church is de-
diated to St. Mary. This parish is bounded on the
south by the English channel. A school is supported
by subscription.
PURBRIGHT, a parish in the first division of the
hundred of WOKING, county of SURREY, 6½ miles (N.
W. by N.) from Guildford, containing 472 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
of Surrey, and diocese of Winchester, endowed with
£600 royal bounty, and £400 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of Henry Halsey, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Michael. The Basingstoke canal
passes through the parish,
PURFLEET, a township in the parish of WEST
THURROCK, hundred of CHAFFORD, county of Essex,
16 miles (E. by S.) from London. The population is
returned with the parish. It is situated at the mouth
of a rivulet, which empties itself into the Thames. The
village is chiefly inhabited by people employed in the
extensive lime-works and chalk-pits. The walks among
the vast caverns which have been excavated in the
neighbourhood are romantic, and the views from the
elevations remarkably fine. Here are considerable
bomb - proof magazines for gunpowder, belonging to
Government.
PURITON, a parish in the hundred of HUNTspill
and PURITON, county of SOMERSET, 4 miles (N. N. E.)
from Bridg-water, containing, with Woollavington, 350
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, united
with that of Woollavington, in the archdeaconry of
Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the
king's books at £6. 15. 10. The church is dedicated
to St. Michael. The navigable river Parret runs on the
South-west of this parish. A small school is supported
from the poor's estate.
PURLEIGH, a parish in the hundred of DEngie,
county of ESSEX, 4 miles (S. by W.) from Maldon, con-
taining 967 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, annexed
to the Provostship of Oriel College, Oxford, and holden
without institution, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and
diocese of London, rated in the king's books at £25.
The church, dedicated to All Saints, is large and hand-
some, with an embattled tower of flint and stone. The
parish school is supported by subscription.
PURLEY, a parish in the hundred of THEALE,
county of BERKS, 4 miles (N. W. by W.) from Reading,
containing 196 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Berks, and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £12. 17. 3½., and in the
patronage of the Crown. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is a very neat structure.
·
PURSON, a hamlet in the parish and hundred of
KING'S SUTTON, County of NORTHAMPTON, 42 miles
(W. N. W.) from Brackley. The population is returned
with the parish.
PURTON, a parish in the hundred of HIGHWORTH,
CRICKLADE, and STAPLE, county of WILTS, 3 miles
(N. N. E,) from Wootton-Bassett, containing, with the
hamlet of Braydon, 1766 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and diocese of
Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £22. 17. 6.,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Shaftesbury. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a handsome struc-
ture, with a lofty tower and spire. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Fairs are held for
cattle, on the Tuesday before May 6th, and the Friday
after September 19th. Miriam Stevens, in 1723, be-
queathed a rent- charge of £17. 10. for the support of a
free school.
PUSEY, county of BERKS.-See PEWSEY.
PUTFORD (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
SHEBBEAR, County of DEVON, 8 miles (w. by S.) from
Great Torrington, containing 194 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of
Buckland-Brewer, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple,
and diocese of Exeter.
PUTFORD (WEST), a parish in the hundred of
BLACK TORRINGTON, County of DEVON, 9 miles (W.S.W.)
PUT
PYW
575
from Great Torrington, containing 425 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Totness,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£9. 11. 04., and in the patronage of Lord Clinton.
PUTLEY, a parish in the hundred of GREYTREE,
county of HEREFORD, 52 miles (W.) from Ledbury,
containing 163 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean of
Hereford, rated in the king's books at £3. 18. 4., and
in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Hereford.
There are hop plantations in the neighbourhood.
south of the village, is an obelisk, erected by the cor-
poration of London, with an inscription commemorating
an experiment made, in 1776, by David Hartley, Esq.,
to prove the efficacy of a method of building houses
fire-proof, which he had invented, and for which he ob-
tained a grant from parliament of £ 2500. On the heath
also is a semaphore station, forming part of the line of
communication between the Admiralty office and Ports-
mouth. Putney was the birthplace of Bishop West, al-
ready mentioned; of Thomas Cromwell, who was made
Earl of Essex by Henry VIII., but perished on the scaf-
fold; and of Edward Gibbon, the celebrated author of
the “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,” born in
1737, and died in London, in 1794. John Toland, a
noted freethinking writer, died at Putney in 1722, and
was interred in the churchyard; and Robert Wood,
Under Secretary of State, who published "The Ruins of
Palmyra," and other curious archaeological works, was
interred in the new burial-ground, in 1771.
PUTNEY, a parish in the western division of
the hundred of BRIXTON, County of SURREY, 4 miles
(S.W.) from London, containing 3394 inhabitants,
In Domesday-book this place is styled Putelei, and
it was subsequently called Putienheath, or Pottenheath,
since contracted into its present name. The village is
situated on the southern bank of the Thames, opposite
to Fulham, with which it is connected by a wooden
bridge. Queen Elizabeth was a frequent visitor here
at the house of Mr. Lacy, who also had the honour to
entertain James I., a short time before his coronation.
During the civil war in the reign of Charles I., a bridge
of boats was constructed across the Thames, and forts
were built on each side of the river, by order of the
Earl of Essex, on the retreat of the royalists to Kingston,
after the battle of Brentford; and in 1647, the head-
quarters of the army under Cromwell were fixed at
Putney, while the king was a prisoner at Hampton Court.
An ancient ferry over the Thames at this place is men-
tioned in Domesday-book, as yielding to the lord of
the manor of Wimbledon a toll of twenty shillings per
annum. In 1729, the bridge was erected in pursuance
of an act of parliament, at the expense of £23,975,
subscribed by thirty shareholders, who purchased the
ferry for £8000. Here was a fishery at the time of
the Norman Conquest, and smelts are now caught
in great abundance. Putney is within the jurisdiction
of the court of requests for the western division of the
hundred of Brixton, for the recovery of debts under
£5. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the deanery of
Croydon, which is within the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, endowed with £600 parlia-
mentary grant, and in the patronage of the Dean and
Chapter of Worcester. The church, dedicated to St. Mary,
was founded as a chapel of ease to Wimbledon, and was
rebuilt about the reign of Henry VII.: it has a hand-
some stone tower at the west end, and at the east end
of the south aisle is a small chantry chapel, erected
by Nicholas West, Bishop of Ely, and having the roof
adorned with rich tracery, interspersed with the arms of
the founder, who was a native of Putney, and became
a favourite of Henry VIII., by whom he was employed
in various embassies. In 1684, Thomas Martyn be-
queathed lands for the foundation and support of a
charity school for twenty boys; and by a decree of the
court of Chancery, in 1715, the property was vested in
trustees: it produces about £270 per annum, from
which the master receives £SO per annum, and the
boys are boarded, clothed, and educated. An alms-
house for twelve poor women, dedicated to the Holy
Trinity, was erected by Sir Abraham Dawes, who, by
will in 1639, endowed it with a rent-charge of £40,
which, with subsequent benefactions, produces an
income of £110 per annum. On Putney heath, to the
PUTTENHAM, a parish in the hundred of DACORUM,
county of HERTFORD, 32 miles (N. W.) from Tring, con-
taining 112 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £ 10. 1. 0½½., and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Lincoln. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary: the tower is built of flint and stone
in square compartments, and the ceiling of the nave,
which is of carved oak, is supported by figures repre-
senting some of the Apostles: there are on the cross
beams other figures habited as ecclesiastics.
PUTTENHAM, a parish in the first division of the
hundred of GODALMING, county of SURREY, 44 miles
(W. by S.) from Guildford, containing 389 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, with the perpetual curacy of
Wanborough, in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese
of Winchester; rated in the king's books at £ 1 17. 11.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedi-
cated to St. John the Baptist.
PUXTON, a parish in the hundred of WINTER-
STOKE, County of SOMERSET, 6 miles (N. by W.) from
Axbridge, containing 137 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the jurisdiction of the peculiar court
of Banwell in the Cathedral Church of Wells, endowed
with £200 private benefaction, and £ 600 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of
Bristol.
•
PYLLE, a parish in the hundred of WHITESTONE,
county of SOMERSET, 3 miles (S. by W.) from Shepton-
Mallet, containing 176 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wells, and dio-
cese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at
£ 8. 19. 9½., and in the patronage of E. B. Portman,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Thomas à Becket.
The old Roman Fosse-way passes through the parish.
PYRFORD, a parish in the first division of the hun-
dred of GODLEY, county of SURREY, 12 mile (N. N. W.)
from Ripley, containing 294 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, annexed to the rectory of Wisley,
in the archdeaconry of Surrey, and diocese of Win-
chester. The Wey and Arun canal passes through the
parish.
PYWORTHY, a parish in the hundred of BLACK
TORRINGTON, county of DEVON, 24 miles (w. S. W.)
from Holsworthy, containing 630 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and
1
QUA
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576
diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £27. 8. 4,
and in the patronage of the Rev. T. H. Kingdon. The
church is dedicated to St. Swithin. The Bude and
Launceston canal passes through the parish.
Q.
QUADRING, a parish in the wapentake of KIRTON,
parts of HOLLAND, county of LINCOLN, 84 miles (N.
by W.) from Spalding, containing 704 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, united to that of Wig-
toft, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated
in the king's books at £10. 1. 3. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Margaret. There are several endowments
for the education of children, the principal of which is
a rent-charge of £10, the gift of Thomas Cowling, in
1701.
QUAINTON, a parish in the hundred of ASHEN-
DON, County of BUCKINGHAM, 6 miles (N. W.) from
Aylesbury, containing, with the hamlets of Denham,
Doddershall, and Shipton-Lee, 1017 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£30. 12. 1., and in the patronage of the Rev. F.
Ekins. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, has lately
received an addition of one hundred and thirty free
sittings, the Incorporated Society for the enlarge-
ment of churches and chapels having granted £ 15
towards defraying the expense: it contains, among
other interesting monuments, a memorial to the learned
orientalist, Richard Brett, one of the translators of
the Bible, and a Fellow of Chelsea College. There is
a place of worship for Baptists. An almshouse was
founded here, about 1688, for eight poor persons, pur-
suant to the will of Richard Winwood, Esq., who be-
queathed £200 for its erection, and endowed it with
lands which afford a weekly allowance of two shillings,
and some clothing, to each inmate. There is a school
with a small annual income.
>
QUANTOXHEAD (EAST), a parish in the hun-
dred of WILLITON and FREEMANNERS, County of So-
MERSET, 13 miles (N.W. by W.) from Bridg-water, con-
taining 276 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, rated in the king's books at £9. 8. 4., and in the
patronage of J. F. Luttrell, Esq., and others. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary.
QUANTOXHEAD (WEST), a parish in the hun-
dred of WILLITON and FREEMANNERS, county of
SOMERSET, 15 miles (W. N. W.) from Bridg-water,
containing 225 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Taunton, and diocese
of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books at £11.8 8.,
and in the patronage of Miss Balch. The church is
dedicated to St. Ethelred.
QUARLES, an extra-parochial district, in the north-
ern division of the hundred of GREENHOE, county of
NORFOLK, 32 miles (W.N.W.) from New Walsingham,
containing 23 inhabitants.
QUARLEY, a parish in the hundred of ANDOVER,
Andover division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 7
miles (W. by S.) from Andover, containing 213 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£15. 12. 1., and in the patronage of the Master and
Brethren of St. Katherine's Hospital, London. The
church is dedicated to St. Michael. The Rev. Thomas
Sheppard, D.D., and Richard Cox, Esq., in 1802, en-
dowed a free school for poor children; the income is about
£16 a year; the school-house was erected by Mrs. Shep-
pard. On the summit of Quarley Mount, five miles
north-west from Danebury Hill, is a considerable ancient
camp with quadruple intrenchments, still visible, on the
south side; those on the east have been nearly obliter-
ated by the plough various tumuli are scattered over
the adjacent downs.
QUARLTON, a township in the parish of BOLTON,
hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LANCASTER,
42 miles (N. N. E.) from Bolton, containing 320 inha-
3
bitants.
QUARNDON, a parish in the hundred of MORLES-
TON and LITCHURCH, County of DERBY, 3 miles (N.
N. W.) from Derby, containing 438 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Derby, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed
with £200 private benefaction, and £800 royal boun-
ty, and in the patronage of Lord Scarsdale. Sir John
Curzon, in 1725, bequeathed an annuity of £20 for the
support of a free school for twenty poor children of
Kedleston, Quarndon, Weston, and Ravensdale park.
Near this place is a chalybeate spring, which was con-
siderably resorted to upwards of a century ago, and is
still visited in the summer, the water being highly
beneficial in cases of debility.
QUARNFORD, a chapelry in the parish of ALLSTONE-
FIELD, northern division of the hundred of TOTMON-
SLOW, county of STAFFORD, 8 miles (N. by E.) from
Leek, containing 695 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, endowed with £400
royal bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of the Freeholders.
QUARRENDON, a parish in the hundred of Asн-
ENDON, county of BUCKINGHAM, 24 miles (N. N. W.)
from Aylesbury, containing 68 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Bier-
ton, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean and Chap-
ter of Lincoln. The church, dedicated to St. Peter, is
fast hastening to decay; it was founded by John Farn-
ham, about 1392, and rebuilt in the reign of Elizabeth,
by Sir Henry Lee, to some of the deceased members of
whose family it contains some handsome monuments.
A great storm happened here in 1570, which did con-
siderable damage to property of different kinds.
QUARRINGTON, a township in the parish of KEL-
LOE, Southern division of EASINGTON ward, county pa-
latine of DURHAM, 42 miles (S. E.) from Durham, con-
taining 177 inhabitants. It was anciently the chief
town of a district called Queringdonshire. There are
two collieries in the neighbourhood.
QUARRINGTON, a parish in the wapentake of
ASWARDHURN, parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN,
1 mile (S. W. by s.) from Sleaford, containing 132 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£7. 2. 34., and in the patronage of the Marquis of
Bristol. The church, dedicated to St. Botolph, is partly
in the early, and partly in the decorated, style of English
architecture: the font is of later date and curiously
shaped.
I
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577
QUATFORD, a parish partly in the borough of
Bridgenorth, but chiefly in the hundred of STOTTES-
DEN, county of SALOP, 2 miles (S. E.) from Bridgenorth,
containing, with the township of Eardington, 411 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the juris-
diction of the royal peculiar court of Bridgenorth, en-
dowed with £ 14 per annum private benefaction, £800
royal bounty, and £1000 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of W. Whitmore, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene.
QUTT-MALVERN, a parish partly within the
liberties of the borough of BRIDGENORTH, but chiefly in
the hundred of STOTTESDEN, County of SALOP, 44 miles
(S. E.) from Bridgenorth, containing 342 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop,
and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the
king's books at £14. 5., and in the patronage of W.
Whitmore, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Andrew,
was rebuilt in 1763, when representations of the Seven
Charities, the Day of Judgment, &c., were discovered
painted on the walls.
QUEDGLEY, a parish partly in the middle divi-
sion of the hundred of DUDSTONE and KING'S BARTON,
but chiefly in the upper division of the hundred of
WHITSTONE, County of GLOUCESTER, 3½ miles (S. W.)
from Gloucester, containing, with the hamlet of Wools-
trop, 263 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester, and in
the patronage of the Duke of Manchester. The church
is dedicated to St. James. The navigable river Severn
runs on the north, and the Gloucester and Berkeley
canal passes through the parish.
QUEENBOROUGH, a
borough and parish (for-
merly a market town)
having exclusive jurisdic-
tion, though locally in the
liberty of the Isle of Shep-
py, lathe of SCRAY, county
of KENT, 15 miles (N. E.)
from Maidstone, and 45
(E. by S.) from London,
containing 881 inhabitants.
This place, then called
Cyning-burgh, was a resi-
dence of the Anglo-Saxon kings; their castle was near
the entrance of the Swale, and afterwards received
the name of the castle of Sheppy: in the reign of Ed-
ward III., it was entirely rebuilt, on a magnificent scale,
from a plan by William of Wykeham, afterwards Bishop
of Winchester. That king, on visiting it for a few days,
made the place a free borough, and, in honour of his
Queen Philippa, conferred its present name: in 1366,
he incorporated it by charter, and three years afterwards
gave it the staple of wool. The castle was repaired
by Henry VIII., in 1536, at which time he erected
several others for the defence of the coasts; but, on
a survey made by order of parliament, in 1650, being
found unserviceable as a fortress in modern warfare, it
was soon afterwards demolished. The town is situ-
ated near the West Swale, which is here navigable, and
consists principally of one wide street; the houses in ge-
neral are modern; and the inhabitants are supplied with
water from the Castle well. The chief source of employ-
ment is fishing and oyster-dredging, and the lobster trade,
VOL. III.
NBOROWE
DE
SIGILL OF
Seal and Arms.
MAIOR
large supplies being brought from Norway and Sweden
and sent to the London market: there is also a copperas-
manufactory. Two weekly markets and two annual
fairs were granted by Edward III., but at present only
one fair is held, on the 5th of August. The first charter
of incorporation was granted by the same monarch,
and that now in force by Charles I., under which the
corporation consists of a mayor, four jurats, and two
bailiffs, with a recorder, chamberlain, town-clerk, and
other officers. The mayor and senior jurat are justices
of the peace, and have exclusive jurisdiction within
the borough: a court of session, half-yearly, is held be-
fore the recorder and magistrates. The mayor and the
steward, who are elected by the select body of mayor,
jurats, and bailiffs, are empowered under their charter
to hold a court of record "on Monday, from three
weeks to three weeks," for pleas to an unlimited amount,
but it has fallen into disuse. The guildhall is a neat
edifice near the centre of the town. The freedom is ob-
tained by the eldest son of a freeman, being a native of
the borough, and by servitude under freemen residing
within it. This borough first sent representatives to
parliament in the 13th of Elizabeth, since which it has
continued to return two: the right of election is vested
in the mayor, jurats, bailiffs, and burgesses: the num-
ber of voters is about four hundred: the mayor is the
returning officer.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, endowed with £600 private
benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and £ 1600 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Mayor and Corpo-
ration. The church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, has an
ancient tower at the west end. There is a place of wor-
ship for Independents. A school for the education of
one hundred children of freemen is principally sup-
ported by the voluntary contributions of the corpo-
ration and the representatives of the borough: the
schoolmaster receives £2 per annum, out of the divi-
dends of £1000 three per cent. consols., bequeathed to
the corporation for this and other purposes, in 1813,
by Mr. Richard Webb. The only remains of the old
castle are the moat and a very deep well, which latter
was cleared out by order of the commissioners of the
Navy, on account of the want of water at Sheerness.
Here was anciently an hospital, dedicated to St. John.
QUEENHILL, a chapelry in that part of the
parish of RIPPLE which is in the lower division of
the hundred of PERSHORE, county of WORCESTER, 3
miles (S. S. E.) from Upton upon Severn, containing
94 inhabitants.

Bagh
QUEENIBOROUGH, a parish in the eastern divi-
sion of the hundred of GoscoTE, county of LEICESTER,
6 miles (N. E. by N.) from Leicester, containing 469 in-
habitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated
in the king's books at £8, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of E. L. Loveden, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary.
QUENBY, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
HUNGERTON which is in the eastern division of the
hundred of GoscOTE, county of LEICESTER, 7 miles
(E. by N.) from Leicester, containing 30 inhabitants.
The manor-house is a large and curious specimen of
ancient domestic architecture.
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QUO
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578
QUENDON, a parish in the hundred of UTTLES-
FORD, County of ESSEX, 41 miles (N.) from Stansted-
Mountfitchet, containing 156 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged rectory, in the jurisdiction of the Com-
missary of Essex and Herts, concurrently with the
Consistorial Court of the Bishop of London, rated in
the king's books at £9, and in the patronage of Henry
Cranmer, Esq.
QUENNINGTON, a parish in the hundred of
Brightwells-BARROW, County of GLOUCESTER, 2
miles (N.) from Fairford, containing 345 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at £7. 18. 4.,
and in the patronage of M. H. Beach, Esq. The church,
dedicated to St. Swithin, has enriched Norman doors,
and has lately received an addition of sixty-four free
sittings, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels having granted £60 towards
defraying the expense. Here was formerly a precep-
tory of Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem,
founded before the reign of John, the revenue of which,
at the dissolution, was valued at £137. 7. 1.
QUERNMOOR, a township in that part of the parish
of LANCASTER which is in the hundred of LONSDALE,
south of the sands, county palatine of LANCASTER, 3
miles (E.) from Lancaster, containing 672 inhabitants.
QUETHIOCK, a parish in the middle division of the
hundred of EAST, county of CORNWALL, 4 miles (E.) from
Liskeard, containing 684 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £ 15. 11. 01., and
in the patronage of the Bishop of Exeter. The church
is a building of the eleventh century. The parish is
bounded on the east by the river Lynher, and on the
west by the Tide.
.
QUIDDENHAM, a parish in the hundred of GUILT-
CROSS, County of NORFOLK, 2 miles (E. by N.) from
East Harling, containing 121 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£8.4.6½., and in the patronage of the Earl of Albe-
marle. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
QUINTON, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of KIFTSGATE, County of GLOUCESTER, 7
miles (N. N. E.) from Chipping-Campden, containing,
with the hamlet of Admington, 598 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Gloucester, rated in the king's books at £18. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Wor-
cester. The church, dedicated to St. Swithin, is a
large handsome structure, in the Norman style, supposed
to have been erected by the Laceys, soon after the
Conquest.
<
QUINTON, a parish in the hundred of Wy-
MERSLEY, County of NORTHAMPTON, 4½ miles (S. S. E.)
from Northampton, containing 115 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of North-
ampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the
king's books at £11. 3. 9. and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church is dedicated to St. John the
Baptist.
QUORNDON, a chapelry in the parish of BARROW
upon SOAR, western division of the hundred of Gos-
COTE, county of LEICESTER, 1 mile (N. W.) from
Mountsorrel, containing 1503 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Leicester,
and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of the Vicar of Barrow. The church is dedicated
to St. Bartholomew. Baptists and Primitive and
Wesleyan Methodists have each a place of worship
here. Stocking weaving and the manufacture of warp
į
and bobbin twist lace afford employment to a great
portion of the inhabitants. The Loughborough canal
passes through the northern part of the parish, and
joins the river Soar. Thomas Rawlins, in 1691, gave a
rent-charge of £45. 10. for apprenticing poor boys,
and to a schoolmaster for teaching six boys.
QUOISLEY, a joint township with Marbury, in the
parish of MARBURY, hundred of NANTWICH, county
palatine of CHESTER, 34 miles (N. by E.) from Whit-
church. The population is returned with Marbury.
QUY, a chapelry in the parish of Srow, hundred
of STAINE, County of CAMBRIDGE, 42 miles (E. by N.)
from Cambridge. The population is returned with the
parish.
R.
RABY, a township in the parish of NESTON, higher
division of the hundred of WIRRALL, county palatine
of CHESTER, 2 miles (N. E.) from Great Neston, con-
taining 145 inhabitants.
RABY, a joint township with Keverstone, in the pa-
rish of STAINDROP, south-western division of DARLING-
TON ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 6½ miles (N. E.
by E.) from Barnard-Castle, containing 203 inhabitants.
Raby castle, situated on an eminence commanding a
vast prospect, is a noble and extensive pile, surrounded
with ramparts and a deep fosse, enclosing an area of
two acres; from its stately exterior, which retains
most of its original appearance, a good idea may be
formed of the grandeur of a baronial mansion in an-
cient times; the style of the south front, with the ele-
gant symmetry of its windows, have at once a pleasing
and sublime effect; the interior has been much modern-
ised, and comprises numerous convenient apartments,
furnished with great elegance. A carriage-road now
passes over the site of the great hall, or ancient place
of rendezvous, which was a truly magnificent apartment,
having two rows of octagonal piers and a beautiful
groined roof.
RACKENFORD, a parish in the hundred of WITHE-
RIDGE, county of Devon, 84 miles (N. W. by W.) from
Tiverton, containing 395 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £19. 17. 31., and
in the patronage of Thomas Comins, Esq. The church
is dedicated to All Saints. A weekly market and an
annual fair were granted in 1235; the former has been
long disused, but a small cattle fair is still held on the
Wednesday before September 19th. Courts leet and
baron are held here. Charles Kempe, a blacksmith, gave
£13 a year, which Mary Ayre, in 1695, augmented to
£15, for the education of poor children.
RACKHEATH, a parish in the hundred of TAVER-
HAM, county of NORFOLK, 5 miles (N. E. by N.) from
Norwich, containing 260 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £6. 13. 4., and
Ch
RAD
RAD
579
T
in the patronage of Edward Stracey, Esq. The church
is dedicated to All Saints. Rackheath formerly com-
prised two villages and parishes, Rackheath Magna and
Rackheath Parva, but the church of the latter, which
was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, no longer exists, and
the livings have been consolidated. Here was anciently
a small priory, the revenue of which was valued, in 1428,
at £2.1.3.
RACTON, a parish in the hundred of WESTBOURN
and SINGLETON, rape of CHICHESTER, County of Sus-
SEX, 6½ miles (N. W. by W.) from Chichester, containing
100 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, with Lording-
ton, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chichester,
rated in the king's books at £5. 19. 2., and in the pa-
tronage of the Dean and Chapter of Chichester. The
church is principally in the early style of English archi-
tecture.
:
RADBOURN, a parish in the hundred of APPLE-
TREE, county of DERBY, 41 miles (W.) from Derby,
containing 260 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, rated in the king's books at £8. 3. 4.,
and in the patronage of E. J. Chandos Pole, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Andrew near it are slight
remains of the ancient hall. A school was founded, in
1683, by German Pole, Esq., the present annual income
of which is £15. 10., besides a moiety of the profits
of a lime-kiln, lately let for upwards of £100 per an-
num. Radbourn is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy
of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of a court of
pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the reco-
very of debts under 40s.
RADBOURN (LOWER), an extra-parochial district,
in the Southam division of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW,
county of WARWICK, 33 miles (S. S. E.) from Southam,
containing 30 inhabitants.
RADBOURN (UPPER), an extra-parochial district,
in the Southam division of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW,
county of WARWICK, 3 miles (S. S. E.) from Southam,
containing 14 inhabitants.
RADCLIFFE, a parish in the hundred of SALFORD,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 24 miles (S. S. W.) from
Bury, containing 3089 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester,
rated in the king's books at £21. 0. 5., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £1900 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Earl of Wilton.
Besides the parish church, a neat chapel of ease has
been recently erected, at the expense of £ 5000, defrayed
by Countess Grosvenor. The cotton manufacture is
here carried on to a considerable extent; and several
coal mines are worked in the neighbourhood. The
Bolton and Bury canal passes near the village.
RADCLIFFE upon SOAR, county of NOTTING-
HAM.-See RATCLIFFE upon SOAR.
RADCLIFFE on TRENT, county of NOTTING-
HAM.-See RATCLIFFE on TRENT.
runs through the parish. Here was formerly a chantry,
but there are no remains of it. The old manor-house
has been converted into a farm-house.
RADCUTT, a hamlet in that part of the parish
of LANGFORD which is in the hundred of BAMPTON,
county of OXFORD, 41 miles (E. by N.) from Lechlade,
containing 30 inhabitants.
RADDINGTON, a parish in the hundred of WILLI-
TON and FREEMANNERS, County of SOMERSET, 43 miles
(W. S. W.) from Wiveliscombe, containing 101 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells,
rated in the king's books at £8. 7. 8., and in the pa-
tronage of Richard Darch, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Michael.
RADCLIVE, a parish in the hundred and county
of BUCKINGHAM, 12 mile (W.) from Buckingham, con-
taining, with the hamlet of Chackmore, 296 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buck-
ingham, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £8. 1. 3., and in the patronage of the Warden
and Fellows of New College, Oxford. The church is
dedicated to St. John the Evangelist. The river Ouse
RADFORD, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
ST. MICHAEL which is in the county of the city of
COVENTRY, 12 mile (N. N. W.) from Coventry, con-
taining 206 inhabitants.
RADFORD, a parish in the southern division of
the wapentake of BROXTOW, County of NOTTINGHAM, 1
mile (W. by N.) from Nottingham, containing 4806 in-
habitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated
in the king's books at £3.9.4., endowed with £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church, dedicated to St. Peter, has lately received
an addition of one hundred sittings, of which fifty are
free, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of
churches and chapels having granted £100 towards
defraying the expense. Various branches of manufac-
ture, similar to those at Nottingham, are carried on here
to a considerable extent. A priory of Black canons,
was founded here, about 1102, by William de Luvitot,
which, at the dissolution, had a revenue of £302. 6. 10.
RADFORD, a hamlet in the parish of CHURCH-
ENSTONE, hundred of CHADLINGTON, county of Ox-
FORD, containing 74 inhabitants.
GAR
RADFORD-SEMELE, a parish in the Kenilworth
division of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, county of
WARWICK, 4 miles (E.) from Warwick, containing 472
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, rated in the king's books at £5. 16. 01.,
endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the patron-
age of H. G. Lewis, Esq. The church is dedicated to
St. Nicholas. The Warwick and Napton canal passes
through the parish.
RADIPOLE, a parish in the hundred of CULliford-
TREE, Dorchester division of the county of Dorset,
24 miles (N. N. W.) from Melcombe-Regis, containing
226 inhabitants. The living was formerly a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of
Bristol, rated in the king's books at £11.5.5., but
the church at Melcombe-Regis having been made paro-
chial, in the 1st of James I., this church was declared
to be the chapel of ease: it is dedicated to St. Mary.
The parish is situated at the upper end of Weymouth
harbour.
RADLEY, a parish in the hundred of Hormer,
county of BERKS, 24 miles (N. E. by N.) from Abingdon,
containing, with part of the chapelry of Kennington,
and the liberty of Thruppwick, 500 inhabitants. The
living is a donative, in the patronage of Sir George
Bower, Bart.
Bower, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. James.
4 E 2
RAG
RAI
580
RADNAGE, a parish in the hundred of DESBO-
ROUGH, County of BUCKINGHAM, 6 miles (N. W. by W.)
from High Wycombe, containing 366 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£6. 13. 11½., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
RADNOR, a township in that part of the parish
of ASTBURY which is in the hundred of NORTHWICH,
county palatine of CHESTER, 13 mile (N. W.) from
Congleton, containing 14 inhabitants.
RADSTOCK, a parish in the hundred of KILMERS-
DON, county of SOMERSET, 7½ miles (N. W.) from Frome,
containing 902 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, rated in the king's books at £6. 11. 0., and
in the patronage of Earl Waldegrave. The church is
dedicated to St. Nicholas. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists. Coal mines are in operation
in the vicinity. A railway runs through the village, and
the old Fosse-road passes through the parish. Rad-
stock gives title of baron to a branch of the family of
Waldegrave.
RADSTON, a parish in the hundred of KING'S SUT-
TON, county of NORTHAMPTON, 2½ miles (N.) from
Brackley, containing 212 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Northampton,
and diocese of Peterborough, endowed with £200 pri-
vate benefaction, and £800 royal bounty, and in the pa-
tronage of W. Holbech, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Lawrence.
RADWAY, a parish in the Kington division of the
hundred of KINGTON, County of WARWICK, 34 miles
(S. E. by E.) from Kington, containing 346 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeacon-
ry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry,
rated in the king's books at £5. 12., and in the pa-
tronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated to St.
Peter.
RADWELL, a hamlet in the parish of FELMERS-
HAM, hundred of WILLEY, County of BEDFORD, 7 miles
(N. W. by N.) from Bedford, containing 168 inha-
bitants. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
RADWELL, a parish in the hundred of ODSEY,
county of HERTFORD, 1 mile (N. W. by N.) from
Baldock, containing 91 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and dio-
cese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £13. 6. 8.,
and in the patronage of Francis Pym, Esq. The church
is dedicated to All Saints.
RADWINTER, a parish in the hundred of FRESH-
WELL, county of ESSEX, 4½ miles (N.) from Thaxted,
containing 773 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the jurisdiction of the Commissary of Essex and Herts,
concurrently with the Consistorial Court of the Bishop
of London, rated in the king's books at £21. 12. 11.,
and in the patronage of John Bullock, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary.
Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln. The church is dedi-
cated to All Saints.
RAGLAND, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of RAGLAND, county of MONMOUTH, 7 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Monmouth, containing 633 inhabit-
ants. The living is a discharged vicarage, with that of
Llandenny annexed, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Llandaff, rated in the king's books at £4. 6. 3., en-
dowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Duke of Beaufort. The church is dedicated to
St. Cadocus. There is a place of worship for Baptists.
Ragland Castle, said to have been mostly buit by one
of the Lords Herbert, is one of the finest remains of
the kind in this part of the kingdom. It was gallantly
defended for three months by the Earl of Worcester,
against General Fairfax, after the entire reduction of
Wales, and until the king's imprisonment at Holmby,
when he surrendered, upon conditions honourable to
the garrison. Charles I. was entertained here by the
earl with great magnificence for three weeks, in 1645.
RAGLEY, a hamlet in that part of the parish of
ARROW which is in the Alcester division of the hun-
dred of BARLICHWAY, county of WARWICK, 12 mile
(S. W. by S.) from Alcester. The population is returned
with the parish.
RAGDALE, a parish in the eastern division of the
hundred of GoSCOTE, county of LEICESTER, 7 miles
(W. by N.) from Melton-Mowbray, containing 98 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to
the vicarage of Queeniborough, in the archdeaconry of
RAGNALL, a chapelry in the parish of DUNHAM,
South-clay division of the wapentake 'of BASSETLAW,
county of NOTTINGHAM, 42 miles (E. N. E.) from Tux-
ford, containing 146 inhabitants. This chapelry is within
the peculiar jurisdiction of the Chapter of the Collegiate
Church of Southwell.
RAINFORD, a chapelry in the parish of PREscot,
hundred of WEST DERBY, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 54 miles (N. by E.) from Prescot, containing
1375 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £400 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Vicar of Prescot. There is a place of
worship for Independents.
RAINHAM, county of ESSEX. -See RAYNHAM.
RAINHAM, a parish in the hundred of MILTON,
lathe of SCRAY, County of KENT, 4 miles (E. S. E.) from
Chatham, containing 1030 inhabitants. The living is
a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canter-
bury, rated in the king's books at £14. 4.7., and in
the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The
church, dedicated to St. Margaret, is in the early style
of English architecture: it has a lofty beacon tower,
and contains several costly monuments to the Tuftons,
Earls of Thanet. The parish is bounded on the north
by the Medway; and the village, situated on the great
London and Dovor road, contained, in the reign of
Elizabeth, eight houses, and there were then three quays,
with thirteen small vessels, the largest not exceeding
thirty-five tons, belonging to the place. Cherries and
apples formerly abounded here, but at present they are
not cultivated to any great extent.
RAINHAM (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
GALLOW, County of NORFOLK, 4 miles (S. W.) from
Fakenham, containing 130 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, with that of West Rainham united, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, rated in the
king's books at £18. 13. 4., and in the patronage of Wil-
liam Ainge, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
RAI
RAM
581
RAINHAM (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
GALLOW, County of NORFOLK, 54 miles (S. W. by S.)
from Fakenham, containing 101 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged vicarage, with that of Helhoughton
united, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £6, endowed with £200
royal bounty, and in the patronage of William Ainge,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Martin. A Cluniac
priory, in honour of St. Mary and St. John, a cell to
that of Castle-Acre, was founded here, about 1160, by
William de Lisewis.
RAINHAM (WEST), a parish in the hundred of
GALLOW, County of NORFOLK, 5 miles (S. W. by W.)
from Fakenham, containing 341 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory, united to that of East Rainham, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £13. 6. 8. The church is dedicated to St.
Margaret.
RAINHILL, a township in the parish of PRESCOT,
hundred of WEST DERBY, County palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 3 miles (S. E. by E.) from Prescot, containing 640
inhabitants.
.
RAINOW, a chapelry in the parish of PRESTBURY,
hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county palatine of CHES-
TER, 2 miles (N. E. by E.) from Macclesfield, contain-
ing 1530 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed
with £200 private benefaction, £ 800 royal bounty, and
£1800 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Vicar of Prestbury. The chapel, called Jenkin, or Sal-
tersford chapel, was built by the inhabitants, in 1739.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists,
with a Sunday school attached; and there are several
trifling endowments for the education of children. The
Roman road from Buxton to Manchester crossed the
township, within the limits of which it is supposed
there was once a Roman station. The manufacture of
silk and cotton is carried on here, though the former
has been in a declining state for some time. Near
Kerridge hill are extensive quarries of flag-stone and
slate.
RAINSCLIFF, a township in the parish of WOL-
STANTON, northern division of the hundred of PIREHILL,
county of STAFFORD, containing 679 inhabitants.
RAINSTHORPE, county of NORFOLK.-See TASE-
BURGH.
from Durham, containing 1160 inhabitants. A chapel,
dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, formerly existed here, but
there are now no traces of it: a chapel of ease, however,
was erected in 1825, and contains four hundred sit-
tings, of which three hundred are free, the Incorpo-
rated Society for the enlargement of churches and cha-
pels having granted £200 towards defraying the ex-
pense. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Me-
thodists. Two Sunday schools are attended by about
three hundred children. The population of this place
has increased of late years, in proportion to the great
extension of the neighbouring collieries.
RAISTHORPE, a joint township with Birdall in
the parish of WHARRAM-PERCY, wapentake of Buck-
ROSE, Éast riding of the county of YORK, 9 miles (S. E.
by S.) from New Malton, containing 47 inhabitants.
RAITHBY, a parish in the eastern division of the
soke of BOLINGBROKE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 2 miles (W. N. W.) from Spilsby, containing
180 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in
the king's books at £6. 14. 7., and in the alternate
patronage of the Crown, and Charles Chaplin, Esq.
The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
RAINTON, a joint township with Newby, in that
part of the parish of TOPCLIFFE which is in the wa-
pentake of HALLIKELD, North riding of the county of
YORK, 5 miles (N. N. W.) from Boroughbridge, contain-
ing, with Newby, 347 inhabitants. The Wesleyan Metho-
dists have a place of worship here. There are various
small endowments, producing about £3. 10. per annum,
for the instruction of poor children.
RAINTON (EAST), a township in the parish of
HOUGHTON le SPRING, northern division of EASING-
TON ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 54 miles (N. E.)
from Durham, containing 671 inhabitants, many of
whom are employed in the neighbouring coal mines, of
which, Plain pit, in 1817, and again in 1823, exploded,
and destroyed about eighty human beings. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
RAINTON (WEST), a chapelry in the parish of
HOUGHTON le SPRING, northern division of EASING-
TON ward, county palatine of DURHAM, 44 miles (N. E.)
RAITHBY, a parish in the Wold division of the
hundred of LouтH-ESKE, parts of LINDSEY, County of
LINCOLN, 2 miles (S. W.) from Louth, containing, with
Maltby, 120 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
united to Hallington, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Lincoln. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
RAMBOTTOM, a hamlet in the chapelry of LOWER
TOTTINGTON, in that part of the parish of BURY which
is in the hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of
LANCASTER, 4½ miles (N.) from Bury. The population
is returned with Tottington. There is a place of wor-
ship for Wesleyan Methodists. At this place are very
extensive cotton-spinning and printing establishments,
affording employment to about three thousand persons.
RAME, a parish in the southern division of the
hundred of EAST, County of CORNWALL, 4 miles
(S. S. W.) from Devonport, containing 807 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£ 12. 7. 6., and in the patronage of the Earl of Mount-
Edgecumbe. The church is dedicated to St. German.
In this parish is the noted promontory on the shore
of the English channel, called Rame Head, the nearest
point of land to the Eddystone lighthouse, and on
which are slight remains of the ancient chapel of St.
Michael. Cawsand bay is partly in this parish, at the
entrance of which is a beacon, on Penlee point.
RAMPISHAM, a parish in the hundred of TOLLER-
FORD, Dorchester division of the county of DORSET,
6 miles (E.) from Beaminster, containing 368 inhabit-
ants. The living is a rectory, with that of Wraxhall
united, in the archdeaconry of Dorset, and diocese of
Bristol, rated in the king's books at £11. 17. S., and
in the patronage of W. White, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary.
See
RAMPSIDE, county palatine of LANCASTER.
RAMSYDE.
RAMPTON, a parish in the hundred of NORTH-
STOW, County of CAMBRIDGE, 6 miles (N. by W.) from
Cambridge, containing 217 inhabitants. The living is
RAM
RAM
582
a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Ely, rated
in the king's books at £9. 10., and in the patronage of
the Heirs of William Strode, Esq. The church is de-
dicated to All Saints.
RAMPTON, a parish in the South-clay division of
the wapentake of BASSETLAW, county of NOTTINGHAM,
63 miles (E.S.E.) from East Retford, containing 391 in-
habitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of the Prebendary
of Rampton in the Collegiate Church of Southwell,
rated in the king's books at £10.0. 3., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. Thirteen children
are educated free for £ 6. 5., and the occupation of land
worth £1. 10., per annum, given by some persons un-
known. Here is a curious ancient gateway, which for-
merly belonged to a mansion-house erected in the reign
of Henry VIII., and taken down about a century ago.
RAMSBURY, a parish in the hundred of RAMS-
BURY, county of WILTS, comprising the tythings of
Axford, Eastridge, and the Town tything, and con-
taining 2335 inhabitants, of which number, 1653 are in
the town of Ramsbury, 5½ miles (N. W. by W.) from
Hungerford. The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar
jurisdiction of the Dean of Salisbury, rated in the king's
books at £9. 13. 14., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church, dedicated to the Holy Cross, is a large an-
cient structure, with a massive tower supported by
strong buttresses, and is considered the mother church
to Salisbury cathedral; for, when Pleymund, Archbishop
of Canterbury, about 909, constituted Wiltshire a dis-
tinct bishoprick, the two first bishops of that see fixed
their seats here, but the third removed it to Wilton.
Ramsbury church, however, is thought to have con-
tinued to be the cathedral of the diocese after the Con-
quest, and until the union of the bishopricks of Wilt-
shire and Sherborne, and the establishment of the seat
of the new diocese at Sarum. The Wesleyan Metho-
dists have a place of worship here.
RAMSDEN, a chapelry in the parish of SHIPTON
under WHICHWOOD, hundred of CHADLINGTON, county
of OXFORD, 3½ miles (N.) from Witney, containing 391
inhabitants.
RAMSDON-BELLHOUSE, a parish in the hun-
dred of BARSTABLE, county of ESSEX, 4 miles (E.) from
Billericay, containing 415 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, annexed to that of Stock, in the archdeaconry
of Essex, and diocese of London, rated in the king's
books at £14. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
RAMSDON-CRAYS, a parish in the hundred of
BARSTABLE, county of ESSEX, 3 miles (E. S. E.) from
Billericay, containing 276 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of
London, rated in the king's books at £20, and in the
patronage of Vicesimus Knox, Esq. The church is de-
dicated to St. Mary. The navigable river Crouch runs
through the parish.
RAMSEY, a parish in the hundred of TENDRING,
county of ESSEX, 3 miles (W.S.W.) from Harwich, con-
taining 676 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese
of London, rated in the king's books at £15, and in
the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to St. Michael. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists. The river Stour is navigable here
for vessels of two hundred and fifty tons' burden. At
the lower part of Ramsey creek, which is crossed by a
bridge on the London and Harwich road, an embank-
ment has been made, to check the encroachments of the
tide, upon five hundred acres of marsh land, gained from
the sea within the last twenty years.
Thomas Darall,
in 1771, founded a free school, the annual income of
which is about £14.
RAMSEY, a market town and parish in the hundred
of HURSTINGSTONE, County of HUNTINGDON, 11 miles
(N. N. E.) from Huntingdon, and 684 (N. by W.) from
London, containing 2814 inhabitants. The only feature
of importance in the ancient history of this place is a
mitred abbey of Benedictine monks, of great wealth and
magnificence, founded here, in 969, by Ailwine, Alder-
man of all England, and Duke or Earl of the East An-
gles, and dedicated to St. Mary and St. Benedict, the
revenue of which, at the dissolution, was valued at
£1983. 15. 3.: the site is now occupied by a pri-
vate residence, partially consisting of the remains of
the ancient fabric, and still exhibiting the gateway
in a fine state of preservation. The town is situated
at the bottom of a hill on Bury brook, and on the
verge of the fens. The market is on Wednesday;
and a fair is held on July 22nd, for cattle and toys.
A manorial court leet, at which a constable is ap-
pointed, is held annually in May or June. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Hun-
tingdon, and diocese of Lincoln, and in the patron-
age of William Henry Fellowes, Esq. The church,
which is dedicated to St. Thomas à Becket, is partly
Norman, and partly in the early style of English
architecture. There is a place of worship for Inde-
pendents. Various benefactions in land have been
made for the support of a free school and a spin-
ning school, but, owing to frequent inundations, the
school-house became ruinous, and the institution de-
clined.
RAMSGATE, a sea-port,
market town, and parish, in
the cinque-port liberty of
SANDWICH, of which it is a
member, though locally in
the hundred of Ringslow,
or Isle of Thanet, lathe of
St. Augustine, county of
KENT, 4 miles (S.) from
Margate, 17 (E. N. E.) from
Canterbury, and 72 (E.)
from London, containing
6031 inhabitants.
It was
originally a small fishing hamlet in the parish of St.
Lawrence, until the 21st of June, 1827, at which pe-
riod it was constituted a distinct parish, by an act
passed in the 7th and 8th of George IV. It is stated,
in the maritime survey of Kent in the reign of Eliza-
beth, to have contained only twenty-five houses, and
when Leland wrote his itinerary, was only protected
from the sea by a small wooden pier in this state
of obscurity it remained until 1688, when the inhabit-
ants commenced trading with Russia, which trade has
long since been discontinued: from this period its build-
ings increased, and it is now a town of importance,
celebrated as a watering-place of considerable resort,
and particularly distinguished for its harbour, which
.

00000
ROYAL
HARBOUR OF
LICS
HEOL
DIEU
27
ίνον
JEDROIT
1821
PERFUGIUM MÍŠERIS
&
Seal of the Trustees of the Harbour.
ET MON
RAMSGA
1
RAM
RAM
583
contiguous to the harbour, at each end of the town, by
the trustees; that on the western side is particularly
beautiful, ascending at right angles in a treble range of
steps to the summit, and is named "Curtis' stairs."
The harbour affords great convenience to the different
steam-packets which arrive at this port in the summer,
the inner landing being accessible to them at all times
of the tide. There is also a dry dock, which is public
property.
.
The town is beautifully situated on the declivity of
a hill, opening south to the sea, and commands from
many points very extensive marine and land views, the
former embracing in clear weather the French coast.
The recent buildings are generally handsome edifices,
and amongst those which add more particularly to the
beauty of the town may be mentioned, Albion Place,
The
three crescents, and numerous detached villas.
streets are Macadamized and lighted with gas: the town
is very indifferently supplied with water. Ramsgate,
being a member of the port of Sandwich, the mayor of
that place appoints his deputy, who acts here as con-
stable, but the town is under the jurisdiction of magis-
trates appointed, under an act obtained in 1812, to act
for the liberties of the cinque-ports; two of them are
resident, but prisoners are committed to Sandwich gaol.
A court of requests is held for the recovery of debts not
exceeding £5, the jurisdiction of which extends over
the parish of St. Lawrence. To the eastward of the
harbour, in front of a range of chalk cliffs, and on a
beach of soft reddish sand, are the bathing machines,
every convenience being provided for sea-bathing. At
the bath-house are four warm salt-water baths, and a
plunging and shower bath, for either warm
or cold
water. The Isabella warm sea-water baths, which stand
on the west cliff, one hundred and ten feet above the
level of the sea, the water for which is raised through
an aperture in the rock, by pumps worked by horses,
are constructed of white marble; the vapour baths are
upon the plan of the Hon. Mr. Cochrane, being heated
by steam, which is conducted from the outside of the
building, into a handsome vase in each dressing-room,
and the temperature of which is varied at pleasure :
there are well-conducted assemblies, and two good
public libraries, and the boarding and lodging houses.
are generally of a superior character.
.
The rides and walks in the vicinity are pleasant and
diversified, but the principal and most attractive pro-
menade is the pier, which is not surpassed by any
thing of the kind in the country. Pegwell bay, which
abounds with shell and flat fish, is about one mile and
a half west of the town. On the 25th of September,
1821, his late Majesty, George IV., embarked here for
Calais, in his progress to Hanover, having been enter-
tained the previous night at the residence of the late Sir
William Curtis; and he also landed here on the fol-
lowing 8th of November, on his return, to commemo-
rate which event the inhabitants, trustees of the harbour,
and visitors, erected an obelisk at the entrance of the
pier on the land side, on which is an appopriate in-
scription. The trade, which has been greatly improved
by the erection of the harbour, consists of a large coast-
ing trade, particularly in coal. Timber from the Baltic
was formerly imported, but this branch of commerce
has been discontinued. A considerable fishery is carried
on off this coast, by large vessels from the westward, the
was commenced in 1749, under an act passed in the
22nd of George II., being designed to afford protection
on the east coast to shipping in distress, especially those
driven by gales from the Downs. Mr. Smeaton was
the engineer first employed on this work, and after his
death, the late Mr. Rennie, and subsequently his son
and successor. The pier, which forms the harbour on
the sea side, is built principally of Purbeck and Port-
land stone, and latterly of Cornish granite, and for ex-
tent is unequalled by any in the kingdom. It projects
eight hundred feet into the sea, before making an angle,
and, including the parapet, is twenty-six feet broad at
the top;
the front presents a polygon, each side of
which is four hundred and fifty feet long. The eastern
pier extends two thousand feet, and the western one
thousand five hundred and fifty. The harbour covers an
area of forty-eight acres, and is two hundred feet wide
at the mouth, across which the tide was found to run
so rapidly in tempestuous weather, as to render it dan-
gerous for vessels entering the harbour, and the eastern
pier was in consequence lengthened four hundred feet
to the south-west. In the upper part of the harbour a
basin has been constructed, capable of containing two
hundred vessels, the gates of which being shut at high
and opened at low water, the stream carries away any
drifted mud or sand, and keeps open a channel under
the curve of the eastern pier, sufficiently wide to ad-
mit two vessels abreast, with a depth of water of from
fifteen to sixteen feet at neap tides, and from twenty
to twenty-two feet at spring tides, enabling vessels of
three hundred tons' burden to enter at all times, and
much larger ones at spring tides; and vessels of six
hundred tons can ride safely in the harbour, which
affords shelter on an average to one thousand one hun-
dred vessels annually, the greater part of which are
blown, or run, from the Downs in bad weather: the
continued ravages of the sea have hitherto prevented
the works from being completely finished, and a consi-
derable expense is annually incurred in repairing the
damages occasioned by its inroads. On the western
pier-head is a stone lighthouse, with argand lamps and
red reflectors, which, when lighted at night, denote that
there is ten feet of water at the entrance, the same
intimation being conveyed in the day time by a red flag
hoisted on the cliff. On the eastern pier-head, in time
of war, are four sixty-eight pound carronades, for the
defence of the town and harbour; and on the inner pier
is a neat stone building, in which the trustees and direc-
tors transact their business. There is also a dwelling-
house for the harbour-master, and several watch-houses,
and other buildings connected with this great work. A
life-boat is suspended from the parapet, about the middle
of the eastern pier, which has often been effectually em-
ployed in saving life. To defray the expenses of this
establishment, certain dues are collected from British
vessels passing the harbour to or from foreign parts,
and coasters, which do not contribute to similar estab-
lishments in the ports to which they belong, viz., Dovor,
Lyme-Regis, Melcombe-Regis, Weymouth, and Great
Yarmouth, pay an annual rate; foreign vessels also, if
entering or passing the harbour, and bound to, or touch-
ing at, an English port, are liable to the payment of dues.
All legal proceedings are carried on in the name of the
Deputy Master of the Trinity House. A handsome stone
staircase has been constructed up the side of the cliffs
·
RAN
RAN
584
•
•
choice fish being principally sent to the London market.
Several small vessels belonging to the port are also simi-
larly engaged, and are often efficaciously employed in
rendering assistance to vessels in distress, particularly to
those wrecked on the Goodwin sands, which lie about
three miles and a half south-east by east from this place.
Here are two spacious yards for ship-building, rope-
walks, and warehouses furnishing every description of
stores for the shipping. The market is on Wednesday
and Saturday, and is frequently attended by French
people bringing over eggs, fruit, and other articles. The
living is a vicarage not in charge, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, and in the patronage of the
Archbishop of Canterbury. The church, dedicated to
St. George, is a handsome edifice, lately built, at an ex-
pense of £27,000, towards defraying which the parlia-
mentary commissioners granted £9000. There is also
a chapel of ease. Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyan
Methodists, have each a place of worship.
RAMSGRAVE, a township in the parish of BLACK-
BURN, lower division of the hundred of BLACKBURN,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 23 miles (N. W. by N.)
from Blackburn, containing 534 inhabitants.
RAMSHOLT, a parish in the hundred of WILFORD,
county of SUFFOLK, 7 miles (S. S. E.) from Wood-
bridge, containing 174 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and dio-
cese of Norwich, endowed with a rent-charge of £16
per ann. private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of J. Pennington, Esq. The church
is dedicated to All Saints. The navigable river Deben
runs on the west, where there is a dock.
RAMSHOPE, an extra-parochial district, in the
southern division of CoQUETDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 16 miles (N.N.W.) from Belling-
ham, containing 7 inhabitants. This wild region is se-
parated from Scotland by Carter-fell, a mountainous
ridge rising one thousand six hundred and two feet
above the level of the sea. The Reedswire, a less stu-
pendous barrier, extending from the former to Hound-
law, was, in 1575, the scene of a warm conflict between
the English and the Scottish wardens, in which the for-
mer, who was the aggressor, being defeated and taken
prisoner, was conveyed, with several of the border chief-
tains, to Dalkeith: the old ballad, called "The Battle of
Reid Squair," was founded upon this affray.
•
RAMSHORN, a township in the parish of ELLA-
STONE, Southern division of the hundred TOтMONS-
LOW, county of STAFFORD, 5 miles (E. N. E.) from
Cheadle, containing 152 inhabitants.
RAMSYDE, or RAMPSIDE, a chapelry in the
parish of DALTON in FURNESS, hundred of LONSDALE,
north of the sands, county palatine of LANCASTER, 5
miles (S. by E.) from Dalton, with which the population
is returned. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester,
endowed with £800 royal bounty, and £ 1400 parlia-
mentary grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar of
Dalton.
faction, £ 1000 royal bounty, and £300 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of Miss A. Otter. The
church is dedicated to St. German.
RANBY, a parish in the northern division of the
wapentake of GARTREE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 6½ miles (E. by N.) from Wragby, containing
121 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £4. 13. 4., endowed with £200 private bene-
RAND, a parish in the western division of the
wapentake of WRAGGOE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 24 miles (W. N. W.) from Wragby, containing
102 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £8. 5., and in the patronage of H. Hudson,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Oswald.
RANDS-GRANGE, a hamlet in that part of the
parish of BEDALE which is in the eastern division of
the wapentake of HANG, North riding of the county of
YORK, 1 mile (N. W.) from Bedale. The population is
returned with the township of Crakehall.
RANDWICK, a parish in the upper division of
the hundred of WHITSTONE, County of GLOUCESTER, 2
miles (N. W. by W.) from Stroud, containing 984 in-
habitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and
£800 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Vicar of Standish. The church, dedicated to St. John,
has recently undergone considerable improvement, a
new chancel having been built by Lord Sherborne, and
one hundred and seventy-nine sittings, of which one
hundred and thirty-four are free, added to the original
number, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels having contributed £125
towards defraying the expense. There are places of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists, and those in the
connexion of the late Countess of Huntingdon. The
Thames and Severn canal passes through the parish, in
which the manufacture of woollen cloth is carried on.
A school is endowed for forty poor children, who are
taught by the parish clerk, to which a National school
has been lately appended. There are also a school of
industry for poor girls, and a small parochial library for
the use of the poor. On a hill called "The Castles"
are traces of an ancient settlement, supposed, from the
discovery of a burial vault of stone, containing human
remains, to be of Saxon origin; and in many parts of
the parish have been found small balls of stone, rudely
turned, indicative of some battle having been fought in
the neighbourhood. A petrifaction, termed by geolo-
gists" calcareous tuphur," abounds here; of this stone
the ancient porch of the church is constructed. An
annual festival is kept on Low-Monday: it is attended
with a ridiculous custom, and is said to have originated
in the dedication of the church.
RANGEWORTHY, a chapelry in the parish of
THORNBURY, lower division of the hundred of THORN-
BURY, county of GLOUCESTER, 32 miles (S. w. by W.)
from Wickwar, containing 296 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Gloucester, endowed with £800 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the Vicar of Thornbury. The
chapel, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, is a small edifice,
with a Norman south door. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
GRA
RANSKILL, a township in that part of the parish
of BLYTH which is in the liberty of SOUTHWELL and
SCROOBY, County of NOTTINGHAM, 33 miles (S.) from
Bawtry, containing 317 inhabitants. There is a place
of worship for Independents.
RAS
RAT
585
RANWORTH, a parish in the hundred of WALS-
HAM, county of NORFOLK, 4 miles (N. W.) from Acle,
containing, with Panxworth, 352 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, with that of Upton
united, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £4, endowed with £400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Bishop of
Ely. The church is dedicated to St. Helen.
RASEN (MARKET), a market town and parish in
the southern division of the hundred of WALSHCROFT,
parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 12 miles (N.E.)
from Lincoln, and 144 (N.) from London, containing
1166 inhabitants. This town is situated near the
source of the river Ancholme, on a small stream, called
the Rase, whence it derives its name, and has a very
neat appearance: the surrounding country is beautiful
and fertile. The market is on Tuesday; and a fair is
held on the 25th of September. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £10, and in the
patronage of the Crown: the incumbent is entitled to
the tythe on ale brewed in this parish. The church, de-
dicated to St. Thomas, is a commodious edifice, with an
embattled tower, the upper windows of which are of a
curious form, having a pointed arch, divided into two
pointed lights, and a quatrefoil head; a strong mullion
runs up the centre, crossed by a transom, terminating at
the imposts. On the south side of the tower is a repre-
sentation of Adam and Eve under a fruit tree, on the
trunk of which is the dart of death. There are places
of worship for Independents and Wesleyan Methodists,
also a Roman Catholic chapel. A National school was
erected in 1822, at which period the revenue of the free
grammar school, of unknown foundation, amounting to
£25 per annum, was appropriated towards its support.
Sir George St. Paul, of Snarford, having bequeathed £ 40
per annum, arising out of lands, for the support of
eight poor bachelors or widowers, three of whom must
be of this parish, and £ 100 towards the erection of an
almshouse for them, the design was carried into effect
by his widow, afterwards Countess of Warwick, who, at
her own cost, furnished eight apartments, besides a
chamber for the sick.
RASEN (MIDDLE), a parish in the southern divi-
sion of the wapentake of WALSHCROFT, parts of LIND-
SEY, county of LINCOLN, 1 mile (W. by N.) from
Market-Rasen, containing, with Drakes, 508 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books
at £7. 10. 10., endowed with £400 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of Earl Brownlow. The church is de-
dicated to St. Peter and St. Paul. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
RASEN (WEST), a parish in the northern division
of the wapentake of WALSHCROFT, parts of LINDSEY,
county of LINCOLN, 34 miles (W.) from Market-Rasen,
containing 210 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the
king's books at £19. 10. 10., and in the patronage of
the Rev. W. Cooper. The church is dedicated to All
Saints.
RASKELF, a chapelry in the parish of EASINGWould,
wapentake of BULMER, North riding of the county of
YORK, 2 miles (W.N. W.) from Easingwould, containing
440 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
VOL. III.
:
archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, en-
dowed with £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
the Bishop of Chester. The chapel is dedicated to St.
Mary. There are two trifling endowments, applied for
teaching six poor children.
RAŠTRICK, a chapelry in the parish of HALIFAX,
wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county of
YORK, 4 miles (N.) from Huddersfield, containing
2796 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of York, endowed with
£800 private benefaction, £ 800 royal bounty, and
£200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Vicar of Halifax. The ancient chapel was taken down
about forty years ago, and the present one, a handsome
structure, erected upon its site. There is a place of
worship for Independents. The manufacture of woollen
cord and fancy goods is extensive. A free school, found-
ed in 1741, by Mary Bedford, has been endowed by her
and subsequent donors, with about £ 50 per annum.
RATBY, a parish in the hundred of SPARKENHOE,
county of LEICESTER, 5 miles (W. by N.) from Leices-
ter, containing, with the township of Botcheston with
Newton, and the hamlet of Grooby, 1025 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar ju
risdiction of the Lord of the Manor of Grooby, rated
in the king's books at £5. 5. 10., endowed with £400
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Earl of
On
Stamford. The church is dedicated to St. Philip.
an eminence near the village are the remains of a large
Roman encampment.
RATCHWOOD, a township in the parish of BAM-
BROUGH, northern division of BAMBROUGH ward,county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 4 miles (S. E. by S.) from
Belford, containing 10 inhabitants.
RATCLIFFE, a hamlet in the parish of STEPNEY,
Tower division of the hundred of ÖssULSTONE, County
of MIDDLESEX, 1 mile (E.) from London, containing
6973 inhabitants. The present name appears to be a
corruption of Redcliff, an appellation derived from the
red cliff, or bank of the river Thames, which flows
southward of the parish. In Camden's time this was a
village inhabited principally by seafaring men, but it
"The
is now much increased in size and population.
Highway," a broad street formerly planted on each side
with elm-trees, now consists of lines of houses, and
extends to Limehouse. For a particular account of
this place see the article on STEPNEY.
RATCLIFFE upon SOAR, a parish in the northern
division of the wapentake of RUSHCLIFFE, County of
NoTTINGHAM, 1½ mile (N. by E.) from Kegworth, con-
taining 168 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and dio-
cese of York, rated in the king's books at £10. 11. 3.,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, £ 400 royal
bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of Earl Howe. The church is dedicated to the
Holy Trinity. The navigable river Soar runs through the
parish, in which there is a mine of alabaster. Ratcliffe is
in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and with-
in the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury
every third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
RATCLIFFE on TRENT, a parish in the southern
division of the wapentake of BINGHAM, county of
NOTTINGHAM, 5 miles (E. by S.) from Nottingham,
containing 993 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in
4 F
ተ.
RAT
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586
the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York,
rated in the king's books at £4. 12. 6., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of Earl Manvers. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Mary, was rebuilt about 1793, prior to
which the spire that surmounted the tower fell down, and
has not been replaced. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. The river Trent runs through
the parish, and is fordable in two places. There is a
wharf belonging to Earl Manvers, chiefly used for coal,
at which the freeholders of Ratcliffe are allowed to
land their goods wharfage free: the manufacture of
hosiery is carried on here. Near the village is a per-
pendicular cliff of red clay, from which the parish took
its name.
RATCLIFFE on the WREAK, a parish in the east-
ern division of the hundred of GoscoTE, county of
LEICESTER, 63 miles (N. N. E.) from Leicester, contain-
ing 124 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated
in the king's books at £7. 16. 8., and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church is dedicated to St. Botolph.
The Fosse-road passes through the parish, and the
Leicester and Melton-Mowbray canal touches upon its
eastern boundary.
RATCLIFFE-CULEY, a chapelry in the parish
of SHEEPY MAGNA, hundred of SPARKENHOE, county
of LEICESTER, 1½ mile (N. E.) from Atherstone, con-
taining 211 inhabitants.
RATHMILL, a township in the parish of GIggles-
WICK, western division of the wapentake of STAIN-
CLIFFE and EwCROSS, West riding of the county of
YORK, 4 miles (s. W. by S.) from Settle, containing 328
inhabitants. George Clarke, in 1716, devised the pro-
fits of an estate in support of a school, and, in 1725,
Stephen Carr bequeathed £80 in augmentation of the
master's salary: the annual income is about £23, for
which all children who apply are taught to read, but
pay for further instruction.
RATLEY, a parish in the Burton-Dassett division
of the hundred of KINGTON, County of WARWICK, 44
miles (S. E.) from Kington, containing, with Upton, 402
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, rated in the king's books at £6. 12., en-
dowed with £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
About sixty poor children are educated at the vicarage-
house, which is occupied by a schoolmaster rent-free,
who receives £15 a year from the revenue of the poor's
land. On the brow of Edge Hill, within this parish, is
a large triangular fortification, called Nadbury Camp,
supposed to be of Roman construction. This hill com-
mands a delightful prospect of a fertile country in a
high state of cultivation, including the Vale of Red
Horse, which skirts its base: it is further celebrated, in
the annals of history, as the scene of a sanguinary bat-
tle, between the royalists and the parliamentary forces,
September 2nd, 1642, in which, though several hundreds
were slain on both sides, and among them many of
the nobility, both armies kept the field: numerous
fragments of skeletons have been found in the vicinity.
RATLINGHOPE, a parish in the hundred of PURS-
LOW, County of SALOP, 44 miles (N. W. by W.) from
Church-Stretton, comprising the townships of Gatton
and Ratlinghope, and containing 277 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and
diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's books at
£3. 6. 8., endowed with £800 royal bounty, and £200
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Rev.
J. Hawkins. The church is dedicated to St. Margaret.
A priory of Augustine canons was founded here, under
the auspices of Llewellyn, Prince of North Wales, by
his kinsman, Walter Corbet, one of that order.
RATTERY, a parish in the hundred of STANBO-
ROUGH, County of DEVON, 44 miles (W. N. W.) from
Totness, containing 559 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £14. 10., and in
the patronage of Sir. H. Carew, Bart. The church has
an elegant wooden screen, and a Norman font. A vein
of lead-ore has been discovered in this parish.
RATTLESDEN, a parish in the hundred of THED-
WESTRY, County of SUFFOLK, 42 miles (W.) from Stow-
Market, containing 1032 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £20. 0. 21., and
in the patronage of James Oakes, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Nicholas. There is a place of worship
for Baptists.
RAUCEBY (NORTH), a parish in the wapentake
of FLAXWELL, parts of KESTEVEN, county of LINCOLN,
4 miles (W.) from Sleaford, containing 252 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£5. 1. 01., endowed with £400 private benefaction, and
£400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Sir J. H.
Thorold, Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
RAUCEBY (SOUTH), a joint parish with North
Rauceby, in the wapentake of FLAXWELL, parts of
KESTEVEN, County of LINCOLN, 4 miles (W. by S.) from
Sleaford, containing 255 inhabitants.
RAUGHTON, a joint township with Gatesgill, in
the parish of DALSTON, ward and county of CUMBER-
LAND, 5½ miles (S. by W.) from Carlisle, containing 294
inhabitants.
-
RAUGHTON-HEAD, a chapelry in the parish of
CASTLE-SOWERBY, LEATH ward, county of CUMBER-
LAND, 7½ miles (S. by W.) from Carlisle. The popula-
tion is returned with the parish. The living is a perpe-
tual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £600 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Vicar of Castle-
Sowerby and twelve Trustees. The chapel was rebuilt
in 1678, and enlarged in 1760. A school-house was
erected, in 1744, by John Head, and rebuilt in 1806,
but it is not endowed.
RAUNDS, a parish in the hundred of HIGHAM-FER-
RERS, county of NORTHAMPTON, 4 miles (N. E.) from
Higham-Ferrers, containing 1301 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Northamp-
ton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's
books at £11. 9. 7., endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church, dedicated to St. Peter, is a
large and handsome edifice, with a lofty tower and spire,
considered the finest specimen of the early English style
in the county; similar characteristics predominate in
the rest of the building, though there are some decorated
-
RAV
RAV
587
:
windows and others of later date: in the churchyard
is the base of an ancient cross. There are places of
worship for Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists.
RAVELEY (GREAT), a parish in the hundred of
HURSTINGSTONE, county of HUNTINGDON, 32 miles
(S. W.) from Ramsey, containing 222 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, with that of Upwood an-
nexed, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and diocese
of Lincoln, and in the patronage of Earl Sandwich.
The church is demolished. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
RAVELEY (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
HURSTINGSTONE, county of HUNTINGDON, 44 miles
(S. W. by S.) from Ramsey, containing 68 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
of Huntingdon, and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with
£1200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Earl
of Sandwich. The church is dedicated to St. James.
Within the last few years several skeletons were dug up
here in a gravel pit, and a Roman urn of blue earth.
RAVENDALE (EAST), a parish in the wapentake
of BRADLEY-HAVERSTOE, parts of LINDSEY, County of
LINCOLN, 7 miles (S. S. W.) from Great Grimsby, con-
taining, with the chapelry of West Ravendale, 95 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £5, endowed with £1000 royal bounty, and
£200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge. The
church is dedicated to St. Martin.
RAVENDALE (WEST), a chapelry in the parish of
EAST RAVENDALE, wapentake of BRADLEY-HAVERSTOE,
parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 7 miles (S. W.
by S.) from Great Grimsby, containing 32 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with £400 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Chapter of the
Collegiate Church of Southwell.
The
RAVENFIELD, a parish in the southern division
of the wapentake of STRAFFORTH and TICKHILL, West
riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles (N. E. by E.)
from Rotherham, containing 187 inhabitants.
living is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction
and patronage of the Archdeacon of York, endowed with
£31 per annum and £900 private benefaction, £800
royal bounty, and £900 parliamentary grant. The
church is dedicated to St. James.
corn and timber is also exported: some small vessels are
constructed here. The market was formerly on Wednes-
day and Friday, but it is now held only on the former
day, and is in very little repute: a fair for cattle is held
on the 6th of May, and others of ancient date, for horses
and cattle, on June 8th and August 5th; the latter,
which terminates with horse races and other diversions,
is proclaimed by the steward and tenantry of the Earl
of Egremont, attended by a band of music and some
halberdiers, in memory, probably, of the armed retinue
which in former times attended to preserve from theft
the goods exposed for sale. A small free school for poor
children was endowed by Sir William Pennington, and
Richard Brooksbank, his cook, with £12 per annum.
Near the ruins of Walls castle, about one mile distant,
where is now the mansion-house and residence of Lord
Muncaster, a lineal descendant of the Penningtons, who
have held this manor since the Conquest, many relics
of antiquity, consisting of battle-axes made of flint,
heads of arrows, and Roman and Saxon coins, have
been discovered. About a mile and a half eastward
from Muncaster House, on the opposite side of the river
Eske, may be traced the ruins of an ancient city, called
"the city of Barnscar," the origin of which is tradition-
ally ascribed to the Danes, but of its history no records.
have been found. The site is an oblong square, about
three hundred yards long from east to west, and one
hundred long from north to south; it was intersected
by one long street, and several transverse ones: the
city was defended by a wall, except at the east end,
and, with its suburbs, was nearly three miles in circum-
ference: an ancient road led through it from Ulpha to
Ravenglass. About 1730, a great quantity of silver
coins was found in the ruins of one of the houses. On
an eminence called Hard Knot are the ruins of an an-
cient church and castle, also the remains of a round
tower on one of the adjacent mounts.
RAVENINGHAM, a parish in the hundred of CLA-
VERING, county of NORFOLK, 4½ miles (N. N. W.) from
Beccles, containing 261 inhabitants.
The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and
diocese of Norwich, endowed with £200 royal bounty,
and £ 200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Sir Edmund Bacon, Bart. The church is dedicated to
St. Andrew. A college of eight Secular priests was
founded here, in 1343, by Sir John de Norwich, which
was afterwards removed to Norton-Subcourse, and, in
1393, to Castle-Mettingham in Suffolk.
RAVENSCROFT, a township in that part of the pa-
rish of MIDDLEWICH which is in the hundred of NORTH-
WICH, County palatine of CHESTER, 1 mile (N. by W.)
from Middlewich, containing 26 inhabitants.
RAVENSDALE-PARK, a hamlet in the parish of
MUGGINTON, hundred of APPLETREE, county of DERBY,
containing 51 inhabitants.
RAVENSDEN, a parish in the hundred of BAR-
FORD, County of Bedford, 4 miles (N. N. E.) from Bed-
ford, containing 263 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and
diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £7,
and in the patronage of the Duke of Bedford. The
church is dedicated to All Saints.
RAVENSTHORPE, a parish partly in the hundred
of GUILSBOROUGH, but chiefly in that of NOBOTTLE-
GROVE, county of NORTHAMPTON, 9 miles (N. W.
RAVENGLASS, a small sea-port and market town,
in the parish of MUNCASTER, ALLERDALE ward above
Derwent, county of CUMBERLAND, 54 miles (S. S. W.)
from Carlisle, and 282 (N. W. by N.) from London.
The population is returned with the parish. This town
is pleasantly situated along the sea-shore, near the con-
fluence of the rivers Eske, Mite, and Irt, which form a
commodious and safe harbour for shipping, particularly
in tempestuous weather. It consists of a long range of
irregularly, though well, built houses, and is sheltered in
the back ground by the mountains of Black Combe, be-
tween which and the town are some fine meadow lands;
the Eske has its source near the foot of a rugged emi-
nence, called Hard Knot.
The trade of the place is in-
considerable, a few vessels being engaged in bringing
coal from Whitehaven, for the lime-kilns, and in taking
back oysters, which abound here, and are considered to
be the finest found upon this part of the coast; a little
Ja
*;
4 F 2
RAV
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588
by N.) from Northampton, containing, with the hamlets
of Coaton and Teeton, 710 inhabitants. The living is
a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£ 11. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the Dean and
Canons of Christ Church, Oxford. The church is de-
dicated to St. Denis. There is a place of worship for
Baptists.
shire, and, in common with the other possessions
of that monastery, afforded the privilege of sanctu-
ary. The lord of the manor, by his steward, ad-
ministers the oath of office to the churchwardens of
the parish. The steward and jury of the manor an-
ciently held their court, for the trial of felons and
other offenders, in the church, near which there was
an arched vault, in which malefactors were confined:
Gallow Hill, a short distance hence appears, to have
been the spot where capital punishment was inflicted.
The parish is composed of numerous vallies and fells,
among which rise several streams, forming the source
of the river Lune. The town appears to have been for-
merly much larger than at present: a small market is
held on Tuesdays, and a fair on the Thursday after Whit-
Sunday. The free grammar school was founded, about
1688, by Thomas Fothergill, B. D., Master of St. John's
College, Cambridge, aided by other members of his
family, all natives of the parish: a good school-house
was built by contribution in 1758. The salary and
emoluments of the master amount to about £70
per annum he has a commodious dwelling-house, and
is allowed to receive boarders. Boys whose parents re-
side in the parish are instructed gratuitously in Latin
and Greek, but pay a small quarterage for tuition in
other branches.
other branches. At a place called Rasate there are
two tumuli, in which, on being opened, human bones
were found; and near Rother bridge there is a circle
of stones, supposed to have been a place of Druidical
worship. The family of Fothergill has produced several
distinguished members, among whom were, George
Fothergill, D.D., Principal of St. Edmund Hall, and
Thomas Fothergill, D. D., Provost of Queen's College,
Oxford.
RAVENSTONE, a parish in the hundred of NEW-
PORT, county of BUCKINGHAM, 34 miles (W. by S.) from
Olney, containing 418 inhabitants. The living is a vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry of Buckingham, and diocese of
Lincoln, endowed with the fee-farm rent of the manor
of Ravenstone, amounting to about £84 per annum,
rated in the king's books at £6. 13. 4., and in the
patronage of the Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham.
The church, dedicated to All Saints, contains a splendid
monument to the memory of Heneage Finch, Earl of
Nottingham, and Lord High Chancellor of England, who
died in 1682. Besides the gift of the above endowment,
and another of £10 per annum towards ornamenting
the church, his lordship founded an hospital for six
men and six women, with a weekly allowance of three
shillings and sixpence each, and a gown every year. A
charity school was founded by the Rev. Mr. Chapman,
a former vicar, for all the poor children of the parish
the income is £12 per annum.
A small monastery of
Black canons, in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
was founded here by Henry III., about the thirty-ninth
year of his reign, which, in the 16th of Henry VIII.,
was valued at £66. 13. 4., and given to Cardinal Wol-
sey, towards the endowment of his intended colleges.
:
RAVENSTONE, a parish partly in the hundred of
REPTON and GRESLEY, County of DERBY, but chiefly in
the western division of the hundred of GoscoTE, county
of LEICESTER, 4 miles (S. E. by E.) from Ashby de la
Zouch, containing 444 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of
Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's books at
£5. 1. 02., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a very ancient
structure. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. An hospital for thirty-two aged widows
of the parishes of Ravenstone, Swannington, and Cole-
Orton, was built and endowed by John Wilkins, Esq.
and Rebecca his wife, in 1712: the endowment consists
of about eight hundred acres of land, producing
an annual income of £940: each of the inmates re-
ceives four shillings and sixpence per week, besides a RAVENSWORTH, a township in the parish of
liberal allowance of coal; the master, or chaplain, has KIRKBY-RAVENSWORTH, Western division of the wapen-
a salary of £60, and a good house, built in 1784, when take of GILLING, North riding of the county of YORK,
the present chapel was erected, the expense having 4 miles (N. N. W.) from Richmond, containing 317
been defrayed from the accumulated funds of the inhabitants. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
charity. A National school is supported by voluntary Methodists.
contributions.
RAVENSWORTH, a township in that part of the
parish of CHESTER le STREET which is in the middle
division of CHESTER ward, county palatine of DURHAM,
44 miles (S. S. W.) from Gateshead, containing 161 in-
habitants, who are chiefly employed in the adjacent
coal mines. The total rebuilding of the castle com-
menced in 1808, after a design by Nash; the work is
constructed of excellent white freestone, raised near
the spot, and when finished will be a most imposing
edifice in the ancient baronial style. In the neigh-
bourhood is a cross, to which, during the prevalence
of the plague at Newcastle, in 1645, the country people
brought their market goods for sale. Ravensworth
gives the title of baron to the family of Liddel.
RAVENSTONEDALE, a parish in EAST ward,
county of WESTMORLAND, 42 miles (S. W.) from Kirkby-
Stephen, containing 1059 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction and pa-
tronage of the Earl of Lonsdale, as lord of the manor ;
it is endowed with £600 private benefaction, £400 royal
bounty, and £500 parliamentary grant. The church,
dedicated to St. Oswald, was rebuilt in 1744. There
is a place of worship for Independents. This manor
formerly belonged to the priory of Watton in York-
-
RAVENSWORTH (KIRKBY), North riding of the
county of YORK.-See KIRKBY-RAVENSWORTH.
RAW, a township in the parish of ROTHBURY, west-
ern division of COQUETDALE ward, county of NORTH-
UMBERLAND, 2½ miles (S. E. by E.) from Rothbury, con-
taining 51 inhabitants.
RAWCLIFF, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of SNAITH which is in the lower division of the wapen-
take of OSGOLDCROSS, West riding of the county of
YORK, 34 miles (E. by N.) from Snaith, containing 1496
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, united to
RAW
RAY
589
this and various other gifts and bequests, is now about
£62, for which from forty to fifty receive instruction.
that of Snaith, in the jurisdiction of the peculiar court of
Snaith, endowed with £600 parliamentary grant. The
chapel is dedicated to St. James. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The free school here
is supposed to have been founded by a Mr. Boynton,
for the education of eight children; the master's in-
come is £27 a year, with a house and garden.
RAWCLIFFE, a township partly in the parish of
ST. MICHAEL le BELFREY, city of YORK, and partly in
the parish of ST. OLAVE, MARY-GATE, wapentake of
BULMER, North riding of the county of YORK, 3 miles
(N. W. by N.) from York. That part which is in the
parish of St. Olave contains 57 inhabitants, the remain-
der being returned with the parish of St. Michael.
RAWCLIFFE (OUT), a township in the parish
of ST. MICHAEL, hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county
palatine of LANCASTER, 4 miles (N. E. by E.) from
Poulton, containing 598 inhabitants.
RAWCLIFFE (UPPER), a joint township with
Tarnicar, in the parish of ST. MICHAEL, hundred of
AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine of LANCASTER, 6 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Garstang, containing, with Tarnicar,
643 inhabitants.
RAWDEN, or RAWDON, a chapelry in the parish
of GUISLEY, upper division of the wapentake of SKY-
RACK, West riding of the county of YORK, 7 miles
(N.E. by N.) from Bradford, containing 1759 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of York, endowed with £400 private bene-
faction, £400 royal bounty, and £600 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Lord of the Manor.
The chapel, erected in 1721, has lately received an
addition of three hundred and fifty sittings, of which
one hundred and seventy-five are free, the Incorporated
Society for the enlargement of churches and chapels
having granted £500 towards defraying the expense.
There are places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan
Methodists; the latter have a seminary at Woodhouse
Grove. The manufacture of woollen goods is carried
on to a considerable extent. A school-house was built,
in 1746, by Thomas Layton, Esq., at which period
£200, raised by subscription for its support, was in-
vested in land, now producing an annual income of
£10, which is paid to a master for teaching sixteen
children. Rawdon gives the inferior title of baron to
the Marquis of Hastings.
RAWLEIGH, a tything partly in the parishes of
BICTON and ROCKBEAR, eastern division of the hun-
dred of BUDLEIGH, and partly in the parish of WHIM-
PLE, hundred of CLISTON, county of DEVON. The
population is returned with the parishes.
RAWLEIGH (COLYTON), county of Devon.
See COLYTON-RAWLEIGH.
RAWMARSH, a parish in the northern division
of the wapentake of STRAFFORTH and TICKHILL, West
riding of the county of YORK, 2½ miles (N. by E.) from
Rotherham, containing 1259 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of York,
rated in the king's books at £8. 7. 3., and in the pa-
tronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. There are places of worship for Independents
and Wesleyan Methodists. Here is a manufacture of
coarse earthenware. Thomas Wilson, in 1653, enfeoffed
a school-house, messuage, and land, for the free educa-
tion of poor children; the annual income, arising from
RAWRETH, a parish in the hundred of ROCH-
FORD, County of ESSEX, 3 miles (N. W.) from Rayleigh,
containing 327 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of London, rated
in the king's books at £20. 13. 4., and in the patron-
age of the Master and Fellows of Pembroke College,
Cambridge. The church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, has
lately received an addition of sixty free sittings, the
Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels having granted £50 towards defraying
the expense. A charity school is partly supported by
contributions, averaging about £10 per annum.
RAYDON, a parish in the hundred of SAMFORD,
county of SUFFOLK, 34 miles (S. E. by S.) from Hadleigh,
containing 501 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £14, and in the patronage
of the Rev. Thomas Reeve. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary.
RAYLEIGH, a parish (formerly a market town)
in the hundred of RоCHFORD, county of ESSEX, 14
miles (S. E. by S.) from Chelmsford, and 34
by N.) from London, containing 1203 inhabitants.
This place, formerly the head of an honour, or barony,
was at the Conquest in the possession of a Dane, named
Sweyn, or Swene, who built a stupendous and magnifi-
cent castle, some ruins of which, with earthworks and
ditches, yet remain, and from the eminence which they
occupy, is an extensive prospect of the surrounding
country. The town is situated upon the shore of
Hadley bay, and had formerly a market on Saturday:
a cattle fair is held on Trinity-Monday. At King's
hill is occasionally held what is termed the "Lawless
Court." On the Wednesday morning next after Michael-
mas-day, the tenants, or their agents, are bound to
appear at the first cock-crowing, and, kneeling, offer
their homage of suit and service. The steward of the
court, at this dark hour of the night, in a low tone of
voice, and without any previous notice, calls over the
names of all who are bound to appear, and he who an-
swers not, forfeits to the lord of the manor double his
rent for every hour of his absence. All the business is
transacted in whispers, and the use of pens and ink not
being allowed, the deficiency is supplied by a coal. Some
years ago, a tenant forfeited his land from non-attend-
ance, but it was restored to him in consideration of a
reasonable amercement. The penalties are said to have
been originally imposed upon certain tenants of the ad-
jacent manors, for having conspired in this place to raise
a commotion. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Essex, and diocese of London, rated in the
king's books at £17. 17. 6., and in the patronage of R.
Bristow, Esq. The church, dedicated to the Holy Tri-
nity, has a tower with a low spire, and is principally in
the later style of English architecture. There is a place
of worship for Baptists. A small sum, arising from land
bequeathed, in 1640, by Isaac Gilbert, and from £200
South Sea stock, left by Dr. Sykes, in 1756, is applied,
according to the directions of the respective testators,
to the instruction of twenty poor children.
RAYNE, a parish in the hundred of HINCKFORD,
county of ESSEX, 13 mile (W.) from Braintree, contain-
ing 343 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
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590
1
archdeaconry of Middlesex, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £14. 13. 4., and in the
patronage of the Earl of Essex. The church is dedi-
cated to All Saints; the nave is extremely ancient.
RAYNHAM, a parish in the hundred of CHAFFORD,
county of ESSEX, 34 miles (N. W. by N.) from Pur-
fleet, containing 573 inhabitants. The living is a vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of Lon-
don, rated in the king's books at £10, and in the pa-
tronage of J. C. G. Crosse, Esq. The church, dedicated
to St. Helen and St. Giles, has some Norman remains,
particularly the arch between the nave and the chancel,
and an enriched semicircular doorway. The parish is
bounded on the west and south by extensive marshes
and the Thames. The Rev. Lewis Bruce, D.D., in 1779,
left £2. 10. per annum for teaching poor children to
read.
REACH, a joint chapelry with Heath, in the parish
of LEIGHTON-BUZZARD, hundred of MANSHEAD, county
of Bedford, 24 miles (N. by E.) from Leighton-Buzzard.
The population is returned with Heath. It is within the
peculiar ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Prebendary of
Leighton-Buzzard in the Cathedral Church of Lincoln.
REACH, a hamlet partly in the parish of BURWELL,
hundred of STAPLOE, and partly in that of SWAFFHAM-
PRIOR, hundred of STAINE, county of CAMBRIDGE, 5
miles (W. N. W.) from Newmarket. The population is
returned with the parishes. This was anciently a mar-
ket town, to which ships of considerable burden had
access before the draining of the fens: it had a church,
which has long been demolished. A large fair for horses,
granted to the corporation of Cambridge by charter of
King John, is still held here on Rogation Monday.
READ, a township in that part of the parish of
WHALLEY which is in the higher division of the hun-
dred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of LANCASTER,
5 miles (S. S. E.) from Clitheroe, containing 510 inha-
bitants. Edmund Dickenson, in 1743, bequeathed £60
towards the support of a schoolmaster; and in 1798,
James Hilton demised land, and a house to be used as a
school; the income is about £6 a year, for which five
poor children are taught free.
R
READING, a borough
and market town, having
separate jurisdiction, locally
in the hundred of Reading,
county of BERKS, 26 miles
(S. E. by S.) from Abing-
don, and 39
and 39 (W. by S.)
from London, on the road
to Bath, containing, ac-
cording to the last census,
13,264 inhabitants, since
which period the popula-
tion has increased to up-
wards of 16,000. This place, which is unquestionably
of very great antiquity, is supposed to have derived its
name either from the British word Redin, signifying
fern, with which the soil abounded, or from Rhyd, a
ford, and Ing, a meadow, which, from its situation on a
tract of land intersected by the river Kennet, appears
to be the more probable. It is noticed, in 871, by Asser,
the biographer of Alfred, as a fortified town taken from
the Saxons by the Danes, to which, after their defeat at
Englefield, by Earl Ethelwolf, they retired, and were
Arms.
pursued by that Saxon nobleman, who was killed in
attempting to take the town, in a sally of the besieged
inhabitants. During the reign of Alfred, and occa-
sionally in that of his successors, the Danes appear
to have held possession of the town, which, on the
invasion of Sweyn, King of Denmark, to revenge the
massacre of his countrymen, in the reign of Ethelred,
was burnt to the ground, in 1006, together with the
nunnery founded there by Elfrida, in expiation of the
murder of her step-son, Edward the Martyr. From
this calamity it appears to have recovered prior to the
Conquest, for in the Norman survey it is noticed as
forming part of the royal demesne. In 1121, Henry I.
founded a magnificent monastery, for monks of the
Benedictine order, which he endowed with an ample
revenue, and dedicated to the Holy Trinity, the Virgin
Mary, and St. John the Evangelist. He invested it
with the dignity of a mitred abbey, bestowed on the
abbots the privilege of coining money, of conferring the
honour of knighthood, and many other important pri-
vileges. Henry was a frequent visitor at the abbey
during his life, and after his death was interred in the
abbey church, as was also his consort, Adeliza. Stephen,
his successor, erected a strong castle here, which, after
having been one of his garrisons during his contest
with Matilda, was, in 1153, given up to her son Henry,
who, on his accession to the throne, ordered it, together
with several other fortresses which had been erected in
the preceding reign, to be demolished. This monarch,
in 1163, presided at a judicial combat which took place
here, on an island to the east of Caversham bridge,
between Henry de Essex, the royal standard-bearer, and
Robert de Montfort, who accused his antagonist of trea-
sonable cowardice in a battle with the Welch near Ches-
ter. Essex being vanquished, his estates were forfeited
to the crown, but his life being spared, he became a
monk in this abbey. Henry II. visited the town on
several other occasions, and in 1185 had an interview
here with Herodius, patriarch of Jerusalem, who pre-
sented to him the keys of the holy sepulchre, and the
royal banner of Jerusalem, and endeavoured, but without
success, to induce him to undertake an expedition to re-
cover Palestine from the Saracens. In 1209, the profes-
sors and students of Oxford, disgusted with the severity
with which they had been treated by the king's officer, in
a dispute with the townspeople, retired hither, where
they continued to prosecute their studies, till, on ex-
piation being made, they returned to their ancient seats.
In 1212, a council was held by the legate of the Pope,
for the purpose of effecting a reconciliation between
King John and the bishops, whom he had driven into
exile; and various civil and ecclesiastical councils were
also held here in this and the following reign. Ed-
ward III. held a grand tournament here in 1346, and in
1359, his son, John of Gaunt, was married, in the abbey
church, to Blanche, daughter and co-heiress of Henry
Plantagenet, Duke of Lancaster. In 1389, a reconcilia-
tion was effected between Richard II. and his barons,
through the mediation of John of Gaunt, who assembled
here a great council for that purpose: in 1440, and 1451,
parliaments were held in this town; and in 1452, and
1466, the grand parliament adjourned to this place from
Westminster, on account of the plague. Henry VIII.
frequently visited Reading, and in 1541 took up his
residence for some time at the abbey.
Edward VI.,

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591
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and the queens Mary and Elizabeth, were frequent visit-
ors, and the latter had a canopied pew appropriated to
her use in the parish church of St. Lawrence. In the be-
ginning of the reign of Charles I., the courts of Chancery,
King's Bench, and Common Pleas, with the court of
Exchequer, and the courts of Wards and Liveries, were
held at Reading, in Michaelmas term, in the year 1625,
and again in 1635, in consequence of the prevalence of
the plague, which was then raging in the metropolis, and
a commission under the great seal, for putting in force
the laws against the Popish recusants, was read in the
courts here. At the commencement of the parliament-
ary war in this reign, the town was garrisoned for the
parliament, but was abandoned by the governor on the
approach of the royal forces in 1642; after which it
was held by the king's troops, till taken for the parlia-
ment by the Earl of Essex, in the following year, after a
siege of eight days. After the battle of Newbury, Essex
marched to Reading, where he remained for two days; on
his departure, it was again garrisoned for the king, who,
on his visit in 1644, ordered the military works which
had been erected, to be demolished: there are still many
extensive remains of the outworks in the Forbury. The
inhabitants suffered severely from the contributions
levied by both parties, who had alternate possession of
the town. In 1688, some Irish and Scottish troops
belonging to the army of James II. were posted at
Reading, from which they fled on the approach of the
Dutch troops under the Prince of Orange; but returning
soon after, a skirmish took place in the town, in which
the only officer in the prince's army who lost his life
in the expedition, was killed; the anniversary of this
the anniversary of this
battle, which was called "Reading Fight," was annually
commemorated till about the year 1788, when it was
discontinued.
The town is pleasantly situated on the banks of
the river Kennet, which, after passing through it, di-
vides into two branches, uniting again previously to its
confluence with the Thames. It is in the form of an
equilateral triangle, and consists of four principal streets
intersected by several smaller: the houses are in gene-
ral well built of brick, and many of them are spacious
and handsome; but there are several constructed of
lath and plaster, with high gables, most of which are
of the date of the fifteenth century, and were formerly
roofed with thatch. The town is well paved, and lighted
with gas by a company established by an act obtained
in 1825, and amply supplied with water by a joint stock
company, originally established in 1694, for the dis-
tribution of the water from the Kennet, by machinery,
which has been greatly improved since the beginning
of the present century, when a lofty brick tower was
erected on the bank of the Kennet, and a large reservoir
constructed at the upper end of Castle-street, for sup-
plying that part of the town. In addition to the bridges
over the different branches of the river, a handsome
stone bridge of one arch, ornamented with balustrades,
has been erected over the main stream in Duke-street,
at the expense of the corporation; and at a small dis-
tance to the north-east of the town is another, called
Blake's bridge. A public library is supported by sub-
scription among the inhabitants of the town and neigh-
bourhood, under the designation of the Reading Insti-
tution, comprising a library, reading-rooms, and a resi-
dence for the librarian: there is also a subscription
:
news-room in High-street; and a Philosophical Institu-
tion is about to be established; there are commodious
baths in London-street. The theatre, a small incon-
venient building, erected a few years since, is open
for a month or six weeks, annually, but is not well
supported.
From its situation near the confluence of two na-
vigable rivers, Reading has from an early period been a
place of commercial importance. The manufacture of
woollen cloth was introduced in the reign of Edward I.;
and in the legendary history of the town, Thomas Cole,
called Thomas of Reading, a rich clothier, is said to have
obtained from that monarch a standard measure for
cloth, the yard being fixed to the precise length of
his Majesty's arm. Mr. John Kendrick, alias John à
Larder, another eminent clothier in the town, to which
he was a great benefactor, in 1624, bequeathed £7500
in trust to the mayor and burgesses, for building a
house for the employment of the poor, which was soon
afterwards carried into effect, at an expense of £2000: it
forms a quadrangle, with a handsome gateway entrance,
and the whole edifice, which was a great ornament to
the town, obtained from some unknown cause the ap-
pellation of the "Oracle.” In this establishment the
woollen manufacture was carried on, for a considerable
period, with success; but during the parliamentary war
the building was converted into a depôt for military
stores, and the property was lost, with the exception
of £500, which Mr. Kendrick had appropriated to be
distributed in loans, without interest, to young trades-
men beginning business. After the manufacture of
woollen cloth had declined, various other branches were
carried on at the Oracle; among these were pin-making,
the weaving of sheeting, sail-cloth, and sacking, and
the manufacture of floor-cloth. The weaving of coarse
linen is carried on here to a small extent; and there
are manufactories for silk ribands and galloons, which
afford employment to from two to three hundred per-
sons, and for floor and sail cloth: there are also iron-
foundries, breweries, and several yards for building
boats. The trade of the town, however, is principally
in flour, of which twenty thousand sacks are annually
sent to London; wheat, oats, beans, peas, and various
kinds of seeds; malt, the business in which has been
for some time declining; and oak-bark, timber, hoops,
wool, cheese, and beer, &c. The river is navigable
for barges of one hundred and twenty tons' burden,
and on its banks are wharfs for landing goods, &c.
A new wharf and dock were constructed in 1828, on
the bank of the Kennet; over which river, in 1830, an
iron bridge was completed, on the line of the great
western road. The river Kennet, and the Kennet and
Avon canal, open a navigable communication with the
principal parts of the kingdom. In 1800, a canal was
designed by Mr. Rennie, in consequence of the diffi-
cult navigation of the Kennet, in part of its course, to
the west of the town; but it has not been yet so far
completed as to afford all the advantages anticipated.
The market days are Wednesday and Saturday, the for-
mer for fruit, vegetables, butter, and poultry, and the
latter for corn and provisions, which is very numerously
attended. The corn market is held in the market-place,
a convenient area, of which three sides are occupied by
shops, and the fourth by the church of St. Lawrence:
the area is kept in repair by the corporation, who
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are entitled to the toll of one pint out of each sack of
corn sold in the market. The market for provisions is
held in a quadrangular building, with a portico, includ-
ing shambles, shops, and stalls, and a residence for the
clerk of the market, who is generally one of the ser-
jeants at mace: there is also, on Saturday, a market for
cattle and store pigs; and a market every Monday for
fat cattle, at Loddon bridge, about four miles distant, on
the road to Wokingham. The fairs are on February 2nd,
May 1st, July 25th, and September 21st; the three
first, principally for horses and cows, and the last,
which is also a statute fair, for cattle and cheese, the
latter chiefly from Gloucestershire and North Wiltshire,
of which, at the fair in 1830, seven hundred tons were
pitched for sale; the cheese fair is held in that part of
the Forbury which faces the grammar school.
The town, which is a
borough by prescription,
has received a succession
of charters, from the reign
of Henry III. to that of
Charles I., the whole of
which are in excellent pre-
servation, and the seals
nearly perfect the charter
of Henry VII. is splendidly
illuminated and emblazon-
:
SCO
INGIGH
STOW
VNI
Corporate Seal.
ed, the initial letter con-
taining a portrait of that
monarch. Under the last of these charters, as modi-
fied in the last year of the reign of George IV., the go-
vernment is vested in a mayor, high steward, recorder,
and thirteen aldermen, including the mayor and common
council, consisting of nine capital and sixteen inferior
burgesses, assisted by a town-clerk, two chamberlains,
three serjeants at mace, and subordinate officers. The
mayor is elected annually, on the first Monday after
St. Bartholomew's day, by the aldermen and burgesses,
from three candidates nominated by the former body:
the mayor, his deputy, the senior alderman, the Bishop
of Salisbury, and his chancellor, are justices of the
peace for the borough. The corporation formerly held
quarterly courts of session for the trial of all but ca-
pital offenders; they at present hold a court of record
every Wednesday, under the charter of Charles I., for the
recovery of debts under £10. The inhabitants are exempt
from serving on juries at the assizes and sessions for
the county, and from the payment of county rates. The
borough has continued to return two members to parlia-
ment from the 23rd of Edward I. to the present time:
the right of election is vested in the freemen paying scot
and lot, and in the inhabitants not receiving alms, of whom
the number is about one thousand two hundred and fifty:
the mayor is the returning officer. The old town-hall
was taken down in 1786, and a handsome building
erected over part of the free grammar school: adjoining
it is the council-chamber, a handsome room in which
the borough courts are held, and which is decorated
with a portrait of Queen Elizabeth, a bust of Archbishop
Laud, finely painted, and portraits of Sir Thomas White
and Mr. Kendrick. The portrait of Elizabeth is con-
sidered, by Mr. Hanshall, who is now preparing a
History of Reading for the press, to be by Hans Hol-
bein, and the painting of Laud is esteemed an admi-
rable production; but these, and indeed all the por-
traits, are in a very dirty state. The petty sessions
for the division are held here every Saturday; the
spring assizes and the Epiphany sessions for the county
are regularly held in the town; and the Michaelmas
sessions are held alternately here and at Abingdon, at
the discretion of the magistrates. The gaol and house
of correction for the county, adapted to the reception
of one hundred and sixty prisoners, contains a good
house for the keeper, a room for the meeting of the ma-
gistrates, a chapel, and an infirmary, and comprises five.
day-rooms and airing-yards for male prisoners in the
gaol and bridewell, and five day-rooms and airing-
yards for females; a tread-mill with four wheels, and a
large shop for employing prisoners not committed to
hard labour, who receive on their discharge one-fifth of
their earnings: prisoners committed for offences with-
in the borough are now confined in this gaol.
S

The town comprises the parishes of St. Giles, St.
Lawrence, and St. Mary, in the archdeaconry of Berks,
and diocese of Salisbury. The living of St. Giles' is a
vicarage, rated in the king's books at £14. 17. 34., and
in the patronage of the Crown: the church, an ancient
structure, having been much damaged during the par-
liamentary war, was subsequently repaired, and the
tower, which had been destroyed, was rebuilt, with the
addition of a slender spire of wood cased with copper :
in 1829 it underwent a thorough repair, and received
an addition of six hundred and eighty-five sittings, of
which four hundred and twenty-four are free, the In-
corporated Society for the enlargement of churches and
chapels having granted £500 towards defraying the
expense. The living of St. Lawrence's is a vicarage,
rated in the king's books at £10, and in the patronage
of the President and Fellows of St. John's College, Ox-
ford: the church, which was rebuilt in the fifteenth cen-
tury, is a spacious structure, in the later style of En-
glish architecture, with a beautiful tower of chequered
flints: the interior, which is well arranged, contains a
mural monument with a bust of John Blagrave, an
eminent mathematician, who died in 1611. The living
of St. Mary's is a vicarage, rated in the king's books
at £11. 12. 3/12., and in the patronage of the Crown: the
church was rebuilt about the year 1550, chiefly with
the materials of the abbey, which was demolished
about that time; it is a plain massive structure, in the
later style of English architecture, with a square tes-
selated tower of flint and stone: two hundred and ten
additional sittings have been erected, of which one
hundred are free, the Incorporated Society for the en-
largement of churches and chapels having contributed
£60 towards defraying the expense. In the parish of
St. Lawrence was formerly a chapel, founded and en-
dowed, in 1284, by Lawrence Burgess, bailiff of the bo-
rough, and dedicated to St. Edmund; having been de-
secrated previously to the year 1479, it was used as a
barn, and during the parliamentary war turned into a
fort; in 1750, it was taken down, and rebuilt at Battle
farm, but was destroyed by fire within about twenty
years since. A chapel of ease to the vicarage of St. Mary's
has been erected, by the Rev. George Hulme, on the north
side of the road to Oxford. There are three places of
worship for Baptists, two for Independents, and one each
for the Society of Friends and Wesleyan Methodists,
also a Roman Catholic chapel; and in Castle-street is
a chapel, erected, in 1798, by the congregation formerly
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593
.
under the pastoral care of the Hon. and Rev. Bromley
Cadogan, now supplied by a minister in the Connexion
of the late Countess of Huntingdon. The free grammar
school was founded by Abbot Thorne, in the reign
of Henry VII., and endowed with the revenue of the
decayed hospital of St. John, from which, at the dis-
solution, a grant of £10 per annum was given for
the support of the school, which, since the charter of
Elizabeth, has been paid by the corporation. Arch-
bishop Laud gave £20 per annum for augmenting the
master's salary, and a house for his residence was, in
1785, purchased by subscription: two fellowships in St.
John's College, Oxford, were founded and endowed by
Sir Thomas White, for persons educated in this school.
The Blue-coat school, for the maintenance, clothing, and
education of boys, was founded, in 1646, by Richard Ald-
worth, Esq., who endowed it with £4000; in addi-
tion to which, Sir Thomas Rich, Bart. gave £1000, in
1666, for six additional boys, of which three were to be
from the parish of Sonning. Mr. John Hall gave lands
for the instruction of three boys; John West, Esq. gave
£1000, in 1720, for educating and apprenticing two boys;
W. Malthus, Esq., a rent-charge of £91, for eleven boys;
and Mr. John Pottenger, £15 per annum, for two boys:
the whole income at present exceeds £1000 per annum:
there are forty-seven boys on the foundation, who,
with the exception of the three under Sir Thomas Rich's
endowment, who are appointed by the landholders in
the parish of Sonning, are nominated by the corpora-
tion, who appoint the master, with a salary of £50 per
annum, and maintenance for himself, his wife, and one
servant, for whose wages he is allowed £6 more. The
girls' green school, in the parish of St. Lawrence, was
founded, and is supported, by subscription, for the
maintenance, clothing, and education of girls, of whom
twenty-one are now in the school: this establishment
has an income of £ 132 per annum, arising from property
in the funds: the mistress has a salary of £63. 10. per
annum. A school for teaching very young children to
read was founded, in 1714, by Mr. Joseph Neale, who
endowed it with £11 per annum, A Sunday school,
A Sunday school,
founded in 1810, by Edward Simeon, Esq., who endowed
it with £2500, is under the control of the corpora-
tion in this establishment one hundred and fifty-
one boys and one hundred and ninety-seven girls are
instructed, and partly clothed every alternate year. A
school of industry was instituted under the patronage of
Mrs. Cadogan; a National school, held in what was for-
merly the great hall of the abbey, in which is preserved
part of a sarcophagus, supposed to be that of the founder,
Henry I.; and a Lancasterian school, in Southampton-
street, are supported by subscription: in the former,
three hundred and eighty boys and one hundred and
eighty girls; and in the latter, one hundred and sixty
boys and one hundred and twenty girls, receive instruc-
tion.
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of St. Lawrence and St. Giles; the former have an
allowance of one shilling and sixpence, and the latter
of one shilling, per week, and some gratuities. Alms
houses founded in the same year, by Sir Thomas Vachell,
for six aged unmarried men, have an endowment of
£40 per annum : those in St. Mary's parish were found-
ed, in 1647, by Mr. Richard Jeys, who endowed them,
for four aged women, with lands producing about
£5 per annum an almshouse for four aged widows
of the parish of St. Lawrence was founded, in 1653,
by Mr. John Webb, who endowed it with funds pro-
ducing a small weekly stipend almshouses founded.
by Mr. John Hall, in 1696, for five aged and unmarried
women, are endowed with a rent-charge of £25;
and, in 1624, Mr. Griffith Jenkins gave five houses, as
rent-free dwellings, for poor persons of the parishes
of St. Lawrence and St. Mary. Archbishop Laud be-
queathed £ 100 per annum, to be appropriated for two
successive years to the apprenticing of ten poor boys,
and every third year to be divided in marriage portions
among five poor maidens, natives of Reading: there
are various other bequests of a similar nature, and for
other charitable uses. The dispensary was established
in 1802, and is liberally supported by subscription. Of
the ancient castle erected by Henry I. there is not the
slightest vestige, nor can the site of it be traced; the
only memorial is preserved in the name of Castle-
street, near which it is supposed to have stood. Of
the magnificent abbey, erected by the same founder,
and which, with the conventual buildings, extended
nearly half a mile in circuit, there remain only the
abbey gate, a fine specimen of the early Norman style
of architecture, and in tolerable preservation, and some
vestiges in the abbey mill; the walls, which were eight
feet in thickness, have been stripped of their casings,
and present only a mass of ruins, with the exception of
that part of the hall in which the National school is held :
a considerable portion of the materials of the conventual
church was used in building the parish church of St.
Mary; the principal ornaments were removed for the
decoration of Field Marshal Conway's seat, Park Place,
near Henley; and a great part of the remaining ma-
terials was employed in constructing the great arch
over which the Walgrave road is carried. A convent
of Franciscan friars was anciently established here, of
which there are no remains; and, previously to the year
1400, a convent of Grey friars was founded, on the north
side of Castle-street, of which part of the church, with
its beautiful west window, is still remaining, and the la-
vatory is preserved in the pleasure grounds of a house
erected on the conventual lands, by Mr. Austwick, the
late mayor. An hospital, dedicated to St. Mary Mag-
dalene, for twelve leprous persons and a chaplain, was
founded here, in 1134, by Aucherius, second abbot of
Reading; and in 1190, Hugh, the eighth abbot, founded
an -hospital for twenty-six poor brethren, and for the
entertainment of pilgrims and travellers, for the main-
tenance of which he appropriated the church of St.
Lawrence. Among the eminent natives of this town
were, William of Reading, Archbishop of Bourdeaux
in the reign of Henry III.; and Archbishop Laud, the
principal minister of Charles I., and one of the earliest
victims of that period: he was beheaded on Tower Hill,
in 1644.
Almshouses in St. Mary's Butts were founded, in 1477,
by John à Larder, by whom they were endowed for eight
aged persons, who receive each one shilling and eight-
pence per week: they were rebuilt by the corporation
in 1775. The almshouses in St. Giles' parish, founded
in 1617, by Mr. Barnard Harrison, and lately rebuilt by
the corporation, have a trifling endowment. An alms-
house was founded, in 1634, by Mr. William Kendrick,
for four aged men and one woman, of the parishes
VOL. III.
·
REAGILL, a hamlet (formerly a chapelry) in the
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594
parish of CROSBY-RAVENSWORTH, WEST ward, county
of WESTMORLAND, 3 miles (N. E.) from Shap. The
population is returned with the parish. There are no
vestiges of the chapel, except in the names of certain
enclosures, such as Chapel-Garth, Chapel-Lands, &c.
The Rev. Randal Sanderson, in 1733, left £120 for the
erection of a free school here, to which the commis-
sioners, on the enclosure of waste lands in 1803,
awarded an allotment now let for £25 per annum,
the support of the master, who also receives an annuity
of £5, the donation of William Twaytes, Esq.: thirty
children are instructed.
for
·
REARSBY, a parish in the eastern division of the
hundred of GoSCOTE, county of LEICESTER, 7 miles
(N. E. by N.) from Leicester, containing 451 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Leicester,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£ 17.9.7., and in the patronage of the Rev. N. Morgan.
The church is dedicated to St. Michael. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Two trifling
bequests, by the Rev. John Orton and Mrs. Faunt, are
applied for teaching poor children.
REAVELEY, a township in the parish of INGRAM,
northern division of COQUETDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 7 miles (S. by E.) from Wooler,
containing 74 inhabitants.
RECULVER, a parish in the hundred of BLEAN-
GATE, lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of KENT, 10
miles (N. E. by N.) from Canterbury, containing 266
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, with the perpetual
curacy of Hoath annexed, in the peculiar jurisdiction
and patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated
in the king's books at £9. 12. 34. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Mary, is a handsome structure, in the early
style of English architecture, with two towers at the
west end, each surmounted by a spire; it has received
considerable damage from encroachments of the sea; it
was founded some time in the seventh century, together
with a monastery for Black canons, by one Basse, upon
land granted to him by Egbert, King of Kent; in 949,
King Eadred annexed it to Christ Church in Canter-
bury; yet it seems to have been afterwards of some
note, being under the government of a dean, in 1030.
There are considerable remains of Regulbium, a Roman
fort, within the walls of which the royal palace of Ethel-
bert and the monastery before mentioned were erected.
Roman coins, tesselated pavements, cellars, cisterns,
fibulæ, and a variety of trinkets, with some British and
Saxon coins, have been discovered. By the fall of the
cliff at different times, lumps of metal have been met
with, seeming to indicate the destruction of the place by
fire.
7
REDBOURN, a parish in the hundred of CASHIO,
or liberty of St. Alban's, county of HERTFORD, 17 miles
(W.) from Hertford, containing 1784 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
St. Alban's, and diocese of London, rated in the king's
books at £ 16. 5., and in the patronage of the Earl of
Verulam. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, stands
about a mile west from the village, and is approached
by a fine avenue of elms. There are places of worship
for Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists.
Here was a cell of Benedictine monks from St Alban's,
dedicated to St. Amphibalus the Martyr and his com-
panions. Fairs are held on the Wednesday after New
Year's day, Wednesday in Easter-week, and Wednesday
at Whitsuntide.
REDBOURN; a parish in the eastern division of
the wapentake of MANLEY, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 24 miles (E. N. E.) from Kirton, containing
270 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £5. 10., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of the Duke of St. Albans. The
church is dedicated to St. Andrew; part of the tower
is ancient, and the rest of the building modern.
REDBRIDGE, a hamlet in the parish of MILL-
BROOK, hundred of BUDDLESGATE, Fawley division of
the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 34 miles (N. W. by W.)
from Southampton. The population is returned with
the parish. This is an extensive and populous village
of very remote origin; according to Bede's ecclesiastical
history, its orginal name was Reodford, afterwards.
changed to Rodbridge, now by corruption Redbridge,
probably from an ancient bridge which here crosses
the Test. Here was a monastery in the infancy of the
Saxon church; and, in 687, Cynbreth, at that time
abbot, converted and baptized the two brothers of
Arvandus, Prince of the Isle of Wight, preparatory to
their execution by command of Ceadwalla, King of
Essex.
Essex. The village is situated at the head of the South-
ampton water, and the Andover canal terminates at it.
There is a considerable trade in the importation of coal,
and in exporting timber and corn. Ship-building
affords employment to Several persons, and there is
a large brewery.
REDCAR, a chapelry in the parish of MARSK,
eastern division of the liberty of LANGBAURGH, North
riding of the county of YORK, 64 miles (N.) from
Guilsbrough, containing 673 inhabitants. The chapel,
which has been recently erected, contains seven hundred
sittings, of which three hundred and fifty are free, the
Incorporated Society for promoting the building of ad-
ditional churches, &c., having granted £500 towards de-
fraying the expense. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists.
Wesleyan Methodists. Redcar is bounded on the north-
east by the North sea, the coast of which is extremely
rocky and dangerous to mariners, but the number of
lives lost by shipwreck has greatly diminished since the
establishment of a life-boat here in 1802. Formerly
the place contained only a few fishermen's huts, but of
late years it has become the resort of many gentèel fa-
milies, for the purpose of sea-bathing, and the fisheries
are now prosecuted with ardour and success. The vil-
lage contains some excellent inns, and good private
lodging-houses, for the accommodation of visitors during
the summer months, but in winter it exhibits a' some-
what dreary aspect, from the vast quantity of sand
which the wind drifts from the beach into the streets.
REDDENHALL, a parish in the hundred of EAR-
SHAM, county of NORFOLK, 1½ mile (E. N. E.) from
Harleston, containing, with Harleston, 1641 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£20, and in the patronage of the Duke of Norfolk, on
the nomination of the Bishop of Norwich. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, is in the later style of English
architecture : at the end of the north aisle is a sepulchral
chapel of the family of Gawdy, dedicated to the Assump-
RED
RED
595
tion of the Virgin Mary, and containing many ancient
monuments. Wm. Sancroft, in 1688, gave £900 for
founding a public school, to which John Dove, in 1712,
bequeathed £200.
REDDISH, a township in the parish of MANCHES-
TER, hundred of SALFORD, County palatine of LANCAS-
TER, 5 miles (S. E. by S.) from Manchester, containing
574 inhabitants.
REDDITCH, a chapelry in that part of the parish
of TARDEBIGG which is in the upper division of the
hundred of HALFSHIRE, County of WORCESTER, 52
miles (E. S. E.) from Bromsgrove. The population is
returned with the parish. This flourishing village, which
has the appearance of a small market town, is pleasantly
situated on a commanding emínence near the Warwick-
shire border, on the new line of road from London to
Birmingham, and contains, besides a neat modern
chapel of ease, places of worship for Independents and
Wesleyan Methodists. The principal articles of manu-
facture, for which it has long been famous, are needles
and fish-hooks, which have been brought to perfec-
tion, and afford employment to about four thousand
persons in the village and neighbourhood. There are
fairs for cattle, on the first Monday in August, and
third Monday in September, and it is in contemplation
to petition the legislature for the privilege of holding
a weekly market. A National school is attended by
about ninety boys, and supported by the Earl of
Plymouth, who has an elegant mansion in the vicinity,
and holds a court leet annually in October, as lord of
the manor, at which a constable and other officers are
appointed. A Cistercian abbey of considerable note
formerly existed at Bordesley, near this place, some
slight remains of which may still be traced: it was
founded, in 1138, by the Empress Matilda, in honour of
the Blessed Virgin, and was valued at the dissolution at
£ 392. 8. 6., when it was granted to Lord Windsor, one
of the ancestors of the present Earl of Plymouth.
REDGRAVE, a parish in the hundred of HARTIS-
MERE, county of SUFFOLK, 2 miles (N. E. by N.) from
Botesdale, containing 713 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, with Botesdale, in the archdeaconry
of Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £ 25. 7. 1., and in the patronage of G. St. Vin-
cent Wilson, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Botolph,
has a steeple of white brick, recently erected, and is
adorned with several fine monuments of considerable
beauty of design and execution, particularly that of the
celebrated Lord Keeper, Sir Nicholas Bacon, and another
to the eminent Lord Chief Justice, Sir John Holt, both
of whom resided here. A free grammar school for six
boys was founded, in 1651, by Sir Nicholas Bacon, who
endowed it with a rent-charge of £30, and a dwelling-
house for the master, whose salary is £20, and the
usher's £ 8; the residue being appropriated for repairs.
There is also a trifling sum for the education of children,
left by Mary Foster in 1686. Cardinal Wolsey was rector
of this parish.
REDISHAM, a parish in the hundred of WANGford,
county of SUFFOLK, 5 miles (N. N. E.) from Halesworth,
containing 156 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of
Norwich, endowed with £ 1000 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Earl of Gosford. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter.
REDISHAM (LITTLE), county of SUFFOLK.-See
RINGFIELD.
REDLINGFIELD, a parish in the hundred of
HARTISMERE, county of SUFFOLK, 3 miles (S. E.) from
Eye, containing 222 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and dio-
cese of Norwich, endowed with £ 400 private benefac-
tion, and £800 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
A. Adair, Esq. A Benedictine nunnery, in honour of
St. Andrew, was founded here, in 1120, by Manasses,
Earl of Ghisness, and Emma his wife, the revenue of
which, at the dissolution, was valued at £ 81. 2. 5.
REDLYNCH, a chapelry in the parish and hundred
of BRUTON, County of SOMERSET, 2 miles (S. E. by S.)
from Bruton, containing 93 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, annexed to that of Bruton, in the
archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells,
endowed with £600 royal bounty, and £200 parlia-
mentary grant. The chapel is dedicated to St. Peter.
Redlynch gives the inferior title of baron to the Earl of
Ilchester.
REDMAIN, a joint township with Blindcrake and
Isall, in the parish of ISALL, ALLERDALE ward below Der-
went, county of CUMBERLAND, 34 miles (N. N. E.) from
Cockermouth.
Cockermouth. The population is returned with Isall.
REDMARLEY-D'ABITOT, a parish in a detached
portion of the lower division of the hundred of OSWALD-
SLOW, County of WORCESTER, 5 miles (S. E. by S.)
from Ledbury, containing 955 inhabitants.
The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Wor-
cester, rated in the king's books at £ 16. 10.7½., and in
the patronage of Mrs. Nillet. The church, dedicated to
St. Bartholomew, has been much modernised; the font
is circular and very ancient. There is a trifling sum, the
bequest of William Church, in 1727, for teaching poor
children.
RED-MARSHALL, a parish in the south-western
division of STOCKTON ward, county palatine of DUR-
HAM, comprising the chapelries of Carleton and Stil-
lington, and the township of Red-Marshall, and con-
taining 264 inhabitants, of which number, 75 are in
the township of Red-Marshall, 42 miles, (W. N. W.) from
Stockton upon Tees. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Durham, rated in the king's
books at £17. 18. 12., and in the patronage of the
Bishop of Durham. The church, dedicated to St.
Cuthbert, has a massive western tower, a Norman arch
leading into the chancel, and on the south side of it three
stone stalls, opposite to which is an arched recess. The
rectory-house appears to have been once fortified, an
embattled tower still remaining.
REDMILE, a parish in the hundred of FRAMLAND,
county of LEICESTER, 124 miles (N. by E.) from Mel-
ton-Mowbray, containing 411 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Leicester, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £ 12. 9. 2., and
in the patronage of the Duke of Rutland. The church
is dedicated to St. Peter. The Grantham canal crosses
the parish on the north-west side.
-
REDMIRE, a chapelry in the parish of WENsley,
western division of the wapentake of HANG, North riding
of the county of YORK, 64 miles (W. N. W) from Mid-
dleham, containing 399 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, annexed to that of Bolton Castle, in the
archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester, en-
4 G 2
RED
REE
596
dowed with £600 royal bounty, and £400 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Rector of Wensley.
The chapel is dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The Rev. Thomas
Baynes, in 1725, founded a free school and endowed it
with lands and tenements now producing an annual
income of about £19, for which fourteen children are
instructed. The lead mines formerly in operation here
have been almost exhausted, but calamine is got in
abundance. Coal also is obtained in the neighbour-
hood; and there is a fine spring strongly impregnated
with sulphur, with a convenient well for bathing, the
water having been found efficacious in the cure of rheu-
matism, scurvy, and weakness of sight.
REDRUTH, a market town and parish in the
hundred of PENWITH, County of CORNWALL, 49 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Launceston, and 2623 (W. S. W.)
from London, containing 6607 inhabitants. This an-
cient town, originally called Uny, subsequently received
the appellation of Dre druth, or "Druids' town," of
which its present name is evidently an abbreviation.
It appears to have existed previously to the division of
the kingdom into parishes, and to have been a central
point for the exercise of the religious rites of the an-
cient Britons, of which the adjacent rocks, basins, cir-
cles, and erect stones, with numerous remains of crom-
lechs, cairns, and other objects of superstitious vene-
ration, are standing memorials; especially one rock, for-
merly the scene of human sacrifices, and therefore called
“The Sacrificing Rock." The town is situated on the
brow of a hill in the midst of the mining district, and
consists chiefly of one long street, which is indifferently
paved, lighted with gas, and supplied with water from
a spring near Trefula. A small theatre is open occasion-
ally, and there is a subscription reading-room. A sav-
ings bank has been recently erected; it is a handsome
edifice, with a colonnade in front. The prosperity of
this place, and the rapid increase of its population, have
been eminently promoted by the discovery of extensive
tin and copper mines in its neighbourhood, the produce
of which is said to realize nearly a million sterling per
annum. Sales of copper-ore are held weekly by ticket,
and there are several very extensive stores of gun-
powder, tools, and other articles, for the use of the
miners : some hats are manufactured here. A rail-
road, about nine miles in length, recently constructed,
under the provisions of an act obtained in 1824, from
Point quay, in Restrongeth creek, to this town, and
also communicating with a branch of the river Fal, fa-
cilitates the exportation of ore, and the conveyance of
timber and coal, for the supply of the mines, and for
general purposes. A market and two annual fairs were
granted by charter of Charles II., and a third fair by
Henry VII. Markets are now held on Tuesday and
Friday, the latter of which is a great corn market,
especially for oats. Fairs are on Easter-Tuesday,
May 2nd, August 3rd, and October 12th, chiefly for
cattle the tolls and dues of the markets, and of the
fairs in May and August, also those of a fair com-
monly called Roast Goose fair, belong to Lord De Dun-
stanville, who, as lord of the manor, appoints examiners
of weights and measures. A market-house, shambles,
and other buildings, have been recently erected, at the
expense of his lordship. At the entrance to the mar-
ket-place is a handsome square stone tower, built on
.
arches, and ornamented with a clock, having four dial
plates, which is lighted with gas, on the east and west
sides.
-
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Corn-
wall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books
at £20, and in the patronage of Lord De Dunstanville.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Uny, and situated
about half a mile from the town, near the foot of Carn-
Brea Hill, was rebuilt about 1770, and consists of a
nave, with a flat ceiling supported by pillars. A chapel
of ease, in the ancient style of English architecture, has
been erected by subscription, aided by a grant from the
commissioners for building churches and chapels; but
is yet in an unfinished state. There are places of wor-
ship for Baptists, the Society of Friends, and Primitive
and Wesleyan Methodists. A free grammar school was
built by subscription in 1803, and supported for some
time by voluntary contributions, but is now used only
for pay-scholars. On the eastern side of Carn-Brea Hill
are the ruins of a castle, parts of which are of great an-
tiquity. At the village of Plain an Quarry, in this pa-
rish, are the remains of one of those circles in which the
ancient plays were performed. The application of gas
to the purposes of domestic light, as a substitute for
candles and oil, was first made here, by Mr. Murdock,
and afterwards successfully introduced by him into the
Soho foundry at Birmingham.
REDWICK, a tything in that part of the parish of
HENBURY which is in the lower division of the hun-
dred of HENBURY, county of GLOUCESTER, 6 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Thornbury, containing, with the
chapelry of Northwick, 257 inhabitants. It is within
the peculiar jurisdiction of the Bishop of Bristol.
REDWICK, a chapelry in the parish of Magor,
lower division of the hundred of CALDICOTT, county of
MONMOUTH, 8 miles (E. by S.) from Newport, contain-
ing 238 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
annexed to the vicarage of Magor, in the archdeacon-
ry and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with £400 royal
bounty. The chapel is dedicated by St. Thomas.
REDWORTH, a township in the parish of HEIGH-
INGTON, south-eastern division of DARLINGTON ward,
county palatine of DURHAM, 7 miles (N. N. W.) from
Darlington, containing 307 inhabitants. Here are the
remains of a Danish fortification, called Shackleton,
surrounded with triple embankments.
REED, a parish in the hundred of ODSEY, county
of HERTFORD, 12 mile (W. by N.) from Barkway, con-
taining 214 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, con-
solidated, in 1800, with the vicarage of Barkway, in
the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £ 13. 6. 8. The church, de-
dicated to St. Mary, has a square embattled tower of flint.
·
REED, a parish in the hundred of THINGOE, county
of SUFFOLK, 6 miles (S.W.byw.) from Bury St. Edmunds,
containing 239 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £2. 18. 14.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is de-
dicated to All Saints. A National school, recently es-
tablished here, is supported by a bequest from Thomas
Sparke, in 1721, producing an annual income of £12,
with some other smaller benefactions: about twenty-six
children are instructed by a schoolmistress, who also
superintends a Sunday school.
REE
597
REI
REEDHAM, a parish in the hundred of WALSHAM,
county of NORFOLK, 6 miles (S. by E.) from Acle, contain-
ing 437 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, with the
vicarage of Freethorpe annexed, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £18,
and in the patronage of the Rev. John Love. The church
is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. The Danish king
Lothbroc, when driven by stress of weather upon the
coast of East Anglia, landed at this place.
REEDLY - HALLOWS, a joint township with
Filly-Close and New Laund-Booth, in that part of the
parish of WHALLEY which is in the higher division of
the hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 2 miles (N.N.E.) from Burnley, containing,
with Filly-Close and New Laund-Booth, 422 inhabitants.
REEDNESS, a township in the parish of WHIT-
GIFT, lower division of the wapentake of OSGOLDCROSS,
West riding of the county of YORK, 6 miles (S. E. by
S.) from Howden, containing 683 inhabitants. John
Wressel, in 1795, bequeathed a rent-charge of £15,
for teaching twelve children of this and the neigh-
bouring townships. Reedness is within the jurisdiction
of the peculiar court of Snaith.
REEPHAM, a parish in the wapentake of LAW-
RESS, parts of LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN, 44 miles
(E.N.E.) from Lincoln, containing 247 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £6. 13. 4., endowed with £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Master and Wardens of
the Mercers' Company, London. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter and St. Paul.
REEPHAM, a market town and parish in the
hundred of EYNSFORD, county of NORFOLK, 12 miles
(N. W. by N.) from Norwich, and 116 (N. E. by N.)
from London, containing 345 inhabitants. This town is
situated on an elevation near the small river Eyne,
and is neat and well built; in the market-place are
several good houses, which are fronted by a row of
evergreens. The chief trade is in malt, and there is
an extensive brewery. The market, obtained by char-
ter of Edward I., is on Wednesday; and there is a
fair for horses and toys on June 29th; both, for the
sake of convenience, are held at Hackford. The living is
a discharged rectory, with that of Kerdiston united, in the
archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated
in the king's books at £18. 1.0½., and in the patronage
of the Rev. John Mathew. The church, dedicated to
St. Mary, contains some ancient monuments, and, for-
merly, a celebrated image of the Virgin, which became
an object of general attraction, and was much enriched
by the offerings of religious votaries. There were for-
merly three fine churches within one enclosure, one
for the town, and two for the lordships of Whitwell
and Hackford; that belonging to Hackford was burnt
down in 1600, the steeple only remaining, which was
taken down about thirty-two years ago. The living of
Whitwell is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Norwich, and in the patronage of George Hunt Holley,
Esq. The church contains a few marble tablets to the
memory of the Bircham family. There are places of wor-
ship for Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists. A National
school for girls is supported by voluntary contributions.
REETH, a market town in that part of the parish
of GRINTON which is in the western division of the
The
wapentake of GILLING, North riding of the county of
YORK, 94 miles (W. by S.) from Richmond, containing
1460 inhabitants. This town is situated on an elevated
spot of ground, at a short distance from the confluence
of the rivers Arkle and Swale, and commands a beauti-
ful and picturesque view of the adjacent country. It
is nearly quadrangular, and is irregularly built.
knitting of stockings is extensively carried on, and in
the neighbourhood are lead mines in operation. A
market, granted by charter in the 6th of William and
Mary, is held on Friday; and fairs are on the Friday
before Good Friday, Old May-day, Old Midsummer-day,
the festival of St. Bartholomew, Old Martinmas-day,
and St. Thomas' day. There are places of worship for
Independents and Wesleyan Methodists. The Friends'
School
school was erected at the expense of George and
John Raw, the former of whom, in 1814, bequeathed
£1500 for its support, and the latter, in 1815, left
£500 for a similar purpose; the interest of these bene-
factions, amounting to £72 per annum, is paid in sup-
port of a master, who educates thirty-three poor chil-
dren. Opposite to Healaugh, in this township, on Har-
ker-hill, are the remains of an intrenchment, one hun-
dred feet square, called Maiden's Castle; on the east
side of the hill and in the dale are others, in one of
which some pieces of armour have been found: they
are supposed to be of Roman origin.
REIGATE, a borough, market town, and parish, in
the first division of the hundred of REIGATE, county
of SURREY, 19 miles (E.) from Guildford, and 21 (S.
by W.) from London, containing 2961 inhabitants: the
parish is divided into two precincts, each of which
supports its own poor, viz., the borough, which con-
tains 1328 inhabitants, and the foreign, including the
districts of Santon, Woodhatch, Howleigh, Linkfield,
and Colley, in which are 1633. This place, which is of
considerable antiquity, was called in Domesday-book
Cherche felle, and afterwards Church-field, in Reigate,
by which name the church was given by Hamelin,
Earl of Surrey, to the priory of St. Mary Overy,
Southwark, in the reign of King John. The origin of
its present name is uncertain: Camden says that, if
borrowed from the ancient language, it signifies the
course of the stream; while Mr. Bray and others con-
sider it to be derived, and with great probability,
from the Saxon words rige, or ridge, and gate, from a
gate, or bar, placed across the road which runs by the
high ridge of hill, now called Reigate hill. He is also
inclined to think that the gate existed so early as the
formation of the Saxon Stane-street; and there are
many other places in the vicinity the names of which
terminate in a similar way, all seemingly derived from
a like circumstance. The inhabitants are recorded to
have routed the Danes, when they were ravaging the
kingdom, on more than one occasion; and Camden has
preserved a distich commemorating their courageous
conduct in these conflicts. The next historical circum-
stance connected with Reigate is the assault and cap-
ture of its castle by Louis the Dauphin, in the reign of
John, in revenge for the adherence of its then owner,
William de Warren, to the cause of that monarch, in
his quarrel with the barons. The manor of Reigate
was originally of great extent it belonged in the Con-
fessor's time to his Queen Edith, at which period it was
rated at three thousand seven hundred and fifty-six
1
REI
REM
598
The
acres, and is thought to have included, besides the pa-
rish of that name, the present parishes also of Leigh,
Newdigate, Churchwell, Horley, and Brostow.
town is beautifully situated on a branch of the river
Mole, in the valley of Holmesdale, on the high road from
London to Brighton, and stands upon a rock of white
sand, which, for purity and colour, is said to be une-
qualled by any in the kingdom: it consists of two prin-
cipal streets and several smaller ones, which are only
partially paved, and indifferently lighted: water of very
good quality is procured from the rock on which it
stands. The High-street, which is the main street, ex-
tends in a direction nearly from east to west, having at
its eastern extremity the church: the other chief street,
called Bell-street, runs north and south, containing some
respectable houses, and is terminated at its southern
extremity by the priory. A considerable quantity of
oatmeal was formerly made here, nearly twenty mills
having been employed, but the number is now reduced
to one; some pits of fullers' earth have been opened of
late years.
A weekly market on Tuesday was granted
by Edward III., and, in 1679, Charles II. granted a se-
cond market, on the first Wednesday in every month,
which afterwards fell into disuse, but has lately been
revived, and is held for cattle, the market on Tuesday
being for corn and provisions: the market-house, built
by Sir Joseph Jekyll, is an appropriate and convenient
edifice. The fairs are on Whit-Monday and Tuesday, Sep-
tember 14th, and December 9th, chiefly for horses, cat-
tle, &c. A court leet and baron is held here, at which a
bailiff and subordinate officers are elected, by whom the
local affairs of the town are managed. The town-hall
is in the market-place, and was built as a prison for
felons brought to be tried at the sessions, which were
formerly held here. This borough sent two members to
parliament so early as the reign of Edward I., and
has continued to do so since that period: the right of
election is vested in the freeholders of messuages, or
burgage tenements, within the borough precincts, in
number about two hundred: the bailiff is the returning
officer, and the parliamentary influence is possessed
by Lord Hardwick and Lord Somers.
•
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Surrey, and diocese of Winchester, rated in
the king's books at £20. 5. 5., and in the patronage
of Miss Snelson. The church, dedicated to St. Mary
Magdalene, is a substantial stone building, with an em-
battled tower of hewn stone at the west end, and with
double buttresses: it contains some handsome monu-
ments, amongst which is one to the memory of the
Earl of Nottingham, Lord High Admiral in the reign
of Queen Elizabeth, who commanded the naval equip-
ment against the Invincible Armada. The Society of
Friends and Independents have each a place of worship
here. The free school was founded, in 1675, by the in-
habitants, and ten boys, selected by the trustees from
the parish, are instructed in reading, writing, and arith-
metic, a house having been built for the master, who
receives about £23 per ann. from endowments by Robert
Bishopp and John Parker. There is also a National
school, supported by voluntary contributions, in which
about one hundred boys and girls are educated. The
origin of Reigate castle, which stood on the north side
of the town, within the precincts of the borough, is gene-
rally ascribed to the ancient Earls of Warren and Surrey,
+
although some writers consider it to be of Saxon
foundation, with subsequent erections: it is spoken of
by Lambarde, in the reign of Elizabeth, as a ruin, al-
though enough of it remained at the time of the par-
liamentary war to induce a committee sitting at Derby
House to take notice of it; it appears to have been
soon afterwards completely demolished, and little now
remains to point out even its site. In the castle court
is an entrance to a cavern, called the Barons' Cave, in
which it is said that the barons met and settled the ar-
ticles of Magna Charta, prior to meeting King John
at Runymede. The priory was founded by William,
Earl Warren, for canons regular of the order of St.
Augustine, about the same period as the presumed
erection of the castle: it was dedicated to the Virgin
Mary and the Holy Cross, and, at the period of its dis-
solution by Henry VIII., was valued at £78. 16. 8.: a
manor was attached to this foundation, for which courts
are still held, many of the burgage tenements in the
borough being holden of it: the noble mansion erected
on its site retains the name of Reigate Priory. The
walls and roof of an ancient chapel, dedicated to St.
Lawrence, are still standing in the town, the building
having been converted into a dwelling-house: another
chapel, dedicated to the Holy Cross, supposed to have
belonged to the priory, and which stood in the town, has
been demolished, having been previously occupied as a
barn; and a third, dedicated to St. Thomas the Apostle,
and standing in the market-place, was used as a court-
house and market-house until 1708, when it was taken
down. John Fox, the martyrologist, resided in this town,
in the family of the Duchess of Richmond, as tutor to
her son, the Earl of Surrey, when expelled from New
College, Oxford, on a charge of heresy, and continued
under the protection of the family during the latter part
of the reign of Henry VIII., that of Edward VI., and
part of that of Mary, when his pupil, then Duke of Nor-
folk, sent him abroad, to avoid the malice of Gardiner.
REIGHTON, a parish in the wapentake of DICKER-
ING, East riding of the county of YORK, 64 miles (N.
W. by N.) from Bridlington, containing 217 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeacon-
ry of the East riding, and diocese of York, rated in the
king's books at £9. 10., endowed with £200 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of Sir W. Strickland, Bart.
REMENHAM, a parish in the hundred of BEYN-
HURST, County of BERKS, 1 mile (N. by E.) from Hen-
ley upon Thames, containing 380 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Berks, and diocese
of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £20. 1. 0ž.,
and in the patronage of the Principal and Fellows of
Jesus College, Oxford. The church is dedicated to St.
Nicholas. The river Thames flows through the parish.
Park Place, in this parish, was formerly the residence of
General Lord Conway, and subsequently of the Prince
of Wales, grandfather to his present Majesty: the for-
mer established the growth and distillery of lavender
in this neighbourhood, which are still carried on.
•
-
REMPSTONE, a parish in the southern division of
the wapentake of RUSHCLIFFE, County of NOTTINGHAM,
43 miles (N. E. by N.) from Loughborough, containing
368 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated in
the king's books at £13. 2. 6., and in the patronage of
the Master of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. The
·
REN
REP
599
•
}
·
church, dedicated to All Saints, which was consecrated
in 1773, was erected with the materials of the former
edifice of St. Peter in the Rushes, and of a chapel long
before in disuse.
RENDCOMBE, a parish in the hundred of RAPS
GATE, county of GLOUCESTER, 5½ miles (N.) from Ciren-
cester, containing 190 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester,
rated in the king's books at £13. 6. 8., and in the
patronage of Joseph Pitt, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter.
►
RENDHAM, a parish in the hundred of PLOMES-
GATE, county of SUFFOLK, 22 miles (N. W. by W.) from
Saxmundham, containing 452 inhabitants. The living
is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and dio-
cese of Norwich, endowed with £400 private benefac-
tion, and £600 parliamentary grant, and in the patron-
age of certain Trustees. The church is dedicated to
St. Michael. There is a place of worship for Indepen-
dents. Thomas Neale, in 1722, bequeathed land, pro-
ducing a small income, in support of a free school.
RENDLESHAM, a parish in the hundred of LOES,
county of SUFFOLK, 3 miles (S. E. by S.) from Wickham-
Market, containing 249 inhabitants.. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £24. 13. 4., and
in the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Gregory. Here Suidhelm, King of the East
Angles, was baptized by Cedda. Rendlesham gives the ti-
tle of baron to the family of Thelusson, in the Irish peerage.
RENHOLD, a parish in the hundred of BARFORD,
county of BEDFORD, 33 miles (N. E.) from Bedford,
containing 340 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £8. 3. 4., en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of John Polhill, Esq. The
church is dedicated to All Saints. The river Ouse
runs through the parish. William Belcher, in 1723, gave
£600 for the support of a school, in which from twenty
to thirty children are educated; the annual income is
about £20. In the neighbourhood are several ancient
mounds, called "the Amphitheatre."
•
4
taining 364 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual cura-
cy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, endowed
with £200 private benefaction, and £800 royal bounty,
and in the patronage of the Bishop of Carlisle. The
church, dedicated to All Saints, was rebuilt in 1733, at
the expense of the parishioners. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists, with a Sunday school
attached.
RENISHAW, a township in the parish of ECKING-
TON, hundred of SCARSDALE, County of DERBY,
miles (N. E.) from Chesterfield, containing 551 inhabit-
ants, who are principally employed in the extensive iron-
foundry established on the Chesterfield canal, which
passes through the township. Thomas Camm, in 1702,
bequeathed land and premises yielding about £46 per
annum, which sum, and two subsequent bequests by
Lady Frecheville and Peter Cadman, amounting to £ 10
a year, are applied for the instruction of about twenty-
seven children.
RENNINGTON, a chapelry in the parish of EMBLE-
TON, Southern division of BAMBROUGH ward, county,
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 32 miles (N. E. by N.) from
Alnwick, containing 272 inhabitants, The living is a
perpetual curacy, united with that of Rock, in the arch-
deaconry of Northumberland, and diocese of Durham,
endowed with £400. private benefaction, and £800
royal bounty. The chapel, dedicated to All Saints, is
very ancient,
RENWICK, a parish in LEATH ward, county of
CUMBERLAND, 34 miles (E. N. E.) from Kirk- Oswald, con-
REPPS, a parish in the western division of the hun-
dred of FLEGG, county of NORFOLK, 54 miles (N. N. E.)
from Acle, containing, with the hamlet of Bastwick, 219
inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, endowed with
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Dean
and Chapter of Norwich. The church is dedicated to
St. Peter.
REPTON, a parish in the hundred of REPTON and
GRESLEY, county of DERBY, 44 miles (N. E. by E.)
from Burton upon Trent, containing, with the chapelry of
Bradby, 2104 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual cu-
racy, in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of Lich-
field and Coventry, endowed with £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of Sir George Crewe, Bart. The church,
dedicated to St. Wyston, is principally Norman, but ex-
hibits portions in the several later styles of English ar-
7chitecture under it is a curious ancient crypt, believed
to have been part of the conventual church, which was
destroyed by the Danes. There are places of worship for
Independents and Wesleyan Methodists. The navigable
river Trent bounds the parish on the north, and on its
banks are vestiges of a small Roman camp, near which
is an immense rock of freestone. Here were anciently
a market and a fair; there is now a statute fair at
Michaelmas for hiring servants, and an annual court
leet is held by the lord of the manor. Repton, anciently
called Repington, is supposed to have been the Roman
station Repandunum. Under the Saxon dominion it was
called Repandum, and was the capital of the kingdom of
Mercia. Before the year 660, here was a nunnery under
the government of an abbess, in which Ethelbald and
others of the Mercian kings were interred. The Danes
having expelled Burrhred, viceroy of Mercia, from his
throne, wintered at Repandum in 874, at which period.
it is supposed that the nunnery was destroyed. The
manor being possessed soon after the Conquest by the
Earls of Chester, a priory of Black canons was removed
.
REPPS (NORTH), a parish in the northern division
of the hundred of ERPINGHAM, county of Norfolk, 3
miles (S. S. E.) from Cromer, containing 529 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £ 18, and in
the patronage of the King, as Duke of Lancaster. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary. On Tolls Hill, near a
neat marine cottage called the Hermitage, is a remark-
ably distinct echo.
REPPS (SOUTH), a parish in the northern division
of the hundred of ERPINGHAM, county of NORFOLK,
43 miles (N. N. W.) from North Walsham, containing
656 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £16, and in the patronage of the King, as
Duke of Lancaster. The church is dedicated to St.
James. On a lofty eminence about a mile from the vil-
lage are the remains of an ancient beacon, whence Nor-
wich and Yarmouth are discernible on a clear day.
-
J
RES
RET
600
hither, in 1172, from Caulk in this county, by Matilda,
widow of Ranulph de Blundeville, Earl of Chester: its
revenue at the dissolution was estimated at £118.
The remains of the conventual buildings, which are
principally in the Norman style, have been converted into
the school-room and offices belonging to Repton gram-
mar school; and the mansion-house, to which is attached
a brick tower in the later English style, is rented by the
governors, and occupied by the head-master. In 1556,
Sir John Port devised all his estates in Lancashire and
Derbyshire, in trust, for the foundation and endowment
of this school, and an hospital at Etwall. The Harpur
family had the direction of these institutions until the
year 1621, when Sir John Harpur assigned the superin-
tendence of them to the Earl of Huntingdon, Lord Stan-
hope, and Sir Thomas Gerard, Bart., as heirs of the foun-
der the present hereditary governors are, the Marquis
of Hastings, the Earl of Chesterfield, and Sir William
Gerard, Bart. In 1621, the master of Etwall hospital,
the schoolmaster of Repton, the poor men, and the poor
scholars, were made a body corporate. The establish-
ment consists of a head-master, two ushers, and twenty
scholars on the foundation: the master has a salary of
£200, the first usher £100, and the second £80, and
the scholars have an allowance of £20 per annum each,
for seven years. The improved rental of the estates,
which is now about £2500 per annum, has long
since enabled the governors to increase the number
of pensioners in the hospital, to augment the establish-
ment of the school, and to give larger salaries to the
masters. They elect the master of the hospital and
the master and ushers of the school; the Harpur
family have, by the original charter, a fourth term with
them in the appointment of the pensioners of the
hospital, and of the foundation scholars. The learned
divine and Hebraist, John Lightfoot, was appointed
first usher, on the original establishment of the school.
Amongst eminent persons educated here may be no-
ticed, Samuel Shaw, a learned nonconformist divine;
Stebbing Shaw, the historian of Staffordshire; Jonathan
Scott, translator of the Arabian Tales; W. L. Lewis,
the translator of Statius; and F. N. C. Mundy, Esq.,
author of the poems of Needwood Forest and the Fall
of Needwood. The sum of £200 was given by Mrs
Mary Burdett, in 1701, and the like sum by Mrs. Doro-
thy Burdett, in 1718, for buying bread for the poor,
and clothing and teaching poor children of Repton,
Ingleby, and Foremark.
RESTON (NORTH), a parish in the Marsh division
of the hundred of LOUTH-ESKE, parts of LINDSEY,
county of LINCOLN, 42 miles (S. E.) from Louth, con-
taining 46 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £4. 11. 10., endowed with
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Mrs. Jackson.
The church is dedicated to St. Edith. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
RESTON (SOUTH), a parish in the Marsh division
of the hundred of CALCEWORTH, parts of LINDSEY,
county of LINCOLN, 64 miles (N. W. by N.) from Alford,
containing 111 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £5. 10. 2., endowed with
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the King, as
Duke of Lancaster. The church is dedicated to St. Edith.
Seal and Arms.
RETFORD (EAST), a
borough, market town, and
parish, having exclusive ju-
risdiction, though locally
in the North-clay division
of the wapentake of Bas-
setlaw, county of NOTTING-
HAM, 32 miles (E. N. E.)
from Nottingham, and 144
(N. by W.) from London,
containing 2465 inhabit-
ants. This place is sup-
posed to have derived its
name from an ancient ford over the river Idle (on the
eastern bank of which it is situated), at a place where
the soil was a reddish clay, which abounds here: in
Domesday-book it is written Redeford, and early in the
thirteenth century Este Reddfurthe. The town is plea-
santly situated, and is connected with West Retford by
a bridge across the Idle: it is well built and paved, and
the open square, or market-place, is surrounded by
good houses: its situation on the great north road to
York and Edinburgh gives it many advantages as a
place of residence. There is a small but neat theatre,
usually open for the six weeks preceding Christmas ;
and a news-room was erected by the corporation a
few years since, to which Lord Galway presented por-
traits of George II. and his queen: there are about
forty members, who subscribe £1. 11. 6. each annually.
A considerable trade was formerly carried on in malt,
but it is much reduced: hats and shoes are the prin-
cipal articles manufactured, and a paper mill is now in
operation. The Chesterfield canal, which was opened in
1777, is conveyed by an aqueduct over the river Idle, to
the south-west of the town; and the corporation paid
£500 to the proprietors for making the canal from Retford
to Stockwith, on a scale to admit the passage of vessels
of greater burden than was otherwise intended: the com-
pany have here a spacious warehouse for the reception
of corn, &c. The market is on Saturday, and is well
supplied with all kinds of provisions, with the addition,
in Autumn, of great quantities of hops; it has been
much improved by the corporation having relinquished
the tolls: there is also a large market for cheese and
hops on the first Saturday in November. The fairs
are on the 23rd of March, for horses and black cattle,
and the 2nd of October for horses, cattle, cheese, and
hops, which are brought in great quantities.

DAVKATION SOV
paigns
GUR
East Retford is an ancient borough by prescription,
and a royal demesne. It was granted by Edward I., in
1979, to the burgesses at a fee-farm rent of £10 per an-
num, with the privilege, amongst others, of choosing a
bailiff from among themselves: in 1336, Edward III.
confirmed their privileges, and in 1424, Henry VI. grant-
ed them a charter, empowering the bailiff to hold courts
of record, and to execute the duties of escheator and
clerk of the market. These immunities were subse-
quently confirmed, and others added, by the charter of
James I., under which the town is now governed by
two bailiffs, the senior bailiff being chosen from among
the aldermen, and the junior bailiff from such of the
freemen as have served the office of chamberlain, and
eleven aldermen (exclusively of the bailiff), who com-
pose a common council; they are empowered to choose
a high steward, a recorder, with two chamberlains, a
RET
RET
601
!
·
:
town-clerk, and two serjeants at mace: the two bailiffs
and the recorder are justices of the peace, and have
exclusive jurisdiction within the borough. A court of
record, for the recovery of debts to any amount, is
held every third Monday, or oftener, if the bailiffs re-
quire it, at which one or both of the bailiffs, assisted
by the steward, or his deputy, preside this court hav-
ing fallen into disuse, was revived in 1827. General
quarter sessions of the peace for the borough, and also
for the northern division of the county, are held in the
town-hall, which was erected in 1755, and is a hand-
some and commodious edifice, surmounted by a neat
cupola, the principal room being sixty feet long, twenty-
six wide, and twenty feet high, with good shambles un-
derneath. The petty sessions for the division are held
here every alternate Saturday.
:
Retford first sent members to parliament in the 9th
of Edward II.; but in the year 1330, the burgesses pe-
titioned for a suspension of this privilege, on account of
their poverty, and it consequently lay dormant until the
year 1571, when it was again exercised. The borough
has frequently been, since that period, the scene of
electioneering dissensions; and it appears that within
the last century, committees of the House of Commons
have been engaged no less than seven times in deter-
mining the freedom: in 1705, it was decided by that house,
"That the right of electing burgesses to serve in parlia-
ment for this borough is in such freemen only as have
a right to their freedom by birth, as eldest sons of freemen,
or by serving seven years apprenticeship, or have it by
redemption, whether inhabiting or not inhabiting the said
borough at the time of their being made free :" the two
bailiffs are the returning officers. At the election in 1826,
Sir H. W. Wilson, the unsuccessful candidate, protested
against the whole of the proceedings, in consequence of
the riotous transactions which occurred, and the inter-
vention of the military; and on the assembling of par-
liament, in February 1827, he brought the matter before
the House of Commons, a committee of which, after
declaring the election void, directed the attention of the
House to the very corrupt state of the borough; and
after various motions had been made, with a view to
transfer the elective franchise to Birmingham, Manches-
ter, and other large places, it was settled, in 1829, that
the franchise should be thrown open to the whole of
the hundred of Bassetlaw, the freeholders of which, in
common with the freemen of the borough, now exercise
the right.
•
building was demolished by the fall of the steeple and
tower, and a brief was granted by Richard Cromwell,
during his short protectorate, for rebuilding it, which
was done by the corporation, in 1658, at an expense of
£ 1500. A handsome chapel of ease, in the later style of
English architecture, has been erected at Moorgate, chiefly
by subscription; the site and chapel-yard were given by
H. C. Hutchinson, Esq., with a donation of £500, and
the Incorporated Society for building and enlarging
churches and chapels contributed £800; the whole cost
was £4000: it contains sittings for one thousand and
forty persons, six hundred of which are free. There
are places of worship for General Baptists, Indepen-
dents, and Wesleyan Methodists, the two latter with
Sunday schools attached to them. The free grammar
school was founded by Edward VI., who endowed it
with the possessions of the dissolved chantries of Sut-
ton in Loundale, Tuxford, and Annesley, and placed it
under the government of the bailiffs and burgesses, who
appoint the master and under-master: the present
school-house was built, in 1779, by the corporation,
who, in 1797, built a house for the master, and in 1810,
one for the second master: the present income is about
£400 per annum, and there are at this time two boys only
in the school. The corporation have been long in posses-
sion of considerable property in their own right, and as
trustees for the grammar school, almshouses, &c., which,
from the loss of some old deeds, has become so mixed,
as to occasion a Chancery suit, at this time pending.
A National school for boys was erected in 1813, to be
supported by voluntary subscription, but it has been
closed for want of sufficient support. Sloswicke's hos-
pital was founded by Richard Sloswicke, in 1657, who
gave his dwelling-house to be converted into a Maison
de Dieu, and endowed it with property from which six
poor men were to receive £3. 6. 8. each annually. It
was rebuilt by the corporation in 1806, and is inhabited
by aged burgesses, who receive 2s. each weekly: the es-
tate now lets for £84. 10. a year. There are also nine
other almshouses. The workhouse was built, in 1818,
by the corporation, who receive five per cent. for the
money expended on it: it is on a large scale, being in-
tended for the poor of twenty-six incorporated parishes,
which pay an annual rent of £3 each, and three shil-
lings a week for each pauper they send; in the square
is a relic of antiquity, called the Broad stone, supposed
to be part of an ancient cross, which formerly stood
near the town: the corn market is held round it.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated in the
king's books at £5. 5., endowed with £400 private be-
nefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £ 1000 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of Sir Richard Sutton, Bart.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Swithin, is a large
and handsome structure, with a lofty square tower; it
is composed of several styles of architecture, a portion
being very old. It was formerly a very large church,
and, in 1258, was presented by Roger, Archbishop of
York, to his chapel of St. Mary and the Holy Angels,
near York Minster; in 1392 it contained two altars (in
a chapel at the back), dedicated to St. Trinity and St.
Mary, endowed by the bailiffs of East Retford, who ap-
pointed two cantuarists to minister daily; in 1528, the
chapel was pulled down to repair the church, both
being in a ruinous condition; and in October 1651, the
VOL. III.
RETFORD (WEST), a parish in the Hatfield divi-
sion of the wapentake of BASSETLAW, County of Nor-
TINGHAM, of a mile (W.) from East Retford, contain-
ing 571 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of
York, rated in the king's books at £9. 13. 4., and in
the patronage of the Mayor and Corporation of East
Retford. The church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a
small edifice, with a tower and an elegant crocketed
spire. The Chesterfield canal passes through the pa-
rish, which is separated from the borough and parish
of East Retford by the river Idle. Richard Brownlow,
in 1691, bequeathed £300 for the endowment of a free
school, but the money has not been applied to that pur-
pose. Stephen Johnson, in 1725, gave a house and land
for the use of a schoolmaster, with a rent-charge of £ 10,
which he receives for teaching poor children to read.
+
4 H
REY
602
RIB
An hospital, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, was founded,
in 1664, by Dr. John Darrell, and endowed with lands
for the maintenance of a master and sixteen brethren :
part of the original building remains, and, with some
modern additions, is occupied as an almshouse by poor
men. Dr. Darrell also founded a scholarship in Exeter
College, Oxford, and endowed it with an estate in this
parish, now producing £52 a year; the scholar to be
chosen from the counties of Nottingham and Lincoln
alternately, by the archdeacon of the former and the
subdean of the latter. The old hall was formerly the
residence of the family of Denman, from whom, by in-
termarriage, descended two queens of England, viz.,
Anne, consort of James II., and Anne her daughter, who
succeeded William III.
•
RETTENDON, a parish in the hundred of CHELMS-
ford, county of ESSEX, 41 miles (N. N. W.) from Ray-
leigh, containing 580 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £32. 6. 3., and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Ely. The church is dedi-
cated to All Saints. The river Crouch is here navigable
for barges. A school for twenty poor children was en-
dowed by James Humphrey, Esq. Here is an ancient
farm-house, formerly the residence of the Bishops of
Ely.
•
REVELSTOKE, a parish in the hundred of PLYMP-
TON, County of DEVON, 7½ miles (S. by E.) from Earl's
Plympton, containing 484 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Yealmpton,
in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of Exeter.
The parish is bounded on the south by the English
channel, and on the north and west by the river Yealm.
REVESBY, a parish in the western division of the
soke of BOLINGBROKE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 24 miles (N. by W.) from Bolingbroke, con-
taining 572 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln. The church
is dedicated to St. Lawrence. There is a place of wor-
ship for Wesleyan Methodists. An abbey of Cistercian
monks, in honour of the Virgin Mary and St. Lawrence,
was founded here, in 1142, by William de Romara, Earl
of Lincoln, which, at the dissolution, had a revenue of
£349. 4. 10.
REWE, a parish partly in the hundred of HAY-
RIDGE, but chiefly in that of WONFORD, County of
DEVON, 44 miles (N. N. E.) from Exeter, containing,
with the tything of Up-Exe, 280 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Exeter,
rated in the king's books at £22. 4. 2., and in the
joint patronage of the Earl of Ilchester and the Hon.
P. Wyndham. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. At
Up-Exe, in this parish, are the ruins of an ancient
chapel.
REYDON, a parish in the hundred of BLYTHING,
county of SUFFOLK, 12 mile (N. W. by N.) from South-
wold, containing 325 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, with the perpetual curacy of South-
wold annexed, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and dio-
cese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £ 13 6. 8.,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Stradbroke. The
church is dedicated to St. Margaret. The navigable
river Blyth runs on the south of the parish.
REYMERSTON, a parish in the hundred of MIT-
FORD, County of NORFOLK, 6 miles (S. S. E.) from East
Dereham, containing 285 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £11. 3. 6.,
and in the patronage of T. T. Gurdon, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Peter.
RIBBESFORD, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of Doddingtree, county of WORCESTER,
of a mile (S.) from Bewdley, containing, with the
borough of Bewdley, 3798 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester,
rated in the king's books at £27. 19. 2., and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. Edward Winnington Ingram. The
church, dedicated to St. Leonard, is an ancient and
curious structure, in a retired situation, surrounded
by wooded heights, which environ the windings of the
Severn. Coal exists in the parish, but it is not worked.
A weekly market and a fair on St. Margaret's day were
granted by Edward I.
RIBBY, a chapelry in the parish of KIRKHAM,
hundred of AMOUNDERNESS, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 1½ mile (W. by N.) from Kirkham, containing,
with Wrea, 500 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and diocese
of Chester, endowed with £600 private benefaction,
£800 royal bounty, and £300 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of the Vicar of Kirkham. The chapel
was consecrated in 1775. James Thistleton, in 1693,
bequeathed £180 towards the establishment of a free
school, to which Nicholas Sharples, in 1716, left the
residue of his estate, amounting to £850; these be-
quests now produce an annual income of about £220,
which is applied for the support of a school of forty
boys, another of forty girls, erected in 1818, and for
clothing the children of both once a year.
RIBBLETON, a township in the parish of PRESTON,
hundred of AMOUNDERNESs, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 1½ mile (N. E.) from Preston, containing 151
inhabitants.
RIBCHESTER, a parish comprising the township
of Alston with Hatherall, in the hundred of AMOUN-
DERNESS, and the townships of Dilworth, Dutton, and
Ribchester, in the lower division of the hundred of
BLACKBURN, county palatine of LANCASTER, and con-
taining 4198 inhabitants, of which number, 1760 are
in the township of Ribchester, 6 miles (N. N. W.) from
Blackburn. The living is a discharged vicarage, with
the perpetual curacy of Stidd annexed, in the archdea-
conry of Richmond, and diocese of Chester, and in the
The church is
patronage of the Bishop of Chester.
dedicated to St. Wilfrid. This was a place of conse-
quence in the time of the Romans, the Coccium of
Antoninus, ranking as one of their first cities in Britain;
in proof of which, numerous relics of antiquity have
been and are still met with, such as ruins of temples,
statues, coins, altars, and inscriptions. There are several
cotton-manufactories, also quarries of slate and stone,
and the streams of the rivers Calder, Holder, and
Ribble, wind through the parish. John Dewhurst, in
1771, founded a free school for poor children of the
townships of Ribchester, Dutton, and Hathersall; the
income is £19 a year.
RIBSTON (GREAT), a joint township with
Walshford, in the parish of HUNSINGORE, upper divi-
sion of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the
county of YORK 3½ miles (N.) from Wetherby, con-
•
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taining, with Walshford, 155 inhabitants. It is almost
surrounded by the river Nidd. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The fine apples,
known by the name of Ribston Pippins, were first cul-
tivated here, the original tree having been raised from a
pippin brought from France. Here was a preceptory of
Knights Templars, founded by Robert, Lord Ross, and
afterwards granted to the Knights Hospitallers: at
the dissolution it was valued at £265. 9. 6. per annum,
and is now a private mansion, the chapel of which
contains some memorials to the family of Goodriche;
and in the cemetery is the sepulchral monument of the
Roman standard-bearer to the ninth legion, which was
found at York, in 1638. This township is within the
peculiar jurisdiction of the Manorial Court of Hun-
singore.
RIBSTON (LITTLE), a township in the parish of
SPOFFORTH, upper division of the wapentake of CLARO,
West riding of the county of YORK, 3 miles (N. by W.)
from Wetherby, containing 195 inhabitants. It is within
the peculiar jurisdiction of the court of the honour of
Knaresborough.
RIBTON, a township in the parish of BRIDEKIRK,
ALLERDALE ward below Derwent, county of CUMBER-
LAND, 44 miles (W.) from Cockermouth, containing 36
inhabitants. Here are the remains of an ancient chapel,
which was dedicated to St. Lawrence.
RIBY, a parish in the eastern division of the
wapentake of YARBOROUGH, parts of LINDSEY, county
of LINCOLN, 7 miles (W. by S.) from Great Grimsby,
containing 168 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £4. 18. 4., endowed with
£200 private benefaction, and £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of W. E. Tomline, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Edmund.
RICCALL, a parish partly within the liberty of ST.
PETER of YORK, and partly in the wapentake of OUZE
and DERWENT, East riding of the county of YORK, 4
miles (N. by E.) from Selby, containing 599 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the peculiar juris-
diction and patronage of the Prebendary of Riccall in
the Cathedral Church of York, rated in the king's books
at £6, and endowed with £1000 parliamentary grant.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Twelve poor chil-
dren are taught to read in a school erected by sub-
scription in 1791, and supported by voluntary contri-
butions, in addition to several trifling bequests amount-
ing to about £6 per annum. The village, situated on
the banks of the Ouse, is noted as the landing-place of
the Danes under Harfager their king, in 1066, from a
fleet of six hundred sail. Here are the remains of a
once magnificent palace of the diocesan, encompassed by
a triple moat. Seven human skulls and a rough flag-
stone, with a sculptured cross, were discovered here
several years ago.
RICHARD'S CASTLE, a parish partly in the hun-
dred of WOLPHY, county of HEREFORD, and partly in
the hundred of MUNSLOW, county of SALOP, 44 miles
(S. S. W.) from Ludlow, containing, with the townships
of Moor with Batchcott, Overton, and Woolferton, 490
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Salop, and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's
books at £15. 1. 3., and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Worcester. The church, dedicated to St. Bartholomew,
is situated in the county of Hereford: it is a fine old
structure, exhibiting some beautiful remains of stained
glass, and had formerly a spire, which several years ago
was burned down. The Kington canal passes to the
south-east of the parish, and coal is obtained in the
neighbourhood. A charter for a market and a fair was
granted by King John, but both have been long disused.
A National school, established about eight years since,
is supported, and the children occasionally clothed, by
voluntary subscriptions. There are some remains of
the keep and walls of the castle, built by Richard
Scrope, in the reign of Edward the Confessor, but they
are so embosomed in wood as to be scarcely perceptible:
on the declivity of its mount, two thousand royalists
under Sir Thomas Dundesford were defeated in the
civil war, by an inferior force headed by Colonel Birch.
A spring in this parish, called Boney well, is remarkable
for casting up small fish or frog bones in spring and
autumn.
RICHMOND, a parish in the first division of the
hundred of KINGSTON, County of SURREY, 8 miles
(W.S.W.) from London, containing 5994 inhabitants.
This place, although not mentioned in Domesday-book,
is noticed in a record of nearly the same date, under the
name of Syenes, and it was afterwards called Shene, or
Sheen: the manor became the property of the crown
in the latter part of the reign of Edward I., who re-
sided here, as also did his successors Edward II. and
III., and the latter monarch either built a palace, or
made very considerable additions to one already in exist-
ence, in which he ended his days; since this period it
has belonged either to the crown or to some branch of
the royal family, and has very frequently been the re-
sidence of the Sovereign. Queen Anne, wife of Richard II.,
dying here, it so affected that king, that he abandoned
the palace, and allowed it to become ruinous: it was
restored to its former splendour by Henry V., and, in
1492, was the scene of a grand tournament held by
Henry VII.; and having been destroyed by fire in 1498,
it was rebuilt by that monarch, when he changed the
name of the place to Richmond, after the town of that
name in Yorkshire, from which he had received his title
of earl. Philip I., King of Spain, having been driven on
the English coast by a storm, was entertained here, in
1506, with great magnificence; and Henry VII. expired
in this palace in 1509. Henry VIII. also held a tourna-
ment here; and the Emperor Charles V., of Germany,
was lodged in the castle, on his visit to England, in 1523.
The Princess Elizabeth was confined at Richmond by her
sister Mary, and it became her favourite residence after
her accession to the throne; she died here in 1603, in
which year, and in 1625, the courts of justice were re-
moved hither, on account of the plague. In 1605, Henry,
Prince of Wales, resided here; and it was the occasional
residence of Charles I., who here formed a large collec-
tion of pictures, and of his queen, on whom it was set-
tled: in 1649 it was surveyed by order of parliament,
and sold in 1650; but shortly after the Restoration it
was delivered to the queen mother, though in a very
dilapidated state: it was shortly afterwards pulled down,
and private houses erected on the site, the owners of
which hold on lease from the crown.
A park appears
to have been formed in the reign of Edward I., and in
the time of Henry VIII. there were two parks, distin-
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604
guished as the Great and the Little Park, the second
being probably formed on the rebuilding of the palace
by Henry V. or VII. These parks were afterwards
united, and called the Old, or Little, Park, by way of
distinction from the New, or Great, Park, formed by
Charles I., which was made one of the articles of his im-
peachment. The Old Park, commencing near Kew bridge,
extends along the banks of the Thames to Richmond,
and comprises the beautiful and extensive royal gardens,
and a dairy and grazing farm, which was cultivated
under the immediate direction of George III., who oc-
casionally resided here, and who directed the old lodge
to be demolished, with a view to the erection of a pa-
lace in its place, for which the foundation was prepared,
but the building was never executed. It was given to
the lord mayor and citizens of London, during the Pro-
tectorate, but after the Restoration, it reverted to the
crown. The Observatory is also in this park, and was
built in 1769, by Sir William Chambers: it is furnished
with excellent astronomical instruments, apparatus for
philosophical experiments, and some models, and until
lately contained a collection of ores from the mines
in the forest of Hartz, in Germany, which have been
removed to the British Museum: on its summit is
a moveable dome, containing an equatorial instru-
ment. The New, or Great, Park, enclosed by Charles I.,
is situated to the southward of Richmond, extending
from the hill to the road from London to Kingston: it
is eight miles in circumference, being encompassed with
a brick wall, and comprises about two thousand two
hundred and fifty-three acres.
The village of Richmond, from the beauty of its
situation and of the surrounding country, possesses
attractions of a very rare character. The view from
the summit of the hill, though not extensive, embraces
every thing required to constitute a picturesque land-
scape, consisting of a fertile and richly-wooded plain,
through which the Thames flows in a winding course,
with its banks ornamented by numerous mansions and
villas, and bounded by hills in the distance. Its prox-
Its prox-
imity to the metropolis, combined with the attractions
of scenery which it possesses, and the facility of con-
veyance both by land and water, causes it to be much
resorted to. It in all respects resembles a town, and
has a neat and genteel appearance, containing some
very good houses, with several inns of a superior de-
scription; also a neat theatre, which is opened three or
four nights in the week during the summer season: the
repair of the highways, paving, and watching, is, by act
of parliament, under the control of thirty-one select
vestry-men. The Thames, which is here nearly three
hundred feet wide, is crossed by a handsome bridge of
five arches, the centre one being twenty-five feet high
from low water mark, and sixty wide; the first stone
was laid on the 23rd of August, 1774, and the struc-
ture was completed in December, 1777, at an expense
of about £26,000.
The living is a vicarage, consolidated with that of
Kingston, by act of parliament, in 1760, in the arch-
deaconry of Surrey, and diocese of Winchester. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, is a neat
brick edifice, with a low square embattled tower, or-
namented with buttresses, at its western end. Amongst
other monuments is a brass tablet, erected by the
Earl of Buchan, in 1792, to the memory of James
Thomson, author of the Seasons, who died at Rich-
mond, in 1748. The school was founded, in 1713, by
contribution among several noblemen and gentlemen,
and it was, in 1719, endowed by Lady Dorothy Capel,
with part of the rental of an estate, from which it now
receives £37. 10. there are also £3700 New South
Sea Annuities, and £100 four per cents., in the posses-
sion of the trustees, being the produce of benefactions
and contributions, the dividends of which are applied to
the use of the school, which is supported, in addition to
the above, by an annuity of £30, originally given by
George I., and continued by his successors, by an an-
nual subscription, and by a collection made after a
sermon preached for its benefit. The school-house, in
which the master and the mistress reside, is a neat
building in good repair, and all the poor children of the
parish may here be educated in reading, writing, and
arithmetic, about sixty of them being also clothed. The
charitable institutions for the relief of the poor are on
a very liberal scale; they consist of almshouses, called
Queen Elizabeth's, supposed to have been founded, in
the year 1600, by Sir George Wright, and originally si-
tuated under Richmond hill; but the present building
was erected by private subscription, in 1767, at a
place called the Vineyard, on a piece of ground given
by William Turner, Esq.: the present income is about
£132 per annum, arising principally from the dividends
on £3800 three per cent. reduced annuities, which
was purchased with money given, or bequeathed, by
different persons to the charity, and from a fee-farm
rent of £8 per annum, assigned by John Michell: it
affords lodging and maintenance to eight poor women.
On the hill is an almshouse, founded and endowed by
Bishop Duppa, in 1661, the present income of which,
with some small additional benefactions, is £ 206 per
annum, and in which ten poor widows of Richmond
are lodged and supported. Michell's almshouses were
founded, in 1696, by Humphry Michell, for ten poor old
men, and augmented by John Michell and William
Smither, Esqrs.: the tenements were rebuilt, in 1810,
in the Vineyard, at an expense of £3014, derived from
savings from the income, which is at present about
£420 per annum. The income of almshouses founded,
in 1757, by Rebecca Houblon, is now about £280 per
annum; nine poor women are supported in them. In
addition to these charities, William Hickey, in 1727, be-
queathed estates, which, with the interest of the accumula-
tion of savings, now produces upwards of £700 per an-
num, and from which twenty pensioners receive £ 12 per
annum each; and, from the excess of income beyond
the expenditure, the trustees contemplate an application
to the court of Chancery, for leave to erect almshouses
for the pensioners, and such further extension of the
charity, as may be deemed expedient. There is also
another valuable charity, called the Church Estate,
under the management of trustees, for repairing the
church, the present income of which is about £600 per
annum; of this, £ 250 is appropriated to the support
of deserving poor, at the discretion of the trustees, who
have applied also to the court of Chancery, for permis-
sion to build ten almshouses, for five poor men and five
poor women, to which number they now allow weekly
5s. each, the surplus of the £250 being allowed to ac-
cumulate for building the almshouses. Lands in the
manor of Richmond are holden by copy of court roll,
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605
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Omminent.
and descend to the youngest son, or, in default of male
issue, to the youngest daughter. A convent of Carthu-
sians, called the House of Jesus of Bethlehem, was
founded and richly endowed by Henry V., in 1414, at
the hamlet of West Sheen, about a quarter of a mile
from the palace; and, in 1416, a hermitage for a re-
cluse was founded within this monastery: in the reign
of Henry VII., Perkin Warbeck sought an asylum
within its walls, when defeated by that monarch, and
the body of James IV., King of Scotland, was brought
hither, after his defeat and death at Flodden Field: at
the time of its suppression, its revenue was estimated
at £777. 12. 1. It was revived by Queen Mary, but
finally suppressed at her death, a few months after-
wards: an ancient gateway, the last remains of this
priory, was taken down about sixty years since, and the
hamlet of West Sheen was at the same time demolished,
the site now forming a part of the royal enclosure. A
convent of Carmelites had been previously founded here
by Edward II., but it was removed to Oxford, at the ex-
piration of two years from its foundation. Henry VII.
is said to have founded a convent of Observant friars
near the palace, in 1499, the suppression of which, in
1534, is recorded by Hollinshed. A mineral well, disco-
vered here about 1680, appears to have attracted a great
deal of company; it was in considerable repute for
about half a century, but afterwards rapidly declined.
RICHMOND, a borough,
market town, and parish,
having separate jurisdic-
tion, though locally in the
western division of the wa-
pentake of Gilling, North
riding of the county of YORK,
44 miles (N. W.) from York,
and 234 (N.N.W.) from Lon-
don, containing 3546 inha-
bitants. This place appears
to have been founded in the
reign of William the Con-
Cel
tion can be procured, attracting many of this class.
The principal streets contain some good houses; the
town is lighted with gas, and a handsome stone bridge
of three arches, crossing the river Swale, was erected in
1789, at the joint expense of the corporation and the in-
habitants of the North riding. In the market-place,
where are some very good houses and handsome shops,
is a column, under which a reservoir has been construct-
ed, capable of containing about twelve thousand gallons
of water, brought by pipes from Aislabeck spring, and
conveyed in the same manner to the different parts of
the town: there is also another reservoir, containing
about three thousand gallons, at the spring head. From
the period of its foundation, during several successive
reigns, Richmond appears to have been a place of very
considerable trade; but the grant of charters for markets
to some of the neighbouring towns, and other causes,
interrupted its prosperity, and the want of a water com-
munication (the Swale from its rocky bed not being na-
vigable) is a great bar to the increase of its trade, which
is now principally in corn and lead, the latter being
brought from the mines about fourteen miles westward;
there are also some quarries of good stone. A very con-
siderable trade in knitted yarn stockings, and woollen
caps for sailors, was formerly carried on; they were ma-
nufactured here, and exported to Holland and the Ne-
therlands, but it has nearly ceased. The market is on
Saturday, and great quantities of corn are sold at it to
the corn-factors and millers of the adjacent grazing and
mining districts: there are three fairs, on the Saturday
before Palm-Sunday, granted by Queen Elizabeth;
on the
Saturday before the feast of St. Thomas à Becket, and
on the feast of the Holy Rood, granted by Edward I.; the
first and last are for cattle, woollen goods, and various
kinds of merchandise, and are numerously attended.
The town, which is a
borough by prescription, as
well as by divers royal
grants and charters, was
fully incorporated by Queen
Elizabeth, in the 19th year
of her reign and in the
27th of the same reign it
first sent members to par-
liament. By a charter
granted by Charles II., in
1668, the government is
vested in a mayor, recorder,
twelve aldermen, a town-clerk, twenty-four common
council-men, and subordinate officers: the mayor and
late mayor are justices of the peace. A court of record
is held every alternate Tuesday before the mayor, re-
corder, and three aldermen, at which actions under £ 100
may be tried. A meeting of magistrates is held every
Monday, and a court leet at Easter and Michaelmas.
The general quarter sessions for the borough are held
in the town-hall, which is a handsome building, erected
by the corporation. The gaol for debtors, arrested by
warrant from the sheriff of the county, directed to the
chief bailiff, formerly belonged to the Earls of Rich-
mond, and is now the property of Lord Dundas, and
rented by the Duke of Leeds, as high steward and chief
bailiff of the liberty and franchise of Richmond and
Richmondshire, in which capacity His Grace has pecu-
liar jurisdiction, with power of appointing courts and
Corporate Seal.


*:
Arms.
queror, by his nephew Alan Rufus, to whom he granted
the whole district called Richmondshire, with the title
of Earl of Richmond, and who built the castle, and
gave the place the name of " Rich Mount," indicating,
it is presumed, the value he attached to it. The castle
appears to have been inaccessible, from its situation
and immense artificial strength, but was suffered to fall
into decay at an early period, as, when Leland wrote
his itinerary, in the reign of Henry VIII., it was in
ruins: the town at the same period retained its walls,
but the three gates, called French, Finkel, and Bar
gates, were destroyed. The discovery of a great num-
ber of Roman silver coins near the castle, in 1720,
led to the conjecture that the town was of Roman
origin, but there is no further confirmation of this
opinion. Richmond is beautifully situated on the de-
clivity of a hill, at the foot of which the river Swale
winds in a semicircular course, and the vale to which
it gives name, and the other parts of the country sur-
rounding the town, are celebrated for their romantic
and diversified beauties. It is a neat well-built town,
chiefly of stone, and the society consists in a great de-
gree of persons of independent property; the beauty
of the town and surrounding country, and the mode-
rate rate at which the necessary articles of consump-
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606
holding pleas of civil action under 40s. There is also
a borough gaol. The borough first sent members to
parliament in the reign of Elizabeth: the right of elec-
tion is vested in the owners of ancient burgages in the
borough, who have a right of common on Whitcliffe
pasture; the number of voters is about two hundred
and seventy: the mayor is the returning officer, and
the preponderating influence is possessed by Lord Dun-
das.
:
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Rich-
mond, and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's books
at £15. 5. 7., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is conjectured,
from the style of part of the building, to have been
erected about the time of Henry III.: it presents some
portions in the Norman style, but the variety of additions
and alterations it has undergone has left little trace of
its original architecture: it contains a few handsome
monuments and armorial bearings, a beautiful font, and
an excellent organ. The chapel of the Holy Trinity, in the
centre of the town, is supposed to have been the original
parish church: it formerly belonged to the abbey of St.
Mary at York, but was suffered to become ruinous, and
no service was performed in it from the year 1712 until
1740, at which period it was repaired by the corporation :
the living is a perpetual curacy, endowed with £200
private benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and £1200 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Mayor and
Corporation in part of the ancient church, adjoining
to this chapel, the Archdeacon of Richmond holds his
consistorial court. There are places of worship for
Baptists, Wesleyan Methodists, and Roman Catholics:
in a window of the Roman Catholic chapel is a very
fine painting of the Crucifixion. The Society of Friends
had a meeting - house, but in consequence of there
being none of that sect in the town it was disposed of,
and has been converted to other purposes. The free
grammar school, which enjoys considerable repute, was
founded and endowed by the burgesses in the reign of
Queen Elizabeth, who granted letters patent, authoris-
ing its institution, and vesting the government of it in
the bailiffs of the borough, which power is now exer-
cised by the mayor and aldermen, who appoint the mas-
ter: the children entitled to be taught free are those
who "
are natives of the borough, or children of per-
sons exercising any trade or occupation therein;" the
average number of free children instructed is about
eighteen, and the present produce of the endowment
amounts to about £335 per annum. A rent-charge of
£8 was bequeathed by Dr. Bathurst, in 1659, towards
the maintenance of scholars going from this school
to the University of Cambridge; the candidates are
elected by the trustees, and may hold the exhibitions
until they take the degree of M. A. In 1730, Dr. Wil-
liam Allen left his estate at Bures St. Mary, in Suffolk,
for founding two scholarships at Trinity Hall, Cam-
bridge, with preference to his next of kin, and after-
wards to this school; they are now worth £17 per an-
num, with a prospect of considerable increase when the
present leases expire. A National Sunday school was
built in 1825; and the corporation have also a school
for which they provide a master to instruct forty poor
boys in reading, writing, and arithmetic.
Matthew Hutchinson's charity, bequeathed in 1704,
and now producing about £68 per annum, is appro-
The Rev.
priated to the education of twelve poor boys, for which
£10 per annum is paid; to the payment of £4 each
to poor boys as apprentice-fees, and £3. 3. per annum
each to sixteen poor widows having a settlement in
Richmond: there is also a rent-charge of £4, bequeathed
by Dr. Bathurst, for apprenticing a poor boy, be-
sides several other small charities distributed in various
ways.
Bowes' hospital was founded, in 1607, by Eleanor
Bowes, for three poor widows, two of Richmond, and
one of Easby, with an endowment of £10 per an-
num: the management is vested in the aldermen, re-
corder, rector, and master of the free grammar school.
Thompson's hospital was founded, in 1781, by William
Thompson, and endowed with property now producing
about £13 per annum, for four widows of tailors, who
had been residents of Richmond; they are lodged, and
receive £3 per annum each: the management is vested
in four trustees, with power to fill up vacancies, the rec-
tor of Richmond being always one. Pinkney's hospital
was founded, in 1699, by Mr. George Pinkney, for three
poor widows, who receive £ 6. 10. a year between them:
the management is vested in the mayor, recorder, rec-
tor, foreman of the common council, and two head
churchwardens. The ruins and relics of antiquity pos-
sess extreme interest; of these, the principal is the cas-
tle, the site of which comprises nearly six acres: the
remains shew the great strength of the building whilst
entire, and the great square tower, or keep, which was
supposed to have been built at a rather more recent
period than the other parts, and which was repaired,
in 1761, by the Duke of Richmond, is in good preser-
vation. To the northward of the town are the ruins
of a house of Grey friars, of which the tower is al-
most the only part remaining: it is a most beautiful
structure, in the richest style of English architecture,
ornamented with buttresses and pinnacles, and was
erected shortly before the dissolution in 1538, at which
time the society consisted of a master and fourteen
brethren: the establishment was founded, in 1258, by
Ralph Fitz-Randal, Lord of Middleham. St. Nicholas'
hospital, for sick and infirm people, and pilgrims, a
short distance from the town, is of uncertain origin, but
is mentioned so early as the 18th of Henry II. : the pre-
sent building is supposed to have been erected soon
after the dissolution of the religious establishments,
and contains little of the original edifice. Nearly op-
posite the castle, on the other side of the river Swale,
are the ruins of the priory of St. Martin, which was
granted to the abbey of St. Mary, York, and richly
endowed by Whyomar, Lord of Aske, chief steward to
the Earl of Richmond, and founded in 1100, under
John de Poppleton, the first prior; some fine Norman
arches are nearly the only remains of this edifice.
Richmond gives the title of duke to the family of
Lennox.
RICKERBY, a township in that part of the parish
of STANWIX which is in ESKDALE ward, county of
CUMBERLAND, 1½ mile (N. E. by E.) from Carlisle, con-
taining 108 inhabitants.
RICKERSCOTE, a township in the parish of Cas-
TLE-CHURCH, eastern division of the hundred of CUT-
TLESTONE, County of STAFFORD, 12 mile (S. S. E.) from
Stafford. The population is returned with the parish.
It is situated on the banks of the river Peak, near its
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confluence with the Stow, amid scenery highly picturesque
and beautiful, and is distinguished by its valuable spa,
recently discovered, and found to be efficacious in the
cure of various disorders, internal and external.
RICKINGHALL (INFERIOR), a parish in the
hundred of BLACKBOURN, County of SUFFOLK, of a
mile (S. W. by W.) from Botesdale, containing 428 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged rectory, consolida-
ted with that of Rickinghall Superior, in the archdea-
conry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the
king's books at £16. 5. 21. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary.
RICKINGHALL (SUPERIOR), a parish in the hun-
dred of HARTISMERE, county of SUFFOLK, of a mile
(S. by W.) from Botesdale, containing 705 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, with that of Ricking-
hall Inferior consolidated, in the archdeaconry of Sud-
bury, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books
at £9. 13. 11., and in the patronage of George St. Vin-
cent Wilson, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
RICKLING, a parish in the hundred of UTTLESFORD,
county of ESSEX, 53 miles (N. by W.) from Stansted-
Mountfitchet, containing 419 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the jurisdiction of the Com-
missary of Essex and Herts, concurrently with the Con-
sistorial Court of the Bishop of London, rated in the
king's books at £10, endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Bishop of London. The church is dedicated to
All Saints.
RICKMANSWORTH, a market town and parish in
the hundred of CASHIO, or liberty of ST. ALBANS, county
of Hertford, 24 miles (S. W. by W.) from Hertford,
and 18 (N.W. by W.) from London, containing 3940 in-
habitants. In the earliest records in which this town is
named, it is written Rykemereswearth and Richmeresweard,
signifying the rich moor meadow. The manor, which,
with four others, constituted the lordship of Pynesfield,
formed a part of the demesne of the Saxon kings, and
was bestowed by Offa of Mercia on the abbot and monks
of St. Alban's, to whom it was confirmed by succeeding
kings, and who retained it until their dissolution, when it
reverted to the crown, and was given by Edward VI.
to Ridley, Bishop of London, after whose martyrdom,
it was granted by Mary to his successor, Bonner, and in
the reign of Elizabeth again became the property of the
crown, and ultimately passed into private hands. The
town is pleasantly situated in a valley, near the conflu-
ence of the rivers Colne and Gade with the Chess:
these rivers are much frequented by anglers, being noted
for trout, and the last, which rises in Buckinghamshire,
turns several mills in its course. It is irregularly built,
but its distance from London, combined with an agree.
able adjacent country, renders it a desirable place of
residence. Two constables and one headborough are
appointed annually. Within the parish are several flour-
mills, and six paper-mills, affording employment to
nearly six hundred persons; there is also an extensive
brewery; the manufacture of horse-hair seating for
chairs, and straw plat, is carried on to a considerable
extent; and the cultivation of water-cresses for the Lon-
don market gives employment to many individuals. The
Grand Junction canal passes through the town, and
affords a communication with the metropolis and various
parts of the kingdom. The market, formerly held on
·
Wednesday, was granted by Henry III. for the benefit
of the monastery of St. Alban's, during the abbacy of
John of Hertford, but it has been discontinued of late
years: there are fairs for cattle on the 20th of July
and the 24th of November, and a statute fair on Satur-
day before the third Monday in September.
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
St. Alban's, and diocese of London, rated in the king's
books at £ 16, and in the patronage of the Bishop of
London. The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary,
has an embattled tower of hewn flints at its western
end; the body has lately been rebuilt of brick, coloured
in imitation of weather-stained stone, to defray part of
the expense of which, £700 was granted by the Incor-
porated Society for building and enlarging churches:
some ancient ecclesiastical coins, and leaden and stone
coffins, were discovered in digging for the foundation :
over the altar is a beautiful window of painted glass, re-
presenting the Crucifixion; it was brought originally from
St. Peter's at Rome, and purchased in Paris, in 1800,
for £200. There are places of worship for Baptists
and Independents. A National school for boys and girls
is supported by donations and subscription; and there
is also a British school for boys at Mill-End, within
the parish; another for girls being about to be opened
in the town. There are two sets of almshouses, one be-
longing to the parish, and one endowed with £10 per
annum by John Fotherley, Esq., in 1674. More Park,
a splendid mansion in the vicinity, has been the resi-
dence of several distinguished characters, having been
occupied at different times by Neville, Archbishop of
York in the reign of Henry VI.; by Cardinal Wolsey;
by the unfortunate Duke of Monmouth, son of Charles II.;
and by Lord Anson. Rickmansworth was the birth-
place, in 1553, of Sir Thomas White, a merchant-taylor,
and lord mayor of London, who is honourably distin-
guished as the founder of Gloucester Hall (now Wor-
cester College) and of St. John's College, Oxford; also
of Merchant-Taylors' school London; and for his ex-
tensive charitable benefactions.
-
RIDDINGS, a market town and chapelry in the
parish of ALFRETON, hundred of SCARSDALE, County of
DERBY, 3 miles (S.) from Alfreton, with which the po-
pulation is returned. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, and in the patronage of W. P. Morewood,
Esq. The chapel having long been demolished, a new
one is now being erected in the early English style, for
the completion of which, £1000 has been subscribed,
and the remaining expense is to be defrayed by the
commissioners, appointed under the late act, for promo-
ting the building of additional churches and chapels.
There are places of worship for Baptists, Independents,
and Wesleyan Methodists. The new line of road from
Manchester to Nottingham, and a branch of the Crom-
ford canal, connected with Mansfield by a rail-road,
pass through this place, which has recently obtained the
grant of a market: there are extensive iron-works,
and furnaces for smelting iron-ore, immense quantities
of which and of coal, are obtained in the immediate
neighbourhood, and give employment to a large pro-
portion of the inhabitants, of whom some are also em-
ployed in the adjacent mines, forges, &c., of Birch-wood
and Codnor Park. These establishments, formed about
1801, have been the cause of greatly increasing the
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608
population of Riddings, which, prior to that period, was
but small; although in early ages it was a place of con-
siderable consequence.
RIDDLES-QUARTER, a township in the parish of
Long Horsley, western division of MORPETH ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, containing 206 inhabit-
ants, who are chiefly employed at the neighbouring
coal and lime works.
*
RIDDLESWORTH, a parish in the hundred of
GUILT-CROSS, county of NORFOLK, 44 miles (S. W.
by S.) from East Harling, containing 83 inhabitants,
The living is a discharged rectory, with that of Gas-
thorpe united, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and dio-
cese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £11. 2. 8.,
and in the patronage of T. Thornhill, Esq. The church
is dedicated to St. Peter.
RIDGE, a parish in the hundred of CASHIO, or
liberty of ST. ALBANS, county of HERTFORD, 31 miles
(N. W. by N.) from Chipping-Barnet, containing 390
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of St. Albans, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £ 6. 13. 4., and in the pa-
tronage of the Earl of Hardwicke. The church, dedi-
cated to St. Margaret, is principally in the later style of
English architecture. The river Colne runs through the
parish. Here was a religious house, formerly an appen-
dage to the abbey of St. Albans, but now a private re-
sidence.
RIDGE, a tything in the parish of CHILMARK,
hundred of DUNWORTH, County of WILTS. The popu-
lation is returned with the parish.
RIDGMONT, a parish in the hundred of REDBORNE-
STOKE, County of BEDFORD, 34 miles (N. E.) from
Woburn, containing 810 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, with Segenhoe, in the archdeaconry
of Bedford, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £9, endowed with £200 private benefaction,
£ 400 royal bounty, and £ 1200 parliamentary grant,
and is held by sequestration. The church, dedicated to
All Saints, has lately received an addition of ninety-
one free sittings, the Incorporated Society for the en-
largement of churches and chapels having granted £100
towards defraying the expense. The church at Segen-
hoe has been long since demolished. There is a place
of worship for Baptists.
RIDGWELL, a parish in the hundred of HINCK-
FORD, county of Essex, 5 miles (N. W.) from Castle-
Hedingham, containing 551 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the jurisdiction of the Com-
missary of Essex and Herts, concurrently with the Con-
sistorial Court of the Bishop of London rated in the
king's books at £10, endowed with £1400 private be-
nefaction, £ 1000 royal bounty, and £600 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of the Master and
Fellows of Catherine Hall, Cambridge. The church is
dedicated to St. Lawrence. There are places of worship
for Baptists and Independents.
RIDING, a township in the parish of BYWELL ST.
ANDREW, eastern division of TINDALE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 6 miles (E. S. E.) from Hexham,
containing 135 inhabitants. A bridge was erected, in
1822, across the dangerous ford of Dipton Burn. The
Roman Watling-street passes through the township.
RIDLEY, a township in that part of the parish of
BUNBURY which is in the first division of the hundred
of EDDISBURY, county palatine of CHESTER, 6 miles
(W. by N.) from Nantwich, containing 123 inhabitants.
Sir Thomas Egerton, an eminent lawyer, Lord Chan-
cellor under James I., by whom he was created Viscount
Brackley, was born here in 1540; he died in 1617.
RIDLEY, a parish in the hundred of AXTON, Dart-
FORD, and WILMINGTON, lathe of SUTTON at Hone,
county of KENT, 34 miles (N.) from Wrotham, contain-
ing 74 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Rochester, rated in the king's
books at £3. 14. 9., and in the patronage of M. Lam-
bard, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
RIDLEY, a township in the parish of HALTWHISTLE,
western division of TINDALE ward, county of NORTH-
UMBERLAND, 54 miles (E. by S.) from Haltwhistle, con-
taining 231 inhabitants. It is environed by the rivers
Allen and South Tyne, which afterwards form a junction.
RIDLINGTON, a parish in the hundred of TUN-
STEAD, County of NORFOLK, 44 miles (E.) from North
Walsham, containing 203 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, with the vicarage of East Ruston
united, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £4. 6. 8., and in
the patronage of Norris, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter.
M
RIDLINGTON, a parish in the hundred of Mar-
TINSLEY, County of RUTLAND, 24 miles (N. W. by N.)
from Uppingham, containing 247 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton,
and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books
at £10. 1. 3., and in the patronage of Sir G. N. Noel,
Bart. The church is dedicated to St. Mary and St.
Andrew.
RIDWARE (HAMSTALL), county of Stafford.
See HAMSTALL-RIDWARE.
3
RIDWARE (MAVESYN), a parish in the northern
division of the hundred of OFFLOW, county of STAF-
FORD, 42 miles (E. by S.) from Rugeley, containing
598 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the pecu-
liar jurisdiction of the Dean of Lichfield, rated in the
king's books at £7. 2. 11., and in the patronage of
Charles Chadwick and J. N. Lane, Esqrs. The church
is dedicated to St. Nicholas. The parish is bounded by
the Trent, and intersected by the river Blythe and the
Grand Trunk canal. A court leet is held annually for
the Ridwares, at Hamstall-Ridware and Aldridge alter-
nately. A free school is supported by subscription.
About three miles north of the church are slight re-
mains of Blythbury priory.
3
RIDWARE (PIPE), a parish in the northern divi-
sion of the hundred of OFFLOW, county of Stafford,
44 miles (E.) from Rugeley, containing 114 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar
jurisdiction of the Dean of Lichfield, endowed with
£600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Preben-
dary of Alrewas in the Cathedral Church of Lichfield.
The church is dedicated to St. James. The river Trent
and the Grand Junction canal pass through the parish.
RIGSBY, a parish in the Wold division of the hun-
dred of CALCEWORTH, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 1 mile (W. by S.) from Alford, containing,
with Ailsby, 107 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Alford, in the arch;
deaconry and diocese of Lincoln. The church is dedi-
cated to St. James.
سی
Wa
+
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609
RIGTON, a township in the parish of KIRKBY-
OVERBLOWS, upper division of the wapentake of CLARO,
West riding of the county of YORK, 6 miles (N.E.)
from Otley, containing 429 inhabitants. It is within
the peculiar jurisdiction of the Court of the Honour of
Knaresborough. There is a place of worship for Wes-
leyan Methodists.
RIGTON, a joint township with Bardsey, in the
parish of BARDSEY, lower division of the wapentake of
SKYRACK, West riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles
(S. W. by s.) from Wetherby. The population is re-
turned with Bardsey.
RILLINGTON, a parish in the wapentake of BUCK-
ROSE, East riding of the county of YORK, comprising the
chapelry of Scampston, and the township of Rilling-
ton, and containing 883 inhabitants, of which number,
683 are in the township of Rillington, 34 miles (E. N.E.)
from New Malton. The living is a discharged vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry of the East riding, and diocese
of York, rated in the king's books at £8. 14. 9., en-
dowed with £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
There are places of worship for Independents and Wes-
leyan Methodists.
+
RILSDON, a chapelry in the parish of BURNSALL,
eastern division of the wapentake of STAINCLIFFE and
EwCROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, 5 miles
(N. by W.) from Skipton, containing 145 inhabitants.
RIMMINGTON, a township in the parish of GIS-
BURN, western division of the wapentake of STAIN-
CLIFFE and EWCROSS, West riding of the county of
YORK, 5 miles (N. E.) from Clitheroe, containing 698
inhabitants.
RIMPTON, a parish forming a distinct portion of
the hundred of TAUNTON and TAUNTON-DEAN, county
of Somerset, 64 miles (N.E. by N.) from Yeovil, con-
taining 219 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells,
rated in the king's books at £9. 19. 9., and in the
patronage of the Bishop of Winchester. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary.
RIMSWELL, a township in that part of the parish
of OWTHORNE which is in the southern division of the
wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the county
of YORK, 16½ miles (E.) from Kingston upon Hull,
containing 129 inhabitants.
RINGEY, a chapelry in the parish of BoOWDON,
hundred of BUCKLOW, county palatine of CHESTER, 3
miles (S.E.) from Altrincham. The population is re-
turned with the parish. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester,
endowed with £800 private benefaction, £ 1000 royal
bounty, and £600 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of W. Egerton, Esq.
RINGLAND, a parish in the hundred of EYNSFORD,
county of NORFOLK, 7 miles (N.W. by W.) from Nor-
wich, containing 286 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £3. 6. 04.,
endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop of Ely. The church is de-
dicated to St. Peter; the east window exhibits some
ancient stained glass, representing several persons
kneeling before a crucifix, and underneath them labels
with Latin inscriptions.
VOL. III.
The
RINGLEY, a chapelry in the parish of OLDHAM
cum PRESTWICH, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine
of LANCASTER, 7 miles (N.W.) from Manchester,
population is returned with the parish. The living is
a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Chester, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Rector
of Prestwich. The chapel is dedicated to the Holy Tri-
nity. A school-house was erected, in 1640, by Nathan
Walworth, who endowed it with land now producing
an annual income of about £50, for which from forty
to fifty children are taught to read; four others from
Kearsley are taught here, for a trifling bequest by William
Baguley.
RINGMER, a parish in the hundred of RINGMER,
rape of PEVENSEY, county of SUSSEX, 23 miles (N.E.
by E.) from Lewes, containing 1271 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and pa-
tronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the
king's books at £13. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is in the later style of English architecture. The
river Ouse separates this parish from that of Bar-
combe. On the Broyle road, about three quarters of
a mile from Ringmer, are commodious barracks for
a detachment of the royal artillery usually stationed
there. Lady Barbara, Thomas, and Sybilla, Stapley, in
1699, gave each £100, for teaching sixteen poor chil-
dren; the annual income, amounting to £ 10, is applied,
in support of a National school, and upwards of one
hundred children are instructed in a school-house,
which has been lately enlarged by subscription.
RINGMORE, a parish in the hundred of ERMING-
TON, County of Devon, 4 miles (S. by W.) from Mod-
bury, containing 328 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Totness, and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £19. 10. 7., and
in the patronage of the Rev. R. Butland. The parish is
bounded on the north by the river Teign, across which
a bridge has lately been erected, affording a direct
communication between Teignmouth, Torquay, and the
places adjacent.
RINGSFIELD, a parish in the hundred of WANG-
FORD, County of SUFFOLK, 2 miles (S. W. by W.) from
Beccles, containing 280 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, with Little Redisham consolidated, in the arch-
deaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in
the king's books at £ 12, and in the patronage of
the Rev. Gunton Postle. The church, dedicated to All
Saints, is a small ancient building, covered with thatch.
There are some remains of the chapel of Little Re-
disham. This parish enjoys the right of sending two
children to the free school at Beccles.
RINGSHALL, a parish in the hundred of Bos-
MERE and CLAYDON, County of SUFFOLK, 33 miles
(W. S. W.) from Needham Market, containing 304 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Suffolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £11. 18. 1., and in the patronage of the
Master and Fellows of Pembroke College, Oxford.
RINGSTEAD, a parish in the hundred of HIGHAM-
FERRERS, county of NORTHAMPTON, 22 miles (S. by W.)
from Thrapston, containing 583 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Denford,
in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peter-
borough, and in the patronage of Thomas Burton, Esq.
+
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610
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is principally in the
early style of English architecture, with a tower and
spire; it contains a plain ancient font on moulded shafts.
There are places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan
Methodists. At the hamlet of Mill Cotton are the remains
of a square Roman camp, consisting of lofty ramparts,
defended by a deep moat; and near it is the site of an
ancient town, where fragments and foundations of walls,
with a few coins, have been turned up by the plough.
is well built, and consists principally of four streets;
the inhabitants are supplied with good water, and
the atmosphere is considered to be very salubrious.
The manufacture of woollen cloth and stockings was
formerly carried on to a considerable extent, but it
has declined here is a large brewery for ale. The
market is on Wednesday, and fairs are held on July
10th and December 11th, principally for cattle and
forest colts. Manorial courts are held twice a year,
at one of which a constable is annually appointed;
and petty sessions for the New Forest (West) division
are holden here. The living is a vicarage, with the
chapel of Harbridge, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the
Incumbent, rated in the king's books at £75. 5. 5.,
and in the patronage of the Provost and Fellows of
King's College, Cambridge. The church, which is de-
dicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, is an ancient and
spacious structure, but has undergone much modern
alteration. There are places of worship for Indepen-
dents and Unitarians. The free grammar school was
founded, in 1586, by Richard Lyne, who bequeathed a
house and rent-charge of £13. 6. 8. for that purpose;
this endowment having been subsequently increased by
various bequests, the present annual income is upwards
of £30: about sixteen children are instructed, but clas-
sical tuition has not been required for several years.
An exhibition of £6 per annum to either of the Uni-
versities was founded by Thomas Lyne, by will dated
1621, for a poor scholar from this school.
RINGSTEAD (GREAT), a parish in the hundred
of SMITHDON, county of NORFOLK, 73 miles (W. by S.)
from Burnham-Westgate, containing, with the hamlet
of Chosell, 453 inhabitants. It comprises the conso-
lidated parishes of St. Andrew and St. Peter, in the
archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, the
former of which is a discharged rectory, rated in the
king's books at £9, and the latter a rectory, rated
at £11. 6. S., and in the patronage of H. Styleman, Esq.
RINGSTEAD (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred
of SMITHDON, county of NORFOLK, 8 miles (W. by S.)
from Burnham-Westgate. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Norwich, rated in the
king's books at £3. 6. 8., but the church, dedicated to
St. Andrew, being demolished, it has been united to
the vicarage of Great Ringstead. There is only a farm-
house remaining.
RINGSWOULD, a parish in the cinque-port liberty
of Dovor, though locally in the hundred of Cornilo,
lathe of St. Augustine, county of KENT, 3 miles (S.
The
S. W.) from Deal, containing 495 inhabitants.
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £13. 12. 6.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. John Monins. The
church is dedicated to St. Nicholas. A market and a
fair were formerly held here, but both have been disused.
Kingsdown, in this parish, lies adjacent to the sea-shore,
and from its being noticed in ancient charters, appears
to have been a place of considerable importance, though
it is at present only a small fishing village: by means
of a capstan, the fishermen wind on shore their boats,
commonly called Kingsdown boats. In a valley be-
tween two downs in the vicinity are vestiges of an en-
campment supposed to be of Roman construction.
RINGWOOD, a parish partly in the northern divi-
sion of the hundred of NEW FOREST, New Forest (East)
division, but chiefly in that part of the hundred of
RINGWOOD which is in the New Forest (West) division,
of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, comprising the market
town of Ringwood, the tything of Burley with the
Ville of Bistern Closes, and the extra-parochial liberty
of Burley Lodge, and containing, exclusively of the
extra-parochial liberty of Woodgreen, 3804 inhabit-
ants, of which number, 3471 are in the town of Ring-
wood, 20 miles (W. S. W.) from Southampton, and 91
(S. W. by W.) from London. This place is of great
antiquity, having been of considerable importance dur-
ing the Saxon times, and was originally named Regnum,
"the town of the Regni," mentioned by Antoninus;
and afterwards Rinovid, and Regnewood, which, by a
Saxon termination, denotes "the wood of the Regni."
The town is situated on the eastern bank of the navi-
gable river Avon, which, dividing eastward into three
branches, over each of which is a stone bridge, after-
wards collects its waters into a broad expanse, with
an island in the middle, crossed by a causeway it
or
:
•
RIPE, a parish in the hundred of SHIPLAKE, rape
of PEVENSEY, county of SUSSEX, 6 miles (W. by N.)
from Hailsham, containing 364 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lewes, and diocese
of Chichester, rated in the king's books at £11. 10.,
and in the patronage of the Rector and Fellows of
Exeter College, Oxford. The church, dedicated to St.
John the Baptist, is a handsome structure, partly in
the decorated, and partly in the early English, style;
the windows were formerly filled with stained glass, of
which there are now but slight remains. Here is a
powerful chalybeate spring.
RIPLEY, a chapelry in the parish of PENTRICH,
hundred of MORLESTON and LITCHURCH, county of
DERBY, 32 miles (S. by W.) from Alfreton, containing
1635 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry of Derby, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, endowed with £2200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Duke of Devonshire, by
whose liberality, and that of others, aided by a grant
of £375 from the Incorporated Society for building
and enlarging churches, &c., the present commodious
chapel was erected in 1820, and consecrated in 1821.
There are places of worship for Wesleyan Methodists
and Unitarians. A free school, built in 1819, is sup-
ported by voluntary contributions, and attended by
about thirty-five children. At Hartshay, in this town-
ship, are extensive collieries. Ripley was anciently a
market town, chartered about the reign of Henry III.,
and is still a flourishing place. An urn, containing
a number of coins of Gallienus, Carausius, Victorinus,
and others, was discovered here in 1730.'
1
RIPLEY, a chapelry in the parish of SEND, second
division of the hundred of WOKING, county of SUR-
REY, 6 miles (N. E.) from Guildford. The population is
returned with the parish. The chapelry has lately re-
RIP
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611
·
ceived an addition of one hundred and sixty sittings,
of which one hundred are free, the Incorporated Society
for the enlargement of churches and chapels having
granted £100 towards defraying the expense. There
is a place of worship for Baptists. George Ripley, the
famous alchymist, and Carmelite friar, whose works
were printed at Cassel, in 1549, is stated to have been
born here.
•
Seal and Arms.
6 miles (W. by N.) from Petersfield. The population is
returned with the parish. It is within the jurisdiction
of the Cheyney Court held at Winchester every Thurs-
day, for the recovery of debts to any amount.
RIPON, a parish · com-
prising the borough and
market town of Ripon, the
chapelries of Bishop-Monck-
ton, Bishop Thornton, Pa-
teley-Bridge, Sawley, and
Skelton, and the townships
of Aismunderby with Bond-
gate, High and Low Bishop-
side, Bishopton, Clother-
holme, Eavestone, Given-
dale, Grantley with Skeldin,
Hewick - Bridge, Hewick-
Copt, Ingerthorpe, Markington with Wallerthwaite,
Marston with Moseby, Newby with Mulwith, Nunwick
with Howgrave, Sharrow, North Sainley with Lening-
ford, Sutton-Grange, Warsill, Westwick, and Whitcliff
with Thorpe, within the liberty of RIPON, and the
chapelries of Aldfield and Winksley, and the townships
of Beverley, Dacre, Shelding, Studley-Roger, and Stud-
ley-Royal, in the lower division of the wapentake of
CLARO, West riding of the county of YORK, and contain-
ing 14,115 inhabitants, of which number, 4563 are in
the town of Ripon, which possesses separate jurisdiction,
though locally in the liberty of Ripon, 23 miles (N. W.
by W.) from York, and 212 (N. N. W.) from London.
This town, which is of considerable antiquity, is sup-
posed to derive its name from the Latin Ripa, from its
situation on the bank of the river Ure. The earliest
record we find respecting it is about the middle of
the seventh century, when a monastery was founded
here by Eata, abbot of Melrose in Scotland (the town at
that time consisting of only thirty houses), which was
subsequently given by Alfred, King of Northumbria,
to Wilfred, Archbishop of York, who not only improved
the monastery, but by his patronage of the town very
much increased its wealth and consequence. In the
ninth century it was plundered and burnt by the Danes,
and so complete was the devastation, that only the re-
maining ruins denoted its former existence; it, however,
recovered so quickly as to be incorporated a royal bo-
rough by Alfred the Great, in 886, but it shared in the
destruction which Edred, in suppressing the insurrec-
tions of the Northumbrian Danes, carried through that
province; and it had scarcely recovered from this de-
vastation when it suffered from the unrelenting ven-
geance of William the Conqueror, who, after defeating
the Northumbrian rebels, in 1069, laid waste the coun-
try, and so effectually demolished this town that it re-
mained for some time in ruins, and at the period of the
Norman survey it lay waste and uncultivated. The
monastery, after its destruction by Edred, was rebuilt,
chiefly by Oswald and his successors, Archbishops of
York, and was endowed and made collegiate by Arch-
bishop Aldred, about the time of the Conquest. Pro-
fiting by a period of comparative tranquillity, Ripon
had again begun to revive, when it was once more
exposed to the ravages of war by the progress of the
Scots, under Robert Bruce, in the reign of Edward II.,
who, after exacting from the wretched inhabitants all
that could be wrung from them, destroyed the town by
4 I 2

RIPLEY, a parish (formerly a market town) partly
in the upper, but chiefly in the lower, division of the
wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the county of
YORK, 23 miles (W. by N.) from York, and 208 (N. N. W.)
from London, containing, with the townships of Clint
and Killinghall, 1182 inhabitants. This place is situated
on rising ground, about half á mile north from the river
Nidd, and consists of one broad street, the old houses
in which having been recently taken down, and replaced
by others of stone, in the English style of architecture,
at the expense of Sir W. A. Ingilby, Bart., it presents a
very pleasing appearance, and the country surround-
ing it is highly cultivated, and beautifully picturesque.
The market was held on Wednesday, but it has fallen
into disuse. The fairs are on Easter-Monday and Tues-
day, and the 26th of August, principally for horses,
sheep, and cattle.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Richmond, and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's
books at £23. 8. 9., and in the patronage of Sir William
Amcotts Ingilby, Bart. The church, dedicated to All
Saints, contains some handsome monuments of the
Ingilby family, among which is one to the memory of
Sir Thomas de Ingilby, Justice of the Common Pleas in
the time of Edward III., and in the churchyard there is a
curious pedestal of an ancient cross, with eight niches,
apparently intended for kneeling. A free school was
founded and endowed, in 1702, by Mary and Catherine
Ingilby; the present income is about £40 a year, and
from fifty to sixty children are instructed in reading,
writing, and arithmetic: this school is free for the chil-
dren of the whole parish. A school at Burnt Yates was
founded by Admiral Long, in 1760, and endowed with
property, which, with some small additions subsequently
made to it, now produces £ 200 per annum; of this sum
£70 a year is paid to the master and mistress, £50 a
year to a superannuated master, the remainder being
applied to paying off a debt, and sundry expenses
connected with the establishment. Children from the
townships of Clint and Winsley are admitted, and
instructed in reading, writing, and arithmetic; the
average number is about twenty-two boys, and as many
girls. There are charitable endowments to the amount
of about £40 per annum in the town of Ripley, the
principal of which are Lord Craven's and Mrs. Hardy's.
Ripley castle, the seat of the Ingilby family, was erected
in 1555, though so much modernised, as to retain few
traces of the original structure. Oliver Cromwell
passed the night succeeding the battle of Marston
Moor in this castle.
RIPLINGTON, a township in the parish of WHAL
TON, western division of CASTLE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 7 miles (W. S. W.) from Morpeth,
containing 25 inhabitants.
RIPLINGTON, a tything in that part of the parish
of EAST MEON which is in the hundred of EAST MEON,
Alton (South) division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON,
f
1
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612
fire. Aided by donations from the Archbishop of York
and the neighbouring gentry, and by the industry of
the remaining inhabitants, it so rapidly recovered as
to be selected by Henry IV. for the residence of him-
self and his court, when driven from London by the
plague; and the same calamity induced the Lord Pre-
sident of York to remove his court hither in 1604.
In 1617, James I. passed a night here, on his route from
Scotland to London, and was presented by the mayor
with a gilt bowl and a pair of Ripon spurs; and it was
also visited by his unfortunate successor, Charles I., in
1633. In the great civil war it was taken possession
of, and held for the parliament, by the troops under the
command of Sir Thomas Mauleverer, who defaced and
injured many of the monuments and ornamental parts
of the church, and were at length defeated and driven
from the town by a detachment of the king's cavalry,
under Sir John Mallory of Studley.
within the borough and liberty; the latter of which,
exclusively of the parish of Ripon, comprises the town-
ships of Felix-Kirk and Sutton under Whitestone Cliffe,
in the parish of Felix-Kirk, the township of Kilburn,
in the parish of Kilburn, the parish of Nidd with
Killinghall, and the township of Marton cum Moxby,
in the parish of Marton. Justices of the peace for the
liberty are appointed by the Archbishop of York, and,
in conjunction with the mayor and the recorder, hold
sessions for the borough and liberty; and petty ses-
sions are held in the town-hall every Friday, by the
magistrates for the borough and liberty, occasionally
for the North and West ridings of the county. The
town-hall, built in 1801, at the expense of Mrs. Allanson
of Studley, is a lofty, spacious, and handsome structure
of freestone, comprising assembly-rooms, and a com-
mittee-room for magisterial business and public meet-
ings. The Archbishop of York has a criminal court and
a prison here. This borough first sent members to
parliament in the 23rd of Edward I.; in the reign of
Edward II. the privilege was discontinued, but was
revived in the time of Edward VI., and has been since
exercised without interruption.
exercised without interruption. The right of election is
vested in burgage tenants, the number of voters being
one hundred and seventy-seven; the mayor is the re-
turning officer, and the principal influence is possessed
by Mrs. Lawrence of Studley.
Ripon was formerly the see of a bishop, and is
now the head of a deanery, in the patronage of the
Crown at the period of the dissolution of the monastic
establishments, it possessed seven prebends and nine
chantries, with subordinate officers; it was refounded
by James I., in 1604, who added a dean to the seven
prebendaries, and endowed it with £247 per annum :
its present establishment consists of a dean, subdean,
and six prebendaries, with inferior officers, and it sends
a proctor to the convocation of the province of York.
The dean and chapter have a prison, and are authorised,
by charter of James I., to hold a court of pleas, called
the Canon Fee Court, in which they appoint their own
officers, the charter stating that such authority had
long appertained to them, but this court has fallen into
disuse. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the pecu-
liar jurisdiction of the Archbishop of York, and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Ripon. The
church, dedicated to St. Peter and St. Wilfred, is a large
cruciform building, with two square towers at the west-
ern end, each one hundred and ten feet high, embat-
tled and surmounted with pinnacles and, in the cen-
tre, another square tower standing upon four pillars
with arches, and ornamented with a cupola on its
north-western angle: on each of these towers there was
formerly a spire, those on the towers at the western
end being each one hundred and twenty feet in height,
and that on the central tower still higher; but the latter
having been blown down in 1660, causing considerable
damage to the roof, the others were taken down. The
length of the side aisles is one hundred and ten feet,
and that of the transverse aisle, one hundred and twenty-
nine. The choir is ninety-two feet in length, and thirty-
four in breadth; on its southern side is the chapter-
house, over which is the library, containing a good
collection of ancient works, and portraits of many
of the kings and queens of England. Under the
nave of the church is a chapel, in which is a place
:
Ripon is situated between the rivers Ure and Skell,
and although the streets are narrow and irregular, the
houses, which are chiefly of brick, are, with few excep-
tions, well built it is well paved, and was first lighted
with gas in November 1830: the inhabitants are plen-
tifully supplied with water from the Skell, by an engine
erected by Alderman Askwith. The theatre, built in
1792, has been converted into a riding-school. The river
Ure, which is crossed, at a short distance from the town,
by a handsome stone bridge of seventeen arches, two
hundred and fifty-six yards in length, was made navi-
gable as far as Ripon by an act passed in 1767, and a se-
cond act, obtained in 1820, incorporated the proprietors,
by the style of "The Company of Proprietors of the
River Ure Navigation to Ripon :" barges of from twenty-
five to thirty tons' burden are employed in bringing
coal and merchandise of various kinds from Hull, York,
and other places to the town, and are laden in return
with lead, butter, and other produce. This place was
formerly celebrated for its manufacture of spurs and
woollen cloths, both which have, however, ceased to
exist, and its present trade is somewhat limited linen
is manufactured to an inconsiderable extent, and during
the season there is a weekly market for wool, which is
much resorted to by the manufacturers from Leeds, Hali-
fax, &c. The market, which is on Thursday, is well sup-
plied with provisions: in the market-place, a spacious and
well-built square, is an obelisk, ninety feet in height,
erected in 1781, by William Aislabie, Esq., on the top of
which are a bugle-horn and a spur-rowel, the arms of
Ripon. Fairs are held on the first Thursday after the
20th day after Old Christmas-day, May 13th and 14th,
first Thursday and Friday in June, Thursday after
August 2nd, first Thursday in November, and Novem-
ber 23rd, for cattle and various kinds of merchandise.
By charter of James I., in 1604, and confirmed by
James II., in 1687, the officers of the corporation con-
sist of a mayor, twelve aldermen, and twenty-four com-
mon council-men, assisted by a recorder and town-clerk:
the mayor and his two immediate predecessors are
magistrates for the borough and liberty. A court mi-
litary, for the recovery of debts to any amount, the
officers of which are appointed by the Archbishop of
York, whose authority for their appointment existed by
prescription before the Conquest, and has been subse-
quently confirmed by several charters of inspeximus; the
last, granted in the reign of George II., has jurisdiction
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613
called St. Wilfred's Needle, which tradition says was
used for the trial of female chastity. The bishop's
throne and the stalls are ornamented with carved work:
the east window, which is fifty-one feet by twenty-five,
and in which are the arms of James I., of England and
France, of the ecclesiastical society, and of the town, is
very magnificent, the painted glass having been lately
renovated: there are many beautiful and curious monu-
ments in the church. A new church, dedicated to the
Holy Trinity, erected at an expense of about £13,000,
by the Rev. Edward Kilvington, was built in 1826: it is
a handsome structure of freestone, in the later style of
English architecture, with a tower seventy-one feet in
height, upon which is a beautiful spire sixty-five feet
high: the interior is neatly fitted up, and contains one
thousand sittings, two hundred of which are free. There
are two places of worship for Wesleyan Methodists, and
one each for Independents and Primitive Methodists.
splendid in the kingdom; the ruins occupy a space of
about two acres, and this noble institution, at the period
of its dissolution, covered nearly twelve acres of ground,
and was valued at £1173 per annum. The ancient
custom of blowing a horn three times at the mayor's
door, and at the market cross, at nine o'clock every even-
ing, continues, though that part of it which imposed a
tax of fourpence upon every housekeeper, if any house.
or shop was robbed between that hour and sunrise the
next morning, has ceased. Ripon was the birthplace of
Dr. Beilby Porteus, a recent Bishop of London.
The free grammar school was founded and liberally
endowed by Philip and Mary, in 1553: the management
is vested in trustees, by whom the master and usher are
appointed, the former of whom has a rent-free residence,
and a salary of £180 per annum, and the latter £63
per annum: the school is open to the sons of resident
inhabitants, and the number of scholars on the founda-
tion varies from fourteen to nineteen. Jepson's hospital
was founded and endowed by Zacharias Jepson, in
1672, for boarding, clothing, and educating twenty sons.
of poor freemen, or orphans: the number now in the
establishment is only ten, who are admitted at seven
years of age, and at fifteen are apprenticed, with a
premium of £5 each: the present income is about £217
per annum. National schools for children of both sexes
are supported by donations and subscription. The
hospital of St. Mary Magdalene, situated in Stammer-
gate, was founded and endowed by Thurstan, Arch-
bishop of York, early in the twelfth century, and rebuilt
by Dr. Hooke, Prebendary of Ripon, and master of the
hospital, in 1674; it affords an asylum to six poor
widows, who have a yearly allowance: the Dean of
Ripon is usually the master, the appointment being in
the gift of the Archbishop of York. A chapel adjoins
the hospital, in which, on certain days, divine service is
performed. The hospital of St. John the Baptist was
founded by an archbishop of York, probably so early as
the reign of King John: it is a small building, in which
two poor women, who are named by the master, are
lodged, and have a small annual allowance. The dean
is also master of this hospital, under the appointment
of the archbishop. The hospital of St. Anne, in Agnes'
Gate, under the management of the mayor and alder-
men, was founded, in the reign of Edward IV., by one
of the family of Neville, in which eight poor women are
lodged, and receive a yearly allowance. At the eastern
end of the town is a curious relic of antiquity, called
Alla, or Ailo's, Hill: it is a tumulus in the form of a
cone, composed of sand, gravel, and human bones, and
is supposed to derive its name from Ella, King of
Northumberland, who was slain in 867, fighting against
the Danes. The circumference of this hill, at the base,
is about three hundred yards, and the height of the
slope about seventy-four yards. In Studley park, about
three miles from Ripon, are the magnificent remains of
Fountain's abbey, supposed to be the most perfect and
RIPPINGALE, a parish in the wapentake of Ave-
LAND, parts of KESTEVEN, County of LINCOLN, 44 miles
(N.) from Bourne, containing 611 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory in three parts, consolidated in 1725,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln; two parts
are rated in the king's books at £14. 7. 1., and the third
at £7. 3. 9.; it is in the patronage of the Governors of
the Charter-house, London. The church, dedicated to
St. Andrew, is a large structure, partly in the decorated
and partly in the later English style, containing several
fine tombs, the principal of which being in a portion of
the building used as a school, are much mutilated.
RIPPLE, a ward in the parish of BARKING, hundred
of BECONTREE, County of ESSEX, 10 miles (E. by N.)
from London, containing 361 inhabitants.
RIPPLE, a parish in the hundred of CORNILO,
lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of KENT, 22 miles (S. W.
by W.) from Deal, containing 171 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £5. 19. 4½.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. R. Mesham, and C. F.
Palmer, and Thomas Huddleston, Esqrs. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, is in the early style of English
architecture: near it is a military work, thrown up by
Cæsar in his route from the sea to his principal camp
on Barham Down. There is also, in another part of the
parish, a small oblong intrenchment, enclosing several
small mounds.
RIPPLE, a parish partly in the lower division of
the hundred of PERSHORE, but chiefly in the lower
division of the hundred of OSWALDSLOW, county of
WORCESTER, 3 miles (S. E. by E.) from Upton upon
Severn, containing, with the chapelry of Queenhill, and
the hamlet of Holdfast, 963 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Incum-
bent, rated in the king's books at £42. 6. 4., and in the
patronage of the Bishop of Worcester. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. The river Severn passes through
the parish, which abounds with good limestone. A
court leet is occasionally held here. A monastery existed
at Ripple so early as the year 770, in Bishop Mildred's
time, and was granted to the church of Worcester, by
Duke Ælfred, about the commencement of the ninth
century.
RIPPONDEN, a chapelry in the parish of HALIFAX,
wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county of
YORK, 53 miles (S. W.) from Halifax, with which the
population is returned. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of York, en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £200 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of the Vicar of Hali-
fax. The chapel, dedicated to St. Bartholomew, was
rebuilt in the Tuscan order soon after the great flood
"
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}
that happened here in 1722, which not only did con-
siderable injury to the ancient structure, but laid open
many graves, and carried away bridges, mills, houses,
and every other impediment to its progress. The ce-
metery is surrounded with ancient yew-trees cut in
the form of Saxon arches. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
RIPTON (ABBOTT'S), a parish in the hundred of
HURSTINGSTONE, county of HUNTINGDON, 4 miles (N.)
from Huntingdon, containing, with Wennington, 379 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Huntingdon, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in
the king's books at £21. 7. 6., and in the patronage
of Mr. and Mrs. Rooper. The church is dedicated to
St. Andrew. There is a chapel of ease at Wennington,
in this parish.
RIPTON (KING'S), a parish in the hundred of
HURSTINGSTONE, county of HUNTINGDON, 3 miles
(N. E. by N.) from Huntingdon, containing, with the
hamlet of Sapley, 260 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon, and diocese.
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £ 11. 19. 7.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is de-
dicated to St. Peter.
RISBOROUGH (MONKS'), a parish in the hun-
dred of AYLESBURY, county of BUCKINGHAM, 64 miles
(W. N. W.) from Great Missenden, containing 934 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the peculiar juris-
diction and patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury,
rated in the king's books at £30. The church is de-
dicated to St. Dunstan. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists. William Quarby, in 1727,
bequeathed £2 per annum for teaching poor boys.
The great cross, called White Leaf Cross, cut on the
side of the chalk hills near the village, is supposed to
be a memorial of some victory obtained by the Saxons
over the Danes.
RISBOROUGH (PRINCE'S), a market town and
parish in the hundred of AYLESBURY, County of BUCK-
INGHAM, 6 miles (W. by N.) from Great Missenden, and
37 (W. N. W.) from London, containing 1958 inhabit-
ants. This place, which is situated at the foot of the
Chiltern hills, derives its distinguishing appellation from
having been the residence of Edward the Black Prince,
whose palace is supposed to have stood within the site
of a spacious moat, now dry, in a field adjoining the
churchyard. The manor had at an early period been
granted by the crown to Richard, Earl of Cornwall and
King of the Romans, who died in 1272; and at a later
date it was assigned to Katherine, queen of Henry V.,
for her dower; it was sold by Charles I., in 1637, to
certain citizens of London. The town, though greatly
improved of late, is still badly paved and not lighted;
it is abundantly supplied with water from wells. The
market was established by charter of Henry III., who
also granted the inhabitants other privileges, including
exemption from toll, and from attendance at assizes,
sessions, &c.; it was formerly on Saturday, but was
changed to Thursday, on which day it is now held; it
is a pitched market for corn, and pigs and sheep are
also brought to it; there is an annual fair for cattle
on the 6th of May: the market-house, a small brick
building, was rebuilt in 1824 there is a small theatre.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
of Buckingham, and diocese of Lincoln, endowed with
£8 per annum, and £1100 private benefaction, £200
royal bounty, and £2300 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of John Grubb, Esq. The church, which
is dedicated to St. Mary, is an ancient structure, with
a neat spire : it contains some monuments of crusaders,
or Knights Templars, stone stalls, and other interesting
relics of antiquity: an addition of two hundred and
sixty-seven sittings, of which two hundred and forty-
two are free, have been recently made, towards defray-
ing the expense of which, the Incorporated Society for
building and enlarging churches and chapels contri-
buted £150. There are places of Worship for Baptists
and Wesleyan Methodists. Mrs. Chibnall, who formerly
owned the manor, gave a sum of money to provide
clothing for twenty-four poor women annually.
RISBRIDGE (MONK'S), an extra-parochial liberty,
in the hundred of RISBRIDGE, county of SUFFOLK, 42
miles (N.W.) from Clare, containing 11 inhabitants.
3
RISBURY, a township partly in the parish of HUM-
BER, and partly in that of STOKE-PRIOR, hundred of
WOLPHY, County of HEREFORD, 42 miles (S. E. by E.)
from Leominster, containing 150 inhabitants. Here are
the remains of a Danish camp, with triple intrench-
ments, enclosing an area of about thirty acres.
RISBY, a joint parish with Roxby, in the northern
division of the wapentake of MANLEY, parts of LIND-
SEY, County of LINCOLN, 8 miles (N.W. by N.) from
Glandford-Bridge. The population is returned with
Roxby. The living is a vicarage, united in 1717 to that
of Roxby, in the archdeaconry of Stow, and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £5. 6. 8. The
church is dedicated to St. Bartholomew.
RISBY, a parish in the hundred of THINGOE, county
of SUFFOLK, 32 miles (N.W. by W.) from Bury St.
Edmund's, containing 293 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, with that of Fornham St. Geneveve, in the arch-
deaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich, rated in
the king's books at £19. 10. 5. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Giles.
RISCA, a parish in the upper division of the hun-
dred of WENTLLOOG, county of MONMOUTH, 5 miles
(N.W. by W.) from Newport, containing 358 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, endowed with £800 royal
bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of the Vicar of Bassaleg. The church is
dedicated to St. Michael. There is a place of worship
for Wesleyan Methodists.
RISE, a parish in the northern division of the wa-
pentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the county of
YORK, 8 miles (E. by N.) from Beverley, containing
221 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of the East riding, and diocese of York, rated
in the king's books at £ 10. 0. 5., and in the patronage
of the Crown. The church is an ancient structure,
in a very dilapidated state, containing several marble
monuments to the Bethell family.
RISEBROUGH (THORNTON), a township in the
parish of NORMANBY, wapentake of RYEDALE, North
riding of the county of YORK, 34 miles (W. by S.) from
Pickering, containing 32 inhabitants.
RISEHOLME, a parish in the wapentake of Law-
RESS, parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 24 miles
(N. by E.) from Lincoln, containing, with the extra-paro-
chial district of Grainge de Ligne, 73 inhabitants. The
RIS
RIV
615
living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £4, and in the patronage of the Master and
Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Mary.
RISHANGLES, a parish in the hundred of HAR-
TISMERE, County of SUFFOLK, 4 miles (S.) from Eye,
containing 208 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £7. 13. 14., and in the pa-
tronage of John Vernon, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Margaret.
RISHTON, a township in the parish of BLACKBURN,
lower division of the hundred of BLACKBURN, county
palatine of LANCASTER, 3½ miles (N. E. by E.) from
Blackburn, containing 1170 inhabitants.
RISHWORTH, a township in the parish of HALI-
FAX, wapentake of MORLEY, West riding of the county
of YORK, 4 miles (S. W.) from Halifax, containing 1588
inhabitants. The Baptists have a place of worship here.
A free grammar school, founded by John Wheelwright
in 1724, for the poorest of his tenants' children, is
liberally endowed.
RISLEY, a parish in the hundred of STODDEN,
county of BEDFORD, 54 miles (S.W. by W.) from Kim-
bolton, containing 790 inhabitants. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese
of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £8. 7. 6., and
in the patronage of Lord St. John. The church is de-
dicated to All Saints. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists, and a Moravian establishment.
A fair is held on Shrove Tuesday. Near Melchburne
House, the seat of Lord St. John, are the remains of
the old castle, from which the family derive their title.
RISLEY, a chapelry partly in the parish of SANDI-
ACRE, and partly in that of SAWLEY, hundred of MOR-
LESTON and LITCHURCH, County of DERBY, 7 miles
(E. by S.) from Derby, containing 288 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction
of the Prebendary of Sawley in the Cathedral Church.
of Lichfield, endowed with £200 private benefaction,
£400 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and
in the patronage of the Earl of Stamford and Warring-
ton. A school-house was erected, in 1718, by Elizabeth
Gray, who endowed it with certain lands, now produc-
ing, with a rent-charge of £13. 6. 8. previously be-
queathed by Catherine Willon, an annual income of about
£380, for which from fifty to seventy boys, and about
fifty girls, receive gratuitous instruction. The poor are
entitled to be admitted into Smedley's almshouse at
Ilkeston. Sir Hugh Willoughby, a native of this place,
was employed to discover the north-west passage in the
reign of Edward VI., but was frozen to death with his
crew on the coast of Lapland, in 1554.
-
RISSINGTON (GREAT), a parish in the lower di-
vision of the hundred of SLAUGHTER, county of GLOUCES
TER, 5 miles (S.) from Stow on the Wold, containing
446 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's
books at £22. 0. 5., and in the patronage of Lord
Dynevor. The church is dedicated to St. John the
Baptist. The parish is bounded on the west by the river
Windrush, and on the east by Oxfordshire.
TER, 3 miles (S.) from Stow on the Wold, containing
229 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's
books at £ 10. 3. 14., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
RISSINGTON (LITTLE), a parish in the lower di-
vision of the hundred of SLAUGHTER, County of GLOUCES-
RISSINGTON (WICK), a parish in the lower divi-
sion of the hundred of SLAUGHTER, County of GLOUCES-
TER, 3 miles (S.) from Stow on the Wold, containing
231 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the king's
books at £ 16. 2. 6., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church, dedicated to St. Peter, has lately received
an addition of fifty-five sittings, thirty of which are
free, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of
churches and chapels having granted £50 towards
defraying the expense. The old Fosse-way bounds
the parish on the north-east.
RISTON, county of NORFOLK.-See RYSTON.
RISTON, a joint township with Brompton, in that
part of the parish of CHURCH-STOKE Which is in the
hundred of CHIRBURY, county of SALOP, 7 miles (N.W.)
from Bishop's Castle. The population is returned with
Brompton.
RISTON (LONG), a parish in the northern division
of the wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the
county of YORK, 62 miles (E. N. E.) from Beverley,
containing, with part of the township of Arnold, 361
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, united to the vicarage
of Hornsea, in the archdeaconry of the East riding, and
diocese of York. The church is dedicated to St. Mar-
garet. There is a place of worship for Independents.
RITTON-COLTPARK, a township in the parish of
NETHERWITTON, Western division of MORPETH ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 6 miles (S. by E.) from
Rothbury, containing 64 inhabitants.
RITTON-WHITEHOUSE, a township in the parish
of NETHERWITTON, Western division of MORPETH ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 52 miles (S.) from Roth-
bury, containing 23 inhabitants.
RIVAULX, a township in the parish of HELMSLEY,
wapentake of RYEDALE, North riding of the county of
YORK, 24 miles (W. by N.) from Helmsley, containing
212 inhabitants. An abbey, the first of the Cister-
cian order in Yorkshire, was founded here in 1131, by
Walter L'Espec, in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
and at the dissolution possessed a revenue of £351.14.6.
The venerable ruins of this once sumptuous monastery
are situated near the rural village of Rivaulx, in a se-
questered valley, through which winds the river Rye,
on every side encompassed by heights crowned with
majestic woods. The principal remains, which are those
of the church and the refectory, exhibit a mixture of
Norman and early English architecture; the choir, in
particular, is a beautiful composition still in good pre-
servation; it is one hundred and forty-four feet long,
by sixty-three feet wide, the transept one hundred and
eighteen feet by thirty-three, and the probable length
of the nave one hundred and fifty feet, dimensions
which entitled it to rank amongst the largest, as it did
with the most magnificent, abbey churches in the
kingdom.
RIVENHALL, a parish in the hundred of WITHAM,
county of ESSEX, 23 miles (N. by E.) from Witham,
containing 591 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in
the archdeaconry of Colchester, and diocese of London,
1
ROA
616
ROC
rated in the king's books at £21. 5. 5., and in the pa-
tronage of C. W. Western, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary and All Saints. Thomas Tusser, author of
a popular work, entitled "Five Hundred Points of good
Husbandry," was born here about the beginning of the
sixteenth century.
RIVER, a parish in the hundred of BEWSBOROUGH,
lathe of ST. AUGUSTINE, county of KENT, 2½ miles
(N. W.) from Dovor, containing 701 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at
£7. 1. 0., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury. The church, dedicated to St.
Peter and St. Paul, is principally in the early style of
English architecture, and has lately received an addi-
tion of one hundred and seventy-five sittings, of which
one hundred and thirty-five are free, the Incorporated
Society for the enlargement of churches and chapels
having granted £120 towards defraying the expense.
Upon a hill on the north side of the parish several
tumuli have been opened, each of which contained a
skeleton, the head of a spear, and a sword about three
feet long and two inches broad.
RIVER-GREEN, an extra-parochial liberty in the
western division of CASTLE ward, county of NORTHUM-
BERLAND, 5 miles (W. S. W.) from Morpeth, containing
51 inhabitants.
RIVERHEAD, a chapelry in the parish of SEVEN-
OAKS, hundred of CODSHEATH, lathe of SUTTON at
HONE, County of KENT, 1½ mile (N. W. by N.) from Se-
ven-Oaks, containing 1216 inhabitants. An episcopal
chapel is now being erected by Lord Amherst and M.
Lambard, Esq., by whom it will be endowed: the living
will be a district incumbency, in the patronage of the
founders, at whose decease the right of presentation will
lapse to the Vicar of Seven-Oaks. There is a small en-
dowment for instructing ten poor children in reading,
writing, and arithmetic.
RIVINGTON, a chapelry in the parish of BOLTON,
hundred of SALFORD, County palatine of LANCASTER,
4 miles (E. S. E.) from Chorley, containing 583 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Chester, endowed with £400
private benefaction, £ 400 royal bounty, and £200 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Inha-
bitants. The Unitarians have a place of worship here.
A free grammar school was founded, about 1586, by the
inhabitants, pursuant to letters patent granted by Queen
Elizabeth, on petition of James, Bishop of Durham. The
original endowment amounted to only £15 per annum,
but, in 1823, the governors obtained the permission of
his late Majesty, to hold lands not exceeding the annual
value of £400; the present income is upwards of £300:
there are three masters, who instruct about one hundred
and fifty children, many of whom receive a classical
education. Veins of lead and calamine have been
worked in the neighbourhood. On a lofty hill in this
chapelry is an old building, called the Pike.
RIXTON, a township in the parish of WARRING-
TON, hundred of WEST DERBY, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 5 miles (E. by N.) from Warrington, contain-
ing 990 inhabitants.
ROACH, or ROCHE, a parish in the eastern division
of the hundred of POWDER, county of CORNWALL, 5
.
miles (E. S. E.) from St. Columb Major, containing 1425
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the
king's books at £20, and in the patronage of Samuel
Thornton, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Gomonda,
has lately received an addition of one hundred free
sittings, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels having granted £70 towards
defraying the expense.
defraying the expense. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. This place is believed to have
derived its name from some remarkable rocks, com-
monly called Roche rocks, on the principal of which
are the ruins of a small chapel and cell of a celebrated
hermit, dedicated to St. Michael. Hainsborough, or
Hensborough, one of the loftiest elevations in Cornwall,
commanding a most extensive prospect, is partly in this
parish.
ROAD, a parish in the hundred of FROME, county
of SOMERSET, 4½ miles (N. E. by N.) from Frome, con-
taining 1217 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
rectory, with that of Woolverton consolidated, in the
archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and Wells,
rated in the king's books at £11. 9. 4., and in the pa-
tronage of Sir A. Baynton, Bart. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Lawrence. There are places of worship for
Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists. A considerable ma-
nufacture of cloth is carried on here; and a fair for cattle
and cheese is held on the Monday after August 29th.
In the neighbourhood is a chalybeate spring.
S
ROADE, a parish in the hundred of CLELEY, county
of NORTHAMPTON, 5 miles (S.) from Northampton, con-
taining 480 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual cu-
racy, annexed to the rectory of Collingtree, in the arch-
deaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough,
endowed with £200 private benefaction, £600 royal
bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant. The church
is dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place of worship
for Baptists.
ROBOROUGH, a parish in the hundred of FREM-
INGTON, County of DEVON, 5 miles (E. by S.) from
Great Torrington, containing 523 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£ 10. 8. 9., and in the patronage of the Rev. Thomas
May. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
ROBURNDALE, a township in the parish of MEL-
LING, hundred of LONSDALE, south of the sands, coun-
ty palatine of LANCASTER, 8 miles (E. N. E.) from Lan-
caster, containing 237 inhabitants.
ROBY, a township in the parish of HUYTON, hun-
dred of WEST DERBY, County palatine of LANCASTER,
2 miles (S. W. by W.) from Prescot, containing 310 in-
habitants.
ROCESTER, a parish in the southern division of
the hundred of TOTMONSLOW, county of Stafford, 4½
miles (N. by E.) from Uttoxeter, containing 1037 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and
Coventry, rated in the king's books at £4, endowed
with £400 private benefaction, £600 royal bounty, and
£600 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage
of Mrs. Alsop. The church, dedicated to St. Michael,
has lately received an addition of three hundred
and thirty sittings, of which two hundred and seventy
are free, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
ROC
617
ROC
of churches and chapels having granted £250 towards
defraying the expense.
The rivers Churnet and Dove
run through the parish, and unite a little below the
village. A canal passes from Uttoxeter to the Potteries,
by which coal and lime are brought for the supply of
the neighbourhood, as also goods from Liverpool and
Manchester. A large cotton-mill, built by the late Sir
Richard Arkwright, is in active operation. Two poor
children are taught for a trifling annuity, the gift of Mary
Biddulph. An abbey for Black canons, in honour of the
Blessed Virgin Mary, was founded here, in 1146, by
Richard Bacoun, the revenue of which, at the dissolution,
was valued at £111. 11. 7.
ROCHDALE, a parish comprising the chapelries of
Blatchinworth and Todmorden, and the townships of
Butterworth Castleton, Spotland (Further Side), Spot-
land (Nearer Side), Walsden, Wardleworth, and Wuer-
dale with Wardle, in the hundred of SALFORD, County
palatine of LANCASTER, and the chapelry of Saddle-
worth with Quick, in the upper division of the wapentake
of AGBRIGG, West riding of the county of YORK, and con-
taining 61,011 inhabitants; the market town of Roch-
dale being situated partly in the townships of Castle-
ton, Spotland, and Wardleworth, 50 miles (S. E.) from
Lancaster, and 198 (N. N. W.) from London. This
place takes its name from the river Roche, on which it
is situated, and appears, from the name of a part of the
vale below Castle Hill, which is called Killer Dane, or
Deyne, to have been celebrated for the slaughter of the
Danes, who having, in their predatory incursions, pene--
trated into this part of the county, met with a signal
overthrow. The castle, from which the township of
Castleton has its name, and of which the keep still re-
mains, was one of the twelve Saxon forts which probably
were destroyed in the frequent conflicts that took place
between the Saxons and Danes in the tenth and eleventh
centuries. The Roman Watling-street, leading from Man-
cunium to Cambodunum, traversed this parish; and in
the neigbourhood have been found various Roman an-
tiquities, among which were some brass coins of the
reign of Claudius, and the right arm of a silver statue
of Victory, ten inches in length, and weighing nearly
six ounces, having about the wrist a loose armilla,
and another united to it above the elbow; attached to
the former was a plate of silver, inscribed Victoriæ Leg.
VI. Vic. Val. Rufus. V. S. L. M.; and near Rochdale, in
1820, was found a small iron box, containing a rouleau
of brass coins of the Lower Empire in good preserva-
tion. Rochdale is not distinguished by any events of
historical interest, but owes its importance to the ex-
tent of its manufactures, which are comparatively of
recent introduction, and to the produce of the mines
of coal, and quarries of slate and stone, with which
the district abounds. The town is pleasantly situated
in a valley on the banks of the river Roche, and
consists of several streets, which, though formerly nar-
row and inconvenient, have been widened, and in other
respects greatly improved, under the provisions of an
act obtained in the 50th year of the reign of George III.
In 1824, a company was formed for the purpose of
widening the principal street, and the road from
the road from
Yorkshire to Lancashire; in which, and in erecting a
market-house and town-hall, and other public improve
ments, they have expended more than £ 40,000. The
stone bridge of three arches over the river Roche has
VOL. III.
-
The
been widened and greatly improved. Within a few paces
to the east of it a handsome iron bridge has been con-
structed, for the accommodation of foot passengers; and
about a quarter of a mile to the west is a stone bridge
of one arch, connecting the town meadows with Pinfold,
by a new line diverging from the old Bury road. The
houses are chiefly built of brick, but several of the
most substantial and respectable in the town and its
vicinity are built of the fine freestone from the neigh-
bouring quarries: the town is well paved, lighted with
gas by a company established in 1824, whose works
were erected at an expense of £12,000, and amply
supplied with water brought from small rivulets near
Moor-End, into four large reservoirs in Castleton, by a
company established under an act of George III.
environs are pleasant, abounding with fertile vales shel-
tered by a range of high hills, called Blackstone Edge,
and containing many handsome villas, and agreeable
walks. From Summer Castle, an ancient mansion, the
late residence of Charles Smith, Esq., a celebrated sport-
ing character, an extensive view is obtained of the town,
and the surrounding hills and dales. The public sub-
scription library and news-rooms are well supported ;
a Horticultural Society has been established, and is ex-
tensively patronised; there are several billiard-rooms;
and a small neat theatre is occasionally opened: con-
certs take place in the public assembly-rooms, and
races are held annually during the first week in July,
which are well attended. A cricket club has been re-
cently established, and there are various other sources
of recreation. The principal branches of manufacture
are those of baize, flannel, coating, kerseys, and woollen
broad cloth calicoes and strong cotton goods are
made to a very considerable extent, and, also within the
last few years, the spinning of cotton has been in-
troduced with success, and is making rapid progress
the making of hats also constitutes an important part
of the trade of this place. The factories are very exten-
sive, and are increasing in number, and the town is
gradually assuming a due share of importance as re-
gards others in the manufacturing districts of Yorkshire
and Lancashire. Since the American Tariff took place,
the flannel trade has considerably declined, but the other
branches of manufacture are prosperous: the woollen
trade employs twelve thousand persons, and produces
about eight thousand pieces weekly; and the cotton
trade furnishes employment to about six thousand per-
sons. The number of steam-engines in the town and
neighbourhood amounts to fifty-seven, being equal in
power to nine hundred and forty-eight horses. The Roch-
dale canal, communicating with the Duke of Bridge-
water's canal at Manchester, and the Aire and Calder
canal, afford a facility of intercourse with the ports of
Liverpool and Hull, and with the whole line of inland
navigation: convenient quays and wharfs, for the load-
ing and unloading of goods, have been constructed on
the banks of the canal, and the basin is very capacious.
The market days are Monday and Saturday, the for-
mer for corn, wool, and manufactured articles of flan-
nel; the latter for provisions of all kinds. The fairs
are, May 14th, Whit-Tuesday, and November 7th, for
horses, cattle, and pedlary; there is also a fair, or ra-
ther a great mart, for wares, on the first Monday in every
month, which is generally well attended. The parish
is within the jurisdiction of the county magistrates, of
+
4 K
;
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618
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1
fled from Ireland, in 1603, after his unsuccessful efforts
to release his countrymen from the English yoke: the
whole transaction, with a sketch of his life, has been
interestingly narrated by Mr. Roby, of this town, in his
"Traditions of Lancashire." The eccentric Mr. John
Collier, a schoolmaster, painter, poet, and caricaturist,
better known by the appellation of Tim Bobbin, re-
sided here for many years. Rochdale gives the title of
baron to the family of Byron.
ROCHESTER, an an-
whom some reside near the town; and the lord of the
manor holds a court leet twice a year, and a court
baron every third week, at which latter debts under 40s.
are recoverable. The town-hall is a neat and substantial
building of brick, and contains an elegant saloon, in
which the merchants and traders meet for the transac-
tion of business, and for reading the newspapers. The
gaol for the town, called the New Bailey, is a convenient
building, adjoining the workhouse.

:
The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Chester, rated in the king's books at £11.4. 9.,
and in the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The church, dedicated to St. Chad, is a spacious and
venerable structure, in the early style of English archi-
tecture, with a square embattled tower, crowned with
pinnacles; the interior has some few remains of Nor-
man character, and contains many ancient monuments,
and an antique font: the churchyard is extensive, and
a new cemetery has been added to it, which is peculiar
for the neatness of its arrangement. The building stands
on a lofty eminence, to which there is an ascent of one
hundred and twenty-four steps from the lower part of
the town. St. Mary's chapel, a neat brick building,
was erected in 1744, as a chapel of ease to the vicarage.
The chapel, dedicated to St. James, a handsome edifice
of stone, in the later style of English architecture,
with a square embattled tower, was erected in 1820:
the living is a perpetual curacy in the patronage of the
Vicar.
There are several places of worship for Baptists,
the Society of Friends, Independents, Primitive and
Wesleyan Methodists, and Unitarians, and a Roman
Catholic chapel. The free grammar school was founded,
in 1565, by Archbishop Parker, and the school premises
were erected, on a piece of ground given for that pur-
pose, by the Rev. Richard Midgley, then vicar of the
parish the original endowment, £17 per annum for the
master, and £2 for the usher, payable out of the arch-
bishop's tithes, has been augmented by subsequent be-
nefactions: the institution is open to all boys of the parish
for gratuitous instruction in the classics only, and there
are forty-five on the foundation, who pay £ 6. 6. per annum
to the master for the other branches of their education.
The school has an interest, in turn with the schools of
Middleton, in this county, and of Steeple-Aston, in the
county of Oxford, in two scholarships founded at Brase-
nose College, Oxford, by Dr. Radcliffe, Principal of that
college. The Moss school, so called from its situation on
Vicar's Moss was founded, in 1769, by Mrs. Jane Hard-
man, who endowed it with two small estates, for the in-
struction of thirty boys and girls: the master's salary,
originally £40, has, from the improvement in the funds,
been increased to £100, and forty boys and twenty
girls are instructed in reading, writing, and accompts;
the latter are also taught sewing and knitting. A
National school was erected in 1814, and is supported
by subscription: there are nearly two hundred chil-
dren instructed in this establishment, and there are
Sunday schools in connexion with the established
church and the dissenting congregations, in which more
than three thousand children receive instruction. Nu-
merous bequests have been made for the relief of the
poor. About a mile and a half from the town, on the
banks of the river Roach, is a romantic spot, called
"Tyrone's bed," where, according to generally received
tradition, the Earl of Tyrone was concealed, when he
-
Arms.
cient city and port, having
separate jurisdiction, lo-
cally in the lathe of Ayles-
ford, county of KENT, 8/1/
miles (N.) from Maidstone,
and 29 (E.S.E.) from Lon-
don, on the road to Dovor,
containing, with the pre-
cinct of the Cathedral
Church, part of Chatham,
and Stroud Intra, 9309 in-
habitants. This place, the
Durobrivæ of the Romans, and one of their stipendiary
towns, was by the Saxons called "Hrove ceastre," from
which by contraction its present name is derived. The
Roman Watling-street from Canterbury passed through
the city, which was defended by walls built, according
to the Roman custom, in the direction of the Cardinal
points, and extending for half a mile from east to west,
and about a quarter of a mile from north to south.
Little of its history has been recorded previously to the
Saxon era, in the early period of which, Ethelbert, King
of Kent, having been converted to Christianity by the
preaching of St. Augustine, to whom he gave large pos-
sessions at Canterbury, founded a church in this city,
which he erected into a see, and thus laid the founda-
tion of its subsequent importance. In 676, Etheldred,
King of Mercia, having made an irruption into Kent,
plundered and nearly destroyed the city, which also
suffered severely from repeated attacks of the Danes,
who committed the most barbarous outrages. In 839,
these ferocious invaders having landed at Romney, and
defeated the troops sent to oppose them, plundered the
city, and massacred the inhabitants; and, in 885, another
party of them, under their leader Hasting, sailed up the
Medway, and laid siege to Rochester, before which they
threw up a strong intrenchment; the inhabitants op-
posed a vigorous resistance, and defended their city till
Alfred coming to their assistance obliged the enemy to
raise the siege, and retire to their ships with consider-
able loss. Athelstan, about the year 930, established
three mints at Rochester, which at that time was one
of the chief ports in the island, of which two were
for the use of the king, and one for the bishop. On
another invasion of the Danes, who in 999 appeared
in the Medway, with a large fleet, the inhabitants,
struck with terror at their approach, abandoned the
city to their fury, and fled into the interior of the
county. At the time of the Conquest, Rochester was
given by William to his half-brother, Odo, Bishop of
Bayeux, whom he created Earl of Kent, and who, in the
reign of William Rufus, having headed a conspiracy
against that monarch, in favour of Robert, Duke of
Normandy, was besieged in the castle, and deprived of
his possessions, which reverted to the crown.
In 1130,
·
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Henry I., with several of his nobles, attended at the
consecration of the church of St. Andrew, in this city,
by Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury; during the
ceremony a dreadful fire broke out, which raged with
such fury that the city was nearly reduced to ashes:
in 1137, it was again burnt, and it had scarcely re-
covered from that calamity, when a third destructive
fire spread with such rapidity and to such an extent,
that traces of its devastation were visible for ages. In
1141, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, chief general and
counsellor of Matilda, after having effected that queen's
escape, was himself taken prisoner at Winchester, and
confined in the castle of this city, but was exchanged for
King Stephen, who was soon afterwards made prisoner
by Matilda's party. In 1215, the barons seized Ro-
chester castle, which they held against King John, who
having invested it with his troops, obtained possession
after an obstinate defence, and ordered many of the
garrison to be hanged. In the reign of Henry III., the
castle was considerably repaired, and the walls strength-
ened, and the city was, by that monarch's liberality,
greatly restored from the dilapidation it had previously
suffered; Henry held a grand tournament here in 1251,
in which the English knights entered the lists against
all foreigners, without exception. In 1254, the castle
was besieged by Simon de Montfort, on the part of the
confederate barons, and successfully defended for the
king by Edward, Earl Warren; during this siege, the
bridge, with the tower upon it, which were both con-
structed of wood, was burnt. On the insurrection of
Wat Tyler, in the reign of Richard II., a party of the
rebels assaulted the castle, and took away by force one
of their comrades, who had been placed there in confine-
ment. Edward IV. repaired the castle and the walls of
the city, and bestowed several privileges upon the in-
habitants. In 1522, Henry VIII., accompanied by the
Emperor Charles V., visited Rochester; and, in 1573,
Queen Elizabeth, during her tour in Kent, remained here
for five days, and conferred many marks of her favour
on the citizens, by whom she was hospitably enter-
tained. On the restoration of Charles II., that monarch
on his arrival from the continent, passed through the
city on his route to the metropolis, and was joyfully re-
ceived by the mayor and corporation, who presented
him with a silver basin and ewer; and, in 1688, James II.,
on his retreat from the capital, embarked privately at
this port on board a tender lying in the Medway, which
conveyed him to France.
The city is pleasantly situated on rather a low point
of land, bounded on the west by the river Medway,
which, pursuing a northerly course till it has passed
the city, suddenly bends to the south-east, thus en-
vironing it nearly on three sides. On the river is a
handsome stone bridge of eleven arches, connecting
the city with Stroud, which was built on piles, chiefly
at the expense of Sir Robert Knolles and Sir John de
Cobham, who, with several other gentlemen, bequeathed
estates now fully adequate for keeping it in repair.
They are vested in two wardens and twelve assistants,
chosen annually from the commonalty, and incorporated
by patent of Richard II., their powers having been after-
wards enlarged by charter of Elizabeth; it is a hand-
some building, five hundred and sixty feet long, and
is defended by a stone parapet and balustrade. The
bridge chamber, in which the records of the Bridge
Company are kept, and the business of that trust trans-
acted, is a neat building of Portland stone, with a hand-
some portico, occupying the site of an ancient chapel,
erected near the east end of the bridge, by Sir John
de Cobham. The approach from the bridge is pecu-
liarly striking; the magnificent remains of the stately
castle, on an eminence rising abruptly from the Med-
way, and the view of that noble river, which expands
to a considerable breadth, immediately beyond the
bridge, with Chatham lines, and the martello towers
ranged along the shores, contribute to heighten the
effect.
The town, within the ancient walls, consists prin-
cipally of one spacious street, intersected by several
smaller, and is bounded by the bridge on the west, and
on the east by St. Margaret's bank, connecting it with
Chatham; the houses are in general respectable and of
ancient appearance, interspersed with several timber
and brick buildings; the city is well paved, lighted with
gas, and amply supplied with water, conveyed to the
houses by pipes from an excellent spring near a field
called the Vines. The environs are extremely pleasant,
and contain several handsome villas; and on the north-
west, on an easy ascent, are several streets of neat
modern houses, called, from the owner of the estate,
Troy Town: the air is salubrious, and the scenery
pleasing, and on the banks of the Medway are exten-
sive and beautiful promenades. The city is strongly for-
tified on the south side, and most of the works are
of modern construction, having been erected since the
peace of Amiens. Fort Pitt, partly in the parish of
St. Margaret, and partly in Chatham, now used as a
military hospital, and Fort Clarence, to the west of St.
Margaret's church, now appropriated as a naval lunatic
asylum, in conjunction with Chatham lines, form a re-
gular series of defensive works, commanding the river
Medway from Gillingham fort to Rochester bridge.
The theatre, a small neat building, is open occasion-
ally; assemblies are held in a suite of rooms well fitted
up, and there are floating baths, supplied with every
requisite accommodation. The Rochester and Chat-
ham Literary and Philosophical Institution is of recent
establishment, and in concert with it, exertions are be-
ing made to erect a public library and museum.
As re-
gards mercantile pursuits, Rochester enjoys a favour-
able situation on the river Medway, and possesses a
considerable share of commerce, but is not distin-
guished by any particular branch of manufacture. The
number of registered vessels belonging to the port, in
1828, amounted to about two hundred and forty-three,
averaging a burden of forty-two tons, most of them
are colliers, or coasting vessels, which bring supplies
for the dock-yards at Chatham. The average number
of vessels entering the port annually is about three
hundred and twenty foreign, and one hundred and
twenty British. The trade of the town principally arises
from the great number of persons employed in the
dock-yards and victualling-office, and temporary re-
sidents connected with the army and navy, in addition
to a small degree of ship-building. The oyster fishery
is carried on to a considerable extent, and is a great
source of profit to the inhabitants; large quantities of
oysters are sent to London, Holland, and Westphalia.
The market, on Friday, is well supplied with fish and
provisions of every kind; a corn market, recently esta-
4 K 2
+
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:
blished, is held on Tuesday: the fairs, formerly on May
30th and December 11th, have nearly fallen into disuse,
but there is a cattle market monthly on Wednesday,
Corporate Seal.
SIS.
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ΠΛΙΟ
BRAN
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Yo
SERSIGILLY
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Obverse.
Reverse.
-
The city received its first charter of incorporation
from Henry II., in 1165, and its privileges have been
ratified and extended by succeeding monarchs to the
time of Charles I., by whose charter the government
is vested in a mayor, eleven aldermen, and twelve com-
mon council-men, assisted by a recorder, town-clerk,
two chamberlains, a water-bailiff, a principal serjeant
at mace, and two under-serjeants, with subordinate of-
ficers. The mayor is annually elected by the citizens,
from among the aldermen, who, with the common coun-
cil-men, fill up vacancies in their bodies as they occur;
the recorder is chosen by the mayor and aldermen.
The mayor, recorder, late mayor, and senior alderman,
are justices of the peace within the borough and li-
berties; the freedom is inherited by birth, and obtained
by servitude, purchase, or gift. The corporation hold
quarterly courts of session for all offences within the
city and liberties, which include part of Chatham; and
a court of portmote, every fifteen days, for the determi-
nation of all pleas, and for the recovery of debts to any
amount. A court of requests is held for the recovery of
debts not exceeding £5, the jurisdiction of which ex-
tends over the parishes of Stroud, Frindsbury, Cobham,
Shorne, Higham, Cliff, Cooling, High Halstow, Chalk,
Hoo, Burham, Wouldham, Halling, Cuxton, Chatham, Gil-
lingham, and the ville of Sheerness, in the county of Kent.
The corporation have.
jurisdiction over the oys-
ter fisheries in the creeks
and branches of the Med-
way; and the mayor and
aldermen, assisted by a
jury of free dredgers, hold
a court of admiralty, in
which they make regula-
tions for the opening, stock-
ing, and shutting of the
oyster beds: the free dredg-
ers are governed by an act
passed in the 9th of George II., and no one can be free
who has not served an apprenticeship of seven years to
one of that body. The town-hall, erected in 1687, is a
handsome brick building, supported on duplicated columns
of the Doric order; the hall is commodiously fitted up
for holding the several courts, and for the transaction
of the public business of the city, and is forty-seven feet
long, and twenty-eight feet wide: the ceiling is enriched
with trophies, and with the city arms, together with those
BOG
Admiralty Seal.
VLIAD
SIGILL
of Sir Cloudesley Shovel, at whose expense it was embel-
lished; at the upper end are full-length portraits of
King William and Queen Anne, by Sir Godfrey Kneller;
there are also portraits of Sir Cloudesley Shovel, Sir
John Jennings, Sir Thomas Colby, Sir Joseph William-
son, Richard Watts, Esq., and various other benefactors
to the city: the area underneath is paved with Purbeck
stone, and is appropriated to the use of the market;
behind it is the gaol for the city, containing six wards,
and adapted to the reception of sixteen prisoners. The
clock-house was erected on the site of the ancient
guildhall (in which the assizes for the county were for-
merly held), at the sole expense of Sir Cloudesley Shovel,
in 1706; it is a neat brick building, and over the
dial of the clock are the arms of the founder. The
city first exercised the elective franchise in the 23rd of
Edward I., since which time it has regularly returned
two members to parliament: the right of election is
vested in the freemen generally not receiving alms,
whether resident or non-resident, of whom the number
is about one thousand two hundred: the mayor is the
returning officer.

ADMIRA
The see of Rochester,
which is the smallest in the
kingdom, and the most an-
cient, except Canterbury,
was established in 600, by
Ethelbert, King of Kent,
who, at the persuasion of
St. Augustine, erected a
church in this city, which
he dedicated to St. Andrew,
and establishing a monas-
tery for Secular priests, ap-
pointed for their bishop,
Justus, who had accom-
Arms of the Bishoprick.
panied St. Augustine into Britain. The diocese com-
prehends the western division of the county, and in-
cludes ninety-one parishes, in the deaneries of Rochester,
Malling, and Dartford, separated from the see of Can-
terbury by the river Medway. The ecclesiastical esta-
blishment consists of a bishop, dean, an archdeacon,
six prebendaries, six minor canons, a chancellor, eight
choristers, a grammar master, twenty scholars, six poor
bedesmen, and subordinate officers. The cathedral
church, dedicated to St. Andrew, and rebuilt by Bishop
Gundulph, in 1080, is a spacious and venerable struc-
ture, in the form of a double cross, with a central tower
surmounted by a spire; the west front is a fine speci-
men of Norman architecture, elaborately enriched with
sculpture, but the great window over the entrance is an
insertion in the later style of English architecture, as
are many of the windows in the nave and other parts
of the building. On each side of the west door is a
square tower; that on the north side has been lately re-
built, and has a niche in which is a statue supposed to
be that of Gundulph: a descent of several steps leads
into the nave, which, with the exception of the windows,
and a part near the transepts, is in the Norman style;
the roof is supported on massive piers and circular
arches, and, though now flat, has evidently been much
loftier, and is finely groined. From the nave an ascent
of ten steps leads through the arch of the stone screen
into the choir, which is in the early English style of
architecture, the roof finely groined, and the columns

V

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of marble from the quarries near Petworth in Sussex:
the altar-piece is decorated with a painting, by West, of
the Angel appearing to the Shepherds, and on the north
of the altar, within the railing, are two very ancient
tombs, supposed to have been erected for Bishop Law-
rence de St. Martin, and Bishop Gilbert de Glanville.
There are several chapels, among which are the Lady
chapel, where the bishop holds his consistory court;
St. Edmund's, a square chapel, from which a door, now
closed up, formerly led to the chapter-house; a small
chapel in the south aisle of the choir, in which is a
beautiful window in the decorated style; and at the
north end of the eastern transept, the chapel of St.
William, whose shrine is still preserved in it. On the
east side of the north transept is a building, called Gun-
dulph's Tower, but the style scarcely warrants the sup-
position of its having been built by him. The crypt, un-
der the eastern part of the cathedral, is a fine specimen
of the early English style; the roof is plainly groined,
and in that part of it which extends under the north
aisle, the architecture is scarcely to be distinguished
from the Norman style. The length of the cathedral
from east to west is three hundred and six feet, and the
breadth along the greater transepts is one hundred
and twenty-two feet, and along the smaller ninety feet.
There are numerous ancient monuments, but they are
much mutilated, and the inscriptions for the most part
obliterated; among them is a statue in red-veined mar-
ble of Walter de Merton, founder of Merton College,
Oxford: there are also monuments to Lord Henniker
and his lady, by Bacon, Jun. This was anciently a
priory of Secular priests, who were removed in 1087,
by Bishop Gundulph, who placed in their stead Bene-
dictine monks, whose revenue, at the dissolution,
amounted to £486. 11. 5. The ancient chapter-house,
now in ruins, has been a magnificent structure, and
still displays the remains of several fine Norman arches ;
and the prebendal houses contain many relics of the
monastic buildings.
The city comprises the parishes of St. Margaret
and St. Nicholas, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Rochester. The living of St. Margaret's is a vicar-
age, rated in the king's books at £10, and in the pa-
tronage of the Dean and Chapter: the church is an
ancient structure with a tower, and contains several
ancient monuments and an antique font : five hundred
and seventy additional sittings, of which three hundred
are free, have been erected, at an expense of £600, de-
frayed by grant from the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels. The living of
St. Nicholas' is a vicarage, with that of St. Clement's,
rated in the king's books at £20. S. 9., and in the pa-
tronage of the Bishop: the church, which has been
extensively repaired at different times, is a substantial
and commodious edifice, principally in the later style of
English architecture, with a square embattled tower at
the north-west angle: the roof of the nave is supported
by a range of lofty columns and finely-pointed arches:
there are some monuments of no great antiquity, and
a very ancient stone font. The churches of St. Clement
and St. Mary the Virgin have been demolished. There
are places of worship for the Society of Friends, Inde-
pendents, Wesleyan Methodists, and Unitarians.
the establishment of the cathedral church, and is under
the superintendence of the Dean and Chapter: there
are four exhibitions of £5 per annum each, two to
each of the Universities, which, on taking the degree of
master of arts, are augmented to £6, and subsequent-
ly to £6. 13. 4. per annum : this school has also, with
that of Maidstone, two of four exhibitions of £15 per
ann. each, with chambers, in University College, Oxford,
founded by the Rev. Robert Gunsley. A free school
was founded, in 1701, by Sir Joseph Williamson, who
bequeathed £5000 for its erection and endowment: the
present income is about £600 per annum, and about
one hundred boys are instructed in the ancient and
modern languages, the mathematics, astronomy, and
navigation: the head-master receives a salary of £100
per annum, with a gratuity of £200; and the second
master £40 per annum, with a gratuity of £110. Se-
veral distinguished naval characters have been educated
in this establishment. Sir John Hayward having, in
1635, devised estates for charitable uses, his trustee,
Mr. Francis Barrel, in 1718, appropriated £33 per
annum to the payment of £12 annually to a master
for teaching twenty poor boys, and £8 per annum
to a mistress for teaching twelve poor girls, of the
parish of St. Nicholas, and £10 per annum to a mis-
tress for teaching thirty children of the parishes of
Stroud and Frindsbury. Mr. Henry Barrel, in 1764, be-
queathed funded property producing £4 per annum,
for the support of a charity school; and Mr. John Bay-
nard left £300 for the support of a Sunday school in
the parish of St. Margaret. There are also a National
school, and several Sunday schools, supported by sub-
scription. Near the site of the ancient market cross
are the custom-house, and a house for the reception
of poor travellers, founded by Richard Watts, Esq.: in
this establishment six travellers, not being "rogues nor
proctors," may claim a lodging for one night, and four-
pence each: the term " proctor" was applied to con-
cealed itinerant popish missionaries, who at that time
were in the habit of wandering about the country to
absolve the people from their allegiance: the funds
originally left for the support of this institution, then
amounting only to £36 per annum, now produce £ 1000
per annum; the surplus is, by a decree of the court of
Chancery, appropriated to the support of the parochial
poor. St. Catherine's hospital, founded in 1316, by Sy-
mond Potyn, for the support of lepers and other dis-
eased persons, is now appropriated as an almshouse for
the reception of twelve aged persons, among whom the
sum arising from the endowment is divided. Dr.
Lamplugh, Dean of Rochester, and Bishop of Exeter,
bequeathed £ 50 in trust to the corporation, to be lent,
without interest, in sums varying from £5 to £10, to
young tradesmen for four years; and there are va-
rious other bequests for distribution among the poor,
and for other charitable uses.
The Royal free grammar school, founded by Henry
VIII., for the education of twenty boys, forms part of
The remains of the castle, which was erected after
the Conquest, on the site of the ancient Roman fortress,
consist principally of the keep, or great tower, in the
south-west angle of an enclosed quadrangular area,
three hundred feet in length: it was built by Bishop
Gundulph, and is considered one of the most entire
and curious specimens of Norman military archi-
tecture now remaining; it is a square tower with-
angular turrets, one hundred and four feet high, and
1
:
:
"
i
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seventy feet in breadth at the base; the walls are twelve
feet in thickness, and a winding staircase in the east
angle, communicating with every story, leads to the
summit, from which a most extensive view of the sur-
rounding country is obtained: the state apartments are
on the second story, communicating with which is an
arched gallery in the thick wall, extending round the
whole tower: the walls of the castle and of the keep are
of Kentish rag-stone, cemented with mortar, which by
time has been rendered harder than the stone itself, and
the whole fabric has acquired such a degree of solidity, as
to have baffled an interested attempt to demolish it, for
the value of the materials, which was made about the
beginning of the last century. Several estates in
Kent being held by the ancient tenure of Castle guard,
on St. Andrew's day, O. S., a banner is displayed on
the castle, when every tenant who does not attend
and discharge his arrears, is liable to have his rent
doubled on every return of the tide, till payment is made.
Some parts of the city walls remain entire, and the
north-east angle in particular displays its height, form,
and embrasures. Near Minor Canon-row is a small
embattled tower, through which was the entrance into
the cloisters of the priory, of which some parts are still
remaining. At Boley Hill, to the south of the city, the
Romans are supposed to have had a cemetery, and se-
pulchral urns and lachrymatories have been found there
in great numbers: a part of the hill is, however, sup-
posed to have been thrown up by the Danes, when they
besieged the city, in 885. Under an elm-tree on this hill
the corporation hold a separate court leet for this
small district, in which the recorder presides as steward,
and appoints an officer, called the Baron of Boley, to
whom it is supposed the custody of this place was en-
trusted by the governor of the castle: a court of pie-
powder is also held here, under the mayor and two
"discreet" citizens. Rochester gave the title of earl to
the facetious John Wilmot, in the reign of Charles II.
ROCHESTER-WARD, a township in the parish
of ELSDON, southern division of COQUETDALE ward,
county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 12 miles (N.) from Bel-
lingham, containing 491 inhabitants. A small village,
called High Rochester, situated on the brow of a rugged
eminence, occupies the site of the ancient Bremenium,
the strongest of the Roman stations in the north, and
previously the chief fortification of the Ottodini. Por-
tions of the walls on the west and south-west sides still
remain; they were seven feet in thickness, chequered
with ashlar-work, and defended by triple ramparts of
earth. The hypocaust was in the north-eastern part
of the walls, and the conduits leading to it were, a
few
years since, in a tolerably perfect state. Numerous
altars, urns, and other relics, have been found here; and
in the neighbourhood are several rude sepulchral mo-
numents of the ancient Britons, which prove that it
must have been the scene of many sanguinary conflicts
between the Ottodini and the Romans, before the con-
quest of the former.
ROCHFORD, a market town and parish in the
hundred of ROCHFORD, County of ESSEX, 19 miles
(S. E.) from Chelmsford, and 40 (E. by N.) from Lon-
don, containing 1382 inhabitants. It is situated on the
It is situated on the
small river Roche, from which it is supposed to derive
its name, and is an irregularly built town, neither lighted
nor paved, supplied with water from a spring, by a
pump erected in the market-place. The trade is princi-
pally in corn. The river Crouch is navigable to Broom-
hills, within about a mile of the town. The market
is on Thursday; and the fairs are on Tuesday and
Wednesday in Easter week, and on the Wednesday and
Thursday after the 29th of September, chiefly for toys :
there is a market-house, built of wood, but not used
as such, being occupied only as a store-room for wool,
The magistrates for the hundred hold their sittings here
on Thursday, once a fortnight, and occasionally weekly,
for general business. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of London, rated
in the king's books at £20, and in the patronage of the
Hon. W. T. L. P. Wellesley. The church, situated about
a quarter of a mile west from the town, is dedicated
to St. Andrew; it is a plain edifice, consisting of a nave,
chancel, and two aisles, with a lofty tower of very
fine ancient brickwork. A new gallery, the seats in
which are free, was erected in 1827, at the expense of
£40, by the Incorporated Society for building and en-
larging churches and chapels, and the church was re-
paired and beautified in 1828. There is a place of
worship for Independents. A National school, for an
unlimited number of children of both sexes, is sup-
ported chiefly by subscription. Almshouses, in which
six poor persons are lodged, and receive a weekly
allowance, were founded and endowed by Lord Riche,
about the middle of the sixteenth century. Rochford
Hall, the greater part of which was destroyed by fire,
about sixty years since, was the birthplace of the un-
fortunate Anne Boleyn, queen of Henry VIII.: it stands
a short distance west of the town. Rochford gave
the title of earl to the family of Nassau, which, on the
death of the late earl, Sept. 3rd, 1830, became extinct.
ROCHFORD, a parish in the hundred of WOLPHY,
county of HEREFORD, 2 miles (E. by N.) from Ten-
bury, containing 264 inhabitants.
bury, containing 264 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Tenbury, in
the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Hereford.
The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
ROCK, a chapelry in the parish of EMBLETON,
southern division of BAMBROUGH ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 42 miles (N. N. E.) from Alnwick,
containing 185 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry of Northumberland, and
diocese of Durham, endowed with £400 private bene-
faction, and £800 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Vicar of Embleton. The chapel is dedicated
to St. Philip and St. James. Here is an endowed free
school, with an income of about £7 per annum, for
which and small quarterages from the parents, twenty
children receive instruction.
ROCK, a parish in the lower division of the hundred
of DODDINGTREE, county of WORCESTER, 43 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Bewdley, containing, with the ham-
lets of Alton, Hightington, Lindons, and Snead, 1266
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Salop, and diocese of Hereford, rated in the king's
books at £17. 11. 8., and in the patronage of Mr. Wood-
hull and others.
hull and others. The church, dedicated to St. Peter
and St. Paul, is very ancient.
and St. Paul, is very ancient. There is a charity school,
the salary of the master being paid out of the crown
rent.
ROCK-SAVAGE, county palatine of CHESTER.-See
CLIFTON.
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ROCKBEAR, a parish in the eastern division of
the hundred of BUDLEIGH, County of DEVON, 54 miles
(W.) from Ottery St. Mary, containing, with part of the
tything of Rawleigh, 443 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £9, and in the
patronage of the Bishop of Exeter. The church is de-
dicated to St. Mary. Lawrence Colesworthy, in 1702,
bequeathed £ 4 per annum for teaching poor children.
ROCKBURNE, a parish in the hundred of FORD-
INGBRIDGE, New Forest (West) division of the county
of SOUTHAMPTON, 34 miles (N. W. by N.) from Fording-
bridge, containing 464 inhabitants. The living is a
donative, in the patronage of Lady Coote. The church
is dedicated to St. Andrew.
ROCKCLIFF, a parish in the ward and county of
CUMBERLAND, Comprising the townships of Castle-Rock-
cliff and Church-Rockliff, and containing 722 inha-
bitants, of which number, 362 are in the township of
Church-Rockcliff, 42 miles (N. W.) from Carlisle. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Carlisle, endowed with £200 royal bounty,
and £ 1600 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage
of the Dean and Chapter of Carlisle. The parish is
bounded on the north by the river Esk, on the north-
west by the Solway Frith, and on the south-west by the
river Eden, the latter of which is navigable to the
village of Rockcliff, which is situated opposite to Port
Carlisle. Within reach of the tide is a remarkable
spring, with a scum floating on its surface, which turns
paper to a complete golden hue; and the banks of
the river produce a medicinal plant, termed Mother of
Thyme.
ROCKCLIFF (CASTLE), a township in the parish
of RockCLIFF, ward and county of CUMBERLAND, 52
miles (N. W.) from Carlisle, containing 360 inhabitants.
The river Eden is here crossed by an iron bridge of
three arches, on the road to Gretna-Green, three
miles distant. Some remains of a small castle, built
by the Lords Dacre, are still visible: it was gar-
risoned by Leonard Dacre, when in rebellion against
Queen Elizabeth, in 1570, and was taken possession of
by Lord Hunsdon, for the queen, in February of the
same year.
ROCKFIELD, a parish in the lower division of
the hundred of SKENFRETH, County of MONMOUTH, 2
miles (N. W.) from Monmouth, containing 335 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the
king's books at £ 4. 3. 14., endowed with £800 royal
bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of Robert Williams, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Kenelm.
.
ROCKHAM, a hamlet in the parish of AMBERLEY,
hundred of WEST EASWRITH, rape of ARUNDEL, county
of Sussex, 6 miles (N. E. by N.) from Arundel. The
population is returned with the parish. The chapel is
demolished.
ROCKHAMPTON, a parish in the lower division
of the hundred of LANGLEY and SWINEHEAD, county
of GLOUCESTER, 2 miles (N. E. by N.) from Thorn-
bury, containing 159 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester,
rated in the king's books at £15, and in the patronage
of Danvers Ward, Esq. The church is dedicated to St.
Oswald. The parish is partly bounded by the navigable
river Severn.
ROCKINGHAM, a parish in the hundred of COR-
BY, county of NORTHAMPTON, 25 miles (N. N. E.) from
Northampton, containing 278 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and
diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books at
£10. 2. 3., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Lord Sondes.
The church is dedicated to St. Leonard. The river Wel-
land runs through the parish. This place, formerly a
market town, is situated in the midst of Rockingham
Forest. On the top of a hill, the declivity of which is
occupied by the village, a castle was erected by William
the Conqueror, for the defence of the extensive iron-
works then existing in the adjacent woodlands. Here
was convened, in 1094, the council of barons, bishops,
and clergy, which sat for the purpose of determining
the dispute between William Rufus and Anselm, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, respecting the right of episcopal
investiture. Of the castle, the two massive bastions
which flanked the gateway are the only remains.
tower and part of the body of the church were destroyed
in the great civil war during the siege of the castle,
which was garrisoned for the king by its proprietor, Sir
Lewis Watson, afterwards created Lord Rockingham.
The
ROCKLAND, a parish in the hundred of HENSTEAD,
county of NORFOLK, 6½ miles (S. E. by E.) from Nor-
wich, containing 318 inhabitants. The living is a rec-
tory, consolidated with that of St. Margaret, and a me-
diety of Holverstone, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£6. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the President and
Fellows of Queen's College, Cambridge. The church-
yard formerly contained two churches; that now in
use is dedicated to St. Mary, but that of St. Margaret
has been demolished.
ROCKLAND (ALL SAINTS), a parish in the
hundred of SHROPHAM, county of NORFOLK, 33 miles
(W. by N.) from Attleburgh, containing 267 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, with Rockland St.
Andrew, annexed to the rectory of Caston, in the arch-
deaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in
the king's books at £10. 19. 41.
ROCKLAND (ST. ANDREW), a parish in the hun-
dred of SHROPHAM, County of NORFOLK, 34 miles (W.)
from Attleburgh, containing 143 inhabitants. The liv
ing is a discharged rectory, with Rockland All Saints,
annexed to the rectory of Caston, in the archdeaconry
of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich.
ROCKLAND (ST. PETER), a parish in the hundred
of WAYLAND, County of NORFOLK, 44 miles (W.N.W.)
from Attleburgh, containing 349 inhabitants. The liv
ing is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £4. 16. 5½., and in the patronage of the Rev.
J. T. Bird.
ROCLIFFE, a township in that part of the
parish of Aldborough which is in the lower division
of the wapentake of CLARO, West riding of the
county of YORK, 12 mile (W.S. W.) from Boroughbridge,
containing 248 inhabitants. A school for children of
both sexes is supported by voluntary contributions.
ROD, a joint township with Little Brampton and
Nash, in that part of the parish of PRESTEIGNE which
1
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is in the hundred of WIGMORE, county of HEREFORD,
2 miles (S. S. E.) from Presteigne, containing, with
Little Brampton and Nash, 148 inhabitants.
RODBASTON, a township in that part of the parish
of PENKRIDGE which is in the eastern division of the
hundred of CUTTLESTONE, county of STAFFORD, 12
mile (S. by E.) from Penkridge. The population is re-
turned with the township of Penkridge.
RODBORNE, a chapelry in the parish and hundred
of MALMESBURY, county of WILTS, 3 miles (S. by E.)
from Malmesbury, containing 139 inhabitants.
RODBORNE-CHENEY, a parish in the hundred
of Highworth, CRICKLADE, and STAPLE, county of
WILTS, 3 miles (N. W. by N.) from Swindon, containing
544 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the arch-
deaconry of Wilts, and diocese of Salisbury, rated in
the king's books at £17, and in the patronage of Mrs.
Evans. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
RODBOROUGH, a chapelry in the parish of
MINCHINHAMPTON, hundred of LONGTREE, county of
GLOUCESTER, 1 mile (S. W. by W.) from Stroud, con-
taining 2038 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, annexed to the rectory of Minchinhampton, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Gloucester, and in the
patronage of the Principal and Fellows of Brasenose
College, Oxford. The chapel, dedicated to the Holy
Trinity, was a chantry to the priory of Minchinhamp-
ton, whence it had formerly a subterraneous passage.
There is a place of worship for Independents. The
river Stroud, and the Thames and Severn canal, pass
through the parish. Henry King, in 1699, bequeathed
the residue of his personal estate, in equal moieties,
to the parish of Minchinhampton and to this chapelry,
the proportion to each being about £25 a year: the
parochial school, to which these sums have hitherto
been paid, has been recently enlarged out of the funds
of this charity. There is also a bequest of £100 three
per cents., by Samuel Horrill, for teaching three girls,
and another of £100 for teaching three boys, which,
with accumulations from the sale of timber, &c., pro-
duce about £16 per annum. Here was born, in 1638,
Richard Clutterbuck, who, though blind, was an extra-
ordinary mechanical and musical genius; he also had
the faculty of hearing in a remarkably acute manner.
RODDAM, a township in the parish of ILDERTON,
northern division of COQUETDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 5 miles (S. S. E.) from Wooler,
containing 90 inhabitants.
RODDEN, a parish in the hundred of FROME,
county of SOMERSET, 2 miles (E. by S.) from Frome, con-
taining 272 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry of Wells, and diocese of Bath and
Wells, endowed with £400 private benefaction, £ 600
royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of Lord Heytesbury. The church was
built at the expense of the parishioners, about 1640.
RODDINGTON, a parish in the Wellington divi-
sion of the hundred of BRADFORD (South), county of
SALOP, 5 miles (N. W. by W.) from Wellington, containing
445 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, rated in the king's books at £6. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Crown. The church is de-
dicated to St. George. The river Rode and the Shrews-
bury canal pass through the village.
RODE (NORTH), a township in the parish of
PRESTBURY, hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county pala-
tine of CHESTER, 3 miles (N. E.) from Congleton,
containing 262 inhabitants. A school is supported by
small annual donations.
RODE (ODD), a township in that part of the parish
of ASTBURY which is in the hundred of NORTHWICH,
county palatine of CHESTER, 4 miles (S. W. by S.) from
Congleton, containing 1143 inhabitants. The Grand
Trunk canal passes through the parish. A school is
supported by annual subscriptions averaging about £25.
RODE - HUISH, a chapelry in the parish and
hundred of CARHAMPTON, County of SOMERSET, 3 miles
(S. S. E.) from Dunster. The population is returned
with the parish.
RODLEY, a township in the parish of WESTBURY
upon SEVERN, hundred of WESTBURY, though locally
in the duchy of Lancaster, county of GLOUCESTER, 5
miles (E. by N.) from Newnham. The population is
returned with the parish.
RODMARTON, a parish in the hundred of LONG-
TREE, county of GLOUCESTER, 6 miles (W. S. W.) from
Cirencester, containing 357 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Glouces-
ter, rated in the king's books at £18. 1. 3., and in the
patronage of the Rev. Daniel Lysons. The church is
dedicated to St. Peter. The old Akeman-street passes
near the south-eastern boundary of the parish. In a
field called Hocbery, a tesselated pavement, with coins
of Antoninus and Valentinian, was discovered, in 1636.
A farm-house at Hasleden, in this parish, is supposed
to have been at one time a monastery; and attached
to the old manor-house at Tarlton are the remains of a
chapel. Samuel Lysons, F. R.S., and F.S.A., author
of the "Environs of London," and joint author of the
Magna Britannia," was born here, in 1763.
(6
RODMELL, a parish in the hundred of HOLMS-
TROW, rape of LEWES, county of SUSSEX, 33 miles
(S. by E.) from Lewes containing 336 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Lewes, and
diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£15. 6. 01., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Chi-
chester. The church, dedicated to St. Peter, is prin-
cipally in the early style of English architecture. There
was formerly a chapel at Northese. The river Ouse runs
through the parish, which is also intersected by a branch
of the ancient Ermin-street, in a direction towards New-
haven. A school is supported by subscription, in which
about sixty children are educated.
RODMERSHAM, a parish in the hundred of
MILTON, lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 2 miles (S. E.
by S.) from Sittingbourne, containing 307 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the king's books
at £8. 6. 8., endowed with £200 private benefaction,
and £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Wm.
Lushington, Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Nicho-
las, is in the early style of English architecture, and has
in the chancel four elegant canopied stalls, thought to
have been intended for the knights of St. John of Jeru-
salem, to whom the church belonged, when they came
to visit their estate.
RODSLEY, a hamlet in the parish of LONGFORD,
hundred of APPLETREE, county of DERBY, 4½ miles
(S. S. E.) from Ashbourn, containing 208 inhabitants.
ROK
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It is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lancaster, and
within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas held at Tutbury
every third Tuesday, for the recovery of debts under 40s.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
A school is supported by a trifling bequest from Lady
Coke, and some small annual subscriptions.
ROEHAMPTON, a hamlet in the parish of PUTNEY,
western division of the hundred of BRIXTON, County of
SURREY, 5 miles (S. W. by W.) from London. The
population is returned with the parish. This place is
pleasantly situated at the western extremity of Putney
heath, bordering on which are several handsome villas
of the nobility and gentry, including that of the Earl of
Besborough, built by Sir William Chambers, and con-
taining some antique sculptures and paintings by Fle-
mish and Italian artists. Here also is Roehampton
House, formerly called Putney Park, which, in the reign
of Charles I., belonged to the Earl of Portland, and
was subsequently the property of Christiana, Countess
of Devonshire, a lady distinguished for her talents, who
is said to have had some share in the restoration of
Charles II. A chapel attached to this mansion, erected
by Lord Portland, was consecrated in 1632, and dedi-
cated to the Holy Trinity: it was taken down in 1777,
by Thomas Parker, Esq., then proprietor of Roehamp-
ton House, who built a new chapel at a short distance.
This place suffered great injury from a violent hurri-
cane which occurred October 15th, 1780, and extended
from Lord Besborough's mansion to Hammersmith,
tearing up trees in its course, and driving them to a
considerable distance; some buildings were unroofed,
and a windmill was thrown down.
ROFFORD, a liberty in the parish of CHALGROVE,
hundred of EWELME, county of OXFORD, 43 miles
(W. S. W.) from Tetsworth, containing 31 inhabitants.
ROGATE, a parish in the hundred of Dumpford,
rape of CHICHESTER, County of SUSSEX, 6 miles
(W. N. W.) from Midhurst, containing 724 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books
at £10. 5., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church, dedicated to St. Bartholomew, is in the early
style of English architecture. There is a place of
worship for Independents.
ROGERSTONE, a hamlet in that part of the parish
of BASSALEG which is in the upper division of the hun-
dred of WENTLLOOG, county of MONMOUTH, 23 miles
(W.) from Newport, containing 662 inhabitants.
ROGGIET, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of CALDICOTT, County of MONMOUTH, 6½ miles
(S. W.) from Chepstow, containing 42 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, with that of Ifton united,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff, rated in
the king's books at £ 12. 6. 01., and in the patronage
of J. Morgan, Esq.
ROKEBY, a parish in the western division of the
wapentake of GILLING, North riding of the county of
YORK, 1 mile (N. W. by W.) from Greta-Bridge, con-
taining, with Eggleston Abbey, 222 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Richmond, and diocese of Chester, rated in the king's
books at £4. 3. 9., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, was formerly situa-
ted near the manor-house, and its site is now marked by
heaps of rubbish and a few grave-stones; it was de-
VOL. III.
*
molished about the middle of the last century, and the
present small structure erected by Sir Thomas Robinson.
Rokeby is situated on the rivers Tees and Greta, and
the vicinity is replete with beautiful scenery, which has
been celebrated by the poetry of Sir Walter Scott and
Mr. Mason, the latter of whom made it his favourite
retreat. A Roman road led through the parish, and
here are vestiges of an ancient encampment, near
which various inscribed stones and other Roman relics
have been found. In a close adjoining the embattled
keep of Mortham, the ancient residence of the Rokebys,
is a large tomb, removed thither from Eggleston abbey,
the sides of which are ornamented with shields.
ROLLESBY, a parish in the western division of
the hundred of FLEGG, county of NORFOLK, 5 miles
(N. E.) from Acle, containing, with the inmates of the
house of industry for the eastern and western divisions
of the hundred of Flegg, 619 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £17, and in
the patronage of — Fielding, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. George.
ROLLESTON, a chapelry in the parish of BILLES-
DON, hundred of GARTREE, county of LEICESTER, 10
miles (E. by S.) from Leicester, containing 31 inhabit-
ants. The chapel is dedicated to St. John.
ROLLESTON, a parish in the northern division
of the wapentake of THURGARTON, county of NOTTING-
HAM, 4½ miles (W. by S.) from Newark, containing 306
inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated in the
king's books at £10. 1. 3., and in the patronage of
the Chapter of the Collegiate Church of Southwell. The
church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The village is
situated on the river Trent, which receives a smaller
stream that bounds the parish on the west.
ROLLESTON, a parish in the northern division of
the hundred of OFFLOW, county of STAFFORD, 34 miles
(N. N. W.) from Burton upon Trent, containing, with
the township of Anslow, or Annesley, 869 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Stafford,
and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the
king's bocks at £13. 19. 7., and in the patronage of
Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart. The church is dedicated to
St. Mary. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. The river Dove runs through the parish.
A free school was founded, about 1520, by Robert Sher-
bourne, Bishop of Winchester, who endowed it with an
annuity of £10, to which subsequent benefactions have
been added, producing together an income of £37 a
year, which is applied to the instruction of forty-five
children. Near the school are ten almshouses, called
the hospital, for aged people of both sexes, endowed, in
1672, by Mr. Rolleston; six of the inmates have an
allowance of coal and four shillings a week each, and
the remaining four have three and sixpence each.
Rolleston is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of Lan-
caster, and within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas
held at Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the recovery of
debts under 40s.
ROLLRIGHT (GREAT), a parish in the hundred
of CHADLINGTON, county of Oxford, 3 miles (N. by
E.) from Chipping-Norton, containing 419 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese.
of Oxford, rated in the king's books at £ 16. 9. 41., and
ţ
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:
in the patronage of the Principal and Fellows of
Brasenose College, Oxford. The church is dedicated.
to St. Andrew. The Rev. James Parker, in 1780, be-
queathed £100 towards the support of a school for
teaching poor children to read. This parish was noted
among agriculturists for a peculiar species of cattle,
called the Rollright breed.
ROLLRIGHT (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred
of CHADLINGTON, county of OXFORD, 24 miles (N. W.
by N.) from Chipping-Norton, containing 28 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Oxford, rated in the king's books at
£5. 6. S., endowed with £200 private benefaction, and
£200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Sir John
Chandos Reade, Bart. There are in this parish some
stones set up in the form of a circle, the diameter of
which is twenty yards, termed the King's Stones, and
supposed to be remains of a Druidical temple.
ROLLSTONE, a parish forming a detached portion
of the hundred of ELSTUB and EVERLEY, county of
WILTS, 54 miles (W. by N.) from Amesbury, containing
41 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury, rated in the
king's books at £7. 19. 54., and in the patronage of the
Crown. The church is dedicated to St. Andrew.
ROLVENDEN, a parish in the hundred of ROL-
VENDEN, lathe of SCRAY, county of KENT, 2½ miles
(S. W. by W.) from Tenterden, containing 1403 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury, rated in the
king's books at £10, endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £500 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Dean and Chapter of Rochester. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, is principally in the
later style of English architecture, and has lately re-
ceived an addition of two hundred and twenty sittings,
of which one hundred and forty are free, the Incorpo-
rated Society for the enlargement of churches and cha-
pels having granted £200 towards defraying the expense.
There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
Major John Gibbon, in 1707, bequeathed property
amounting to £921. 4. three per cent. consols., pro-
ducing £27. 2. 9., for teaching and apprenticing poor
children of both sexes.
ROMALD-KIRK, a parish in the western division of
the wapentake of GILLING, North riding of the county
of YORK, comprising the townships of Cotherston, Hol-
wick, Hunderthwaite, Lartingdon, Lune-Dale, Mickle-
ton, and Romald-Kirk, and containing 2461 inhabitants,
of which number, 377 are in the township of Romald-
Kirk, 6 miles (N. W.) from Barnard-Castle. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and dio-
cese of Chester, rated in the king's books at £ 58. 14. 2.,
and in the patronage of the Earl of Strathmore. The
church, dedicated to St. Romald, is an ancient cruciform
structure, with a large square tower crowned with pin-
nacles: it contains several handsome monuments. John
Parkin, in 1632, bequeathed £300, now producing
about £20 per annum, for which all the poor children
of the parish are entitled to free instruction.
ROMANBY, a township in the parish of NORTH
ALLERTON, wapentake of ALLERTONSHIRE, North
riding of the county of YORK, of a mile (S. W.) from
North Allerton, containing 294 inhabitants. It derived
its name from the Roman road passing by it.
ROMANSLEIGH, a parish in the hundred of Wi-
THERIDGE, County of DEVON, 34 miles (S. by E.) from
South Molton, containing 214 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and dio-
cese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £10. 14. 9.,
and in the patronage of Sir T. D. Acland, Bart. The
church is dedicated to St. Rumon.
ROMFORD, a market
town and parish in the
liberty of HAVERING atte
BowER, county of ESSEX,
18 miles (S. W.) from
Chelmsford, and 12 (E.N.E)
from London, containing
3777 inhabitants. This town
is supposed by Dr. Stukeley
to occupy the site of the
Roman station Durolitum,
and he considers its name
to be a contraction of Rọ-
Corporate Seal.
man-ford, in which opinion he is supported by the emi-
nent antiquary Smart Lethuellier, Esq.; others, however,
derive it from a ford over a small stream running into
the Thames, called the Rom, which intersects the town,
and is crossed by a bridge. It is situated on the high
road from London to Bury, Colchester, Ipswich, Har-
wich, Norwich, and Yarmouth, and is consequently a
great thoroughfare, consisting chiefly of one long and
wide street, which is well paved, and lighted with gas,
according to the provisions of an act of parliament
passed in the year 1819; the houses are tolerably good,
and the inhabitants are well supplied with water. The
market, held on Wednesday, was granted so early as
1247; it is the general market for all kinds of agri-
cultural produce, cattle, &c., and is numerously at-
tended; another is held on Monday for hogs, and
one on Tuesday for calves: there is an annual fair on
Midsummer-day for horses and cattle, and a statute
fair for hiring servants, on the market days next be-
fore and after the 29th of September: the market-
place and tolls have been recently purchased of the
crown by Hugh Macintosh, Esq. This town, which,
with Hornchurch and Havering, constitutes "the li-
berty of Havering atte Bower," was formerly considered
one of the wards of Hornchurch, but by an act of par-
liament passed for the regulation of the poor, in 1786,
it is recognized, so far as relates to civil jurisdiction, as a
separate parish, and comprises the wards of Collier Row,
Harold's Wood, Noke Hill, and the Town; as regards
ecclesiastical affairs it is still partly dependent on the pa-
rish of Hornchurch. The earliest charter was granted
by Edward the Confessor, which has received several
confirmations and additions: the government is vested
in the high steward, the deputy steward, and one justice
elected by the inhabitants of the liberty, all of whom ex-
ercise magisterial authority: they are a corporation,
and have a patent authorising them at their own quarter
sessions, which are held on the Friday after the county
quarter sessions, to try for all manner of offences, high
treason not excepted, upon payment of a trifling fee;
but no commission of this kind has been applied for
of late years; and also to hear and determine, every
three weeks, all actions for debt, trespasses, ejectments,
and replevins, in a court of ancient demesne. The
tenants of this liberty claim exemption from toll every

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where throughout the realm, both for goods and cattle
sold, and provisions purchased; from payment towards
the county expenses, and also a personal exemption
from being empannelled on juries and inquests, save
within their own liberty, with various other privileges:
the county magistrates have no jurisdiction within the
liberty. The court-house is in the market-place, and
beneath it is a small gaol for the liberty. During the
war there were cavalry barracks, built of wood, but
they have since been pulled down.
The living is in the nature of a vicarage, in the pecu-
liar jurisdiction and patronage of the Warden and Fel-
lows of New College, Oxford, who appoint a commissary.
The great and small tithes of the whole liberty were
given, by William of Wykeham, to the Warden and Fel-
lows of New College, Oxford, founded by him; the
great tithes being now demised to two laymen, and the
small tithes of Romford to the chaplain of Romford,
and those of Hornchurch to the chaplain of Hornchurch.
The church, dedicated to St. Edward the Confessor, was
erected in 1407, and consists of a nave, north aisle, and
chancel, with a tower at the west end; in the east window
is the figure of the patron saint, in fine old painted glass:
there are several ancient monumental tablets and effi-
gies, of which the most remarkable are, one to Sir An-
thony Coke, Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth, who died
in 1576, and was interred here; and two others to the
memory of Sir George Hervey, Knt., and his daugh-
ter. There are places of worship for Independents and
Wesleyan Methodists, the first having a small endow-
ment of £20 per annum, and a house for the minister.
A free school, for children of both sexes, was erected
in 1728, and has been endowed with various benefac-
tions, amounting to more than £1300; it is further sup-
ported by voluntary contributions, and contains sixty
boys and thirty girls. An almshouse was founded by
Roger Reed, in 1483, for the support of five poor men,
whose widows are allowed £20 a year for life, with
clothes and coal; the present value of the endowment
is £280 per annum: the almshouse was rebuilt in 1784.
The workhouse is a commodious building, erected in
1787, at an expense of £4000, under the provisions
of an act of parliament, whereby the management
of the poor is confided to thirty guardians, exclu-
sively of the two churchwardens. Here were anciently
a guild and a chantry; the revenue of the former was
valued, at the dissolution, at £4. 10. 2., and that of the
latter at £13; also an hospital, a cell to that of Mount
St. Bernard, in the Savoy, London, founded at an early
period, and dedicated to St. Nicholas and St. Bernard.
Francis Quarles, the poet, and author of "The Divine
Emblems," cup-bearer to the Queen of Bohemia, and
afterwards secretary to Archbishop Usher, whom he
accompanied to Ireland, was a native of this place; he
died in 1644.
ROMILY, or CHAD-KIRK, a chapelry in the parish
of STOCKPORT, hundred of MACCLESFIELD, county pa-
latine of CHESTER, 4 miles (E.) from Stockport, con-
taining 1181 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, £600 royal
bounty, and £200 parliamentary grant, and in the pa-
tronage of the Rector of Stockport. The chapel, dedi-
cated to St. Chad, was rebuilt by subscription in 1746.
The Peak Forest canal passes through the parish.
-
a
ROMNEY (NEW),
cinque-port, market town,
and parish, having separate
jurisdiction, in the cinque-
port liberty of ROMNEY,
county of KENT, 34 miles
(S. E.) from Maidstone, and
68 (S. E. by E.) from Lon-
don, containing 962 inha-
bitants. The name is pro-
bably derived from the Saxon
Rumen-ea, "a large watery
expanse, or marsh." It
arose from the decay of
the haven at Old Romney, by the retiring of the
sea, and, in contradistinction to that town, obtained
the appellation of New Romney. At the time of the
Conquest it was a place of considerable importance,
divided into twelve wards, and containing five pa-
rish churches, of which that of St. Nicholas is now
the only one remaining. It was soon after that period
given by William the Conqueror to his brother Odo,
Bishop of Bayeux, whom that monarch created Earl of
Kent; subsequently to which it was made a cinque-
port, and the towns of Old Romney and Lydd were
included within its jurisdiction. In return for such
privileges, it was charged with the duty of supplying
five ships of war for the service of the king. In the
15th of Edward I. an irruption of the sea inundated an
extensive tract of land, destroyed the populous village
of Bromhill, and a considerable part of the town, di-
verted the course of the river Rother, and ruined its
fine haven on the western shore; since which time it
has shared the fate of its predecessor, and though still
inhabited as a market town, has as a port fallen into
comparative insignificance and decay. On several occa-
sions, Romney, as a cinque-port, furnished a comple-
ment of five ships, duly manned and equipped for na-
val engagements, especially in the reigns of John, Ed-
ward III., Henry VII., and Henry VIII. The town is
situated on rising ground near the centre of Romney-
Marsh, and consists of one broad well-paved street,
with a smaller one intersecting it almost at right angles.
The chief trade arises from the grazing of cattle on
Romney-Marsh. The market, on Saturday, is held
under the guildhall; and there is a considerable fair
for live stock on the 21st of August.

ONEME
KIMMERSIVETERI
RIGIL
ONE ANONY
TRUE
2
Arms.
·

Romney is a borough
by prescription; the inha-
bitants received the first
charter of incorporation
from Edward III., under
the style of "Barons of the
Town and Port of Rom-
ney;" a new charter was
granted by Elizabeth, under
which the town is now
:
Corporate Seal.
governed the corporation
consists of a mayor, twelve
jurats, and common coun-
cil-men, with a recorder, chamberlain, town-clerk, and
other officers, under the style of "Mayor, Jurats, and
Commonalty:"
Commonalty:" the mayor is chosen annually upon
Lady-day, from among the jurats. A court, called a
Brotherhood and Guestling, connected with the busi-
4 L 2
ROM
ROM
628

ness of the various cinque-ports and their members,
is held, when necessary, on the Tuesday next after St.
Margaret's day. A court of record for pleas to an un-
limited extent was granted by Charles II., to be held
by the mayor and jurats: no writs have been issued
of late years, but the court is still used for levying fines.
Sessions are held quarterly, and by adjournment every
six weeks, in the guildhall, a neat structure of brick
cemented so as to resemble stone, recently erected. Two
representatives, under the title of Barons, are returned
to parliament: the right of election is in the corpora-
tion: the mayor is the returning officer, and the influ-
ence of the Deering family is predominant. This place
enjoys all the exclusive privileges of the cinque-ports,
and its barons are second in rank to bear the canopies
over the king and queen at the coronation.
The living is a vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction
of the Archbishop of Canterbury, rated in the king's
books at £6. 16. 3., and in the patronage of the War-
den and Fellows of All Souls' College, Oxford. The
church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, is a spacious edifice,
consisting of three aisles and three chancels, and a
square tower at the west end, with several portions of
Norman architecture, and some in the later styles, and
contains a variety of monuments and brasses. An
hospital was founded in 1610, and endowed with land
by John Southland, for the maintenance of a gover-
nor, who must be a scholar of Oxford or Cambridge,
four poor persons, and two poor children, the latter
to be instructed by the governor in the English lan-
guage and arithmetic, until they are fourteen years
old the children are appointed by the mayor as va-
cancies arise. Here was formerly a cell, subordinate
to the abbey of Pountney, or Pontiniac, in France, also
an hospital for lepers, founded in the reign of Henry
II., and afterwards converted into a chantry; of both
which there are some trifling vestiges.
4
ROMNEY (OLD), a parish partly in the cinque-
port liberty of NEW ROMNEY, and partly in the liberty
of ROMNEY-MARSH, lathe of SHEPWAY, County of KENT,
12 mile (W. by N.) from New Romney, containing 153
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the peculiar
jurisdiction and patronage of the Archbishop of Can-
terbury, rated in the king's books at £15. 19. 2. The
church is dedicated to St. Clement. This town had a
good and much-frequented haven prior to the Conquest;
but in the reign of Edward III. it sustained consider-
able damage from violent tempests, and its harbour
being choked up and obstructed, and the river Rye
having changed its course, it was superseded in its
maritime privileges and prosperity by New Romney.
An hospital for lepers, founded here by Adam de Cher-
ring, and dedicated to St. Stephen and St. Thomas à
Becket, was, in the fourteenth century, converted into
a chantry, and in 1481 became annexed to the college
of St. Mary Magdalene, in Oxford.
ROMNEY-MARSH, a liberty in the lathe of SHEP-
WAY, County of KENT, comprising the parishes of Broom-
hill, Burmarsh, Dymchurch with Blackmanstone, East-
Bridge, Hope (All Saints), Ivy-Church, Lydd, St. Mary's,
Midley, Newchurch, Orgarswick, New Romney, Old
Romney, Snargate, and Snave; and parts of those
of Aldington, Bilsington, Bonnington, Brenzett, Hurst,
Lympne, and Orlestone. For a further account, see
article on the county of KENT.
ROMSEY, a
market
town and parish having se-
parate jurisdiction, though
locally in the hundred of
King's Sombourn, Andover
division of the county of
SOUTHAMPTON, 8 miles (N.
W. by N.) from Southamp-
ton, and 75 (S. W. by S.)
from London, containing
5128 inhabitants. This
town is of great antiquity,
and its name is of Saxon
origin. An abbey for nuns of the Benedictine order
was founded by Edward the Elder, whose daughter
Elfleda was the first abbess: the foundation was aug-
mented by Edgar in 967, and his son Edmund was in-
terred in the abbey church. All the first abbesses were of
royal birth, and eminent for their sanctity. About the
year 992 it was plundered by the Danes, but the nuns,
with the relics, and other articles of the greatest value,
had been previously removed to Winchester, through
the precaution of Elwina the abbess. An enumeration
of some of the possessions of this monastery appears
in Domesday-book, in which it is called the abbey de
Romesyg. In 1085, Christina, cousin to Edward the
Confessor, took the veil here, and to her was entrusted
the education of Matilda, daughter of Malcolm, King of
Scotland, and subsequently wife of Henry I. In the
next reign, Mary, daughter of King Stephen, became
abbess, and was induced to quit her charge by Mat-
thew, younger son of Theodore, Earl of Flanders, to
whom she was married, which step so excited the
indignation of the Papal see, that she was compelled
to return to her conventual duties after having borne
two children. The benefactors to the abbey were nu-
merous, and its revenue, at the dissolution, was va-
lued at £528. 8. 104. in the 35th of Henry VIII., the
site was granted to the inhabitants of the town, and
three years afterwards to John Bellew and R. Bigot.
:
The town is situated on the river Test, which falls
into the Southampton water, in a flat country, on the
road from Southampton to Bath, and is surrounded by
an amphitheatre of hills and fertile and pleasant mea-
dows, which are rendered more productive by the occa-
sional overflowing of the river : it consists of several good
streets, which are lighted and paved under the provisions
of an act of parliament: the inhabitants are well sup-
plied with water: there are a news-room and some book
clubs concerts are held annually, and musical festivals
occasionally. The clothing trade was formerly carried
on to a considerable extent, but has long declined: em-
ployment is given to nearly three hundred persons in
three paper-mills, one flax-mill, and three sacking ma-
nufactories; there are also some tanneries, malting esta-
blishments, and several corn-mills upon the river Test.
The town is supplied with coal and other commodities
by means of the canal from Redbridge to Andover,
which passes through it. The market, which was for-
merly on Saturday, has been recently changed to Thurs-
day, by letters patent granted to the lord of the manor ;
it is chiefly for corn, and on alternate Thursdays is also
supplied with cattle the fairs are on Easter Monday
and Tuesday, August 26th, and November 8th, for
horses, cattle, cheese, cloth, and other articles of mer-
.
:
MSEY
1578
CONTA
Suspe
Seal and Arms.
ROM
ROO
629
chandise. The inhabitants were first incorporated by
charter of James I., which was confirmed by William
III.: the government is vested in a mayor, lord high
steward, recorder, six aldermen, and twelve burgesses,
assisted by a town-clerk, two serjeants at mace, and
two ale-tasters. The mayor, late mayor, the recorder,
and three senior aldermen, are justices of the peace,
and are empowered to hold quarter sessions for the trial
of felons and misdemeanants: the mayor, recorder,
and aldermen, hold a court of record every Thursday,
for the recovery of debts not exceeding £40, the juris-
diction of which is confined to the borough: the county
magistrates cannot preside at either of these courts.
Romsey Extra is within the jurisdiction of the Cheyney
Court held at Winchester every Thursday, for the re-
covery of debts to any amount. The new court-house,
or town-hall, in which the quarter sessions and as-
semblies are held, is situated in the abbey precinct,
and was built by the corporation in 1820: near it is a
gaol.
The living, which comprises the two parishes of
Romsey Infra and Romsey Extra, is a discharged vi-
carage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester,
rated in the king's books at £20. 18. 11., and in the
patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Winchester. The
church, dedicated to St. Mary, and formerly belonging
to the abbey, is a very magnificent cruciform structure,
with a low tower rising from the intersection: the prin-
cipal portion was erected in the middle of the tenth
century, and exhibits some fine specimens of the Nor-
man style of architecture; within are various admixtures
of round and pointed arches, with zigzag and other or-
naments; the more modern parts of the edifice are in
the early English style. The interior contains several an-
cient memorials of the abbesses who were interred here;
an elegant sepulchral inscription to Frances, Viscountess
Palmerston, who died in childbed, in 1769; and a neat
tablet to the memory of Sir William Petty, a native of
this town, and ancestor to the present Marquis of Lans-
downe: there is also a remarkable monument, with effi-
gies and a curious inscription, to the family of John St.
Barbe, Esq., a representative of this county in parliament
in 1654. An apple-tree, supposed to be at least two
hundred years old, grew on the roof until lately, but it
is now dead. This venerable edifice has lately received
an addition of eight hundred sittings, of which seven
hundred and twenty-seven are free, the Incorporated
Society for enlarging and building churches and chapels
having contributed £450. At the east end of the building
several stone coffins were discovered some years ago;
at the angle of the southern transept are the remains
of a fine Norman doorway, and in its western wall is
a very ancient image of Christ on the Cross, in basso
relievo the west end is separated from that part of
the building appropriated to divine service by a curious
and ancient oak screen about fourteen years since,
some curious old paintings were found behind the
altar-piece. There are places of worship for Bap-
tists, Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, and San-
demanians. A free school, in which thirty boys are
educated and annually clothed, and some apprenticed
every year, having been founded, probably, by sub-
scription, was, in 1718, endowed from the estate of
John Nowes, Esq., with an income of £30 per annum,
for the instruction of twenty poor boys, and £60 per
:
annum to clothe them: this endowment was augmented,
in 1723, by a rent-charge of £25, for clothing and
teaching ten boys, under the will of Sir John St. Barbe.
The National school for three hundred boys is a neat
building, erected in 1827, the site, and £ 150 towards
the erection, having been given by Lord Palmerston: it
is supported by voluntary contributions. The Union
school for eighty boys, on the Lancasterian system, is
supported by subscription. Almshouses for six widows
were founded, in 1692, by John Hunt, Esq.; and six others
for single women, in 1809, by John Bartlett, Esq. The
only vestiges of the ancient abbey, exclusively of the
church, are a few fragments of the old walls. Mr.
Giles Jacob, author of the Law Dictionary, was born
here, in 1686.
ROMSLEY, a liberty in that part of the parish of
ALVELEY which is in the borough of BRIDGENorth,
county of SALOP, 8 miles (S.E.) from Bridgenorth, con-
taining 144 inhabitants.
RONTON, a parish in the southern division of
the hundred of PIREHILL, county of STAFFORD, 4 miles
(S. by E.) from Eccleshall, containing 334 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, and
in the patronage of the Earl of Aboyne. The church is
dedicated to All Saints.
RONTON-ABBEY, an extra-parochial liberty, in
the southern division of the hundred of PIrehill,
county of STAFFORD, 3½ miles (S. by E.) from Eccles-
hall, containing 11 inhabitants. A priory of Black
canons, subordinate to the abbey of Haughmond in
Shropshire, was founded, in the reign of Henry II., by
Robert Noel, in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and
at the dissolution was valued at £102. 11. 1. per annum:
the tower and a small portion of the cloisters still re-
main, with the moat that enclosed the grounds, com-
prising thirty acres.
ROOKWITH, a township in the parish of THORN-
TON-WATLASS, castern division of the wapentake of
HANG, North riding of the county of YORK, 44 miles
(W. S. W.) from Bedale, containing 76 inhabitants.
ROOSDOWN, an extra-parochial liberty, though
locally in the parish of Axminster, hundred of Ax-
MINSTER, County of DEVON, 34 miles (W. S. W.) from
Lyme-Regis, containing 14 inhabitants.
ROOSS, a parish in the middle division of the wa-
pentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the county
of YORK, 14 miles (E.) from Kingston upon Hull, con-
taining 442 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the
archdeaconry of the East riding, and diocese of York,
rated in the king's books at £19, and in the pa-
tronage of the Rev. C. Sykes. The church, dedicated
to All Saints, is partly in the decorated and partly
in the later style of English architecture. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. Jane Hogg,
in 1754, bequeathed a rent-charge of £6 for teaching
poor children.
ROOTHING (ABBOT'S), a parish partly in the
hundred of DUNMOW, but chiefly in that of Ongar,
county of ESSEX,53 miles (N. by E.) from Chipping-Ongar,
containing, with the hamlet of Barwick, 236 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex.
and diocese of London, rated in the king's books at
£ 14. 10., and in the patronage of the Rev. Thomas Dyer.
The church is dedicated to St. Edmund.
1
ROP
ROS
630
ROOTHING (AYTHORPE), a parish in the hun-
dred of DUNмow, county of ESSEX, 5 miles (S. W. by
S.) from Great Dunmow, containing 234 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the jurisdiction of the
Commissary of Essex and Herts, concurrently with
the Consistorial Court of the Bishop of London, rated
in the king's books at £12, and in the patronage of
the Rev. J. Oldham. The church is dedicated to St.
Mary.
ROOTHING (BEAUCHAMP), a parish in the hun-
dred of Ongar, county of ESSEX, 4 miles (N. N. E.)
from Chipping-Ongar, containing 211 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex,
and diocese of London, rated in the king's books at
£ 16. 13. 4., and in the patronage of Mrs. Jane Foxcroft.
The church is dedicated to St. Botolph.
ROOTHING (BERNERS), a parish in the hun-
dred of DUNMOW, county of ESSEX, 54 miles (N. E.
by N.) from Chipping-Ongar, containing 93 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry
of Middlesex, and diocese of London, endowed with
£200 private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and
£500 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
T. G. Bramston, Esq.
ROOTHING (HIGH), a parish in the hundred of
DUNMOW, County of ESSEX, 4 miles (S. W. by S.) from
Great Dunmow, containing 388 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and
diocese of London, rated in the king's books at £20,
and in the patronage of Lord Rodney. The church is
dedicated to All Saints.
ROOTHING (LEADEN), a parish in the hundred
of DUNMOW, County of ESSEX, 6½ miles (S. S. W.) from
Great Dunmow, containing 157 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the jurisdiction of the Commissary of
Essex and Herts, concurrently with the Consistorial
Court of the Bishop of London, rated in the king's
books at £12. 13. 4., and in the patronage of the
Crown. Five pounds per annum, the gift of an un-
known benefactor, is applied for teaching poor children.
ROOTHING (MARGARET), a parish in the hun-
dred of DUNмow, county of ESSEX, 74 miles (N. N. E.)
from Chipping-Ongar, containing 209 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Middlesex,
and diocese of London, rated in the king's books at
£ 10. 12. 6., and in the patronage of Mrs. Harding. The
church is dedicated to St. Margaret.
ROOTHING (MORRELL), a hamlet in the parish
of WHITE ROOTHING, hundred of DUNмow, though
locally in the hundred of Ongar, county of ESSEX, 6
miles (S. W.) from Great Dunmow. The population is
returned with the parish.
ROOTHING (WHITE), a parish in the hundred of
DUNMOW, County of Essex, 63 miles (S. W.) from Great
Dunmow, containing, with Morrell-Roothing, 439 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Middlesex, and diocese of London, rated in the king's
books at £26, and in the patronage of the Rev. Henry
Budd. The church is dedicated to St. Martin.
ROPE, a township in the parish of WYBUNBURY,
hundred of NANTWICH, county palatine of CHESTER,
23 miles (E. by N.) from Nantwich, containing 95 inha-
bitants.
ROPLEY, a parish in the hundred of BISHOP's
SUTTON, Alton (North) division of the county of SOUTH-
AMPTON, 4 miles (E.) from New Alresford, containing
730 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, an-
nexed to the vicarage of Bishop's Sutton, in the arch.
deaconry and diocese of Winchester. The church is de-
dicated to St. Peter. Ropley is within the jurisdiction
of the Cheyney Court held at Winchester every Thurs-
day, for the recovery of debts to any amount.
ROPSLEY, a parish in the wapentake of WINNI-
BRIGGS and THREO, parts of KESTEVEN, county of
LINCOLN, 6 miles (w.) from Falkingham, containing,
with the hamlet of Little Humby, 554 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £11. 14. 2., and
in the patronage of the Duke of Rutland. The church
is dedicated to St. Peter. James Thompson, in 1719,
bequeathed a rent-charge of £6 for teaching six poor
children.
ROSEACRE, a joint township with Treales and
Wharles, in the parish of KIRKHAM, hundred of
AMOUNDERNESS, County palatine of LANCASTER, 4
miles (N. by E.) from Kirkham. The population is
returned with Treales.
ROSE-ASH, a parish in the hundred of WITHER-
IDGE, county of DEVON, 53 miles (E. S. E.) from South
Molton, containing 436 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Barnstaple, and diocese
of Exeter, rated in the king's books at £18. 19. 7., and
in the patronage of the Representatives of the families of
Esse and Giffard. A charity school is partly supported
with two small endowments, by Ann Vicary, in 1753,
and John Bray in 1764.
ROSEDALE (EAST SIDE), a township in the
parish of MIDDLETON, PICKERING lythe, North riding
of the county of YORK, 10 miles (N. N. W.) from Pick-
ering, containing 339 inhabitants. Thomas Pierson, in
1720, gave a rent-charge of £5 for teaching five chil-
dren.
ROSEDALE (WEST SIDE), a chapelry in the
parish of LASTINGHAM, wapentake of RYEDAle, North
riding of the county of YORK, 11 miles (N. W. by N.)
from Pickering, containing 179 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Cleveland,
and diocese of York, endowed with £200 private be-
nefaction, £600 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Vicar of Middleton.
The chapel is dedicated to St. Lawrence. A convent of
Benedictine, or Cistercian, nuns, in honour of St. Mary
and St. Lawrence, was founded here in the reign of
Richard I., by Robert, son of Nicholas de Stutevil, which
at the dissolution possessed a revenue of £41. 13. 8.
ROSEDON, a township in the parish of ILDerton,
northern division of CoQUETDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 5 miles (S. E. by S.) from Wooler,
containing 74 inhabitants. On Rosedon Edge are the
remains of a semicircular intrenchment of earth, with
au inner wall of loose stones, supposed to be of British
origin, and subsequently improved by the Romans.
ROSLEY, a township in the parish of WESTWARD,
ALLERDALE ward below Derwent, county of CUMBER-
LAND, 54 miles (E. S. E.) from Wigton, containing 302
inhabitants. A great fair for horses, cattle, sheep, cloth,
&c., is held on Whit-Monday, and every alternate
Monday following till All Saints' day, at which it is
computed that two thousand head of cattle, and five
hundred horses, are exhibited for sale; forty acres of
1
ROS
ROS
631
land on Rosley Hill were allotted for holding this fair
under the enclosure act of 1811.
ROSLISTON, a parish in the hundred of REPTON
and GRESLEY, county of DERBY, 44 miles (S. by W.)
from Burton upon Trent, containing 359 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory
of Walton upon Trent, in the archdeaconry of Derby,
and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, which was rebuilt by subscription
in 1827, has received an addition of two hundred free
sittings, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement
of churches and chapels having granted £150 towards
defraying the expense.
ROSS, a township in that part of the parish of
BELFORD which is in ISLANDSHIRE, a detached por-
tion of the county palatine of DURHAM, 3 miles (N.E.)
from Belford, containing 55 inhabitants.
ROSS, a market town and parish in the hundred
of GREYTREE, county of HEREFORD, 14 miles (S. E.)
from Hereford, and 120 (W.N.W.) from London, con-
taining 2957 inhabitants. Tradition reports this place
to have been founded from the ruins of the Roman town
Ariconium, which stood at a short distance.
It was
formerly a free borough, having been made so by Henry
III. In the thirty-third year of the reign of Edward I.
it sent members to parliament, but this privilege was
relinquished, on the petition of the inhabitants, the fol-
lowing year, and has never been resumed. Henry IV.
Henry IV.
passed a night here, on his way to Monmouth to see his
queen, at the time his son and successor was born; and
the unfortunate Charles I. slept here, in 1645, on his
way from Ragland Castle. The town is situated on an
eminence, at the foot of which the river Wye runs,
in a meandering course, in the midst of a richly-culti-
vated, beautiful, and picturesque country: it consists
chiefly of two streets, crossing each other, which are
narrow and badly paved; and the houses generally are
old and ill-constructed, though the town has of late
years been much improved, and some good houses
have been built: the inhabitants are well supplied with
water, raised by an engine from the Wye. A Horti-
cultural Society has been established, by which three
hundred prizes and thirty silver medals are annually
distributed, with flowers and fruit: and there is an
annual display of the works of artists; besides a me-
chanics' institution, and four reading societies. Ross
had formerly a considerable trade in iron, which has long
declined, cider and wool being the principal articles of
produce at present. A weekly market was granted by
King Stephen to Bishop Betren, to be held on Thursday;
it is well supplied with cattle and provisions; there
are fairs on Thursday after March 10th, Ascension-day,
June 21st, July 20th, Thursday after October 10th, and
December 11th. The town is divided into two parts,
called the Borough and the Foreign; and a serjeant at
mace, four constables, and some other subordinate
officers, are chosen at a court leet and baron, which is
held about Michaelmas, by the nominal mayor, for the
former, and two constables for the latter: the petty
sessions for the hundred are holden here.
The living is a rectory and a vicarage united, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford, rated in the
king's books at £38. 16. 3., and in the patronage of
the Bishop of Hereford. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is an irregularly built, though handsome, edi-
-
fice, with a lofty well-proportioned spire, in an extremely
beautiful situation: the east window is ornamented with
stained glass, and contains a figure of Thomas de Cante-
lupe, Bishop of Hereford, in the act of giving benedic-
tion. There are places of worship for Baptists, the Society
of Friends, and Independents. In the churchyard is a free
school, called St. Mary's, founded and endowed with £ 10
per annum by Lord Weymouth, in 1709: it has lately
been rebuilt, and two sons of poor tradesmen of the
borough are instructed here.
The Blue-coat school was
founded, in 1709, by Dr. Whiting, Lord Scudamore, and
others, and endowed, in 1786, with £200 per annum, by
Walter Scott, who had been educated in it; sixty boys
and girls are clothed and instructed. Two National
schools for boys and girls are supported by volun-
tary contributions, as well as a dispensary, and an in-
fant school recently established. There is an hospital
for seven poor parishioners, who receive a weekly
allowance, founded by Mr. Webbe, a native of the
town. The Bishops of Hereford, who were lords of the
manor, had formerly a palace here, but it has been long
since demolished; and the prison belonging to them
was pulled down about ninety years since: an old stone
cross, called Cob's Cross, a corruption of Corpus Christi
Cross, is still standing, supposed to be commemorative
of the ravages of the plague in 1635, and the two sub-
sequent years. Ross was the birthplace of John de Ross,
a celebrated Doctor of Law, who was established by the
pope in the bishoprick of Carlisle, without any election,
in 1318, and died in 1331. The benevolent John Kyrle,
Pope's man of Ross," died here in 1724, aged eighty-
eight, and lies buried in the church, where a rich mo-
nument, with a medallion, was erected to his memory,
in 1776, from a bequest by Lady Betty Duplin for that
purpose. At the castellated mansion of L. Merrick,
Esq., near Ross, is a celebrated collection of ancient ar-
mour, and other antiquities, which attracts numerous
visitors.
<<
Ka
ROSSINGTON, a parish in the soke of DONCASTER,
West riding of the county of YORK, 44 miles (N.W.byN.)
from Bawtry, containing 383 inhabitants.
The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Nottingham, and
diocese of York, rated in the king's books at £11. 1. 5½.,
and in the patronage of R. Bower, Esq. The church is
dedicated to St. Michael. In the churchyard are several
good monuments, and near the entrance to the choir,
under a stone, lie the remains of James Boswell, the
King of the Gipsies, who died in January 1708. Annual
visits were formerly made to his grave by gipsies, who,
amongst other ceremonies, used to pour a flagon of
ale on it. A free school, founded here in 1650, by
William Plaxton, is supported by a rent-charge of
£6. 13. 4., left by him, and £10 per annum allowed by
the corporation of Doncaster, for which twenty children
are taught free.
ROSTHERN, a parish comprising the chapelries of
High Leigh and Peover (Superior), and the townships of
Agden, Bollington, Martall with Little Warford, Mere,
Millington, Rosthern, Tabley (Superior), and Tatton, in
the hundred of BUCKLOW, and the township of Snelson,
in that of MACCLESFIELD, county palatine of CHESTER,
and containing 3791 inhabitants, of which number,
373 are in the township of Rosthern, 3½ miles (N.
by W.) from Nether Knutsford. The living is a vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, rated
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632
in the king's books at £10, endowed with £1200 par-
liamentary grant, and in the patronage of W. Egerton,
Esq. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, contains se-
veral ancient monuments, and in the chapel of the
Egerton family is a sumptuous one, by Bacon, to the
memory of Samuel Egerton, Esq., who died in 1780.
ROSTON, a township in the parish of NORBURY,
hundred of APPLETREE, county of DERBY, 44 miles
(S.W.) from Ashbourn. The population is returned with
the parish. It is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of
Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of a court of
pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday, for the re-
covery of debts under 40s.
ROTHBURY, a market town and parish in the
western division of COQUETDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, comprising the townships of Bick-
erton, Caistron, Chartington, Debdon, Fallowlees, Flot-
terton, Hellinghill, Hepple, Hepple-Demesne, Hesley-
Hurst, Lee-Ward, Mounthealy, Newton, Paperhaugh,
Raw, Rothbury, Rye-Hill, Snitter, Thropton, Great Tossen,
Little Tossen, High and Low Trewhitt, Warton, Whitton,
and Wreigh-Hill, and containing 2609 inhabitants, of
which number, 891 are in the town of Rothbury, 30
miles (N. W. by N.) from Newcastle, and 300 (N. N. W.)
from London. The name of this town was anciently
written Roberie, Rathbury, and Routhbyrig; by some de-
rived from the British Rhath, a cleared spot, or the
Gaelic Ruth, denoting a place of security, but more pro-
bably from the Saxon Ruth, red, expressive of the ferru-
ginous appearance arising from the iron-stone and ochre
that exist in the parish. Its situation, though low, is
Its situation, though low, is
very beautiful, being in a sequestered and romantic glen,
through which the river Coquet flows near the southern
extremity, where it is crossed by a handsome stone bridge
of four arches. On the brow of a hill on the south side
of the river is Whitton Tower, formerly the seat of the
Umfravilles, whose arms decorate the western front, now
used as the parsonage-house; on the west the beautiful vale
opens gradually on the view, almost encircled with hills
and ridges of broken rocks, interspersed with trees,
among which numerous goats browse, the milk and
whey being in considerable request by valetudinarians,
who resort hither during the summer season. The
parish also contains an abundance of coal and lime-
stone, and some inconsiderable veins of lead-ore. The
ancient Forest of Rothbury, occupying a tract seven
miles long and five broad, has long been cleared of its
trees, and is now under cultivation, except a very small
portion, which is depastured by sheep. The town, which
is wide and airy, consists of three streets irregularly built,
diverging from the market-place, which is decorated with
a neat cross: it is neither paved nor lighted: the inha-
hitants are supplied with water from several springs.
A small subscription library was established in 1815.
The market, granted, in the reign of John, to Robert
Fitz-Roger, Baron of Warkworth (of which this manor
was a member), to be held on Thursday, is now on Fri-
day, but is almost grown into disuse. Fairs for horses,
cattle, and sheep, are held annually on Whit-Monday,
October 2nd, and November 1st, and a statute fair for
hiring servants on the Friday in Easter week. The
town is within the jurisdiction of the county magistrates,
and its local affairs are under the superintendence of
two bailiffs, appointed annually by the lord of the manor,
on the first Tuesday in October, assisted by two con-
galer
stables, two bread-weighers and ale-conners, and twó
land-meters.
C
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Northumberland, and diocese of Durham, rated in the
king's books at £58. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the
Bishop of Carlisle. The church, which is dedicated to
All Saints, is a fine old structure in the form of a cross,
with a square tower; against a pillar near the south
door is the effigy in stone of a man in armour, with a
pistol in his right hand, and a powder bag in his belt:
the head has been broken off: there are some hand-
some monuments, and a very antique font, on which
is rudely sculptured a representation of the Redeemer
sitting in Judgment. Near the church is the free
school, with a dwelling-house and garden for the mas-
ter, to the erection of which, the Rev. Mr. Thomlin-
son, rector of the parish, gave £100, and £20 per an-
num as an endowment, to which have been added £6
per annum by George Fletcher, Esq., High Sheriff of
Northumberland, and some other benefactions, produ-
cing about £240 per annum, of which the master re-
ceives £50 per annum as a salary, part of the funds
being applied, according to the will of Dr. Thomlinson,
in sending a few scholars to the university, and appren-
ticing poor children. A subscription school, called the
Central school, has lately been united with this institu-
tion, which is now conducted on the Madras system.
Dr. John Brown, vicar of St. Nicholas' in Newcastle, and
author of some essays, poetical pieces, and dramatic
writings, was a native of this parish; and Bernard
Romney, an ancient northern bard and musician, lived
and died here. At a distance of one mile to the east, on
a bold eminence, is a circular intrenchment, with a double
ditch and rampart, called Old Rothbury, an asylum or
place of refuge in times of public danger, to which the
inhabitants retired from the incursions of the Scots, prior
to the union of the two kingdoms.
ROTHERBY, a parish in the eastern division of the
hundred of GoscoTE, county of LEICESTER, 5 miles
(W. S. W.) from Melton Mowbray, containing 143 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Leicester, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £8. 8. 4., and in the patronage of the Rev.
Mr. Browne. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
ROTHERFIELD, a parish in the hundred of Ro-
THERFIELD, rape of PEVENSEY, county of Sussex, 52
miles (W. S. W.) from Wadhurst, containing 2782 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Lewes, and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's
books at £27. 12. 6., and in the patronage of the Earl
of Abergavenny. The church, dedicated to St. Denis, is
principally in the early style of English architecture ;
it has an arched roof of chesnut wood.
There are
places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan Methodists.
The river Rother has its source in this parish, and there
are several chalybeate springs in the neighbourhood.
Sir Henry Fermor, in 1732, bequeathed £3000, now pro-
ducing an annual income of £260, which is appropriated
to the instruction and clothing of thirty children of both
sexes. Berthwald, Duke of the South Saxons, founded
here, about 800, a monastery, subordinate to the abbey
of St. Denis in France, but not the slightest vestige of
it can now be traced.
ROTHERFIELD-GRAYS, a parish in the hundred
of BINFIELD, county of OXFORD, 24 miles (W.) from
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Henley, containing 717 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford,
rated in the king's books at £10. 12. 8., and in the
patronage of the President and Fellows of Trinity College,
Oxford. The church contains a font of singular shape:
in the chancel is a brass effigy of a warrior, in good
preservation, under a tabernacle, with a Latin inscrip-
tion in old letter, to the memory of Robert de Grey,
Lord of Rotherfield, who died in 1387; and in one of
the aisles a splendid monument, of the period of James I.,
to Sir Francis Knollys, his lady, and their numerous pro-
geny. Here are the remains of a castellated mansion
of the de Greys, erected in the reign of Edward I.
ROTHERFIELD-PEPPARD, a parish in the hun-
dred of BINFIELD, county of OXFORD, 32 miles (W. by S.)
from Henley upon Thames, containing 401 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Oxford, rated in the king's books at £9. 9. 4., and
in the patronage of the Principal and Fellows of Jesus
College, Oxford. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
The river Thames runs through the parish.
ROTHERHAM, a parish, comprising the market
town of Rotherham, the chapelry of Tinsley, and the
townships of Brinsworth, Catcliffe, Dalton, and Orgreave,
in the southern, and the chapelry of Greasbrough, and
the township of Kimberworth in the northern, division
of the wapentake of STRATFORTH and TICKHILL, West
riding of the county of YORK, and containing 9623 in-
habitants, of which number, 3548 are in the town of
Rotherham, 49 miles (S. S. W.) from York, and 159
(N. N. W.) from London. The town is situated in the
midst of a district abounding in mineral wealth: it is
built partly on the declivity of an eminence, and partly
in a vale, near the confluence of the rivers Don and
Rother; from the latter, which forms its western boun-
dary, the town derives its name, and it is bounded on
the north-west by the former, over which a handsome
stone bridge connects it with the village of Masborough,
which is of nearly equal extent with the town. The
houses are in general built of stone, and most of them
are low and of mean appearance, though occasionally in-
termixed with some of more modern erection; in the
immediate neighbourhood of the church, several sub-
stantial and respectable dwellings have been recently
erected, and at the east end of the town are two ele-
gant mansions, called Cliffton and Eastwood. The
streets are narrow, and irregularly formed; and though
from its situation the town is capable of very great
improvement, comparatively little has been effected.
It is well paved, lighted with oil, and amply supplied
with water. The environs are pleasant, and abound
with varied scenery, and coal and iron-ore exist in great
profusion. Within a short distance, on the road to
Barnesley, is Wentworth House, the magnificent seat
of Earl Fitz-William. The public subscription library
contains several thousand volumes in the general de-
partments of literature, and is liberally supported by
a proprietary, and by annual subscribers of £1. 1.
each. The extensive iron-foundries belonging to Messrs.
Walker were celebrated for the casting of cannon of the
largest calibre for government, and of works of great
magnitude; the iron bridges of Sunderland, Yarm,
Staines, and the Southwark bridge over
Southwark bridge over the river
Thames, were cast in these foundries, in which at pre-
sent the principal branches are the manufacture and
VOL, III.
•
rolling of iron. The manufacture of sail-cloth was for-
merly carried on, but it has been discontinued. The
spinning of flax affords employment to about sixty per-
sons; there are also roperies, a manufactory for starch,
a large malting establishment, two extensive ale and
porter breweries, several oil and chemical works, and a
small glass-house. The river Don, which is navigable
to Sheffield, communicates with the river Aire on the
north-east, with the Stainforth and Keadby canal on
the east, with the Dearn and Dove, and Barnesley canals
on the north-west, and consequently with the river
Calder, by which means Rotherham obtains a facility of
intercourse with all the principal towns in the great
manufacturing districts of Yorkshire and Lancashire.
The market is on Monday, for corn, cattle, and provi-
sions; and on every alternate Monday there is a cele-
brated market for fat cattle, sheep, and hogs, which is
numerously attended by graziers from distant parts of
the country. Fairs are held on Whit-Monday and De-
cember 1st, for cattle. A court leet is held annually, at
which constables and other officers for the internal
regulation of the town are appointed. The Midsummer
sessions for the West riding are held here in the court-
house, a handsome stone building recently erected, at
an expense of £4000, in which also the justices of the
peace hold their sittings, and all public business relating
to the town is transacted. On the bridge leading to
Masborough is an old structure, in the English style of
architecture, now used as the town prison, but supposed
to have been formerly a chapel of ease to the church.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
at £ 16. 8. 6., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of Lord Howard, of Effingham. The
church, dedicated to All Saints, is situated on au ele-
vated knoll near the centre of the town, and is a spa-
cious and venerable cruciform structure, in the later
style of English architecture, with a central tower and
spire highly enriched with panels, canopies, and crockets:
the exterior is profusely, but tastefully and correctly,
ornamented with sculptures of beautiful design, the
doorways richly moulded, and the sides strengthened
with panelled and crocketed buttresses: the south porch,
of appropriate character, is highly enriched. The in-
terior is lofty and finely arranged; the roof of the nave,
which is of oak elaborately carved, is supported on piers
of graceful elevation, and the windows, with a very few
exceptions, are enriched with tracery of elegant design :
the chancel is separated from the nave by a screen of ela-
borate workmanship, and there are some excellent monu-
ments in the transepts, and near the altar a beautiful
monument of marble to the memory of Samuel Buck,
Esq., a native of the town, and late recorder of Leeds,
who died in 1806. There are places of worship for Bap-
tists, Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, and Unitarians.
The free grammar school was founded, in 1584, by
Lawrence Woodnett and Anthony Collins, of London,
Esqrs., who endowed it with a small portion of land in
and near the town: the endowment was subsequently
augmented by a grant of £ 10. 15. 4. per annum, from
the revenue of the crown lands, the government being
in the feoffees of the common land. The school is kept
in a room under the court-house, and is open, for gra-
tutious instruction in the classics only, to all boys of
the town; the master's salary is £22. 19. 6. per annum,
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cellor of England; he was soon after Bishop of Lincoln,
and subsequently Archbishop of York; after the death
of Edward, he was committed to the Tower by the Duke
of Gloucester, who, on his ascent to the throne, re-
leased him; he died in 1500. Dr. Saunderson, Bishop of
Lincoln, and a very eloquent preacher, in the time of
Charles II., by whom he was particularly distinguished,
was also a native of this town. On the summit of
a hill, called Wincobank, about four miles from the
town, and commanding a variety of extensive prospects,
is the site of a military encampment, of nearly circular
form, the mound and vallum of which may be distinctly
traced; and at the foot of this hill, near the village of
Grimesthorpe, is a quarry of stone, in which are imbed-
ded various vegetable remains, chiefly calamites.
ROTHERHITHE, a parish in the eastern division
of the hundred of BRIXTON, County of SURREY, 1 mile
(S. E.) from London, containing 12,523 inhabitants. This
place, corruptly called Redriff, was anciently a village and
marsh south-eastward of London, to which it now forms
an extensive suburb, on the opposite side of the river.
The trench cut by Canute, in order to besiege the metro-
polis, commenced in this parish, and reached to Vaux-
hall; and the channel through which the river was turn-
ed, in 1173, for the rebuilding of London bridge, is sup-
posed to have taken a similar course. In the reign of
Edward III., a large naval armament was fitted out
here, preparatory to an invasion of France, by Edward
the Black Prince and the Duke of Lancaster; and during
the commotions in the reign of Richard II., respecting
the poll-tax, that monarch came hither in his barge, in
order to pacify the malcontents; but his refusal to land
so enraged the rioters, that, with their leaders, John
Tyler, alias Jack Straw, and Wat, his brother, they
broke open the Marshalsea and King's Bench prisons,
liberated the inmates, and having proceeded to the
house of the Duke of Lancaster, in the Savoy, destroyed
it and all the valuable furniture and jewels by fire.
In 1785, a dreadful fire broke out here, which in a few
hours consumed two hundred and six houses, and did
other extensive damage; but since the period of rebuild-
ing them the population of the parish has nearly doubled
its former amount, and is still on the increase. The
situation of Rotherhithe, on the southern bank of the
Thames, has induced numbers of seafaring men, water-
men, and others to reside here, and its inhabitants are
now almost exclusively engaged in pursuits of this na-
ture: in that part of the parish which forms the bank
of the Thames are eleven dock-yards, for the building of
boat and
East India ships and small merchant vessels ;
lighter builders' wharfs; seven timber wharfs, three deal-
yards, and a mast-yard; besides anchor-wharfs, ship-
breakers' wharfs, and numerous warehouses for rigging
and victualling the navy: the rest is occupied by the re-
sidences of masters of ships, seafaring people, and the
tradesmen whose interests are dependent on navigation.
the principal of the docks on this side of the river are,
the Commercial dock, the several basins of which are
capable of containing upwards of two hundred ships of
burden; and the East Country dock, adjoining, appro-
priated to vessels for those parts and for America: the
business connected with this place in general has been
much circumscribed since the opening of the London,
the East and West India, and St. Katherine's docks, on
the opposite side of the river. The manufactures comprise
and his house was rebuilt in 1810: this school, in con-
junction with those of Pontefract, Leeds, and Wake-
field, is entitled to two scholarships, founded in Emanuel
College, Cambridge, by John Frieston of Altofts, in the
county of York, in failure of candidates from Norman-
ton school. A charity school was founded by Mr.
Scott, and the funds for its support, now under the
superintendence of the feoffees of the common lands,
were originally vested in separate trustees: the premises,
comprising a school-room and apartments for the
master, were erected by the feoffees, on a site of land
given for that purpose by Lord Howard of Effingham:
the income, arising from the original endowment, in-
creased by subsequent benefactions, among which is a
bequest of £20 per annum by Mr. Ellis, is about £80
per ann. there are twenty-eight boys and twenty girls
instructed and clothed with these funds, the deficiency
being made up out of the rents of the common lands.
The Rotherham Independent College, at Masborough
in this parish, for the education of young men intended
for the ministry among that denomination of Protestant
dissenters, was removed from Heckmondwicke, where
it had subsisted for nearly forty years, and established
here, in 1795, under the superintendence of the late
Edward Williams, D.D.: the students are instructed in
the classics, mathematics, rhetoric, and composition,
and attend regular lectures in theology, to which all
their studies are subservient. The premises, which are
handsomely built, and occupy a healthy and pleasant
eminence, were originally intended for the reception of
sixteen students, but have been since adapted to the
accommodation of twenty-five: the funds for the support
of the institution arise solely from donations and annual
subscription. A school for the instruction of thirty poor
children of dissenters was founded by Thomas Hollis, Esq.,
whose trustees appoint the master, with a salary of £20
per annum, for teaching reading, writing, and arithmetic,
to the children on the foundation, for which he also
receives quarterly payments. The new dispensary, a
handsome stone building, erected by subscription, at an
expense of £2000, contains on the ground-floor, in ad-
dition to the offices requisite for the institution, a
spacious room for the grammar school, which it is in-
tended to remove from the court-house; and on the upper
story an elegant room for the reception of the library,
and a commodious news-room. Almshouses for four
aged widows, or unmarried women, were founded in
1780, by Mrs. Mary Bellamy, who bequeathed £250, to
be vested in the purchase of land for their endowment.
She also left £ 200 in trust to the feoffees of the common
lands, directing the interest to be applied to the appren-
ticing of two poor boys, and £200 for the use of the
poor of the parish. Mr. Edward Bellamy, in 1776,
bequeathed £200, the interest to be divided among four
poor kousekeepers in reduced circumstances and not
receiving alms.
In 1480, Thomas Scott, usually called Thomas of
Rotherham, who was then Bishop of Lincoln, founded
a college in this town, for a provost, five priests, six
choristers, and three schoolmasters, which he dedi-
cated to the Holy Jesus of the buildings, which sub-
sisted for nearly a century, there remain the inn in
Jesus' gate, and the opposite buildings now used as
stables. This prelate was master of Pembroke Hall,
chaplain to Edward IV., and, in 1475, made Lord Chan-
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635
the works carried on in the ordnance department at
the three government wharfs, employed in making gun-
carriages, &c. ; extensive iron-works, chiefly for the con-
struction of iron bolts out of old iron hoops and other ma-
terials; and the king's mills for grinding corn, some
years ago occupied by the London Flour Company. A ca-
nal, leading from the Thames by the Gun wharf through
Deptford to Mitcham, and begun in 1801, pursuant to act
of parliament, now communicates with the Croydon canal
at Deptford; and by the same act authority was given to
make a collateral cut thence to Greenland dock. The
Thames Tunnel, a passage attempted to be formed be-
neath the bed of the river, intended to facilitate the
communication with the opposite shore, having been
projected and begun on a small scale in 1809, was again
commenced here, from a design and under the direction
of Mr. Brunel, in 1825, and carried on so far, that the
archwork reaches within two hundred and thirty feet
of the opposite shore, but this ingenious project is for
the present discontinued for a more detailed account
of it, see article on LONDON. The inhabitants possess a
charter for two weekly markets and two annual fairs,
but both have been long disused. A court of requests,
for the recovery of debts not exceeding £5, the juris-
diction of which comprises the town and borough of
Southwark, and the eastern division of the hundred of
Brixton, is held here.
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:
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Surrey,
and diocese of Winchester, rated in the king's books at
£ 18, and in the patronage of the Master and Fellows of
Clare Hall, Cambridge. The church is dedicated to St.
Mary in the churchyard is the tombstone of Prince
Lee Boo, son of Abba Thule, King of one of the Pelew
islands, who died of the small pox, in 1784, and whose
memoirs have been transmitted to posterity, in the in-
teresting narrative of Mr. Keate. There are places of
worship for Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyan Me-
thodists. A free school, originally founded by Peter
Hills, and Robert Bell, Esqrs., for the education and
clothing of eight sons of seamen, and afterwards united
with another, which was refounded in 1745, affords in-
struction to one hundred and fifty boys and fifty girls:
it has a permanent income of £32 per annum, and is
further supported by subscription. The Amicable school,
founded in 1739, educates forty-five boys; and in the
United Society school, established in 1755, are thirty-
both these institutions are supported by voluntary
contributions there is likewise a school of industry
for twenty girls.
one;
?
ROTHERSTHORPE, a parish in the hundred
of WYMERSLEY, county of NORTHAMPTON, 4 miles
(S. W.) from Northampton, containing 272 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in
the king's books at £5.9.4., endowed with £400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of T. S. W. Sam-
well, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Peter and St.
Paul. The Northampton canal passes through the parish.
ROTHERWICK, a parish in the hundred of ODI-
HAM, Basingstoke division of the county of SOUTHAMP-
TON, 5 miles (W. by S.) from Hartford-Bridge, contain-
ing 402 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester, en-
dowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
the Chancellor of the Cathedral Church of Salisbury. A
school-house was erected, in 1713, by Frederick Tylney,
who in 1716 endowed it with a rent-charge of £10, for
teaching ten children of each sex.
ROTHLEY, a parish comprising the chapelries of
Keyham, Wartnaby, and Wycomb with Chadwell, in
the eastern, and the chapelry of Mountsorrel, and the
extra-parochial liberty of Rothley-Temple, in the west-
ern, division of the hundred of GoscoTE, county of
LEICESTER, 1 mile (S. by E.) from Mountsorrel,
and containing 1349 inhabitants. The living is a vi-
carage, rated in the king's books at £11.0.5., and in
the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of Thomas Ba-
bington, Esq., as lord of the manor and soke of Roth-
ley. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is large and
ancient, and contains some curious old monuments: it
was given, with the manor, by Henry III. to the Knights
Templars, who settled a commandery at Rothley Temple,
which mansion is remarkable as being one of the few
founded by that order, now remaining in the kingdom :
it subsequently came to the Knights Hospitallers, and
at the dissolution was valued at £87. 13. 4.
per annum.
In the churchyard is the shaft of an ancient stone cross
and, in 1722, a Roman pavement, with foundations of
walls, was discovered in the village. There is a place
of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The official of the
lord of the manor holds visitations and a spiritual
court twice a year, both for ecclesiastical and civil mat-
ters; its jurisdiction not only extending over the parish,
but to several other parts of the county, in which it is
the most extensive manor, enjoying the privileges of
court leet, court baron, &c., oyer, terminer, and gaol
delivery, independent of the rest of the county. The
custom of gavelkind is still observed throughout the
soke. The river Soar forms a boundary of the parish.
Bartholomew Hickling, in 1691, founded and endowed
a school for fourteen boys; and, in 1736, Elizabeth
Daniel bequeathed a small sum, to be applied for teach-
ing six girls.
;
ROTHLEY, a township in that part of the parish of
HARTBURN which is in the western division of Mor-
PETH ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 11 miles
(W. by N.) from Morpeth, containing 150 inhabitants.
On a rocky eminence to the northward of the village is
Rothley castle, which, though erected by the late Sir
W. C. Blackett, has all the appearance of an ancient ba-
ronial residence. In the park are two large lakes, in one
of which the river Font has its source. A depôt for
cattle formerly here was attacked, during the border
warfare, by the Scots, who were defeated with great loss,
and the slain buried at a place called Scots' Gap.
ROTHLEY-TEMPLE, an extra-parochial liberty, in
the western division of the hundred of GosCOTE, County
of LEICESTER, 1½ mile (S.) from Mountsorrel. The
population is returned with the parish of Rothley,
which see.
ROTHWELL, a parish in the wapentake of BRAD-
LEY-HAVERSTOE, parts of LINDSEY, County of LINCOLN,
23 miles (E. S. E.) from Caistor, containing 197 inhabit-
ants.
ants. The living is a discharged rectory, in the arch-
deaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's
books at £7. 10. 10., and in the patronage of Lord Vis-
count Midleton. The church is dedicated to St. Mary
Magdalene.
ROTHWELL, a parish (formerly a market town) in
the hundred of ROTHWELL, County of NORTHAMPTON,
4 M 2
ROT
ROU
636
:
19 miles (N. N. E.) from Northampton, and 79 (N. W.
by N.) from London, containing, with the chapelry of
Orton, and the hamlet of Thorpe-Underwood, 1845
inhabitants. This town is supposed to have been
much more extensive in former days than it is at
present, and to have been surrounded with a wall and
gates it is situated on the southern side of a rocky
hill. A small priory of nuns of the order of St. Augus-
tine was founded here, probably by some of the Clare
family at the dissolution its revenue was estimated at
£10. 10. 4. The market, which was considerable, has
fallen into disuse, but one of the largest fairs in the
county for cattle is held on Trinity-Monday: the an-
cient market-house, begun by Sir Thomas Tresham, but
left in an unfinished state, is a curious ruin. The living
is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of North-
ampton, and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's
books at £7. 18. 11., endowed with £800 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of the Rev. W. Smythe,
and W. T. Smythe, Esq. The church, dedicated to the
Holy Trinity, has an embattled tower at the west end;
the door is a fine specimen of the early style of English
architecture. In a vault beneath is a remarkably curi-
ous collection of sculls and other bones, discovered
about two hundred years ago by some workmen, whilst
examining the lower part of the church. Here are two
springs, one of a strong petrifying quality, and in the
other are found numerous small bones.
ROTHWELL, a parish in the lower division of the
wapentake of AGBRIGG, West riding of the county of
YORK, comprising the townships of Carlton, Lofthouse,
Middleton, Outton, Rhodes-Green, Rothwell, Rothwell-
Haigh, Thorp, and Woodlesford, and containing 6253
inhabitants, of which number, 2155 are in the town-
ship of Rothwell, 6 miles (N. by E.) from Wakefield.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea
conry and diocese of York, rated in the king's books
at £19. 12. 11., and in the patronage of the Rev. R. H.
Brandling. The church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity,
is in the later style of English architecture, and has
lately received an addition of eight hundred and four
sittings, of which six hundred and forty-four are free,
the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of churches
and chapels having granted £800 towards defraying the
expense. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists. This ancient parish derived its name from
a well near the church, adjacent to which are the re-
mains of a castle, or mansion-house. Here are manu-
factures of woollen cloth, stuff, and hair sieves, and
there are extensive coal mines in the neighbourhood.
ROTHWELL-HAIGH, a township in the parish of
ROTHWELL, lower division of the wapentake of AG-
BRIGG, West riding of the county of YORK, 5 miles
(N.) from Wakefield. The population is returned with
the township of Rothwell.
ROTSEA, a township in the parish of HUTTON-
CRANSWICK, Bainton-Beacon division of the wapentake
of HARTHILL, East riding of the county of YORK, 6
miles (S. E. by S.) from Great Driffield, containing 23
inhabitants.
ROTTINGDEAN, a parish in the hundred of YoUNS-
MERE, rape of LEWES, County of SUSSEX, 4 miles
(E.S.E.) from Brighton, containing 772 inhabitants. The
living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Lewes, and
diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£9. 10., and in the patronage of the Earl of Thanet.
The church, dedicated to St. Margaret, is in the early
style of English architecture, with a low massy tower
in the centre: it was originally a larger structure than
at present, and has lately undergone a thorough repair.
This place, in ancient records termed Rottington, was,
in the reign of Richard II., the landing-place of the
French, who, in revenge for their loss of the battle of
Cressy, burned Rye and Hastings, and would have also
destroyed Lewes, but for the gallant resistance made by
the prior of Lewes, Sir Thomas Cheney, and Sir John
Falseley, at the head of the armed peasantry, who at-'
tacked and compelled them to retreat to their ships.
The village is pleasantly situated near the coast. of the
English channel, on the Newhaven road, and is celebrated
for its wells, which are nearly empty at high water, but rise
as the tide ebbs, and which, from their salubrious qua-
lities, are in considerable repute. It has within the last
few years become a bathing-place, frequented by such
families as prefer the privacy of a secluded village to
the more open beach and gaiety of Brighton. The old
road hence to Brighton approached so close to the edge
of the cliff, which is here two hundred feet high, as fre-
quently to cause the most lamentable accidents to tra-
vellers; which circumstance has occasioned the formation
of a new one considerably to the northward, and by a
more circuitous, though pleasant, route. From Rotting-
dean the cliffs gradually become more elevated, as far
as Beachy Head; those called the Three Charles's, or
Cheorls, the highest on the Sussex coast, rising about
five hundred feet above the level of the sea. Two apart-
ments cut in the chalk rock under the cliff bear the
name of "Parson Danby's Holes," from his having
formed and occupied them, till he fell a victim to the
dampness of the situation. Semi-translucent pebbles
of agate and chalcedony, of a blueish grey colour, abound
on the sea-shore, which, when cut and polished, are used
as ornaments in bracelets, &c., under the name of Rot-
tingdean Pebbles. In 1757, on opening a tumulus in
the neighbourhood, a Roman dagger was discovered.
ROTTINGTON, a township in the parish of ST.
BEES, ALLERDALE ward above Derwent, county of
CUMBERLAND, 34 miles (S. by W.) from Whitehaven,
containing 56 inhabitants. Here was formerly a small
nunnery, subordinate to that of St. Bees.
ROUDHAM, a parish in the hundred of SHROP-
HAM, county of Norfolk, 23 miles (W.) from East
Harling, containing 72 inhabitants. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £4. 16. 5½., and
in the patronage of Sir J. S. Sebright, Bart. The church
is dedicated to St. Andrew.
ROUGHAM, a parish in the hundred of LAUNDitch,
county of NORFOLK, 7½ miles (N. by E.) from Swaffham,
containing 330 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
Vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £1. 8. 6., en-
dowed with £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of
the Crown. The church is dedicated to St. Mary: at-
tached to the south side is a library, built by Mr. North,
and containing several volumes presented by that indi-
vidual and others.
ROUGHAM, a parish in the hundred of THEDWES-
TRY, county of SUFFOLK, 44 miles (E.S. E.) from Bury
St. Edmunds, containing 778 inhabitants.
The living
ROU
ROW
637
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£23. 18. 6., and in the patronage of Philip Bennett,
Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. Edward
Sparke, in 1720, bequeathed land now producing about
£ 40 a year, to be applied in support of a school for
eight children of Rougham, and four of Thurston; and
Thomas Sparke, in 1721, gave a rent-charge of £ 4 for a
similar purpose.
There are several other bequests, the
principal of which is that of Roger Kerrington, in 1702,
for apprenticing poor children, with a premium of £30
each.
·
ROUGH-LEE-BOOTH, a township in that part of
the parish of WHALLEY which is in the higher division
of the hundred of BLACKBURN, county palatine of LAN-
CASTER, 34 miles (W.) from Colne, containing 958 in-
habitants. The Wesleyan Methodists have a place of
worship here.
ROUGHTON, a parish in the soke of HORNCastle,
parts of LINDSEY, county of LINCOLN, 4 miles (S. S. W.)
from Horncastle, containing 110 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, united in 1741 to that of Haltham
upon Bain, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £ 6. 15. 2. The church is
dedicated to St. Margaret. The river Bain and the Horn-
castle and Witham canal run through the parish.
ROUGHTON, a parish in the northern division of
the hundred of ERPINGHAM, county of NORFOLK, 33
miles (S.) from Cromer, containing 337 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of
Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's
books at £ 6, and in the patronage of the Bishop of Ely.
The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
ROUGHWAY, a township in the parish and hundred
of WROTHAM, lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 5
miles (S. by E.) from Wrotham, with which the popu-
lation is returned.
ROULSTON, a parish in the wapentake of FLAX-
WELL, parts of KESTEVEN, County of LINCOLN, 7 miles
(N. by E.) from Sleaford, containing 123 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£ 6. 6. 24., and in the patronage of Samuel Thorold, Esq.
The church is dedicated to St. Clement.
ROUNCTON (EAST), a chapelry in the parish of
RUDBY in CLEVELAND, western division of the liberty
of LANGBAURGH, North riding of the county of YORK,
6 miles (S. by W.) from Yarm, containing 135 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, endowed
with £800 royal bounty, and £ 200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of Lady Amherst.
ROUNCTON (WEST), a parish in the wapentake
of ALLERTONSHIRE, North riding of the county of
YORK, 7 miles (S. by W.) from Yarm, containing 217
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the peculiar
jurisdiction of the Dean and Chapter of Durham, rated
in the king's books at £6, and in the patronage of the
King, as Duke of Lancaster. The church is dedicated
to St. James. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan
Methodists.
ROUNDHAY, a chapelry in the parish of BARWICK
in ELMETT, lower division of the wapentake of SKY-
RACK, West riding of the county of YORK, 3 miles
(N. E.) from Leeds, containing 186 inhabitants.
ROUSHAM, a parish in the hundred of WOOTTON,
county of OXFORD, 64 miles (N. E. by N.) from Wood-
stock, containing 160 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry and diocese of Oxford, rated in the
king's books at £ 11. 9. 4., and in the patronage of
Sir C. C. Dormer, Knt. The church is dedicated to St.
Mary.
ROUTH, a parish in the northern division of the
wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the county`
of YORK, 44 miles (N. E. by E.) from Beverley, contain-
ing 124 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the arch-
deaconry of the East riding, and diocese of York, rated
in the king's books at £ 8. 17. 1., and in the patronage
of the Misses Ellerkers. The church, dedicated to All
Saints, has a Norman door and three stone stalls.
ROWBERROW, a parish in the hundred of WIN-
TERSTOKE, County of SOMERSET, 4 miles (N. E. by N.)
from Axbridge, containing 334 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Wells,
and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's books
at £ 7. 10., endowed with £ 600 private benefaction, and
£ 600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Bishop
of Bristol. The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
There is a place of worship for Baptists. The parish
abounds with lapis calaminaris, the working of which
affords employment to many of the inhabitants.
ROW-BOUND, a township in the parish of CASTLE-
SOWERBY, LEATH ward, county of CUMBERLAND, Con-
taining 112 inhabitants.
ROWDE, a parish in the hundred of POTTErne and
CANNINGS, county of WILTS, 2 miles (W. by N.) from
Devizes, containing 961 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Wilts, and
diocese of Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £ 6. 10.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. Dr. Starkey. The
church is dedicated to St. Mary.
ROWELL, a hamlet in the parish of HAWLING,
lower division of the hundred of KIFTSGATE, county of
GLOUCESTER, 44 miles (S. E. by E.) from Winchcombe,
containing 32 inhabitants. The Independents have a
place of worship here.
ROWINGTON, a parish in the Henley division of
the hundred of BARLICHWAY, County of WARWICK, 6
miles (N. W. by W.) from Warwick, containing SSS in-
habitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry and diocese of Worcester, rated in the
king's books at £7. 11. 8., and in the patronage of the
Crown. The church, dedicated to St. Lawrence, is a
cruciform structure, principally in the Norman style.
The Warwick and Birmingham canal passes through the
parish. National schools, for about ninety children of
both sexes, are supported out of the annual income
arising from the poor's estate.
ROWLAND, a township in the parish of BAKEWELL,
hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY, 24 miles
(S. W. by W.) from Stony-Middleton, containing 109
inhabitants. It is in the honour of Tutbury, duchy of
Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of a court of pleas
held at Chapel en le Frith every third Tuesday, for the
recovery of debts under 40s.
ROWLEY, a hamlet in the parish of LANCHES-
TER, western division of CHESTER ward, county pala-
tine of DURHAM, 8½ miles (N. by E.) from Walsingham.
The population is returned with the parish. Here was
formerly a chapel, which has been long since demolished.
ROW
ROY
638
1
ROWLEY, a parish in the Hunsley-Beacon division
of the wapentake of HARTHILL, East riding of the
county of YORK, comprising the townships of Rowley
and Wauldby, and containing 469 inhabitants, of which
number, 425 are in the township of Rowley, 4 miles
(E. N. E.) from South Cave. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of the East riding, and diocese of
York, rated in the king's books at £20. 1. 8., and in
the patronage of Col. Hildyard. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Peter.
ROWLEY-REGIS, a parish in the northern division
of the hundred of SEISDON, County of STAFFORD, 3
miles (S. E.) from Dudley, containing 6062 inhabitants.
The living is a perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage
of Clent, in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese
of Worcester. The church is dedicated to St. Giles.
There is a place of worship for Baptists. Lady Eliza-
Lady Eliza
beth Monnins, in 1703, founded a free school, with an
endowment of £15 a year, for the education of twenty-
four children; and in 1790, George Macklinnan gave a
rent-charge of £21, which is applied to teaching thirty
children. Coal is obtained in the vicinity.
ROWLSTON, a joint township with Mappleton, in
the parish of MAPPLETON, partly in the liberty of ST.
PETER Of YORK, and partly in the northern division of
the wapentake of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the
county of YORK, 14 miles (E. N. E.) from Beverley.
The population is returned with Mappleton.
ROWLSTONE, a parish in the hundred of EwYAS-
LACY, county of HEREFORD, 13 miles (S. W. by W.)
from Hereford, containing 145 inhabitants. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Brecon,
and diocese of St. David, endowed with £800 royal
bounty, and in the patronage of Mrs. Price. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter. A court leet is occa-
sionally held here. Limestone is obtained in the neigh-
bourhood, and the soil in general is well adapted for
the cultivation of apples, of which cider is made. Six
boys of the parish are entitled to be taught free in
Grosmont school.
ROWNER, a parish in the hundred of TITCHFIELD,
Portsdown division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 3
miles (S.) from Fareham, containing 138 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Winchester, rated in the king's books at £6. 0. 24.,
and in the patronage of the Rev. C. P. Brune. The
The pa-
rish is bounded on the east by Portsmouth harbour.
ROWSLEY (GREAT), a township in the parish of
BAKEWELL, hundred of HIGH PEAK, County of DERBY,
3½ miles (S. E. by E.) from Bakewell, containing, with
part of the township of Aport, 238 inhabitants. The
village is situated near the confluence of the rivers Der-
went and Wye. The township is entitled to partake in
the benefit of Lady Manners' school at Bakewell.
ROWTON, a township in the parish of CHRISTLE-
TON, lower division of the hundred of BROXTON, county
palatine of CHESTER, 34 miles (E. S. E.) from Chester,
containing 108 inhabitants. The Chester canal passes
by this township. Here was fought the battle which
terminated so fatally for the cause of Charles I.; and
on Rowton Heath the Cheshire gentry assembled, and
declared for a free parliament, on the attempt of Sir
George Booth to restore Charles II., in 1659.
county of SALOP, 7 miles (W.) from Shrewsbury, con-
taining, with the township of Amaston, 227 inhabit-
ants.
ROWTON, a township in that part of the parish
of ABBERBURY which is in the hundred of FORD,
ROWTON, a joint township with North Skirlaugh,
in that part of the parish of SWINE which is in the
northern division of the wapentake of HOLDERNESS,
East riding of the county of YORK, 9 miles (E. by N.)
from Beverley. The population is returned with North
Skirlaugh.
ROXBY, a joint parish with Risby, in the northern
division of the wapentake of MANLEY, parts of Lind-
SEY, county of LINCOLN, 9 miles (W. S. W.) from Barton
upon Humber, containing, with Risby, 350 inhabitants.
The living is a vicarage, with that of Risby united, in the
archdeaconry of Stow, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in
the king's books at £6. 3. 4., and in the patronage of R.
C. Elwes, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
Near it was found, some years ago, a tesselated pave-
ment, about seven yards square, also fragments of red
and yellow plaster, bones of oxen, &c.
ROXBY, a joint township with Pickhill, in that
part of the parish of PICKHILL which is in the wapen-
take of HALLIKELD, North riding of the county of
YORK, 7 miles (W. by N.) from Thirsk. The population
is returned with Pickhill.
ROXBY, a township in the parish of HINDERWELL,
eastern division of the liberty of LANGBAURgh, North
riding of the county of YORK, 11 miles (W. N. W.)
from Whitby, containing 236 inhabitants. Here is a
small chapel of ease.
ROXHAM, a parish in the hundred of CLACKCLOSE,
county of NORFOLK, 34 miles (S. E. by S.) from Down-
ham-Market, containing 40 inhabitants. The living is
a perpetual curacy, annexed to that of Ryston, in the
archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich.
ROXHOLME, a hamlet in the parish of LEASING-
HAM, wapentake of FLAXWELL, parts of KESTEVEN,
county of LINCOLN, 24 miles (N. by W.) from Sleaford,
containing 87 inhabitants.
3
ROXTON, a parish in the hundred of BARFORD,
county of BEDFORD, 42 miles (S. W. by S.) from St.
Neots, containing 537 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, with that of Great Barford united,
in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese of Lincoln,
rated in the king's books at £ 10, and in the patronage
of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. There
is a place of worship for Independents. The river Ouse
bounds the parish on the east.
ROXWELL, a parish in the hundred of CHELMS-
FORD, county of ESSEX, 4 miles (W. N. W.) from
Chelmsford, containing 817 inhabitants. The living
is a donative, annexed to the perpetual curacy of Writtle,
in the jurisdiction of the peculiar court of Writtle with
Roxwell. John Blencowe, in 1774, founded a school
for teaching poor children of Roxwell and Writtle.
ROYDON, a parish partly in the hundred of WALT-
HAM, but chiefly in that of HARLOW, County of ESSEX,
4 miles (W. by S.) from Harlow, containing 796 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Middlesex, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £ 12, endowed with £200
private benefaction, and £200 parliamentary grant,
and in the patronage of the Hon. W. T. L. P. Wellesley.
The church is dedicated to St. Peter. John Manning,
W
ROY
ROY
639
in 1768, founded a free school, and endowed it with a
house and lands for teaching the children of the parish.
Here is still standing the curious ancient gateway of
the mansion of Nether Hall, demolished about 1773.
ROYDON, a parish in the hundred of Diss, county
of Norfolk, 14 mile (W.) from Diss, containing 601
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, rated in
the king's books at £9, and in the patronage of the
Rt. Hon. J. H. Frere. The church is dedicated to St.
The church is dedicated to St.
Remigius.
ROYDON, a parish in the Lynn division of the hun-
dred of FREEBRIDGE, county of NORFOLK, 24 miles (S. E.
by E.) from Castle-Rising, containing 205 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, consolidated with that
of Castle-Rising, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Rec-
tor of Castle-Rising, rated in the king's books at £5.
The church is dedicated to All Saints.
ROYSTON, a market town and parish, partly in the
hundred of ARMINGFORD, county of CAMBRIDGE, but
chiefly in the hundred of ODSEY, county of Hertford,
20 miles (N. by E:) from Hertford, and 38 (N.) from
London (parts of the town, exclusively of its own parish,
extending into the parishes of Barkway and Therfield,
county of Hertford, and into those of Melbourne, Bas-
singbourn, and Kneesworth, county of Cambridge), con-
taining 1474 inhabitants. This place is supposed to
have had its origin in the reign of William the Con-
queror, and to derive its name from a cross having been
erected at that period in the highway here, by the
Lady Roysia, Countess of Norfolk, which was called
Royse's Cross; and a monastery having been established
shortly afterwards, by Eustachius de Mere and others,
which led to the erection of houses, it acquired the ap-
pellation of Royse's town, whence its present name.
It had become a considerable town in the reign of
Henry IV., when it was nearly consumed by fire; and
again, in 1747, it was subjected to the same calamity.
A house was built here by James I., who made it his
occasional residence, for the enjoyment of hunting
and hawking; and it was here that his favourite, the
Earl of Somerset, was arrested in his presence, for
the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury. At the com-
mencement of the civil war, Charles I. removed to
this house from Hampton Court, previously to set-
ting up his standard at Nottingham; and here this un-
fortunate monarch passed two nights, in June 1647,
when a prisoner to the army, which had its head-quar-
ters at this place. The survey of this palace, made
during the Commonwealth, describes it as in good repair,
but it has since gone to ruin, and but few vestiges of it
can be traced. Royston is situated at the intersection
of the Iknield-way and the Ermin-street, in a very
bleak open country, near a chain of high hills, and,
though improved of late, is very irregularly built: it
consists of one long and narrow street, crossed by two
shorter ones, and neither lighted nor paved; there is a
very scanty supply of water, which the inhabitants gene-
rally are obliged to purchase. A public walk, planted
with trees, has been lately opened, at the expense of Lord
Dacre. The malting business is carried on to a consider-
able extent, and there is a large corn trade. The market,
which was granted by Richard I., who also granted a fair,
is on Wednesday, for corn, sheep, and pigs, and also for
straw-plat; and there are fairs on Whit-Wednesday,
attached to which is a pie-powder court; on Shrove-
Wednesday;
Wednesday; the feast of St. Thomas à Becket, and
the Wednesday in Easter week, pleasure fairs; and one
for hiring servants, on the first Wednesday after the
10th of October: a market-house was built in 1830,
at the expense of Lord Dacre. A petty session is held
every alternate Wednesday.
The living is a vicarage, in the jurisdiction of the
Commissary of Essex and Herts, concurrently with the
Consistorial Court of the Bishop of London, rated in
the king's books at £10, endowed with £200 private
benefaction, and £700 parliamentary grant, and in the
patronage of Lord Dacre.
patronage of Lord Dacre. The church was originally
that of the priory, and dedicated to St. Thomas à Beck-
et, but was purchased by the inhabitants at the disso-
lution of the monastery, and, by an act passed in the
32nd of Henry VIII., is called the parish church of St.
John the Baptist in Royston : it is a rude, though ve-
nerable, structure, with a low square massive tower at
its western end, and contains some very ancient monu-
ments; in the vestry-room is a library, comprising
about one hundred and fifty volumes, chiefly theologi-
cal. There is a place of worship for the Society of
Friends, and two for Independents. A grammar school
was erected by subscription in 1716, but it possesses
no endowment; and a house has been recently erected
for a free school. In 1769, Mrs. Glover bequeathed
£3500 for building and endowing a charity school, but
it was never received. An infant school is supported by
subscription; and there are Sunday schools in connex-
ion with the different places of worship, in which nearly
three hundred children of both sexes are educated. The
monastery, at the period of its dissolution, was valued
at £89. 16., per annum, and, with the exception of the
church, has been entirely demolished. Here was also an
hospital, dedicated to St. John and St James, but there
are no vestiges. Many relics of antiquity have been disco-
vered in and about Royston, among which is an ancient
chapel, or cave, found near the site of the present mar-
ket-house by some workmen, in 1742, which had been dug
out of the chalk rock, and had an opening from the top :
it has been conjectured to have been the oratory and
burial-place of the Lady Roysia, although this opinion.
has been strongly controverted. Tumuli, or barrows,
are found on the summits of the adjacent hills, and the
discovery of a number of bones and corroded spear-
heads near the town, renders it probable that it was the
scene of an engagement with the Danes. A species
of crow, with a whitish head, denominated the "Roys-
ton Crow," is found on the neighbouring hills, and is
peculiar to this part of the kingdom; it emigrates to
Sweden in the spring, where it breeds, and returns to
pass the winter here. Henry Andrews, many years a
resident in this town, was employed by the Board of
Admiralty in assisting to compute the celestial obser-
vations for the Nautical Almanac; and he was longer
and more extensively engaged in making the calcu-
lations for Moore's Almanac: he died in 1820, and is
buried here.
-
ROYSTON, a parish in the wapentake of STAIN-
CROSS, West riding of the county of YORK, comprising
the chapelries of Monk-Bretton, and Woolley with Em-
ley, and the townships of Carlton, Chevett, Cudworth,
Notton, and Royston, and containing 3126 inhabitants,
of which number, 549 are in the township of Royston,
1
RUA
RUD
640
4 miles (N.N.E.) from Barnesley. The living is a dis-
charged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
York, rated in the king's books at £17. 3. 4., endowed
with £1000 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage
of the Archbishop of York. The church is dedicated to
St. John the Baptist. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. The free grammar school is
endowed with an annuity of £4. 6. 11. from the re-
venue of the duchy of Lancaster, also with a house and
land granted by the crown in 1605; the total annual
income is £82. 15. 1., for which the master is bound
to teach the classics and writing, but for arithmetic he
receives a quarterage from the children, whose average
number is about thirty-five. At Monk-Bretton are the
remains of an ancient monastery.
-
ROYTON, a chapelry in the parish of OLDHAM CUM
PRESTWICH, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of
LANCASTER, 3½ miles (E. N. E.) from Middleton, con-
taining 4933 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester, en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, £ 400 royal bounty,
and £1400 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage
of the Rector of Prestwich. The chapel, dedicated to
St. Paul, was built by subscription in 1754. There are
places of worship for the Society of Friends, and Calvin-
istic and Wesleyan Methodists, with a Sunday school
attached to the last; the Friends' meeting-house is
said to be coeval with the foundation of that sect. The
cotton and fustian manufactures are extensively carried
on, and there are considerable coal mines in the parish.
The village, forty years ago, contained only a few
straggling cottages, but within the last twenty years it
has assumed the appearance of a considerable town, by
the erection of several regular streets and large manu-
factories. There is a school in connexion with the
established church, attended by about five hundred
children.
RUAN (MAJOR), a parish in the hundred of KER-
RIER, county of CORNWALL, 8 miles (S. S. E.) from
Helston, containing 187 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall, and diocese of
Exeter, rated in the king's books at £10. 10. 2., and
in the patronage of Philip Vivian Robinson, Esq. The
church is dedicated to St. Rumon.
RUAN (MINOR), a parish in the hundred of KER-
RIER, County of CORNWALL, 9½ miles (S. E. by S.) from
Helston, containing 293 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Cornwall,
and diocese of Exeter, rated in the king's books at
£4. 4. 4., endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of the Rev. W. Robinson. The church
is dedicated to St. Rumon. There is a place of wor-
ship for Wesleyan Methodists. The parish is bounded.
on the east by the English channel, upon which is situ-
ated Cadgwith Cove, the resort of fishermen.
sessions for the division are held here, on the first Mon-
day in every month. John Whitaker, B.D., the learned
historian and antiquary, was for thirty years rector of
this parish; he died in 1808, and was buried in the
church.
RUAN-LANYHORNE, a parish in the western di-
vision of the hundred of POWDER, county of CORN-
WALL, 2 miles (S. W.) from Tregoney, containing 376
inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdea-
conry of Cornwall, and diocese of Exeter, rated in the
king's books at £ 12, and in the patronage of the Pre-
sident and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
The church is dedicated to St. Rumon. There is a
place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The Tre-
goney river is navigable on the north-west. The petty
RUARDEAN, a parish in the hundred of Sr. Bria-
VELLS, county of GLOUCESTER, 6 miles (N. W.) from
Newnham, containing 729 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Walford,
in the archdeaconry of Hereford, and diocese of Glou-
cester. The church, dedicated to St. John the Baptist,
is partly Norman, but principally of later date, and the
west window is finely enriched with tracery. There is
a place of worship for Independents. The navigable
river Wye forms the eastern boundary, and the Severn
and Wye railway passes through the parish. A small
school is endowed with about £5 per annum, the united
bequests of the Rev. Richard Greenaway, in 1744, and
Thomas Richards, in 1763. There are a few remaining
fragments of an ancient castle.
-
RUCKINGE, a parish in the hundred of New-
CHURCH, lathe of SHEPWAY, County of Kent, 6½ miles
(S. by E.) from Ashford, containing 331 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese
of Canterbury, rated in the king's books at £14. 13. 4.,
and in the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, is princi-
pally in the early style of English architecture. There is
a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The Grand
Military canal passes through the parish.
RUCKLAND, a parish in the Wold division of the
hundred of LOUTH-ESKE, parts of LINDSEY, county of
LINCOLN, 6 miles (S. by E.) from Louth, containing
33 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory,
with that of Farforth and the vicarage of Maiden-Well
united, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln, rated
in the king's books at £ 6. 3. 9., and in the patronage of
Lord Yarborough. The church is dedicated to St. Olave.
RUCKLEY, a township in the parish of ACTON-
BURNELL, hundred of CONDOVER, county of SALOP, 7
miles (W.) from Much-Wenlock, containing, with the
chapelry of Langley, 75 inhabitants.
RUDBY in CLEVELAND, a parish in the western
division of the liberty of LANGBAURGH, North riding
of the county of YORK, comprising the chapelry of
Middleton upon Leven, and the townships of Hutton,
East Rouncton, Rudby in Cleveland, Skutterskelfe, and
Sexhow, and containing 1311 inhabitants, of which num-
ber, 76 are in the township of Rudby in Cleveland, 32
miles (W.S.W.) from Stokesley. The living is a vicar-
age, in the archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of
York, rated in the king's books at £30, endowed with
£1200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of
Lady Amherst. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
The river Leven runs through the parish. Five poor
children are educated for £5 a year, in a school built by
subscription.
RUDDINGTON, a parish in the northern division
of the wapentake of RUSHCLIFFE, county of NOTTING-
HAM, 5 miles (S.) from Nottingham, containing 1138
inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in the
archdeaconry of Nottingham, and diocese of York, rated
in the king's books at £6. 13. 4., endowed with £200,
private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Rev. C. Simeon. The church, dedi-
RUD
RUG
641
cated to St. Peter, has lately received an addition of three
hundred and ninety-four sittings, of which three hun-
dred and fifty are free, the Incorporated Society for the
enlargement of churches and chapels having granted
£500 towards defraying the expense. About one mile
from this structure is an extensive churchyard, and the
site of an ancient church, called Flawford, thought by
some to have been originally the parish church. There
are places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan Me-
thodists. Frame-work knitting and the weaving of
lace is carried on in the village, which is of consider-
able size. A free school was founded, in 1641, by
James Peacock, citizen of London, who endowed it
with lands in the parish, now producing an annual in-
come of £75, for teaching all the children of parish-
ioners. There is also an infant school, supported by
Lady Parkyns. Ruddington is in the honour of Tut-
bury, duchy of Lancaster, and within the jurisdiction of
a court of pleas held at Tutbury every third Tuesday,
for the recovery of debts under 40s. A college for a
warden and four chaplains was founded here, in
the reign of Henry VI., by William Babington, Esq.,
who endowed it with a revenue which was valued,
in the 26th year of the reign of Henry VIII., at
£30.
RUDFORD, a parish partly in the hundred of
BOTLOE, and partly in the lower division of the hun-
dred of DUDSTONE and KING'S BARTON, County of
GLOUCESTER, 3 miles (N. W. by W.) from Gloucester,
containing, with the hamlet of High Leadon, 189 inha-
bitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
of Hereford, and diocese of Gloucester, rated in the
king's books at £ 10, and in the patronage of the Dean
and Chapter of Gloucester. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary. The river Leadon separates this parish
from that of Hartpury, and the Gloucester and Led-
bury canal passes through it.
RUDGE, a township in that part of the parish of
PATTINGHAM which is in the hundred of STOTTESDEN,
county of SALOP, 73 miles (E. N. E.) from Bridgenorth,
containing 69 inhabitants.
RUDĞWICK, a parish in the hundred of WEST
EASWRITH, rape of ARUNDEL, county of SUSSEX, 7
miles (N. W. by W.) from Horsham, containing 974 in-
habitants. The living is a vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at
£7. 10., and in the patronage of the Bishop of Chi-
chester. The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity.
The river Wanford runs through the parish.
RUDHAM (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
GALLOW, County of NORFOLK, 63 miles (W. by S.) from
Fakenham, containing 807 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, with the vicarage of West Rudham
united, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £6. 6. 8., and in
the patronage of Marquis Townshend. The church is
dedicated to St. Mary. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists.
4
RUDHAM (WEST), a parish in the hundred of
GALLOW, county of NORFOLK, 7 miles (w. by S.)
from Fakenham, containing 376 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged vicarage, united to the rectory of
East Rudham, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£7. 6. 8. The church is dedicated to St. Peter.
VOL. III.
RUDHEATH, a township partly in the parishes of
GREAT BUDWORTH and SANDBACH, but chiefly in that
of DAVENHAM, hundred of NORTHWICH, County pala-
tine of CHESTER, 4 miles (N. E.) from Middlewich, con-
taining 363 inhabitants.
RUDSTON, a parish in the wapentake of DICKER-
ING, East riding of the county of YORK, 5 miles (W.)
from Bridlington, containing 417 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of the
East riding, and diocese of York, rated in the king's
books at £9. 13. 6., and in the patronage of the Arch-
bishop of York. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
In the churchyard is a lofty pyramidal stone, which
probably gave name to the place, Rod, in Saxon, signi-
fying a cross.
RUDYARD, a joint township with Caudery, in
that part of the parish of LEEK which is in the south-
ern division of the hundred of TOTMONSLOW, County of
STAFFORD, 22 miles (N. N. W.) from Leek, containing
112 inhabitants.
-
RUFFORD, a parish in the hundred of LEYLAND,
county palatine of LANCASTER, 5 miles (N. E. by N.)
from Ormskirk, containing 1073 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory not in charge, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Chester, and in the patronage of Pierce
Starkie, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary.
This parish was formerly a chapelry in the parish of
Croston, but was made parochial by act of parliament.
The Leeds and Liverpool canal passes through it. Sir
Thomas Hesketh, Bart., in 1816, erected a school, which
is supported at his own expense, for the education of
all the poor children of the parish. The petty sessions
for the division are held here once in five weeks,
alternately with Chorley, Cuerdon, Leyland, and Pen-
wortham.
RUFFORD, an extra-parochial liberty, in the Hat-
field division of the wapentake of BASSETLAW, county
of NOTTINGHAM, 2 miles (S. S. W.) from Ollerton, con-
taining 323 inhabitants. An abbey for Cistercian monks,
in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was founded in
1148, by Gilbert, Earl of Lincoln, which, at the dissolu-
tion, possessed a revenue of £254. 6. 8.
RUFFORTH, a parish in the ainsty of the city,
and East riding of the county, of YORK, 5 miles
(W.) from York, containing 295 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of York, rated in the king's books at £4. 13. 4.,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, and £600
royal bounty, and in the patronage of Mrs. Thompson.
Eight children are taught for £4 a year, the gift of
Lady Hewley.
RUGBY, a market town and parish in the Rugby
division of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, County of
WARWICK, 16½ miles (E. N. E.) from Warwick, and 83
(N. W. by N.) from London, containing 2300 inhabit-
ants. At this place, anciently called Rocheberie, is
supposed to have been one of those fortresses which
Stephen, expecting Matilda's invasion, permitted his
nobles to erect upon their estates; it obtained also the
name of Rokeby from its owner, Henry de Rokeby,
in the reign of Henry III., and from this its present
appellation is derived. The town is pleasantly situated
upon rising ground, on the south side of the Avon :
it consists of one street leading to the market-place,
parallel with which, on the one side, is a narrower
t
4 N
RUG
RUG
642
street, in which the shambles are placed, and on the
other a handsome and spacious street leading to the
church. The houses are in general well built of brick,
and of modern appearance, though occasionally inter-
mixed with some of ancient character, with plastered
walls and thatched roofs. The Oxford canal passes in
the vicinity. The market, which is well attended, and
abundantly supplied with corn, and provisions of every
kind, is on Saturday: thirteen fairs are held annually,
but the greater number are only cattle markets; these
are held on the second Tuesday after Twelfth day,
February 17th, March 31st, the last Monday in April,
May 5th (which is chiefly a pleasure fair), the second
Monday in June, July 7th, the ninth Monday before
New Michaelmas-day, August 21st, the Monday before
Michaelmas-day, the Monday preceding the 22nd of
October, November 22nd (which is a very great horse
fair), the Tuesday before St. Thomas' day, and the
Monday after Christmas-day. A constable and head-
borough are appointed at the court leet of the lord of
the manor.
The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of
Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated
in the king's books at £17. 19. 2., and in the patronage
of Earl Craven. The church, dedicated to St. Andrew, is
an ancient structure, in the early style of English archi-
tecture, with a massive square embattled tower, strength-
ened by buttresses, and a turret at the south-east angle,
to which there is no entrance but from within the
church, and which appears to have been erected as a
place of security, after the demolition of the castle; the
roof of the nave is supported on massive octagonal
pillars and sharply-pointed arches, of which those
nearer to the chancel are much more lofty than the
others: the building is at present undergoing consider-
able enlargement, from a plan by Mr. Rickman. There
are places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyan Me-
thodists. The grammar school, which is the distin-
guishing feature in Rugby, is a noble and magnificent
establishment, and has for many years maintained a
high degree of reputation. It was founded in the 9th
of Elizabeth, by Lawrence Sheriff, of London, grocer, a
native of Brownsover, a neighbouring hamlet, in the
parish of Clifton, who endowed it with a house and land
in that parish, and with about eight acres of land, called
the Conduit close, near the Foundling Hospital, London.
At that time the income was inconsiderable, and in the
year 1780, the rental did not exceed £116 per annum;
but from the subsequent improvement of the estate, by
the erection of numerous dwelling-houses, and the laying
out of several streets upon the site, the revenue has been
augmented to more than £5000 per annum. The school
is under the superintendence of twelve trustees, who ap-
point the head master, with a fixed salary of £113. 6. 8.,
a house and some land, and an annual payment of
£16. 5. 6. for every boy on the foundation, of which
latter sum he pays £6. 6. to the six assistant classical
masters, £2. 2. to the master of modern languages, and
£1. 11. 6. to the mathematical master; instruction in
these two last branches of literature forming a part of
the regular course of education pursued at the school.
The assistant classical masters also receive severally
from the trustees a permanent salary of £120 per
annum, and salaries are also given to a writing-master
and a drawing-master. By a late regulation of the
trustees, the number of boys not on the foundation is
never to exceed two hundred and sixty; the actual
number at present (November 1830) is about two hun-
dred and thirty, besides about forty foundationers.
Belonging to this noble establishment are twenty-one
exhibitions of £60 per annum, tenable for seven years,
in either of the Universities; and several fellowships,
varying in value from £100 to £300 per annum, but
not exceeding £1000 per annum in the aggregate
amount, which are given exclusively to the head-master
and ushers, who may choose to retire after having been
ten years in the establishment. The school premises
were taken down and rebuilt in 1808; they form a
splendid range of building, in the Elizabethan style of
architecture; the principal entrance is under a square
gateway tower, with octagonal turrets at the angles,
through a richly-groined archway, above which is a
beautiful oriel window embellished with stained glass,
into a spacious quadrangle, of which two sides are
cloistered. The school-rooms are lofty, and the great
school, as it is called, in which the ancient Prize Čom-
positions are recited, on the Wednesday in Easter-week,
is of large dimensions and of stately elevation. The
room in the gateway tower, over the principal entrance,
is appropriated to the school library. Through an arch-
way diagonally opposite to the principal entrance is the
approach to the chapel, a detached and elegant edifice,
in the later style of English architecture, to which there
is also an entrance from the public road: the sides of the
building are strengthened with ornamented buttresses,
and relieved by three elegant windows with dripstones
resting on antique heads; and the east and west ends
are decorated with crocketed pinnacles at the angles,
and a cross on the apex of the gable. The interior is
fitted up like the choir of a cathedral; the roof, which
is flat and painted to resemble oak, is panelled, and
ribbed with diagonal intersections; the east window is
enriched with tracery, and at the west end are two
canopied seats for the head-master and the chaplain,
over which is a gallery, with an organ of appropriate
design. On the south side, near the altar, is a white
monument of marble, by Chantrey, erected to the me-
mory of the late Dr. James, head-master, in which he is
represented in a sitting posture, reading, with several
volumes at his feet. The entrance to the head-master's
apartments is through a large octangular turret forming
the hall and staircase, and the whole range of buildings
is relieved with turrets at various intervals. From the
funds of this institution are supported twelve alms-
houses, lately rebuilt in a corresponding style of archi-
tecture, for twelve aged men, who have each two apart-
meats and a garden, a gown, two tons of coal annually,
and a weekly allowance of seven shillings and sixpence.
Boys are eligible to the school, and men to the alms-
houses, who live within ten miles of the town, if in the
county of Warwick, or within five miles, if in any other
county. A charity school was founded, in 1707, by Mr.
Elborough, who endowed it with a house and fifty acres
of land for the instruction of thirty boys and girls: it
is under the direction of six trustees, who appoint the
master, with a salary of £20 per annum, a house, and
two acres of land. Adjoining the school, and supported
out of the same funds, are six almshouses for six aged
widows, who receive half a ton of coal annually, a stuff
gown every two years, and an allowance of three shil-
•
RUG
643
RUM
lings per week. There are various charitable bequests
for distribution among the poor. At Lawford, one mile
west from Rugby, are large quarries of blue lias, covered
with a thick bed of gravel, in which elephants' bones,
and the remains of other animals, have been found in
considerable quantities. On the road to Lawford is a
Roman tumulus; and at Brownsover, one mile north-
west of Rugby, is an earthwork, supposed to be a British
camp, surrounded by the rivers Swift and Avon; ske-
letons buried in the ancient British manner, with the
limbs contracted, have been discovered here.
RUGELEY, a market town and parish in the east-
ern division of the hundred of CUTTLESTONE, county
of Stafford, 9 miles (E. S. E.) from Stafford, and 127
(N. W. by N.) from London, containing 2677 inhabitants,
This town is agreeably situated near the south bank of
the river Trent, on the road from Stafford to Lichfield;
it is of remarkably clean and respectable appearance,
and consists of several good streets, two of them re-
cently formed, called Albion-street and Church-street;
many of the houses in the latter are of a very superior
order. Cannock heath is within a mile of the town,
on the south. The trade of the place is greatly pro-
moted by the proximity of the Grand Trunk canal,
which connects the navigation of the rivers Trent and
Mersey, and passing northward of the town, between
it and the river, communicates with Brereton collieries
by a rail-road, and not far distant is carried over the
Trent by a fine aqueduct. Here are an iron-foundry,
and mills for rolling sheet-iron, also a small manu-
factory for sugar of lead and verdegris; hats were
formerly made to a considerable extent, but this
branch of trade has very much declined. At Brere-
ton, in this parish, are extensive coal-works belong-
ing to Earl Talbot and the Marquis of Anglesey: the
depth of the shaft is one hundred and twenty-seven
yards; the strata of coal is five yards in thickness,
and generally good, exclusively of some thin veins not
yet worked about four hundred persons are employed
in these works, most of whom reside in cottages on the
estate. In sinking, good iron-ore is found in detached
pieces, but not in sufficient quantity to pay the expense
of working it. The market is on Thursday: fairs are
held on April 15th; June 6th, a very large horse fair,
which continues eight or nine days; and October 21st,
for cattle, sheep, and horses. A court leet is held annu-
ally in October, by the lord of the manor, at which two
constables are appointed. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the peculiar jurisdiction and patronage of
the Dean and Chapter of Lichfield, rated in the king's
books at £5. 2., and endowed with £200 private bene-
faction, and £200 royal bounty. The church, dedicated
to St. Augustine, has been lately but indifferently re-
built, with stone given by the Marquis of Anglesey; it
contains eight hundred sittings, of which four hundred
and thirty-two are free, the Incorporated Society for
the building and enlargement of churches, &c., having
contributed £800 towards defraying the expense. Of
the old church, the tower and chancel remain entire,
the latter being used as a school-room; the arches are in
ruins. There is a place of worship for Independents,
and one for Wesleyan Methodists at Brereton. The free
grammar school was founded, in the 8th of James I., by
Walter Wolsley, and endowed by him with estates now
producing about £320 per annum, which is paid to the
master, who has also a good residence: there are twenty
boys on the foundation, besides which the master is
allowed by the trustees to take boarders, and eleven day
scholars, who pay for their education. Bamford's school
was founded by John Bamford, who by will dated Feb.
11th, 1733, gave £400 for the education of sixteen poor
boys: this benefaction having been augmented by £50
left by Mrs. Mary Jenks, and further, in 1802, by a
gift of £500 from John Riley, the income is now £35
per annum, and thirty-five boys are on the foundation,
all of them appointed by the minister and church-
wardens. A National school for girls was founded by
the Hon. Mrs. Curzon; another at Brereton, by Mrs.
Sneyd; and an almshouse here, for four old women, by
Mrs. Hopkins.
RUISHTON, a parish in the hundred of TAUNTON
and TAUNTON-DEAN, county of SOMERSET, 24 miles
(E.) from Taunton, containing 329 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of
Taunton, and diocese of Bath and Wells, endowed with
£250 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and
in the patronage of John Guy, Esq. The church is dedi-
cated to St. George. The navigable river Tone passes
on the northern side of the village. Nine poor children
are educated for about £4 per annum, arising from
£100, the gift of Elizabeth Strong, in 1742.
RUISLIP, a parish in the hundred of ELTHORNE,
county of MIDDLESEX, 3½ miles (N. E.) from Uxbridge,
containing 1343 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage,
in the archdeaconry of Middlesex, and diocese of Lon-
don, rated in the king's books at £12, and in the
patronage of the Dean and Canons of Windsor. The
church is dedicated to St. Martin. Here was formerly
a cell to the abbey of Bec in Normandy, the revenue of
which at the suppression was valued at £18.
RUMBOLD'S WYKE, a parish in the hundred of
Box and STOCKBRIDGE, rape of CHICHESTER, county of
SUSSEX, of a mile (S. E.) from Chichester, containing
303 inhabitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, in
the archdeaconry and diocese of Chichester, rated in the
king's books at £4, and in the patronage of the Dean
and Chapter of Chichester. The church is dedicated to
St. Rumbald. A branch of the Arundel and Portsmouth
canal passes near the parish.
RÜMBURGH, a parish in the hundred of BLyth-
ING, county of SUFFOLK, 4 miles (N. W. by N.) from
Halesworth, containing 445 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, annexed to the rectory of South Elmham
St. Michael, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese
of Norwich, endowed with £10 per annum and £400
private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £1200
parliamentary grant. The church is dedicated to St.
Michael. Here was a cell to the abbey of St. Ben'et
at Holme; it was dedicated to St. Michael, and was
one of those suppressed in 1528, and granted to
Wolsey, towards the endowment of his college at
Ipswich.
RUMNEY, a parish in the upper division of the
hundred of WENTLLOOG, County of MONMOUTH, 3
miles (N. E.) from Cardiff, containing 255 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Llandaff, rated in the king's books at
£5. 10. 7., endowed with £600 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Bristol. The
church is dedicated to St. Augustine.
4 N 2
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}
RUMWORTH, a township in the parish of DEAN,
hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of LANCASTER,
3 miles (W. S. W.) from Great Bolton, containing 847
inhabitants. James Crompton, in 1636, bequeathed
£ 100 towards the support of a school, to which sub-
sequent bequests have been added, producing an annual
income of £36. 17., for which about fifty children are
taught to read only, in a school-room rebuilt in 1820,
at an expense of £750.
.
RUŃCORN, a parish in the hundred of BUCKLOW,
county palatine of CHESTER, comprising the chapelries
of Aston by Sutton, Daresbury, Halton, and Thelwall,
and the townships of Acton-Grange, Aston-Grange,
Clifton, alias Rock-Savage, Hatton, Keckwick, Moore,
Newton by Daresbury, Norton, Preston on the Hill,
Runcorn, Stockham, Sutton, Walton (Inferior), Walton
(Superior), and Weston, and containing 7738 inhabitants,
of which number, 3103 are in the township of Runcorn,
4½ miles (N. by W.) from Frodsham. The living is a
vicarage, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chester,
rated in the king's books at £ 10. 4. 2., and in the pa-
tronage of the Dean and Canons of Christ Church,
Oxford. The church, dedicated to St. Bartholomew,
is partly in the early, and partly in the later, style
of English architecture; of the north door and the
piers in the nave, the design is very uncommon, yet
good in execution. There is a place of worship for
Wesleyan Methodists. In 915, Ethelfleda, sister to
King Edward the Elder, and widow of Ethelred, Earl
of Mercia, built a town and castle near the river Mer-
sey, at this place, then called Romicofan, some traces
of which are visible at a place called Castle-Rock, by
the river side, about three hundred yards below the
church this part of the Mersey is called Runcorn
Gap, and at high water is about four hundred yards
broad. This ancient fortress commanded the passage
from the kingdom of Mercia to that of Northumber-
land. In 1133, William Fitz-Nigel founded here a mo-
nastery of canons Regular, which, about the reign of
Stephen, was removed to Norton. The Duke of Bridge-
water's canal passes through a great part of this pa-
rish at Runcorn it is sixty feet above the level of the
Mersey, with which it communicates by a chain of ten
locks. Runcorn, which had previously been a very
poor village, has, in consequence of the trade on the
canal, and its having become a place of considerable
resort for bathing, grown very populous, and been im-
proved in its appearance by the erection of many
handsome buildings. The township abounds in fine
stone quarries, from which considerable quantities of
hewn stone are sent by water to Chester, Liverpool,
Manchester, &c. The chapel at Aston was rebuilt on
an enlarged scale in 1737.
-
from Downham-Market, containing 123 inhabitants.
The living is a rectory, annexed to that of Wallington, in
the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich,
rated in the king's books at £12. The church is dedi-
cated to St. Andrew.
RUNCTON (NORTH), a parish in the Lynn division
of the hundred of FREEBRIDGE, county of NORFOLK, 3
miles (S.S. E.) from Lynn-Regis, containing, with the ham-
let of Hardwick, 314 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
with that of Hardwick and Setchy, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£8. 10., and in the patronage of the Master and Fellows
of Trinity College, Cambridge. The church, dedicated
to All Saints, was rebuilt about 1710, the ancient
structure having been injured by the fall of its steeple.
RUNCTON (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
CLACKCLOSE, County of NORFOLK, 44 miles (N. N. E.)
RUNFOLD, a tything in the parish and hundred
of FARNHAM, county of SURREY. The population is
returned with Badshot.
RUNHALL, a parish in the hundred of FoREHOE,
County of NORFOLK, 5 miles (N. W. by N.) from Wy-
mondham, containing 160 inhabitants. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£6. 18. 1., endowed with £1200 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of Lord Wodehouse. The church is de-
dicated to All Saints.
RUNHAM, a parish in the eastern division of the
hundred of FLEGG, county of NORFOLK, 42 miles (W.
by S.) from Caistor, containing 211 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £4,
endowed with £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Bishop of Ely. The church is dedicated to St.
Peter and St. Paul: a sum of money was bequeathed,
in 1501, by Rose Dook, for erecting the steeple. A
market, and a fair on the vigil and festival of St. Peter
ad Vincula, were granted by King John to Robert de
Evermere.
RUNNINGTON, a parish in the hundred of MIL-
VERTON, County of SOMERSET, 2 miles (W. N. W.) from
Wellington, containing 90 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Taunton,
and diocese of Bath and Wells, rated in the king's
books at £5. 1. 5, and in the patronage of the
Crown.
RUNSTON, a hamlet in the parish of ST. PIERRE,
upper division of the hundred of CALDICOTT, county of
MONMOUTH, 33 miles (S. W. by W.) from Chepstow.
The population is returned with the parish. The chapel
has been demolished.
RUNTON, a parish in the northern division of the
hundred of ERPINGHAM, county of NORFOLK, 2 miles
(W. by N.) from Cromer, containing 417 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged rectory, with that of Aylmer-
ton, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £10. The church
is dedicated to the Holy Trinity.
RUNWELL, a parish in the hundred of CHELMS-
FORD, county of ESSEX, 5 miles (N. W.) from Rayleigh,
containing 307 inhabitants. The living is a rectory,
in the archdeaconry of Essex, and diocese of London,
rated in the king's books at £13, and in the patron-
age of Vicesimus Knox, Esq. The church is dedicated
to St. Mary. The Crouch river is navigable from the
sea to this place.
RUNWICK, a tything in the parish and hundred
of FARNHAM, County of SURREY, containing 197 inha-
bitants.
O
RUSCOMB, a parish in the hundred of Sonning,
county of BERKS, 5 miles (E. N. E.) from Reading,
containing 208 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual
curacy, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean of
Salisbury, and in the patronage of the Prebendary of
Combe and Harnham in the Cathedral Church of
Salisbury. The church is dedicated to St. James. In
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645
the chancel lie buried the remains of Lord Chief Justice
Eyre, who occasionally resided here. There is a place
of worship for Independents.
RUSHALL, a parish in the hundred of EARSHAM,
county of NORFOLK, 3 miles (W.) from Harleston, con-
taining 279 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £4, endowed
with £200 royal bounty, and in the patronage of Joseph
Sewell, Esq. The church is dedicated to St. Mary. A
farm-house here is called the Priory, from having once
belonged to the priory of Buckenham.
RUSHALL, a parish, in the southern division of
the hundred of OFFLOW, county of STAFFORD, 1 mile
(N. E. by N.) from Walsall, containing 670 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeacon-
ry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry,
rated in the king's books at £4. 5., endowed with £400
private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the
patronage of the Rev. Edward Mellish. The church is
dedicated to St. Michael. The Wyrley and Essington
canal passes through the parish, in which there are
considerable quarries of limestone, and the ruined
walls of an ancient castellated mansion.
·
Chapter of Lincoln. The church, dedicated to St. Mary,
contains the handsome monument of Sir Adolphus
Meetkerke, which was removed hither, in 1754, from
the church of St. Botolph, Aldersgate: there is also
a memorial to William Love, late a servant in the
Meetkerke family, who in 1819 left £233. 6. 8. three
per cents. towards the support of a Sunday school. The
late Rev. James Ford, vicar of the parish, bequeathed
£300 three per cents. for the benefit of future incum-
bents.
RUSHALL, a parish in the hundred of SWAN-
BOROUGH, County of WILTS, 3 miles (S. W.) from
Pewsey, containing 248 inhabitants. The living is a
rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury,
rated in the king's books at £12. 11. 8., and in the
patronage of the Wardens of New and Merton Col-
leges, and of the Principal of Brasenose College, Ox-
ford, for a scholar on Jackson's foundation at Merton
College. The church is dedicated to St. Matthew.
RUSHBROOK, a parish in the hundred of THED-
WESTRY, County of SUFFOLK, 3 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Bury St. Edmunds, containing 194 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, annexed to that of Brad-
field St. George, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books
at £8. 1. 5., and in the patronage of the Marquis of
Bristol. The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas.
Lord Jermyn, in 1700, founded and endowed with
property, now producing £32 a year, almshouses for
one man and three women. Other almshouses were
erected, in 1724, by Sir Jermyn Davers, for four poor
persons, which, not being endowed, are kept in repair
by the proprietor of the Rushbrook estate.
RUSHBURY, a parish in the hundred of MUNS-
LOW, county of SALOP, 43 miles (E. S. E.) from Church-
Stretton, containing, with the townships of East-Wall,
Gretton, Lutwytch with Stanway, Rushbury, Stone-Acton,
and Wall under Haywood, 478 inhabitants. The living is
a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and diocese of
Hereford, rated in the king's books at £19. 7. 8., and
in the patronage of the Bishop of Worcester. The
church is dedicated to St. Peter. This is presumed to
be the site of the Roman station Bravinium, situated
between Old Radnor and Worcester. A market and a
fair, granted by Edward I., were formerly held here.
RUSHDEN, a parish in the hundred of ODSEY,
county of HERTFORD, 44 miles (W. N. W.) from Bun-
tingford, containing 333 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon,
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£8. 1. 10., and in the patronage of the Dean and
RUSHDEN, a parish in the hundred of HIGHAM-
FERRERS, County of NORTHAMPTON, 1½ mile (S.) from
Higham-Ferrers, containing 1077 inhabitants. The liv-
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Northampton,
and diocese of Peterborough, rated in the king's books
at £12. 16. 3., and in the patronage of the Crown.
The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is large and hand-
some, partaking of the different styles of English archi-
tecture; the tower, a fine specimen of the later style,
is surmounted by an elegant crocketed spire; the tran-
septs are in the decorated style; and in the chancel are
three early English stalls: there are also some remains
of screen-work, and ancient stained glass. There are two
places of worship for Baptists. Daniel Whitby, a learned
scripture commentator, and writer on controversial divi-
nity, was born here in 1638; he died in 1726.
Ja
RUSHFORD, a parish in the hundred of GUILT-
CROSS, county of NORFOLK, 4 miles (E. S. E.) from
Thetford, containing, with Snarehill, 168 inhabitants.
The living is a donative. The church is dedicated to
St. John the Evangelist. A chapel and college for
a master and six priests was founded upon the site
of the parsonage-house, about 1342, by Sir Edmund
de Gonville, the rector and founder of Gonville Hall,
Cambridge; it was dedicated to St. John the Evangelist,
and at the dissolution was valued at £85. 15. per an-
num.
RUSHMERE, a parish in the hundred of CARLFORD,
county of SurFOLK, 2 miles (N. E. by E.) from Ipswich,
containing 437 inhabitants. The living is a discharged
vicarage, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £ 4. 6. 8., and in
the patronage of the Marquis of Bristol. The church
is dedicated to St. Andrew.
RUSHMERE, a parish in the hundred of MUTFORD
and LOTHINGLAND, county of SUFFOLK, 5 miles (S. W.)
from Lowestoft, containing 114 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged rectory, in the archdeaconry of Suffolk,
and diocese of Norwich, rated in the king's books at
£7. 6. S., and in the patronage of Charles Gurney, Esq.
The church is dedicated to All Saints.
RUSHOCK, a parish in the lower division of the
hundred of HALFSHIRE, county of WORCESTER, 5
miles (W. by N.) from Bromsgrove, containing 181 in-
habitants. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Worcester, rated in the king's books
at £ 10. 6. 8., and in the patronage of the Crown. The
church is dedicated to St. Michael. William Norris, in
1702, bequeathed a house and land in support of a
school for teaching fifteen children of this parish, and
the same number of that of Elmbridge.
RUSHROFT, a hamlet in the parish of AINSTA-
BLE, LEATH ward, county of CUMBERLAND, 3 miles
(N. W. by N.) from Kirk-Oswald. The population is
returned with the parish.
-
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646
RUSHTON, a township in the parish of TARPORLEY,
first division of the hundred of EDDISBURY, county
palatine of CHESTER, 24 miles (E. N. E.) from Tarporley,
containing 315 inhabitants.
RUSHTON, a village in the hundred of ROTHWELL,
county of NORTHAMPTON, 24 miles (N. E.) from Roth-
well, containing 366 inhabitants, and comprising the
parishes of All Saints and St. Peter, in the archdeaconry
of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough; the for-
mer, a rectory, rated in the king's books at £ 10. 12. 1.,
and the latter, also a rectory, rated at £11. 13. 4., both
in the patronage of W. Haggitt, Esq.
RUSHTON-JAMES, a township in that part of the
parish of LEEK which is in the northern division of
the hundred of TOTMONSLOW, county of STAFFORD, 52
miles (N. W.) from Leek, containing 354 inhabitants.
RUSHTON-SPENCER, a chapelry in that part of
the parish of LEEK which is in the northern division of
the hundred of TOTMONSLOW, county of Stafford, 5
miles (N. W. by N.) from Leek, containing 359 inhabit-
ants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdea-
conry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and Coven-
try, endowed with £1200 private benefaction, £ 200
royal bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in
the patronage of the Vicar of Leek. The chapel, dedi-
cated to St. Lawrence, is a small stone building fast
falling to decay. Cotton-spinning affords employment
to a few of the inhabitants.
M
RUSHULME, a township in the parish of MAN-
CHESTER, hundred of SALFORD, county palatine of
LANCASTER, 24 miles (S. S. E.) from Manchester, con-
taining 913 inhabitants.
RUSKINGTON, a parish in the wapentake of FLAX-
WELL, parts of KESTEVEN, County of LINCOLN, 32 miles
33
(N. N. E.) from Sleaford, containing 678 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at
£3. 17. 3., endowed with £600 royal bounty, and
£200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the
Crown. The church is dedicated to All Saints. Lady
Hodgson, in 1719, bequeathed a rent-charge of £42. 16.,
in support of three aged women, and a school for ten
children, with a fund for apprenticing them. There is
also a trifling annuity left by Martha Chamberlain, in
1702, for educating children.
RUSLAND, a chapelry in the parish of COULTON,
hundred of LONSDALE, north of the sands, county pala-
tine of LANCASTER, 8 miles (N. N. E.) from Ulverstone.
The population is returned with the parish. The living
is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Richmond,
and diocese of Chester, endowed with £400 private be-
nefaction, £ 400 royal bounty, and £200 parliamentary
grant, and in the patronage of Trustees. The chapel,
dedicated to St. Paul, was consecrated in 1745.
RUSPER, a parish in the hundred of SINGLECROSS,
rape of BRAMBER, county of SUSSEX, 54 miles (N.N.E.)
from Horsham, containing 487 inhabitants. The living
is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chi-
chester, rated in the king's books at £9. 10. 10., and in
the patronage of the Rev. Peter Wood. The church,
dedicated to St. Mary, is in the early style of English
architecture, and has lately received an addition of one
hundred and seven sittings, of which ninety-nine are
free, the Incorporated Society for the enlargement of
churches and chapels having granted £70 towards de-
fraying the expense.
fraying the expense. There are slight remains of a
priory of Black nuns, founded by Gervase of Canter-
bury, who flourished in the reign of Richard I.; it was
dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, and at the dissolution
possessed a revenue of £39. 13. 7.
RUSSELS, a hamlet in the parish of DANBURY,
hundred of CHELMSFORD, though locally in that of
Dengie, county of ESSEX, 1 mile (E.) from Danbury.
The population is returned with the parish.
RUSTINGTON, a parish in the hundred of POLING,
rape of ARUNDEL, county of SUSSEX, 2 miles (E. N. E.)
from Little Hampton, containing 327 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry and
diocese of Chichester, rated in the king's books at £6,
endowed with £400 private benefaction, and £400
royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Bishop of
Chichester. The church is in the early style of English
architecture.
RUSTON (EAST), a parish in the hundred of
HAPPING, county of NORFOLK, 53 miles (E. by S.) from
North Walsham, containing 613 inhabitants. The living
is a discharged vicarage, united to the rectory of Rid-
lington, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese
of Norwich, rated in the king's books at £11. 11. 10.,
endowed with £200 royal bounty. The church is de-
dicated to St. Mary. Professor Porson, celebrated as a
critic and classical scholar, was born here in 1759.
RUSTON (PARVA), a parish in the wapentake of
DICKERING, East riding of the county of YORK, 32
miles (N. E.) from Great Driffield, containing 140 inha-
bitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the arch-
deaconry of the East riding, and diocese of York, en-
dowed with £800 royal bounty, and £200 parliament-
ary grant, and in the patronage of W. T. St. Quintin,
Esq.
RUSTON (SOUTH), a parish in the hundred of
TUNSTEAD, County of NORFOLK, 1½ mile (N. E.) from
Coltishall, containing 103 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, annexed to the vicarage of Tunstead,
in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich.
The church is dedicated to St. Michael.
RUSWARP, a township in the parish of WHITBY,
liberty of WHITBY-STRAND, North riding of the county
of YORK, 12 mile (S. W. by S.) from Whitby, containing
1918 inhabitants. There is a handsome suspension
bridge across the river Esk.
RUTCHESTER, a township in the parish of OVING-
HAM, eastern division of TINDALE ward, county of
NORTHUMBERLAND, 8½ miles (W. by N.) from Newças-
tle upon Tyne, containing 31 inhabitants. In the reign
of Edward I., Rutchester tower was occupied by a fami-
ly of the same name. This was the site of the Roman
station Vindobala, which was garrisoned by the Cohors
Prima Frixagorum. A broken statue of Hercules, coins
of the Lower Empire, silver fibulæ, and numerous other
relics, have been found here; and, in 1766, an urn full
of gold and silver coins, among which was an almost
complete series of those of the Higher Empire, was
discovered at Castlestead, in the neighbourhood. Ad-
rian's wall, the remains of which are still visible, passed
from its east and west ramparts, which, towards the
enemy's frontier, were defended by strong towers.
RUTHALE, a joint township with Ashfield, in that
part of the parish of PRIOR'S DITTON which is in the
hundred of MUNSLOW, county of SALOP, 8 miles
▸
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647
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(W. by S.) from Bridgenorth, containing, with Ashfield, at Oakham. This county is included in the Midland
40 inhabitants.
circuit the assizes and quarter sessions are held at
Oakham, where is the county gaol; there are seven
acting magistrates. The rates raised in the county
for the year ending March 25th, 1829, amounted to
£12,666, the expenditure to £12,504, of which £9,138
was applied to the relief of the poor.
The general appearance of the county is of an
interesting character, more especially where it has
abundance of timber, being greatly diversified by gently
rising hills, running in the direction of east and west,
between which are vallies about half a mile in width,
so that the prospects, which are always agreeable
and lively, are also pleasingly varied. Some of the
finest views may be obtained from Manton, which is
the highest ground in the county; Beaumont Chase,
Burley House, Rakesborough Hill, the village of Teigh,
the Whissendine hills, and Witchley common. The
soils are for the most part fertile, but in their nature
vary greatly, and sometimes abruptly. The eastern
and south-eastern parts have in general a clay soil
of shallow staple, resting upon limestone rock, with
a small mixture of cold woodland; the rest of the
county has a strong red loamy soil, amongst which iron-
stone is found; some of this is provincially termed
keal: there are also some small tracts of rich clay, and
others of a blueish clay. The substratum of the greater
part of it is a very strong blue clay. The thin-stapled
soils are well adapted for the production of turnips,
barley, clover, wheat, and all other green crops, though
they make but poor meadow land: abundant crops of
grass are produced upon the red keal. Upwards of
forty-two thousand five hundred acres are under tillage :
the course of crops observed on the thin limestone soil
is, first, turnips; second, barley; third clover; fourth,
The crops
wheat: on the other soils it is various.
commonly grown are, wheat, barley, oats, peas, beans,
turnips, cabbages, tares, and lentils. The average crop
of wheat is twenty-two bushels and three quarters per
acre; that of barley thirty-two; the latter grain is here
of a very superior quality. The average produce of oats
per acre is forty-two bushels and a quarter; that of
peas, twenty-four and three quarters; and that of beans,
twenty-three and three quarters. The turnips are for
the most part eaten on the land by sheep: the greater
part of the tares is consumed as green food for horses
in the stable: the lentils are greatly esteemed as winter
food for sheep.
food for sheep. The artificial grasses are clover, trefoil,
ray-grass, and sainfoin. The quantity of grass land
rather exceeds that under tillage, being almost forty-five
thousand acres the meadows are chiefly upland, the
only tracts ever flooded being those on the margins
of the rivers Welland, Guash, and Chater. In this
case the waters of the two latter streams quickly
subside; but the river Welland having very little fall,
and the meadows in its vicinity being very flat, the
water retires but slowly, frequently continuing so long
upon the land, that the pasturage is rendered un-
wholesome, and produces the rot amongst sheep that
are put upon it: the average produce of hay is from
a ton to a ton and a half per acre. Much of what
is called Stilton cheese is made in the district of Lea-
field Forest, and in the Vale of Catmose. About one
half of the grass land is good feeding land; the rest
is of an inferior quality, and is used to feed store cattle :
RUTLANDSHIRE, an inland county, bounded
on the north-west and south-west by Leicestershire, on
the south and south-east by Northamptonshire, and
on the east and north-east by Lincolnshire. It ex-
It ex-
tends from 51° 31′ 28″ to 51° 45′ 34″ (N. Lat.), and
from 25' to 48' (W. Lon.) This is the smallest coun-
ty in England, its extreme length being only eighteen
miles, its greatest breadth fifteen miles, and its cir-
cumference fifty-eight miles, containing, according
to Parkinson's Agricultural Survey, drawn up for the
consideration of the Board of Agriculture, ninety-one
thousand and two acres and twenty-nine perches, or
about one hundred and forty-two square miles. The
population, in 1821, was 18,487. This district, at the
period of the Roman invasion, formed part of the ter-
ritory of the Coritani; and, under the Roman dominion,
was included in the division called Flavia Cæsariensis: on
the complete establishment of the Saxon Octarchy,
Rutlandshire was comprised in the kingdom of Mercia.
For the name Rutland, in Saxon Roteland, no proba-
ble derivation has been assigned. In Domesday-book
Roteland is spoken of as comprising the two wapen-
takes of Alstoe and Martinsley, which, according to the
same record, belonged to the sheriffdom of Notting-
ham, so far as the king's tax was concerned. The rest
of the county was, at that period, included in North-
amptonshire. Rutland is first mentioned as a distinct
county in the 5th of King John, at the coronation of
whose queen, Isabel, it was amongst other lands, as-
signed in parliament for her dower. Owing to its in-
ferior size, and its containing no important military
post, few memorable events have occurred within its.
limits. In 1016, however, near Essendine, the in-
vading Danes were repulsed by the inhabitants of
Rutlandshire, and the men of Stamford, under the com-
mand of the baron of Essenden; but the Saxons,
abandoning order in the pursuit, were finally routed.
In 1311, at Burley, Henry Spencer, the warlike Bishop
of Norwich, assembled the troops with which he after-
wards defeated the Norfolk insurgents under John
Letester, who had taken up arms at the time of the
formidable insurrection headed by Wat Tyler. In
1470, on April 27th, an army of Lancastrians, consist-
ing chiefly of Lincolnshire men, was defeated by Ed-
ward IV., at Horn, with a loss of thirteen thousand
men, when their commander, Sir Thomas Wells, and
Sir Thomas de Launde, were taken prisoners and shortly
after beheaded this engagement has been jocularly
styled “the battle of Lose-coat field," from the fugitives
having cast off their coats, in order to be less incum-
bered.
Rutlandshire lies within the diocese of Peterborough
(excepting the parishes of Empringham, Ketton cum
Tixover, and Liddington cum Caldecott, which are includ-
ed in that of Lincoln), and in the province of Canter-
bury: it forms a deanery, in the archdeaconry of North-
ampton, and contains fifty parishes, of which thirty are
rectories, thirteen vicarages, and the remainder perpe-
tual curacies. For civil purposes it is divided into the
four hundreds of Alstoe, East, Martinsley, and Wran-
dike, and the soke of Oakham. It contains the market
towns of Oakham and Uppingham. Two knights are
returned to parliament for the shire, and are elected
RUT
6-18
RYA
the northern side of Oakham, in the level of the vale
of Catmose: that part of its course contained within
its limits is about six miles and a half in length, and
on one level: it has a reservoir for its supply with wa-
ter, near Langham, in this county: the expense of the
whole was £86,000: the principal articles of traffic
upon it are coal, timber, and agricultural produce.
The great north road from London to Edinburgh passes
through the easternmost portion of the county, which it
enters a little to the north of Stamford. The Leeds
mail-road enters the county from Kettering in North-
amptonshire, and passes through Uppingham and Oak.
ham to Melton-Mowbray in Leicestershire.
in general the ground is healthy for sheep and cattle,
and the management of the grazing lands is considered
to be well understood. The cattle reared are of no par-
ticular breed, and in general of rather an inferior kind;
many of the calves are sold fat to the butcher; the dai-
ries are few, grazing being the chief object. The cattle
most in request are the Irish and small Scotch, which,
after one summer's grass, are in general sent to the Lon-
don market. Some long-horned and a few short-horned
heifers of the Durham breed are brought in at two
years old, and when three years old, are sold out to
jobbers, who take them to the dairy counties, or to
London. Some of the cattle grazed here are obtained
from Wales, and others from Lancashire. The sheep are
nearly all of the polled, long-woolled kind, and in the
open fields of a very poor sort, little care being taken
of them; in the enclosures, however, they are better
attended to, but are for the most part very inferior,
being small in size and light in flesh: their wool also
is light, short, and mossy. The breeds are the Old and
the New Leicester; but in that part of the county bor-
dering on Lincolnshire, the breed of that county, with
a cross of the New Leicester, prevails. The horses are
of an inferior kind, being strong, but very ill shaped.
The county contains several very large orchards. There
are nearly three thousand acres of native wood and of
plantations, containing very little oak timber: the cop-
pice wood is felled at from ten to fifteen years' growth.
The woodlands were formerly much more extensive, the
forest of Leafield, or Lyfield, having once occupied the
greater part of the soke of Oakham; and Beaumont
Chase, forming a part of the same forest, having
extended over much of Martinsley hundred several
townships in its vicinity, as well as those within its
limits, still claim certain forest rights; and the whole
tract is now a particularly rich and beautiful scene
of woodland and high cultivation. The forestership
of Leafield, together with the property of the manor
of Leigh, from which it is supposed to take its name,
became vested, in the reign of James I., by purchase,
in the family of Noel, and are now possessed by its
present representative, Sir Gerard Noel, Bart. Lime-
stone of two kinds, softer and harder, is obtained in
many parts of the county; and at Ketton, an excellent
stone for building is procured. Coal is brought by the
Milton canal to Oakham, and forms the chief fuel of
the county, but is mostly used in conjunction with wood,
while in some few parishes wood is still the principal
article of fuel.
:
The river Welland forms the south-eastern bound-
ary of the county, separating it from Northamptonshire:
the small river Eye, which rises in Leicestershire, and
takes a south-easterly course to the Welland, is its
south-western boundary for some miles in the latter
part of its course. The two principal streams which
run through it are the Guash, or Wash, and the Chater,
both which have their sources beyond its western boun-
dary, in Leicestershire, and takes an easterly course to
the Welland. The Melton-Mowbray canal, from the
river Soar to Melton-Mowbray, was extended to Oak-
ham, in the centre of the county, by virtue of an act
of parliament obtained in the year 1793. This is the
only line of navigation that Rutlandshire possesses:
from Leicestershire it enters it near Teigh, and proceeds
by Market-Overton, Barrow, Cottesmore, and Burley, to
W
At Great Casterton was a Roman station, but. anti-
quaries disagree concerning its name. The castle, church,
county-hall, and hospital, of Oakham, present some
interesting relics of antiquity. There were not more
than four or five religious houses and hospitals in the
county. Of ancient church architecture, the chancel of
Tickencote church is a fine specimen of the early Norman :
the following are also worthy of notice, viz., Essendine
church, more particularly its southern doorway; that
of Exton, considered the handsomest in the county;
that of Ketton, which is remarkable for its fine lofty
spire; and those of Empingham, Stretton, and Tin-
well: there are some ancient and handsome monu-
ments in the churches of Ashwell, Drystoke, and Ex-
ton. Liddington hospital, originally a palace of the
Bishops of Lincoln, and Preston manor-house, are also
remarkable for their antiquity. Among the seats of
the nobility and gentry, Burley, that of the Earl of
distin-
Winchilsea and Nottingham, is the most
guished. Chalybeate springs are numerous in al-
most every part of the county; but the strongest,
which has long been noted, and some years ago was
much resorted to, is situated between Teigh and Mar-
ket-Overton. Numerous marine exuvia are found in
the limestone. Rutland gives the titles of duke and
earl to the family of Manners.
RUYTON in the ELEVEN TOWNS, a parish in
the hundred of OSWESTRY, County of SALOP, 10½ miles
(N. W.) from Shrewsbury, containing 862 inhabitants.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
of Salop, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated
in the king's books at £5. 18., and in the patronage of
the Crown. The church is dedicated to St. John the
Baptist. The river Perry runs on the eastern side of
the parish.
RYALL, a chapelry in the parish of STAMFORD-
HAM, north-eastern division of TINDALE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 9 miles (N. E.) from Hexham,
containing 118 inhabitants. The chapel, an ancient
structure, has undergone frequent repairs.
RYALL, a parish in the hundred of EAST, county
of RUTLAND, 2½ miles (N. by E.) from Stamford, con-
taining, with the hamlet of Belmisthorp, 439 inha-
bitants. The living is a discharged vicarage, with the
perpetual curacy of Essendine annexed, in the archdea-
conry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough,
rated in the king's books at £13. 17., and in the pa-
tronage of the Marquis of Exeter. The church is dedi-
cated to St. John the Evangelist.
RYARSH, a parish in the hundred of Larkfield,
lathe of AYLESFORD, county of KENT, 62 miles (N. W.
by W.) from Maidstone, containing 359 inhabitants.
RYD
RYE
649
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdeaconry
and diocese of Rochester, rated in the king's books at
£8. 10., and in the patronage of the Crown. The church
is dedicated to St. Martin.
RYBURGH (GREAT), a parish in the hundred of
GALLOW, County of NORFOLK, 4 miles (S. E. by E.) from
Fakenham, containing 525 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged rectory, with the vicarage of Little Ryburgh
united, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £14. 16. 10.,
and in the patronage of S. Clayton, Esq. The church,
dedicated to St. Andrew, contains an altar-tomb, with
several armorial bearings, but no inscription.
RYBURGH (LITTLE), a parish in the hundred of
GALLOW, County of NORFOLK, 33 miles (E. S. E.) from
Fakenham, containing 111 inhabitants. The living is a
discharged vicarage, united to the rectory of Great Ry-
burgh, in the archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of
Norwich, rated in the king's books at £7. 13. 4., en-
dowed with £200 private benefaction, and £400 royal
bounty. The church is dedicated to All Saints.
RYCOTE, a chapelry in the parish of GREAT
HASELEY, hundred of EWELME, county of OXFORD, 2
miles (W. by S.) from Thame. The population is re-
turned with the parish. The chapel is dedicated to St.
Michael and All Angels.
RYDAL, a chapelry and joint township with Lough-
rigg, in the parish of GRASMere, Kendal ward, county
of WESTMORLAND, 1½ mile (N. W.) from Ambleside, con-
taining, with Loughrigg, 299 inhabitants. The living is a
perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Richmond, and
diocese of Chester, endowed by Lady le Fleming with
land and money, and with £1000 royal bounty, and in
the patronage of Lady le Fleming, who, at the expense
of £1500, erected the chapel, which is a small but
handsome edifice, with an octagonal spire, consecrat-
ed in 1825, and dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Day
and Sunday schools are supported by her ladyship,
for the instruction of the poor children of the town-
ship. Rydal water, which winds through the valley for
nearly a mile, and in its course forms two beautiful
cascades, is surrounded by fine romantic scenery of wood
and mountain, and is remarkable for the beauty of its
small circular islands. Rydal Hall, the seat of the Le
Flemings, was plundered in the great civil war by Sir
Wilfrid Lawson, one of Cromwell's partisans.
RYDE, a market town and chapelry in the parish of
NEWCHURCH, liberty of EAST MEDINA, Isle of Wight
division of the county of SOUTHAMPTON, 6 miles
(E. N. E.) from Newport, and 77 (S. W.) from London.
The population is returned with the parish. This place,
anciently denominated La Rye, was at that period a
post for sentinels who guarded this part of the island,
and in the reign of Richard II. was burnt and laid
waste by the French. It is situated on the shores of
the Solent, opposite to Stokes bay, and commands a
fine view of Spithead and the Motherbank, with a more
distant prospect of Haslar hospital and the town of
Portsmouth; from an insignificant fishing hamilet it has,
within the last thirty years, assumed the appearance of
a neat, improving, and populous town; the original
distinction into Upper and Lower Ryde is still preserved,
but they are now united, the former comprising the
more elevated buildings, the latter those near the sea-
hore. The town consists chiefly of three streets, the
VOL. III.
principal of which is spacious and well paved; the houses
are irregularly built, and are in general either in clusters
or detached marine cottages; several handsome lodging-
houses have been recently erected, and near the chapel
is a fine range of well-built houses, called the Terrace :
the facility and accommodation for sea-bathing, and
the delightful walks and rides in its vicinity, the constant
communication with Portsmouth by means of steam-
boats, and the rapid increase of residences on its eastern
and western sides, afford every indication of its increase
and prosperity. Assembly-rooms, libraries, and a small
theatre, erected by the late Mr. Thornton, which is open
during the season, add to its attractions. A fine pier,
erected under the provisions of an act granted in 1814,
at the expense of £ 12,000, is an object of general ad-
miration: the entrance is through an arched gateway
to a fine promenade one thousand seven hundred and
forty feet in length, and from twelve to twenty feet in
width, which is protected on each side by a neat iron
railing; the admission to it is by periodical subscrip-
tions, or a demand of twopence is made upon the visit-
ors each time they enter the gateway, to which a neat
porter's lodge is annexed: certain regulations have been
established to secure the convenience of passengers,
and all impositions are punishable by a fine to be levied
by the acting magistrate for this division. The herring
fishery affords employment to several persons. The mar-
kets are on Tuesday and Friday; and there is an annual
fair on the 5th of July, for pedlary. Constables and
other officers are chosen annually at a court leet for
the manor, held at Ashey farm, and designated Ashey
Court. The chapel, dedicated to St. Thomas, was origin-
ally built, in 1719, by Thomas Player, Esq.; a new one,
erected in 1827, by George Player, Esq., is a neat edi-
fice in the ancient style of English architecture, with
a lofty tower and spire. A little to the westward is an
episcopal chapel, erected in the same year, and licensed
by the Bishop of Winchester: it is of modern architec-
ture, and surmounted by a small cupola. There are
places of worship for Independents and Wesleyan Me-
thodists. A free school, recently erected by subscrip-
tion among the inhabitants, is supported by voluntary
contributions.
RYE, a joint tything with Stapeley, in the parish
and hundred of ODIHAM, Basingstoke division of the
county of SOUTHAMPTON, 2 miles (E. by S.) from
Odiham, with which the population is returned.
RYE, a cinque-port,
borough, market town, and
parish, having separate ju-
risdiction, locally in the
hundred of Gostrow, rape
of HASTINGS, county of
SUSSEX, 76 miles (E. by N.)
from Chichester, and 63
(S. E. by E.) from London,
containing 3599 inhabit-
ants. This place belonged
originally to the monastery
of Feschamp in Normandy,
from which it was separated, and, together with Win-
chelsea, annexed to the cinque-ports of England in
the reign of Henry III., in all the charters granted
to which, these towns are invariably styled "ancient
towns." In the reign of Edward III., Rye was sur-
+
40
R
Arms.

EN
1
RYE
RYE
650
rounded by a strong wall defended by several towers,
erected by William of Ypres, Earl of Kent, the only
one now remaining being called Ypres' tower. An in-
undation of the sea having formed a natural harbour,
which was subsequently much improved by a similar
recurrence, the town began to flourish, and soon became
so considerable a port, that it furnished nine ships of
war towards the invasion of France in the reign of
Edward III., and was the place at which that monarch
landed on his return from the conquest of that country.
In the following reign it was burnt and plundered by
the French, and from that calamity and others which it
subsequently experienced it suffered so much, that in
1464, Henry VI., to indemnify the corporation for their
losses, annexed to it Tenterden, which he separated
from the county of Kent. From this time the town
began to revive, and in the reign of Elizabeth it was
a place of considerable importance; it has since been
invested with several additional privileges, and a con-
firmation of all preceding charters. The town occupies
the declivity of a hill, on a peninsula bounded on the
south and west by the sea, and on the east by the
river Rother, and consists of several regular and well-
formed streets: the houses are in general well built of
brick, but mostly old-fashioned, and command fine views
of the channel, and the surrounding country, which
abounds with interesting scenery: the town is well
paved, lighted, and supplied with water by pipes from a
reservoir under Playden heights, and there are a public
subscription library and a small theatre. It is in con-
templation to make a road to the sea-side along the
banks of the harbour, and to drain the marshes in the
neighbourhood of the town, which improvement, com-
bined with the natural advantages of its situation, will
contribute greatly to its eligibility as a watering-place.
The harbour, which flows up to the town, receives the
rivers Rother, Tillingham, and Brede, and under proper
management might be rendered safe for vessels of any
burden; and the rivers, in their course through the in-
terior of the country, afford valuable commercial advan-
tages. The old harbour having been choked up with
sand, a large canal was cut to communicate with the
sea, and vessels of two hundred tons' burden can now
come up to the quay. On the north side of the town,
On the north side of the town,
about a mile from the original entrance, a great im-
provement was effected by throwing across the old
channel a dam of peculiar construction, the invention of
the Rev. Daniel Pope; but the harbour is still incom-
plete, and the water rises to such a height at spring
tides, as materially to annoy the inhabitants. The trade
is principally in hops, corn, coal, bark, wool, and tim-
ber, and several sloops are constantly employed in con-
veying chalk from the cliffs at Eastbourne, for the pur-
pose of being burnt into lime. The herring and mackarel
fisheries are carried on to a considerable extent, and the
fish, which are sent to the London market, are in great
estimation; flat fish are also taken in abundance. This
port comprises within its jurisdiction the port of Hast-
ings, and there are seventy-one vessels, averaging a
burden of fifty-eight tons, belonging to it. The market
days are Wednesday and Saturday, the former for corn,
of which there is a good supply, and the latter for pro-
visions of all kinds; there is also a large cattle market
every alternate Wednesday: the fairs are on Whit-
Monday and August 10th.
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Reverse.
The borough has received a succession of charters:
the earliest that can be traced is that of Richard I.,
which recites and confirms some previous privileges, that
have been further ratified and extended in successive
reigns to that of Charles II. The government is vested
in a mayor, twelve jurats, and an indefinite number of
freemen. The mayor is chosen annually from the jurats
by a majority of the freemen, and the jurats are no-
minated by the mayor immediately after he has been
sworn into office : the freedom is inherited by the eldest
son of a freeman, or acquired by election of the corpo
ration, and by nomination of the mayor, who has the
privilege of appointing one freeman during his mayor-
alty. The mayor and jurats are justices of the peace,
and hold regularly courts of session and general gaol
delivery for all offences not capital; and, every alternate
Wednesday, a court of record, for the recovery of debts
to any amount. The town-hall is a convenient build-
ing in the centre of the town, in which the sessions
and other courts for the borough are held, and the
public business of the corporation is transacted; the
area underneath it is appropriated to the use of the
market. Ypres tower is now the borough gaol, a small
building comprising two wards, and adapted to the re-
ception of about twelve prisoners. The borough has
exercised the elective franchise from the earliest period
of parliamentary representation, and has regularly re
turned two barons to parliament, as well as canopy
bearers, to assist in supporting the royal canopy at
coronations-two to each canopy. The right of election
is vested in the mayor, jurats, and freemen, of whom
the number qualified to vote is nearly fifty, and will
probably be much increased: the mayor is the returning
officer.
The living is a discharged vicarage, in the archdea-
conry of Lewes, and diocese of Chichester, rated in the
king's books at £42. 13. 4., and in the patronage of
Lord G. H. Cavendish. The church, dedicated to St.
Mary, is a spacious and ancient cruciform structure,
partly in the Norman, and partly in the early, style of
English architecture, with a central tower, in which is a
clock of peculiar mechanical construction: the interior
is lofty, and lighted with windows, of which many are of
modern insertion; the aisles of the chancel have narrow
lancet-shaped windows, and in several parts are some
portions in that style; the east window, in the later
English style, is of large dimensions and of elegant
design. There are places of worship for Baptists, In-
dependents, and Wesleyan Methodists. A school was
founded, in 1644, by Mr. Thomas Pecock, who endowed
it with a rent-charge of £32, the interest of £50, and
a school-house, which is still remaining in the principal
RYM
RYT
651
street ; and in 1702, another school was founded by
Mr. James Saunders, who endowed it with estates pro-
ducing £116 per annum; these schools, according to a
decree of the court of Chancery, in 1818, are to be both
conducted under one master in the school-house built
by Mr. Pecock; seventy boys upon the latter foundation,
and fifty on the former, who are nominated by the cor-
poration, will be instructed in reading, writing, arith-
metic, the mathematics, and navigation, as soon as the
funds are released from the expenses of the Chancery
suit, with the payment of which they are at present
charged. A monastery of friars of the order of St.
Augustine was founded near the town, prior to the reign
of Edward III., of which the principal 'remains have
been converted into a store-house. An arched gateway,
leading into the town from the London road, is in tole-
rable preservation; and some portions of the ancient
walls are also remaining.
is still called Court Hill, and commands a fine view
over the park, of which the boundary or terrace is yet
distinguishable, being called the Keeper's walk. It bor-
ders upon Somersetshire, and was termed White Hart
Forest, from a white deer, celebrated for its size and
beauty, chased in it by Henry III. Buckshead, Bucks-
land, Buckshaw, Stagford, and several other places in
the neighbourhood, derive their names from this deer,
which was hunted and slain, contrary to the king's
command, by Thomas de Linde and other gentlemen
of Dorset, whose lands for this were laid under a pecu-
niary mulct, paid into the Exchequer by the name of
White Hart Silver.
RYE-HILL, a township in the parish of RoтH-
BURY, western division of COQUETDALE ward, county
of NORTHUMBERLAND, 3 miles (W.) from Rothbury,
containing 49 inhabitants.
RYHILL, a hamlet in the parish of EPPING, hun-
dred of WALTHAM, though locally in the hundred of
Harlow, county of ESSEX, 22 miles (N. by W.) from
Epping. The population is returned with the chapelry
of Epping-Upland.
RYHILL, a joint township with Camerton, in the
parish of BURSTWICK, Southern division of the wapen-
take of HOLDERNESS, East riding of the county of
YORK, 3 miles (S. E. by E.) from Hedon, containing,
with Camerton, 315 inhabitants. There is a place of
worship for Wesleyan Methodists.
RYHILL, a township in that part of the parish of
WRAGBY which is in the wapentake of STAINCROSS,
West riding of the county of YORK, 7 miles (S. E.) from
Wakefield, containing 147 inhabitants.
RYHOPE, a township in the parish of BISHOP-
WEARMOUTH, northern division of EASINGTON ward,
county palatine of DURHAM, 3 miles (S.) from Sunder-
land, containing 368 inhabitants. A chapel of ease
was erected in 1826. Ryhope bay has a smooth sandy
beach convenient for bathing; and the village, which is
a considerable place, containing some good inns, affords
excellent accommodation for those who frequent it for
that purpose.
RYLE (GREAT), a township in the parish of
WHITTINGHAM, northern division of CoQUETDALE
ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 9 miles (N. N. W.)
from Rothbury, containing 99 inhabitants.
RYLE (LITTLE), a township in the parish of
WHITTINGHAM, northern division of COQUETDALE
ward, county of NORTHUMBERLAND, 8 miles (W. by s.)
from Alnwick, containing 48 inhabitants.
RYME-INTRINSICA, a parish and liberty in the
Sherborne division of the county of DORSET, 6 miles
(s. W.) from Sherborne, containing 159 inhabitants. The
living is a discharged rectory, united with the vicarage
of Hermitage, in the peculiar jurisdiction of the Dean of
Salisbury, rated in the king's books at £6. 5. 8. The
church is dedicated to St. Hyppolite. A market and fair
were granted to be held here in the 26th of Edward I.,
both which have been long disused. Within this liberty
there was anciently a royal mansion and park; the site
of the former, which was standing in the reign of James I.,
RYSTON, a parish in the hundred of CLACKCLOSE,
county of NORFOLK, 12 mile (S. S. E.) from Downham-
Market, containing 25 inhabitants. The living is a per-
petual curacy, with that of Roxham annexed, in the
archdeaconry of Norfolk, and diocese of Norwich, en-
dowed with £800 royal bounty, and in the patronage
of the Dean and Chapter of Norwich. The church is
dedicated to St. Michael.
RYTHER, a parish partly in the upper, but chiefly
in the lower, division of the wapentake of BARKSTONE-
ASH, West riding of the county of YORK, 63 miles (N.
W. by N.) from Selby, containing, with the townships
The liv-
of Lead-Hall and Ozendike, 385 inhabitants.
ing is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
York, rated in the king's books at £6. 11. 10., and in
the patronage of the Crown. The church is dedicated
to All Saints.
RYTON, a parish in the western division of CHES-
TER ward, county palatine of DURHAM, comprising
the townships of Chopwell, Crawcrook, Ryton, Ryton-
Woodside, Stella, and Winlaton, and containing 5763
inhabitants, of which number, 445 are in the township
The
of Ryton, 83 miles (W. by N.) from Gateshead.
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry and diocese of
and
Durham, rated in the king's books at £42. 10. 10.,
The
in the patronage of the Bishop of Durham.
church, dedicated to the Holy Cross, is principally in
the early style of English architecture, with a tower
surmounted by a lofty spire; in the chancel are some
ancient oaken stalls and screen-work, carved in open
tracery. Near the northern wall of the churchyard is
a large barrow planted with trees, which does not ap-
pear to have been opened; but in a similar one at
Bradley Hall the remains of a human body were disco-
vered a few years ago. There are two places of wor-
ship for Methodists. This parish, which is bounded on
the north by the Tyne, and on the east and south by
the river Derwent, contains some very extensive works
for the preparation of iron and steel, coal and iron-
stone being obtained here in abundance: there are
also quarries of limestone. The village is well built,
and in the neighbourhood are many neat villas. The
petty sessions for the division are held here on the
first Monday in every month; and a statute fair
for hiring servants takes place twice a year, in May
and November. Ryton savings bank was the first
established in England. The school, built in 1791, is
supported by subscriptions, and an endowment of £5
per annum by Lord Crewe's trustees. Ryton has fre-
quently suffered from the incursions of the Scots,
particularly in 1297, when the village was reduced to
ashes by Wallace, who at that time occupied Hexham.
RYT
Here is a spring, the water of which is impregnated
with sulphur.
652
RYTON, a parish in the Shiffnall division of the
hundred of BRIMSTREE, County of SALOP, 4 miles (S.
by E.) from Shiffnall, containing 131 inhabitants. The
living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Salop, and
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, rated in the king's
books at £5. 12. 1., and in the patronage of G. Moli-
neux, Esq. This place had anciently a weekly market,
and an annual fair for four days, both which have been
long disused. Ryton gave the title of baron to John,
second son of Sir William Craven, Knt., and brother to
William, Earl of Craven, but it is now extinct.
RYTON, a hamlet in the parish of BULKINGTON,
Kirby division of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, county
of WARWICK, Containing 345 inhabitants.
RYTON, a township in the parish of KIRKBY
MISPERTON, PICKERING lythe, North riding of the
RYT
county of YORK, 3 miles (N. by E.) from New Malton,
containing 212 inhabitants.
RYTON upon DUNSMOOR, a parish in the Rugby
division of the hundred of KNIGHTLOW, county of
WARWICK, 4 miles (S. E.) from Coventry, containing
498 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in
the archdeaconry of Coventry, and diocese of Lichfield
and Coventry, rated in the king's books at £11.6.8.,
endowed with £800 private benefaction, and £1400
parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Pre-
bendary of Ryton in the Cathedral Church of Lich-
field. The church, dedicated to St. Leonard, is partly
in the early style of English architecture.
RYTON-WOODSIDE, a township in the parish of
RYTON, western division of CHESTER ward, county pa-
latine of DURHAM, 84 miles (W.) from Gateshead, con-
taining 1057 inhabitants. Coal is obtained within the
township.
THE END OF VOLUME III.
FEB 12 1919
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BENSLEY, PRINTER, ANDOVER.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
DATE DUE
JAN, 5, 1984
5 1984
"
Pending; Conservation 1987
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
3 9015 00427 6690

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