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ELEMENTS
OF
PHRENOLOGY.
- - - - - - -
-
Vº. 411 º'.ſ.
- o/the
|*||REN () I., () ſº I ("AL () |& GANS
reº zo zºº. zºwer mºcaº, Aftery.
º Aº 2.17 º' W. Zº (2.5 / 7. Wºº'.
I. Propensities.
7. //wazz ver, e.g.,
2. /*///,Zºzoºi-encry
º -
3 : « », ſº
-
Ž.
fº/ cºrer, cº-
5. Com/azz vezze.g.,
6. /Perzºzaczºrezzº…,'
7 towarzzzzzzz'vezze.º.º.
8 . . /*/zzºzzi'ezze.ºr
9. Jecz'cºver, e.p...'
II. Sentiments.
Zºº. Jºe// 'cºrrecar
Z/ Zove or ºz//zºo/azzazz.
72 fºozzºzerº
/..?. Wºerzero/ezzee
// . Terzezºzºzowº
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// . //ca/º
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/7 . . 'ozzº'czezzzzouz.ºzze.º.º.
Z8. Zºrrºwe.º.º.
III. Intellect.
- - - l Z– or 4% e.
Zº Zºvzz/…/ºr ſ 2- or Zower
20. A ozºwy
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33. Zºzzzzzzz'ozz


ELEMENTS
', O F
PHRENOLOGY.
BY
GEORGE COMBE,
PRESIDENT OF THE PHRENCE, OGICAL SOCFIB.T.Y.
}
WITH TWO ENGRAVINGs.
4. wº
JOHN ANDERSON JUN. EDINBURGH,
55. Norf H BRIDGE STREET,
AND SIMPKIN & MARSHALL, LONDON. . . .
1824,

ENTERED IN STATIONERs' HALL.
P. NEILL, Printer.
PREEACE.
MANY persons desire to know some-
thing about Phrenology, who nevertheless
are not prepared to bestow much either of
time or money in the pursuit of it. There
are others who, fully convinced of its
truth and importance, wish to possess a
manual to facilitate their practice of its
doctrines. The present work is intend-
ed to serve both classes, by conveying a
brief but comprehensive view of the
science at a moderate expence.
A second edition of the Essays on
Phrenology will immediately be put to
press, and in them a detailed exposition
*. of the evidence, theory, and application
vi PREFACE.
of the system will be given. The work
will consist of at least two volumes oc-
tavo, with numerous plates.
EDINBURGH,
8th July 1824.
CONTENTS.
-º-
INTRODUCToRY OBSERVATIONs, tº H.
History of Discovery, º tº º
Principles of Phrenology, gy tº gº I3
Functions of parts at the base of the brain un-
known, º tº- wº 14
Frontal sinus, effects of, sº ſº cº ib.
On the departure from parallelism in the two
tables of the skull, tº º tº 15
Definition of a Faculty, ſº- tº - ib.
- of an Organ, wº º * * | 6
Illustration of Phrenological faculties, wº ib.
Organs double, and extend from medulla oblon-
gata to surface of the brain, ſº tº 19
Circumstances which determine whether a faculty
is primitive, tº gº º gºt 21
Order I.-FEELINGS, ſº tº º 23
Genus I.--PROPENSITIES.
No. 1. Amativeness, tº * , ib.
2. Philoprogenitiveness, tº r - 26
3. Concentrativeness, º & 28
4. Adhesiveness, tºº ſº 㺠32
5. Combativeness, tº tºº 33
6. Destructiveness, º eº tº 35
7. Constructiveness, tº º: 39
8. Acquisitiveness, lºg ºt Fº 43
9. Secretiveness, ſº I sº 45
viii CONTENTS.
Genus II.-SENTIMENTs.
10. Self-Esteem, gºt º º 49
11. Love of Approbation, iº gºs 52
12. Cautiousness, Eº tº gº 56
13. Benevolence, - * º 58
14. Veneration, sº tºº wº 62
15. Hope, sº º gº 65
16. Ideality, tº sº º - 68
Wonder, * * tº gº 70
17. Conscientiousness, tº tº 73
18. Firmness, gº tºº º 77
Order II.-INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES, 80
Genus I.-ExTERNAL SENSEs, tº I - ib.
Feeling or Touch, tº sº 85
Taste, #s ºf sº 86
Smell, gº- tºº gºs cºs ib.
Hearing, tº wº º 87
Sight, iºn -: gº sº ib.
Genus II.-KNowING FACULTIES, --> 89
19. Individuality, * * - 90
20. Form, tºº tº fºg 94
21. Size, º sº tº 95
22. Weight or Momentum, wº; 96
23. Colouring, * * - 97
24. Locality, gº sº 100
25. Order, gº sº gº 102
26. Time, - sº tº I04
27. Number, sº iº tº ib.
28. Tune, º fº * > 106
29. Language, tºº tº tº 108
Functions of Individuality and other
knowing organs analysed, gº I 12
CONTENTS. xi
Genus III.-REFLECTING FAcult IEs, tº 115
30. Comparison, tºº - ib.
31. Causality, Hº * gºs I 8
32. Wit, - s Wºº I 20
33. Imitation, º * gºe 124
Modes of Activity, êº tºº 126
Of the Propensities and Sentiments, - I27
Of the Knowing and Reflecting Faculties, 13]
Perception, wº - - 132
Memory, - º * Lº 133
Conception and Imagination, * 134
Judgment, tºº ’ as wº 135
Attention, * = tºp tº 137
Association, tº º tºº ib.
Pleasure and Pain, sº “ as 147
Passion, tº {º = 148
Sympathy, º - gº ib.
PIabit, º tº ſº º 152
- Taste, tºp - tº 154
Effects of Size and Activity in the Organs, and prac-
tical directions for observing development, 155
Table of measurements by callipers, - 162
Combinations in Size, tºº - 184
Combinations in Activity, tºº º & 195
On Materialism, gº tº º tº 203
Different Classifications of Organs, º 217
2
2
5
Description of Craniometer, gº tº Eº
IDHE ECTIONS TO THE BINDER.
Put the Engraving of the Head at the Title
Page, and that of the New Craniometer at
the End.
ELEMENTS
OF
PHRENOLOGY.
YNTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
Panºsovoo, (derived from peny mind, and
×oyo; discourse) treats of the faculties of the
Human Mind, and of the organs by means of
which they manifest themselves; but it does
not enable us to predict actions.
Dr GALL, a physician of Vienna, now resi-
dent in Paris “, is the founder of the system.
From an early age he was given to observation,
and was struck with the fact, that each of his
* Born at Tiefenbrun, in Suabia, on 9th March 1757.
A.
2 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
brothers and sisters, companions in play, and
schoolfellows, possessed some peculiarity of ta-
lent or disposition, which distinguished him
from others. Some of his schoolmates were
characterized by the beauty of their penman-
ship, some by their success in arithmetic, and
others by their talent for acquiring a know-
ledge of matural history, or of languages. The
compositions of one were remarkable for ele.
gance, while the style of another was stiff and
dry ; and a third connected his reasonings in
the closest manner, and clothed his argument
in the most forcible language. Their disposi-
tions were equally different, and this diversity
appeared also to determine the direction of their
partialities and aversions. Not a few of them
manifested a capacity for employments which
they were not taught; they cut figures in wood,
or delineated them on paper; some devoted
their leisure to painting, or the culture of a
garden, while their comrades abandoned them-
selves to noisy games, or traversed the woods
to gather flowers, seek for bird-nests, or catch
iNTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. §
butterflies. In this manner, each individual
presented a character peculiar to himself, and
Dr GALL never observed, that the individual
who in one year had displayed selfish or kna-
vish dispositions, became in the next a good and
faithful friend.
The scholars with whom Dr GALL had the
greatest difficulty in competing, were those
who learned by heart with great facility; and
such individuals frequently gained from him by
their repetitions the places which he had ob-
tained by the merit of his original composi-
tions,
Some years afterwards, having changed his
place of residence, he still met individuals en-
dowed with an equally great talent of learning
to repeat. He then observed, that his school-
fellows, so gifted, possessed prominent eyes,
and he recollected, that his rivals in the first
school had been distinguished by the same pe.
culiarity. When he entered the University he
directed his attention, from the first, to the stu-
'dents whose eyes were of this description, and
2
4 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS,
\/
he soon found that they all excelled in getting
rapidly by heart, and giving correct recitations,
although many of them were by no means dis-
tinguished in point of general talent. This ob-
servation was recognized also by the other stu-
dents in the classes; and although the connec-
tion betwixt the talent and the external sign
was not at this time established upon such com-
plete evidence as is requisite for a philosophical
conclusion, yet Dr GALL could not believe that
the coincidence of the two circumstances thus
observed was entirely accidental. He suspect-
ed, therefore, from this period, that they stood
in an important relation to each other. After
much reflection, he conceived, that if Memory
for words was indicated by an external sign,
the same might be the case with the other in-
tellectual powers; and from that moment, all
individuals distinguished by any remarkable fa-
culty became the objects of his attention. By
degrees, he conceived himself to have found ex-
ternal characteristics, which indicated a decided
disposition for Painting, Music, and the Me-
}
INTRODUCTORY ORSERVATIONs. 5
chanical Arts. He became acquainted also with
some individuals remarkable for the determina-
tion of their character, and he observed a parti-
cular part of their heads to be very largely de-
veloped. This fact first suggested to him theidea
of looking to the head for signs of the Moral
Sentiments. But on making these observations,
he never conceived, for a moment, that the skull
was the cause of the different talents, as has been
erroneously represented; for, from the first, he
referred the influence, whatever it was, to the
Brain.
In following out, by observations, the prin-
ciple which accident had thus suggested, he for
some time encountered difficulties of the great-
est magnitude. Hitherto he had been altoge-
ther ignorant of the opinions of Physiologists
touching the brain, and of Metaphysicians re-
specting the mental faculties. He had simply
observed nature. When, however, he began
to enlarge his knowledge of books, he found the
most extraordinary conflict of opinions every
where prevailing, and this, for the moment,
6 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
made him hesitate about the correctness of his
own observations. He found that the moral
sentiments had, by an almost general consent,
been consigned to the thoracic and abdominal
viscera; and that while PYTHAGoRAs, PLATO,
GALEN, HALLER, and some other Physiolo-
gists, placed the sentient soul or intellectual fa-
culties in the brain, ARISTOTLE placed it in
the heart, VAN HELMonT in the stomach, DEs
CARTEs and his followers in the pineal gland,
and DRELINcouBT and others in the cerebel-
lum.
He observed also, that a great number of
Philosophers and Physiologists asserted, that
all men are born with equal mental faculties;
and that the differences observable among them
are owing either to education, or to the acci-
dental circumstances in which they are placed,
If all difference were accidental, he inferred
that there could be no natural signs of predo-
minating faculties, and consequently that the
project of learning, by observation, to distin-
guish the functions of the different portions of
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 7
the brain, must be hopeless. This difficulty
he combated, by the reflection, that his brothers,
sisters, and schoolfellows had all received very
nearly the same education, but that he had still
observed each of them unfolding a distinct cha-
racter, over which circumstances appeared to
exert only a limited controul. He observed al-
so, that not unfrequently they, whose education
had been conducted with the greatest care, and
on whom the labours of teachers had been most
freely lavished, remained far behind their com-
panions in attainments. “Often,” says Dr
GALL, “we were accused of want of will, or
“deficiency in zeal; but many of us could not,
“even with the most ardent desire, followed
“out by the most obstinate efforts, attain in
“some pursuits even to mediocrity; while
“in some other points, some of us surpassed
“our schoolfellows without an effort, and al-
“most, it might be said, without perceiving
“it ourselves. But, in point of fact, our
“masters did not appear to attach much faith
“to the system which taught the equality of
8 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
f
“mental faculties; for they thought them-
“selves entitled to exact more from one scho-
“lar, and less from another. They spoke fre-
“quently of natural gifts, or of the gifts of
“God, and consoled their pupils in the words
“of the gospel, by assuring them that each
“would be required to render an account, on-
“ly in proportion to the gifts which he had re-
“ ceived #.” *
Being convinced by these facts, that there is
a natural and constitutional diversity of talents
and dispositions, he encountered in books still an-
other obstacle to his success in determining the
external signs of the mental powers. He found
that, instead of faculties for languages, drawing,
distinguishing places, music, and mechanical
arts, corresponding to the different talents which
he had observed in his schoolfellows, the meta-
physicians spoke only of general powers, such
as perception, conception, memory, imagination,
* Preface by Dr GALL to the “Anatomie &c. du Cer.
yeau,” from which other facts in this Work are taken.
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 9
and judgment; and when he endeavoured to
discover external signs in the head, correspond-
ing to these general faculties, or to determine
the correctness of the physiological doctrines
regarding the seat of the mind, as taught by
the authors already mentioned, he found per-
plexities without end, and difficulties insur-
mountable.
Dr GALL, therefore, abandoming every theo-
ry and preconceived opinion, gave himself up
entirely to the observation of nature. Being
Physician to a Lunatic Asylum in Vienna, he
had opportunities, of which he availed himself,
of making observations on the insane. He vi-
sited prisons, and resorted to schools; he was
introduced to the courts of Princes, to colleges,
and the seats of Justice ; and wherever he
heard of an individual distinguished in any par-
ticular way, either by remarkable endowment
or deficiency, he observed and studied the de-
velopment of his head. In this manner, by
an almost imperceptible induction, he conceived
himself warranted in believing, that particular
- A 5
10 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
mental powers are indicated by particular con-
figurations of the head.
Hitherto he had resorted only to Physiogno-
mical indications, as a means of discovering the
functions of the brain. On reflection, however,
he was convinced that Physiology is imperfect
when separated from Anatomy. Having ob-
served a woman of fifty-four years of age, who
had been afflicted with hydrocephalus from her
youth, and who, with a body a little shrunk,
possessed a mind as active and intelligent as
that of other individuals of her class, Dr GALL
declared his conviction, that the structure of the
brain must be different from what was gene-
rally conceived,—a remark which TULFIU's
also had made, on observing a hydrocephalic
patient, who manifested the mental faculties.
He therefore felt the necessity of making ana-
tomical researches into the structure of the
brain.
In every instance, when an individual, whose
head he had observed while alive happened to
die, he used every means to be permitted to
H NTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 11
examine the brain, and frequently did so ; and
found, as a general fact, that, on removal of the
skull, the brain, covered by the dura mater,
presented a form corresponding to that which
the skull had exhibited in life. *
. The successive steps by which Dr GALL pro-
ceeded in his discoveries, are particularly de-
serving of attention. He did not, as many
have imagined, first dissect the brain, and pre-
tend by that means to discover the seats of
the mental powers; neither did he, as others
have conceived, first map out the skull into va-
rious compartments, and assign a faculty to
each, according as his imagination led him to
conceive the place appropriate to the power.
On the contrary, he first observed a concomi-
tance betwixt particular talents and dispositions,
and particular forms of the head; he next as-
certained, by removal of the skull, that the fi-
gure and size of the brain are indicated by these
external forms; and it was only after these
facts were determined, that the brain was mi-
nutely dissected, and light thrown upon its
Structure,
I2 INTRODUCTORY OESERVATIONS.
At Vienna, in 1796, Dr GALL for the first
time delivered lectures on his system. - -
In 1800, Dr J. G. SPURzHEIM + began the
study of Phrenology under him, having in that
year assisted, for the first time, at one of his
lectures. In 1804 he was associated with him
in his labours; and since that time has not on-
ly added many valuable discoveries to those of
Dr GALL in the anatomy and physiology of the
brain, but formed the truths brought to light,
by their joint observations, into a beautiful and
interesting system of mental philosophy. In
Britain we are chiefly indebted to his personal
exertions and printed works for a knowledge of
the science. º -
An elementary view of the result of their la-
bours will be given in the following sheets.
Their method of investigation is free from
certain insuperable difficulties, which have im-
peded the progress of other philosophers in esta-
blishing a true theory of mind.
* Born at Longuich, near Trêves on the Moselle, 31st
JDecember 1776. -
INTRODUCTORY ORSERVATIONs. 13
1st, Dissection alone does not reveal the
junctions of any organ. No person by dissect-
ing the optic nerve, could predicate that its of.
fice is to minister to vision; or, by dissecting
the tongue, could discover that it is the organ
of taste. Anatomists, therefore, could not, by
the mere practice of their art, discover the
functions of the brain. - .
2dly, The mind is not conscious of acting by
means of organs; and hence metaphysical phi-
losophers who, in studying the mental pheno-
mena, confined themselves to reflection on con-
sciousness, could not discover the material in-
struments by means of which the mind per-
forms its operations in this life, and communi-
cates with the external world. * -
It is ascertained by experiment and observa-
tion, that the form of the brain can be discovered,
in individuals, in perfect health, and under the
middle period of life, by inspecting the cra-
nium. - e.
The Phrenologist compares cerebral develop-
ment with the manifestations of mental power,
14 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
for the purpose of discovering the functions of
the brain, and the organs of the mind;’ and
this method of investigation is conform to the
principles of the inductive philosophy, and free
from the objections attending the anatomical
and metaphysical modes of research.
There are, however, parts at the base of the
brain, in the middle and posterior regions, the
size of which cannot be discovered during life,
and whose functions in consequence are still
unknown. From analogy and some patholo-
gical facts, they are supposed to be the organs
of the sensations of hunger and thirst, heat and
cold, and of some tother mental affections, for
which cerebral organs have not been discovered;
but demonstrative evidence, to this effect being
wanting, this conjecture is merely stated to in-
cite to farther investigation. The frontal sinus
is an opening between the inner and outer'sur-
faces of the frontal bone, occurring at the top
of the nose. It is found in general after the
age of puberty, and extends along the spaces
marked ſº, and 21 on the Plate; and throws
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS, 15
a degree of uncertainty over the development
of the organs indicated by these numbers. In
old age and disease it frequently becomes much
larger, extending over a variety of organs;
but these cases form exceptions to the general
rule, and are not proper for observation. In
other parts of the skull marked as pointing out
the situation of organs, the outer and inner sur-
faces are either parallel, or the departure from
perfect parallelism, where it occurs, is limited
to a line, T'ath or #th of an inch, according to
the age and health of the individual. The dif-
ſerence in development between a large and a
small organ of the propensities and some of the
sentiments, amounts to an inch and upwards;
and to a quarter of an inch in the organs of in-
tellect, which are naturally smaller than the
others. ' ' A
A Faculty is a mental power of feeling or of
thinking in a certain way. ' The number of the
primitive faculties, so far as discovered, and the
kind offeeling or mode of thinking produced by
each, will afterwards be explained.
36 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS,
- A mental organ is a material instrument, by
means of which a faculty acts, and is acted up-
on, in this life.
The following illustration will serve to eluci-
date these definitions.
The brain, considered as a single organ, and
serving to manifest the mind as a general power
capable of existing in different states, but not
endowed with separate faculties, may be liken-
ed to a wind instrument, with only one form of
apparatus for emitting sound,-a trumpet, for
example. If excited with one degree of force, it
emits one kind of note, which is the result of the
whole metal being in a certain state. If excited
with another degree of force, it emits another
kind of note, and this is the consequence of the
metal being in another state. The number of
notes that may be produced will be as great as
the variety of states into which the metal may
be excited. Now, suppose the first state of the
... trumpet to correspond to a state of the whole
brain in manifesting Perception, the second to
its state in manifesting Conception, and so on,
\
I NT It ODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 17
the analogy may be carried to an indefinite
length ; each state of the trumpet, and each
note thence arising corresponding to an affec-
tion of the whole brain, and to a particular men-
tal state accompanying it. This is the notion
generally entertained of the functions of the
brain and the mode of operation of the mind:
but the phrenological view is different.
The brain may be compared to another mu-
sical instrument,-a piano-forte, having various
strings. The first string is excited, and a cer-
tain note is produced ; the second is excited,
and another note swells upon the ear. Each
note results from the instrument being in a pār-
ticular state, but it cannot exist in the state
which produced the first note, without the first
string; nor in that which produced the second
note, without the second string; and so forth.
The piano-forte represents the brain as appre-
hended by the Phrenologists; Benevolence, for
example, is manifested through the instrumen-
tality of one part, Veneration through that of
another, and Reflection by means of a third,
18 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
The Phrenologist studies man in society, and,
in comparing the power of manifesting particu-
lar mental faculties with the size of particular
organs, he resembles a person who, to discover
the mode of operation of a musical instrument,
should examine narrowly its structure, and make
it sound while he observed it,
The following points are conceived to be esta-
blished by an extensive induction of facts.
1st, The mind manifests a plurality of facul-
ties.
2dly, The brain is the material instrument
by means of which the mind acts, and is acted,
upon.
3dly, The brain consists of two hemispheres,
separated by a strong membrane called the falci-
form processof the dura mater. Each hemisphere
is an aggregate of parts, and each part serves to
manifest a particular mental faculty. The two
hemispheres, in general, correspond in form
and functions, and hence there are two organs
for each faculty, one situated in each hemi-
INTRODUCTORY ORSERVATIONs. f{}
sphere. The cerebellum in man is situated be-
low the brain. A thick membrane named the
Tentorium separates the two ; but they are
both connected with the medulla oblongata,
and through it with each other. Each organ
extends from the medulla oblongata, or top of
the spinal marrow, to the surface of the brain
Or cerebellum; and every individual possesses
all the organs in a greater or less degree. The
size of the different cerebral parts lying be-,
twixt the surface and medulla oblongata, is
found by observation to bear a relation to the
peripheral expansion of the part; só that, if
any organ presents a broad and prominent sur-
face, a corresponding development runs through
its whole length, The same rule holds in the
case of the olfactory and optic nerves. The
size of each of these in its whole length, is in
proportion to its expansion in the nose or eye.
This fact may be proved, in a general way, in
regard to the brain, by observing that the cor-
pora pyramidalia in which the organs of intel-
lect originate, are larger or smaller in different
5***~~~~: £
20. INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
animals and different individuals, in proportion
to the size of the anterior lobes of the brain,
which serve to manifest the intellectual powers;
and that the corpora olivaria and restiformia in
which the organs of the animal propensities
and sentiments arise, bear a relation to the de-
velopment of the middle and posterior lobes of
the brain.
4thly, The power with which each faculty is
capable of manifesting itself, bears a proportion
to the size and activity of its organs. The ef.
fects of size and activity are distinguishable,
and will be explained in a subsequent part of
this work.
The Phrenologists consider Man by him-
self, and also compare him with other animals.
When the lower animals manifest the same pro-
pensities and feelings as those displayed by
man, the faculties which produce them are held
to be common to both. A faculty is admitted
as primitive, -
1. Which exists in one kind of animals, and
not in another;
..INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 21
2. Which varies in the two sexes of the
same species; - -
3. Which is not proportionate to the other
faculties of the same individual;
4. Which does not manifest itself simulta-
neously with the other faculties; that is, which
appears and disappears earlier or later in life
than other faculties;
5. Which may act or rest singly ;
6. Which is propagated in a distinct man-
ner from parents to children; and,
7. Which may singly preserve its proper
state of health or disease. - -
The history of the discovery of each faculty
and its organs is stated in Dr GALL's 4to work
in 4 vols, entitled “ Physiologie du Cerveau,”
and some of the evidence on which each is admit.
ted is also there brought forward. Dr SPURz-
HEIM's work, entitled “The New Physiogno-
mical System,” also contains many facts, and
more cases will be found in the Transactions
of the Phrenological Society, and in the Phre-
22 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONs.
nological Journal. It is impossible to repeat
these in so limited a work as the present. The
reader is therefore respectfully informed, that
I do not here state, the evidence on which
Phrenology is founded; and beg to refer him
to the sources of information now alluded to,
and to NATURE, which is always within his
reach ; for self-conviction can be obtained only
by self-observation,
*—mi
When the two organs of a faculty are si-
tuated immediately on the sides of the middle
line separating the hemispheres, they are inclu-
ded in one space on the busts and plates. To
save circumlocution, the expression “organ” of
a faculty will be frequently used, but both ora
gans are thereby meant,
( 23 )
º
ORDER I.—FEELINGS,
Genus I.—PROPENSITIES.
The faculties falling under this genus do not
form ideas; their sole function is to produce
a propensity of a specific kind. These facul.
ties are common to Man with Animals.
1st, AMATIVENESS.
The cerebellum is the organ of this propen-
sity, and it is situated between the mastoid pro-
cess on each side, and the projecting point in
the middle of the transverse ridge of the occi-
pital bone. The size is indicated during life
by the thickness of the neck at these parts.
The faculty gives rise to the sexual feeling. In
new-born children, the cerebellum is the least
developed of all the cerebral parts. It is to
24 AMATIVENESS.
the brain as one to thirteen, fifteen, or twenty,
and in adults as one to six, seven; or eight. It
attains its full size from eighteen to twenty-six.
It is less in females, in general, than in males.
In old age it frequently diminishes. There is
no constant proportion betwixt the brain and
the cerebellum in all individuals, just as there
is no invariable proportion betwixt the feeling
and the other powers of the mind. Sometimes,
however, the cerebellum is largely developed
before the age of puberty. This was the case
in a child of three years of age, in a boy of
five, and in one of twelve ; and they all mani-
fested the feeling strongly. In the cast of the
skull of Dr HETTE, sold in the shops, the de-
velopment is small, and the feeling corresponded.
In the casts of MITCHELL, DEAN, MARY MAC-
INNEs, and RAPHAEL, it is very large, and the
manifestations were in proportion. | Farther evi.
dence of the functions of this organ will be found
in Dr GALL’s “Physiologie du Cerveau;’
several cases are mentioned in the following
works, viz. “Journal of Pathological Obser-
l
º
and
AMATIVENESS. 25
“vations kept at the Hospital of the Ecole de
“ Médécine, No. 108, 15th July 1817,” case of
Jean Michel Brigaud ; “Journal of the Hôtel
“ Dieu,” case of Florat, 19th March 1819, and
of a woman, 11th November 1818; “WEPFE-
“Rus, Historiae apoplecticorum,” edit. 1724,
page 487; “Philosophical Transactions,” No.
228, case by Dr Tyson; “Mémoire de Chirur-
“gie Militaire, et Campagnes,” by Baron LAR-
REy, vol. iii. p. 262, vol. ii. p. 150; “SER RES
on Apoplexy.”
M. F.Loup ENs, a physiologist of Paris, has
lately inflicted injuries on the cerebella of the
lower animals, and contends that these expe-
riments shew that this organ serves for the re-
gulation of muscular motion. On removing
the cerebellum,” says he, “the animal loses
“ the power of executing combined movements.”
MAGENDIE performed similar experiments, and
found that they only occasion an irresistible
tendency in the animal to run backwards. This
is in opposition to FLOURENs’ inference, which,
besides, is still more completely refuted by an-
B
26 PHILOPROGENITIVENESS.
other experiment subsequently performed by
MAGENDIE, which consisted in removing a part
of the corpora striata. The effect of this ope-
ration was to produce an irresistible movement
jorwards ; so that, according to this mode of
determining the cerebral functions, this part of
the brain possesses an equal claim with the ce-
rebellum, to be regarded as the regulator of
motion. The fact is, that all parts of the ner-
vous system are so intimately connected, that
the infliction of injuries is not the way to deter-
mine the functions of any, even its least import-
*
ant parts.-Established.
2. PHILoPRogenITIVENEss:
The organ is situated immediately above the
middle part of the cerebellum, and corresponds
to the general protuberance of the occiput. It
is generally larger in females than in males.
When it is large, and No. 1. moderate, it gives
a drooping appearance to the hind part of the
head.
PHILOPROGENITIVENESS, Q7
}
The chief function of the faculty is to pro-
duce the instinctive love of offspring in general.
This feeling is distinct from benevolence; for
we frequently find it strong in selfish indivi-
duals, who manifest no compassionate feeling
towards adults. It is equally distinct from self-
love, for sometimes the most generous are pas-
sionately fond of children, and occasionally the
most selfish are indifferent about them. The
faculty gives rise to a certain feeling of sym-
pathetic interest in weak and helpless objects in
general. It chiefly supports the mother in her
toils, and renders even delightful the cares and
troubles of rearing a helpless offspring.
The natural language of the faculty is soft,
tender, and sympathetic ; and when the feel-
ing is strong, the individual is delighted at
the sight of children, who, on the other hand,
are instinctively captivated by its natural ex-
pression, and flock around him when he makes
his appearance.—Established.
28 CONCENTRATIVENESS..
3. Conce NTRATIVENESs.
The organ is situated immediately above Phi-
loprogenitiveness, and below Self-Esteem.
Observation proves that this is a distinct organ,
because it is sometimes found large, when the
organs of Philoprogenitiveness and Self-Esteem
lying below and above it are small, and some-
times small when these are large. Dr GALL
was led to conjecture, that the faculty attached
to it gave a desire of inhabiting high places, be-
cause he found it large in animals which were
fond of these situations, such as the chamois,
the eagle, and the ptarmigan. Dr SPURzHEIM
observed it to be large in those animals and per-
sons who seemed attached to particular places;
and he thence termed it the organ of Inhabi-
tiveness. The function, however, is stated by
both as only conjectural. From more enlarged
observations, it now seems probable, that its
function is to maintain two or more powers in
simultaneous and combined activity, so that
CONCENTRATIVENESS. 29
&
they may be directed towards one object; and
it is, in consequence, named Concentrativeness.
The first step in the discovery of this last
function was the observation, that certain indivi-
duals are naturally prone to sedentary habits,
and find it painful to stir abroad without a spe-
cial motive, and this, too, of considerable ur-
gency. Other persons experience equal diffi-
culty in settling; their strongest desire is to en-
gage in some active employment, in which their
attention shall be carried, as it were, out of them-
selves, and occupied in external objects and oc-
currences. The former were perceived to pos-
sess this organ large, the latter small. Some
patients, afflicted with nervous debility, feel ex-
treme aversion to active pursuits, in whom the
organ may be found small; but these are cases
of disease, and the observations now alluded to
were made on individuals in the vigour of life
and health.
The next step was the observation, that some
persons possess a natural tendency to live, as it
were, within themselves, whose minds seem ha-
30 CONCENTRATIVEN ESS.
bitually occupied with internal meditation; and
of supporting a close and vigorous attention;
who, in short, have a natural facility of concen-
trating their thoughts, without the tendency to
be distracted by the intrusion of feelings or
ideas foreign to the main point under conside-
ration. Such persons possess a command over
their intellectual powers, so as to be able to ap-
ply them in their whole vigour to the pursuit
which forms the object of their study for the time,
and hence they produce the greatest possible re-
sults from the intellectual endowment which na-
ture has bestowed on them. Other individuals,
on the other hand, have been observed, who find
their thoughts lost in dissipation, who are un-
able to keep the leading idea in its situation of
‘becoming prominence, are distracted by acces-
sories, and, in short, experience great difficulty
in combining their whole powers to a single ob-
ject. These persons, even with considerable re-
flecting talents, fail to produce a corresponding
general effect, and their mental productions are
characterised by the intrusion of irrelevant
CONCENTRATIVEN ESS. 31
ideas, and the unperceived omission of import-
ant particulars, arising from the disjointed ac-
tion of their several faculties. The organ was
perceived to be large in the former, and small
in the latter.
Probably it is by the exercise of a power re-
sembling Concentrativeness, that animals, such
as the chamois, who are fond of heights, are
enabled to maintain in action all those faculties
which are necessary to preserve their position
while they brouse in difficult or dangerous si-
tuations, and at the same time avoid the aim of
the hunter. There appears, therefore, to be
nothing in the limited observations of Dr GALL,
inconsistent with the more extensive views now
taken of the functions of this faculty. Concen-
trativeness, however, is stated as only probable;
and the function is open to elucidation from
farther observations.
32 AID HESIVENESS,
4. ADHESIVENEss.
This organ is situated on each side of Con-
centrativeness, higher up than Philoprogeni-
tiveness, and just above the lambdoidal su-
ture.
The faculty produces the instinctive tendency
to attach one’s-self to surrounding objects, ani-
mate and inanimate. Those persons in whom
it is very strong feel an involuntary impulse to
embrace and cling to the object of their affec-
tions. It disposes to friendship and society in
general, and gives ardour to the shake of the
hand. In boys it frequently indicates itself by
attachment to dogs, horses, rabbits, birds, and
other animals. In girls it shews itself by af.
fectionate embraces of the doll. It is stronger,
and the organ is larger, in women than in men.
When too strong, excessive regret at the loss of
a friend, or excessive uneasiness at leaving one's
country, or the disease called Nostalgia, is the
COMBATIVENESS. 33
result. When feeble, indifference to others is
the consequence, which may render a man an
anchorite or hermit.—Established.
5. Com BATIVENESS.
The organ is situated at the inferior and
mastoid angle of the parietal bone.
The faculty produces active courage, and,
when emergetic, the propensity to attack. A
considerable endowment is indispensable to all
great and magnanimous characters. It gives
that boldness to the mind which enables it to
look undaunted on opposition, to meet, and, if
possible, to overcome it. When very deficient,
the individual cannot resist attacks, and is inca–
pable of making his way where he must invade
the prejudice or encounter the hostility of others.
When too energetic, it inspires with the love of
contention for its own sake; and pleasure may
then be felt in disputation or in fighting.
JDr REID and Mr STEwART admit this pro-
B 5
34 COM BAKTIVENESS,
pensity under the name of Sudden Resentment;
and Dr Thom(As BRowN speaks of a principle
which gives us “additional vigour, when assail-
“ ed, and which, from the certainty of this ad-
“ ditional vigour of resistance, renders attack
“ formidable to the assailant.” And, again,
“ there is,” says he, “a principle in our mind,
“ which is to us like a constant protector, which
“ may slumber, indeed, but which slumbers
“ only at seasons when its vigilance would be
“ useless, which awakes, therefore, at the first
“ appearance of unjust intention, and which
“ becomes more watchful and more vigorous,
“ in proportion to the violence of the attack
“ which it has to dread.”—Vol. iii. p. 324. The
chief difference betwixt these and the phrenolo-
gical views is, that we regard the propensity as
an active impulse, exerting an habitual influ-
ence on the mind, inspiring it, when the organ
is large, with constitutional boldness, and prompt-
ing it to seek opportunities and situations in
which the faculty may exercise itself, and occa-
sioning, on the other hand, when the organ is
DESTRUCTIVENESS, 35
small, a characteristic timidity and deficiency of
spirit for active enterprise.
The organ is generally large in persons who
have murdered from the impulse of the moment,
—Established.
6. DESTRUCTIVENESs.
This organ is situated immediately above, and
extends a little backwards and forwards from the
external opening of the ear, and corresponds to
the squamous plate of the temporal bone. In Dr
GALL’s plates it extends a few lines farther back
than in T}r SPURZHEIM's. I have seen cases in
nature corresponding to both, there being slight
variations in the situations of the cerebral or-
gans, as in the distributions of the bloodvessels,
nerves, &c. in different individuals. A diffe-
rence in the skulls of carnivorous and herbi-
vorous animals, first suggested the existence of
the organ. If we place a skull of any carni-
vorous animal horizontally, and trace a vertical
36 DESTRUCTIVENESS.
line through the external meatus auditorius,
a great portion of the cerebral mass is situa-
ted above and behind that line, and the more
an animal is carnivorous, the larger is the quan-
tity of brain there situated.—Spurzheim,
p. 304.
The faculty produces the impulse, attended
with desire to destroy in general. Combative-
ness gives the desire to meet and overcome ob-
stacles, and having vanquished them, the mind,
under its inspiration, pursues them no farther.
Destructiveness prompts us to exterminate them,
so that they may never rise up to occasion fresh
embarrassment. When emergetic, it gives a keen
and impatient tone to the mind, and adds acti-
vity and force to the whole character. Anger and
rage are manifestations of it; which being analy-
sed, are threats of unpleasant consequences or
vengeanceto those who transgress our commands,
or encroach on our rights. Hence it gives weight
to injunction, by inspiring with dread of suffer-
ing in case of disobedience. It is essential to
satire; and inspires authors who write cutting-
DESTRUCTIVENEss. 37
ly, with a view to lacerate the feelings of their
opponents. When very deficient, there is a lack
of fire in the constitution; the mind, as it were,
wants edge, and the individual is prone to sink
into passive indolence. He feels, too, and others
likewise discover, that his resentment lacks force,
that it is feeble and impotent, and the wicked
set him at defiance, or subject him with impuni-
ty to abuse. Cruelty is the result of its exces-
sive energy, uncontrolled by Benevolence and
Justice. The organ is conspicuous in the heads
of cool and deliberate murderers, and in persons
habitually delighting in cruelty. Cursing is the
outward expression of its fierce activity, and is
another form of its abuse. -
Metaphysical authors, in general, take no no-
tice of any such propensity as this. Lord
KAMEs, who has been censured by Mr STEw-
ART, for admitting, unnecessarily, too many in-
stinctive principles, observes, that “there is a
“ contrivance of Nature, no less simple than
“ effectual, which engages men to bear with
“ cheerfulness the fatigues of hunting, and the
38 DESTRUCTIVENESS.
“ uncertainty of capture; and that is an appe-
“ tite for hunting.”—“It is an illustrious in-
“ stance of providential care, the adapting the
“ internal constitution of man to his external cir-
“cumstances. The appetite for hunting, though
6
We
among us little necessary for food, is to this
“ day remarkable in young men."high and low,
“‘rich and poor. Natural propensities may be
“ rendered faint or obscure, but never are total-
“ly eradicated.”—Sketches, B. i. In point of
fact, I, have found the organ large in keen
sportsmen without exception. It is also gene-
rally large in those who are fond of seeing pu-
blic executions, floggings, and the infliction of
pain in all its forms. When very powerful, but
combined with the higher sentiments equally vi-
gorous, it renders the destruction of inanimate
objects a delightful occupation.—Established.
CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 39
7. CoNSTRUCTIVENEss.
This organ is situated at that part of the
frontal bone immediately above the spheno-
temporal suture. Its appearance and situation
vary slightly, according to the development
of the neighbouring parts. Its size is less
easily distinguished if the zygomatic process
is very projecting, or if the middle lobes of
the brain, or the forehead in general, or the
organs of Language and Order in particular,
are greatly developed. The leading 'object is
to determine the 'actual size of each organ, and
not its mere prominence; and it is proper, there-
fore, in examining nature, to keep these obser-
vations in view, and also to notice, that if the base
of the brain is narrow, this organ holds a situa-
tion a little higher, and there will then frequent-
ly be found a slight depression at the external
angle of the eye, betwixt the zygomatic process
and the organ in question, especially when the
40 CONSTRUCTIVENESS.
|
muscles are thin. In such cases, it has some-
times appeared as high up as Tune. This
slight variation from uniform situation occurs,
as already mentioned, in the distribution of all
the parts of the body; but the anatomist,
who knows the circumstance, is not, on this
account, embarrassed in his operations; for
the aberration never exceeds certain limits, and
he acquires, by experience, the tact of allowing
for it to this extent. It has been objected, that
the elevation or depression of this part of the
brain depends upon the force with which the
temporal muscles, which lie over it, have acted
in the individual; and it is said that carnivor-
ous animals, who masticate bones, and in conse-
quence possess those muscles in a very powerful
degree, have narrow heads, and little brain in
the region of this organ. The answer to this
is twofold; 1st, Carnivorous animals do not
build, and the organ in question is wanting in
them. The organ being absent, their heads are
narrow of course; but all this is in exact ac-
cordance with phrenology. 2dly, In the bea-
CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 41
ver, which cuts timber with its teeth, and in
which the temporal muscles act with great en-
ergy, the organ is large, and the head is broad,
which also harmonises with our doctrine, and
contradicts that of the objectors. 3dly, In the
human race, the breadth of the head, at the re-
gion in question, which indicates the size of the
organ, does not bear a proportion to the force
with which mastication is performed; for some
individuals, who live chiefly on slops, and chew
little, have narrow heads, and weak construc-
tive talents, while others, who eat hard viands,
have broad heads, and manifest great mecha-
nical skill; and, 4thly, The actual breadth of
the head in this quarter, from whatever cause
it arises, bears a regular proportion to the actual
endowment of constructive genius.
In man, the faculty inspires with the tenden-
cy to construct in general, and the particular
direction in which it is exerted, depends on the
other predominant faculties of the individual;
for example, if combined with large Combative-
ness and Destructiveness, it may be employed
42 CONSTRUCTIVENESS.
in fabricating implements of war; if joined
with Veneration predominating, it may tend to-
wards erecting places of religious worship. If
united with large Form, Imitation, and Secre-
tiveness, it may inspire with a love of portrait-
painting. Its range is limited also in propor-
tion to the degree of the reflecting organs with
which it is combined; these, without it, never
inspire with a genius for mechanics, but, when
possessed, they extend and facilitate its exer-
tions. In the lower animals, it appears to be
directed, in a great measure, to one special ob-
ject, in the bird to a particular form of nest, in
the beaver to a special fashion of a hut-these
animals being deficient in the generalizing and
directing powers conferred on man. The or-
gan is indispensable to all who follow operative
mechanical professions. It is large in the bea-
ver, field-mouse, and other animals which build.
—Established,
ACQUISITIVENESS, 43
8. Acquisit IVENEss.
The organ is situated at the anterior inferior
angle of the parietal bone,
The faculty produces the tendency to ac-
quire, and the desire to possess in general, with-
out reference to the uses to which the objects,
when attained, may be applied. The idea of
property is founded on it. It takes its direc-
tion from other faculties, and hence may lead
to collecting coins, paintings, minerals, and
other objects of curiosity or science, as well as
money. Idiots, under its influence, are known
to collect things of no intrinsic value. A per-
son in whom it is predominant, desires to ac-
quire for the pleasure attending the mere act
of acquisition. If he is owner of fifty acres,
he will vastly delight in obtaining fifty more;
if of a hundred thousand, he will still rejoice
in doubling their number. His understand-
ing may be convinced that he already posses-
44 ACQUISITIVENESS.
ses even superfluity, and, nevertheless, under
the vivid impulses of the faculty, he may eager-
ly pant for more, for its gratification. This in-
stinctive tendency to acquire and to accumulate,
is the foundation of wealth, and of the conve-
niencies and luxuries of civilized society. If
men had always provided only what they could
individually enjoy, they would never have
emerged from the savage condition. Persons
in whom the propensity is weak, think of every
thing, and pursue every object, with more avi-
dity than wealth ; there is no intense vivacity in
their pursuit of gain. Its abuse leads to covet-
ousness, dishonesty, and theft. Avarice is the
result of its predominating energy.
The metaphysicians have not admitted such
a propensity, but resolve the desire of acqui-
sition into love of the objects which wealth may
purchase. The Phrenological view is founded
on observation, and accords better with the phe-
nomena of actual life. Lord KAMEs, however,
observes, that “Man is by nature a hoarding
“ animal, having an appetite for storing up
ACQUISITIVENESS. 45
“ things of use ; and the sense of property is
“ bestowed on men, for securing to men what
“ they thus store up.” This author has also re-
marked, that the same instinct is possessed by the
lower animals. “The beavers,” says he, “per-
“ ceive the timber they store up for food to be
“ their property; and the bees seem to have the
“ same perception with regard to their winter's
“ provision of honey.” He continues, “The ap-
“ petite for property, in its nature a great bless-
“ing, degenerates into a great curse when it
“ transgresses the bounds of moderation,”
(Sketches, Book I. Sk. 2). These observations
are highly phrenological.—Established,
9. SECRETiven Ess.
The organ is situated at the inferior edge
of the parietai bones, immediately above De-
structiveness, or in the middle of the lateral
portion of the brain.
The faculties of the human mind possess
46 SECRETIVENESS,
spontaneousactivity, and hence various thoughts,
desires, and emotions, arise involuntarily, the
outward expression of which is not, in all cir-
cumstances, becoming. Secretiveness produces
the instinctive tendency to conceal these, and to
suppress their manifestations, till the under-
standing shall have decided on their propriety
and probable consequences, Besides, man and
animals are occasionally liable to the assaults of
enemies, which may be avoided by concealment,
in cases where strength is wanting to repel them
by force. Nature, therefore, by means of this
propensity, enables them to add prudence, sly-
ness, or cunning, according to the dictates of
the other faculties possessed by the individual,
to their other means of defence. It may be ap-
plied in a great variety of ways; and a certain
portion of it is indispensable to the formation of
a prudent character. It then imposes a salu-
tary restraint on the manifestations of the other
faculties, and serves as a defence against pry-
ing curiosity. Those in whom it is deficient
are too open for the intercourse of general So-
SECRETIVENESS. 47
ciety; they are characterized by a headlong
bluntness of manner, and deficiency of tact, ,
arising from the instantaneous expression of
each thought and emotion, as it flows on the
mind, without regard to the delicacies re-
quired by time, place, or circumstances. Too
great an endowment, on the other hand, when
not regulated by strong intellect, and moral
sentiments, produces abuses. The individual
then mistakes cunning for prudence and ability,
and conceals every purpose of his life, trifling
or momentous; and he may even be led to prace
tise lying, duplicity, and deceit. It supplies
the cunning necessary to theft, and by produz.
cing an inward feeling of extreme secrecy, les-
sens the fear of detection, and thus indirectly
prompts to the commission of crime. I have
found it large in a great number of habitual
thieves.
The organ has been found large in actors,
and in those who excel in the imitative arts.
Combined with Imitation, it gives the power of
eapression; and, in actors, it may be conceived
48 SECRETIVEN ESS.
to do this, by furnishing its possessor with the
power of practising a conscious duplicity, a ta-
lent necessarily implied in the representation of
a variety of characters. This power of per-
sonation is one of the ingredients in a talent for
profound dissimulation and hypocrisy. It is
an element, along with the faculty of Wit, in a
talent for humour, and produces the sly con-
cealment of real character, design or sentiment,
which is essential to humorous representations,
In writing, it leads to Irony, which is a species
of humour. It gives a sidelong glance, and
watchful look, to the eye; and when energetic,
inspires the individual with a desire to discover
the designs of others, as well as to conceal his
own. Mr W. Scott has thrown great light on
the functions of this faculty, in his Essay, pu-
blished in the Phrenological Transactions.
This propersity appears to have been un-
known to the metaphysicians. Lord BAcon,
however, in his Essay on Cunning, describes
accurately many of its abuses.—Established.
I
SENTIMENTS. 49
*
Genus II.-SENTIMENTs.
These faculties, like those which we have al-
ready considered, do not form specific ideas,
but produce merely a SENTIMENT ; that is, a
propensity, joined with an emotion, or feeling
of a certain kind. Several of them are common
to man and the lower animals; others are pecu-
liar to man. The former shall be first treated of.
1. Sentiments common to Man and the lower
Animals.
10. SELF-ESTEEM,
The organ is situated at the vertex or top o.
the head, a little above the posterior or Sagittal
angle of the parietal bones. ---
This faculty produces the sentiment of Self-
esteem, or Self-love in general. A due endow-
C
50 SELF-ESTEEM.
ment of it, like that of all other faculties, pro-
duces only good effects. It imparts that de-
gree of satisfaction with self, which leaves the
mind open to the enjoyment of the bounties of
Providence, and the amenities of life, and in-
spires it with that degree of confidence in its
own powers, which essentially contributes to
their successful application. In general, it leads
to esteem of the special propensities and senti-
ments which characterize the individual in whom
it is powerful, and hence, when combined with
the superior sentiments and intellect, in a state
of vigour, it contributes to true dignity and
greatness of mind, and the individual esteems
himself for those qualities which are really wor-
thy of the esteem of others,—intellectual and
moral excellence. It also aids in maintaining
virtuous conduct, by communicating the feeling
of self-respect. A deficiency of it produces
a want of confidence, and of a proper estimate
of what is due to one's-self. It is only when
possessed in an inordinate degree, and indulged
without restraint from the higher faculties, that
SELF-ESTEEM. 51
it produces abuses. It may, then, in children
shew itself in pettishness, and a wilful temper;
and, in adults, in arrogance, conceit, pride, ego-
tism, and it is an ingredient in Envy. It cor-
responds in some measure to the Desire of
Power of the metaphysicians. Dr THOMAs
BRowN calls it “Pride,” and defines it as “ that
“ feeling of vivid pleasure which attends the
“ consciousness of our excellence,” vol. iii.
p. 300. When very large, the individual
walks generally in an erect posture, and by his
reserved and authoritative manner, induces the
impression in others, that he considers himself
infinitely elevated above his fellow men. It
disposes to the use of the emphatic I in writing
and conversation. Joined with Acquisitiveness,
and not regulated by other sentiments, it pro-
duces “Selfishness” in the general acceptation of
this term.
Nations differ in regard to the degree in
which they possess this sentiment. The Eng-
lish have more of it than the French, and hence
the manner of a genuine Englishman appears
'C 2
§2 SELF-ESTIEEM.
to a Frenchman cold, haughty, and supercili-
ous. The lower animals, such as the Turkey-
cock, peacock, horse, &c. manifest feelings re-
sembling pride or self-esteem. When the or-
gan becomes excited by disease, the individual
is prone to imagine himself a king, emperor, or
a transcendent genius, and some have fancied
themselves even the Supreme Being.—Esta-
blished. #4
11. LovE of APPROBATION.
This organ is situated on each side of that of
Self-esteem, and commences about half an inch
from the lambdoidal suture.
The faculty produces the love of the esteem
of others, expressed in praise or approbation.
A due endowment of it is indispensable to an
amiable character. It induces its possessor to
'make active exertions to please others, and also
to suppress numberless little manifestations of
} º º º &
selfishness, and to restrain many peculiarities of
LOVE OF APPROB ATION. 53
temper and disposition, from the dread of in-
curring their disapprobation. It is the butt
upon which Wit strikes, when, by means of ri-
dicule, it drives us from our follies. To be
laughed at is worse than death to a person in
whom this sentiment is predominant. The di-
rection in which gratification of it will be sought,
depends on the other faculties with which it is
combined in the individual. If the moral sen-
timents and intellect be vigorous, it will desire
an honourable fame, and hence animates and
excites the poet, painter, orator, warrior, and
statesman. If the lower propensities predomi-
nate, the individual may be pleased by the re-
putation of being the best fighter, or the great-
est drinker of his circle.
When too energetic, and not regulated by
the higher powers, it produces great abuses;
it then gives rise to a fidgety anxiety about
what others will think of us, which is at once
subversive of happiness and independence. It
renders the mere dicta of the society in which
the individual moves, his code of morality, reli-
54 LOVE OF APPROBATION.
gion, taste, and philosophy; and incapacitates
him from upholding truth or virtue, if disown-
ed by those whom he imagines influential or
genteel. It then overwhelms the artist, author,
or public speaker, with misery, if a rival is
praised in the journals in higher terms than
himself. A lady is then tormented at perceiv-
ing, in the possession of her acquaintance, finer
dresses or equipages than her own. It excites
the individual to talk of himself, his affairs, and
connections, so as to communicate to the audi-
tor vast ideas of his greatness or goodness; in
short, vanity is one form of its abusex It, as
well as Self-esteem, prompts to the use of the
first person, but its tone is that of courteous so-
licitation, while the I of Self-esteem is presump-
tuous and full of pretension.
When, on the other hand, the organ is defi-
cient, and the sentiment, in consequence, is
feeble, the individual cares little about the opi-
nions entertained of him by others; and pro-
vided they have not the power to punish his
person, or abridge his possessions, he is capable
LOVE OF APPROB ATION. 55
of laughing at their censures, and contemming
their applause. Persons of this sort, if endow-
ed with the selfish feelings in a strong degree,
constitute what are termed “ impracticable”
men; their whole feelings are concentrated in
Self, and they are dead to the motive which
might induce them to abate one iota of their
own pretensions to oblige another.
The disposition to oblige, conferred by this
sentiment, may be distinguished from the ge-
nuine kindness which springs from Benevolence
by this, that the Love of Approbation prompts
its possessor to do most for those who, from Su-
periority in rank, wealth, power, or reputation,
least require his aid; whereas Benevolence
takes exactly the opposite direction. The two
sentiments, when both vigorous, greatly aid
each other.
The organ is larger in women in general
than in men. The French are more remark-
able for a larger development of it than of
Self-esteem; and hence they appear to the Eng-
Jish, in whom the latter faculty predominates,
56 LOVE OF APPROBATIONs
vain, ostentatious, and absurdly complimentary.
This organ is uniformly large in bashful indi-
viduals; one element of this disposition being
the fear of incurring disapprobation. The me-
taphysicians admit the sentiment, under the
name of the Desire of Esteem. It is very
powerful in some of the lower animals, as the
dog, horse, &c.—Established,
12. CAUTIOUSNEss.
This organ is situated near the middle of each
parietal bone, where the ossification of the bone
generally commences.
The faculty produces the emotion of fear in
general, and prompts its possessor to take care,
and hence it is named Cautiousness. A due
degree of it is essential to a prudent character.
The tendency of it is, to make the individual in
whom it is strong, hesitate before he acts, and,
from apprehending danger, to trace consequen-
ces, that he may be assured of his safety. When
CAUTIOUSNESS. 57
too powerful, it produces doubts, irresolution,
and wavering. When deficient, the individual
is not apprehensive about the results of his con-
duct, and often proceeds to act without mature
deliberation. The involuntary activity, from
internal causes, of this organ, in those in whom
it is too powerful, produces sensations of dread
and apprehension, gloomy despondency, or even
despair, without an adequate external cause.
A great and involuntary, but momentary acti-
vity of it, occasions a panic, a state in which
the mind is hurried away by an irresistible emo-
tion of fear, disproportioned to the outward oc-
casion. The organs are generally largely de-
veloped in children; and, in some instances,
are so prominent, as to alarm mothers with
the fear of disease or deformity. Such children
may be safely trusted to take care of them-
selves; they will rarely be found in danger.
When, on the other hand, the organs are small
in a child, he will be a hapless infant; fifty
keepers will not supply the want of the instinc-
tive guardianship performed by adequate Cau.
c 3
58 €AUTIOE SNESS,
tiousness. This is another elemcnt in the for.
mation of a bashful character, and produces the
timidity essential to it. Many of the lower ani-
mals, as the hare, rook, &c. possess the organ
largely developed; among them, it is generally
larger in the female than in the male; and na-
turalists have observed, that more of the latter
are snared, and taken or killed by the hunter,
than of the former, even allowing for the natu-
ral difference between their original numbers.--
Established.
13. BENEvoB.ENCE.
This organ is situated at the upper part of
the frontal bone, in the coronal aspect, and im-
mediately before the fontanel.
The faculty produces the desire of the Hap-
piness of others, and disposes to compassion and
active Benevolence. It communicates mildness
and cheerfulness to the temper, and disposes
the possessor to view charitably the actions and
BEINEVOLENCE. ** 59
character of others. When abused, it leads to
profusion. A small development of the organ
does not produce cruelty as its proper function,
but only indifference to the welfare of others;
when, however, Destructiveness is large, and
this organ small, cruelty may result from the
uncontrolled activity and abuse of the former.
The lower animals possess this organ, but the
faculty in them seems to be limited, in a great
degree, to the production of passive mildness of
disposition. Dogs, horses, monkeys, &c. which
have the corresponding part of the forehead
large and elevated, are mild and pacific ; those,
on the other hand, in which it is small and de-
pressed, are ill-natured. It is depressed in all
the ferocious tribes of animals, and also in na-
tions remarkable for cruelty, as the Caribs,
&c. The ancients make the top of the forehead
much higher in SENECA than in NERo.
It has been objected, that Nature cannot have
placed a faculty of Benevolence, and another of
Destructiveness, in the same mind; but Man is
confessedly an assemblage of contradictions.
60 BENEVOLEN Cliº,
The great unknown Novellist, speaks of “the
“ well known cases of those men of undoubted
& 4
46
66
$6
& 4
46
benevolence of character and disposition,
whose principal delight is to see a miserable
criminal, degraded alike by his previous
crimes, and the sentence which he has incur-
red, conclude a vicious and a wretched life, by
an ignominious and cruel death.” (St Ro-
man's Well.) This indicates Benevolence co-
existing in the same individual with Destruc-
tiveness. The greatest of Poets has said,
%
‘ O thou goddess,
“Thou divine nature, how thyself thou blazon'st
“In these two princely boys | They are as gentle
“As zephyrs blowing below the violet,
“ Not wagging his sweet head ; and yet as rough,
“ Their royal blood enchaffed, as the rudest wind,
“That by the top doth take the mountain pine,
“ And make him stoop to the vale.”
Here SHAKESFEARE informs us, that these boys
manifested much Combativeness and Destruc-
tiveness, combined with great Benevolence. The
Sword is one of the emblems of State, and what
BENEVOLENCE. 61
is it but the symbol of Destruction ready to
fall on the heads of those who offend against
the Laws 2—ministering thus, in its very seve-
rity, to purposes of Benevolence and Justice.
What are the implements of war but instru-
ments of Destruction; and for what end do sol-
diers take the field, but to destroy their ene-
mies P And yet, surgeons and numerous assist-
ants attend on armies, to succour those on whom
the calamities of war have fallen ; the two facul-
ties, which are deemed incompatible, being thus
manifested together, with deliberate design.
Without Combativeness and Destructiveness,
there would be no war; and without Benevo-
lence, if these existed, there would be neither
mercy nor compassion. Instead, therefore, of
the co-existence of these faculties forming an
objection to the Phrenological system, it proves
its harmony with Nature—The organ is esta-
blished.
( 6.2 )
II. Sentiments proper to Man.
Hitherto we have considered Man so far as
he is animal. But, besides the organs and fa-
culties already spoken of, common to him with
the brutes, he is endowed with a variety of sen-
timents, which constitute the human character,
and of which the lower animals are entirely des-
titute; and the parts which constitute the or-
gans of these faculties, are not to be found in
the brains of the latter. The faculties now to
be treated of produce emotions or feelings, but
do not form ideas.
14. VENERATION.
This organ is situated at the middle of the
coronal aspect of the brain, at the bregma or
fontanel of anatomists.
The faculty produces the sentiment of respect
WENERATION. 63
and reverence; and when directed to the SU-
PREME BEING, leads to adoration. It predis-
poses to religious feeling, without determining
the manner in which it ought to be directed ;
so that if the understanding be very unenlight-
ened, it may be gratified with the worship even
of images or idols. It is the source also of the
tendency to look up to and admire superiors in
rank and power; and, in this way, disposes to
obedience. It gives rise to the profound emo-
tions of respect experienced by many when
looking on the ruins of a palace or temple, the
graves of their forefathers, or the former habi-
tations of men eminent for genius or virtue. It
enters largely into the constitution of a devoted
antiquary. It is also the chief element in filial
piety. When the organ is large, and that of
Self-esteem small, humility is the result.
A deficiency of it does not produce profani-
ty, as a positive manifestation; it only renders
the mind little sensible to the respectful and re-
verential feelings before described, and in con-
sequence, leaves the other faculties at liberty to
64 VENERATION'.
act without modification by its influence. When
too energetic, and not enlightened by intellect,
it produces superstitious respect for objects and
opinions which have nothing but their antiqui-
ty to recommend them, and renders its posses-
sor prone to venerate every ancient absurdity,
“ as the wisdom of our ancestors.” In this
way, it often presents the most formidable ob-
stacles to improvements attended with innova-
tion.
The metaphysicians do not treat of this sen-
timent under the same name, nor in the same
point of view, as the foregoing. Dr THoMAs
BRowN, however, when writing of Pride and
Humility, mentions a “tendency to look above
“ rather than below,” (vol. iii. p. 313.), which
is one effect of veneration. Authors who have
written on natural religion, say, that we per-
ceive order, beauty, power, wisdom, and har-
mony, displayed in the works of creation, and
thence infer, that a DEITY exists. In this view,
the Phrenologists agree; but the understanding
only perceives facts, and draws inferences;
VIENERATION. 65
and, therefore, after this induction is com-
pleted, it experiences no tendency to adore
the GoD whom it has discovered. In point
of fact, however, the tendency to worship
is a stronger principle in the human mind
than the understanding itself, for the stu-
pid and ignorant are often prone to venerate,
while their reflecting faculties are incapable of
directing them to an object worthy of their ho-
mage. The existence of the sentiment of Ve-
neration, distinct from intellect, explains this
anomaly. Sceptical writers, in general, appear.
either to have been unacquainted with it, or to
have judged it expedient to pass it over without
notice. Its existence shews that Religion has
a foundation in nature.-The organ is establish-
ed.
15. HoPE.
This organ is situated on each side of that of
Weneration, and extends under part of the fron-
tal and part of the parietal bones,
66 HOPE,
The faculty produces the sentiment of Hope
in general, or the tendency to believe in the pos-
sibility of what the other faculties desire, but
without giving the conviction of it, which de-
pends on Reflection. It inspires with gay, fas-
cinating, and delightful emotions, painting futu-
rity fair and smiling as the regions of primeval
bliss. It gilds and adorns every prospect with
shades of enchanting excellence; while Cauti-
ousness hangs clouds and mists over distant ob-
jects, seen by the Mind's eye. When too ener-
getic and predominant, it disposes to Credulity,
and, in mercantile men, leads to rash and incon-
siderate speculation, Persons so endowed never
see their own situation in its true light, but are
led by their extravagant Hope to magnify ten-
fold every advantage, while they are blind to
every obstacle and abatement. They promise
largely, but rarely perform, Intentional guile,
however, is frequently not their object;—they
are deceived, themselves, by their constitutional
tendency to believe every thing possible that is
future, and promise in the spirit of this credu-
HOPE}. 6?
lity. Those who perceive the disposition in
them, ought to make the necessary abatement
in their expectations. When the organ is very
deficient, and that of Cautiousness large, a
gloomy despondency is apt to invade the mind.
In Religion, this faculty favours the exercise
of Faith; and by producing the natural tenden-
cy to look forward to futurity with expectation,
disposes to belief in a life to come. It is treat-
ed of by the metaphysicians. The discovery of
the organ and sentiment is due to Dr SPURz-
, HEIM, for Dr GALL has not yet admitted them,
In his works, the function of the part of the brain
in question is marked as unascertained. His
notion is, that Hope is the attribute of every fa-
culty ; but he appears to mistake Desire for
Hope. Every faculty Desires, but each does
not produce Hope; nay, Desire is sometimes
strong, when Hope is feeble or extinct; a cri-
minal on the scaffold may strongly desire to live,
when he has no Hope of escaping death. I am
convinced, by many observations, that Dr
68 HOPE.
SPURzHEIM's views are correct, and now regard
the organ as established.
16. IDEALITY.
This organ is situated nearly along the lower
edge of the temporal ridge of the frontal bone.
The faculty produces the feeling of exquisite-
ness and perfectibility, and delights in the “beau
“ideal.” The knowing and reflecting faculties
perceive qualities as they exist in nature; but
this faculty desires something more exquisitely
lovely, perfect, and admirable than the scenes
of reality. It tends to elevate and to endow with
splendid excellence every object conceived by
the mind; and stimulates the other faculties to
create scenes and objects invested with the qua-
lities which it delights to contemplate, rather
than with the degree of perfection which Na-
ture usually bestows. It is this faculty which
inspires with exaggeration and enthusiasm,
which prompts to embellishment and splendid
IDEALITY. 69
conceptions. When powerful, it gives a man-
ner of feeling and of thinking, befitting the re-
gions of fancy more than the abodes of men. It
is essential to the poet, painter, sculptor, and
all who cultivate the fine arts. It corresponds
to the Emotion of Beauty of Dr THOMAs
BROWN, (vol. iii. p. 134.) A good endowment
of it elevates the other feelings and conceptions,
directs them to higher objects than those which
would be sufficient to gratify themselves, and
thus gives a constant tendency to, and capacity
for, refinement. A great deficiency of it leaves
the mind in a state of homeliness or simplicity,
varying its appearances according to the other
faculties which predominate in the individual.
The organ is larger in civilized than in savage
nations; in the European, for example, than in
the Negro, American Indian, and New Hol-
lander. MILTON, SHAKESPEARE, and BYRON's
poetry abound with its influence; that of
CRABBE has less; and it is scarcely distinguish-
able in the verses of Dean Swift.—Established,
70 WONDERs
WONDER.
Immediately above Ideality, a blank space
appears in the busts and plates of the heads;
the function of this part of the brain was not
ascertained when the other organs were num-
bered, and it therefore was left unmarked.
Dr SPURzHEIM states, that the faculty cons
nected with this organ produces the tendency
to believe in inspirations, presentiments, phan-
toms, &c.; and in his French work he calls it
“Surnaturalité.” In giving it this name, he
appears to me to commit an error of the same
kind as that which Dr GALL fell into, when he
styled Destructiveness the organ of Murder,
and Acquisitiveness the organ of Theft; these
appellations denoting abuses, and not the pri-
mitive functions of these faculties. I have met
with persons excessively fond of news, which,
if extravagant, were the more acceptable; prone
to the expression of surprise and astonishment
g
WONDER • 71
/
in ordinary discourse; deeply affected by tales
of wonder; delighting in the Arabian Nights'
Intertainment, and the mysterious incidents
abounding in the Waverly Novels; and in them
I have uniformly found the part of the brain
in question largely developed. When the or-
gan predominates in an individual, there is a
peculiar and unconscious turning up of the
exterior angles of the eye-lashes, expressive of
surprise. In other persons, I have found the
part of the brain in question small, and in them
it was accompanied with a staid soberness of
feeling, diametrically the opposite of the mani-
festations above described. Such individuals
were annoyed by every thing new or strange;
they scarcely felt or expressed surprise, and
had no taste for narratives leaving the beaten
tracks of probability or reality, and soaring
into the regions of supernatural fiction. On
analysing these manifestations, they all appear
to be referable to the sentiment of Wonder, an
emotion which is quite distinguishable from
those hitherto enumerated. This sentiment, in
72 WONDER.
a state of extreme and uncontrolled energy,
may give rise to those extraordinary feelings and
disturbed imaginations which have led Dr SPURz-
HEIM to name the faculty “Surnaturalité.”
Dr ADAM SMITH, in the History of Astrono-
my, calls Wonder a Sentiment, and Dr THo-
MAs BRow N, vol. iii. p. 59, admits it as a pri-
mitive emotion, and contends with success, that
Surprise and Wonder are essentially the same
feeling, only excited by different objects or oc-
currences. We wonder at a comet, from its
novelty; we are surprised to meet a friend in
Edinburgh whom we believed to be in Lon-
don; but it is the novel and unexpected situa-
tion in which we see him that causes the sur-
prise, and not the appearance itself. Dr BRow N
distinguishes the emotion of Wonder from those
of Beauty and Grandeur, and very justly ob-
serves, that “we may be struck at the same
time with the beauty or grandeur of a new ob-
ject, and our mixed emotion of the novelty and
beauty combined will obtain the name of Admi-
ration.”—P. 57.-Probable.
CONSCIENTIOUSINESS. 73
17. ConscLENTIOUSNEss.
This organ is situated on the posterior and
lateral parts of the coronal surface of the brain,
upwards from Cautiousness, and backwards
from Hope. In Dr GALL's Plates, the func-
tion is marked as unascertained. Dr SPURz-
HEIM discovered that it is connected with Con-
scientiousness. In his English work, publish-
ed in 1815, he mentions this function as pro-
bable; but many subsequent observations au-
thorise me to state it as ascertained.
The faculty produces the feeling of obliga-
tion, incumbency, right and wrong, for which
we have no single definite expression in the En-
glish language ; just as Ideality produces the
sentiment of Beauty. Justice is the result
of this sentiment, acting in combination with
the intellectual powers. The latter investi-
gate the motives and consequences of actions;
but, after having done so, they, of themselyes,
1)
'74 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.
•e
experience no emotions. In surveying human
conduct, however, as soon as the intellect has
thoroughly penetrated into the springs from
which it proceeds, a feeling of decided ap-
proval or condemnation, distinct from all o-
ther sentiments, and from pure intellection,
arises in the mind ; and this is produced
by the faculty of Conscientiousness. A large
endowment of it is of the highest import-
ance in regulating the conduct. The indivi-
dual is then disposed to act justly from the love
of justice; he is delighted with the observance
of right, and disgusted with the doing of wrong:
he is inclined to form equitable judgments of
the motives and conduct of others; is scrupu-
lous, and, when deserving of censure, is as rea-
dy to condemn himself as his neighbour.
When the faculty, on the other hand, is
weak, the power of experiencing the senti-
ment is feeble, and the individual, in conse-
quence, is more prone to do an unprincipled ac-
tion, if excited by interest or inclination. He
experiences a difficulty both in perceiving the
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, 75
quality of justice itself, and in feeling the im-
perious obligations of duty, arising from its dic-
tates. Such persons, taking their own minds
as types of those of the human race, imagine
that the rest of the world is carrying on a so-
lemn farce, in believing in the immutable dis-
tinction of right and wrong, and trusting in
the ultimate triumph of truth and justice over
insolence and fraud; they regard as eminently
weak, those individuals who adopt such views
as practical maxims; and conceive themselves
to have attained to an extraordinary depth of
penetration, in discovering that those notions
spring from senseless enthusiasm, and that sel-
fishness, disguised occasionally by a shew of ge-
nerosity, is the real origin and object of human
actions. To such men, Phrenologists, and all
who espouse unfashionable opinions merely be-
cause they are true, and rely on their truth
for their success, appear extremely deficient in
practical sense and knowledge of the world.
In point of fact, however, the pretensions to su-
perior sagacity, in such cases, are founded on a
76 CON SCIENTIOUSINESS.
great moral imperfection; and indicate lament-
able weakness in an important mental function,
instead of depth and superior illumination. Re-
morse is a painful affection of this sentiment,
occasioned by conduct in opposition to its dic-
tates.
Some metaphysical writers admit this senti-
ment, and others deny it, apparently just as it
was strong or weak in their own minds. Dr
THoMAs BRowN maintains its existence with
great eloquence and success, and his views ac-
cord, in a remarkable degree, with those brought
to light by Phrenological observations. The
only point in which his knowledge appears to
have been defective, is, that it is possessed, in
very different degrees of strength, by different
individuals, according as the organ is large or
small *.
* I embrace this opportunity of paying a humble tri-
bute to the talents of the late Dr Thomas Brows.
The acuteness, depth, and comprehensiveness of intel-
lect displayed in his works on the Mind, place him in the
FIRMNESs. 77
18. FIRMNEss.
This organ is situated at the posterior part of
the coronal surface of the head, close upon the
middle line.
highest rank of philosophical authors; and these great
qualities are equalled by the purity and vividness of his
moral perceptions. His powers of analysis are unrivalled,
and his eloquence is frequently splendid. His “Lectures”
will remain a monument of what the human mind was
capable of accomplishing, in investigating its own consti-
tution by an imperfect method. In proportion as Phre-
nology becomes known, the admiration of his genius will
increase; for it is the highest praise to say, that, in re-
gard to many points of great difficulty and importance in
the Philosophy of Mind, he has arrived, by his own re-
flections, at conclusions harmonizing with those obtained
by Phrenological observation. Of this, his doctrine on the
moral emotion discussed in the text, is a striking instance.
Sometimes, indeed, his arguments are subtle, his dis-
tinctions too refined; and his style is circuitous; but the
Phrenologist will pass lightly over these imperfections,
78 FERMENESS,
It is difficult to analyze and distinguish the
ultimate principle of the faculty. Its effects are
sometimes mistaken for Will; because those in
whom it is large are prone to use the phrase,
“I will,” with great emphasis, which is the na-
tural language of determination; but this sen-
timent is different from proper volition. It
produces determination, constancy, and perse-
verance. Fortitude, as distinguished from ac-
tive courage, results from it. When powerful,
it gives a fixed, forcible, and emphatic manner
to the gait, and a corresponding tone to the
voice. It is indispensable to the attainment of
excellence in any difficult department of art,
science, or business. It gives, however, perse-
for they occur only occasionally, and arise from mere
excess of the faculties of Secretiveness, Comparison, Cau-
sality, and Wit; on a great endowment of which, along
with Concentrativeness, his penetration and comprehen-
siveness depended. In fact, he possessed the organs of
these powers largely developed, and they afford a key to
his genius.
FIR, MINESS, 79
werance only in manifesting the faculties which
are possessed by the individual in adequate
strength. A person with great Firmness, and
much Tune, may persevere in making music :
diminish the Tune, so as to render him insen-
sible to melody, and he will not persevere in
that attempt; but if he have great Causality,
he may then be constant in abstract study,
When too energetic, and not well directed, it
produces obstimacy, stubbornness, and infatua-
tion. When weak, the individual is prone to
yield to the impulses of his predominating feel-
ings. If Benevolence assumes the sway, he is
all kindness; if Combativeness and Destructive-
ness are forcibly excited, he falls headlong into
passion, outrage, and violence. He also expe-
riences great difficulty in steadily pursuing any
line of action, and is prone to deviate from his
object, when assailed either by internal fickle.
ness or external solicitations. The metaphysi-
cians appear not to have been acquainted with
this sentiment.—The organ is established,
80 INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES.
ORDER II.
INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES.
These faculties communicate to man and ani-
mals knowledge of their own internal sensations,
and also of the external world; and their ob-
ject is to know existence, and to perceive quali-
ties and relations. They consist of three genera;
the first includes the Five Senses; the second,
those powers which take cognizance of external
objects; named Knowing or Perceptive Facul-
ties; and the third, the faculties which trace
abstract relations, and reason, or reflect.
Genus I.-ExTERNAL SENSEs.
By means of the Five Senses, man and animals
are brought into communication with the exter-
nal world.
EXTERNAL SENSES. 81
Each sense has two organs, but a single im-
pression is received by the mind from affections
of them. Various theories have been formed
to account for this circumstance. Drs GALL
and SPURzHEIM are of opinion, that only one
of the organs of a sense is active at the same
time, and that they alternately act and rest.
Thus, if we look through spectacles having one
glass yellow and another blue, external objects
will not appear green, as has been reported by
philosophers, and believed by the public; but,
if the glasses are equally thick, and equally
transparent, they will be seen blue or yellow,
according as we look fixedly with the one eye
or the other. If one of the glasses is thinner.
or more transparent than the other, it will give
its colour to the objects perceived. Another
explanation may be found in the fact, that the
mind has no consciousness either of the exist-
ence of the organs of sense, or of the functions
performed by them.’ Hence, the perceptions
of the mind are always directed to the objects
which make the impressions, and not to the in-
D 2
82 EXTERNAL SENSES.
struments by means of which they are experi-
enced ; and the mental affection partakes of the
unity of the object exciting it, and not of the
duplicity of the organs through which the im-
pression is transmitted. The functions of every
sense depend only on its peculiar organization ;
and hence no preceding exercise or habit is ne-
cessary, in order to acquire the special power
of any sense. If the organization be perfect,
the functions are perfect also ; and, if the for-
mer be diseased, the latter are deranged, not-
withstanding all preceding exercise. Each
sense is subject to its own positive laws. For
example, we see according to the laws of the
refraction of light; and hence, a straight rod,
half plunged in water, appears crooked, al-
though touch proves that, in this situation, it
continues straight. This is a kind of rectifica-
tion; but it must not be confounded with the
doctrine which maintains, that one sense acquires
its functions by means of another. Touch may
shew, that a rod, which is plunged in water, and
looks crooked, is straight; but the eyes will see
EXTERNAL SENSES. 83
it crooked as before. The rectifications thus
effected by the senses are mutual, and not the
prerogative of one sense. In this view, the
eyes may rectify the sense of touch. If, with-
out our knowledge, a piece of thin paper be
placed betwixt one of our fingers and the thumb,
we may not feel, but we may see it. Even
smell and taste may rectify the senses of seeing
and touch. Thus, many fluids look like water;
and it would be impossible to discover them to
be different by the sense of touch ; but it is
easy to do so by smell and taste.
It is difficult to point out accurately the precise
limits of the functions of the senses, because in
every act of perception, their instrumentality is
combined with that of the internal faculties.
The senses themselves do not form ideas. For
example, when an impression is made upon the
hand, the organs of touch there situated receive
it, and transmit it to the brain, and a faculty
of the mind, through the instrumentality of ano-
ther organ, perceives the object. Hence, previ-
ously to every perception, there must be an an=
84 EXTERNAL SENSES.
tecedent impression on the organs of sense; and
the whole functions of these organs consist
in receiving and transmitting this impression
to the organs of the internal faculties. The
organs of sense, in a state of health, never pro-
duce the impressions which result from their
activity, except when excited by an external
cause. Hence, whatever perceptions or impres-
sions, received from external objects, can be re-
called by an act of volition, cannot depend eaclu-
sively upon the senses; because we cannot excite
them by an act of volition. On the other hand,
whatever impressions we are unable to recall by
an act of the Will, must depend on the senses
alone; for we are able to reproduce at pleasure
ideas formed by our internal intellectual facul-
ties.
After these general considerations, which ap-
ply to all the external senses, a few words may
be added on the specific functions of each sense
in particular,
FIEELING OB, TOUCH. 85
FEELING or Touch.
DR SPURzHEIM inferred from pathological
facts, that the nerves of motion must be distinct
from the nerves of feeling; and subsequent ex-
periments have proved his inference to be well
founded. The sense of feeling is continued, not
only over the whole external surface of the bo-
dy, but even over the intestinal canal. It gives
rise to the sensations of pain and pleasure: of
the variations of temperature; and of dryness
and moisture. These cannot be recalled by the
will; and I therefore consider them as depend-
ing on the sense alone. The impressions made
upon this sense serve as the means of exciting
in the mind perceptions of figure, of roughness
and smoothness, and numerous other classes of
ideas; but the power of experiencing these per-
ceptions, is in proportion to the perfection of
certain internal faculties, and of the sense of
touch jointly, and not in proportion to the per-
fection of this sense alone.
86 TASTE,--SMELL,
TASTE. \,
THE functions of this sense are, to produce
sensations of taste alone; and these cannot be
recalled by the will. We may judge of the
qualities of external bodies by means of the im-
pressions made on this sense; but to form ideas
of such qualities is the province of the internal
faculties.
SMELL.
By means of smell, the external world acts
upon man and animals from a distance. Odor-
ous particles are conveyed from bodies, and in-
form sentient beings of the existence of the sub-
stances from which they emanate. The func-
tions of smell are confined to the producing of
agreeable or disagreeable sensations, when the
organ is so affected. These cannot be repro-
duced by an effort of the will. Various ideas
HEARING, SIGHT. 87
are formed of the qāalities of external bodies,
by the impressions which they make upon this
sense; but these ideas are formed by the inter-
nal faculties of the mind.
HEARING.
In new-born children this sense is not yet ac-
tive; but it improves by degrees and in pro-
portion as the vigour of the organ increases.
Its proper function is the production of the
impressions called Sounds; yet it assists a great
number of internal faculties. The auditory
nerve has a more intimate connection with the
organs of the moral sentiments than with those
of the intellectual faculties,
SIGHT.
THis fifth and last of the senses, is the se-
cond of those which inform man and animals of
88 SIGHT.
remote objects, by means of an intermedium;
and which, in this instance, is Light. This
sense has been said to acquire its functions by
touch or by habit. But vision depends on the
organization of the eye; and is weak or energe-
tic as the organization is imperfect or perfect.
Some animals come into the world with perfect
eyes; and these see distinctly from the first.
The young chicken is guided, immediately on
escaping from the shell, by the sense of sight,
and the sparrow, on taking its first flight from
the nest, does not strike its head against a wall,
or mistake the root of a tree for its branches;
and yet, previously to their first attempts, these
animals can have no eaſperience of distance. On
the other hand, animals which come into the
world with eyes in an imperfect state, distin-
guish size, shape, and distance only by degrees.
This last is the case with new-born children.
During the first six weeks after birth, their eyes
are almost insensible to light; and it is only by
degrees that they become fit to perform their
natural functions. When the organs, however,
SIGHT. 89
are matured, children see, without the aid of
habit or education, in the same manner, and as
accurately, as the greatest philosopher. The
eye only receives, modifies, and transmits the
impressions of light; and internal faculties,
form conceptions of the figure, colour, dis-
tance, and other attributes of external ob-
jects; and the power of forming these concep-
tions is in proportion to the perfection of the
eyes and the organs of the internal faculties
jointly.
Genus II.-KNOWING FACULTIES.
THE faculties now to be treated of, take cog-
nizance of the existence and qualities of exter-
nal objects: They correspond, in some degree,
to the Perceptive Powers of the metaphysicians;
and form ideas. Their action is attended with
a sensation of pleasure, but (except in the case
of Tune) it is weak compared to the emotions
produced by the faculties already treated of;
90 KNOWING FACULTIES.
and the higher the functions, the less vivid is
the emotion attending their active state.
19. INDIVIDUALITY.
THIs organ is situated in the middle of the
lower part of the forehead. Two places are
marked with the same number, ſº and ſº, ;
the reason of this will be explained below.
Dr GALI, observed in society different per-
sons, who, though not always profound, were
learned, had a superficial knowledge of all the
arts and sciences, and knew enough to be capa-
ble of speaking on them with facility;—such
men as are deemed brilliant in society. He
found that, in them, the middle of the lower
part of the forehead was very prominent, and
the anterior inferior part of the brain much de-
veloped. He first named the part, the organ of
the memory of things; but having observed
that persons gifted with a great memory of this
kind, enjoy, in general, prompt conception, with
INDIVIDUALITY. 91
*s
*.
a great facility in apprehending details; that
they have a strong desire for knowledge, and
are also frequently fond of teaching, he subse-
quently gave it the appellation of the Sense of
Things, “Sens d'éducabilité, de perfectibilité.”
He adds, that persons in whom this organ is
large, and in whom the reflecting organs are not
equally developed, are prone to adopt new
theories, to embrace the opinions of others, and
have a great facility in accommodating them-
selves to the customs, manners and circum-
stances with which they are surrounded.
The facility gives the desire, accompanied
with the ability, to know facts and things, with-
out determining the kind of knowledge, and
without any view to the purposes to which it
may be subservient. It has been named by Dr
SPURzHEIM “INDIVIDUALITY.” Its organ is
early and largely developed in children, and
the faculty is strongly manifested by them. It
is of importance not only in philosophy, but
in the affairs of life. It prompts to inves:
tigation by experiment, and is a great ele,
92 IN DIVIDUALITY.
ment in a genius for those sciences which con-
sist in a knowledge of specific existences. It
greatly aids in producing a talent for all
practical business involving details, and hence
to the medical practitioner, the lawyer, and
merchant, it is of essential advantage. To the
orator or author, it communicates that power
of observation which enables him to seize ob-
jects and incidents presented to his mind, to
store them up, and to recal and apply them
when required, so as to give substance to his
mental productions. The minute enumeration
of things and occurrences, which communicates
so pleasing an interest, and an air of, truth, to
the fictitious narratives of Le SAGE, De FoE,
DEAN Swift, and the Author of Waverley,
depends chiefly on this power. When predo-
minant, it appears also to give the tendency to
personification, and produces the metaphorical
writing that distinguishes BUNYAN. If the
organ is small, the individual may hear, see,
or read many facts, but they mäke only a faint
impression, and soon evanish from the mind.
INDIVIDUALITY. 93
Such a person retains only general ideas, he
feels a difficulty in becoming learned, and is not
able to command his knowledge without previ-
ous preparation.—The organ is established.
This organ is possessed by the lower animals.
Dr GALL considers the faculty in them to pro-
duce the capacity for education, and he gives a
scale of the heads of animals, from the crocodile
and frog to the elephant, with the view of prov-
ing, that the more this part of the brain is de-
veloped in each species, the higher are its natu-
ral susceptibilities of being tamed and taught.
Dr SPURZHEIM justly remarks, that this organ
does not fill the whole forehead, and that the
others situated there, also contribute to the ef-
fects observed by Dr GALL. The observation
of the latter, therefore, is deficient in precision,
rather than in truth ; for this faculty unques-
tionably adds to the capacity of the lower ani-
mals for profiting by instruction, although it is
not the sole source of it.
There are strong grounds for believing, that
two organs are included in No. 19. The lower
94. INDIVIDUALITY,
portion of it, including a small space between
the organs of Locality, appears to be connected
with the talent for knowing and remembering
facts and circumstances. The upper portion,
bordering on Comparison, is large in persons
who are fond of natural history, and who ap-
pear to delight in the study of objects which ex-
ist. The frontal sinus is occasionally found uns
der the lower space, marked No. 19,
20, FoRM.
THE size of this organ is indicated by the
width between the eyes; the different degrees
of which correspond to the greater or less dea
velopment of the portions of brain situate on the
mesial or inner side of the orbitary plates of the
frontal bone, on each side of the crista galli.
The function of the faculty is to judge of Form.
It aids the mineralogist, portrait painter, and
all persons engaged in the imitative arts. It
gives the power of distinguishing faces, Dr
FOHM. 95
SPURzHEIM mentions, that it is large in the
Chinese whom he had seen in London, and al-
so in the French. Children, in whom this or—
gan, together with those of Constructiveness,
Secretiveness, and Imitation are large, frequent-
ly draw, cut, or scratch, the figures of men and
animals for their amusement.—Established.
21. SIZE,
PERsons are found who have an intuitive fa-
cility in estimating Size, and in whom the
powers of distinguishing Form and relative po-
sition are not equally strong; and the part of
the brain under No. 21. has been observed in
such individuals to be large. It gives the
power of perceiving and judging of perspective.
Some officers in the army, in forming their
companies into line, estimate the space which
the men will occupy with perfect accuracy, and
others can never learn to judge correctly of this
requisite; and the organ has been observed
96 SIZE.
largely developed in the former. Locality also
may conduce to this talent. The frontal sinus
throws a difficulty in the way of observing this
organ also ; it is therefore stated as only pro-
bable.
22. WEIGHT or RESISTANCE.
THERE seems to be no analogy between the
weight or resistance of bodies, and their other
qualities. They may be of all forms, sizes, and
colours, liquid or solid, and yet none of these
features would necessarily imply, that one was
heavier than the other. This quality, therefore,
being distinct from all others, we cannot logi-
cally refer the cognisance of it to any of the fa-
culties of the mind, which judge of the other
attributes of matter; and, as the mental power
undoubtedly exists, there appears reason to
conjecture, that it may be manifested by means
of a special organ. Persons who excel at arche-
ry and quoits, also those who find great facility,
WEY GHT. 97
in judging of momentum and resistance in me-
chanics, are observed to possess the parts of the
brain lying nearest to the organ of size largely
developed ; and so many instances, of this kind
have occurred, that the situation of the organ is
now marked on the plate. Mr SIMPson con-
ceives the faculty to produce the instinctive
power of adapting animal movements to the
laws of equilibrium. In turners I have obser-
ved the organ largely developed ; and it may
now be stated as probable. The frontal sinus,
when very large, extends to this organ, and ren-
ders its ascertainment difficult.
23. Colour.ING.
SEVERAL of the metaphysicians were aware,
that a person may have very acute vision, and
yet be destitute of the power of distinguishing
eolours; but habit and attention have, as usual,
been adduced to solve the difficulty. Observa-
tion shews, that those who have a great natural
E
98 COLOURING.
power of perceiving colours, have a large de-
velopment of that portion of the brain situated
under the middle of the arch of the eye-brows,
enclosed by the lines 23; whilst those who can-
not distinguish minute shades of colour have
this portion small. Dr SPURZHEIM mentions;
that a large development of it is indicated by an
arched appearance in the middle of the eye-
brow, and that thissign is found in the portraits of
RUBENS, TITIAN, REMBRANDT, SALVATOR Ro-
sA, CLAUDE LORRAINE, &c.; but its large size
is also indicated by the projection forwards of
this part of the eyebrow, without arching. It
presents this appearance in the masks of the late
Sir HENRY RAEBURN, WILKIE, HAYDoN, and
other eminent painters. In the masks of Mr
JAMES MILNE and Mr SLOANE, and in the
heads of several other gentlemen, who are un-
able to discriminate, colours, this part of the
head recedes, so that in some the eye even pro-
jects beyond it. The faculty gives the percep-
tion of colour, their shades, harmony, and dis.
córd; but the reflecting faculties adapt them to
COLOURING. 99
the purposes of painting. It is generally more
powerful in women than'in men; and, accord-
ingly, some women, as colourists, have equalled
the masters among men; while, as painters,
women in general have always been inferior to
the other sex. A large endowment of this fa-
culty renders the sight of flowers and enamelled
meadows pleasing. It aids the flower-painter,
enameller, dyer, and, in general, all who occu-
py themselves with colours. Its great energy
gives a passion for colours, but not necessarily a
delicate taste—in them. Taste depends upon a
perfect rather than a very powerful activity of
the faculties. In several oriental nations, for
example, the faculty appears, from their love
of colours, to be strong, and, nevertheless,
they display bad taste in the application of
them.—The organ is now considered as esta.
blished,
:
:
.
*
:
;
.
:
:
100 I.OCALITY.
24. Iocal,ITY.
DR GALL, in his youth, had good eyes, but
he could not recognise places where he had
formerly been. One of his school-fellows,
named ScHEIDI.ER, possessed the faculty of do-
ing so in a high degree. Without the aid of arti-
ficial marks, he retraced, in a forest, the bushes
in which they had discovered nests. Dr GALL
moulded this individual's head, and observed
the part now marked as the organ of locality
largely developed. This gave him the first idea,
of its function, and he afterwards compared,
very extensively, the size of this cerebral por-
tion with the degree of local memory possessed.
by individuals, and he found them proportion.
ate. *-
This faculty conduces to the desire for tra-
velling, and constitutes a chief element in the
talent for topography, geography, astronomy,
and landscape painting. It gives what is call-
LOCALITY. 101
ed “coup d'oeil,” and judgment of the capabi-
lities of ground. It is necessary to the military
draughtsman; and is of great importance to
a general in war. The organ is large in the
heads of astronomers, as KEPLER, GALILEo,
NEWTON, TYCHoPEAHE/, DEscARTEs; and also
of landscape painters; and travellers, as Captain
CoOK. Dr GALL mentions, that he had obser-
ved the organ large in distinguished players at
chess; and he conceived their talent to consist
in the faculty of conceiving clearly a great num-
ber of the possible positions of the men. Join-
ed with Individuality, Size and Comparison,
it gives a genius for geometry. The lower
animals possess the faculty and organ; and dis-
play great powers of retraeing their way, when
removed from their habitations. The instinc-
tive tendency of several species of them to mi-
grate at certain seasons, is inferred to be con-
nected with the periodical excitement of this
organ. The frontál sinus occurs occasionally,
but not generally, at the seat of Locality.—The
organ is held to be established.
:
:
:
©
*
;
:
i.
;
:
162 ORDERs
25. ORDER.
*.
ORDER supposes a plurality of objects; but
one may have ideas about a number of things
and their qualities, without considering them
in any order whatever. Every arrangement of
external articles is not equally agreeable to the
mind; and the capacity of being delighted with
order, and distressed by disorder, is not in pro-
portion to the endowment of any other faculty.
There are individuals who are martyrs to the
love of order, who are distressed beyond mea-
sure by the sight of confusion, and highly satis-
fied when every thing is well arranged. These
persons have the organ in question large. The
sort of arrangement, however, imposed by this
faculty, is different from, although perhaps
one element in, that philosophical method
which is the result of the perception of the
relation of things. The faculty of which we
here speak, gives method and order in arran-
** **
© &
* As
:
ORDER. 103.
ging objects, as they are physically related; but
philosophical or logical inferences, the concep-
tion of systematizing or generalizing, and the
idea of classifications, are formed by the reflect-
ing faculties. Dr SPURZHEIM mentions, that
the Sauvage de l’Aveyron at Paris, though an
idiot in a very high degree, cannot bear to see
a chair or any other object out of its place; and
as soon as any thing is deranged, he, without
being excited to it, directly replaces it. He saw
also in Edinburgh a girl, who in many respects
was idiotic, but in whom the love of order was
very active. She avoided her brother's apart-
ment, in consequence of the confusion which
prevailed in it. I have seen remarkable ex-
amples both of large development and deficien-
cy of the organ, attended with corresponding
manifestations; and regard the function as as-
certained. At the same time, as the organ is
small, and the angle of the frontal bone is conti-
guous, there is a difficulty in observing it; and
it is by extreme cases alone that conviction
will be produced,
1:04 TIME.
26. TIME.
THE power of conceiving Time, and of re-
membering circumstances connected by no link,
but the relation in which they stand to each
other in chronology, and also the power of ob-
serving time in performing music, is very differ-
ent in different individuals. We have a few ob-
servations in evidence of this organ; but the
organ is only stated as probable. The special
faculty seems to be the power of recollecting
dates, of judging of time, and of intervals inge-
neral.
27. NUMBER.
SoME individuals, remarkable for their great
talent of calculating, excited the attention of Dr
GALL. He found even children who excelled
in this faculty. Thus, a boy of thirteen years
of age, born at St Poelton, not far from Wien-
*NUMBER. T05
‘ma, excelled his school-fellows surprisingly in
this respect. He learned with facility a very
-long series of numbers, performed the most
•complicated arithmetical calculations from me.
‘mory, and very soon found their true result.
Mr MANTELLI, a Counsellor of the Court of
Appeals, at Vienna, took a particular pleasure in
the solution of arithmetical problems; and his
son, of five years of age, resembled him in this
talent. In this country, Mr ZHERo Col.BURN,
and Mr GEORGE BIDDER, lately exhibited in
public a similar talent. In such individuals, the
arch of the eye-brow is either much pressed
downward, or there is an elevation at the ex-
ternal angle of the orbit. This sign is the re-
sult of a great development of the part of the
train situated behind this place. The special
function of the faculty seems to give the con-
ception of number and its relations. Arithme-
tic, algebra, and logarithms belong to it;—but
the other branches of mathematics, as geometry,
are not the simple results of this faculty. The
organ appears large in the portraits of EULER,
E 3
H06 NUMBER.
ICEPLER, NAPIER, GAssIENDI, LA PLACE, &c.
and in JEDIDIAH BuxTon, who possessed the
faculty in a surprising degree, it is very large.
—It is held to be established.
It is still doubted whether the lower animals
possess this organ and faculty or not,
28, TUNE, /
THE organ of Tune bears the same relation
to the ears, as the organ of colour does to the
eyes. The ear receives the impressions of
sounds, and is agreeably and disagreeably af.
fected by them ; but the ear has no recollection
of tones, nor does it judge of their relations; it
does not perceive the harmonies of sound; and
sounds, as well as colours, may be separately
pleasing, though disagreeable in combination.
A great development of the organ enlarges the
lateral parts of the forehead; but its form va-
ries according to the direction and form of the
convolutions. Dr SPURZHEIM observes, that in
TUNE. 107
GLück, and others, this organ had a pyramidal
form ; in MozART, VIOTTI, ZUMSTEG, DUS-
SEK, CRESCENTINI, and others, the external
corners of the forehead are enlarged, but round-
ed. Great practice is necessary to be able to
observe this organ successfully; and beginners
should place together one person possessing a
genius for music, and another who can scarcely
distinguish between any two notes, and mark
the difference of their heads. The superior de-
velopment of the former will be perceptible at
a glance. The faculty gives the perception of
melody. Time is necessary, in addition, to pro-
duce perfect music. :
Dr SPURZHEIM mentions, that the heads and
skulls of birds which sing, and of those who do
not sing, and the heads of the different indivi-
duals of the same kind, which have a greater or
less disposition to sing, present s conspicuous dif-
ference at the place of this organ. The heads
of males, for instance, and those of females of
the same kind of singing birds, are easily dis-
108 LANGUAGE.
tinguished by their different development.—
Fstablished.
- 29. LANGUAGE.
A LARGE development of this organ is indi-
cated by the prominence and depression of the
eyes, this appearance being produced by con-
volutions of the brain situated in the posterior
and transverse part of the upper orbitary plate,
pressing the latter, and with it the eyes, more or
less forward, downward or outward, according to
the size of the convolutions. If the fibres be
long, they push the eye as far forward as the
eye-brows; if they are only thick, they push
them towards the outer angle of the orbit, and
downwards”. The special faculty of this or-
gan is to enable was to acquire a knowledge of,
- * The organ of Form produces only distance between
the eyes; without rendering them prominent, or pushing
them downward.
LANGUAGE. I09
and to give us the power of using artificial signs
or words. Persons who have a great endowment
of it abound in words. In ordinary conversa-
tion their language flows like a copious stream ;
—in a speech they pour out torrents. When
this organ is large, and those of reflection small,
the style of writing or speaking will be verbose,
cumbersome, and inelegant; and when this dif-
ference is very great, the individual in ordinary
conversation is prone to repeat, to the incon-
ceivable annoyance of the hearer, the plainest
sentences again and again, as if the matter were
of such difficult apprehension, that one telling
was not sufficient to convey the meaning. This
practice appears to originate in an immoderate
power and activity of the faculty of language,
so great, that delight is felt in mere articulation,
independent of reflection. When the organ is
very small, there is a want of command of ex-
pression, a painful repetition of the same words,
and a consequent poverty of style, both in writ-
ing and speaking. The style of that author is
generally most agreeable in whom the organs
110 LANGUAGEa
of language and of reflection bear a just pro-
portion to each other. If the intellectual powers
be very acute and rapid, and Language not in
proportion, a stammer in speech is frequently
the consequence. Individuality and Compari-
son greatly assist this faculty, when applied to
the acquisition of foreign languages and gram-
mar. I have observed that boys who are dux in
classes for languages, generally have these two
organs large, and that this endowment, with
moderate language, accomplishes more, in the
way of scholarship, than a large development of
the latter organ, with a small endowment of the
former. Such individuals have a great facility
in recollecting rules, as matters of fact and de-
tail, in tracing etymologies, and in discriminat-
ing shades of meaning; and the combination al-
luded to gives them great readiness in using
their knowledge, whatever the extent of it may
be.
The signification of words is learned by other
faculties: For example, this faculty may enable
us to learn and remember the word Melody; but
LANGUAGE. 11}
if we do not possess the faculty of Tune, we
can never appreciate the meaning attached to
that word by those who possess that faculty in
a high degree. This principle removes an ap-
parent difficulty that sometimes presents itself.
A person with a moderate organ of Language
will sometimes learn songs, poetry, or particu-
lar speeches by heart, with considerable facility
and pleasure; but in all such cases, the passages
so committed to memory will be found highly
to interest his other powers, such as Ideality,
Causality, Tune, Veneration, Combativeness,
Adhesiveness; and that the study and re-
collection of pure vocables is to him difficult
and disagreeable. To a person, on the other
hand, in whom the organ is decidedly large,
pure words are interesting, and he can learn
them without caring much about their mean-
ing, Hence, also, a person with a moderate
organ of language, and good reflecting organs,
may, by perseverance, learn languages, and at-
tain to proficiency as a scholar; but he will not
display copiousness, fluency, and richness of ex-
iI2 , LANGUAGE.
pression in his style, either in his own or in a fo-
reign tongue.—Established.
FUNCTIONs of INDIVIDUALITY DISTINCT FROM
THose of THE or HER KNowING FAcult IEs.
Tn the preceding pages, it is stated, that the
faculty of Form perceives the forms of objects;
—Colouring their colour;—Size their dimen-
sions;—and that Individuality takes.cognizance
of existences and events in general. The que-
stion naturally occurs, if the minor knowing
powers apprehend all the separate qualities of
external objects, what purpose does Individua-
lity serve in the mental economy P. Its func-
tion is to form a single intellectual conception
out of the different items of information com-
municated by the other knowing faculties. In
perceiving a tree, the object apprehended by
the mind is not colour, form, and size, as sepa-
rate qualities; but a single thing or being,
named a tree. The mind having, by means of
FUNCTIONS OF INT) IVIDUALITY. 113
individuality, obtained the idea of a tree, as an
individual existence, may analyse it, and re-
solve it into its constituent parts of form, co-
lour, magnitude; but the contemplation of it
in this manner is at once felt to be widely dif-
ferent from the conception attached to the word
Tree as a whole. The function of Individua-
lity, therefore, is to embody the separate ele-
ments furnished by the other knowing faculties
into one, and to produce out of them concep-
tions of aggregate objects as a whole; which
objects are afterwards viewed by the mind as
individual existences, and are remembered and
spoken of as such, without thinking of their
constituent parts. Children early use and un-
derstand abstract terms, such as tree, man,
ship; and the organ of Individuality is very
prominently developed in them. Form, Co-
lour, and Size, furnish certain elementary con-
•ceptions, which Individuality unites and con-
ceives, as the being called a Man. The faculty
of Number called into action gives the idea of
plurality; that of Order furnishes the idea of
114 FUFNCTIONS OF INDIVIDUALITY.
gradations of rank and arrangement. Now,
Individuality, receiving the intimations of all
these separate faculties, combines them again,
and contemplates the combination as an indivi-
dual object, and this is an army. After the
idea of an army is thus formed, the mind drops
the recollection of the constituent parts, and
afterwards thinks of the aggregate only, or of
the combined conception formed by Individua-
lity; and regards it as a single object.
It is interesting to observe the Phrenological
System, which at first sight appears rude and
unphilosophical, harmonizing thus simply and
beautifully with Nature, Had it been con-
structed by imagination or reflection alone, it is
more than probable that the objection of the
minor knowing faculties rendering Individuali-
ty superfluous, would have appeared so strong
and unsurmountable, as to have insured the
exclusion of one or the other as unnecessary;
and yet, until both were discovered and ad-
mitted, the function of such terms as these we
have considered, was altogether inexplicable.
REFLECTING FACULTIES. ilă
GENUS III.-REFLECTING FA-
CULTIES.
THE intellectual faculties which we have
considered, give knowledge of objects and their
qualities; those to which we now proceed, pro-
duce ideas of relation, or reflect. They mini-
ster to the direction and gratification of all the
other powers; and constitute what we call rea-
Son or reflection,
30. CoMPARISON.
DR GALL often conversed on philosophical
subjects with a savant, possessing much viva-
city of mind. Whenever the latter was put to
difficulty in proving rigorously his positions, he
had always recourse to a comparison. By this
means he in a manner painted his ideas, and his
opponents were defeated and carried along with
him, effects which he could never produce by
il 6 COMPARISON.
simple argument. As soon as Dr GALL preceiv-
ed that, in him, this was a characteristic trait
of mind, he examined his head, and found an
eminence of the form of a reversed pyramid in
the upper and middle portion of the frontal
bone. He confirmed the observation by many
subsequent instances. He names it “perspi-
Cacity, Sagacity, esprit de comparaison.”
The faculty gives the power of perceiving
resemblances, similitudes and analogies. Tune
may compare different notes; Colour contrast
different shades; but Comparison may compare
a Shade and a Note, a Form and a Colour,
which the other faculties by themselves could
not accomplish. This faculty prompts to rea-
soning, but not in the line of necessary
consequence. It explains one thing by com-
‘paring it with another; but does not discri-
minate the points in which they differ; and
hence those in whom it is predominant are in
general more ready and plausible than sound in
their inferences. It gives “ingenuity in dis-
$% covering unexpected glimpses and superficial
COMPATRISON. 117
“ coincidences, in the ordinary relations of life;”
and great power of illustration. It is the
largest organ in the forehead of the late Right
Honourable WILLIAM PITT. In popular
preachers it is generally fully developed. It is
more rarely deficient than any other intellectual
organ; and the Scripture is addressed to it in
a remarkable degree, being full of analogies
and comparisons. It prompts to the invention
and use of figurative language; and the speech
of different nations is more or less character-
ized by this quality, according to the predomi-
nance of the organ. Dr MURRAY PATTER-
SON mentions, that the Hindostanee language
abounds in figures, and that Comparison is lar-
ger than Causality in the heads of the Hindoos
in general. From giving power of illustration
and command of figures, it is of great import-
ance to the poet, and it aids Wit also, by sug-
gesting resemblances. It is the origin of pro-
verbs; which convey instruction in general un-
der figurative expressions. It does not deter-
rº.
118 CAUSALITY,
mine the kinds of comparison to be used, for
every one must choose his analogies from his
knowledge, or from the sphere of activity of
his other faculties. He who has Locality in a
high degree will thence derive his examples;
while another, in whom Form predominates;
will illustrate from it.—Established.
}
^. 31. CAUSALITY.
Individuality and Comparison take cogni.
zance of things obvious to the senses. Causa-
lity looks a little farther than these, and per-
ceives the dependencies of phenomena. It fur-
nishes the idea of causation, as implying some-
thing more than mere juxta-position or se-
quence,—and as forming, an invisible bond of
connection between cause and effect. It im-
presses us with an irresistible conviction, that
every phenomenon or change in nature is caused
by something, and hence, by successive steps,
leads us to the First Cause of all. In looking
CAUSALITY. 119
at the actions of men, it leads us to consider the
motives, or moving causes, from which they
proceed. It induces us, on all occasions, to
ask, Why, and wherefore, is this so P. It gives
deep penetration, and the perception of logical
consequences in argument. It is large in per-
sons who possess a natural genius for metaphy-
sics, political economy, or similar sciences.
When greatly larger than Individuality and
Comparison, it tends to vague generalities of
speculation, altogether inapplicable to the affairs
of life; and hence those in whom it predomi-
nates are not calculated to shine in general So-
ciety. Their sphere of thought is too abstracted
to be reached by ordinary minds; they feel this,
and remain silent; and hence are reputed dull,
heavy, and even stupid. A great defect of the
organ renders the intellect superficial; and un-
fits the individual for forming comprehensive
and consecutive views, either in abstract science
or business. Coincidence only, and not Causa-
tion, is then perceived in events: Such persons
are often admirably fitted for common situa-
190 CAUSALITY.
tions, or for executing plans devised by pro-
founder intellects, but, if they are entrusted
with the duties of legislators, or directors in any
public affair, embracing Causation, it is difficult
to make them comprehend the natural depen-
dencies of things, and to act according to them.
Blind to remote consequences, they stigmatize
as visionary all intellectual perceptions which
their own minds cannot reach ; they reject prin-
ciple as vain theory; are captivated, by expe-
dients, and represent these as the beau ideal of
practical wisdom. The organ appears largely
developed in the portraits and busts of BAcon,
LocKE, FRANKLIN, KANT, VOLTAIRE, PLAY-
FAIR, and Dr THo MAS BRowN. It is larger in
the English and Germans in general than in
the French.—Established.
32. WIT.
Every one knows what is meant by Wit, and
yet no word presents more difficulties in its de-
WIT. IQ1
finition. Dr GALL observes, that, to convey a
just idea of the faculty, he could discover no
better method than to describe it as the
predominant intellectual feature in RABE-
LAIs, CERVANTEs, BoILEAU, RACINE, SWIFT,
STERNE, VoITAIRE. In all these authors, and
in many other persons who manifest a similar
talent, the anterior-superior-lateral parts of the
forehead are prominent and rounded. When
this development is excessively large, it is at-
tended with a disposition, apparently irresistible,
to view objects in a ludicrous light. When
joined with Combativeness and Destructiveness
large, it leads to satire; and even friends will
then be sacrificed for the sake of a joke. It
gives the talent also for epigrams. Persons
in whom this organ is small, regard wit as im-
pertinence, and are offended by it. It is greatly
aided by Comparison, which suggests analogies
and resemblances.
This faculty is treated as an intellectual
power in Dr SPURzHEIM's English work; but,
in his French works, subsequently printed, it
F.
122 WHT.
is considered as a sentiment. He regards it as
giving the feeling of the ludicrous, and pro-
ducing the tendency to represent objects under
this aspect, in the same way as Ideality gives a
feeling of the beautiful, and also the tendency
to elevate and adorn all the conceptions of the
mind. Wit, according to this view, would con-
sist in conceptions formed by the higher intel-
lectual powers, imbued with the sentiment in
question. Mr WILLIAM Scott has suggested
another view, highly ingenious, and equally ca-
pable of explaining the phenomena. The older
metaphysicians have remarked, that “there are
“geniuses of two sorts; the one remarks easily
“ the differences existing between objects, and
“ these are the excellent geniuses. The others
“imagine and suppose resemblances between
“ things, and these are the superficial minds”.”
Phrenological observation has shewn, that the
* MALEBRANCHE, Rech. de la Verité, Liv. II. part II.
c. ix. See also LocKE, Essay, B. II, c. xi. § 2. ; & Lord
JBAcon.
wit. 123
latter tendency is produced by a predominating
Comparison, and that those who have this or-
gan larger than Causality and Wit, are habitual-
ly prone to perceive resemblances, without at-
tending to differences. At first it was inferred
that Causality gives the talent for discriminating
the latter; but Mr Scott has been led to be-
lieve, that this depends upon the faculty of Wit;
and that the primitive function of this power is
to distinguish differences. Accordingly, he
shews, that all instances of wit, in the common
acceptation of the word, are resolvable into per-
ception of difference, or of congruity amid in-
congruity. In conformity to this view, Compa-
rison perceives resemblances, Wit differences,
and Causality, situated between the two, the ne-
cessary connections of things: the three com-
bined thus forming the highest endowment of
a philosophical understanding. Mr Scott has
also given a beautiful analysis of Humour *.
The talent for it is produced by Secretiveness in
* Phren. Trans. p. 174. , ,
:
:
.
º
:
:
.
:
:
124 IMITATION_
combination with Wit; the former giving the
slyness, the latter the ludicrous colouring, which
together constitute humour. Imitation greatly
aids these powers in producing humorous effect.
—Established.
33. IMITATION.
ONE of Dr GALL's friends desired him to
examine his head, because he had a part of it
enlarged in an uncommon degree. GALL found
the superior anterior portion of the head, on the
two sides of Benevolence, rising up in the form
of a segment of a circle. The individual had a
particular talent for imitation. Dr GALL in-
stantly proceeded to the Institution for the Deaf
and Dumb, to examine the head of a scholar
named CASTEIGNER, who, six weeks before,
had been received into the establishment, and
had excited attention by his prodigious powers
of mimicry; and he found the same configura-
*
e
º ©
:
9
:
:
;
IMITATION. 125
tion of head in him. These facts suggested the
motion that this talent might depend on a primi-
tive faculty, of which this was the organ. He
afterwards verified this conclusion, by a great
number of additional observations. I have exa-
mined the heads of a number of distinguished
artists and players, and found the organ uni-
formly large. The faculty gives the power of
imitation in general; and when joined with Se-
cretiveness, it gives expression in the fine arts.
It is indispensable to portrait-painters, sculptors,
and engravers; and it gives the tendency, in
speech and conversation, to fit the action to the
words. It is generally active, and the organ
large, in children. When the organ is defi-
cient, the individual is destitute of flexibility of
manner. He presents habitually the air of his
predominant dispositions. When this organ and
that of Benevolence are both large, the anterior
portion of the coronal aspect of the head rises
high above the eyes, is broad, and presents a
level surface, as in CLARA FISHER ; when Be-
mevolence is large, and Imitation small, there is
:
:
.
.
:
126 MODES OF ACTIVITY
an elevation in the middle, with a rapid slope
on each side.
J
MoDEs of Activity of THE FACULTIES.
All the faculties, whén active in a due degree,
produce actions good—proper—or necessary.
It is excess of activity which produces abuses;
and it is probable that Phrenology has been
discovered only in consequence of some indivi-
duals, in whom particular organs were very
largely developed, yielding to the strongest pro-
pensities of their nature. The smallness of a
particular organ is not the cause of a faculty
producing abuses. Thus, though the organ of
Benevolence be, small, this does not produce
cruelty. It may lead to the omission of duties,
as it will be accompanied with indifference to
the miseries of others. When one organ is
small, abuses may result from another being
left without proper restraint. Thus powerful
faculties of Acquisitiveness and Secretiveness,
OF THE FACULTIES. 127
combined with a weak faculty of Conscientious-
ness, and weak reflecting faculties, may produce
theft. Powerful faculties of Combativeness and
Destructiveness, with a weak faculty of Benevo-
lence, may produce cruel and ferocious actions.
Every faculty when in action, from whatever
cause, produces the kind of feeling, or forms
the kind of ideas, already explained as resulting
from its natural constitution.
The faculties which produce PROPENSI-
TIES and-SENTIMENTS cannot be excited
to activity by a mere act of the will. For ex-
ample; we cannot conjure up the emotions of
fear, Compassion, or Veneration, by merely will-
ing to experience them. These faculties, how-
ever, may enter into action from an internal ex-
citement of the organs; and then the desire or
emotion which each produces is experienced,
whether we will to experience it or not. Thus
the cerebellum being intermally active, produces
the usual feeling; and this cannot be avoided if
the organ be excited. We have it in our power
to permit or restrain the manifestation of it in ac-
198 MODES OF ACTIVITY
tions; but we have no option, if the organ be
excited, to experience or not to experience the
feeling itself. The case is the same with the
organs of Fear, Hope, Veneration, and the
others. There are times when we feel involun-
tary emotions of fear or hope, or awe, arising
in us, for which we cannot account ; and such
feelings depend on the internal activity of the
organs of these sentiments.
“We cannot Nature by our wishes rule,
“Nor at our will, her warm emotions cool.”
CRABBE.
In the second place, these faculties may be
called into action independently of the will, by
the presentment of the external objects fitted by
nature to excite them. When an object in dis-
tress is presented, the faculty of Benevolence
starts into activity, and produces the feelings
which depend upon it. When an object threat-
ening danger is presented, Cautiousness gives an
instantaneous emotion of fear. And when stu-
pendous objects in nature are presented, Ideali-
OF THE FACULTIES, l29
ty inspires with a feeling of sublimity. In all
these cases, the power of acting, or of not act-
ing, is completely dependent on the will; but
the power of feeling or of not feeling, is not
SC). *
In the third place, The faculties of which
we are now speaking, may be excited to activi-
ty, or repressed, indirectly, by an effort of the
will. Thus, the knowing and reflecting facul-
ties have the function of forming ideas. Now,
if these faculties be employed to conceive inter-
nally the objects fitted by mature to excite the
propensities and sentiments, the latter will start
into activity in the same manner, but not in so
powerful a degree, as if their appropriate ob-
jects were externally present. The vivacity of
the feeling, in such cases, will be in proportion
to the strength of the conception and the ener-
gy of the propensities and sentiments together.
For example, if we conceive inwardly an object
in distress, and Benevolence be powerful, com-
passion will be felt, and tears will sometimes
flow from the emotion produced. In like man-
F 2
130 MODEs, OF ACTIVITY
ner, if we wish to repress the activity of Ideali-
ty, we cannot do so merely by willing that the
sentiment be quiet; but if we conceive objects
fitted to excite veneration, fear, pride, or bene-
volence, these faculties will then be excited, and
Ideality will sink into inactivity.
Hence he who has, any propensity or senti-
ment predominantly active from internal excite-
ment, will have his intellect filled frequently
with conceptions fitted to gratify it. If Cau-
tiousness predominate, the inward thoughts will
be directed to dismal objects; if Benevolence
predominate, the inward conceptions will be of
plans for removing distress; if Veneration, the
thoughts will be of religion; if Acquisitiveness
predominate, the thoughts will be of plans, for
saving and accumulation ; if Ideality be su-
preme, the thoughts will be of splendid scenes,
superior to all known realities.
As the faculties of the Propensities and Sen-
timents do not form Ideas, and as it is impos-
sible to excite or recal the feelings or emotions
produced by them, directly,by an act of the will,
of, THE FACULTIES. 131
it follows, that these faculties have not the attri-
butes of Perception, Conception, Memory, Ima-
gination: They have the attribute of Sensation
alone; that is to say, when they are active, a
sensation or emotion is experienced, Hence
Sensation is an accompaniment of the activity of
all the faculties which feel, and of the nervous
system in general, but sensation is no faculty in
itself. . . . .” g #
The laws of the KNOWING and RE-
FLECTING faculties are different: These fa-
culties form Ideas, and perceive Relations;
they are subject to the will, or rather consti-
tute will themselves; and they minister to the
gratification of the other faculties which only
feel. * * . • ? * ‘. . . .
1st, These faculties may be active from in-
ternal causes, as well as the former, and then
the kinds of ideas which, they are fifted to form,
are presented involuntarily to the mind. The ,
musician feels the notes flowing on him uncalled
for... A man in whom Number is powerful and
active, calculates by a natural impulse. He in
132 MODES OF ACTIVITY
whom Form is powerful, conceives figures by
internal inspiration. He in whom Causality is
powerful and active, reasons, while he thinks,
without an effort. He in whom Wit is power-
ful and active, feels witty conceptions flowing
into his mind spontaneously, and even at times
and places when he would wish them not to ap-
pear.
2dly, These faculties may be excited by the
presentment of the external objects fitted to call
them into activity; and
3dly, They may be excited to activity by an
act of volition.
When excited by the presentment of exter-
nal objects, the objects are perceived, and this
act is called PERCEPTION. Perception is
the lowest degree of activity of these facul-
ties; and, if no idea is formed when the
object is presented, the individual is desti-
tute of the power of manifesting the facul-
ty, whose function is to perceive objects of that
kind. Thus, when tones are produced, he who
cannot perceive the melody of them, is des-
OF THE FACUI, TIES. 133
titute of the power of manifesting the faculty
of Tune. When the steps of an argument are
logically and distinctly stated, he who cannot
perceive the relation betwixt the steps, and the
necessity of the conclusion, is destitute of the
power of manifesting the faculty of Causality;
and so on. Thus, Perception is a mode of ac-
tion of the faculties which form ideas, and im-
plies the lowest degree of activity ; but percep-
tion is no separate faculty.
When these faculties are excited by an act of
the Will, the ideas which they had previously
formed are recalled: This act is named ME-
MORY, and it is the second degree of activity
of each of these faculties; but is no faculty it-
self. Tune remembers music; Individuality,
facts. N.
Dr WATTs seems to have anticipated, by a
very acute conjecture, the real philosophy of
Memory. He says, “It is most probable, that
“ those very fibres of the brain which assist at
“ the first idea or perception of an object, are
“ the same which assist also at the recollection
“ of it, and then it will follow, that the Memo-
134 MODES OF ACTIVITY
“ry has no special part of the brain devoted to
“its own service, but uses all those in general
“ which subserve our sensation, as well as our
“thinking and reasoning powers *.”
Memory, in the philosophical sense, implies
the notion of past time. This would be sup-
plied by the faculty of Time, acting in combi-
nation with the particular faculties which first
perceived, and which, in consequence, serve to
recall the past event. Thus, Individuality re-
calling circumstances, without the notion of
Time, would produce Conception only; if the
idea of past time were added, it would be Me-
mory. .*
When the faculties are powerfully active,
from internal excitement, whether by the Will,
or from natural activity, the ideas they have pre-
viously formed are vividly and rapidly conceived,
and the act of forming them is styled CONCEP-
TION or IMAGINATION. Where con-
ceptions of absent external objects become vivid
and permanent, through disease of the organs,
*
—º: * --> --- … * r w
* Improvement of the Mind, p. 18.
-OF THE FACULTIES. 135
the individual believes in the actual presence of
the objects, and is deluded by phantoms or vi-
siens. This is the explanation of the cases ci-
ted in Dr HIBBERT's work on Apparitions. Dis-
ease of the organ of Wonder contributes espe-
cially to this effect. The train of ideas which
is constantly flowing through the mind, depends
on the internal activity of the faculties and organs,
and not on bonds of association betwixt particular
ideas themselves. When the faculties are vigorous
and active, the succession is rapid; when weak
and inactive, it is slow. During profound sleep,
when the organs are entirely at rest, it ceases
altogether. Conception and imagination, there-
fore, are not faculties themselves, but result
from the third degree of activity of every facul-
ty which forms ideas. i. - *
And, lastly, JUDGMENT, in the philosophi-
cal sense, belongs to the reflecting faculties alone.
The knowing faculties may be said, in one
sense, to judge; as, for example, the faculty of
Tune may be agreeably or disagreeably affect-
ed, and, in this way, may be said to judge
136 MODES OF ACTIVITY
of sounds; but judgment, in the proper sense
of the word, is a perception of relation, or
of fitness, or of the connection betwixt means
and an end, and it belongs to a class of facul-
ties entirely separate, viz. the reflecting facul-
ties. These faculties have perception, memo-
ry, and imagination also. He who possesses
them powerfully, perceives and conceives, re-
members and imagines, processes of deduction,
or ideas of abstract relations, with great faci-
lity.
PRACTICAL JUDGMENT in the affairs of life
depends on a harmonious combination of all the
organs, particularly of the propensities and sen-
timents, in just proportions. In order to act
rightly, it is as necessary to feel correctly as to
reason deeply.
On these principles we are able to explain
why individuals may manifest a great power of
perception, memory or imagination, and little
judgment. If an individual have the power of
manifesting the several knowing faculties vigo-
rously, he will have those powers in an eminent
OF THE FACULTIES. 137
degree, while, if he be deficient in the power of
manifesting the faculties which reason, he will
be deficient in philosophic judgment; and al-
though he possess a splendid intellectual de-
velopment, if he be deficient in the organs of the
propensities and sentiments he will be defective
in practical judgment.
ATTENTION is not a faculty of the mind,
but merely consists in a vivid application of the
faculties which form ideas. Unless a faculty be
possessed, the objects of which it takes cogni-
zance cannot be attended to by an effort of the
will. The intellectual powers are greatly as-
sisted in producing attention by Concentrative-
ness and Firmness.
ASSOCIATION.—The metaphysicians con-
ceive that our thoughts follow each other in an
establishedorderof succession, and haveattempted
to find out circumstances which determine the
order and causes in virtue of which one idea intro-
duces another into the mind; in short, by re-
flecting on their own consciousness, they have
endeavoured to discover laws regulating the
138 MODES OF ACTIVITY
succession of ideas in mankind in general. Such
an attempt appears to the phrenologist to be op-
posed by impossibility. If we place a number
of persons on a hill top, say Arthur Seat, over-
looking a champaign country, an arm of the
sea, and a great city,+one in whom Ideality
predominates, will be enchanted with the beau-
ty and magnificence of Nature; one in whom
Acquisitiveness is the leading propensity, will
think of the profits of the farms, and ships, or
of the works whese elevated chimneys throw
clouds of smoke into the air. One in whom
Constructiveness prevails, will criticise the lines
of the roads, and the architecture of the monu-
ments. One in whom Benevolence and Vene-
ration predominate, will think of the sources of
enjoyment spread out before him; and feel gra-
titude and reverence to an all-bountiful CREA-
ToR spontaneously arising in his soul. Now, a
metaphysician, who has also visited Arthur
Seat, expects, by reflecting on the ideas which
the recollection of it call up in his own mind, to
discover laws of association that will enable him
OF THE FACULTIES. 139
to judge of the ideas that will present them-
selves to the minds of all the other persons here
supposed; on its being mentioned in their pre-
sence. This expectation, however, is clearly
vain; because, the original impressions received
by each individual; differed toto colo from those
experienced by all the others, and when the
scene is recalled, the associated feelings and
ideas of each must clearly be those which his
peculiar mind formed at the first aspect of the
SČene.
Association, therefore, expresses only the
mutual influence of the faculties. Thus, al-
though the organ of Causality is the only one
which perceives the relation of necessary conse-
quence, it may act in association, or combina-
tion, with Comparison, furnishing illustrations
to render the argument clear, with Ideality,
infusing magnificence and enthusiasm into the
conceptions; with Tune and Imitation modu-
lating the voice, and giving vivacity to the ges-
tures; and the result will be the manifestation
of splendid oratory. Associations may be form-
140 MODES OF ACTIVITY
§
ed, also, betwixt faculties and signs. For ex-
ample: Nature has established an association
betwixt the external appearance of misery and
the faculty of benevolence; so that, on the pre-
sentation of the appearance, the faculty enters
into activity, and generates the emotion of pity.
She, in like manner, has connected the faculty
of Tune with the impressions called Sounds, by
a link of such a kind, that a certain sound pro-
duces a certain feeling and perception. She has
associated the faculty of Wit with external ob-
jects; so that, on the presentation of certain cir-
cumstances, instantaneous laughter is excitéd.
On this association natural language is found-
ed. The sign requires only to be presented,
and it is understood in all countries, and by all
mations.
But, mankind possesses likewise the power of
inventing and establishing arbitrary signs, to
express particular inward feelings, or particular
conceptions. For example; The words Love,
Compassion and Justice, are mere conventional
signs, by which we, in Britain, agree to express
OF THE FACULTIES. 141
three different internal feelings or sentiments of
the mind; but there is no natural connection
whatever betwixt the signs and the things sig-
nified.
Now, the way in which we learn the signifi-
cation of these signs is this. Shew us a person
in a rage, and express his state of mind by the
word “Rage,” and every time the word is used
afterwards, we understand it to mean that state
of excitement of the mind. In the same way,
point out the object I now write upon, and call
it a Table, and every time the word is mention-
ed, I conceive the thing signified by it. Hence,
to be able to comprehend the meaning of a
word, we must be able to feel the propensity or
sentiment, or to form the conception, of which
the word is the sign. A child of three years
old, is unable to conceive the meaning of the
word Abstraction ; because, at that age, he has
not the power of forming the idea signified by
it. But he can conceive the meaning of the
word Table, because he is then quite able to
form a conception of that piece of furniture
I42 MODES OF ACTIVITY
when presented to him. Or a person who is
destitute of the faculty of Tune, can never
conceive fully what we mean by the word Me-
lody.
Hence, the human mind is so constituted that
any indifferent object may be selected and used
as the arbitrary sign of any propensity, feeling
or conception whatever. I say indifferent; for
if the object stands already in a natural relation
to any faculty, it cannot be made the arbitrary
sign of an emotion of any opposite faculty.
For example: We might, by a mutual under-
standing, constitute a square figure, thus [ ],
the artificial sign of the emotion termed Rage.
After the agreement was understood, that figure
would suggest the idea of rage to us, just as well
as the letters R,a,g,e, which are mere marks
placed in a certain order. But if we were
whimsical enough to make the figure of a sweet
and smiling countenance, which likewise is
merely a species of form, the sign of the emo-
tion called Rage, we could never, by any ef-
forts, come to associate the idea of rage with
OP THE FACULTIES. 143
that figure, with facility; for it stands already
in the situation of the natural sign of emotions
entirely opposite. In the same way, we might
associate feelings of veneration, pity, affection,
or grief, with soft and slow notes of music; be-
cause these notes, which themselves produce
emotions of a specific kind, may become arbi-
trary signs of any other feelings of a homogene-
ous kind, which we please to attach to them.
But no association could ever be formed, by
which soft, slow, and delicate tones, would be-
come the artificial signs of violent rage, jealousy
and fury; because the natural character of
such notes is directly opposite to the natural
character of such feelings.
The circumstance of an object being already
the natural sign of a propensity, sentiment or
conception, of a certain kind, appears to be the
only limit to our power of associating with it
propensities and conceptions of every other de-
scription, so as to make the artificial signs sug-
gest the feeling or conception signified, to those
who are acquainted with the convention.
144 MoDEs of ACTIVITY
The rapidity or vivacity with which a feeling
or conception is excited on presentation of the
sign, will be in proportion to the natural per-
fection of the faculties and the degree in which
they have been exercised, but not in proportion
to either of these circumstances singly.
If the foregoing views be sound, the prin-
ciples of association must be sought for in the
constitution of the faculties, and not in the re-
lations of particular ideas. In using associa-
tions, therefore, as an instrument of artificial
memory, we ought to keep always in view, that
every individual will associate, with greatest fa-
cility, ideas with things which he has the great-
est natural facility in perceiving. For example:
He who has Number most powerful, will asso-
ciate words most easily with numbers. He who
has form most powerful, will associate words
most easily with figures. He who has Locality
most powerful, will associate words most easily
with space. He who has Tune most powerful,
will associate words most easily with musical
notes. .
OF THE FACULTIES. 145
Hence, also, the influence of Associations on
our Judgment is easily accounted for. He in
whom Veneration is powerful, and to whom the
image of a saint has been from infancy present-
ed as an object to be venerated, experiences an
instantaneous and involuntary emotion of awe
and respect every time the image is presented
to him, or a conception of it formed, because it
is now a sign which excites in him that feeling,
and the latter excludes the reflecting faculties
from performing their functions. Hence, until
we can break this association, and prevent the
conception of the image from operating as a sign
to excite the faculty of veneration into activity,
we shall never succeed in bringing his under-
standing to examine the real attributes of the
object itself, and to perceive its want of every
quality that ought justly to be venerated. In
the same way, when a person is in Love, the
perception or conception of the object beloved
stirs up the faculties which feel into such vivid
emotion, and that emotion is so delightful, and
the reflecting faculties have so little conscious-
G.
146 MODES OF ACTIVITY
ness of the real source of the fascination, that it
is impossible to make the lover see the object
with the eyes of a disinterested spectator. If
we could once break the association betwixt the
object and the faculties which feel, the reflecting
faculties would then perform their functions
faithfully, and the object would be seen in its
true colours. But, while we are unable to break
this link, and to prevent this fascination, we may
reason ad sempiternum, and our conclusions
will never appear to be sound, because the pre-
mises, that is, the appearance of the object, will
never be the same to the party most interested
in the argument, and to us.
Thus the associations which mislead the judg-
ment, and perpetuate prejudices, are associations
of words or things with feelings or sentiments,
and not associations, merely of ideas with ideas.
The whole classes of ideas formed by the know-
ing and reflecting faculties, may be associated
ad infinitum, and if these ideas do not become
linked with the propensities and sentiments, no
moral prejudices will arise. Ideas of form, co-
OF THE FACULTIES. 147
lour, order, and impressions of melody, may be
associated in ten thousand ways, and faults in
taste may perhaps be the consequence; but un-
less the association embrace feelings and senti-
ments also, what is called the Heart, in common
speech, is not misled.
PLEASURE and PAIN, and also Joy and
GRIEF, are affections of every faculty. Every
faculty, when indulged in its 'natural action,
feels pleasure; when disagreeably affected, feels
pain : consequently the kinds of pain and plea-
sure are as numerous as the faculties. Hence
one individual in whom Benevolence is large,
delights in generously pardoning offences, and
another, in whom Destructiveness and Sel-
Esteem predominate, feels pleasure in taking
revenge. One in whom Acquisitiveness is large,
is happy in the possession of riches, and ano-
ther, in whom Veneration and Conscientious-
ness predominate, glories in disdaining the va-
nity of mankind. Thus pain and pleasure are
the result, and not the cause of the particular
faculties.
148 MODES OF ACTIVITY
PASSION is the highest degree of activity
of any faculty, and the passions are as different
as the faculties: Thus, a passion for glory is the
result of great energy and activity of the facul-
ty of Love of ApproRATION; a passion for mo-
ney, of Acquisit IVFNEss; a passion for music,
of TUNE ; a passion for metaphysics, of CAUSA-
LITY. Hence there can be no such thing as
Jactitious passions, although such passions are
spoken of in various books. Man cannot alter
his nature, and every object that he can desire
‘must be desired in consequence of its tending to
gratify some natural faculty. *
SYMPATHY is not a faculty, nor is it sy-
nonymous with moral approbation. The same
notes sounded by ten instruments of the same
kind harmonize, and blend softly together, to
form one peal of melody. The cause of this
is to be found in the similarity of the constitu-
tion and state of the strings. Each faculty of
the human mind has a specific constitution;
and, in virtue of it, produces specific kinds of
feelings, or forms specific kinds of ideas; and
OF THE FA Clºſ LTIES. 149
wherever similar faculties are active in different
individuals, similar feelings are experienced by.
each, and similarity of feeling is sympathy.
Hence he who is under a strong feeling of De-
structiveness, will delight to join with others in
schemes of devastation. He who strongly feels
Veneration will join in adoration with the most
glowing fervour. He in whom Benevolence is
very active, will join in schemes of charity with
a melting soul. He who has powerful Reflect-
ing Faculties, will seek the society of those who
reason and reflect. He who has Tune in an
eminent degree, will seek the company of those
who will gratify it by producing pleasant sounds.
He who has the Knowing Faculties most power-
ful, will seek the company of those who con-
verse, but exercise little reflection: and the rea-
son of the sympathy in each case is to found in
the similarity of the constitution of the faculties
in the particular individuals who sympathize.
But, in the human mind, the faculties proper
to man bear sway over those common to man
and brutes: and hence, if one of two individuals
150 MODES GF ACTIVITY
have Acquisitiveness strong, and Conscientious-
ness weak, while the other has Acquisitiveness
strong and Conscientiousness strong also, these
two individuals may not sympathise in their
modes of gratifying the inferior propensity ; for
Conscientiousness will produce feelings of justice
in the one, which the other, from the weakness
of that faculty in him, may not experience.
Sympathy is not synonymous with moral ap-
probation. We approve of the actions produced
by the lower faculties of others, only when these
are guided by the faculties proper to man: For
example, We never approve of Combativeness
when indulged for the mere pleasure of fight-
ing; nor of Destructiveness, when gratified for
the mere delight of being ferocious; nor of Ac-
quisitiveness, when directed to the naked pur-
pose of acquiring wealth. But we approve of
the action of all these faculties when directed by
justice and understanding. On the contrary,
we approve of the action of the sentiments pro-
per to man, even when unmingled with any
other motive. Thus, we approve of Benevo-
OF THE FACULTIES, 151
lence, from the mere glow of charity ; of Venera-
tion, from the mere inward feeling of devotion;
of Justice, from the pure dictates of conscien-
tiousness. Indeed, actions done apparently
from the impulses of these faculties, lose their
character of purity and excellence, in our esti-
mation, in exact proportion to the alloy of the
inferior feelings which we perceive to be mingled
with them. Kindness, in which we perceive In-
terest, is always less valued than when pure and
unadulterated. Activity in the service of the
public loses its merit in our eyes, in exact pro-
portion as we perceive the motive to be the love
of approbation, unmingled with conscientious-
ness and true benevolence. t
These facts prove the accuracy of the phre-
nological doctrine, that the higher faculties are
made to govern the lower; and that man is con-
scious of feelings, necessary, no doubt, in them-
selves, but of the gratification of which, when
undirected by the superior powers, he himself
disapproves. Even the higher sentiments, how-
ever, must act conformably to the understanding
152 MO DES OF ACTIVITY
to be approved of; and excess of veneration, of
benevolence, or of scrupulosity, is always regard-
ed as weakness, just as excess of any lower pro-
pensity is regarded as vice. *
There are some faculties, also, which, from
their constitution, do not sympathize in different
individuals in whom they are equally active,
Thus two individuals, under vivid impulses of
Self-Esteem or Love of Approbation, do not
sympathize. Two proud men, or two vain men,
repel each other, like similar poles of a magnet.
There is something so engrossing in these two
faculties, that different individuals under the un-
restrained influence of them, are extremely of.
fensive to each other.
HABIT.—Next to Association, Habit makes
the most conspicuous figure in the philosophy of
Mr STEwART; but in Phrenology it is viewed
differently. Dr JoHNson defines habit as “a
“ power in man of doing a thing acquired by
“frequent doing it.” Now, before it can be
done at all, the faculty and organ on which it
depends must be possessed in an available de-
OF THE FACULTIES: 153
gree; and the more powerful these are, the
greater will be the energy with which the pos-
sessor will do the thing at first, and the ease
with which he will learn to repeat it. GEORGE
BIDDER, for example, the celebrated mental cal-
culator, acquired the habit of solving in his
mind, without the aid of notation, and in an in-
credibly short time, the most extensive and in-
tricate questions in arithmetic and algebra. Be-
fore he could begin to do so, he required to pos-
sess a large organ of Number; and actúally
possessing this and the corresponding mental
faculty, he made great and rapid progress in
the art, and at seven years established the ha-
àit which strikes ordinary persons with so much
surprise. Other individuals are known, who,
possessing a small organ of Number, have la-
boured for years to acquire habits of rapid and
correct calculation, but without success. In
like manner, a boy who acquires a habit of
quarrelling and fighting at School, manifests
.strong faculties of Combativeness, Destructive-
ºness, and Self-Esteem; and if these were very
G 2
154 MODES OF ACTIVITY
deficient, he would acquire such a habit with
extreme difficulty, if at all. Habit, therefore,
is facility acquired by exercise. It is the or-
gan which acquires activity and superior faci-
lity in performing its functions by being proper-
ly used, just as the fingers of a musician attain
increased rapidity and facility of motion by the
practice of playing. f : 1
TASTE is the result of the HARMONIOUS
AcTION of the faculties generally, in at least a
moderate degree of vigour. Thus, the most
beautiful poetry is that by which gratification is
afforded to the higher sentiments and intellec-
tual powers, without the introduction of any ex-
travagance, absurdity, or incongruity to offend
any one of them. If Ideality is in excess, this:
produces bombast; if Causality predominates
too much, it introduces unintelligible refine-
ments; if Wit is excessive, it runs into con-
ceits, epigrams, and impertinences. A picture is
in best taste when it delights the Knowing facul-
ties, Reflection and the moral Sentiments, with-
out offending any of them. Thusif Colouring be
OF THE FACULTIES. i55
|
too strongly or too weakly exerted, the picture
will be defective in taste in its shades; if Form
be weak, it may be out of drawing; if Ideality
and Colouring predominate over reflection, it
may be glowing and striking, but destitute of
dignity and meaning. If Language be over-
powerful in an individual, his style will be re-
dundant and verbose; if it be very deficient, it
will be dry, stiff, and meagre: if Individuality
be excessive, he may narrate without reflection;
if Reflection be too strong, he will reason with-
out premises or facts.
EFFECTs of SIZE AND ACTIVITY IN THE OR.
GANS, AND. PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR OB-
SERVING DEVELoPMENT.
As “self-conviction can be obtained only
“ by self-observation,” every one who desires
to become a Phrenologist should learn to ob-
serve. A healthy brain, at a vigorous period
of life, is the proper subject for observation;
156 SIZE AND ACTIVITY,
and as the fundamental principle of the science
is, that the power or energy of mental mani-
festation bears a uniform relation, cateris pa-
vibus, to the size of the organs, we must be care-
ful not to confound this quality of mind with
that of mere activity in the faculties, as size in
the organ is an indication of the former, and
not at all of the latter.
In physics, power is quite distinguishable
from activity. The balance-wheel of a watch
moves with much rapidity, but so slight is its
impetus, that a hair would suffice to stop it; the
beam of a steam-engine traverses slowly and
ponderously through space, but its power is pro-
digiously great.
In muscular action, these qualities are recog-
nized with equal facility as different. The
greyhound bounds over hill and dale with ani-
mated agility; but a slight obstacle would coun-
terbalanee his momentum and arrest his pro-
gress. The elephant, on the other hand, rolls
slowly and heavily along; but the impetus of
his motion would sweep away an impediment
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 157
sufficient to resist fifty greyhounds at the sum-
mit of their speed.
In mental manifestations (considered apart
from organization) the distinction between power
and activity is equally palpable. On the stage,
Mrs SIDDoSs senior and Mr JoHN ICEMBLE
were remarkable for the solemn deliberation of
their manner, both in declamation and action, and
yet they were splendidly gifted in power. They
carried captive at once the sympathies and un-
derstanding of the audience, and made every
man feel his faculties expanding, and his whole
mind becoming greater under the influence of
their energies. This was a display of power.
Other performers, again, are remarkable for wi-
vacity of action and elocution, who nevertheless
are felt to be feeble and ineffective in rousing
an audience to emotion. Activity is their dis-
tinguishing attribute, with an absence of power.
At the bar, in the pulpit, and in the senate, the
a same distinction prevails. Many members of
the learned professions display great felicity of
illustration and fluency of elocution, surprising us
158 SIZE AND ACTIVIY,
with the quickness of their parts, who neverthe-
less are felt to be neither impressive nor pro-
found. They possess acuteness without power,
and ingenuity without comprehensiveness and
depth of understanding. This also proceeds
from activity, with little vigour. There are other
public speakers, again, who open heavily in de-
bate; their faculties acting slowly but deeply,
like the first heave of a mountain-wave. Their
words fall like minute-guns upon the ear, and
to the superficial they appear about to termi-
nate ere they have begun their efforts. But
even their first accent is one of power; it rouses
and arrests attention; their very pauses are ex-
pressive, and indicate gathering energy to be
embodied in the sentence that is to come. When
fairly animated, they are impetuous as the tor-
rent, brilliant as the lightning's beam, and over-
whelm and take possession of feebler minds, by
impressing them irresistibly with a feeling of
gigantic power.
upon the principle before stated, that size
is a measure of power, brains may be expected
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 159
to vary in their general size, in proportion to
the degree of mental energy possessed. Our
first object, therefore, ought to be to distin-
guish the size of the brain generally, so as to
judge whether it be large enough to admit of
manifestations of ordinary vigour; for if it be
too small, idiocy is an invariable consequence.
Our second object should be to ascertain the re-
lative proportions of the different parts, so as to
determine the direction in which the power is
greatest. * !
It is proper to begin with the observation
of the more palpable differences in size. In
some instances, the greater mass of the brain
lies between the ear and the forehead; in others,
between the ear and the occiput; and in others
above the ear in perpendicular height. Great
differences in breadth are also remarkable;
some being narrow throughout, and some broad.
Some are narrow before, and broad behind,
and vice versa. The busts of the Reverend
Mr M., MARY MACINNES, PALLET, and HAG-
GART, may be contrasted with this view. If the
160 SIZE AND ACTIVITY,
proportions of the parts differ, so that, in the
larger head, the greatest quantity of brain lies
in the lateral and posterior regions; and, in the
lesser head, the preponderance is in the frontal
and coronal aspects, the larger head will then,
casteris paribus, manifest the greatest energy
in the animal propensities, and the smaller
one the greatest power in the moral and intel-
lectual faculties. These higher qualities may
even be more vigorously manifested by the
smaller than by the larger head; because the
former, although smaller in its general size,
is, in this instance, supposed to be the larger
in these particular regions ;—but, of course, its
manifestations of the animal propensities will
be greatly inferior in energy to those of the
larger head, the size of which is here supposed
to lie principally in these organs.
It is necessary to keep in view, that large size
may consistin length or breadth, or in both. The
length of an organ is ascertained by the distance
from the medulla oblongata to the peripheral
surface. A line passing through the head from
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 161
one ear to the other, would nearly touch the me-
dulla oblongata, and hence the external opening
of the ear is assumed as a convenient point from
which to estimate length. Thus, the organs of
intellect are situated in the forehead, and in pro-
portion to the length of the line from the ear to
that region, is the length of these organs. The
breadth of an organ is judged of by its periphe-
ral expansion; and it is a general law of phy-
siology, that the breadth of any organ through-
out its whole course, bears a relation to its ex-
pansion at the surface : the optic and olfactory
nerves are examples in point. Hence, if the line
from the ear to the forehead is much larger
than from the ear backward, and the breadth
nearly the same, we infer that the intellectual
organs predominate. If, on the other hand, the
forehead is very narrow, as in THURTELL, and
the hind-head very broad, we hold the animal
organs to predominate, although the length
were the same in both directions. Measure-
ment by callipers is useful for ascertaining ge-
neral size. The following are a few measure-
162
SIZE AND ACTIVITY,
ments from nature, taken promiscuously from
many more in my possession.
Table of Measurements by Callipers.

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AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 163
These measurements are taken above the
muscular integuments, and shew the size of
heads in these directions; but they are not
given as indications of the absolute dimensions
of any of the phrenological organs. The calli-
pers are not suited for giving this latter infor-
mation, for they do not measure from the me-
dulla oblongata, nor do they indicate breadth
of fibre. The new craniometer is preferable
for ascertaining absolute length, and the breadth
may be judged of by means of the hand or eye.
The average of these twenty heads will be high-
er than that of the natives of Britain generally,
because there are several large heads among
them, and none small.
After becoming familiar with the general size
and configuration of heads, and learning to ap-
preciate the proportions which the general mass
of the three orders of organs bears to each, the
student may proceed to the observation of indivi-
dual organs; and in studying them, the real di-
mensions, and not the mere prominence of each
organ, should be looked for. Practice, with at
164: SIZE AND ACTIVITY,
-*
least an average endowment of the organs of
Form, Size, and Locality, are necessary to qua-
lify a person to make observations with suc-
cess. Individuals whose heads are very narrow
across between the eyes, and little developed at
the top of the nose, where these organs are
placed, experience great difficulty in distin-
guishing the situations and minute shades in
the proportions of different organs. If one or-
gan be much developed, and the neighbour-
ing organ very little, the developed organ pre-
sents an elevation or protuberance; but if the
neighbouring organs be developed in propor-
tion, no protuberance can be perceived, and the
surface is smooth. The student should learn
from books, plates, and casts, or personal in-
struction (and the last is by far the best) to dis-
tinguish the förm of each organ, and its appear-
ance, when developed in different proportions to
the others. The phrenological bust shews only
the situations of the organs, and their propor-
tions, in one head; and it is impossible by it to
communicate more information. Their different
º
ºr.”
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 165
appearances in all the varieties of relative size,
must be discovered by inspecting a number of
heads; and especially by contrasting instances
of extreme development with others of extreme
deficiency. No adequate idea of the founda-
tion of the science can be formed until this is
done. In cases of extreme size of single organs,
the form delineated in the bust is perceived dis-
tinctly standing out in nature.
When one organ is very largely developed,
it sometimes pushes a neighbouring smaller or-
gan a little out of its place. This may be dis-
tinguished by the greatest prominence being
near the centre of the large organ, and the
swelling extending over a portion only of the
other *. The observer should learn, by inspect-
ing a skull, to distinguish the mastoid process
behind the ear, and several bony prominences
which occur in every head, from elevations pro-
* In these cases the shape should be attended to ; for
the form of the organ is then easily recognised, and is a
sure indication of the particular one which is largely de-
veloped.
166 SIZE AND ACTIVTY,
duced by development of brain, as also to dis-
criminate bony excrescences sometimes formed
by the sutures, when such occur.
The terms used to denote the gradations of
size in the different organs, in an increasing ra-
tio, are
Very small Moderate Rather large
Small Rather full Large
Rather small Full Very large
Captain Ross has suggested, that numerals
may be applied with advantage to the notation
of development. He uses decimals; but these
appear unnecessarily minute. The end in view
may be attained by such a scale as the follow-
ing:
1. 8. Rather small 15.
2. Idiocy 9. 16. Rather large
3. 10. Moderate 17.
4. Very small ll. 18. Large
5. 12. Rather full 19.
6. Small 13. 20. Very large
7. 14. Full
The intermediate figures denote interme-
diate degrees of size, for which we have no
AND PR, ACTICAL DIRECTION S. 167
names. The advantage of adopting numerals
would be, that the values of the extremes being
known, we could judge accurately of the di-
mensions denoted by the intermediate numbers;
whereas it is difficult to apprehend precisely the
degrees of magnitude indicated by the terms
small, full, large, &c. except we have seen them
applied by the individual who uses them.
In observing the appearance of individual
organs, it is proper to begin with the largest,
and select extreme cases. The mask of 'Mr
Joseph HUME may be contrasted with that
of Dr CHALMERs for Ideality; the former
being 5% inches in breadth at this organ,
and the latter 64. The casts of the skulls
of RAPHAEL and HAGGART may be com-
pared at the same part; the differences being
equally conspicuous. The cast of the Reverend
Mr M. may be contrasted with that of DEMP-
SEY, in the Love of Approbation; the former
having this organ large, and the latter small.
Self-Esteem in the latter being exceedingly large,
may be compared with the same organ in the
168 , sIZE AND ACTIVITY,
skull of Dr HETTE, in whom Love of Approba-
tion is much larger than Self-esteem. The or-
gan of Constructiveness in RAPHAEL may be
compared with the same organ in the New Hol-
land skulls. Destructiveness in BELLINGHAM
may be compared with the same organ in the
skulls of the Hindoos; the latter people being
in general tender of life. Firmness large, and
Conscientiousness deficient, in King RoPERT
BRUCE, may be compared with the same organs
reversed in the cast of the head of a lady (Mrs
H.), which is sold as illustrative of these organs.
In observing in nature also, it is proper to begin
with the larger organs; and two persons of op-
posite dispositions, in the particular points to be
compared, ought to be placed in juxta-position,
and their heads observed. Thus, if we take the
organ of Cautiousness, we should examine its
development in those whom we know to be re-
markable for timidity doubts and hesitation.
We should contrast the appearance of the or-
gan in such cases with that which it presents in
individuals remarkable for precipitancy, and
AND. PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 169
}
into whose minds a doubt or fear rarely enters;
or a person who is unable to distinguish one
note from another, may be compared, in regard
to the organ of Tune, with another who has a
high natural genius for music. No error is
more to be avoided, than beginning with the
observation of the smaller organs, and examin-
ing these without a contrast.
It ought to be kept constantly in view, in the
practical application of Phrenology, that it is the
size of each organ in proportion to the others in
the head of the individual observed; and not
their absolute size; or their size in reference to
any standard head, that determines the predo-
minance in him of particular talents or disposi-
tions. Thus, in the head of BELLINGHAM, De-
structiveness is very large, and the organs of
the moral sentiments and intellect are small in
proportion; and according to the rule, that, ca:-
teris paribus, size determines energy, BELLING-
HAM's most powerful tendencies are inferred to
have been towards cruelty and rage. In the
skulls of several Hindoos, the organ of Destruc-
H
170 SIZE AND ACTIVITY,
tiveness is small in proportion to the others, and
we conclude, that the tendency of such indivi-
duals, would be weakest towards the foregoing
passions. But in the head of GoRDON, the mur-
derer of the pedlar boy, the measurement from
Destructiveness to Destructiveness is 5%, and in
the head of RAPHAEL it is 5; inches. Here the
absolute size of the organ is greatest in RA-
, ºth AEL, and yet he was an amiable man of ge-
nius, and GoRDoN an atrocious murderer. This
illustrates the rule now under consideration.
In Gordon, the organs of the moral sentiments
and intellectual faculties are small, and that of
Destructiveness is the largest in the brain; while
in RAPHAEL, the moral and intellectual organs
are large, On the foregoing principle, the most
powerful manifestations of RAPHAEL’s mind
ought to have been in the department of senti-
ment and intellect, and those of GoRDON's mind
in Destructiveness and animal passion ; and
their actual dispositions corresponded “.
* Still the dispositions of RAPHAEL would be charac-
terized by the large size of this organ. It would commu-
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 171
An objection is frequently stated, that persons
having large heads have “little wit,” while
others with small heads are “very clever.”
The Phrenologist never compares mental ability
in general with size of brain in general; for the
fundamental principle of the science is, that dif-
ferent parts of the brain have different functions,
and that hence the same absolute quantity of
brain, if consisting of intellectual organs, may
be connected with the highest genius, while, if
consisting of the animal organs, lying imme-
diately above and behind the ears, it may indi-
cate the most fearful energy of the lower pro-
pensities. The brains of Charibs seem to be
equal in absolute size to those of average Euro-
peans, but the chief development of the former
is in the animal organs, and of the latter in the
organs of sentiment and intellect; and no Phre-
nologist would expect the one to be equal in in-
nicate that warmth and vehemence of temper, which are
W * , -} e e º
fºonly when it is large, although the higher powers
$é tº : hy © º
would restrain it from abuse.

•-
.*
3.
172 SIZE AND ACTIVITY,
telligence and morality to the other, merely be.
cause their brains are equal in absolute magni-
tude. * ,
If we take two heads, in sound health, and
of similar ages, in each of which the several or-
% *.
gans are similar in their proportions, but the
one of which is large, and the other small, and
if the preponderance of power of manifestation
is not in favour of the first, then Phrenology
must be abandoned as destitute of foundation.
In comparing the brains of the lower animals
with the human brain, the Phrenologist looks
solely for the reflected light of analogy, to guide
him in his researches, and never founds a direct
argument in favour of the functions of the dif-
ferent parts of the human brain, from any facts
observed in regard to the lower animals; and
the reason is, that such different genera of ani-
mals are too dissimilar in constitution and ex-
ternal circumstances, to authorize him to draw
positive results from comparing them. Many
Philosophers, being convinced that the brain is
the organ of mind, and having observed that the
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 173
brain of man is larger than that of the majority
of tame gnimals, as the horse, dog, ox, have at-
tributed the mental superiority of man to the
superiority in absolute size of his brain; but
the Phrenologist does not acknowledge this
conclusion, as in accordance with the principles
of his science. The brain of one of the lower
creatures may be very large, and, nevertheless,
if it be composed of parts appropriated to the
exercise of muscular energy, or the manifesta-
tion of animal propensities, its possessor may be
far inferior in understanding or Sagacity to ano-
ther animal having a smaller brain, but com-
posed chiefly of parts destined to manifest intel-
lectual power *. Whales and elephants have a
larger brain than that of man, and yet their sa-
gacity is not equal to his; but nobody pretends
that the parts destined to manifest intellect are
larger, in proportion to the convolutions intended
to manifest propensity, in these animals than in
man, and hence the superior intelligence of the
* SPURzHEIM's Physiognomical System, chap. 4.
174 SIZE AND ACTIVITY,
human species, is no departure from the general
analogy of nature. u ž
In like manner, the brains of the monkey
and dog are smaller than those of the ox, ass,
and hog, and yet the former approach nearer to
man in regard to their intellectual faculties. To
apply the principles of Phrenology to them, it
would be necessary to discover what parts ma-
nifest intellect, and what propensity, in each
species; and then to compare the power of
manifesting each faculty with the size of its ap-
propriate organ. If size were found not to be a
measure of power, then, in that species, the rule
under discussion would ſail; but even this would
not authorise us to conclude, that it did not hold
good in regard to man; for human Phrenology
is founded, not on analogy, but on positive ob-
servations. Some persons are pleased to affirm,
that the brains of the lower animals consist of
the same parts as the human brain, only on a
smaller scale; but this is highly erroneous. If
the student will procure brains of the sheep,
dog, fox, calf, horse, or hog, and compare them
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 175
with the human brain, or the casts of it sold in
the shops, he will find a variety of parts, espe-
cially in the convolutions which form the organs
of the moral sentiments and the reflecting facul-
ties, wanting in these animals.
It is proper next to advert to certain condi-
tions which may co-exist in the brain with size,
and to attend to their effects. Size, I have said,
is not the only requisite to the manifestation of
great mental power; the brain must possess also
a healthy constitution, and that degree of acti-
vity which is the usual accompaniment of health.
Now, the brain, like other parts of the body,
may be affected with certain diseases which do
not diminish or increase its magnitude, and yet
impair its functions; and, in such cases, great
size may be present, and very imperfect mani-
festations appear; or it may be attacked with
other diseases, such as inflammation, or any of
those particular affections whose nature is un-
known, but to which the name of Mania is gi-
ven in nosology, and which greatly exalt its ac-
tion; and then very forcible manifestations may
176 SIZE AND ACTIVITY,
proceed from a brain comparatively small; but
it is no less true, that when a larger brain is ex-
cited to the same degree by the same causes, the
manifestations become increased in energy in
proportion to the increase of size. These cases,
therefore, form no valid objection to Phrenolo-
gy. The Phrenologist ascertains, by previous
inquiry, that the brain is in a state of health.
If it is not, he makes the necessary limitations
in drawing his conclusions*.
Nature admits of no exceptions, and a single
instance of decidedly vigorous manifestation,
with a small organ, disease being absent, would
overturn all previous observations in favour of
that organ; but men are liable to err; and al-
though an individual Phrenologist may have
called an organ small, the manifestations of
which are powerful, or vice versa, this is not to
be precipitately charged against nature as an
exception. Chemists occasionally fail in expe-
—-
• see this subject discussed at greater length in Phree -y
mological Journal, No. II. p. 300. § -, * >
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 177
-- N
riments, mathematicians err in demonstration,
and arithmeticians are wrong in calculations;
and-in like manner, Phrenologists may commit
mistakes in observing cerebral development.
The test in such cases is, to compare the organ
in regard to which an apparent discrepancy has
occurred, with the same organ in the head of a
person whose powers of manifestation are KNowN
to be diametrically opposite. If the organs are
not perceived by an ordinary eye to differ, then
the exception is proved. I have seen conviction
carried home to an opponent, by such an appeal
to nature, when he imagined himself sure of a
triumph on the score of an error committed by
an observer.
If, in each of two individuals, the organs of
propensity, sentiment, and intellect, are equally
balanced, the general conduct of one may be vi.
cious, and that of another moral and religious.
But the question here is not one of power, for
as much energy may be displayed in vice as in
virtue, but it is one of direction merely. Now,
in cases where an equal development of all the
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178 SIZE AND ACTIVITY,
organs exists, direction depends on eaſternal in-
fluences, and then no phrenologist pretends to
tell to what objects the faculties have been di-
rected, by merely observing the size of the or-
gans.
Suppose, that two individuals possess an or-
ganization exactly similar, but that one is high-
ly educated and the other left entirely to the
impulses of nature; the former will manifest his
faculties with higher power than the latter; and
hence it is argued, that size is not in all cases a
measure of energy.
Here, however, the requisite of catteris pa-
ribus does not hold. An important condi-
tion is altered, and the Phrenologist uniformly
allows for the effects of education, before draw-
ing positive conclusions. See Phrenological
Transactions, p. 308. The objector may per-
haps push his argument farther, and maintain,
that if exercise thus increases power, it is im-
possible to draw the line of distinction between
energy derived from this cause and that which
proceeds from size in the organs, and hence that
s: ."
<º:
§ & º §§.
Aºr
º
tº §
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 179
the real effects of size can never be determined.
In reply, it may be observed, that education
may cause the faculties to manifest themselves
with the highest degree of energy which the size
of the organs will permit, but that size fixes a
limit which education cannot surpasº DENNIs,
we may presume, received some improvement
from education, but it did not render him equal
to Pop E, much less to SHAKESPEARE or MIL-
To N: therefore, if we take two individuals whose
brains are equally healthy, but whose organs
differ in size, and educate them alike, the ad-
vantages in power and attainment will be great-
est in the direct ratio of the size in favour of
the largest brain. Thus the objection ends in
this, that if we compare brains in opposite con-
ditions, we may be led into error—which is,
granted; but this is not in opposition to thè
doctrine that, cateris paribus, size determines
power. Finally—extreme deficiency in size
produces incapacity for education, as in idiots;
while extreme development, if healthy, as in
SHAKESPEARE, BURNS, MozART, anticipates

,”
180 SIZE AND ACTIVITY,
its effects in so far that the individuals educate
themselves.
. In saying, then, that, catteris paribus, size is
a measure of power, Phrenologists demand no
concessions which are not made to physiologists
in general, among whom, in this instance, they
rank themselves.
ACTIVITY means the rapidity with which
the faculties may be manifested. The largest
organs in each head have the greatest, and the
smallest the least, tendency to natural acti-
vity. A certain combination in size, name-
ly, Combativeness, Destructiveness, Hope, Firm-
ness, Acquisitiveness, and Love of Approba-
tion, all large, is commonly attended with ge-
neral activity; and another combination, name-
ly:Combativeness, Destructiveness, Firmness
and Acquisitiveness small or moderate, with
Hope, Veneration and Benevolence all large, is
frequently attended with inactivity in the men-
tal character; but the activity of the whole
brain is constitutionally greater in some indivi-
duals than in others, and this frequently de-
- ?
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 181
pends on causes altogether unknown. It may
even happen that, in the same individual, one
organ is naturally more active than another,
without reference to size; just as the optic
nerve is sometimes more irritable than the audi-
tory; but this is by no means a common oc-
currence. Exercise greatly increases activity;
and hence arise the benefits of education.
The doctrine that size is a measure of power,
is not to be held as implying, that power is the
only, or even the most valuable quality, which
a mind in all circumstances can possess. To
drag artillery over a mountain, or a ponderous
car through the streets of London, we would
prefer an elephant, or a horse of great size and
muscular power; while, for graceful motion,
agility and nimbleness, we would select an Ara-
bian palfrey. In like manner, to lead men in
gigantic and difficult enterprises,<-to command
by native greatness, in perilous times when law
is trampled under foot,--to call forth the energies
of a people and direct them against a tyrant at
home, oran alliance of tyrants abroad, to stamp
182 SIZE AND ACTIVITY,
the impress of a single mind upon an age;—to
infuse strength into thoughts, and depth into
feelings, which shall command the homage of
enlightened men in every period of time;—in
short, to be a BRUCE, BuonAPARTE, LUTHER,
KNox, DEMost HENES, SHAKESPEARE, or MIL-
ToN, a large brain is indispensably requisite ;
but to display skill, enterprise, and fidelity, in
the various professions of civil life;—to cultivate,
with success, the less arduous branches of phi-
losophy;-to excel in acuteness, taste, and fe-
licity of expression;–to acquire extensive eru-
dition and refined manners, a brain of a moderate
size is perhaps more suitable than one that is
very large; for wherever the energy is intense,
it is rare that delicacy, refinement, and taste are
present in an equal degree. Individuals pos-
sessing moderate-sized brains easily find their
proper sphere, and enjoy in it scope for all their
energy. In ordinary circumstances, they distin-
guish themselves; but sink when difficulties
accumulate around them. Persons withs large
brains, on the other hand, do not readily attain
AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 183
their appropriate place; common occurrences do
not rouse or call them forth ; and, while un-
known, they are not trusted with great under-
takings. Often, therefore, such men pine and
die in obscurity. When, however, they attain
their proper element, they feel conscious great.
ness, and glory in the expansion of their powers.
Their mental energies rise in proportion to the
obstacles to be surmounted, and blaze forth in
all the magnificence of genius, when feebler
minds expire in despair.
Men in general obey willingly a person
in authority, whose head is large and fa-
vourably proportioned; because they feel na-
tural greatness coinciding with adventitious
power. If, on the other hand, the head is small,
or large only in the organs of the propensities,
the individual is felt to be inferior in spite of
his artificial elevation, and is opposed, despised,
or hated.
BUoNAPARTE, Captain PARRY, and many
others; present a favourable specimen of the
9t
:*
º º © e tº e e
former'; while, among living men in authority,
184 COMBINATIONS IN SIZE.
numerous examples of the latter are also to be
met with.
Great general size and great activity com-
bined, constitute the natural elements of the
highest genius.
CoMBINATIONS IN SIZE, or EFFECTs of THE
ORGANs when combined IN DIFFERENT
RELATIVE PROPORTIONS. "
THE primitive functions of each organ were
discovered, by observing cases in which it de-
cidedly predominated over, or fell short of,
other organs, in point of size, and, by similar
observations, each must still be verified. After
the discovery is established, its practical applica-
tion deserves attention. Every individual pos-
sesses all the organs, but they are combined in
different degrees of relative size in different per-
sons; and the manifestations of each are mo-
dified in some degree by the influence of those
with which it is combined. *
& #.
£º
. Three rules may be laid down for estiñating .
* *

COMBINATIONS IN SIZE, 185
the effects of differences in relative size, occur-
ring in the organs of the same brain.
RULE FIRST.—Every faculty desires gratifi-
cation with a degree of energy proportionate to
the size of its organ *; and those faculties will
be habitually indulged, the organs of which are
largest in the individual. º º
Ea'amples.—If all the animal organs are
large, and all the organs of the moral senti-
ments and intellect small, the individual will be
naturally prone to animal indulgence in the
highest degree, and disposed to seek gratification
in the directest way, and in the lowest pursuits.
The CARIBs, MARY MACINNES, and BELLING-
HAM, are illustrations of this combination, and
their manifestations corresponded.
If, on the other hand, the organs of the mo-
ral sentiments and intellect greatly predominate,
the individual will be naturally prone to moral
and intellectual pursuits; such persons are “a
* The condition, casteris paribus, is always understood,
and therefore need not be repeated, in treating of the ef.
fects of sizé,
**
186 combinations IN SIZE.
“ law unto themselves.” The casts of Dr
HETTE, and the Reverend Mr M., are ex-
amples of this combination, and they may be
contrasted with the casts last mentioned.
Rule second–As there are three kinds
of faculties, Animal, Moral, and Intellectual,
which are not homogeneous in their nature, it
may happen that several large animal organs
are combined in the same individual with seve.
ral moral and intellectual organs highly de-
veloped. The rule then will be, that the lower
propensities will take their direction from the
higher powers; and such a course of action
will be habitually followed, as will be calcu-
lated to gratify the whole faculties whose or-
gans are large.
Ea'amples.—If the organs of Acquisitiveness
and Conscientiousness be both large, stealing
might gratify Acquisitiveness, but it would offend
Conscientiousness. According to the rule, the
individual would endeavour to gratify both, by
acquiring property by lawful industry. If both
COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 187
W
Combativeness and Destructiveness are large,
and Benevolence and Conscientiousness as fully
developed, wanton outrage and indiscriminate
attack might gratify the first two faculties, but
they would outrage the last two; and hence
the individual would seek for situations calcu-
lated to gratify all four, and these may be
found in the ranks of an army embodied for
º
theiſence of his country; or the same object
may be obtained by moral and intellectual war-
fare against the patrons of corruption and abuse
in Church and State. LUTHER, KNox, and
many other benefactors of mankind, were proba-
bly actuated by such a combination of faculties.
If, in an individual, the Cerebellum is very
large, and Philoprogenitiveness, Adhesiveness,
and Conscientiousness deficient, he will be prone
to the directest gratifications of the animal ap-
petite ; if the latter organs are large, he will
perceive that wedlock affords the only means of
pleasing the whole group of faculties.
* If Benevolence, Self-Esteem, and Acquisi-
tiveness are all large, giving charity may grati-
188 COMIBINATIONS IN SIZE.
fy the first; but unless the individual be very
rich, the act of parting with property may be
disagreeable to the two last faculties: he would
therefore prefer to gratify Benevolence by per-
sonal kindness; he would sacrifice time, trouble,
influence, and advice, to the welfare of others,
but not property. If Benevolence were small,
with the same combination, he would not give
either money or personal service. *ś.

ºś,
Š.T.;
bined
If Love of Approbation large is com
with large Ideality and moderate reflecting fa-
culties, the individual will be ambitious to ex-
cel in the splendour of his equipage, style of
living, dress, and rank. If, to the same combi-
nation, be added a powerful intellect and large
Conscientiousness, moral and intellectual excel-
lence will be preferred as the means of obtain-
ing the respect of the world.
If Self-Esteem large is combined with de-
ficient Love of Approbation and Conscientious-
ness, the individual will be prone to gratify his
selfish feelings, with little regard to the good
opinion, or the just claims of society. If Self-
COMIBINATIONS IN SIZE. 189
Esteem large is combined with large Love of
Approbation and Conscientiousness, the former
will produce only that degree of self-respect
which is essential to dignity of character, and
that degree of independence of sentiment, with-
out which even virtue cannot be maintained.
If Cautiousness large is combined with de-
ficient Combativeness, the individual will be ex-
tremely timid. If Combativeness be large, and
Cautiousness small, reckless intrepidity will be
the result. If Combativeness be equally large
with Cautiousness, the individual will display
courage regulated by prudence. If Cautious-
ness, Conscientiousness, Self-Esteem, Secretive-
ness, and Love of Approbation, are all large, and
Combativeness moderate, bashfulness or maw.
waise honte will be the consequence. This feel-
ing is the result of the fear of not acquitting
one's self to advantage, and thereby compro-
mising one's personal dignity.
r If Veneration and Hope are large, and Con-
scientiousness and Benevolence small, the indi-
vidual will be naturally fond of the act of reli-
gious worship, but averse to the practice of cha-
190 COMBINATIONS IN SIZE.
rity and justice. If the proportions are re-
versed, the result will be a natural disposition
to charity and justice, with no great tendency
to the exercise of devotion. If all the four or-
gans are large, the individual will be naturally
inclined to render homage to GoD, and dis-
charge his duties to men. If Veneration large
is combined with large Acquisitiveness and
Love of Approbation, the former sentiment
may be directed to superiors in rank and power,
as the means of gratifying the desires for wealth
and influence depending on the latter faculties.
If Veneration small be combined with Self.
Esteem and Firmness large, the individual will
not naturally look up to superiors in rank.
The intellectual faculties will naturally tend
to such employments as are calculated to grati-
fy the predominant propensities and sentiments.
If the organs which constitute a genius for
painting are combined with large Acquisitive-
ness, the individual would paint to become rich;
if combined with Acquisitiveness small, find
Love of Approbation large, he would probably
labour for fame, and starve while attaining it.
COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 191
Talents for different intellectual pursuits de-
pend upon the combinations of the knowing
and reflecting organs in certain proportions.
Form, Size, Colouring, Individuality, Ideality,
Imitation, and Secretiveness, large, with Loca-
lity small, will constitute a portrait, but not a
landscape, painter. Diminish Form and Imita-
tion, and increase Locality, and the result will
be a talent for landscape, but not for portrait,
painting. If to Individuality, Comparison, and
Causality, all large, an equally well developed
organ of Language is added, the result will be
a talent for authorship or public debate; if the
Language be small, the other faculties will be
more prone to seek gratification in the business
of life, or in abstract philosophy.
The principle of this rule solves cases which
often appear inexplicable to superficial obser-
vers. In Quaker GEDDES, as drawn by the
Author of Waverly in Redgauntlet, and many
such individuals exist in nature, Combativeness
and Destructiveness are kept in check by the
moral sentiments and reflection, so as in no in-
192 COMBINATIONS IN SIZE,
stance to be permitted to repel violence by vio-
lence. The question is frequently asked what
in such cases becomes of the organs? The an-
swer is, that they are present, and perform their
usual functions. The individual in question is
represented as full of moral intrepidity and en-
ergy of character, and this is the result of Com-
bativeness and Destructiveness, directed by the
superior faculties. If these organs were small,
those of the higher powers being large, the con-
sequence would be a deficiency in active and
energetic qualities of mind. In no instance,
therefore, is it a matter of indifference to the
dispositions and character of the individual,
whether any particular organ be large or small.
To estimate the effect produced on the character
by a large organ, the manifestations of which
appear to be suppressed, we should consider
what the result would be if that organ were
small, while all the others retained their origi-
nal proportions.
}
RULE THIRD.—Where all the organs appear
in nearly equal proportions to each other, the
COMBINATIONS IN SIZE. 193
individual, if left to himself, will exhibit oppo-
site phases of character, according as the animal
propensities or moral sentiments predominate .
for the time. He will pass his life in alternate
sinning and repenting. If external influence is
brought to operate upon him, his conduct will
be greatly modified by it; if placed, for instance,
under severe discipline, and moral restraint, these
will cast the balance, for the time, in favour of
the higher sentiments; if exposed to the solici-
tation of profligate associates, the animal pro-
pensities will probably obtain triumphant sway.
MAxwel, L, who was executed for housebreak-
ing and theft, is an example of this combination.
In him, the three orders of organs are amply
developed, and, while subjected to the discipline
of the army, he preserved a fair reputation;
but when he fell into the company of thieves,
he adopted their practices, and was hanged.
The principles now laid down remove an ob-
jection that has frequently been stated, viz. that,
as different combinations modify the manner in
which the faculties are manifested, and as the
I
194 com BINATIONS IN SIZE.
functions of the parts at the base of the brain
are still undiscovered, no certainty can be obtain-
ed regarding the functions even of the higher
parts; because, say the objectors, all the manifes-
tations actually perceived, may be the result of
the joint action of the known and unknown parts,
and hence it is impossible to determine the speci-
fic functions of each. The answer to this objec-
tion is, that the function of each organ remains
invariable, whatever direction the manifestations
may take, in consequence of its acting in com-
bination with other organs. Hence, if we sup-
pose the unknown parts at the base of the brain
to be the organs of Hunger and Thirst, as seve-
ral facts indicate, then Tune combined with
these parts large, would be directed to Ba-
chanalian songs; if combined with these small,
and Veneration large, hymns would become the
objects of its manifestation ; but, in either case,
Tune would perform only its primitive function
of producing melody,
COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 195
CoMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY.
WHERE several organs are large in the same
individual, they have a natural tendency to
combine in activity, and to prompt him to
a line of conduct calculated to gratify them all.
Where, however, all or the greater part of the
organs are possessed in nearly equal propor-
tions, important practical effects may be pro-
duced, by establishing Combinations in activity
among particular organs, or groupes of organs.
For example, if Individuality, Causality, Com-
parison and Language be all large, they will
naturally tend to act together, and the result of
their combined activity will be a natural talent
for public speaking, or literary composition. If
Language be small, it will be extremely difficult
to establish such a combination in activity, and
the natural talent will be deficient; but if we
take two individuals, in both of whom this
groupe of organs is ºf an average size, and if
196 COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY;
we train one of them to a mechanical employ.
ment, and the other to the bar; in the latter,
the reflecting organs and that of Language will
be trained to act together, and the result will
be an acquired facility in writing and debate;
whereas, in the former individual, in conse-
quence of the organ of Language never being
accustomed to act in combination with those of
intellect, this facility would be utterly wanting.
On the same principle; if a person having an ex-
cellent endowment of the organs of propensity,
sentiment and intellect, were introduced for the
first time into higher society than that with
which he had been accustomed, it might hap-
pen, that he would lose for a moment the com-
mand of his faculties, and exhibit an unhappy
specimen of awkwardness and embarrassment.
This would arise from irregular and unharmo-
nious action in the different faculties and or-
gans; Veneration powerfully excited would
prompt him to manifest profound respect; Love
of Approbation would inspire him with a strong
desire to exhibit a pleasing and becoming ap-
COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 197
pearance; Cautiousness would produce alarm,
lest he should fail in any essential of breeding ;
Self-Esteem would feel compromised by em-
barrassment stealing on the mind; and the in-
tellect, distracted by these vivacious and con-
flicting emotions, would be unable to regulate
the conduct, according to the rules of propriety.
When familiarised with the situation, the sen-
timents would subside into a state of less ener-
getic and more harmonious action; the intellect
would then assume the supremacy, and regu-
late and direct the feelings which previously
had overpowered it; and then the individual
might become the idol and ornament of the
circle, in which he at first made so awkward a
debut.
It is in virtue of this principle that educa-
tion produces its most important effects. If,
for instance, we take two individuals, in each of
whom all the organs are developed in an aver-
age degree; and if the one of them has been
educated among persons of sordid and merce-
nary dispositions, Acquisitiveness and Self-
198 compINATIONS IN ACTIVITY,
Esteem would then be cultivated in him into a
high degree of activity, and self interest and
personal aggrandisement - would be viewed as -
the great objects of life. If the Love of Ap-
probation were trained : into combined activity
with these faculties, it would desire distinction
in wealth or power s ifVeneration were trained
to act in concert with them, it would take the
direction of admiring the rich and great; and,
Conscientiousness not being predominantly vi-
gorous, would only intimate that such pur-
suits were unworthy, without possessing the
power by itself, of overcoming or controlling
the whole combination against it. If another
individual, possessing the same development,
were trained amidst moral and religious society,
in whose habitual conduct the practice of be-
- nevolence and justice towards men, and vene-
ration towards Gop, was represented as the
leading objects of human existence, the Love
of Approbation, acting with this combination,
would desire esteem for honourable and virtu-
ous actions; and Acquisitiveness would be
COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 199
viewed as the means of procuring gratification
to these higher powers, but not as itself an ob-
ject of paramountimportance. The practical con-
duct of the two individuals might be very differ-
ent, in consequence of this difference of training.
The principle now under discussion is not
inconsistent with the influence of size; because
it is only in individuals in whom the organs are
nearly on an equality in point of size, that so t
great effects can be produced by combinations
in activity. In such cases the Phrenologist, in
estimating the effects of size, always inquires
into the education bestowed.
The doctrine of combinations in activity ex-
plains several other mental phenomena of an in-
teresting nature. In viewing the heads of the
higher and lower classes of society, we do not
perceive the animal organs preponderating in
point of size in the latter, and the moral
sentiments in the former, in any very palpable
degree. The high polish, therefore, which cha-
racterises the upper ranks, is the result of sus-
tained harmony in the action of the different fa-
200 COMEINATIONS IN ACTIVITY.
culties, snd especially in those of the moral sen-
timents, induced by long cultivation; while the
rudeness observable in some of the lower orders,
results from a predominating combination in
activity among the lower propensities; and the
awkwardness that frequently characterises them,
arises from the propensities, sentiments, and in-
tellect, not being habituated to act together. If,
however, an individual is very deficient in the
higher organs, he will remain vulgar, in con-
sequence of this defect, although he is born
and educated even in the best society, and in
spite of every effort to communicate refinement
by training; while, on the other hand, if a very
favourable development of the organs of the
higher sentiments and intellect is possessed, the
individual, in whatever rank he moves, will have
the stamp of Nature's mobility.
Several moral phenomena also, which were
complete enigmas to the older metaphysicians,
are explained by this principle. Dr ADAM
SMITH, in his Theory, Chapter II., “On
“ the influence of fortune upon the sen-
COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY 201
“ timents of mankind, with regard to the
“ merit and demerit of actions,” states the
following case: A person throws a large stone
over a wall into the public street, without
giving warning to those who may be passing,
and without regarding where it may fall; if it
light upon a person's head, and knock out his
brains, we would punish the offender pretty se-
verely; but if it fall upon the ground, and hurt
nobody, we would be offended with the same
measure of punishment, which, in the former
event, we would reckon just, and yet the deme-
rit in both cases is the same. Dr SMITH gives
no theory to account for these differences of mo-
ral determination. Phrenology explains them.
If the stone falls upon an unhappy passenger,
Benevolence in the spectator is outraged;—if
the sufferer had a wife and family, Philoproge-
mitiveness and Adhesiveness are offended.
. Self-Esteem and Cautiousness also are excited
by the idea, that we might have shared the
same fate; all these rouse Destructiveness, and
the whole together loudly demand a smart in-
fliction on the transgressor to appease them,
I 2
202 COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY.
In the other event, when the stone falls to the
ground, and hurts nobody, the only faculties
excited are Intellect and Conscientiousness, and
probably Cautiousness, and these calmly look
at the motive of the offender, which probably
was mere thoughtless levity, and enact a slight
punishment against him. The proper sentence
in such a case is that which would be pronoun-
ced by Intellect and the moral sentiments act-
ing in combination, uninfluenced by the lower
propensities.
In like manner, when a person becomes judge
in his own cause, Self-Esteem, Acquisitiveness,
and probably Combativeness and Destructive-
mess, roused by the conduct of the opposite par-
ty, mingle their influence with that of Conscien-
tiousness, and the result is a determination
frequently the very opposite of justice. When
a neutral person is appointed as judge, Consci-
entiousness and Intellect alone are called into
activity, and absolute justice is the result of a
powerful sentiment of Conscientiousness, tho-
roughly enlightened by an acute and well-in-
COMBINATIONS IN ACTIVITY. 203
formed understanding. In party politics, Ad-
hesiveness, Love of Approbation, and Benevo-
lence, not to mention Combativeness and De-
structiveness, are extremely apt to enter into
vivid activity, in surveying the conduct of an
individual who has distinguished himself by
zealous efforts upon our own side; and our
judgment of his conduct will, in consequence,
be the determination of Intellect and Conscien-
tiousness, disturbed and led astray by these in-
ferior feelings.
0N MATERIALISM.
The objection, that Phrenology leads to ma-
terialism, has been frequently urged against the
science; but it appears singularly unphilosophi-
cal, even upon the most superficial considera-
tion. Phrenology, viewed as the assertion of
certain physical facts, cannot, if unfounded, lo-
gically lead to any result, except the disgrace
and mortification of its supporters. On such a
204 MATERIALISM.
supposition, it cannot overturn religion, or any
other truth ; because, by the constitution of the
human intellect, error constantly tends to re-
solve itself into nothing, and to sink into obli-
vion; while truth, having a real existence, re-
mains permanent and impregnable. In this
view, then, the objection, that phrenology leads
to materialism, is absurd. If, on the other
hand, the science is held to be a true interpre-
tation of nature, and if it is urged, that, never-
theless, it leads fairly and logically to material-
ism, then the folly of the objection is equally
glaring; for it resolves itself into this, that
materialism is the constitution of mature, and
that Phrenology is dangerous, because it makes
this constitution known.
The charge assumes a still more awkward ap-
pearance in one shape in which it is frequently
brought forward. The objector admits that
the mind uses the body as an instrument of
communication with external nature, and main-
tains that this fact does not necessarily lead to
materialism. In this I agrec with him; but I
MATERIALISM. 205
cannot perceive how it should lead nearer to
this result, to hold that each faculty manifests
itself by a peculiar organ than to believe that
the whole mind acts on external objects by
means of the whole body or the whole brain.
In short, in whatever point of view the system
is regarded, whether as true or false, the obj €C-
tion of materialism is futile and unphilosophi-
cal; and one must regret that it should have
been brought forward in the name of Religion,
because every imbecile and unfounded attack
against Philosophy, made in this sacred name,
tends to diminish the respect with which it ought
always to be invested.
The question of materialism itself, however,
as a point of abstract discussion, has of late ex-
cited considerable attention ; and I shall offer a
few remarks upon its general merits. In enter-
ing on the subject, it is proper to take a view
of the nature and extent of the point in dispute,
and of the real effect of our decision upon it.
The question then is, Whether the substance of
which the thinking principle is composed be
206 MATERIALISM.
matter or spirit P And the effect of our deci-
sion, let it be observed, is not to alter the na-
ture of that substance, whatever it is, but mere-
ly to adopt an opinion consonant with, or ad-
verse to, a fact in nature over which we have
no controul. Mind, with all its faculties and
functions, has existed since the creation, and
will exist till the human race becomes extinct,
and no opinion of man concerning the cause of
its phenomena can have the least influence over
that cause itself. The mind is invested by na-
ture with all its properties and essences, and
these it will possess, and manifest, and main-
tain, let men think, and speak, and write
what they will, concerning its substance. If
the Author of Nature has invested the
mind with the quality of endless existence, it
will, to a certainty, flourish in immortal youth,
in spite of every appearance of premature de-
cay. If, on the other hand, Nature has limited
its existence to this passing scene, and decreed
that it shall perish for ever when the animating
principle passes from the body, then all our
MATERIALISM. 207
conjectures, arguments, discussions, and asser-
tions, respecting its immortality, will not add
one day to its existence. The opinions of man,
therefore, concerning the substance of the mind,
can have no influence whatever in changing or
modifying that substance itself; and if so, as
little can these opinions undermine the consti-
tution of the mind, or its relations to time and
eternity, on which, as their foundations, morali-
ty and religion must and do rest as on an im-
mutable basis. According to Phrenology, morali-
ty and natural religion originate in and emanate
from the primitive constitution of the mental
powers themselves. Innumerable observations
have proved, that faculties and organs of Bene-
volence, Hope, Veneration, Justice, and Re-
flection exist. Now, our believing that the
mind will die with the body will not pluck
these sentiments and powers from the soul;
nor will our believing the mind to be immortal
implant a single one more of them in our con-
stitution. They would all remain the same in
functions and constitution, and render virtue
208 MATERIALISM.
amiable and vice odious, although we should
believe the mind to be made of dust, just as
they would do were we to believe the mind to
be a more immediate emanation from the Deity
himself.
In short, therefore, this question of mate-
rialism is one of the most vain, trivial, and un-
interesting that ever engaged the human intel-
lect ; and nothing can be more unphilosophical,
and more truly detrimental to the interests of
morality and religion, than the unfounded cla-
mour, or cant shall I call it, which has been
poured forth from the periodical journals about
the dangers attending it. A manly intellect,
instead of bowing before prejudice, would dis-
sipate it by shewing that the question is alto-
gether an illusion, and that, adopt what opinion
we will concerning the substance of the mind,
every attribute belonging to it must remain un-
altered and unimpeached.
But not to stop in our investigation till we
have reached the goal, we may inquire, whe-
ther it be possible to discover the substance of
MATERIALISM. Q09
which the mind is composed, whether it be ma-
terial or immaterial? Previous to doing so,
however, we ought to endeavour to ascertain
what means we possess of arriving at a know-
ledge of the essence of the mind, All our
knowledge must be derived either from con-
sciousness or observation. Now, by reflecting
on what we feel, we discover nothing concern-
ing the nature or essence of the thinking being.
We do not feel a spiritual substance stirring
about within us, and elaborating sentiment and
thought; and neither do we feel a material
substance producing these effects. We are con-
scious only of feelings and emotions, of friend-
ships and attachments, of high conceptions and
glorious thoughts; but whether these originate
from matter or spirit; whether the first embryo
substance of reflection dwelt lowly in the dust,
or soared a pure ethereal essence amid the re-
gions of boundless space, before it was constitut-
ed a part of us ; whether GoD, in creating man,
was pleased to invest his material organs with
the property of thought, or to infuse into him
210 MATERIALISM,
a portion of immaterial fire ;-on all these
points consciousness gives us no information,
A great deal of popular delusion, indeed, has
been kept alive on this point, by the fact being
overlooked, that we are not conscious of the
operations of the brain. Men in general, be-
cause they are sensible only of thought and
feeling, and not of the movements of any mate-
rial organ performing these acts of the mind,
imagine that it is necessarily an immaterial sub-
stance which is thinking and feeling within
them; but they are equally unconscious of the
contraction and relaxation of the muscles, and
they might as well imagine that their arms and
legs are moved, not by material organs, but
by the direct impulse of spirit, as entertain the
supposition in question. In short, the truly phi-
losophical conclusion is, that, by means of con-
sciousness, we are unable to discover of what
substance the thinking principle is composed.
Does observation, then, throw a stronger and
steadier light upon this long-agitated question ?
The mental organs, while in health, and in the
MATERIALISM. 21.1
natural state in which their functions are most
perfectly performed, are completely hid from
inspection. No eye can penetrate the integu-
ments of the head, and the tables of the skull,
and the dura mater, and the pia mater, to ob-
tain a view of the operations performed in the
brain, while the thoughts run high, and the
sentiments swell with emotion; and when ex-
ternal injury or disease removes these coverings,
the mind does not then disport in all the vigour
of its healthy action. Besides, even when all
these external obstacles to inspection are re-
moved, still it is only the surface of the convo-
lutions which is perceived, and the soul may be
enthroned in the long fibres which extend from
the surface to the medulla oblongata, or thought
may be elaborated there, and still evade detec-
tion. It will be said, however, that death will
solve the question, and allow the whole secrets
of the soul to be disclosed; but, alas! when the
pulse has ceased to beat, and the lungs no
longer play, the brain presents nothing to
our contemplation, but an inert mass, of a soft
212 MATERIALISM.
and fibrous texture, in which no thought can
be discerned, and no sentiment can be perceiv-
ed, and in which also no spirit or immaterial
substance can be traced; so that from inspecting
it even imagination receives no food for conjec-
ture, as to the presence or absence of an imma-
terial guest, while life and health yet animated
its folds,
Observation, therefore, reveals as little in re-
gard to the substance of the mind as does re-
flection or consciousness; and as no other
modes of arriving at certain knowledge are open
to man, the solution of the question appears to
be placed completely beyond his reach. In
short, to use an observation of Dr SPURZHEIM,
Nature has given man faculties fitted to ob-
serve phenomena as they at present exist, and
the relations subsisting between them, but has
denied to him powers fitted to discover, as a
matter of direct perception, either the beginning
or the end, or the essence of any thing under
the Sun; and we may amuse our imaginations
MATERIALISM. 213
with conjectures, but will never arrive at truth,
when we stray into these interdicted regions.
The solution of this question, therefore, is
not only unimportant, but it is impossible; and
this leads me to observe, that no idea can be
more erroneous than that which supposes the
dignity and future destiny of man as an immor-
tal being, to depend, of necessity, on the sub-
stance of which he is made.
Let us allow to the materialist, for the sake
of argument, that the brain is the mind, and
that medullary matter thinks,—what then P If in
fact it does so, it must be the best possible sub-
stance for thinking, just because the CREATOR
selected it for the purpose, and endowed it with
this property. In this argument the religious
constantly forget that the same oMNIPOTENT
hand made the brain that created the mind
and the universe itself, and that, in the dedica-
tion of every cerebral convolution to its objects,
be they thinking or any other process, the Di-
vine Wisdom is as certainly exercised, as in im-
pressing motion on the planets, or infusing light
214 MATERIALISM,
and heat into the sun. If, therefore, de facto,
GoD has made the brain to think, we may rest
assured that it is exquisitely and perfectly
adapted for this purpose, and that His objects
in creating man will not be defeated on account
of His having chosen a wrong substance out of
which to constitute the thinking principle. But
what are His objects in creating man? This
brings us to the jet of the question at once.
Mr LAWRENCE, it is said, founds no moral
doctrine on his opinions regarding the essence
of the mind; but other materialists, who make
these opinions the foundation of atheism, wish
us to believe that the best evidence of the Di-
vine intention in creating the human soul, is to
be found in discovering the substance of which
it is made; and they insinuate, that if it is con-
stituted of a very refined and dignified ma-
terial, the conclusion necessarily follows, that
it is intended for magnificent destinies, while, if
it is composed of a rude and vulgar stuff, it
must be intended only to crawl on this filthy
world. Here, however, sense and logic equally
MATERIALISM. 215
fail them; for no principle in philosophy is
more certain than that we cannot infer from a
knowledge of the mere substance of any thing
for what ends it is fitted. Exhibit to a human
being every variety of imaginable essence, and
if you allow him to know no more of its proper-
ties than he can discover from examining its
constituent parts, he will be utterly incapable
of telling whether it is calculated to endure for
a day or last to etermity. The materialist,
therefore, is not entitled, even from the suppos-
ed admission that medullary matter thinks, to
conclude that the human being is not immortal
and responsible. The true way of discovering
for what end man has been created, is to look to
the qualities with which he has been endowed,
trusting that the substance of which he is com-
posed is perfectly suited to the objects of his
creation. Now, when we inquire into the qua-
lities, we find the thinking principle in him
to differ, not only in degree but in kind,
from that of the lower animals. The latter
have no faculty of Justice, to indicate to them
that the unrestrained manifestation of Destruc-
216 MATERIALISM,
tiveness or Acquisitiveness is wrong; they have
no sentiment of Veneration to prompt them to
seek a GoD whom they may adore; they have
no faculty of Hope, pointing out futurity as an
object of ceaseless anxiety and contemplation,
and leading them to desire a life beyond the
grave; and, indeed, the convolutions of the
brain, which in man form the organs of these
sentiments, do not exist in the lower animals.
Those organs also, which in man serve to ma-
nifest the faculties of Reflection, are, in the
lower animals, eminently deficient, and their
understanding, in exact correspondence with
this fact, is so limited as to be satisfied with
little knowledge, and to be insensible to the
comprehensive design and glories of creation.
Man, then, being endowed with qualities which
are denied to the lower creatures, we are enti-
tled, by a legitimate exercise of reflection, the
subject being beyond the region of the external
senses, to conclude, on principles truly philoso-
phic, that he is designed for another and a
higher destiny than is to be allotted to them,
whatever be the essence of his mind.
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANS. 217
ON DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS AND NUME-
RATIONS of THE ORGANs.
THE organs are arranged and numbered in
this work, according to the order adopted in
Dr SPURZHEIM's new physiognomical system,
published in 1815. The principle of that ar-
rangement was, as far as possible, philosophical.
The organs common to man and the lower ani-
mals came first, beginning with the lowest, and
ascending. The organs of the moral sentiments
were next treated of; and, lastly, the organs of
intellect. The abrupt transition from the or-
gan of Cautiousness to that of Benevolence, arises
from the latter being found in the brains of the
lower animals, and belonging to the class com-
mon to them and man; whereas the convolutions
which constitute the whole intermediate organs,
or those of the sentiments proper to man, viz.
Veneration, Hope, Ideality, and Conscientious-
ness, are not found in the brutes. This ar-
rangement, however, is not represented as per-
FC
218 CLASSIFICATION
fect; and Dr SPURzHEIM, in his French works,
has altered it, as he thinks, for the better. I
have preserved the old numeration, not on ac-
count of its being preferable in itself, but be-
cause it will be impossible to arrive at a perfect
classification, until the primitive faculty, or ul-
timate function of all the organs, is definitely as-
certained. This is not at present the case; and,
in consequence, every interim arrangement is in
danger of being overturned by subsequent dis-
COVeries.
In the new physiognomical system, for ex-
ample, Dr SPURzHEIM places Wit and Imita-
tion among the intellectual organs; while, in his
Prench works, he considers these faculties as
sentiments, and arranges them accordingly. If,
however, Mr Scott's analysis of the functions
of Wit, stated on pages. 122 and 123 of this
work, be correct, which appears highly pro-
bable, this organ will fall ultimately to be
placed among the reflecting powers, and then Dr
SPURzHEIM's new arrangement will be more in-
correct than the old one. By adhering, till the
OF ORGANS. 219
science is farther advanced, to a particular or-
der, and intimating that it is only temporary,
the evil of such alterations is avoided, and when
a change is at last made, it will be permanent.
There is no difference of opinion among Phre-
mologists in regard to the kind of manifestations
which accompany the faculties and organs set
down as established ; their differences touch
only the result of the metaphysical analysis of
the feelings and intellectual powers.
Dr GALL appears not to adopt any philosophi-
cal principle in his arrangement of the organs;
but it is proper that his order should be known;
and it is given below. Mr DE WILLE of Lon-
don numbers the organs in the Phrenological
busts sold by him according to Dr SPURzHEIM’s
new classification, and I shall add it also. Mr
O'NEIL of Edinburgh has just published a set
of Phrenological busts (five in number) intend-
ed to elucidate the appearance of the head in
different ages and sexes, and in individuals of
opposite natural dispositions. One of them is
a cast from the head of a girl of twelve years of
220 CLASSIFICATION
age; another from the head of a boy of ten; a
third from the head of a lady; a fourth from
the head of a gentleman; and the fifth is a cast
of John PALLET, executed for the murder of
JAMES MUMFORD, and it is given as a speci-
men of the cerebral development of the lower
class of criminals. In all of these, the organs
are numbered according to the classification of
the present work, and their relative sizes are
marked.
Names and Order of the organs adopted by

Dr GALL.
No. JEnglish. French. German.
1. Amativeness. Instinct de la ge-Zeugungstrieb.
neration.
2. Philoprogenitive-|Amour le la pro-Jungenliebe,
IlêSS. géniture. Kinderliebe.
3. Adhesiveness. Attachement,
amitié.
4. |Combativeness. Instinct de la dé-Muth, Rauſsinn.
fense de Soi-
même et de Sa
propriété.
5. Destructiveness. Instinct carnas- Wurgsinn.
sier. •-
OF 'ORGANS.
221

No. English. French. German.
6. Secretiveness. Ruse, finesse, Sa-|List, Schlauheit,
voir-faire. Klugheit.
7. Acquisitiveness. Sentiment de la Eigenthumsinn.
10.
II.
12
13.
114.
. Self-Esteem.
. |Love of Approba-
tion.
Cautiousness.
Individuality.
Locality.
Form.
Language.
propriété.
Orgueil, fierté,
hauteur.
Vanité, ambition,
amour de la
gloire.
Circonspection,
prévoyance.
Mémoire des
choses, mémoire
des faits, sens
des chose, édu-
cabilité, perfec-
tibilité,
Sens des localités,
sens des rap-
ports de l’e.
Space.
Mémoire de per-
Sonnes, sens des
personnes.
Sens des mots,
Sens des noms,
mémoire des
mots, memoire
verbale.
Stolz, Hoch-
muth, Hersch-
sucht.
Eitelkeit, Ruhm-
sucht, Ehrgeitz.
Behutsamkeit, ,
Vorsicht, Vor-
sichtigkeit.
Sachgedoechtniss,
Erziehungs-Foe-
higkeit.
Ortsinn, Raum-
sinn.
|
Personen-sinn.
\
t
Wort-Gedoech-
miss. i
t
222 CLASSIFICATION

No. English. French. German.
15. |Held by Dr Sens de langageSprach-For-
SPURZHEIM to de parole, ta-| schungs-sinn.
be included in | lent de la phi-
the last organ. | lologie, &c.
16. |Colouring. Sens des rapports|Farben-sinn.
des couleurs, ta-
lent de la pein-
ture.
l7. |Tune. Sens des rapports]Ton-sinn.
*. des tons, talent
de la musique.
l8. lNumber. Sens des rapports
des nombres.
19. |Constructiveness.]Sens de mécha-|Kunst-sinn, Bau-
nique, sens de sinn. t&
construction, ta-
lent de l'archi-
tecture.
20. |Comparison. Sagacité compara-Vergleichender-
tive. scharfsinn,
2I. |Causality.º Esprit metaphy-|Metaphysischer-
sique, profon-| Tiefsinn.
deur d'esprit. 4.
22. | Wit. Esprit caustique,|Witz.
esprit de saillie. ſ*
423. | Ideality. Talent poétique. Dichter-Geist.
24. | Benevolence. Bonté, bienveil-Gutmoethigkeit,
| lance, douceur,| Mitleiden, &c.
compassion, &c.
OF ORGANS. 223
§

No. English. French. German.
25. Imitation. Faculté d’imiter,
mimique.
26. |Veneration. Sentiment religi-
€Ulx.
27. |Firmness. Fermeté, con-
stance, persévé-
T3.11Ce.
Dr GALL marks as unascertained several organs admit-
ted by other Phrenologists.
Names and Orders of the Organs, according to
Dr SPURzHEIM's New Classification.
ORDER. I.--FEELINGS.
Genus I.—PROPENSITIES.
1. Amativeness. “6. Destructiveness.
2. Philoprogenitiveness. 7. Constructiveness.
3. Inhabitiveness. 8. Acquisitiveness.
4. Adhesiveness. 9. Secretiveness.
5. Combativeness.
Genus II.-SENTIMENTS.
10. Self-Esteem. 16. Conscientiousness.
tl. Love of Approbation. 17. Hope.
12. Cautiousness. 18. Surnaturalité (Wonder).
13. Benevolence. 19. Wit.
I4. Veneration. 20. Ideality.
5l. Firmness. 21. Imitation.
224
CI, ASSIFICATION OF ORGANS.
{}RDER II. —INTELLECTUAL FACUL-
TIES.
Genus I.-ExTERNAL SENSEs.
Touch. Hearing.
Taste. Sight,
$mell.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
34.
Genus II.-PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES.
Individuality (Lower 28.
Individuality). 29.
Form. 30.
Size.
Weight. 31.
Colouring. 32.
Locality. 33.
Number.
Order.
Phenomènes (Upper In-
dividuality).
Time.
Tune.
Language.
Genus III.—REFLECTIVE FACULTIES.
Comparison. 35.
Causality.
I) ESCRIPTION OF CIR ANIOMETER. 225
DESCRIPTION OF CRANIoMETER.
Figure 1st represents a pair of callipers.
The numerals on the scale indicate the width
from point to point, when they are open. They
are useful for ascertaining the general size of
the head, as mentioned on p. 162. The legs are
Sometimes made to unscrew at AA, and fitted with
hinges at BB, and the instrument can then be
put into a small case, and carried in the pocket.
The ball Cis for inserting into the orifice of the
ear, in taking measurements from it to different
points of the head.
Figure 2d, represents a craniometer invent-
ed by Mr RoPERT ELLIs, simplified and im.
proved by Mr WILLIAM GRAY, and approved
of, in its present form, by the Phrenological
Society. The object of it is to measure the
length from the medulla oblongata, or top of
the spinal marrow, where each organ originates,
to the point where it reaches the surface of the
226 DESCRIPTION
brain. The rods BB are moveable, and the
balls (made of ivory or brass,) on the inner ends
of them, go into the external opening of the ear.
The point A is the middle of the axis which
would be formed by the prolongation of these
rods; and it coincides, not exactly, but pretty
nearly, with the middle of the medulla oblon-
gata. The rods must be inserted to equal
depths into the ears, otherwise the centre A
would not coincide with the middle of the axis
in the head. The rods are graduated, to secure
accuracy in this respect. C, C, C, is an exact
semicircle, (made of steel, or double plates of
tin) of which A is the centre. DE is an index,
intended to measure distances from A. To
construct it accurately, make the end D touch
A, and the other end coincide with every part
of the circumference of the semicircle. When
drawn out, the end E rises as far above the cir-
cumference as the end D recedes from the point
A. The index is graduated, beginning at the
top, and the lengths are read off as they appear
on the projecting part.
OF CRANIOMETER. 227
Figure 3d, represents the craniometer appli-
ed. The semicircle moves backwards and for-
wards on the axis B, B, and the index may be
moved from right to left along the circumfer-
ence. To keep the index always pointing to A,
it is made to slide in a piece of wood F, Fi-
gure 4., the sides of the groove of which form
a segment of a circle, coinciding with, and ap-
plied to, the circumference of the semicircle.
This instrument measures only the length of
the organs. Their breadth is judged of by
their expansion at the surface; and the two di-
mensions give their absolute size.
Mr HENRY THOMPson has favoured me with
a drawing, and relative explanation, calculated
to represent the effects of a number of the most
frequent combinations in size in a tabular form;
but the limits of this work prevent me laying it
before the Public.
THE END.
- *** +
- *
*—
P. NEIL1, Printer.
A 2.17% A.
Azºrezzº Azzºz. ºenº /***
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- -
C ran”.
Fig.1 Fig. 2.
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B £3–tº
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-º-º-º-ºne º -º-º-º-º-º-º:
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Lately Published by
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TAYLOR & HESSEY, London, Price 4s.
(Published Qūarterly,)
THE
PHRENOLOGICAL, JOURNAL AND
MISCELLANY.
CONTENTS.
No. I.-Introductory Statement—Suppression of Phrenolo-
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George Combe and Dr Barclay–Phrenology and Profes-
sor Jameson—Mr Charles Bell on the Functions of the
Nerves—Dialogue between a Philosopher of the Old
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The Spider and the Bee—The Enemies of Phrenology—
Letter from Miss Cordelia Heartless—Character of Mac-
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ers in Museum of Surgeons, Dublin–Materialism and
Scepticism—Anti-phrenological Lectures by the Sieur
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2
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in Quentin Durward—Dugald Stewart, Esq. on Milton's
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Directions for observing Development—Phrenology and
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Number–Proceedings of the Phrenological Society—On
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TNo. III–Phrenological Essay, read by Mr Andrew Combe
to the Medical Society; Edinburgh, 21st November 1823
—On the Combinations in Phrenology—Shakspeare's Iago.
analysed—Case of John Pället—Master James Hubard
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Lately Published by .
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In One Volume 8vo. with Five Engravings, Price 14s.
TRANSACTIONS
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Instituted 22d February 1820.
CONTENTS.
Preliminary Dissertation by MFG.Combe—Outlines of Phre-
nology—View of Dr Spurzheim’s Lectures, by Dr Poole
—On Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Secretiveness,
by Mr William Scott—On the Effects of Injuries of the
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of perceiving Colours, by Dr Butter—Case of a patient
who forgot the use of Language, by Mr Hood—On the
Cerebral Development and Character of King Robert
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Clara Fisher, by Mr George Combe-Case of J. G. a boy
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Patterson.
Just Published by
LUKE O'NEIL & SON,
No 125. CANONGATE,
EDINBURGH,
A Complete Set of PHRENOLOGICAL
BUSTS, five in Number, consisting of the
Busts of a Gentleman and a Lady, a Boy and
a Girl, both about 10 or 12 years of age, and a
Bust of John Pallet, executed for the murder
of James Mumford.
To be able to observe accurately in nature, it is ne-
cessary to know the appearance of the organs when com-
bined in a variety of proportions to each other; and this
can be learned only from inspecting a number of heads.
The present set of Busts is intended to facilitate the ac-
quisition of this knowledge. The organs are marked, the
measurements with the new craniometer given, and the
relative size of the organs stated, in each; and the whole
have been approved of by the Council of the Phrenologi-
cal Society.
Complete Sets, Price £1, will be forwarded to any
part of the country; and arranged, if required, in proper
Cases, with a Lock and Key, at an additional expence of
7s. 6d. º
Any of the above Busts may be had separately at 5s.
each. $
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