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CATAL 0 (#UE
OF THE
s N A K E s
IN THE
B R IT IS H M U S E U M
* (NATURAL HISTORY).ºpe cº, apolº.
VOLUM E III.,
CONTAINING THE
COLUBRIDAE (OPISTHOGLYPHAE AND PROTEROGLYPHAE),
AMBLYCEPHALIDAE, AND WIPERIDAE.
HY
GEORGE ALBERT BOULENGER, F.R.S.
L O N D O N :
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
SOLD BY
LONG MANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW :
B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W.;
f KEGAN PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS RoAD;
S. AND AT THE *
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S. W.
[All rights reserved.]
1896.
latural Science
library
&L
G G G
O &
J33 &
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v. Jº
Af, ERE º Iºl, AM MAM,
P---
PRINT E D B Y TA Y Lo R A N D F R A N C Is,
RED LIon CourT, FLEET STREET.

; Nº. -
As
Çſ
!--
2-10-7] .
*oqozº'. 220
PREFACE
WITH this volume is brought to a conclusion a series of works
which all zoologists must acknowledge to be of primary importance
in the history of science. The series consists of nine volumes,
viz. –The Catalogue of Batrachia Salientia, published in 1882;
the Catalogue of Batrachia Gradientia, also in 1882 ; the Catalogue
of Lizards, vol. i. 1885, vol. ii. 1885, vol. iii. 1887; the Catalogue
of Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles, 1889; and the
Catalogue of Snakes, vol. i. 1893, vol. ii. 1894, and vol. iii. 1896. -
These works are not only catalogues in the ordinary sense of the
largest general collections of Batrachia and Reptilia ever yet brought
together, but are complete monographs of the groups of animals
treated of, so far as their zoological characters, geographical distri-
bution, and synonymy are concerned—descriptions being given of
every species regarded by the author as valid, whether contained
in the Museum or not. - -
The initiative of the series is due to Dr. Günther. It was begun
and has been carried out almost to its close under his Keepership
of the Zoological Department. -
Of the unremitting devotion of Mr. Boulenger to the task which
has occupied him for more than fifteen years, or of the ability and
iv PREFACE.
large anatomical and literary knowledge he has brought to bear
upon it, it is not necessary for me to speak—they are known to all,
zoologists; and I hardly need point out that the value of the work
has been greatly increased by the numerous carefully executed
figures of new species and of illustrative anatomical details which
it contains.
W. H. FLOWER,
Director.
April 15, 1896.
INTRODUCTION.
THIs concluding volume of the Catalogue of Snakes, contains the
descriptions of 689 species, 564 of which are represented in the
Collection, and the enumeration of 5230 specimens.
The total number of recognized species of Ophidians now amounts
to 1639. Duméril & Bibron’s ‘Erpétologie Générale’ (1854) registers
531; Gray and Günther's Catalogues (1849–58) 544; and 789
(including numerous nomina nuda) are enumerated in Jan's
‘Elenco’ (1863).
The amalgamated index to the three volumes, which is appended,
contains 7335 names, thus showing the enormous extent of the
synonymy.
With this volume the revision of the entire Herpetological
Collection in the British Museum is brought to a close, a work
the publication of which has extended over fourteen years. The
whole series of Catalogues, consisting of nine Volumes—two of
Batrachians (1882), three of Lizards (1885–87), one of Rhyncho-
cephalians, Chelonians, and Crocodiles (1889), and three of Snakes
(1893–96)—deals with 4,413 species and 28,642 specimens. But
the numerous additions to the Collection and to the Literature,
made since the appearance of the earlier volumes, raise these
numbers as follows:–
vi INTRODUCTION.
Species repre- Specimens
Described sented in in Collec-
valid species. Collection. tion.
REPTILIA.
SQUAMATA. -
OPHIDIA . . . . . . . . . . 1639 1327 11092
RHIPTOGLOSSA . . . . . . 76 58 544
LACERTILIA . . . . . . . . 1893 1413. 13524
EMYDOSAURIA . . . . . . 23 20 250
CHELONIA. . . . . . . . . . . 219 183 1852
RHYNCHOCEPHALIA. . . 1. 1 13
BATRACHIA.
ECAUDATA . . . . . . . . . . 1146 778 8950
CAUDATA . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 89 1685
APODA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 36 176
Total. . . . 5170 3905 38086
The Collection in the Museum is not only the largest but also
the best-arranged in existence, every specimen in it having been
carefully examined and classified according to a modern system
after consultation of the whole literature.
The Author begs to express his thanks to the following gentlemen
who have assisted him in the preparation of the Catalogue of Snakes,
through gift or loan of specimens, or with notes on the types in
the Collections under their charge :-Professor Waillant, Dr. Moc-
quard, and M. Bocourt, of the Paris Museum ; Marquis Doria and
Dr. Gestro, Genoa; Professor Hertwig, Munich ; Professor Ehlers,
Göttingen; Professor Barboza du Bocage, Lisbon ; M. Dollo,
Brussels; Professor Möbius and Dr. Tornier, Berlin; Professor
Boettger, Frankfort/M.; Professor Camerano and Count Peracca,
Turin; Professor Bavay, Brest ; and Professor von Méhely,
Eronstadt. To his former Chief, Dr. Günther, to whose initiative
the publication of this work is due, his best thanks are also now
offered for the kind encouragement he has bestowed on him for so
many years. -
G. A. BOULENGER.
Zoological Department,
March 27, 1896.
Subfam. 4. HoMALOPSINAE.
124.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
OPHIDIA.
Fam. 7. Co Lu BRIDAE.
Series B. Opisthoglypha.
Hypsirhina, Wagl.
1. indica, Gray . . . . . .
2. alternans, Reuss . . . .
3. plumbea, Boie . . . . . .
4. jagorii, Pºrs. . . . . . . . .
5. enhydris, Schn.
6, bennettii, Gray
7. chinensis, Gray . . . .
8. macleayi, D. Ogilby . .
9, polylepis, Fisch. . . . .
. blanfordii, Blgr. . . . .
. bocourtii, Jan . . . . . .
13. sieboldii, Schleg. . . . .
14. punctata, Gray. . . . . .
15 #. Płrs. . . . . . . . .
. Homalopsis, Kuhl
1. buccata, L. . . . . . . . .
. Cerberus, Cuv. . . . . . . . .
1. rhynchops, Schn. . . . .
2. australis, Gray. . . . . .
3. microlepis, Blgr. . . . .
Eurostus, D. & B. . . . .
1. dussumieri, D. & B...
Myron, Gray. ... . . . . . . .
1. richardsonii, Gray ..
Gerardia, Gray . . . . . . . .
1. prevostiana, Eyd. &
Gerv. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fordonia, Gray. . . . . . . .
1. leucobalia, Schleg. . .
Cantoria, Gir. . . . . . . . .
1. violacea, Gir. . . . . . .
Hipistes, Gray . . . . . . . .
1. hydrinus, Cant. . . .
Herpeton, Lacép. . . . . . .
. 1. tentaculatum, Lacép..
... albomaculata, D. & B.
10
10
Subfam. 5. DIPSADOMORPHINAE.
Page
134. Geodipsas, Blgr. . . . . . . 32
1. infralineata, Gthr. .. 32
2. boulengeri, Peracca.. 32
135. Hologerrhum, Gthr. .. 33
1. philippinum, Gthr. .. 33
136. Ithycyphus, Gthr. 34
1. goudoti, Schleg. . . . . 34
2. miniatus, Schleg. . . . . 35
187. Langaha, Brugn. . . . . . . 35
1. nasuta, Shaw . . . . . . 36
2. intermedia, Blgr. . . . . 37
3. crista-galli, D. & B. . 37
138. Alluaudina, Mocq. . . . . 38
1. bellyi, Mocq. . . . . . . 26, 38
139. Eteirodipsas, Jan . . . . . . 38
1. colubrina, Schleg. 39
140. Stenophis, Blgr. . . . . . . 39
1. guentheri, Blgr. . . . . 40
2. granuliceps, Bttgr. . . 41
3. inornatus, Blgr. . . . . 42
4. gainardii, Schleg.. . . . 42
5. maculatus, Gthr. . . . . 43
6. arctifasciatus, D. & B. 43
7. variabilis, Blgr. . . . . 43
8. betsileanus, Gthr. . . 44
141. Lycodryas, Gthr. . . . . . . 44
1. sancti-johannis, Gthr. 45
142. Pythonodipas, Gthr. 45
1. carinata, Gthr. . . . . 45
143. Ditypophis, Gthr....... 46
1. vivax, Gthr... . . . . . . 46
144. Tarbophis, Fleischm. 47
1. savignyi, Blgr. . . . . 48
2. fallax, Fleischm. . . . . 48
3. iberus, Eichw. . . . . . . 49
4. rhinopoma, Blanf. . . 50
5. variegatus, Reinh. .. 51
6. semiannulatus, Smith 51
7. guentheri, And. . . . . 52
8. obtusus, Reuss . . . . . . 52
145. Trimorphodon, Cope .. 53
1, biscutatus, D. & B... 54
2. upsilon, Cope . . . . . . 55

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
Page
3. lyrophanes, Cope.... 56
4. tau, Cope . . . . . . . . . . 56
Lysognathus, D. & B... 56
1. cervinus, Laur. . . . . 57
2. rhombeatus, Ptrs. .. 58
Trypanurgos, Fitz. . . . . 58
1, compressus, Daud. .. 58
Dipsadomorphus, Fitz .. 59
1. trigonatus, Schn. . . . . 62
2. multimaculatus, Boie 63
8. gokool, Gray . . . . . . 64
4. hexagonotus, Blyth... 65
5. ceylonensis, Gthr. .. 66
6. fuscus, Gray. . . . . . . . 67
7. pulverulentus, Fisch.68,649
8. multifasciatus, Blyth. 69
9, dightonii, Blgr. . . . . 69
10. dendrophilus, Boie .. 70
11. cyaneus, D. & B. . . . . 72
12. nigriceps, Gthr. . . . . 72
13. jaspideus, D. & B. .. 73
14. barmesii, Gthr. . . . . . . 73
15. drapiezii, Boie . . . . . . 74
16. angulatus, Płrs. . . . . 75
17. irregularis, Merr. .. 75
18. flavescens, D. & B. . . 77
19. philippinus, Ptrs. .. 77
20. blandingii, Hallow... 77
21. cynodon, Boie . . . . . . 78
22. forsteni, D. & B. . . . . 80
bertholdi, Jan . . . . . . 81
ornata, Macleay .... 81
Dipsadoboa, Gthr. . . . . 81
1. unicolor, Gthr. . . . . 81
Rhinobothryum, Wagl.. 81
1. lentiginosum, Scop... 82
Himantodes, D. & B. . . 83
1. cenchoa, L. . . . . . . . . 84
2. elegans, Jan . . . . . . . . 85
3. lentiferus, Cope . . . . 86
4. gemmistratus, Cope.. 86
5. gracillimus, Gthr. .. 87
6. inormatus, Blgr. . . . . 88
7. P subaequalis, Fisch .. 88
Leptodira, Gthr. . . . . . . 88
1. hotamboeia, Laur. 89,649
2. punctata, Płrs.. . . . . . 91
3. nigrofasciata, Gthr... 92
4. frenata, Cope . . . . . . 92
5. Septentrionalis, Kenn. 98 ||
6. personata, Cope . . . . 93
7. ocellata, Gthr. . . . . . . 94
8. albofusca, Lacép. . . . . 95
9. annulata, L. . . . . . . . . 97
Chamaetortus, Gthr. . . 98
1. aulicus, Gthr. . . . . . . 98
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
Page
Oxyrhopus, Wagl....... 99
1. petolarius, L. . . . . . . 101
2. rhombifer, D. & B. ... 103
3. trigeminus, D. & B... 104
4. bitorquatus, Gthr. . , 104
5. melanogenys, Tsch... 105
6. doliatus, D. & B..... 106
7. formosus, Wied .... 106
8. labialis, Jan . . . . . . . . 107
9. clathratus, D. & B. ... 107
10...fitzingeri, Tsch. .... 108
11. Cloelia, Daud. . . . . . . 108
12. maculatus, Blgr. .... 110
13, occipitoluteus, D.&B. 110
14. rusticus, Cope . . . . . . 111
15. coronatus, Schn. . . . . 111
16. neuwiedii, D. & B, ... 112
17. guerini, D. & B. . . . . 113
Rhinostoma, Fitz. . . . . . . 114
l. guianense, Trosch. ... 114
2. vittatum, Blgr. . . . . 115
Thamnodynastes, Wagl. . 115
1. mattereri, Mik. . . . . 116
2. punctatissimus, Wagl. 117
Tachymenis, Wiegm. ... 117
1. peruviana, Wiegm. ... 118
2. affinis, Blgr... . . . . . . 119
Hemirhagerrhis, Bttyr... 119
1, kelleri, Btigr. ... 119, 649
Manolepis, Cope . . . . . . 120
1. putnami, Jan . . . . . . 120
Tomodon, D. & B. . . . . 120
1. dorsatus, D. & B. . . . . 121
2. ocellatus, D. & B. 121, 649
Conophis, Ptrs. . . . . . . . . 122
1. lineatus, D. & B. . . . . 123
2. vittatus, Ptrs. . . . . . . 123
3. taeniatus, Hens. . . . . 124
Amplorhinus, Smith. ... 124
1. multimaculatus,
Smith. . . . . . . . . . . . 125
2. nototaenia, Gthr. . . . . 125
Pseudablabes, Blgr. . . . . 126
1. agassizii, Jan . . . . .... 127
Philodryas, Wagl. . . . . 127
1. aestivus, Schleg. . 128
2. viridissimus, L. . . . . 129
3. olfersii, Licht. . . . . . . 129
4. Schotti, Schleg.. . . . . . 130
5. bolivianus, Blgr. . . . . 132
6. psammophideus, Gthr. 132
7. vitellinus, Cope. . . . . . 133
8. elegans, Tsch. . . . . . . 133
9. nattereri, Stär... . . . . 134
10. Serra, Schleg. . . . . . . 134
11, burmeisteri, Jan . . . . 135

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
ix
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172,
174.
175.
Page
12, baroni, Berg. . . . . . . 136
13. Pinornatus, D. & B... 136
Ialtris, Cope . . . . . . . . . . 137
1. dorsalis, Gthr. . . . . . . 137
Trimerorhinus, Smith .. 138
1. rhombeatus, L. . . . . 138
2. tritaeniatus, Gthr. 139,649
3, variabilis, Gthr. . . . . 140
Coelopeltis, Wagl... . . . . 141
1. monspessulana, Herm. 141
2. moilensis, Reuss . . . . 143
Rhamphiophis, Ptrs. ... 144
1. rubropunctatus, Fisch. 146
2. oxyrhynchus, Reinh. . 146
3. togoensis, Matschie. . 147
4. acutus, Gthr. . . . . . . 148
5. multimaculatus, Smith 148
Dromophis, Ptrs. . . . . . . 149
1. lineatus, D. & B. . . . . 149
2. praeornatus, Schleg. . . 150
Taphrometopon, Brandt. 151
1. lineolatum, Brandt ... 151
Psammophis, Bote . . . . 152
1. leithii, Gthr... . . . . . . . 155
2. notostictus, Ptrs. . . . . 156
3. schokari, Forsk. . . . . 157
4. punctulatus, D. & B. . 159
5. trigrammus, Gthr. . . 159
6. subtaeniatus, Ptrs. ... 160
7. bocagii, Blgr. . . . . . . 161
8, sibilans, L. . . . . . . . . 161
9. furcatus, Ptrs. . . . . . . 164
10. longifrons, Blgr. . . . . 165
11, condanarus, Merr. . . 165
12. brevirostris, Ptrs. . . . 166
13, elegans, Shaw . . . . . . 167
14. biseriatus, Ptrs. . . . . 168
15. crucifer, Daud... . . . . . 169
16, pulcher, Blgr. . . . . . . 169
17. angolensis, Bocage ... 170
Mimophis, Gthr. . . . . . . 171
1. mahfalensis, Grand... 171
. Psammodynastes, Gthr... 172
1. pulverulentus, Boie . . 172 |
2. pictus, Gthr. . . . . . . . . 174
Macroprotodon, Guich... 175
1. cucullatus, I. Geoffr. 175
Dryophis, Dalm. . . . . . . 177
1. perroteti, D. & B. . . 178
2. dispar, Gthr. . . . . . J79
3. fronticinctus, Gthr... 179
4. xanthozona, Boie. ... 180
5, prasinus, Bote . . . . . . I80
6. fasciolatus, Fisch..... 182
7. mycterizans, L. 182
8, pulverulentus, D.&B. 184
WOL. III.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
184.
Page
. Thelotornis, Smith . . . . ††
1. kirtlandii, Hallow, ... 185
Dispholidus, Duvern. ... 186
1. typus, Smith. . . . . . . . 187
Oxybelis, Wagl. . . . . . . 189
1. brevirostris, Cope.... 190
2. argenteus, Daud... . . . 190
3. fulgidus, Daud. .... 191
4. acuminatus, Wied ... 192
Dryophiops, Blgr. . . . . . . 193
1. rubescens, Gray .... 194
2. philippina, Blør. . . . . 195
Chrysopelea, Boie . . . . . . 195
1. rhodopleuron, Boie ... 195
2. ornata, Shaw . . . . . . 196
3. chrysochlora, Reinw... 198
Erythrolamprus, Wagl. . 199
1. aesculapii, L. . . . . . . . . 200
2. decipiens, Gthr. .... 204
8. grammophrys, Dugès. 204
4. lateritius, Cope...... 205
5. dromiciformis, Ptrs. . 205
6. imperialis, B. & G. .. 206
7. fissidens, Gthr....... 2O7


8. bipunctatus, Gºhr. .. 208
9. piceivittis, Cope . . . . 209
. Hydrocalamus, Cope .. 209
1. quinquevittatus, D. &
* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
. Scolecophis, Cope. . . . . . 210
1. atrocinctus, Schleg ... 211
2. michoacanensis, Cope, 211
3. Bemulus, Cope . . . . . . 212
Homalocranium, D. & B. 212
1. melanocephalum, L. . 215
2. annulatum, Btigr. .. 217
3. trilineatum, Ptrs. . . 217
4. longifrontale, Blgr... 218
5, coronatum, B. & G... 218
6. rubrum, Cope . . . . . . 219
7. Semicinctum, D. &
B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
8. fuscum, Bocourt .... 220
9. boulengeri, Gthr..... 221
10. Schistosum, Bocourt. . 221
11. canula, Cope. . . . . . . . 222
12, miniatum, Cope . . . . 222
18. virgatum, Gthr. . . . . 223
14. ruficeps, Cope . . . . . . 223
15. bocourti, Gthr... . . . . 224
16. reticulatum, Cope . . 224
17. moestum, Gihr. . 225
18. vermiforme, Hallow. , 225
19. breve, Gthr. . . . . . . . . 225
20. atriceps, Gthr.... ... 226
. 226
21. planiceps, Blainv.
b
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
185.
186.
e Page
22, calamarinum, Cope .. 227
28. gracile, B. & G.T. ... 228
Ogmius, Cope.......... 228
1. acutus, Cope........ 229
Stenorhina, D. & B. . . . . 229
1. degenhardtii, Berth. . 229
187. Xenopholis, Pirs. ...... 231
1. Scalaris, Wuch....... 232
188. Apostolepis, Cope . . . . . . 232
1. coronata, Santv... . . . . 233
2. assimilis, Reinh. . . . . 234
3. flavitorquata, D. & B. 234
4. nigrolineata, Ptrs. . . 235
5. quinquelineata, Blgr. 235
6. nigroterminata, Blgr. 235
7. dorbignyi, Schleg..... 236
8. erythronota, Ptrs. ... 236
9. ambinigra, Ptrs. . . . . 237
189. Elapomoius, Jan . . . . . . 237
1. dimidiatus, Jam . . . . 238
190. Elapomorphus, D. & B. . 238
1. blumii, Schleg. . . . . . . 239
2. wuchereri, Gthr. . . . . 240
3. lepidus, Reinh. . . . . . . 241
4. tricolor, D. & B. . . . . 241
5. lemniscatus, D. & B. . 242
6. trilineatus, Blgr. . . . . 243
7. bilineatus, D. & B. . . 243
191. Amblyodipsas, Ptrs. . . 244
1. microphthalma, Bianc. 244
192. Elapotinus, Jan . . . . . . 244
1. picteti, Jan . . . . . . . . 245
193. Calamelaps, Gthr. . . . . . . 245
1. unicolor, Reinh. . . . . 245
2. Pºiº Bocage . . . . 246
3. P concolor, Smith . . . . 246
194. Rhinocalamus, Gthr. 247
1. dimidiatus, Gthr. . . . . 247
195. Xenocalamus, Gthr. . . . . 247
1. bicolor, Gthr. . . . . . . 248
2. mechovii, Ptrs. . . . . . . 248
196. Micrelaps, Bttgr. . . . . . . 248
1. muelleri, Bttyr. . . . . 249
2. vaillanti, Mocq. . . . . 249
197. Miodon, A. Dum. . . . . . . 2 (9
1. acanthias, Reinh..... 250
2. collaris, Ptrs. . . . . . . 251
3. gabonensis, A. Dum... 252
4. notatus, Płrs. . . . . . . 252
5. neuwiedi, Jan . . . . . . 253
198. Polemon, Jan . . . . . . . . 253
1. barthii, Jan . . . . . . . . 254
199. Brachyophis, Mocq. . . . . 254
1. revoili, Mocq. . . . . . . . 254
200. Macrelaps, Blgr. . . . . . . 255
255
1. microlepidotus, Gºr. };
Page
201. Aparallactus, Smith .... 255
1. jacksonii, Gthr... 256,649
2. werneri, Blgr. . . . . . . 257
3. concolor, Fisch. . 257
4. lunulatus, Ptrs. . . . . 258
5. guentheri, Blgr. .... 259
6. bocagii, Blgr. . . . . . . 259
7. Capensis, Smith...... 259
8. nigriceps, Ptrs. . . . . 260
9. punctatolineatus, Blgr. 261
10. lineatus, Ptrs. . . . . . . 261
11. anomalus, Blgr. . . . . 262
202. Elapops, Gthr. . . . . . . . . 262
1. modestus, Gthr... 262,649
Subfam. 6. ELACHISTODoNTINAE.
203. Elachistodon, Reinh. . . 263
1. westermanni, Reinh. . 264
Series C. Proteroglypha.
Subfam. 7. HYDROPHIINAE.
204. Hydrus, Schn. . . . . . . . . 266
1. platurus, L. . . . . . . . . 267
205. Thalassophis, Schmidt .. 268
1. anomalus, Schmidt .. 269
206. Acalyptophis, Blgr. .... 269
1. peronii, D. & B. . . . . 269
207. Hydrelaps, Blgr. . . . . . . 270
1. darwiniensis, Blgr. .. 270
208. Hydrophis, Daud . . . . . . 271
1. spiralis, Shaw . . . . . . 273
2. polyodontus, Jan.... 274
3. Schistosus, Daud..... 274
4. hybridus, Schleg. . . . . 274
5. longiceps, Gthr. . . . . 275
6. caerulescens, Shaw .. 275
7. frontalis, Jan . . . . . . 276
8. kingii, Blgr. . . . . . . . . 276
9. nigrocinctus, Daud .. 277
10. mamillaris, Daud. . . . .277
11. elegans, Gray . . . . . . 278
12. pacificus, Blgr. . . . . . 278
13. latifasciatus, Gthr. . . 279
14. coronatus, Gthr. . . . . 279
15. gracilis, Shaw . . . . . . 280
16. cantoris, Gthr. . . . . . . 281
17. fasciatus, Schn. . . . . 281
18. brookii, Gthr. . . . . . . 282
19. melanocephalus, Gray. 283
20. torquatus, Gthr. . . . . 283
21. obscurus, Daud . 284
22. leptodira, Blgr. . 285
209. Distira, Lacép. . . . . . . . . 285
1. Stokesii, Gray . . . . . . 288
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
xi
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
Page
2. major, Shaw . . . . . . . . 289
8. ornata, Gray . . . . . . 290
4. godeffroyi, Ptrs. . . . . 291
5. melanosoma, Gthr. . . 291
6. Semperi, Garm. . 292
7. subcincta, Gray . . . . .292
8. brugmansii, Boie . . . . 292
9. tuberculata, And. . . 292
10, grandis, Blgr. . . . . . . 293
11. macfarlani, Blgr..... 294
12, cyanocincta, Daud... 294
13, bituberculata, Ptrs... 296
14, belcheri, Gray . . . . . . 296
15. pachycercus, Fisch. . . 297
16, lapemidoides, Gray. . 297
17. viperina, Schmidt. ... 298
18. jerdonii, Gray . . . . . . 299
ºl. Merr. . . . . . . 300
1. curtus, Shaw. . . . . . . . 300
2. hardwickii, Gray. ... 301
Enhydrina, Gray . . . . . . 302
1. valakadien, Boie . . . . 302
Aipysurus, Lacép. . 303
1. eydouxii, Gray . . . . 804
2. annulatus, Krefft. ... 304
3. laevis, Lacép. . . . . . . 305
4. australis, Saww. . 305
Platurus, Daud. . . . . . . . 306
1. laticaudatus, L. . . . . 307
2. colubrinus, Schn. . . . . 308
3. schistorhynchus, Gthr. 309
4. muelleri, Blgr... . . . . 309
Subfam. 8. ELAPINAE.
Ogmodon, Płrs. . . . . . . 312
1. vitianus, Ptrs. . . . . . . 313
Glyphodon, Gthr. . . . . . . 313
1. tristis, Gthr. . . . . . . . . 31.4
Pseudelaps, D. & B. . . .315
1. muelleri, Schleg. . . . . 316
2. squamulosus, D. & B. 317
3. krefftii, Gthr. . . . . . . 318
4. fordii, Krefft . . . . . . 318
5. harriettae, Krefft. ... 818
6. diadema, Schleg . . . . 319
7. warro, De Wis . . . . . . 320
8. Sutherlandi, De Vis. .. 320
Diemenia, Gray . . . . . . 320
1. psammophis, Schleg... 322
2. torquata, Gthr. . . . . . . 323
3. olivacea, Gray . . . . . . 323
4. ornaticeps, Macleay... 324
5. modesta, Gthr. . . . . . . 324
6. textilis, D. & B. . . . . 325
7. nuchalis, Gthr... . . . . . 326
218. Pseudechis, Wagl.
Page
o 327
1. porphyriacus, Shaw .. 328
2. cupreus, Blgr. . . . . . . 329
3. australis, Gray .... 330
4. darwiniensis, Macleay. 330
5. papuanus, Ptrs.é Doria 331
6, scutellatus, Płrs. . . . . 331
7. microlepidotus, McCoy 332
8. ferox, Macleay . . . . . . 332
219. Denisonia, Krefft ...... 332
1. superba, Gthr. . . . . . . 335
2. coronata, Schleg. .... 335
3. coronoides, Gthr. . . . . 336
4. muelleri, Fisch. . 337
5, frenata, Płrs. . . . . . . 338
6. ramsayi, Krefft . 338
7. signata, Jan . . . . . . . . 338
8. daemelii, Gthr. . . . . . . 339
9. Suta, Ptrs. . . . . . . . . 339
10. frontalis, D. Ogilby... 340
11. flagellum, McCoy .. 340
12. maculata, Star. .... 341
13. punctata, Blgr. . 341
14. gouldii, Gray . . . . . . 342
15. nigrescens, Gthr..... 343
16. nigrostriata, Krefft .. 343
17. carpentariae, Macleay. 344
18, pallidiceps, Gthr..... 344
19. melanura, Blgr. .... 345
20, par, Blgr. . . . . . . . . . . 345
21, woodfordii, Blgr..... 346
220. Micropechis, Blgr. . 346
1. ikaheka, Less. . . . . . . 347
2. elapoides, Blgr. ..., 347
221. Hoplocephalus, Cuv. .. 348
1. bungaroides, Boie .. 348
2. bitorquatus, Jan .... 349
3. stephensii, Krefft .. 350
222. Tropidechis, Gthr. .... 350
1. carinatus, Krefft .... 350
223. Notechis, Blgr. . . . . . . . . 351
1. Scutatus, Ptrs. . . . . . . 351
224. Rhinhoplocephalus, F.
Müll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
1. bicolor, F. Müll. . . . . 353
225. Brachyaspis, Blgr. . 353
1. curta, Schleg. . . . . . . 353
226. Acanthophis, Daud..... 354
* 1. antarcticus, Shaw .. 355
227. Elapognathus, Blgr..... 356
1. minor, Gthr... . . . . . . 356
228. Boulengerina, Dollo ... 357
1. stormsi, Dollo . . . . . . 357
229. Elapechis, Blgr. . . . . . . 358
1. guentheri, Bocage .. 359
2. niger, Gthr. . . . . . . . . 359

xii
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
4. macclellandii, Reinh.. 398
5. bibronii, Jan. . . . . . . . 399
Doliophis, Gir. . . . . . . . . 399
1. bivirgatus, Boie . . . . 400
2. intestinalis, Laur. .. 401
3. bilineatus, Ptrs. . . . . 404
4. philippinus, Gthr. .. 404
Furina, D. & B. . . . . . . 405
1. bimaculata, D. & B. . 406
2. calonota, D. & B. . . 407
3. occipitalis, D. & B... 407
Page
3. hessii, Bttgr. . . . . . . 360
4. decosteri, Blgr. . . . . 360
5. sundevallii, Smith .. 360
6. boulengeri, Btigr. .. 361
Rhynchelaps, Jan. . . . . . 361
1. †. Jan . . . . . . 362
2. australis, Krefft .... 363
3. semifasciatus, Gthr... 368
4, fasciolatus, Gthr. . . . . 364
Bungarus, Daud. . . . . . . 365
1. fasciatus, Schn. . . . . 866
2. ceylonicus, Gthr..... 367
3. candidus, L. . . . . . . . . 368
4. lividus, Cant. . . . . . . 370
5. bungaroides, Cant. . . 370
6. flaviceps, Reinh. . . . . 371
Naia, Lawr. . . . . . . . . . . 372
1. haie, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
2. flava, Merr. . . . . . . . . 376
3. melanoleuca, Hallow. 376
4. nigricollis, Reinh. 378, 649
5. tripudians, Merr..... 380
6. Samarensis, Ptrs. . . . . 385
7. bungarus, Schleg. . . . . 386
8. anchietae, Bocage. ... 387
9. goldii, Blgr. . . . . . . . . 387
10. guentheri, Blgr. . . . . .388
Sepedon, Merr... . . . . . . . 388
1. haemachates, Lacép. . 889
Aspidelaps, Smith. . . . . . 390
1. lubricus, Laur. . . . . . . 390
2. scutatus, Smith . 391
Walterinnesia, Lataste... 392
1. aegyptia, Lataste . . . . 892
Hemibungarus, Ptrs. .. 392
1. calligaster, Wiegm. .. 398
2. collaris, Schleg.. . . . . . 393
3. nigrescens, Gthr. . . . . 394
4. japonicus, Gthr. . . . . .395
Callophis, Gray. . . . . . . . 396
1. gracilis, Gray . . . . . . 396 |
2. trimaculatus, Daud... 397
3. maculiceps, Gthr. .. 897
Page
240. Homorelaps, Jan . . . . . . 408
1. lacteus, L. . . . . . . . . . . 409
2. dorsalis, Smith . . . . . . 410
241. Elaps, Schn. . . . . . . . . . . 411
1. Surinamensis, Cuv. . . 414
2. heterochilus, Mocq. .. 414
3. euryxanthus, Kenn... 415
4. gravenhorstii, Jan . . 415
5. langsdorffii, Wagl. .. 416
6. buckleyi, Blgr. . . 416
7. anomalus, Blgr. . . . . 417
8. heterozonus, Pirs. . . 417
9, elegans, Jan . . . . . . . . 418
10. annellatus, Płrs. . . . . 418
11. decoratus, Jan . . . . . . 419
12. dumerilii, Jan . . . . . . 419
13. corallinus, Wied . . . . 420
14. hemprichii, Jan . . . . 421
15. tschudii, Jan . . . . . . 422
16. dissoleucus, Cope . . . . 422
17, fulvius, L. . . . . . . . . 422
18. psyches, Daud. . 426
19, spixii, Wagl. . . . . . . . 427
20. frontalis, D. & B. . . 427
21. marcgravii, Wied .. 428
22. lemniscatus, L. . . . . . . 430
23. filiformis, Gthr. . . . . . 430
24, mipartitus, D. & B. . . 431
25. fraseri, Blgr. . . . . . . . . 432
26. mentalis, Blgr. . . . . . . 432
27. ancoralis, Jan . . . . . . 432
28. narduccii, Jan . . . . . . 433
242. Dendraspis, Schleg. . . . . 434
1. viridis, Hallow. . . . . 435
2.jamesonii, Traill . . . . 436
3. angusticeps, Smith .. 437
4. antinorii, Ptrs. . . . . 437
Fam. 8. A M B L Y C E PH A LID AE.
1. Haplopeltura, D. & B. . . 439
1. boa, Boie . . . . . . . . . . 439
2. Amblycephalus, Kuhl .. 440
1. laevis, Boie . . . . . . . . . . 441
2. malaccanus, Ptrs. . . . . 442
3. monticola, Cant. . . . . 443
4. moellendorffii, Btigr. . 443
5. andersonii, Blgr. .... 444
6. modestus, Theob. . . . . 444
7. macularius, Theob. . . 444
8. margaritophorus, Jan . 445
9. carinatus, Boie . . . . . . 445
3. Leptognathus, D. & B. . . 446
1. catesbyi, Sentz . . . . . . 449
2. pavonina, Schley, .... 450
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
xiii
Page
3. variegata, D. & B. . . . . 451
4. albifrons, Sauv. . . . . . . 451
5. brevifacies, Cope . . . . 452
6. andiana, Blgr. . . . . . . 452
7. elegans, Blgr. . . . . . . 452
8. leucomelas, Blgr. . . . . 453
9. mikani, Schleg. . . . . . . 453
10. ventrimaculata, Blyr. . 454
inaequifasciata, D. & B. 455
...turgida, Cope . . . . . . . . 456
13, alternans, Fisch. . . . . 456
14. viguieri, Bocourt . . . . 457
15. annulata, Gthr. . . . . . . 457
16. articulata, Cope . . . . . . 458
17, incerta, Jan . . . . . . . . 458
18. argus, Cope . . . . . . . . 458
19. Sanniola, Cope . . . . . . 459
20. dimidiata, Gthr. . . 459
21. bicolor, Gºthr. . . . . . . . . 460
4. Dipsas, Laur. . . . . . . . . . . 460
1. bucephala, Shaw . . . . 461
5. Pseudopareas, Blgr. . . . . 462
1. Vagus, Jan . . . . . . . . . . 462
2. atypicus, Cope . . . . . . 463
Fam. 9. VIP E R II) A.
Subfam. 1. VIPERINAE.
. Causus, Wagl... . . . . . . . . 465
1. rhombeatus, Licht. . . 46
2. resimus, Ptrs. . . . . . . 468
3. defilippii, Jan . . . . . . 469
4. lichtensteinii, Jan . . . . 470
, Azemiops, Blgr. . . . . . . . . 470
1. fea, Blgr. . . . . . . . . . . 471
. Vipera, Laur. . . . . . . . . . . 471
1. ursinii, Bp. . . . . . . . . . . 473
2. renardi, Christ. . . . . . . 475
3. berus, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
4. aspis, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
5. latastii, Boscá. . . . . . . . 484
6. ammodytes, L. . . . . . . 485
7. raddii, Bttgr. . . . . . . . . 487
8. lebetina, L. . . . . . . . . 487
9. russellii, Shaw . . . . . . 490
10. Superciliaris, Płrs. . . . . 491
. Bitis, Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
1. arietans, M.º e - e º 'º º ;
2. peringueyi, Blgr. . . . . 49%
3. ; I. . . . . . . . . . . 495
4. inormata, Smith . . . . . . 496
5. cornuta, L. . . . . . . . . . . 497
6. caudalis, Smith . . . . . . 498
7. gabonica, D. & B.. . . . 499
8. nasicornis, Shaw 500
WOL. III.
Page
5. Pseudocerastes, Blgr..... 501
1. persicus, D. & B. . . . . 501
6. Cerastes, Wagl. . . . . . . . . 501
1. cornutus, Forsk. . . . . . . 502
2, vipera, L. . . . . . . . . . . 503
7. Echis, Merr. . . . . . . . . . . 504
1. Carinatus, Schn. . . . . . . 505
2. coloratus, Gthr. . . . . . . 507
8. Atheris, Cope . . . . . . . . . . 508
1. chlorechis, Schleg. . . . . 508
2. squamiger, Hallow. .. 509
3. ceratophorus, Werner. 510
9. Atractaspis, Smith . . . . . . 510
1. hildebrandtii, Ptrs. .. 512
2. congica, Pºrs. . . . . . . . . 513
3. irregularis, Reinh. . . . . 513
4. corpulenta, Hallow. .. 514
5. rostrata, Gthr. . . . . . . 514
6. bibronii, Smith . . . . . . 515
7. aterrima, Gthr. . . . . . . 515
8. dahomeyensis, Bocage. 516
9. micropholis, Gthr..... 516
10. leucomelas, Blgr. . . . . 517
11. microlepidota, Gthr. .. 517
Subfam. 2. CROTALINAE.
10. Ancistrodon, Pal. de
Beauv... . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
1. #. Lacép. . . . . 520
2. bilineatus, Gthr. . 521
3. contortrix, L. . . . . . . . . 522
4. acutus, Gthr. . . . . . . . . 524
5. halys, Pall... . . . . . . . . . 524
6. intermedius, Strauch . 525
7. blomhoffii, Boie . . . . . . 525
8. himalayanus, Gthr. .. 526
9. rhodostoma, Boie . . . . 527
10. hypnale, Merr. . . . . . . 528
11. Lachesis, Daud. . . . . . . . . 529
1. mutus, L. . . . . . . . . . . 534
2. lanceolatus, Lacép. .. 535
8. atrox, L. . . . . . . . . . . . 537
4. pulcher, Płrs. . . . . . . . . 539
5. microphthalmus, Cope. 540
6. pictus, Tsch. . . . . . . . . 540
7. alternatus, D. & B. . . 541
8. neuwiedii, Wagl. . . . . 542
9. ammodytoides, Leyb. . 543
10. xanthogrammus, Cope. 543
11. castelnaudi, D. & B.. . 544
12. nummifer, Ripp. . . . . 544
18. godmani, Gthr. . . . . . . 545
14. lansbergii, Schleg. . . . . 546
15. brachystoma, Cope .. 547
16. monticola, Gthr. . 548
17. Okinavensis, Blgr. . . . . 549
C
xiv SYSTEMATIC INIDEX.
Page Page
18, strigatus, Gray . . . . . . #. 37. bicolor, Bocourt. . . . . . #3
19. flavoviridis, Hallow. .. 550 38. Schlegelii, Berth. . . . . . 567
20. cantoris, Blyth . . . . . . 551 39. nigroviridis, Ptrs. . . . . 568
21.jerdonii, Gthr. . . . . . . 551 40. aurifer, Salv. . . . . . . . . 568
22. mucrosquamatus, Cant. 552 | 12. Sisturus, Garm. . . . . . . . . 569
28, luteus, Bttgr. . . . . . . . . 553 1. miliarius, L. . . . . . . . 569
24, purpureomaculatus, • 2. catenatus, Raf. . . . . . . 570
Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 8. Tavus, Cope. . . . . . . . . . 57]
25, gramineus, Shaw . . . . 554 | 18. Crotalus, L. . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
26. flavomaculatus, Gray . 556 1. terrificus, Laur. . . . . . . 573
27. Sumatranus, Raffles .. 557 2. Scutulatus, Kenn. . . . . 575
28. anamallensis, Gthr. .. 558 3. confluentus, Say...... 576
29. trigonocephalus, Daud. 559 4. durissus, L. . . . . . . . . 578
30. macrolepis, Bedd. . . . . 560 5, horridus, L. . . . . . . . . 578
31. puniceus, Boie . . . . . . 560 6. tigris, Kenn. . . . . . . . . 580
32. borneensis, Pirs. . . . . 561 7. mitchelli, Cope . . . . . . 580
33. wagleri, Boie . . . . . . . . 562 8. triseriatus, Wagl. . . . . 581
34, bilineatus, Wied . . . . 565 9. polystictus, Cope . . . . 582
35. undulatus, Jan . . . . . . 565 10. lepidus, Kenn. . . . . . . 582
36. lateralis, Ptrs. . . . . . . 566 11. cerastes, Hallow. . . . . 583
CAT AL 0 G U E
OF
* S N A K E S.
\
Fam. 7. SOLUBRIDE,
(Continued.)
Series B. OPISTHOGLYPHA.
Divided into three subfamilies:— -
4. Homalopsinae.-Nostrils valvular, on the upper surface of the
Snout.
5. Dipsadomorphinae. —Nostrils lateral; dentition well deve-
loped.
6. Elachistodontinae.—Teeth rudimentary; maxillary and man-
dible edentulous in front.
Most, if not all, of the Snakes in this division are poisonous to a
slight degree, paralyzing their prey before deglutition.
Subfam. 4. HOMALOPSINAE.

Hydrophidae, part, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 510.
Hydridae, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. p. 35, 1849.
Anisodontiens, part., Platyrhiniens, Duméril, Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii.
p. 427, 1853; Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén, vii. p. 796, 1854.
Homalopsinae, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Qfta, p. 74, 1863.
Homalopsidae, Günther, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 275, 1864.
Homalopsinae, part., Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. p. 484,
1886, and Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. p. 209, 1895.
Homalopsinae, Boulenger, Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 372, 1890.
Nostrils valvular, on the upper surface of the snout. Dentition
well developed. Hypapophyses developed throughout the vertebral
column. e
Thoroughly aquatic Snakes, bringing forth their young alive in
the water. Inhabitants of Southern China, the East Indies,
Papuasia, and North Australia.
VOI, III, B
2 COLUERIDAE.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Wentrals without keels.
A. Nasals in contact.
1. Wentrals well developed.
Scales smooth; parietal shields well developed.
124. Hypsirhina, p. 2.
Scales keeled; parietal shields well developed; head very distinct
from neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . © tº e º e º 'º 125. Homalopsis, p. 13.
Scales keeled; parietals more or less broken up into scales; head
not very distinct from neck . . . . . . 126. Cerberus, p. 15.
l
2. Wentrals very narrow ; scales smooth.
127. Eurostus, p. 19.
B. Nasals separated by an internasal.
Loreal present; scales keeled........ 128. Myron, p. 19.
Loreal present; scales smooth; body moderately elongate.
129. Gerardia, p. 20.
Loreal absent ; scales smooth; body stout.
130. Fordonia, p. 21.
Loreal present; scales smooth; body extremely elongate.
131. Cantoria, p. 23.
II. Wentrals bicarinate, very narrow.
Scales smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132. Hipistes, p. 24.
Scales keeled; two rostral appendages. 133. Herpeton, p. 25.
124. HYPSIRHINA.

Hydrus, part., Schneid. Syst, Amph. i. p. 233 (1799).
Hypsirhina, Wagl. Syst, Amph. p. 169 (1830); Gray, Zool. Misc.
p. 66 (1842), and Cat. Sn. p. 71 (1849); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 280 (1864); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 375 (1890).
Homalopsis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 382 (1837).
Ferania, Gray, ll. cc. pp. 67, 66; Günth. l.c. p. 284.
Raclitia, Gray, ll, cc. pp. 67, 79.
Miralia, Gray, ll. cc. pp. 68, 79.
Phytolopsis, Gray, Cat. p. 67.
Hypsiscopus, Gray, l.c. p. 72.
Trigonurus, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 498, and Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 959 (1854).
Hypsirhina, part., Dum. & Bibr. ll. cc, pp. 498,945; Jan, Arch. Zool.
Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 258.
Eurostus, part., Dum. & Bibr. ll. cc. pp. 498,951.
Tachyplotus, Reinh. Vidensk. Meddel, 1866, p. 151.
Feranoides, Carlleyle, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. 1869, p. 196.
Pythonopsis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 576.
Homalophis, Peters, l.c. p. 577.
Pseudoferania, Douglas Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. W. S. W. (2) v. 1890,
p. 51.
124. HYPSIRHINA. 3
Maxillary teeth 10 to 16, followed, after an interspace, by a pair
of enlarged, grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth longest.
Head small, not or but slightly distinct from neck; eye small, with
round or vertically elliptic pupil; head-shields large; nasals in
contact behind the rostral, semidivided, the cleft extending from
the nostril to the first labial or the loreal; internasal single or
divided; loreal present. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without
pits, in 19 to 31 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or short ;
subcaudals in two rows.
South-eastern Asia, Papuasia, Northern Queensland.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Eye in contact with one, two, or three labials.
A. Scales in 19 rows.
Two internasals; ventrals 173–175 . . . . . . 1. indica, p. 4.
Two internasals; ventrals 125–152. . . . . . 2. alternans, p. 4.
A single internasal; ventrals 120–134 ... 3. plumbea, p. 5.
-*
B. Scales in 21 or 23 rows.
1. Four or five lower labials (on each side) in contact with the
anterior chin-shields; only the fourth upper labial entering
the eye.
a. Loreal in contact with the internasal; scales in 21 (rarely
23) rows.
Wentrals 120–128; subcaudals 54–66 . . . . 4. jagorii, p. 6.
Wentrals 150–177; subcaudals 47–78 . . . . 5. enhydris, p. 6.
b. Loreal not reaching the internasal.
$cales in 21 rows; ventrals 158–163; sub-
caudals 47–53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. bennetti, p. 8.
Scales in 23 rows; ventrals 143–151; sub-
caudals 40–49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. chimensis, p. 8.
2. Three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields.
Fourth and fifth or fourth, fifth, and sixth
labials entering the eye; ventrals 147–
152. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. macleayi, p. 9.
Fifth or fifth and sixth labials entering the
eye; ventrals 137–146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. polylepis, p. 9.
C. Scales in 25 to 33 rows.
1. A single internasal; ventrals 125–130.
Scales in 25 rows; internasal nearly as
long as broad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. blanfordii, p. 10.
Scales in 27 rows; internasal about twice
as broad as long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. bocourtii, p. 10.
B 2
4 COLUERIDAE.
2. Two internasals; ventrals 141–156.
Scales in 27 rows; rostral considerably
broader than deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. albomaculata, p. 11.
Scales in 29 to 33 rows; rostral nearly as
deep as broad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. sieboldii, p. 11.
II. Eye separated from the labials.
Scales in 25 or 27 rows; a single inter-
nasal; a single pair of lower labials in
contact behind the symphysial . . . . . . . . 14. punctata, p. 12.
Scales in 31 or 33 rows; two internasals;
two pairs of lower labials in contact -->
behind the symphysial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. doriae, p. 13.
1. Hypsirhina indica. (PLATE I. fig. 1.)
Raclitia indica, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 67 (1842), and Cat, p. 79
(1849).
Rostral broader than deep; internasals distinct; frontal as broad
as or narrower than the supraocular (which appears to have fused
with an upper postocular), little longer than broad, as long as its
distance from the rostral or the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal longer than deep, in contact with the internasal;
one prae- and one postocular; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials,
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior; the latter
separated from each other by scales. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals
173–175; anal divided; subcaudals 28–34. Dark purplish brown
above, with a few interrupted, yellowish, transverse lines on the
occiput and anterior part of the body; sides with yellowish (red?)
vertical bars; belly yellowish (red ?), spotted with black.
Total length 345 millim. ; tail 40.
Malay Peninsula?
a, b. 3 (V. 173; C. 34) Malay Peninsula? Gen. Hardwicke [P].
& Q (V. 175; C. 28). (Types.)
2. Hypsirhina, alternans.
Brachyorrhos alternans, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. i. p. 155, pl. ix. fig. 3.
(1834).
Homalopsis decussata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 844, pl. xiii, figs. 14–
16 (1837).
Miralia alternans, Gray, Zool, Misc. p. 68 (1842), and Cat. p. 79
(1849); Günth. Cat. p. 277 (1858), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872,
p. 590.
Eurostus alternans, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 957 (1854).
Hypsirhina alternans, Jan, Elenco, p. 78 (1863); Arch. Zool. Anat,
hys. iii. 1865, p. 262, and Icon. Gén. 30. pl. vi. figs. 1 & 2 (1868);
Boetty. Beri, Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 133.
Rostral broader than deep; internasals distinct; frontal broader
than the supraocular, once and one third to once and a half as.
124. HYPSIRHINA. 5
long as broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep, in
contact with the internasal; one prae- and one or two postoculars;
temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth entering the eye; four
or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are larger than the posterior; the latter separated from each other
By scales. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 125–152; anal divided;
subcaudals 24–36. Dark purplish brown above, usually with more
or less distinct light (red?) cross-bars, the first on the occiput;
yellowish (red ?) beneath, with large alternating transverse black
spots or with irregular black cross-bars.
Total length 465 millim.
Java, Borneo.
.a. 9 (V. 152; C.?). Borneo. Dr. Bleeker. (Rabdosoma
borneensis, Blkr.)
b. Hgr. (V. 135; C. 24). Borneo.
3. Hypsirhina plumbea.
Homalopsis plumbea, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 560; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
P. § pl.xiii. figs. 12 & 13 (1837); Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept, p. 101
1847).
Hººh. hardwickii, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. lxxxvii. fig. 1
(1834), and Cat, p. 72 (1849).
Coluber * Byd. & Gerv. in Guér. Mag. Zool. Cl. iii. 1837,
1. xvi. fig. 1.
Hºmbº, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 66 (1842); Günth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 280 (1864); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865,
p. 261, and Icon. Gén. 30, pl. v. fig. 2 (1868); Theob. Cat. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 182 (1876); Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1888,
p. 83; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 376, fig. (lº
Eurostus plumbeus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 955, pl. lxxxiv. fig. 2
(1854).

Rostral much broader than deep ; internasal single, broader than
long; frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long; one
prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials,
fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are larger
than the posterior; latter separated by scales. Scales in 19 rows.
Wentrals 120–134; anal divided ; subcaudals 29–46. Brownish or
greyish olive above, uniform or with a vertebral series of small
black spots; upper lip and lower parts white, usually with a
blackish line along the middle of the tail; belly sometimes with
some blackish spots, or with a median series of blackish dots.
Total length 485 millim. ; tail 65.
Burma, Southern China, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula and
...Archipelago.
a-b. 3 (V, 128; C. 40) Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
& Q (W. 129; C. 33).
6 COLUBRIDAE,
c. Yg. (W. 129; C. 36). Hong Kong. J. % Bowring, Esq.
d—e. 6 (V. 132; C. 42) Hoi How, Hainan. J. Neumann, Esq.
& Q (V. 126; C. 31). [P].
f. 3 (V. 131; C. 40). China. Iºilerºshib.
883.
g. Q (V. 126;.C. 33). Pachebone, Siam. M, Mouhot [C].
%—i. 3 (W. 127; C. 43) Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
& Q (V. 121; C, 36).
K, Q (W. 125; C. 85). Pinang. Gen. Hardwicke[P].
(Type of H. hardwickii.)
l. 3 (W. 120; C.* #. L. L. Dill IE
m—o. Hgr. 3 (W. 122; abuan. . L. Dillwyn, Esq.
C. 45), Q (V, 122; [P.]. 2
g º: & yg. (W. 122;
. 43).
p. 3 (W. 121; C. 39). Java. A. Scott, Esq. [P.].
4. Hypsirhina jagorii.
Hypsirhina (Eurostus) jagorii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 245.
— jagorii, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 282 (1864).
Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep; internasal single, more
than twice as broad as long; frontal broader than the supraocular,
once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal as
long as deep, in contact with the internasal; one prae- and two.
postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth entering
the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields; posterior chin-shields smaller and separated by scales.
Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals 120–128; anal divided ; subcaudals
54–66. Dark olive above, with small black spots; lower half of
upper labials, sides of body, and ventrals yellowish white, with
a grey band running along each side of the belly on the outer ends.
of the ventrals and the two outer rows of scales; subcaudals
blackish, spotted with yellowish white.
Total length 510 millim.
Siam.
a. 9 (V. 128; C.?). Siam. M. Mouhot [C.].
b. ? (W. 120; C.?). Siam. 'Sir R. Schomburgk #
c. Hgr. (V. 122; C. 54). Siam. W. # Newman, Esq.
5. Hypsirhina enhydris.
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. }. xxx. (1796).
Hydrus enhydris, Schneid. Hist, Amph. i. p. 245 (1799).
atrocaeruleus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 567 (1802).
Enhydris caerulea, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 202 (1802).
Coluber pythonissa, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 107 (1803).
Homalopsis aer, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 214, and 1827, p. 560; Schleg.
Phys. Serp. ii. p. 347, pl. xiii. figs, 10 & 11 (1837).
Cº., .# Eyd. & Gerv. in Guér. Mag. Zool. Cl. iii. 1837, pl. xvi.
gs. 2 & 3.
124. HYPSIRHINA. 7
Homalopsis olivaceus, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 55.
Hypsirhina trilineata, Gray, Zool, Misc. p. 66 (1842).
bilineata, Gray, l.c., and Cat, p. 73.
— furcata, Gray, ll. cc.
aer, Gray, Cat, p. 72.
Homalopsis enhydris, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept, p. 99 (1847).
Hypsirhina enhydris, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 946 (1854); Günth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 281, pl. xxii. fig. K (1864); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat.
Phys. iii. 1865, p. 261, and Icon. Gén. 30, pl. iii. fig. 2, & v. fig. 1
(1868); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 183 (1876); Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept. p. 376 (1890).
Rostral twice as broad as deep; internasal single, nearly twice
as broad as long; frontal nearly twice as long as broad, as long as
or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
the parietals; loreal as long as deep or a little longer than deep, in
contact with the internasal; one prae- and two (rarely one) post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth entering the
eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior; latter widely separated from
each other. Scales in 21 rows, rarely 23 (specs. a, c). Wentrals
150–177; anal divided; subcaudals 47–78. Dark grey, brown, or
olive above, with two more or less distinct light longitudinal bands;
lower parts whitish, with a blackish line along each side of the
ventrals, and usually a median blackish line or series of dots.
Total length 680 millim.; tail 135.
Bengal, Southern India, Ceylon, Burma, Southern China, Cochin-
china, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
A. A dark median ventral line. (H. enhydris, Schn. ; H. tri-
lineata, Gray.)
a. Q (W. 155; C. P). India. º of H. trilineata.)
b, & % (W. 157, 157; C. India. W. Masters, Esq. [P].
67, 64).
d—"Yg (v. 162, 158; Bengal (). Dr. Cantor.
C. 66,67).
f. 9 (V. 163; C. 60). Darjeeling (?). T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P].
g. Q (V. 169; C. 71). Siam.
h—r. Yg. (V. 170, 168, Siam. Sir R. Schomburgk[P].
172,170,177, 166, 168,
166, 171, 164; C. 78,
75, 74, 74, 72, 63, 62,
64, 63, 64.)
s—t. 3 (W. 158; C. 64) & Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
Q (W. 157; C. 53).
20, º Q (V. 163; C. Singapore. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C].
69). g
v. 2 (W. 159; C. 63). Borneo. Leyden Museum.
B. Median ventral line absent or reduced to a few widely sepa-
rated dots. (H. bilineata, Gray; H. furcata, Gray.)
a. 6 (V. 161; C. 63). China. W. Lindsay, Esq. [P].
(Type of H. bilineata.)
8 • COLUBRIDAE.
8. #. 2 (W. 155; C. Hong Kong. J. C. Bowring, Esq.
** **, *, *. India. (Types of H. furcata.)
. 48,47).
e. Q (W. 151; C.?). —? Zoological Society.
6. Hypsirhina bennetti.
Hºº bennettii, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 67 (1842), and Cat. p. 74
(1849); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 283 (1864).
— maculata, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 950 (1854).
enhydris, var. maculata, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865,
p. 261, and Icon. Gén. 30, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1868).
Rostral broader than deep ; internasal single, small, not or but
little broader than long; frontal broader than the supraocular, once
and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as or a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one
prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials,
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields smaller and separated
by scales*. Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals 158–163; anal divided ;
subcaudals 47–53. Greyish olive above, with large blackish spots,
which may form an interrupted zigzag band along the back; upper
lip, sides (three or four rows of scales), and lower parts yellowish
white; outer row of scales, ventrals, and subcaudals black-edged ;
a median row of small black spots on the belly.
Total length 530 millim.; tail 95.
China.
a. 6 (V. 163; C.?). China. G. Bennett, Esq. [P.]. (Type.)
b. 3 (V. 161; C. 53). China. J. S. Bowerbank, Esq. §:
7. Hypsirhina chinensis. (PLATE I. fig. 2.)
Hypsirhina chinensis, Gray, Zool, Misc. p. 73 (1842), and Cat. p. 73
(1849); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 283 (1864); Boettg. Ber.
Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1885, p. 123.
Rostral broader than deep ; internasal single, small, broader than
long; frontal broader than the supraocular, once and two thirds to
twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral
or the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal
as long as deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2;
eight upper labials, fourth entering the eye; four (rarely five)
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior
chin-shields smaller and separated by scales. Scales in 23 rows.
Ventrals 143–151; anal divided; subcaudals 40–49. Dark grey
or olive above, with small darker spots which may be confluent into
* Jan represents them as in contact.
124. HYPSIRHINA. 9
three streaks on the occiput and nape; second and third rows of
scales yellowish white; ventrals, subcaudals, and outer row of
scales dark grey or olive anteriorly, yellowish white posteriorly.
Total length 520 millim. ; tail 70.
China; Siam”.
.a. 6 (V. 150; C. 46). China. J. # * Esq. [P].
(Type.
b. ? (W. 143; C. 41). China. Intern. Fisher. Exhib.
1883.
c. Hgr. 3 (V. 148; C, 46). China. A. Adams, Esq. [C.].
.d. d’ (V. 150; C. 49). #. R. Swinhoe, Esq. ſ ..].
.e. d (W. 151; C. 47). Hoi How, Hainan. J. Neumann, Esq. [P.]
8. Hypsirhina macleayi.
Pseudoferania macleayi, Douglas Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
(2) v. 1890, p. 51.
Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep; internasal single or
divided, nearly twice as broad as long; frontal a little broader than
the supraocular, nearly twice as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal
triangular, longer than deep, in contact with or narrowly separated
from the internasal; one or two prae- and one or two postoculars;
temporals 1+2; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth,
or fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; three lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which separate the
posterior. Scales in 21 or 23 rows. Wentrals 147–152; anal
divided; subcaudals 38–47. Grey or brown above, with small
black spots, which may be confluent into two streaks on the neck;
a blackish stripe on each side of the head, body, and tail, passing
through the eye; upper lip, two or three lower rows of scales, and
lower parts yellowish white; a blackish streak on each side of the
belly, between the ventrals and the first row of scales, and a broad
black stripe along the lower surface of the tail. *
Total length 635 millim. ; tail 105.
Herbert River District, Queensland.
a—c. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 151; Herbert R. J. A. Boyd, Esq. [P.].
C. 43) & yg. (Sc. 23;
W. 152,150; C. 47,39).
9. Hypsirhina polylepis.
Hypsirhina polylepis, Fischer, Abh. Nat. Ges. Hamb. ix. 1886,
p. 14.
Rostral broader than deep ; internasal single or divided, twice as
broad as long; frontal broader than the supraocular, twice as long
as broad, slightly longer than its distance from the end of the
* I have examined a specimen from Bangkok preserved in the Christiania
Museum.
10 COLUBRIDAE.
snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals; one or two
prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 1+3; eight upper
labials, fifth or fifth and sixth entering the eye; three lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which separate the
posterior. Scales in 21 or 23 rows. Wentrals 137–146; anal
divided ; subcaudals 39–40. Dark olive or blackish above and on
the sides, with a yellowish lateral streak along the second row
of scales; belly brown, spotted with yellowish, or with a yellowish
spot at the outer end of each ventral shield ; tail dark, with a
yellowish spot on each subcaudal shield.
Total length 710 millim. ; tail 110.
New Guinea.
a, b—c. SP (Sc. 23; W. 143; Fly River. Rev. S. Macfarlane [C].
C. 40) & hgr. (Sc. 21;
W. 137, 143; C. 39, 40).
10. Hypsirhina blanfordii.
Hypsirhina maculata (non D. & B.), Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
xlviii. 1879, p. 130.
maculosa, Blanf. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 226.
blanfordi, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 377 (1890).
Head short, with broad, square, truncated snout ; internasal
single, nearly as long as broad; frontal fully twice as long as
broad, a little shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two
postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth entering
the eye; only one pair of large chin-shields, the posterior
pair scarcely exceeding the adjoining scales in size. Scales in
25 rows. Wentrals 125; anal divided; subcaudals 45. Colour
blackish ashy, with a row of large irregular-shaped black spots
along the back and another rather less in size, but each spot
including several scales, along each side ; a blackish band along
the margins of the ventrals, caused by the dark edges of the shields
and of the first row of scales on each side.
Total length 300 millim. ; tail 45.
Pegu.
11. Hypsirhina bocourtii.
Hypsirhina bocourti, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 258,
and Icon, Gén. 28, pl. v. fig. 2 (1868).
Perania sieboldii (non Schleg.), Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xviii.
1866. D. 28.
? Hypsir ina multilineata, Tirant, Notes Rept. Cochinch. p. 41
(1885).
. Rostral broader than deep ; a single internasal, about twice
as broad as long; frontal narrow, narrower than the supraocular,
at least twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end
of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal a little
longer than deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2;
eight upper labials, fourth entering the eye; four or five lower
124. HYPSIRHINA. 11.
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are very
large; posterior chin-shields very small and separated by scales.
Scales in 27 rows. Wentrals 126–130; anal divided; subcaudals
40–48. Pale olive-brown above, with blackish cross-bands separated
by narrow interspaces; these cross-bands with roundish spots of the
ground-colour in the middle, tapering to vertical bars on the sides of
the body, and forming complete or interrupted rings across the
belly; upper lip, sides, and belly yellow, the labial shields black-
edged.
Total length 1120 millim.; tail 150.
Siam.
a. Q (V. 126; C. 40). Siam. Sir R. Schomburgk [P.].
12. Hypsirhina albomaculata.
Homalopsis albomaculatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 974 (1854).
Hypsirhina albomaculata, Jan, Elenco, p. 77 (1863), Arch. Zool. Anat,
Phys. iii. 1865, p. 259, and Icon. Gén. 28, pl. v. fig. 1 (1868).
Rostral broader than deep; two internasals; each praefrontal
usually longitudinally divided ; frontal broader than the supra-
ocular, once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little
shorter than the parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; one
rae- and one or two postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 3; nine upper
labials, fifth (exceptionally fourth) entering the eye; five or six
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior
chin-shields small and separated by scales. Scales in 27 rows.
Wentrals 140–150; anal divided ; subcaudals 37–48. Dark olive-
brown above, with small yellowish or orange spots; one or two
more or less distinct yellow cross-bars on the nape; sides and
lower parts yellowish or orange, spotted with black.
Total length 500 millim. ; tail 60.
Sumatra.
a—c. 3 (W. 143; C. 47) & Fulo Nias. Hr. Sundermann [C.].
Q (V. 146, 141; C. 37,
38).
13. Hypsirhina sieboldii.
Homalopsis sieboldii, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 349, pl.xiii. figs. 4 & 5
(1837); Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 98 (1847).
Ferania sieboldii, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 67 (1842), and Cat, p. 66
(1849); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 284 (1864); Anders. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1871, p. 180; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 184 (1876);
Murray, Journ. Bomb. Soc. i. 1886, p. 219.
Trigonurus sieboldii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 960 (1854).
Hypsirhina sieboldi, Jan, Elenco, p. 78 (1863), Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys,
iii. 1865, p. 260, and Icon. Gén. 30, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1868); Bouleng.
Faun. Ind., Rept., p. 377 (1890); W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beny.
lx. 1891, p. 245.
Feranoides jamnaeticus, Carlleyle, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. 1869,
p. 196
12 COLUBRIDAEe
Rostral nearly as deep as broad; two internasals; frontal broader
than the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as the parietals; loreal as long as deep or a little
deeper than long ; one praeocular, sometimes with a small subocular
below it; two postoculars; temporals small, 1+2; seven or eight
upper labials, fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields very small.
Scales in 29 to 33 rows. Wentrals 147–156; anal divided; sub-
caudals 48–56. Whitish or pale brown above, with dark brown
black-edged elliptical or rhomboidal transverse spots broader than
their interspaces; a series of round spots on each side, alternating
with the dorsal spots; head with three dark brown longitudinal
thands, confluent between the eyes; lower parts white, checkered
with black. * g
Total length 365 millim.; tail 67. Grows to 600 millim.
India, Burma, Malay Peninsula.
&• &# (Sc. 33; W. 156; Bombay. Dr. Günther [P].
. 56).
b. Yg. (Sc. 29; V. 147; Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
C. 50).
G. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 29; V. —?
147; C. 51).
14. Hypsirhina punctata.
Phytolopsis punctata, Gray, Cat. p. 68 (1849).
Eurostus heteraspis, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xvi. 1859,
p. 440. -
Tachyplotus hedemanni, Reinh. Widensk. Meddel. 1866, p. 151,
fi
Pºionopi, borneensis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 576.
punctata, Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova, iii. 1872, p. 37; Günth.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 590.
Homalophis doriae, var., Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, xcvi. i. 1887,
p. 71. º
Hypsirhina hageni, v. Lidth de Jeude, Notes Leyd. Mus. xii. 1890,
p. 20, pl. i. /
Rostral slightly broader than deep ; a single small internasal;
frontal not broader than the supraocular, at least twice as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
or a little shorter than the parietals; one or two loreals; one prae-
and two postoculars; temporals small, scale-like; twelve to fourteen
upper labials, the four or five first deep and narrow, the following
divided into small shields between the labials proper and the eye and
temporal shields; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are very large; posterior chin-shields small and
separated by scales. Scales in 25 or 27 rows. Wentrals 135–156;
anal divided ; subcaudals 28–41. Dark olive-brown above, uniform
or with small yellow spots, which may form cross-bars; one or two
yellow cross-bars on the nape; a yellow transverse spot between the
eyes; yellow beneath.
125. HoMALOPSIs. 13.
Total length 370 millim.; tail 40.
Sumatra, Borneo.
0. š (Sc. 25; W. 135; C. — ? (Type.)
b. Hgr. (Sc. 25; W. 156; Sinkawang, Borneo. Dr. Bleeker. (Type
C. 39). of Eurostus heteraspis.)
15. Hypsirhina doriae.
Homalophis doriae, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 577, and Ann.
Mus. Genova, iii. 1872, p. 38, pl. v. fig. 2.
Rostral as deep as broad; two internasals; frontal once and
a half as long as broad, shorter than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals;
supraocular divided into two or three small shields; two loreals,
deeper than long; one prae-, two or three post-, and two or three
suboculars; temporals small, scale-like; fifteen upper labials, the
five or six first deep and narrow, the following mostly transversely
divided; a pair of large chin-shields, separated from the symphysial
by the first and second pairs of lower labials. Scales in 31 or
33 rows. Wentrals 141; anal divided ; subcaudals 45. Olive-
brown above; bright yellow beneath, uniform or spotted or dotted
with blackish.
Total length 800 millim. ; tail 120. The specimen in the
Collection (tail injured) measures 450 millim. from snout to vent.
Borneo.
a. 9 (Sc. 33; W. 141; C. P). Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
125. HOMALOPSIS.
Homalopsis, Kuhl, Isis, 1822, p.474; Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 64 (1842),
and Cat. Sn. p. 66 (1849); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 285 (1864);
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 373 (1890).
Homalopsis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 332 (1837); Dum. &
#.Frp. Gén. vii. p. 967; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865,
. 256.
Pāº, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxviii. 1859, p. 297.
Maxillary teeth 11 to 13, decreasing in length posteriorly,
followed, after an interspace, by a pair of slightly enlarged,
grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth much longer than the
posterior. Head distinct from neck; eye small, with vertically
elliptic pupil; head-shields large ; nasals in contact behind the
rostral, semidivided, the cleft extending from the nostril to the first
labial; internasal single or divided; loreal present. Body cylin-
drical; scales distinctly striated and keeled, without pits, in 37 to
47 rows; ventrals well developed, not keeled. Tail moderate;
subcaudals in two rows.
South-eastern Asia.
14 COLUBRIDAE.
Skull of Homalopsis buccata.
1. Homalopsis buccata.
Merr. Beitr. ii, p. 36, pl. x. (1790); Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl.xxxiii.
(1801).
Coluber buccatus, Linn, Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 29, pl. xix, fig. 3 (1754),
and S. N. i. p. 377 (1766).
subalbidus, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1103 (1788).
Vipera buccata, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 220 (1803).
Coluber monilis, part., Daud, op. cit. vii. p. 59 (1803).
horridus, Daud. l.c. p. 71. -
Homalopsis molurus, Kuhl, Isis, 1826, p. 213.
- monilis, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 521.
— buccata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 337, pl. xiii, figs. 1–3 (1837);
Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept, p. 96 (1847); Gray, Cat, p. 67 (1849);
Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 968 (1854); Günth. Rep. Brit. Ind. p. 285
(1864); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 256; Theob.
Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 185 (1876); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept.
p. 374, fig. (1890). -
— hardwickii, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 65 (1842), and Cat. p. 67.
semizonata, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. 1855, p. 187.
Pythonia semizonata, Blyth, op. cit. xxviii. 1859, p. 297.
Frontal often broken up into several shields, not much broader,
sometimes even narrower than the supraocular; parietals short;
loreal sometimes divided into two; one or two prae- and two post-
oculars; one to three suboculars sometimes present; temporals small,

126. cERBERUs. 15
iscale-like; ten to twelve upper labials, fifth or sixth entering the
eye or narrowly separated from it by suboculars; two or three
pairs of chin-shields in a transverse row, inner in contact with the
three first lower labials. Scales in 37 to 47 rows. Wentrals
160–171; anal divided; subcaudals 70–90. Above with broad
transverse dark brown, black-edged cross-bands separated by narrow
pale brown interspaces, which are whitish in the young; head pale,
with a triangular or V-shaped dark brown mark on the snout, a
A-shaped mark on the vertex, and a dark brown band on each side,
beginning in front of and passing through the eye; belly whitish,
with a series of dark brown spots along each side; tail brown-
spotted inferiorly.
Total length 1050 millim. ; tail 230.
Bengal (?), Burma, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Borneo, Java.
a. 3 (Sc. 41; V. 164; C. 83). India (?). Gen. Hardwicke [P].
(Type of H. hardwickii.)
B, c, d. Yg. (Sc. 37, 41, 41; Bengal (?). Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
V. 162, 160, 160; C. 82,
85, 78).
e. Q (Sc. 47; W. 169; C. P). Camboja. M. Mouhot [C].
f-h. 3 (Sc. 41; V. 168; C. Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
88) & yg. (Sc. 39, 40; W.
163, 164; C. 90, 86).
i-l. Yg. (Sc. 41, 39, 37; V. Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.].
165, 167, 161; C. 85, 85, |
76).
m. & (Sc. 40; V. 168; C. 77). Labuan. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq.[P].
n. Q (Sc. 37; V. 160; C. 71). Java. Leyden Mus.
2. Yg. (Sc. 39; W. 162; C.81). Batavia.
p—q. Q (Sc. 45; V. 167; C. —? Haslar Collection.
85) & yg. (Sc.45; W. 170;
C. 86).
T. Skull. Malacca.
126. CERBERUS.

Hydrus, part., Schneid. Syst. Amph. i. p. 233 (1799).
Cerberus, Cuv. Regne Anim. 2nd ed. ii. p. 81 (1829); Gray, Zool.
Misc. p. 64 (1842), and Cat. Sn. p. 63 (1849); Dum. & Bibr. Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 977 (1854); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 278 (1864);
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 374 (1890).
Homalopsis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 332 (1837); Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 256.
Maxillary teeth 12 to 17, followed, after a very short interspace,
by two slightly enlarged, grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth
longest. Head small, not very distinct from neck; eye small,
with vertically elliptic pupil; snout covered with shields; parietal
shields more or less broken up into scales; nasals in contact
loehind the rostral, semidivided, the cleft extending from the nostril
to the first or second labial; two internasals (rarely united); loreal
16
COLUBRIDAE.
W
present. Body cylindrical; scales striated and keeled, without pits,
in 23 to 29 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate, slightly
compressed; subcaudals in two rows.
South-eastern Asia; North Australia.
Synopsis of the Species.
Four-lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; scales very strongly keeled, in
23 to 27 rows; ventrals 132–160 . . . . . . 1. rhynchops, p. 16.
Three lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; scales moderately keeled, in
25 rows; ventrals 148–149 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. australis, p. 18.
Three (rarely four) labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields; scales rather feebly
keeled, in 29 rows; ventrals 163–165 .. 3. microlepis, p. 18.
1. Cerberus rhynchops.
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. xvii. (1796), and ii. pl. xl. (1801).
Hydrus rhynchops, Schneid. Hist, Amph. i. p. 246 (1799).
Elaps boaeformis, Schneid, op. cit. ii. p. 301 (1801).
Hydrus cinereus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 567 (1802).
Hurria schneideriana, Daud. Rept. v. p. 281 (1803).
Coluber cerberus, Daud, op. cit. vii. p. 167 (1803).
Python rhynchops, Merr. Tent, p. 90 (1820).
Homalopsis cerberus, Fitzing. W. Class. Rept. p. 55 (1826).
molurus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 213.
schneideri, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 341, pl. xiii. figs. 6 & 7
1837).
cº cinereus, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 54; Gray, Cat.
p. 64 (1849).
Homalopsis rhynchops, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 94 (1847).
Cerberus cinereus, part., Gray, Cat. p. 64.
acutus, Gray, l.c. p. 65.
unicolor, Gray, l.c.
boaeformis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 978 (1854).
Homalopsis boaformis, Jam, Elenco, p. 77 (1863), and Arch. Zool.
Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 257.
Cerberus rhynchops, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 279 (1864); Anders.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 179; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 185
(1876); Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 381 (1884); Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Rept. p. 374 (1890).
Rostralnearly as deep as broad; frontal shield distinct or broken up.
into small shields; loreal usually in contact with the three or four
anterior labials and with the internasal; nasal cleft extending to
the first upper labial, rarely to the second; eye between four to six
shields, viz. a supraocular, a præocular, one or two postoculars, and
one, two, or three suboculars; nine or ten upper labials, posterior
transversely divided; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; posterior chin-shields Smaller and wedged in between
the anterior and the labials. Scales very strongly keeled, in 23 or
126. GERBERUs. 17
25 (rarely 27*) rows. Wentrals 132–160; anal divided; subcaudals
49–72. Grey, brown, olive, or blackish above, with more or less
distinct black spots or cross-bars; a black streak on each side of
the head, passing through the eye; a more or less distinct white or
yellow lateral band; beneath whitish or yellowish, spotted or
barred with black, or almost entirely black.
Total length 980 millim. ; tail 180.
India and Ceylon, Burma, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, Pelew Islands.
Q. G. sº 25; W. 145; Ganjam. F. Day, Esq. [P].
b. ? (§c. 25; v. 147; Cocanada. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
C. 56). º;
c, d, e. & (Sc. 23, 25; Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
V. 145, 146; C. 64,62)
& yg. (Sc. 25; W. 146;
C. 63
f. deº 25; V. 147; Nilgherries. W. Theobald, Esq.[P].
9. & sº 25; V. 145; Malabar. Col. Beddome [C.].
h. 3 (Sc. 25; W. 142; India. Dr. P. Russell.
£, gº% (Sc. 25; W. 14.5; India. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
C. 56) & yg. (Sc. 23, 25,
25; V. 146, 143, 146;
C. 62, 60, 60).
72. § §. 25; V. 147; India. College of Surgeons.
o. 3 (§c. 25; V. 187; Ceylon. Messrs. v. Schlagint-
C. 53). weit [C].
2. é. (Sc. 25; W. 139; Ceylon. R. Templeton, Esq.
. 55). P.T.
q—r. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 149; Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
C. 58) & yg. (Sc. 23;
V. 147; C. 56).
8. * 23; W. 148; Pinang (?). Dr. Cantor.
. 67).
t—u. 6 (Sc. 23; W. 141, Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.J.
144; C, 55, 59).
ºv. 3 º 23; W. 152; Deli, Sumatra. Mr. Iversen [C.].
C. 58).
20. cº Sc. 23; W. 125; Engano. Dr. Modigliani [C.].
ar. G (Sc. 23; W. 145; Borneo. Leyden Museum.
C. 63). (Type of C. acutus.)
y. Yg. (Sc. 23; W. 150; Borneo.
C. 63).
23. cºs (Sc. 25; W. 144; Sarawak. Sir J. Brooke [P].
. 53).
* I have examined a specimen from Trevandrum, preserved in the Travancore
Museum, with 27 rows of scales.
WOL. III. C
18 COLUERIDAE,
a, 8. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 154; Labuan. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq.
C. 65) & yg. (Sc. 23; [P].
W. 155; C. 66).
7. de§Sc. 23; W. 153; Palawan. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
8-, 6. (Sc. 23; W. 160; Placer, Mindanao. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
C. 69) & Q (Sc. 25;
V. 158; C.?). *
Č. § ; 25; W. 151; Negros. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.],
m. G (Sc. 23; W. 157; Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq.[C.].
C. P). * (Type of C. unicolor.)
6, i. 2 (Sc. 25, 23; W. 151, Philippines. Messrs. Veitch [P].
150; C. 55, 52). |
K, 6. §º. 23; W. 153; Java. G. Lyon, Esq. [P].
6 ë ſº
A. 3 (śc. 23; W. 151; Batavia.
C. 64).
Al- § º 25; W. 150; Manado, Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C].
5
v–é. Q (Sc. 23; W. 145, N. Ceram.
145; C. 52, 50).
o—p. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 151; Pelew Ids. G. L. King, Esq. [P].
C. 61) & Q (Sc. 23;
W. 147, 147; C. 52, 53).
or. Skeleton. Sumatra.
T. Skull. Manilla.
v. Skull. Java.
2. Cerberus australis. (PLATE II. fig. 1.)
Homalopsis australis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 65 (1842).
Cerberus australis, Gray, Cat, p. 65 (1849).
Closely allied to the preceding, but distinguished as follows:–
Nasal cleft usually extending to the second upper labial; loreal in
contact with the second and third labials, not touching the inter-
nasal; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields.
Scales in 25 rows, not so strongly keeled as in C. rhynchops. Slate-
colour above, with transverse black spots, whitish and blackish
beneath, with a regular series of large black blotches along each
side of the belly.
Total length 590 millim. ; tail 105.
North Australia.
a. Q (V. 148; C. 47). Port Essington. Mr. Gilbert ſG.T. (Type,
b. 3 (V. 149 ; C. 51). Port Essington. Sir J. º, ( ſº )
3. Cerberus microlepis. (PLATE II. fig. 2.)
Cerberus cinereus, part., Gray, Cat. p. 64 (1849).
Closely allied to C. rhynchops, but only three (exceptionally four)
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; loreal not
touching the internasal; scales much smaller, in 29 rows, rather
feebly keeled; and ventrals more numerous, 163–165. Dark olive
127. EUROSTUs.—128. MYRON. 19
above, with darker spots; a dark streak on each side of the head,
passing through the eye; yellowish beneath, much spotted or
marbled with blackish.
Total length 660 millim.; tail 120.
Philippine Islands.
a—b. ? (W. 165, 163; C. 61, 57). Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq.[C.].
127. EUROSTUS.
Eurostus part., Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 498, and
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 951 (1854).
Hypsirhina, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. iii. 1865, p. 258.
Maxillary teeth 13 or 14, followed, after an interspace, by a pair
of enlarged, grooved teeth. Head small, scarcely distinct from neck;
eye small, with round (?) pupil; head-shields large; nasal semi-
divided, the cleft extending from the nostril to the internasal, in
contact behind the rostral; internasals distinct; loreal present.
Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 27 to 31 rows;
ventrals narrow. Tail moderate or short; subcaudals in two rows.
Bengal?
1. Eurostus dussumieri.
º dussumieri, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 953, pl. lxxxiv. fig. 1
1854).
Hypsirhina dussumieri, Jan. Elenco, p. 78 (1863), Arch. Zool. Anat.
Phys. iii. 1865, p. 260, and Icon. Gén. 30, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1868).
Rostral broader than deep; internasals broader than long, behind
the nasals; frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long
as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; loreal nearly as deep as long; one prae-
and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth
entering the eye; chin-shields small. Scales in 27 to 31 rows.
Wentrals 144–148; anal divided; subcaudals 28–34. Pale brown
above, with three blackish stripes; ventrals and subcaudals whitish,
with a median series of small black spots which may be confluent
into a streak.
Total length 673 millim. ; tail 71.
Bengal?
128. MYRON.
Myron, part., Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 70 (1849).
Neospades, De Vis, Proc. R. Soc. Queensl. vi. 1889, p. 238.
Maxillary teeth about 10, followed, after a short interspace, by a
pair of enlarged, grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth longest.
Head small, not or but slightly distinct from neck; eye very small,
with vertically elliptic pupil; head-shields large ; nasal semi-
divided, the cleft extending from the nostril to the first or second
labial; a single internasal, separating the nasals; loreal present.
Body cylindrical; scales striated and keeled, without pits, in 21
c 2
20 COLUERIDAE.
rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short, feebly compressed; subcaudals
in two rows.
North Australia.
1. Myron richardsonii.
Myron richardsonii, Gray, Cat. p. 70 (1849).
Neospades kentii, De Vis, Proc. R. Soc. Queensl. vi. 1889, p. 238,
pl. xiv.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad; frontal as long as or a little
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal a little longer than
deep; two prae- and two postoculars: temporals 1+2; eight or
nine upper labials, fourth or fifth entering the eye; three pairs of
chin-shields in contact on the median line, the anterior in contact
with three or four lower labials. Scales rather feebly keeled, in 21
rows. Wentrals 138–140; anal divided; subcaudals 30–35. Grey
or olive above, with black cross-bars; head blackish ; ventrals
yellowish or pale brownish, edged with blackish in front, and with
a more or less distinct dusky median streak.
Total length 415 millim. ; tail 60.
North Australia.
a. Q (V. 140; C. 35). N.W. Australia. Sir J. Richardson [P]. (Type.)
b. ? (W. 140; C. 30). Port Essington.
Both specimens are unfortunately in bad condition.
129. GERARDIA.
Gerarda, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 77 (1849); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept.
p. 379 (1890).
Campylodon, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 499, and
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 963 (1854); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii.
1865, p. 263.
Heleophis, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1884, p. 286,
Maxillary teeth 10, very small, followed by a pair of enlarged
grooved teeth; mandibular teeth subequal. Head small, not
distinct from neck; eye small, with vertically subelliptic pupil;
head-shields large ; nostril in an undivided nasal; a single inter-
nasal, separating the nasals; loreal present. Body cylindrical;
scales smooth, without pits, in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
moderate; subcaudals in two rows.
India, Burma and Ceylon.
1. Gerardia prevostiana.
Coluber (Homalopsis) prevostianus, Eyd. & Gerv. in Guér. Mag.
Zool, Cl. iii. 1837, pl. xiii., and Woy. Favorite, v. Zool. p. 70,
pl. xxix. (1839).
Gerarda bicolor, Gray, Cat. p. 77 (1849); Günth, Ann. & Mag. W.
H. (4) i. 1868, p. 421; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 180 (1876).
130. Forpon IA. 21
Campylodon prevostianum, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 964 (1854); Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 263, and Icon. Gén. 30, pl. vi.
fig. 3 (1868); F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 700.
Hº flavescens, F. Müll. Verh. Wat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1884, p. 286,
l. v. fig. 2.
Gºri. Trevostiana, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 379 (1890);
Haly, Journ. As. Soc, Ceyl. xi. 1892, p. 197.
Rostral broader than deep; frontal a little longer than broad,
as long as or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal slightly longer than deep, a little
smaller than the nasal; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals
1+2 or 3; eight upper labials, fourth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much
larger than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 146–148;
anal divided; subcaudals 31–34. Uniform dark olive or grey
above; three outer series of scales white; upper lip white, rostral
dark olive; ventrals and subcaudals grey or whitish, with dark
edges.
†al length 520 millim. ; tail 65.
Coasts of India, Ceylon, and Burma.
a. 3 (V. 154; C. 33). Bandora, Bombay Coast. H. M. Phipson, Esq.
P
b–6, 3 (V. 153, 148; Bassein R., Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq.
C. 33, 34). [C.].
d. 3 (V. 146; C. 33). —? (Type of G. bicolor.)
130. FORDONIA.
Homalopsis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 332 (1837). ".
Fordonia, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 67 (1842), and Cat. Sn. p. 76 (1849);
Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 277 (1864); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept.
p. 378 (1890).
Hemiodontus, Dum. & Biör. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 494, and
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 882 (1854).
Hemiodontus, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 263.
Maxillary teeth small, 7 or 8, followed by two enlarged grooved
teeth; mandibular teeth subequal. Head small, not distinct from
neck; eye very small, with vertically elliptic pupil; head-shields
large; nostrilin an undivided or semidivided nasal; a single inter-
nasal, separating the nasals; no loreal. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, without pits, in 25 to 29 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
short ; subcaudals all or part in two rows.
From Burma and Cochinchina to New Guinea and North
Australia.
1. Fordonia leucobalia.
Homalopsis leucobalia, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 845, pl. xiii. figs. 8 & 9
(1837); Schleg. & Müll. Verh. Nat. Nederl. Overz. Bezitt., Rept.
p. 61, pl. viii. (1844); Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 102, pl.xl. fig. 5
).
(1847
22 COLUBRIDAE.
Fordonia leucobalia, Gray, Zool, Misc. p. 67 (1842), and Cat, p. 77
(1849); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 378 (1890); W. L. Sclater,
Journ. As. Soc, Beng. lx. 1891, p. 245.
— unicolor, Gray, Cat, p. 77; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 277
(1864), and Zool. Rec. 1865, p. 154;. Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind.
P. ; (1876); Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878,
. 389.
Hºntus leucobalia, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 884 (1854); Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 264, and Icon. Gén. 28, pl. vi. fig. 1
1868).
( * Jan, Elenco, p. 79 (1863), and ll, cc. pl. vi. fig. 3.
Fordonia bicolor, Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x. 1868, p. 56, and Cat.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 181.
variabilis, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 1878, p. 219.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad; frontal a little longer than
broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals
1+3 or 2+3; five upper labials, third entering the eye; three
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
small and a little larger than the posterior. Scales in 25 to 29
rows. Wentrals 130–156, last frequently divided; anal divided;
subcaudals 26–43. Coloration of upper parts very variable; lower
parts uniform yellowish white.
Total length 930 millim.; tail 110.
Rivers and Coasts of Bengal, Burma, Cochinchina, Malay Archi-
pelago, New Guinea, and North Australia.
A. Black above, with or without small yellowish-white spots.
(F. leucobalia, Schl.)
a. Q (Sc. 25; W. 155; Nicobars. W.T. Blanford, Esq. .
C. 29). §§
b–o. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 148; N. Coast of Australia. H.M.S. “Alert.”
C. 37) & Q (Sc. 25;
V. 147; C. 28).
d. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 148; N. Australia. Mrs. Montague Devey
C. 38). [P.].
B. Yellow or pale reddish above, spotted or marbled with black.
a—c. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 145, Port Darwin, N. Aus- R. G. S. Buckland,
146; C. 33, 39) & Q tralia. Esq. [P.].
(Sc.25; V.149; C.32). tº
C. Red above, with a black vertebral stripe ; head black.
a. d (Sc. 25; W. 143; N. Coast of Australia. FI.M.S. * Alert.”
. 39).
D. Brown above, with or without small black spots, gradually
passing to yellowish on the sides. (F. whicolor, Gray.)
a. Q (Sc. 29; W. 155; Burma. H. L. Goertz, Esq.
C. 30). [P.l.
b. 2 (Sc. 27; W. 152; Cochinchina. * C. E. Cox-Smith,
C. 32). Esq. [P.]
131. CANTORIA. - 23
C. & (Sc. 29; V. 146; Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
. 32).
d. G. ... 27; W. 153; Borneo. Sir E. Belcher [P].
e. 3 (S. 25; v. 148; Borneo.
C. 43).
f. * 27; W. 147; Niah, Borneo. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
9. § § 27; W. 156; Java. G. Lyon, Esq. [P.].
h—i. Q (Sc. 27, 25; V. N. Ceram.
144, 146; C. 32,34).
k. 2 (Sc. 25; W. 156; Fly R., New Guinea. Rev. S. Macfarlane
C. 28). º;
!. § §; 27; W. 138; Port Moresby. Rev. G. Turner [C.].
Fordonia papuensis, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.W. ii. 1877,
p. 35, from Katow, New Guinea, is possibly a synonym of the above
species. The exclusion of the third labial from the eye may be an
individual anomaly; whilst the number (22) of series of scales given
in the description may not be the highest to be found on the
specimen.
131. CANTORIA.
Cantoria, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 182, and U.S. Explor.
Faped, Herp. p. 156 (1858); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 277
(1864); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 380 (1890).
Hydrodipsas, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1859, p. 270.
Hemiodontus, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 263.
Maxillary teeth 10 or 11, last longest and grooved; anterior
mandibular teeth longest. Head small, not distinct from neck;
eye very small, with round pupil; head-shields large; nostril in a
semidivided nasal, the cleft of which extends to the praefrontal; a
single internasal, separating the nasals; loreal present. Body
extremely elongate, slightly compressed; scales smooth, without
pits, in 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in
two rows. -
Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.
1. Cantoria violacea.
Cantoria violacea, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1857, p. 182; and U.S.
Pºplor. Eaped., Herp. p. 156, pl. xi, figs. 7–10 (1858); Cope, Proc.
Ac, Philad. 1866, p. 312; Lütk. Widensk. Meddel. 1866, p. 151;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 380, fig. (1890).
Hydrodipsas elapiformis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1859, p. 270, pl. —.
fig. 1
cº, elongata, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 277 (1864).
Hemiodontus elapiformis, Jan, Elenco, p. 79 (1863), Arch. Zool.
Anat. Phys. iii. 1865, p. 265, and Icon. Gén. 28, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1868).
Cantoria elapiformis, Günth. Zool. Rec. 1868, p. 124.
— dayana, Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 208,
24 COLUERIDAE.
pl. xi, fig. 5; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soo. 1871, p. 178; Theob. Cat.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 181 (1876).
Rostral broader than deep; frontal a little longer than broad,
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout or than the
parietals; eye between four shields, viz., a praeocular, a supraocular,
a postocular, and a subocular; loreal longer than deep ; one elongate
anterior temporal, in contact with the postocular and the subocular;
five upper labials; three lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are not longer than the posterior. Scales in
19 rows. Wentrals 266–278; anal divided; subcaudals 56–64.
Blackish above, with white transverse bands which widen towards
the abdomen; these bands are very narrow in the typical form,
wider in the var. dayana (spec. a), but constantly much narrower
than the black interspaces; some white spots on the head; lower
parts white, with greyish spots, the continuation of the dorsal
bands; these bands may form complete rings on the tail.
Total length 830 millim. ; tail 110.
Mouth of the Moulmein River, Burma; Singapore; Borneo.
a. Q (V. 266; C. 57). —?
132. HIPISTES.
Hipistes, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 77 (1849); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 286
(1864); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 381 (1890).
Bitia, Gray, l.c. p. 63.
Maxillary teeth 8 or 9, followed, after a short interspace, by a
pair of slightly enlarged grooved teeth. Head small, not distinct
from neck; eye minute, with vertically elliptic pupil; head-shields
small, parietals broken up into numerous shields; nostril a transverse
slit between two nasals; a single internasal, separating the nasals;
a loreal. Body elongate, slightly compressed ; scales smooth,
without pits, juxtaposed or subimbricate, in 35 to 43 rows; ventrals
narrow, with two sharp keels. Tail short, feebly compressed; sub-
caudals in two rows. -
Coasts of Burma, Siam, and the Malay Peninsula.
1. Hipistes hydrinus.
Homalopsis hydrina, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept, p. 104, pl. xl. fig. 4
1847).
Biº hydroides, Gray, Cat. p. 63 (1849).
Hipistes fasciatus, Gray, l.c. p. 78. *
hydrinus, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 287, pl.xxiv. fig, H (1864);
Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 207; Anders.
Proc. Zool, Soc. 1871, p. 181; Theob. Cat, Rept, Brit. Ind. p. 184
(1876); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 382, fig. (1890).
Rostral nearly as deep as broad; frontal narrow, twice as long as
broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of .
133. HERPETON. 25
the snout ; eye between four shields, viz. a supraocular, a praeocular,
a subocular. and a small postocular; seven upper labials; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields extremely small. Scales in 35 to 43 rows. Wentrals
153–165; anal divided; subcaudals 22–35. Pale grey or brownish
above, with black cross-bands as broad as the interspaces between
them or narrower; lower parts white.
Total length 485 millim.; tail 50.
Mouths of rivers and coasts of Pegu, Siam, and the Malay
Peninsula.
a—b. 3 (Sc. 37; V. 160; C. 34) Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
& yg. (Sc. 39; W. 155; C. 35).

c. 2 (Sc. 43; V. 160; C. 27). Pinang. F. Day, Esq. [P].
d. 3 (Sc. 41; W. 160; C. 31). Bangkok. Christiania Museum.
e. 3 (Sc. 39; W. 165; C. 33). Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.].
f. 6 (Sc. 39; W. 157; C. 33). —? (Type of Bitia hydroides.)
g. Q (Sc. 39; W. 161; C. 24). — ? (Type of Hipistes fasciatus.)
h. (2 (Sc. 41; W. 161; C. 27). —?
133. HERPETON.
Erpeton, Lacép. Bull. Sc. Soc. Philom. ii. 1800, p. 169, and Ann.
Mus. ii. 1803, p. 280; Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 62 (1849); Dum. & Bibr.
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 983 (1854).
Rhinopirus, Merr. Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 81 (1820).
Herpeton, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 169 (1830); Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1860, p. 115, and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) viii. 1861, p. 266, and
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 288 (1864); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii.
1865, p. 255.
Homalopsis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 332 (1837).
Maxillary teeth 12 or 13, followed, after a short interspace, by a
pair of slightly enlarged grooved teeth; mandibular teeth subequal.
Head distinct from neck, with two long, scaly, rostral appendages;
eye small, with vertically elliptic pupil; head-shields large; nostril
in a semidivided nasal, which is separated from its fellow by a series
of small scales; loreal region covered with small scales; no regular
chin-shields. Body cylindrical; scales strongly keeled, in 37 rows;
ventrals very narrow, bicarinate. Tail moderate, covered with
uniform keeled scales. -
Cochinchina and Siam.
1. Herpeton tentaculatum.
Erpeton tentaculatus, Lacép. Bull. Sc. Soc. Philom. ii. 1800, p. 169,
and Ann. Mus, ii. 1803, p. 280, pl. l. ; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 246,
pl. lxxxvi. (1803); Guér. Icon. R. A., Rept. pl.xx. fig. 3 (1844);
Gray, Cat. p. 63 (1849); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 984 (1854).
Rhinopirus erpeton, Merr. Tent. p. 82 (1820).
Homalopsis herpeton, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 359 (1837), and
Abbild. p. 50, pl. xvi. (1839).
Herpeton tentaculatum, Jam, Icon. Gén. 1, pl. i. (1860); Günth.
Proc. Zool. Soc, 1860, p. 114, pl.xxiii.; Cornalia, Rev. & Mag. Zool.

26 COLUBRIDAE.
(2) Kiii. 1861, p. 145; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 902, and
1863, p. 247; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 288 (1864); Bocourt, N.
Arch. Mus. ii. 1866, Bull, p. 6; Morice, Ann. Sc. Nat. (6) ii. 1875
art. 5, pl.xx.; Peters, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. 1882, p. 74, -
Rostral very small; a pair of praefrontals, separated from the
nasals by small shields; frontal slightly longer than broad, shorter
than the parietals, separated from the supraoculars by a series of
small shields; 13 to 15 upper labials, separated from the eye by a
series of suboculars; temple covered with small keeled scales. Scales
strongly keeled, in 37 rows. Wentrals 110–136, only twice as large
as a scale; anal divided. A broad dark brown vertebral band, with
more or less regular black transverse lines; a dark brown lateral
stripe, extending to the snout and passing through the eye, separated
from the vertebral band by a yellowish-brown band; yellowish
beneath, with two dark brown longitudinal stripes.
Total length 610 millim. ; tail 170.
Cochinchina and Siam, in brackish water.
a—b. ? (W. 126) & yg. (V. 133). Siam. M. Mouhot [C.].
Alluaudina (infra, p. 38) should perhaps be referred to this
Subfamily. See Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) vii. 1895,
p. 124.
Subfam. 5. DIPSADOMORPHINAE.

Coronellae, part, Colubrini, part., Dendrophidae, part., Boie, Isis,
1827, p. 510. -
Oxycéphaliens, Sténocéphaliens, Scytaliens, Dipsadiens, Anisodon-
tiens, part, Duméril, Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. p. 427, 1853; Duméril
& Bibron, Erp. Gén. vii. p. 796, 1854.
Calamaridae, part, Coronellidae, part., Dryadidae, part., Psammo-
phidae, Dendrophidae, part., Dryiophidae, Dipsadidae, part., Scyta-
lidae, Günther, Cat. Col. Sn. 1858. -
Calamaridae, part., Probletorhinidae, part., Coronellidae, part., Potamo-
hilidae, part., Psammophidae, Dryophilidae, part., Scytalidae, part.,
ipsadidae, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Qſid. 1863.
Calamaridae, part., Colubridae, part., Psammophidae, Dendrophidae,
part., Dryiophidae, Dipsadidae, Günther, Rept. Brit. Ind. 1864.
Trimerorhini, part., Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 118, 1882.
Calamarinae, part., Scytalinae, Philodryadinae, ºg. Psam-
mophidinae, Dipsadinae, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. p. 484,
1886. -
Dipsadinae, Boulenger, Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 356, 1890. -
ipsadinae, Scytalinae, Erythrolamprinae, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos.
Soc. xviii. p. 207, 1895. *

Nostrils lateral; dentition well developed.
Cosmopolitan, except the northern parts of the Northern Hemi-
sphere. Terrestrial, arboreal, or subaquatic.
DIPSADOMORPHINAE. 27
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Hypapophyses present throughout the vertebral column,
represented on the posterior dorsal vertebrae by a more or
less developed crest or tubercle projecting below the
condyle.
A. Solid maxillary teeth equal or subequal.
1. Pupil round; body cylindrical; scales smooth.
Mandibular teeth subequal; scales without pits.
134. Geodipsas, p. 32.
Anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged; scales without pits;
subcaudals single . . . . . . . . . . 135. Hologerrhum, p. 33.
Anterior mandibular teeth longest ; scales with apical pits.
136. Ithycyphus, p. 34.
2. Pupil vertical.
a. Eye moderate ; body cylindrical.
Snout ending in a long scaly appendage; scales keeled.
137. Langaha, p. 35.
Snout without appendage; scales strongly keeled.
138. Alluaudina, p. 38.
Snout without appendage; scales smooth; a series of suboculars.
139. Eteirodipsas, p. 38.
b. Eye large; body compressed; scales smooth.
{ 140. Stenophis, p. 39.
B. Solid maxillary teeth very unequal; anterior mandibular
teeth strongly enlarged; pupil vertical.
Body compressed; scales smooth: ; tail long.
141. Lycodryas, p. 44.
"Body cylindrical; scales smooth or obtusely keeled; tail moderate,
with single subcaudals; nostril between nasal and supranasal.
- 142. Pythonodipsas, p. 45.
Body cylindrical; scales smooth; tail short, with single subcaudals.
143. Ditypophis, p. 46.
II. Hypapophyses absent in the posterior dorsal vertebrae.
A. Solid maxillary teeth gradually decreasing in length, the
anterior much longer than the posterior; head distinct
from neck; pupil vertical.
1. Wertebral scales not enlarged.
Body cylindrical or slightly compressed; scales oblique; no sub-
oculars .................. 144. Tarbophis, p. 47.
28 COLUBRIDAE.
Body compressed; scales slightly oblique; usually a subocular
below the praeocular and loreal divided.
* * . 145. Trimorphodon, p. 53.
Body compressed; scales straight; no suboculars.
- 146. Lycognathus, p. 56.
2. Scales of vertebral row enlarged. - --
147. Trypanurgos, p. 58.
B. Solid maxillary teeth subequal or gradually increasing in
length; head more or less distinct from neck; pupil
vertical. *
1. Scales more or less oblique, vertebral row more or less
enlarged.
Subcaudals in two rows........ 148. Dipsadomorphus, p. 59.
Subcaudals single . . . . . . • * * * * * 149. Dipsadoboa, p. 81.
2. Scales not oblique.
a. Wentral shields strongly angulate laterally; scales
strongly keeled ... 150. Rhinobothryum, p. 82.
b. Wentrals rounded or obtusely angulate.
a. Nostril between two nasals.
* Body very slender, strongly compressed; scales
very narrow . 151. Himantodes, p. 83.
** Body cylindrical or moderately compressed.
f Maxillary teeth gradually and feebly increasing
in length; posterior nasal concave.
Body cylindrical or moderately compressed; loreal not entering the
eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152. Leptodira, p. 88.
Body compressed; loreal entering the eye. -
153. Chamaetortus, p. 98.
ff Maxillary teeth equal ; body cylindrical or
feebly compressed.
Anterior mandibular teeth longest.
154. Oxyrhopus, p. 99.
Mandibular teeth subequal; rostral shield with sharp horizontal
edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155. Rhinostoma, p. 114.
6. Nasal entire or semidivided; body cylindrical.
* Scales with apical pits. -
t Maxillary teeth 10 to 18, subequal.
Mandibular teeth subequal; eye large. - -
. - 156. Thamnodynastes, p. 115.
Anterior mandibular teeth longest; eye moderate. , -
157. Tachymenis, p. 117.
DIPSADOMORPHINAE. 29
tit Maxillary teeth 9 or 10, increasing in length;
anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged ;
eye small . 158. Hemirhagerrhis, p. 119.
* Scales without pits; maxillary teeth 15, equal;
anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged.
159. Manolepis, p. 120.
C. Solid maxillary teeth subequal or increasing in length to
the last ; head more or less distinct from neck; pupil
round or horizontal; scales with apical pits.
1. Solid maxillary teeth 10 or more, separated from the
grooved fangs by an interspace.
a. Pupil round.
a. Anterior mandibular teeth not enlarged ; nasal
entire or semidivided.
Maxillary teeth gradually increasing in size.
162. Amplorhinus, p. 124.
Maxillary teeth equal . . . . . . . . 163. Pseudablabes, p. 126.
6. Anterior mandibular teeth enlarged.
Maxillary teeth subequal; scales more or less oblique; nostril
between two nasals . . . . . . . . 164. Philodryas, p. 127.
Last solid maxillary tooth very large, fang-like.
t 165. Ialtris, p. 137.
Maxillary teeth subequal; nostril between two nasals and the inter-
nasal . . . . . . e e s e º e s e e º e º 'º e 166. Trimerorhinus, p. 138.
Maxillary teeth subequal; nostril in a single or divided nasal;
scales more or less distinctly grooved.
167. Coelopeltis, p. 141.
b. Pupil horizontal; scales very oblique; body compressed.
176. Thelotornis, p. 184.
2. Solid maxillary teeth 17 to 20, not separated from the
grooved fangs, which are feebly enlarged; scales more
or less oblique; body compressed.
Wentrals rounded; pupil round . 178. Oxybelis, p. 189.
Ventrals and subcaudals with suture-like lateral keel; pupil
horizontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179. Dryophiops, p. 193.
Wentrals and subcaudals with suture-like lateral keel; pupil round.
180. Chrysopelea, p. 195.
3. Solid maxillary teeth 4 to 9; grooved fangs very large.
Eye large; scales oblique . . . . . . 160. Tomodon, p. 120.
Eye moderate ; scales forming straight longitudinal series.
168. Rhamphiophis, p. 144.
Eye extremely large; scales very oblique.
177. Dispholidus, p. 186.
30 COLUBRIDAE,
D. Solid maxillary teeth unequal, the middle ones the longest.
1. Solid maxillary teeth forming an uninterrupted series;
pupil round. f
Maxillary teeth 10 or 11, gradually decreasing in size in front and
behind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169. Dromophis, p. 149.
Maxillary teeth 14, middle ones much enlarged.
170. Taphrometopon, p. 151.
2. Longest solid maxillary teeth followed by a gap.
a. Pupil round; scales with apical pits.
Loreal in contact with the praeocular.
171. Psammophis, p. 152.
Loreal separated from the praeocular by the praefrontal.
172. Mimophis, p. 171.
b. Pupil vertically subelliptic.
Eye rather large; scales without apical pits.
173. Psammodynastes, p. 172.
Eye rather small; scales with apical pits.
174. Macroprotodon, p. 175.
c. Pupil horizontal; scales very oblique, with apical pits.
175. Dryophis, p. 177.
E. Solid maxillary teeth subequal or increasing in length to
the last ; head not or but slightly distinct from neck;
pupil round; scales without apical pits.
1. Subcaudals in two rows.
a. Solid maxillary teeth 10 to 15, the grooved fangs
below or just behind the vertical of the posterior
border of the eye.
a. Grooved maxillary teeth very large ; anterior
mandibular teeth longest.
161. Conophis, p. 122.
6. Grooved maxillary teeth feebly or moderately
enlarged; mandibular teeth equal.
* Internasals distinct from nasals; two praefrontals.
t Loreal present.
Eye moderate; tail moderate or long; nostril between two nasals.
181. Erythrolamprus, p. 199.
Eye small; tail moderate; nasal entire or semidivided.
182. Hydrocalamus, p. 209.
Eye small; tail short ; nostril between two nasals.
183. Scolecophis, p. 210.
I)IPSADOMORPHINAE, 31
†† Loreal absent.
Rostral moderate . . . . . . . . . . . . 184. Homalocranium, p. 212.
Rostral very large, prominent ... 185. Ogmius, p. 228.
** Internasals united with anterior nasals.
186. Stenorhina, p. 229.
*** Internasals distinct ; a single praefrontal ;
vertebrae with shield-like neural expansions.
187. Xenopholis, p. 231.
b. Maxillary very short, with 2 to 5 solid teeth; grooved
teeth below or in advance of the eye.
a. No anterior temporal; parietals in contact with
labials.
* Palate toothed.
No internasals; nasal entire, moderate.
188. Apostolepis, p. 232.
No internasals; nasal entire, very small.
191. Amblyodipsas, p. 244.
Internasals distinct; nasal divided or semidivided.
193. Calamelaps, p. 245.
** Palate toothless.
Internasals distinct; no praeocular.
194. Rhinocalamus, p. 247.
No internasals; nasal in contact with an elongate praeocular.
195. Xenocalamus, p. 247.
£3. Postocular in contact with a temporal.
* Nasal in contact with the rostral.
+ Nasal single.
No internasals; loreal present ... 189. Elapomoius, p. 237.
No loreal; a praeocular. . . . . . . . 190. Elapomorphus, p. 238.
No loreal; no praeocular . . . . . . 196. Micrelaps, p. 248.
†† Nostril between two nasals.
192. Elapotinus, p. 244.
** First labial in contact with the internasal.
197. Miodon, p. 249.
2. Subcaudals single.
a. Maxillary very short, with 2 to 4 solid teeth.
a. First labial in contact with the internasal.
No occipital shield. . . . . . . . . . . . 198. Polemon, p. 253.
A large azygous occipital shield... 199. Brachyophis, p. 254.
32 COLUBRIDAE.
6. Nasal in contact with the rostral.
* 200. Macrelaps, p. 255.
b. Maxillary short, with 6 to 10 solid teeth.
Posterior maxillary teeth large and strongly grooved.
201. Aparallactus, p. 255.
Posterior maxillary teeth feebly enlarged and feebly grooved.
202. Elapops, p. 262.
134, GEODIPSAS.
Maxillary teeth 14 or 15, equal, followed, after an interspace, by
a pair of enlarged grooved fangs; mandibular teeth subequal.
IHead distinct from neck; eye moderate, with round pupil. Body
cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 19 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail moderate ; subcaudals in two rows. Hypapophyses
developed throughout the vertebral column.
Madagascar. º
1. Geodipsas infralineata. (PLATE III. fig. 1.)
Tachymenis infralineatus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. W. (5) ix. 1882,
p. 265.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long, a little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
loreal trapezoidal, as long as deep ; one prae- and two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19
rows. Wentrals 172–187; anal entire; subcaudals 55–62. Brown
above, uniform or with small blackish spots; a black streak along
the upper surface of the tail and the posterior part of the back; a
dark streak on each side of the head, behind the eye, and another
in the middle, from the frontal to the occiput; lower parts yellow,
with some brown dots and a continuous or interrupted brown
streak along the middle of the belly and tail.
Total length 760 millim. ; tail 150.
Madagascar.
a. 9 (V. 187; C. 62). E. Betsilio. Rev. W. D. Cowan
tº [C]. (Type.)
b. ? (W. 172; C, 55). E. Imerina. Rev. R. Baron [C].
2. Geodipsas boulengeri.
Tachymenis boulengeri, Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torin. vii. 1892, no. 112,
p. 3.
Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above ; inter-
135. HologERRHUM. 33
nasals broader than long, a little smaller than the praefrontals;
frontal nearly twice as long as broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; two superposed
loreals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 137; anal entire; sub-
caudals 31. Brown above, with scattered small yellow spots;
lips, sides, and outer ends of ventrals closely dotted with blackish ;
each labial with a round yellow spot ; a crescentic yellow marking
on each side of the neck, just behind the head; belly and lower
surface of tail bright yellow.
Total length 348 millim. ; tail 48.
Andrangoloka, Madagascar.
135. HOLOGERREIUM.
Hologerrhum, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 186 (1858).
Maxillary teeth 20, equal, followed, after a short interspace, by a
pair of enlarged, grooved fangs; anterior mandibular teeth strongly
enlarged. Head slightly distinct from neck; eye moderate, with
round pupil. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, without pits, in 17
rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals single.
Hypapophyses developed throughout the vertebral column,
Philippine Islands.
1. Hologerrhum philippinum.
Hologerrhum philippinum, Günth. Cat. p. 186 (1858), and Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 171, pl. xviii. fig. B.*
Cyclochorus maculatus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 36, pl. vi. fig. 3 (1870).
Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; inter-
nasals as long as broad, a little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
twice as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep;
two prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1; eight upper labials,
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 144; anal entire; sub-
caudals 40. Brown above, with a few alternating black spots on
the anterior part of the back, and one or two black cross-bars
behind the head; a black streak on each side of the head; passing
through the eye; upper lip yellowish; a black line on each side of
the posterior part of the body and of the tail; lower parts yellowish,
with a black dot at the outer end of each ventral shield; on the
tail these dots are confluent into a line.
* The specimen from Placer, Mindanao, referred to this species by Günther
(Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 78), belongs to Cyclocorus lineatus.
"VOL. III, D
34 COLUBRIDAE,
Total length 280 millim. ; tail 52.
Philippine Islands.
a. 9 (V. 144; C. 40). Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq.[C.].
(Type.)
136. ITHYCYPEIUS.
Coluber, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 125 (1837).
Herpetodryas, part., Schleg. l.c. p. 173.
Dryophylax, part, Dum, & Bibr. Erp. Gén, vii. p. 1103 (1854).
Philodryas, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 123 (1858); Jan, Elenco
sist. Oftal. p. 83 (1863).
Ithycyphus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4) xi. 1873, p. 374,
Maxillary teeth 15 to 18, subequal, followed, after a short inter-
space, by a pair of enlarged, grooved fangs; anterior mandibular
teeth longest. Head distinct from neck; eye moderate, with round
pupil. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, with apical pits, in 21
rows; ventrals obtusely angulate laterally. Tail long; subcaudals
in two rows. Hypapophyses developed throughout the vertebral
column.
Madagascar; Comoro Islands.
1. Ithycyphus goudoti.
Herpetodryas goudotii, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 187 (1837).
Dryophylax goudotii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1122 (1854).
Bhilodryas goudotii, Günth. Cat. p. 125 (1858).
tºº caudolineatus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4) xi. 1873,
p. 3/4.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above ; inter-
nasals longer than broad, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
bell-shaped, once and one third to once and a half as long as broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal twice to thrice as long as deep; one praeocular
(sometimes divided), in contact with the frontal; three postoculars;
temporals 1+2 or 2+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals 170–209; anal divided; subcaudals
121–175. Yellowish or pale brown above, uniform or with more
or less distinct angular or arrowheaded black markings; some of
the scales may be white-edged; upper lip yellow ; a black line on
each side of the head, passing through the eye; two more or less
distinct black streaks on each side of the tail; belly yellowish or
pale brown, uniform or spotted with black; tail frequently with a
black line along its lower surface.
Total length 830 millim.; tail 340.
Madagascar.
a—d. 3 (V. 170, 175; S. Madagascar. (Types of I. caudo-
C. 128, 165) & Q lineatus.)
(V. 181, 180; C. P,
170).
137. LANGAHA. 35
.e. d. (V. 175; C. 162). Tamatave. Rev. W. D. Cowan
[C.].
..f. 6 (V. 170; C. 164). Sahambendrana. M. Majastre [C].
g. Q (W. 176; C. 144). Antongil Bay. L. H. Ramsom, Esq.
.h. Skull of e. [P.]. ;
2. Ithycyphus miniatus.
Coluber miniatus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 148 (1837), and Abbild.
p. 104, pl. xxviii. figs. 12–16 (1844).
Dryophylax miniatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1120 (1854).
Philodryas miniatus, Jan, Elenco, p. 84 (I863); Boettg. Abh. Senck.
Ges. xi. 1877, p. 13, and 1879, p. 464, and xii. 1881, p. 444,
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals
as long as broad or longer than broad, a little shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal bell-shaped, once and one third to once and a
half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the
end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals;
loreal once and a half to twice as long as deep; one praeocular, not
reaching the frontal; two (rarely three) postoculars; temporals
1+2 (rarely 2+3); eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering
the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals 195—212; anal divided; subcaudals
128–164. Greyish, yellowish, or reddish, uniform or with small
darker and lighter variegations; posterior part of body and tail
sometimes bright red; sides of head and neck sometimes with a
blackish streak, passing through the eye; labials yellowish, some-
times edged with blackish; belly more or less closely speckled with
lorown. º
Total length 1230 millim.; tail 400.
Madagascar; Comoro Islands.
a. 9 (V. 198; C. 153). Madagascar.
b—e. 3 (V. 202, 202; Imerina. Rev. R. Baron [C].
C. 160,160) & Q (V, -
207, 195; C.?, 138).
137. LANGAHA.

Langaha, Brugnière, Journ. de Phys. xxiv. 1784, p. 132; Lacép.
Serp. ii. p. 469 (1789); Daud. Rept. vii. p. 237 (1803); Dum. &
Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 802 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn, p. 161
(1858); Jan, Elenco sist. Qſid. p. 89 (1863).
Xyphorhynchus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 184 (1830).
Dryiophis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 241 (1837).
Maxillary teeth 15 or 16, subequal, followed by a pair of
enlarged, grooved fangs; anterior palatine and mandibular teeth
very strongly enlarged, fang-like. Head distinct from neck, suout
with small shields, ending in a long scaly appendage; eye moderate,
with vertical pupil; nasal entire. Body cylindrical; scales keeled,
D 2
36 COLURRIDAE.
with apical pits, in 19 rows; ventrals rounded or obtusely angu-
late laterally. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows. Hypapophyses
developed throughout the vertebral column.
Madagascar. -
Maxillary and mandible of Langaha nasuta.
Synopsis of the Species.
Rostral appendage twice as long as the
snout, ensiform, not serrated . . . . . ... 1. nasuta, p. 36.
Rostral appendage once and a half to once
and two thirds as long as the snout,
tapering to a sharp point, and Serrated -
above at the end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. intermedia, p. 37.
Rostral appendage not more than once and
a half as long as the snout, serrated .
above and beneath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. crista-galli, p. 37.
1. Langaha masuta.
Brugnière, Journ. de Phys. xxiv. 1784, p. 132, pl. ii.
Langaha nasuta, Shaw, Nat. Misc. xxii. pl. cmlxviii.-(?); Günth.
Cat. p. 162 (1858); Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xi. 1878, p. 270, and
1879, p. 467, and xii. 1881, p. 447.
Amphisbaena langaha, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 357 (1801).
Langaha madagascariensis, Daud. Rept, vii. p. 240 (1803). $
Dryiophis langaha, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 248 (1837), and Abbild.
p. 20, pl. vii., & pl. viii. figs. 7–11 (1837). -
Langaha ensifera, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 803 (1854); Jan, Icon. Gén.
33, pl; vi. fig. 2 (1869).
Head narrow and elongate, ending in a long, ensiform, three-
edged rostral appendage, covered with imbricate scales, which gradu-
ally tapers to a sharp point ; the length of this appendage about
twice the length of the snout, and five to six times its basal depth;
rostral nearly twice as broad as deep; a pair of more or less
regular, enlarged praefrontal shields; frontal narrow, its anterior
width about equal to the posterior width of the supraocular; one,
two, or three loreal shields; two prae- and four postoculars; tem-
porals small, scale-like ; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; three pairs of chin-shields bordering the mental
groove. Scales rather strongly keeled, in 19 rows. Wentrals 145–
152; anal divided (rarely entire); subcaudals 136–153. Pale
brown to brick-red above, uniform, or with ill-defined small black
spots; upper lip and lower parts yellow or orange, the belly and tail

137. LANGAHA. 37
sometimes dotted with blackish; a fine yellowish-white line, edged
above with brown or black, extends on each side from below the
nasal shield to the anterior third of the body, where it is gradually
lost. - -
Total length 950 millim. ; tail 410.
Madagascar.
a. Hgr. (V. 150; C. 141). Madagascar. Paris Museum [E.].
b. 3 (W. 152; C. 148). Madagascar.
c—d, G (V. 149; C. P. ) & yg. Imerina. Rev. R. Baron [C.].
(W. 148; C. 137). -
e. 3 (W. 150; C. P). Antongil Bay. L. H. Ransome, Esq.
[P.].
..f. 6 (V. 147; C. 142). Nossi Bé.
g. Skull off.
2. Langaha intermedia.
Langaha intermedia, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 105,
pl. v. fig. 6. -
Intermediate between L. nasuta and L. crista-galli. Rostral
appendage once and a half to once and two thirds as long as the
Snout, tapering to a sharp point, feebly serrated at the end, its
basal depth contained four to five times in its length. Ventrals
142–147; subcaudals 120–135. Grey-brown above and beneath,
speckled with dark brown or black and with more or less distinct
traces of lighter, dark-edged cross-bars on the sides; no light
lateral streak.
Total length 910 millim. ; tail 315.
Madagascar.
a. Q (V. 142; C. 125). Nossi Bé, (Type.)
Jh, c. 2 (W. 146, 147; C. 135, Madagascar.
129). -
d. Yg. (W. 147; C, 120). Madagascar. Mr. Last [C].
3. Langaha crista-galli.
Langaha crista-galli, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 806, pl. lxxi. (1854);
Günth. Cat. p. 162 (1858); Jan, Icon. Gén. 33, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1869);
Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xi. 1879, p. 465.
Differs from the two preceding in having the rostral appendage
much deeper, obtuse or rounded, and strongly serrated at the end;
its length once and one third to once and a half that of the snout,
its greatest depth two to three times in its length ; the Serrations
forming one crest above and two below the distal half of the
appendage. Wentrals 146–149; subcaudals 119–142. Grey-
brown or reddish above and beneath, more or less speckled with
(lark brown, and with a lateral series of more or less distinct
whitish, dark-edged spots alternating with those on the other
side; no light lateral streak.
38. CQLUBRIDAE.
Total length 800 millim.; tail 315.
Madagascar. *
a. 6 (V. 146; C. 119). S.E. Betsileo. Mr. T. Waters [C].
b. ? (W. 148; C. 129). Madagascar. Christiania Museum.
c. 3 (V. 146; C. 142). Madagascar.
138. AL.LUAUDINA.
Alluaudina, Mocquard, CR. Soc. Philom. 1894, no. 17, p. 9.
Mandibular teeth small and equal. Head very distinct from
neck; eye moderate, with vertically subelliptic pupil; nasal
indistinctly divided. Body rounded; scales keeled, without apical
pits, in 25 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals
single. *,
Madagascar.
1. Alluaudina bellyi.
Alluaudina bellyi, Mocquard, l.c.
Head broad, much depressed. Rostral twice as broad as deep,
not extending to the upper surface of the snout ; internasals very
short ;, praefrontals very large, as long as broad; frontal as broad as
long, shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; supraocular small; loreal a little longer than
deep ; two prae- and three postoculars; temporals scale-like,
keeled; eight upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four
or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields. Scales
rugose and strongly keeled, in 25 rows. Wentrals 161; anal entire;
subcaudals 68. Purplish brown above, with a lateral series of
darker spots along the flanks; lower parts greyish white, with
square black spots, partly confluent and disposed irregularly.
* Total length 312 millim. ; tail 73.
Ambre Mt., Saccaranii Walley, Madagascar.
139. ETEIRODIPSAs.
Diº part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 357 (1837); Dum. & Biör.
Yp. Gén. vii. p. 1133 (1854).
Eteirodipsas, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Qfta, p. 105 (1863).
Maxillary teeth 14 to 16, equal, followed, after an interspace, by
a pair of enlarged grooved fangs; anterior mandibular teeth longest.
Head distinct from neck; eye moderate, with vertical pupil,
separated from the labials by suboculars. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, with apical pits, in 25 to 29 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
moderate; subcaudals in two rows. Hypapophyses developed
throughout the vertebral column. -
Madagascar.
140. STENOPHIS. 39.
1. Eteirodipsas colubrina.
? Seba, Thes, i. pl. xix, fig. 7 (1734).
P Coluber nepa, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 97 (1768).
Dipsas colubrina, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 273 (1837), and Abbild.
p. 136, pl. xlv. figs. 21–26 (1844); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1146
(1853); TRoettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. Xii. 1881, p. 448.
Bteirodipsas colubrina, Jan, Elenco, p. 105 (1863), and Icon. Gén.
39, pl. i. fig. 1 (1872); Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xi. 1877, p. 16,
1878, p. 27.1, & 1879, p. 467.
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals as
long as broad or a little broader than long, as long as or a little
longer than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half to twice as
long as broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the end
of the Snout, as long as the parietals; loreal nearly as long as deep ;
two praeoculars, upper largest and in contact with or narrowly
separated from the frontal; three postoculars; three suboculars,
separating the eye from the labials; temporals small, scale-like, 2
or 3+2 or 3; eight or nine upper labials; four or five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields
narrower and separated from each other by two series of scales.
Scales in 25 to 29 rows. Wentrals 176–202; anal divided (rarely
entire); subcaudals 44–71, afew of which may be entire. Pale brown,
yellowish, or greenish yellow above, with dark brown or black spots
arranged quincuncially; a more or less distinct dark streak on each
side of the head behind the eye; uniform yellowish white beneath.
Total length 860 millim. ; tail 120.
Madagascar; Bourbon (?).
a. 9 (Sc. 27; W. 192; A. 2; Madagascar. Prof. A. Newton [P.J. .
C. 62).
b. ? (Sc. 27; W. 189; A. 1; Madagascar. Rev. T. Ellis [P].
C. P).
c-à. 3 (Sc. 29; v. 200; A. 1; Madagascar. J. Caldwell, Esq. [P.J.
C. 59) & Q (Sc. 25; V. 184;
A. 2; C. 50).
e. 3 (Sc. 29; V. 194; A. 2; Madagascar. Rev. R. Baron [C].
C. 56).
f. Hgr. (Sc. 27; W. 195; A. 2; Tamatave. M. Majastre [C.].
C
9.
. 68).
Q (Sc. 27; W. 192; A. 2; E, Imerina. Rev. R. Baron [C.].
C. 51).
h—i. 3 (Sc. 27; W. 195; A. 2; Imerina. Rev. R. Baron [C.].
C. 51) & yg. (Sc. 27; W.
197; A. 2; C. 44). &
k. Q skeleton. E. Imerina. Rev. J. Wills [C.].
140. STENOPHIS.
Dipsas, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 257 (1837). tº gº º
Heterurus (non Hodgs.), part., Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii.
1853, p. 538, and Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1168 (1854); Jan, Elenco sist.
Qjid. p. 103 (1863).
Dipsadoboa, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 182 (1858).
Maxillary teeth 13 or 14, equal, followed, after an interspace, by
40 COLUBRIDAE.
a pair of enlarged, grooved fangs; anterior mandibular teeth
longest. Head distinct from neck; eye large, with vertical pupil.
Body more or less compressed; scales smooth, with apical pits, in
17 to 25 rows, the scales of the middle row slightly, if at all,
enlarged; ventrals obtusely angulate laterally. Tail moderate or
long ; subcaudals single or paired. Hypapophyses developed
throughout the vertebral column.
Madagascar; Comoro Islands.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 17 or 19 rows; internasals much shorter than the
praefrontals.
A. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 187; subcaudals 67 pairs.
1. guentheri, p. 40.
B. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 228–276.
Posterior chin-shields a little shorter than
the anterior, and in contact with each
other ; ventrals 229–248 ; subcaudals
107–122, all or greater part in pairs .. 2. granuliceps, p. 41.
Posterior chin-shields larger than the
anterior and in contact with each other;
ventrals 228 ; subcaudals 110, greater
part in pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. inormatus, p. 42.
Posterior chin-shields shorter than the
anterior and separated by scales; ven-
trals 255–276; subcaudals 93–116, all
or greater part single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. gainardii, p. 42.
C. Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 243; subcaudals 126, single.
5. maculatus, p. 43.
II. Scales in 21 to 25 rows; internasals nearly as long as, or a
little longer than, the praefrontals.
A. Loreal separated from the eye by the praeocular; subcaudals
152–159, single.
Posterior chin-shields large and in contact
with each other; ventrals 225–236 . . . . 6. arctifasciatus, p. 43.
Posterior chin-shields very small or absent;
subcaudals 251–265 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. variabilis, p. 43.
B. Loreal entering the eye; ventrals 226; subcaudals 106 pairs.
8. betsileanus, p. 44.
1. Stenophis guentheri. (PLATE IV. fig. 1.)
Rostral twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above;
internasals nearly as long as broad, much shorter than the prae-
140. STENOPHIs. 41
frontals; frontal once and one third as long as broad, as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
loreal twice as long as deep ; one praeocular, forming a suture with
the frontal; three postoculars; temporals 2 + 3; eight upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields as large as the anterior and in contact with each other
anteriorly. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 187; anal divided;
subcaudals 67 pairs. Pale brown above, with squarish dark brown
spots disposed quincuncially, those on the vertebral line much
larger than the others; the first spot, on the occiput, produced
forwards as a streak to the frontal; a rhomboidal dark brown spot
on the snout; an irregular dark streak on each side of the head,
passing through the eye; yellowish white beneath, tail with some
small brown spots.
Total length 435 millim. ; tail 92.
Madagascar.
a. Q (V. 187; C. 67). S.W. Madagascar. Mr. Last [C.].
2. Stenophis granuliceps.
Dipsas (Heterurus) gainardi, var. granuliceps, Boettg. Abh. Senck.
Ges. xi. 1877, p. 14, pl. i. fig. 3, & xii. 1881, p. 448.
— (Heterurus) gainardi, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, c. 1891, p. 297.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above;
internasals not or but slightly broader than long, much shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal once and one third to once and a
half as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal much
longer than deep; one praeocular (rarely divided) in contact with or
narrowly separated from the frontal; two or three postoculars;
temporals 1+2 or 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
£ntering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields a little shorter than
the anterior and in contact with each other. Scales in 17 rows.
Wentrals 229–248; anal divided; subcaudals 107–122, all divided
or a few (2 to 5) entire. Pale brown or yellowish above, with
dark brown or black cross-bars, which may be narrower or broader
than the interspaces; a L-shaped black marking on the occiput and
nape; white beneath, tail with black spots.
Total length 720 millim. ; tail 170.
Madagascar.
a. 6 (V. 233; C. 121). Nossi Bé. Senckenberg Mus. [E.].
b. 3 (V. 229; C. 122). Imerina. Rev. R. Baron [C.].
c. 2 (W. 242; C. 115). Madagascar.
42 COLUBRIDAE.
3. Stenophis inornatus.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above;
internasals as long as broad, much shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal twice as long as broad, a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal much
longer than deep; one praeocular, in contact with or narrowly
separated from the frontal; three postoculars; temporals 2+2;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior
chin-shields a little longer than the anterior and in contact with
each other. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 228; anal divided;
subcaudals 110, three of the anterior (third to fifth) single, rest
divided. Pale brown above, with a series of rather indistinct, small
darker spots along the spine; no other markings on the head and
body; lower parts brownish white.
Total length 550 millim.; tail 145.
Madagascar.
a. 3 (W. 228; C. 110). Madagascar. Mr. Last [C].
4. Stenophis gainardii.
Dipsas gainardii, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 293 (1837), and Abbild.
p. 135, pl. xlv. figs. 16–18 (1844).
Heterurus gainardii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1178 (1854); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 38, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1871).
Dipsas (Heterurus) gainiardii, var. comorensis, Peters, Mon. Berl.
Ac. 1873, p. 794.

Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; inter-
nasals as long as broad, much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
once and one third as long as broad, as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal much longer than deep ; one praeocular, in contact.
with or narrowly separated from the frontal; three postoculars;
temporals 2-H2 or 3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering
the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields ; posterior chin-shield shorter than the anterior, and
separated from each other by scales. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals
255–276; anal divided; subcaudals 93–116, all or greater part
single. Pale brown above, with dark brown or black cross-bars,
which are as broad as or narrower than the interspaces; a L-shaped
black marking on the occiput and nape; white beneath, uniform.
or with brown spots.
Total length 660 millim.; tail 135.
Madagascar; Comoro Islands.
a—b. 3 (V. 262; C. 105) Imerina. Rev. R. Baron [C].
& yg. (V. 265; C. 93).
140. STENOPHIS. 43
5. Stenophis maculatus. (PLATE IV. fig. 2.)
Dipsadoboa maculata, Günth. Cat, p. 183 (1858).
Rostral twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above;
internasals as long as broad, much shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep; one praeocular, in contact with the frontal; three post-
oculars; temporals small, scale-like, 2+2; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields narrower and
separated from each other by two series of scales. Scales in
19 rows. Wentrals 243; anal entire; subcaudals 126, single.
Yellowish, “with small quadrangular black spots.”
Total length 655 millim. ; tail 165.
Habitat unknown.
a. 3 (W.243; C. 126). — ? (Type.)
6. Stenophis arctifasciatus.
Heterurus arctifasciatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1176 (1854); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 38, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1871). -
Dipsas (Heterurus) arctifasciatus, Boettg. Abh. Senek. Ges. xi. 1877,
p. 34. -
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
a little broader than long, nearly as long as the praefrontals; frontal
once and one third as long as broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep ; one praeocular, not reaching the frontal; two or three post-
oculars; temporals 1+1, 1+2, or 2+2 ; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; six lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields as long as the
anterior and in contact with each other. Scales in 21 or 23 rows.
Wentrals 225–236; anal divided; subcaudals 152–159, single.
Pale orange or pale brown above, with numerous narrow blackish
cross-bars; a black transverse spot on the nape; head without
markings; whitish beneath, tail spotted with blackish.
Total length 800 millim. ; tail 260.
Madagascar.
a. 2 (Sc. 23; W. 236; C. 152). Imerina. Rev. R. Baron [C].
7. Stenophis variabilis. (PLATE IV. fig. 3.)
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals a
little broader than long, a little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
once and one third as long as broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep; one praeocular, which may be divided, not reaching the
44 COLUBRIDAE.
frontal; two or three postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 3; eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields
very small or absent. Scales in 23 or 25 rows. Wentrals 251–
265; anal entire; subcaudals 159, single. Greenish yellow or
Orange above, with small black spots or rather indistinct dark
green cross-bars; a series of larger blackish spots along the spine;
head bright yellow, spotted or marbled with blackish; a large
black nuchal spot; yellow beneath, tail (in the male) with black
spots.
Total length 1098 millim. ; tail (injured) 260.
Madagascar.
a—b. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 251; C.?) Madagascar.
& yg. (Sc. 25; W. 265; C. 159).
8. Stenophis betsileanus. (PLATE IV. fig. 4.)
Dipsas betsileana, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) vi. 1880, p. 238.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long, a little longer than the praefrontals; frontal
once and one third as long as broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep, entering the eye below the praeocular, which is widely
separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2;.
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields shorter than the anterior, in contact with each other. Scales
in 23 rows. Wentrals 226; anal divided; subcaudals 106 pairs.
Black, with yellowish-white annuli, widening on the belly; some
of the annuli interrupted and alternating on the back; upper
labials and throat yellowish white ; a yellowish-white bar across
the snout.
Total length 400 millim. ; tail 90.
Madagascar.
a. Yg. (V. 226; C. 106). S.E. Betsileo. (Type)
14]. LYCODRYAS. -
Lycodryas, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) iii. 1879, p. 218.
Maxillary teeth 12 or 13, anterior longest, followed, after a short
interspace, by an enlarged, grooved fang; anterior palatine and
mandibular teeth longest. Head very distinct from neck; eye
rather large, with vertical pupil. Body much elongate, compressed;
scales Smooth, with apical pits, in 19 rows; ventrals angulate
laterally. Tail long; anterior subcaudals single, rest divided.
Hypapophyses developed throughout the vertebral column.
Comoro Islands.
142. PYTHONODIPSAs. 45.
1. Lycodryas sancti-johannis. (PLATE III. fig. 2.)
Lºgº sanctiºjohannis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) iii. 1879,
p. 218.
Head much depressed, with broad, truncated snout. Rostral
twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals as
long as broad, much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal with
concave sides, a little longer than broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; nostril
between two nasals; loreal twice as long as deep ; one praeocular,
forming a suture with the frontal; three postoculars; temporals.
small, scale-like, 2+2 or 2+3; eight or nine upper labials, fourth
and fifth or third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four or five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
larger than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 243–258;
anal divided ; subcaudals 75, the 23 or 24 anterior single. Reddish
yellow above, uniform or mottled with brown; some rather ill-
defined dark cross-bars may be present on the neck; lower parts.
yellowish, uniform or dotted with blackish.
Total length 770 millim.; tail 150.
Comoro Islands. *
a. 6 (V. 258; C. P). Johanna. C. # Bewsher, Esq. [C].
(Type.)
b. 3 (W. 243; C. 75). Comoro Ids. Sir J. Kirk [C].
142. PYTHONODIPSAS.
Pythonodipsas, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 425.
Maxillary teeth 13, third to sixth longest, followed, after a very
short interspace, by a large, grooved fang; second to fifth mandi-
bular teeth strongly enlarged, fang-like. Head distinct from neck;
eye moderate, with vertically elliptic pupil; nostrils directed
upwards, pierced between a nasal and a supranasal; parietals
broken up into small shields. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth or
very obtusely keeled, with apical pits, in 21 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail moderate ; subcaudals single. Hypapophyses developed
throughout the vertebral column.
Tropical Africa.
1. Pythonodipsas carinata.
Pythonodipsas carinata, Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 426,
pl. xix. fig. K; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) ii. 1888, p. 140.
Snout broad, truncate, concave above ; rostral more than twice as
broad as deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals considerably
longer than broad, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as broad as
the supraocular, nearly twice as long as broad, with concave sides;
one or two small shields between the praefrontals and the frontal;
several small loreals; one praeocular, three or four suboculars, and
three postoculars; temporals Small, scale-like ; nine upper labials;
four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
46 - COLUBRIDAE.
which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 21 rows, smooth or
very obtusely keeled. Wentrals 190–192; anal entire; subcaudals
54–55. Sand-coloured or pale buff above, with a double alternating
series of square grey spots, a few of which may coalesce to form
transverse bars; lips with vertical grey bars; lower parts white.
Total length 590 millim.; tail 85.
Zambesi; Damaraland.
a. 3 (W. 190; C. 54). Zambesi. J. Chapman, Esq. [C]. (Type.)
143. DITYPOPHIS.
Ditypophis, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 462.
Maxillary teeth 8 or 9, strongly increasing in length to the last
but one, followed, after an interspace, by a large, grooved fang;
second to fifth mandibular teeth strongly enlarged, fang-like. Head
distinct from neck; eye moderate, with vertically elliptic pupil.
Body short, cylindrical; scales smooth, with apical pits, in 21 rows;
(ſº
Maxillary and mandible of Diypophis vivar.
ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals single. Hypapophyses
developed throughout the vertebral column.
Socotra.
1. Ditypophis vivax.
Ditypophis vivax, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 462, pl. xl.
Snout short, broad; rostral more than twice as broad as deep,
scarcely visible from above ; internasals a little longer than broad,
longer than the praefrontals; frontal not broader than the supra-
ocular, once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nostril pierced
in the upper part of an undivided nasal; loreal slightly longer than
deep; one praeocular, forming a suture with the frontal; a subocular
below the praeocular; two postoculars; temporals small, scale-like,
2+3 or 4; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are as long as the posterior. Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals 146;
anal entire ; subcaudals 37. Reddish sandy above, with indistinct
darker cloudy spots on the back; a dark streak on each side of the
head, passing through the eye; lower parts white.
Total length 345 millim.; tail 50.
Socotra.
a. 9 (V. 146; C. 37). Socotra. Prof. I. B. Balfour [C], , (Type.)


144. TARBOPHIs. 47
144. TARBOPHIS.
Telescopus (non Montf), Wagl. Syst, Amph. p. 182 (1830); Dum.
& Biör. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1054 (1854); Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd.
. 102 (1863).
Tàº. Fleischm. Dalm. nov. Serp. Gen. p. 17 (1831); Dum. &
Bibr. t. c. p. 911; Jan, l, c. p. 99.
Trigonophis, Eichw. Zool. Spec. Ross. Pol. iii. p. 174 (1831).
Dipsas, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 257 (1837).
Ailurophis, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital. ii. (1837).
Tachymenis, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 33 (1858).
Maxillary teeth 10 to 12, anterior longest, gradually decreasing
in size posteriorly, and followed, after an interspace, by a pair of
&nlarged, grooved fangs, situated below the posterior border of the
eye; anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Head distinct
from neck; eye moderate, with vertically elliptic pupil. Body
cylindrical or slightly compressed; scales smooth, oblique, with
apical pits, in 19 to 23 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate ;
subcaudals in two rows.
Maxillary and mandible of Tarbophis fallaw.
South-eastern Europe, South-western Asia, Tropical and North-
eastern Africa.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Loreal entering, or nearly entering, the eye.
A. Scales in 19 or 21 rows.
Posterior chin-shields narrowly sepa-
rated from each other in front ;
ventrals 174–190; anal divided. ... 1. savignyi, p. 48.
Posterior chin-shields widely separated;
ventrals 186–222; anal divided.... 2. fallaw, p. 48.
Posterior chin-shields widely separated;
ventrals 203–235; anal entire .... 3. iberus, p. 49.
B. Scales in 23 rows; ventrals 268–280; anal entire.
4. rhinopoma, p. 50.

48 COLUERIDAE.
II. Loreal separated from the eye by the praeocular.
A. Scales in 19 rows; anal divided.
Two labials entering the eye . . . . . . . . 5. variegatus, p. 51.
Three labials entering the eye . . . . . . 6. semiannulatus, p. 51
B. Scales in 19 or 21 rows; anal entire.
7. gwentheri, p. 52.
C. Scales in 21 or 23 rows; anal divided.
8. obtusus, p. 52.
1. Tarbophis savignyi.
Savigny, Descr. Egypte, Rept., Suppl. pl. iv. fig. 2 (1829).
Tachymenis vivax (non Fitz.), Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 489.
Tarbophis vivax, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1878–79, p. 67, and 1879–80,
p. 33; Peracca, Boll. Mus. Tor. ix. 1894, no. 167, p. 15.
T. 1 * f, syriaca, part., Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879–80,
p. tº
Very closely allied to T. fallaa, but snout shorter and broader;
internasals broader than long; frontal not more than once and one
third as long as broad; nasal entire or semidivided ; loreal once
and a half to twice and a half as long as deep, usually entering
the eye; posterior chin-shields narrowly separated from each other
in front. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 174–190; anal divided;
subcaudals 45–57. Yellowish above, with a dorsal series of 23 to
28 dark brown or black spots on the body, these spots sometimes
confluent with a lateral series of spots or vertical bars which usually
alternate with the dorsal series; the first blotch largest, covering
the nape and descending to the sides of the neck, which it may
entirely encircle; head greyish above, dotted with black and with a
few small black spots; labials dark-edged ; belly black, or much
spotted or marbled with dark brown or black.
Total length 465 millim. ; tail 65.
Southern Syria, Lower Egypt.
a. Q (V. 174; C. 51). Jerusalem. Canon Tristram [C].
5–c. 6 (V. 187; C. P) & Mt. Tabor. Canon Tristram [C].
yg. (V.178; C. 55). *
d. Yg. (V. 190; C. 53). Lebanon. Canon Tristram [C].
2. Tarbophis fallax.
Coluber vivax, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 57 (1826).-Nomen
nudum.
Tarbophis fallax, Fleischm. Dalm.nov, Serp. Gen. p. 18, pl. i. (1831).
Dipsas fallax, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 295, pl. xi, figs, 35 & 86 (1887).
Ailurophis vivax, Bonap. Icon. Fawn, Ital, Anf. (1887).
Tarbophis vivax, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 918 (1854); Schreib. Herp. lºur.
p. 313, fig, (1875); Boettg. Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw;, xlix. 1877,
p.287; Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1881, p. 318; Boettg. Sitzb.
. Ak. Berl. 1888, p. 178; Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth. aus Bosn. v. Herzeg.
ii. p. 637 (1894).
144. TARBOPHIS. 49
Tachymenis vivax, Günth. Cat. p. 33 (1858), and Ann, & Mag. W. H.
(5) v. 1880, p. 436.
Tarbophis vivax, part., Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 194 (1873).
vivax, f. syriaca, part., Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879–80, p. 166.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
nearly as long as broad, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once
and one fourth to once and a half as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal divided or semidivided; loreal twice and a half to thrice as long
as deep, entering the eye below the praeocular, which is in contact
with the frontal; two (rarely three) postoculars; temporals small,
scale-like, 2 or 3+3 or 4 ; eight (rarely seven or nine) upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth (rarely fourth and fifth or fourth,
fifth, and sixth) entering the eye; three or four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields very
small and widely separated from each other by scales. Scales in 19
or 21 rows. Wentrals 186–222; anal divided; subcaudals 48–73.
Greyish above, with 40 to 57 brown or black spots or bars on the
body; a lateral series of smaller spots or vertical bars, alternating
with the dorsals; the first spot, on the nape, elongate, usually with
one or three linear processes in front extending on the head; usually
a dark streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth; lower parts
whitish, speckled, spotted, or marbled with grey or brown.
Total length 850 millim.; tail 120.
From Illyria and Dalmatia to Greece, the Archipelago, Asia
Minor, and Northern Syria.
A. Scales in 19 rows.
a. 3 (W. 194; C. P). Zara, Dalmatia. Count M. Peracca [P.].
b. ? (W. 206; C. 52). Zara, Dalmatia. Dr. F. Werner [E.].
c-g, ğ (V. 201,204,204; Dalmatia. Lord Lilford [P.].
C. 50, 55, 55) & 2 (W.
364,799; 6,48, 5i).
h. Yg. (V. 210; C. 50). Dalmatia.
i. Q (W.208; C. 55). Cerigo Id. Dr. Forsyth Major [P.].
Å. Hgr. (V. 201; C. 73). , Xanthus. Sir C. Fellows H.
l. 3 (V. 186; C. 53). Beyrout.
m. Q skeleton. Dalmatia. Lord Lilford [P.].
B. Scales in 21 rows.
m. Q (V, 199; C. P). Cyprus. Gen. Biddulph [P.].
... ; (v.203; d. 66). Cyprus. R. T. Kenyon, Esq.
p—r. 3 (V, 199,203; C. Cyprus. ##. Rolle [C.].
66, 60) & Q (V, 197;
C. 60).
3. Tarbophis iberus.
Trigonophis iberus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 175 (1831), and Faun.
Casp.-Cauc. p. 101, pl. xviii. (1842).
Coluber carneus, Dwigubsky, Wat. Hist Russ, Amph. p. 27 (1832).-
Teste Strauch.
"WOL. III, IE
50 COLUBRIDAE.
Dipsas fallax, Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Mér. iii. p. 343, Rept.
# iv. fig. 2 (1840); Berth. in Wagn. Reise n. Kolchis, p. 334
1850). --
Tarbophis vivax, Jan, Icon. Gén. 38, pl. i. fig. 2 (1871); Boettg. in
Badde, Faun. Flor. º; 72 (1886).
vivax, part, Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 194 (1873).
Agrees in most respects with T. fallaa, but parietals shorter,
slightly longer than the frontal, and anal entire. Nasal semi-
divided; fourth and fifth, or third, fourth, and fifth labials entering
the eye. Scales in 19 rows (exceptionally 21). Wentrals 203–235;
subcaudals 55–70. Grey above, with 35 blackish spots on the body,
the anterior largest and darkest; a lateral series of smaller spots or
vertical bars; lower parts blackish, with small whitish spots and
dots.
Total length 650 millim.; tail 100.
Caucasus. -
a. G (Sc. 19.; W. 213; Evlakh, Gov. Elizabethpol,
C. 61). Transcaucasia.
4. Tarbophis rhinopoma.

?Tarbophis sp., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1862, p. 338.
Dipsas rhinopoma, Blanf. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xiv. 1874, p. 34,
and Zool. E. Pers. p. 424, pl.xxviii, fig. 2 (1876); Boettg. in Radde,
Faun. Flor. Casp.-Geb. p. 72 (1886).
Tºº rhinopoma, Bouleng. Journ. Bomb. W. H. Soc. ix. 1895,
p. 325.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal slightly
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
a little shorter than the parietals; nasal semidivided; loreal twice
to twice and a half as long as deep, entering the eye below the
praeocular, which is in contact with the frontal; two postoculars;
temporals small, scale-like, 2 or 3+3 or 4; eight to ten upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth, or fourth and fifth, or fourth, fifth,
and sixth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields very small and
widely separated from each other by scales. Scales in 23 (or 24)
rows. Wentrals 268–280; anal entire; subcaudals 76–82. Pale
sandy grey above, with a dorsal series of 65 to 85 brown square or
transverse spots, larger than the interspaces between them, and an
alternating series of smaller spots on each side; on the posterior
part of the body the dorsal spots may split up into two alternating
series; head with small dark spots or specks; labials dark-edged;
throat white; ventrals dark brown. -
Total length 990 millim.; tail 155.
Persia, Sind.
d (V. 268; C. 77). Karman, S. Persia, W.T. Blanford, Esq.[E].
+ 5000 ft. (One of the types.)
b. Yg. (V.280; C. 82). Sind. H. M. Phipson, Esq. [P]. .
144. TARBOPHIS. 51
5. Tarbophis variegatus.
Dipsas variegata, Reinh. Widensk. Selsk. Skrift. x., 1843, p. 249, pl. i.
#. 15–17; F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 689.
Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; inter-
nasals nearly as long as broad, a little shorter than the parietals;
frontal about once and a half as long as broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than
the parietals; nasal divided; loreal longer than deep; one prae-”
and two postoculars; temporals small, 2-H3; seven to nine upper
labials, third and fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; three
or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields;
posterior chin-shields small and widely separated from each other,
or indistinct. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 209–226; anal divided;
subcaudals 62–67. Pale brownish above, with 26 to 30 rather irre-
gular dark brown cross-bars, each enclosing a whitish vertebral spot;
head spotted or marbled with brown; the sutures between the upper
labials dark brown; belly and lower surface of tail yellowish
white, spotted with dark brown.
Total length 590 millim.; tail 95.
Guinea.
a, b. 3 (W. 218; C. 64) & W. Africa.
Q (V. 226; C. 62). -
6. Tarbophis semiannulatus.
Telescopus semiannulatus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. pl. lxxii.
(1849); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1058 (1854); Peters, Reise n.
Mossamb. iii. p. 127 (1882).
Leptodira semiannulata, Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872,
p. 31; Bouleng. The Zool. 1887, p. 179; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges.
1887, p. 162. -
Crotaphopeltis semiannulatus, Bocage, Herp. d’Angola, p. 122
(1895).
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals as
long as broad or a little broader than long, usually shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal once and one third to once and a half as long
as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; nasal divided; loreal
as long as deep or a little longer than deep; one praeocular, not
reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 3; eight
or nine upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four
or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields;
posterior chin-shields small and widely separated from each other.
Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 206–242; anal divided; subcaudals
51–83. Yellowish or pale brown above, with 24 to 34 dark brown
* In the specimens in the Collection the praeocular does not reach the
frontal. 2 -
E
52 COLUBRIT) ZE,
or blackish transverse rhomboidal spots or cross-bars on the body;
head without any spots or markings; yellowish white beneath.
Total length 700 millim.; tail 120.
Tropical Africa.
a. 9 (V. 230; C. 63). Zanzibar Coast.
b. ? (W. 224; C. 73). Mombasa. H. W. Lane, Esq.[C.].
o. 2 (W. 237; C, 66). Ugogo. Mr. Baxter ſG.].
d. 9 (V. 228; C. P). Tanganyika. Sir J. Kirk ſG.T.
e. 9 (V. 224; C. 64). Lake Nyassa. Miº J M. Woodward:
[C.].
f. Hgr. 2 (W. 225; C. Lake Nyassa. Universities Mission.
58).
g. 3 (W. 224; C. P). Loanda. (Type of L. semi-
annulata.)
7. Tarbophis guentheri.
? Coluber dhara, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 14 (1775); Daud. Rept. vi.
p. 257 (1803).
tº obtusus (non Reuss), Jan, Icon. Gén. 38, pl. i. fig. 4.
t; guentheri, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 656, pl.xxxvi.
g. 5.
Agrees with T. obtusus, except in having the scales in 19 or
21 rows and the anal entire. Nine or ten upper labials, third,
fourth, and fifth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye.
Wentrals 205–274; subcaudals 69–75.
Total length 1045 millim. ; tail 160.
Arabia; East Africa.
a. 6 (Sc. 21; W. 235; Lahej, near Aden. Col. Yerbury )
p P
C. P). tº º
b. ? (Sc. 21; V.240; Sheikh Othman, cº ºxen,
C. P). near Aden. P.T. S-(T )
c—d, g (Sc. 21; W. Hadramaut. Dr. J. Anderson >(Types.
236; C. P) & hgr. [P].
(Sc. 21; W. 239;
C. 72
& J & e J
e, f. 6 (Sc. 21; V. Muscat. A.S.G. Jayakar, Esq.[P].
264; C. 69) & Q (Types.)
g. 3
C ; 19; W. 205; Ngatana, E. Africa. Dr. J. W. Gregory [P.].
. 72). ;
8. Tarbophis obtusus.

Savigny, Descr. Egypte, Rept., Suppl. pl. v. fig. 1 (1829).
Coluber obtusus, Reuss, Mus. Senck. i. 1834, p. 137.
Dipsas aegyptiacus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 274 (1837), and Abbild.
1. xlv. figs. 19 & 20 (1844).
Telescopus obtusus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1056 (1854); Mocq, Mém.
Cent. Soc. Philom. p. 133 (1888).
Tarbophis obtusus, Bouleng. Ann. Mus, Genova, (2) xv. 1895, p. 15;
Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 658.
Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; inter-
145. TRIMORPHODoN. 53
nasals as long as broad or a little broader than long, considerably
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal about once and a half as long
as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal divided; loreal once
and a half to once and three fourths as long as deep; one praeocular,
in contact with or narrowly separated from the frontal; two post-
oculars; temporals small, scale-like, 2+2, 3, or 4; nine to eleven
upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth, fourth, fifth, and sixth, or fifth,
isixth, and seventh entering the eye; three to five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields
small and widely separated from each other, or indistinct. Scales
in 23 (rarely 21) rows. Wentrals 213–272; anal divided; sub-
caudals 65–82. Pale buff or sandy grey above, uniform or with ill-
defined brown variegations or cross-bars; lower parts white.
Total length 1870 millim. ; tail 165.
Egypt to Somaliland.
a. 3 (W. 271; C. 75). Nile. * O. P. Cambridge
b. ? (W. 263; C. 75). Beltim. Dr. J | Anderson ſp.T.
c—d. Hgr. (V. 262; C. Gizeh. Dr. J. Anderson É.
77) & yg. (V. 257;
C. 79).
e. Q (W. 272; C. 72). Tel el Amarna. Dr. J. Anderson [P.1.
..f. Hgr. (V. 268; C.81). ASSouan. Dr. J. Anderson ſp.l.
2, 2 skeleton. Egypt.
145. TRIMORPHODON.
Dipsas, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1133 (1854).
Dipsadomorphus, part, Günth. Cat, Col. Sh. p. 174 (1858).
Trimorphodon, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1861, p. 297.
Eteirodipsas, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 105 (1863).
Maxillary teeth 10 or 11, anterior much longer than the posterior,
which gradually decrease in size, followed, after an interspace, by a
pair of enlarged grooved teeth situated below the posterior border of
the eye; anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Head distinct
from neck; eye moderate, with vertically elliptic pupil; loreal
usually divided; usually a subocular below the praeocular. Body
compressed; scales smooth, slightly oblique, with apical pits, in 21
to 27 rows; ventrals obtusely angulate laterally. Tail moderate;
subcaudals in two rows.
Lower California, Arizona, Mexico, Central America.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Eight or nine upper labials.
§cales in 25 (rarely 23 or 27) rows; ventrals
234–264; subcaudals 74–94; head with
chevron-shaped bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. biscutatus, p. 54.
Scales in 21 or 23 rows; ventrals 205–236;
subcaudals 61–72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. upsilon, p. 55.
54 COLUBRIDAE.
Scales in 21 rows; ventrals 236; subcaudals
70; head with a lyre-shaped pattern;
dorsal spots in pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. lyrophanes, p. 56.
II. Six or seven upper labials; scales in 23 rows.
4. tau, p. 56.
1. Trimorphodon biscutatus.
Dipas biscutata, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1153 (1854).
Dipsadomorphus biscutatus, Günth. Cat, p. 176 (1858).
Trimorphodon biscutatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1861, p. 297, and
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 152; Dugès, La Naturaleza,
vi. 1882, p. 145, fig. ; Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886,
p. 286; Günth. Biol. C.-Amer., Rept. p. 174 (1895).
Eteirodipsas biscutata, Jan, Elenco, p. 105 (1863).
Trimorphodon major, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 153.
Sibon biscutatum, part., Garm. N. Amer. Rept. p. 16 (1883).
P Tººhºon lambda, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886,
p. 286. - -
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above measur-
ing one fourth to one half its distance from the frontal; internasals.
much shorter than the praefrontals, which are usually broader than
long; frontal once and one fourth to once and a half as long as
broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, as long as or slightly shorter than the parietals; two or
three loreals, rarely one ; two (rarely one) praeoculars, usually with
a subocular below; the upper praeocular in contact with or narrowly
separated from the frontal; three postoculars; temporals small,
scale-like, 2+3, 3-H3, or 3+4; nine (rarely eight) upper labials,
fourth and fifth (in one specimen third, fourth, and fifth, owing
to the absence of subocular) entering the eye; four or five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer
than the posterior. Scales in 23 to 27 rows, usually 25. Wentrals
234–264; anal divided; subcaudals 74–94. Pale greyish or
brownish above, with dark, black-edged cross-bars or transverse
markings with light centre; head with angular dark bands sepa-
rated by a crescentic transverse light area between the eyes and a
A- or A-shaped one on the occiput; lower parts whitish, more or
less mottled with brown, with large dark brown spots on the sides.
Total length 1200 millim.; tail 230.
Mexico to Panama.
a. 9 (Sc. 25; W. 25.1; Mazatlan. Hr. A. Forrer [C.].
C. 78
b–d, e—g. 6 (Sc. 25, 25, Presidio. Hr. A. Forrer [C.].
24; V. 250, 249,243; *
C. 85, 84, 87), Q (Sc.
25; V.255; C.78), &
yg. (Sc. 25, 23; W.
244, 237; C. 86, 86).
h. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 25; W. Oaxaca. M. Sallé [C].
253; C. 74). - * *
145..TRIMORPHODON. 55.
i. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 251 ; Lanquin, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
8
C. 87).
k. #2 Q (Sc. 27; W. Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
253; C. 81).
l. § (Sc. 27; W. 263; Nicaragua.
. 79).
§ 6. (Sc. 25; W. 259; Panama. Capt. J. C. Dow [P].
. 89).
n. Hgr. Q (Sc. 25; W. C. America. Haslar Collection.
256; C. 77).
o, Skull. San Ramon, Mexico. Dr. A. C. Buller [C.].
2. Trimorphodon upsilon.
Trimorphodon upsilon, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869,
# and xxiii. 1886, p. 286; Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 175
5).
Dº biscutata, var. latifascia, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 877.
Eteirodipsas biscutata, Jan, Icon. Gén. 39, pl. i. fig. 3 (1872).
Trimorphodon collaris, Cope, Journ. Ac, Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 131,
and Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc. xxiii. 1886, p. 286.
Sibon biscutatum, part., Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 16 (1883).
upsilon, Garm. l.c. p. 134.
? Trimorphodon vilkinsonii, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii.
1886, p. 285.
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above
measuring one fourth to one third its distance from the frontal;
internasals much shorter than the praefrontals, which are nearly as
long as broad; frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as
long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, as long as the parietals; two or three loreals;
two praeoculars and a subocular; upper praeocular in contact with
or narrowly separated from the frontal; two or three postoculars;
temporals 2+2, 2+3, or 3+3; eight or nine upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales in 21 or 23 rows. Wentrals 205–236; anal divided ; sub-
caudals 61–72. Pale grey-brown above, with dark, black-edged
cross-bars narrowing on the sides and descending to the ends of the
ventrals; head dark brown above, pale greyish on the occiput,
usually with a light cross-bar between the eyes; a V-shaped light
marking sometimes present on the parietal shields, embracing the
frontal; whitish beneath, more or less mottled with dark and with
dark spots on the sides. In the young the dark bars are much
wider, separated by narrow whitish interspaces, and they may form
complete annuli.
Total length 660 millim. ; tail 120.
Mexico.
a. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 217; La Cumbre de los Dr. A. C. Buller [C].
C. 71 Arrastrados, Jalisco.
. 71). -
b. ? (Sc. 21; W. 205; Jalapa. Mr. Hoege [C.].
C. 61). p [C.]
56 - COLUBRIDAE,
c—d. Yg. (Sc. 23,21; V. Ventanas, Durango. Hr. A. Forrer [C].
223,220; C.70,72).
e—f Yg. (Sc. 23,23; W. S. Mexico. F. D. Godman, Esq.
236,214; C. 72,72). [P.]. \
3. Trimorphodon lyrophanes.

Lycodon lyrophanes, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 343.
Trimorphodon lyrophanes, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 297, and
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 152.
Sibon biscutatum, part., Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 16 (1883).
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above ; praefrontals
broader than long; two loreals; two praeoculars and a subocular, the
upper praeocular not in contact with the frontal; three postoculars;
nine upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; anterior chin-
shields the longer. Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals 236; anal
divided; subcaudals 70. Light grey above; snout crossed by an
indistinct ashy band; a lyre-shaped brown marking on the head;
|back with deep brown spots disposed in pairs; an irregular series
of lateral spots and another extending on the ends of the ventral
shields; under surface whitish.
Total length 710 millim.; tail 110.
Lower California, Arizona.
4. Trimorphodon tau.
Trimorphon tau, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 152, and
xxiii. 1886, p. 286.
Snout projecting considerably beyond the mouth. Rostral some-
what produced behind ; internasals about one fourth the size of the
praefrontals, which are as long as wide ; frontal as long as the
parietals; three loreals; two praeoculars and a subocular; three
postoculars; temporals 2+3; six or seven upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye. Scales in 23 rows. Grey above, with
black rhombs which extend to the ventral shields by their lateral
angles; head black as far as the middle of the parietal shields,
with two lateral ear-shaped prolongations on the latter; a pale
l-shaped mark, the longitudinal limb on the snout, the transverse
limb between the eyes. $º
Total length 236 millim.; tail 35.
Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico.
146. LYCOGNATHUS.
Lycodon, part, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 521; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 104
(1837). .
Lycognathus, part., Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1858, p. 495
and Erp. Gén. vii. p. 916 (1854).
Siphlophis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 297.
Oxyrhopus, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 92 (1863).
Maxillary teeth 14 to 16, anterior much longer than the posterior,
146. LYCOGNATHUs. * 57
which gradually decrease in size, followed, after an interspace, by
a pair of enlarged, grooved fangs situated below the posterior border
of the eye; anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Head
distinct from neck; eye rather large, with vertically elliptic pupil.
Body compressed; scales smooth, with apical pits, in 19 rows;
ventrals strongly angulate laterally. Tail long; subcaudals in two
FOWS.
Tropical South America.
1. Lycognathus cervinus.
Seba, Thes. i. pl. c. fig. 4 (1734), and ii. pl.xxxix. figs. 1 & 2, &
lxxix. fig. 3 (1735).
Coronella cervina, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 88 (1768).
Coluber cervinus, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1114 (1788).
zeylonicus, part., Gmel. l.c. p. 1106.
— audax, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 345, pl. lxxix. (1803).
maximiliani, Merr. Tent, p. 105 (1820).
Dipsas audax, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept, p. 59 (1826).
Lycodon audax, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 525; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 121, pl. iv. figs. 18 & 19 (1837).
Lycognathus scolopax, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 919 (1854).
— geminatus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 922. -
Oxyrhopus doliatus (non D. & B.), Günth. Cat. p. 192 (1858).
Siphlophis scolopax, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 297.
Oxyrhopus scolopax, Jan, Elenco, p. 92 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 35,
pl. iv. figs. 1 & 2 (1870).

Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep, just visible from above ;
internasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal twice as long as deep ; one prae-
ocular, not reaching the frontal ; two or three postoculars;
temporals 2+3; eight (rarely nine) upper labials, third, fourth,
and fifth (rarely fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth) entering the
eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 205–255; anal entire; subcaudals
98–118. Yellowish above, variegated or irregularly spotted or
barred with black; belly yellow, with black spots or irregular
cross-bars.
Total length 930 millim.; tail 230.
Brazil, Bolivia, Guianas, Trinidad.
a—b. Q (V. 229, 234; Upper Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett [C].
C.98, 103).
c. 9 (V. 245; C. 113). Larecaja, Bolivia.
d. 9 (V. 238; C. 118). Yungas, Bolivia.
e. 3, bad state (W. 242; ' Trinidad. H.M.S. ‘Chanticleer.”
C. 116).
f. 9 (V. 238; C. 105). —? - College of Surgeons.
Q
p. 2 (W. 255; C. 114). — ?
h. Skull. Bahia.
58 COLUBRIDAE.
2. Lycognathus rhombeatus.
Oxyrhopus rhombeatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868, p. 288.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half
as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
as long as the parietals; loreal once and two thirds to twice as long
as deep; one praeocular, extending to the upper surface of the head.
but not reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+3;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth or third, fourth, and fifth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows.
Wentrals 223–230; anal entire ; subcaudals 110–115. White,
with large black blotches disposed in partly confluent pairs
alternating on each side of the vertebral line on the greater part of
the body; two black cross-bands on the neck and complete annuli
on the posterior part of the body; head dotted with black; lower
parts white, some of the black blotches extending on the ventrals.
Total length 820 millim. ; tail 220. -
Brazil.
a. 3 (V. 220; C. 115). Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C.].
147. TRYPANURGOS.
Boiga, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 29 (1826).
Dipsas, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 257 (1837).
Trypanurgos, Fitzing. in Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 55 (1845).
Lycognathus, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 916 (1854).
Eudipsas, part, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 168 (1858).
Oxyrhopus, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Qjid. p. 92 (1863).
Maxillary teeth 13 to 15, anterior much longer than the posterior,
which gradually decrease in size, followed, after an interspace, by a
pair of enlarged, grooved teeth situated below the posterior border
of the eye; anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Head
distinct from neck; eye large, with vertically elliptic pupil. Body
compressed; scales smooth, slightly oblique, with apical pits, in 19
rows,the vertebral row enlarged; ventrals obtusely angulate laterally.
Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical South America.
1. Trypanurgos compressus.
Coluber compressus, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 247 (1808).
leucocephalus, Mikan, Delect. Faun. Flor. Bras, pl. -, fig. 2.
(1820).
Boiga leucocephala, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 60 (1826).
Dipsas compressus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 560.
leucocephala, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 288 (1887).
psadomorphus compressus, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 55
(1845). * -
Lycognathus leucocephalus, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 924 (1854).

148. DIPSADoMoRPHUs. 59
Budipsas leucocephalus, Günth. Cat, p. 168 (1858).
Oxyrhopus leucocephalus, Jan, Elenco, p. 92 (1863), and Icon. Gén.
35, pl. iii. fig. 3 (1870).
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep ; one praeocular,
in contact with or narrowly separated from the frontal; two post-
oculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 228–258; anal entire ; subcaudals
110–125. Yellowish or pale brown above, with dark brown cross-
bars, which may be broken in the middle and alternate; head
white; neck blackish brown ; uniform whitish beneath.
Total length 1080 millim.; tail 250.
Guianas, Brazil, Bolivia.
a. 9 (V. 228; C. 116). Berbice.
. Yg. (V. 248; C. 112). |Berbice. Lady Essex [P.].
c—d. 6 (V. 245; C. 124) & hgr. Demerara Falls.
(W. 248; C. 110).
b
e. 3 (W. 247; C. 125). Para.
f. 9 (V. 258; C. 118). Brazil. Lord Stuart [P].
g. 3 (W. 237; C. P). Erazil.
148. DIPSADOMORPHUS.
Hurria, part, Daud. Rept. v. p. 275 (1803).
Boiga, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept, p. 29 (1826).
Dipsas, part., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 548; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 257
(1837); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 169 (1858); Jan, Elenco sist. Qſid.
p. 103 (1863); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 307 (1864).
Dipsadomorphus, Fitzing. in Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 55 (1845).
Opetiodon, Dum, & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 494, and Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 905 (1854).
Triglyphodon, Dum. & Bibr. ll, cc, pp. 507, 1069.
Toxicodryas, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1857, p. 60.
Dipsadomorphus, part., Günth. Cat. p. 174.
Boiga, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 264.
Pappophis, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 1877, p. 39.
Dipsas, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 357 (1890).
Liophallus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1894, p. 427 (1895).

Maxillary teeth 10 to 14, subequal in size, followed by two or
three enlarged, grooved fangs; anterior mandibular teeth longest.
Head very distinct from neck; eye moderate or large, with
vertically elliptic pupil; posterior nasal more or less deeply concave.
Body more or less compressed; scales smooth, more or less oblique,
with apical pits, in 17 to 31 rows, the vertebral row more or less
enlarged; ventrals obtusely angulate laterally. Tail moderate or
long; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical Africa, Southern Asia, Papuasia, Australia.
60 COLUTERID ZE. "
/? º - ſº > ; > º
% § ºf º, º Aº Žº
%A ºff %.
%| ||N %|
% §§ º
% iſ N %:
%: N %.
Zº ; : º º º
º
*}hº
|
Skull of Dipsadomorphus cynodon. .
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Anterior palatine teeth not or but feebly enlarged.
A. Snout longer than the eye.
1. Praeocular not extending to upper surface of head; scales
in 17 to 21 rows; ventrals 202–250.
Scales in 21 rows, vertebrals feebly
enlarged; subcaudals 76–92. . . . . . 1. trigonatus, p. 62.
Scales in 17 or 19 rows, vertebrals
strongly enlarged; subcaudals 80–
106. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. multimaculatus, p. 63.
Scales in 21 rows, vertebrals strongly
enlarged; subcaudals 87–94. . . . . . 3. gokool, p. 64.
Scales in 19 or 21 rows, vertebrals -
strongly enlarged; subcaudals 94–
140. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. hea'agonotus, p. 65.
2. Praeocular extending to upper surface of head; scales in 19
to 23 rows; ventrals 209–272.
a. Posterior chin-shields larger than the anterior; scales in
19 or 21 rows; ventrals 214–268.












148. DIPSADoMoRPHUs. 61
Praeocular usually in contact with or
narrowly separated from the frontal;
subcaudals 90–125 . . . . . . . . . ... 5. ceylonensis, p. 66.
Praeocular not reaching the frontal; -
subcaudals 87–103 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. fuscus, p. 67.
b. Posterior chin-shields not larger than the anterior.
a. Scales in 19 rows ; ventrals 240–260 ; subcaudals
110–124 . . . . . . . . . . 7. pulverulentus, p. 68.
3. Scales in 21 or 23 rows.
* Subcaudals 89–110.
Scales in 21 rows, vertebrals feebly
enlarged; ventrals 231–248. . . . . . 8. multifasciatus, p. 69.
Scales in 23 rows, vertebrals feebly
enlarged; ventrals 241. . . . . . . . . . 9. dightonii, p. 69.
Scales in 21 (rarely 23) rows, verte-
brals more or less strongly enlarged;
ventrals 209–239 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. dendrophilus, p. 70.
* Subcaudals 124–144 ; scales in 21 rows.
Wentrals 237–252; subcaudals 124–
133. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. cyaneus, p. 72.
Wentrals 240–263; subcaudals 143–
144. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. nigriceps, p. 72.
B. Snout as long as the eye.
1. Scales in 21 rows ; ventrals 243–266; subcaudals 140–166.
13. jaspideus, p. 73.
2. Scales in 19 rows.
Wentrals 220; subcaudals 99; three
praoculars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. barnesii, p. 73.
Wentrals 250–276; subcaudals 114– -
163; posterior chin-shields not
much smaller than the anterior . , 15. drapiezii, p. 74.
Wentrals 254–258; subcaudals 126–
135; anterior chin-shields nearly
thrice as large as the posterior . . . . 16. angulatus, p. 75.
II. Anterior palatine teeth strongly enlarged.
A. Posterior chin-shields larger than the anterior; scales in 19–
to 23 (rarely 25) rows.
Scales in 19–23 rows; ventrals 217–
270; anal entire; subcaudals 103–
125; one praeocular, extending to
upper surface of head . . . . . . . . . . 17. irregularis, p. 75.
62 COLUBRIDAE.
Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 260 ; anal
entire; subcaudals 116; one prae-
ocular, not extending to upper
surface of head . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * •
Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 240; anal
divided; subcaudals 133; two prae-
oculars, extending, to upper Snrface
of head
Scales in 21–25 rows; ventrals 265–
274; anal divided; subcaudals 123–
147; one or two praeoculars, not
extending to upper surface of head.
Scales in 23–25 rows; ventrals 248–
290; anal entire; subcaudals 114–
156; one praeocular, extending to
upper surface of head ; rostral
scarcely visible from above . . . . . .
B. Posterior chin-shields not or but slightly larger than the
anterior; scales in 25 to 31 rows; ventrals 254–270; anal
entire ; subcaudals 103–131. . 22. forstenii, p. 80.
18. flavescens, p. 77.
19. philippinus, p. 77.
20. blandingii, p. 77.
21. cynodon, p. 78.
TABLE SHowING NUMBERs of SCALES AND SHIELDs.

Sc. W. A. C. Lab. | Pr. oc. | Pt. oc.
trigonačus ;........ 21 209–238 || 1 || 76–92 8 l 2
onzaltimaculatus 17–19 | 202–235 | 1 || 80–106 || 8 I 2
gokool ............ 21 |224–225 || 1 || 87–94 8 1–2 2
heavagonotus ...... 19–21 218–250 || 1 || 94–140 || 8–9 1 2
ceylonensis......... 19–21 | 214–268 || 1 || 90–125 | 8–9 1–2 2
fuscus............... 19–21 || 236–257 || 1 || 87–103 || 8–9 I 2
pulverulentus 19 |240–260 | 1 || 110–124 || 8–9 1–2 2–3
Żmultifasciatus ... 21 |231–248 || 1 || 96–109 8 I 2
dightoníč ......... 23 241 l 95 8 I 2
dendrophilus...... 21–23 209–239 || 1 | 89–110 || 8–9 l 2
Cº/a^670s ... . . . . . . . . . 21 7–252 || 1 || 124–133 || 8 1 2
*igricéps ......... 21 |240–263 || 1 || 140–144 || 8 I 2
jaspideus ......... 21 243—266 || 1 || 140–166 || 8 1 2
barnésiº .......... ... 19 220 l 99 8 3 2
drapiezii ......... 19 250–276 || 1 || 114–163 || 8 1 2
angulatus ......... 19 || 254–258 || 1 || 126–135 | 8 I 2
irregularis......... 19–23 217–270 || 1 || 103–125 || 8–10 I 2
flavescens ......... 19 260 l 116 8 I 3
philippinus ...... 19 240 2 133 8 2 2
Ölanding?......... 21–25 265–274 || 2 | 123–147 8–9 1–2 2–3
cunodon............ 23–25 248–290 || 1 || 114–156 || 8–10 I 2
orstenii............ 25–31 || 254–270 || 1 || 103–131 8–11 l 2–3
1. Dipsadomorphus trigonatus.
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. xv. (1796). -
Coluber trigonatus, Schneid, in Bechst. Uebers. Lacép. iv. p. 156
(1802).
148. DIPSADoMoRPHUs. 63
Coluber sagittatus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 526 (1802).
catenularis, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 253, pl. lxxv. fig. 2 (1803).
Dipsas trigonata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 267, pl. xi. figs. 6 & 7 (1887); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1186
(1854); Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. 1855, p. 294; Günth.
Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 312 (1864); Jan, Icon. Gén, 38, pl. iii. fig. 2
(1871); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 196 (1876); Blanſ. Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xlviii. 1879, p. 131; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 383
(1884); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 358 (1890), and Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1891, p. 633.
Dipsadomorphus trigonatus, Günth. Cat, p. 175 (1858).

Anterior palatine teeth scarcely larger than the posterior;
anterior mandibular teeth feebly enlarged. Rostral broader than
deep, just visible from above; internasals broader than long,
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and one fourth to once
and one third as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or
longer than deep; one praeocular, not extending to the upper
surface of the head; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3;
eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four
or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are as long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 21
rows, vertebral row feebly enlarged. Wentrals 209–238; anal
entire; subcaudals 76–92. Yellowish olive or pale grey above,
with a white black-edged zigzag band along the back, or with a
dorsal series of white, black-edged spots; head with two brown
bands edged with black, diverging posteriorly; belly white, with or
without a series of small brown spots along each side.
Total length 970 millim.; tail 175.
Transcaspia, Baluchistan, India.
a. 3 (V. 225; C. 84). Puli Hatun, Trans- M. C. Eylandt [C].
C8,S)O18.
b. Hgr. (V. 230; C, 92). gº. Baluchistan. W.T. Blanford, Esq.
P.T.
c. 2 (V. 229; C. 84). Kurrachee. p; Leith [P.].
d. 9 (V.223; C. 83). Kamaon, Himalayas. Messrs. v. Schlagint-
weit ſ C.T.
e. Q. (V. 235; C. 82). Bengal. Giºia. [P.].
f. 2 (V. 225; C. 80). Vizagapatam. T}r. P. Russell.
g. Q (W. 231; C.83). Bombay. Dr. Leith [P].
h, i, k. Q(V.230; C. 79), Madras. J. Boileau, Esq. [P.j,
hgr. (V. 209; C. 85), &
yg. (W. 224; C. 79).
l, m. 3 (W. 235; C. 90) Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C].
& Q (V. 232; C. 76).
m. Skeleton. India.
o, Skull. Pondichery.
2. Dipsadomorphus multimaculatus.
Bussell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. xxiii. (1801).
Dipsas multimaculata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549; Schleg. Phys. Serp.
ii. p. 265, pl. xi, figs. 4 & 5 (1837), and Abbild, pl. xlv. figs, 13–ib
64 COLUBRIDAE.
(1844); Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 76 (1847); Dum. & Biör. vii.
p. 1139 (1854); Günth. Cat. p. 169 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 311 (1864); Jan, Icon. Gén. 38, pl. iii. fig. 3 (1871); Theob.
Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 194 (1876); Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver.
Nat. 1885, p. 124; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 360 (1890).
Boiga multimaculata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 264.
Anterior palatine teeth scarcely larger than the posterior;
anterior mandibular teeth moderately enlarged. Rostral broader
than deep, just visible from above; internasals broader than long,
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad or a little
longer than broad, as long 'as or a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long
as deep or deeper than long; one praeocular, not extendiug to the
upper surface of the head; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or
2+3 (rarely 1+2); eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth
entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 19 (rarely 17) rows, vertebral row strongly
enlarged. Wentrals 202–235; anal entire; subcaudals 80–106.
Grey-brown above, with two alternating series of roundish dark brown
spots and two other series of smaller spots lower down on the sides;
two blackish bands on the head, diverging posteriorly; a blackish
streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth; lower parts whitish,
marbled or spotted with brown, and with a series of brown spots.
along each side. - -
Total length 750 millim. ; tail 165.
Southern China, Indo-China, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.
Java, Celebes.
a. 2 (V. 203; C. 80). Hong Kong. J. ºwing, Esq.
b. 3 (V. 225; C. 100). Moulmein. R. C. Beavan, Esq.
c. 9 (V. 220; C. 90). Toungyi, Shan States. E. º Oates, Esq.
d—e. 3 (V. 227; C. 94) Fort Steadman, Shan E. W. Oates, Esq.
& Q (V. 220; C. 81). States, 3000 ft. [P.].
f. gº 17; W. 225; Pachebon. M. Mouhot [C].
C. 98). *
g. 3 (W. 233; C. 106). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
h. 3 (V. 203; C. 84). Java. Leyden Mus.
i. 3 (W. 211; C. 84). Java. A. Scott, Esq. [P.].
K. 2 (W. 204; C. 88). Willis Mts., Kediri, Baron v. HuegelſC.].
- Java, 5000 ft.
3. Dipsadomorphus gokool.
Dipsas gokool, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. xxxiii., fig. 1 (1834);
Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 313 (1864); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 197 (1876); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 360 (1890).
– cynodon, part., Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 77 (1847).
Dipsadomorphus trigonatus, var. A, Günth. Cat, p. 175 (1858).
148. DIPSADoMoRPHUs. 65
Anterior palatine teeth scarcely larger than the posterior; anterior
mandibular teeth feebly enlarged. Rostral a little broader than
deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals broader than long,
much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad or
slightly longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or
deeper than long; one or two praeoculars, not extending to the
upper surface of the head; two postoculars; temporals 2+3;
eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four
or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields;
posterior chin-shields as long as the anterior and in contact with
each other. Scales in 21 rows, the vertebral row strongly enlarged.
Wentrals 224–225; anal entire; subcaudals 87–94. Yellowish
brown above; head with an arrow-shaped brown, black-edged
marking, longitudinally bisected; a black streak on each side of the
head, passing through the eye; a yellowish vertebral streak; a
series of erect Y-shaped markings on each side of the back; lower
parts yellowish, with a series of brown spots along each side.
Total length 830 millim. ; tail 170.
Bengal, Assam, Pinang.
a. Q (V. 224; C. 94). Bengal. Gen. Hardwicke[P.]. (Type.)
b. ? (W. 225; C. 87). Pinang. Dr. Cantor [C.].
4. Dipsadomorphus hexagonotus.
Dipsas hexagonotus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. 1856, p. 360;
Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 198, pl. xi. fig. 4,
and xl. 1871, p. 439; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 195 (1876);
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 361 (1890).
ochracea, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 425;
Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x. 1868, p. 53, and l.c. p. 196.
-— hexagonata, part., Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 185.
Anterior palatine teeth scarcely longer than the posterior;
anterior mandibular teeth considerably enlarged. Rostral broader
than deep, just visible from above; internasals broader than long,
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, considerably shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long; one
praeocular, not reaching the upper surface of the head; two post-
oculars; temporals 2+3; eight (rarely nine) upper labials, third,
fourth, and fifth (or fourth, fifth and sixth) entering the eye; four
or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 or
21 rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged. Wentrals 218–250;
anal entire; subcaudals 94–140. Dusky grey, reddish, or ochraceous
above, uniform or with ill-defined blackish transverse lines; a more
or less distinct dark streak from eye to gape; lower parts yellow,
uniform, or clouded with pale brownish in the young.
Total length 1050 millim. ; tail 200.
Eastern Himalayas, Bengal, Burma, Andamans.
WOL. III. - F
66 COLUBRIDAE.
a, b. Q (Sc.-21; W. 238, Darjeeling. * T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
241; C. 107,109). [P].
C. f º 21; W. 233; C. Darjeeling. W. #. Blanford, Esq.
9).
[P.].
d—f. 6 (Sc. 19.; W. 227, Bhamo, Upper Burma. M. #. [C.].
228; C. 94,104) & %.
(Sc. 19; W. 228; C.
102). f
g—h. 3 (Sc. 19.; W. 242; Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq.
C. 101) & Q (Sc. 19; [C.].
W. 238; C. 96). (Types of D. ochracea.)
*—k. Yg. (Sc. 21; W. 232, Burma. Col. Beddome [C].
218; C. 109, 113).
5. Dipsadomorphus ceylonensis.
Dipsadomorphus ceylonensis, Günth. Cat, p. 176 (1858).
Dipsas ceylonensis, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 314, pl. xxiii. fig. B
(1864); F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, viii. 1887, p. 275; Bouleng.
Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 359 (1890); W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
lx. 1891, p. 243.
hexagonata, part., Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 185.
nuchalis, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 233.
Anterior palatine teeth scarcely longer than the posterior;
anterior mandibular teeth moderately enlarged. Rostral a little
broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals broader
than long, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad or
a little longer than broad, as long as or longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as
long as deep or deeper than long; one or two praeoculars, reaching
the upper surface of the head, often in contact with or narrowly
separated from the frontal ; two postoculars; temporals small, 2 or
3+3 or 4 ; eight (rarely nine) upper labials, third, fourth, and
fifth (or fourth, fifth, and sixth) entering the eye; four or five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 or 21 rows, vertebral row
much enlarged. Wentrals 214–268; anal entire; subcaudals 90–
125. Pale brown or greyish above, with a series of dark brown or
blackish transverse spots or bands; nape with a dark blotch or
three dark longitudinal streaks, or a transverse bar; a more or less
distinct dark streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth; lower
parts yellowish, dotted with brown, usually with a lateral series of
brown spots.
Total length 1320 millim.; tail 250.
Ceylon; hills of the West Coast of India.
a, b–d. 3 (Sc. 19.; W. 235; Ceylon. ~
C. 107), hgr. (Sc. 19;
& 229, gº! io ºv*...}
... ( Njø. L$) : V . º
§ {\s. 19. 2

e. § (Sc. 19, v. 219; Ceylon. A. Paul. Esq.
C. 101 2 2 y P 9 Q
fºg, figs (Sc.19; v.257, Ceylon. R. Templeton
322; d. iść). "“” y Esq.fj.”
>(Types.)
tº º -*
148. DIPSADOMORPHUs. 67
h—i. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 19; W. 226; Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart.
C. § & yg. (Sc. 19;
V. 220; C. 101). -
J-m. Yg. (Sc. 19; V. 262, Trincomalee, Major Barrett [P].
253, 266; C. 125, 113, Ceylon.
120).
ºn. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 19.; W. 253; Ceylon.
C. 122).
o. Hgr. 3 (Sc 19; W. 234; Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.],
C. 105
Nilgherries,
\ 4000 ft.
Q. gº (Sc. 21; V. 248; C. Wynad. Col. Beddome [C].
O).
. 105).
p. 3 (Sc. 19; V. 229; C. North slope of Col. Beddome [C].
100).
r—v. 3 (Sc. 21; W. 242, |Forests of W. Col. Beddome [C.].
243; C. 100, 104), Q Coast of India. (Types of D. nuchalis.)
(Sc. 21; W. 234; C. 94),
& yg. (Sc. 21; W. 234,
249 ; C. 102, 101).
ºw. Hgr. 2 (Sc.19; W. 214; Malabar. Col. Beddome [C].
C. 98).
a-y. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 19; V. Matheran, Bombay. Dr. Leith [P.].
248 : C. 117) & yg. (Sc.
19; W. 235; C. 111).
6. Dipsadomorphus fuscus.
Dendrophis fusca, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 54 (1842).
Dipsas fusca, Günth. Cat. p. 171 (1858); Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 26,
pl. v. fig. 7 (1869); Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878,
p. 395; Boettg. in Semon, Zool. Forsch. v. p. 118 (1894).
— boydii, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ix. 1884, p. 548.
Anterior palatine teeth feebly enlarged; anterior mandibular
teeth strongly enlarged. Rostral broader than deep, visible from
above; internasals as long as broad or broader than long, as long
as or shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad or
slightly longer than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral
or the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long
as deep or longer than deep; one praeocular, extending to the upper
surface of the head but not reaching the frontal; two postoculars;
temporals 1+2, 2+2, or 2+3; eight or nine upper labials, third,
fourth, and fifth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; four
or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 (rarely 21) rows,
vertebral row strongly enlarged. Ventrals 236–257; anal entire;
subcaudals 87–103. Yellowish or pale reddish brown above, with
more or less distinct, more or less regular dark brown or black
cross-bands; uniform yellowish or salmon-pink below.
Total length 1500 millim.; tail 290.
Northern and Eastern Australia.
a. 3 (Sc. 19.; W. 251; C. 98). Port Essington. §
b–c. 9 (Sc.19; W. 254, 250; Port Essington. Lord Derby [P].
C. 103, 97). -
- F 2
6
8
COLUERIDAE.
d, e. g. (Sc.19; V.248; Port Essington. Haslar Collection.
C. 94) & Q (Sc. 19;
W. 252; C. 99). &
f. 9 (Sc. 19; W. 257; Daly R., N. Aus- Christiania Museum.
C. 93). * tralia.
g-h. 6 (Sc.19; V.246; Herbert , R., N. J. A. Boyd, Esq.[P].
C. 96) & 2 (Sc. 21; Queensland.
W. 248; C.92).
i. 3 (Sc. 21; W. 253; Sydney. Mrs. Levey [P.].
C. 103).
AE, G (Sc. 19; W. 239; New South Wales. G. Krefft, Esq. [P].
C. 90).
l. Yg. (Sc. 19.; W. 247; Australia. Sir J. Richardson [P.].
C. 102).
7. Dipsadomorphus pulverulentus.
Dipsas pulverulenta, Fisch. Abh. Nat. Ver. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 81,
pl. iii. fig. 1; Günth. Cat, p. 173 (1858); Jan, Icon. Gén. 38,
pl. iv. fig. 1 (1871); F. Müll. Verh, Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878,
p. 688; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. xi. 1887, p. 186; Boettg. Ber.
Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 75.
Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth moderately enlarged.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as
broad or a little longer than broad, as long as or longer than its
º, distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;.
loreal as long as deep or deeper than long; one praeocular (rarely
divided), widely separated from the frontal; two (rarely three)
postoculars; temporals 2+2 (rarely 2+3); eight (rarely nine)
upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth (or fourth, fifth, and sixth)
entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as large as or a little larger that the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows, vertebral row more or less enlarged.
Wentrals 240–260; anal entire; subcaudals 110–124. Buff or pale
brown above, uniform or with more or less distinct dark brown,
cross-bars; young with a series of brown rhombs on each side, each
enclosing a light ocellar spot; belly and lower surface of tail
yellowish, powdered with brown, with two longitudinal dark brown
lines.
Total length 850 millim. ; tail 185.
West Africa, from the Coast of Guinea to Angola.
a. 3 (V. 253; C. 118). Sierra Leone.
b. 3 (V. 260; C. 117). Niger. º . W. Crosse.
c—d, Yg. (V. 259,240; Old Calabar. W. * Esq.
C. 115, 110). P.T.
e. Yg. (V. 250; C. 113). Fernando Po. Sir A. Smith [P].
f. Q (V. 250; C. P). W. Africa, J. C. Salmon, Esq.
g. 3 (V. 254; C. 110). W. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P].
148. DIPSADoMoRPHUs. 69
8. Dipsadomorphus multifasciatus.
Dipsadomorphus trigonatus, var. B, Günth. Cat. p. 175 (1858).
Dipsas multifasciata, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. 1861, p. 114;
Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 313 (1864); Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xxix. 1870, p. 199, pl. xi. fig. 6, and xl. 1871, p. 440; W.
Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 1891, p. 243.
ceylonensis (non Günth.), Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 196
(1876).
Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth feebly enlarged. Rostral
broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals broader
than long, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal a little longer
than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
£han the parietals; loreal as long as deep or longer than deep,
sometimes entering the eye below the praeocular, which is widely
separated from the frontal, but reaches the upper surface of the
head; two postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 2+2; eight upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five to seven lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields as long as the anterior, separated from each other by scales.
Scales in 21 rows, vertebral row feebly enlarged. Wentrals 231–
248; anal entire ; subcaudals 96–109. Greyish above, with
oblique black cross-bars; a more or less distinct series of whitish
spots along the vertebral line; a pair of black streaks on the head,
from the praefrontals to the occiput, a black streak from the eye to
£he commissure of the jaws, and another along the nape; upper
labials black-edged ; lower parts spotted or checkered with dark
ibrown or black.
Total length 875 millim. ; tail 180.
Himalayas.
a, b. 3 (W. 245; C. 102) & India.
Q (V. 240; C, 102). .
9. Dipsadomorphus dightonii.
Dipsas dightoni, Bouleng. Journ. Bomb. W. H. Soc, viii. 1894, p. 528,
pl. —.
Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth moderately enlarged.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as
Broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal longer than deep; one præocular,
narrowly separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals
small, scale-like, 2+3; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 23 rows,
vertebral row feebly enlarged. Wentrals 241; anal entire; sub-
caudals 95. Pale reddish-brown above, without any dark markings;
a series of salmon-red blotches along the back; head pale brown,
70 COLUBRIDAE.
with minute blackish dots; lower parts yellowish, finely dotted.
with brown; the outer ends of the ventrals salmon-pink.
Total length 1100 millim.; tail 220.
Travancore.
a. Q (V. 241; C.95). Peermad, 3300 feet. S. Dighton, Esq.[C.];
H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
[P.]. (Type.)
10. Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus.

Seba, Thes. ii. pl. xxi. fig. 1 (1735).
Coluber peruvianus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 483, pl. cxxii. (1802).
Dipsas dendrophila, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549; Wagl. Icon. Amph.
pl. viii. (1828); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 263, pl. xi. figs. 1–3.
(1837), and Abbild. p. 133, pl. xlv. figs, 1–9 (1844); Cantor, Cat.
Mal. Rept. p. 76 (1847); Motley & Dillwyn, Contr. Nat. Hist.
Lab. p. 47 (1855); Günth. Cat. p. 169 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 310 (1864); Jan, Icon. Gén. 38, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1871).
Triglyphodon dendrophilum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1086 (1854).
gemmicinctum, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1091. -
Boiga dendrophila, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 264.
Dipsas (Triglyphodon) gemmicincta, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861,
p. 688.
Anterior palatine teeth scarcely longer than the posterior; ante-
rior mandibular teeth moderately enlarged. Rostral a little broader
than deep, just visible from above; internasals broader than long,
as long as or shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad
or a little longer than broad, as long as or a little shorter than its
distance from the end of the snout ; loreal as long as deep or a
little longer than deep (in one specimen, E. a, much longer than
deep and entering the eye below the praeocular); one praeocular,
extending to the upper surface of the head but not reaching the
frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3; eight (excep-
tionally nine) upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as large as or a little larger than the posterior.
Scales in 21 (rarely 23) rows, vertebral row more or less strongly
enlarged. Wentrals 209–239; anal entire; subcaudals 89–110.
Coloration very variable.
Total length 1900 millim.; tail 370.
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
A. Black above, with 40 to 46 narrow yellow cross-bars which are:
mostly continuous across the back; upper labials yellow,
black-edged; ventrals in the anterior third of the body yellow,
spotted with black, further back black, uniform or spotted or
speckled with yellow. (D. dendrophila, Boie.)
a, b, c. 3 (V. 220, 220; C.?, Java. Lidth de Jeude Col-
98) & 2 (W. 226; C. 93). lection.
d. 3 (V. 216; C.?). Java. Zoological Society.
148. DIPSADOMORPHUs. 71
B. Black above and below, sides of body with 23 to 36 yellow
vertical bars which do not extend across the back; throat and
labial shields yellow, the latter black-edged. (War. melanotus,
Blkr.)
a. 9 (V. 224; C. 100). Kedah. S. S. Flower, Esq. [P.].
b. 3 (V. 218; C. 97). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
c. 2 (V. 225; C.?). Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.].
d. & (Sc. 23; W. 213; Singapore ? Gen. Hardwicke [P].
. 89).
e. Hgr. (Sc. 23; W. 202; Sumatra. Dr. Bleeker.
C. 93). (Triglyphodon melanotus, Blkr.)
f. Q (V. 222; C. 103). W. coast of Mrs. Findlay [P].
Sumatra.
g. Skull. — ?
C. Black above and below, with 47 yellow cross-bars on the body
which are mostly continuous across the back; throat and
labial shields yellow, the latter black-edged. (War. annectens.)
a. Q (W. 232; C. 104). Borneo. Sir H. Low [P].
D. Like the preceding, but cross-bars more numerous, 60 to 64 on
the body. (War. regularis.)
a. Q (W. 235; C. 110). Borneo. Mr. Stokes [C].
b. 3 (V. 218; C.?) Borneo. Mr. Wright [C.].
c—d. Hgr. (V. 239, 233; Borneo. Sir E. Belcher [P].
C. 108, 108).
E. Like the preceding, but cross-bars more numerous, 70 to 80 on
the body. (War. multicinctus.) -
a—b. 3 (V. 224; C. 110) Puerta Princesa, A. Everett, Esq. [C].
& yg. (V. 223; C. 107). Palawan.
o, Q (V. 226; C. 75). Palawan. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
d. 3 (W. 227; C. 94). Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C].
F. Black above and below, body with 70 to 90 cross-bands of
round yellow spots; belly with round yellow spots, which are
not connected with the cross-bands; labials blackish, or with
very broad black edges. (War. gemmicinctus, D. & B.)
a. Q (W. 231; C. 105). Celebes. Leyden Museum.
G. Body with 37 to 47 broad greenish-white bands alternating
with black ones, the light scales all edged with black; labials
and ventrals yellowish white, black-edged ; the black bands
form complete rings on the hinder part of the body and on the
tail. (War. latifasciatus.)
a. 3 (W. 216; C. 101). * Min- A. Everett, Esq.[C].
Ił80,
*śs & (V. 222, 218; C. 99, Butuan, Mindanao. A. Everett, Esq.[C].
93). -
72 COLUBRIDAE.
11. Dipsadomorphus cyaneus.
Triglyphodon cyaneum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1079 (1854).
Dipsas nigromarginata, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. 1855
p. 294 * * sº
cyanea, Jan, Elenco, p. 104 (1863); Bouleng. Faun. Ind. p. 361
(1890); W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 1891, p. 244.
— bubalina, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 311, pl.xxiv. fig. E
(1864); Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xl. 1871, p. 441; Theob.
Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 197 (1876).
Anterior palatine teeth scarcely larger than the posterior;
anterior mandibular teeth considerably larger than the posterior.
Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals broader than long, a little shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal slightly longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one praeocular, ex-
tending to the upper surface of the head but not reaching the
frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+3 or 3+3; eight upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are about as long as
the posterior. Scales in 21 rows, vertebral row rather strongly
enlarged. Wentrals 237–252; anal entire ; subcaudals 124–133.
Adult uniform green above, the skin between the scales black, uni-
form greenish yellow beneath. Young olive, with black cross-bars
and a black streak behind the eye; belly variegated brown and
white.
Total length 1360 millim. ; tail 340.
Assam, Cachar, Sikkim, Tenasserim.
a. 3 (V. 242; C. 129). - p Dr. Günther [P.].
b. Yg. (W. 237; C.?). Darjeeling. W. T. Blanford,
Esq. [P].
12. Dipsadomorphus nigriceps. (PLATE III. fig. 3.)
Dipsas nigriceps, Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (3) xii, 1863, p. 359.
hoffmanseggii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 27.
— flavescens, var., Jan, Icon. Gén. 38, pl. v. fig. 2 (1871).
Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth moderately enlarged.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long. shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as
broad or a little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep,
or longer than deep; one praeocular, in contact with or narrowly
separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals very vari-
able, 1+2 or 2+3 or 3+3; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and
fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are considerably shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 21 rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged.
Wentrals 240–263; anal entire; subcaudals 140–144. Reddish or
greyish brown above, uniform or irregularly mottled with darker;
head uniform blackish above; upper lip white; lower parts white
or greyish, faintly dotted with darker. - -
148. DIPSADOMORPHUs. 73
Total length 1650 millim. ; tail 410.
Borneo, Java.
a. SP (V. 250; C. 144). Bongon, N. Borneo. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
f
b. 3 (W. 263; C.?). Zoological Society.
- (Type.)
C. d (W. 262; C. 143). —? College of Surgeons.
13. Dipsadomorphus jaspideus,
Dipsas cynodon, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 269 (1837).
Triglyphodon jaspideum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1093 (1854).
Dipsas fusca (non Gray), Motley & Dillwyn, Contr. Nat. Hist. Lab.
p. 48, pl. — (1855).
— boops, Günth. Cat. p. 170 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 309,
pl. xxiv. fig. G. (1864); F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1882,
. 151
—t-jaspidea, Jan, Elenco, p. 104 (1868).
Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth feebly enlarged. Eye as
1ong as the snout. Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible
from above; internasals broader than long, as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal about once and one third as long as broad, much
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a
little shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or deeper
than long; one praeocular, narrowly separated from the frontal;
two postoculars; temporals 2+2; eight upper labials, third, fourth,
and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields as long as or
longer than the anterior, separated from each other by scales.
Scales in 21 rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged. Wentrals 243–
266; anal entire ; subcaudals 140–166. Light brown above,
mottled and speckled with black or dark brown, and with more or
less distinct blackish cross-bars interrupted on the vertebral line ;
a series of large whitish spots on each side, partly on the ventrals:
all the head-shields spotted with black, the larger spots light-
edged; a black, light-edged longitudinal streak on the occiput;
yellowish beneath, speckled with brown.
Total length 1400 millim.; tail 370.
Java, Borneo, Pinang.

a. 3 (V. 266; C. 156). Java P Zoological Society.
b. ? (W. 243; C. 140). Labuan. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq.[P].
* (Type of D. fusca.)
c, d. 3 (V. 248; C. 166) Bengal (??). Gen. Hardwicke [P].
& Q (V. 264; C, 157). (Types of D. boops.)
14. Dipsadomorphus barnesii.
Dipsas barnesii, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 506, pl. xl. fig. 2;
ouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 359 (1890).
Anterior palatine teeth not enlarged; anterior mandibular teeth
feebly enlarged. Eye as long as the snout. Rostral as deep as
74 COLUBRIDAE,
broad, just visible from above; internasals broader than long, much:
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as
broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; three
praeoculars, the upper not reaching the frontal; two postoculars;
temporals 1+3 or 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are nearly as long as the posterior. Scales in
19 rows, scarcely oblique, vertebrals very feebly enlarged. Wentrals
220; anal entire; subcaudals 99. Grey-brown above, with lighter
black-edged transverse spots; a series of black spots along each
side, near the ventrals; a blackish band behind the eye; labial
sutures blackish; lower parts whitish, powdered with brown.
Total length 550 millim. ; tail 130.
Ceylon.
a. 3 (V. 220; C. 99). Ceylon. B. H. Barnes, Esq. [P.].
(Type.)
15. Dipsadomorphus drapiezii.
Dipsas drapiezii, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 270, pl. xi. figs, 8 & 9 (1837), and Abbild. p. 48, pl. xv. (1840);
Günth. Cat, p. 171 (1858), and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862,
p. 53; F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, viii. 1887, p. 275.
Triglyphodon drapiezii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1097 (1854).
Dipsas drapiezii, var. bancana, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 26.
Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth moderately enlarged.
Eye as long as the snout. Rostral broader than deep, scarcely
visible from above; internasals broader than long, shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal as long as broad or slightly longer than broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal small or absent; one praeocular, in contact with
or narrowly separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals
2-H2, 2+3, or 3+3; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth,
or fourth and fifth, entering the eye; five or six lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, vertebral row
strongly enlarged. Wentrals 250–276; anal entire; subcaudals
114–163. Pale brown above with dark transverse spots, or brown
with yellowish or reddish, dark-edged pale transverse bands each of
which ends in a white spot on the side of the belly; brownish
white below, uniform or speckled with brown, with two more or
less distinct brown longitudinal lines.
Total length 1300 millim.; tail 350.
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
a. Yg. (V. 270; C. 147). Malacca. D. F. A. Hervey,
Esq. [P.].
b. ? (W. 272; C, 153). Singapore.
c. 2 (W. 259; C.?). E. Coast of Sumatra. Mrs. Findlay [P.].
148. Mrsanovokrºvs. * 7 5
d, e. 9 (V. 267; C. 136) Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P].
& yg. (V. 250; C. 151).
J. 9 (V. 276; C. 170). Sandakan, N. Borneo. º Cator, Esq.
g. d. (V. 264; C. 145). Java.
In the var. bancana, Peters, which is stated to resemble closely
the Dipsas indica of Laurenti (D. bucephala, Shaw), the loreal is
well developed, the praeocular is divided, and the dark lines along
the belly are absent.
16. Dipsadomorphus angulatus.
Tipsas (Dipsadomorphus) angulata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861,
. 688.
— (Eudipsas) guiraonis, Steind. Novara. Rept. p. 75, pl. iii.
º ******* , ſtept, p. (0, P
Closely allied to D. drapiezii. Frontal longer than broad, longer
than its distance from the end of the snout; loreal well developed,
as long as deep; praeocular nearly reaching the frontal; two post-
oculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3; eight upper labials, third, fourth,
and fifth entering the eye; anterior chin-shields nearly thrice as
large as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, vertebral row strongly
enlarged. Wentrals 254–258; anal entire; subcaudals 126–135.
Greyish or yellowish brown above, with dark brown spots and dots
and with dark cross-bars which widen on the sides and extend
across the belly, but are interrupted on the vertebral line; large
whitish spots on the sides, extending on the ventrals, between the
dark bars.
Total length 1015 millim.; tail 240.
Leyte, Philippine Islands.
17. Dipsadomorphus irregularis.
Merrem, Beitr. ii. p. 23, pl. iv. (1790).
Coluber irregularis, Merr. in Bechst. Uebers. Lacép. iv. p. 239,
pl. xxxvii. fig. 1 (1802).
Hurria pseudoboiga, Daud. Rept. v. p. 277, pls, lix, figs. 8 & 9, &
lxvi. figs. 1 & 3 (1803).
Boiga irregularis, Fitzing. W. Class. Rept. p. 60 (1826).
Dipsas irregularis, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 271, pl. xi. figs. 12 & 13 (1837); Günth. Cat. p. 172 (1858);
Jan, Icon. Gen. 37, pl. i. (1870); Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus.
º xiii. 1878, p. 394; Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1885,
53.
Triglyphodon irregularis, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 1072 (1854).
Dipsas pallida, Jam, Elenco, p. 103 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 38, pl. v.
fig. 1 (1871).
Pºi. laticeps, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 1877,
... 3
p. 39.
— flavigastra, Macleay, l.c. p. 40.
Dipsasaruanus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (5) xi. 1883, p. 137.
Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth strongly enlarged.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
76 COLUBRIDAE.
broader than long, much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as
1ong as broad or a little longer than broad, as long as its distance
from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep
or longer than deep; one praeocular, in contact with or narrowly
separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2 or 3+3
or 4; nine (rarely eight or ten) upper labials, fourth, fifth, and
sixth (or third, fourth, and fifth, or fifth, sixth, and seventh) entering
the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 to 23
rows, vertebral row moderately or strongly enlarged. Wentrals
217–270; anal entire ; subcaudals 103–125 (some of which may
be single). Coloration very variable. Yellowish, greyish, brown,
or olive above, uniform or with more or less distinct darker cross-
bands or spots disposed quincuncially; upper labials yellowish,
usually dark-edged; a more or less distinct dark streak usually
present on each side of the head, behind the eye; belly yellowish,
uniform or more or less profusely spotted or speckled with brown,
olive, or black; subcaudals more or less spotted or speckled, some-
times entirely black.
Total length 2150 millim. ; tail 450.
Celebes, Moluccas, Papuasia, Solomon Islands.
A. Scales in 23 rows.
a. 3 (V. 259; C. 111).
b. Yg. (V. 253; C. 123).
o. 3 (V. 265; C. 117).
—e, f. 6 (V. 263; C. 104)
& Q (V. 260, 261;
C. P, 109).
g. 9 (V. 254; C. 110).
h. 3 (V. 258; C.?).
i. Hgr. (V.240; C, 104).
K. 6 (V. 245; C.?).
d
Celebes.
Gorontalo, Celebes.
Amboyna.
Ceram.
Mysol.
Wokau, Aru Ids.
Trobriand Ids.
Normanby, Louisiade
Archipelago.
B. Scales in 21 rows.
a—b. 3 (V. 267; C. 121)
& hgr. (V. 259; C. 119).
c—d, G (V. 268; C. 118)
& yg. (V. 266; C. 125).
e. Q (V. 248; C. 108).
f. 6 (V. 249; C. 113).
g—h, i. 2 (W. 250, 259,
259; C. P, 106, 115).
K. 9 (V. 253; C. 115).
1, 2 (W. 270; C. 109).
m—n, Q (V. 244; C. 109)
& hgr. (V. 250; C. 108).
o. 3 (W. 257; C. P).
N. Celebes.
Manado, Celebes.
Sangir Id. (?).
N.W. New Guinea.
New Guinea.
New Guinea, S. of
Huon Gulf.
Fly River.
Rei Ids.
Murray Id., Torres
Straits.
Leyden Museum.
Hr. Riedel [C.].
Leyden Museum.
H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
(Type of D. aruanus.)
Mr. A. S. Meek [C.].
B. H. Thomson, Esq.
[P.].
Dr. A. B. Meyer [C].
Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].
Dr. A. B. Meyer [C].
M. A. Linden [C].
Rev. S. Macfarlane
[C.].
Capt. Langen [P.].
Rev. S. Macfarlane
[C.].
148. DIPSADOMORPHUs. 77
p-q. 3 (W. 266, 262; Cornwallis Id., Torres Rev. S. Macfarlane
C. P, P), Straits. [C.].
r. 3 (W. 257; C.?). FergussonId., D'Entre- Mr. A. S. Meek [C].
casteaux Group. -
s—t. 3 (W. 258; C. 112) Duke of York Id. Rev. G. Brown [C].
& hgr.(W.256; C.117).
w—v. 2 (W. 232; C. 110) Treasury Id., Solomon H. B. Guppy, Esq.
&g. (W.217; C. 111). Ids. P.T.
w. Yg. (V. 238; C. 114). Alu, Shortland Ids., C.M.Woodford, Esq.
Solomon Ids. º
a -a. 3 (V.236, 242,242; New Georgia, Solomon C.M.Woodford, Esq.
C. 115, P, 103) & Q Ids. [C.]
(V. 241; C. P).
8–6. Hgr. (V. 233,234; Gela, Solomon Ids. C.M.Woodford, Esq.
C. 109, 112) & yg. [C.].
(V. 229; C. 112).
e. G (W. 239; C.?). Guadalcanar, Solomon C. M.Woodford, Esq.
Ids. [C.].
C. Scales in 19 rows.
a. Q (V. 263; C. 112). Ternate. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.”
b. Hgr. (V. 244; C. 108). Gilolo. Dr. Platen [C].
18. Dipsadomorphus flavescens.
Triglyphodon flavescens, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1080 (1854).
Dipsas flavescens, Jan, Elenco, p. 104 (1863).
Closely allied to D. irregularis, but praeocular not extending to
the upper surface of the head, and three postoculars. Eight upper
labials. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 260; anal entire ; sub-
caudals 116. Yellowish brown above, with mere traces of darker
cross-bands; uniform yellowish beneath.
Total length 1121 millim. ; tail 234.
Macassar, Celebes. -
19. Dipsadomorphus philippinus.
Dipsas philippina, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 27.
Like D. irregularis, but praeocular divided. Eight upper labials,
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye. Scales in 19 rows, verte-
brals strongly enlarged. Wentrals 240; anal divided; subcaudals
133. Brownish yellow above, with black cross-lines; head spotted
with black above, but without temporal streak.
Total length 690 millim.; tail 155.
Luzon, Philippine Islands. -
20. Dipsadomorphus blandingii.
Dipsas blandingii, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1844, p. 170, & 1854,
p. 100; A. Dum. Arch. Mus, x. 1859, pp. 209 & 211; Boettg.
Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 74,
Triglyphodon fuscum, Dum. &. Bibr. vii. p. 1101 (1854); Mocq.
Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 80.
78 COLUBRIDAE.
Diº fasciata, Fisch. Abh. Nat. Ver. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 84, pl. iii.
g. 5; Günth. Cat. p. 173 (1858).
— valida, Fisch. l.c. p. 87, fig. 4; Günth. l.c. p. 172.
— globiceps, Fisch. l.c. p. 89, fig.6; Günth. i. e. p. 173; F. Müll,
Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 687.
Toxicodryas blandingii, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 60.
Dipsas fischeri, Jan, in A. Dum. l.c. p. 212.
Boiga blandingii, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 264.
globiceps, Cope, l.c.
Dipsas fusca, Jan, Elenco, p. 104 (1868).
cynodon, part., Jan, l.c., and Icon. Gén. 38, pl. vi.fig. 2 (1871).
regalis (Schleg.), Jan, Icon. l.c.; F. Müll. l.c. p. 687.
PDipsas globiceps, var. tumboensis, F. Müll, l.c. p. 688.
Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth strongly enlarged.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as
broad or slightly longer than broad, as long as or a little shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal nearly as long as deep; two (rarely one) prae-
oculars, widely separated from the frontal; two (rarely three) post-
oculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3; nine (rarely eight) upper labials,
fourth, fifth, and sixth (or third, fourth, and fifth) entering the eye;
three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are smaller than the posterior. Scales in 23 (rarely in 21 or
25) rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged. Ventrals 265–274;
anal divided; subcaudals 123–147. Yellowish to dark olive above,
with more or less distinct dark brown or black cross-bars, which
may be interrupted on the vertebral line; some specimens nearly
uniform black; black bars on the posterior border of the upper
labials, the one on the penultimate labials extending on the temple
to the eye; ventrals and subcaudals yellowish to dark olive, with
or without a darker edge.
Total length 2200 millim. ; tail 500.
West Africa, from the Senegal to the Congo; Zanzibar.
a—b, c, d. (V. 267, 265; Sierra Leone.
C. 133, 125) & yg. (V.
265; C. 136).
d. 9 (V. 264; C. 125). Fantee. Leyden Museum.
e. 3 (V. 271; C. 130). Coast of Guinea.
f. 9 (V. 274; C.?). Oil River. H. H. Johnston, Esq. [P].
g—h. Q (V. 268; C. 126) Gaboon.
& hgr. (Sc. 21; W.
266; C. 135).
i. Q (V. 266; C. 123). W. Africa.
k. Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 273; Zanzibar.
C. 124).
©
21. Dipsadomorphus cynodon.
Dipsas cynodon, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559; Guér. Icon. R. A., Rept.
pl. xxi, fig. 2 (1829); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 268, pl. xi. figs. 10
& 11 (1837); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 308 (1864); Jan, Icon.
148. DIPSADOMORPHUs. 79
Gén. 38, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1871); W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
lx. 1891, p. 244; Boettg. Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1894–95, no. 7, p. 4
1895).
D#. * part., Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 77 (1847).
Opetiodon cynodon, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 907 (1854).
Eudipsas cynodon, Günth. Cat. p. 168 (1858).
Pareas waandersii, Bleek. Wat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxi. 1860,
p. 471; Edeling, op. cit. xxxi. 1870, p. 385.
Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth very strongly enlarged.
Tostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals
broader than long, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as
'broad or slightly longer than broad, as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal square, or longer than deep; one praeocular.
narrowly separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals
2+2 or 2+3 or 3+3; eight to ten upper labials, third, fourth,
and fifth, fourth and fifth, fourth, fifth, and sixth, or fifth, sixth,
and seventh entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are smaller than the posterior.
Scales in 23 (rarely 25) rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged.
Wentrals 248–290; anal entire ; subcaudals 114–156.
Total length 2050 millim. ; tail 480.
Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
A. Yellowish or pale reddish brown above, with dark brown or
black transverse spots or cross-bars; a dark streak on each
side of the head, behind the eye; belly yellowish, uniform or
marbled with brown.
a-b. ? (Sc. 25; V. 261; Toungoo, Burma. E. W. Oates, Esq. [P.].
C. I.14) & yg. (V. 257;
C. 129).
c. 2 (W. 283; C. 142). Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.].
d. Yg. (V. 264; C, 149). Singapore. H. N. Ridley, Esq. [P.].
e. Hgr. (V. 290; C.?). Singapore.
f. Ad., bad state (V. 267; Bali. Dr. Bleeker.
C. P). (Type of Pareas waandersii.)
g. 3 (W. 277; C. 149). Sandakan, N. Douglas Cator, Esq.
Borneo. [P.].
}. 3 (V. 266; C. 152). Java?
i. ? (W. 264; C. 129). Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C].
k. Q (V. 269; C. 145). —? Leyden Museum.
1. Skull of a.
B. Dark brown or black above, with more or less distinct lighter
cross-bars; sides usually with a series of whitish spots on or
close to the ventrals; belly black, or yellowish speckled with
black; head brown above, speckled with black; a black streak
on each side of the head behind the eye; labials with black
vertical lines on the sutures.
.a. 9 (V. 270; C. 156). Malacca. D. F. A. Hervey, Esq. [P].
b. 3 (V. 285; C. 150). — ? Zoological Society.
c. 3 (V. 274; C, 144). —? Dr. Günther [P].
80 COLUBRIDAE,
C. Fawn-colour, without spots or markings, or with traces of
darker cross-bands.
a. 9 (V. 268; C. 132). Mindanao. A. Everett, Esq.[C.).
b. #. d (W. 261; C. Rejang R., Sarawak. Brooke Low, Esq. [P].
).
22. Dipsadomorphus forsteni.
Triglyphodon forsteni, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1077 (1854).
tessellatum, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1082.
Dipsas forsteni, Jan, Elenco, p. 104 (1863); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 309 (1864); Anders. Prog. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 187; Stoliczka,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xl. 1871, p. 439;. Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 198 (1876); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 362 (1890).
tessellata, Jan, l.c.
— º var., F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878,
p. 689.
Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth strongly enlarged.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals.
broader than long, much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as
long as broad, or a little longer than broad, as long as or a little
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals; loreal square, or deeper than long; one praeocular,
extending to the upper surface of the head but not reaching the
frontal; two or three postoculars; temporals very small and
numerous, scale-like; eight to eleven upper labials, third, fourth,
and fifth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; three or four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
large as or a little larger than the posterior; latter separated from
each other by scales. Scales in 25 to 31 rows, vertebral row feebly
enlarged. Wentrals 254–270; anal entire; subcaudals 103–131.
Brown above, uniform or with more or less regular, angular, black
cross-bars, with or without white spots between them; usually a
black band from the frontal shield to the nape, and another on each
side behind the eye; lower parts white, uniform or spotted with.
brown.
Total length 1720 millim. ; tail 330.
India and Ceylon.
a—b. Yg., dry. Matheran, Bombay. Dr. Leith [P.].
c, d, e. 2 (Sc. 29; V. Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C].
254; C. 111), hgr. (Sc.
27; W. 259; C. 103),
& yg. (Sc. 29; V. 268;
C. 119).
f—g. 3 Q, imperfect. Anamallays. Col. Beddome ſO.T.
h. 3 (Sc. 29; V. 263; C. Madras Pres. Sir W. Elliot TP.1.
112).
i, k. 3 (Sc. 27; W. 262; India.
C. 111) & Q (Sc. 27;
V. 265; C. 103). -
l. §§ 27; W.257; C. — ? Zoological Society.
107).
149. DIPSADOBoA. 81
The descriptions of the two following Snakes are insufficient, and
as the dentition does not appear to have been examined, it is even
doubtful whether they belong to the genus Dipsadomorphus as here
defined:—
DIPSAs BERTHOLDI, Jan, Elenco, p. 103 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 38,
pl. v. fig. 3 (1871).
Rostral broader than deep; internasals shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal once and one fourth as long as broad, a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal as long as deep; one praeocular, not reaching the
frontal; three postoculars; temporals 2+2; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields. Body strongly compressed. Scales in
15 rows, vertebrals enlarged. Above with dark spots forming
interrupted cross-bands; two dark lines running along the belly
and tail.
Habitat unknown.—Prof. Ehlers informs me the specimen is no
longer to be found in the Göttingen Museum.
DIPSAs or NATA, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) iii. 1888,
p. 416.
Head broad, flat, rounded at the muzzle, and very suddenly con-
tracted behind into a very narrow neck. Body elongate, compressed,
and tapering to a very long fine tail. Loreal nearly square; a
large praeocular; two small postoculars; nine upper labials. Scales
in 15 rows. Wentrals 277; anal entire; subcaudals 120. Yellowish-
white, closely barred with black. ar
Total length 610 millim.; tail 230.
Ring's Sound, N.W. Australia.
149. DIPSADOBOA.
Dipsadoboa, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 182 (1858).
Heterurus, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 103 (1863).
Anoplodipsas, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 442.
Maxillary teeth 16 to 18, followed, after a short interspace, by a
pair of enlarged grooved fangs situated below the posterior border
of the eye; anterior mandibular teeth feebly enlarged. Head
distinct from neck; eye rather large, with vertically elliptic pupil;
nasals concave. Body compressed; scales smooth, with apical pits,
disposed slightly obliquely, in 17 rows, the vertebral row enlarged;
ventrals rounded. Tail moderate ; subcaudals single.
West Africa.
1. Dipsadoboa unicolor.
Dipsadoboa unicolor, Günth. Cat. p. 183 (1858), and Zool. Rec. 1872,
WOL. III. G
p. 75
82 COLUBRIDAE.
Heterurus bicolor, Jan, Icon. Gén. 88, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1871).
Aºife. viridis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 442, pl. —.
4
g. 4.
Dipsadoboa assimilis, Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Wat. Fr. 1893, p. 173.
Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above ; inter-
nasals broader than long, about half as long as the praefrontals;
frontal a little longer than broad, as long as or a little longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
loreal as long as deep or deeper than long; one praeocular, usually
in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2;
eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth, fifth and sixth, or
fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; five or six lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 186—216;
anal entire; subcaudals 66–100. Green or dark purplish brown
above, yellowish beneath.
Total length 790 millim. ; tail 160.
West Africa.
A. Green above.
a. Q (V. 186; C.68). W. Africa. Mr. Rich [C]. (Type.)
b. 3 (V. 193; C. 76). Fernando Po. Dr. Günther [P.]. ”
B. Dark purplish brown above.
a—b. ? (W. 199; C. P) & Rio del Rey. H. H. Johnston, Esq. [P].
hgr. (V. 210; C. 93).
c. 2 (W. 194; C, 66). Gaboon.
© 150. RHINOBOTHRYUM.
Rhinobothryum, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 186 (1830); Dum. & Bibr.
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1060 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 176 (1858);
Jan, Elenco sist. Ofta, p. 102 (1863). -
Dipsas, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 357 (1837).
Maxillary teeth 14, equal, followed, after an interspace, by a pair
of enlarged grooved fangs situated below the posterior border of the
eye; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Head distinct from neck;
eye large, with vertically elliptic pupil; nostril very large, verti-
cally oval, between two nasals and the internasal; rostral shield
very large. Body compressed; scales keeled, with apical pits, in 19
or 21 rows; ventrals angulate and feebly notched laterally. Tail
long; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical South America.
1. Rhinobothryum lentiginosum.
Coluber lentiginosus, Scopoli, Delic. Flor. Faun. Insubr. iii. p. 41,
pl. xx, fig. 2 (1785).
Rhinobothryum macrorhinum, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 186 (1830).
151. HIMANTODEs. 83
Dipsas macrorhina, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 289, pl. xi, figs, 31 & 3
(1837).
Rhinobothryum lentiginosum, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1061 (1854);
Jan, Icon. Gén. 38, pl. i. fig. 3 (1871).
Snout broad, truncate. Rostral very large, as deep as broad,
separating the internasals, the portion visible from above as long as
its distance from the frontal; frontal as long as broad, shorter than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
loreal deeper than long; one praeocular, not extending to the upper
surface of the head; two postoculars; temporals 2+2; eight to
ten upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields; posterior chin-shields narrower and separated from each
other by scales. Scales rather strongly keeled on the back, smooth
on the sides, in 19 or 21 rows. Wentrals 245–278; anal divided;
subcaudals 114–120. Body with black annuli separated by
narrower whitish annuli which are spotted with black in the
middle on the back; head-shields black, edged with whitish.
Total length 1380 millim.; tail 300.
Colombia, Guianas, Eastern Peru.
a. 3 (Sc. 19; W. 257; C. 114). Yurimaguas, N.E. Peru.
b. 3 (Sc. 19; W. 275; C. 117). —?
151. HIMANTODES.
Bungarus, part., Oppel, Ann. Mus. xvi. 1810, p. 391.
Dipsas, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 29 (1826); Wagl. Syst.
Amph. p. 180 (1830); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 257 (1837);
Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 169 (1858).
Imantodes, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 507, and Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 1064 (1854).
Himantodes, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 264; Jan, Elenco sist.
Oftd. p. 102 (1863).
Maxillary teeth equal, 12 to 18, followed, after an interspace, by
a pair of enlarged grooved teeth situated just behind the vertical of
the posterior border of the eye; anterior mandibular teeth longest.
Head small, very distinct from neck; eye very large, with vertically
alliptic pupil. Body very slender, strongly compressed; scales
narrow, smooth, with apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows, vertebral row
.enlarged or not ; ventrals rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two
TOWS.
Mexico, Central America, Tropical South America.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 17 rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged.
Wertebral scales, on the thickest part of
the body, broader than long . . . . . . . . 1. cenchoa, p. 84.
Wertebral scales, none broader than long 2. elegans, p. 85.
G 2
84 COLUBRIDAE.
II. Scales in 15 rows, vertebral row strôngly enlarged.
3. lentiferus, p. 86.
III. Scales in 17 rows, vertebral row not or but very slightly
enlarged
A. Anal divided. -
1. Frontal not twice as long as broad.
Head twice or twice and a half as wide -
as the neck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. gemmistratus, p. 86.
Neck extremely slender, not more than
one third the width of the head .... 5. gracillimus, p. 87.
2. Frontal more than twice as long as broad.
6. inormatus, p. 88.
B. Anal entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Subaequalis, p. 88.
1. Himantodes cenchoa.
Seba, Thes, ii. pl. xvi. figs. 2 & 3 (1785).
Coluber cenchoa, Linn. S. N. i. p. 389 (1766); Daud. Rept. vi.
p.283 (1803).
Bungarus cencoalt, Oppel, Ann, Mus. xvi. 1810, p. 392.
Dipsas cenchoa, Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras, i. p. 896 (1825); Günth.
Cat. p. 174 (1858), and Biol. C.-Am., Rept, p. 175 (1895).
weigelii, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept., p. 59 (1826); Schleg. Phys.
Serp. ii. p. 278, pl. xi. figs. 19 & 20 (1837).
Imantodes cenchoa, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1065 (1854).

Himantodes cenchoa, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1861, p. 296, and
Amer. Nat. 1894, p. 613.
leucomelas, Cope, ll. cc.
— anisolepis, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1894, p. 618.
Rostral small, broader than deep, Scarcely visible from above ;
internasals much shorter than the præfrontals; frontal once and
one fourth to once and a half as long as broad, as long as or a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long, rarely a little
longer than deep; one or two (rarely three) praeoculars, frequently
a small upper and a large lower; two (rarely three) postoculars;
temporals 1 or 2+2 or 3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth or
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, vertebrals strongly
enlarged, the largest broader than long. Wentrals 220–267; anal
divided ; subcaudals 122–175. Pale brown or greyish above;
head with dark brown spots or bands which may be separated by
narrow light lines; body with 26 to 58 dark brown or reddish-
brown spots or cross-bands edged with darker and lighter, narrowed
on the sides, where they may break up into spots; lower parts
whitish, dotted or powdered with brown, with or without a dark
streak along the middle of the belly. -
Total length 1100 millim.; tail 340.
Mexico, Central America, Tropical South America.
151. HIMANTODEs.
85
A. Posterior dorsal spots broken up on the sides, lateral spots
being present.
a. 9 (V. 237; C. 142).
b–c. 3 (V. 244; C
145) & 2 (W. 238;
C. 145).
.d. d (W. 235; C. P).
e. 9 (V. 267; C. 162).
..f. 6 (V. 251; C. 163).
g. 2 (V, 248; C. 150).
%. 3 (W. 249; C. 171).
i. Hgr. (V. 251; C.
l
6
1
J. Q (W. 254; C. 160).
B. Dorsal spots all extending down to the ventrals.
melas, Cope.)
a—e. 6 (V. 243, 231,
232, 239; C. 158,
154, 163, 147) & 2
(W. 220; C. 147),
f: 3 (V. 230; C, 164).
g. Yg. (V. 242; C.
60).
A. Yg. (V. 245; C.
159).
)
3–7, 3 (V. 253; C.
166) & hgr. (V.
230, 233; C. 152,
145).
4m. Hgr. (W. 234; C.
157
57).
n. 3 (W. 240; C. 160).
o—p. 3 (V. 257; C.
157) & Q (W. 236;
C. 133).
q. 3 (W. 236; C. 145).
7. 9 (V.246; C. 158).
s. 2 (W. 250; C. 154).
t. 2 (W. 248; C. 167).
w, 3 skeleton.
(C. cenchoa, L.)
Teapa, Tabasco.
Hacienda Rosa de
Jericho, Nicaragua,
3250 feet.
Irazu, Costa Rica.
Panama.
Rosario de Cucuta,
Colombia.
Carthagena, Colombia.
Trinidad.
Surinam.
F. D. Godman, Esq.
[P.]. --
Dr. Rothschuh [C].
F. D. Godman, Esq.
Mr. C. Webber [C.J.
Capt. Garth [P].
gº W. Urich, *.
[P].
Moyobamba, N.E. Peru. Mr. A. H. Roff [C].
Mexico.
Jalapa, Vera Cruz.
Huatuzco, Vera Cruz.
Orizaba, Vera Cruz.
Teapa, Tabasco.
Coban, Vera Paz.
Vera Paz, low forest.
Hacienda Rosa de
Jericho, Nicaragua,
3250 feet.
Matagalpa, Nicaragua.
Chiriqui. -
Pebas, Upper Amazon.
Madre de Dios, Bolivia.
Nicaragua.
(H. leuco-
Mr. Hugo Finck[C.].
F. D. Godman, Esq.
[P.]... .
F. D. Godman, Esq.
[P.].
F. D. Godman, Esq.
[P.].
O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
Dr. Rothschuh ſG.T.
Dr. Rothschuh [C].
F. D. Godman, Esq.
[P.].
H. W. Bates, Esq.
[C.].
2. Himantodes elegans.
Himantodes cenchoa, var. elegans, Jan, Icon. Gén. 88, pl. ii. fig. 1
(1871).
Lºgºthu, stratissima, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886,
p. 280.
86 COLUBRIDAE.
Himantodes semifasciatus, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1894, p. 613.
Prº gemmistrata (non Cope), Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept, p. 175
(1895).
Closely allied to the preceding, the only structural difference
being that the vertebral scales are not so large, mostly longer than
broad, the largest never broader than long. Wentrals 220–237;
subcaudals 122–146. Pale brown above, head with dark brown,
black-edged spots or symmetrical markings; forty to sixty dark
brown black-edged large transverse spots on the body, the anterior
extending right across down to the ventrals, the others confined to
the back and accompanied on each side by a smaller spot; lower
parts yellowish, dotted or powdered with dark brown.
Total length 810 millim. ; tail 240.
Central America.
a—b. Hgr. (V. 228, 220; Pacific Coast of Guate- O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]
C. 124, 122). mala.
c—e. 6 (V. 237; C. 142) Cartago, Costa Rica.
& Q (V. 233, 231; g
C. 137, 146).
3. Himantodes lentiferus.
Himantodes lentiferus, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1894, p. 613.
Agrees in structure, and particularly in the largest vertebral
scales being broader than long, with H. cenchoa, but differs in
having only 15 rows of scales. Dorsal spots terminating in an
angle near the ventrals; no lateral spots.
Total length 622 millim. ; tail 189.
Eastern Ecuador.
4. Himantodes gemmistratus.
Himantodes cenchoa (non L.), Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 264.
gemmistratus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 296, and
Amer. Nat. 1894, p. 613.
tenuissimus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1866, p. 317, and Amer.
Nat. 1894, p. 613.
Dipsas gemmistratus, Cope, Journ. Ac, Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 131.
gemmistrata latistrata, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887,
p. 68.
— tenuissima, Cope, l. c.; Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 176.
(1895).
— splendida, Günth. l.c. p. 176, pl. lvi. fig. A.
Rostral small, broader than deep, scarcely visible from above;
internasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and
one third to once and a half as long as broad, as long as or a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep, or a little longer than
deep; one praeocular (rarely divided) not reaching the frontal ; two
postoculars; temporals 1+2 (or 2+3); eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth or third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four to six
151. HIMANTODES. 87
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
as long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows,
vertebrals scarcely enlarged. Wentrals 223–250; anal divided;
subcaudals 130–157. Pale brown above; head with dark brown
spots or symmetrical markings; 35 to 50 dark brown spots or
cross-bars on the body, lighter in the centre and sometimes edged
with whitish, often connected by a narrow dark brown line on the
middle of the back; lower parts whitish, dotted or powdered with
brown.
Total length 830 millim. ; tail 270.
Mexico and Central America.
A. 35 dorsal spots, broken up on the sides in the posterior half
of the body.
a. Q (V. 223; C. P). Yucatan. (Type of D. splendida.)
B. 46 dorsal spots, all extending down to the ventrals.
b. 3 (W. 242; C. 155). Yucatan.
C. 50 dorsal spots, broken up on the sides in the posterior fourth
of the body.
c. 3 (W. 231; C. 130). Hacienda Santa Gertru- Dr. A. C. Buller [C].
dio, Mexico.
5. Himantodes gracillimus.
Diº* Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 177, pl. lvi. fig. B
( e
Neck extremely slender, not more than one third as wide as the
head. Rostral small, broader than deep, scarcely visible from
above; internasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
once and one third as long as broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as
deep or a little longer than deep; one praeocular; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth or
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, vertebrals not
enlarged. Wentrals 244–253; anal divided; subcaudals 145.
Pale brownish above, with 42 to 72 darker spots edged with
blackish; these spots being much larger than the ' interspaces
between them, the body appears brown with pale black-edged
cross-bars; whitish beneath, dotted or powdered with brown.
Total length 1000 millim.; tail 300.
Mexico.
a. 3 (V. 244; C. P). S. Mexico. F. £º Esq.
..]. (Type.
b. 3 (V. 253; C. 145). Tres Marias Ids., W. Hr. A. Forrer[C].
Mexico.
88 COLUBRIDAE,
6. Himantodes inornatus. (PLATE W. fig. 1.)
Neck extremely slender, one third as wide as the head. Rostral
small, broader than deep, scarcely visible from above ; internasals
much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal twice to twice and one
third as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep ;
one praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, vertebrals not
enlarged. Wentrals 206; anal divided ; subcaudals 112. Pale
brown above, with blackish dots and faint traces of black cross-
bars; a black line along the occiput; whitish beneath, finely
speckled with blackish and with a blackish median line.
Total length 820 millim.; tail 230.
Nicaragua.
a—b. 9 (V. 206; C. Hacienda Rosa de Jeri- Dr. E. Rothschuh
112) and head & neck cho, 3250 ft. [C.].
of adult,
7. Himantodes(?) subaequalis.
Dipsas subaequalis, Fischer, Arch. f. Wat. 1880, p. 224, pl. ix. figs.
18–21.
Neck extremely slender, one third as wide as the head. Rostral
small, a little broader than deep, scarcely visible from above;
internasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal a little
longer than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; two prae-
and two postoculars; temporals 1+1; eight upper labials, third,
fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows, vertebrals scarcely enlarged. Wentrals 226;
anal entire; subcaudals 105. Uniform bluish green above, lighter
beneath.
Total length 1050 millim.; tail 250.
Eſabitat unknown.
152. LEPTODIRA.
Sibon, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. pp. 29, 31 (1826)
Coronella, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 50 (1837).
º: * Schleg. l.c. p. 357; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1133
4).
Heterurus, part., Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1168.
Leptodeira, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 165 (1858). h
Sibon, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 266.
Eteirodipsas, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 105 (1863).
Crotaphopeltis, Jan, l.c.
152. LEPTODIRA. 89
Maxillary teeth 15 to 18, gradually and feebly increasing in
1ength, followed, after an interspace, by a pair of enlarged grooved
teeth situated just behind the vertical of the posterior border of the
eye; mandibular teeth, anterior slightly enlarged. Head distinct
from neck; eye large, with vertically elliptic pupil; posterior nasal
.concave. Body cylindrical or moderately compressed ; scales
smooth or faintly keeled, with apical pits, in 17 to 25 rows;
ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or rather long; subcaudals in
tWO rows.
Tropical and South Africa; Tropical America, northwards to
Texas.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Anal entire; scales in 19 (exceptionally 17) rows; ventrals
144–180; subcaudals 32–54 . . . . 1. hotamboeia, p. 89.
TI. Anal divided.
A. Subcaudals 51–72; lateral spots none, or very small.
1. Scales in 19 rows.
§even upper labials; ventrals 151–164. 2. punctata, p. 91.
Eight upper labials; ventrals 170–196. 3. nigrofasciata, p. 92.
2. Scales in 21 to 25 rows.
Nine upper labials; ventrals 188 . . . . 4. frenata, p. 92.
Eight upper labials; ventrals 194. . . . 5. Septentrionalis, p. 93.
Light upper labials; ventrals 160–180. 6. personata, p. 93.
B. Subcaudals 71–107.
1. Scales in 21 or 23 rows; rostral twice as broad as deep;
lateral spots present. &
Wentrals 158–169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. ocellata, p. 94.
Wentrals 172–211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. albofusca, p. 95.
2. Scales in 19 (exceptionally 17 or 21) rows; ventrals 175–
195; rostral not twice as broad as deep.
9. annulata, p. 97.
1. Leptodira hotamboeia.
Seba, Thes, i. pl.xxxiii, fig. 6, & lxxv. fig. 3 (1734).
Coronella hotamboeia, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 85 (1768).
virginica, Laur, l.c. p. 86.
Cº. * Gmel, S. W. i. p. 1094 (1789); Daud. Rept. vii.
—t hitamboeia, Gmel. l.c. p. 1113.
bicolor, Leach, in Bowdich, Miss. Ashantee, p. 493 (1819).
o; * Duvernoy, Ann. Sc. Wat. xxx. 1833, p. 9, pl. i.
9. 2.
90 COLUERIDAE.
Ophis albocinctus, Duvernoy, l.c. p. 10, pl. ii. figs. 1–3.
º rufescens, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 72, pl. ii. figs. 16 & 17
37).
Dipsas hippocrepis, Reinh. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. x. 1848, p. 251,
pl. i. figs, 18–20.
Crotaphopeltis rufescens, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. App. p. 18.
(1849); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 566; Jan, Icon. Gén.
39, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1872); Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xii. 1881, p. 898.
PDipsas inornatus, Smith, l. g. p. 20.
Heterurus rufescens, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1170 (1854).
hippocrepis, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1177.
Leptodeira rufescens, Günth. Cat. p. 165 (1858); Boettg. Ber. Senck.
Ges. 1887, p. 162, & 1888, p. 72.
Qxyropus melanocrotaphus, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1860, p. 260.
ºri. hitamboeia, Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 126
82).

Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; inter-
nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and one third to
once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
loreal as long as deep, or a little longer than deep; one praeocular
(rarely divided); two (rarely three) postoculars; temporals 1+1 or 2;
eight (rarely nine) upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth (exceptionally
fourth and fifth or fourth, fifth, and sixth) entering the eye; three
or four pairs of large chin-shields, the anterior longer than broad
and in contact with four and five lower labials, the others usually
broader than long. Scales smooth or faintly keeled, in 19 (excep-
tionally 17) rows. Wentrals 144–180; anal entire; subcaudals
32–54. Brown, olive, or blackish above, uniform or with whitish
dots which may form cross-bars; a black band on the temple,
usually connected with its fellow across the occiput; belly whitish.
Total length 610 millim.; tail 90.
Tropical and South Africa, as far north as Senegambia and
Nubia.
a. Hgr. (V. 159; C. 38). Gambia. T. [. Mitchell, Esq.
P.T.
b. Hgr. (V. 165; C.89). Bissao. V. [. Cornish, Esq.
c. Hgr. (V. 161; C. 44). Gold Coast. t w; Evans, Esq.
d. 9 (V. 164; C. P). Fantee. TÉ Bowdich, Esq.
[P], , (Type o
C. bicolor.)
e, f-l. 3 (W. 164; C. Asaba, Niger. J. W. Crosse, Esq.
54), Q(V. 160; C. 41), [P.].

hgr. (V. 155,156; C.
38,33), & yg. (W. 161,
162,159; C. 44, 42,40).
m. SP (V. 167; C. 42). Congo.
m—8. Q (V, 159; C. 39), Mkonumbi, E. Africa. Dr. J. W. Gregory
hgr. (V. 164, 153, [P.].
146, #9. 41, 50,
46, 46), . (V.
164; C. ;)." (
152. LEPTODIRA. 91.
t. 2 (W. 166; C. 34). Mt. Ruwenzori, 5000– sº Elliot, Esq.
6000 ft. [P.].
w—v. Yg. (V. 151, 169; Mt. Kilimanjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq.
C. 40, 49). [P].
w—z. 3 (V. 160; C. 38) Zomba, Brit. C. Africa. H. H. Johnston, Esq.
& yg. (V. 153, 145, [P.].
144; C. 43, 42, 39).
a. 3 (V. 159; C. 40). Shiré highlands. H. H. Johnston, Esq.
º . [Pl.
8–8. 3 (V. 158; C. 42) Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [P.].
& hgr. (V. 166, 164;
C. 37,41).
e. 9 (V. 151; C. 32). Johannesburg, Transvaal. * g H. R. Fisk
£. Yg. (V. 159; C. 41). Pretoria, Transvaal. w L. Distant, Esq.
P.T.
m–6. Hgr. (V. 152, 149; Natal. E. Howlett, Esq.
C. #43). [P.]. Q.
• A. Yg. (V. 154, 158, Port Elizabeth. J. M. Leslie, Esq.
162; C.:46, 41, 40). e &
u Q (V. 164; C. 42). Uniondale, Natal. Mr. Drege º
v, Š. 3 (W. 156; C. 45) Port Natal. Mr. T. Ayres [C.].
& 2 (W. 151; C. 37).
o, Yg. (W. 157; C. 38). Grahamstown. Rev. G. H. R. Fisk
P.I.
7ſ, g (Sc. 17; W. 163; Cape of Good Hope. L; hº [P.].
C. 45).
p. Q skeleton. S. Africa.
2. Leptodira punctata.

Crotaphopeltis punctata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1866, p. 93.
Leptodira pacifica, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 310; Günth.
iol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 169 (1895).
Sibon pacificum, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 67, and
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892, p. 678.
Leptodira punctata, Bouleng. The Zool. 1887, p. 178.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above;
internasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a
half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one
praeocular, separated from the frontal, usually with a small sub-
ocular below it; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 151–164; anal
divided; subcaudals 61–65. Pale brown above, with four or five
rows of small black spots; head with short black streaks; a light
occipital blotch with a short mesial black streak, followed by a pair
of large black spots; upper lip yellowish ; lower parts uniform
white.
Total length 490 millim.
Mazatlan, Mexico.
a. 9 (V. 163; C. P). Presidio, near Mazatlan. Hr. A. Forrer[C.].
92 COLUBRIDAE.
3. Leptodira nigrofasciata, (PLATE W. fig. 2.)

Leptodira nigrofasciata, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868,
p. 425, and Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 169 (1895).
— mystacina, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 151;
Günth. Biol. C.-Am. p. 169.
Sibon nigrofasciatum, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 67,
and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 678.
mystacinum, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 67.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and two
thirds as long as broad, a little longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as
deep or a little longer than deep ; one praeocular, in contact with
or narrowly separated from the frontal, with or without a small
subocular below it; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth or third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye,
sixth sometimes touching the parietal; four or five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals
170–196; anal divided; subcaudals 56–70. Above with dark brown
spots or semiannuli separated by narrow whitish ones, the first
across the occiput; labials black-spotted; a blackish streak on each
side of the head, passing through the eye; lower parts white.
Total length 480 millim.; tail 100.
Isthmus of Tehuantepec ; Nicaragua.

a. 3 (V. 170; C. 70). Nicaragua. Dr. Seeman ; (Type.)
b. 3 (W. 196; C. 64). Tapana, Tehu- Prof. F. Sumichrast & # O.
antepec. Salvin & F. D. Godman,
Esqs. [P.].
c. 2 (V. 188; C. 56). Tºrse Dr. A. C. Buller [C.].
ity.
4. Leptodira frenata.
Sibon frenatum, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. 1886, p. 184, &
xiv. 1892, p. 677.
Leptodira frenata, Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 173 (1895).
Frontal twice as long as broad; loreal subquadrate; one praeocular,
not reaching the frontal, with a small subocular below it; two
postoculars; temporals 1+2; nine upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye. Scales in 23 rows. Wentrals 188; anal divided;
subcaudals 69. Black above, with narrow grey cross-bands (one
scale in width), which may be broken up and alternate on the
vertebral line; head grey, densely mottled with blackish, occiput
pale greyish ; a black streak on each side behind the eye; upper
labials with black borders.
Total length 305 millim. ; tail 66.
Jalapa, Mexico.
152. LEPTODIRA. 93.
5. Leptodira septentrionalis.
Dipsas septentrionalis, Kennicott, Rep., U.S. Mea. Bound. Surv. ii.
IRept. p. 16, pl. viii. fig. 1 (1859); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860,
. 266
Sibon annulatum septentrionale, Cope, Check-list N. Am. Rept. p. 38
(1875).
Leptodeira septentrionalis, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1891,
. 505.
Sibon septentrionale, part., Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892,
677
p. Oſ (.
Leptodira annulata, part., Günth. Biol, C.-Am., Rept. p. 170 (1895).
Rostral twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above;
internasals a little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a
half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; two
praeoculars, upper in contact with the frontal, with a small subocular
below them; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales
in 21 or 23 rows. Wentrals 194; anal divided ; subcaudals 65–72.
Greyish or pale brown above, with large, rhomboidal, transverse
black spots descending to the sides; no lateral spots; head spotted
with black, occiput whitish ; lower parts uniform whitish.
Total length 720 millim.; tail 150.
South-western Texas and North Mexico.
a, d (Sc. 21; V, 194; C. 72). Texas. Smithsonian Institution [P].
6. Leptodira personata.
Dipsas annulata, var. C, Dum. & Bibr. vii. # 1141 (1854).
Leptodeira annulata, part., Günth. Cat. p. 166 (1858).
Sibon annulata, part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 266.
Leptodira personata, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1868, p. 810; Günth.
Biol. C.-Am, Rept. p. 171, pl. liv. figs, A & B (1895).
Eteirodipsas annulata, var. Septentrionalis, Jan, Icon. Gén. 39, pl. i.
fig. 2 (1872),
Leptodira rhombifera, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 32,
and l.c. p. 173, pl. liv. fig. C.
Sibon personatum, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 67,
and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892, p. 677.
rhombiferum, Cope, ll, ce.
Leptodira splendida, Günth. Biol. Cº-Am. p. 171, pl. liii. fig, B.
Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; inter-
nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half to once
and two thirds as long as broad, shorter than the parietals; loreal
as long as deep or longer than deep ; one or two praeoculars, usually
in contact with the frontal, and usually a small subocular; two
postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering, the eye; five (rarely four) lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 23 or 25 (rarely 21) rows. Wentrals
94
COLUBRIDAE.
160–180; anal divided; subcaudals 53–72. Pale brown above,
with large dark brown or blackish rhomboidal spots, which may be
confluent to form a zigzag band; lateral spots absent or small;
head dark brown, with a white or whitish cross-band on the
occiput, rarely divided by a blackish median streak; upper labials
spotted or edged with brown; belly uniform white, without brown
dots.
Total length 780 millim. ; tail 135.
Mexico, Guatemala.
af. 3 (Sc. 25, 23, 25; v. 177,
176, 169; C. 65, P, P) & Q (Sc.
23; W. 180, 172, 167; C, 62,
60,58).
g—m, o. 3 (Sc. 25, 23; V. 160,166;
C. 64, 65) & Q (Sc. 23, 23, 23,
25, 23, 23; W. 171, 175, 172,
169, 165, 172; C, 56, 57, P, P,
55, 60).
p, g. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 173; C.
gº) & yg. (Sc. 23; W. 180;
59
. 59).
r—s. 3 (Sc. 21; W. 166; C. 67) &
Q (Sc. 23; V. 167; C, 66).
t–v. Q (Sc. 25; W. 171; C. P) &
hgr. (Sc. 23, 25; V. 174, 173;
C. 72, 64).
w. Yg. (Sc. 23; W. 166; C, 69).
a-º. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 165; C.68), Q
(Sc. 25; V. 169, 166, 168, 166,
161; C. P, P, 57, 58, 58), hgr.
(Sc. 23; W. 167, 159; C, 66,
68), & yg. (Sc. 23; W. 173;
C. 58).
m—é, o. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 171,
170, 174; C, 67, 70,67), 2 (Sc.
23; V.163; C, 66),&yg. (Sc.23,
23, 25, 23, 23; W. 166,167, 173,
174, 180; C. 65, 68, 55, 56, 58).
T. Q (Sc. 23; W. 176; C. 53).
p—or. Q (Sc. 21; V, 162; C. 70)
& hgr. (Sc. 21; W. 164; C, 67).
r. Yg. (Sc. 21; W. 163; C. 67).
v. Q (Sc. 25; V. 170; C. 68).
Mexico. Mr. Hugo Finck
[C.]. -
Mexico. Mr. Warwick [C.].
Mexico. M. Sallé [C].
Hr. A. Forrer[C.].
Presidio, near
Mazatlan.
Hacienda Sta. Dr. A. C. Buller
Gertrudio. [C.].
Sto. Domingo de Dr. A. C. Buller
Guzman. C.T.
Tampico. F. D. Godman,
Esq. [P].
Jalapa. Mr. Hoege [C];
F. D. Godman,
Esq. [P].
Plateau of P. Geddes, Esq.
Mexico. P
Izucar, Mexico. (Type: of L. Splen-
dida.) .
S. Mexico. F. D. Godman,
Esq. º
Rio Chisoy near O. §, win, Esq.
Cubulco, [C.J. (Type of £.
Guatemala. rhombifera.)
7. Leptodira ocellata.
Leptodira ocellata, Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 172, pl. lv. fig. B

1895).
? Sibon septentrionale rubricatum, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.
xxxi. 1894, p. 847.
152. LEPTODIRA. 95
Intermediate between L. personata and L. albofusca. Agrees
with the former in the stouter body with lower number of Ventral
shields, with the latter in the length of the tail and number of
caudal shields as well as in the coloration. Scales in 23 rows.
Wentrals 158–169; subcaudals 74–83.
Total length 500 millim.; tail 135.
Central America.
a. 6 (V. 166; C. 74). Chontalez, Ni- R. A. R; º
caragua. §. 2 . M.
rowfoot, Esq.
[P.]. } (Types.)
b–d. 3 (V. 169; C. 76); Cartago, Costa
hgr. (V. 164; C. P), & Rica.
yg. (V. 158; C. 83). - J
e. 3 (V. 161; C. 79). Panama. Capt. J. C. Dow [P.].
8. Leptodira albofusca.

Coluber albofuscus, Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 94 & 312 (1789).
- annulatus, Merr. Beitr. iii. p. 25, pla. iii. & iv. (1821).
Dipsas annulatus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 294 (1837).
— annulata, var. B, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1141 (1854).
Leptodeira annulata, part, Günth. Cat. p. 166 (1858), and Biol.
C-Am., Rept. p. 170 (1895).
Sibon annulata, part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 266.
Leptodira annulata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1866, p. 127; Garm.
Bull. Essex. Inst. xxiv. 1892, p. 90.
sººn yucatanense, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32,
1887. D. 67.
—ººm, cope, Poe vs. Nat Mexiv. 1892, p. 67.
yucatanense, Cope, l. c.
Leptodira affinis, Günth. Biol. C.-Am. p. 170.
— yucatanensis, Günth. ... c. p. 171.
— polysticta, Günth. l.c. p. 172, pl. lv. fig. A.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above; in-
ternasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and one fourth
to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal as long as deep or a little longer than deep; one or
two praeoculars, in contact with or narrowly separated from the
frontal, and a small subocular; two (rarely three) postoculars;
temporals 1+2 or 3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth (rarely
third, fourth, and fifth) entering the eye, four to six lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 21 or 23 rows. Wentrals
170–211; anal divided; subcaudals 71–95. Pale brown above,
with one or two dorsal series of brown, darker edged spots which
may be partly confluent into a zigzag band or form cross-bands
which do not descend to the ventrals; a lateral series of spots;
frequently a dark median line on the occiput; a dark streak behind
the eye; lower parts whitish, frequently with fine brown specks.
96
COLUBRIDAE.
Total length 950 millim. ; tail 220.
Tropical America.
a, b. Q (Sc. 23; W. 198,
• 202; C. 84,79).
c—d. 6 (Sc. 21; W. 197;
C. 81) & 2 (Sc. 21; W.
197; C. 72).
e—g. Q (Sc. 23; W. 191,
199, 196; C. 83, 84,87).
h. Q (Sc. 23; W. 194;
C. 71
. 71).
i. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 200;
C. 93).
k. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 23; W.
197; C. 75).
l. Yg. (Sc. 23; W. 195;
C. 85).
m–n. Q (Sc. 21; W. 186;
C. P) & hgr. (Sc. 21; W.
171; C. P).
Yg. (Sc. 21; W. 198;
** 28, v. 20
. Q (Sc. ; V. 204;
p C. 86
q. 3 (Sc. 21; v. 211;
C. 87
r. Q (Sc. 23; W. 192;
C. 81).
s—v. Q (Sc. 21; W. 193;
C. P), hgr. (Sc. 21, 23;
V. 177, 179; C. 86, P),
& yg. (Sc. 21; W. 192;
C. 88).
w. Q (Sc. 21; V. 189;
C. P
a.º. (Sc. 21; v. 185;
C. P 2
0.
... ?).
gy, z, d (Sc. 21; W. 183; C. P)
V. 198;
& Sc. 23;
É,
a—8. Hgr. (Sc. 21; W. 170,
174; C. 90, 95).
y–8. Q (Sc. 21; W. 190;
C. P) & yg. (Sc. 21; W.
181; C. 91).
e. 3 (Sc. 21 ; W. 174;
C. 79).
& Q (Sc. 21; W. 191;
C. 8
. 86).
& Sc. 21: V. 182;
m cº 2 2
6. , 6 (Sc. 21; W. 184;
C. 93
).
1. Hgr. (Sc. 21; W. 194;
C. 82).
Mexico.
Mexico.
Mexico.
Tampico, Tamau-
lipas.
Huatuzco,
Cruz.
Jalapa, Vera Cruz.
Vera
Jalapa.
Cozumel Id., Yu-
Catan.
Yucatan.
Honduras.
Belize.
Panama.
Chiriqui.
C. America.
W. Ecuador.
Guayaquil.
Carthagena.
Caracas.
Venezuela.
Brit. Guiana.
Demerara.
Demerara.
Berbice.
M. Sallé [C.]. (Types
of L. polysticta.
Mr. Warwick [C],
Mr. H. Finck [C].
F. # Godman, Esq.
F. D. Godman, Esq.
ſ";
Mr. Hoege [C]; F.
D.Godman,Esq.[P].
(º of L. polysticta.)
r. Hoege [C]; F. D.

Godman, Esq.[P].
Mr. F. Gaumer [C].
T
Mr. Dyson [C]. |
F. D. Godman,
Esq. [P.].
(Types of L. polysticta.)
#. D. Godman, Esq.
[P.].
Dr. Günther [P].
(Type of L, affinis.)
Mr. Fraser [C.].
Mr. Fraser [C].
Capt. Garth [P].
Mr. Dyson [C].
Demerara Mus. [P].
Mr. Snellgrove [C].
Dr. Hancock [P].
Lady Essex [P].
152. IEPTODIRA. 97
K. & (Sc. 21; W. 186; Berbice.
C, 93
A. #.” (Sc. 21; V. 190; Pernambuco. J. P. G. Smith, Esq.
C. 95). [P].
p. Yg. (Sc. 21; W. 196; Para. hºw Esq.
C. 89). e i e
v. Hgr. (Sc. 21; W. 176; Asuncion,Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C].
C. 72).
§. #'s. 23; W.203; — ? Haslar Collection.
C. 82).
o. Skull. Mexico.
9. Leptodira annulata.
Coluber annulatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 34, pl. viii. fig. 2 (1754),
and S. N. i. p. 386 (1766); Daud. Rept. vi. p. 369 (1803).
Dipsas annulata, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 294 (1837).
— annulata, var. A., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1141 (1854).
Leptodeira annulata, part., Günth. Cat. } 166 (1858).
Sibon annulata, part, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 266.
Eteirodipsas annulata, Jan, Elenco, p. 105 (1863).
Dipsas approximans, Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 32.
Fº wieneri, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii. 1884,
P. #.
Rostral once and a half to once and two thirds as broad as deep,
scarcely visible from above; internasals shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long as
broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or a
little deeper than long; one praeocular, in contact with or narrowly
separated from the frontal, rarely with a very small subocular below
it; two (rarely three) postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight (rarely
seven) upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth (rarely third and fourth
or fourth and fifth only) entering the eye; five or six lower labials
in contact wich the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 (exceptionally 17
[spec. n] or 21 [spec. h]) rows, the vertebrals sometimes slightly
enlarged. Wentrals 175–196; anal divided; subcaudals 78–107.
Yellowish or brown above, with a dorsal series of large dark brown
or blackish spots often confluent into an undulous or zigzag band;
lateral spots usually small or absent; a dark streak behind the eye;
occipital region whitish in the young; lower parts white.
Total length 730 millim.; tail 175.
Tropical South America.
a—b. 3 (V. 183, 182; C. P, Rio de Cucuta, Mºcº Webber
95
). Colombia. [ #
c—d, Q (W.193,178; C.80, Chyavetas, N.E. Mr. E. Bartlett
?). €I'Uls [C]. (Types of
D. approximans.)
* I am indebted to M. Bocourt for notes on the type specimen.
WOL. III. IHI
98 COLUBRIDAE.
e, f. 2 (W.193,184; C.89, Sarayacu, N.E. Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C];
º ( 2 +var 2 9 yacu, * §
g—m, n—o. 3 (W. 191, 189; Moyobamba, N.E. Mr. A. H. Roff
C. 98, 96), 2 (W. 192, Peru. [C.].
189, 190; C. 89, 82, P),
hgr. (V. 194,182; C. 96,
9I), & yg. (V. 175;
C. 92
29. § (V. 187; C, 78). Santarem. h; § Bates, Esq.
q. 3 (V. 192; C.94). Upper Amazon. tº º
r—t. Q (V. 186, 194, 187; Rio Ucayali. Dr. E. A. Göldi
C. 87, 82,82). & [P].
u. Yg. (V. 190; C. 90). Upper Amazon. *#. º Eartlett
v. 3 (V. 190; C. 97). Madre dedios, Bolivia. * *
w. 3 (V. 194; C. 98). Charobamba, Bolivia.
a. Hgr. (V. 192; C. 97). Para. hºw Esq.
y—z. 3 (V. 184, 179; C.89, S. America. E. Bºwerbänk,
84). Esq. [P.].
153. CHAMAETORTUS.
Chamaetortus, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 310.
Maxillary teeth 12, gradually and feebly increasing in length,
followed, after a short interspace, by a large grooved fang situated
below the posterior border of the eye; mandibular teeth subequal.
BHead distinct from neck; eye large, with vertically elliptic pupil;
posterior nasal concave; loreal entering the eye. Body compressed;
scales smooth, with apical pits, in 17 rows; ventrals obtusely
angulate laterally. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.
East and Central Africa.
s
1. Chama tortus aulicus.
Chamaetortus aulicus, Günth. l.c. pl. xxvi. fig. 2; Peters, Reise n.
Mossamb. iii. p. 128 (1882).
Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep, just visible from above;
internasals a little broader than long, a little shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal once and two thirds to twice as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal a little longer than deep, bordering the eye below
a small praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+1; eight upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little longer
than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 172–195; anal
entire; subcaudals 81–95. Brown above, the back with numerous
whitish, dark-edged cross-bars, the sides spotted with whitish; head
whitish, spotted and marbled with brown, and with a brown streak
on each side, passing through the eye; labials edged with brown;
beneath white.
154. oxyBHOPUs. 99
Total length 640 millim.; tail 160.
East and Central Africa.
a. Hgr. (V. 195; C. 81). Zambesi, Sir J. Kirk [C].
nº sº.
.b. 3 (V. 190; C. 95). Lake Tanganyika. Sir J. Kirk [C].
154, OXYRHOPUS.
Pseudoboa, part, Schneid. Hist. 4". ii. p. 281 (1801).
Scytale (non Latr.), part, Merr. Tent, p. 90 (1820); Fitzing. W.
Class. Rept. p. 29 (1826).
Clelia, part, Fitzing...I. c.; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187 (1830).
Duberria, part., Fitzing. l. c.
Oxyrhopus, part., Wagl, l.c. p. 185; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii.
p. 10Il (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 188 (1858); Jan, Elenco
sist. Qjid. p. 92 (1863).
Erythrolamprus, part, Wagl. l.c. p. 187.
Scytale, Wagl, l.c.; Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 996; Günth. l.c. p. 187;


Jan, l.c. p. 91.
Lycodon, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 104 (1837).
Coluber, part., Schleg. t. c. p. 125.
Sphenocephalus, Fitzing, in Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 48 (1846).
Siphlophis, Fitzing, l.c. p. 56.
Rhinosimus (non Latr.), Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 991; Günth, l.c. p. 10.
Brachyruton, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1002; Jan, l.c. p. 91.
Olisthenes, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 296.
Phimophis, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1860, p. 79.

Maxillary teeth 10 to 15, subequal, followed, after an interspace,
by a pair of moderately enlarged grooved teeth situated just behind
the vertical of the posterior border of the eye; anterior mandibular
teeth longest. Head distinct from neck; eye moderate or rather
small, with vertically elliptic pupil. Body cylindrical or feebly com-
pressed; scales smooth, with apical pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals
rounded or obtusely angulate laterally. Tail moderate or rather
long; subcaudals single or in two rows.
Central and South America.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Subcaudals in two rows.
A. Normally eight upper labials; praeocular reaching the upper
surface of the head.
1. Praeocular in contact with, or, exceptionally, narrowly sepa-
rated from the frontal; ventrals 174—225.
a. Black cross-bars, if present, not disposed in threes.
Tºye moderate; subcaudals 78–126 .... 1. petolarius, p. 101.
Eye rather small; subcaudals 47–80 .. 2. rhombifer, p. 103.
b. Black cross bars, if present, disposed in threes.
Snout rather prominent; subcaudals 55–
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. trigeminus, p. 104.
Snout not prominent; subcaudals 76–89. 4. bitorquatus, p. 104.
H 2
100 COLUERIDAE,
2. Praeocular separated from the frontal.
a. Wentrals 172–206; subcaudals 51—85.
a. Eye rather small, not half the length of the snout.
Black cross-bars disposed in threes; head
black above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. melanogenys, p. 105.
Black cross-bars or annuli not disposed s
in threes; head black above. . . . . . . . 6. doliatus, p. 106.
Complete black annuli round the body;
head uniform yellow or orange. . . . . . 7. formosus, p. 106.
6. Eye moderate, about half the length of the snout.
Loreal present, at least twice as long as
deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. labialis, p. 107.
Loreal often absent; if present, short ... 9. clathratus, p. 107.
b. Ventrals 232–236; subcaudals 77–81.
10. fitzingeri, p. 108.
B. Normally seven upper labials; praeocular not or but just.
reaching the upper surface of the head.
1. Portion of rostral visible from above measuring one fourth.
to one third its distance from the frontal.
Frontal a little longer than broad; sub-
caudals 64–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. cloclia, p. 108.
Frontal as long as broad; subcaudals 51. 12. maculatus, p. 110.
2. Portion of rostral visible from above measuring about half
its distance from the frontal.
Praeocular moderate, just reaching the
upper surface of the head; subcaudals
67-85. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Occipitoluteus, p. 110.
Praeocular very small; Subcaudals 44–61. 14. rusticus, p. 111.
II. Subcaudals single.
A. Scales in 17 rows; rostral broader than deep, forming an
obtuse angle posteriorly, its upper portion not more than
half as long as its distance from the frontal; seven upper
labials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. coronatus, p. 111.
B. Scales in 19 rows; normally eight upper labials.
Rostral much broader than deep, forming
an obtuse angle posteriorly, its upper
portion not more than half as long as
its distance from the frontal . . . . . . . . 16. new wiedii, p. 112.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad, forming
a right or acute angle posteriorly, its \
upper portion at least two thirds its &
distance from the frontal . . . . . . . . . . 17. guerini, p. 113.
154. OXYRHOPUs. ,101
TABLE SHOWING NUMBERs or SCALES AND SHIELDs.

. Sc. W. C. Lab.
| pºolarius....…. 19 191–222 78–126 || 8 (9
A rhombifer ..................... 19 174–225 47–80 8
trigeminus..................... 19 174–203 55–83 8
bitorquatus .................. 19 185–206 76–89 8
nelanogenys .................. 19 206 79 8
dołatus........................ 19 183–199 61–80 8
formosus ..................... 19 182–203 51–73 8
(abºa'is ........................ 19 172–201 57–78 8
claſhratus ..................... 19 190–205 66–85 8
fiteºgeni ............... ..... 19 232–236 77–81 8
* claſka........................... 17–19 198–237 64—93 7 (8)
naculatus ..................... 19 214 51 7
occipitoluteus ............... 19 204–215 67–85 7
! rusticus ........................ 19 197–223 .44–61 7 (8)
Coronatus ..................... 17 171—208 80–97% 7
new wiedź ..................... 19 177–205 64–96* 8 (7)
guerini ........................ 19 185–211 70–99% 8 (7)
|
* All or most single.
1. Oxyrhopus petolarius.
Coluber petolariust, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p.35, pl. ix, fig. 2 (1754),
and S. N. i. p. 387 (1766); Daud. Rept. vi. p. 307 (1803).
pethola, Linn. S. N. i. p. 387.
— digitalis, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. i. 1834, p. 148, pl. ix, fig. 1.
Tycodon pºint, part, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 122, pl. iv. figs. 20
& 21 (1837).
esmºmme º semifasciatus, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 54,
pl. vii. (1846).
Oxyrhopus multifasciatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1019 (1854).
— spadiceus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1028,
— immaculatus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1029; Guichen. in Casteln.
Anim. Nouv. Amér. Sud, Rept. p. 64, pl.xiii”. (1855); Günth. Cat.
p. 191 (1858); Jan, Icon. Gén. 35, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1870).
— bipraeocularis, Dum, & Bibr. t. c. p. 1030; Günth. l. c.
— petolarius, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1033; Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc,
1859, p. 414; Jan, Icon. Gén. 35, pl. vi. fig. 2, & 36, pl. i. figs. 1
& 2 (1870); Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 132; Günth.
Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 167 (1895).
— sebae, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1086.


Eye moderately large, its diameter about half the length of the
snout, which is rounded and scarcely projecting. Rostral broader
than deep, just visible from above; internasals much shorter than
the praefrontals; frontal once and one fifth to once and one third
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
as long as or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal much longer
f The name is misspelt “petalarius” in the ‘Systema Naturae.’
102 COLUBRIDAEe

than deep; one praeocular (sometimes divided) usually forming a
suture with the frontal, sometimes, however, narrowly separated
from it; two (exceptionally one or three) postoculars; temporals
2+3; eight (exceptionally nine) upper labials, fourth and fifth
(or fifth and sixth) entering the eye; four or five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 191–222;
anal entire ; subcaudals 78–126 pairs. Coloration variable.
Total length 910 millim.; tail 220.
Mexico, Central America, Tropical South America.
A. Black above, with numerous (50–75) narrow yellow cross-bands,
the first on the nape; these bands sometimes interrupted in
the middle. (C. petolarius, L.)
a. Yg. (V. 206; C. 102). Rosario de Cucuta, Mr. C. Webber [C.].
Colombia. -
b, c. 3 (V. 204; C. 117) Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C].
& # (W. 119; C. 115).
d. 9 (V. 213; C. 89). Caracas.
e-f, g. 6 (V. 200; C. 89), British Guiana.
Q (V. 203; C. 104), &
hgr. (V. 197; C. 83).
h, i. 3 (W. 192; C. 94) & Demerara. Mr. Snellgrove [C].
Q (V. 211; C.?).
Å. Q (V. 203; C. 87). Berbice.
l. 9 (V. 200; C. 92). Surinam P Lidth de Jeude Coll.
B. Light cross-bars (sometimes reduced to large spots on the sides),
fewer (15–25) and far apart.
a. Hgr. (V. 209; C. 115). Guayaquil. Mr. Fraser ſº
b. Yg. (V. 202; C. 116). Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C.].
c—d, e,f, Hgr. 2 (V. 212, Moyobamba, N.E. Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].
208, 205; C. 100, 121, €Tū.
# & yg. (V. 216; C.
9).
g. 3 (V. 209; C, 126). Sarayacu, N.E. Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C];
Messrs. Veitch[P].
h—i. ?_(V. 222; C.P) & Yurimaguas, Huallaga Dr. Hahnel [C.].
yg. (V. 210; C. 101). River.
k. 6 (V. 214; C. 115). Pebas. H.W. Bates, Esq.[C.].
l. Hgr. (V. 208; C. 89). Pernambuco. Wº, Forbes, Esq.
m. Yg. (V, 191; C. 101). Bahia. g tº
n. Hgr. (W.203; C. 109). Bahia. Dr.O.Wucherer[C].
C. Uniform dark brown above, or with faint traces of light bars.
as in B.
(V. 220; C, 97). Mººmbe, N.E. Mr. A. H. RoffſC.].
€IUI *
a. 9
b. ? (V, 214; 0.98). Yungas, Bolivia.
c. 3 (V. 202; C. 100). Pernambuco.
154. oxy RHOPUs. 103
D. Above barred black and red, the red bars, which may be dotted
with black, as broad as or a little narrower than the black, and
30 to 40 in number; the black bars usually forming complete
annuli on the tail.
a. 9 (V. 207; C. 80). Mexico. Mr. Hugo Finck[C.].
b. ? (W. 204; C. 85). Atoyac, Guerrero. Mr. H.H. Smith [C];
F.D. Godman, Esq.
..].
c. Hgr. (V. 193; C. 78). Vera Paz (low forest). oºid, Esq. [C.].
d—e. Hgr. (V. 204, 197; Chontalez, Nicaragua.
C. 105, 95).
f. Q (V. 210; C. 80). Chontalez, Nicaragua. R. A. Rix, Esq.TC.];
W. M. Crowfoot,
Esq. [P.].
g. Yg. (V. 206; C. 97). , Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Dr. Rothschuh [C].
h, i. 3 (V. 205; C. 88) & Hacienda Rosa de Dr. Rothschuh [C].
hgr. (V. 198; C. 92). Jericho, Nicaragua,

3250 ft.
K-l. Hgr. (V. 205, 194; Costa Rica.
C. 88, 103).
m. Hgr. (V. 213; C. 109). W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.].
n. Yg. (V. 210; C. 93). Quito.
2. Oxyrhopus rhombifer.
Lycodon formosus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 113 (1837).
Oxyrhopus rhombifer, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1018 (1854); Jan, Icon.
§ 35, pl. v. fig. 2 (1870); Berg, Act. Ac. Cordoba, v. 1884,
p subpunctatus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1016.
— dorbignyi, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1024.
—iº. part., Günth. Cat. p. 190 (1858); Jan, Elenco, p. 94
1 e
º bachmanni, Weyenb. Period. Zool. Cordoba, ii. 1876,
p. 1985.
Eye rather small, its diameter one half (young) to one third the
length of the snout, which is rounded and scarcely projecting.
Rostral much broader than deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad
or a little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal much longer than deep;
one praeocular, forming a suture with the frontal; two postoculars;
temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 174—225; anal entire; subcaudals
47–80 pairs. Red or pale brown above, the scales tipped with
black, with black cross-bands or rhomboidal transverse spots; upper
surface of head, as far as the posterior third or fourth of the parietal
shields, black; yellow beneath, uniform or dotted with black.
Total length 900 millim.; tail 160.
Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia.
a—b. 3 (V. 205; C. 68) & Brazil. Mr. Clausen [C.].
9 (V. 216; C. 57).
104 COLUBRIDAE.
c, d, e-g, h-m. 3 (V. 187; Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering
C. 67), 2 (W. 201, 203, [C.].
200, 195; C, 60, 59, 56,
55), & yg. (V. 186,193,
202,196,204; C. 71,63,
56,60, 51).
n. Hgr. (V. 180; C. 47). Paraguay. Prof. Grant [P].
o. Yg. (V. 199; C. 80). Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C].
p. Yg. (V. 174; C. 59). Uruguay. tº º
g: Q (V. 225; C. 70). Charocampa, Bolivia.
3. Oxyrhopus trigeminus.
Lycodon formosus, part., Schleg. Phys, Serp. ii. p. 113 (1837).
Oxyrhopus trigeminus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1013 (1854); Günth.
Cat. p. 191 (1858).
tergeminus, part., Jan, Icon. Gén. 36, pl. i. fig. 4 (1870).
Eye moderate or rather small, its diameter two fifths to one half
the length of the snout, which is obtuse but rather prominent.
Bostral broader than deep, just visible from above ; internasals
much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal at least twice as long as deep; one prae-
ocular, forming a narrow suture with the frontal; two postoculars;
temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 174–203; anal entire ; subcaudals
55-83 pairs. Red above, some or all of the scales tipped with
black, with more or less regular black cross-bars disposed in threes;
head yellow or red above with a black blotch on the crown, some-
times extending on the snout ; yellow beneath.
Total length 660 millim.; tail 115.
Guianas, Brazil.
a—b. 3 (W. 179; C. 70) & Q Demerara. Capt. Sabine [P.].
(V. 195; C. 56).
c. 9 (V. 198; C. 64). Pernambuco. W. A. Forbes, Esq. [P].
d. 3 (V. 181; C. 73). Pernambuco. H. N. Ridley, Esq. [P.].
e-f. Q (V. 193; C. 57) & hgr. Bahia. Mr. Ker [P.].
(V. 185; C. 57).
g—h. Q (W. 190, 188; C. P, P). Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer[C.].
i. ? (W. 174; C. 67). Rio Janeiro. D. Wilson Barker, Esq.
[P.].
K—l. 3 (V. 181; C. 75) & Q S. America. W. F. Evans, Esq. [P].
(W. 193; C. 62).
4. Oxyrhopus bitorquatus. (PLATE WI. fig. 1.)
Oxyrhopus trigeminus, var., Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 401.
8 Oxyrhopus submarginatus, Peters, l.c.
Tºni. bitorquatus, Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872,
p. 19.
Eye moderate, its diameter about half the length of the snout;
154. OxyrhopUs. 105
‘snout rounded, scarcely projecting. Rostral broader than deep, just
visible from above; internasals much shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal slightly longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal much
longer than deep; one praeocular, usually forming a narrow suture
with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals
185–206; anal entire; subcaudals 76–89 pairs. Red above, the
scales tipped and edged with black; head black above, usually with
a light cross-band behind the parietals and one or two black cross-
bands on the nape; the snout sometimes yellow ; black cross-bands
disposed in threes may be present on the body; lower parts yellow.
Total length 890 millim. ; tail 175.
Upper Amazon, Bolivia.
a. Yg. (V. 197; C. 85). Peruvian Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett [C].
Type.
.b. 3 (V. 206; C. 76). §. Amazon. M. †Blue C.T.
º à § 187, 185; oyobamba, Peru, Mr. A. H. Roff É
. 81, 82).
2, 6 (V. 191; C.?). Pozuzu, Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C.];
Messrs. Veitch ſp.T.
f, g, 3 (V. 196, 185; Sarayacu, Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C];
C. 89, 83). Messrs. Veitch [P.T.
k—i. 3 (V. 194, 197; R. Ucayali. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
C. 87, 86).
k. Yg. (V. 206; C. 76). Yungas, Bolivia.
5. Oxyrhopus melanogenys.
Sphenocephalus melanogenys, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 49,
pl. iv. (1846).
Oxyrhopus tergeminus, part., Jan, Icon. Gén. 36, pl. i. fig. 3 (1870).
Eye small, its diameter not more than one third the length of the
snout; snout rounded, scarcely projecting. Rostral broader than
deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal slightly longer than broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal much
longer than deep ; one praeocular, reaching the upper surface of the
head but separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals
2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five
1ower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 206; anal
entire; subcaudals 79 pairs. Red or pale reddish brown above, dotted
with blackish brown; head blackish brown above; nape blackish
brown or with a pair of black cross-bands; anterior half of body with
a few black cross-bands disposed in threes; belly yellowish.
Total length 680 millim. ; tail 170.
Chanchamayo, Peru.

106 COLUBRIDAE,
6. Oxyrhopus doliatus.
Oxyrhopus doliatus, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1020 (1854).
— formosus (non Wied), Günth. Cat, p. 190 (1858).
Eye rather small, its diameter two fifths the length of the snout,
which is rounded and scarcely projecting. Rostral broader than
deep, just visible from above; internasals much shorter than the
praefrontals ; frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals;
loreal much longer than deep; one praeocular, just reaching the
upper surface of the head and widely separated from the frontal;
two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 183–199; anal entire; subcaudals
61–80 pairs. Above with broad black annuli; the anterior much
wider than the red or reddish-brown interspaces between them;
head black above, with a light occipital blotch or a narrow collar;
the black annuli may be interrupted on the belly; the red scales
tipped with black.
Total length 550 millim.; tail 115.
Brazil.
A. Annuli complete, broad.
a. Yg. (V. 199; C. 61). — ? Messrs. Veitch [P.].
B. Annuli interrupted on the belly, all except the six or seven
anterior much narrower than the red interspaces.
a, b. 3 (V. 186, 183; C. 77, 80). — ? Zoological Society.
7. Oxyrhopus formosus.
Coluber formosus, Wied, N. Acta Ac. Leop. Carol. x. 1820, i. p. 109,
Beitr. Nat. Bras. i. p. 381 (1825), and Abbild. (1825).
Duberria formosa, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 56 (1825).
Lycodon formosus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 118 (1837).
Oxyrhopus formosus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1022 (1854); Jan, Elenco,
p.93 (1863).
POxyrhopus leucocephalus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1038.
Eye rather small, its diameter one third to two fifths the length
of the snout, which is rounded and feebly projecting. Rostral
broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals much shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal slightly longer than broad, as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
loreal much longer than deep; one praeocular, just reaching the
upper surface of the head and widely separated from the frontal;
two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows.
Wentrals 182–203; anal entire; subcaudals 51–73 pairs. Body
154. oxy RHoPUs. 107
greenish in front, red behind, each scale with a black dot, with
black annuli which are narrower on the belly than on the back;
head uniform orange.
Total length 870 millim.; tail 165.
Brazil.
a. Q (V. 194; C. 67). Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C.].
b. ? (W. 203; C. 67). S. America. Liverpool Mus. [E.].
8. Oxyrhopus labialis.
Oxyrhopus labialis, Jan, Elenco, p. 93 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 35,
pl. ii. fig. 2 (1870).
dorbignyi (non D. & B), Jan, Icon. Gén. 85, pl. iv. fig. 3.
Eye moderate, its diameter about half the length of the snout,
which is rounded, scarcely projecting. Rostral broader than deep,
just visible from above; internasals much shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal once and one third to once and a half as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; loreal much longer than deep ; one
praeocular, extending to the upper surface of the head but not
reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four (or three)
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as:
long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows.
Wentrals 172–201; anal entire ; subcaudals 57–78. Pale brown
or red above, with or without rhomboidal transverse spots; head
dark brown or blackish above; yellow beneath.
Total length 760 millim. ; tail 130.
Argentina.
A. No dorsal spots; all the scales with a blackish terminal dot.
a. d. (V. 172; C, 68). Argentina. E. W. White, Esq. [C].
B. A series of large rhomboidal transverse spots on the body and
tail, the interspaces between them dotted with black.
a 2 (V. 201; C, 61). Cosquin, Cordova. E. W. White, Esq.[C.],
b. Yg. (V. 194; C. 64). Salta. Herbert Druce, Esq. [P.].
9. Oxyrhopus clathratus.
Oxyrhopus clathratus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1026 (1854); Guichen, in
Casteln. Anim. Nouv. Amér. Sud, Rept. p. 63, pl. xii. a. (1855);
Jan, Icon. Gén. 35, pl. iii. figs. 1 & 2 (1870).
Eye moderate, its diameter about half the length of the snout,
which is rounded and scarcely prominent. Rostral broader than
deep, just visible from above; internasals much shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals; loreal usually fused with the praefrontal; one praeocular,
108 COLUBRIDAE.
just reaching the upper surface of the head but separated from
the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 190–205; anal entire; subcaudals
66–85 pairs. Dark brown or blackish above, with yellowish cross-
Bars widening towards the belly and usually more or less inter-
rupted on the back; yellow occipital collar, if present, narrow ;
yellow beneath, posterior ventrals and subcaudals sometimes spotted
with blackish.
Total length 790 millim.; tail 170.
Brazil.
a. 3 (V. 197; C. 74). Porto Real, Prov. Rio M. Hardy du Dréneuf
Janeiro. C
2. Yg. (v. 190; C. 74). Rio Grande do Sul. DEH. v. Ihering [C].
*
10. Oxyrhopus fitzingeri.
Siphlophis fitzingeri, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 56, pl. viii.
(1846).
Oxyrhopus fitzingeri, Jan, Elenco, p. 93 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 35,
pl. v. fig. 1 (1870).
Bye moderate, its diameter about half the length of the snout;
snout rounded, slightly projecting. Rostral broader than deep, the
portion visible from above measuring about one fourth its distance
from the frontal; internasals much shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal once and one third as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal much
longer than deep; one praeocular, just reaching the upper surface
Qf the head and widely separated from the frontal; two post-
oculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in
19 rows. Wentrals 232–236; anal entire; subcaudals 77–81 pairs.
Yellowish above, with numerous small black spots irregularly
arranged; upper surface of head speckled with black; a large black
blotch on the nape; nniform yellowish beneath.
Total length 980 millim. ; tail 190.
Peru.
a. 9 (V. 232; C, 81). Peru. Prof. Nation [P].
11. Oxyrhopus cloclia.
Coluber cloelia, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 330, pl. lxxviii. (1803).
— plumbeus, Wied, Reise n. Bras. i. p. 95 (1820), Beitr. i.
p. 314 (1825), and Abbild. (1829); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 152,
pl. vi. figs. 3 & 4 (1837).
Nººrui, Wagl. in Spir, Serp, Bras. p. 21, pl. vi. fig. 2
24).
154. OxyBHOPUs. 109.
Clelia daudinii, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept, p. 55 (1826).
Duberria plumbea, Fitzing, l.c. p. 56.
Lycodon cloelia, part., Schleg. l. c. p. 114. ſº
Brachyruton plumbeum, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1005 (1854).
— cloelia, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1007; F. Müll. Verh. Wat. Ges.
Basel, vi. 1878, p. 684.
Oxyrhopus plumbeus, Günth. Cat. p. 189 (1858), and Proc. Zool.
Soc. jo, p. 414; Garm. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887,
p. 285.
cloclia, Günth. Cat. p. 189; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1873, p. 607;
Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 32, 1887, p. 76.
Scolecophis scytalinus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, # 320.
Brachyrhyton cloelia, part., Jan, Icon. Gén. 35, pl. i. fig. 1 (1870).
plumbeum, Jan, l.c. fig. 3.
Eye rather small, its diameter about one third the length of the
snout in the adult; snout rounded, scarcely projecting. Rostral
broader than deep, the portion visible from above measuring one
fourth to one third its distance from the frontal; internasals much
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad, as
long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal usually longer than deep, sometimes
absent; one praeocular, not extending to the upper surface of the
head; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3; seven (exception-
ally eight) upper labials, third and fourth (or fourth and fifth)
entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or longer than the
posterior. Scales in 17 or 19 rows. Wentrals 198—237; anal
entire; subcaudals 64–93 pairs. Adult uniform dark grey, olive-
grey or blackish above, yellowish white beneath, the subcaudals
often spotted or margined with blackish. Young sometimes
blackish above, but usually pale brown or red, with or without a
dark brown dot on the end of each scale; head and nape blackish,
with a more or less broad yellow area across the occiput and temples.
Total length 1550 millim. ; tail 340. A larger specimen, with
injured tail, measures 2100 millim. to vent.
Mexico and Central America; Tropical South America; Lesser
West Indies.
A. Scales in 19 rows.
a, Q (W. 237; C. 81). Guatemala. * of Jamaica.
b. Yg. (W. 233; C. 82). Panama. Zºological Society.
c. Yg. (V. 224; C. 93). Rosario de Cucuta, Mr. C. Webber [C.].
Colombia.
d. 3 (W. 211; C. 79). Guayaquil. H. B. James, Esq.[P.].
e, f. 2 (W. 210; C. 85) Moyobamba, N.E. Mr. A. H. Roff [C]. I
&yg. (W.203; C.91). Peru.
(V. 214; C. 73). Peru. Warsaw Museum [P.].
. Ö
% & (V. 220; C. 90). Caracas.
i. 3 (V. 206; C. 76). Berbice.
A. Yg. (V. 211; C. 71). Demerara. Mr. Snellgrove [C].
2. Yg. (W. 208; C. 85). Surinam.
110 COLUBRID ZE,
m, n. 2 (W. 231; C.?) Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C].
& yg. (V. 218; C.92).
o. 6 (V. 213; C. 85). Sta. Catharina. Dr. F. Werner [E].
Ž9. X; (V. 204; C. 64). Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.],
q, r, Skulls. Brazil.
B. Scales in 17 rows.
a–5. Yg. (V. 206, 201; City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C.].
C. 83, 81).
c—e. 3 (V.198; C.75) W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C].
& Q (V. 215, 219;
C. P, P).
f. 2 (W. 232; 9.3), Demerara. Capt. Sabine [P].
g. 2 (W. 235; C. 72). Dominica. º Ramage, Esq.,
f C.T.
Ż. 3 (V. 222; C. 82). St. Lucia. o, º Ramage, Esq.
12. Oxyrhopus maculatus. (PLATE WI. fig. 2.)
Snout broad, not prominent; eye small. Rostral broader than
deep, the portion visible from above measuring one third its distance
from the frontal; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, two thirds
the length of the parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; one
praeocular, not reaching the upper surface of the head; two post-
oculars; temporals 2+3; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows.
Ventrals 214; anal entire; subcaudals 51 pairs. Dark brown
above and below, with scattered, irregular, yellowish-white spots.
Total length 1400 millim.; tail 180.
Uruguay.
a. 9 (V. 214; C. 51), Uruguay.
13. Oxyrhopus occipitoluteus.
Brachyruton occipitoluteum, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1009 (1854);
Guichen. in Casteln. Anim. nouv. Amér. Sud, Rept. p. 62, pl. xi.
(1855); Jan, Icon. Gén. 35, pl. i. fig. 2 (1870); Boettg. Zeitschr.
f. Naturw. (4) iv. 1885, p. 236.
Eye rather small; snout rounded, scarcely projecting, Rostral
as deep as broad, the portion visible from above measuring about
half its distance from the frontal; internasals much shorter than
the praefrontals; frontal slightly longer than broad, as long as or a
little shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; one praeocular,
just reaching the upper surface of the head but widely separated
from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four or five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
154. OxyBHOPUs. 111
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 204–
215; anal entire; subcaudals 67–85 pairs. Greyish or brown above,
uniform or scales edged with blackish ; upper surface of head and
nape blackish brown, with or without a yellow band across the
temples and occiput; lower parts yellowish white, subcaudals edged
with brown.
Total length 820 millim. ; tail 145.
Paraguay.
a. 9 (V. 215; C. 67). Asuncion. Dr. J. Bohls [C.].
14. Oxyrhopus rusticus.
Brachyruton plumbeum, part., Dum, & Bibr. vii. p. 1004 (1854).
— cloelia, part., Jan, Icon. Gén. 34, pl. vi. fig. 3 (1870).
Oxyrhopus rusticus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xvii. 1877, p. 92.
Snout more conical and eye smaller than in O. cloclia. Rostral a
little broader than deep, the portion visible from above measuring
about half its distance from the frontal; internasals much shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad, as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals; loreal longer than deep; one praeocular, small; two
postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3; seven (exceptionally eight)
upper labials, third and fourth (or fourth and fifth) entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 197—223; anal entire; subcaudals 44–
61 pairs. Yellowish brown or pale brown above, some or all of the
scales edged with blackish brown; uniform yellowish beneath.
Total length 1140 millim.; tail 140.
Southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina.
a—b, Hgr. 2 (W. 223; S. Lorenzo, Rio Dr. H. v. Ihering [C].
C.44) & yg. (V. 201; Grande do Sul.
C. 61
c. 3 & 197; C. 60). Buenos Ayres. E. W. White, Esq. [C].
d—e. 6 (W. 211; C. 54) Argentina.
& Q (V. 210; C.45).
15. Oxyrhopus coronatus.
Pseudoboa coronata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 286 (1801).
Boa coronata, Daud. Rept. v. p. 220 (1803).
Scytale * Merr. Tent, p. 91 (1820); Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 999
(1854).
Lycodon cloelia, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 114, pl. iv. figs. 12 &
13 (1837).
Scytale coronatum, part, Günth. Cat. p. 187 (1858).
Eye rather small, about one third the length of the snout in the
adult; snout broad, rounded, scarcely projecting. Rostral broader
than deep, forming an obtuse angle above, the portion visible from
above measuring about one third its distance from the frontal;
112 COLUBRIDAEe
internasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as:
broad or slightly longer than broad, as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal as long as deep or longer than deep; one prae-
ocular, not reaching the upper surface of the head; two postoculars;
temporals 1+2, 2+2, or 2+3; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than
the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 171—208; anal entire;
subcaudals 80–97, single. Reddish or pale brown to blackish above,
paler brown or yellowish on the sides; upper surface of head and
nape blackish, with or without a yellowish band across the temples
and occiput; beneath yellowish white.
Total length 870 millim. ; tail 200. A larger specimen, with
injured tail, measures 1060 millim. to vent.
Guianas, Brazil.
a. 6 (V. 171; C. 84). Demerara. J. J. Quelch, Esq. [P.].
b. 3 (V. 177; C. 96). Para. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P].
c. 9 (V. 190; C. 80). Para.
d, e. Q (V. 208; C. 83) Rio Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq. [P].
& yg. (V. 199; C.82).
f. 9 (V. 201; C.?). Pºlis, Organ * E. Petre, Esq.
tS. tº e
g. Q (V. 199; C. 82). Brazil. Dr. Gardner [C.].
16. Oxyrhopus neuwiedii.
Scytale coronata, Wied, Abbild. (1824); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad.
1860, p. 79; Jan, Icon. Gén, 34, pl. v. figs. 3 & 4 (1870).
Lycodon cloelia, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 114 (1837).
— clelia, Trosch. in Schomb. Reise Brit. Guian. iii. p. 653 (1848).
Scytale neuwiedii, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1001 (1854).
— coronatum, part, Günth. Cat. p. 187 (1858).
Olisthenes euphaeus, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1859, p. 296.
Pseudoboa neuwiedii, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 260.
Olisthenes coronatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 107.
Eye rather small; snout obtuse, moderately projecting. Rostral
broader than deep, forming an obtuse angle above, the portion visible
from above measuring about one half its distance from the frontal;
internasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal a little
longer than broad, as long as or a little shorter than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal much
longer than deep; one praeocular, not reaching the upper surface of
the head; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3; eight (excep-
tionally seven) upper labials, fourth and fifth (or third and fourth)
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 177–205; anal entire;
subcaudals 64–96, single. Pale brown or whitish above, uniform
or with a few scattered blackish spots; upper surface of head and
154. oxyBHOPUs. 113
nape dark brown or blackish, with or without a yellowish band
across the temples and occiput; lower parts uniform yellowish.
Total length 1180 millim.; tail 240.
Tropical South America; Panama.
a. Yg. (W. 190; C. 64). Cayenne. H.C. Rothery, Esq.[P].
b, c, d. 3 (V. 185; C. % Caracas.
& % (W. 190, 184; C.
e. 6 (V. 189; C.?). Trinidad.
J. Q. (V. 190; C. P). Trinidad. C. Taylor, Esq.[P].
g. Hgr. (V. 198; C. 77). Bogota. C. Laverde, Esq. [P.].
h. 6 (V. 188; C. 96). Panama. Mr. Fraser [C.].
i, k.d. (V. 197; C. 79) & S. America.
Q (V. 205; C. 75).
17. Oxyrhopus guerini.
Rhinosimus guerini, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 991, pl. lxxii. (1854);
Günth. Cat. p. 10 (1858).
Scytale neuwiedii, part, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1001.
coronatum, part, Günth. l. c. p. 187.
Pºiº guerini, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 79, and 1862,
347.
p.
Scytale guerini, Jan, Elenco, p. 91 (1863), and Icon, Gén. 34, pl. vi.
fig. 2 (1870).
coronatum, Wucherer, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1863, p. 56; Peracca,
Boll. Mus. Torin. no. 195, 1895, p. 21.
Rhinosimus, sp., F. Müll. Verh. Wat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 683.
Eye rather small; snout obtusely pointed, strongly projecting.
Rostral large, nearly as deep as broad, its upper portion forming a
right or acute angle and measuring at least two thirds its distance
from the frontal; internasals much shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal a little longer than broad, usually shorter than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal much
longer than deep; one praeocular (rarely divided), not reaching the
upper surface of the head; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight
(exceptionally seven) upper labials, fourth and fifth (or third and
fourth) entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 19 rows. Wentrals 185–211; anal entire; subcaudals 70–99,
single or only a few of the posterior in pairs. Adult dark brown
or black above, with or without some large irregular whitish spots,
yellowish white beneath; young pale brown above, with the anterior
half of the head and the nape blackish, the posterior half of the
head yellowish white.
Total length 1120 millim.; tail 250.
Brazil, Paraguay.
a. 3 (W. 200; C. 89). Corumba, Matto Grosso. sº Moore, Esq.
8–c. 3 (V. 189; C. 93) Bahia. Lºrd Walsingham
& Q (W. 205; C. 83). [P.].
WOL. III. I
114 COLUBRIDAE.
d, e,f, 3 (W. 197; C. 99), Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer
9 (V. 203; C. P), & [C.].
yg. (V. 194; C. 90).
g. 3 (W. 194; C. 98). Bahia.
h, t, k, l, d. (V. 204; C. Pernambuco. J. P. G. Smith, Esq.
91), 2 (W. 192, 203; [P.].
30ſ, 'd &).
m. Yg. (V. 195; C. 77). Pernambuco.
155. RHINOSTOMA.
f Rhinostoma, part., Fitzing. W. Class. Rept. §. 29 (1826).
Rhinostoma, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 992 (1854); Jan, Elemco
sist. Qfta, p. 91 (1863).
Rhinostoma, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 8 (1858).
Maxillary teeth 10, subequal, followed, after an interspace, by a
pair of moderately enlarged grooved teeth situated below the pos-
terior border of the eye; mandibular teeth subequal. Head slightly
distinct from neck; eye rather small, with vertically elliptic pupil;
rostral very large, with sharp horizontal edge. Body cylindrical;
scales Smooth, with apical pits, in 19 rows; ventrals rounded or
obtusely angulate laterally. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two
TOWS.
South America.
1. Rhinostoma guianense.
Heterodon guianensis, Trosch. in Schomb. Reise Brit. Guian. iii.
p. 653 (1848).
Rhinostoma nasuum (non Waglº), Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 994 (1854);
Günth. Cat, p. 8 (1858); Jan, Icon. Gén. 34, pl. v. figs. 1 & 2
(1870).
Rhinostoma guntheri, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 243.
Snout short, turned up. Outline of rostral rounded, the lower
surface of the shield broader than long, its upper surface at least as
long as its distance from the frontal; internasals a little shorter
than the praefrontals; latter forming, a short median suture or in
contact with their inner angles only, or even narrowly separated
from each other; frontal as long as broad or a little longer than
broad, as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal longer than deep; one
praeocular (sometimes divided), widely separated from the frontal;
two (rarely three) postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields small, scale-like.
Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 168–209; anal entire; subcaudals
* The Vipera (Rhinostoma) nasua of Wagler, Syst. Amph. # 171, is, to
§ºy the definition given, probably identical with Lystrophis dorbignyi,
156. THAMNoDYNASTEs. 115
56–70. Blackish above, the lateral scales edged with whitish, or
pale yellowish brown with numerous small brown spots and a large
'blackish blotch on the nape; uniform whitish beneath.
Total length 1030 millim.; tail 160.
Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay.
a—b, c. 3 (V. 180; C. 70), Carthagena, Colombia.
Q (V, 194; C. 60), &
yg. (V. 196; C. 56).
d. 3 (V. 189; C. 7% Sta. Marta, Colombia.
4. Hgr. 2 (V. 168; C. 53). Berbice, Brit. Guiana. Lady Essex [P].
f: 2 (W. 209; C. P). Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C].
2. Rhinostoma vittatum. (PLATE W. fig. 3.)
Snout acutely pointed. Rostral subtrihedral, obtusely keeled
above, its lower surface as long as broad, its upper surface as long
as its distance from the frontal; internasals shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, slightly longer than the parietals; loreal
1onger than deep; one praeocular, narrowly separated from the
frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little larger than the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 199; anal entire. Pale
yellowish brown above, with two dark brown longitudinal bands
uniting on the nape; uniform whitish beneath.
Total length (tail injured) 620 millim.
Argentina.
a. 3 (V, 199; C. P). Buenos Ayres. E. W. White, Esq. [C].
156. THAMNODYNASTES.
Dryophylax, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 181 (1830).
Thamnodynastes, Wagl. l.c. p. 182; Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 163
(1858); Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 105 (1863).
Dipsas, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 257 (1837); Dum. & Bibr.
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1133 (1854).
Tomodon, part, Günth. l.c. p. 52.
Mesotes, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1868, p. 306.
Maxillary teeth 13–18, subequal, followed, after an interspace,
by a pair of enlarged, grooved teeth situated below the posterior
border of the eye; mandibular teeth subequal. Head distinct
from neck; eye large, with vertically elliptic pupil; nostril in a
single or semidivided shield. Body cylindrical; scales smooth or
keeled, with apical pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
moderate or rather long; subcaudals in two rows.
South America.
I 2
116 © COLUERIDAE,
1. Thamnodynastes mattereri.
Coluber mattereri, Mikan, Delect. Faun. Flor. Bras, pl. — fig. 1
§: Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. i. p. 277 (1825), and Abbild.
1830).
tºº. nattereri, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535,
Dipsas nattereri, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 290 (1837); Dum. & Bibr.
vii. p. 1149 (1854).
Thamnodynastes mattereri, Günth. Cat. p. 164 (1858); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 39, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1872); Boettg. Zeitschr. f. Naturw. lviii.
1885, p. 236.
Tomodon strigatus, Günth. l.c. p. 52.
Tachymenis hypoconia, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 247; Günth.
Zool. Rec. 1866, p. 126; Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
p. 192.
Mesotes obtrusus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 306, and
Icon. Gén. 18, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1866).
Thamnodynastes punctatissimus (non Wagl.), Hensel, Arch. f. Nat.
1868, p. 332.
— nattereri, var. laevis, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xv.
1885, p. 195.
strigatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xviii. 1886, p. 437.
Tachymenis strigatus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 58.
Snout short, convex. Rostral broader than deep, just visible
from above; internasals as long as or a little shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal once and two thirds to twice as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a
little shorter than the parietals; nasal entire or semidivided; loreal
as long as deep or deeper than long; one praeocular (sometimes
divided), not reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals
2-H2 or 3; eight (rarely seven or nine) upper labials, two or three
of which enter the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer
than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, smooth or more or less
strongly keeled. Wentrals 137–160; anal divided; subcaudals
48–78. Brown or olive above, spotted or striped with darker; a
yellowish vertebral stripe or series of spots may be present; head
with dark undulous streaks or vermiculations; labial shields some-
times barred with black; an oblique dark streak from the eye to
the angle of the mouth; yellowish beneath, speckled and streaked
with blackish.
Total length 760 millim.; tail 170.
South America east of the Andes.
A. Scales strongly keeled.
a. 3 (W. 153; C. 77). Santarem. H. W. Bates, Esq. [C].
b, § # ; 160, 143; Tijuca R. R. Bennett, Esq *}}
. 78, 78).
d-e ‘Ā’ (v. 144, 142; Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C].
C. 63, 59).
f. Q (V. 145; C.70). Brazil. Capt. J. Parish [P.].
g-i. 3 (v. 146, 135; Uruguay. [P.]
C. 72, 75).
i. 3 skeleton. Uruguay.
157. TACHYMENIs. 117
B. Scales moderately keeled.
a, b–c. 3 (W. 151; C. 73) Rio Janeiro. Mrs. Fry [P].
& Q (W. 150, 143;
C. 67, 59).
4–e. 3 (V. 145; C. 65) Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C.].
& hgr. (W. 139; C. 55).
C. Scales faintly keeled.
a-c. Hgr. (V. 152, 138, Demerara. Dr. Hancock [P].
141; C, 70, 60, 60).
d, e. g. (W. 155; C. 78) Rio Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq. [P].
& 2 (W. 148; C, 69). e
..f. 2 (W. 154; C. 69). Brazil. Dr. Gardner [P.].
D. Scales smooth.
a. $2 (W. 144; C, 48). Aracati, N. Brazil. D. G. Rutherford, Esq.
P.T.
b,c-d. 3 (W. 139, 142; Rio Grande do Sul. D; # v. Thering[C.].
C. P, 63) & hgr. (V.
136; C. 62).
£. 9 (V. 133; C. 56). —? (Type of Tomodon strigatus.)
2. Thamnodynastes punctatissimus.
Nº punctatissima, Wagl. in Spiv, Serp. Bras, p. 89, pl. xiv. fig. 1
24).
Dipsas punctatissima, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 292, pl.xi. figs. 83 & 84
(1837); Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1151 (1854).
Sibon punctatissimus, Berthold, Abh. Ges. Wiss. Götting. i. 1843,
p. 68, pl. i. figs. 13 & 14.
Thamnodynastes punctatissimus, Günth. Cat, p. 164 (1858); Jan,
Icon. Gén. 89, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1872).
Very closely allied to the preceding, but body more slender, eye
1arger, rostral but little broader than deep, scales smooth, in 17 rows,
and anal entire. Wentrals 137–159; subcaudals 80–96.
Total length 550 millim. ; tail 150.
Guianas, Brazil.
a. 3 (W. 159; C. 88). Demerara. Mr. W. T. Turner º
b. 3 (V. 144; C. P). Upper Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett [C].
c. 2 (W. 146; C. 80). P
157. TACHYMENTS.
Tachymenis, Wiegm. N. Act. Ac. Leop.-Carol. xvii. i. 1885, p. 251.
Coronella, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 50 (1837).
Dipsas, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1133 (1854).
Tachymenis, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 33 (1858).
Mesotes, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 806.
Psammophylax, part., Jan, l.c. p. 309.
Maxillary teeth subequal, 10 to 15, followed, after an interspace,
ty a pair of large grooved fangs situated below the posterior border
of the eye; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Head scarcely
118 COLUBRIDAE.
distinct from neck; eye moderate, with vertically elliptic or sub-
elliptic pupil; nasal shield single or semidivided. Body cylindrical;
scales smooth, with apical pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows.
Bolivia, Peru, Chili.
1. Tachymenis peruviana.

Tachymenis peruviana, Wiegm. N. Act. Ac, Leop.-Carol. xvii. i. 1885,
p. 252, pl.xx, fig. 1; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 275; Steind.
Novara, Rept. p. 62 (1867).
Coronella chilensis, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 70 (1837); Guichen. in
Gay, Hist. Chile, Rept. p. 79, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1854).
Ophis peruana, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp, p. 58 (1845).
Dipsas chilensis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1159 (1854).
Tachymenis chilensis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 226, and
Gilliss’ U.S. Nav. Astron. Exped. ii. p. 213, pl.xxxvii. figs, 1–6
(1855), and U.S. Eaplor. Eaped., Herp. p. 173 §§ ; Günth. Cat.
p. 34 (1858); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p.247.
Mesotes chilensis, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 308, and
Icon. Gén. 18, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1866).
Psammophylax assimilis, Jan, ll. cc. p. 311, Icon. 19, pl. i. fig. 2.
Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; inter-
nasals as long, as or shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and
a half to twice as long as broad, a little longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals;
loreal as long as deep ; one or two prae- and two postoculars; tem-
porals 1+2 or 2+3; seven or eight upper labials, third and fourth
or fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or longer
than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 135–158; anal
divided; subcaudals 33–53. Yellowish or pale brown above, with
darker spots or more or less distinct longitudinal streaks; an oblique
dark streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth; yellowish or
grey beneath, usually with small blackish spots often forming longi-
tudinal series.
Total length 530 millim.; tai 90.
Bolivia, Peru, Chili.
a. 3 (V. 144; C. 53). Aschiquiri, Bolivia.
b. ? (W. 142; C. 44). Larecaja, Bolivia.
c. 3 (W. 135; C. 51). Lake Titicaca. J. # Pentland, Esq.
d. 9 (V. 151; C. 39). Colchagua, Chili. [P
e. 3 (V. 145; C. 44). Coquimbo. Dr. Cunningham [P].
f–9.9 (V. 141; C, 49) & yg. Coquimbo. Dr. Coppinger [P.].
(V. 140,146; C, 46,36).
h. 9 (V. 157; C. 43). Talcahuana. Dr. Coppinger ſº
i—l. 3 (W. 158; C. 46) S. Chili. Mr. A. Lane [C];
& Q (V. 147; C. 45). H. B. James, Esq.

tº e [P.].
m—n. Q. (V. 148, 151; C. Chili.
8, 33
o. Yg (W. 158; C, 46). Chili.
158. HEMIRHAGERRHIs. 119
2. Tachymenis affinis. (PLATE WII. fig. 1.)
Very closely allied to the preceding, but maxillary longer, with
more numerous solid teeth, viz. 15 instead of 10 to 12, and scales in
17 rows. One praeocular; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye. Wentrals 153; anal divided;
Subcaudals 57. Brown above, darker on the four outer rows of
scales, with a few small darker spots; a dark oblique streak behind
the eye; grey beneath, much spotted with black.
. length 520 millim. ; tail 110.
€Tlle
a. 3 (V. 153; C. 57). Muña. Mr. W. Davis [C.];
Messrs. Veitch LP.].
158. HEMIRBIAGERREIIS.
Hemirhagerrhis, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1893, p. 119.
Maxillary short, with 9 or 10 teeth gradually increasing in length
and followed by an enlarged grooved fang situated below the posterior
border of the eye; anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged.
Bead distinct from neck; eye small, with vertically subelliptic
pupil; nasal semidivided, the cleft horizontal. Body cylindrical;
scales Smooth, with apical pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows.
Last Africa.
1. Hemirhagerrhis kelleri.
Hemirhagerrhiskelleri, Boettg.t.c. p. 129; Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xvi. 1893, p. 729.
Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above;
internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal twice to twice and
a half as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as or shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep; one praeocular, extending to the upper surface of the head
but not reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+2,
2+3, or 2+4; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 17 (exceptionally 19) rows. Wentrals 148–173; anal divided;
subcaudals 61–78. Greyish or yellowish brown above, with a dark
grey or olive, black-edged vertebral band and another on each side,
passing through the eye; head lineolated with blackish ; upper lip
blackish ; lower parts with brown longitudinal lines disposed in
alſ.S.
p Total length 270 millim. ; tail 83.
Somaliland, East Africa.
a. 9 (V. 148; C. 72). British East Africa.
b. Hgr. (V. 173; C. 61). Mombasa. D. J.Wilson, Esq.[C];
G. Waller, Esq.[P].
c. Hgr. (V. 150; C, 66). Thiriati, E. Kikuyu. Dr. J. W. Gregory [Pl.
120 COLUBRIDAE.
159. MANOLEPIS.
Manolepis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 176.
Maxillary teeth 15, small, equal, followed, after an interspace, by
a pair of enlarged grooved fangs situated behind the vertical of the
eye; anterior mandibular teeth much longer than the posterior.
Head distinct from neck; eye large, with vertically subelliptio
pupil; nasal single; frontal narrow. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, without pits, in 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate ;
subcaudals in two rows.
Mexico.
1. Manolepis putnami.
Dromicus putnami, Jan, Elenco, p. 67 (1863), and Icon. Gén, 24,
pl. vi. fig. 3 (1867); Garm. N. Am. Rept. pp. 59, 153 (1883).
Tomodon nasutus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1864, p. 166; Bocourt,
Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 641 (1886).
Manolepis nasutus, Cope, Proc, Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 176.
º (Ocyophis) putnami, Bocourt, op. cit. p. 714, pl. l. fig. 8
pº putnami, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 166 (1895).
Eye about two thirds the length of the snout, which is truncate
and rather prominent. Rostral much broader than deep, scarcely
visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
twice to twice and a half as long as broad, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal elongate
or absent (fused with the praefrontal); one praeocular, extending
to the upper surface of the head but not reaching the frontal; two
postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, third, fourth, and
fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are a little shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 19 rows. Wentrals 171–186; anal divided ; subcaudals 69–83.
Yellowish or pale brownish above, with a brown, darker-edged
vertebral stripe three scales wide; head speckled with blackish, more
closely on the lip; lower parts whitish, speckled with brown.
Total length 550 millim.; tail 140.-The young specimen in the
Collection measures 265 millim. ; tail 63.

Mexico.
a. Yg. (V. 176; C. La Cumbre de los Arrastrados, Dr. A. C. Buller
83). Jalisco, 8500 feet. [C.].
160. TOMODON.
Tomodon, part, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 495, and
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 932 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 52 (1858);
Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1862, p. 322.
Opisthoplus, Peters, Sitzb. Akad. Berl. 1882, p. 1148.
Maxillary short, with 5 to 8 small teeth increasing in size and
followed by a pair of enormous grooved fangs situated below the
eye; anterior mandibular teeth a little larger than the posterior.
160. ToMoDON. 121
IIead distinct from neck; eye moderate, with round pupil; nasal
entire or semidivided. Body cylindrical; scales oblique, smooth,
with apical pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate
Qr short; subcaudals in two rows.
South America.
Maxillary and mandible of Tomodon ocellatus.
1. Tomodon dorsatus.
Tomodon dorsatum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 934 (1854); Günth. Cat.
p. 53 (1858); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 323, and
Icon. Gén. 19, pl. vi., fig. 1 (1866).
Opisthoplus degener, Peters, Sitzb. Ak. Berl. 1882, p. 1149, fig.
Snout short, very convex. Rostral broader than deep, just visible
from above; internasals as long as or a little shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal once and one third to once and two thirds as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; no loreal; nasal elongate and in contact with
the praeocular, which is single ; two or three postoculars; temporals
1+2; seven (exceptionally six) upper labials, third and fourth (or
second and third) entering the eye; chin-shields short, the anterior
in contact with four or five lower labials. Scales in 17 rows.
Wentrals 134–143; anal divided ; subcaudals 53–62. Brown or
Clive above, with a yellow vertebral stripe which may be confined
to the nape; small blackish spots may be present on the back; an
ablique dark streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth;
yellowish or pale olive beneath, uniform or speckled with darker.
Total length 610 millim.; tail 150.
Brazil.
a 3 (v. 186; c. 62). Rio Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq. [P.].
B—c. 3 (W. 139; C. P) & Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering[C.].
hgr. (W. 134; C. 53). *
2. Tomodon ocellatus.
Tomodon ocellatum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 938 (1854); Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 323, and Icon. Gén. 19, pl. vi. fig. 2
(1866).
Snout short, very convex. Rostral broader than deep, just visible
from above; internasals a little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
ance and two thirds to twice as long as broad, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; nasal entire or
semidivided; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long; one prae-

122 COLUBRIDAE.
and two postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 2+3; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or longer than
the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 137–143; anal divided;
subcaudals 31–38. Yellowish or pale brown above, with two dorsal
series of dark brown, black-edged roundish spots separated by a
narrow light vertebral line; \smaller spots on the sides; a large
angular dark band on the back of the head, and one or two cross-
bars between the eyes; two oblique dark streaks, one below and the
other behind the eye; yellowish beneath, with squarish or roundish
black spots.
Total length 460 millim.; tail 70.
Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina.
a. 3 (W. 143; C. 35). S. jº, Rio Grande Dr.H. v.Ihering[C.].
do Sul.
b. 3 (V, 137; C. 38). Paraguay. Prof. Grant [P].
c. 2 (W. 139; C. 31). Uruguay.
d. 3 (V. 141; C, 36). S. of R. de la Plata. Lieut. Gairdner [P].
e. Skull of b.
161. CONOPHIS.
Tomodon, part., Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 495, and
Erp. Gen. vii. p. 932 (1854); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p. 322. i
Psammophis, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 135 (1858).
Conophis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1860, p. 519; Cope, Proc. Ac.
ſº 1861, p. 300; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mear., Rept. p. 642
Maxillary teeth 10, slightly increasing in size posteriorly, followed,
after an interspace, by a pair of very large grooved fangs situated
just behind the vertical of the posterior border of the eye; anterior
mandibular teeth longest. Head slightly distinct from neck; eye
moderate, with round pupil. Body cylindrical; scales smooth,
without pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate;
subcaudals in two rows.
Mexico and Central America; Southern Brazil.
Synopsis of the Species.
Scales in 19 rows; snout feebly projecting. 1. lineatus, p. 122.
Scales in 19 rows; snout strongly pro-
jecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. vittatus, p. 123.
Scales in 17 rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. taeniatus, p. 124.
1. Conophis lineatus.
Tomodon lineatus, Dum, & Bibr. vii. p. 936, pl. lxxiii. (1854); Jan,
Arch. Zool. Amat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 234, and Icon. Gén. 19, pl. vi.
fig. 3 (1866); Bocourt, Journ. de Zool. v. 1876, p. 406.
Psammophis lineatus, Günth. Cat, p. 135 (1858).
Conophis concolor, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 318; Bocourt,
Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept, p. 648 (1886).
161. CONOPHIs. . 123
Conophis lineatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 308, and Journ.
Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 137; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept.
às. pl. xxxviii. fig. 5; Günth. Biol. C.-Am, Rept, p. 165
95).
—— pulcher, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 308; Bocourt, Miss.
Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 646, pl.xxxviii. fig. 6.
Tomodon pulcher, Bocourt, Journ. de Zool. v. 1876, p.408.
Tachymenis lineata, Garm. N. Am. Rept, p. 60 (1883).
Snout projecting. Upper portion of rostral measuring one third to
one half its distance from the frontal; internasals as long as broad,
a little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal nearly twice as long as
broad, a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as
long as the parietals; loreal square or longer than deep; one
praeocular (sometimes divided), not reaching the frontal; two post-
oculars; temporals 2+2 or 3; eight (rarely seven) upper labials,
fourth and fifth (or third and fourth) entering the eye; four or
five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 158–183;
anal divided; subcaudals 66–78. Yellowish, greyish, or pale olive
above, usually with six to ten black longitudinal lines, uniting
to form three stripes on the head, the outer of which pass through
the eyes; a black line or series of spots running along the outer row
of scales; chin greyish or olive, spotted with white; rostral and
labials greyish or blackish beneath; lower parts white.
Total length 780 millim.; tail 150.
Mexico and Central America.
A. Striped. (C. lineatus, D. & B.)
a. 2 (W. 171; C. 68). Mexico.
b—c, d, G (W. 170; C. Dueñas, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
78) & 2 (W. 171,
183; C. P, P).
e. 9 (V. 163; C. 77). Cartago, Costa Rica.
B. Uniform brownish above, with a dark brown stripe on each
side of the head. (C. concolor, Cope.)
a. 9 (V. 158; C. 66). Yucatan.
2. Conophis vittatus.
Conophis vittatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1860, p. 519, pl. - fig. 3;
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 644, pl.xxxviii, fig. 7 (1886);
Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 165 (1895).
sumichrasti, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 137.
? Conophis viduus, Cope, l.c.
Tomodon vittatus, Bocourt, Journ. de Zool. v. 1876, p. 407.
Very closely allied to the preceding, but snout more prominent
and shorter, upper portion of rostral measuring at least half its
distance from the frontal, and internasals broader than long. Seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Ventrals 147–
163; subcaudals 57–70. Cream-colour, with three dark brown or
124 COLUBRIDAE,
lolack stripes extending from the tip of the snout to the end of the
tail; the outer stripe passing through the eye and extending along
the second, third, and fourth rows of scales; the median stripe
Sometimes divided into two.
Total length 575 millim.; tail 120.
Southern Mexico.
a. Q (V. 161; C. 65). Tehuantepec. º Sumichrast
b. ? (W. 163; C. 65). Santo Domingo de Dr. A. C. Buller [C].
Guzman.
c. 3 (W. 158; C. 70). Tepetlapa, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. SmithſO.];
F. D. Godman,
Esq. [P.].
3. Conophis taeniatus.
Philodryas taeniatus, Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 331; Bouleng.
Ann. & Mag. W. H. (5) xviii. 1886, p. 434.
Snout scarcely projecting. Rostral nearly as deep as broad,
well visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal twice and a half as long as broad, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the parietals;
loreal a little longer than deep; one praeocular, just reaching the
upper surface of the head; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 170; anal divided; subcaudals 74. Pale yellowish olive
above, with an olive-brown, black-edged vertebral stripe three scales
wide; a broader lateral dark stripe, covering the three outer rows
of scales and the outer ends of the ventrals, bordered above by a
black line running along the fourth row of scales; a fine line right
along the outer row of scales; head olive, with darker variegations;
a white line from the rostral along the four anterior upper labials;
yellowish beneath, with a bluish-grey streak on each side.
Total length 615 millim.; tail 150.
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul.
162. AMIPLOREIINUS.
Amplorhinus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. (1847).
Dipsas, part, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1153 (1854).
Coronella, part, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 34 (1858).
Psammophylax, part, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 809,
Tachymenis, part., Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 117 ãº.
Amphiophis (lapsw calami), Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 807.

Maxillary teeth 12 or 13, gradually increasing in size, followed
$y an enlarged, grooved tooth; mandibular teeth subequal. Head
distinct from neck; eye moderate, with round pupil; nasal semi-
divided. Body cylindrical; scales smooth or feebly keeled, with
apical pits, in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; sub-
caudals in two rows.
Tropical and South Africa.
162. AMPLORBINUs. 125
1. Amplorhinus multimaculatus.
Amplorhinus multimaculatus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept, pl. lvii.
847).
Dº *i. Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1162 (1854).
Coronella multimaculata, Günth. Cat. p. 38 (1858).
Psammophylax multimaculatus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii.
1863, p. 810, and Icon. Gén. 19, pl. i. fig. 1 (1866); Boettg. Bor.
Senck. Ges. 1887, p. 157.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal about twice as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a
little shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or longer
than deep ; one praeocular, extending to the upper surface of the
head but not reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+2
(rarely 1+2); eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are nearly as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows,
usually feebly keeled on the posterior part of the back and at the
base of the tail. Wentrals 133–149; anal entire; subcaudals 60–
86, some of the anterior frequently entire. Olive or brown above,
with two more or less distinct yellowish stripes and longitudinal
rows of black spots; bluish grey or olive beneath; specs. h-i uniform
bright green above and beneath.
Total length 495 millim. ; tail 115.
Cape of Good Hope.
a—e. Q (V. 141, 140, Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P].
146; C. 66, 67, 60) (Types.)
& hgr. (V. 137, 137;
C. 89, 61). *
f. Q (V, 149; C. 60). Cape of Good Hope. Lord Derby [P].
g. 3 (V. 142; C.75). Cape of Good Hope.
h—i. 3 (V. 142; C. 76) S.Africa. Dr. Quain [P].
& hgr. (V. 144; C.
62).
2. Amplorhinus nototania.
Coronella nototaenia, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 309, pl. xxvi.
fig. 1. .
Pºphylax rhombeatus?, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i. 1867, p. 224.
— viperinus, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. iv. 1873, p. 222.
Ablabes hildebrandtii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1878, p. 205, pl. ii.
fig. 6; Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. i. 1884, p. 7.
Tachymenis nototaenia, Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 118 (1882).
Amphiophis nototania, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 307.
Hemirhagerrhis hildebrandtii, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xvi.
1893, p. 729.
nototaenia, Stejneger, l.c. p. 730.
Psammophylax nototaenia, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 109 (1895).
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal twice as long as broad, as
long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the
126 COLUBRIDAE,
snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal as
long as deep or a little longer than deep ; one praeocular, extending
to the upper surface of the head but not reaching the frontal; two
postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows, all smooth. Ventrals 154–187; anal
divided; subcaudals 59–98. Greyish or pale brown above, with two
series of small blackish spots connected by a dark vertebral line;
the spots and bands unite on the occiput and nape and form a more
or less marked zigzag band; a dark streak on each side of the head,
passing through the eye; tail with three dark stripes; whitish or
pale brownish below, spotted or speckled with brown.
Total length 355 millim.; tail 85.
Tropical Africa south of the Equator, East Africa.
a. 3 (V. 187; C. 73). Rios de Sena, Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [C].
(Type.
b. 3 (V. 183; C. 77). Cape McLear, Lake A. A. Simons, Esq.
Nyassa.
[C.].
c. 2 (W. 171; C, 68). Lake Nyassa. J. jiaº Esq.
The specimen from Caffraria referred by Peters to this species
(Reisen. Mossamb. iii. p. 118) is no doubt specifically distinct, as it
is stated to have 19 rows of scales and 137 ventrals.
163. PSEUDABLABES.
Maxillary teeth small, equal, 14, followed, after an interspace, by
a pair of enlarged grooved fangs situated just behind the posterior
border of the eye *; mandibular teeth equal. Head small, scarcely
distinct from neck; eye moderate, with round pupil; nostril in a
single or semidivided nasal. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, with
apical pits, in 13 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; sub-
caudals in two rows.
Southern Brazil, Uruguay.
1. Pseudablabes agassizii.
For synonymy and description, see Vol. II. p. 259 (Contia
agassizii), and add:—
Philodryas paucisquamis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 286.
* These fangs, hidden in the gum, were overlooked by Jan and myself.
Their presence, first ascertained by Peters, has been pointed out to me by
Count Peracca.
164. PHILODRYAs. 127
\
164. PHILODRYAS.
Philodryas, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 185 (1880).
Chlorosoma, Wagler, l.c.
Xenodon, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 80 (1837).
Herpetodryas, part., Schleg. l.c. p. 173.
Lygophis, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 52 (1845).
Dryophylax, part., Dum. & Biör. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1103 (1854).
Callirhinus (non Cuv.), Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 182, and
U.S. Explor. Erped., Herp. p. 139 (1858).
Philodryas, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 123 (1858); Jan, Elenco
sist. Oftd. p. 83 (1863).
Euophrys (non Koch), Günth. l.c. p. 139.
Galeophis, Berthold, Götting. Nachr. 1859, p. 181.
Teleolepis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 153.
Dirrhox, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 58.
Atomophis, Cope, l.c.

Maxillary teeth 12 to 15, subequal, anterior smallest, followed,
after an interspace, by a pair of large grooved fangs situated just
behind the vertical of the posterior border of the eye; mandibular
teeth, anterior longest. Head distinct from neck, with more or less
distinct canthus rostralis; eye moderate or rather large, with
round pupil. Body cylindrical or slightly compressed; scales
smooth or keeled, with apical pits, disposed more or less obliquely
in 17 to 23 rows; ventrals rounded or obtusely angulate laterally,
Tail rather long; subcaudals in two rows.
South America.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Wentrals 157 or more.
A. Scales strongly keeled, in 21 rows; ventrals 184–201; sub-
caudals 120–140 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. aestivus, p. 128.
B. Scales smooth or feebly keeled, in 17 or 19 rows.
1. Wentrals distinctly angulate laterally, 206–228; subcaudals
106–131; scales in 19 rows. . 2. viridissimus, p. 129.
2. Wentrals rounded or indistinctly angulate.
a. Rostral not much broader than deep.
o. Internasals not longer than broad, shorter than the
praefrontals.
Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 175–198;
subcaudals 94–126; green above.... 3. olfersii, p. 129.
Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 157–199;
subcaudals 74–119; loreal not longer
than deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. schotti, p. 130.
Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 168–187;
subcaudals 101–104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. bolivianus, p. 132.
Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 184—204;
subcaudals 82–96; loreal longer than [p. 132.
deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. psammophideus,
128 COLUBRIDAE,
6. Internasals longer than broad; scales in 19 rows;
ventrals 202; subcaudals 93. 7. vitellinus, p. 133.
b. Rostral much broader than deep ; scales in 19 rows;
ventrals 184—215; subcaudals 97–125.
8. elegans, p. 133.
C. Scales smooth or feebly keeled, in 21 or 23 rows; ventrals
194–244.
a. Snout obtuse or obliquely truncate.
Subcaudals 114–124; loreal as long as
deep ; internasals shorter than the
praefrontals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. mattereri, p. 134.
Subcaudals 88–106; loreal longer than
deep; internasals shorter than the
prefrontals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Serra, p. 134.
Subcaudals 135; loreal, if present, twice
as long as deep; internasals as long
as the præfrontals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. burmeisteri, p. 135.
b. Snout acutely pointed; subcaudals 132–135.
12. baroni, p. 136.
II. Wentrals 145; subcaudals 134 . . . . 13. inornatus, p. 136.
1. Philodryas aestivus.
Herpetodryas aestivus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. p. 186 (1837).
Dryophylax aestivus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1111 (1854); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 49, pl. iii. fig. (1879).
Philodryas aestivus, Günth. Cat, p. 125 (1858).
Dryophylax olfersii, part, Burm. Reise La Plata, ii. p. 529 (1861).
Philodryas carinatus, Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 332.
Tropidodryas aestivus,Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 192.
Diameter of eye about half length of snout ; latter rather
pointed, prominent. Rostral nearly as deep as broad, well visible
from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once
and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as or a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal longer than deep ; one praeocular, in
contact with or narrowly separated from the frontal; two post-
oculars; temporals 1 + 2 ; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or longer than the posterior.
Scales keeled, with double pits, in 21 rows. Wentrals rounded,
184–201; anal divided; subcaudals 120–140. Uniform green
above, yellowish beneath.
Total length 1050 millim.; tail 310.
Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina.
a. 9 (V. 201; C, 120). Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C].
b. 6 (V. 184; C. 121). Paraguay. Prof. Grant [P].
c—e. G. (V. 184, 193; C. Uruguay,
§ 120) & Q(V.I88;
f. 3 (v. 192; c. 140). Argentina. Zoological Society.
164. PHILODRYAs. 129
2. Philodryas viridissimus.
Merrem, Beytr. i. p. 45, pl. xii. (1790).
Coluber viridissimus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 388 (1766); Daud. Rept. vi.
p. 302 (1803).
janthinus, Daud, t. c. p. 273. tº
Herpetodryas viridissimus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 182, pl. vii.
figs. 10 & 11 (1837).
Dryophylax viridissimus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1106 (1854).
Philodryas viridissimus, part., Günth. Cat. p. 123 (1858),
l º Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862, p. 127,
. ix. fig. 8.
P Philodryas crassifrons, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 559.
Eye half length of snout. Rostral much broader than deep, just
visible from above; internasals as long as or a little shorter than
the praefrontals; frontal once and one fourth to once and a half as
long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep; one praeocular, not quite reaching the frontal; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2 or 1+3; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than
the posterior. Scales smooth, with double apical pits, in 19 rows.
Wentrals angulate laterally, 206–228; anal divided; subcaudals
106–131. Uniform green above, yellowish green beneath.
Total length 990 millim. ; tail 280.
Guianas to Eastern Peru.
a—b, c. 3 (V. 215, 223, Berbice.
212; C. 128,123,114).
d. 9 (V. 218; C. 131). Demerara.
e, 9 (V. 225; C. 126). Cayenne. H. C. Rothery, Esq. [P.].
f. 3 (V. 206; C. 106). Huallaga R.
3. Philodryas olfersii.

Coluber olfersii, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 104 (1823).
tºmºmºmºs F. Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. i. p. 344, and Abbild. (1825).
— herbeus, *. l, c. p. 349.
Herpetodryas olfersii, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 183, pl. vii.
#. 14 3. 15 (1837 ,” p p
Dryophylax olfersii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1109 (1854); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 49, pl. iii, figs. 2–4 (1879). --
Philodryas viridissimus, part., Günth. Cat. p. 123 (1858).
— olfersii, Günth. l.c. p. 124; Boettg. Zeitschr, f. Naturw. lviii.
1885, p. 234.
Dº olfersii, part., Burm. Reise La Plata, ii. p. 529 (1861).
Philodryas reinhardti, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862,
p. 128, pl. ix, fig. 7.
—latirostris, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, º 73 & 348,
Dryophylax viridissimus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 49, pl. xi, fig. 1 (1879).
Eye about two thirds length of snout. Rostral a little broader
than deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and three fourths as long
WOL. III, IC
130 COLUBRIDAE.
as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal
as long as deep or longer than deep; one praeocular (rarely divided),
usually not reaching the frontal ; two postoculars; temporals
1+1 or 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye;
four (rarely five) lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales smooth, with single apical pits, in 19 rows. Wentrals
rounded, 175–198; anal divided (rarely entire); subcaudals 94–
126. Green above, yellowish beneath.
Total length 1160 millim.; tail 330.
Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Eastern Peru, Argentina.
A. Upper surface of head, and a more or less distinct vertebral line
pale brown or reddish; a black streak on each side of the head,
behind the eye. (C. olfersii, Licht. ; C. pileatus, Wied.)
a, b, c. 6 (V. 190, 193; Brazil. Lord Stuart [P].
C. 115, 112) & Q
(V. 191; C. 104).
d. 9 (V. 198; C. 101). Brazil. Mr. Clausen º
e. Q (V, 190; C. 94). Rio Janeiro. G. Busk, Esq.[P].
..f. 6 (V. 189; C. 126). Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. d; v. Inering
g. Q (V. 189; C. 101). S. America. Hº: Collection.
h. Skull. Brazil.
B. Uniform green ; a black streak on each side of the head, behind
the eye. (P. latirostris, Cope.)
a. 3 (V. 189; C. 112). Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C.].
b. ? (W. 193; C. 102). Argentina.
C. Uniform green; no postocular streak. (P. reinhardti, Gthr.)
a, b. Q (V. 194; C. 106) Bahia. Dr.O.Wucherer[C.].
& hgr. (V. 189; C. 109). (Types of P. reinhardti,
c. 3 (V. 175; C. 114). Bahia. aslar Collection.
d. 9 (V. 191; C. P). Pernambuco. J. P. G. Smith, Esq.
[P.].
e, Yg. (V. 181; C. 113). Pernambuco. W. A. Forbes, Esq.
P
f–g. 3 (V. 182; C. 108) Moyobamba, N.E. Mº H. Roff [C].
& Q (V. 190; C. P). Peru.
h. Q (V. 188; C. 104). Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C.].
i. Yg. (V. 178; C. 118). S. America. H. A. Evans,
Esq.[P].
J. Q (V. 187; C. 103). S. America.
(Types of P. reinhardti.)
4. Philodryas schotti.
*º schottii, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 91, pl. iii. figs, 8 & 9
837).
Dryophylax schottii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1118 (1854); Casteln.
Anim, nouv. Amér. Sud, Rept. p. 67 (1855); Jan, Icon. Gén. 49,
pl. i. fig. 2 (1879).
164. PHILODRYAs. 131
Callirhinus patagoniensis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 182,
and U.S. Explor. Exped, Herp. p. 139, pl. xii. figs. 1–6 (1858).
Philodryas schottii, Günth. Cat, p. 125 (1858); Hensel, Arch. f. Nat.
1868, p. 332; Boettg. Zeitschr, f. Naturw. lviii. 1885, p. 235;
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xviii. 1886, p. 434.
Euophrys modestus, Günth. l.c. p. 139, and Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4)
ix. 1872, p. 29.
Pseudophis schottii, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1862, p. 348.
— patagoniensis, Cope, l.c.
Liophis poecilostictus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1863, p. 189,
and Icon. Gén. 13, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1865).
Dºg patagoniensis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887,
p. Oč.

Eye about two thirds length of snout. Rostral nearly as deep as
broad, well visible from above; internasals shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal once and two thirds to twice as long as broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals; loreal as long as deep or deeper than long, rarely a little
longer than deep ; one praeocular, extending to the upper surface of
the head but rarely reaching the frontal; two postoculars; tem-
porals 1+1, 1+2, or 2+2; seven or eight upper labials, third
and fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales smooth, with single apical
pits, in 19 rows. Wentrals rounded, 157–199; anal divided;
subcaudals 74–119. Yellowish or pale olive above, the scales
usually edged with darker or lighter, with or without small black
spots; two rather indistinct light lines may run along the back;
sutures between the head-shields usually blackish ; yellow or white
beneath, with the shields black-edged on the sides.
Total length 1550 millim.; tail 350.
Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Northern Patagonia.
a. 6 (V. 170; C. P). IPernambuco. J. # G. Smith, Esq.
P.].
b. Yg. (V. 164; C. 108). Bahia. º 9. Wucherer
c. 3 (V. 181; C. 119). Porto Real, Prov. Rio wº, du Dréneuf
Janeiro. C
d. Yg. (V. 193; C. 101). S. José dos Campos, Mr. A. Thomson [P].
Prov. S. Paulo.
e—g, h-i. 3 (V.191, 188; S. Lorenzo, Rio Grande Dr. v. Ihering [C.].
C.96,?), hgr. (V. 190; do Sul,
C. 96), & yg. (V. 199,
179; C. 101, P).
k. Hgr. (V. 177; C. 108). Rio Grande do Sul.
l, Q (V. 185; C. 95). Asuncion, Paraguay, Dr. Bohls [C].
m. G (W. 157; C. 80). Paraguay. Prof. ...}
n—p, g—r. & (V. 165,168; Soriano, Uruguay. R. Havers, Esq.[P].
C. 101,80), Q (V. 178;
C. 94), & yg. (V. 174,
169; C. 88, 75).
8, 2 (W. 173; C. 74). Uruguay.
t. 3 (V. 180; C. 83). Buenos Ayres. G. Wilkes, Esq.[P].
K 2
132 COLUBRIDAE.
u. 3 (V. 172; C. 83). Rio Negro, Patagonia. F. Coleman, Esq.[P].
2)
, w. 6 (V. 171; C. 93) —? Haslar Collection.
& Q (W. 178; C. P). (Types of Euophrys modestus)
ar. Skeleton. Uruguay.
y, z, Skulls. Brazil.
5. Philodryas bolivianus. (PLATE IX. fig. 1.)
Eye three fifths length of snout. Rostral a little broader than
deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal once and two thirds to twice as long as broad, longer than
its distance from the end of the Snout, as long as or slightly shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep ; one praeocular, in con-
tact with or narrowly separated from the frontal; one or two
postoculars; temporals 1 + 2 ; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales smooth,
with single apical pits, in 17 rows. Wentrals rounded, 168–187;
anal divided; subcaudals 101–104. Olive above, with three darker,
black-edged stripes; a black streak on the outer border of the
parietal shields; lower parts greyish olive, throat white.
Total length 690 millim.; tail 200. -
Bolivia.
a—b. 3 (V. 187; C. 101) & Charobamba.
yg. (W. 168;, C. 104). &
6. Philodryas psammophideus.
Philodryas yº. Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4) ix.
1872, p. 23, pl. iv. fig. A. -
Dirrhoxlativittatus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 58.
Eye about three fifths length of snout. Rostral nearly as deep
as broad, well visible from above ; internasals shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal once and two thirds to twice as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or
slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep; one
praeocular, extending to the upper surface of the head but usually
not reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 3;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales smooth,
with single apical pits, in 19 rows. Wentrals rounded, 184–204;
anal divided; subcaudals 82–96. Yellowish brown or pale olive
above, with a brown vertebral stripe three or five scales wide;
this stripe edged with a black line or a series of small black spots;
a dark lateral stripe, extending to the eye; a whitish lateral stripe
on the outer ends of the ventrals and the lower half of the outer
row of scales, edged below by a black line or series of dots; lips
yellowish, with a few black spots; belly yellowish, uniform or
dotted with blackish.
Total length 1080 millim.; tail 280.
Matto Grosso, Uruguay, Argentina.
164. PHILODRYAs. 133
a. Q (W. 195; C. 91). Tucuman. (Type.)
b. 3 (W. 204; C. P). Catamarca. Lord Dormer [P.].
c—d. 6 (V. 188; C. P) Cordova. E. W. White, Esq.[C.].
& 2 (W. 197; C. 93). e
A. G. (V. 191; C. 96). Argentina. E. W. White, Esq.[C.].
f. 2 (W. 193; C. 95). Uruguay.
7. Philodryas vitellinus.
Dºyles vitellinus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xvii. 1878,
p. 55.
Rostral as deep as broad, just visible from above; internasals
longer than broad; frontal long and narrow, longer than the
parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; one praeocular, nearly
reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+1 ; eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter
than the posterior. Scales smooth, with single apical pits, in 19
rows. Wentrals 202; anal divided; subcaudals 93. Yellow,
strongly tinged with brown above, and with orange on the labial
plates and lower surfaces.
Pacasmayo, Peru.
8. Philodryas elegans.
Lygophis elegans, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 53, pl. vi. (1845);
Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp. p. 163 (1858).
Dryophylax freminvillei, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1115 (1854).
Dromicus rufodorsatus, part., Günth. Cat, p. 130 (1858).
elegans, Jan, Elenco, p. 67 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 25, pl. i. fig. 2
(1867).
Philodryas freminvillii, Jan, ll. c.c. p. 83, Icon. 49, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1879).
Tachymenis canilatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 104.
Lygophis poecilostomus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) viii. 1876, p. 180.
Dryophylax elegans, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xvii. 1878, p. 84.
Tachymenis elegans, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1889, p. 312.
Eye about half as long as the snout. Rostral much broader than
deep, just visible from above; internasals as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal twice to twice and a half as long as broad, as long as
or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as or slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep;
one praeocular (sometimes divided), extending to the upper surface
of the head but not reaching the frontal; two (exceptionally three)
postoculars; temporals 1+1, 1+2, or 2+2; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter than the
posterior. Scales smooth, with single apical pits, in 19 rows.
Wentrals rounded, 184—215; anal divided; subcaudals 97–125.
Yellowish, greyish, or pale brown above, with darker, black-edged
spots disposed in paired or single longitudinal series on the back;
these spots may be accompanied or replaced by a dark vertebral
stripe; a dark streak on each side of the head, passing through the
eye, sometimes continued along the body; upper lip yellowish,
134 coluRRID#.
usually with dark dots; lower parts yellowish, uniform or dotted
or speckled with blackish.
Total length 1020 millim.; tail 300.
Ecuador, Peru, Northern Chili.
a—b. ? (W. 202, 203; Tacna, Peru. J. G.Fischer Collection.
C. 102, 97).
c—e. Yg. (V. 209, 215, Lima. J. M. Cowper, Esq.[P].
207; C. 112,123,117).
f. Hgr. (V. 213; C. 123). Id. of San Lorenzo, College of Surgeons.
Peru.
g—i. 6 (V. 208; C. 125) Peru. T. Scott, Esq. [P].
& Q (V. 200, 200; C.
112, 107).
Å–m. 3 (V. 200; C. 109), Peru.
Q (V, 201; C. 102), &
% º; º Chil
m. Yg. (V. 190; C.?). ili.
O. dº % 207; Č. P). —? * º:º:
p. 2 (W. 210; C. 111). —? dorsatus.)
9. Philodryas mattereri.”
Philodryas nattereri, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, lxii. 1870, p. 345,
pl. vii. figs. 1–3.
Eye two thirds the length of the snout. Rostral a little broader
than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal twice as long as broad, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout and than the parietals; loreal as long as
deep ; one praeocular, not reaching the frontal; two or three post-
oculars; temporals 2+2 or 3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 21 rows.
Wentrals 203–225; anal divided ; subcaudals 114–124. Olive
above ; a yellow line on each side bordering the upper surface of
the head; a yellow, black-edged streak along the upper lip;
yellowish beneath, with a blackish line along each side of the belly;
throat brown, with small yellowish spots.
Total length 895 millim.; tail 275.
Matto Grosso.
10. Philodryas serra.
º serra, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 180, pl. vii. figs. 1 & 2.
(1837).
Dryophylax serra, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1118 (1854); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 49, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1879).
Philodryas serra, Günth. Cat. p. 125 (1858).
? Galeophis jani, Berthold, Götting. Nachr. 1859, p. 181.
Teleolepis striaticeps, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 153.
Tropidodryas serra, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 192.

* I have examined a male specimen (W.203; C. 124), the type of Philodryas
no!orchinus (Berthold), Jan, Elenco, p. 84, preserved in the Göttingen Museum,
and for the loan of which I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. Ehlers. A
description of it has never been published, so far as I am aware.
164. PHILODRYAs. 135
Eye about half the length of the snout; latter truncate, with
more or less concave lores. Rostral a little broader than deep, just
Visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as
or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as
long as or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than
deep; one praeocular (rarely divided), twice as broad above as
below, in contact with or narrowly separated from the frontal;
three postoculars; temporals small, scale-like, 2 or 3+3 or 4; eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as
or a little longer than the posterior. Scales with double apical
pits, in 21 rows, smooth or more or less distinctly keeled. Wentrals
rounded, 194–244; anal entire or divided; subcaudals 88–106.
End of tail, in the young, somewhat swollen, with the scales raised.
Greyish or brown above, with large dark transverse angular spots
or bars, which may be bordered with whitish on the sides; head
with interrupted longitudinal dark streaks and a dark lateral streak
passing through the eye; lips spotted with blackish; belly brownish
or greyish, with darker or lighter spots; end of tail whitish in the
young.
Total length 1010 millim.; tail 200.
Brazil.
a. Hgr. (V. 205; A. 2; Porto Real, Prov. M. Hardy du Dréneuf
C. 101). Rio Janeiro. [C.].
b. Yg. (V. 194; A. 2; Theresopolis, Prov. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
. 104).
C. 1 Rio Janeiro.
c—d. Yg. (V. 230, 233; Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C].
A. 1, 2; C. 106, 103).
e. Q (V. 226; A. 1; C. Brazil. Zoological Society.
98).
f. 2 (W. 213; A. 1; C. Brazil. Liverpool Museum.
88).
11. Philodryas burmeisteri.

Herpetodryas trilineatus, Burmeister, Reise La Plata, i. p. 309
(1861).-No proper description.
Dryophylax burmeisteri (Jan), Burm, op. c. ii. p. 529 (1861); Jan,
Elenco, p. 84 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 49, pl. v. (1879).
Aºi. trilineatus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887,
p. 59.
Eye about half as long as the snout, which is prominent, obliquely
truncate. Rostral as deep as broad, just visible from above; inter-
nasals as long as the praefrontals; frontal twice as long as broad, a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
the parietals; loreal twice as long as deep, usually fused with the
praefrontal; one praeocular, in contact with or narrowly separated
from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1 or 2+2 or 3; eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as or shorter than the posterior Scales smooth, with partly single,
136 COLUERIDAE.
partly double pits, in 23 rows. Wentrals obtusely angulate laterally,
211 ; anal entire; subcaudals 135. Young cream-colour above,
with three dark brown stripes, the outer extending to the end of
the snout, passing through the eyes; rostral and labials white; the
stripes may disappear in the adult; lower parts whitish.
Total length (young) 410 millim.; tail 120.
Mendoza, Catamarca.
a. Yg. (V. 211; C, 135). Catamarca. Lord Dormer [P.].
12. Philodryas baroni.
Pºw baroni, Berg, An. Mus. Buen. Ayres, iv. 1895, p. 189,
3.
Eye not one third the length of the snout, which is very promi-
nent and acutely pointed. Rostral deeper than broad, confined to
the lower surface of the snout, the upper surface being occupied by
two or more small shields in front of the internasals; frontal once
and two thirds to once and three fourths as long as broad, longer
than the parietals; loreal thrice as long as deep; one praeocular, in
contact with or narrowly separated from the frontal; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2 or 2+2; eight (exceptionally seven or nine)
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales smooth, with single pits, in 21 or 23 rows. Wen-
trals 224–231; anal entire; subcaudals 132–135. Green or reddish
above, the scales and shields sometimes edged with black; a black
line on each side of the head, passing through the eye; upper lip
white; a black vertebral line may be present on the anterior half
of the body; greenish white beneath, the shields sometimes edged
with black.
Total length 1430 millim. ; tail 410.
Argentina (Tucuman and Chaco).
13. Philodryas ? inornatus.
Dryophylax inornatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1127 (1854).”
Rostral well visible from above; internasals a little smaller than
the praefrontals; frontal much elongate ; two loreals; one prae- and
three postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials. Scales in
18 rows, dorsals keeled. Wentrals 145; anal entire; subcaudals
134. Head yellowish brown above, spotted with black on the
sides; body greyish olive, finely speckled with black; a few black
blotches on the neck.
Total length 935 millim.; tail 355.
Habitat unknown.
* The specimen, I am informed, is not to be found in the Paris Museum.
On p. 754 Duméril & Bibron identify the snake with Boie's Xenodon inornatus,
which does not at all agree with their description.
165. IALTRIs. 137
165, IALTRIS.
Philodryas, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sm. p. 123 (1858).
Ialtris, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 73.
Maxillary teeth 14, increasing in size, the last large and fang-
1ike and followed, after a considerable interspace, by a pair of
1arge grooved fangs situated just behind the posterior border of the
eye; the five or six anterior mandibular teeth increasing in length
and followed by a toothless space. Head distinct from neck, with
distinct canthus rostralis; eye rather large, with round pupil.
Body cylindrical; scales smooth, with apical pits, in 19 rows;
ventrals rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.
Santo Domingo.
Fig. 7.
Maxillary and mandible of Ialtris dorsalis.
1. Ialtris dorsalis. (PLATE WII. fig. 2.)
Philodryas dorsalis, Günth. Cat. p. 126 (1858).
Ialtris vultuosa, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 73; Garm. Proc.
Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 284.
Dºliº Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862, p. 128,
. ix. fig. 9.
Jaltris dorsalis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1879, p. 273.
Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from
above; internasals as long as broad, nearly as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal once and two thirds to twice as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; one praeocular, not
reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
£ontact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 180–188; anal divided;
subcaudals 102–110. Olive above, with large black blotches
anteriorly which may be wholly or partially confluent, posteriorly
with small irregular light spots; yellowish beneath, speckled with
Clive, with or without small blackish spots.
Total length 1090 millim. ; tail 350.
Santo Domingo.
a. 3 (V. 180; C. 102). S. Domingo. M. Sallé [C]. (Type.)
b. 6 &. 181; C. 110). — ? (Type of D. mentalis.)

138 COLUBRIDAE.
166. TRIMERORHINUS.
Coronella, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 50 (1837).
Trimerorhinus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. (1847).
Dipsas, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp, Gén. vii. p. 1133 (1854).
Psammophylax, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 31 (1858).
Psammophylax, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 809.
Maxillary teeth 10 to 12, subequal, followed, after an interspace,
by a pair of enlarged grooved fangs, situated below the posterior
border of the eye; anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged.
Head distinct from neck; eye moderate, with round pupil; nostrik
crescentic, between two nasals and the internasal. Body cylin-
drical; scales smooth, with apical pits, in 17 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows.
Africa South of the Equator; East Africa.
Synopsis of the Species.
Rostral at least as deep as broad; eye as
long as its distance from the nostril. ... 1. rhombeatus, p. 138.
Rostral as deep as broad; eye shorter than
its distance from the nostril . . . . . . . . . . 2. tritoemiatus, p. 139.
Rostral slightly broader than deep; eye
shorter than its distance from the nostril. 3. variabilis, p. 140.
1. Trimerorhinus rhombeatus.
Seba, Thes. ii. pp. 17, 20, 84, pls. xv. fig. 2, xix. figs. 3 & 4, lxxix.
fig. 2 (1735).
Coluber rhombeatus, Linn, Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 27, pl. xxiv. fig. 2
(1754), and S. N. i. p. 380 (1766); Daud. Rept. vii. p. 119 (1803).
Coronella tigrina, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 87 (1768).
Coluber tigrinus, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1113 (1788).
Coronella rhombeata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 70, pl. ii. figs. 14 & 15 (1837).
Coelopeltis rhombeata, Wagl. Icon. Amph. pl. xxxii. (1833).
tºº rhombeatus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept, pl. lvi.
1847).
Dipsas rhombeata, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1154 (1854).
Psammophylax rhombeatus, Günth. Cat. p. 31 (1858); Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1868, p. 309; Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 108
(1895).
ocellatus, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. iv. 1873, p. 221.
rhombeatus, var. trilineatus, Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat.
1883, p. 156.

rhombeatus, var. biseriata, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, x.
1892, p. 202.
Snout rather prominent, with obtusely angular canthus. Rostral
very variable in shape, at least as deep as broad, frequently much
deeper than broad, more or less deeply wedged in between the
internasals, which it often entirely separates; frontal once and two
thirds to twice as long as broad, as long as or longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, usually longer than the parietals;
166. TRIMERORHINUs. 139
loreal as long as deep or a little longer than deep ; one praeocular,
in contact with or narrowly separated from the frontal; two post-
oculars; temporals 1 or 2+2 or 3; eight (rarely seven or nine)
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as or longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 140–
183; anal divided; subcaudals 62–79. Coloration very variable.
Greyish, yellowish, or pale olive-brown above, with brown black-
edged markings, which may form three or four longitudinal series
of round or rhomboidal spots or be partially or entirely confluent
into three undulous or straight longitudinal bands; a yellow
vertebral line sometimes present ; a dark band on each side of the
head, passing through the eye, widening behind and often joining
its fellow on the occiput, sometimes broken up into spots; upper
lip yellowish white, uniform or with black spots; tail with three
dark stripes; lower parts white, dotted or spotted with bluish grey
or black. .
Total length 850 millim.; tail 170.
South Africa.
a—e. Q (V. 160, 149, Cape of Good Hope.
151; C. 71, 68,71)
& yg. (V. 152, 162;
C. 70,69).
f. Hgr. (V. 153; Cape of Good Hope. Rev. G. H. R. Fisk
C. 77). P.T.
g—i. 3 (W. 142; C.70), Simon's Bay. - Hºš ‘Challenger.’
2 (V. 148; C. 67),
& yg. (V. 161;
C. 72).
*{ 6 % 162, 156; Port Elizabeth. Mr. J. L. Drege [P.].
. P. 71).
m. § (v. 71; C.66). Port Natal. * º Callaway
“oº (W. 160; Johannesburg, Transvaal. hº H. R. Fisk
. 66). ..].
o. 2 (W. 177; C. 62). Humbe, Angola. Prof. Barboza du
Bocage [P.].
p—v, w—o. 3 (V, 157, S. Africa.
147; C. 69,68), Q
(W. 155, 159, 154,
170, 172, 176, 162,
153), & hgr. (V. 171,
151; C. 75, 69).
Á, y. Skulls. S. Africa.
2. Trimerorhinus tritaniatus.
Rhagerrhis tritaeniata, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868,
p. 423, pl. xix. fig. H; Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 110, pl.x a fig. 1
1895). -
Cºlº tritaenia, Günth. in Oates, Matabele Land, p. 329, pl. C
(1881). -
Psammophylax tritaeniatus, Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 119
(1882).
140 COLUERIDAE.
Agrees in structural characters with T. rhombeatus except in
having a smaller eye, the diameter of which is less than its distance
from the nostril. The rostral shield, which is as deep as broad, is
wedged in between the nasals, but does not separate them behind;
its upper portion measuring at least half its distance from the
frontal. Wentrals 149–170; subcaudals 53–66. Greyish or pale
brown above, with two or three dark brown, black-edged bands
originating on the head and extending to the end of the tail, the
outer passing through the eye, the vertebral sometimes rather
indistinct or absent; a fine yellowish line sometimes divides the
wertebral band; the sides below the bands white, with a pale
brown or red streak running along the outer row of scales; upper
lip and lower parts white.
Total length 740 millim. ; tail 150.
Tropical Africa south of the Equator; East Africa.
a. c. (V. 160; C, 60). S.E. Africa. (º)
b. Yg. (V. 163; C. 58). Waterberg District, Trans- W. L. Distant, Esq.
$ P
vaal. [P.].
c. 3 (V, 152; C. 60). Pietersburg, Transvaal. C. H. Jones, Es ſº
d. 9 (V. 162; C. 58). Matabeleland. F. Oates, Esq. [P.].
(Type of Coronella tritania.)
e—y. (V. 160; Ilalamabeeli, Kalahari R. J. Cuninghame,
C. 65) & 2 (W. 162, Desert. Esq. [P.].
153; C. 56, 53).
h—i. 3 (W. 156, 149; Zomba, Brit. Central Sir H. H. Johnston
C. 61, 57). Africa. º
k—l. 9 (V. 162, 150; Chiradzulu, Brit. Central Sir H. H. Johnston
C. 55, 54). Africa. [P.].
m. Hgr. (V. 149; Fwambo, Brit. Central A. Carson, Esq. [C.].
C. 55). Africa.
n-o. 9 (V. 165, Mpwapwa, E. Central
166; C, 66, P). Africa.
£2. cº; (W. 170; Kibibi Basin, E. Africa. Pºp J. W. Gregory
q. Skull of o. |
3. Trimerorhinus variabilis.
Psammophylax variabilis, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 557,
pl. xxxv.
Agrees with T. tritaeniatus, but rostral shield slightly broader
than deep, its upper portion measuring about one third its distance
from the frontal. Wentrals 157–169; subcaudals 52–60. Pale
olive to blackish above, uniform or with three dark, black-edged
longitudinal bands and a fine yellowish vertebral line; belly olive-
to lead-grey.
Total length 770 millim.; tail 130.
Nyassaland.
a—d. 3 (V. 157; C. 55) Shiré highlands. Sir H. H. Johnston
& Q (V. 169, 162, [P]. (Types.)
163; C. 57, P, 60).
e. Q (V. 162; C. 52). Zomba, Brit. Central Sir H. H. Johnston,
Africa. [P.].
167. COELOPELTIs. 141
167. COELOPEITIS.
Malpolon, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept., p. 29 (1826).
Psammophis, part., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 521; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 201 (1837). e
Coelopeltis, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 189 (1830); Dum. & Bibr. Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 1129 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 138 (1858);
Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 89 (1863); Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii.
1891, p. 151.
Rhabdodon, Fleischm. Dalm, nov. Serp. Gen. p. 26 (1831).
Bothriophis, Eichw. Reise Kasp. M. u. Kauk. i. p. 748 (1887).
Rhagerhis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 274.
Coelopeltis, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 89 (1863).
Maxillary teeth 10 to 17, subequal, followed by one or two very
large grooved fangs situated below the posterior border of the eye;
anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Head distinct from
neck, with more or less prominent snout, angular canthus rostralis,
and projecting supraocular; eye large, with round pupil; nostril a
crescentic slit in a single or divided nasal; frontal narrow. Body
cylindrical; scales smooth, more or less distinctly grooved longi-
tudinally in the adult, with apical pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail moderate or rather long ; subcaudals in two rows.
Southern Europe, South-western Asia, North Africa.
Maxillary and mandible of Coelopeltis monspessulana.
1. Coelopeltis monspessulana.
Coluber monspessulanus, Hermann, Obs. Zool. i. p. 283 (1804);
Dugès, Ann. Sc. Nat, (2) iii. 1835, p. 137, pl. Vb, figs, 1–6.
Natrix lacertina, Wagl. in Spia, Serp, Bras. p. 18, pl. v. (1824).
Malpolon lacertinus, Fitzing. W. Class. Rept, p. 59 (1826).
Coluber rupestris, Risso, Hist. Wat. Eur. Mér. iii. p. 91 (1826).
— insignitus, I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Rept. pp. 147, 151, pl. vii.
fig. 6, and Suppl. pl. v. figs, 2 & 3 (1827).
ºs- tºuri, Dugès, Ann. Sc. Nat. xii. 1827, p. 394, pl. xlvi.
Rºn fuscus, Fleischm. Dalm. nov. Serp. Gen. p. 26, pl. ii.
(1831). º
Coluber fuscus, Dwigubsky, Nat. Hist. Russ., Amph. p. 26 (1832).
virens, Dwigubsky, l.c.
vermiculatus, Ménétr. Cat. Rais. p. 72 (1832).
flexuosus, Fisch. de Waldh. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. iv. 1832,

p. 574
142 COLUERIDAE,

Coelopeltis monspessulana, Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Acad. Bonon. ii.
1836, p. 229, pl.x.; Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital. (1838); Bedriaga,
Bull. Soc, Nai. Mosc. 1881, p. 311; Boettg. Sitzb. Ak. Berl, 1888,
p. 177; Camerano, Mon. Offa. Ital, Colubr. p. 5, pl. ii. figs. 12 &
13 (1891); Bedriaga, Instituto, xxxviii. 1890, p. 136. tº º
Psammophis lacertinus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 208, pl. viii.
figs. 1–3 (1837).
Bothriophis distinctus, Eichw. Reise Kasp. M. u. Kauk. i. p. 748
(1837).
cºli. lacertina, Eichw. Faun. Casp.-Cauc., p. 154 (1841);
Guichen. Explor. Sc. Alg., Rept. p. 23 (1850); Günth. Cat, p. 138
(1858); Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 67 (1862), and Schl. Russ, R.
p. 179 (1873); Schreib. Herp, Eur, p. 221, fig. (1875); Boettg.
Zeitschr. f. Ges. Naturw. xlix. 1877, p. 287, Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879–
80, p. 162, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiii. 1883, p. 103; Tristram,
Faun. Palest. pl. xiv. (1884); Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891,
p. 151; Tomasini, Mitth. Bosn. Herz. ii. p. 630 (1894).
vermiculata, Eichw. l. c. p. 155, pl. xxix.
Coluber monspessulana, var. neumayeri, Bonap. l. c.
— monspeliensis, Gerv. Ann. Sc. Nat. (3) x. 1848, p. 205.
Coelopeltis insignitus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1130 (1854); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 34, pl. i. figs, 2 & 3 (1870); Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. ix.
1874, p. 161; De Betta, Faun. Ital, Rett. Anf. p. 50 (1874).
Snout projecting, rounded, with angular raised canthus. Rostral
as deep as broad, just visible from above; internasals much shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal very narrow, twice to twice and a
half as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as or a little longer than the parietals; two loreals;
praeocular large, forming a suture with the frontal, encroaching on
the supraocular; two (rarely three) postoculars; temporals 2+3
or 4; eight (rarely nine) upper labials, fourth and fifth (or fifth
and sixth) entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than
the posterior. Scales longitudinally grooved, in 17 or 19 rows.
Wentrals 160–189; anal divided ; subcaudals 68–102. Olive,
brown, yellowish, or reddish above, with or without dark, light-
edged spots; sides often blackish, with whitish dots; head, in the
young, with dark symmetrical markings; yellowish white beneath,
uniform or spotted, clouded, or streaked with brown or olive.
Total length 1800 millim.; tail 350.
Borders of the Mediterranean (in the Italian Peninsula only in
Liguria), eastwards to the Caucasus and Persia.
a, b. 2 (Sc. 19: Valencia, Spain. Lord Lilford [P].
V. 184; C. 91) &
yg. (Sc.19; W. 177;
C. 87). te
c—d. Hgr. (Sc., 19; Nice. Count Peracca [P.].
V. 181; C. P) & yg.
§§ 19; V. 176;
C. P).
e. Q (Sc. 17; W. 163; Zara, Dalmatia. Dr. F. Werner [E],
C. 75). - -
167. COELOPELTIs.
143
..f. § §e 19, v.174,
g—h. Hgr. (Sc. 19;
v. ii. C. §3) &
yg. (Sc.19; W. 175;
C. 90).
)
£, k. 6 (Sc. , 19;
V. 180; C. P) &
r. (Sc. 19 ; V.
174; C. 94).
l. Yg. (Sc.19; V. 169;
C. 93).
m, n, o. 3 (Sc. 19;
V. 167; C. 87) &
Q (Sc. 19; W. 174,
170; C. 90,92).
p. 2 (Sc.19; W. 169;
C. 102).
q, r, s. Hgr. (Sc. 19;
V. 169, 174, 170;
C. 93, 83,95).
t—w. 3 (Sc. 19;
W. 171; C.95)& Q
(Sc. 19; W. 170;
C.93).
v—y. 3 (Sc. 17, 19; V.
161, 165; C.?, 82),
Q (Sc. 17; W. 164;
C.85), hgr. (Sc. 17;
V. 164, 163, 160;
C. 82, 80,97), & yg.
(Sc. 19, 17; W. 166,
161; C. P, 84).
8. Q (Sc. 19; W. 173;
C. 88).
e, & Q (Sc.19; W. 177,
168; C. 89, P).
m. Q (Sc.19; W. 176;
C. 83).
6. 3 (Sc. 17; W. 171;
C. 84).
a. Skeleton.
k. Skull.
A. Skull.
Tangier.
Tangier.
Mogador.
Algiers.
Tunis.
Duirat, S. Tunisia.
Tripoli.
Alexandria.
Cyprus.
Jerusalem.
Galilee.
Mt. Carmel.
Shiraz, Persia.
Morocco.
Montpellier.
Algiers.
2. Coelopeltis moilensis.
Mr. Fraser [C].
M. H. Vaucher [C.].
Zoological Society.
Mr. Fraser [C.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
J. Ritchie, Esq.[P].
Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Lord Lilford [P.].

Canon Tristram [C].
Canon Tristram [C.].
Canon Tristram [C.].
Coluber, moilensis, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. i. p. 142, pl. vii, fig. 1
(1834).
Coelopeltis producta, Gerv. Mém. Ac. Montp. iii. 1857, p. 512, pl. v.
fig. 5; Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 68 (1862); Jan, Icon. Gén. 84, pl. ii.
fig. 2 (1870); Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891, p. 151; Anders.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 20; Werner, Verh, zool-bot. Ges. Wien,
xliv. 1894, p. 85.
Rhagerhis producta, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 275, pl. —.
fig. 3; Murray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xiv. 1884, p. 104.
Coelopeltis moilensis, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 656.
144 COLUERIDAE,
Snout projecting, obtusely pointed, with angular canthus. Rostral
at least as deep as broad, wedged in between the internasals, its
upper surface one half to two thirds as long as its distance from the
frontal; internasals as long as or a little shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal as broad as the supraocular, twice as long as broad,
as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as or a little longer than the parietals; loreal as long
as deep or deeper than long; one praeocular (rarely divided), usually
not reaching the frontal; two (rarely three) postoculars; temporals
2+2 or 3 (rarely 1+2); eight (rarely seven) upper labials, fourth
and fifth (or third and fourth) entering the eye; four or five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales very indistinctly grooved, in 17 rows.
Wentrals 159–176; anal divided; subcaudals 48–73. Pale buff or
Sandy grey above, with brown or blackish spots; one or two oblique
brown or blackish bars on each side of the head behind the
angle of the mouth; lower parts white, uniform or spotted with
brick-red.
Total length 430 millim. ; tail 190.
Northern Sahara, from Algeria to Egypt, Nubia, Arabia, Western
Persia.
a. Q (W. 159; C. 48). Duirat, S. Tunisia. Dr J. Anderson [P.T.
b. Hgr. (V. 159; C. 54). Abu Roash, nr. Cairo. Dr. J. Anderson [P].
c. Q (V. 173; C. 55). Dooroor, N. of Suakin. Dr. J. Anderson [P].
d. 9 (V. 174; C. 54). Suakin. Dr. J. Anderson #:
e. Hgr. (V. 176; C. 59). Nubia. Prof. Peters [P.].
f: Q (V, 176; C. 53). Aden. Col. Yerbury [P.].
g. 3 (V. 176; C. 73). Hadramaut. Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
h. Q (V. 172; C. 64). Muscat. A. S. G. Jayakar,
º [P.].
7. 9 (V. 168; C. 52). Bushire. * j A. Murray
168. RHAMPHIOPHIS.

Rhamphiophis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 624, and Reise n.
Mossamb.iii. p. 123 (1882).
Dipsina, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 1318.
Coelopeltis, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 89 (1863).
Maxillary short, with 6 to 9 teeth gradually increasing in length
and followed, after an interspace, by a pair of very large grooved
fangs situated below the eye; anterior mandibular teeth longest.
Head distinct from neck, with projecting snout ; rostral large,
hollowed out beneath; eye moderate, with round pupil; nostril
crescentic, in a divided or a semidivided nasal. Body cylindrical;
scales smooth, with apical pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail moderate or long; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical Africa.
168. RHAMPHIOPHIs. 145
Skull of Rhamphiophis owyrhynchus.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Praeocular not reaching the frontal.
Scales in 19 rows on the body; ventrals 230–
241; subcaudals 154–160; upper portion of
rostral measuring two thirds its distance from
the frontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. rubropunctatus,
Scales in 17 rows on the body; ventrals 148– [p. 146.
192; subcaudals 90–110; upper portion of
rostral as long as or a little shorter than
its distance from the frontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, oatyrhynchus,
Scales in 17 rows on the body; ventrals 171— [p. 146.
182; subcaudals 66–88; upper portion of
rostral half as long as its distance from the
frontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. togoensis, p.147.
II. Praeocular forming a suture with the frontal; scales in 17
rows on the body. -
Wentrals 172–185; subcaudals 59–63 . . . . . . . . 4. acutus, p. 148.
Wentrals 155–168; subcaudals 31–40........ 5. multimaculatus,
[p. 148.
WOLe III, I.

146 COLUBRIDAE.
1. Rhamphiophis rubropunctatus.

Dipsina fººtate. Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. i. 1884,
p. 7, pl. i. fig. 3. e
Riger; is rubropunctatus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888,
p. 327. t
Snout rounded, with obtusely angular horizontal edge. Rostral
broad above, measuring two thirds its distance from the frontal,
narrowed and T-shaped beneath; internasals much broader than
long, much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal twice as long as
broad, slightly shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
longer than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; praeocular single
or divided, not reaching the frontal, its upper portion resting on the
loreal; two postoculars; temporals 2 or 3+4; eight (rarely nine)
upper labials, fourth and fifth (or fifth and sixth) entering the eye;
four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are a little longer and much broader than the posterior.
Scales in 19 rows (21 or 23 on the neck). Ventrals 230–241; anal
divided ; subcaudals 154–160. Brown or reddish brown above,
uniform or dotted with red; head reddish, without dark markings;
upper lip and lower parts yellowish.
Total length 1020 millim.; tail 340.
Filimandjaro, E. Africa. º
a. 3, bad state (W. 230; Kilimandjaro. Sir H. H. Johnston,
C. 154). [P.].
2. Rhamphiophis Oxyrhynchus.

Psammophis oxyrhynchus, Reinh. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. x. 1843, p. 244,
pl. i. figs. 10–12.
Rhamphiophis rostratus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 624, and
Reisen. Mossamb. iii. p. 124, pl. xix. fig. 1 (1882).
Coelopeltis oxyrhynchus, Jan, Elenco, p. 89 (1863), and Icon. Gén.
34, pl. i. fig. 1 (1870); F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878,
p. 682.
Rhagerrhis unguiculata, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868,
p. 422, pl. xix. fig. G.
Coelopeltis porrectus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 34, pl. ii. fig. 1.
j oxyrhynchus, Peters, Reisen. Mossamb. iii. p. 126.
Rºi, oxyrhynchus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) i. 1888,
p. 327.

Snout obtusely pointed, with angular horizontal edge, somewhat
flooked in profile. Upper portion of rostral as long as or a little shorter
than its distance from the frontal; internasals broader than long,
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal about twice as long as broad,
nearly as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; two or three praeoculars,
upper not reaching the frontal; two or three postoculars; temporals
small, 2 or 3 + 3 or 4; eight (rarely seven) upper labials, fifth or
fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in con-
tact with the anteriorchin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than
* -
168. RHAMPHIOPHIs. 147
the posterior. Scales in 17 rows (21 or 23 on the neck). Wentrals
148–192; anal divided; subcaudals 90–110. Yellowish or pale
brown above, uniform or with small red or dark brown spots, or with
dark brown margins to the scales; a blackish shade in front of and
behind the eye; upper lip and lower parts yellowish white.
Total length 1380 millim.; tail 420.
Tropical Africa.
*#5% 151, 148; C. 94, Lamu, E. Africa. F. J. Jackson, Esq.
* > P.T.
c. Yg. (V. 183; C.?). Taveta, E. Africa. K! Anstruther, Esq.
P.T.
d. 3 (V. 171; C.?). Taro Plains, E. p; # W. Gregory
Africa. [P.].
e, Yg. (V. 177; C. 99). Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C.].
(Type of R. unguiculata.)
..f-g. 6 (V. 178; C. 108) Coast of Zanzibar.
& 2 (W. 157; C, 103).
J. Yg. (V. 168; C. 103). Coast of Zanzibar. F. Finn, Esq. [P.].
i. Hgr. (V. 192; C. 110). Mºxº interior of
ast Africa.
k. Hgr. (V. 170; C. 90). Fort Johnston, Brit. Sir H. H. Johnston,
C. Africa. [P].
.l. Skull. Mombasa.
2m. Skull. Kavironda, E. Africa. Ft#j Jackson, Esq.
- 3. Rhamphiophis togoensis.
Psammophis acuta (non Günth.), Matschie, Zool. Jahrb. v. 1890,
p. 615
—t-togoensis, Matschie, Milth. Deutsch. Schutzged. vi. 1898, p. 212.
Snout obtusely pointed. Rostral nearly as deep as broad, its
upper portion half as long as its distance from the frontal; inter-
nasals broader than long, a little shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal twice as long as broad, longer than its distance from the
and of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal as long as deep ;
two praeoculars, upper not reaching the frontal; two postoculars;
temporals 1 or 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering
the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows (19 on the
neck). Wentrals 171–182; anal divided; subcaudals 66–88. Olive-
brown above, with a darker vertebral line, and a black lateral stripe
extending to the end of the snout and passing through the eye;
upper lip, sides below the black lateral stripe, and lower parts
white; a black line along each side of the belly.
Total length 220 millim.
Togoland, West Africa.
a. Yg. (V. 182; C.?) Togoland. Berlin Museum [E.].
I, 2
148 g COLUERIDAE. .
4. Rhamphiophis acutus.
Psammophis acutus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 827,
pl. xix. fig. D.
Rhagerhis acuta, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 111, pl. xa, fig. 2 (1895).
Snout short, acutely pointed. Rostral tetrahedral, its upper
portion nearly as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals.
as long as broad, as long as the praefrontals; frontal nearly twice
as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, longer than the parietals; loreal a little deeper than long;
one praeocular, in contact with the frontal; two postoculars;
temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth eniering
the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows
(19 or 21 on the neck). Wentrals 172–185; anal divided; sub-
caudals 59–63. Pale brown above, with two dark brown, black-
edged bands passing through the eyes and extending to the end of
the tail; a third band is confined to the head and nape; lateral
band edged with white below; upper lip and lower parts white.
Total length 925 millim.; tail 160.
Angola.
a. 6 (V. 185; C. 59). Pungo Andongo. Dr. Welwitsch [P.]. (Type.)
5. Rhamphiophis multimaculatus.
Coronella multimaculata, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. pl. lxi.
(1847). &
Dipsina multimaculata, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p. 1313, and Icon. Gén. 19, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1866); Boettg. Ber. Senck.
Ges. 1886, p. 4.
Rhagerrhis multimaculata, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xviii.
1866, p. 25.
Snout pointed. Rostral as deep as broad, its upper portion
nearly half as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals a little
longer than broad, nearly as long as the praefrontals; frontal twice
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
as long as the parietals; loreal much longer than deep; one prae-
ocular (rarely divided), forming a suture with the frontal; two or
three postoculars; temporals 2 + 3 ; eight (rarely nine) upper
labials, fourth and fifth (or fifth and sixth) entering the eye; four
or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are as long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 17
rows. Wentrals 155–168; anal divided; subcaudals 31–40. Pale
buff or sandy grey above, with three or five series of regular brown.
spots, the vertebrals broader than long; a A-shaped brown marking
on the occiput; an oblique brown streak behind the eye; lower
parts white. -
Total length 395 millim. ; tail 45.
Damaraland and Namaqualand.
a—d. Q (V. 156, 160, 158, 155; Damaraland.
C. 31, 39, 40, 40).
169. DROMOPHIs. - 149
169. DROMOPHIS.
Dryophylax, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1103 (1854).
Psammophis, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 135 (1858).
º part, Günth. l.c. p. 145; Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 86
(1863).
Philodryas, part., Jan, l.c. p. 83. -
Dromophis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 447.
Maxillary teeth 10 or 11, unequal in size, middle longest, and
gradually decreasing in size in front and behind, followed, after a
short interspace, by a pair of large grooved fangs situated below
the posterior border of the eye; anterior mandibular teeth longest.
Bead distinct from neck; eye moderate, with round pupil; frontal
narrow. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, more or less oblique, with
apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail long; sub-
caudals in two rows.
Tropical Africa.
Maxillary and mandible of Dromophis lineatus.
1. Dromophis lineatus.
Tryophylax lineatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1124 (1854).
Psammophis sibilans, part., Günth. Cat. p. 136 (1858).
Philodryas lineatus, Jan, Elenco, p. 83 (1863).
T}romophis lineatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 33.
Snout once and a half to once and two thirds as long as the eye.
Rostral as deep as broad, visible from above; nostril between two
shields; internasals one third to one half as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal once and two thirds to twice as long as broad,
not or but slightly narrower, in the middle, than the supraocular, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little
shorter than the parietals; loreal once and a half to once and two
thirds as long as deep; one praeocular, not reaching the frontal;
two (rarely three) postoculars; temporals 1+1 or 2; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four (rarely five) lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as
or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals
-140–159; anal divided ; subcaudals 78–105. Olive, most of the
scales black-edged, with three greenish-yellow longitudinal lines,
one on the vertebral row of the scales, the others on the fourth and
fifth rows; outer row of scales greenish yellow, like the belly, its
Tipper border black; young with light cross-bars on the occiput and

150 COLUERIDAE.
nape; prae- and postoculars and upper lip greenish yellow ; some
of the labials with the sutures black; belly and tail below greenish
yellow or pale green, uniform or with a series of black dots or short.
lines on the outer ends of the ventrals.
Total length 1090 millim. ; tail 330.
Tropical Africa.
a-d. Hgr. (v. 151; C.?) Niger. J. W. Crosse, Esq. [P.].
& yg. (V. 141,152, 146;
C. 103, 105, P).
e. 6 (V. 146; C.?). Liberia. Dr. Büttikofer [C].
jº. 3 (V, 149; C. 78). Coast of Zanzibar.
g. Q (V. 149; C. 99). Lado. Dr. Emin Pasha [P].
h. Q (V. 159; C.?). Central Africa. Lieut. Chippendale|P.].
i, k. 6 (V, 147; C. 101) Africa. Mr. Argent [C.].
& Q (V. 140; C. 98).
l. Yg. (V. 146; C. 93). Africa.
m. Skull of h.
2. Dromophis praeornatus.
Dendrophis praeornata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 236 (1837).
Oxyrhopus praeornatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1039 (1854).
Chrysopelea praeornata, Günth. Cat. p. 147 (1858), and Ann. &
# * H. (3) xv. 1865, p. 95; Jan, Icon. Gén. 33, pl. ii. fig. 2
(1869).
Dromophis praeornatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 447; Steind.
Sitzb. Ak. Wien, lxii. 1870, p. 333.
Snout once and a half to once and two thirds the diameter of the
eye. Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above; nostril
between two shields; internasals rather more than half as long as the
praefrontals; frontal twice to twice and a half as long as broad, nearly
as broad as the supraocular, longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal once and a half to
once and two thirds as long as deep; one praeocular, in contact
with or narrowly separated from the eye; two postoculars; tem-
porals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 161–180; anal divided; subcaudals 110–122. Pale olive
above, with black cross-bands anteriorly, black spots or a red
vertebral stripe in the middle, and three black stripes posteriorly;
the cross-bands most regular on the head; lower parts uniform
white.
Total length 550 millim.; tail 175.
West Africa.
a. Q (V. 177; C. 110). Niger. W. A. Forbes, Esq.[P.].
b–c. 9 (V. 161; C. 111) & W. Africa. Mr. Argent [C].
yg. (V. 180; C.?).
d. Yg. (V. 167; C.?). W. Africa. Mr. Dalton [C].
e. 3 (V. 177; C. P). W. Africa.
170. TAPHROMETOPON. 151
170. TAPHROMETOPON. .
Taphrometopon, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. iii. 1838, p. 243;
Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 48; Strauch, Schl. Russ.' R.
p. 186 (1873).
Chorisodon, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 494, and Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 901 (1854).
Psammophis, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Qfta, p. 90 (1863).
Maxillary teeth 14, very unequal in size, the middle ones much
enlarged, but not separated from the rest; the solid teeth followed,
after an interspace, by one or two very large grooved fangs;
anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Head narrow, dis-
tinct from neck, with raised canthus and projecting supraocular;
eye large, with round pupil; nostril crescentic, between two nasals;
frontal narrow. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, some feebly
grooved, with apical pits, in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail long;
subcaudals in two rows.
Central Asia and Persia.
1. Taphrometopon lineolatum.
Coluber trabalis (non Pall), Lichtenst. in Eversm. Reise, p. 146
(1823). # t
— (Taphrometopon) lineolatus, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. iii.
1838, p. 243.

Chorisodon sibiricum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 902 (1854).
Taphrometopon lineolatum, Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 48, figs. ;
Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 185, pl. v. (1873), and Voy. Przewalski,
Rept. p. 51 (1876); Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 422 (1876), and 2nd
Yark. Miss., Rept. p. 23 (1878).
Psammophis doriae, Jan, in De Filippi, Viag. Pers. p. 356 (1865).
Snout moderately prominent, grooved above and on the sides.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
much shorter than the praefrontals, separated from the loreal by
the nasal; frontal very narrow except in front, nearly twice as long
as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal
about twice as long as deep; one praeocular, forming a suture with
the frontal; two or three postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 3; nine
upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 175–197; anal
divided; subcaudals 72–107. Yellowish or pale grey above, with
longitudinal series of blackish dots or with four olive or brown,
black-edged stripes, the median pair of stripes prolonged to between
the eyes, the outer pair to the nostrils, passing through the eyes; a
dark median streak from the interorbital region to the occiput;
upper lip white, the anterior shields sometimes with a blackish spot;
152 COLUBRIDAE.
lower parts white, dotted with greyish or olive, and with one or
two dark lines on each side.
Total length 870 millim.; tail 190. *.
Aralo-Caspian Steppes, Turkestan, Afghanistan, Eastern Persia.
a. 3 (W. 192; C.?). C. Asia. Prof. Peters [P].
b–c. 3 (V. 187; C, 101) Syr Daria. M. Serverzow [C.].
& Q (V, 182; C. 86).
d. 3 (V. 184; C. 94). Daryalyk. M. Serverzow [C].
e—i. 3 (V. 181; C. 87), Chinas, Turkestan. St. Petersburg Mus.
hgr. (V. 181, 178 ; [E]. -
C. 85, P) & yg. (V. 180,
188; C. 83,90).
A—l. 3 (V. 188; C. P) & N. side of Hum- St. G. Littledale, Esq.
Q (V. 188; C. 99). boldt Mts., E. [P.].
Turkestan.
m—p. 3 (V, 194, 184; C. Tirphul, Afghani- Dr. J. Aitchison [C];
98, 82) & Q (W. 175, Stan. Afghan Boundary
176; C. 72,82). Commission.
q. 3 (V. 179; C. 82). Helmand. Dr. J. Aitchison [C.];
Afghan . Boundary
Commission.
Skull of d.
171. PSAMIMOPHIS.
Psammophis, part., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 521; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p.201 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. Erp, Gén. vii. p. 887 (1854); Günth.
Cat. Col. Sn. p. 135 (1858); Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 90 (1863).
Psammophis, Wagler, Syst, Amph. p. 189 (1830); Günth. Rept.
flºº p. 290 (1864); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 365
(1890). - -
Phayrea, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 51 (1868).
Amphiophis, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. iv. 1872, p. 81.
Maxillary teeth 10 to 13, one or two in the middle much enlarged,
fang-like, preceded and followed by an interspace, the last or last
two large and grooved and situated below the posterior border of
the eye; anterior mandibular teeth very strongly enlarged. Head
distinct from neck, with angular canthus rostralis; eye moderate or
large, with round pupil; frontal narrow. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, more or less oblique *, with apical pits, in 11 to 19 rows;
ventrals rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.
Africa and Southern Asia. {
The skull of this genus, as well as that of the two preceding
genera, is remarkable for the wide vacuity between the frontal
and sphenoid bones, a condition which approaches that of the
Lacertilia. Quite in front, however, the frontals descend to join
the sphenoid.
* Scarcely oblique in P. crucifer and P. angolensis.
171. PSAMMOPHIs. 153
Skull of Psammophis schokari.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 17 rows, exceptionally 19.
A. Rostral a little broader than deep, well visible from above.
1. Anal entire; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering
the eye.
Qne praeocular ; five lower labials in
& contact with the anterior chin-shields;
" ventrals 170–185; subcaudals 92–97. 1. leithii, p. 155.
Two praeoculars; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields;
ventrals 157–171; subcaudals 81–104. 2. notostictus, p. 156.
2. Anal divided.
a. Five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; usually nine upper labials, fifth and sixth
entering the eye; praeocular in contact with the frontal;
ventrals 162–197.
Sixth upper labial shorter than the eye,
which is more than half the length of
the snout; subcaudals 93–149 . . . . . . 3. schokari, p. 157.
Sixth (exceptionally fifth) upper labial as
long as the eye, which is more than half

154 • COLUBRIDAE.
the length of the snout ; subcaudals
130-158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. punctulatus, p. 159.
Sixth upper labial as long as the eye,
which is half the length of the snout ;
subcaudals 132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. trigrammus, p. 159.
b. Four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields; eight or nine upper labials; ventrals 151–168;
subcaudals 100–108 . . . . . . 6. Subtoºniatus, p. 160.
B. Rostral as deep as broad, well visible from above.
1. Nine upper labials, three entering the eye; ventrals 161–173;
subcaudals 109–127. . . . . . . . . . 7. bocagii, p. 161.
2. Eight upper labials, exceptionally seven or nine, two
entering the eye.
a. Frontal, in the middle, narrower than the supraocular;
ventrals 155–198; subcaudals 90–116.
Praeocular narrowly in contact with or
separated from the frontal, which is as
long as or longer than its distance from
the end of the snout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. sibilans, p. 161.
Praeocular extensively in contact with the
frontal; snout short, forehead strongly
grooved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. furcatus, p. 164.
Praeocular separated from the frontal, which
is considerably shorter than its distance
from the end of the snout . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. longifrons, p. 165.
b. Frontal, in the middle, nearly as broad as the supraocular;
praeocular not reaching the frontal.
Snout nearly twice as long as the eye;
ventrals 156–182; subcaudals 75–90 ... 11. condanarus, p. 165.
Snout once and a half to once and two
thirds as long as the eye; ventrals 153–
163; subcaudals 64–95 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. brevirostris, p. 166.
C. Rostral a little broader than deep, scarcely visible from above;
snout twice to twice and a half as long as the eye; nine
upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye; ventrals 179–
202; subcaudals 144-161 . . . . . . 13. elegans, p. 167.
II. Scales in 15 rows.
Nine or ten upper labials (rarely eight);
ventrals 142–164; subcaudals 100–131. 14. biseriatus, p. 168.
Eight upper labials (rarely seven); ventrals
136–155; subcaudals 62–81 . . . . . . . . 15. crucifer, p. 169.
III. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 144; subcaudals 108.
r 16. pulcher, p. 169.
IV. Scales in 11 rows; ventrals 141–155; subcaudals 57–81.
- 17. angolensis, p. 170.
171. PSAMMoPHIs.
155
TABLE SHOWING NUMBERS OF SCALES AND SHIELDs.

Ant.
Sc. W. A. C. Lab. Temp. Praeoc.
leithi;.................. 17 | 170-185 || 1 || 92–97 8 l I
hotoStictus ......... 17 | 157–171 || 1 || 81–104 8 2 (1) 2
schokari............... 17 (19) 162–195| 2 | 93–149 |9 (8–10). 2 (1) || 1 (2)
punctulatus ......... 17 || 177–190|| 2 | 130–158 || 9 (8) 2 l
trigramm?/8 ......... 17 182 2 132 9 1–2 2
subtaniatus ......... 17 | 151–168 || 2 | 100–108 || 8–9 2 1
bocagi? ............... 17 | 161–173 || 2 || 109-127 9 1–2 1
sibilans ............... 17 | 155–198| 2 | 90–116 || 8 (9) || 2 (3) | 1 (2)
furcatus ............ 17 | 158–179 || 2 || 95–114 8 2 l
longifrons............ 17 173 2 93 8 2 I
condamarus ......... 17 | 156–182| 2 || 75–90 8 1 (2) | 1
brevirostris ......... 17 | 153–163| 2 | 64–95 || 8 (7) 2 1
elegans ............... 17 | 179–202 || 2 || 144–161 9 || 2 (1) || 1 |
biseriatus ............ 15 142–164|1–2|100–131 |9–10 (8)| 2 1–2
crucifer............... 15 136–155] 2 | 62–81 8 (7) 2 1
pulcher ............... 13 144 2 108 8 I 2
angolensis............ 11 || 141–155 || 2 || 57–81 8 l 1
1. Psammophis leithii.

Psammophis leithii, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 505, pl.xxxix. ;
Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 83; Murray, Zool. Sind,
p. 382 (1884); Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 538.
— condanarus (non Merr.), Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlviii.
1879, p. 126. - * --
leithii, part., Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 365 (1890).
Snout once and a half to once and two thirds as long as the eye.
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; nostril between two
or three shields; internasals about half the length of the prae-
frontals; frontal twice to twice and a half as long as broad, much
narrower, in the middle, than the supraocular, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, nearly as long as the parietals;
loreal about twice as long as deep; one praeocular, in contact with
the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials,
third deeper than second and fourth, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows,
Wentrals 170–185; anal entire ; subcaudals 92–97. Ye'lowish
above, with four longitudinal brown bands edged with black, the
median pair extending to the supraoculars, the outer to the end of
the snout, passing through the eye; a dark streak on the vertex;
lower parts white.
Total length 730 millim. ; tail 210.
Sind, Cutch, Rajputana, Scindia, Baluchistan.
a. d. (V. 177; C. 97). Sind. Dr. Leith [P.].
- e (Type.)
b. ? (W. 170; C.?). Ajmere. lanford, Esq.
W.T.
[P.]
156 COLUBRIDAE,
C. Q (V. 179; C. 92). Gwalior. C. Maries, ###!
d. 9 (V. 185; C. 94). Mumro Khalat, Balu- R. H. C. Tufnell,
chistan. - Esq. [P].
2. Psammophis notostictus.
Psammophis silibans, part., Günth. Cat. p. 136 (1858); Mocquard,
Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 78. -
— moniliger, var. notostictus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867,
. 237. -
p sibilans, var. stenocephalus, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. xi. 1887,
p. 205, and Herp. Angola, p. 116 (1895).
notosticta, Matschie, Mitth. deutsch. Schutzgeb. v. 1893, p. 212;
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 538.
sibilans, var. notosticta, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1894, p. 92.
Snout once and a half to once and two thirds as long as the eye.
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; nostril between two
or three shields; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
twice to twice and a half as long as broad, in the middle not more
than half as broad as the supraocular, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals;
1oreal twice to twice and a half as long as deep; two praeoculars,
upper in contact with the frontal; two (rarely three) postoculars;
temporals 2+2 or 3 (rarely 1+2); eight upper labials, third
deeper than second and fourth, fourth and fifth entering the eye;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals
157–171; anal entire; subcaudals 81–104. Pale brown or olive
above, with a pair of more or less distinct lighter stripes, and with
or without small black spots; each vertebral scale often yellow in
its posterior half; head with dark spots but no longitudinal streaks;
upper labials and usually prae- and postoculars yellowish white;
anterior labials often spotted with black; lower parts and whole
or part of outer row of scales yellowish white, or olive with a
lateral yellowish stripe; anterior ventrals often with small black
spots.
p Total length 785 millim.; tail 225.
South Africa, Angola, Lower Congo.
a. 3 (W. 170; C. 88). Cape of Good Hope. Lord Pºſº.
b. 3 (V. 169; C. 85.) Lions Hill, Cape Town. Rev. G. H. R. Fisk
[P.].
c. 3 (V. 161; C. 87). Caffraria. J. § #. Weale, Esq.
d, e. g. (V. 165; C. Orange R. Dr. Kannemeyer P.].
86) & yg. (W. 171;
C. 88).
..f-g. Q (V. 162, 157; San Nicolao R., Little J. J. Monteiro, Esq.
81 Fish Bay. C
º e [C.].
A.Ş. (Wiés; c. 91). S.Africa. Zoological Society.
171. PSAMMOPHIs. 157
3. Psammophis schokari.
Coluber schokari, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 14 (1775).
—— lacrymans, Reuss, Mus. Senck. i. p. 139 (1834).
Psammophis moniliger, part., Dum. & #. vii. p. 891 (1854).
punctatus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. & 896; Gerv. Mém. Ac. Montp,
iii. 1857, p. 512, pl. v. fig. 3; Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 66 (1862);
Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 274, pl. —. fig. 2.
sibilans, Blyth, Journ. A8. Soc. Beng. xxiv. 1855, p. 306.
sibilans, part., Günth. Cat. p. 136 (1858); Strauch, l. c.;
Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 217 (1875); Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii.
1891, p. 150.
sibilans, var. hierosolimitana, Jan, Elenco, p. 90 (1863), and
Icon. Gén. 34, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1870).
sibilans, var. punctata, Jan, Elenco, p. 90; Boettg. in Kobelt,
Reis. Alg. Tun. p. 462 (1885).
sindanus, Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 83.
— leithii (non Günth.), Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 421 (1876).
moniliger, var. hierosolymitana, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879–
80, p. 163. -.

moniliger, var. punctata, Boettg. l.c. p. 164.
leithii, part., Bouleng, Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 365 (1890).
lacrymans, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 538; Anders.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 655.
Snout once and a half to once and two thirds as long as the eye.
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; nostril between two
or three shields; internasals much shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal twice to twice and a half as long as broad, about half as
broad, in the middle, as the supraocular, as long as or a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals; loreal three to four times as long as deep ; one praeocular
(rarely divided), in contact with the frontal; two (rarely three)
postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 3 (rarely 1+2); nine (rarely eight
or ten) upper labials, third or fourth deepest, usually third, fourth,
and fifth in contact with the praeocular, fifth and sixth (rarely
fourth and fifth or sixth and seventh) entering the eye; five or
six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 (rarely 19) rows.
Wentrals 162–195; anal divided ; subcaudals 93–149. Yellowish,
greyish, pale olive, or reddish above, uniform or spotted or striped
with darker; a dark streak on each side of the head, passing
through the eye; lips usually with dark dots or spots; belly usually
with dark dots and with one or two interrupted dark lines on each
side.
Total length 1210 millim.; tail 430.
Borders of the Sahara, Arabia, Syria, Persia, Baluchistan,
Afghanistan, Sind.
A. Regularly striped, the stripes brown or olive with a fine black
edge; series of vertebral scales yellowish.
a. 9 (V. 183; C. 119). Biskra. J. º, Esq.
158
COLUBRIDAE,
b. 3 (V. 179; C. 131).
c. 2 (W. 168; C. 149).
d. 6 (V. 174; C. P).
eſ. 2 (V, 182, 183;
g. Hg. º I88; C.
122).
Duirat, S. Tunisia.
Aden.
Muscat.
Jask, S. Persia.
Candahar.
Dr. J. Anderson [P].
Col. Yerbury #
A. S. G. Jayakar,
Esq.[P].
S. Butcher, Esq.[P].
Col. Swinhoe [P.].
B. Stripes more indistinct, partially replaced by series of blackish
spots.
a—b. 3 (V. 173; C.
100) & 2 (W. 169;
C. 93).
c—d. Q (V. 164; C.
96) & hgr. (V. 174;
C. 105).
e. Hgr. (V. 185; C. P).
..f-g. 3 (V. 194; C. P)
& yg. (V. 185; C.
126).
Suakin.
Suakin.
Helmand.
Between the Hamoon
and Khusa, Afghanis-
tan.
Col. Sir C. Holled
Smith & Dr. J.
Anderson [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P].
Dr. J. Aitchison [C.;
Afghan Boundary
Commission.
Dr. J. Aitchison º:
Afghan Boundary
Commission.
C. No stripes, body uniform or dotted with blackish.
a—b. 3 (V. 185; C.
199& 2 (v. 185:
C. P).
c. 2 (W. 177; C.?).
d. Hgr. (V. 170; C.
113).
e. 3 (Sc. 19; W. 188;
C. 113).
..f. Hgr. (V. 195; C.
111).
g. Q (V. 173; C. P).
h. Q (V. 176; C.114).
i. Ad., bad state (W.
190; C. 121).
AE, G (W. 177; C. 119).
l. Hgr. (V. 179; C.
T03).
m. G (W. 168; C. 110).
n. 2 (Sc. 19; W. 192;
C. 116).
o. 3 (V. 178; C. P).
p. Hgr. (V. 170; C.
141).
q—r. Q (V. 185, 196;
C. 129, 140).
s—t. 3 (V. 194, 185;
C. 126,110).
w. Yg. (V. 186; C.
138
).
v. 3 (W. 177; C. P).
w. Skull.
Egypt.
Abbassiyeh, near Cairo.
Gizeh.
Oasis of Karhgeh.
ASSouan.
Dooroor.
Ras Gharib.
Chartoum.
East of Suez Canal.
Moses Wells, Suez.
Shaloof, near Suez.
Island of Shadwan,
Gulf of Suez.
Aden.
Hadramaut.
Muscat.
Karman, Persia.
FCurrachee.
Sind.
Egypt.
M. Lefebvre [P].
Dr. J. Anderson TP.1.
Dr. J. Anderson
Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P].
Dr. J. Andersonſ P.1.
Dr. J. Anderson ſp.".
Consul Petherick
[P.].
Dr. J. Andersonſ P.T.
Dr. J. Anderson #
Dr. J. Anderson º
..]
Dr. J. Anderson
Col. Yerbury º;
..]
Dr. J. Anderson
A. S. G. Jayakar,
#;
wº : Blanford, Esq.
[C.].
Kurrachee Mus. [E].
F. Day, Esq.[P].
171. PsAMMOPHIs. 159
4. Psammophis punctulatus.
Psammophis punctulatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 897 (1854); Peters,
Reise ºn. Mossamb. iii. p. 123 (1882); Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1893,
. 119; Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xv. 1895, p. 14, pl. iv.
g. 1, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 537.
Dendrophis furcatus, Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. p. 276, pl. xiii.
(1859).
Psammophis punctulatus, var. trivirgatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.
1878, p. 206.

Snout once and a half to once and two thirds as long as the eye.
Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above; nostril
between two or three shields; internasals nearly half as long as
the praefrontals; frontal nearly twice as long as broad, much
narrower, in the middle, than the supraocular, as long as or a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or
slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal nearly twice to twice and
a half as long as deep; one praeocular, in contact with the frontal and
with the third, fourth, and fifth upper labials; two postoculars; tem-
porals 2+2 or 2+3; nine (exceptionally eight) upper labials, third
deepest, fifth and sixth (or fourth and fifth) entering the eye, sixth
(or fifth) largest, as long as the eye; five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 177–190; anal divided; subcaudals
130–158. Yellow or brownish white above, greenish or greyish on
the sides and beneath, head and nape olive-grey or reddish, speckled
with black; three black stripes along the body, the median broadest
and bifurcating on the neck, its branches extending, as brown
streaks, to the end of the snout after passing through the eyes; the
stripes on the body may be reduced to the vertebral.
Total length 1660 millim. ; tail 580.
Arabia; East Africa, from Somaliland to Mozambique.
a. 3 (V. 185; C. 146). Ogaden, Somaliland. Capt. Bottego [C.];
Marquis G. Doria
[P]. -
B. Q (V. 184; C. 136). Lake Rudolf. * Smith
..].
5. Psammophis trigrammus.
Psammophis trigrammus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865,
p. 95, pl. ii. fig. E; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 538.
Snout twice as long as the diameter of the eye. Rostral broader
than deep, visible from above; nostril between three shields; inter-
nasals about half as long as the praefrontals; frontal twice as long
as broad, half as broad, in the middle, as the supraocular, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals; loreal thrice as long as deep; two praeoculars, upper not
quite reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+1 or
2+1; nine upper labials, third deeper than second and fourth,
third, fourth, and fifth in contact with the praeocular, fifth and sixth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
160 COLUBRIDAE.
chin-shields, which are much shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 17 rows. Wentrals 182; anal divided ; subcaudals 132. Pale
olive above, yellowish posteriorly, the scales on the vertebral line
black-edged, forming a stripe posteriorly; a rather indistinct dark
lateral stripe, running along the outer row of scales; upper lip,
prae- and postoculars yellowish white; lower parts and lower half of
outer row of scales yellowish white, the ventrals clouded with olive
in the middle.
Total length 1180 millim. ; tail 430.
Namaqualand.
a. 3 (V. 182; C. 182). R. San Nicolao, Little J. J. Monteiro, Esq.
Fish Bay. [P]. (Type.)
6. Psammophis subtaniatus.
Psammophis sibilans, var. subtaeniata, Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii.
p. 121 (1882); Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. i. 1884, p. 12.
subtaeniatus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 538.
Snout once and a half to once and two thirds as long as the
eye. Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above;
nostril between two shields; internasals about half as long as the
praefrontals; frontal narrower, in the middle, than the supraocular,
a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal twice and a half to thrice
as long as deep; one praeocular, in contact with or narrowly separated
from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 3; eight or
nine upper labials, third deeper than second and fourth, fourth and
fifth, fifth and sixth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are as long as or shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Wentrals 151–168; anal divided; subcaudals 100–108. Brown or
olive above, the seven middle rows of scales usually darker and
black-edged and separated from the sides by a more or less distinct
pale streak; usually a black lateral streak, running along the outer
row-of scales; upper labials yellowish, with black dots and a black
line along their upper border which is continued across the rostral;
yellowish below, with a black line along each side of the belly.
Total length 1030 millim.; tail 350. -
East Africa, from Zanzibar to Mozambique.
a. Hgr. (V. 151; C. Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C].
104).
b. ? (W. 161; C. 103). Zanzibar. Dr. J. G. Fischer,
c—d. Q (V. 163; C. Cape McLear, Lake Mr. F. A. Simons
108) & yg. (W. 164; Nyassa. [C.].
C. 105).
e. Q (V. 162; C. P). Lake Nyassa. Miº #C. McLaugh-
1I] | Jºº, l.
*% d (W. 156, 165; Lake Nyassa. vºi. Mission.
103, P
h, ić (vºiá9; C.P) & Zomba, Nyassaland. Sir H. H. Johnston,
2 (W. 167; C. 104). [P.].
171. PSAMMOPHrs. 161
k, Yg. (W. 158; C. E. Central Africa. Dr. Livingstone º:
100). Lord Russell [P.].
l, Q (V. 168; C. P). Zambesi Expedition. Sir J. Kirk [C].
7. Psammophis bocagii. (PLATE VIII. fig. 1.)
Psammophis sibilans, var. A, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 115 (1895).
— bocagii, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 538.
Snout nearly twice as long as the eye. Rostral as deep as broad,
visible from above; nostril between two shields; internasals half
as long as the praefrontals; frontal rather more than twice as long
as broad, much narrower in the middle than the supraocular,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the
parietals; loreal twice as long as deep ; one praeocular, not quite
reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2, 2+2, or
2+3; nine upper labials, third deeper than second and fourth,
fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; four or five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 161–173; anal
divided; subcaudals 109–127. A broad reddish-brown, black-
edged vertebral band, seven scales broad, separated from the
sides, which are grey or reddish brown, by a yellow streak;
a black line along the middle of the outer row of scales; head with
rather indistinct yellow, black-edged cross-bars; a black line along
the upper border of the labials, which are dotted with black; lower
half of outer row of scales and lower parts pale yellow, with a
black line on each side.
Total length 820 millim.; tail 295.
Angola.
a. 3 (V. 166; C. 112). Benguella. Prof. B. du Bocage [P.].
8. Psammophis sibilans.

Seba, Thes, ii. pl. lvi. fig. 4 (1735); Linn. Amoen. Acad. i. p. 302
(1749); Lacép. Serp. ii. p. 246, pl. xii. fig, 1 (1879).
Coluber sibilans, part., Linn. S. N. i. p. 383 (1766).
— moniliger, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 69 (1803).
— auritus, I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Rept. pp. 147, 151, pl. viii.
fig. 4 (1827), and Suppl. pl. iv. fig. 5 (1829).
Psammophis sibilans, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547; Jan, Icon. Gén, pl. iii.
fig. 3 (1870); Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xii. 1881, p. 395, and
Ber. Senck. Ges. 1887–88, p. 53; Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895,
. 538.
cº phillipsii, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1844, p. 169. tº e
Psammophis moniliger, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 207, pl. viii.
figs. 4 & 5 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 891 (1854).
— phillipsii, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 100, and 1857,
p. 69; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 554; F. Müll. Verh. Nat.
Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 686.
— irregularis, Fischer, Abh. Nat. Ver. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 92,
pl. ii. fig. 4; Günth. Cat. p. 137 (1858); A. Dum. Arch. Mus. X.
1859, p. 208, pl. xvii. fig. 9; Jan, l.c. pl. iv. figs. 1 & 2.
WOL. III. M

162 • COLUERIDAE.
Psammophis sibilans, part., Günth. Cat, p. 136; Schreib. Herp. Eur.
p. 217 (1875).
moniliger, var. bilineatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867,
p. 237.
— sibilans, var. mossambica, Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 122
(1882). . . gº -
sibilans, var. intermedius, Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. i.
1884, p. 14. - * t
sibilans, var. leopardina, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. xi. 1887,
. 205.
p irregularis, Matschie, Mitth. deutsch. Schutzgeb. vi. 1893,
p. 212.
sibilans, var. C, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 116 (1895).
Snout once and a half to twice as long as the eye. Rostral as
deep as broad; nostril between two or three shields; internasals
about half as long as the praefrontals; frontal once and three
fourths to twice and one third as long as broad, narrower, in the
middle, than the supraocular, as long as or longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as or a little longer than the
parietals; loreal once and two thirds to twice and a half as long as
deep; one praeocular (rarely divided), in contact with or narrowly
separated from the frontal; two (rarely three) postoculars; tem-
porals 2+2 or 3 (rarely 3+3); eight (rarely nine) upper labials,
fourth and fifth (or fifth and sixth) entering the eye; four or five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as or shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals
155–198; anal divided; subcaudals 90–116. Coloration very
variable. -
Total length 1210 millim.; tail 380.
Tropical Africa and Egypt.

A. Olive or brown above, the scales mostly black-edged; a more or
less distinct, narrow yellow vertebral line and a broader
yellow streak along each side of the back; head with yellow,
black-edged longitudinal streaks in front, and transverse ones
behind, which markings, however, may become very indistinct
in the adult; upper lip yellowish white, uniform or with a few
brown or black dots on the anterior shields; lower parts,
including lower half of outer row of scales, yellowish white,
uniform or with a faint brown lateral line. -
a. 3 (V. 165; C. 103). Beltim, between Ro- Dr. J. Anderson [P].
- setta and Damietta.
b. 3 (V. 166; C. P). Abassiyeh, near Cairo. Dr. J. Anderson É
c—d, G (W. 164; C. 108) Abu Roash, Gizeh. Dr. J. Andersonſ.P.1.
& Q (W. 158; C. P). \ . . .
e-f. 3 (V, 167; C. 109) Fayoum, - Dr. J. Anderson [P.],
& 2 (W. 166; C. 109). ... . . -
g. 2 (V, 169; C. 114). Minia. - tº Dr. J. Anderson [P].
h. Hgr.
(v. 170; d.º. Amºeba Valley, Abys. W.T. Blanford,E.
sinia. [P.].
171. PSAMMOPHIS. 163
IS. As in A, but no trace of a light vertebral line.
a—b. 3 (V. 167, 167; Minia. Dr. J. Anderson [P.]
C. 116, P).
‘C. Uniform brown or greyish olive above, the markings on the
head very indistinct; upper lip and lower parts, including
lower third of outer row of scales, uniform yellowish white.
.a. 9 (V. 168; C. P). Egypt. J. Burton, Esq. [P].
b. dº. & (V. 168; Mekalla el Kobra. Dr. J. Andersonſ P.T.
. 109).
d’ (V. 159; C. 103). Fayoum. Dr. J. Anderson ſp.l.
Q (V. 172; C. 114). Luxor. Dr. J. Anderson TP.l.
«C.
d.
D. Brown or olive above, with lateral streaks and head-markings
as in A; vertebral line absent or reduced to a series of yellow
dots, one on each scale; upper lip with brown or black dots;
lower parts, including lower half of outer row of scales, white,
with a continuous or interrupted black longitudinal line on
each side of the belly.
a. 9 (V. 165; C. P). Mekalla el Kobra. Dr. J. Andersonſ P.T.
b. Hgr. (y . 180 º Wºº. 6000– ;
C. . (V. 167; C. 102). t. OOl • J. J&CRSO11, JESC,
Hgr. ( ), Mº, P.T. , Esq.
d. Yg. (V. 159; C. 110). Kilimandjaro. F. # Jackson, Esq.
e-f. 3 (V, 157; C. 106) Mouths of Niger. Alvan Millson, Esq.
& Q (V, 159; C. 102). [P.].
.g. Yg. (V. 157; C. 105). Lagos. Sir A. Moloney [P.].
%. 2 (W. 172; C.?). Gambia. Lord Derby [P].
i. Yg. (V. 164; C. 106). W. Africa. Mr. Rich [C.I.
R. Yg. (V, 161; C. 97). W. Africa. Mr. Raddon [C].
1. Hgr. (V. 166; C. 97). —?
E. Uniform brown or olive above, with more or less distinct traces
of the markings on the head; upper lip yellowish, with brown
or blackish dots; lower parts, including lower third or lower
half of outer row of scales, yellowish, with a brown or black
line on each side of the belly.
a. Hgr. (V. 155; C. P). Inland of Berbera, E. Lort Phillips, Esq.
Somaliland. e i º
b. ? (W. 163; C.?). Kilifi, E. Africa. G. D. Trevor-Roper,
*ś
c. Hgr. (V. 170; C. P). Bolama, Senegambia. *P * Esq.
F. Olive above, which colour extends down to the ends of the
ventrals, uniform or dotted with blackish, or with most of the
scales black-edged; sometimes, in the young, with traces of
light longitudinal stripes and of the head-markings; upper lip
yellowish, spotted or speckled with black; belly yellowish or
pale olive, uniform or dotted with black on the sides, the dots
sometimes confluent into longitudinal lines.
a—b. Yg. (W. 169, 173; Wadelai. Dr. Emin Pasha.[P].
C.97, 93). *2
M
164
COLUBRIDAE.
c. 3 (V. 164; C. P).
d. Hgr. (V. 158; C.98).
e-f. Yg. (V. 162, 169;
—h. & . 160;
C. wº (W. 161;
C. 90
C. P, 101).
*—k, d. (V. 198; C. 104)
& Q (V. 160; C.96).
hº (V. 169, 170;
C. P., 94).
m. Ad., head & neck.
o. Hgr., skin, bad state.
—q. Hgr. (V. 176, 170;
* 8. §§"#".
s. Hgr. (V. 166; C. P).
Ndi, Teita Mts.,
E. Africa.
W. of Mombasa.
Kilimandjaro.
Zanzibar.
Zanzibar.
Zomba, Nyassaland.
Zambesi.
Ungora, Upper Nile.
Asaba, 180 miles up the
Niger.
Sierra Leone.
Cette Cama, Gaboon.
Dºrſ. W. Gregory
D. f. W. Gregory
[P.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
sºxia. [C.].
Dr. J. G. Fischer.
Sir # H. Johnston
sºkº [C.].

Capt. Speke [C].
}*&
. Crosse, Esq.
[P.].
H. C. Hart, Esq.
[P.].
t—u. Yg. (V. 168, 169; Ambriz, Angola. Mr. Rich [C].
C. 100, P).
•. Yg (v. ivo; C. ). W. Africa. § {...}}
w. Q (V. 172; C. P). W. Africa. Mr. Fraser | & &
a. 6 (V. 179; C. 110). W. Africa. Mr. Dalton TC.].
gy. Skull. Asaba, Niger. J. W. Crosse, Esq.
[P.].
a. Skull Egypt.
9. Psammophis furcatus.
Pºlis moniliger, var. furcatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867,
. 236
sibilans, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1886, p. 5.
— sibilans, var. furcata, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1894, p. 92.
— furcatus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 538.
Snout once and a half as long as the eye; forehead strongly
grooved. Rostral as deep as broad, visible from above; nostril
between two shields; internasals half as long as the praefrontals;
frontal nearly twice as long as broad, much narrower, in the middle,
than the supraocular, longer than the parietals; loreal once and
two thirds as long as deep; one praeocular, extensively in contact
with the frontal; two or three postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight
upper labials, third deeper than second and fourth, fourth and fifth
entering the eye, fifth nearly as long as the eye; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 158–179; anal
divided; subcaudals 95–114. Brown above, the scales edged with
darker, a narrow yellow vertebral line, bifurcating on the occiput,
its branches extending to the anterior border of the frontal shield;
a broader yellow streak on each side, from the eye to the end of the
tail; upper lip, lower half of outer row of scales, and lower parts
171. PSAMMOPHIS. 165
yellowish white, with or without an interrupted blackish line on
each side of the ventrals.
Total length 880 millim. ; tail 250.
South Africa. *
.a. 6 (V. 158; C. 95). Port Natal. Mr. T. Ayres [C.].
10. Psammophis longifrons. (PLATE VIII. fig. 2.)
Psammophis longifrons, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 366 (1890);
Dreckmann, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii. 1892, p. 406; Gleadow,
op. cit. viii. 1894, p. 553.
Snout nearly twice as long as the eye. . Rostral as deep as broad,
visible from above; nostril between one anterior and two super-
posed posterior nasals; internasals hardly half as long as the prae-
frontals, which are only a little shorter than the frontal; latter
shield very narrow, much narrower in the middle than the supra-
ocular, shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; loreal slightly more than twice as long
as deep ; one praeocular, not extending to the frontal; two post-
oculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, third deeper than
second and fourth, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 173; anal divided;
subcaudals 93. Olive above; head with symmetrical undulating
'black lines; scales on the vertebral line, or on the whole back, with
broad black margins; uniform white beneath.
Total length 1320 millim. ; tail 375.
Eſills of South Western India.
a. Ad. (head and neck only). Cuddapah Hills. Col. Beddome [C].
- (Type.)
11. Psammophis condanarus.
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. xxvii. (1796).
Coluber condanarus, Merr. Tent, p. 107 (1820).
Leptophis P bellii, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxii. 1858, p. 529.
Psammophis condanarus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. 1854,
p. 293; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 291 (1864); Stoliczka, Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 196, and xl. 1871, p. 438; Anders.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 182; Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872,
p. 83; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 187 (1876); Murray, Zool.
Sind, p. 382 (1884); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 365, fig. (1890).
sibilans, var. E, Günth. Cat. p. 137 (1858).
— indicus, Beddome, Madras Quart. Journ. Med. Sc. 1863.
Phayrea isabellina, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 51, .
Psammophis sibilans, var. quadrilineata, Jan, Icon. Gén. 34, pl. iii.
fig. 1 (1870).
Snout nearly twice as long as the eye. Rostral as deep as broad,
visible from above; nasal divided or semidivided ; internasals
rather more than half the length of the praefrontals; frontal twice
166 | COLUBRIDAE.
as long as broad, nearly as broad, in the middle, as the supraocular,
as long as or longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as
long as the parietals; loreal about twice as long as deep; one
praeocular, not extending to the frontal; two postoculars; temporals
1+2 or 1+3, rarely 2+3; eight upper labials, third longer than
second and fourth, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 156–182; anal
divided; subcaudals 75–90. Pale olive above, with two pairs of
more or less distinct dark bands each two scales wide; these bands,
the lower of which passes through the eye, often black-edged; upper
lip and lower parts uniform yellowish, with a dark line along each
side of the ventrals and subcaudals.
Total length 920 millim.; tail 220.
Northern India and Burma.
a. Hgr. (V. 165; C. 78). Kotree, Sind. Dr. Leith [P.].
b. Hgr. (V. 176; C.88). Chillianwallah. Dr. Cantor.
c. 2 (V. 182; C.?). Bengal.
d—g. 6 (V. 156, 164; Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq.[C.].
C. 75, P), Q (V. 168; -
C. P), & hgr. (V. 166; - -
C. 87).
h. Hgr. (V. 166; C. P). Tº S. Shan E. W. Oates, Esq. [P.].
tates. *
12. Psammophis brewirostris.
Psammophis brevirostris, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. Waturf. Fr. 1881, p. 89;
Matschie, Zool. Jahrb. v. 1890, p. 609; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1895, p. 539,
? Psammophis sibilans, var. tettensis, Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii.
p. 122 (1882); Matschie, l.c. •
Psammophis sibilans, var. brevirostris, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 118
(1895). -
Snout once and a half to once and two thirds as long as the eye.
Rostral as deep as broad, visible from above ; nostril between two
or three shields; internasals half as long as the praefrontals;
frontal twice as long as broad, as broad as or a little narrower, in
the middle, than the supraocular, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal once and a half to
twice as long as deep; one praeocular, not reaching the frontal;
two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 3; eight (rarely seven) upper
labials, third deeper than second or fourth (or second deeper than
first and third), fourth and fifth (or third and fourth) entering the
eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Wentrals 153–163; anal divided; subcaudals 64–95. Brown or
dark olive on the back (7 rows of scales), pale olive on the sides
down to the ventrals, the two shades separated by a more or less
distinct lighter streak ; a yellowish black-edged spot usually
present on each vertebral scale; head uniform olive-brown in the
171. PSAMMOPHIs. 167
adult, in the young with a yellowish streak along the frontal and
yellowish cross-bars behind; yellowish white beneath, with a series
of olive or blackish dots or short streaks along each side.
Total length 1300 millim.; tail 370.
South Africa; Angola.
a. 3 (W. 161; C.?). Pretoria, Transvaal. W. L. Distant, Esq.
b, c. 6 (V. 159; C. 77) Port Natal. . . Mº Ayres [C.].
& Q (W. 158; C. 94). 3.
d—e. Hgr. (V. 158; C. 91) Natal E. Howlett, Esq.
& yg. (V. 153; C. 91). [P.].
f. 6 (W. 157; C. 95). IPort Elizabeth. Mr. Drege [P.].
g. Hgr. (V. 162; C. 86). S. Africa. J. º Gurney, Esq.
h. Yg. (W. 157; C. 70). Angola. Prof." Barboza du
Bocage [P.].
13. Psammophis elegans.
Seba, Thes, ii. pl. lx. fig. 1 (1735).
Coluber elegans, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 536 (1802).
* elegans, Leach, in Bowdich, Miss. Ashantee, p. 493
Psammophis elegans, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 533; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 216 (1837), and Abbild. p. 130, P xliii. figs. 15 & 16 (1844);
Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 894 (1854); Günth. Cat. p. 138 (1858);
A. Dum. Arch. Mus, x, 1859, p. 208, pl. xvii. fig. 10; Boettg.
Abh. Senck. Ges. xii. 1881, p. 395; F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges.
Basel, vii. 1885, p. 687; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 539.

Snout twice to twice and a half as long as the eye, obliquely
truncate at the end. Rostral a little broader than deep, scarcely
visible from above; nostril between two shields; internasals a little
longer than broad, about half as long as the praefrontals; frontal
twice as long as broad, narrower, in the middle, than the supra-
ocular, slightly longer than the praefrontals, or as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as or shorter than the
parietals; loreal three to four times as long as deep; one prae-
ocular, usually not reaching the frontal; two or three postoculars;
temporals 2+2 or 3, rarely 1+2; nine upper labials, third deeper
than second and fourth, third, fourth, and fifth in contact with the
praeocular, fifth and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 179–202; anal divided;
subcaudals 144-161. Yellow or pale olive above, with three longi-
tudinal bands, between black lines formed by black-edged scales,
the median band five scales wide, the outer narrower and extending
to the end of the snout after passing through the eyes; head olive-
above, punctulated with black; upper lip and sides of belly yellow,
the rest of the belly olive, lineolated with black.
Total length 1230 millim. ; tail 480.
Senegambia and Guinea.
168 - coluRRIDAE.
a—b, c. 9 (V. 199, 200, 195; W. Africa. (Types.)
}. 151, 148, P). -
d. Hgr. (V. 196; C. 154). W. Africa. Mr. Rich [P].
e. Hgr. (V. 188; C, 155). W. Africa. Mr. Argent [C.].
*g. 3 (W. 179; C. 144) & W. Africa. Haslar Collection.
Q (V. 198; C.?).
h, i. 6 (V. 185; C. 152) & Fantee. T. E. Bowdich, Esq.
..º.º.º. [P]. -
k. Yg. (W. 190; C. 154). , Ashantee.
2. Skull. Senegal.
14. Psammophis biseriatus.
Psammophis biseriatus, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. 1881, p. 88;
JFischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. i. 1884, p. 13, pl. i. fig. 4;
JBouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xii. 1892, p. 15; Boettg. Zool.
Anz. 1893, p. 119; Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. 1894,
p. 731; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 537.
Snout once and two thirds to twice as long as the eye. Rostral
a little broader than deep, visible from above; nostril between two
shields; internasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
twice to twice and a half as long as broad, much narrower, in the
middle, than the supraocular, longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal three to four
times as long as deep ; one praeocular, sometimes divided, exten-
sively in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals
2+2 or 3; nine or ten (rarely eight) upper labials, third deepest,
fourth, fifth, and sixth or fifth and sixth (or third, fourth, and
fifth) entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 142–164; anal entire or divided;
subcaudals 100–131. Greyish or pale brown above, with a darker
vertebral band and two series of reddish-brown or black spots;
head with dark brown or reddish-brown, black-edged spots, and
usually a dark cross-band on the occiput; a dark streak on each
side of the head, passing through the eye; lips with black or brown
spots, belly greyish, speckled with black and spotted with white,
sometimes with a rusty median stripe.
Total length 1050 millim.; tail 400.
Central and East Africa.
a. 9 (V. 142; A. 2; Between Obbia and Ber- Signor A. B. Robec-
C. 113). bera, Somaliland. . chi ſC.]; Marquis
g G. Doria [P.].
b. ? (W. 154; A. 2; Inland of Berbera, E. Lort Phillips,
C. 100). Somaliland. Esq. ſº
c. 9 (V. 149; A. 1; Kurawa, E. Africa. Dr. J. W. Gregory
C. 120). e Ig
d. Yg., bad state. Ungora, Upper Nile. Capt. Speke [C].
e. Yg. (V. 148; A. 2; S. shore of Victoria Dr. Emin Pasha
C. 106). Nyanza. [P.].
171. PsAMMOPHIs. 169
15. Psammophis crucifer.
Seba, Thes, ii. pl. liii. fig. 2, & cwii, fig. 4 (1785); Merr. Beytr. i.
. 18, pl. iii. (1790). •
Joluber sibilans, part., Linn. S. N. i. p. 383 (1766).
— crucifer, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 189 (1803).
Psammophis crucifer, Boie, Isis, 1827, pp. 525,547; Dum. & Bibr.
vii. p. 892 (1854); Günth. Cat. p. 135 (1858); Jan, Icon, Gén.
34, pl. iv. fig. 3 (1870); Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 539.
— moniliger, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 209, pl. viii, figs. 6
& 7 (1837). •
Snout once and a half as long as the eye. Rostral a little
ºbroader than deep, visible from above; nostril between two shields;
internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal twice to twice and
a half as long as broad, as broad as or a little narrower than the
supraocular, much longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as the parietals; loreal about once and a half as long
as deep; one praeocular, not reaching the frontal; two postoculars :
temporals 2+2 or 3; eight (rarely seven) upper labials, fourth and
fifth (or third and fourth) entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 136–
155; anal divided; subcaudals 62-81. Pale olive or brownish
above, with a black-edged dark vertebral band, three scales wide,
which extends to the head, giving off one or two transverse bars on
the nape, and enclosing a light spot or streak on the suture between
the parietal shields; sides of head with large dark blotches, the
prae- and postoculars yellowish; a more or less distinct dark band
along each side of the body, with a white streak below it on the
lower half of the outer row of scales and the outer ends of the
ventrals; lower parts yellow or orange, uniform or finely speckled
with blackish, with a dark streak or series of small spots on each
side. -
Total length 640 millim. ; tail 160.
South Africa.

a. 9 (V. 150; C. 73). * Simon's Bay. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
b-c. d. (V. 143, 143; Port Elizabeth. H. A. Spencer, Esq.
C. 81, 70). [P].
d. Hgr. (V. 151; C. 80). Namaqualand.
c-f. 9 (V. 144; C. 74) & Matabeleland. C. Beddington, Esq.
yg. (W. 148; C. 73) [P.].
g. Q (V. 145; C, 66). S. Africa. Haslar Collection.
h. Q (W. 155; C. 73). S. Africa.
16. Psammophis pulcher.
Pºlis pulcher, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 537, pl.xxx.
g. 8.
Snout once and two thirds as long as the eye. Rostral broader
than deep, visible from above; nostril between two shields; inter-
nasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal twice and a half
as long as broad, a little narrower than the supraocular, longer
170 COLUTBRIDAE,
than its distance from the end of the snout, nearly as long as the
parietals; loreal once and two thirds as long as deep; two prae-
oculars, upper not reaching the frontal; two postoculars; tem-
porals 1+2; eight upper labials, third deeper than fourth, fourth
and fifth entering the eye, fifth as long as the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows. Wentrals 144;
anal divided; subcaudals 108. Pale brownish above, with an
orange black-edged vertebral stripe and a black lateral streak,
running along the second row of scales and extending to the end
of the snout after passing through the eye; upper lip, outer row
of scales, and outer ends of ventrals white; ventrals yellow in the
middle, with an orange line on each side.
Total length 435 millim. ; tail 160.
Western Somaliland.
a. 9 (V. 144; C. 108). Webi Shebeli. Dr. Donaldson Smith [P].
(Type.)
17. Psammophis angolensis.

Amphiophis angolensis, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. iv. 1872, p. 82;
Peters, Sitzb, Ges. Naturf. Fr. 1881, p. 149; Bocage, Herp. Angola,
p. 113, pl. xi. fig. 3 (1895).
Ablabes homeyeri, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1877, p. 620.
Dromophis angolensis, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 55.
Fsammophis angolensis, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 307, and
1895, p. 539.
Snout about once and a half the diameter of the eye. Rostral
slightly broader than deep, visible from above; nostril between two
shields; internasals one half to two thirds as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal twice to twice and a half as long as broad, nearly
as broad as the supraocular, longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, nearly as long as the parietals; loreal once and a half
to twice as long as deep; one praeocular, usually not reaching the
frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials,
third usually deeper than second and fourth, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 11 rows. Wentrals 141–155; anal divided; subcaudals 57–81.
Pale olive above with a dark olive or blackish vertebral stripe, three
scales wide, finely edged with black and yellow ; head dark olive in
front, blackish behind, with three yellow transverse lines, the first
behind the eyes, the third behind the parietal shields; two black
cross-bands may be present on the nape and neck, separated by a
yellowish interspace; labials and praeoculars yellowish white; one
or two more or less distinct dark lines or series of dots along each
side; lower parts whitish.
Total length 375 millim. ; tail 110.
Tropical Africa, south of the Equator. *
a. 3 (W. 151; C. 58). Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C].
b. Yg. (W. 154; C. 57). S. shore of Victoria Dr. Emin Pasha [P.].
Nyanza.
172. MIMOPHIS. - 171
c. 2 (W. 155; C. 58). Lake Tanganyika. E. Coode-Hore, Esq.
d—e. 2 (V. 149; C.71) Cº. McClear, Lake Mr. F. A. Simons
y
& hgr. (V. 141; C.68). 8 SS8, !";
f. 2 (W. 147; C, 68). Fort Johnston, Brit. Sir H. H. Johnston
- C. Africa. [P.].
- 172. MIMOPHIS.
Mimophis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 421.
Maxillary teeth 10 or 11, two or three in the middle much
enlarged, fang-like, followed by an interspace, last large and
grooved; anterior mandibular teeth very strongly enlarged. Head
distinct from neck; eye rather large, with round pupil; frontal
narrow; nostril in an entire or semidivided nasal, followed by a
short loreal, which is separated from the praeocular by the prae-
frontal. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, with apical pits, in
17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail rather long; subcaudals in two
rows. -
Madagascar.
1. Mimophis mahfalensis.
Psammophis mahfalensis, Grandid. Rev. & Mag, Zool. xix. 1867, p.234.
Mimophis madagascariensis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4) i. 1868,
p. 421, pl. xviii.; Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xii. 1881, p. 445;
Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, c. 1891, p. 294. -
-Fºlºniº, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) vii. 1895, pp. 108
Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; inter-
nasals as long as broad or longer than broad, a little shorter than
the praefrontals; frontal twice and a half to three times as long as
broad, much narrower than the supraocular, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as or shorter than the parietals;
one praeocular, extending to the upper surface of the head but not
reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight
upper labials, second or second and third in contact with the prae-
frontal, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four (rarely three
or five) lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals
140–164; anal divided ; subcaudals 61–102. Pale fawn-colour
above, with a dark brown vertebral band or a zigzag series of spots
which may be divided by a narrow pale line running along the
spine; head with undulous dark lines above and a dark streak on
each side, passing through the eye.
Total length 760 millim.; tail 195.
Madagascar.
A. A dark brown dorsal stripe, four scales wide, and two or three
brown streaks along the sides; belly yellowish, with more or
less distinct brown longitudinal streaks.
a—c. 3 (V. 149,140; C. Madagascar. Rev. W. Ellis [P.].
• , {º} & 2 (W. 152; (Types.)
172 COLUBRIDAE.
*: à % 149, 140; Imerina. Rev. J. Wills [C.].
f. Yg (vi.16; c.71). Imerina. Rev. R. Baron [C].
B. Dorsal stripe with dentated borders or replaced by spots, and
with a more or less distinct light median line; sides and belly
spotted or irregularly lineolated.
a. 3 (W. 156; C. 80). Betsileo. - Rev. G. Shaw [C.].
AE. Hgr. (V. 151; C. 80). S.W. Madagascar. Mr. Last [C.].
c—g. 3 (V. 154; C. 87) Madagascar. -
& Q (V. 150, 152, 159,
154; C. 81, 81, P, 83). t
h. Yg. (V. 164; C. 102). —? Zoological Society.
3. Skull of a. -
173. PSAMMODYNASTES.
Psammophis, part., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 521; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 201 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 887 (1854); Peters,
Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868, p. 452. - -
Psammodynastes, Günth. Cat. Col. Sh. p. 140 (1858); Jan, Elenco
sist. Oftd. p. 90 (1863); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 292 (1864);
Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 172; Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept. p. 363 (1890).
Maxillary teeth 9 to 11, third or third and fourth much enlarged,
fang-like, followed by a short interspace, last enlarged and grooved
anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Head distinct from
neck, with angular canthus rostralis; eye rather large, with verti-
cally elliptic or subelliptic pupil; nostril in a single nasal; frontal
very narrow. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 17
or 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or rather short ;
subcaudals in two rows.
South-eastern Asia.
1. Psammodynastes pulverulentus.
Psammophis pulverulenta, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547; Schleg. Phys.
Serp. ii. p. 211, pl. viii. figs. 10 & 11 (1837), and Abbild. pl. xliii.
figs. 1–4 (1844); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 895 (1854).
Dipsas ferruginea, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 53; Blyth, Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. 1854, p. 293, and xxiv. 1855, p. 715.
Psammodynastes pulverulentus, part, Günth. Cat. p. 140 (1858).
pulverulentus, Günth. l. c. p. 251, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 292
(1864), and Zool. Rec. 1867, p. 188: Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 188 (1876); Fischer, Arch. f. Nat. 1885, p. 62; Mocquard,
Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 172, pl. iii., and xii. 1888, p. 104;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 363 (1890).
Lycodon bairdi, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 90 (1867).
Snout short, profile truncate or somewhat turned up in the
adult. Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above;
internasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal twice to
173. rsantonysastes. 173.
twice and a half as long as broad, much narrower, in the middle,
than the supraocular, much longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal about as long
as deep, often transversely divided into two; one or two prae- and
two to four postoculars; temporals 2+3 (rarely 2+2); eight upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; three (rarely four)
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
followed by two smaller pairs. Scales in 17 (rarely 19) rows.
Wentrals 146–175; anal entire ; subcaudals 44–66. Dark brown
or ochraceous above, with or without Small darker and lighter spots;
head usually with symmetrical longitudinal markings; a more or
less distinct dark streak on each side of the head, passing through
the eye; usually a dark brown band along each side; lower parts
powdered with brown, and with dark brown spots or longitudinal
lines.
Total length 610 millim. ; tail 130.
Eastern Himalayas, Khasi and Assam hills, Burma, Indo-China,
Formosa, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
a. 3 (V. 164; C. 64). Sikkim. Messrs. v. Schlagint-
weit ſG.l.
b–d. 3 (W. 167, 161; C. Khasi Hills. Sir J. （i. [P.].
º) & 2 (W. 157;
e. § § 171; C. 60). Assam. Dr. Griffith.
f. Q (V. 174; C. 59). Assam. Dr. Cantor. (Type of
Dipsas ferruginea P)
—h. Hgr. (V. 156; C. Toungyi, S. Shan Lieut. Blakeway [C.].
9 54) & yg. (V. ići; states.
C. 44
i. § (V. 168; C. 55). Toungyi, S. Shan E. W. Oates, Esq.
States. º
K. 3 (W. 153; C. 58). Lao Mountains. M. º!
l, Q (V. 175; C. 60). Taiwanfoo, Formosa. Mr. Holst [C.].
m. G (W. 160; C. 64). Ruita, Perak. L. Wray, Esq. [P.].
m. Q (W. 159; C. 49). Sumatra.
o—g. 3 (V, 165, 162; C. Engano. Dr. Modigliani [C.].
66, 65) & yg. (W. 173;
C. 64).
r, Yg. (V. 160; C. 55). Great Natuna. A. Everett, Esq. §
s. 2 (W. 159; C, 61). Barabei, S.E. Borneo. Hr. Grabowsky [C.];
J. G. Fischer Col-
lection.
t. 9 (V. 157; C. 61). Balabac. A. Everett, Esq. §
w. 3 (W. 149; C. 64). Palawan. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
º # (V. 160, 158; Placer, Mindanao. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
. 57, 59). . -
a. 6 (V. 155; C. P). N. Mindanao. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
gy. Q (W. 166; C. 55). Dinagat. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
3.
Q
d (W. 155; C. 64). Albay, S.E. Luzon. J. Whitehead, Esq.
&
[C.].
(V, 150; C. 50). wº Mts., Kediri, Baron v. Huegel [C.].
àV8,
a.
174 COLUBRITDAE,
8. 2 (W. 160; C. 53). Flores. Dr. Bleeker (Psam-
mophis floresianus
Blkr.). jlo y
#. 9 (V. º C. 55). N. Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C].
* OT O.
2. Psammodynastes pictus.
Psammodynastes pulverulentus, part, Günth. Cat. p. 140 (1858).
pictus, Günth, l.c. p. 251; Fischer, Arch. f. Nat. 1885, p. 62;
Mocquard, Bull. Soo, Philom, (7) xii. 1888, p. 105; v. Lidth de
Jeude, Notes Leyd. Mus, xii. 1890, p. 23.
Psammophis (Psammodynastes) conjunctus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.
1868, p. 451.
pictus, Peters, l.c. p. 452.
Psammodynastes conjunctus, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi.
1887, p. 178, pl. iv.
Rather more slender, and tail longer than in the preceding.
Internasals as long as broad or longer than broad, as long as or a
little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal twice and a half to
thrice as long as broad; two or three prae- and three or four post-
oculars; third lower labial very large, bordering the mental groove
behind the small anterior chin-shields. Scales in 17 rows. Wen-
trals 152–169; anal entire ; subcaudals 60–78. Pale brown,
yellowish, or reddish above, anteriorly with dark transverse spots
or bars between two light stripes, posteriorly with a dark brown or
blackish vertebral band; this band, in some specimens, extending
forwards to the, head; a dark streak on each side of the head,
passing through the eye and across the rostral shield; this streak
edged above with a whitish line in the young ; all these markings
may become quite indistinct in old specimens. Lower parts whitish,
more or less finely speckled with brown, with or without scattered
black dots.
Total length 475 millim. ; tail 90.
Sumatra, Billiton, Borneo.
£1. cº; 6 (V. 166; Deli, Sumatra. Prof. Moesch [C].
. 78).
b,c, Hgr. 3 (V. 168, 163; Sumatra. Sir S. Raffles
. 73,77). "[C]; Zoologi-
cal Society.
d, e. Hgr. 3 (W. 167, 169; Borneo. Sir E. Belcher
C. 72, 74
ſº o [P.].
..f-h. G. ºv. 152, 156; C. Telang, S.E. Borneo. Hr. ãown C.T.:
y 2
i
74, 77) & yg. (W. 157; J. G. Fischer Col-
C. 60). lection.
*—k. Q (V. 159; C.?) & S.E. Borneo.
#. (W. 154; C. 65).
l. Hgr. (V. 164; C. 76). Sarawak. Rajah Brooke TP.].
m. 3 (V. 164; C, 63). Mt. Dulit, Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq. §
n. 3 (W. 158; C. 75). Labuan. L. º Dillwyn, Esq.
174. MACROPROTODoN. 175
174. MACROPROTODON.
Coronella, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 50 (1887); Günth. Cat.
Col. Sn. p. 34 (1858).
Macroprotodon, Guichen. Explor. Sc. Alg., Rept, p. 22 (1850);
Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii. §§ 143.
Lycognathus, part, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1858, p. 495,
and Erp. Gén. vii. p. 916 (1854).
Psammophylax, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 309.
Maxillary teeth 10 or 11, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth
enlarged, followed by an interspace, the two posterior again en-
larged and grooved, and situated just behind the eye; mandibular
teeth increasing in size to the sixth, which is fang-like and followed
by an interspace, the posterior teeth small. Head slightly distinct
from neck; eye rather small, with vertically subelliptic pupil.
Body cylindrical; scales smooth, with apical pits, in 19 to 25 rows;
ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows.
Spain and North Africa. -
Maxillary and mandible of Macroprotodon cucullatus.
1. Macroprotodon cucullatus.
Coluber cucullatus, I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Rept. pp. 148 & 151,
pl. viii, fig. 3 (1827).
Coronella levis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 65 (1837).
Macroprotodon mauritanicus, Guichen. Explor. Sc. Alg., Rept. p. 22,
pl. ii. fig. 2 (1850). .
Lycognathus cucullatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 926 (1854); Gervais,
Mém. Ac. Montpell. iii. 1857, p. 511, pl. v. fig. 2.
— taeniatus, Dum. & Bibr. l.c. p. 930.
— textilis, Dum. & Bibr. l.c. p. 931.
Coronella cucullata, Günth. Cat, p. 35 (1858); Strauch, Erp. Alg.
p. 55 (1862); Schreib. Erp. Eur, p. 296, fig. (1875); Boettg. Abh.
Senck. Ges. xii. 1880, pp. 374 & 387, and xiii. 1883, p. 96, and
in Kobelt, Reis. Alg. Tunis, p. 457 (1885).
— brevis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862, p. 58.
— taeniata, Strauch, l.c. p. 57.
— textilis, Strauch, l.c.
Psammophylax cucullatus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p. 312, and Icon. Gén. 19, pl. i. figs. 3 & 4 (1866).
Mºgºdon maroccanus, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. 1882,
p. 2/.
– cucullatus, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891, p. 143.

176 COLUBRIDAE.
Snout broad, much depressed. Rostral at least twice as broad as
deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals as long as or a little
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and two thirds to twice
as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal once and a half to twice as long
as deep; one praeocular, extending to the upper surface of the head
but not reaching the frontal; two postoculars (exceptionally one
or three); temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye, sixth usually in contact with the parietal; four
or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19
to 25 rows. Wentrals 153–192; anal divided; subcaudals 40–54.
Pale brown or greyish above, with small brown spots or with more
or less distinct darker and lighter longitudinal streaks; some large
dark-brown or black markings, or a large blotch usually present
on the occiput and nape, descending on the sides of the neck; head
and nape sometimes entirely black above; upper lip whitish, with
an oblique blackish streak below the eye; lower parts yellowish or
coral-red, uniform or more or less spotted with black, the spots
sometimes confluent along the middle of the belly.
Total length 550 millim.; tail 90.
Southern Spain, Baleares, Lampedusa, North Africa.
a—b. ? (Sc. 21; W. 182; Algeciras. Lieut. Boger [P.].
C. 47) & yg. (Sc. 21;
W.171; C, 50).
c. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 164; Andalusia. Lord Lilford [P].
C. 50).
d. 3 (Sc. 21 ; W. 177; Tangier. M. H. Waucher [C].
C. 48).
e. Hgr. (Sc. 21; W. 173; Tangier.
C. 50).
f. §2, º state (Sc. 23). Island off Coast of Rev.R.T.Lowe [P.].
Mogador. (Type of C. brevis.)
g—n. Q (Sc. 25; W. 176; City of Morocco. J. G. Fischer Col-
C.48) & yg. (Sc. 23, 23, lection.
23, 23, 23, 21; W. 162,
171, 178, 177, 180,173;
C. 46, 44, 41, 40, 42,
41).
o. 3 (Sc. 21; W. 169; Morocco.
C. 49).
p. Q (Sc. 20; W. 192; Algiers. P. [...] Sclater, Esq.
C. P). tº º
q. 2 (Sc. 19; V. 180; Algiers.
C. 44).
r. 3 (Sc. 19; W. 171; Hammam Meskou- Dr. J. Anderson [P].
C. 54). tine, Algeria. g
s. 3 (Sc. 19.; W. 172; Algeria. Canon Tristram [C.J.
C. 50). wº
t-v. 2 (Sc. 21, 19; W. 165, Tunis. Mr. Fraser [C].
176; C, 50, 48) & hgr.
(Sc. 19; V. 184; C, 51).
175. DRYoFHIs. 177
w—y. 3 (Sc. 19.; W. 158; Tripoli. Zoological Society.
C. 45), Q (Sc. 19; V.
168; C. 43), & hgr.
(Sc.19; W. 169; C. 45).
3. d; (Sc. 19 ; W. 154; Maryut, Alexandria. Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
. 48). -
a. Sº (Sc. 19; W. 165; Between Aboukir Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
C. 42). and Ramleh, near
Alexandria.
B. Skull of d.
175. DRYOPHIS.
Dryinus (non Fabr), part, Merr. Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 136 (1820);
Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825, p. 324; Dum. & Bibr. Brp. Gén. vii.
p. 808 (1854).
Dryophis, Dalman, CEfvers. of Zool. Arb., Stockholm, 1822*; Fitzing.
N. Class. Rept, p. 29 (1826); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 367
1890). w
pº, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 1825, p. 208; Günth. Cat. Col. Sn.
p. 160 (1858); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 554; Günth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 305 (1864).
Dryophis, part, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
# 241 (1837); Günth. Cat. p. 156; Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 88
863).
Psammophis, part., Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 887.
Tropidococcyx, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) vi. 1860, p. 428, and
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 301.
Gephyrinus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886, p. 492.
Maxillary teeth 12 to 15, one or two in the middle much
enlarged, fang-like, and followed by an interspace, after which the
teeth are very small; one or two posterior grooved fangs, situated
below the posterior border of the eye; mandibular teeth increasing
in length to the third or fourth, which is very large, fang-like; the
posterior small. Head elongate, distinct from neck, with strong
Maxillary and mandible of Dryophis mycterieans.
canthus rostralis and concave lores; eye rather large, with hori-
zontal pupil; nostril in the posterior part of a single nasal; frontal
narrow, more or less bell-shaped. Body much elongate and com—
pressed; scales smooth, without apical pits, in 15 rows, disposed
obliquely, vertebral row slightly enlarged; ventrals rounded. Tail
long; subcaudals in two rows.
South-eastern Asia.
* I have not been able to refer to this work.
WOL. III, N

178 • COLUBRIDAE.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Snout without dermal appendage.
A. Wentral shields less than 200.
One postocular; no loreal; two labials
entering the eye; subcaudals 69–82... 1. perroteti, p. 178.
Two postoculars; one or two loreals;
one labial entering the eye; subcaudals
82–106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. dispar, p. 179.
Two postoculars; three or four loreals;
one labial entering the eye; subcaudals
115-151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. fronticinctus, p. 179.
Two postoculars; two to four loreals;
two or three labials entering the eye;
subcaudals 115–156 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. acanthozona, p. 180.
B. Wentrals 203–235; subcaudals 158–207.
Anal divided (rarely entire) . . . . . . . . . . 5. prasinus, p. 180.
Anal entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. fasciolatus, p. 182.
II. Snout ending in a dermal appendage; no loreal.
Rostral appendage formed entirely by the
rostral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. mycterizans, p. 182.
Rostral appendage covered with small
scales above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. pulverwlentus, p. 184.
1. Dryophis perroteti.

Psammophis perroteti, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 899 (1854).
Leptophis P canariensis, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxii. 1855,
. 530.
Dºi, tropidococcyx, Günth. Cat. p. 157 (1858).
Tropidococcyx perroteti, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) vi. 1860,
p. 428, pl. vii. figs, 5–7, and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 301 (1864).
Dryophis perroteti, Jan, Elenco, p. 89 (1863); Peters, Mon. Berl.
Ac. 1868, p. 452; Jan, Icon. Gén. 83, pl. v. fig. 2 (1869); Bouleng.
Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 368 (1890).
Tragops perroteti, Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 191 (1876).
Snout obtusely pointed and projecting, without dermal appendage,
not quite twice as long as the eye. No loreal, internasals and
praefrontals in contact with the labials; frontal longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; one
praeocular, in contact with the frontal; one postocular; temporals
1+2 or 2+2; eight (rarely nine) upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows,
those on sacral region keeled. Wentrals 135–147; anal divided;
subcaudals 69–82. Bright green above; yellowish or pale green
leneath, with a green lateral line.
Total length 560 millim.; tail 135.
North Canara and Nilgherries.
175. DRYoPHIs. 179
. 9 (V. 144; C. 70). Madras Presidency. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
P.T.
b—f. 6 (V. 142, 138, India. s: } MacGregor
142, 140, 141; C. 79, [P.].
82, 80, 75, 80).
g—i. 3 (V. 141, 135; India. Zool. Society.
º 2 (W. to win
; C, 69). (Types of D. tropidococcya.)
k-l. 3 (V. 140, 135; India. Typ
C. 77,76).
2. Dryophis dispar.
Tragops dispar, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 303, pl. xxiii. fig. A
(1864); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 192 (1876).
Dryophis dispar, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 368 (1890).
Snout pointed and projecting, without dermal appendage, not
quite twice as long as the eye. Internasals or internasals and
praefrontals usually in contact with the labials; one or two small
loreals; frontal as long as or longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as the parietals; one praeocular, in contact
with the frontal, with one or two suboculars below it; two post-
oculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3; eight upper labials, fifth entering
the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows, those on sacral region more or less distinctly keeled.
Wentrals 142–156; anal divided; subcaudals 82–106. Bright
green or bronzy olive above, the skin between the scales black;
pale green or pale olive beneath, with a yellow line on each side.
Total length 650 millim.; tail 200.
IHills of Southern India.
a—f Q (V. 151,149, 151, Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.].
145, 156; C. 97, 100, (Types.)
97, 97, 105) & hgr.
(V. 153; C. 106).
g—i. ? (W. 142, 150,147; Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C].
C. 90, 82, 95). - -
d (W. 157; C. 92). Madras Presidency. Col. Beddome [C].
k.
2. G (W. 153; C. P). High Range, Travan- H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
COT6. [P.].
3. Dryophis fronticinctus.

Dryiophis fronticinctus, Günth. Cat. p. 158 (1858); Bouleng. Faun.
# †,p. 368 (1890); W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx.
1, p. º
Tragops fronticinctus, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 304, pl.xxiii. fig. E
(1864); Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x. 1868, p. 52; Stoliczka, Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 197; }.} Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 192 (1876).
— javanicus (non Steind.), Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) i.
1868, p. 424; Theob. l.c. p. 193.
Snout pointed and projecting, without dermal appendage, mea-
N 2
180 COLUBRIDAE.
suring about, twice the diameter of the eye. Nasals usually
forming a suture behind the rostral; frontal as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as or a little longer than the
parietals; usually two superposed pairs of loreals; two praeoculars,
upper usually in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; tem-
porals 2+2 or 2+3; seven or eight upper labials, fifth or sixth
entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows, those on sacral region keeled. Wentrals 183–195;
anal divided; subcaudals 115–151. Bright green, olive, or bronze-
brown above; pale green or olive beneath, with a white or black-
and-white lateral streak.
Total length 820 millim.; tail 265.
Assam, Arrakan, Pegu.
a—c. G. (V. 190; C. 143 — ? es.)
& Q (V. 188, #. (Typ
C. 136, 128). -
d—g, h-k. 3 (V. 192, 188, Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq.
190, 195; C. 120, 149, [C.].
141, 144) & Q (V. 187
192,183, C.135, P,115)
y
4. Dryophis xanthozona.
Dryophis xanthozona, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 545.
Dryiophis prasina, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 250, pl.x. figs. 11–13
(1837).
Dryinus prasinus, var. A, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 82 (1847).
Tragops javanicus, Steind. Novara, Rept, p. 72, pl. iii. fig. 15 (1867).
Snout pointed, feebly projecting, without appendage, mearly
twice as long as the eye. Internasals in contact with the rostral;
frontal a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
as long as the parietals; a series of three or four small loreals;
one praeocular, in contact with the frontal; two postoculars;
temporals 2+2; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth, or
fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 186–195; anal
entire (rarely divided); subcaudals 115–156. Green above; a
yellow streak on each side of the belly and a pair of more in-
distinct ones in the middle, separated by a purplish streak.
Total length 1080 millim.; tail 410.
Java, Pinang.
a. Hgr. 2 (W. 195; C. 115). Java. A. Scott, Esq. [P.].
b. #&#. 6.156). Pinang. ir. Cantor.
5. Dryophis prasinus.
Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. xxiv. (1801). tº gº -
Dryinus nasutus (non Merr), Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825, p. 827.
175. DRYoPHIs.
181

Dryophis prasinus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 545; Schleg. Abbild, pl. viii.
º 1–6 (1837); Günth. Cat. p. 159 (1858); Jan, Icon. Gén. 33,
pl. v. fig. 1 (1869); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept., p. 869 (1890).
— prasinus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 250, pl. x, figs. 9–11
(1837).
Dryinus prasinus, part., Cantor,
Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 81 (1847).

Oxybelis fulgidus, part, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 817 (1854).
Tragops prasinus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. P. 824; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 303 (1864); Anders. Proc. Zoo
Pept. Brit. Ind. p. 191 (1876).
— xanthozonius, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 826.
Soc. 1871, p. 185; Theob. Cat.
Snout acuminate, projecting, without dermal appendage, rather
more than twice as long as the eye. . Internasals usually in contact
with the labials; one to four small loreals between the praefrontal
and the labials; frontal as long as or a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, a little longer than the parietals; one
praeocular; in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals
2+2 or 3+3, rarely 1+2; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and
sixth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
in 15 rows, usually faintly keeled on sacral region.
Scales
Wentrals
203–235; anal divided (rarely entire); subcaudals 158–207.
Bright green, pale olive, or grey-brown, with a yellow line along each
side of the lower parts; interstitial skin of the neck black and white.
Total length 1790 millim.; tail 600.
Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago.
a. 9 (V. 219; C. 159).
b. ? (W. 206; C. 165).
c. 3 (V. 207; C. 177).
d. 9 (V. 213; C. 173).
e. 2 (V. 208; C. 176).
f. 2 (W. 213; C. 172).
7. 9 (V. 209; C. 158).
h. 2 (V. 208; C. 175).
9
4,
º
V
. 227; C. 186).
(W. 225; C. 166).
(V. 223; C. 186).
º W. 215; C. 175).
. 3 (V. 229; C. 196).
V. 220; C. 173).
& (V. 235, 206;
180, 165).
. (V. 229; C. 177).
W. 209; C. É.
%
:
p
;
Q,
-8
Yg
£, Yg.
(
*
:
d
G (V. º, is tº
. 3 (V. 213; C. 186).
9 (V. 209; C. 170).
. Q (V. 227; C.?) &yg.
Bengal (?).
Salween Valley, Burma.
Bassein, Burma.
Rangoon.
Pegu.
Toungoo.
Mergui.
Camboja.
Singapore.
Pinang.
Sumatra.
Nias.
Great Natuna.
Borneo.
Sarawak,
Sarawak,
Mt. Dulit, Sarawak.
Baram R., Sarawak.
Sibutu Is.
Java.
Java.
Major Bingham
Gen. Hardwicke|P.].
R. 3. Beavan, Esq.
Maj o: Bingham º:
W. Theobald, Esq.
ſº
E. W. Oates, Esq.
[P.].
Prof. Oldham [P.].
M. Mouhot ſG.T.
Dr. Dennys [P].
Dr. Cantor.
Sir S. Raffles.
Hr.Sundermannſ C.1.
A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
Sir E. Belcher[P].
Sir H. Low [P.].

Rajah Brooke TP.T.
C. Hose, Esq. [C].
C. Hose, Esq. TC.].
A. Everett, #f ..],
Dr. Horsfield.
G. Lyon, Esq. [P.].
182 COLUBRIDAE.
9. Yg. (V. 212; C. 184). Willis Mts., Kediri, Baron v. Huegel(0.].
tº Java.
z. 9 (V. 227; C. 175). Celebes, Leyden Museum.
a. 9 (V. 216; C. 179). Manado. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C].
8. Yg. (V. 226; C.207). N. Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [º].
y, 8, e. 5 (W. 216,217; Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq.[C.].
C. 170, 167) & hgr.
(V. 220; C. 178).
& Q (V. 226; C. 172). Mindanao. A. Everett, Esq. §
7. 9 (V. 226; C. 195). Zamboanga. A. Everett, Esq.[C. r
ð. 3 (W. 231; C, 195). Zamboanga. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.
... Hgr. (V. 212; C.182). Capelengano, N. Luzon. Whitehead Exped. .
k. Hgr. (V. 211; C. 174). Ternate. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
A. §2, skeleton. - Java.
6. Dryophis fasciolatus.
Tragops fasciolatus, Fischer, Arch. f. Nat. 1885, p. 66, pl. v. fig. 4.
Dryophis fasciolatus, v. Lidth de Jeude, Notes Leyd. Mus. xii. 1890,
p. 23.
Snout acuminate, projecting, without appendage, about twice as
long as the eye. Internasals in contact with the first or second
labial; frontal as long as or a little shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; a series of two or
three loreals; one praeocular, in contact with the frontal; two
postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 3; nine upper labials, fourth,
fifth, and sixth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 221–231; anal entire;
subcaudals 185–194. Grey above, spotted with black, the spots
forming more or less regular cross-bars anteriorly; belly with a
grey, black-edged band in, the middle and a white streak on each.
side.
Total length 1400 millim.; tail 500.
Borneo, Sumatra, Natuna Islands.
a. 9 (V. 221; C. 187). S.E. Borneo. Hr. Grabowsky [C.];
- - J. G. Fischer Col-
lection. (Type.)
5–c. Hgr. (V. 226, 229; Baram R., Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq. §
C. 194, 189). -
d. Hgr. (V. 231; C.185). Great Natuna. C. Hose, Esq. [C].
This form should perhaps be regarded as a variety of D. prasinus
instead of a distinct species.
7. Dryophis mycterizams.
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. ple. Xii., xiii. (1796). -
Coluber mycterizans, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 28, pl. v. fig. F
and pl.xix. fig. 2 (1754), and S. W. i. p. 389; Daud. Rept. vii. p. 9,
pl. lxxxi. fig, 1 (1803).
— nasutus, Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 100, 277, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1789).
Dryinus mycterizans, Merr. Tent. p. 136 (1820).

175. DRYopBIs. 183.
Dryinus nasutus, Merr. l. c.; Guér. Icon. R. A., Rept, pl. xxii, fig. 2
(1830); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 809 (1854).
— oxyrhynchus, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825, p. 326.
russellianus, Bell, l.c. p. 827.
Passerita mycterizans, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 1825, p. 208; Cope,
Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 554; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 305
(1864); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 193 (1876).
Dryophis pavoninus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 545.
nasutus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 246, pl. x, figs. 1–5 (1887);
Jan, Icon. Gén. 32, pl. v. fig. 2 (1869).
Dryinus fuscus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 812.
Passerita mycterizans, part., Günth. Cat, p. 160 (1858).
fusca, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 554.
Dryophis mycterizans, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 870, fig.
(1890); W. Sclater, Journ. A8. Soc. Beng. lx. 1891, p. 244.

Snout pointed, terminating in a dermal appendage which is
shorter than the eye and formed entirely by the rostral; the length
of the snout, without the appendage, about twice the diameter of
the eye or rather more. No loreal; internasals and praefrontals
in contact with the labials; frontal as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the rostral, as long as or a little longer than
the parietals; two praeoculars and a small subocular, or one prae-
ocular and two suboculars; praeocular in contact with the frontal;
two postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 2+2; eight upper labials,
fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Wentrals 172–203; anal divided; subcaudals 140–174.
Bright green or pale brownish, the interstitial skin black and
white on the anterior part of the body, which appears barred when
distended; a yellow line along each side of the lower surfaces.
Total length 1500 millim. ; tail 560.
India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam.
a. 9 (V. 193; C. 149). Allahabad, N.W. Pro- Messrs. v. Schlagin-
vinces. tweit [C $.
b–c. 3 (V. 184; C. 156) Calcutta. Messrs. v. Schlagin-
& 2 (W. 179; C.147). tweit [C.],
d. 3 (V. 189; C. P). Deccan. Col. Sykes [P.].
e—f Q (V. 182; C. 150) Matheran, Bombay. Dr. Leith [P].
& yg. (V. 180; C. 157).
g. 3 (V. 180; C. 159). Mahabaleshwur, Bom- Dr. Leith [P].
ay.
h—m. Q (V. 186; C. P) Madras. Sir W. Elliot [P].
&yg. (V. 185,180,182,
184; C. 164, 164, 150,
165). .
m—o. 3 (W. 175, 173; Madras. J. E. Boileau, Esq.
C. 167, 174). [P.]. . . . *
p. 2 (W. 174; C. P). Madras. T. § Jerdon, Esq.
q. 2 (V, 179; C. 145). Anamallays. cºm. [C.].
7. G.
(W. 176; C, 156). Peermad, Travancore. H.§ * Esq.
184 COLUBRIDAE,
s—u, v. 3 (W., 180, 187; Ceylon. R. Templeton, Esq.
C. 159, 173) & Q P.].
(V. 181, 174; C. 140,
#2 ºv. in was on
w, w—y. Q (W. 172, ; Ueylon.
ãº163, % & hgr.
(V. 181; C. 153).
z. 3 (V. 203; C, 155). Assam (P). Dr. Cantor.
a. Yg. (V. 190; C. 144). Rangoon.
8. 3 (V. 200; C. 156). Toungoo. E. ſº Oates, Esq.
y. 3 (v. 199; c. 153). Toungyi,SShanstates, Lieut. BlakewayſC.].
5000 ft.
8. 3 (V. 193; C, 146). Siam. J. Bowring, Esq.[P].
e, Č, m. Skulls. Bengal.
8. Dryophis pulverulentus.
Dryinus pulverulentus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 812 (1854).
Passerita mycterizans, part., Günth. Cat. p. 160 (1858).
Dryophis pulverulentus, Jan, Elenco, p. 88 (1863), and Icon. Gén.
32, pl. v. fig. 1 (1869); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 371 (1890).
Passerita purpurascens, Günth. Pept, Brit. Ind. p. 306, pl. xxiii.
fig. F (1864); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 194 (1876).
Snout pointed, terminating in a dermal appendage which is
longer than the eye, formed below by the rostral and covered above
with numerous small scales or warts; the length of the snout,
without the appendage, more than twice the diameter of the eye.
Nasals in contact behind the rostral appendage, or narrowly
separated; no loreal; internasals and praefrontals in contact with
the labials; frontal as long as its distance from the nasals, as long
as or a little longer than the parietals; two praeoculars, with one
subocular below them; upper praeocular in contact with the frontal;
two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3; eight upper labials,
fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Wentrals 180–191; anal divided; subcaudals 154–173.
Greyish, powdered with brown, with blackish transverse spots
above; a dark brown rhomboidal spot on the upper surface of the
head, and a brown band on each side, passing through the eye.
Total length 1730 millim.; tail 710.
Ceylon and Southern India.
a, b, c. 2 (W. 182, 180, Ceylon. (Types of P. pur-
190; C. 164,154, 152). purascens.)
d, e. Q (V, 191; C. 172) Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C].
&hgr. (V. 182; C.169).
f. Skull. Anamallays. Col. Beddome [O.].
176. THELOTORNIS.
Thelotornis, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept., App. p. 19 (1849).
Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 131 (1882).
Oxybelis, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 813 (1854).
176. THELOToRNIs. 185
Dryiophis, part, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 155 (1858); Jan, Elenco
sist. Oftd. p. 88 (1863).
Cladophis, Ž Dum. Arch. Mus, x. 1859, p. 204.
Maxillary teeth 16 or 17, gradually increasing in length,
followed, after a short interspace, by two or three enlarged grooved
teeth situated below the posterior border of the eye; anterior
mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Head distinct from neck,
with strong canthus rostralis; eye large, with horizontal pupil;
nasal entire. Body cylindrical, very slender; scales narrow, very
oblique, feebly keeled, with apical pits, in 19 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical and South Africa.
In this genus, as in the following, the ectopterygoid bone is
forked, the two branches articulating with the maxillary (see
fig. 14, p. 187), a structure not found in any other type of Snakes.
Thelotornis and Dispholidus further agree in having the brain-case
widely open in front, as in Coelopeltis, Dromophis, Taphrometopon,
Psammophis, and Dryophis.
1. Thelotormis kirtlandii.
Leptophis kirtlandii, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1844, p. 62, and
854, p. 100.
Thelotornis capensis, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept., App. p. 19
(1849); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 235.
Oxybelis lecomtei, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 821 (1854).
Tragops rufulus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 827.
Oxybelis kirtlandii, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 59.
fi * Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 91, pl. ii.
Dºñi, kirtlandii, Günth. Cat. p. 156 (1858), and Ann. & Mag.
N. H. (3) xi, 1863, p. 22; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 65;
Jan, Icon. Gén. 32, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1869); Bocage, Herp. Angola,
p. 119 (1895).
Chºi, kirtlandii, A. Dum. Arch. Mus. x. 1859, p. 204, pl. xvii.
Diºis oatesii, Günth. in Oates, Matabeleland, p. 330, pl. D (1881).
Thelotornis kirtlandii, Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 131, pl. xix.
fig. 2 (1882).
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals as
long as broad, nearly as long as the praefrontals, sometimes reaching
the labials between the nasal and the loreal; frontal once and two
thirds to twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the
rostral or the end of the snout, as long as or slightly shorter than
the parietals, which are followed by a pair of large occipitals
separated by a smaller'shield; one, two, or three loreals; one prae-
ocular, not reaching the frontal; three postoculars; temporals 1+2
(rarely 1+1); eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or
fifth and sixth entering the eye; three to five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales feebly keeled, in 19 rows. Wentrals 147–181;
anal divided; subcaudals 117–170. Greyish or pinkish brown
above, uniform or with more or less distinct darker and lighter


186 COLUBRIDAE.
spots and cross-bands; head green above, with or without some
patches of pinkish speckled with black and a pinkish black-dotted
streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye; upper
lip cream-colour, or pink, uniform or spotted with black; one or
several black blotches on each side of the neck; greyish or pinkish
beneath, speckled or striated with brown.
Total length 1180 millim. ; tail 400.
Tropical and South Africa.
A. Head uniform green above and on the sides; black blotches
usually forming cross-bands on the neck. (L. kirtlandii,
Hallow. ; O. lecomtei, D. & B.; O. violacea, Fisch.) * -
9 (V. 174; C. 139). Sierra Leone.
2 (V. 161; C. P). A. Bippo, Wassau, G. A. Higlett, Esq.
old Coast. [P.].
c. 3 (V, 168; C. 150). Fantee.
d
Q
0.
b.
d. 6 (V. 165; C. 139). Ashantee.
W. 181; C. 146). Oil River. Sir º H. Johnston
[P.].
€.
j, g. 6 (V. 170, 168; Gaboon.
A.Ş. (V. ſº c. 160). Eloby district,Caboon. H. Ansell, Esq.[P].
*. 3 (W. 175; C. 170). Mouth of the Loango. Mr. H. J. Duggan
C
- [ tº e
k. 9 (V. 165; C. 137). Taveta, E. Africa. Kºº. Anstruther,
- sq. [P.].
l. Skull. Cameroons. q. [P.]
B. Head with black dots above and on the sides; no cross-bands
on the neck. (T. capensis, Smith; D. oatesii, Gthr.)
a. Hgr., bad state. Victoria Nyanza. Dr. Emin Pasha [C.].
b. 3 (V. 159; C. P). Mpwapwa, E. Africa.
c. Yg. (V, 155; C. 137). Mandala, Brit.C.Africa. Scott Elliot, Esq.[P].
d. 9 (V. 155; C. 130). L. Nyassa. Universities Mission.
e. Q (V. 147; C. P). L. Nyassa. Miss M. Woodward
[C.]; Miss. S. C.
- McLaughlin [P.].
j, g—k. 6 (V. 161,151, Zomba, Brit. C. Africa. Sir H. H. Johnston
156; C. 136, 124,117) [P.].
& Q (V. 163, 152;
C. 118, 124). º
l–m. 6 (V, 163; C. 146) Milangi, Brit.C. Africa. Sir H. H. Johnston
& hgr. (V. 148; C. 124). ..].
m. Q (V. 161; C. P). Matabele-land. C.G.Oates, Esq.[P].
(Type of D. oatesii.)
177. DISPHOLIDUS.
Bucephalus (non Baer), Smith, Zool. Journ. iv. 1829, p. 441; Dum.
& Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 875 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 143
(1858); Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 86 (1863); Peters, Reise n.
Mossamb. iii. p. 132 (1882).
Dispholidus, Duvernoy, Ann. Sc. Nat. xxvi. 1832, p. 150.
Dendrophis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 220 (1837).
Maxillary short, widening behind, where it articulates with the
177. DISPHOLIDUs. - 187
forked ectopterygoid; teeth small, 7 or 8, followed by three very
large grooved fangs situated below the eye; mandibular teeth
subequal. Head distinct from neck, with distinct canthus rostralis;
eye very large, with round pupil; nasal entire. Body slightly
compressed; scales very narrow, oblique, more or less strongly
keeled, with apical pits, in 19 or 21 rows; ventrals rounded or
obtusely angulate laterally. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical and South Africa.
Fig. 14.
... º.
Skull of Dispholidus ºpus.
1. Dispholidus typus.
Bucephalus typus, Smith, Zool. Journ. iv. 1829, p. 441; Dum. &
‘. vii. p. 877 (1854); Jan, Icon. Gén. 32, pl. iv. (1869); Peters,
Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 132 (1882).
- jardinii, Smith, l.c. p. 442.
— gutturalis, Smith, l.c.
bellii, Smith, l.c.
Dispholidus lalandii, Duvernoy, Ann. Sc. Nat. xxvi. 1882, p. 150, and
xxx. 1833, p. 24, pl. iii.
º colubrina, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 238, pl. ix. figs. 14–16
- ).
Bucephalus capensis, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept, pla. x-xiii.
(1841); Günth. Cat. p. 143 (1858); Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xii.
1881, p. 897.
— viridis, Smith, l.c. pl. iii.
Dendrophis pseudodipsas, Bianconi, Spec, Zool. Mosamb. p. 40, pl. iv.
fig. 2 (1849).



188 COLUBRIDAE, ,
Snout short, not much longer than the eye. Rostral nearly as
deep as broad, visible from above; internasals much shorter than
the praefrontals; frontal once and one fourth to once and a half
as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal as long as
deep or longer than deep; one praeocular (rarely divided), not
reaching the frontal; three postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven or
eight upper labials, third and fourth or fourth and fifth entering
the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are smaller than the posterior. Scales in 19
or 21 rows. Wentrals 164–201; anal divided; subcaudals 91–131.
Coloration very variable.
Total length 1500 millim.; tail 380.
Tropical and South Africa.
A. Brown above, upper lip and lower parts yellowish or greyish ;
young with darker and lighter spots, and the belly speckled
with brown. (B. typus, Smith.)
a. 9 (Sc. 19; W. 191; Port Natal. Rev. H. Calloway
C. 122). ſº
b–d. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 19.; Natal. Mr. T. Ayres [C.].
V. 185; C. 117), Q
(Sc. 19, V.192; C. 120),
& yg. (Sc. 19.; W. 171;
C. 115).
e. Yg. (Sc. 21; W. 187; Natal. J. H. Gurney, Esq.
C.117). [P.].
f. § (Sc. 21; W. 169; S. Africa. Chatham Mus.
}. 116).
g. Yg. (Sc. 19; W. 176; Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [C.].
C. 118).
h. Yg (śc. 19; V. 180; Zomba, Brit. C. Africa. Sir H. H. Johnston
C. 123
e © ..].
i. 3 (head and tail only). Between the E. Coast cº Speke [P.].
and Unyamwezi.
K. Hgr. (Sc. 19; V. 183; Mpwapwa, interior of
C. 109) * E. Africa.
l. Hg (śc. 21; V. 188; Ansebavailey, Abys- W. T. Blanford, Esq.
C. 98). sinia. e
B. Olive-brown above, yellowish beneath, scales and shields edged
with blackish. (B. jardinii, Smith.)
a. d. (Sc. 19.; W. 179; Africa. Mr. Argent [C].
C. 112). - -
C. Green above, uniform or scales narrowly edged with black.
(B. viridis, Smith.)
a. 2 (Sc. 19; V. 164; Barberton, Transvaal. S. African Mus. [P.].
C. 111).
b. ?,(se. 19; W. 182; Mpwapwa, E. Africa.
C
c. 3 (Sc. 19; W. 185; Ugogo, E. Africa. Mr. Baxter [C.],
. C. 125). . '
178. oxygens. 189
d. 9 (Sc. 19 ; W. 184; Africa.
C. 102).
D. Green or olive above, all the scales and shields edged with
black; head often much spotted with black.
a. 6 (Sc. 19.; W. 183; Natal. E. Howlett, Esq.[P].
C. 121). . . . - - .
b. 3 (Sc. 19; W. 190; Natal. Mr. T. Ayres [C.].
C. 131). - -
c. Hgr. 3 (Sc.19; V. 182; W. Africa.
C. 107).
d. Skeleton.
E. Black above, each scale with a yellowish or greenish spot ; head
spotted or marked with black; ventrals and subcaudals
yellowish, edged with black. (B. bellii, Smith.)
d. d'É. 21; W. 176; Port Elizabeth. Mr. Drege [P.].
. 110).
b—c. 3 (Sc. 19,21; V. 185, Africa. Haslar Collection.
180; C. 108, 113). . -
d. gº 19; V. 186; Africa.
F. Uniform black above, blackish grey beneath.
a. di§. 21; W. 179; Ushambola, Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C].
178. OXYBELIS.
Tryinus, part., Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825, p. 324.
Dryophis, part., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 241
(1837); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 155 (1858).
Oxybelis, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 183 (1830); Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd.
p. 88 (1863). -
Dryophis, Wagl. l. c.
Oxybelis, part., Dum. & Biör. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 818 (1854).
Maxillary teeth 20 to 25, subequal, the last three to five a little
enlarged and grooved on the outer side; anterior mandibular teeth
strongly enlarged. Head elongate, distinct from neck, with distinct
Fig. 15.
(ºr SW
§N WS$
(غ 4/4'44:
Maxillary and mandible of Orybelis fulgidus.
canthus rostralis; eye rather large, with round pupil; nasal entire
or semidivided; loreal usually absent; frontal narrow, Body
slender, compressed; scales smooth or feebly keeled, with apical



190 COLUERIDAE.
pits, more or less oblique, in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical America.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Snout not thrice as long as the eye; anal entire.
Scales in 15 rows; two labials entering
the eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. brevirostris, p. 190.
Scales in 17 rows; a single labial bordering • - -
the eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. argenteus, p. 190.
II. Snout thrice as long as the eye; anal divided.
Torsal scales keeled; green above . . . . . . 3. fulgidus, p. 191.
Scales smooth or faintly keeled . . . . . . . . 4. acuminatus, p. 192.
1. Oxybelis brewirostris.
Dryophis brevirostris, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 555, and
Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 132, pl. xxvi, fig. 2.
Oxybelis caerulescens, Jan, Elenco, p. 88 (1863).
Snout once and a half as long as the snout, which scarcely
projects beyond the lower jaw. Rostral twice as broad as deep,
scarcely visible from above; internasals nearly as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal twice to twice and a half as long as broad,
narrower than the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as the parietals; no loreal, praefrontal in
contact with two labials; one praeocular, in contact with or
narrowly separated from the frontal; one or two postoculars; tem-
porals very large, 1+2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are much shorter than the posterior. Scales smooth
or faintly keeled, in 15 rows. Wentrals 167–183; anal entire;
subcaudals 170–174. Olive or purplish above, pale green beneath;
a dark streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye.
Total length 925 millim.; tail 385.
Central America, Colombia, Ecuador.

a. 3 (V. 183; C. 174). Chontalez, Nicaragua. R. A. Rix, Esq.[C];
W. M. Crowfoot,
Esq. [P].
b. 6 (V, 167; C. 172). Pallatanga, Ecuador. Mr. C. Buckley [C].
2. Oxybelis argenteus.
Coluber argenteus, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 336 (1803).
argentatus, Merr. Tent, p. 116 (1820).
Dryiophis argentea, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 253, pl. x, figs. 14 & 15
(1837); Günth. Cat. p. 155 (1858). - - -
Oxybelis argenteus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 815 (1854); Steind. Novara,
Rept, p. 73 (1867); Jan, Icon. Gén. 83, pl. iii. fig, 1 (1869). -
178. oxyBELIs. g 191
Snout rather more than twice as long as the eye. Rostral much
broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals as long
as or a little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal twice to twice
and a half as long as broad, not broader than the supraocular, as
long as or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout or the
parietals; loreal elongate, often fused with the praefrontal; one
praeocular, widely separated from the frontal; two postoculars;
temporals 1+2; six upper labials, fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
much shorter than the posterior. Scales smooth, in 17 rows.
Wentrals 189–207 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 150–188. Pale
greyish brown or purplish above, with three darker longitudinal
streaks, the outer of which extend to the end of the snout, passing
through the eyes; upper lip whitish ; throat bluish grey, dotted
with black; yellowish beneath, with two olive-green stripes and a
narrow median line of the same colour.
Total length 1060 millim.; tail 410.
Guianas, Brazil, Eastern Peru.
a. 9 (V. 198; C. 156). Cayenne.
5. 6 (V. 206; C. 150). Pebas, Upper Amazons. H. W. Bates, Esq.
P.].
c. 3 (V. 204; C:185). Yurimaguas, N.E. Peru.
3. Oxybelis fulgidus.

Natrix flagelliformis, part., Laur. Sym. Rept. p. 79 (1768).
Coluber fulgidus, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 352, pl. lxxx. (1803).
Dryophis fulgidus, Fitzing. W. Class. Rept. p. 60 (1826); Boie, Isis,
1827, p. 546; Wagl. Icon. Amph, pl. x. (1829); Günth. Cat. p. 158
(1858); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 555; Günth. Biol. Cº-Am.,
Rept. p. 178 (1895). -
Dryiophis catesbyi, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 252, pl. x, figs, 6–8
(1837), and Abbild. p. 114, pl.xxxvi. (1844).
Oxybelis fulgidus, part., Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 817 (1854).
— flagelliformis, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 73 (1867).
— fulgidus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 33, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1869).
Snout about thrice as long as the eye, flat at the end and very
prominent. Rostral a little broader than deep, scarcely visible
from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once
and a half to twice as long as broad, not broader than the supra-
ocular, as long as or a little longer than the praefrontals, as long as
or a little shorter than the parietals; no loreal, praefrontal in
contact with two or three labials; one praeocular, narrowly sepa-
rated from the frontal; two postoculars (rarely one); temporals
very large, 1+2; nine or ten upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth
or fifth, sixth, and seventh entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, dorsals feebly keeled. Wentrals
198–217; anal divided; subcaudals 139–165. Bright green above,
192 '. COLUBRIDAE.
yellowish green beneath and on the upper lip; a yellowish-white
line along each side of the belly and tail. .
Total length 1550 millim.; tail 510.
Tropical America.
a. 3 (V. 205; C. 165). Yucatan.
b. ? (W. 217; C.?). British Honduras. - -
c. 3 (W. 214; C. 151). Panama. Capt. J. C. Dow [P].
d. 9 (V. 205; C. 157). Para. -
e. 9 (V. 206; C. 156). Caballo Cocha, N.E. Mr. W. Davis [C];
- - Peru. Messrs. Veitch[P.].
f. 9 (V. 209; C. 189). ? .
g. Q, skeleton. Para.
4. Oxybelis acuminatus.
Coluber acuminatus, Wied, Abbild. Nat. Bras. (1822), and Beitr. i.
p. 322 (1825).
Dryinus aeneus, Wagl, in Spir, Serp, Bras. p. 12, pl. iii. (1824).
auratus, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 1825, p. 325, pl. xii. º
Pºiº aurata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 255, pl. x, figs. 16–18
(1837). -
oś aeneus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 819 (1854); Jan, Icon. Gén.
33, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1869).
Dryophis vittatus, Girard, U.S. Nav. Astron. Exped., Rept. p. 211,
pl.xxxvi. (1855).
Dryiophis acuminata, Günth. Cat. pp. 156 & 252 (1858); Cope, Proc.
Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 555; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1889, p. 314;
Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 177 (1895). -
Oxybelis acuminatus, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 72 (1867).
Dryiophis aneus, Garm. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 284.

Snout thrice to thrice and a half as long as the eye, prominent.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad or broader than deep, scarcely
visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal once and two thirds to thrice as long as broad, not broader
than the supraocular, as long as or a little longer than the prae-
frontals, as long as or shorter than the parietals; no loreal, prae-
frontal in contact with two or three labials; one praeocular, in
contact with or separated from the frontal; two (rarely three)
postoculars; temporals very large, 1+2; eight or nine (rarely
ten) upper labials, fourth and fifth, fourth, fifth, and sixth, or fifth,
sixth, and seventh entering the eye; four (rarely five) lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter
than the posterior. Scales smooth or faintly keeled, in 17 rows ".
Wentrals 174–203; anal divided; subcaudals 150–188. Bronzy,
greyish, or reddish above, uniform or freckled with brown, usually
with scattered black dots, or with black edges to some of the scales;
a black line on each side of the head, passing through the eye;
upper lip and lower surface of head yellowish white; yellowish,
pale brownish, or reddish beneath, speckled or streaked with brown,
* Garman mentions a specimen from Trinidad with 15 rows.
179. DRYopBIOPs. - 193
often with scattered black dots, sometimes with two dark brown
longitudinal lines.
Total length 1520 millim.; tail 620.
Tropical America. -
a—e. 6 (V. 190, 184; Presidio, near Mazatlan. Hr. A. Forrer [C.].
C, 165,?) & 2 (W. 179,
90, 180; C.?, 160,
157).
f. 2 (W. 194; C. 185). Tres Marias Ids. Hr. A. Forrer [C].
g. 9 (V. 190; C. 183). Tetepetla, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith
C.]; F.D.Godman,
. | P.T.
h—k, G (W. 174, 176, Santo Domingo de Guzº Dr. : & #m. [C].
179; C. 160, 169, P). man, Oaxaca.
l. 9 (V. 187; C. 168). Sarabia, Oaxaca. Dr. A. C. Buller [C].
m—n. 6 (V. 183; C. 162) Yucatan.
& Q (V. 192; C.187). -
o. 2 (W. 187; C. 168). Rio Motagua, Guate- O. Salvin, Esq.[C.].
mala.
p—q. 9 (V. 189, 192; Honduras.
§. 150, 173).
r—w, d. (V. 191, 189, Ruatan Id., Honduras. Mr. Gaumer [C.];
188, 185; C. 188,180, F. D. Godman,
188, 170) & Q (V.194, - Esq. [P.].
}% 186; C. 182, 180,
sy—a. 3 (V, 193, 188; Bonacca Id, Honduras. Mr. Gaumer [C];
C. 184, 176) & Q F. D. Godman,
(V, 194; C. 180). Esq. [P.].
8. G. (V. 187; C. P). Hacienda Rosa de Jeri- Dr. E. Rothschuh
: Nicaragua, 8250 [C.].
eet.
. 3 (V. 179; C. 173). Irazu, Costa Rica. Mr. Rogers [C.]; F.
7 # º Esq.
8. Hgr. (V. 178; C.?). Guayaquil. Mr. Fraser TC.T.
e. 6 (V. 184; C. º &º. - [C.]
Č. 3 (V. 175; C.?). Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.].
m–6. Q (V. 188, 192; Para. R. Graham, Esq.
C. P., 172). [P].
i. 9 (V. 182; C. 171). Pernambuco. ić. Forbes, Esq.
K. 3 (V. 186; C. 150). Bahia. + º | . Wucherer
179. DRYOPHIOPS.
Chrysopelea, part, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 88 (1858), and Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 298 (1864).
Dryophis, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 88 (1863).
Maxillary teeth 20, subequal, the last two or three a little
enlarged and grooved; anterior mandibular teeth enlarged. Head
elongate, distinct from neck, with distinct canthus rostralis; eye
rather large, with horizontal pupil; nasal entire; frontal narrow,
WOL. III. O
194 i COLUBRIDAE. #
bell-shaped. Body slender, compressed; scales smooth, oblique,
with apical pits, in 15 rows; ventrals with suture-like lateral keel
and a notch on each side corresponding to the keel. Tail long;
subcaudals in two rows, keeled and notched like the ventrals.
South-eastern Asia. *
1. Dryophiops rubescens.
Dipsas rubescens, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. lxxxiv. fig. 2 (1834).
lº. rubescens, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. 1855,
, 293.
Chrysopelea rubescens, part., Günth. Cat. p. 145 (1858), and Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 299 (1864).
Dryophis rubescens, Jan, Elenco, p. 88 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 32,
pl. vi. fig. 1 (1869).
Cººk. rubescens, Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870,
p. 190.

Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half to
once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal much elon-
gate; one praeocular, forming a suture with the frontal ; two or
three postoculars; temporals 2+2; nine upper labials, fourth,
fifth, and sixth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 188–199; anal divided;
subcaudals 111–136. Bronzy or reddish brown above, with small
hlack spots; upper surface of head with undulous longitudinal
markings; a dark streak on each side of the head, passing through
the eye; a median dark streak on the occiput and neck; labials
with a few small black spots; lower parts yellow in front, reddish
behind, dotted with darker, with or without scattered small black
spots. -
Total length 750 millim. ; tail 210.
Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Natuna Islands.
a. 9 (V. 189; C. 115). Malay Peninsula? Gen. º [P.].
(Type.
b. 2% (W. 192; C.?). Malay Peninsula? gºla. [P].
c. 3 (W. 192; C. 119). Sumatra. . . . . . Dr. Bleeker. (Den-
drophis sumatra-
mus, Blkr.
d—e. Ó (V. 191; C. 125) Sarawak. Sir H. Low [P.].
& Q (V. 199; C. 112).
..f. Q (V. 188; C. 118). Sandakan, N. Borneo. Dºgº Cator, Esq.
g. Q (V. 191; C. 111). Sirhassen, Natuna Ids. Aºi. Esq.[C.].
* The specimen contains a Draco melanopogon, Blgr., which species was
first described from Malacca, and has since been found in the Natuna Islands
and North Borneo. . . .
180. CHRYSOPELEA. 195
2. Dryophiops philippina. (PLATE IX. fig. 2.)
Chrysopelea rubescens, part, Günth. Cat, p. 145 (1858), and Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 299 (1864).
Agrees in structure with the preceding, except that the loreal is
absent, and the praeocular only just touches or is narrowly separated
from the frontal. Wentrals 177–184; subcaudals 118–123. Pale
olive or pale brown above, some of the scales black-edged, yellow or
pale olive beneath, dotted with darker; some large black dots on
the head and neck; a dark streak on each side of the head, passing
through the eye.
Total length 750 millim.; tail 250.
Philippine Islands. -
a. 3 (W. 177; C. 123). Cape Engano, N. Luzon. Whitehead Exped.
b, c. 2 (V. 184, 182; Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq.
C. 121,118). [C.]. -
180. CHRYSOPELEA.
Chrysopelea, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 188
(1830); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1040 (1854); Bouleng.
Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 371 (1890). -
Tyria, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 29 (1826).
Dendrophis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 220 (1837).
Chrysopelea, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 145 (1858); Jan, Elenco
sist. Oftd. p. 86 (1863); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 298 (1864).
Maxillary teeth 20 to 22, subequal, the last three a little longer
and grooved ; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Head distinct
from neck; eye rather large, with round pupil. Body elongate,
compressed; scales smooth or feebly keeled, oblique, with apical
pits, in 17 rows; ventrals with suture-like lateral keel and a notch
on each side corresponding to the keel. Tail long; subcaudals in
two rows, keeled and notched like the ventrals. -
South-eastern Asia.
Synopsis of the Species.
Three or more rows of dorsal scales feebly
but distinctly keeled; ventrals 202–221. 1. rhodopleuron, p. 195.
Scales smooth or faintly keeled; ventrals
200–238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. ornata, p. 196.
$cales smooth; ventrals 181–198 . . . . . . 3. chrysochlora, p. 198.
1. Chrysopelea rhodopleuron.

Chrysopelea rhodopleuron, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547; Dum. & Bibr.
vii. p. 1045 (1854); Günth. Cat. p. 145 (1858); Jan, Icon. Gén.
33, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1869).
Dendrophis rhodopleuron, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 233, pl. xi.
figs. 11–13 (1837). - -
Chrysopeleavicina, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 27.
— viridis, Fischer, Arch. f. Nat. 1880, p. 222, pl. ix, figs. 13–17.
o 2
196 - COLUBRIDAE.
Snout much depressed, squarely truncate. Rostral broader than.
deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than the præ-
frontals; frontal once and a half to once and three fourths as long
as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal much elongate; one praeocular, in contact
with or separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals
2+2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye; five
(rarely four) lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, three or
more median rows feebly but distinctly keeled. Wentrals 202–221 ;
anal divided; subcaudals 146–180. Pale olive-brown or greenish
to blackish above; a darker streak on each side of the head, passing
through the eye; upper lip whitish; ventrals yellowish or pale
greenish. - -
Total length 1160 millim.; tail 380.
Moluccas, Sangir Island, Ceram, Tenimber Islands.
A. Dark brown or blackish above, the scales lighter in the centre;
outer row of scales red, black-edged; ends of ventrals above
the keel red; a black streak along the lower surface of the
tail. (C. rhodopleuron, Boie.)
a. 9 (V. 213; C, 167). Amboyna. Leyden Museum.
b–c. 3 (V. 203; C. 164) Mysol.
& Q (V. 205; C. P).
d. 9 (V. 218; C. 155). N. Ceram. . -
e. g. (V. 204; C. 173). Timor Laut. H. O. Forbes, Esq. [C.].
B. Uniform olive above, yellow beneath. (C. vicina, Gthr.)
a. 9 (V. 221; C. 146). Mysol. (Type of C. vicina.)
2. Chrysopelea ornata.

Seba, Thes, i. pl. xciy, fig. 7 (1734), and ii, pl. vii. fig. 1, pl. lvi, fig. 1,
and pl. lxi, fig. 2 (1735); Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. f ii. (1801).
Coluber ornatus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 477 (1802).
ibibiboca, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 327 (1803).
Tyria ornata, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 60 (1837).
Chrysopelea ornata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 546; Dum. & Biör. vii.
p. 1042 (1854); Jan, Icon. Gén, 33, pl. i. fig. 1 (1869); Stoliczka,
Journ. As, Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 194; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 191 (1876); Anders: An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 825(1879);
Boettg. Ber. Qftenö. Ver. Wat. 1888, p. 84; Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Rept, p. 371 (1890).
paradisi, Boie, l.c. p. 547.
Dendrophis ornata, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 234, pl. ix, figs. 8–10
(1837), and Abbild. p. 19, pl. vi., figs, 3–10 (1837).
Leptophis ornatus, part; Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept, p. 87 (1847).
º* Motley & Dillwyn, Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 46,
pl. — 5). .
cº ornata, part, Günth. Cat. p. 146 (1858), and Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 298 (1864).
$º, part., Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 299.
ºwº-mºm.
180. CHRYSOPELEA. 197
Snout mucm depressed, squarely truncate. Rostral broader than
deep, visible from above; internasals nearly as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal once and one third to once and two thirds as long
as broad, nearly as long as its distance from the end of the snout, as
long as or slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal small and
elongate (rarely fused with the praefrontal); one praeocular, often in
contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+2; nine or
ten upper labials, fifth and sixth or fourth, fifth, and sixth entering
the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales smooth or faintly
heeled, in 17 rows. Wentrals 200–238, last usually divided; anal
divided ; , subcaudals 106–138. Coloration very variable ; head
black with yellow cross-bars and spots.
Total length 1120 millim.; tail 310. - -
Ceylon, Hills of Southern India, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Southern
China, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
A. Black above, each scale with a round greenish-yellow spot;
usually with larger coral-red spots on the back, resembling a
series of tetrapetalous flowers; ventrals greenish yellow, edged
with black. - -
a. 6 (V. 221; C. 135). Anamallays, S. India. Col. Beddome [C.J.
b, c. 3 (V. 215; C. 132) Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
& 2 (W.236; C, 135). -
d. 6 (V. 238; C.?). Kedah, Malay Penin- *#. Mitchell, Esq.
sula. & &
.e. 3 (W.228; C, 130). Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.].
f. 2 (V. 213; C. 124). Sumatra. - - -
g. Q (V. 221; C. 132). Borneo. | Sir E. Belcher [P].
B. Like the preceding, but ventrals not black-edged.
a. 9 (V. 222; C. 124). Malabar. Dr. Packmann [P.l.
b. 3 (W. 218; C. 106). Batavia.
6. dº; d (V. 204; Tawi-Tawi, Sooloo Is. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
. 126).
d. Hgr. 3 (W. 203; Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq.
C. P). [C]. 9
C. Like the preceding, but vertebral spots confluent into a stripe, at
least on the anterior part of the body.
a, b, c-d. 3 (V. 221; Labuan. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq.
C. P), Q (V. 227, 225; [P.].
C. 134, 125), & hgr.
(V. 217; C, 131). -
e. 3 (V. 227; C. 119). Mt. Dulit, Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].
y
D. Greenish yellow or pale green above, each scale edged and
mesially streaked with black, with more or less distinct black
cross-bars; ventrals yellow, with a small black spot on each
side.
a. 9 (W. 232; C. P). India (?). Gen.Hardwickeſ P.].
198 . COLUBRIDAE,
b—c, d. 3 (V. 211, 212; Anamallay Hills, S. Col. Beddome [C].
C. 131, 129) & hgr. India. -
(V. 222; C. 138).
e. 2 (W. 219; C. P). Assam (P). Dr. Griffith.
jº-g. 3 (V. 213, 222; Ruby Mines, Upper Major Bingham [P].
C. 122, 118). Burma.
h—i. 3 (W. 213; C. 132) Toungoo. L. W. Oates, Esq.
& 2 (W.214; C. 120). ... [P.].
k—l. § º 222, 223; Siam. J.Bowring, Esq.[P].
C. P. 136). -
7m. Ó (v. 229; C. 125). Lao Mountains. M. Mouhot [C.].
E. Like the preceding, but with a series of large coral-red or orange
blotches along the back.
(V. 224; C. P). Ceylon. Sir E. Tennant [P].
a. d.
b. 3 (V. 226; C. 126). Ceylon. E. W. H. Holds-
worth, Esq. [C].
c. 2 (W. 217; C. 127). Ceylon.
*: #, (W. 206, 214; Bengal. I)r. Cantor.
... ?, 116).
f—i. 3 (v. 211, 210; India. Gen. Hardwicke [P].
C. 108, 123) & Q
(W. 218; C. P).
F. Pale olive above, with regular black cross-bars; some of the
black scales with yellow shafts; whitish olive beneath, with
a small black spot on the side of each ventral.
a. Hgr. 3 (V. 204; C. Ceylon.
123
b. Yg. (v. 203; c. 111). Ceylon. E. W. H. Holds-
- worth, Esq. [C].
c. Hgr. (V. 200; C. 121). Ceylon. Haslar Collection.
G. Black above, with narrow yellowish cross-bars; whitish olive
beneath, with a small black spot on the side of each ventral.
a. Yg. (V. 209; C. 141). Negros, Philippines. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].
H. Olive above, with the markings much effaced; pale yellow
beneath.
a. 9 (V. 218; C. 139). Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C].
b. ? (W. 227; C. P). Negros, Philippines. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C].
c—d. 9 (V. 214, 220; Manado, Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C].
C, 121, 122). p
a, b. Skeletons. —? *
c. Skull. Java.
3. Chrysopelea chrysochlora.
Dendrophis ornata, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 284 (1837), and
Abbā, p. 19, p.’i figs...iº (iš7). - ~ *
— chrysochloros (Reinw.), Schleg. ll. cc.
Leptophis ornatus, part., Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 87 (1847).
181. ERYTHROLAMPRUs. 199
Chrysopelea ornata, part., Günth. Cat, p. 146 (1858), and Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 298 (1864).
— hasseltii, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxi. 1860, p. 332.
Head rather shorter and snout less depressed than in C. ornata.
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals as long
as or a little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half
to once and two thirds as long as broad, a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals; loreal once and a half to twice as long as deep ; one
praeocular, in contact with or narrowly separated from the frontal;
two postoculars; temporals 2+2; nine upper labials, fifth and
sixth or fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales smooth, in 17 rows, less oblique than in C. ornata.
Wentrals 181–198, last usually divided; anal divided; subcaudals
99–120. Backred or orange, with pairs of black cross-bars enclosing
a whitish cross-bar; sides olive, some of the scales black-edged; head
dark olive-brown above, with two or three orange cross-bars; pale
green to olive beneath, the lateral keels black, the portion of the
shields above the keel whitish.
Total length 700 millim. ; tail 190.
Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Natuna Islands.
a. Q (V. 188; C. 100). Rangoon. Dr. J. E. Gray [P].
b. ? (W. 194; C. 99). Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.J.
c. 3 (V. 187; C. 107). Banka. Dr. Bleeker. (Type of
C. hasseltii.)
d. 9 (V. 186; C. 99). Nias. Hr. Sundermann [C].
e. 6 (V. 181; C. 106). Sarawak. Sir H. Low [P.].
f. 6 (V. 196; C. 120). Great Natuna Id. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
181. ERYTHROLAMPRUS.
Erythrolamprus, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 187 (1830).
Coronella, part, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 50 (1887); Günth. Cat.
Col. Sn. p. 34 (1858). -
Erythrolamprus, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 845 (1854); Günth.
7, c. p. 47; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1863, p. 314; Bocourt,
Miss. Sc. Mew, Rept. p. 658 (1886); Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 32, 1887, p. 55.
Coniophanes, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 248; Hallow. t. c.
p. 484; Bocourt, l.c. p. 649. .
Glaphyrophis, Jan, l.c. p. 804.
Tachymenis, part, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 876.

Maxillary teeth subequal, 10 to 15, followed, after an interspace,
by a pair of feebly enlarged grooved teeth * situated below the
posterior border of the eye; mandibular teeth subequal. Head
more or less distinct from neck; eye moderate, with round pupil.
2k º is exceptionally absent in specimens of E. ſesculapii (see foot-
note, p. ).
(200 tº COLUBRIDAE,
Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 to 25 rows;
ventrals rounded or obtusely angulate laterally. Tail moderate or
long; subcaudals in two rows. -
Tropical America, Mexico, Texas.
Synopsis of the Species. -
I. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 172–204; subcaudals 38—61; seven
upper labials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. obsculapii, p. 200.
II. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 166–173; subcaudals 50 or more;
seven upper labials.
Loreal as long as deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. decipiens, p. 204.
Loreal much longer than deep . . . . . . . . 3. grammophrys, p. 204.
III. Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 120–143; subcaudals 67–94.
Seven upper labials; frontal nearly as
broad as long; loreal square . . . . . . 4. lateritius, p. 205.
Eight or nine upper labials; frontal -
much longer than broad; loreal deeper
than long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. dromiciformis, p. 205.
Eight (exceptionally seven) upper labials;
frontal longer than broad . . . . . . . . . . 6. imperialis, p. 206.
IV. Scales in 21 rows; ventrals 117–142; subcaudals 64–94;
eight upper labials. -
Internasals, more than half the length
of the praefrontals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. fissidens, p. 207.
Internasals not more than half the length
of the praefrontals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. bipunctatus, p. 208.
W. Scales in 25 rows; ventrals 158–169; subcaudals 82–93;
eight upper labials . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. piceivittis, p. 209.
1. Erythrolamprus aesculapii.

Coluber aesculapii, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 29, § xi. fig. 2 (1754),
and S. N. i. p. 380 (1766); Duvernoy, Ann. Sc. Nat. xxvi. 1832,
p. 151, and xxx. 1888, p. 15, pl. iv. fig, A.
— agilis, Linn. ll.cc, p. 27, pl. xxi. fig. 2, and p. 381.
Natrix aesculapii, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 76 (1768).
Coluber nigrofasciatus, Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 98 & 188 (1789).
— atrocinctus, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 389 (1803).
(1 gº. Wied, Reise Å. ii. p. 75 (1821), and Abbild.
825).
— binatus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 105 (1823).
Elaps venustissimus, Wagl. in Spir, Serp. Bras. p. 6, pl. ii.a. fig. 2

(1824).
Cº.; venustissima, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 58, pl. ii. figs. 1–3
(1837).
Fºrm aesculapii, Dum, & Bibr. vii. p. 845 (1854); Cope,
Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 259; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii.
1863, p. 315, and Icon. Gén, 19, pl. ii, figs, 2 & 3 (1866); Günth.
Biol. Cº-Am., Rept, p. 166 (1895).
181. ERYTHROLAMPRUs. 201
Erythrolamprus beauperthuisii, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 850.
venustissimus, }. & Bibr. t. c. p. 851, pl. lxxiv.; Günth.
Cat, p. 47 (1858); Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped, Herp. p. 169
(1858); Cope, l. c.; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mez, Rept. p. 658,
pl. xxxviii. fig. 4 (1886).
— milberti, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 854.
— intricatus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 855.
— albostolatus, Cope, l.c.
aesculapii, vars. monozona, dicranta, bizona, confluentus, tetra-

zona, Jan, l.c.
ocellatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868, p. 642.
guentheri, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 154 (1883).
Snout very short, convex, rounded. Rostral broader than deep,
just visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal deeper than long; one praeocular (rarely divided),
two postoculars; temporals 1+2 (rarely 1+1); seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four or five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 172–204; anal divided;
subcaudals 38–61. Coloration very variable;' body usually with
black annuli.
Total length 780 millim.; tail 105.
Tropical America.
A. Annuli single, wide apart, 11 or 12 on the body; the scales on
the red interspaces tipped with black; head-shields all spotted
or margined with black; two black bands across the head, the
first passing through the eyes, the second on the occiput.
(E. monozona, Jan.) -
a. 6 (V. 192; C. 50). Bahia.
b–c. 3 (V. 195; C. Brazil. Sir C. Stuart [P].
51) & yg. (V. 201; • -
C. 53).
B. As in the preceding, but annuli in pairs (11 to 15 pairs on the
body). (O. venustissimus, Wied.)
a. 6 (V. 194; C. 49). Rio Janeiro. Haslar Collection.
b. 3 (V. 197; C. 51). Brazil. G. Lennox Conyng-
.* ham, Esq. [P.].
c. Yg. (V. 191; C. 60). Venezuela. - Mr. D º;
d. 9 (V. 186; C. 51). Cali, Columbia, 3200 ft. Mº g ; J ... it,OSCIl-
erg LU.J. .
e. 9 (V. 197; C. 50). Irazu, Costa Rica. Fº dº. Esq.
P.T.
f-g. Yg. (V. 198, 198; Chiriqui. G. Champion, Esq.
6.35.&i).”” Q. C.]; º
- - sq.[P.].
h. Ad, skeleton. Brazil. G. Lennox Conyng-

ham, Esq. [P].
202 COLUBRITDAE,
t
C. Annuli in pairs, 11 to 14 on the body, the pairs separated from
one another by red interspaces, which are about as long as or
a little longer than one annulus; red scales tipped with black;
head yellow, with a black cross-band passing through the
eyes and another on the occiput. (C. aesculapii, L.)
a. 3 (V. 186; C. 46). Demerara. Dr. Hancock º
b—c. 9 (V. 190, 182; Demerara. Mr. Snellgrove [C].
C. 45, 39).
d. 3 (V. 187; C. 38). Para.
e. 9 (V. 194; C. 40). Brazil. J. § Taunton, Esq.
f. 9 (V. 178; C. 39). Upper Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett §
g. Hgr. 2 (V. 188; Cayaria, N.E. Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C];
C. P). - Messrs. Veitch[P.].
D. Annuli in pairs, 12 or 13 on the body, but the pairs incompletely
divided, and separated by broad red interspaces; the red
scales tipped with black; head black in front and behind, with
a yellow band across the temples and occiput.
a—b. 6 (V. 175: C. P) Chontalez. Nicaragua #. R. A. Rix. Esq. TC.] :
& # §% , Nicaragu W. M. º:; y
49). Esq. [P.]."
E. Like C, but annuli in two approximated pairs separated by wide
interspaces; 8 double pairs of annuli on the body. (E. tetra-
zona, Jan.)
a. Yg. (V. 191; C. 47). Mº R., Upper Beni, Senckenberg Mus.
olivia. [E.].
F. Intermediate between C and D. Each annulus has a tendency
to divide into two, the scales in the middle bearing each a
light spot; 8 pairs of annuli on the body.
0. * (W. 174; C. Huallaga R., N.E. Peru.
5).
G. Annuli in pairs, very broad, with a tendency to divide, each
bearing some light spots; the wider interspaces not broader
than the black annuli and unspotted, the narrower interspaces
with the scales black-tipped; 9 pairs of annuli on the body;
* Dr. Günther has noticed (Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 166) that the groove on
the posterior maxillary tooth is absent in these specimens. At his suggestion
one of the specimens has been handed over to Mr. G. S. West, who is now
engaged in investigating the poison-glands of Opisthoglyphous Snakes, and I
have been favoured with the following report:-"The buccal glands of Erythro-
lamprus ſesculapii and of the Erythrolamprus from Nicaragua are precisely
identical in disposition and extent, and they have the same structure. The
maxillae only differ in the former possessing on the two posterior slightly
larger teeth a very shallow groove, which does not extend more than two-thirds
the way to the apex of the tooth.”

181. ERYTHBOLAMPRUs. 203
head yellow, with a few small black spots and a black cross-
bar passing through the eyes; no occipital cross-bar.
a. 3 (V. 193; C. P). Cayaria, N.E. Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C.];
Messrs. Veitch [P.l.
H. Annuli in pairs, with a tendency to divide, broader than the
interspaces between them, which bear some scanty black dots;
12 pairs of annuli on the body; head yellow, with a black
cross-bar passing through the eyes, and another on the
occiput.
a. 3 (V. 197; C. 46). British Guiana.
I. Annuli in pairs, the interspaces not broader than the single
annuli and unspotted; 11 pairs of annuli on the body; head
yellow, with a black occipital cross-band; the anterior cross-
band much reduced and interrupted on the frontal shield.
a. d. (V. 191; C. P). Surinam. C. W. Ellascombe,
* - Esq. [P].
K. Annuli in pairs, the interspaces broader than the single annuli
and unspotted; 11 pairs of annuli on the body; head yellow,
with a black cross-bar passing through the eyes, and a small
transverse black blotch behind the occiput. -
a. Yg. (V. 190; C. 41). British Guiana.
L. Annuli in pairs, separated by narrow interspaces, 13 to 20
pairs; head with the two black cross-bars as in C. (C.
agilis, L.)
a—e,f, g. 6 (V. 175,180, Berbice,
179,176, 176; C.43,
44, 44, 42,42) & Q
§ 182, 180; C.42,
).
h. 3 (V. 181; C. 46). British Guiana.
i. ? (W. 180; C. 43). W. Indies (?). Miss Saul [P.].
M. Annuli equidistant and very numerous (30 to 35), edged with
yellowish and separated by dark reddish-brown or nearly
black interspaces; head black, with a yellow blotch across the
parietal and temporal regions.
a—b. 3 (V, 196; C. 48) Moyobamba, E. Peru. Mr. A. H. Roff [C].
& 2 (V. 187; C.40). -
N. Intermediate between M and 0. The body entirely black above
(through darkening of the red interspaces), with 42 whitish
cross-lines; head as in L. (E.guentheri, Garm.)
a. Yg. (V. 193; C. 42). Mexico (?).
204 - COLUBRIDAE. .
O. Body black, with 62 whitish cross-lines; head entirely black
above. (E. confluentus, Jan.)
a. 9 (V. 182; C. 46). Moyobamba, E. Peru. Mr. A. H. Roff [C].
P. Reddish above, scales tipped with black, without annuli on the
body, but a dorsal series of 25 or 26 large roundish black spots
with light centre; tail with black annuli; head and nape
black above. (E. ocellatus, Peters.)
a. 9 (V. 178; C. 40). —? Zoological Society.
b. ? (W. 177; C, 46). — ? College of Surgeons.
2. Erythrolamprus decipiens.
Tachymenis decipiens, Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 168, pl. liii.
sº 2 2
Snout very short, moderately depressed, rounded. Rostral nearly
twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals
half as long as the praefrontals; frontal once and one fourth to once
and one third as long as broad, longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as
deep ; one praeocular; one or two postoculars; temporals 1+1,
the first usually absent, fused with the sixth upper labial, which
then forms a suture with the parietal; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in
17 rows. Wentrals 166–173; anal divided; subcaudals 85 or more.
Dark brown, with a yellow, black-edged lateral streak from behind
the temple to the end of the tail, and another along the outer row
of scales, the lower black border of which extends on the ends of
the ventral shields; an elliptical yellow, black-edged spot on each
parietal shield behind the eye; upper lip yellowish, black-edged ;
lower parts yellowish white.
Total length 630 millim.; tail (end missing) 190.
Costa Rica.
a-o. 3 (v. 188; c. Iran, Costa Rica. F. D. Godman, Esq.
§ ; ğ. 173, 166; [P.J. (Types.)
• - 2 - J -
3. Erythrolamprus grammophrys.

Erythrolamprus grammophrys, Dugès, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.xxv.
1888, p. 181, fig., and La Naturaleza, (2) i. 1890, p. 402, pl. xxvii.
13
tºº. grammophrys, Günth. Biol. c-Am, Rept, p. 162
(1895).
Allied to E. imperialis, but loreal much longer than deep, only
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, and scales
in 17 rows. Wentrals 175; subcaudals 50 or more. Back greyish
brown, sides reddish brown; a whitish line on each side of the
181. ERYTHROLAMPRUs. 205
upper surface of the head; rostral and upper labials brown above
and grey beneath, the two colours separated by a white line; lower
parts uniform yellowish white.
Total length 360 millim.
Michoacan, Mexico.
4. Erythrolamprus lateritius.
Coniophanes lateritius, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 524.
Tachymenis melanocephala, Peters, Mon, Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 876.
— lateritia, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 61 (1883); Günth. Biol. C.-
Am., Rept. p. 162 (1895).
Erythrolamprus melanocephalus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 32,
1887, p. 78.
— lateritius, Cope, l.c.
Snout acute and prominent, head broad behind. Frontal shield
nearly as broad as long; loreal square ; one prae- and two post-
oculars; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye.
Scales in 19 rows. Bright vermilion above, punctulated with
brown, passing through orange to golden on the belly; head and
nape black, the labials bordered and traversed by yellow lines,
and the parietals dotted with the same; throat and chin yellow,
black-spotted.
Guadalajara, Mexico.
5. Erythrolamprus dromiciformis.
Tachymenis dromiciformis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 273.
Coniophanes dromiciformis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1866, p. 128,
and 1868, p. 104.
Erythrolamprus dromiciformis, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
1892, p. 676.
Coniophanes signatus, Garm. Bull, Essez Inst. xxiv. 1892, p. 91.

Snout moderate, rather strongly depressed, rounded. Rostral
broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than
the praefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as
long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal deeper than long; one praeocular
(sometimes divided); two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight or
nine upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as or shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals
123–128; anal divided ; subcaudals 71–80. Yellowish above,
speckled with brown and with a brown vertebral stripe, five scales
wide, and a dark brown lateral streak extending to the head and
passing through the eye; lips speckled with brown; yellowish
beneath, outer ends of ventrals dark brown or with a dark brown
dot.
Total length 335 millim. ; tail 105.
, Western Ecuador. -
a—b. (V. 126, 128; C. 71, P). Guayaquil.
206 COLUBRIDAE,
6. Erythrolamprus imperialis.
Coronella fissidens, part, Günth. Cat, p. 36 (1858), and Zool. Rec.
1866, p. 126. :
Taeniophis imperialis, Baird & Gir. Rep. U.S. Mew. Bound. Surv.
ii. Rept. p. 23, pl. xix. fig. 1 (1859); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861,
p. 74.
Coniophanes proterops, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 249; Bocourt,

Miss. Sc. Mez., Rept. p. 654 (1886).
Glaphyrophis lateralis, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. p. 304, and
Icon. Gén. 18, pl. v. fig. 3 (1866).
Tachymenis fissidens, part., Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 876;
Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 62 (1883); Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept.
p. 161 (1895).
Coniophanes imperialis, Cope, Check-list N. Am. Rept. p. 38 (1875),
and Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 183; Stejneger, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1891, p. 505.
lateralis, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 598.
Tachymenis imperialis, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 61 (1883).
Rºº proterops, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
. 381. - -
p imperialis, Cope, l.c. p. 382.
Fºrm imperialis, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887,
. 77. -
_P proterops, Cope, l.c.
Head as in E. fissidens, but smaller. Rostral once and a half to
once and two thirds as broad as deep, just visible from above;
internasals not more than half as long as the praefrontals; frontal
once and one third to once and a half as long as broad, as long as
or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or a little longer than
deep ; one praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight
(exceptionally seven) upper labials, fourth and fifth (or third and
fourth) entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 120–143; anal
divided; subcaudals 67–94. Brown above, sides, down to the ends
of the ventrals, darker; a blackish vertebral line or stripe often
present; a blackish lateral streak edged above with yellowish on
the anterior part of the body, and preceded by a yellow round or oval
spot on the nape; a light line may be present along the outer row
of scales; a yellow, black-edged line on each side of the head, from
the canthus rostralis to the temple; upper lip white, dotted with
black and edged with black above ; lower parts white, uniform, or
with black dots, which are most numerous on the throat and neck.
Total length 405 millim.; tail 160.
Texas, Mexico, Central America.
a. 9 (V. 126; C. P). Mexico. M. Sallé [C].
b. ? (W. 123; C. 78). Mexico.
c, d-e. Yg. (V. 126, Jalapa. Mr. Hoege [C].
135, 181; C, 69, 73,
75).
181. Erythrowawreus. 207
..f. 6 (V, 131; C. 75). Tampico. Mr. H.H. Smith [C];
F. D.Godman, Esq.
- ..].
g. Q (W. 123; C. P). Hacienda del Hobo. P. Geddes, Esq. [P.].
h. 3 (W. 128; C. P). Tehuantepec.
i. 3 (W. 123; C. 94). Vera Paz. O. Salvin, Esq. É
K. Q (V. 135; C. P). Belize. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
!—n, o. 3 (W. 121; C. Stann Creek, Brit. Hon- Rev. J. Robertson
§ 9 (V. 130, duras. [C.].
130; C. P., 78), &
hgr. (V. 129; C.78).
& (V. 120; C.93) Brit. Honduras.
& Q (W. 132, 132;
C. 81, 79). -
&—t. 3 (V. 123, 123; —? (Two of the types of
C. 89,87). C. fissidens.)
7. Erythrolamprus fissidens.
Coronella fissidens, part., Günth. Cat. p. 36 (1858).
Coniophanes punctigularis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 248, and
Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 138; F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges.
Basel, vi. 1878, p. 666.
fissidens, Cope, ll, cc.; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mez., Rept, p. 650,
pl. xli. fig. 3 (1886),
Dº chitalonensis, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1877,
. 407.
Tºni, fissidens, part., Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 62 (1883);
Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 161 (1895).
Erythrolamprus fissidens, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 32, 1887, p. 77.
violaceus, Cope, l.c.

Snout moderate, rather strongly depressed, rounded. Rostral
once and a half to nearly twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible
from above ; internasals much shorter than the praefrontals ;
frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as
long as or longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal nearly as long as deep; one praeocular
(rarely divided); two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals
117–140; anal divided ; subcaudals 64–89. Brown above, with or
without longitudinal series of small dark spots, or an ill-defined
dark vertebral stripe; a dark lateral streak; a pair of more or less
distinct fine yellowish lines on the neck, broken up into small spots
anteriorly or preceded by a small roundish spot; labials grey or
brown, speckled with black, with a yellow, above black-edged line
running along their upper border; this line extends to the side of
the neck; throat speckled with blackish; lower parts white, with
more or less numerous black dots, which may form a regular series
on each side of the belly.
Total length 525 millim. ; tail 145.
Mexico and Central America.
208 - COLUBRIDAE.
a—f G (W. 128; C.?), Mexico. M. Sallé [C.].
2 (W. 129, 134, 129,
123; C. 69, P, 67,71), (Types.)
& yg. (W. 135; C, 69).
. 9 & 131; C. 64). Mexico.
h—i. 3 (W. 119, 118; Teapa, Tabasco. F. D. Godman, Esq. [P].
C. P. P).
K.Y. (v. 124; g, P). Orizaba.
l. Hgr. (V.121; C.89). Tehuantepec.
m—n. 2 (W. 121, 119; Vera Paz. O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
C. 77,70).
. 3 (V. 117; C. P) Pacific Coast of O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
*: Q (V, 126; b. 81). Guatemala. , Esq. [C.]
g—t. 3 (V. 121 : C. P) Hacienda Rosa de Dr. Rothschuh [C].
& 2 (V, 128, 130, Jericho, Nicara- •
9
129; C. 67, 70, P). gua, 8250 ft.
w. Q (V. 129; C. 73). Matagalpa, Nicara- Dr. Rothschuh [C.].
gua.
8. Erythrolamprus bipunctatus.
Coronella bipunctata, Günth. Cat. p. 36 (1858), and Zool. Rec. 1866,
p. 126.
Glaphyrophis pictus, Jan, Arch, Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 304,

and Icon. Gén. 18, pl. v. fig. 4 (1866).
Coniophanes bipunctatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 128, and
Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 137; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea.,
Rept. p. 653, pl. xl. fig. 8 (1886).
Tachymenis bipunctata, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 63 (1883); Günth.
Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 161 (1895).
Erythrolamprus bipunctatus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 32,
1887, p. 77. s
Snout moderate, rather strongly depressed, rounded. Rostral
nearly twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above; inter-
nasals not more than half as long as the praefrontals; frontal once
and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as or
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal as long as deep; one praeocular; two postoculars;
temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 21 rows. Wentrals 135–142; anal divided; subcaudals 85–94.
Prown or reddish above, with a more or less distinct darker verte-
bral line and a dark lateral streak; some white, black-edged dots
on the head; lips white, spotted or marbled with blackish; a white,
black-edged line from the eye to the angle of the mouth through
the three last upper labials; belly and lower surface of tail whitish
(red ?), with two regular series of round black spots or ocelli; a
brown dot on the outer end of each ventral shield.
Total length 550 millim. ; tail 190.
Honduras.
182. HYDROCALAMUs. 209
a. Hgr. (V. 140; C.94). Belize. F. D. Godman, Es {ſº}
b–d. 3 (W. 137; C. 91), Stann Creek, Brit. Rev. J. #. ..].
$2 (W. 142; C. P), & Honduras.
6. §: 8 (V. i85 ſ — ? (Type.)
9. Erythrolamprus piceivittis.
Coniophanes piceivittis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869,
ºis; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 656, pl. xli. fig. 2
Tachymenis taeniata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 876.
piceivittis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 20, and
Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 160 (1895).
Bºlamºus piceivittis, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887,
p. 77.
Snout moderate, rather strongly depressed, rounded. Rostral
nearly twice as broad as deep, visible from above; internasals much
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal a little longer than deep; one praeocular,
with a subocular below it; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 25 rows. Wentrals 158–
169; anal divided ; subcaudals 82–93. Dark brown above, with
two whitish longitudinal streaks which extend to the canthi
rostrales; these streaks may be interrupted on the occiput; upper
lip and sides brownish white; lower parts uniform white.
Total length 520 millim.; tail 150.
Mexico.
a. 3 (V. 162; C. 91). Yucatan.
b. ? (W. 164; C. 93). Mexico.
182. HYDROCALAMUS.
Homalopsis, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 967 (1854).
Hydrocalamus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 176;
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mear, Rept. p. 811 (1895).
Maxillary teeth 12, gradually increasing in size and followed,
after an interspace, by a pair of feebly enlarged grooved fangs
situated behind the vertical of the eye; mandibular teeth subequal.
Head slightly distinct from neck; eye small, with round pupil;
nasal entire or semidivided. Body cylindrical; scales smooth,
without apical pits, in 21 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate;
subcaudals in two rows.
Central America.
WOL. III. P
210 . COLUBRIDAE, .
1. Hydrocalamus quinquevittatus.
Homalopsis quinquevittatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 975 (1854).
Calopisma quinquevittatum, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii. 1865,
p.244, and Icon. Gén. 30, pl. ii. (1868). : -
Hydrops lubricus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 217.
quinquevittatus, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 86 (1883). e e
Hydrocalamus quinquevittatus, Cope, Proc. Amer; Philos. Soc. xxii.
1885, p. 176; Günth. Biol. C.-Am, Rept, p. 164 (1895); Bocourt,
Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept, p. 811, pls. lv. fig. 6 & 1x. fig. 3 (1895).
Head much depressed; snout short, rounded. Rostral broader
than deep, just visible from above ; internasals narrowed in front, a
little longer than broad, a little shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal twice as broad as the supraocular, once and two thirds as
long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal, if present, longer than deep ;
one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals 151–164; anal
divided; subcaudals 65–71. Dark brown or blackish, with two
pale brown longitudinal bands, or brown with a black lateral band;.
outer row of scales and a portion of the second white; lips white,
each shield with a round black spot ; ventral shields white, each
with two transversely oval black spots forming two regular longi-
tudinal series; on the posterior half of the tail the spots unite to
form a zigzag line.
Total length 710 millim. ; tail 160.
Mexico and Guatemala.
a. 9 (V. 164; C, 68). Mexico. Christiania Museum.
183. SCOLECOPHIS.
Calamaria, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 25 (1837).
Homalocranium, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén, vii. p. 855 (1854).
Scolecophis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 259, and 1861, p. 74;
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mew, Rept. p. 577 (1883).
Platycranion, Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 40 (1863).
Procinura, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1879, p. 262.

Maxillary teeth 13 to 15, small, equal, followed by a pair of
feebly enlarged grooved teeth situated below the posterior border of
the eye; mandibular teeth equal. Head slightly distinct from
neck; eye small, with round pupil. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth or feebly keeled, without apical pits, in 15 rows; ventrals
rounded or obtusely angulate laterally. Tail short; subcaudals in
two rows.
Central America.
This genus connects Erythrolamprus with Homalocranium, being
distinguished from the former by its smaller eye and shorter grooved
teeth and from the latter by the presence of a loreal. • ‘
183. SCOLEcoPHIS. 211
Synopsis of the Species.
Scales smooth; nostril between two -
nasals; ventrals 181–198 . . . . . . . . 1. atrocinctus, p. 211.
Scales smooth; nasal single; ventrals
152–170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. michoacanensis, p. 211.
Posterior dorsal and caudal scales
keeled; nostril between two nasals;
ventrals 148. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. amulus, p. 212.
1. Scolecophis atrocinctus.
Calamaria atrocincta, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 47 (1837). . . . .
Homalocranium atrocinctum, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 864 (1854); Jan,
Icon. Gén. 15, pl. ii. fig. 7 (1866).
Elaps zonatus, Hallow. Proc. Ae. Philad, 1855, p. 35.
Scolecophis atrocinctus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad., 1860, p. 259;
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mear, Rept. p. 577, pl. xxxvii. fig. 2 (1888);
Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 156 (1895).
zonatus, Cope, l.c. -
Eye not quite half as long as the snout. Rostral broader than
deep, just visible from above; internasals not more than half as
long as the praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, as long as or
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter
than the parietals; nostril between two nasals; loreal as long as
deep or a little longer than deep; one prae- and two postoculars;
temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
angulate laterally, 181–198; anal divided; subcaudals 45–54.
Annulate black and yellow, the black annuli broader than the
yellow ones; head black above, with a yellow cross-bar on the
snout, and a yellow spot behind the eye.
Total length 370 millim. ; tail 47.
Guatemala. -
a—c. 3 (V. 181; C. 47) Dueñas, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C]. .
& Q (V. 198, 188; - -
C. 45, 50). -
d. Yg. (V. 193; C. 47). —? Dr. Günther [P].
2. Scolecophis michoacanensis.
Cºhoeneni, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
p. 178. -
Homalocranium michoacanense, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 150,
pl. xxxvi. figs. B & C (1895).
Elapomorphus michoacanensis, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii.
1895, p. 218.
Eye nearly half as long as the snout. Rostral broader than deep,
visible from above; internasals more than half as long as the
*
P 2
212 • COLUBRIDAE,
praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal entire ;
loreal a little longer than deep ; one prae- and two postoculars;
temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
152–170; anal divided; subcaudals 37–45. Red above, with pairs
of black cross-bars enclosing yellow ones; a large black spot on the
head, behind the snout; lower parts whitish. -
Total length 285 millim.; tail 55.
Mexico.
a—b. 3 (V, 166; C. 45) Mezquital del Oro. Dr. A. C. Buller [C.].
& Q (W. 170; C. 42).
3. Scolecophis amulus. -
Procinura aemula, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1879, p. 262.
Rostral visible from above ; frontal broad, acutely pointed
behind; parietals short; nostril between two nasals; loreal quad-
rangular; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; anterior chin-
shields much longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, keeled
on the posterior dorsal region; caudal scales keeled, tubercular.
Wentrals 148; anal divided; subcaudals 41. Body encircled with
black annuli, which are broadly bordered with yellow and separated
by red interspaces of twice their width; the red scales with a central
black spot; a large black spot covering the frontal, parietal, and
supraocular shields.
Total length 364 millim. ; tail 61.
Southern Chihuahua, Mexico.
184. HOMALOCRANIUM.
Duberria, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 29 (1826).
Cloelia, part., Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187 (1830).
Calamaria, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 25 (1837). . .
Homalocranium, part., Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853,
. P. tº,:* Gén. vii. p. 855 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn.
TÉ.i. Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 131 (1853); Cope, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 597.
Lioninia, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 484.
Homalocranium, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 50;
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mew, Rept. p. 778 (1883).
Microdromus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 17.
Pogonaspis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1894, p. 204.
Maxillary teeth small, equal, 12 to 14, followed by a pair of
feebly-enlarged grooved teeth, situated below the posterior border
of the eye; mandibular teeth equal. Head small, not or but
slightly distinct from neck; eye small, with round pupil; no loreal
184. HOMALOCRANIUM. 213,
shield. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows;
ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or short ; subcaudals in two rows.
Southern North America; Central America; Tropical South
America.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Frontal not more than twice as broad as the posterior border of
the supraocular; seven upper labials; two postoculars.
A. Frontal hexagonal.
1. Wentrals 120 or more.
a. Two pairs of chin-shields.
a. Rostral much broader than deep ; frontal considerably
longer than broad.
* Eye about half as long as the snout.
† Frontal not more than once and a half as long as
broad; subcaudals 46–71.
Pirst lower labial usually in contact - -
with its fellow ; seven upper labials; [p. 215.
body uniform or with dark stripes ... 1. melanocephalum,
First lower labial in contact with its
fellow ; seven upper labials; body
with dark transverse spots or bars .. 2. annulatum, p. 217.
Symphysial in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; eight upper labials; body
with three light stripes . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. trilineatum, p. 217.
tº Frontal twice as long as broad; subcaudals 85.
* - 4. longifrontale, p. 218.
** Eye not half as long as the snout. -
t Posterior nasal in contact with or narrowly
separated from the praeocular.
Ventrals 138–158; subcaudals 40–58. . 5. coronatum, p. 218.
Wentrals 149–179; subcaudals 59–70. 6. rubrum, p. 219.
†† Posterior nasal very small and widely separated
from the praeocular... 7. semicinctum, p. 219.
6. Rostral a little broader than deep.
* First lower labial broadly in contact with its fellow;
eye not half as long as the snout.
Frontal considerably longer than broad. 8. fuseum, p. 220.
Frontal scarcely longer than broad .... 9. boulengeri, p. 221.
** First lower labial separated from or narrowly in
contact with its fellow.
t Eye not half as long as the snout ; ventrals 121–
135; subcaudals 32–38.
10. Schistosum, p. 221.
214 colubRIDA.
ft Eye about half as long as the snout; ventrals
147–175; subcaudals 55–65. - .
Nostril much nearer the internasal than
the first labial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. miniatum, p. 222.
Nostril not nearer the internasal than
the first labial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. virgatum, p. 223.
b. A single pair of chin-shields... 14. ruficeps, p. 223.
2. Wentrals 110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. canula, p. 222.
B. Frontal pentagonal, or very slightly angulate in front. -
Anterior chin-shields shorter than the
posterior and separated from the
symphysial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. bocourti, p. 224.
Anterior chin-shields longer than the
posterior and in contact with the
symphysial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. reticulatum, p. 224.
II. Frontal more than twice as broad as the posterior border of the
supraocular.
A. Rostral small, scarcely visible from above ; seven upper
labials; two postoculars . . . . . . 17. moestum, p. 225.
B. Rostral large, well visible from above.
1. Seven upper labials. *
a. Anal entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. vermiforme, p. 225.
b. Anal divided.
Frontal scarcely longer than broad; upper
portion of rostral about half as long as
its distance from the frontal . . . . . . . . 19. breve, p. 225.
Frontal considerably longer than broad;
upper portion of rostral about half as
long as its distance from the frontal.. 20. atriceps, p. 226.
Upper portion of rostral about two thirds
as long as its distance from the
frontal . . . . . . . . e º e e o e s e s e s s e s a e 21. planiceps, p. 226.
2. Six upper labials; one postocular.
Upper portion of rostral much shorter [p. 227.
than its distance from the frontal.... 22. calamarinum,
Upper portion of rostral nearly as long
as its distance from the frontal. . . . . . 23. gracile, p. 228.
184. HOMALOGRANIUM. 215
TABLE SHowING NUMBERs of SHIELDs.
W. O. Postoc. Lab.
nelanocephalum ............... 133–171 46–71 2 7
annulatum ..................... 149 54 2 7
trilineatum ..................... 145–163 68–69 2 8
longifrontale .................. 158 85 2 7
coronatºm........................ 138–158 40–58 2 7
ºrwörum ......................... 149–179 59–70 2 7
semicinctum ..................... 143–180 50–72 2 7
fuseum ........................... 136–159 44–49 2 7
boulenger: ........................ 161 46 2 7
schistosum ..................... 121–135 32–38 2 7
canula ........................... 110 37 2 7
niniatum ........................ 147–152 55 2 7
virgatum ........................ 154–175 57-65 2 7
*uſiceps ........................... 146 ? 2 7
bocourt; ........................ 172–176 55 2 7
ºreticulatum ..................... 148 67 2 7
ºna'stum ........................ 140–148 55–63 2 7
vermiforme ..................... 122 26 2 7
breve .............................. 111 ? 2 7
atriceps........................... 123–125 55–59 - 2 7
planiceps ........................ 121–153 42–58 1–2 7
calamarinum .................. 119–132 27–35 1 6
gracile ........................... ’112–133 41–51 1 6

1. Homalocranium melanocephalum.
Coluber melanocephalus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 24, pl. xv. fig. 2
(1754), and S. N. i. p. 378 (1766).
Elaps melanocephalus, Wagl. in Spiv, Serp. Bras. p. 8, pl. ii. b. fig. 1
1824). -
pº melanocephala, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 55 (1826).
Cloelia dorsata, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 187 (1830).
Calamaria melanocephala, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 38, pl. i., fig. 30
(1837); Trosch. in Schomb. Reise Brit. Guian. iii. p. 652 (1848).
Homalocranium melanocephalum, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 859 (1854);
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 588, pl.xxxvii. fig. 4 (1883).
melanocephalum, part., Günth. Cat. p. 18 (1858); Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 51, and Icon. Gén. 15, pl. ii. fig. 5
(1866); Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 147 (1895).
Tantilla melanocephala, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 74, and 1868,
. 102.
Eſſº, hus mexicanus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862,
p. 57, pl. ix. fig. 1. ->
Tantilla melanocephala, part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 126.
capistrata, Cope, Journ. Ac, Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 181.
Homalocranium melanocephalum, vars, fraseri and pernambucense,
Günth. Biol. Cº-Am. p. 148.
armillatum, part., Günth. l.c. p. 149, pl. lii. fig. C.
mexicanum, Günth, l.c. p. 153.

Eye about half as long as the snout. Rostral much broader than
deep, visible from above; internasals not more than half as long as
216 COLUBRIDAE.
the praefrontals; frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-
angled behind, once and one third to once and a half as long as
"broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; nostril between two nasals (which may be
fused), the posterior of which is in contact with or more or less
widely separated from the praeocular; two postoculars; temporals
'1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first
lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 133–171;
anal divided; subcaudals 46–71. Red or pale brown above, with
jor without three or five more or less dark longitudinal lines; head
and nape dark brown or black, with the sides of the snout and the
lip behind the eye yellow; occiput with two more or less distinct
yellow spots or a yellow cross-bar ; lower parts uniform yellowish
white. *
| Total length 500 millim.; tail 100.
Central and Tropical South America.
a. Hgr. (V. 171; C. 52). Cartago, Costa Rica.
b. 3 (V. 161; C, 68). Tobago. W. J. A. Ludlow,
- Esq. [P.T.
c. 2 (W. 158; C.?). W. Indies. Col. # #,
d. 3 (V. 142; C. 58). Berbice.
e—g, h. 3 (V. 187, 140; Para.
C. 55, 58), 2 (W. 136;
C.?), & yg. (V. 142;
C. 52).
i, 2 (V. 145; C.?). Pernambuco. W. A. Forbes, Esq.
[P.]. (Type of var.
pernambucense.)
K. Q (V. 144; C. 46). Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls ſº
J. G.
(V. 135; C.?). Palmeira, Parana. Dr. S. F. Grillo C.] ;
Marquis G. Doria
[P].
m. Q (V. 136; C, 47). Charobamba, Bolivia.
n. Q (V. 139; C. 49). Moyobamba, N.E. Mr. A. H. Roff [C].
Peru.
o. Hgr. (V. 183; C. 48). Sarayacu, N.E. Peru, Mr. W. Davis [C];
Messrs. Veitch'ſ P. l.
p–g. g. (V. 146, 149; C. Quito.
60 P).
r, s, t. 3 (V, 149; C. 53) W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C]. .
& Q (W. 154, 150; C.?,
52).
(Types of var. fraser.)
u, Hgr. (V. 157; C. 58). S. America. E. Laforest, Esq.[P].
v. 2 (W. 158; C, 52). Mexico (P). M. Sallé [C]. (P)

(Type of E. mericanus.)
The latter specimen agrees so completely with Ecuador specimens,
that I cannot refer it to a distinct species although the nasal shield
is single.—The specimen is probably not from M. Sallé's Mexican
Collection.
184. HomALOCRANIUM. 217
Tantilla pallida, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887,
p. 56, from Matto Grosso, Brazil, appears to agree in every respect
with H. melanocephalum, except in having the first lower labial
separated from its fellow by the symphysial. This is probably
merely an individual variation, as the condition described by Cope
is nearly attained by two of the specimens from Para in the
Museum. *
2. Homalocranium annulatum.
Tantilla annulata, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1892, p. 419.
ºrian annulatum, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 150
The description does not give any structural characters by which
this form may be distinguished from H. melanocephalum, but the
coloration is very different. Head black; snout to the middle of
the praefrontals yellow; fifth upper labial yellow; two narrow yellow
collar-bars, each broadly edged with black, the anterior crossing
the extremity of the parietal shields; anterior third of body dark
grey-brown, with alternating yellow, black-edged transverse spots
or bars extending from the vertebral line to the outer ends of the
ventrals; lower parts uniform yellow.
Total length 484 millim.; tail 99.
Nicaragua. -
3. Homalocranium trilineatum.
Lºmu. trilineatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1880, p. 221, pl.-,
g. 2.
Homalocranium taeniatum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 587,
pl. xxxvii. fig. 3 (1883); Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept, p. 151 (1895).
ºitaum, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885,
Tºdi. taeniata, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 83.
Eye half as long as the snout. Rostral much broader than deep,
visible from above; internasals half as long as the praefrontals;
frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-angled behind, once
and a half as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nostril between two nasals,
the posterior in contact with the praeocular; two postoculars; tem-
porals 1+1 ; eight upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye;
first lower labial separated from its fellow, the symphysial being in
contact with the anterior chin-shields; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 145–163; anal divided; subcaudals
68–69. Brown above, with three yellowish, dark-edged longitudinal
lines; a yellowish cross-band on the occiput, not connected with
the longitudinal lines; a yellowish spot on each side of the head
behind the eyes; lower parts whitish.
Total length 275 millim.; tail 65.
Guatemala, Honduras.
a. 9 (V. 163; C.69). Bonacca. Id., Honduras. F. ºw Esq.
218 * COLUBRIDAE. .
4. Homalocranium longifrontale. (PLATE IX. fig. 3.)
Homalocranium longifrontale, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii.
1896, p. 17. -
Eye about half as long as the snout. Rostral broader than deep,
just visible from above ; internasals not half as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-angled
behind, twice as long as broad, much longer than its distance from .
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nostril between
two nasals, the posterior widely separated from the praeocular; two
postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind
the symphysial; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15
rows. Wentrals 158; anal divided; subcaudals 85. Pale brown
above, with five dark brown longitudinal lines; head and nape
black; a yellow band across the snout; a yellow blotch on each
side of the head behind the eye, a round yellow spot on each side
of the vertex, between the supraocular and the parietal, another
pair on the back of the head between the parietal and the second
temporal, and a yellow dot on each parietal near the median suture;
the black of the hape bordered with yellow behind; a series of
blackish dots along the outer row of scales; lower parts white.
Total length 280 millim. ; tail 83. e
Colombia.
a. 3 (V. 158; C. 85). Cali, 3200 feet. Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg
- [C.]. (Type.)
5. Homalocranium coronatum.
Tantilla coronata, Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 131 (1853),
and Rep. U.S. Eaplor. R. R. x. pt. iii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 96 (1859);
Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 88 (1883); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xiv. 1892, p. 598; Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 1894,
. 333. - -
? #omiennium wagneri, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p. 51, and Icon. Gén. 15, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1866).
Homalocranium melanocephalum, part., Jan, l.c. p. 51.
Eye not half as long as the snout. Rostral broader than deep,
visible from above; frontal longer than broad, hexagonal, shorter
then the parietals; nostril between two nasals, the posterior in
contact with the praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+1;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower
labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; anterior
chin-shields longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
138–158; anal divided; subcaudals 40–58. Uniform reddish
brown above; head deep chestnut-brown, with a yellowish cross-
bar on the occiput, edged with black behind; lower parts whitish.
Total length 220 millim. ; tail 35. - -
South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi.
184. HOMALOGRANIUM. 219
H. wagneri, Jan, from Florida, which is referred to the synonymy
of H. coronatum by Cope, differs in having the symphysial in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, and an undivided anal shield.
Loennberg also notes a specimen from Florida in which the first
pair of lower labials do not come in contact on the median line,
although very close together.
6. Homalocranium rubrum.
Tantilla rubra, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 144.
Homalocranium rubrum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 590,
#s xxxvii. fig. 6 (1883); Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept, p. 155
(1895).
Eye not half as long as the snout. Rostral much broader than
deep, visible from above; internasals about half as long as the
praefrontals; frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-angled
behind, once and one third to once and a half as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals; nostril between two nasals, the posterior of which is
in contact with or more or less narrowly separated from the prae-
ocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with
its fellow behind the symphysial; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 149–179; anal divided; subcaudals
59–70. Uniform red above ; back of head and nape black, with a
yellow bar across the occiput; snout and upper lip behind the eye
ellow; lower parts yellowish white.
Total length 390 millim.; tail 90.
Mexico.
a. 6 (V. 179; C. 70). Orizaba.
b. Yg. (V. 154; C. 59). Tapana, Tehuantepec. M. Sumichrast [C.];
- - P. D. Godman and
O. Salvin, Esqrs.
P.].
c—d. Q y 155, 153; S. Mexico. F. #aaa- Esq.
o [P].
C.?, 65
7. Homalocranium semicinctum.
Homalocranium semicinctum, Dum, & Bibr. vii. p. 862 (1854); Jan,
§§ Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 53, and Icon. Gén. 15, pl. ii.
9. © .
— laticeps, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 240.
— supracinctum, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 272.
Tantilla laticeps, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p.74.
semicincta, Cope, l.c.
Homalocranium lineatum, Fischer, Oster-Progr. Akad. Gymn. Hamb.
1888, p. 6, pl. —. figs. 6–8.
Eye not half as long as the snout. Rostral much broader than
220 . COIUBRIDAE. .
deep, visible from above; internasals not more than half as long as
the praefrontals; frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-
angled behind, once and one third to once and a half as long as
broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; nostril between two nasals, the
posterior very small and widely separated from the praeocular; two
postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind
the symphysial; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15
rows. Wentrals 143–180 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 50–72.
Whitish above, with large black spots or irregular cross-bands, or
with two broad black stripes separated by a white vertebral line, or
blackish, with whitish cross-bands; end of snout whitish ; a white
occipital cross-bar, usually interrupted in the middle; lower parts
white.
Total length 470 millim.; tail 80.
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador.
a—c. Q (V. 159; C. P). Colombia. Dr. J. G. Fischer.
& yg. (V. 180, 168;
C. 50, 57).
d. 9 (V. 168; C.?). Carthagena. Capt. Garth [P].
(Type of H. º
e. Q (V. 166; C.?). Rosario de Cucuta. Mr. C. Webber [C.].
8. Homalocranium fuscum.
Homalocranium melanocephalum, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys.
ii. 1862, p. 51, and Icon. Gén. 15, pl. ii. fig. 4 (1866); Günth.
Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 147 (1895).
melanocephalum, var, fuscum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mew, Rept.
p. 589 (1883). -
— jani, Günth. l. c. p. 148, pl. lii, fig. D.
armillatum, part., Günth, l.c. p. 149.
Eye not half as long as the snout. Rostral a little broader than
deep, visible from above; internasals about half as long as the
praefrontals; frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-
angled behind, once and one third as long as broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nostril between two nasals, the posterior of which is in contact
with or separated from the praeocular; two postoculars; temporals
1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first
lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 136–159;
anal divided; subcaudals 44–49. Brown above, with or without
a light, dark-edged lateral line, with or without a blackish vertebral
line; head dark brown or blackish above, with yellow markings as
in H. melanocephalum. *
Total length 245 millim. ; tail 50. |
Guatemala, Nicaragua.
184. HoMALOCRANIUM. 221
a. 9 (V. 159; C. 44). Dueñas, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq.[C].
b. ? (W. 147; C. 49). Guatemala. F. # Godman, Esq.
[P.]. -
c. 2 (W. 136; C. P). Hacienda Rosa de Dr. Rothschuh [C].
Jericho, Nicaragua.
(Types of H. jani.)
9. Homalocranium boulengeri.
Homalocranium boulengeri, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept, p. 148,
pl. lii. fig. F (1895).
Eye not half as long as the snout. Rostral a little broader than
deep; internasals more than half as long as the praefrontals; frontal
hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-angled behind, scarcely
longer than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; nostril between two nasals, the
posterior of which is in contact with the praeocular; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind
the symphysial; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15
rows. Wentrals 161; anal divided ; subcaudals 46. Uniform red
abové; head black, with the sides of the snout, a spot on the lip
behind the eye, and a cross-bar on the occiput yellowish; lower
parts whitish.
Total length 240 millim.; tail 40.
Mexico.
a. 3 (W. 161; C. 46). Huatuzco, Vera Cruz. F. ID. Godman, Esq.
[P.]. (Type.)
10. Homalocranium schistosum.
Homalocranium schistosum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 584,
pl.xxxvi, fig. 10 (1883); Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept, p. 152 (1895).
Tantilla schistosa, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 83.
Eye not half as long as the snout. Rostral a little broader than
deep, visible from above; internasals about half as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-angled
behind, scarcely longer than broad, a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nostril be-
tween two nasals, the posterior of which is in contact with the
praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial widely sepa-
rated from its fellow, the symphysial being in contact with the
anterior chin-shields; three or four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 121–135; anal divided; subcaudals
32–38. Dark brown above, snout and a cross-bar on the occiput
ellowish; lower parts yellowish.
Total length 220 millim. ; tail 42.
Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua.
222 3. - COLUBRIDAE,
a. 3 (W. 135; C. 38). Guatemala. F.D. Godman, Esq.[P].
b. §,” (V. 180; Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Dr. Rothschuh [C].
11. Homalocranium canula.
Tantilla canula, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 144.
Homalocranium canulum, Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept, p. 153 (1895).
Snout rather wide, but projecting beyond the mouth. Frontal
rather small, hexagonal, longer than its distance from the rostral;
two postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; first lower labial separated from its fellow
by the symphysial; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Wentrals 110; anal divided; subcaudals 37. Colour leaden, darker
above; head-shields with paler borders and centres.
Total length 172 millim. ; tail 37.
Yucatan. -
12. Homalocranium miniatum.
Tantilla miniata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1863, p. 100, Journ.
Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 144, and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
1892, p. 597. .
Homalocranium deppii, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 584,
pl. xxxvi. fig. 1T (1883); Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 151
(1895).
Tantilla deppei, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 83.
Homalocranium miniatum, Günth. l.c. p. 146. -
Eye about half the length of the snout. Rostral a little broader
than deep, visible from above; internasals about half as long as the
praefrontals; frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-angled
behind, once and one third as long as broad, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nostril be-
tween two nasals, much nearer the internasal than the first labial;
posterior nasal in contact with the praeocular; two postoculars;
temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; first lower labial separated from its fellow, the symphysial
reaching the anterior chin-shields; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little longer than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 147–152; anal divided;
subcaudals 55. Pale brown above, with five dark brown longitu-
dinal lines; head dark brown above, yellowish on the sides; a
yellow bar across the occiput, divided in the middle by the dark
vertebral line; lower parts yellowish white (red in life).
Total length 270 millim. ; tail 65.
Mexico.
a. 3 (W. 152; C, 55). S. Mexico. F. D. Godman, Esq.[P]
184. HomalocraNIUM. 223
13. Homalocranium virgatum.
Microdromus virgatus, Günth. Ann, & Mag. W. H. (4) ix. 1872,
p. 17, pl. iv. fig. B.
Hómalócranium sexfasciatum, Fischer, Abh. Nat. Wer. Bremen, vii.
1882, p. 225, pl. xiv. figs, 8–10.
— virgatum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mew, Rept, p. 584, pl.xxxvi, fig. 4
(1883); Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept, p. 154, pl. lii, fig. A. (1895).
Tantilla sexfasciata, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 32, 1887, p. 83.
virgata, Cope, l.c. p. 84.
Eye about half the length of the snout. Rostral a little broader
than deep, visible from above; internasals about half as long as the
raefrontals; frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-
angled behind, once and one third to once and a half as long as
broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; nostril in a single or divided nasal, which is in
contact with or narrowly separated from the praeocular ; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; first lower labial separated from or narrowly in
contact with its fellow, the symphysial usually reaching the
anterior chin-shields; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales in
15 rows. Wentrals 154–175; anal divided; subcaudals 57–65.
Pale brown above, with four darker stripes edged with blackish ; a
blackish line along each side of the belly; a yellow, black-edged
cross-bar on the occiput, interrupted in the middle ; upper lip and
end of snout yellowish, with a black spot below the eye and another
on the rostral shield; lower parts yellowish white.
Total length 315 millim. ; tail 75.
Costa Rica.
a—d. 3 (W. 154; C. 57) & 2 Cartago, Costa Rica. (Types.
(W. 173, 175,167; C.?,63, 59). 2 - ypes.)
14. Homalocranium ruficeps.
Pogonaspis ruficeps, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 204.
Rostral visible from above; frontal elongate, hexagonal; nostril
between two nasals, the posterior not reaching the praeocular; two
postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow
behind the symphysial ; a single pair of chin-shields, in contact
with four lower labials. Wentrals 146; anal divided. Light
brown above; median row of scales deep brown; a narrow yellow
line on the adjacent borders of the third and fourth rows of scales,
which is bounded above by a dark brown line; upper surface of
head light reddish brown, with a pale spot at the extremity of each
parietal shield; upper lip yellow, with a black spot below the eye;
lower parts yellow.
Total length 223 millim.
Costa Rica.
224 *. COLUBRIDAE, , ,
15. Homalocranium bocourti.
Homalocranium coronatum (non B. & G.), Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea,
Bept. p. 589, pl. xxxvii. fig. 5 (1883). *
— bocourti, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 149 (1895).
Eye half as long as the snout. Rostral a little broader than deep,
visible from above; internasals more than half as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal pentagonal, or very slightly angulate in front,
acute-angled behind, once and one third to once and a half as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; nostril between two nasals, the posterior in
contact with the praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+1 ;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower
labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; three or
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 172–
176; anal divided; subcaudals 55. Pale reddish above, without
spots or markings; head black, with a yellowish cross-bar on the
snout and a yellowish, black-edged occipital cross-bar just behind
the parietals; upper lip and lower parts white.
Total length 245 millim. ; tail 50.
Mexico.
a. 6 (V. 172; C. 55). Guanajuato. Paris Mus. [E.]. (Type.)
16. Homalocranium reticulatum.
Tantilla reticulata, Cope, Proc. Ao Philad. 1860, p. 77, and Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 598.
Homalocranium reticulatum, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 152
(1895). - .
Rostral broad, visible from above; frontal broad, slightly angulate
in front, acute-angled behind; nostril between two nasals, the
posterior of which is in contact with the praeocular; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields, the anterior in contact
with the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 148; anal
divided ; subcaudals 67. Chestnut-brown above, much darker
posteriorly, the colour extending on the ends of the ventrals;
anteriorly, the scales are edged with darker, presenting a reticulated
pattern; central row of scales lighter, forming a vertebral line ;
third and fourth rows on each side also lighter, forming indistinct
lines; a yellowish-brown collar crosses the ends of the parietal
shields; head-shields clouded and edged with darker; a deep
brown mark extending from the parietals to the mouth across the
yellowish labials; beneath pale yellow, deepening posteriorly.
Total length 260 millim.; tail 80.
Panama.
184. HOMALOGRANIUM. 225
17. Homalocranium moestum.
Homalocranium moestum, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xii. 1863,
p. 352; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mez., Rept, p. 583, pl.xxxvi. ; 9
(1883); Günth. Biol, C.-Am, Rept. p. 152, pl. lii, fig. E (1895).
Tantilla moesta, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 126.
Eye nearly half as long as the snout. Rostral small, a little
broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals not half
as long as the praefrontals; frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in
front, acute-angled behind, longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; nostril between two nasals,
the posterior of which is in contact with the praeocular; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; first lower labial separated from its fellow, the
symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer
than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 140–148; anal
divided; subcaudals 55–63. Blackish brown above and below,
throat, temples, and occiput yellowish white.
Total length 300 millim.
Guatemala.
a. 9 (V. 148; C. P). . Peten. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
(Type.)
18. Homalocranium vermiforme.
Lioninia vermiformis, Hallow, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 484.
Tantilla vermiformis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 74, and Journ.
Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 145.
Snout prominent. Rostral large, acute behind; frontal hexa-
gonal, large, somewhat longer than broad; nostril between two
nasals; two postoculars; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-
shields. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 122; anal single; sub-
caudals 26. Whitish above, with numerous small brown spots;
sometimes a narrow black vertebral line; head brown above, lighter
on the snout, with a whitish blotch on the occiput; lower parts
white. - -
Total length 130 millim.; tail 18.
Nicaragua.
19. Homalocranium brewe.
Homalocranium breve, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 150 (1895).
Eye not half as long as the snout. Rostral a little broader than
deep, well visible from above; internasals more than half as long
as the praefrontals; frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-
angled behind, scarcely longer than broad, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nostril
between two nasals, the posterior in contact with the praeocular;
WOL. III. Q
226, , COLUBRIDAE.

two postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its
fellow behind the symphysial; four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 111; anal divided. Pale brown
tº: speckled with darker; head and nape darker; whitish
eneath.
Total length 140 millim.
British Honduras.
a. 3 (W. 111; C. P). British Honduras O. Salvin, Esq. [P.].
(Type.)
20. Homalocranium atriceps.
Homalocranium atriceps, Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 146, pl. lii.
fig. B (1895).
Eye not half as long as the snout. Rostral broader than deep,
well visible from above; internasals half as long as the praefrontals;
frontal hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-angled behind, once
and one third to once and a half as long as broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nostril between two nasals, the posterior in contact with or
narrowly separated from the praeocular; two postoculars; temporals
l+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye;
first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 123–
125; anal divided; subcaudals 55–59. Pale reddish brown above;
upper surface of head blackish, bordered behind by a whitish cross-
bar; lower parts white.
Total length 170 millim.; tail 47.
North Mexico.
a—b. 3 (V. 123, 125; C, 55, 59). Nuevo Leon. W. Taylor, Esq. [P].
(Types.)
21. Homalocranium planiceps.
Coluber planiceps, Blainv. Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 1835, p. 294, pl.xxvii,
fig. 3.
Hºennium planiceps, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 857 (1854); Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 51, and Icon. Gén. 15, pl. ii.
fig. 2 (1866); Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mew, Rept. p. 581, pl. xxxvi.
fig. 7 (1883); Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 145 (1895).
Tantilla nigriceps, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 328; Cope,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1891,Å. 598. -
Scolecophis fumiceps, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1860, p. 371.
Tantilla planiceps, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 74, and Proc,
U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1891, p. 597.
Homalocranium praeoculum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mew, Rept. p. 582,
pl. xxxvi. fig. 8.

Eye not half as long as the snout, which is much depressed and
184. HoMALOCRANIUM. 227
very prominent. Rostral large, broader than deep, its upper
portion measuring about two thirds its distance from the frontal ;
internasals about half as long as the praefrontals; frontal hexagonal,
obtuse-angled in front, acute-angled behind, a little longer than
broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; nostril in a divided or semidivided
nasal, which is in contact with or narrowly separated from the
praeocular; latter exceptionally divided; one or two postoculars”;
temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; first lower labial in contact with or separated from its
fellow ; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
121—153; anal divided; subcaudals 42–58. Pale brown above,
head dark brown or black; lower parts white.
Total length 260 millim.; tail 50.
Lower California to Western Texas and North Mexico.
a-c, d. 3 (V, 127,126; C.?, Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq.[P].
58), 2 (W. 153; C. 45), &
yg. (W. 121; C. 57).
22. Homalocranium calamarinum.
Tantilla calamarina, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1866, p. 320, and Journ.
Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 143.
— bimaculata, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) viii. 1876, p. 143.
Homalocranium bimaculatum, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mear., Rept. p. 580,
pl. * fig. 6 (1883); Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 154
(1895). - -
Eye not half as long as the snout, which is prominent. Rostral
broader than deep, well visible from above; internasals about half
as long as the praefrontals; frontal hexagonal, slightly longer than
broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; nostril between two nasals, the posterior in
contact with or narrowly separated from the praeocular; one post-
ocular; temporals 1+1, the anterior sometimes separated from the
postocular by the contact of the parietal and fifth labial; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial sepa-
rated from its fellow by the symphysial; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 119–132; anal divided;
subcaudals 27–35. Pale brown above, with three brown longi-
tudinal lines, the vertebral extending to the head, which is dark
brown, and dividing a yellowish occipital blotch; end of snout
yellowish; lower parts white.
Total length 195 millim. ; tail 25.
Mexico.
* Two of the specimens in the Collection have one postocular on each side;
the third has one on the left side and two on the right; whilst in the fourth
the postocular is fused with the supraocular. -
Q2
228 COLUBRIDAE.
a—c. 3 (W. 122; C. 31), 2 San Blas. Hr. A. Forrer [C].
(V, 126;.C. 27), & hgr. (V. t
132; C.27).
23. Homalocranium gracile.
Tantilla gracilis, Baird & Gir. Cat. W. Am. Rept. pp. 132, 161
(1853); Hallow. Proc. Ac, Philad. 1856, p. 246; Garm. N. Am.
#; P. %8pl. vi. fig. 3 (1883); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
1892. O. 598.
tº-ºº: ſºi, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 77.
Homalocranium gracile, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 50,
and Icon. Gén. 15, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1866); Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea.,
Rept, p. 579, pl.xxxvi. fig. 5 (1883); Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept.
p. 146 (1895). -

Jºye not half as long as the snout, which is much depressed and
very prominent. Rostral large, a little broader than deep, the
portion visible from above nearly as long as its distance from the
frontal; internasals at least half as long as the praefrontals; frontal
hexagonal, obtuse-angled in front, acute-angled behind, a little
longer than broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nostril in a single or
divided nasal, which is in contact with or narrowly separated from
the praeocular; one postocular; temporals 1+1, the first sometimes
narrowly separated from the postocular by the contact of the
parietal and the fifth labial; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; first lower labial usually separated from its fellow
by the symphysial; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15
rows. Wentrals 112–133; anal divided; subcaudals 41–51. Pale
brown or reddish above, uniform or speckled with dark brown, some-
times with a dark vertebral line; upper surface of head darker brown;
yellowish or orange below.
Total length 195 millim. ; tail 44.
Texas.
a. 3 (W. 122; C.?) - Texas. Smithsonian Institution.
b, c, d-g, h-i. 3 (W. 115, 114, Duval Co., W. Taylor, Esq. [P.].
114, 115, 114, 112; C. 48, Texas.
46, 47, 51,49, P) & 2 (W.
iih, iáč’dº, 43.
185. OGMIUS.
Ogmius, Cope, Proc, Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 162, and Journ.
Ac, Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 142.
Tentition as in Stenorhina. Head small, not distinct from neck
eye small, with round pupil; snout pointed and projecting; nostril
in a single nasal; no loreal. Scales smooth, in 17 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail short ; subcaudals in two rows.
Mexico. -
186. STENORHINA. - 229
1. Ogmius acutus.
oº:: varians (non Jan), Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869,
. 162.
p
— acutus, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, ix. 1886, p. 189, and Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 82.
Rostral plate produced, acute-angled, flat above; frontal longer
than broad; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 127; anal divided; subcaudals 32. Greyish above, with
a dorsal series of transverse dark spots; sides and head, including
lips, unspotted.
Total length 249 millim.; tail 40.
W. Tehuantepec.
186. STENORHINA.
Stenorhina, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 490, and Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 865 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 246 (1858); Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 63; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea.,
Rept, p. 592 (1883).
Microphis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1854, p. 97.
Bergenia, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 92 (1867).
Maxillary teeth small, equal, 13 or 14, followed by a pair of
feebly enlarged grooved teeth situated below the posterior border
of the eye; mandibular teeth equal. Head small, not distinct from
neck; eye small, with round pupil; nostril between two nasals, the
anterior of which is fused with the internasal; loreal often absent.
Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 17 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail moderate or short ; subcaudals in two rows.
Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador.
1. Stenorhina degenhardtii.
Calamaria degenhardtii, Berthold, Abh. Ges. Wiss. Götting. iii. 1846,
p. 8, pl. i. figs. 3 & 4; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 461.
Stenorhina ventralis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 867 (1854); Günth. Cat.
p. 246 (1858); Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 162.
— freminvillii, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 868, pl. lxx. figs. 1 & 2;
Günth. l.c.; Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 85 (1883); Bocourt, Miss. Sc.
Mez., Rept. p. 596, pl.xxxvii. fig. 8 (1886).
Microphis quinquelineatus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 97,
and Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) iii. 1855, p. 33, pl. iv.
Stenorhina kennicottiana, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 242, and
Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 142. o
*imate, Cope, l.c. p. 243; Bocourt, l.c. p. 597, pl.xxxvii.
'11 -

— lactea, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 303. -
degenhardtii, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anai. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 68, and
Icon. Gén. 48, pl. ii. figs. 5 & 6 (1876); Cope, Journ. Ac, Philad.
(2) viii. 1876, p. 142; Bocourt, l.c. p. 594, pl.xxxvii. figs, 8 & 9;
Günth. Biol. & . Rept. p. 158 (1895). - -
Bergenia mexicana, Steind, Novara, Rept, p. 92, figs. (1867).
230 . COLUBRIDAE,
sººnhami apiata, Cope, Journ. Ac, Philad, (2) viii.
- P. e -
o;i. mexicanus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, 1887,
p. 81.
Snout short, obtusely pointed, prominent. Rostral large, broader
than deep, the portion visible from above measuring one half to two
thirds, or even equal to, its distance from the frontal; internasals
as long as or a little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and
one third to once and a half as long as broad, as long as or longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little
longer than the parietals; loreal, if present, small, if absent fused
with the posterior nasal or with the praefrontal; one prae- and two
postoculars; temporals 1+2 (rarely 2+3 or 4); seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three (rarely four)
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 136–174;
anal divided; subcaudals 28–49. Coloration very variable.
Total length 750 millim.; tail 100.
Mexico to Ecuador.
A. Belly more or less spotted with blackish; upper parts brown
with more or less distinct darker spots and irregular cross-
bars; these markings may entirely disappear in the adult,
which is then uniform dark brown above. -
a. 3 (W. 148; C. 43). Mexico.
b—c. SP (V. 156, 161; Atoyac, Vera Cruz. Mr.H.H.Smith [C];
C. 33, 33). #. Godman, Esq.
d. 9 (V. 159; C. 33). Vº Paz, Low O'Salvin, Esq. [C].
Orest.
e. 3 (V. 141; C. 42). Pacific Coast of O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
Guatemala.
f. 2 (W. 160; C. 31). Chontales, Nica- R. A. Rix, Esq.[C.];
- ragua. A. # gºve,
SQ- LE”. J.
g. 2 (V, 158; C.?). Cartago, Costa Rica.
h. 6 (V. 136; C. 40). Buenaventura, Co- Mr. W. F. H. Rosen-
lombia. berg [C.].
i—k. Yg. (W. 152, 145; Zaruma, Ecuador. J. F. Gunter, Esq.
C. 33, 39). [C].
B. Belly uniform yellowish; back pale brown.
a. With five black longitudinal lines on the back.
a. G. (V. 162; C. 40). Mexico. * *
b. Hgr. (W.171; C. 32). Jalapa, Mexico. Mr. Hoege [C].
c. 2 (W. 171; C. 31). Plain of Zacapa, O. Salvin, Esq.[C].
* Guatemala.
b. A feebly-marked blackish vertebral line and a black streak
behind the eye.
d. 3 (V. 157; C. 40). Putla, Mexico.
187. xENOPHoDIs. 231
c. No well-defined markings.
e—f 3 (W. 170; C. 33) Yucatan.
& Q (W. 173; C. 28). -
g. 3 (V. 162; C. 38). Tapana, Tehuan- M. Sumichrast [C.];
tepec. F. D. Godman &
# * Esqrs.
P.T.
h. 3 (W. 171; C. 36). Cartago, Costa Rica.
i. 3 (V. 151; C, 46). —? Prof. Grant [P].
k, d, skeleton. Yucatan.
187. XENOPHOLIS.
Xenopholis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 440,
Gerrhosteus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 71.
Elapomorphus, part., Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884,
p. 549
Maxillary teeth 14, small, followed after a short interspace by a
pair of moderately enlarged, grooved fangs situated just behind the
vertical of the eye; mandibular teeth subequal. Head slightly
Fig. 16.
Vertebrae of Xenopholis scalaris.
a. Four middle dorsal vertebræ, seen from above.
b. Middle dorsal vertebrae, lower view. c. Ditto, front view.
distinct from neck; eye rather small, with round pupil; nasalentire;
praefrontals fused to a single shield. Body cylindrical; scales smooth,
without pits, in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail rather short;
subcaudals in two rows. Neural spines of the vertebrae expanded
above, forming shields which are rugose and divided by a median
groove.
South America.

232 - COLUBRIDAE,
1. Xenopholis scalaris.
Elapomorphus scalaris, Wucherer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 825;
Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 573.
Xenopholis braconnieri, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 441, pl. -.
fig. 3.
Gerrhosteus prosopis, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1874, p. 71.
Rostral slightly broader than deep, hardly visible from above;
internasals small; praefrontal large *; frontal large, as broad as
long, nearly as long as its distance from the end of the snout, much
shorter than the parietals; supraocular small; nasal large; loreal
longer than deep ; praeocular single, larger than the supraocular,
extending to the upper surface of the head and forming an extensive
suture with the frontal; two postoculars, lower in contact with the
anterior temporal; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales
in 17 rows. Wentrals 128–141; anal entire; subcaudals 28–39.
Pale brown above, with a dark brown vertebral line separating
large blackish-brown transverse spots or cross-bands; upper lip
and lower parts yellowish white.
Total length 330 millim. ; tail 55.
Brazil, Bolivia, Eastern Ecuador.
a. d. (V. 129; C. 34). Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C.].
(Type.)
b. ? (W. 141; C. 28). Yungas, Bolivia.
c. 2 (W. 138; C. 34). Canelos, E. Ecuador. Mr. C. Buckley [C].
188. APOSTOLEPIS,

Calamaria, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 25 (1837).
Elapomorphus, part., Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 489,
and Erp. Gén. vii. p. 832 (1854); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys.
ii. 1862, p. 41; Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 549.
#. Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1861, p. 524.
Rhynchonyx, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 437.
Maxillary very short, with four or five small teeth, followed,
after a short interspace, by a pair of large grooved fangs situated
below the eye; mandibular teeth subequal. Head small, not
distinct from neck; eye small or minute, with round pupil; inter-
nasals fused with the praefrontals; nostril in a single nasal; no
loreal; no anterior temporal. Body cylindrical. Scales smooth,
without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short, obtuse;
subcaudals in two rows.
South America.
* The type specimen of Xenopholis braconnieri is anomalous in having the
praefrontal split up into three shields.
º
188. APOSTOLEPIs. 233
Synopsis of the Species.
I. A single labial in contact with the parietal; the diameter of
the eye nearly equal to the distance between the eye and the
oral margin.
Two postoculars; ventrals 199. . . . . . 1. coronata, p. 233.
A single postocular; ventrals 265 .. 2. assimilis, p. 234.
II. Two or three labials in contact with the parietal; eye minute.
A. Fourth and fifth labials in contact with the parietal; ventrals
250–260. • -
Anal divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. flavitorquata, p. 234.
Anal entire . . . . . . . . . . • * * * * * * * * * 4. nigrolineata, p. 235.
B. Fourth, fifth, and sixth labials in contact with the parietal;
ventrals 213 . . . . . . . . . . . ... 5. Quinquelineata, p. 235.
C. Fifth and sixth labials in contact with the parietal.
1. Symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields;
ventrals 207 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. nigroterminata, p. 235.
2. First lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the
symphysial.
Snout feebly projecting; four lower
labials in contact with the chin-
shields, fourth largest ; ventrals »
260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. dorbignyi, p. 236.
Snout feebly projecting; five lower
labials in contact with the chin-
shields, fifth largest; ventrals 244–
251 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. erythronota, p. 236.
Snout strongly projecting; five lower
labials in contact with the chin-
shields; ventrals 224–242 . . . . . . 9. ambinigra, p. 237.
1. Apostolepis coronata ".
Elapomorphus coronatus, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. 1877,
p. 110; Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 582; Bocourt,
Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept, pl.xxxvi, fig. 1 (1886).
Snout scarcely projecting ; eye small, its diameter nearly
equalling its distance from the oral margin. Rostral broader than
deep, the portion visible from above nearly half as long as its
distance from the frontal; latter shield a little longer than broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; nasal in contact with the praeocular; two postoculars;
six upper labials, second and third entering the eye, fifth in contact
* M. Bocourt has kindly supplied me with notes on the type specimen.
234 COLUBRIDAE,
with the parietal; five lower labials in contact with the chin-shields,
which are equal in size; first lower labial in contact with its fellow
behind the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 199; anal
divided; subcaudals 47. Yellowish above, with three dark brown
longitudinal streaks; anterior half of head blackish, posterior half
yellow, with a black cross-band behind the parietals; lower parts
white. -
Total length 403 millim. ; tail 63.
Habitat unknown.
2. Apostolepis assimilis.
Elapomorphus assimilis, Reinh. Widensk. Meddel. 1869, p. 235, pl. iv.
figs. 1–5 (1861); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 43, and
Icon. Gén. 14, pl. i. fig. 4 (1865); Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb.
xxix. 1884, p. 586.
Snout feebly projecting; eye small, its diameter equalling its
distance from the oral margin. Rostral a little broader than deep,
just visible from above; frontal about once and three fifths as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals; nasal not in contact with the praeocular; a single
postocular; six upper labials, second and third entering the eye,
fifth in contact with the parietal; five lower labials in contact with
the chin-shields, first in contact with its fellow behind the sym-
physial, fifth largest; chin-shields subequal in size. Scales in 15
rows. Wentrals 265; anal divided ; subcaudals 33. Red above;
head and nape black, separated by a white collar; praefrontals,
nasal, and fourth upper labial white; end of tail black; lower
parts white. -
Total length 530 millim.; tail 50.
Minas Geraes, Brazil.
3. Apostolepis flavitorquata.
Elapomorphus flavotorquatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 836 (1854);
Guichen. in Casteln. Anim. Nouv. Amér. Sud, Rept, p. 55, pl.x.
(1855); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 43, and Icon. Gén.
14, pl. i. fig. 3 (1865); Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884,
. 583
p tº
Apostolepis flavotorquata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 524,
Snout feebly projecting; eye minute. Rostral as deep as broad,
the portion visible from above measuring about two thirds its
distance from the frontal; latter shield once and a half as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals, which are twice as long as broad; nasal in contact
with the praeocular; a single postocular; six upper labials, second
and third entering the eye, fourth and fifth in contact with the
parietal; five lower labials in contact with the chin-shields, which
are subequal in size; first lower labial in contact with its fellow
behind the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 250; anal
188. APOSTOLEPIs. 235
divided: subcaudals 27. Red above, yellow beneath; head black
above, with a yellow spot on each praefrontal and a pair on each
side of the upper lip behind the eye; a yellow, black-edged nuchal
collar; end of tail black, the terminal shield white.
Total length 500 millim.; tail 40.
Goyaz, Brazil.
4. Apostolepis nigrolineata.
Elapomorphus nigrolineatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 439;
Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 585.
Agrees with A. flavitorquata, except in the smaller rostral shield
and the undivided anal. Wentrals 260; subcaudals 26. Brownish
yellow above, with five black longitudinal lines, the outer broadest
and on the fourth and fifth rows of scales; snout brownish yellow,
rest of head black; a yellow spot on the third and fourth upper
labials; end of tail black, except the terminal shield, which is
whitish ; lower parts dirty yellow.
Total length 375 millim. ; tail 27.
Habitat unknown.
5. Apostolepis quinquelineata. (PLATE X. fig. 1.)
Snout scarcely projecting; eye minute. Rostral broader than
deep, just visible from above ; frontal a little longer than broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, half as long
as the parietals; nasal in contact with the praeocular; a single
postocular; six upper labials, second and third entering the eye,
fourth, fifth, and sixth in contact with the parietal; five lower
labials in contact with the chin-shields, which are subequal in length,
first in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial, fifth largest.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 213; anal divided; subcaudals 28.
Pale reddish above, with five dark brown longitudinal lines, the
outer broadest and on the second, third, and fourth rows of scales;
head dark brown, with a large yellowish blotch on the forehead
and a small round yellowish spot below the eye; whitish beneath.
Total length 165 millim.; tail 13.
British Guiana.
a. Hgr. 3 (V. 213; C. 28). Demerara. J. Quelch, Esq. [P.].
6. Apostolepis nigroterminata. (PLATE X. fig. 2.)
Snout scarcely projecting; eye minute. Rostral a little broader
than deep, just visible from above; frontal longer than broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the Snout, much
shorter than the parietals; nasal in contact with the prae-
ocular; a single postocular; six upper labials, second and third
entering the eye, fifth and sixth in contact with the parietal;
symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
longer than the posterior; five lower labials in contact with the
236 COLUBRIDAE,
chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 207; anal divided;
subcaudals 26. Pale reddish above, with a dark brown vertebral
line and a dark brown lateral streak on the second, third, and
fourth rows of scales; a pair of rather indistinct brown lines on
the fifth and sixth rows of scales; head dark brown above, with a
round yellowish spot on the snout and a yellowish spot on the third
and fourth upper labials; a yellowish nuchal collar; end of tail
black; lower parts white. -
Total length 217 millim. ; tail 18.
North-eastern Peru.
a. 3 (V. 207; C. 26). Cayaria. Mr. W. Davis §
- Messrs. Weitch [P.1.
7. Apostolepis dorbignyi.
Calamaria d'orbignyi, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 30 (1837).
Elapomorphus orbignyi, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 834 (1854); Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys, ii. 1862, p. 43, and Icon. Gén. 14, pl. i.
fig. 2 (1865); Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb, xxix. 1884, p. 578.
Apostolepis orbignyi, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 524.
Snout feebly projecting; eye minute. Rostral a little broader
than deep, the portion visible from above measuring about half its
distance from the frontal; latter shield once and a half as long as
|broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; nasal not in contact with the praeocular; a
single postocular; six upper labials, second and third entering the
eye, fifth and sixth in contact with the parietal; symphysial nearly
touching the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the
posterior; four lower labials in contact with the chin-shields,
fourth largest. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 160; anal divided;
subcaudals 37. Red above; head and nape black, separated by a
white collar; snout and fourth upper labials whitish ; end of tail
black, except the terminal shield which is white; lower parts
white.
Total length 384 millim. ; tail 49.
Chili (?) *.
8. Apostolepis erythronota.
Elapomorphus erythronotus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1880, p. 222;
Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 579.
Apostolepis erythronotus lineatus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.
xxiv. 1887, p. 56.
Form and lepidosis as in A. dorbignyi, but rostral larger, as in
A. flavitorquata, nasal in contact with the praeocular, and five
lower labials in contact with the chin-shields. Ventrals 244–251;
* As in many other specimens brought home by d'Orbigny, the locality is
doubtful. ... I have recorded the species from Paraguay through confusion with
A. ambinigra. -
189. ELAPOMOIUs. 237
anal divided; subcaudals 28. Red above, head, sides, and end of
tail black; terminal caudal shield white; ventrals whitish, with
two series of black spots. The latter spots absent in the variety
described as lineata, which differs besides in the presence of five
brown longitudinal lines on the body.
Total length 595 millim.; tail 60.
S. Paulo and Matto Grosso, Brazil.
9. Apostolepis ambinigra.
Rhynchonyx ambiniger, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 438, pl. —.
fig. 2.
— ambiniger vittatus, cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887,
p. 56.
Elapomorphus erythronotus, Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torino, x. 1895,
no. 195, p. 20.
Snout strongly projecting; eye minute. Rostral large, the
portion visible from above much longer than its distance from the
frontal; latter shield once and one fourth to once and one third as
long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; nasal in contact with the praeocular; a
single postocular; six upper labials, second and third entering the
eye, fifth and sixth in contact with the parietal; five lower labials
in contact with the chin-shields, which are subequal in size; first
lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 224–242; anal divided; subcaudals
21–33. Red above, yellowish white beneath; head, nape, and a
gular band black; a yellowish spot on the third and fourth upper
labials; end of tail black, the terminal shield whitish. In the var.
vittata, Cope, five dark brown streaks run along the body, on the
vertebral row of scales and on the fourth and sixth.
Total length 620 millim.; tail 45.
Paraguay and Matto Grosso.
a—d. 3 (W. 231, 230, 229; Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C].
C. 30, 28, 29) & 2 (W.
242; C. 26).
189. ELAPOMOIUS.
Elapomorphus, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys, ii. 1862, p. 41;
Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 549.
Elapomojus, Jan, l.c. p. 42.
Dentition apparently as in Apostolepis and Elapomorphus. Head
small, not distinct from neck; eye very small, with round pupil;
internasals fused with the praefrontals; nasal single, separated from
the praeocular by a loreal; three pairs of chin-shields. Body cylin-
drical; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail short, obtuse; subcaudals in two rows.
Brazil.
238 COLUBRIDAE,
1. Elapomoius dimidiatus.
Elapomorphus dimidiatus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862,
p. 47, and Icon. Gén. 14, pl. iii. fig. 3 (1865); Strauch, Bull. Ac.
St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 587.
Rostral a little broader than deep, the portion visible from above
about half as long as its distance from the frontal; latter shield
slightly longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep; a
single praeocular; a single postocular; temporals 1+1; six upper
labials, second and third entering the eye, fifth very small; five
lower labials in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows.
Wentrals 246; anal divided; subcaudals 26. Yellowish above (five
rows of scales); sides blackish, the scales edged with whitish; head
black above; upper lip white; yellowish white beneath, posterior
ventrals and subcaudals spotted with black; end of tail black, the
terminal shield whitish.
Total length 580 millim. ; tail 40.
Brazil.
190. ELAPOMORPHUS.
Skull of Elapomorphus lemniscatus.
Calamaria, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 25 (1837).
Elapomorphus (Wiegm.), part., Dum. &#. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii.
1853, p. 489, and Erp. Gén. vii. p. 832 (1854); Jan, Arch. Zool.
Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 41; Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix.
1884, p. 549. -

190. ELAPOMORPHUs. 239
Elapocephalus, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 276 (1858).
Elapomorphus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1861, p. 524.
Phalotris, Cope, l.c.
Maxillary short, with four or five small teeth, followed,
after an interspace, by a pair of large grooved fangs situated
below the eye; mandibular teeth subequal. Head small, not
distinct from neck; eye minute, with round pupil; nostril in a
single nasal, which is in contact with a praeocular. Body cylin-
drical; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded
Tail short, obtuse; subcaudals in two rows.
South America.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Praefrontals paired.
Parietals not twice as long as broad;
ventrals 169–188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. blumii. p. 239.
Parietals at least twice as long as broad;
ventrals 176–184 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. wuchereri, p. 240.
Parietals not twice as long as broad;
ventrals 190–234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. lepidus, p. 241.
II. A single praefrontal.
A. Internasals forming a suture behind the rostral.
Portion of the rostral visible from above
not longer than the suture between
the internasals; ventrals 202—240 . . 4. tricolor, p. 241.
Portion of the rostral visible from above
longer than the suture between the
internasals; ventrals 185–212. . . . . . 5. lemniscatus, p. 242.
B. Internasals not forming a median suture.
Internasals meeting with their inner
angles behind the rostral ; ventrals
208 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. trilineatus, p. 243.
Internasals completely separated by the
rostral; ventrals 218 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. bilineatus, p. 243.
1. Elapomorphus blumii.
Calamaria blumii, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 45 (1837).
Elapomorphus blumii, Dum, & Biör. vii. p. 841 (1854); Guichen.
in Casteln. Anim. Nouv. Amér. Sud, Rept. p. 56 (1855); Günth.
4mm. & Mag. W. H. (8) ix. 1862, p. 57; Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat.
Phys. ii. 1862, p. 45, and Icon. Gén. 14, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1865);
Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 551; Bocourt, Miss.
Sc. Mew, Rept. pl.xxxvi, fig. 2 (1886).
Elapocephalus taeniatus, Günth. Cat. p. 276 (1858).

Rostral a little broader than deep, the portion visible from above
measuring one third to one half its distance from the frontal;
240 COLUBRIDAE.
internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and one
third to once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals, which are not
twice as long as broad; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals
1+1; six upper labials, second and third entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 169–188; anal divided; subcaudals 24–43. Pale yellowish
brown above, with five dark brown or black longitudinal streaks;
head much spotted with dark brown or black; a yellowish-white
occipital collar, which may be interrupted in the middle or confined
to the sides; a large yellowish-white blotch on the upper lip,
occupying the third, fourth, and fifth labials; lower parts white,
with or without a blackish dot on the outer end of each ventral.
Total length 760 millim.; tail 65.
Guianas, Brazil.
a. Yg. (V. 169; C. 42). Cayenne.
b. Yg. (V. 185; C. 30). Tijuca R. . R. Bennett, Esq. [P.].
c. 2 (W. 178; C. 24). Porto Real, Prov. M. Hardy dul)réneuf[C.].
Rio Janeiro.
d. Yg. (V. 184; C. 28). Theresopolis. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
e, f. Yg. (V. 170, 184; Rio Janeiro. G. Busk, Esq. [P.].
C. 31, 32).
g. Q (W. 179; C. 27). S. America. Zoological Society.
(Type of Elapocephalus toºniatus.)
2. Elapomorphus wuchereri.
Elapomorphus wuchereri, part., Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) vii.
º p. 415, fig., and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 15, fig.; Strauch,
Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 555.
accedens, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1862, p. 46; Strauch,
l. c. p. 560.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and
two thirds as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals,
which are at least twice as long as broad; one prae- and two
(exceptionally one) postoculars; temporals 1+1; six upper labials,
second and third entering the eye; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little
shorter than the anterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 176–184;
anal divided; subcaudals 27–45. Pale yellowish brown above ;
young with three dark brown longitudinal lines, which disappear
in the adult ; sides of head dark brown or blackish, with a large
yellow blotch on the upper lip on the third to sixth labials; rostral
and anterior labials each with a blackish spot; lower parts white.
Total length 1180 millim.; tail 120. -
Brazil. - -
190. ELAPomoRPHUs. 241
a, b. ? (W. 179; C. 35) & Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer[C].
hgr. 2 (V. 183; C. 35). (Types.)
c. Yg. (W. 176; C. 41). Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer §
d. Hgr. 3 (v. 18i; Ö, 34). Bahia. Lord Walsingham [P].
3. Elapomorphus lepidus.
Elapomorphus lepidus, Reinh, Vidensk. Meddel, 1860, p. 239, pl. iv.
figs. 6–9 (1861); Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 46, and
Icon. Gén. 14, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1865); Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb.
xxix. 1884, p. 558.
— wuchereri, part, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) vii. 1861,
p. 415, fig, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 15, fig. ; Strauch, l.c.
555
p. O'Do.
Apostolepis lepida, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 524,
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals, which are not twice as long as broad; one prae- and two
(exceptionally one) postoculars; temporals 1+1; six upper labials,
second and third entering the eye; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little
longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 190–234;
anal divided; subcaudals 30–45. Pale brown above, with three
more or less distinct darker longitudinal lines; snout, vertex, and
nape black; back of head and temples yellowish white; lower parts
whitish. e
Total length 500 millim.; tail 55.
Brazil.
a, b. 3 (V. 204; C. 45) & 2 Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C].
(V. 201; C. 33). (Types of E. wuchereri)
c. Hgr. (V. 190; C. 30). Brazil. Dr. Gardiner [P.].
4. Elapomorphus tricolor.
Elapomorphus tricolor, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 837 (1854); Jan, Arch.
Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 44, and Icon. Gén. 14, pl. ii. fig. 2
(1865); Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 565; Boettg.
Abh. Nat. Ges. Nürnb. viii. 1891, p. 91; Peracca, Boll. Mus.
Torino, x. 1895, no. 195, p. 21.
Phalotris tricolor, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 524.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; suture
between the internasals one third to one half the length of the
single praefrontal; frontal once and a half as long as broad, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the
parietals, which are at least twice as long as broad; one prae- and
two (rarely one) postoculars; temporals 1+1; six upper labials,
second and third entering the eye; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 202–240;
WOL. III, & R
242 COLUERIDAE.
anal divided; subcaudals 22–30. Red above, white beneath ;
upper surface of head and nape black, separated by a yellowish-
white cross-band. © º ºf Q
Total length 370 millim.; tail 25. Grows to 938 millim.
Bolivia, Paraguay, Southern Brazil, Uruguay.
a—b. Hgr. (V. 223; C-28) Uruguay.
& yg. (V. 226; C. 26).
5. Elapomorphus lemniscatus.
Elapomorphus lemniscatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 840 (1854); Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 45, and Icon. Gén. 14, pl. ii.
fig. 3 (1865); Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 567;
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (5) xv. 1885, p. 821, pl. x., and xvi.
1885, p. 296.
reticulatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1860, p. 518, pl. — fig. 2;
Strauch, l.c. p. 569. -
Phalotris lemniscatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1861, p. 524.
— reticulatus, Cope, l.c.
Elapomorphus iheringi, Strauch, l.c. p. 571.
Phalotris melanopleurus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
p. 189.
Rostral a little broader than deep, the portion visible from above
measuring about half its distance from the frontal; suture between
the internasals one fourth to one third the length of the single
praefrontal; frontal once and one third to once and two thirds as
long as broad, shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
much shorter than the parietals, which are at least twice as long as
broad; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1; six upper
labials, second and third entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 185–
212; anal divided ; subcaudals 21–34. Red to greyish brown
above, with or without a black vertebral stripe; head blackish,
usually with a yellowish, black-edged occipital collar which may
be much reduced or even entirely absent; lateral scales and ventrals
and subcaudals black, light-edged, the outer or the two outer rows
of scales often yellowish white; a black bar across the base of the
tail.
Total length 700 millim. ; tail 60.
Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina.
a—b, c, dif, g—k. 3 (V. 202; Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering
C. 25), 2 (W. 207, 208, C.T.
209; C. 23, 25, 26), & yg.
(V, 186, 185,211; C. 28,
34, 24).
l. 3 (V. 204; C. 22). Paraguay. Prof. Grant [P].
m—o. 3 (V. 185; C. 25), Q Uruguay.
(V. 208; C. 22), & yg.
(V. 192; C.26).
190. ELAPOMORPHUs. 243
p. 2 (V. 212; C. 24). High Pampas of E. W. White, Esq.
San Luis, Men- [C.]. +
doza. -
q. Skeleton. Rio Grande do Sul.
6. Elapomorphus trilineatus. (PLATE X. fig. 3.)
Elapomorphus trilineatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) iv. 1889,
p. 266.
Rostral as deep as broad, the portion visible from above
measuring two thirds its distance from the frontal, in contact with
the anterior angle of the single praefrontal; internasals meeting
with their inner angles; frontal once and a half as long as broad,
not quite so long as its distance from the end of the snout, much
shorter than the parietals, which are twice as long as broad; one
prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1; six upper labials,
second and third entering the eye, fifth largest; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which equal the posterior
in size. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 203; anal divided ; sub-
caudals 26. Cream-colour; above with three black streaks inter-
rupted by the pale borders of the scales, the middle one on the
vertebral row of scales, the lateral between the fourth and fifth
rows; a blackish transverse band on the base of the tail; ventrals
and subcaudals black antero-mesially.
Total length 530 millim. ; tail 45.
Southern Brazil.
a. Q (V. 203; C. 26). Camaquam River, Rio Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].
Grande do Sul. (Type.)
7. Elapomorphus bilineatus.

Elapomorphus bilineatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 839 (1854); Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 44, and Icon. Gén. 14, pl. ii.
fig. 1 (1865); Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xxix. 1884, p. 563;
Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mear., Rept. pl.xxxvi. fig. 3 (1886).
Phalotris bilineatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 524,
Rostral as deep as broad, the portion visible from above a little
shorter than its distance from the frontal and entirely separating
the internasals; praefrontal single; frontal a little longer than
broad, shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, much
shorter than the parietals, which are not twice as long as broad ;
one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1; six upper labials,
second and third entering the eye; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as large as the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 218; anal divided; subcaudals 21.
IBrownish yellow above, with a blackish line on each side of the
back, between the fourth and fifth rows of scales; head blackish
above and beneath; ventrals and subcaudals blackish, edged with
whitish. -
Total length 348 millim. ; tail 20.
Corrientes, Argentina.
R 2
244 - COLUBRIDAE,
191. AMBLYODIPSAS.
Amblyodipsas, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1856, p. 592, and Reise n.
Mossamb. iii. p. 109 (1882). tº gº
Amblyodipsas, part, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 40.
Maxillary very short, with five teeth gradually increasing in size
and followed, after an interspace, by a large grooved fang situated
below the eye; mandibular teeth decreasing in size posteriorly.
Head small, not distinct from neck; eye minute, with round pupil;
nostril in a single very small nasal; no internasals; no loreal;
no praeocular; no anterior temporal. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail very
short, obtuse; subcaudals in two rows.
Mozambique.
1. Amblyodipsas microphthalma.
Calamaria microphthalma, Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. p. 94,
pl. xii. fig. 1 (1852).
Amblyodipsas microphthalma, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1856, p. 592;
Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1862, p. 41, and Icon. Gén. 14,
pl. i. fig. 1 (1865); Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 109 (1882).
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above
measuring about two thirds its distance from the frontal; prae-
frontals longer than broad; frontal large, nearly twice as long as
broad, acutely pointed behind, much longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; supraocular
very small; a minute postocular; a single temporal; four upper
labials, second and third entering the eye, fourth largest and in
contact with the parietal; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, fourth very large and narrowly separated
from its fellow by the posterior chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows.
Wentrals 142; anal divided ; subcaudals 19. Dark brown above;
upper lip, two outer rows of scales, outer ends of ventrals, and
lower surface of head and tail white; a dark brown stripe along
the middle of the belly. -
Total length 300 millim.; tail 24.
Mozambique.
192. ELAPOTINUS.
Elapotinus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 31.
Dentition as in Amblyodipsas, but the groove on the posterior
fang probably less distinct *. Head small, not distinct from neck;
eye minute, with round pupil; nostril between two nasals; no

* Jan describes the Snake as aglyphodont, but he has overlooked the groove
on the tooth in so many unquestionably opisthoglyphous Colubrines that we
may well be permitted to doubt the accuracy of his statement in this particular
C&S0.
193. CALAMELAPs. 245
loreal. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 17 rows;
ventrals rounded, Tail short; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical Africa?
1. Elapotinus picteti. -
Elapotinus picteti, Jan, l.c., and Icon. Gén. 13, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1865).
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
as long as broad, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a
half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; Supraocular nearly as broad as
long; praeocular minute; a small postocular; temporals 1+2;
seven upper labials, third in contact with the praefrontal, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 175; anal divided; subcaudals 36.
Blackish above, with a white lateral line; a white occipital collar;
upper lip white; brown beneath, outer ends of ventrals and outer
row of scales white.
Total length 290 millim.; tail 40.
Habitat unknown.
193. CALAMELAPS.
PChoristodon (non Jonas), Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept., App. p. 18
(1849); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 235. -
Amblyodipsas, part., Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1862, p. 40.
Calamelaps, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xviii. 1866, p. 26.
Maxillary very short, with three or four teeth gradually increasing
in size and followed, after an interspace, by a large grooved fang
situated below the eye; anterior mandibular teeth enlarged. Head
small, not distinct from neck; eye minute, with round pupil; nostril
in a divided or semidivided nasal; no loreal; no praeocular; no
anterior temporal. Body cylindrical. Scales smooth, without pits,
in 17 to 21 (or 13?) rows; ventrals rounded. Tail very short,
obtuse; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical Africa; South Africa?
Synopsis of the Species.
Scales in 17 rows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. whicolor, p. 245.
Scales in 21 rows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. polylepis, p. 245.
Scales in 13 rows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 3. concolor, p. 246.
1. Calamelaps unicolor.
Calamaria unicolor, Reinh. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. x. 1848, p. 286,
pl. i. figs. 1–3. tº tº
Amblyodipsas unicolor, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1863, p. 41.
Calamelaps unicolor, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xviii. 1866,
p. 25. - t
246 * COLUBRIDAE.
Rostral large, a little broader than deep, the portion visible from
above nearly as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals
much broader than long, much shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals; supraocular small; nasal divided or semidivided;
a very small postocular, sometimes fused with the supraocular;
a single temporal; six upper labials, third in contact with the
praefrontal, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest and
in contact with the parietal; four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, fourth very large and narrowly separated
from its fellow by the posterior chin-shields. Scales in 17 rows.
Wentrals 173–208; anal divided; subcaudals 21–38. Uniform
blackish brown.
Total length 365 millim.; tail 27.
West Africa.
a. 6 (V. 182; C. 34). Sierra Leone.
b. 3 (V. 173; C. 33). Niger. J. W. Crosse, Esq. [P.j.
c. 2 (V. 208; C. 21). W. Africa.
2. Calamelaps polylepis.
Calamelaps polylepis, Bocage. Jorn. Sc. Lisb. iv. 1873, p. 216, and
Pierp, Angola, p. 126, pl. ix, fig. 2 (1895). -
miolepis, Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 323.
In every respect like C. unicolor, except that the scales are in
21 rows. Wentrals 163–212; subcaudals 16–27.
Total length 400 millim.; tail 23.
Angola, Nyassaland.
a. Q (V. 208; C. 18). Cape McLear, Lake A. A. Simons, Esq. [C].
- yassa. (Type of C. miolepis.)
3. Calamelaps? concolor.
Choristodon concolor, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept., App. p. 18
(1849). --
Rostral triangular; internasals small; frontal subrhomboidal,
the hinder portion most prolonged; supraocular very small, sub-
triangular, forming the supero-posterior border of the eye; post-
ocular very small; third and fourth upper labials entering the eye;
two pairs of narrow chin-shields, the second pair longest. Scales
in 13 rows. Wentrals 134; subcaudals 38. Greenish black above,
with purple gloss; pale blackish purple beneath, the shields mar-
gined behind with livid white. -
Total length 190 millim.; tail 28.
Caffraria. - -
194. RHINOCALAMUs.—195. XENOCALAMUs. 247
194. RHINOGALAMUS.
Rhinocalamus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 322.
Maxillary very short, with four teeth gradually increasing in size
and followed, after an interspace, by a pair of large grooved fangs
situated below the eye; anterior mandibular teeth slightly enlarged;
palate toothless. Head small, not distinct from neck; snout much
depressed and very prominent; rostral very large, with obtuse
horizontal edge, concave below ; eye minute, with round pupil;
nostril in a semidivided nasal; no loreal; no praeocular; no anterior
temporal. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in
17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail very short, obtuse; subcaudals
in two rows.
East Africa.
1. Rhinocalamus dimidiatus.
Rhinocalamus dimidiatus, Günth, l.c. pl. xix. fig. C.
Rostral very large, capping the end of the snout, the portion
visible from above longer than its distance from the frontal; inter-
nasals more than twice as broad as long, shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal large, a little longer than broad, as long as or a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
or a little shorter than the parietals; supraocular very small; a
minute postocular; a single temporal; six upper labials, third in
contact with the nasal and the praefrontal, third and fourth entering
the eye, fifth largest and in contact with the parietals; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, fourth very large
and narrowly separated from its fellow by the posterior chin-shields.
Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 192–215; anal divided; subcaudals
20–27. Black above; upper lip, three lower rows of scales, and
lower parts white.
Total length 470 millim. ; tail 30.
Interior of East Africa.
a—c. 3 (V. 202,195, 192; C. 26, 26, 27). Mpwapwa. (Types.)
d—e. 3 (W. 207; C. 25) & Q (V. 215; Ugogo. Mr. Baxter [C.].
C. 20).
195. XENOCALAMUS.
Xenocalamus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 414, and
(6) xv. 1895, p. 526.
Maxillary very short, with five teeth gradually increasing in size
and followed, after an interspace, by a pair of larger grooved fangs
situated below the eye; anterior mandibular teeth a little larger
than the posterior; palate toothless. Head small, not distinct
from neck; snout much depressed, very prominent, pointed; rostral
very large, with obtuse horizontal edge, flat below; eye minute,
with round pupil; nostril between two nasals, the posterior very
large; no loreal; praefrontals absent (fused with the frontal); no
248 COLUBRIDAE.
anterior temporal. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits,
in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail very short, obtuse; subcaudals
in two rows.
Tropical Africa.
1. Xenocalamus bicolor.
Xenocalamus bicolor, Günth. l.c. p. 415, pl. xix. fig. A.
Upper portion of rostral nearly half as long as the frontal, which
is extremely large and more than half as long as the shielded part
of the head; internasals large, forming a short median suture;
supraocular very narrow ; a large, elongate praeocular, in contact
with the posterior nasal, the internasal, the frontal, and the third
labial; a minute postocular; a single temporal; six upper labials,
first very small, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth very large
and in contact with the parietal; third lower labialextremely large;
a single pair of narrow'chin-shields, in contact with three lower
labials. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 218; anal divided; sub-
caudals 24. Black above ; upper lip, two outer rows of scales, and
lower parts white. -
Total length 430 millim.; tail 30.
Zambesi. -
a. 9 (V. 218; C. 24). Zambesi. Mr. Chapman [C]. (Type.)
2. Xenocalamus mechovii.
Xenocalamus mechowii, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. 1881, p. 147;
Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 47.
As in the preceding, but supraoculars absent and usually two
postoculars instead of one. Wentrals 229–239; anal divided; sub-
caudals 31–36. Yellowish, with large dark brown spots above;
some of these spots are disposed in alternating, partly confluent
pairs, others form cross-bands; upper lip, sides, and lower parts
unspotted.
Total length 225 millim.; tail 23,
Congo. - "..
a. Hgr. (V. 239; C. 85). Stanley Falls.
196. MICRELAPs.
Micrelaps, Boettg. Ber. Senckenb. Ges. 1879–80, p. 136.
Elaposchema, Mocquard, Mém. Cent. Soc. Philom. 1888, p. 122.
Maxillary very short, with two teeth followed, after an interspace,
by a very large grooved fang situated below the eye; anterior
mandibular teeth longest. Head small, not distinct from neck;
eye minute, with round or vertically subelliptic pupil; nostril in a
single nasal; no loreal; no praeocular; praefrontal entering the eye.
Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail short ; subcaudals in two rows. -
Palestine; Somaliland. .
197. MIoDoN. * 249
1. Micrelaps muelleri.
F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 655.
Micrelaps mülleri, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879–80, p. 137, pl. iii.
fig. 2; Lortet, Arch. Mus. Lyon, iii. 1888, p. 184, pl. xix, fig. 2.
Head much depressed; rostral nearly twice as broad as deep,
just visible from above; internasals a little broader than long,
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal small, not broader than the
supraocular, once and two thirds as long as broad, hardly as long
as its distance from the rostral, half as long as the parietals; Supra-
ocular as long as broad; a small postocular, in contact with the
first temporal; temporal 1--1 or 1+2; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 251–275; anal divided; subcaudals
26–32. Black, with whitish annuli, which may be narrower or
broader than the interspaces between them, mostly interrupted
beneath.
Total length 405 millim. ; tail 30.
Palestine.
a. Q (W. 251; C. 30). Jerusalem. Senckenberg Mus. [E.].
2. Micrelaps waillanti.
Elaposchema vaillanti, Mocq. l. c. p. 123, pl.xii, fig, 1.
Calamelaps vaillanti, Boettg. Zool. Anz, 1893, p. 117.
Head much depressed ; rostral large, twice as broad as deep, the
portion visible from above about two thirds as long as its distance
from the frontal ; internasals twice as broad as long, twice as long
as the praefrontals; frontal small, once and a half as long as broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter
than the parietals; supraocular as long as broad; a very small
postocular; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third in contact
with the praefrontal, third and fourth or third, fourth, and fifth
entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields, subequal in size, the
anterior in contact with four lower labials. Scales in 15 rows
(17 on the neck). Wentrals 171–203; anal divided; subcaudals
23–27. Brown above, the centre of each scale greyish white;
ventrals brown in the middle, whitish on the sides. Ö
Total length 282 millim.; tail 32.
Somaliland.
197. MIODON.
Microsoma (non Macq.), Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. (2)x. 1858, p. 519,
and Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 111 (1863); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.
1863, p. 369. -
Miodon, A. Dum. Arch. Mus. x. 1859, p. 206.
Urobelus, Reinh. Widensk. Meddel, 1860, p. 229.
Maxillary very short, with two or three small teeth followed;
250 - - COLUBRIDAE.
after an interspace, by a very large grooved fang situated in
advance of the eye; second and third or third and fourth man-
dibular teeth large, fang-like. Head small, not distinct from
neck; eye very small, with round pupil; nostril in a single or
divided nasal, which does not touch the rostral, the internasal
forming a suture with the first labial; no loreal. Body cylindrical ;
scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
very short ; subcaudals in two rows.
West Africa.
Maxillary and mandible of Miodon acanthias.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Anal entire; ventrals 190–216 ... 1. acanthias, p. 250.
II. Anal divided.
A. Frontal longer than broad.
Internasals considerably shorter than the
praefrontals; ventrals 201–228. . . . . . 2. collaris, p. 251.
Internasals as long as or slightly shorter
than the praefrontals; ventrals 214–
249. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. gabonensis, p. 252.
Internasals as long as or slightly shorter
than the praefrontals; ventrals 181—
200. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. notatus, p. 252.
B. Frontal as long as broad; ventrals 238.
- 5. new wiedii, p. 253.
1. Miodon acanthias.
Urobelus acanthias, Reinh. Widensk. Meddel. 1860, p. 229, pl. iii.
Elapomorphus acanthias, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1868, p. 47,
and Icon. Gén. 14, pl. iii. fig. 4 (1865).
acanthias, part., Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 323.
PMicrosoma collare, var. D, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 126 (1895).
Diameter of eye less than its distance from the oral margin.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half as broad as
the supraocular, once and a half to once and two thirds as long as

197. Miodon. 251.
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; nasal divided; one praeocular, in contact with
the posterior nasal; one or two postoculars; temporals 1+1;
Seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower
labial forming a suture with its fellow behind the symphysial;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 190—
216; anal entire; subcaudals 16–21. Whitish or pale reddish
above, with five black stripes, the median broadest and occupying
one and two half scales, the outer running between the second and
third rows of scales; top of head black; a whitish occipital bar
edged with black behind; end of snout, upper lip, tip of tail, and
lower parts white.
Total length 550 millim. ; tail 30.
Guinea; Congo 2
a. Hgr. (V. 190; C. 21). Ashantee. . Mr. McCarthy [C.].
b. ? (W. 210; C. 17). W. Africa. J. % Salmon, Esq.
& Skull of b. [P.].
2. Miodon collaris.
Polemon barthii (non Jan), Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865,
. 90. -
Mººms collare, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. 1881, p. 148;
Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. xi. 1887, p. 182, and Herp. Angola, p. 124,
pl. xiv. figs. 1 & 2 (1895).
Elapomorphus acanthias, part., Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i.
1888, p. 323. -
Diameter of eye about three fifths its distance from the oral
margin. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals considerably shorter than the praefrontals; frontal slightly
broader than the supraocular, once and a half as long as broad, as
long as its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals;
nasal divided, in contact with the praeocular; two (rarely one *)
postoculars; temporals 1+1 (or 1+2); seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial forming a suture
with its fellow behind the symphysial; four or five lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 201–228; anal
divided; subcaudals 16–22. Blackish above and on the sides down
to the outer end of the ventrals and subcaudals, or dark grey with
the scales edged with black; head and nape pale brown, with some
black blotches on the crown and below the eye; lower parts and
terminal caudal shield white.
Total length 550 millim.; tail. 32.
West Africa (Old Calabar, Congo, Angola).
a. 9 (V. 204; C. 18). Old Calabar.
* The specimen in the Collection has a single postocular on one side.
252 coluBRIDAE.
3. Miodon gabonensis. -
Elapomorphusgabonensis, A. Dum. Rev. & Mag, Zool. (2) viii. 1856,
p. 468, and Arch. Mus. x. 1859, p. 206, pl. xvi. fig. 2.
— gabonicus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 47.
(Urobelus) gabonicus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 15, pl. i. fig. 1 (1866).
Microsoma fulvicollis, Mocq. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 65.
Urobelus gabonicus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 127.
Elapomorphus acanthias, part., Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i.
1888, p. 323.

— caecutiens, Günth. l.c. pl. xix, fig, B.
Diameter of eye one third to one half its distance from the oral
margin. Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals as long as or slightly shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
slightly broader than the supraocular, once and one third to once
and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral,
much shorter than the parietals; one praeocular, in contact with
the nasal, which is entire or imperfectly divided; one or two post-
oculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; first lower labial forming a suture with its fellow
behind the symphysial; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Wentrals 214–249; anal divided; subcaudals 16–24.
Dark brown or olive above, with three more or less distinct darker
longitudinal lines, or almost uniform blackish; a pale brownish
band across the occiput; upper lip, ventrals, subcaudals, and terminal
caudal scute white.
Totallength 510 millim.; tail 23.
West Africa, from the Old Calabar to the Congo.
a. 9 (V. 214; C. 17). Old Calabar. D.G.Rutherford, Esq.
[C.].
b—c. SP (W. 231,230; C. Cameroon Mts., 2000ft. Sir #. H. Johnston
16, 18). - [P.]. (Types of E.
cacutiens.)
d. 9 (V. 215; C. 17). Rio del Rey. sº H. Johnston
4. Miodom notatus *.
Microsoma notatum, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. 1882, p. 127;
Mocq. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 64.
Diameter of eye about half its distance from the oral margin.
Internasals as long as or slightly shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal a little longer than broad, much shorter than the parietals;
nasal divided, in contact with the single praeocular; one or two
postoculars; temporals 1+1 ; seven upper labials, second in contact
with the praeocular, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower
* I am indebted to Prof. Boettger for notes on a specimen from Cameroon,
preserved in the Lübeck Museum. -
198. PoleMon. 253
labial forming a suture with its fellow behind the symphysial;
three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
181–200; anal divided ; subcaudals 14–18. Pale brown above,
with two series of round black spots, which may be light-edged;
upper surface of head, a nuchal collar, and upper surface of tail
black; ventrals, subcaudals, and terminal caudal shield white.
Total length 317 millim.; tail 29.
West Africa (Cameroon, Congo).
5. Miodon neuwiedii.
Microsoma neuwiedi, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. (2) x. 1858, p. 519, &
xi. 1859, pl. iv. -
Elapomorphus (Urobelus) neuwiedi, Jan, Icon. Gén. 15, pl. i. fig. 2
(1866). s
Diameter of eye less than its distance from the oral margin.
Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal nearly twice as broad
as the supraocular, as long as broad, as long as its distance from
the rostral, much shorter than the parietals; nasal entire, in contact
with the single praeocular; one postocular; temporals 1+1; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial
forming a suture with its fellow behind the symphysial; three
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
nearly as long as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
238; anal divided; subcaudals 21. Pale brown above, with three
black longitudinal lines; upper surface of head and base of tail
black; lower parts white.
Total length 172 millim.; tail 10.
Guinea (Christiansburg).
198. POLEMON.
Polemon, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. (2) x. 1858, p. 520, and Elenco
sist. Oftd. p. 111 (1863); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ao. 1863, p. 368.
Maxillary very short, with three small teeth followed, after an
interspace, by a very large grooved fang situated in advance of the
eye; third and fourth mandibular teeth large, fang-like. Head
small, not distinct from neck; eye minute, with round pupil;
nostril in a divided nasal, which does not touch the rostral, the
internasal forming a suture with the first labial; no loreal; parietal
narrowly in contact with a labial. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail very
short; subcaudals single.
West Africa.
254 COLUBRIDAE,
1. Polemon barthii.
Polemon barthii, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. (2) x. 1858, p. 520, and
xi. 1859, pl. v.; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868, p. 868, pl. - fig. 7;
Jan, Icon. Gén. 15, pl. i. fig. 3 (1866).
Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals a little longer than broad, shorter than the præfrontals;
frontal small, a little longer than broad, hardly as long as its
distance from the rostral, about half as long as the parietals; a
small praeocular, in contact with or narrowly separated from the
posterior nasal; one postocular; temporals 1+1 ; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth forming a short
suture with the parietal; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Wentrals 221–226; anal entire; subcaudals 16–18.
Olive-grey above, the scales edged with black; back of head and
lower parts yellowish white.
Total length 810 millim.; tail 40.
Guinea.
a. 9 (V. 221; C. 18). Ashantee. Mr. McCarthy [C].
199. BRACHYOPHIS.
Brachyophis, Mocquard, Mém. Cent. Soc. Philom. 1888, p. 125.
Maxillary very short, with two or three small teeth followed,
after an interspace, by a large grooved fang; mandibular teeth
increasing in length to the third. Head small, not distinct from
neck, with depressed, sharp-edged snout; eye minute, with round
pupil; nostril in a single nasal, which does not touch the rostral,
the internasal forming a suture with the first labial; no loreal; no
temporals; a large azygous occipital shield. Body remarkably
short, cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals
obtusely angulate laterally. Tail extremely short ; subcaudals
single. -
Somaliland.
1. Brachyophis revoili.
Brachyophis revoili, Mocq, l.c. pl. xi. fig. 3.
Rostral large, the portion visible from above at least as long as
its distance from the frontal and wedged in between the internasals,
which are shorter than the praefrontals; frontal hexagonal, longer
than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals, between which the point of a large
pentagonal occipital is wedged in ; a small praeocular and two
small postoculars; seven upper labials, second and third in contact
with the praefrontal, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth and
sixth largest and in contact with the parietals; two pairs of large
chin-shields, separated from each other on the median line by two
200. MACRELAPS.–201. APARALLACTUs. - 255
series of small scales. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 104–115;
anal divided ; subcaudals 11–13. Greyish white above, with
irregular brown cross-bands, or dark brown with irregular white
cross-bands; ventrals broadly edged with brown in front.
Total length 255 millim. ; tail 15.
Somaliland.
a. Q (W. 115; C. 11). Somaliland. Paris Museum [E].
(One of the types.)
200. MACRELAPS.
Maxillary short, with 4 moderately large teeth followed by a
very large grooved fang situated below the eye; anterior man-
dibular teeth enlarged, third to fifth longest. Head small, not
distinct from neck; eye minute, with round pupil; nasal divided ;
no loreal; no praeocular; praefrontal entering the eye. Body
cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 25 or 27 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail short ; subcaudals single. -
South Africa. 2.
1. Macrelaps microlepidotus. -
Uriechis microlepidotus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (3) v. 1860,
p. 168, pl. ix.; Gurney, t. c. p. 342.
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above nearly
half as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals;
postocular small, single, in one specimen (young) in contact with
the first temporal; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye, fifth largest ; three or four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little longer
than the posterior. Scales in 25 or 27 rows. Wentrals 163–166;
anal entire ; subcaudals 37–48. Uniform black.
Total length 850 millim.; tail 105.
Natal.
a, b. ? (Sc. 25; W. 166; C. 37) Durban. Mr. T. Ayres [C]; J. H.
& yg. (Sc. 27; W. 163; C. 48). Gurney, Esq. [P.J.
* (Types.)
201. APARALLACTUS.
#. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept., App. p. 15 (1849).
Elapomorphus (non Wiegm.), Smith, l.c. p. 16. -
Uriechis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 623; Jan, Arch. Zool.
# Phys. ii. 1862, p. 48; Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 110
82).
cºm. Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xi. 1863, p. 21, and
Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 157 (1895).
Maxillary short, with 6 to 9 small teeth followed by a large
grooved fang situated below the eye; anterior mandibular teeth
256 COLUBRIDAE,
longest. Head small, not distinct from neck; eye small, with
... round pupil; nasal entire or divided; no loreal. Body cylindrical;
scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
moderate or short; subcaudals single.
Tropical and South Africa.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Two praefrontals.
A. Symphysial not in contact with the chin-shields.
1. Two postoculars, in contact with a temporal; nasal entire,
in contact with the praeocular.
Third and fourth upper labials entering
the eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. jacksonii, p. 257.
Second and third upper labials
&ntering the eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. werneri, p. 257.
2. A single postocular; one labial in contact with the parietal.
ſasal entire, not in contact with the
praeocular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. concolor, p. 257.
Nasal divided, in contact with the
praeocular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. lunulatus, p. 258.
B. Symphysial in contact with the chin-shields.
1. Third and fourth upper labials entering the eye.
Nasal divided ; ventrals 154–180;
subcaudals 51–59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. guentheri, p. 259.
Nasal entire ; ventrals 191 ; sub-
caudals 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. bocagii, p. 259.
Nasal entire ; ventrals 138–166; *
subcaudals 37–53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. capensis, p. 259.
2. Second and third upper labials entering the eye.
Wentrals 110–149; subcaudals 21–40. 8. nigriceps, p. 260.
Wentrals 160–161; subcaudals 36–41. 9. punctatolineatus, p. 261.
II. A single praefrontal.
Frontal as long as its distance from
the end of the snout . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. lineatus, p. 261.
Frontal longer than its distance from
the end of the snout . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. anomalus, p. 262.
1. Aparallactus jacksonii.
Uriechis jacksonii, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 325,
pl. xix, fig, E.
Apºllºw jacksonii, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
P. It 2.
201. APARALLACTUs. 257
Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the oral margin.
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above half as
long as its distance from the frontal; internasals much shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad,
much longer than its distance from the end of the snout, slightly
shorter than the parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the
praeocular; two postoculars, in contact with the anterior temporal;
temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye ; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the
symphysial; two pairs of chin-shields, subequal in length, the
anterior broader and in contact with three lower labials. Scales in
15 rows. Wentrals 142; anal entire ; subcaudals 36. Pale
reddish brown above, with a black vertebral line; upper surface of
head and nape black, the nuchal blotch edged with yellow and
extending to the sides of the neck; a pair of yellow spots behind
the parietal shields; sides of head yellow, the shields bordering the
eye black; lower parts uniform yellowish.
Total length 180 millim.; tail 30.
East Africa.
a. Hgr. 2 (V. 142; C. 36). Foot of Mt. Kiliman- F.J. Jackson, Esq.
Jaro. [P.]. (Type.)
2. Aparallactus werneri. (PLATE XI. fig. 1.)
Arººm. werneri, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 172.
Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the oral margin.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, the portion visible from above nearly
half as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals much
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as
broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
the parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the praeocular; two
-postoculars, in contact with the anterior temporal; temporals 1+1;
six upper labials, second and third entering the eye; first lower
labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; two pairs
of chin-shields, the anterior broader and a little longer and in
contact with three lower labials. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
147–160; anal entire ; subcaudals 32–41. Blackish above, with
a deep black, somewhat light-edged nuchal collar; upper lip
blackish below the eye, yellowish in front and behind; lower parts
uniform yellowish.
Total length 390 millim.; tail 65.
East Africa.
a—b. 3 (V. 147; C. 41) & Usambara. Dr. F. Werner [E].
Q (V. 160; C. 32). (Types.)
3. Aparallactus concolor.
Uriechis concolor, Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. i. 1884, p. 4,
pl. i. fig. 1; Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 325. -
WOL. III. S
258 COLUERIDAE,
Aparallactus concolor, Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 172.
Diameter of eye equal to or greater than its distance from the
oral margin. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from
above one half to two thirds as long as its distance from the
frontal; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and
a half to twice as long as broad, much longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, as long as or slightly shorter than the
parietals; nasal entire, not in contact with the praeocular; one
postocular; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye, second in contact with the praefrontal, fifth in
contact with the parietal; first lower labial in contact with its
fellow behind the symphysial; two pairs of chin-shields, posterior
longest, anterior in contact with four labials. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 145–158; anal entire; subcaudals 55–71. Uniform dark
brown or black, somewhat lighter beneath.
Total length 460 millim.; tail 110.
Eastern Central Africa.
a. Q (W. 152; C. 55). Lado. Dr. Emin Pasha [P].
b. Hgr. (V. 145; C. 61). Steppes E. of Izavo. Dr. J. W. Gregory
[P.].
c. 2 (W. 158; C. 71). Boran Country. Dr. Donaldson Smith
C.
4. Aparallactus lunulatus.
Uriechis lunulatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 623, and Reise n.
Mossamb. iii. p. 113, pl. xviii. fig. 2 (1882); Günth. Ann. & Mag.
N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 324.
Aparallactus lunulatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 172.
Diameter of eye equal to or greater than its distance from the
oral margin. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from
above measuring about one third its distance from the frontal;
internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and two
thirds as long as broad, much longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as the parietals; nasal divided, in contact
with the praeocular; one postocular; temporals 1+1; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth in contact with the
parietal; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the
symphysial; two pairs of chin-shields, subequal in size, the anterior
in contact with four lower labials. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
151–158; anal entire; subcaudals 52–58. Olive or pale brown
above, each scale edged with darker, anteriorly with several
blackish cross-bars followed by small spots; the first cross-bar
largest and forming a collar; whitish beneath.
Total length 390 millim.; tail 85.
Tastern Central Africa, Mozambique.
a. 3 (W. 155; C. 52). Lake Tanganyika. Sir J. Kirk [C].
b. 3 (W. 151; C. 57). Lake Nyassa.
201. APARALLACTUS. 259
5. Aparallactus guentheri. (PLATE XI. fig. 2.)
Uriechis capensis, part., Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888,
p. 324; Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 128 (1895).
Aparallactus guentheri, Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 172.
Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the oral margin.
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above nearly
half as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad,
much longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; nasal divided, in contact with the prae-
ocular; one postocular; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye, fifth in contact with the parietal ;
symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as and a little broader than the posterior and in contact with
four lower labials. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 154–180; anal
entire *; subcaudals 51–59. Blackish brown above, a little lighter
beneath; chin and throat yellowish white; a deep black collar,
edged with yellowish white in front and behind, narrowly inter-
rupted on the throat.
Total length 330 millim. ; tail 80.
Last Africa, Eastern Central Africa, Angola.
a. Q (W. 154; C. 59). Lake Nyassa. A. A. Simons, Esq. [C]. Y
b. Yg. (V. 164; C. 51). Shiré highlands. Sir H. H. Johnston [P].
c. Yg. (W. 156; C. 52). Zanzibar. F. Finn, Esq. [P.]. >
(Types.) |
6. Aparallactus bocagii.
Uriechis capensis, part., Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 128 (1895).
Aparallactus bocagii, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 173.
Head-shields as in A. capensis. Wentrals 191; subcaudals 44.
Reddish brown above, with a small brown spot in the centre of
each scale ; these spots forming longitudinal lines; a black spot on
each side of the head, round the eye, and on two or three labial
shields, and another on the first temporal shield; a black nuchal
bar, separated from the head by a yellowish interspace; uniform
yellowish white beneath.
Total length 272 millim.
Angola.
7. Aparallactus capensis.
Aparallactus capensis, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept., App. p. 16
(1849); Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895, p. 173.
Elapomorphus capensis, Smith, l.c.
* Bocage (... c.) describes his Uriechis capensis as with divided anal and
paired subcaudals, a statement due, no doubt, to an oversight.
- s 2
260 GOLUBRIDAE.
Cercocalamus collaris, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xi. 1863,
p. 21, pl. iii. fig. A, and Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 157 (1895).
TJriechis capensis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865, p. 89;
Jan, Icon. Gén. 15, pl. i. fig. 5 (1866); Peters, Reise n. Mossamb.
iii. p. 112 (1882). -
capensis, part., Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888,
p. 324.
Diameter of eye a little greater than its distance from the oral
margin. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above
about one third as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and
two thirds as long as broad, much longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; nasal entire,
in contact with the praeocular: one postocular; temporals 1+1 ;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth in
contact with the parietal; symphysial in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the
posterior and in contact with three lower labials. Scales in 15
rows. Wentrals 138–166; anal entire ; subcaudals 37–53. Yellow
or pale reddish brown above, with or without a blackish vertebral
line, yellowish white beneath; upper surface of head and nape
black, with or without a yellowish cross-bar behind the parietal
shields, the black of the nape descending to the sides of the neck;
sides of head yellowish, the shields bordering the eye black.
Total length 335 millim.; tail 70.
East and South Africa.
a. Hgr. 2 (W. 158; C. 40). Caffraria. Sir A. Smith [P.].
(One of the types.)
b. ? (W. 159; C. 47). De Kaap Goldfields, Dr. P. Rendall [C].
- Transvaal.
c—l. 3 (W. 138, 139; C. 45, Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C.].
44) & Q (V. 150, 150,
152, 148, 149, 155,
149; C. P., 44, P, 42, 41, -
43, 44).
m. Q (V. 141; C. P). — ? - Dr. Günther [P.].
(Type of Cercocalamus collaris.)
8. Aparallactus nigriceps.
Uriechis nigriceps, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 623, and Reise
n. Mossamb. iii. p. 111, pl. xviii. fig, 1 (1882).
atriceps, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 49, and Icon.
Gén. 15, pl. i. fig. 4 (1866). &
Alºu, nigriceps, Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 1/5. - l
Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the oral margin.
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above about
one third as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals much
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and one third as long
as broad, much longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
a little shorter than the parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the
201. APARALLACTUs. 261
præocular; one postocular; temporals 1+1 (the first sometimes
absent); six upper labials, second and third entering the eye,
fourth (or fourth and fifth) in contact with the parietal; symphysial
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are slightly larger
than the posterior and in contact with three lower labials. Scales
in 15 rows. Wentrals 110–149; anal entire; subcaudals 21–40.
Reddish brown above, whitish beneath; upper surface of head and
nape black, the black on the nape edged with yellowish ; a pair of
yellowish spots may be present behind the parietal shields; sides of
head yellowish, the shields bordering the eye black.
Total length 103 millim. ; tail 17. Grows to 255 millim.
Mozambique, Nyassaland. -
a. Yg. (V. 149; C. 40). Zomba, Brit. C. Africa. Sir H. H. Johnston
[P.].
9. Aparallactus punctatolineatus.
Uriechis capensis, part, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 129 (1895).
Aparallactus punctatolineatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi.
1895, p. 173.
Similar to A. capensis, but six or seven upper labials, second and
third entering the eye, fifth or fourth and fifth in contact with the
parietal. Wentrals 160–161; subcaudals 36–41. Yellowish brown
above, each scale darker in the centre, with three longitudinal series of
large black dots; upper surface of head and a nuchal cross-bar black.
Total length 125 millim. ; tail 20.
Angola and Nyassaland.
a. Hgr. (V. 160; C. 36). Chiradzulu, Brit. Sir H. H. Johnston [P.].
C. Africa. .
10. Aparallactus lineatus.
Uriechis (Metopophis) lineatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1870, p. 643,
pl. i 3
. Ilg. 5.
Aparallactus lineatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 173.
Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the oral margin.
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above one third
as long as its distance from the frontal; a single praefrontal, forming
a suture with the praeocular; frontal once and a half as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the praeocular;
one postocular; a single temporal; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye, fifth and sixth in contact with the parietal;
first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial;
two pairs of subequal chin-shields, the anterior in contact with
three lower labials. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 168; anal entire;
subcaudals 41. Olive above, with three dark longitudinal lines;
each scale of the outer series with a yellow spot; ventrals and sub-
caudals closely speckled with dark grey. -
Total length 440 millim.; tail 57.
Keta, Guinea. . . .
262 * g COLUBRIDAE.
11. Aparallactus anomalus. (PLATE XI. fig. 3.)
Uriechis anomala, Bouleng. Ann & Mag. N. H. (6) xii. 1898, p. 278.
Aparallactus anomalus, Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 173.
Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the oral margin.
Bostral twice as broad as deep, the portion visible from above one
third as long as its distance from the frontal; a single praefrontal ;
internasal nearly reaching the supraocular; frontal once and two
thirds as long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the
praeocular; one postocular ; a single temporal; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye, fifth and sixth in contact with
the parietal; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the
symphysial; anterior chin-shields as long as but broader than the
posterior and in contact with four lower labials, Scales in 15 rows.
Wentrals 170; anal entire; subcaudals 52. Pale brown above,
speckled with darker; two dorsal series of small dark brown spots;
posterior half of each scale of the outer row yellowish, surrounded
by crowded dark brown dots; ventrals yellowish, speckled with
dark brown in the middle ; subcaudals closely speckled with dark
brown.
Total length 440 millim.; tail 80.
Gold Coast.
a. 3 (W. 170; C. 52). Gold Coast. L. Greening, Esq. [P.].
(Type.)
202. ELAPOPS.
Elapops, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) iv. 1859, p. 161; Jan,
Arch. Zool. Anat, Phys. ii. 1862, p. 32. -
Pariaspis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, pp. 241 & 566.
Maxillary teeth 11 or 12, the last two a little enlarged and
feebly grooved on the inner side; anterior mandibular teeth longest.
Head small, not distinct from neck; eye small, with round pupil;
nostril between two nasals; no loreal; parietal in contact with
labials. Body cylindrical; scales Smooth, without pits, in 15 rows;
ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals single.
West Africa.
1. Elapops modestus.
Elapops modestus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (3) iv. 1859, p. 161,
pl. iv. fig. C; Cope, Proc. Ae. Philad, 1860, p. 566; Günth. Zool.
Rec. 1865, p. 152. - - -
Pariaspis plumbeatra, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 242.
Elapops plumbeater, Cope, t. c. p. 566. .
petersii, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 32, and Icon.
Gén. 13, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1865).
Diameter of eye equal to or a little exceeding its distance from
203. ELACHISTODoN. 263
the oral margin. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible
from above about half as long as its distance from the frontal;
internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and one
third to once and a half as long as broad, as long as or longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; one praeocular, in contact with the posterior nasal; one
or two postoculars; a single temporal ; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye, sixth or fifth and sixth in contact with
the parietal ; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 15
rows. Wentrals 138–158; anal entire ; subcaudals 36–45. Dark
olive-grey above, the scales more or less distinctly edged with black;
ventrals and subcaudals yellowish, olive-grey, or yellowish dotted
or spotted with grey, the spots sometimes forming a median series.
Total length 540 millim. ; tail 75.
West Africa, from Liberia to the Congo.
a. Q (V. 158; C. 41). W. Africa. Mr. Rich [C]. (Type.)
b–d. Q (W. 154, 150, 151; W. Africa. J. C. Salmon, Esq. [P.].
C. 37, 37, 36).
e. 3 (V. 144; C.?). Lagos. Sir A. Moloney [P.J.
f. 9 (V. 141; C. 44). Niger. J. W. Crosse, Esq.[P].
g. 6 (V. 138; C. 45). Gaboon.
h
gk
. 6 (W. 139, 140; Cette Cama,Gaboon.
l. 3 (V.iš5; c. 87). Mouth ofthe Loango. Mr. H. J. Duggan [C].
Subfam. 6. ELAOHISTODONTINAE.
Only a few teeth on the posterior part of the maxillary and
dentary bones and on the palatines and pterygoids. Some of the
anterior thoracic vertebrae with the hypapophysis much developed,
directed forwards, and capped with enamel.
A single genus, the opisthoglyphous, analogue of the aglyphous
Dasypeltis. -
203. ELACHISTODON.
Elachistodon, Reinh. Overs. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1868, p. 206;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 362 (1890).
Maxillary and mandible edentulous in front; two minute maxillary
teeth followed by a pair of small grooved teeth; eight mandibular
teeth. Head scarcely distinct from neck; eye rather small, with
vertically elliptic pupil; posterior nasal deeply concave. Body
elongate, somewhat compressed; scales smooth, in 15 rows, ver-
tebral row enlarged. Tail short ; subcaudals in two rows.
Bengal. -
264 - COLUBRIDAE,
1. Elachistodon westermanni.
Elachistodon westermanni, Reinh. Overs. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh.
1863, p. 206; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 444 (1864); Blanf.
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliv. 1875, p. 207; Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Rept. p. 363 (1890).
Rostral twice as broad as deep, just reaching the upper surface
of the head; internasals and praefrontals subequal in size; frontal
rather longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal small, longer than deep,
entering the eye; a small praeocular above the loreal; two post-
oculars; two very long temporals; six or seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; three pairs of large chin-shields.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 210–217; anal entire; subcaudals
59–65. Brown above, with a yellowish vertebral stripe; a yellowish
stripe commences on the snout and runs along each side of the head
to the temporals and the angle of the mouth; an angular yellowish
cross-band on the nape; lower parts yellowish.
Total length 784 millim.; tail 114.
Bengal.
Series C. PROTEROGLYPHA.
Divided into two subfamilies:—
7. Hydrophiinae.—Tail strongly compressed, with the neural
spines and hypapophyses very much developed.
8. Elapinae.—Tail cylindrical.
Poisonous, the poison being conveyed mainly through the anterior
maxillary teeth, which are so folded as to appear hollow or per-
forated. s -
Subfam. 7. HYDROPHIINAE.
Hydri, Oppel, Ordn. Rept, p. 49, 1811.
Hydrophidae, part., Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 510.
Nauticophes, part, Lesson, in Bélanger, Voy. Ind. Or., Rept, p. 320,
1834.
Hydridae, Bonaparte, Mem. Acc. Torin. (2) ii. p. 393, 1839.
Hydridae, part, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 85, 1849.
Platycerdues, Duméril, Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. p. 519, 1858; Duméril
& Bibron, Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1507, 1854. . .
Hydrophidae, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1859, p. 333.
Hydrophidae, Jan, Elenco sist. Qñd. p. 107, 1863.
Hydrophidae, Günther, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 352, 1864.
Hydrophidae, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. p. 480, 1886.
Hydrophiinae, Boulenger, Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 393, 1890.
Tail strongly compressed, oar-shaped, with the neural spines and
BIYDROPHIINAE. 265
hypapophyses very much developed. Hypapophyses not developed
throughout the vertebral column.
Body more or less compressed; eye small or very small, with
round pupil. Rostral shield with two notches in the oral border,
only the cleft portion of the tongue being protrusible.
Marine (with the exception of one species of Distira, confined to a
freshwater lake in Luzon), entering tidal streams. With the ex-
ception of Platurus, specimens of which have repeatedly been found
at some distance from water, these snakes are exclusively aquatic ;
all are viviparous. They are confined to the Indian and Pacific
Oceans, one species (Hydrus platurus) being widely distributed, but
do not seem to occur on the East Coast of Africa. The habitat of
the greater number extends from the Persian Gulf to the Western
Tropical Pacific.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Maxillary not extending forwards beyond the palatine; ventral
shields small or absent; nostrils on the upper surface of the
snout.
A. Symphysial shield triangular, not concealed in a mental groove.
1. Maxillary longer than the lower aspect of the ectopterygoid,
with 4 to 18 small teeth in addition to the poison-fangs.
a. No ventral shields.
Nostril in the nasal shield . . . . . . . . . . 204. Hydrus, p. 266.
Nostril between two nasals and an internasal.
205. Thalassophis, p. 268.
Nostril between two nasals and the praefrontal.
206. Acalyptophis, p. 269.
b. Wentral shields distinct, at least on the anterior part of
the body.
a. No praeocular . . . . . . . . . . 207. Hydrelaps, p. 270.
6. Praeocular present.
Small maxillary teeth not grooved; body often very slender
anteriorly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208. Hydrophis, p. 271.
All the maxillary teeth grooved . . . . . . 209. Distira, p. 285.
2. Maxillary not longer than the ectopterygoid, with 2 to 5
small grooved teeth in addition to the poison-fangs.
- 210. Enhydris, p. 300.
B. Symphysial shield narrow, partly concealed in a deep groove
: in the chin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211. Enhydrina, p. 302.
266 COLUERIDAE.
II. Maxillary extending forwards beyond the palatine; ventral
shields large.
Nostrils on the upper surface of the snout ; nasal shields in contact
with each other; maxillary a little longer than the ectopterygoid,
with 8 to 10 grooved teeth in addition to the poison-fangs.
212. Aipysurus, p. 303.
Nostrils lateral; nasals separated by the internasals; maxillary
much shorter than the ectopterygoid, with one or two small solid
teeth in addition to the poison-fangs. 213. Platurus, p. 306.
204. HYDRUS.
Hydrus, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. i. p. 233 (1799).
Pelamis, part., Daud. Hist. Rept. vii. p. 357 (1803); Fischer, Abh.
Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 61.
Pelamis, Fitzing. W. Class. Rept. p. 29 (1826); Wagl. Syst. Amph.
p. 165 (1830); Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 41 (1849); Dum. & Biör. Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 1333 (1854); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 382 (1864).
Skull of Hydrus platurus.
Hydrophis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 488 (1887); Jan, Elenco
sist. Oftd. p. 109 (1863), . . -
Thalassophis, part., Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii. 1852, p. 75.
Hydrus, Bouleng. Faun, Ind., Rept, p. 897 (1890).

204. HYDRUs. . 267
Maxillary longer than the ectopterygoid, not extending forwards
as far as the palatine; poison-fangs rather short, followed, after a
short interspace, by 7 or 8 solid teeth. Nostrils superior; snout long;
head-shields large, nasals in contact with each other ; a praeocular ;
no loreal. Body rather short; scales hexagonal or squarish, juxta-
posed; no distinct ventrals.
Indian and Pacific Oceans.
1. Hydrus platurus.
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. xli. (1796).
Anguis platura, Linn, S. N. i. p. 391 (1766).
Hydrus bicolor, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i. p. 242 (1799); Cantor, Cat.
Mal. Rept. p. 135 (1847).
Hydrophis platura, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 197 (1801). -
Pelamis bicolor, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 366, pl. lxxxix. (1803); Gray,
Cat. p. 41 (1849); Dum, & Bibr. vii. p. 1335 (1854); Günth.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 382 (1864); Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 98, pl. xii.
fig. 19 (1869); Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 199 (1873); Fayrer,
Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xvii. (1874); Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus.
Genova, xiii. 1878, p. 416; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 397 (1883);
Fisk, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 482.
Hydrophis pelamis, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 508, pl. xviii. figs. 13–15
(1837), and Faun. Japon, Rept. p. 90, pl. viii. (1838). -
Pelamis ornata, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 60 (1842), and Cat. p. 43.
Hydrophis bicolor, Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 61;
Jan, Icon. Gén. 40, pls. ii. & iii. (1872).
Pelamis platurus, Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 92; Garm.
Bull. Essea. Inst. xxiv. 1892, p. 88. -
Hydrus platurus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 397 (1890); Boettg.
Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 88.
Rostral as deep as broad or a little broader than deep ; frontal
large, at least as long as the snout or the parietals; one or two
prae- and two or three postoculars; one or two suboculars some-
times present; temporals small and numerous; seven or eight
upper labials, second in contact with the praefrontal, fourth, fifth,
or fourth and fifth usually entering the eye; chin-shields small or
indistinct. 45 to 47 scales round the body, smooth in the female
and young, laterals and ventrals rough with one, two, or three
small tubercles in the male. Black or brown and yellow, the
... markings very variable.
Total length 700 millim. ; tail 80.
Indian Ocean; Tropical and Subtropical Pacific.
A. Yellow, with brown, black-edged cross-bands; black bars
between the cross-bands, on the sides of the belly. (P. ornata,
Gray.) -
a. Yg. Borneo. (Type of P. ornata.)
b. Yg. India (?). -
B. Anterior third of body with a black dorsal stripe; further back,
a series of transverse dorsal rhombs on the back, and black
spots on the sides and belly. (War. maculata, Jan.)
a. Yg. — ? Zoological Society.
268 COLUBRIDAE.
C. Dorsal region black; sides and belly yellow, with a lateral
series of black spots, which may be partly confluent into a
stripe; tail with dorsal and lateral spots.
a. Q. India. - Gen. Hardwicke[P.].
b. Hgr. Panama. Haslar Collection.
D. Dorsal region black, ventral region brown, the two separated by
a yellow lateral stripe; tail spotted as in the preceding.
a. d. Bombay. Dr. Leith ſp.T.
b. Yg. Oo Sima, Loo Choo Is. M. Ferrié [C.]; .
M. R. Oberthür [P..
c. Hgr. Australia. J. Baines, Esq. [P.].
E. Black above, sides and belly yellow ; tail spotted as in the
preceding. (H. bicolor, Schn.)
a—d. 6. Madagascar, A. Sir E. Belcher [P].
e. 9. Kurrachee. Kurrachee Museum [P.].
f. Hgr. Trevandrum, Travancore. H. S. Ferguson, Esq.[P].
g. Hgr. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P].
h, i. 2 & yg. India. Gen. j
k. Yg. Ceylon. Miss Layard [P.].
l. 3. Rormosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C].
777–72. G. Siam. ... -
o. Hgr. Gulf of Siam. H.M.S. “IHerald.’
p–g. Eigr. Borneo. Sir E. Belcher [P.].
r. Q. - Australia. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
s. Hgr New Georgia, Solomon Is. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’
t. d’. Lat. 0°4' S., Long. 180° H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
20' E.
w. Yg. Samoa. Rev. S. J. Whitmee [P.].
v, w. Hgr. New Zealand.
ar, $2. Salina Cruz, Mexico. Dr. A. C. Buller [C.].
9, d. Off coast of Ecuador. J. º Warburton, Esq.
2. Skeleton. Indian Ocean.


6. Skull of l.
F. Yellow, with a black vertebral stripe, broken up into spots
posteriorly; no lateral spots on the body or tail.
a. Hgr. China.
b. ?. Sumatra.
c. Hgr. —?
G. Yellow, with e vertebral band and spots on the tail pale brown
or olive.
a—b. 3 & yg. Trevandrum, Travancore. H. S. Ferguson, Esq. [P].
205. THALASSOPHIS.
Thalassophis, part., Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii. 1852, p. 75.
Hydrophis, part., Fischer, Abh, Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 41;
Jam, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 109 (1863); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 360 (1864). - -
206. ACALYPTOPHIS. 269
Poison-fangs followed by 5 small teeth, the anterior of which
are grooved. Snout short; nostrils superior, between two nasals
and an internasal, a pair of elongate internasals separating the
nasals; frontal and parietal shields large; praeocular present; no
loreal. Body rather elongate; scales hexagonal, juxtaposed; no
distinct ventrals.
Coast of Java.
1. Thalassophis anomalus.
Thalassophis anomalus, Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii. 1852,
p. 81, pl. iv.
Hydrophis anomala, Fischer, Abh. Naturw, Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 58;
Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 379 (1864); Jan, Icon. Gén. 40, pl. iv.
fig. 1 (1872), -
Rostral broken up into several small shields; internasals narrow,
elongate, longer than the praefrontals, as long as the frontal; latter
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout ; one prae- and
two postoculars; temporals small, scale-like; seven or eight upper
labials, second largest and in contact with the praefrontal, third
entering the eye, fourth and fifth separated from the eye by sub-
oculars; two pairs of small chin-shields, the posterior separated
from each other by two scales. Scales with a strong tubercular
keel, which is double on the median ventral row, 31 to 33 round
the body. Body with dark annuli, wider on the back.
Total length 810 millim. ; tail 84.
Java.
206. ACALYPTOPHIS.
Acalyptus (non Schönh.), Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853,
p. 522, and Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1339 (1854); Fischer, Abh. Naturw.
IIamb. iii. 1856, p. 37; Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 108 (1863);
Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 359 (1864).
Maxillary longer than the ectopterygoid, not extending forwards
as far as the palatine; poison-fangs moderate, followed, after a
short interspace, by 8 or 9 solid teeth. Snout short ; nostrils
superior, between two nasals and the praefrontal; the larger nasals
in contact with each other; frontal and parietal shields broken up
into scales; praeocular present; no loreal. Body rather elongate;
scales subimbricate; no distinct ventrals.
Western Tropical Pacific Ocean.
1. Acalyptophis peronii.
Acalyptus peronii, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 522.
superciliosus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1340 (1854); Günth.
§, Brit. Ind. p. 359 (1864); Jan, Icon. Gén. 40, pl. ii. fig. 2
(1872). • *
Head rather small. Diameter of neck one third to two fifths
the greatest depth of the body. Eye a little longer than its
270 COLUBRIDAE.
distance from the mouth. Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep;
nasals as long as the praefrontals; supraocular raised, its free
border pointed; one prae- and three postoculars; six or seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of
small chin-shields, in contact with each other. 22 to 24 scales
round the neck, 25 to 30 round the body; scales with a short keel,
which is strong and tubercular in the males. Greyish or pale olive
above, whitish beneath, with dark cross-bands, narrower than the
interspaces between them, tapering to a point on the sides of the
belly; belly uniform or with a series of dark cross-bars alternating
with spots.
Total length 890 millim.; tail 115.
Western Tropical Pacific.
a. 6. Hong Kong. Dr. J. G. Fischer.
b. ?. p Dr. Günther [P.].
207. HYDRELAPS.
Maxillary longer than the lower aspect of the ectopterygoid, not
extending forwards as far as the palatine; poison-fangs moderate,
followed, after an interspace, by 6 solid teeth. Snout short;
nostrils superior, in a single nasal which is in contact with its
fellow ; head-shields large; no loreal or praeocular, the praefrontal
bordering the eye. Body moderately elongate, feebly compressed ;
scales imbricate; ventrals small but well-developed.
North Coast of Australia.
1. Hydrelaps darwiniensis. (PLATE XII. fig. 1.)
Eye extremely small, about half as long as its distance from the
mouth. Rostral broader than deep, scarcely visible from above;
frontal longer than broad, nearly as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals, its
lateral sides diverging posteriorly; a single postocular; temporals
1+2, anterior very large and descending between the fifth and
sixth labials; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye;
two pairs of small chin-shields, in contact with each other, the
anterior shorter than the posterior. Scales perfectly smooth,
imbricate, in 27 to 29 rows on the neck as well as on the body.
Wentrals 170–172. Annulate blackish and yellowish white, the
black rings broader than the white above, narrower beneath; head
dark olive, spotted with black.
Total length 435 millim.; tail 43.
North Australia.
a—b. ? (W. 170,172). Port Darwin. R. G. S. Buckland, Esq. [P].
208. HYDROPHIs. 271
208. HYDROPHIS.
Hydrus, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. i. p. 233 (1799); Wagler, Syst.
Amph. p. 165 (1830). *.
Hydrophis, part., Daud. Hist. Rept. vii. p. 372 (1803); Wagler, l.c.;
Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 488 (1837); Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 49 (1849);
Dum. & #. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1341 (1854); Fischer, Abh.
Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 41; Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 109
(1863); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 360 (1864). -
Pelamis, part, Merrem, Tent. Syst, Amph. p. 138 (1820).
Enhydris, part, Merr. l.c. p. 140.
Disteira, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 29 (1826).
Mºść. Lesson, in Bélang. %. Ind. Or., Rept. p. 320
(1834); Gray, Cat. p. 46.
Liopala, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 60 (1842).
Aturia, part., Gray, l.c. p. 61.
Thalassophis, part., Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii. 1852, p. 75.
Hydrophis, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 398 (1890).

Maxillary longer than the ectopterygoid, not extending forwards
as far as the palatine; poison-fangs large, followed by a series of
7 to 18 solid teeth. Head small; nostrils superior, pierced in a
single nasal shield, which is in contact with its fellow ; head-shields
large ; praeocular present ; loreal usually absent. Body long, often
very slender anteriorly; scales on the anterior part of the body
imbricate; ventrals more or less distinct, very small.
Indian and Pacific Oceans, from the Persian Gulf to Southern
China and Northern Australia.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Head moderately small; neck moderately slender, its diameter
not less than half the greatest depth of the body.
A. A single anterior temporal.
Scalesimbricate, 33–35 round the body 1. spiralis, p. 273.
Scales juxtaposed, 45 round the body. 2. polyodontus, p. 274.
B. Two superposed anterior temporals.
1. 32 scales round the neck, 43–47 round the body.
Frontal slightly longer than broad,
about as long as the nasals . . . . . . 3. schistosus, p. 274.
Frontal much longer than broad, as
long as its distance from the end
of the snout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. hybridus, p. 274.
2. 28–30 scales round the neck, 34 round the body.
5. longiceps, p. 275.
II. Head very small; neck very slender, its diameter not half the
greatest depth of the body.
A. Two superposed anterior temporals; ventrals 285–331.
1. 34–38 scales round the neck.
272 COLUBRIDAE.
Frontal shorter than its distance from
the rostral; 48–50 scales round the
body . . . . . . . . . . . . . * * g e º 'º e e s e s tº 6. caerulescens, p. 275.
Frontal as long as its distance from -
the end of the snout ; 42 scales
round the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. frontalis, p. 276.
2. 25–29 scales round the neck, 35–39 round the body.
a. Scales all imbricate; posterior chin-shields separated by
scales.
Rostral as deep as broad . . . . . . . . . . 8. kingii, p. 276.
Rostral broader than deep. . . . . . . . . . 9. nigrocinctus, p. 277.
b. Scales on the body juxtaposed; posterior chin-shields in
contact with each other... 10. mamillaris, p. 277.
B. A single anterior temporal.
1. 27–31 scales round the neck, 40–48 round the body ;
ventrals 345–500.
Rostral broader than deep; frontal a
little longer than broad; scales
imbricate; seven upper labials. ... 11. elegans, p. 278.
Rostral deeper than broad; frontal
longer than broad; scales on body
juxtaposed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. cantoris, p. 281.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad;
frontal much longer than broad ... 17. fasciatus, p. 281.
Rostral a little broader than deep ;
frontal slightly longer than broad;
scales imbricate; six upper labials. 18. brookii, p. 282.
2. 19–23 scales round the neck, 29–33 round the body
ventrals 225–337.
a. Seven or eight upper labials; rostral as deep as broad;
frontal twice as long as broad.
12. pacificus, p. 278.
b. Six upper labials.
Rostral broader than deep ; posterior
chin-shields separated by scales ... 13. latifasciatus, p. 279.
Rostral broader than deep ; posterior
chin-shields in contact with each
other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. coronatus, p. 279.
Rostral as deep as broad; posterior - -
chin-shields in contact with each -
other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. gracilis, p. 280.
3. 25 scales round the neck, 35 round the body; ventrals 329.
19. melanocephalus, p. 283.
4. 33–40 scales round the neck, 40–50 round the body.
Frontal shorter than its distance from
the rostral; ventrals 240–285 . . . . 20. torquatus, p. 283.
208. HYDROPHIs. 273
Frontal as long as its distance from
the rostral; ventrals 310–438 . . . . 21. obscurus, p. 284.
5. 31 scales round the neck, 58 round the body; ventrals 483.
22. leptodira, p. 285.
TABLE SHowING NUMBERS OF SCALES AND SHIELDs.

Lab. Ant.
Sc. neck. Sc. body. W. ent, eye. temp.
spiralis ............... 28–29 33–35 270–334 2 1
polyodontus............ ? 45 P 2 l
schistosus............... 32 47 235–306 2 2
| hybridus ............... 32 43 2 2 2
longiceps ............... 28–30 34 271 2 2
carulescens ............ 35–38 48–50 285–309 2 2
frontalis ............... 34 42 291 2 2
Kingū .................. 27 37 314 2 2
*::grocinctus ......... 27–29 39 310–331 2 2
'mamillaris ............ 25–27 35 287–316 2 2
elegans.................. 27–30 41–43 350–385 2 1
pacificus ............... 27–29 37–39 310 3 I
!atifasciatus ......... 21 33 322 2 l
Coronatus ............ 19–23 29–33 278–337 2 I
gracilis ............... 19–21 29–33 225–297 2 1
cantoris ............... 23–25 41–43 412–456 2 l
Jasciatus ............... 25–31 40–48 345–500 2 1
brooki: .................. 30 42 416 2 1
nelanocephalus ...... 25 35 329 2–3 1
torquatus ............... 33–35 43–45 240–285 2 1
obscurus ............... 33–40 40–50 310–438 2 l
leptodira ............... 31 58 483 2 1
1. Hydrophis spiralis.
Hydrus spiralis, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 564, pl. cxxv. (1802).
Enhydris spiralis, Merr. Tent. p. 140 (1820).
Hydrophis melanurus, Wagl. Icon. Amph. pl. iii. (1828).
— nigrocincta, part, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 505 (1837).
spiralis, Gray, Cat. p. 54 (1859); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 366, pl. xxv. fig. D {isº} Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872,
p. 897; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 390 (1884); Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Bept. p. 401 (1890); Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 88.
— nigrocinctus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 41, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1872).

Head moderately small; body moderately elongate. Rostral
broader than deep; frontal longer than broad, as long as its distance.
from the rostral, a little shorter than the parietals; one prae- and
one postocular; a single anterior temporal, descending to the labial.
border; six or seven upper labials, second largest, third and fourth
entering the eye; two pairs of subequal chin-shields, in contact.
28 or 29 scales round the neck, 33 to 35 round the body; scales.
imbricate, smooth in the young, with a central tubercle in the adult.
Wentrals distinct, but feebly enlarged, 270–334. Olive above,
WOL. III, T
274 COLUBRIDAE.
yellowish beneath, with black rings connected by a black ventral
band in the young; a more or less distinct series of round black
dorsal spots between the rings; head black above, with a horse-
shoe-shaped yellow mark, the convexity of which rests on the
praefrontal shields; end of tail black. tº
Total length 400 millim. Grows to 1800 millim.
Coasts of India and the Malay Archipelago.
a. Yg. (W. 310). Indian Ocean. (Type.) .
b—c, #! Yg. & 300, 270, Indian Ocean. § McGrigor [P].
302, 273).
2. Hydrophis polyodontus. -
Hydrophis polydontus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 41, pl. i. fig. 1 (1872).
Head moderately small; body moderately elongate. Rostral
broader than deep ; frontal a little longer than broad, as long as
its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals; one
prae- and two postoculars; a single anterior temporal; seven upper
labials, second largest, third and fourth entering the eye; a single
pair of small chin-shields. Scales juxtaposed, with a small tubercle,
45 round the middle of the body. Body with transverse rhomboidal
black spots; head black.
- Habitat unknown.
3. Hydrophis schistosus.
Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. x. (1801). *. .
Hydrophis schistosus, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 386 (1803); Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept. p. 399 (1890). .*
Pelamis schistosus, Merr. Tent. p. 139 (1820).
Hydrophis nigra, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 899; Fayrer,
Thanathoph. Ind. pl.xxv. (1874).
Head moderate; , body moderately elongate. Rostral broader
than deep; nasals about as long as the frontal, more than twice as
long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal slightly longer
than broad, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one post-
ocular; two superposed anterior temporals; seven upper labials,
second largest, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of
subequal chin-shields, posterior separated by one scale. 32 scales
round the neck, 47 round the body; scales elongate-rhomboidal,
smooth or feebly keeled, feebly imbricate anteriorly, juxtaposed
posteriorly. Wentrals distinct anteriorly, 235–306. Uniform
blackish. - 4 -
Total length 465 millim. ; tail 50.
Bengal and Cuttack coasts.
a. Hgr. (V. 235). Poorie, Orissa. Sir J. Fayrer [P].
4. Hydrophis hybridus.
Hydrophis hybrida, Schley. Abbild. p. 115, pl.xxxvii. (1844); Jan,
Icon. Gén, 41, pl. v. fig, 1 (1872).
208. HYDROPHIS, 275
Head moderate; body moderately elongate. Rostral broader
than deep; nasals more than twice as long as the suture between
the praefrontals; frontal much longer than broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals; one prae- and one postocular; two superposed anterior
temporals; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ;
two pairs of small chin-shields, posterior separated from each other
by scales. 32 scales round the neck, 43 round the body; scales with
a small tubercle or short keel, feebly imbricate anteriorly, juxta-
posed posteriorly. Yellowish, with a dorsal series of transverse
rhomboidal black spots; head black above.
Total length 665 millim.; tail 85.
Molucca Sea.
5. Hydrophis longiceps.
Chitulia fasciata, Gray, Cat, p. 56 (1829).
Hydrophis longiceps, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 375, pl.xxv. fig. O
(1864).
Head moderate; body moderately elongate. Rostral broader than
deep; nasals shorter than the frontal, nearly thrice as long as the
suture between the praefrontals; frontal much longer than broad,
slightly shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; two superposed
anterior temporals; eight upper labials, second largest and in
contact with the praefrontal, third and fourth entering the eye;
two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with each other. 28 to 30
scales round the neck, 34 round the body; scales smooth and
imbricate on the neck, juxtaposed and with a short tubercular keel
on the body. Wentrals very small but distinct throughout, 271.
Greyish above, with dark olive cross-bars separated by narrow
interspaces; sides and lower parts uniform white. -
Total length 780 millim. ; tail 95.
Indian Ocean.
a. Q (W. 271). Indian Ocean. Sir E. Belcher [P] (Type.)
6. Hydrophis caerulescens.
Hydrus caerulescens, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 561 (1802).
Enhydris caerulescens, Merr. Tent, p. 140 (1820).
Hydrophis caerulescens, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 62 (1842), and Cat.
p. 55 (1849); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 365, pl.xxv. fig, C (1864);
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 400 (1890).
Head very small; anterior part of the body very slender, its
diameter about one third the depth of the posterior part. Rostral
broader than deep; frontal longer than broad, shorter than its
distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals; one
prae- and one postocular; two superposed anterior temporals;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; chin-shields
very small, posterior pair separated by scales. 35 Fº 38 scales
- - T
276 ... COLUBRIDAE.
round the neck, 48 to 50 round the body; scales rhomboidal,
imbricate, with a strong short keel. Wentrals distinct throughout,
285–309. Grey above, with black cross-bands, broadest on the
back, which form complete rings or are interrupted on the belly;
head uniform black. -
Total length 665 millim. ; tail 75.
Bombay Coast, Bay of Bengal, Straits of Malacca.
a. d. (V. 294). Bombay. Dr. Leith [P].
b. 3 (V. 298). Vizagapatam. º,1. * [P.].
€.
c. 2 (V. 285). Bengal. Gen. Hºlwick, [P.].
d. 9 (V. 294). Bengal.
e. 6 (V. 293). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
j, g—h. Q (W. 309, 285) — ? Zoological Society.
& hgr. (W. 300). s w.
7. Hydrophis frontalis.
Hydrophis frontalis, Jam, Elenco, p. 110 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 39,
pl...v. fig. 2 (1872).
Head very small; anterior part of body very slender, its diameter
one third the depth of the posterior part. Rostral broader than
deep ; frontal longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals, its point separat-
ing the praefrontals; one prae- and one postocular; two superposed
anterior temporals; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; chin-shields very small, posterior separated by scales.
34 scales round the neck, 42 round the body; scales rhomboidal,
imbricate, with a strong short keel. Wentrals 291. Whitish, with
olive-grey cross-bars, broad on the back, tapering towards the
belly; head blackish, with a yellow streak above and behind the
eye.
Total length 560 millim.; tail 70.
Indian Ocean.
a. 3 (V. 291). —? Zoological Society.
8. Hydrophis kingii.
Disteira doliata (non Lacép.), Gray in King, Narr. Surv. Austral. ii.
p. 432 (1827). - -
Hydrophis doliata, part, Gray, Cat. p. 51 (1849).
elegans, part., Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 369 (1864).
Head small; anterior portion of body slender, its diameter one
third the depth of the posterior part. Rostral as deep as broad;
nasals shorter than the frontal, thrice as long as the suture between
the praefrontals; frontal nearly twice as long as broad, as long as
its dictance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; one
prae- and two postoculars; seven upper labials, second largest and
in contact with the praefrontal, third and fourth entering the eye,
fifth separated from the eye by a subocular; posterior chin-shields
separated by a large scale. 27 scales round the neck, 37 round the
208. HYDROPHIs. 277
body; scales all imbricate and keeled, the keels feeble on the neck,
strong on the body. Wentrals very distinct throughout, 314,
smooth or with two tubercles. Greyish white above, yellowish
white beneath, with olive cross-bands on the back, wider than the
interspaces; a black streak along the ventrals; head entirely black.
Total length 1200 millim.; tail 90.
North Coast of Australia.
a. 9 (V. 314). N. Australia. Capt. King [P].
9. Hydrophis nigrocinctus.
Fussell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. vi. (1801). r
Pſydrophis nigrocinctus, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 380 (1803); Gray, Cat.
p. 51 (1849); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 368, pl. xxv. fig, L
(1864); Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl.xxv. (1874); Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept. p. 400 (1890).
Enhydris migrocinctus, Merr. Tent. p. 140 (1820).
Hydrus nigrocinctus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 553.
Hydrophis nigrocinctus, part, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 505 (1837);
Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1350 (1854).

Head small; anterior part of body slender, its diameter one
third to two fifths the depth of the posterior part. Rostral broader
than deep; nasals shorter than the frontal, about twice as long as the
suture between the praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
one prae- and one or two postoculars; a small loreal sometimes
present; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye,
second and fourth largest ; two superposed anterior temporals; two
pairs of subequal chin-shields, posterior separated by scales. 27 or
29 scales round the neck, 39 round the body; scales imbricate,
rhombic, keeled. Wentrals distinct, but feebly enlarged, 310–331.
Bale olive above, yellowish inferiorly, with black annuli, which are
broader on the back.
Total length 1000 millim.; tail 100.
Bay of Bengal and Straits of Malacca.
a. 9 (V. 323). Sunderbunds, Bengal. Dr. P. Russell, College of
- Surgeons [E.J. (Type).
B. G (W. 323). Bengal. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
c. 9 (V. 310). India. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
4. Hgr. (V. 310). Malay Archipelago. Dr. Bleeker.
10. Hydrophis mamillaris.
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. xliv. (1796).
Anguis mamillaris, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 340 (1803).
Hydrophis fasciata (non Schn.), Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 874,
pl. xxv. fig. Q (1864).
— mamillaris, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 401 (1890).

Bead very small; anterior part of body very slender, its diameter
about one third the depth of the posterior part. Rostral broader
than deep; frontal longer than broad, as long as its distance from
278 COLUBRIDAE.
the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; one præ-
and two postoculars; two superposed anterior temporals; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-
shields, in contact with each other. 25 to 27 scales round the
neck, 35 round the body; scales rhomboidal and imbricate on the
neck, hexagonal and juxtaposed on the body, with a tubercle or
short keel. Wentrals distinct throughout, 287–316. Black, with
ellowish annuli, which are interrupted on the belly.
* Total length 650 millim. ; tail 60.
Coasts of India.
a. Hgr. (V. 287). Bombay. Dr. Leith [P.].
b. 3 (V. 316). Vizagapatam. Col. Beddome [C.].
11. Hydrophis elegans.
Aturia elegans, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 63 (1842).
Hydrophis doliata, part., Gray, Cat. p. 51 (1849). y
elegans, part., Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 369, pl.xxv. fig. K'
(1864).
Head small; anterior part of body slender, its diameter two fifths
the depth of the posterior part. Rostral broader than deep; nasals
nearly as long as the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture
between the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad, as long
as its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals;
one prae- and two postoculars; a single anterior temporal; seven
upper labials, second largest and in contact with the praefrontal,
third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields,
posterior in contact with each other or separated by one scale.
27 to 30 scales round the neck, 41 to 43 round the body; scales
imbricate, feebly keeled. Wentrals distinct throughout, 350–385.
Yellowish white, back with transverse rhomboidal black spots, which
may extend downwards to form annuli round the neck; transverse
series of small black spots between the rhombs; belly with black
spots or cross-bars, with or without a black streak running along
the ventrals; head blackish, with a more or less distinct light
crescentic marking across the snout, from above the eyes.
Total length 710 millim.; tail 60.
North Coast of Australia.
a. Yg. (V. 385). Port Essington. MºGilbert [C].
(Type.
b. Hgr. (V. 350). Nicol Bay, N.W. Australia. )
c. Yg. (W. 352). Rockhampton, Queensland.
12. Hydrophis pacificus. (PLATE XII. fig. 2.)
Head small; body long, very slender anteriorly, the diameter of
the neck one third the greatest depth of the body. Rostral as deep as
broad; frontal twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the
rostral, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; a
208. HYDROPHIs. 279
single, large anterior temporal: seven or eight upper labials, second
largest and in contact with the praefrontal, third, fourth, and fifth
entering the eye; two pairs of small chin-shields, in contact with
each other. 27 to 29 scales round the neck, 37 to 39 round the
body; scales imbricate or subimbricate, with a feeble short keel.
Wentrals feebly enlarged, 310. Greyish olive above, white beneath,
with 51 dark annuli. -
Total length 940 millim. ; tail 100.
New Britain.
a. 3 (W. 310). New Britain. Museum Godeffroy.
13. Hydrophis latifasciatus. (PLATE XIII.)
Hydrophis latifasciata, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 372, pl.xxv. fig. T
(1864); Blanf Journ, 48. Soc. Beng. xlviii. 1879, p. 132; Bouleng.
Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 401 (1890).
Head small; anterior part of body slender, its diameter about
one third the depth of the posterior part. Rostral broader than
deep; nasals slightly longer than the frontal, more than twice as
long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal small, longer than
broad, much shorter than the parietals or than its distance from the
rostral; one prae- and one postocular; praefrontal in contact with
the second labial; a single large anterior temporal ; six upper
labials, second largest, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs
of chin-shields, posterior separated by scales; 21 scales round the
neck, 33 round the body; scales imbricate and keeled. Wentrals
distinct, but feebly enlarged, 322. Dark olive, sides with vertical
yellowish bars; these bars continuous across the neck.
Total length 720 millim. ; tail 75.
Mergui; Pegu.
a. 9 (V. 322). Mergui. Prof. Oldham [P.]. (Type.)
14. Hydrophis coronatus.
Hydrophis fasciata, part., Gray, Cat. p. 50 (1849). -
coronata, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 372, pl.xxv. fig. M. (1864);
Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 192; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind.
pl. xxvi. (1874); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 402 (1890).
Head very small, narrow ; body long, extremely slender ante-
riorly. Rostral broader than deep; frontal small, a little longer
than broad, hardly as long as its distance from the rostral; one prae-
and one postocular; a single anterior temporal, descending to the
labial border; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye;
two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with each other. 19 to 23
scales round the neck, 29 to 33 round the body; all the scales
rhomboidal and imbricate, dorsals with a keel, laterals with a central
tubercle. Wentrals hardly distinct, 278–337. Head and neck
blackish or dark green, the former with a horseshoe-shaped yellow
mark above, the convexity on the snout, the latter with regular
280 COLUBRIDAE.
yellow cross-bands; body likewise with yellow cross-bands or rings,
which may be interrupted on the back. - •
Total length 930 millim.; tail 80.
Bay of Bengal. -
a, b. 3 (W. 321) & 9 Bengal. Gen. Hardwicke [P].
*}ººl) (Types.) -
c—d, Yg. (V.278,278). Bay of Bengal. We º Esq.
15. Hydrophis gracilis.
Tºussell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. xiii. (1801).
Hydrus gracilis, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 560 (1802).
Bnhydris gracilis, Merr: Tent, p. 141 (1820).
Disteira gracilis, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept, p. 55 (1826).
Microcephalophis gracilis, Less. in Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or, Rept, pl. iii.
(1834); Gray, Cat. p. 46 (1849).
Liopala gracilis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 60 (1842).
Tººl, microcephala, Schmidt, Abh. Naturw, Hamb. ii. 1852,
p. 78, pl. ii.
Hāś gracilis, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1352 (1854).
microcephala, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1356; Fischer, Abh.
* Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 52; Jan, Icon. Gén. 41, pl. v. fig. 2
(1872).
gracilis, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 373 (1864); Murray, Zool.
Sind, p. 395 (1884); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 404 (1890);
Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 89.
guentheri (non. Theob.), Murray, l.c. p. 396, pl. —.

Head very small, narrow ; body long, extremely slender ante-
riorly. Snout strongly projecting beyond the lower jaw; rostral
as deep as broad; frontal very small, longer than broad, hardly as
long as its distance from the rostral; one prae- and one postocular;
a single anterior temporal, followed by a second equally large shield;
six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of
small chin-shields, in contact with each other. 19 to 21 scales round
the neck, 29 to 33 round the body; scales smooth, rhomboidal and
imbricate anteriorly; elsewhere hexagonal, juxtaposed, each with two
or more tubercles, which are feeble in the female and very strong in
the male. Wentrals distinct only anteriorly, very feebly enlarged or
split into two posteriorly, 225–297. Bluish black or greyish olive
above in the adult, with more or less distinct lighter cross-bands
anteriorly. Young with the head and neck black, the latter region
with light transverse bands; body with rhombic black cross-bands
continued to the belly or subinterrupted on the sides; or black, with
a series of elliptical vertical whitish spots on each side.
Total length 1020 millim. ; tail 90.
Coasts of Persia, India, and Burma; Malay Archipelago.
a. Yg. (W. 233). Jask, Persia. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
b. ? (W. 252). Malabar. cºm. C.].
c. 3 (V. 257). Ceylon E. W. H. Holdsworth,
Esq. [C.].
208. HYDROPHIs. 281
d—e. 3 (V. 228) & Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
..f. Q §§ 225). Madr F. Day, Esq. [P]
. 6 (V. 3. g 8,011'88, . Day, ESQ. L.P.J.
º: (W. 231). Madras. J. E. §§ [P.].
i. Yg. (V. 262). Madras. Col. Beddome [C.].
Je. #. (W. 254). India.
Z. Skull. Indian Ocean.
16. Hydrophis cantoris. (PLATE XIV.)
? Liopala fasciata, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 60 (1842).
Hydrus gracilis, part., Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 130 (1847).
Hydrophis fasciata, part., Gray, Cat, p. 50 (1849). -
cantoris, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 374, pl.xxv. fig.U (1864);
Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 192; F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges.
Basel, viii. 1887, p. 278; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1889, p. 304;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 405 (1864).
Head very small, narrow ; body long, extremely slender ante-
riorly. Rostral considerably deeper than broad; frontal small,
1onger than broad, hardly as long as its distance from the rostral;
ane prae- and one postocular; a single anterior temporal, followed
by a second equally large shield; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; two pairs of small chin-shields, in contact with
each other. 23 to 25 scales round the neck, 41 to 43 round the
body; scales smooth, rhomboidal and imbricate anteriorly, else-
where hexagonal, juxtaposed, each with two or three tubercles one
'before the other. Wentrals hardly enlarged, 412–456. Body dark
olive or blackish anteriorly, with yellowish cross-bands above;
posterior part of body olive above, yellowish on the sides; tail with
olive vertical bars; a blackish streak along the belly.
Total length 1100 millim. ; tail 90. -
Bay of Bengal.
a. 3 (V.440). Pinang. Dr. Cantor. (Type.)
b. 3 (V. 424). Ganjam. F. Day, Esq. [P.].
C. Yg., bad state. Indian Ocean.
17. Hydrophis fasciatus.

Hydrus fasciatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i. p. 240 (1799).
Pelamis fasciatus, Merr. Tent. p. 139 (1820).
Disteira fasciata, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 55 (1826).
Hydrophis gracilis, part, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 507 (1887); Dum.
& Biör. vii. p. 1352 (1854); Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856,
p. 54; Jan, Icon. Gén. 41, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1872). -
— chloris (non Daud.), Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 370 (1864);
Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 191, and 1872, p. 896; Fayrer,
flººr. Ind. pl. xxvii. (1874); Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 392
Aturia lindsayi, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 61 (1842).
Hydrophis obscura, part., Gray, Cat. p. 49 (1849).
— lindsayi, Gray, l.c. p. 50; Günth, l.c. p. 871; Anders, ll. cc.
pp. 396, 191; Murray, l.c.
—- atriceps, Günth. l. c. p. 371, pl.xxv. fig. I.
282 COLUBRIDAE.
Hydrophis fasciatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 849, pl. i. fig. 1;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 404 (1890); Boettg. Ber. Offenb.
Ver. Wat. 1892, pp. 89 & 155. § s
Head very small; body long, very slender anteriorly. Rostral
nearly as deep as broad; frontal longer than broad, as long as its
distance from the rostral; one prae- and one or two postoculars; a
single anterior temporal, followed by a second equally large; six or
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, second largest
and usually in contact with the praefrontal; two pairs of small chin-
shields, in contact with each other. 25 to 31 scales round the neck,
40 to 48 round the body; all the scales rhomboidal and imbricate,
or scales subimbricate or juxtaposed on the posterior part of the
body, on the neck smooth, on the body with a small tubercle or
short keel. Wentrals feebly enlarged, 345–500. Head and neck
black, the latter with yellowish cross-bands; body pale, with black
cross-bands or annuli, which are broadest on the back.
Total length 1000 millim.; tail 85.
From the coasts of India to China and New Guinea.
a. 3 (V.402). Malabar.
b. ? (W. 447). Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.[P].
c. 3 (V. 364). Siam. (Type of H. atriceps.)
d. 9 (V.412). Siam. -
e. Yg. (V. 452). China. W. Lindsay, Esq. [P.].
(Type of A. lindsayi.)
f. .# (V.430). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
º (W. 370, Malay Archipelago. Dr. Bleeker.
i. Q (V. 500). IEast Indies. T. C. Eyton, Esq. [P].
Å—l. Hgr. (V.435) East Indies. East India Company
& yg. (V. 458). [P.].
m. Q (V. 425). —? Haslar Collection.
n. 3 (V. 353). — ? Dr. Günther [P.].

(Type of H. atriceps.)
18. Hydrophis brookii.
Hydrophis brookii, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 597, fig.
Head very small ; body long, extremely slender anteriorly.
Rostral a little broader than deep; frontal slightly longer than
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, much
shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; a single
anterior temporal, followed by a second equally large; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye, second largest and in
contact with the praefrontal; two pairs of small chin-shields, in
contact with each other. 30 scales round the neck, 42 round the
body; all the scales rhomboidal and imbricate, on the neck smooth,
on the body with a small tubercle or short keel. Wentrals feebly
enlarged, 416. Head and anterior part of body black, the former
with a horseshoe-shaped yellowish marking on the head, the latter
with yellow rings, the anterior of which are interrupted below ;
208. HYDROPHIs. 283
further back the body annulate with black, the interspaces narrow
and pale olive above, broader and yellow beneath.
Total length 970 millim.; tail 95.
Borneo.
a. 9 (V. 416). Borneo. (Type.)
The specimen contains fully developed young, which differ from
the mother in the praefrontals forming a suture, instead of being
separated by the frontal. -
19. Hydrophis melanocephalus. (PLATE XV.)
Fº sublavis, War. melanocephala, part., Gray, Cat. p. 53
Head very small; body long, very slender anteriorly. Rostral
a little broader than deep ; frontal nearly twice as long as broad, as
long as its distance from the rostral, a little shorter than the
parietals; one prae- and one postocular; a single anterior temporal;
seven or eight upper labials, third and fourth or third, fourth, and
fifth entering the eye, second largest and in contact with the prae-
frontal; two pairs of small chin-shields, in contact with each other.
25 scales round the neck, 35 round the body; all the scales
rhomboidal and imbricate, on the neck smooth, on the body with a
small tubercle or short keel. Wentrals feebly enlarged, 329.
Head and anterior part of body black, the former with a yellowish
spot on the forehead and a yellowish streak behind the eye, the
latter with yellow rings interrupted below; body olive above, yellow
beneath, with black annuli, which are broader on the back.
Total length 1070 millim.; tail 85.
Indian Ocean.
a. $2 (W. 329). Indian Ocean. Sir E. Belcher [P.]. (Type.)
20. Hydrophis torquatus.
Hydrophis nigrocincta, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 506, pl. xviii.
#. ii ºiáš. “” 2 -
Hydrus nigrocinctus, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 128 (1847).
Hydrophis torquata, Günth. Rept. Brat. Ind. p. 369, pl. xxv. fig. H
(1864); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 402 (1890).

Head small; anterior part of body slender, its diameter about
one third the depth of the posterior part. Rostral broader than
deep; nasals longer than the frontal, at least twice as long as the
suture between the praefrontals; frontal small, as long as broad
or a little longer than broad, shorter than its distance from the
rostral, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one post-
ocular; praefrontal in contact with the second labial; a single,
large anterior temporal; six or seven upper labials, second largest,
third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of subequal chin-
shields, in contact with each other. 33 or 35 scales round the
neck, 43 or 45 round the body; scales imbricate and keeled.
284 COLUBRIDAE.
Ventrals distinct, but feebly enlarged, 240–285. Pale greyish"
olive, with blackish cross-bands tapering on the sides. -?
Total length 560 millim.; tail 50.
Bay of Bengal and Straits of Malacca.
a—e. Q (V. 283, 285) & East Indies. East India Co. [P.1.
yg. (V. 282,252,240). (Types.)
21. Hydrophis obscurus.
Bussell, Ind. Serp. pla. vii. & viii. (1801).
Hydrophis obscurus, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 375 (1803); Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept, p. 403(1890); Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 88.
chloris, Daud. t. c. p. 377, pl.xc. -
Pelamis obscurus, Merr. Tent, p. 139 (1820).
chloris, Merr. l. c.
iº diadema, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 373, pl. xxv. fig. S
(1864).
stricticollis, Günth. l. c. p. 376, pl.xxv. fig. R. ; Anders. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 397; TIFayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xxviii.
(1874); Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 33; Peters,
Mon. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 858. , -
Head very small; body very long, extremely slender anteriorly.
Rostral broader than deep; frontal longer than broad, as long as
its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout ; one prae- and
one or two postoculars; a single anterior temporal; seven or eight
upper labials; second largest, third and fourth entering the eye;
two pairs of chin-shields, posterior smallest and usually separated
by scales. 33 to 40 scales round the neck, 40 to 50 round the
body; scales rhomboidal, imbricate, feebly keeled in the female,
strongly in the male, the keels often broken up into tubercles.
Wentrals very feebly enlarged, longer than broad under the neck,
bicarinate in the male, 310–438. Olive or dark green above, with
yellowish cross-bars, which form complete rings round the slender
part of the body; on the other two-thirds of the body these bands are
interrupted on the back; a yellow spot on the snout and a yellow
streak on each side of the upper surface of the head; or pale olive,
with dark cross-bands forming rings on the anterior part of the body.
Total length 970 millim.; tail 105.
Bay of Bengal; Malay Archipelago.

a. 3 (W. 338). Sunderbunds, Bengal. Dr. P. Russell, College of
Surgeons [E.]. (Type).
5. Q (V. 332). Sunderbunds. Dr. P. Russell, College of
Surgeons É. (Type
of H. chloris). yp
c. 2 (W. 370). Sandheads, Bengal. Sir J. Fayrer[P].
d—e. Q(V.401,438). Bassein R. W. Theobald, Esq. §
..f, g. 6 (V. 384) & Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq.[C.J.
yg. (V. 342).
h. Yg. (V. 398). Bay of Bengal. East India Co. [P.].
(Type of H. stricticollis.)
; : # *} Bornº. Haslar Col
315. g ( y lection. | #:i.S º
m. Hgr. (V. 367). —? tº e
g . (V. 318 * 8,818. UOI-
209. DISTIRA. 285
22. Hydrophis leptodira.
Hydrophis gracilis (non Shaw), Cantor, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 1840,
p. 311, pl. lvi. -
Head very small, narrow; body long, extremely slender ante-
riorly. Snout strongly projecting beyond the lower jaw; rostral
broader than deep; frontal very small, longer than broad, hardly
as long as its distance from the rostral; one prae- and one post-
ocular; a single anterior temporal, followed by a second equally
large shield; six upper labials, second largest and in contact with
the praefrontal, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of
small chin-shields, in contact with each other. 31 scales round the
neck, 58 round the body; scales smooth, rhomboidal, and imbricate
anteriorly, hexagonal, juxtaposed and with a short keel posteriorly.
Wentrals very small but distinct throughout, 483. Black, with
yellow cross-bars on the neck and complete annuli on the body, the
bars and annuli numbering 77.
Total length 525 millim. ; tail 40.
Mouths of the Ganges.
a. Hgr. (V.483). Mouths of the Ganges. Dr. Cantor,
This is the actual specimen figured by Cantor in 1840. Until
quite lately it was preserved in the Museum of the University of
Oxford.
209. DISTIRA.

Hydrophis, part, Daud. Hist. Rept. vii. p. 372 (1803); Wagler, Syst.
Amph. p. 165 (1830); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 488 (1837); Gray,
Cat. Sn. p. 49 (1849); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1341 (1854);
JFischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 40; Jan, Elenco sist.
Qñd. p. 109 (1863); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 360 (1864).
Disteira, Lacép. Ann. Mus. iv., 1804, p. 210; Dum. & Bibr. t. c.
p. 1329; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 346; Jan, l.c. p. 109;
Günth, l.c. p. 358; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 407 (1890).
Leioselasma, Lacép. l. c. -
Pelamis, part., Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 138 (1820).
Enhydris, part., Merr. l. c. p. 140.
Aturia, part., Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 61 (1842).
Aturia, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 45 (1849).
Chitulia, Gray, l.c. p. 56.
Kerilia, Gray, l.c. p. 57.
Hydrus, Gray, l.c. p. 58.
Thalassophis, part., Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii. 1852, p. 75.
*::::: Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 38; Jan, l.c.
p. 1Uö. - -

Maxillary longer than the lower aspect of the ectopterygoid, not
extending forwards as far as the palatine; poison-fangs large,
followed by 4 to 10 grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth
usually grooved. Head moderate or rather small; nostrils superior,
pierced in a single or divided nasal shield, which is in contact with
286. COLUBRIDAE,
its fellow; head-shields large; praeocular present, loreal usually
absent. Body more or less elongate; scales on the anterior part of
the body imbricate; ventrals more or less distinct, very small.
Indian and Pacific Oceans, from the Persian Gulf to Japan and
New Caledonia.
Skull of Distira Stokesä.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. All the scales strongly imbricate; ventrals usually in pairs and
pointed, except quite anteriorly; no chin-shields; 39–47 scales
round the neck, 48–57 round the body; ventrals 230–267.
1. stokesii, p. 288.
II. Scales on posterior part of body feebly imbricate, or juxtaposed;
23–42 scales round the neck, 32–50 round the body; one or
two pairs of chin-shields.
A. Frontal shield longer than broad.
1. Second pair of chin-shields, if distinct, separated by several
scales.
a. Two or three superposed anterior temporals; ventrals
Rostral as deep as broad; 31–36 scales
round the neck, 36–41 round the
body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. major, p. 289.

209. DISTIRA. 287
Tostral broader than deep; 35–42
scales round the neck, 40–50 round
the body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. ornata, p. 290.
Tostral broader than deep ; 28–33
scales round the neck, 38–43 round
the body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. godeffroyi, p. 291.
b. A single anterior temporal; 27 scales round the neck,
38 round the body; ventrals 329–335.
Two postoculars; two labials entering
the eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. melanosoma, p. 291.
One postocular; three labials entering .
the eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Semperi, p. 292.
2. Two pairs of chin-shields in contact on the middle line or
the posterior separated by a single scale.
a. A single anterior temporal.
a. Rostral broader than deep; ventrals 300–354.
23–25 scales round the neck; frontal
hardly as long as its distance from
the rostral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Subcincta, p. 292.
27–31 scales round the neck; frontal
as long as its distance from the
rostral or the end of the snout.... 8. brugmansii, p. 292.
38 scales round the neck . . . . . . . . . . 9. tuberculata, p. 293.
|3. Rostral as deep as broad; ventrals 372–400; 27–29
scales round the neck... 10. grandis, p. 293.
b. Two or three superposed anterior temporals.
a. Scales all imbricate.
31–35 scales round the neck, 43–45
round the body; ventrals 220–256. 11. macfarlani, p. 294.
27–33 scales round the neck, 39–45
round the body; ventrals 281-385. 12, cyanocincta, p. 294.
26–27 scales round the neck, 48–49
round the body; ventrals 278 . . . . 13. bituberculata, p. 296.
6. Scales on posterior part of body juxtaposed.
25 scales round the neck, 34 round
i
the body; ventrals 317. . . . . . . . . . 14, belcheri, p. 296.
27–29 scales round the neck, 38 round
the body; ventrals 258–260. . . . . . 15. pachycercus, p. 297.
30–33 scales round the neck, 43–47
round the body; ventrals 300–387. 16. lapemidoides, p. 297.
B. Frontal shield as broad as long; anterior ventrals relatively
large; 27–29 scales round the neck, 37–43 round the body.
17. viperina, p. 298.
III. Scales slightly imbricate, 15–17 round the neck, 19–21 round
the body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 18. jerdonii, p. 299.
288 COLUERIDAE.
TABLE SHowING NUMBERs of SCALES AND SHIELDs.

Sc. neck. Sc. body. W. Lab. Ant, temp.
Stokesii .................. 39–47 || 48–57 || 230–267 || 9–10 2–3
*d/or..................... 31–36 || 36–41 200–236 || 7–8 2
ormata .................. 35–42 | 40–50 210–300 || 7–8 2–3
godeffroy; ............... 28–33 || 38–43 || 238–294 7 2
nelanosoma ............ 27 38 335 7 I
8èmper; .................. ? 38 329 8 I
8ubcincta ............... 23-25 35 342 7 1
brugmansit ............ 27–31 || 32–40 |300–354 || 7 I
tuberculata ............ 38 ? 321 P I :
grandis .................. 27–29 || 41–45 || 372–400 7 1
macfarlani ............ 31–35 || 43–45 220–256 || 7–8 2
cyanocincta ............ 7–33 || 39–45 281-385 7–8 2
bituberculata ......... 26–27 || 48–49 278 8 2
belcher; .................. 25 34 317 5–6 2
pachycercus ............ 27–29 || 38–39 || 258-260 8 2
lapemidoides............ 30–33 43–47 || 300–387 8 2–3
viperºna.................. 27–29 || 37–43 || 235–267 || 7–8 1–2
jerdonii.................. 15–17 | 19–21 |224–238 5 1
1. Distira stokesii.
Hydrus major, part., Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 558 (1802).
stokesii, Gray, in Stokes, Discov. A ustralia, i. p. 502, pl.iii. (1846)
major, Gray, Cat, p. 58 (1849). ©
Hydrophis schizopholis, Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. i. 1852,
p. 166, pl. xv.; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1357 (1854).
annulatus, Gray, l.c. p. 59.
Astrotia schizopholis, Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 38;
Jan, Icon. Gén. 39, pl. iii. (1872).
Hydrophis stokesii, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 363 (1864); Peters
& Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878, p. 415.
f Hydrophis guentheri, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus, 1868, p. 69.
? Hydrophis granosa, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 190.
Hydrophis guttata, Murray, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ii. 1887, p. 34.
Distira stokesii, Bouleng. Fawn. Ind., Rept. p. 408 (1890).
Head moderate; body stout. Rostral as deep as broad; nasals
shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture
between the praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, as long as or
slightly longer than its distance from the rostral; one prae- and
two postoculars; nine or ten upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth
entering the eye, if not divided to form a series of suboculars; two
or three superposed anterior temporals; no chin-shields. 39 to 47
scales round the neck, 48 to 57 round the body; scales much
imbricate, pointed, keeled, the keels frequently broken up into two
tubercles. Wentrals usually distinct only quite anteriorly, then in
pairs and not larger than the adjoining scales, 230–267. Yellowish
or pale brownish, with broad black dorsal cross-bands, or with
complete black annuli.
Total length 1510 millim.; tail 200. - -
From the Mekran Coast and the Chinese Sea to the North Coast
of Australia.
209. DISTIRA. 289
a. 3 (V. 250). . . Mekran Coast. Capt. E. Bishop [C.].
* * Ç (Type of H. guttata.)
b. ? (W. 240). Singapore. É. of H. annulatus.)
c. 3 (V. 256). Singapore. Haslar Collection.
d. 9 (V. 235.) Indian Ocean. (One of the types of H. major.)
e. g. (V. 249). Indian Ocean. ,
f. 9 (V. 267). Coast of Australia. Capt. Stokes [P.].
g. G. (V. 240). Coast of Australia. Capt. Drevar [C].
h. Ad., skin. Port Walcott, Capt. Beckett [P].
N.W. Australia. -
*, k. º; (W. 260) & yg. Port Essington. Lord Derby [P.].
0).
(V. 2 i
l. Ad., skin. Torres Straits. W.Wykeham Perry, Esq.
*m. Skull. Holothuria Bank, J.J. Walker, Esq.[P].
- N.W. Australia. * * * *
2. Distira major.
Hydrus major, part., Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 558, pl. cxxiv. (1802).
Disteira doliata, Lacép. Ann. Mus. iv. 1804, pp. 199 & 210, pl. lvii.
fig. 2; Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1331 (1854); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 359 (1864). . ..
Pelamis shavii, Merr. Tent. p. 139 (1820).
Hyº- mentalis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 62 (1842), and Cat, p. 53
(1849). - - -
Disteira dumerilii, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 149; Cope, Proc.
Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 347; Jan, Icon. Gén. 39, pl. iv. (1872). . .
Hydrophis protervus, Jan, l. c. p. 150, and Prodr. pl. D (1859);
Bavay, Mém. Soc. Linn. Norm. xv. no. 5, 1869, p. 36.
lacepedei, Jan, Prodr. pl. D. - . .
major, Günth, l.c. p. 363, pl.xxv. fig. G. -
łº sp., Forné, Note Serp. Mer, Noumea, p.6, pl. —. figs. 1–5
(1888).
Diº major, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 407 (1890).
• Head moderate; body stout. Rostral as deep as broad; nasals
shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture
between the praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout ; one prae- and one or two post-
oculars; two superposed anterior temporals; seven or eight upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; one pair of small chin-
shields. 31 to 36 scales round the neck, 36 to 41 round the body;
scales keeled, imbricate, strongly on the neck, feebly on the body.
Wentrals distinct, but very small, smooth or bicarinate, 200–236.
Yellowish or pale brownish above, regularly barred with blackish or
with alternately broad and narrow dark bars; white beneath, with
or without small dark brown spots. - - - * >
Total length 1050 millim.; tail 120.
North Coast of Australia to New Caledonia.
a. 3 (W. 236). Indian Ocean. (One of the types of H. major.
e of H. mentalis.)
- , Lyp
b. Yg. (V. 215). Nicol Bay, N.W. Australia. Mr. Duboulay [C].
WOL. III. U : . . .
290 COLUBRIDAE,
c. 3 (W. 217). Holothuria Bank, N.W. J. J. Walker, Esq.
- - Australia, [P.].
d. Hgr. (W. 233). Cape York. - - -
e. Hgr. (V.200). Off Cooktown, N, Queensland. Capt. Drevar [C]. .
- 3. Distira ornata. -
Aturia ornata, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 61 (1842), and Cat, p.45 (1849).
Hydrophis ocellata, Gray, Cat. p. 53; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 878,
#XXV. # P (1864); Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii.
878, p. 416.
Ciºta, Gray, Cat, p. 56. . -
Tºlº schlegelii, Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii. 1852,
p. 83, pl. v. * * - -
Hydrophis striatus, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1347 (1854).
— schlegelii, Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 50; Jan,
. Icon. Gén. 40, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1872).
laevis, Lütken, Vidensk. Meddel, 1862, p. 309, pl. i. fig. 6.
— ornata, Günth. l. c. p. 376, pl.xxv. fig. V; Boettg. Zool. Anz,
1888, p. 397. \
— ellioti, Günth. l. c. p. 377, pl.xxv. fig. N.
striatus, Jan, l.c. pl. v. fig. 1.
Distira ornata, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 411 (1890).

Head moderate; body moderately elongate. Rostral broader
than deep ; nasals shorter than the frontal, two or three times as
long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal longer than
broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the rostral
or the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and
two or three postoculars; seven or eight upper labials, second
largest, third and fourth entering the eye; two or three superposed
anterior temporals; anterior chin-shields in contact, posterior chin-
shields, if distinct, separated by two or three scales. 35 to 42
scales round the neck, 40 to 50 round the middle of the body;
scales juxtaposed and hexagonal in the middle of the body, feebly
imbricate anteriorly, smooth in the young, with a central tubercle
or short keel in the adult. Wentrals distinct, but feebly enlarged,
210–300. Young with blackish cross-bands, tapering on the sides,
and with one or more lateral series of roundish dark spots; the
'bands may become confluent in some specimens, which are uniform
lolackish olive above and white beneath.
Total length 1200 millim.; tail 130.
From the mouth of the Persian Gulf and the coasts of India and
Ceylon to New Guinea and North Australia.

a. Yg. (W. 232). Indian Ocean. (Type.) t
b. 3 (V. 240). Indian Ocean. . Sir E. Belcher [P.].
. . . . - . . . . . - Type of C. inormata.)
c. 2 (W. 265). Muscat. - A. §§ Jayakar, Esq.
d. Hgr. (V. 235). India. . . J. º, e, Esq.[P].
e. 9 (V. 220). Trevandrum, Travancore. #: erguson, Esq.
f. Yg. (V. 218). Ceylon. Sir A. Smith [P].
g., Yg. (V. 220). Madras. . . . T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P].
h. 2 (V.229). Siam. - - -
209. DISTIRA. 291
3. 3 (W. 275). Holothuria Bank, N.W. J. J. Walker, Esq.[P].
- - Australia.
.k. Hgr. (V. 290). Australia. J. Macgillivray, Esq.
- - º: Lord Derby|[P.].
. (Type of H. ocellata.)
1, 2 (W. 274). Australia. J. Baines, Esq. [P].
m, n—o. 3 (V. 280) — ? College of Surgeons.

& yg. (V. 228,
215).
p. Yg. (V. 210). —?
4. Distira godeffroyi, ,
Hºpi. godeffroyi, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 856, pl. i.
Head moderate; body stout. Rostral broader than deep; nasals
shorter than the frontal, twice as long as the suture between the
praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, as long as its distance from
the rostral, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two post-
oculars; two superposed anterior temporals; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields,
posterior separated by a pair of scales. 28 to 33 scales round the
neck, 38 to 43 round the body; scales subimbricate on the neck,
juxtaposed on the body, with a tubercle or short keel, which is very
istrong in the male. Wentrals distinct, bituberculate, 238–294.
Yellowish or pale brown above, yellowish white beneath, with broad
tlackish cross-bars narrowing on the sides and encircling or nearly
encircling the body; head dark olive above.
Total length 740 millim. ; tail 85.
Ringsmill Islands.
a-º. 3 (v. 288) & 2 (V. 249). —? Dr. J. G. Fischer.
5. Distira melanosoma.
Hydrophis melanosoma, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 867, pl.xxv.
fig, E (1864).
Bead rather small, and short; body elongate. Rostral a little
broader than deep ; nasals shorter than the frontal, twice as long as
the suture between the praefrontals; frontal much longer than broad,
as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals;
one prae- and one postocular; a single large anterior temporal;
seven upper labials, second largest and in contact with the prae-
frontal, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-
shields, the posterior separated by a pair of scales. 27 scales round
the neck, 38 round the body; scales imbricate, strongly keeled.
Wentrals distinct throughout, bicarinate, 335. Black above, with
66 narrow light rings, more or less interrupted, on the belly, greenish
beneath, bright yellow on the sides. - -
Total length 1250 millim.; tail 130,
Habitat unknown. -
a. Q. (V.835). — ? College of Surgeons [E].
* - - (º) ... •
292 ... COLUBRIDAE.
6. Distira semperi. . . . . .
Hydrophis semperi, Garm. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, viii. 1881, p. 85.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad; nasal grooved from the nostrif
to the second labial; frontal little less than twice as long as broad;
one prae- and two postoculars; a single, large anterior temporal;
eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; two
pairs of chin-shields, anterior larger. Scales smooth, imbricate,
38 round the middle of the body. Wentrals small, 329. Black,
crossed by 57 narrow white bands which do not meet on the belly.
Lake Taal, Luzon.
Perhaps specifically identical with the preceding.
7. Distira subcincta.
Hydrophis subcinctus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 63 (1842), and Cat, p. 52
(1849); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 368, pl.xxv. fig, F (1864).
Head small; body much elongate; neck slender, its diameter
about one third the greatest depth of the body. Rostral broader
than deep; nasals as long as the frontal, more than twice as long
as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal much longer than
broad, hardly as long as its distance from the rostral, much shorter
than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; a single, large
anterior temporal, descending nearly to the border of the mouth ;
seven upper labials, second largest, third and fourth entering the
eye; two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with each other. 23 to:
25 scales round the neck, 35 round the body; scales feebly imbri–
cate, feebly keeled. Wentrals very distinct, 342. “Trunk with 41
broad dark cross-bands, about as broad as the interspaces, not
..extending downwards to the middle of the side ; a series of small,
roundish, blackish spots along the lower part of the sides.”
Total length 1070 millim. ; tail 100.
Indian Ocean. '
a. 2 (V. 842). - Indian Ocean. - (Type.)
º 8. Distira brugmansii.
Hydrophis brugmansii, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 554.
— nigrocincta, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 505, pl. xviii.
figs, 8–10 (1837). -
— sublaevis, Gray, Zool. Misc, p. 62 (1842).
Hydrus striatus, part, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept, p. 126 (1847).
Hydrophis sublaevis, part., Gray, Cat, p. 52 (1849).
— nigrocincta (non Daud), Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii.
1856, p. 46, pl. i. . .
— cyanocincta, part, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 367 (1864).
— robusta, Günth, l.c. p. 364; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xxi.
(1874); Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 894 (1884); Anders. Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxi. 1889, p. 347. - - i. .
rappii, Jan, Icon. Gén. 41, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1872).
— temporalis, Blanf. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 680, fig.
— bishopii, Murray, l.c. p. 391, pl. —.
Distira robusta, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 409 (1890).

209. DISTIRA. 293
Head moderate; body elongate. Rostral broader than deep; nasals
shorter than the frontal, about twice as long as the suture between
the praefrontals; frontal much longer than broad, as long as its
distance from the rostral or the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; one prae- and one or two postoculars; a single large anterior
temporal, sometimes descending to the labial margin; seven upper
labials, second largest, third and fourth or third, fourth, and fifth
entering the eye; two pairs of subequal chin-shields, in contact on
the middle line. 27 to 31 scales round the neck, 32 to 40 round the
Body; scales rhomboidal and subimbricate, smooth or each with a
more or less distinct central tubercle or short obtuse keel. Wentrals
distinct throughout, smooth or bitubercular, 300–354. Greenish
yellow above, dorsal scales with black margins, with black cross-
bands or annuli, which are narrower than the interspaces between
them ; sides and lower parts yellow ; end of tail black.
Total length 1800 millim.; tail 120. • *
Persian Gulf, and coasts of India, Burma, and the Malay Archi-
pelago.
a. Q (V. 354). Gangestun, Persia. (Type of H. temporalis.)
b—c. SP (V. 348) & Muscat. A. § G. Jayakar, Esq.
hgr. (V. 320). - [P.]. -
d. 3 (V. 323). Kurrachee. Mr. J. A. Murray [C].
e. Q (V. 312). Malabar. Col. Beddome [C.],
..f. Q (V. 831). Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.. [P.].
g—h. Hgr. (V. 322) Madras. Dr. J. R. Henderson
& yg. (V. 300.) [P.].
Q (V. 330). Pinang. Dr. Cantor. -
Q (V. 336). Indian Ocean. (Type of H. sublavis.)
Q (V. 310) P (Type of H. robusta.)

9. Distira tuberculata.
Hydrophis tuberculata, Anders. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xl. 1871,
p. 18; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 393 (1884).
Distira tuberculata, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p.409 (1890).
Head moderate; neck not very slender. Rostral broader than
deep; head-shields studded with minute granules; fourth and fifth
labials below the eye ; one prae- and two postoculars; anterior
temporal large and almost entering the labial margin; two pairs of
large square chin-shields in contact, with each other. 38 rows of
slightly imbricate scales round, the neck, each with two prominent
tubercles, one before the other. Wentrals 321, small, irregular ; .
each ventral with several minute tubercles on either side. Body
encircled by black bands, broadest and blackest on the back;
ground-colour olive-yellow above, bright gamboge-yellow below.
Total length 1200 millim. *
Persian Gulf, coast of Sind, tidal streams at Calcutta.
10. Distira grandis. (PLATE XVI.)
Bead rather small; body much elongate, its greatest depth twice
and a half to three times the diameter of the neck. Rostral as
294 . COLUBRIDAE,
deep as broad; nasals shorter than the frontal, twice to thrice as:
long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal longer than
broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the
rostral, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars;
a single anterior temporal; seven upper labials, second largest and
in contact with the praefrontal, third and fourth entering the eye;
two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with each other. 27 to 29
scales round the neck, 41 to 45 round the body; scales feebly
imbricate, keeled, “the keels very feeble in the female. Wentrals.
very small, smooth in the female, with two tubercles in the male,
372–400. Greyish olive above, yellowish white on the sides and
beneath; neck with dark olive or blackish cross-bars, which become
very indistinct or disappear on the body.
Total length 2300 millim.; tail 160.
Malay Archipelago and North Coast of Australia.
a—b. 3 (V. 389) & Malay Archipelago. Dr. Bleeker.
Q (V.400). º
c. 2 (W. 372). Queensland. Prof. M. A. Thomson [P.].
11. Distira macfarlani. (PLATE XVII. fig. 1.)
Head moderate; body moderately elongate. Rostral a little
broader than deep; nasals shorter than the frontal, about thrice as:
long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal once and three.
fourths to twice as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
one prae- and two postoculars; two superposed anterior temporals ;
seven or eight upper labials, second largest and in contact with
the praefrontal, third and fourth entering the eye; fifth upper
labial also entering the eye, if not, with a detached upper portion.
forming a subocular; two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with each
other. 31 to 35 scales round the neck, 43 to 45 round the body;
scales feebly imbricate, smooth, or dorsals faintly keeled. Wentrals.
very small, 220–256. Whitish, with a dorsal and a ventral series
of black rhomboidal transverse spots or cross-bars opposite to each
other; on the neck, the ventral spots are confluent in the middle
and unite with the dorsals on both sides; head black above and
beneath, with a yellow spot on the forehead and a yellow streak.
from the eye along the temple.
Total length 460 millim.; tail 40.
Torres Straits. * *
a—b. Yg. (W. 256, 220). Murray Id. Rev. S. Macfarlane [C].
, 12. Distira cyanocincta.
Jºussell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. ix. (1801). - -
Hydrophis cyanocinctus, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 383 (1803); Peters,
Mon. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 852, pl. i.f.g. 2; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind.
pl. xxiii. (1874); Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 391 (1884).
Leioselasma striata, Lacép. Ann. Mus, iv. 1804, pp. 198, 210,
- pl. lvii. fig. 1. - - .
Enhydris cyanocinctus, Merr. Tent, p. 141 (1820).
209. DISTIRA. 295

Enhydris striatus, Merr. l. c.
Hydrus cyanocinctus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 854.
Hydrophis striata, Schleg. Faun. Japon, Rept. p. 89, # vii. (1837), and
Phys. Serp. ii. p. 502, pl. xviii. figs, 4 & 5 (1837); Fischer, Abh.
Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 41.
Hydrus striatus, part., Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 126 (1847).
Hydrophis subannulata, Gray, Cat. }. 54 (1849).
— aspera, Gray, l.c. p. 55; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 365 (1864).
cyanocincta, part., Günth. l.c. p. 367.
trachyceps, #. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus., 1868, p. 70.
crassicollis, Anders. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xl. 1871, p. 19.
westermanni, Jan, Icon. Gén. 89, pl. v. fig. 1 (1872).
Tºl phipsoni, Murray, Journ. Bomb. W. H. Soc. ii. 1887, p. 32,
pl. —.
— taprobanica, Haly, Taprobanian, ii. 1887, p. 107.
Distira cyanocincta, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 410 (1890);
W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 1891, p. 247; Boettg. Ber.
Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 90.
Head moderate; body elongate. Rostral slightly broader than
deep; nasals shorter than the frontal, twice, or rather more than
twice, as long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal much
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two post-
oculars; seven or eight upper labials, second largest, third and fourth,
fourth and fifth, or third, fourth, and fifth, entering the eye; two
superposed anterior temporals; two pairs of subequal chin-shields,
in contact on the middle line, or posterior pair separated by one
scale. 27 to 33 scales round the neck, 39 to 45 round the middle
of the body; scales rhomboidal and subimbricate, with a short keel
which is very strong, and broken up into two or three tubercles in
adult males. Wentrals distinct throughout, smooth or with two or
more tubercles, 281—385. Greenish olive above, with dark olive or
black cross-bars or annuli, broadest on the back, and sometimes
joined by a black band running along the belly; or yellowish with a
black vertebral stripe sending off a few bar-like processes on the neck.
Total length 1500 millim.; tail 140.
From the Persian Gulf and the coasts of India to China and
Japan and Papuasia.
A. Black annuli complete and connected by a black band along
the belly.
a—b. 3 (W. 343) & hgr. Bushire. E. Lort Phillips, Esq.
(V. 326). tº tº
c. Yg. (W. 306). Persian Gulf.
d. Hgr. (V. 344). Malabar. Col. Beddome [C].
e. 9 (V. 315). Madras. F. Day, Esq. º
f. 9 (V. 296). Sunderbunds, Dr. P. Russell, College
Bengal. of Surgeons [E.]...
g, h-k.9 (V.310) & yg. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq.[C].

(V. 308, 305, 303).
B. Black annuli complete but not connected by a band along
the belly.
a. Yg. (W. 839). Malabar. Col. Beddome [C.].
296 COLUERIDAE,
b. Hgr. (W. 870). Madras beach. Dr. J. R. Henderson
c. 3 (V. 842). China. J* Esq.[P].
C. Annuli feebly marked or interrupted on the sides and beneath.
a—b. 3 (W. 352) & 2 Khor Abdulla, head W. D. Cumming, Esq.
(W. 374). of Persian Gulf. P.T.
c. 3 (W. 360). Pushire. ** Phillips, Esq.
d. 3 (V. 377). Kurrachee. Kürschee Mus. [E],
e. Q (V. 314). Ceylon. B. ºmpleton, Esq.
f. Hgr. (V. 296). Mergui. Dºſ Anderson [P].
g. 6 (V. 325). Singapore. (Type of H. aspera,
h. 9 (V. 330). Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].
£, G (W. 343). Near Zebu, Philip- H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
plnes.
K. Q (W. 848). — ?
D. Dark cross-bars, confined to the back.
a. Q (V. 281). Muscat. *#9. Jayakar, Esq.
© _j”
b. Hgr. (V. 360). —?
E. A dark stripe along the back; cross-bars absent or confined
to the nape.
a. 9 (V. 330). Bombay. H. M. Phipson, Esq.
) [P]. (As H. phip-
soni, Murr.)
13. Distira bituberculata.
Hydrophis bituberculatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 855,
pl. ii. fig. 2.
Distira bituberculata, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 411 (1890).
Very closely allied to D. lapemidoides, but scales imbricate, with
the keels mostly broken up into two tubercles; 26 or 27 scales
round the neck, 48 or 49 round the deepest part of the body.
Wentrals distinct, 278. Dark brown above, yellowish on the sides
and beneath, the skin between the scales black.
Total length 1090 millim.; tail 100.
Ceylon.
14. Distira belcheri. (PLATE XVII. fig. 2.) Y
Aturia belcheri, Gray, Cat. p. 46 (1849).
Hydrophis belcheri, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 364 (1864).
IHead rather small; body elongate; diameter of neck two fifths
greatest depth of body. Rostral as deep as broad; nasals shorter
than the frontal, twice as long as the suture between the prae-
frontals; frontal nearly twice as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and
209. DISTIRA. 297
two postoculars; two superposed anterior temporals; five or six
upper labials, fourth bordering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields,
in contact with each other. 25 scales round the neck, 34 round
the body; scales feebly imbricate on the anterior part of the body,
juxtaposed on the posterior part, feebly keeled. Wentrals very
distinct throughout, smooth, 317. Olive above, yellowish beneath;
neck with dark cross-bands, which gradually disappear on the body;
bead dark olive, lighter on the crown.
Total length 810 millim.; tail 75.
New Guinea.
a. Q (W. 317). New Guinea. Sir E. Belcher [P.]. (Type)
15. Distira pachycercus.
Hydrophis pachycercos, Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856,
p. 44, pl. ii; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 378 (1864); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 39, pl. vi. (1872).
Head rather small; body stout. Rostral as deep as broad,
nasals shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the
suture between the praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, as long
as its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; one
prae- and two postoculars; two superposed anterior temporals;
*ight upper labials, fourth or third and fourth entering the eye,
fifth divided, its upper portion forming a subocular; two pairs of
chin-shields, in contact with each other. 27 to 29 scales round the
neck, 38 or 39 round the body; scales feebly imbricate on the
neck, juxtaposed on the body, with strong keels each formed of two
tubercles. Wentrals very distinct, 258–260. Yellowish above,
with feebly marked dark cross-bands, white beneath ; upper
surface of head and nape brown; end of tail black.
Total length 930 millim. ; tail 110.
Malay Archipelago.
a. 6 (V. 258). Malay Archipelago. Dr. Bleeker,
16. Distira lapemidoides.
Aturia lapemoides, Gray, Cat, p. 46 (1849).
Hydrophis lapemoides, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 375 (1864);
Planſ. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlviii. 1879, p. 132.
— holdsworthii, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 33.
stewartii, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 399; Fayrer,
Thanatoph. Ind. pl.xxiv. (1874); Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 390 (1884).
– dayanus, Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 89; Murray,
. c. p. 393.
Distira lapemidoides, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 412 (1890).
Head rather small; body elongate, slender anteriorly, diameter
of neck two fifths to one third the greatest depth. Rostral slightly
broader than deep ; nasals shorter than the frontal, more than
twice as long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal much
longer than broad, as long as or a little shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two
298 • COLUBRIDAE.
or three postoculars; eight upper labials, second largest, third and
fourth entering the eye; two or three superposed anterior temporals;
two pairs of subequal chin-shields, in contact, or posterior separated
by one scale. 30 to 33 scales round the neck, 43 to 47 round the
body; scales rhomboidal and subimbricate on the neck, hexagonal
and juxtaposed on the body, of young smooth, of adult female with
a feeble tubercle or keel, of adult male with a strong spinose tubercle.
Ventrals distinct throughout, 300–387. Young yellowish or greyish
olive above, white beneath, with complete black rings which are
broadest on the back; head black, with an angular yellow
(vermilion) band above, the apex on the snout; tail black, with
light vertical bands at the base. In the adult the bands become
more obsolete and are not continued across the body, and the head
is uniform olive-brown.
Total length 940 millim.; tail 90.
Coasts of Baluchistan, India, and Ceylon.
a. Yg. (W. 305). Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
b. Hgr. (V. 332). Ceylon. Zoological gºſº | (Types.)
c. 3 (V. 387). Ceylon. E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq. [C.].
d. Hgr. (V. 328). Ceylon, E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq. [C.].
(Type of H. holdsworthii.).
e, Hgr. (V. 300). Ceylon. Miss Layard [P].
f. 2 (W. 362). Poorie, Orissa. Sir J. Fayrer[P].
g. Yg. (V. 345). Gwadar, Baluch- W. T. Blanford, Esq.[P].

istan.
17. Distira viperina.
Tºº viperina, Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii. 1852,
p. 79, pl. iii.
Disteira *auta, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1331 (1854).
Hydrophis doliata, Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb, iii. 1856, p. 56.
PHydrophis obscurus (non Daud.), Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859,
- {i}; Prodr. pl. D (1859), and Icon. Ophid. 40, pl. vi. fig. 2
2). -
Hydrophis viperina, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 378 (1864); Anders.
Proc. Zool, Soc. 1872, p. 400; Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1888,
p. 91; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) ii. 1888, p. 44.
— jayakari, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xx. 1887, p. 408;
Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 1889, p. 348.
— plumbea, Murray, Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ii. 1887, p. 34.
Distira viperina, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 413 (1890)."
Head rather small; body moderately elongate, rather slender
anteriorly. Rostral as deep as broad; nasals as long as or a little
shorter than the frontal; suture between the praefrontals very
short; frontal as broad as long, as long as its distance from the
rostral or the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one or
two prae- and one or two postoculars; seven or eight upper labials,
second largest, fourth or third and fourth entering the eye; one or
two anterior temporals; two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with
each other, posterior longest. 27 to 29 scales round the neck, 37
to 43 round the body; scales juxtaposed, obtusely keeled. Wentrals
209. DISTIRA. 299
-relatively large anteriorly, bituberculate in the male, 235–267.
Slaty grey above, with rhomboidal transverse black spots, white or
pink on the sides and inferiorly; some specimens uniform dark
grey above; in the young the black spots are continued down the
sides of the body; end of tail black.
Total length 920 millim. ; tail 100.
From the Persian Gulf and the Mekran Coast, round the coasts of
India and Burma to Java, Hong Kong, and Hainan.
a. Q (W. 260). Muscat. A. S. G. Jayakar, Esq. [P].
- (Type of H.jayakari.)
b. 2 (W. 248). Bombay. H. M. Phipson, Esq. [P].
c. Hgr. (V. 245). Malabar. Col. Beddome [C.].
d. Yg. (W. 237). Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.J.
e. 2 (W. 245). Hong Kong. City Hall Museum [E].
J. Q (W. 235). Indian Ocean.
18. Distira jerdonii.
Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl.xii. (1801).
Hº: Hºnº, ºvar., Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept, p. 129, pl. xl.
fig. 8 (1847).
Kerilia jerdonii, Gray, Cat, p. 57 (1849).
Hydrus cantori, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxii. 1854, p. 526.
Hydrophis jerdonii, Günth. Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 362, pl.xxv. fig, B.
(1864); Anders. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1871, p. 190; Fayrer, Thanatoph.
Ind. pl.xx. (1874). - -
Distirajerdonii, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 408 (1890); Boettg.
..Mitth. Geogr. Ges, u. Wat. Mus. Bremen, (2) v. 1893, p. —.

Head short ; snout declivous and rather pointed; body mode-
rately elongate. Rostral as deep as broad; nasals shorter than
the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture between the
praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, nearly as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one
prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; a single large anterior temporal, descending to
the labial margin. 15 or 17 scales round the neck, 19 or 21 round
the body; scales broader than long, slightly imbricate, strongly
keeled. Ventrals distinct, but feebly enlarged, more or less
distinctly bituberculate, 224–238. Olive above, yellowish beneath,
with black cross-bands, which form complete rings in young and
half-grown specimens; a black spot may be present between each
pair of annuli. - - *
Total length 910 millim.; tail 100.
Bay of Bengal, Straits of Malacca, Borneo.
a. 3 (W. 238). . Madras. T. C. Jºſe.
. . . ; ype.)
b. 3 (W. 228). Madras. F. Day, Esq. [P.].
c. Hgr., dry. i Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
d. 9 (V. 224). f Haslar Collection.
300 COLUBRIDAE.
210. ENIHYDRIS.
Enhydris, part., Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 140 (1820). *
Hydrophis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 488 (1837); Dum. & Bibr.
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1341 (1854); Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 109 (1863);
Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 360 (1864).
Lapemis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 60 (1842), and Cat. Sn. p. 43 (1849).
Pelamis, part., Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 61. w
Enhydris, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 396 (1890).
Maxillary as long as the ectopterygoid, extending forwards as far
as the palatine, with two large poison-fangs and 2 to 4 small feebly-
grooved teeth. Nostrils superior; head-shields large; nasals in
contact with each other; a praeocular; loreal present or absent.
Body short and stout; scales hexagonal or squarish, juxtaposed;
wentrals very feebly developed, if at all distinct.
From the coasts of India to the Chinese Sea and New Guinea.
1. Enhydris curtus.
Hydrus curtus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 562 (1802).
Enhydris curtus, Merr. Tent, p. 140 (1820); Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Rept, p. 396 (1890).
º curtus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 60 (1842), and Cat. p. 44
9).
Hº propinquus, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 151, Prodr.
pl. E (1859), and Icon. Gén. 41, pl. i. fig. 2 (1872).
curta, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 379 (1864); Fayrer,
Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xxiv. (1874); Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Beng.
1872, p. 91; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 395 (1884).

Rostral broader than deep; internasals twice to thrice as long as
the suture between the praefrontals; parietals broken up into small
shields; one prae- and one or two postoculars; no loreal ; two or
three superposed anterior temporals; seven upper labials, fourth,
third, and fourth, or third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; chin-
shields very small and separated by scales, or quite indistinct. 30
to 38 scales round the anterior part of the body, 33 to 42 round
the middle, with a very feebly-developed tubercle or short keel;
the scales on the lower surface, in the male, with a very strong
spinose tubercle. Wentrals distinct in the anterior half of the
|body, with two spinose tubercles in the male, 150–200. Above
with dark transverse bands, broadest in the middle; these bands
are usually very dark, nearly black, but in some old specimens
rather indistinct; end of tail black.
Total length 750 millim.; tail 75.
Coasts of India and Ceylon.
a. Yg. (V. 152). India. (Type.)
5. Hgr. (V. 152). India.
c. 3 (V, 157). Malabar. Col. Beddome [C].
d. 9 (V. 194). Mangalore, S. Canara. E. Pringle, Esq. É.
Sq,
e—f $2 (W. 160) & yg. Trevandrum, Travan- H. S. Ferguson,
(V. 182). COTO, [P.].
210. ENHYDRIs. 301
g. Hgr. (V. 150). Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
§§ & *iºn. Ceylon. F. W. H. #,
Esq. [C].
K. 6 (W. 155). Ceylon.
l. 3, skeleton. Ceylon.
2. Enhydris hardwickii.
Lapemis hardwickii, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. lxxxvii. f. 2 (1884),
and Cat. p. 44 (1849).
Hydrophis pelamidoides, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 512, pl. xviii.
figs. 16 & 17 (1837), and Faun, Japon., Rept. pl. ix, (1838);
# & #. vii. p. 1345 (1854); Jan, Icon. Gén. 41, pl. iii.
. 1 (1872).
Lapemis loreatus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xi. 1843, p. 46.
Hydrophis (Pelamis) pelamidoides, Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb.
iii. 1856, p. 64, pl. iii.
Tºl tºº. Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 150, and Prodr.
. D (1859).
P. hardwickii, Günth. Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 380, pl. xxv. fig. W
(1864); Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 1889, p. 348.
— loreata, Günth. l.c. p. 380; Boettg. Zool. Anz, 1888, p. 396.
— fayreriana, Anders. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. x1. 1871, p. 19.
abbreviatus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 40, pl. iv. fig. 2, & v. fig. 2.
— brevis, Jan, l.c. pl. iv. fig. 2.
Enhydris hardwickii, #º: Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 397 (1890).

Rostral as deep as broad or slightly broader than deep ; parietals.
large; one prae- and one to three postoculars; a loreal sometimes
present; two or three superposed anterior temporals; seven upper
labials, fourth, or third and fourth entering the eye; chin-shields
very small and separated by scales, or quite indistinct. 25 to 33.
scales round the anterior part of the body, 34 to 37 round the
middle, with tubercles as in the preceding species. Wentrals
usually very indistinct, 130–200. Coloration as in the pre-
ceding, but the dark bands often forming complete rings round the
body.
Total length 750 millim.; tail 80.
From the Bay of Bengal to the Chinese Sea and the coast of New
Guinea.
a. Q (W. 150). India. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
e (Type.)
b–c. #y º & Singapore. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C].
d. & Čv. iš). Borneo. Sir E. Belcher [P.].
(Type of L. loreatus.)
e, f. 2 (W. 136, 142). Borneo. Sir E. Belcher [P.].
g. 3 (W. 140). Philippines.
h. Hgr. (W. 175). Manilla.
#& (V. 180, 156, Negros. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].
am—q. 3 (V. 155, 138) Malay Archipelago.
§ {v:200, 146),8. y Archipelag
yg. (W. 130).
302 COLUBRIDAE,
211. ENHYDRINA.
Disteira, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept, p. 29 (1826).
folyodontus (monºp), Lesson, in Bélang. Woy. Ind. Or, Rept.
p. 325 (1834). < tº
Hydrophis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 488 (1887); Dum. &
Iłibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1341 (1854); Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb.
iii. 1856, p. 41; Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 109 (1863).
Enhydrina, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 47 (1849) ; Günth. Rept. Brit, Ind.
p. 381 (1864); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 405 (1890).

Maxillary scarcely longer than the ectopterygoid, not extending
forwards quite as far as the palatine, with two large poison-fangs
followed by 4 solid teeth. Nostrils superior; head-shields large,
nasals in contact with each other; a praeocular; no loreal. Body
moderately elongate; scales imbricate; ventrals distinct but very
Small*.
From the Persian Gulf to New Guinea.
1. Enhydrina valakadien.
JRussell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. xi. (1801).
Hydrus valakadyn, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 554.
Disteira russellii, Fitzinger, Isis, 1827, p. 733.
Polyodontus annulatus, Lesson, in Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or, Rept.
p. 325, pl. iv. (1834).
Hydrophis schistosa (non Daud.), Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 500,
pl. xviii. figs. 1–3 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1344 (1854);
I’ischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 48; Jan, Icon. Gén. 41,
pl. ii. fig. 1 (1872).
bengalensis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 62 (1842).
subfasciata, Gray, l.c.
Hydrus schistosus, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 132 (1847).
Enhydrina bengalensis, Gray, Cat. p. 48 (1849); Günth. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 381 (1864); Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xviii. (1874);
Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 396 (1884).
— valakadyen, Gray, Cat, p. 48; Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
xxxix. 1870, p. 213, and Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 91; Bouleng.
Fawn. Ind., Rept. p. 406, fig. (1890).
* Stoliczka, l. c.; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871,
. 193.
Hiji, fasciatus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 41, pl. iii. fig. 2.

Tostral deeper than broad; frontal small, longer than broad,
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout or than the
parietals; one prae- and one or two postoculars; seven or eight
upper labials, fourth or third and fourth entering the eye; usually
a single anterior temporal; chin-shields small or indistinct. 40 to
60 scales round the neck, 50 to 70 round the body; scales feebly
imbricate, with a small tubercle or short keel, which is stronger in
the males. Wentrals very slightly enlarged, 230–314. Young
olive or grey above, with black transverse bands, broadest in the
middle and tapering to a point on the sides; in the adult these
-4
—up
i...ºney begin to be distinguishable at a considerable distance behind the
212. AIPYSURUS. 303
tands are usually less distinct, some specimens being uniform dark
grey above; sides and lower parts whitish.
Total length 1300 millim.; tail 190.
JFrom the Persian Gulf along the coasts of India and Burma to
the Malay Archipelago and Papuasia.
a—b. 3 (W. 310) & 2 Muscat. A. S. G. Jayakar, Esq.
W. 268). P.T. -
c—d, G (V. 268) & 2 Kurrachee, * Museum
. 250). * tº
e-f. Q (V. 256) & yg. Malabar, cºme [C].
V. 260).
9. º . 297). Malabar. * , , , , , ,
H. G. (V. 268). W. Ceylon. E. Both, Esq. ;
i, k. Gº (W. 243, 255). Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.[P.].
*:: (W. 240) & yg. Sandheads, Bengal. Sir J. Fayrer [P.J. T.
(W. 233). , -
m. G (W. 255). Bengal. Gen. Hardwicke [P].
(Type of E. bengalensis.)
o. 2 (W. 249), Bengal. Gen. Hardwicke [P.T.
p. Hgr. (V. 239). India. Gen. Hardwicke ſp.".
q. 3 (W. 235). Mergui. Prof. Oldham [P].
7–8. CŞ % 230) & Q Mergui. Dr. J. Anderson [P].
V. 240). -
...t. º (V. 236). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
w. 3 (V. 254). Siam. wº Newman, Esq.
v. Yg. (W. 230). Malay Archipelago. Dr. Bleeker. .
w. Yg. (W. 238). S. coast of New J. B. Jukes, Esq.[P].
Guinea.
ar. Q skeleton. - Madras. F. Day, Esq. [P].

212. AIPYSURUS.
Aipysurus, Lacép. Ann. Mus. iv. 1804, p. 197; Dum. & Bibr. Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 1323 (1854); Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856,
. 31; Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 108 (1863); Günth. Rept. Brit.
},...;º. 2

Stephanohydra, Tschudi, Arch. f. Nat. 1837, p. 331; Gray, Cat.
Sn. p. 59 (1849).
Hydrophis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 488 (1837).
Hypotropis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. W. H. xviii. 1846, p. 284,
Tomogaster, Gray, Cat. p. 59.
Thalassophis, part., Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii. 1852, p. 75.
Emydocephalus, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 321.
Pelagophis, Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878, p. 413.
Maxillary a little longer than the ectopterygoid, extending for-
wards beyond the palatine; poison-fangs moderate, followed, after
a short interspace, by 8 to 10 grooved teeth; anterior mandibular
teeth feebly grooved. Snout short; nostrils superior; head-shields
1arge or broken up into scales; nasals in contact with each other.
Body moderate; scales imbricate; ventrals large, keeled in the
middle.
Malay Archipelago and Western Tropical Pacific Ocean.
As in Distira, the praefrontal nearly reaches the postfrontal.
304 corunninz.
- Synopsis of the Species.
A. Scales in 17 rows; head shielded above.
Six upper labials, fourth entering the eye... 1. eydouarii, p. 304.
Two or three upper labials, second covering
nearly the whole lip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. annulatus, p. 304.
B. Scales in 19 to 25 rows.
Upper head-shields distinct, more or less -
broken up; scales in 21 to 25 rows. ... 3. laevis, p. 305.
Bead covered with small scales; scales in
19 rows . . . . . . . . e o e e o e s e e e . . . . . . . . 4. australis, p. 305.
1. Aipysurus eydouxii.
Tomogaster eydouxii, Gray, Cat. p. 59 (1849). - -
Thalassophis anguillaeformis, Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii. 1852,
p. 76, pl. i.
muraenaeformis, Schmidt, l.c. p. 77. º -
Aipysurus laevis (non Lacép.), Guichen. Voy, Póle Sud, Zool. iii.
Rept, p. 21, pl. vi. (1853); Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1326, pl. lxxviib.
fig. 4 (1854); Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 32; Jan,
Icon. Gén. 40, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1872).
margaritophorus, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xvi. 1858,
p. 49. w - -
anguillaeformis, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 357 (1864); Boettg.
Zool. Anz, 1892, p. 420. -
Eye a little longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral a
little broader than deep ; upper head-shields regular; frontal large,
once and two thirds to twice as long as broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little longer
than the parietals; nasal in contact with or narrowly separated
from the praeocular; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2
or 2+2; six upper labials, fourth entering the eye; anterior chin-
shields shorter than the posterior, which are separated by an azygous
shield. Scales smooth, in 17 rows. Wentrals 140–142. Dark
brown above, with cross-bands of yellow, black-edged scales, often
broken up on the vertebral line; these bands widening towards
the belly, which is yellow, with or without dark brown spots.
Total length 490 millim.; tail 70.
Coasts of Singapore, Java, and the Philippines.
a. 9 (V. 142). Indian Ocean. Type.)
b. ? (W. 142). Java. r. Bleeker. (Type of
Ai, margaritophorus.)
c. 2 (W. 140). Java.
2. Aipysurus annulatus.

Emydocephalus annulatus, Krefft, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1869, p. 822, and
Sn. Austral. p. 92 (1869).
— tuberculatus, Krefft, l.c. pp. 322, 98. º *
Aipysurus chelonicephalus, Bavay, Mém. Soc. Linn. Norm. xv. no. 5,
869, p. 34. . .
212. AIPYSURUs. 305
Head more or less regularly shielded, the shields granulate; a
large frontal; supraocular undivided; one prae- and two postoculars;
second upper and lower labial extremely large, covering nearly the
whole upper and lower lip. Scales in 17 rows, rough with five or
more tubercles. Wentrals 135–144. Purplish brown or black,
some of the scales lighter or forming whitish annuli.
Total length 800 millim.
Loyalty Islands.
3. Aipysurus lavis.
Aipysurus laevis, Lacép. Ann, Mus, iv. 1804, pp. 197, 210, pl. lvi.
fig. 3; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 358 (1864).
Stephanohydra fusca, Tschudi, Arch. f. Nat. 1837, p. 331, pl. viii.;
ray, Cat. p. 60 (1849); Günth. Cat. p. 272 (1858).
Hydrophis pelamidoides, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 512 (1837),
and Abbild. p. 115 (1844).
Hypotropis jº, Gray. Ann, & Mag. N. H. xviii. 1846, p. 284,
and in Jukes, Voy. Fly, ii. p. 833, pl. i. (1847).
Aipysurus fuliginosus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1327, pl. lxxvii. 5.
figs. 1 & 2 (1854); Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 33;
Bavay, Mém. Soc. Linn. Norm. xv. no. 5, 1869, p. 38; Jan, Icon.
Gén. 40, pl. i. fig. 3 (1872); Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i.
1877, p. 112.
— fuscus, Fischer, l.c.
— duboisii, Bavay, l.c.

Eye shorter than its distance from the mouth. Head with
distinct shields above, which are more or less divided and often
very irregular; rostral broader than deep; frontal a little longer
than broad, often lóngitudinally bisected; supraocular divided into
two ; one or two prae- and two or three postoculars; eight to ten
upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye if not broken
up; chin-shields small or indistinct. Sales in 21 to 25 rows,
smooth, vertebrals often more or less enlarged. Wentrals 137–162.
Brown, uniform or with small darker spots. -
Total length 1720 millim. ; tail 170.
Pacific Ocean, from Celebes to the Loyalty Islands.
a. Ad., skin (V. 143). Arafura Sea. J. J. Walker, Esq.
tº [P.].
b. 3 (W. 148). Kei Is. Capt. Langen [P].
c. 3 (W. 146). New Guinea. Mrs. sº
d. 9 (V. 151). Torres Straits. Mr. Comrie [C].
e. Q (W. 153). Baudin I. J. J. Walker, Esq.
[P].
f. Yg. (V. 137). Fºurton, Queens- Museum Godeffroy.
* -- 8,1101.
g. 2, skin (V, 151). Darnley I. T J. B. Jukes, Esq.[P.].
(Type of Hypotropis jukesii.
h. 6 (W. 155). —? Yp ſp )
i. Skull of g.
4. Aipysurus australis.
Aipysurus fuscus (non Tschudi), Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 358
1864); Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 91 (1869).
WOL. III. X
306 COLUBRIDAE,
Aipysurus australis, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. 1877, p. 114.
Pºi. lubricus, Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878,
p. 414. - .
Head-shields broken up into small irregular scales with numerous
small granular tubercles; eye rather small, surrounded by 8 or 9
small shields; rostral a little broader than deep; eight or nine
upper labials, fifth sometimes entering the eye; chin-shields small,
indistinct. Scales smooth or obtusely keeled, in 19 rows. Wentrals
156–166. Brown, or cream-colour with brown spots on the scales
forming more or less distinct cross-bars.
Total length 930 millim. ; tail 110.
Coasts of New Guinea and Australia.
a. d. (V. 165). Australia. Capt. Stokes [P.].
b. 3 (W. 156). Australia. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
c. 3 (V, 166). Australia. Mr. Barrow [P.].
218. PLATURUS.
Laticauda, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 109 (1768). -
Hydrus, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. i. p. 233 (1799).
Platurus, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 223 (1803); Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 166
(1830); Dum. & Bibr. Erp., Gén. vii. p. 1318 (1854); Fischer,
Abh, Naturw. Hamb. iii. T856, p. 27; Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd.
p. 108 (1863); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 355 (1864); Bouleng.
Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 394 (1890). . . . .
Hydrophis, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 488 (1837).
Maxillary much shorter than the ectopterygoid, extending
forwards beyond the palatine, with two large poison-fangs;
one or two small solid teeth near the posterior extremity of the
maxillary. Head-shields large ; nostrils lateral, the nasals separated
by internasals; praeocular present ; no loreal. Body much
elongate; scales smooth and imbricate; ventrals and subcaudals
large. &
blastern parts of the Indian Ocean and West Pacific.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. No ventral keel; ventrals 195—240.
No azygous shield on the snout.; scales
in 19 rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. laticaudatus, p. 307.
An azygous shield between the prae-
frontals; scales in 21–25 rows. ... 2. colubrinus, p. 308.
II. A keel along the posterior half of the belly.
An azygous shield between the prae-
frontals; scales in 21–23 rows; -
ventrals 178–198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. schistorhynchus, p. 309.
. No azygous shield on the snout ; scales -- -
in 19 rows; ventrals 229 . . . . . . . . 4. muelleri, p. 309.
213. PLATURUs. 307
Fig. 21.
Skull of Platurus colubrinus.
1. Platurus laticaudatus.
Coluber laticaudatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 31, pl. xvi. fig. 1
(1754), and S. N. i. p. 383 (1766).
Laticauda scutata, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 109 (1768).
Platurus fasciatus, part., Daud. Rept. vii. p. 226 (1803); Dum. &
º vii. p. 1321 (1854); Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856,
p. 28.
Hydrophis colubrinus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 514 (1837).
Platurus laticaudatus, Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped, Herp. p. 180
(1858); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1877, p. 417; Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept. p. 395, fig. (1890).
laticaudatus, var. A, Günth. Cat, p. 272 (1858). º
fischeri, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 149, and Prodr.
pl. D (1859); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 356, pl.xxv. fig A (1864);
Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 189; Jan, Icon. Gén. 40, pl. i.
fig. 2 (1872); Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xix. (1874).
— affinis, Anders. l.c. p. 190.
Rostral deeper than broad; no azygous shield on the snout ;
frontal not longer than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars;
seven or eight upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye;
- x 2 d


308 COLUERIDAE.
temporals 1+2. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals not keeled, 210–240;
subcaudals 25–45. Olive above, yellowish beneath, with 29–48
black annuli which are as broad as or broader than the interspaces
between them. -
Total length 970 millim.; tail 90. -
From the Bay of Bengal to the Chinese Sea and the Western
South Pacific Ocean.
a. 3 (V.222; C. 48). Bengal. Gen. Hardwicke [P].
b. Hgr. (V. 231: C. 43). Chartaboum.
c—d. Q (V. 233; C. 30) & Loo Choo Islands. H. Pryer, Esq. [P].
yg. (V. 232; C. 31).
e. Hgr. (V. 231; C. 42). New Guinea.
f. Hgr. (V. 223; C. 31). New Guinea? Sir E. Belcher [P].
g. Hgr. (V. 210; C. 32). Duke of York Is. Rev. G. Brown [C].
h. Hgr. (W. 230; C. 32). Fiji Is. H.M.S. ‘Herald.’
i. Hgr. (V. 224; C. 35). * New Heb- J. Mºgliº, Esq.
- T1CleS. & e
k. 3 (W. 237; C. 45). Australia. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
l. 3 (W. 234; C. 44). Tasmania. Haslar Collection.
m. Q (V. 229; C. 33). S. Pacific. Museum of Economic
Geology.
2. Platurus colubrinus.
Hydrus colubrinus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i. p. 238 (1799).
Platurus fasciatus, part., Daud. Rept. vii. p. 226, pl. lxxxv. fig. 1
(1803); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1321 (1854).
Hydrophis colubrinus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 514, pl. xviii.
figs. 21 & 22 (1837). -
Laticauda scutata, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 125 (1847).
Platurus colubrinus, Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped, Herp. p. 178
(1858); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1877, p. 418; Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb.
#5 Anst. v. 1888, p. 18; Bouleng. Faun, Ind., Rept. p. 395
(1890).
laticaudatus, var. B, Günth. Cat. p. 272 (1858).
— fasciatus, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 149, and Icon. Gén,
40, pl. i. fig. 1 (1872).
scutatus, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 356 (1864).
Rostral deeper than broad; an azygous shield between the prae-
frontals and sometimes one or two between the internasals; frontal
as long as or slightly shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two
postoculars; temporals 1+2 (rarely 2+2); six or seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 21 to 25 rows.
Wentrals not keeled, 195—240; subcaudals 30–45. Olive above,
yellowish below, with 28 to 54 black annuli, which are as wide as
the interspaces between them or narrower; some or all of the annuli
may be interrupted on the belly.
Total length 1270 millim.; tail 125.
From the Bay of Bengal to the Chinese Sea and the Western
South Pacific Ocean.
a—b, c-d. 3 (W.229; C. 45), India. Sir E. Belcher [P].
9 (V. 235; C. 33), & hgr. Q
(V. 202, 240; C. 42, 34).
213. PLATURUs. 309
e. Yg. (V. 228; C. 33). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
J. Q (V. 233; C. 33). Engano I., S.W. Dr. Modigliani [P.].
Sumatra.
g. Hgr. (V. 225; C. 45). Sooloo Is. - Sir E. Belcher TP.T.
h. Q (V. 220; C. 33). Amboyna. Sir E. Belcher É.
*.Yg. (V. 218,221; C.44, Kei Is. Capt. Langen [P.].
).
l. Yg. (V. 209; C. 42.) Pelew Is. G. L. King, Esq.[P.].
m. Yg. (V. 216; C. 34). Ugi, Solomon Is. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.’
n—p. 3_(V. 225; C. 45) & New Georgia, Solo- H.M.S. ‘Penguin.”
§ (W. 201, 205; C. 45, mon Is.
q. Q (W. 225; C. 32). Piº Fº Admi- H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
rakty Is.
r—s. 3 (V. 209, 221; C. 36, Aºi, New J. Macgillivray, Esq.
37). Hebrides. C.T.
t. Yg. (V. 197; C. 33). New Hebrides. D. McNab, Esq. [P.].
w—v. 2 (W.220; C. 30) & yg. Isle of Pines, New J. Macgillivray, Esq.
(W. 206; C. 37). Caledonia. [C.]. -
w—w. Hgr. (V. 216; C. 37) Fiji Is. J. Macgillivray, Esq.
& yg. (V. 203; C. 34). C.T.
y. Q (V. 228; C. 33). Kandavu, Fiji Is. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
z. Hgr. (V. 213; C. 36). Australia. Capt. Stokes [P.J.
a. Yg. (V. 208; C. 33). Australia. G. Krefft, Esq. #,
8. g. (V. 207; C. 43). New Zealand. Sir G. Grey #.
y. Skeleton.

3. Platurus schistorhynchus.
Hydrophis colubrina, part., Schleg. Faun. Japon, Rept. p. 92, pl.x.
(1838). -
Platurus schistorhynchus, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 297, pl.xlv.
fig. A ; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 395 (1890).
Rostral broader than deep; an azygous shield separating the
nasals behind the rostral and another between the praefrontals;
frontal longer than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars;
seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; temporals
small, scale-like, 2+3. Scales in 21 to 23 rows. Wentrals 178–198,
on the posterior half of the body with a median keel; subcaudals
32–40. Coloration as in the preceding; 25 to 45 annuli.
Reaches the same size as P. colubrinus.
Western Tropical Pacific.
a—d. Yg. (V. 178, 177, 189, Savage I. Dr. Günther [P]. (Types.)
179; C. 38, 40, 32, 37).
e. Q (V. 188; C. 36). Loo Choo Is. H. Pryer, Esq. [P.].
4. Platurus muelleri. -
Platurus, n. sp.?, F. Müll. Verk. Wat. Ges. Basel, x. 1892, p. 207.
Head-shields as in P. laticaudatus. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals
229, keeled as in P. schistorhynchus. 62 black annuli, some of which
are interrupted on the belly.
South Pacific.
310 COLUBRIDAE.
subfam.8. ELAPIN.E.

Elapidae, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 510.
Holochalina, part., J. Müller, Zeitschr.f. Physiol. iv. p. 270, 1831.
Najidae, Bonaparte, Mem. Acc. Torin, (2) ii. p. 393, 1840.
Conocerques, Duméril, Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. p. 514, 1853; Duméril &
Bibron, Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1187, 1854.
IEurystomata Iobola, part., Stannius, Zoot. Amph. p. 5, 1856.
Dendrechides, A. Duméril, Rev. & Mag. Zool. viii. p. 555, 1856.
Elapsidae, Dendraspididae, Günther, Cat. Col. Sm., 1858.
Nº. (Najinae, Dendraspidinae), Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859,
. 342
Eºin. part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 111, 1863.
Elapidae, Günther, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 337, 1864.
Elapida, part., Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 18, 1869.
Elapidae, Najidae, Dendraspididae, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.
xxiii. p. 480, 1886.
Elapinae, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 382, 1890.

Tail cylindrical. Hypapophyses more or less developed throughout
the vertebral column.
Distributed over Africa, Southern Asia, the Southern parts of
North America, Central and South America, and Australia. In the
latter Continent they constitute the great majority of the Ophidian
fauna and present the greatest variety of forms. Mostly viviparous.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Maxillary bone without posterior process; no isolated anterior
mandibular tooth.
A. Maxillary bone not extending forwards beyond the palatine;
vertebral scales not enlarged. t
1. Poison-fangs followed by 6 or 7 grooved teeth; subcaudals
in two rows; eye very small; head not distinct from neck.
Maxillary and mandibular teeth gradually decreasing in size; first
upper labial bordering the nostril .. 214. Ogmodon, p. 312.
Anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth abruptly enlarged.
215. Glyphodon, p. 313.
2. Poison-fangs followed by 7 to 15 small grooved teeth; sub-
caudals in two rows; head more or less distinct from neck.
No canthus rostralis; eye small, with vertical pupil; tail moderate
or short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216. Pseudelaps, p. 315.
Canthus rostralis distinct; eye moderate or large, with round pupil;
tail moderate or long . . . . . . . . . . . . 217. Diemenia, p. 320.
3. Poison-fangs followed by 1 to 5 small teeth, which may be
- indistinctly grooved. - .
a. Head more or less distinct from neck. .
ELAPINAE, 311
a. Habit colubriform or elapiform.
* Internasals distinct; rostral moderate.
+ Scales not oblique, smooth.
f Wentrals rounded.
Eye moderate or rather small; canthus rostralis distinct; sub-
caudals all or part in two rows .. 218. Pseudechis, p. 327.
Eye moderate or small; canthus rostralis feebly marked or absent ;
subcaudals single (with one exception). 219. Denisonia, p. 332.
Eye very small; subcaudals in two rows. 220. Micropechis, p. 346.
ft Wentrals angulate and notched laterally ; sub-
caudals single. . 221. Hoplocephalus,
[p.348.
++ Scales not oblique, strongly keeled ; subcaudals
single . . . . . . . . . . 222. Tropidechis, p. 350.
ftf Scales oblique, smooth, laterals shorter than
- dorsals; subcaudals single.
223. Notechis, p. 351.
** Internasals absent; rostral very large; subcaudals
single . . . . . . . . . . . . 224. Rhinhoplocephalus,
6. Habit viperiform. [p.352.
Scales smooth; subcaudals single ... 225. Brachyaspis, p. 353.
Scales more or less distinctly keeled; posterior subcaudals paired ;
end of tail compressed, terminating in a long spine.
- 226. Acanthophis, p. 354.
b. Head not distinct from neck; subcaudals in two rows.
Scales not oblique; tail moderate; nasal divided.
- 228. Boulengerina, p.357.
Scales oblique; tail very short ; nasal divided.
. - 229. Elapechis, p. 358.
Scales not oblique; tail very short; nasal entire.
230. Rhynchelaps, p. 361.
4. No maxillary teeth beyond the poison-fangs; nasal entire;
subcaudals single . . . . . . . . 227. Elapognathus, p.356.
B. Maxillary bone not extending forwards beyond the palatine;
vertebral scales enlarged . . . . 231. Bungarus, p. 365.
C. Maxillary bone extending forwards beyond the palatine;
vertebral scales not enlarged.
1. Internasal bordering the nostril.
a. Poison-fangs followed by one or more small teeth; scales
oblique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232. Naia, p. 372.
312 COLUBRIDAE.
b. No small maxillary teeth:
Scales oblique, strongly keeled; rostral moderate.
- 233. Sepedon, p. 388.
Scales oblique ; rostral very large, detached on the sides.
234. Aspidelaps, p. 390.
Scales not oblique; rostral large . . . . 235. Walterinnesia,
- [p.392.
2. Internasal not bordering the nostril.
a. Nasal divided; scales in 13 or 15 rows; one to three
small maxillary teeth in addition to the poison-fangs.
236. Hemibungarus,
[p.392.
b. Nasal divided; scales in 13 rows; no small maxillary
teeth.
Poison-gland not extending beyond the head.
237. Callophis, p. 396.
Poison-gland extending along each side of the anterior third of the
body; heart shifted back to the second third of the body. .
238. Doliophis, p. 397.
c. Nasal entire ; scales in 15 rows : postfrontal bone absent.
One or two small maxlllary teeth in addition to the poison-fangs.
239. Furina, p. 405.
No small maxillary teeth . . . . . . . . . . 240. Homorelaps, p. 408.
d. Nasal divided : scales in 15 rows; postfrontal bone
absent; no small maxillary teeth.
241. Elaps, p. 411.
II. Maxillary bone with a strong posterior process, directed back-
wards and outwards; a large, fang-like anterior mandibular
tooth, followed by a considerable toothless space; no solid
maxillary teeth; head narrow ; body slender, with the scales
disposed very obliquely . . . . . . . . 242. Dendraspis, p. 434.
214. OGMODON.
Ogmodon, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1864, p. 274. -
Labionaris, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom. & xii. 1876, p. 94.
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with 8 grooved
teeth gradually decreasing in length; mandibular teeth gradually
decreasing in length. Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very
small, with round pupil; nostril pierced between the first upper
labial, two small nasals, and the internasal; praefrontal entering
the eye; an elongate praeocular, separated from the nasal by the
second labial; no anterior temporal. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, without pits, in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short;
subcaudals in two rows.
Fiji Islands.
215. GLYPHODoN. . 313
1. Ogmodon vitianus.
Ogmodon vitianus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1864, p. 275, pl. — fig. 4,
and 1880, p. 223. *
Labionaris fiſholii, Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Philom, (6) xii. 1876, p. 94.
Snout elongate, pointed, projecting. Rostral deeper than broad,
visible from above; internasals small, about one third the length of
the praefrontals; frontal twice as broad as the supraocular, once
and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as or a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals; praeocular at least twice as long as deep (in one
specimen fused with the third labial); one postocular; six upper
labials, second in contact with the praefrontal, fourth and fifth
entering the eye, sixth very large and in contact with the parietal;
three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are larger than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 139–
152; anal divided ; subcaudals 27–38. Dark brown or blackish
above, lighter brown on the sides; young with a yellow blotch on
the parietal shields; belly brown or white, more or less spotted with
black; tail black.
Total length 360 millim.; tail 45.
Fiji Islands.
a—b. 3 (V. 152; C. 38) Viti Levu. Dr. J. G. Fischer.
& yg. (V. 139; C. 38).
c. 2 (W. 146; C. 33). Fiji Islands. Christiania Museum.
d. 9 (V. 140; C. 35). Fiji Islands. Museum Godeffroy.
e. 3 (W. 141; C. 35). Fiji Islands. . Dr. Günther [P.].
f. Q skeleton. Viti Levu.
215. GLYPHODON.
Glyphodon, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 210 (1858).
Brachysoma, part, Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 48 (1869).
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs, followed, after a wide interspace, by
6 small grooved teeth; mandibular teeth feebly grooved, anterior
strongly enlarged, fang-like. Head small, not distinct from neck;
eye very small, with round or vertically subelliptic pupil; nostril
pierced between two nasals; no loreal. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, without pits, in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short;
subcaudals in two rows.
New Guinea and North Australia.
In this genus the prae- and postfrontals meet, excluding the frontal
from the orbital periphery, as in the Sea-snakes of the genera Distira
and Enhydris, which are likewise distinguished by feeble grooves on
all the maxillary teeth.
314 ... COLUBRIDAE.
º
Łº
º
%
º
%
º
º
§
&
|
*
Skull of Glyphodon tristis.
1. Glyphodon tristis. (PLATE XVIII. fig. 1.)
Glyphodon tristis, Günth. Cat. p. 211 (1858).
Brachysoma triste, Günth, Ann. & May. N. H. (3) xi. 1863, p. 24;
Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 50 (1869); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
ii. 1877, p. 113; Douglas-Ogilby, Rec. Austral. Mus. i. 1890, p. 97.
Snout rounded. Eye very small, about half as long as its distance
from the mouth. Rostral twice as broad as deep, visible from above;
internasals one half to two thirds the length of the praefrontals;
frontal once and one fifth to once and a half as long as broad, at
least twice as broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from
the rostral or the end of the snout, three fifths to two thirds the
length of the parietals; posterior nasal widely separated from the
single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior
wedged in between the fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper labials,
second or second and third in contact with the praefrontal, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 165–179; anal divided;

216. PseudELAPs. 315
subcaudals 38–52, all in pairs or a few of the anterior single. Dark
brown or blackish above, the scales edged with lighter; occiput and
nape often yellowish or pale reddish brown; belly yellow, outer
ends of the ventrals dark brown; subcaudals dark brown in front,
yellow behind. -
Total length 900 millim.; tail 125.
North-eastern Australia and South-eastern New Guinea.
a. 6 (V. 179; C. 48). N.E. Australia. J. Macgillivray, Esq.
\ § (Type.)
b. 3 (W. 175; C. 52). N.E. Australia. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
c. Hgr. (V. 165; C. 42). Torres Straits. Rev. S. Macfarlane §
d. 9 (V. 166; C. 41). Cornwallis I., Torres Rev. S. Macfarlane [C.].
Straits.
e—i. 3 (W. 172,172,170, Murray I., Torres Rev. S. Macfarlane [C.].
169, 169; C. 46, 43, Straits.
47, 45, 46). -
k. 6 (W. 170; C. 47). Murray I., Torres Prof. A. C. Haddon [P].
aº Straits. * * * *
l–m. Q (V. 169, 171; S.E. New Guinea. Rev. S. Macfarlane [C].
C. 40, 38).
n-o. 6 ºv. 174; C, 46) Fly River. Rev. S. Macfarlane [C.].
& hgr. (V. 168; C.43).
p. Skull of g.
216. PSEUDELAPS.
Elaps, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 435 (1837).
Pseudelaps, part., Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 517, and
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1231 (1854); Jan, Elenco sist. Qſid, p. 115 (1863).
Furina, part, Dum. & Bibr. ll. cc. pp. 517, 1236.
Glyphodon, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 210 (1858).
Diemansia, part, Günth. l. c. p. 211.
Brachysoma, part, Günth. ... c. p. 228; Kreff, Sn. Austral. p. 48
(1869).
Cacophis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xii. 1863, p. 361; Krefft,
l. c. p. 73
Petrodymon, Krefft, Sn. Sydney, p. 55 (1865), and l.c. p. 72.
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs followed, after a wide interspace, by
8 to 12 small grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth strongly
enlarged, fang-like. Head slightly distinct from neck; eye small,
Fig. 23.
# = º,
Left maxillo-palatal bones of Pseudelaps muelleri,
epg. Ectopterygoid. m. Maxillary. Pg. Pterygoid. pl. Palatine.
with vertically elliptic pupil; nasal single or divided; no loreal.
Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 or 17 rows;
ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or short; subcaudals in two rows.
Australia, Moluccas, Papuasia.

316 COLUBRIDAE.
The maxillary develops an inner backward process, which
reaches or nearly reaches the ectopterygoid and the posterior
portion of the maxillary, the two bones together being loop-shaped
in front. The praefrontal is narrowly separated from the post-
frontal.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 15 rows.
A. Nasalin contact with or narrowly separated from the praeocular.
1. Nasal divided.
Temporals 2+2 ; ventrals 139–176;
subcaudals 21–35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. muelleri, p. 316.
Temporals 1+2 ; ventrals 170–183;
subcaudals 34–52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. squamulosus, p. 317.
2. Nasal entire ; temporals 1+2; subcaudals 26–38.
Ventrals 146–156 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. krefftii, p. 317:
Ventrals 167–172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. fordii, p. 318.
Ventrals 176–193 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. harriettae, p. 318.
B. Nasal widely separated from the praeocular; temporals 2+2.
Third and fourth upper labials entering
the eye; ventrals 164-203 . . . . . . . . 6. diadema, p. 319.
Fourth and fifth upper labials entering
the eye; ventrals 143 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. warro, p. 320.
II. Scales in 17 rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Sutherlandi, p. 320.
1. Pseudelaps muelleri.
Elaps muelleri, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 452, pl. xvi. figs, 16 & 17
(1837); Schleg. & Müll, in Temminck, Verh. Nat. Nederl. Ind.,
Zool. p. 66, pl. ix. figs. 1 & 2 (1844).
Pseudelaps muelleri, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1233 (1854).
Demansia muelleri, Günth. Cat. p. 213 (1858).
Diemenia muelleri, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 34;
Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878, p. 408; Boettg.
in Semon, Zool. Forsch. v. p. 121 (1894); Méhely, Term. Füzet.
xviii. 1895, p. 135.
— schlegelii, Günth. l.c. p. 35; Peters & Doria, l.c.
Trimeresurus ikaheka, juv., Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. 1878,
p. 44.
Eye as long as or slightly longer than its distance from the
mouth (larger in the young). Rostral twice as broad as deep,
scarcely visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal once and two thirds to twice as long as broad, longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal divided, in contact with the single praeocular; two post-
oculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in between the
fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 139–176; anal divided ; sub-
216. PSEUDELAPs. - 317
caudals 21–35. Brown above; a light vertebral line sometimes
present on the anterior part of the body; head sometimes spotted
or variegated with dark brown; a more or less distinct dark, light-
edged streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye,
sometimes continued along the neck; a dark brown nuchal collar
may be present in the young; belly yellowish or coral-red, uniform
or more or less profusely spotted or speckled with brown or black;
gular region brown or black.
Total length 500 millim.; tail 70.
Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain.
a. Q (V. 173; C. 33). N. Ceram.
b, c. 9 (V. 149, 155; Mysol. (Types of D. Schlegelii.)
C. 24, 21). -
d—e, f. 6 (V, 150; C. Mansinam, New Guinea. M. L. Laglaize [C.].
29) & Q (V. 169,
151; C. 29, 25).
g—i. 3 (V, 139; C.31), Trobriand Is., E. New Mr. A. S. Meek [C.].
Q (W. 152; C.30),& Guinea.
yg. (V.145; C. 28).
k—n. 2 (V, 150, 156, Fergusson I., E. New Mr. A. S. Meek [C].
154, 152; C. 35, 34, Guinea.
33, 30).
o, Hºr. (v. 160;C. 32). Duke of York I. Rev. G. Brown [C].
p. Yg. (V. 160; C. 31). New Britain. Museum Godeffroy.
q. Skull of g.
2. Pseudelaps squamulosus.
Pseudelaps squamuiosus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1235 (1854) *.
Diemansia cucullata, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862, p. 129,
& xi. 1863, p. 24. -
Petrodymon cucullatum, Krefft, Sn. Sydney, p. 55 (1865), and Sn.
Austral. p. 72, pl. vi. fig. 10 (1869). .
Pseudelaps atropolios, Jan, Icon. Gén. 43, pl. v. fig. 1 (1873).
Eye nearly as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and two
thirds as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal divided, in contact
with the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; six
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, sixth very large;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wen-
trals 170–183; anal divided; subcaudals 34–52. Dark brown:
above, with a yellowish streak, round the snout and through
the eyes to the nape, where it widens and approaches its fellow ;
lower parts whitish, closely spotted with black, the spots sometimes
confluent into transverse lines, one to each shield.
Total length 375 millim.; tail 55.
New South Wales.
* Dr. Mocquard has kindly supplied me with notes on the type specimen.
318 COLUBRIDAE.
a. Hgr. (W. 176;C. 47). Near Sydney. G. Krefft, Esq. [P].
- - (Type of D. cucullata.)
b, c, d. (V. 178; C. 52) Port Macquarie. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
& Q (V. 183; C. 34). ,
3. Pseudelaps krefftii.
Cacophis krefftii, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xii. 1863, p. 361;
Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 74, pl. xi. fig. 5 (1869).
Eye as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral twice as
broad as deep, scarcely visible from above ; internasals shorter than
praefrontals; frontal once and one fourth as long as broad, a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the single praeocular; two
postoculars; temporals 1+2; six upper labials, third- and fourth
entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 146–156; anal divided;
subcaudals 26–38. Dark brown or blackish above, each scale
with a light longitudinal line; a yellowish cross-band on the
occiput, connected with the yellowish colour of the sides of the head
and end of snout; lateral head-shields spotted and streaked with
dark brown ; ventrals whitish, edged with black, at least on the
sides; subcaudals whitish, with a black longitudinal streak running
between them.
Total length 255 millim.; tail 33.
Queensland.
a. Yg. (V. 146; C.88). North of the Clarence R. G. Krefft, Esq.[P]
t - - (Type.)
b. Hgr. (V. 151; C.26). North of the Clarence R. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
4. Pseudelaps fordii. -
Cacophis fordei, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 318, fig., and Sn.
Austral. p. 75, pl. xii. fig. 8 (1869).
Appears to agree in almost every respect with P. krefftii and
P. harriettae, but the ventrals number 167–172 and are yellow,
with a dark edge. - -
Ipswich, Queensland.
5. Pseudelaps harriettae.
Cacophis harriettae, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 319, fig, and
Sn. Austral. p. 76, pl. xi. fig. 13 (1869).
Eye hardly as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as
broad, a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; nasal entire, in contact with or narrowly
separated from the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals
“I +2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
216. PSEUDELAPs. 319
long as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 176–193; anal
divided; subcaudals 29–35. Dark brown above, each scale with a
light longitudinal line ; a large yellowish blotch on the nape,
connected with the yellowish colour of the sides of the head and
end of snout ; lateral head-shields spotted and streaked with dark
brown; ventrals and subcaudals brown or blackish, edged with
whitish. *, - --
Total length 415 millim. ; tail 45.
Queensland.
a—b. ? (W. 178; C. 29) Gayndah. Museum Godeffroy
& yg. (V. 176; C. 34).
6. Pseudelaps diadema. -
Calamaria diadema, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 32 (1837).
Elaps ornatus, Gray, Zool, Miscell, p. 55 (1842). -
Furina diadema, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1239 (1854); Jan, Rev. &
Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 124. . -
Rabdion occipitale, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1857, p. 181, and
U.S. Explor. Eaped., Herp. p. 120 (1858). -
Glyphodon ornatus, Günth. Cat. p. 210 (1858). -
Pseudelaps diadema, Jan, Elenco, p. 116 (1863), and Icon. Gen. 43,
pl. v. fig. 4 (1873). - - - * . .
Brachysoma diadema, Günth. Ann, & Mag. W. H. (3) xi. 1863,
p. 23; Krefft, Sn. Austr. p. 48, pl.xii, fig. 12 (1869).
Cacophis blackmanni, Krefft, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1869, p. 320, fig,
and l.c. p. 77, pl.xii, fig. 9. - ' . .
Brachysoma simile, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 1878,
p. 221. -
Eye longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral not quite
twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal once and one fifth to once and two
thirds as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal entire,
widely separated from the single praeocular; two postoculars;
temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in between the fifth and
sixth upper labials, sometimes reaching the lip and forming an
additional labial; six (or seven) upper labials, second or second
and third in contact with the praefrontal, third and fourth entering
the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are, as long as or a little shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 164–203; anal divided;
subcaudals 40–62. Pale brown or reddish above, each scale edged
with dark brown, forming a reticulate pattern, or uniform dark
brown; head and nape dark brown or black above, with a yellow
cross-band on the occiput or a transversely oval yellow blotch
surrounded with dark brown; lower parts uniform white.
Total length 600 millim.; tail 80.
Eastern, Northern, and Western Australia.
a. 3 (V. 169; C. 62). W. Australia. W. Buchanan, Esq.
. . (Type of E. ornatus.)
b. Yg. (V. 177; C. 53). N. Australia. Dr. J. R. Elsey [P].
320 COLUBRIDAE. . .
c-d. 6 (V. 174; C. 54) N.E. Australia.
% yg. (W. 164; C.
5 -
3 (v. 168; c.47). Queensland. - -
Yg. (W. 175; C.44). Parramatta, N.S.Wales. A. ſº Butler, Esq.
6.
f
g. 6 (V. 166; C.?). New South Wales. Imperial[nstitute. P.].
h, i, k g (W. 168; C. New South Wales (?), G. Krefft, Esq.[P].
43), Q (V. 179; C.
41), & yg. (V. 168;
l. 3 (Viol; C. 43). Australia. s: J. Richardson
[P.]. .
m, n. 2 (W. 203, 193; Australia. Haslar Collection.
C. 40, 45).
7. Pseudelaps warro.
Cacophis warro, De Vis, Proc. R. Soc. Queensl. i. 1884, p. 139.
Tostral broad and low; frontal broad, acute-angled behind; nasal
single, short, widely separated from the praeocular; two postoculars;
temporals 2+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth in contact
with the praefrontal, fourth and fifth entering the eye. Scales in
15 rows. Wentrals 143; anal divided; subcaudals 15 (?). Brown,
many of the scales irregularly edged with darker; a very broad
lunate blackish collar on the nape; upper surface of head, except
the tips of the parietal shields, dark, but paler than the nuchal collar.
Port Curtis, Queensland.
8. Pseudelaps sutherlandi.
Brachysoma sutherlandi, De Piº, Proc. R. Soe. Queensl. i. 1884,
p. 139
Rostral broad; frontal acute-angled behind ; nasal single, in
contact with the praeocular; a single anterior temporal; six upper
labials. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 160; anal divided ; sub-
caudals 40. Red-brown above, yellow beneath ; a broad lunate
blackish nuchal collar, edged with lighter; faint bars across the
head, body, and tail. -
Norman River, Queensland.
217. DIEMENIA.
Elaps, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 435 (1837).
Demansia, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 54 (1842). -
Pseudelaps, part., Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sci. xxiii. 1853, p. 517,
and Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1231 (1854); Jan, Elenco sist. Qjid. p. 115
1863).
Fº: part., Dum. & Bibr. ll, cc. pp. 517, 1236.
Demansia, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 211 (1858).
Pseudonaja, Günth. l.c. p. 227.
Diemansia, Günth. l.c. p. 254. - .*,
Diemenia, Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (3) xii. 1863, p. 350; Krefft,
Sn. Austral. p. 38 (1869). r
217. DIEMENIA. º 321
PElapocephalus (non Günth.), Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
ii. 1878, p. 221.
? Elapocranium, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ix. 1884,
p. 560.
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs followed, after an interspace, by 7 to
15 small grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged,
fang-like. Head slightly distinct from neck, with distinct canthus
rostralis; eye moderate or large, with round pupil; nasal entire or
divided; frontal elongate; no loreal. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, without pits, in 15 to 19 rows (more on the neck); belly
rounded. Tail moderate or long; subcaudals all or most in two rows.
Australia and New Guinea.
Fig. 24.

tº-
Maxillary and mandible of Diemenia psammophis.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 15 rows ; rostral just visible from above.
A. Anal divided.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad; inter-
nasals at least half as long as the -
præfrontals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. psammophis, p. 322.
Rostral a little broader than deep; inter-
nasals more than half as long as the
praefrontals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. torquata, p. 323.
Rostral considerably broader than deep;
internasals not more than half as long
as the praefrontals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. olivacea, p. 323.
B. Anal entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. ornaticeps, p. 324.
II. Scales in 17 or 19 rows.
Portion of rostral visible from above
measuring about half its distance from
the frontal; ventrals 154–165 . . . . . . 5. modesta, p. 324.
‘Portion of rostral visible from above
measuring one half to two thirds its
distance from the frontal; ventrals
190-232. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. tea:tilis, p. 325.
Portion of rostral visible from above as
as long as its distance from the frontal;
ventrals 184–224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. nuchalis, p
WOL. III,
. 326.
Y
322 coluBRIDAE.
1. Diemenia psammophis.
Elaps psammophis, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 455 (1887), and Abbild.
p. 137, pl. xlvi. fig. 14 (1844).
Lycodon reticulatus, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 54 (1842).
Demansia reticulata, Gray, l.c.; Günth. Cat, p. 212 (1858).
Pseudelaps psammophidius, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1234 (1854).
Demansia psammophis, Günth. l. c.
Pseudelaps psammophis, Girard, U.S. Explor. Eaped., Herp. p. 178
(1858); Jan, Icon. Gén. 43, pl. iii. fig. 3 (1878).
Diemenia psammophis, Krefft, Sn. Sydney, p. 42 (1865); Steind.
Novara, Rept. p. 80 (1867); Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 3,
and Sn. Austral. p. 38 (1869).
reticulata, Krefft, Sn, Austral. p. 40, pl. xii. fig. 10.
papuensis, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 1877, p. 40.
Eye large. Rostral nearly as deep as broad, visible from above;
internasals one half to two thirds the length of the praefrontals;
frontal not broader than the supraocular, twice to twice and a half
as long as broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; nasal divided,
in contact with the single praeocular; two (rarely three) post-
oculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in between the
fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15
rows (17 to 20 on the neck). Wentrals 170–225; anal divided;
subcaudals 69–105. Coloration very variable ; lower surface of
tail, at the end, yellow or orange; young with a dark line across
the rostral, gradually disappearing with age, and two oblique dark-
edged yellow streaks, one in front, the other behind the eye.
Total length 1420 millim. ; tail 340.
South-eastern New Guinea and Australia.
A. Olive-brown above, the scales narrowly edged or tipped with
black; belly greyish or pale olive, darker along the median
line. (D. psammophis, Schleg.)
a. 9 (V. 176; C. 72). Sydney. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
b. ? (W. 176; C. 74). —? -
B. Olive or reddish brown to blackish above, the scales narrowly
edged or tipped with black, some with light outer edge;
ventrals olive or dark plumbeous-grey, darker along the
margins. (D. psammophis, Gthr. ; D. papuensis, Macl.)
a—b. 3 (W. 173; C. 73) & Fly R., Brit. New Rev. S. Macfarlane
Q (V. 173; C.?). Guinea. §
c. 3 (W. 173; C. 81). Port Moresby, Brit. Rev. W. G. Turner [C],
New Guinea.
d. 3 (W. 175; C. 79). sº Cape H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
Y OFK.
e, f. 6 (V. 179, 210; Port Essington. Lord Derby [P].
C. 78, 105).
g. G (W. 193; C. 85). Daly River. Dr. Dahl [C.];
*. - • * Christiania Mus. [E.],
h. Skull of a. -
;
217. DIEMENIA. 323
C. Pale olive above, each scale edged with black, the black forming
a reticulate pattern; uniform yellowish white beneath. (D. retic-
wlata, Gray.) -
a, b-c, d-e. d’ (V. 181, Australia. (Types of D. reticulata.)
176; C. 78, 72) & Q •
(V. 188, 180, 189;
C. 71, 70, 70.
f: Q (V. 186; C. 72). N.W. Australia.
g. 3 (W. 177; C. 75). W. Australia.
h. Q (V. 188; C, 69). Swan River.
2. Diemenia torquata.
pººl, * Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (3) ix. 1862, p. 130,
• IX. Ilg. LU).
Dámi: fººt, Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 48, pl. xii. fig.11 (1869).
Eye large. Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from
above; internasals three fifths to two thirds the length of the
praefrontals; frontal not broader than the supraocular, twice to
twice and a half as long as broad, considerably longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals; nasal divided, in contact with the single praeocular;
two postoculars ; temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in
between the fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows (17 on the neck). Wentrals 191–203; anal
divided; subcaudals 75–81. Olive above, most of the scales black
at the base; head dark olive or black above, the sides of the snout
and the postoculars yellowish white; a black streak from eye to
eye across the rostral; a black streak from below the eye to the
commissure of the mouth; labials black-edged; a black or dark
olive band, edged with yellow, across the nape; lower surface of
head variegated with black ; belly olive or plumbeous, with a
darker median streak; end of tail orange.
Total length 580 millim.; tail 145.
N.E. Australia. -
a. 9 (V. 203; C.81). Percy Id. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.].
(Type.)
b. Yg. (V. 196; C. 75). Rockhampton. -
c. Yg. (W. 191; C. 76). Queensland. Dr. §º. [C]; .
- H.M. S. “Alert.”
3. Diemenia olivacea. (PLATE XVIII. fig. 2.)
Lycodon olivaceus, Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 54 (1842).
Demansia olivacea, Günth. Cat. p. 212 (1858). -
Diemenia olivacea, Krefft, Sn. Austral, p. 39, pl. vi. fig. 9 (1869);
Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878, p. 408.
? Diemenia atra, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ix. 1884, p. 549.
Diemenia angusticeps, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) iii.
1888, p. 417. -
Rye large. Rostral broader than deep, visible from above;
Y 2
324 , COLUBRIDAE.
internasals not more than half the length of the praefrontals; frontal
not broader than the supraocular, twice to twice and a half as long
as broad, considerably longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parietals; nasal divided, in contact
with the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower
anterior wedged in between the fifth and sixth upper labials, and
sometimes reaching the lip; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are a little shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows (17 on the neck). Wentrals 162—215; anal
divided ; subcaudals 79–99. Olive, reddish brown, or dark brown
above, most of the scales black at the base, some with light edges;
snout and sides of the head speckled or vermiculated with dark
brown, and with an oblique dark streak below the eye to beyond
the commissure of the jaws; these markings disappearing in full-
grown specimens; lower parts yellowish, uniform or speckled with
olive, throat and anterior ventrals spotted with blackish in the
young; tail yellow or reddish.
Total length 1010 millim. ; tail 240.
Northern Australia and New Guinea.
a, b, .. 6 (V, 163, 174; N.E. Australia. Sir_J. Richardson [P].
C. 95, 86). (Types.)
c—d, 3 (W. 175; C. 97) Port Darwin. R. G. S. Buckland, Esq.
& Q (W.215; C. 99). [C.].
e. Yg. (W. 162; C. 79). Australia.
Diemenia atra of Macleay is probably founded on a melanotic
specimen of this species. -
4. Diemenia. ? ornaticeps.
Elapocephalus ornaticeps, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii.
1878, p. 221.
Elapocranium ornaticeps, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. W. S. W. ix.
1884, p. 560. -
Eye large. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 187; anal entire :
subcaudals 90. Pale slate-colour above, each scale tipped with red;
head brown, each shield beautifully marked with variously shaped
white-margined black patches; an orange collar on the nape; slaty
white beneath, head and neck barred and spotted with black; end
of tail yellow. & }
Total length 255 millim. ; tail 65. "
Port Darwin, Northern Australia.
5. Diemenia modesta.
Cacophis modesta, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 35,
pl. iii. fig, C.
Furina ramsayi, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. x. 1885, p. 61.
... Eye moderate. Rostral a little broader than deep, the portion
visible from above about half as long as its distance from the
frontal; internasals one half to two thirds as long as the pre-
217. DIEMENIA. 325
frontals; frontal not broader than the supraocular, once and two
thirds to twice as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the single praeocular; one
or two postoculars; temporals 1+2; six upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye, sixth largest; four lower labials in contact.
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows (19 or 20 on the neck). Wentrals 154–165;
anal divided; subcaudals 38–51 pairs. Pale olive above, with or
without a few widely separated blackish cross-lines; young with
a black band across the head and another across the nape, separated
by a yellow band, and a yellow blotch in front of the eye; these
markings becoming indistinct with age; yellowish white beneath,
with or without small dark spots. .
Total length 435 millim. ; tail 80.
Western Australia.
0. § 3 (V, 154; Perth. Mr. Duboulay [C]. )
C. 48).
b. § d (W. 157; W. Australia. Dr. Günther [P.].
C. #. 'º (v. 165; N.W. Australia.
. 42). -
d. Ygºv.158; C.?). N.W. Australia. Capt. Beckett [P]
e-f. 3 (V, 158, 156; Geraldton, W. Mr. E. H. Saunders [C].
C. 51, 50). Australia.
6. Diemenia textilis.
Furina textilis, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1242 (1854); Steind, Novara,
Rept. p. 79 (1867). -
Pseudoelaps superciliosus, Fischer, Abh. Naturw. Humb. iii. 1856,
p. 107, pl. ii. fig. 3; Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 511, and
Icon. Gén. 43, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1873). w
Demansia annulata, Günth. Cat. p. 213 (1858), and Ann. & Mag.
N. H. (3) xi. 1863, p. 24. -
Pseudoelaps sordellii, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 127, and Prodr,
pl. C (1859).
kubingii, Jan, ll. cc. -
Pseudonaja textilis, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 149.
Diemansia kubingii, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862, p. 53.
Diemenia superciliosa, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 17, fig, and
Zool. Rec. 1867, p. 142; Krefft, Sn. Austral. pp. 41 & 51, pl. vii.
& pl. xi. fig. 10 (1869); McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict, Dec. 3, p. 11,
pl. xxiii. fig. 1 (1879); Zietz, Trans. R. Soc. S. Austral. x. 1888,
p. 300; F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, viii. 1889, p. 696. ,
Diemansia (Pseudelaps) superciliosa, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863,
234.
(Types.)

Cacophis guentherii, Steind, l.c. p. 91, fig.
Pseudoelaps beckeri, Jan, Icon. Gen. 43, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1873).
- textilis, Jan, l.c. pl. v. fig. 5. -
Furina cucullata, McCoy, op. cit., Dec. 4, p. 13, pl.xxxii. (1879).
Eye moderate, rather large in the young. Rostral nearly as deep
..as broad, the portion visible from above measuring one half to two
thirds its distance from the frontal; internasals one half to two
thirds the length of the praefrontals; frontal not broader than the
326 , coluBRIDAE.
supraocular, once and three fourths to twice as long as broad, as,
long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parietals; nasal entire (rarely
divided), in contact with the single praeocular ; two (rarely three)
postoculars; temporals 1+2; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye, sixth largest; four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are nearly as long as the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows (20 to 23 on the neck). Wentrals 190–232;
anal divided; subcaudals 46–73, all or most in pairs. Adult
uniform pale brown or dark olive-brown above, whitish or olive
beneath; young with a black blotch on the crown, separated from
a large black blotch on the nape by an orange cross-band; belly
spotted with brown or black. -
Total length 1700 millim.; tail 290.
Eastern Australia, from Cape York to Victoria.
A. No cross-bars on the body.
a. 3 (V. 215; C, 69). New South Wales. Imperial Institute [P.]:
b. Hgr. (V. 220; C. 67). New South Wales. G. Krefft, Esq. º
c. Hgr. (V. 207; C. 67). Sydney. G. Krefft, Esq. § &
d. Hgr. (V. 202; C. 64). Sandhurst, Victoria, Col. Beddome [C].
e. Yg. (V. 202; C. 66). Adelaide. G. Krefft, Esq. º
f. Yg. (V. 197; C. 67). Adelaide. Prof. Peters [P.l.
g. Yg. (V. 213; C. 52). Adelaide. Rev. T. S. Lea [P.].
h. Q (V. 213; C, 68). Norfolk Id. Sir A. Smith [P.].
B. Body with black cross-bars.
a—b. Yg. (V. 200, 194; New South Wales. Imperial Institute [P.].
C. 66,61).
c. Yg. (V. 195; C. 60). Sydney. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
d. Yg. (V. 194; C. 68). Sydney. Dr. Corrie [P].
e. Yg. (V. 193; C. 71). Australia. R. W. Willan, Esq.
- [P.]. (Type of
D. annulata.)
f. Yg. (V. 191; C. 64). Australia. Capt. Stokes [P].
7. Diemenia nuchalis.
Pseudonaja nuchalis, Günth. Cat, p. 227 (1858), and Proc. Zool. Soc.
1868, p. 17, fig. ; McCoy, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx. 1867, p. 182;
Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 44, pl. xii. fig. 13 (1869); Macleay, Proc.
#:; * W. ii. 1878, p. 219; De Vis, Proc. R. Soc. Queensl.
1. y H. --~~
ãº. Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix.1872, p. 35, pl.iv. fig. C.
Diemenia aspidorhyncha, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict, Dec. 3, p. 13,
pl. xxiii, fig. 4 (1879). -
Eye moderate. Rostral deeper than broad, the portion visible
from above as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal broader than the supraocular,
once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as
or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, two
thirds to three fourths the length of the parietals; nasal entire or
semidivided, in contact with the single praeocular; two postoculars;
temporals 1+2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the
218. PSEUDECHIs. 327
eye, sixth very large. Scales in 17 or 19 rows (20 to 23 on the
neck). Wentrals 184—224; anal divided; subcaudals 55–65 pairs.
Adult uniform brown above, or blackish with pale brown cross-
bands, yellowish beneath, uniform, or with small red spots; young
with a dark brown blotch covering the crown and followed by
another on the nape, and small brown spots on the belly.
Total length 1400 millim.; tail 200.
Australia. .
* A. Body with cross-bands.
a. 3, skin (Sc. 17; W. 202; Port Essington. Lord Derby [P].
C. 63). (Type.)
b. Yg. (Sc. 17; W. 220; N.W. Australia. Sir J. Richardson [P.].
C. 65). (Type.)
B. No cross-bands on the body.
a. 3 (Sc. 17; W. 184; N.W. Australia. R. Bynoe, Esq. [C.];
C. 59). Sir J. Richardson
[P.J. (Type.)
b. ? (Sc. 17; W. 223; C. Geraldton, W. Mr. E.H. Saunders [C.].
61). Australia.
C. § (Sc. 19; W. 224; Swan River. Dr. Günther [P].
. 61).
d. 2 (Sc. 19; W. 216; Australia. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.]
C. 63). (Type of P. affinis.)
218. PSEUDECHIS,
Trimeresurus, part., Lacép. Ann. du Mus. iv. 1804, p. 209; Dum.
& Bihr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1244 (1854); Jan, Elenco sist. Qfta,
p. 118 (1863).
p. 92 (1820).
(
Hurria, part., Merr. Tent. Syst. º
Pseudechis, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 171 (1830); Günth. Cat. Col. Sm.
p. 217 (1858); Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 45 (1869).
Naja, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 461 (1837).
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs followed by 2 to 5 small solid teeth;
mandibular teeth, anterior longest. Head distinct from neck, with
distinct canthus rostralis; eye moderate or rather small, with round
pupil; nostril between two nasals; no loreal. Body cylindrical;
scales smooth, without pits, in 17 to 23 rows (more on the neck);
belly rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows or partly
single, partly in two rows.
Australia and New Guinea.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Anal divided; anterior subcaudals single (exceptionally divided);
scales in 17 to 21 rows on the body.
A. Scales in 17 rows on the body.
1. Frontal longer than broad.
Frontal once and one fourth to once
and two thirds as long as broad, as
, 328 colubRIDAE.
long as its distance from the rostral;
latter shield scarcely broader than
deep ; ventrals 180–200; sub-
caudals 50–60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. porphyriacus, p. 328.
Frontal nearly twice as long as broad, -
longer than its distance from the
end of the snout ; rostral scarcely
broader than deep; ventrals 199–
‘ 210; subcaudals 57–72. . . . . . . . . . 2. cupreus, p. 329.
Frontal once and two thirds to twice -
as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the rostral; latter
shield considerably broader than
deep ; ventrals 199–220 ; sub-
caudals 57-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. australis, p. 330.
2. Frontal quite as broad as long; ventrals 212; subcaudals
54–64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. darwiniensis, p. 330.
B. Scales in 19 or 21 rows on the body; frontal once and a half
as long as broad, shorter than its distance from the end of
the snout; rostral considerably broader than deep ; ventrals
221–224; subcaudals 49–55. 5. papwanus, p. 331.
II. Anal entire; subcaudals all in pairs; scales in 23 rows on the
body; ventrals 230–237; subcaudals 61–78.
Frontal twice as long as broad, as long
as its distance from the rostral or the * -
end of the snout . . . . . . e a e s e s e e 6. Scutellatus, p. 331.
Frontal once and a half as long as
broad, as long as its distance from
the rostral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. microlepidotus, p. 332.
III. Anal divided; subcaudals all in pairs; scales in 23 rows on
the body; ventrals 235; subcaudals 60. -
8. feroa, p. 332.
1. Pseudechis porphyriacus.
Coluber porphyriacus, Shaw, Zool. N. Holl. p. 27, pl. x, (1794), and
Zool. iii. p. 423, pl. cx. (1802).
Trimeresurus leptocephalus, Lacép. Ann. du Mus. iv. 1804, pp. 196
& 209, pl. lvi. fig. 1.
Coluber (Hurria) porphyreus, Merr. Tent, p. 92 (1820).
Duberria porphyriaca, Fitzing. W. Class. Rept. p. 56 (1826).
* is tortor, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool. ii. p. 55, Rept, pl. vi.
( e
Nº. Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 479, pl. xvii. figs. 6 & 7
(1837).
Trimeresurus porphyricus, Guér. Icon. R. A., Rept. p. 15, pl. xxiv.
fig, 1 (1844). - , ºr P. v. p. xa,

218. PSEUDECHIs. 329
Naja porphyrea, Schleg. Abbild. p. 139, pl. xlviii., figs, 11–18 (1844).
Trimeresurus porphyreus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1247 (1854); Jan,
Icon. Gén. 44, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1873). -
Pseudechis porphyriacus, part., Günth. Cat. p. 218 (1858).
porphyriacus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (3) xii. 1863, p. 362;
Frefft, Sn. Sydney, p. 46 (1865); Günth. Zool. Rec. 1865, p. 156;
Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 46, pl. viii. (1869); McCoy, Prodr. Zool.
Vict, Dec. 1, p. 5, pl. i. (1878), and Dec. 15, p. 159, pl. clxii, fig. 2
(1887). w
Eye rather small, its diameter nearly equalling its distance from
the mouth (larger in the young). Rostral as deep as broad or slightly
broader than deep, the portion visible from above half as long as its
distance from the frontal; internasals one half to two thirds as long
as the praefrontals; frontal rather small, not broader than the
supraocular, once and one third to once and two thirds as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, three fifths to two
thirds the length of the parietals; posterior nasal in contact with
the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 3, first
lower very large and wedged in between the fifth and sixth labial;
six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, third deeper
than fourth ; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 17 rows (18 to 21 on the neck). Wentrals 180–200; anal
divided ; subcaudals 50–60, first 5 to 20 entire, rest in pairs
(exceptionally all divided). Black above; outer row of scales red
at the base ; ventrals red, edged with black.
Total length 1580 millim. ; tail 210.
Eastern, Western, and Southern Australia.
& (V. 190; C. 55). New South Wales. Imperial Institute [P].
0.
b. 3 (V. 189; C. 56). New South Wales. Christiania Museum.
c. 2 (V. 181; C.?). Australia. Capt. Stokes [P.J.
d. 6 (V. 191; C. 59). Australia. - J. B. Jukes, Esq.[P].
e. Q (V. 187; C. P). Australia. College of Surgeons.
f—h, i. 9 (V. 184, 187; Australia.
C. 56, 53) & hgr.
§ 180, 183; C. 58,
5
K. Skull. Australia.
2. Pseudechis cupreus.
Pseudechis australis (non Gray), Krefft, Vert. Low. Murray, p. 32
(1865); McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict, Dec. 15, p. 159, pl. cxlii. (1887).
- australis, part., Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 3, and Sn.
Austral. p. 47 (1869). -
Intermediate between P. porphyriacus and P. australis. Rostral
slightly broader than deep; internasals half as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal nearly twice as long as broad, as broad as the
supraocular, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; posterior nasal in contact with the
330 COLUBRIDAE.
single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye, third deeper than fourth,
sixth largest; three lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields. Scales in 17 rows (25 on the neck). Wentrals 199–
210; anal divided; subcaudals 57–72, 11 to 34 anterior entire,
rest in pairs. Reddish or coppery brown above, brownish white or
orange below, all the scales and shields edged with brown.
Total length 1830 millim. ; tail 300.
Murray River. -
3. Pseudechis australis.
Naja australis, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 55 (1842).
Pseudechis porphyriacus, part., Günth. Cat. p. 218 (1858).
australis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xii. 1863, p. 362.
australis, part, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 3, and Sn.
Austral. p. 47, pl. vi. fig. 11 (1869).
Eye rather small, its diameter nearly equalling its distance from the
mouth. Rostral broader than deep, visible from above ; internasals
about half as long as the praefrontals; frontal small, not or but
slightly broader than the supraocular, once and two thirds to twice
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, two thirds
the length of the parietals; posterior nasal in contact with the
single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior
large and wedged in between the fifth and sixth labials; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye, third deeper than fourth;
three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows (19 or 20 on the
neck). Wentrals 199–220; anal divided ; subcaudals 57–70, 26
to 41 anterior single, rest in pairs. Uniform pale brown above,
yellowish beneath.
Total length 1080 millim.; tail 170.
Northern Australia.
a. 9 (V. 206; C. 65). N.E. Australia. (Type.)
b. Hgr. 2 (W. P.; C. Victoria R., N. Dr. Dahl [C.]; Chris-
60). Australia. tiania Museum *[E.].
c. 3 (V. 220; C. 70). — ?
4. Pseudechis darwiniensis.
Pseudechis darwiniensis, Macleay, Proc. Linn Soc. N.S.W. ii. 1878,
p. 220, & (2) iii. 1888, p. 416. -
Of more elongate form than P. porphyriacus. Head-shields much
the same as in that species, but frontal quite as broad as long and
much wider than the supraocular. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals
* A second specimen, 825 millim. long, was obtained by Dr. Dahl on the
Daly River, and is preserved in the Christiania Museum. It is a female, with
205 ventrals and 59 subcaudals, 37 of which are single. -
218. PSEUDECHIs. 331
212; subcaudals 54–64 (34–49 single and 15–30 pairs). Upper
surface of head pale brown, of body and tail reddish brown, the
middle of each scale being of a lighter colour than the apex; lower
parts uniform yellowish white. -
Total length 910 millim. ; tail 140.
Port Darwin, Northern Australia.
5. Pseudechis papuanus.
Pseudechis papuanus, Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878,
p. 409
Eye small, its diameter less than its distance from the mouth.
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above measuring
one third its distance from the frontal; internasals two thirds the
length of the praefrontals; frontal small, as broad as the supra-
ocular, once and a half as long as broad, as long as the praefrontals,
half as long as the parietals; posterior nasal in contact with the
single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior
very large and wedged in between the fifth and sixth labials; six
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, third deeper than
fourth ; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 or 21
rows (26 or 27 on the neck). Wentrals 221–224; anal divided ;
subcaudals 49–55 (26–27 single and 23–28 pairs). Uniform
blackish, chin whitish. *
Total length 1900 millim.; tail 21.
South-eastern New Guinea.
a. Head and neck of adult. Port Moresby. Rev. W. G. Turner [C.].
6. Pseudechis scutellatus.
Pseudechis scutellatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 710.
Eye moderate, its diameter exceeding its distance from the
mouth. Rostral as deep as broad or slightly broader than deep,
visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
nearly as broad as the supraocular, twice as long as,broad, as long
as its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout, as long
as or shorter than the parietals; posterior nasal in contact with or
narrowly separated from the praeocular, which is single or divided;
two postoculars; temporals 2+3, first lower wedged in between
the fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 23 rows
(25 to 30 on the neck). Wentrals 230–233; analentire; subcaudals
61–78 pairs. Pale brown or blackish brown above; snout and sides
of head paler brown or yellowish; belly yellowish, with very in-
distinct small dark spots in the young.
332 CoIUBRIDAE.
Total length 1070 millim. ; tail 240. The type measures
. 2230 millim.
South-eastern New Guinea, Queensland, Northern Australia *.
a-b. ? (W. 233,280; C, 68,61). Fly River. Rev. S. Macfarlane [C].
7. Pseudechis microlepidotus.
Diemenia microlepidota, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict, Dec. 3, p. 12,
pl. xxiii. figs. 2 & 3 (1879).
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals half
as long as the praefrontals, not in contact with the praeocular;
frontal broader than the supraocular, once and a half as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, two thirds the length
of the parietals; posterior nasal in contact with the single prae-
ocular; two postoculars; six upper labials, third and fourth enter-
ing the eye. 30 to 36 scales across the neck, 23 across the middle
of the body. Wentrals 232–237; anal entire; subcaudals 61–66
pairs. Dark brown above, yellowish grey below, the ventral shields
edged and blotched with dark grey; head sometimes blackish.
Total length 1850 millim ; tail 250. *
Northern Victoria. -
8. Pseudechis ferox.
Diemenia ferox, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. vi. 1881, p. 812.
Snout very broadly rounded. Rostral broad and low ; internasals
very much smaller than the praefrontals; frontal longer than broad,
broader than the supraocular; one praeocular, deeply grooved; two
postoculars; second upper labial touching the praefrontal; last
upper labial very large. Scales in 23 rows on the body. Wentrals
235; anal divided; subcaudals 60 pairs. Glossy black above,
yellowish white beneath.
Total length 2030 millim. ; tail 300.
Fort Bourke, New South Wales.
219. DENISONIA.
Elaps, part., Schl. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 435 (1837).
Alecto (non Wagl.) part, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1249
(1854); Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 116 (1863).
Hoplocephalus, part., Günth. Cat, Col. Sn. p. 213 (1858); Krefft,
Sn. Austral. p. 53 (1869). • --
Denisonia, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 321, and l.c. p. 82.

Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs followed by 3 to 5 small solid teeth;
mandibular teeth, anterior longest. Head more or less distinct from
neck; eye moderate or small, with round or vertically elliptic pupil;
* I have examined a young specimen (W. 230; C. 78) from Mt. Showbridge,
N. Australia, collected by Dr. Dahl for the Christiania Museulu.
219. DENISONIA. 333
nasal entire or divided; no loreal. Body cylindrical; scales smooth,
without pits, in 15 to 19 rows; belly rounded. Tail moderate or
short ; subcaudals single (in one species in two rows).
Australia, Tasmania, Solomon Islands.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Anal entire; fronta? not much broader than the supraocular,
once and a half to twice and two thirds as long as broad;
pupil round. * &
A. Scales in 15 or 17 rows; nasal in contact with the praeocular.
1. Wentrals 136–160; subcaudals 38–57; scales in 15 (ex-
ceptionally 17) rows.
Frontal once and three fourths to twice
as long as broad; ventrals 145–160 ... 1. superba, p. 335.
Frontal once and two thirds to twice as
long as broad; ventrals 138–151; a -
black nuchal collar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. coronata, p. 335.
Frontal twice to thrice as long as broad;
scales striated; ventrals 136–151 .... 3. coronoides, p. 336.
2. Wentrals 118; scales in 17 rows. 4. muelleri, p. 337.
B. Scales in 19 rows; nasal not reaching the praeocular; ventrals
167; subcaudals 35 . . . . . . . . . . . 5. frenata, p. 338.
II. Anal divided; frontal much longer than broad; pupil round.
A. Scales in 15 rows; nasal not reaching the praeocular; ventrals
164; subcaudals 51. . . . . . . . . . . . 6. ramsayi, p. 338.
B. Scales in 17 rows; nasal in contact with the praeocular.
Frontal once and two thirds to twice as
long as broad; ventrals 153–170; sub-
caudals 41–56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. signata, p. 338.
Frontal once and a half as long as broad;
ventrals 147–168; subcaudals 33–45. . 8. doemelii, p. 339.
III. Anal entire; frontal much broader than the supraocular, once
and one fifth to once and three fourths as long as broad; pupil
often vertically elliptic or subelliptic. -
A. Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 154–164; subcaudals 25–30.
Nasal in contact with the praeocular .... 9.. suta, p. 339.
Nasal not reaching the praeocular ...... 10. frontalis, p. 340.
B. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 121–138; subcaudals 20–30.
Anterior chin-shields as long as the pos-
terior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. flagellum, p. 340.
Anterior chin-shields shorter than the
posterior . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. maculata, p. 341.
334 COLUBRIDAE,
C. Scales in 15 rows.
1. Frontal once and three fourths as long as broad; ventrals
160; subcaudals 25 ........ 13. punctata, p. 341.
2. Frontal not more than once and a half as long as broad.
a. Eye at least as long as its distance from the mouth.
a. Nasal in contact with the praeocular.
Wentrals 140–170; subcaudals 22–33 ... 14. gouldii, p. 342.
Wentrals 170–200; subcaudals 30–46 . . 15. nigrescens, p. 343.
Wentrals 180–184; subcaudals 50–64 ... 16. nigrostriata, p. 343.
£3. Second labial in contact with the praefrontal; ventrals
166–183; subcaudals 31–43. - -
- 17. carpentariae, p. 344.
b. Eye hardly as long as its distance from the mouth;
ventrals 170–178; subcaudals 37–38.
18. pallidiceps, p. 344.
IV. Anal divided; frontal much broader than the supraocular, as
long as broad or a little longer than broad; ventrals 164–172;
subcaudals 38–49.
Scales in 15 or 17 rows; subcaudals
single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. melanura, p. 345.
Scales in 16 rows; subcaudals single. . . . 20. par, p. 345.
Scales in 17 rows; subcaudals paired .. 21. woodfordii, p. 346.
TABLE SHOWING NUMBERs of ScALES AND SHIELDs.


Sc. W. A. O. Lab.
superba ............... 15 (17) 145–160 1 41–50 6
coronata ............... 15 138–151 1 38–51 6
coronoides ............ 15 136–151 | 1 42–57 6
nuelleri ............... 17 118 l 38 6
Jrenata ............... 19 167 1 35 6
*a*Say? ............... 15 164 2 51 6
signata ............... 17 153–170 2 41–56 6
damelii ............... 17 147–168 2 33–45 6
Suta ..................... 19 157–164 l 25–30 6
jºrontalis............... 19 154 1 30 6
flagellum........ . . . . . . . 17 132–138 1 25–27 6.
naculata............ ... 17 121–136 1 20–30 6
punctata ............... 15 || 160 1 25 6
gouldi: ............... 15 140–170 1 22– 6
migréScens ............ 15 170–200 1 30–46 6
nigrostriata............ 15 180–184 l 50–64 6
carpentariae............ 15 166–183 l 31–43 6
pallidiceps ............- 15 170–178 1 37–38 6
"melanwra............... 15–17 165–171 2 38–48 7
ar..................... 16 , | 164–166 - || 2 | 40–49 7
woodfordi: ... ........ 17 166–172 2 41–45 7
219. DENISONIA. 335
1. Denisonia superba.
Alecto curta, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1252 (1854).
Hoplocephalus º part., Günth. Cat. p. 217 (1858).
— superbus, Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 54, pl. xi, fig. 9 (1869);
McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict, Dec. 1, p. 7, pl. ii. (1878).
Alecto schmidtii, Jan, Icon. Gén. 44, pl. i. fig. 4 (1873).
Hoplocephalus bransbyi, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii.
1878, p. 52. .


? Hoplocephalus vestigiatus, De Vis, Proc. R. Soc, Queensl. i. 1884,
p. 138.
Eye as long as or a little longer than its distance from the
mouth (larger in the young). Rostral a little broader than deep,
just visible from above; internasals one half to two thirds as long
as the praefrontals; frontal once and three fourths to twice as long
as broad, as broad as the Supraocular, as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the single praeocular; two
postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior large and wedged
in between the fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 (rarely 17) rows. Wentrals
145–160; anal entire ; subcaudals 41–50. Brownish to dark olive
above, the scales often edged with darker; lateral scales often
yellow or salmon-red; ventrals yellowish or greyish olive, blackish
at the base. Young with a black huchal blotch or collar, which
may be bordered behind with yellow; lips yellow, largely spotted
with black. -
Total length 1010 millim. ; tail 160. .
New South Wales, Southern Australia, Tasmania.
a, b, c. 3 (V. 153,148; Australasia. ‘Erebus & Terror’)
C. 48,45) & 2 (W. Exped.
155; C. 45).
d. 3 (V. 149; C. 41). Tasmania. A. J. Smith, Esq.
- P.].
e-f. 3 (W. 150, 147; Tasmania. R.'éuin, Esq.[P]. (TYPeº)
C. 47, 46).
g—i. 3 (W. 150; C. 45), Australia,
Q (V. 153; C. 48),
&yg.(W. 153; C. 45). ~
K. Yg. (V. 145; C. 44). Australia. College of Surgeons.
l. Yg. (V. 150; C.49). Burrawang, New J. J. Fletcher, Esq. [P].
South Wales.
m. 10 embryos. Mt. Monda, Vic- P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P].
toria.
n. Skull. Australia.
2. Denisonia coronata.
Elaps coronatus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 454 (1837), and Abbild.
p. 137, pl. xlvi. figs., 12 & 13 (1844); Gray, in Grey's Trav.
Austral. ii. p. v. fig. 2 (1841). -
336 CoIUBRIDAE.
Trimesurus olivaceus, Gray, l.c. p. 443.
Alecto coronata, Dum. & Bibr., vii. p. 1255, pl. lxxvi. b. fig. 2
(1854); Jan, Icon. Gén. 44, pl. i. fig. 3 (1873).
Hoplocephalus coronatus, Günth. Cat, p. 215 (1858); Krefft, Sn.
Austral. p. 62, pl. vi. fig. 3 (1869).
Eye longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral broader
than deep, just visible from above; internasals about two thirds the
length of the praefrontals; frontal once and two thirds to twice as
long as broad, not broader than the supraocular, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal entire, in contact with the single praeocular; two postoculars;
temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in between the fifth and
sixth upper labials, and sometimes nearly reaching the mouth; six
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 138–151; anal entire;
subcaudals 38–51. Olive above, scales sometimes black-edged ; a
black streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye and
extending across the rostral, and a black cross-band on the nape;
upper lip, below the black streak, yellowish, with some blackish
dots; yellowish or pale olive beneath, ventrals olive at the base.
Total length 480 millim. ; tail 95.
Western Australia and New South Wales.
a—b. 3 (V. 145, 146; Houtman's Abrolhos. Mr. Gilbert [C].
C. 45, 47).
c. 3 (V. 145; C. 44). W. Australia. , Sir J. Macgregor [P.].
d. 9 (V. 151, C. 41). W. Australia. G. F. Moore, Esq.[P].
e-f, g—h. 6 (W. 145, W. Australia.
141; C. 41, 51), Q
(V. 140; C. 42), &
yg. (V. 144; C. 43).
i. ? (W. 150; C. 38). Swan River. Sir A. Smith [P].
K. Q (V. 150; C. 48). Sydney. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
l. 3 (V, 138; C, 49). New South Wales. Imperial Institute [P.].
3. Denisonia coronoides.
Hoplocephalus coronoides, Günth. Cat. p. 215 (1858); Krefft, Sn.
Austral. p. 62, pl. xii. fig. 1 (1869); McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict,
Dec. 2, p. 8, pl. xi. fig. 2 (1878).
Alecto labialis, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 128, and Icon. Gén.
44, pl. i. fig. 1 (1873). - -
Hoplocephalus mastersii, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 870, and
l, c. p. 63, pl. xii. fig. 6.
Alecto rhodogaster, Jam, Icon. 44, pl. ii. fig. 2.
Hoplocephalus labialis, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885,
p. 690.
collaris, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) i. 1887, p. 1111.
Eye longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral a little
broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals about half
as long as the praefrontals; frontal twice to thrice as long as
broad, not broader than the supraocular, as long as or longer than
219. DENIsonIA. 337
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal entire, in contact with the single praeocular; two postoculars;
temporals 2+2 (rarely 2+3), lower anterior wedged in between
the fifth and sixth upper labials and sometimes nearly reaching
the mouth ; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ;
three (rarely four) lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales distinctly
striated, in 15 rows. Wentrals 136–151; anal entire ; subcaudals
39–57. Brown or olive above, with or without black edges to the
scales; a black streak on each side of the head, passing through
the eye; a yellow streak on the upper lip, below the black streak;
salmon-red to dark olive-grey beneath, speckled with darker,
exceptionally with a few black spots; end of tail salmon-red.
Total length 440 millim. ; tail 80. -
Southern Australia and Tasmania.
A. No collar. (H. coronoides, Gthr. ; A. labialis, Jan.)
a—b, c, d-e, f_i. 3 (V. 151, Tasmania. R. Gunn, Esq. [P.].
142, 142, 140, 148, 144; g
C. 45, 50,49, 53, 57, 45),
& hgr. (V. 144, 143, 141;
C. 49, 49, 54). 13
k—l. Q (W. 147,143; C. 54, Tasmania. A.J. Smith, Esq. .3
42). - P.]. ſ' #
m. d. (V. 148; C. 56). Tasmania. zºº Society. S-
n. 9 (V. 147; C. 48). Swan R.
o. 9 (V. 141; C. 41). Australia. lord Derby [P.].
p—q, Q (V. 144, 147; C, 46, Australasia. Lords of the Admir-
47). alty [P.]. 2
B. A yellow nuchal collar. (H. mastersii, Krefft; A. rhodogaster,
Jan ; H. collaris, Macleay.)
a. Q (V. 140; C. 39). Flinders Range, G. Krefft, Esq.[P.]. (One
\ S. Australia. of the types of H. mastersii.)
4. Denisonia muelleri.
Hoplocephalus muelleri, Fischer, Jahrb. Wiss. Anst. Hamb. ii.
1885, p. 109. -
Rostral little broader than deep, visible from above ; internasals
half as long as the praefrontals; frontal twice as long as broad;
nasal entire, in contact with the single praeocular; two postoculars;
temporals 2+2, lower anterior large and wedged in between the
fifth and sixth labials; six upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; anterior chin-shields nearly as long as the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 118; anal entire; subcaudals 38.
Grey-brown above; lips and chin with yellow spots, which extend
on the sides of the neck; grey beneath, with four or five longi-
tudinal series of elongate blackish spots.
Total length 292 millim. ; tail 52.
Queensland. -
WOL. III, Z
338 ColuBRIDAE.
Denisonia frenata. -
Hoplocephalus frenatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1870, p. 646.
Prontal nearly twice as long as broad; nasal not reaching the
praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 ; six upper labials.
Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 167; anal entire ; subcaudals 35,
Olive-brown above; upper lip yellow ; a yellow line on each side
of the head, passing through the eye; white beneath.
Total length 390 millim. ; tail 54.
Lake Elphinstone, Queensland.
6. Denisonia ramsayi.
Hoplocephalus ramsayi, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 181, and Sn.
Austral. p. 66, pl. xi. fig. 2 (1869).
Eye moderate. Rostral just reaching the upper surface of the
head; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal twice as
long as broad, not broader than the supraocular, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal entire, not reaching the single praeocular; two postoculars;
six upper labials, second and third in contact with the praefrontal,
third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
164; anal divided; subcaudals 51. Dark olive-green above, each
scale tipped with reddish ; crown and a narrow vertebral line
somewhat darker; upper labials whitish, marked with olive-brown
in the upper corners; beneath yellow, each ventral shield with a
blackish margin ; subcaudals nearly black.
Total length 265 millim. ; tail 50.
Braidwood, New South Wales.
7. Denisonia signata.
Alecto signata, Jam, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 128, an Icon. Gén.
43, pl. vi. fig. 5 (1873).
Hoplocephalus signatus, Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 64, pl. xii. fig. 5
(1869). *
Eye longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral broader
than deep, just visible from above; internasals about two thirds
the length of the praefrontals; frontal once and two thirds to twice
as long as broad, not or but slightly broader than the supraocular,
as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the
single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior
wedged in between the fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 153–170; anal
divided ; subcaudals 41–56. Dark olive or black above; head
219. DENISONIA. 339.
olive-brown, with two yellowish streaks on each side, one along the
upper lip, the other from behind the eye along the temple ; dark
grey or black beneath. • a -
Total length 640 millim. ; tail 120.
Queensland, New South Wales.
a. 6 (V. 160; C. 56). Cape York.
b, c. Hgr. 3 (V. 163; C. 55) Clarence R. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
& Q (V. 165; C. 49). -
- *: d (V. 163, 153; Macquarie R. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
C. P, 49).
f. Yg. (V. 170; C. 47). New South Wales. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
g. Yg, (W. 156; C. 41). Australia. Haslar Collection.
8. Denisonia daemelii. (PLATE XVIII. fig. 3.)
Hoplocephalus daemelii, Günth. Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, xii. 1876,
p. 46; F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 695.
– ºrial, Douglas Ogilby, Rec. Austral. Mus. ii. 1892,
p. 23.
Eye longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral broader
than deep, scarcely visible from above ; internasals two thirds the
length of the praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad,
not twice as broad as the supraocular, a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal single, in contact with the single praeocular; two postoculars;
temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in between the fifth and
sixth upper labials; six upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 147–168; anal divided; subcaudals
33–45. Olive above, head darker, blackish on the temples,
entirely black in the young; yellowish white beneath.
Total length 380 millim. ; tail 60.
Queensland.
a—b. 3 (V. 160; C. 39) & Peak Downs. Museum Godeffroy.
º: (V. 147; C. 33). (Types.)
c. Yg. (V. 158; C. 45). Queensland.
9. Denisonia suta.
Hoplocephalus sutus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 234.
Eye longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral twice as
broad as deep, just visible from above; internasals half as long as
the praefrontals; frontal once and one third as long as broad, twice
as broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, nearly as long as the parietals; nasal entire, in contact
with the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower
anterior wedged in between the fifth and sixth labials; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in
z 2 • t
340 CóLUBRIDAE.
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 157–164; anal entire ;
subcaudals 25–30. Pale olive-brown above, scales edged with dark
brown; head dark brown above, nape black; a black streak on
each side of the head, passing through the eye; a yellow spot on
the praeocular, and another on the postoculars; upper lip and lower
parts yellowish white.
Total length 200 millim.; tail 23.
- Southern Australia.
a. 9 (V. 164; C. 25). Adelaide. Rev. T. E. Lea [P.].
10. Denisonia frontalis.
Hoplocephalus frontalis, Douglas Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2)
iv. 1889, p. 1027.
Eye small. Rostral twice as broad as deep, slightly bent back-
ward between the internasals, which are much shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad; nasal not reaching
the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2; six upper
labials, second in contact with the praefrontal, third and fourth
entering the eye; anterior chin-shields rather larger than the
posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Wentrals 154; anal entire ; sub-
caudals 30. Light brown above, scales narrowly margined with
black; a broad black nuchal collar, extending forwards over
portions of the upper labials, temporals, and the lower postocular
to the eye; a black spot in front of the eye on the second and third
labials; a black vertebral line; pearly white beneath, with a
broad bronze-coloured median band.
Total length 400 millim.; tail 50.
Narrabri, New South Wales.
11. Denisonia flagellum.
Hoplocephalus flagellum, McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict., Dec. 2, p. 7,
pl. xi. fig. 1 (1878).
Eye longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral twice as
broad as deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal once and one fourth to once and a half as long
as broad, broader than the supraocular, as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal entire, in
contact with the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals
2+2, lower anterior wedged in between the fifth and sixth labials;
six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 132–138; anal
entire; subcaudals 25–27. Pale brown above; vertex, occiput,
and nape black; upper lip and lower parts white. -
Total length 380 millim.; tail 40.
Wictoria . . . . . ~~
4
219. DENISONIA. * 341
12. Denisonia maculata.
Hoplocephalus maculatus, Steind. Novara, Rept, p.8l (1867); Günth.
Journ. Mus. Godeffr. xii. 1876, p. 46.
Denisonia ornata, Krefft, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1869, p. 321, fig, and Sn.
Austral. p. 82, pl. xi. fig. 4 (1869).
Eye longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral nearly
twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; internasals much
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and
two thirds as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal divided (rarely entire), in contact with the single praeocular;
two postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in between
the fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 17 rows. Wentrals 121–136; anal entire; subcaudals 20–30.
Dark grey-brown or brown above, lateral scales spotted with black;
a large dark brown blotch on the head, with some lighter spots or
variegations, with a black crescentic border on the nape; sides of
head and end of snout pale brown, spotted with black; gular
region spotted with black; ventrals whitish, with a dark brown or
black spot at the outer end of each ventral.
Total length 400 millim.; tail 55.
Queensland.
a—d. 3 (W. 122, 121; C. 30,28), Rockhampton. Museum Godeffroy.
Q (V. 131; C. 22), & hgr.
(W. 129; C. 20).
e-g, h. 3 (V. 125; C. 29) & 2 Rockhampton.
§. 126, 129, 134; C. 21, 22,
).
i. Skull of a.
Hoplocephalus ornatus, De Wis, Proc. R. Soc. Queensl. i. 1884,
p. 100, pl. xv., appears to agree in all structural characters with
the preceding species, but the body is barred by about 50 dark
cross-bands with irregular edges; below the cross-bands, alternating
angular blotches.
Near Surat, Queensland.
13. Denisonia punctata. (PLATE XVIII. fig. 4.)
Eye longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral twice as
broad as deep, visible from above; internasals two thirds the length
of the praefrontals; frontal once and three fourths as long as broad,
acutely angular behind, twice as broad as the supraocular, longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the single praeocular; two
postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in between the
fifth and sixth labials; six upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
.342 colubirror.
shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Wentrals 160; anal entire; subcaudals 25. Pale brown above,
each scale with a dark brown spot; head and nape orange, with
blackish-brown symmetrical markings; a blackish streak on each
side of the head, passing through the eye, and terminating on the
anterior temporals; upper lip and lower parts yellowish white.
Total length 350 millim.; tail 36.
North-western Australia.
a. Q (V. 160; C, 25). Port Walcott. Capt. Beckett [C].
14. Denisonia gouldii.
Elaps ſºldi Gray, in Grey's Trav. Austral. ii. p. 444, pl. v. fig. 1
(1841). - - -
Hoplocephalus gouldii, Günth. Cat. p. 215 (1858); , Krefft, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 370, and Sn. Austral. p. 60, pl.xii, fig. 2 (1869).
Alecto gouldii, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 128, and Icon. Gén.
44, pl. i. fig. 5 (1873).
Hoplocephalus migriceps, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (3) xii. 1863,
p. 362; Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 68, pl.xii, fig. 7. *
spectabilis, Krefft, l.c. p. 61, pl. xii. fig. 4.
Eye as long as or a little longer than its distance from the mouth.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, visible from above ; internasals at
least two thirds as long as the praefrontals; frontal a little longer
than broad, at least twice as broad as the supraocular, as long as or
a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the single prae-
ocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in
between the fifth and sixth labials; six upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 140–170;
anal entire; subcaudals 22–33. Yellow to brown above; head
and nape black, or black and yellow above; upper lip and lower
parts yellowish. -
Total length 435 millim.; tail 50.
Western and Southern Australia.
A. Yellowish above, scales edged with brown. (E. gouldii, Gray.)
a. Q (V. 162; C. 30). W. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P].
(Type.)
... b–c. 6. (V. 170; C. 33) Swan R. - - Sir A. Smith [P]. º
& Q (V. 163; C. 31). . . -
d. 9 (V. 161; C. 31). Swan R. . -
e. g. (V. 147; C. 33). Flinders Range, G. Krefft, Esq.[P]. .
S. Australia.
f. 2 (v. 152; C. 22). Port Lincoln, , . G. Krefft, Esq. [P].
- S. Australia. - - -
g. 6 (V. 143; C. 28). S. Australia. Prof. Stirling LP.].
h-i Q (V. 140; C. 26). Australia.
& yg. (W. 146; C.
24).
219 munisonia. 343
B. Yellowish above, without dark edges to the scales.
a. 2 (V. 155; C. 25). Swan R.
- C. Brown above. (H. nigriceps, Gthr.)
a. d. (V. 150; C. 30). — ? Dr. Günther [P.].
- - -- (Type of H. nigriceps.)
b. ? (W. 160; C. 28). Champion Bay, Mr. Duboulay [C.].
* N.W. Australia. .
c. 2 (W. 156; C. 25). S. Australia. Prof. Stirling [P]..
15. Denisonia nigrescens. -
Hoplocephalus migrescens, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix, 1862,
# * ix. fig. 12; Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 68, pl. vi. fig. 4
869).
assimilis, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. x. 1885, p. 68.
Eye as long as or slightly longer than its distance from the
mouth. Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above;
internasals not more than half as long as the praefrontals; frontal
once and one fifth to once and a half as long as broad, at least twice
as broad as the supraocular, as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal entire, in contact with the single praeocular; two (rarely one
or three) postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in
between the fifth and sixth labials; six upper labials, third and
ifourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 170–200; anal
entire; subcaudals 30–46. Dark olive-brown to black above,
yellowish below ; head black above and below; ventrals and sub-
caudals sometimes dark-edged.
Total length 545 millim.; tail 75.
New South Wales and Queensland.
a 3 (v. 170; c. 85). Sydney. G. kº º [P.].
f ype.
b. ? (W. 186; C. 44). Port Macquarie. G. Krefft, Esq. É
c, d. 9 (V. 180; C. 39) & New South Wales. G. Krefft, Esq. [P].
hgr. (V. 172; C. 36).
e. Q (V. 171; C. 39). Queensland. ‘s H.M.S ‘Challenger.
f. Hgr. (V, 179; C. 84). Australia. .
16. Denisonia nigrostriata.

Hoplocephalus nigrostriatus, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 181,
and Sn. Austral. p. 70, pl.xii, fig. 3 (1869); F. Müll. Verh. Nat.
Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 690.
Alecto dorsalis, Jan, Icon. Gén. 44, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1878).
Eye slightly longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral
twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; internasals half as
‘long as the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad, twice as
344 COLUBRIDAE.
broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal entire, in contact with
the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower
anterior wedged in between the fifth and sixth labials; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 180–184; anal entire;
subcaudals 50–64. Yellowish above, the scales edged with brown,
with a dark brown vertebral stripe; head dark brown above; upper
lip and lower parts yellowish white. •
Total length 380 millim.; tail 52.
Queensland. •
a. 9 (V. 184; C, 50). Rockhampton. Museum Godeffroy.
17. Denisonia carpentariae.
Hoplocephalus carpentariae, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2)
ii. 1887, p. 403.
Eye slightly longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral
twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; internasals hardly
half as long as the praefrontals; frontal once and one fourth as long
as broad, twice as broad as the supraocular, a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal entire, not reaching the single praeocular; two postoculars;
temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in between the fifth and
sixth labials; six upper labials, second in contact with the prae-
frontal, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 166–183; anal
entire ; subcaudals 31–43. Brown above, each scale lighter in the
centre; upper lip, outer row of scales, and lower parts yellowish
white. -
Total length 285 millim.; tail 47.
Northern Queensland. ,
a. 9 (V. 183; C. 31). Peak Downs. Museum Godeffroy,
18. Denisonia pallidiceps. -
Hoplocephalus pallidiceps, Günth. Cat. p. 214 (1858); Cope, Proc.
Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 343.
— pallidiceps, part., Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 59 (1869).
Alecto permixta, Jan, Icon. Gén. 44, pl. i. fig. 2 (1873).

Eye small, hardly as long as its distance from the mouth.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, visible from above; internasals one
half to two thirds the length of the praefrontals; frontal once and
‘one fourth to once and a half as long as broad, twice as broad as
the supraocular, as long as or a little longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, about two thirds the length of the parietals;
219. DENISONIA, 345
posterior nasal in contact with or narrowly separated from the
single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior
wedged in between the fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are nearly
as long as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 170–178;
anal entire; subcaudals 37–38. Dark olive-brown above, head
somewhat paler; yellowish beneath, subcaudals brown in the
middle.
Total length 590 millim. ; tail 80.
Northern Australia.
a—b. i. (y. 178, 170; Port Essington. Lord Derby [P].
C. ſº 170; C. N.E. Australia. (Ty pes)
19. Denisonia melanura.
Hoplocephalus melanurus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 88, and
1890, p. 30, pl. ii. fig. 1.
Eye nearly as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals half as long
as the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad or slightly longer than
broad, twice as broad as the supraocular, a little longer than the
praefrontals, not much more than half as long as the parietals;
posterior nasal in contact with the single praeocular; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye, sixth largest; four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 15 or 17 rows. Wentrals 165–171; anal divided; sub-
caudals 38–48. Head and sides usually reddish, dorsal region dark
brown; some or all of the scales black-edged ; tail black; some
specimens nearly entirely black, others with traces of black cross-
bands; ventrals yellow, on the hind part of the body with dark
brown or black margin. - --
Total length 1000 millim. ; tail 140.
Guadalcanar, Solomon Islands.
a—f G (V. 168; C. 48) & 2 Guadalcanar. C. M. Woodford, Esq.
(V. 168, 167, 171, 167, [C.]. (Types.)
165; C. 38, 45, P, 38,43). . - .
g. Skeleton. Guadalcanar.
20. Denisonia par.
Hoplocephalus par, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 210, Trans.
Zool, Soc. xii. 1886, p. 46, pl. vii. fig. 4, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890,
p. 30; Douglas-Ogilby, Rec. Austral. Mus. i. 1890, p. 5.
Eye nearly as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals half as long
as the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad, broader than
346 • COLUBRIDAE. .
the Supraocular, a little longer than the praefrontals, much shorter
than the parietals; posterior nasal in contact with the single
praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye, third deeper than fourth ; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 16 rows. Wentrals 164–166;
anal divided; subcaudals 40–49. Body with broad reddish-brown
bands, separated by narrow white interspaces; most of the scales
black-edged; head blackish brown; lower parts white, the red and
black extending on the sutures of the posterior ventrals; tail with
complete red annuli. -
Total length 750 millim.; tail 110.
. Faro and Howla Islands, Bougainville Straits, Solomon Islands.
a. Q (V. 166; C. 43). Faro Id. H. B. Guppy, Esq. [P.].
* (Type.)
b–c. 3 (V, 164; C. 49) Faro Id. C. M. Woodford, Esq. [C].
& Q (V, 165; C. 40). z
d. Skull of c.
21. Denisonia woodfordii.
Hoplocephalus woodfordii, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 89, and
1890, p. 30, pl. ii. fig. 2. *
Eye nearly as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals half as long
as the praefrontals; frontal slightly longer than broad, nearly twice
as broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from the rostral,
much shorter than the parietals; posterior nasal in contact with
the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 166–172; anal
divided; subcaudals 41–45 pairs. Brownish white above, each
scale with a blackish-brown border, forming a reticulate pattern;
head dark brown; lower parts white, subcaudals edged with dark
brown.
Total length 670 millim. ; tail 100.
... New Georgia, Solomon Islands. .
a. 2 (V, 166; C. 45). Rubiana, New C. M. Woodford, Esq. [C.]
... Georgia. . - (Type.) .
b. Yg. (V. 172; C.41). New Georgia. H.M.S. ‘Penguin.'
220. MICROPECHIS.
Naja, part, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 461 (1837).
Trimeresurus, part., Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gén, vii. p. 1244 (1854);
Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 118 (1863). . . -
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
‘of large grooved poison-fangs followed by three small solid teeth;
220. MICROPECHIs. 347
mandibular teeth, anterior longest. Head distinct from neck; eye
extremely small, with round pupil; nostril between two nasals; no
loreal. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 or
17 rows, Tail short; subcaudals in two rows.
New Guinea and Solomon Islands.
1. Micropechisikaheka.
Coluber ikaheka, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool. ii. p. 54, Rept. pl. v.
(1830). -
Naja elaps, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 485 (1837), and Abbild. p. 139,
pl. xlviii. figs. 14–16 (1844).
Trimeresurus ophiophagus, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1245 (1854).
elaps, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 129.
ikaheka, Jam, Elenco, p. 118 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 44, pl. v.
(1873); Sauv, Bull, Soc. Philom, (7) i. 1878, p. 43. . .
Ophiophagus elaps, Meyer, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1874, p. 137.
ikaheka, Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878, p. 410.
ikaheka, var. fasciatus, Fischer, Abh. Nat. Ver. Hamb. viii.
1884, p. 10, pl. vii. fig. 3. -
Diemenia ikaheka, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, x. 1892, p. 207.
, sp., Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 154.
Eye hardly half as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
much broader than deep, visible from above; internasals one half to
two thirds the length of the praefrontals; frontal once and one fifth
to once and a half as long as broad, broader than the supraocular,
as long as its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout,
three fifths the length of the parietals; posterior nasal in contact
with the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2,
anterior very large, the lower wedged in between the fifth and sixth
upper labials; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye;
three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Wentrals 180–223; anal divided ; subcaudals 39–55.
Particoloured yellow and black, the two colours sometimes forming
irregular cross-bars; the black scales edged with yellow ; head and
tail black above; lower parts yellow, uniform or with some of the
'shields black-edged. . . . . . . . . . .
Total length 1550 millim.; tail 180.
* New Guinea. * * * * * * * . . . . . . -
a—b, Q (V. 185; C. 43) & . . . . Mansinam... . . . . . M.L. Laglaize [C].
hgr. (V. 180; C. 45).
... iii.fi.
2. Micropechis elapoides. .
Hoplocephalus elapoides, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 30, pl. ii.
- - fig. 3. - . . . sº - * -
Eye hardly half as long as its distance from the mouth.
Rostral much broader than deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals two thirds the length of the praefrontals; frontal small, much
348 COLUBRIDAE,
longer than broad, once and a half as broad as the supraocular, as
long as its distance from the rostral, two thirds the length of the
parietals; posterior nasal in contact with the single praeocular; two
postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows.
Ventrals 208; anal entire; subcaudals 35. Cream-colour, with
22 black bands, broader than the interspaces between them, inter-
rupted on the belly, encircling the tail; on the posterior three-
fourths of the body series of small black spots form a streak along
each side of the back; end of snout and ocular region black.
Total length 750 millim.; tail 75.
Florida Island, Solomon Group.
w. Q (V. 208; C. 35). Florida. Id. C. M. Woodford, Esq. [C].
(Type.)
221. HOPLOCEPHALUS.
Oplocephalus (Cuv.), Voigt, Thierr. iii. p. 143 (1832).
Naja, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 461 (1837).
Alecto (non Wagl.), part., Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1249
(1854); Jan, Elenco sist. Qfta, p. 116 (1863).
Hoplocephalus, part, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 213 (1858); Krefft,
Sn. Austral. p. 53 (1869). *
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs followed by two or three small solid
teeth; mandibular teeth, anterior longest. Head distinct from neck;
eye rather small, with round pupil; nasal entire or divided; no
loreal. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 21 rows;
ventrals angulate and notched laterally. Tail moderate; subcaudals
single.
Australia.
Synopsis of the Species.
Wentrals obtusely angulate, 204–221; sub- *
caudals 40–56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. bungaroides, p. 348.
Wentrals strongly angulate, 191–227; sub- e
caudals 44–59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. bitorquatus, p. 349.
Wentrals strongly angulate, 239; sub-
caudals 60 . . . . . . . . . . . © e º 'º e º sº, e º e . 3. Stephensii, p. 350.
1. Hoplocephalus bungaroides.
Naja bungaroides, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 1034; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 477 (1837), and Abbild. p. 140, pl. xlviii, figs. 17 & 18 (1844).
Alecto variegata, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1254, pl. lxxvi, b, fig. 1
(1854). º
ºmºmºmºmº tºwn- Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1257; Jan, Elenco, p. 116
(1863), and Icon. Gén. 48, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1873).
Hoplocephalus bungaroides, Günth. Cat. p. 213 (1858).
221. HoPLOCEPHALUs. 349
Hoplocephalus variegatus, Günth. l. c. p. 214; Krefft, Sn. Austral.
p. 56, pl. vi. fig. 6 (1869).
Eye as long as or slightly longer than its distance from the
mouth (larger in the young). Rostral broader than deep, just
visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals;
frontal once and a half as long as broad, once and a half as broad as
the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; nasal entire or divided, in contact with
or narrowly separated from the single praeocular; two postoculars;
temporals 2+2, lower anterior very large, wedged in between the
fifth and sixth upper labials, and nearly reaching the lip; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the
posterior. Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals obtusely angulate laterally,
204–221; anal entire; subcaudals 40–56. Black above, with
yellow spots forming more or less regular cross-bands on the body;
upper labials yellow, margined with black; ventrals blackish, yellow
on the sides.
Total length 1620 millim. ; tail 210.
New South Wales.

a. Q (W. 212; C. 45). New South Wales, G. Krefft, Esq. [P].
b. ? (W. 221; C. 42). Australia. Lord Derby [P.].
c. 3 (W. 204; C. 52). Australia. I}r. Bennett ſp.].
d. Hgr. (V. 210; C. 56). Australia. Capt. Stokes [P.].
e. 3 (W. 210; C. 51). Australia. Zoological Society.
f. Yg. (V. 204; C. 47). Australia.
2. Hoplocephalus bitorquatus.
Alecto bitorquata, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 128, and Icon.
Gén. 43, pl. vi. fig. 6 (1873).
Hoplocephalus pallidiceps, part, Krefft, Sn, Austral. p. 59, pl. xi.
fig. 1 (1869).
— sulcans, De Vis, Proc. R. Soc. Queensl. i. 1884, p. 138.
— waitii, Douglas Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ix. 1894,
p. 261.
Eye as long as or slightly longer than its distance from the mouth
(larger in the young). Rostral broader than deep, just visible from
above; internasals one half to two thirds as long as the praefrontals;
frontal once and one third to once and two thirds as long as broad,
a little broader than the supraocular, as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; nasal entire, in contact with the single praeocular; two
postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior large and wedged in
between the fifth and sixth upper labials and sometimes reaching
the lip; six (or seven) upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 21 rows. Wentrals strongly angulate laterally, 191–227; anal
350 sº, COLUBRIDAE.
entire ; subcaudals 44–59. Dark olive above, with or without
a darker vertebral streak; head pale olive, with a bright yellow
occipital, blotch, edged with black behind and sometimes bearing
a few black spots; a black bar across the forehead in front of the
frontal; sides of head with black spots; lower labials and chin
usually spotted with black; lower parts greyish olive or brown.
Total length 510 millim.; tail 95.
Queensland, New South Wales.
a—b. 3 (V, 191; C. 58) Rockhampton. Museum Godeffroy.
& yg. (V. 197; C.44).
c. Hgr. (V. 201; C. 52). Rockhampton.
d. Yg. (V, 192; C. 59). Clarence R. G. Krefft, Esq.[P].
e. Head of adult. Clarence R. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
3. Hoplocephalus stephensii.
Hoplocephalus stephensii, Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 58, pl. vi. fig. 7
(1869).
Head-shields as in H. bungaroides, but frontal broader and
parietals longer. Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals 239, flat beneath,
notched and strongly angulate laterally; anal entire ; subcaudals
60. Body barred alternately with black and white; the black
bars twice the size of the white ones, and reaching down to
ventral keel; head dark, spotted with yellow; a UU-shaped yellow
streak on the back of the head.
Total length 760 millim.
Port Macquarie, New South Wales.
222. TROPIDECHIS.
Tropidechis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xii. 1863, p. 363;
Frefft, Sn. Austral. p. 71 (1869).
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs followed by four small solid teeth;
mandibular teeth, anterior longest. Head distinct from neck; eye
rather small, with round pupil; nasal entire; no loreal. Body
cylindrical; scales strongly keeled, without pits, in 23 rows;
ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals single.
Australia.
1. Tropidechis carinatus. (PLATE XIX. fig. 1.)
Hoplocephalus carinatus, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 86.
Tropidechis carinata, Günth. Ann, & Mag. W. H. (3) xii. 1863,
p. 350; Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 71 (1869).
Eye as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral broader
than deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad, once and a
half as broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, two thirds the length of the parietals; nasal
223. NoTECHIs. 351
in contact with the single praeocular; temporals 1+2 or 2+2,
the lower anterior, if not converted into a labial, wedged in
between the fifth and sixth upper labials; six or seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 23 rows, strongly keeled, outer smooth.
Ventrals 165–171; anal entire ; subcaudals 52–54. Dark olive
above, with darker cross-bands, which may be broken up on the
vertebral line; yellowish below, more or less obscured with olive.
Total length 730 millim.; tail 120.
New South Wales; Queensland.
a. Q (W. 171; C. 52). Clarence River. G. Krefft, Esq. [P].
(One of the types.)
223. NOTECHIS.
Alecto (non Wagl.), part., Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1249
(1854); Jan, Elenco sist. Ofid. p. 116 (1863).
Hoplocephalus, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 213 (1858); Krefft, Sn.
Austral. p. 53 (iš89). 2 ft,
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs followed by four or five small, feebly
grooved teeth; mandibular teeth, anterior longest and feebly
grooved. Head distinct from neck, with distinct canthus rostralis;
eye rather small, with round pupil; nasal entire; no loreal. Body
cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, disposed obliquely, in 15
to 19 rows, the lateral scales shorter than the dorsals; belly rounded.
Tail moderate; subcaudals single.
Australia and Tasmania.
1. Notechis scutatus.
PBoa laevis, Lacép. Ann. du Mus. iv. 1804, p. 209.
Alecto curta (non Schleg), part., Dum, & Biör. vii. p. 1252 (1854).
Hoplocephalus curtus, Günth. Cat, p.216 (1858); Krefft, Sn. Austral.
p. 53, pl. ix, & pl. xi, fig. 6 (1869); McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict,
Dec. 1, p. 11, pl. iii. (1878).
Naja (Hamadryas) scutata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 690.
Hoplocephalus fuscus, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 82 (1867).
ater, Krefft, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 373 (1867), and l.c.
p. 55, pl. xi. fig, 11.
Alecto fasciolata, Jan, Icon. Gén. 48, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1873).
Eye as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the mouth
in the adult, larger in the young. Rostral a little broader than
deep, the portion visible from above measuring one third to one half
its distance from the frontal; frontal as long as broad or longer than
broad, not more than once and a half as long as broad, once and a
half to twice as broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from
the rostral or the end of the snout, one half to two thirds the length
of the parietals; nasal in contact with the single praeocular; two
postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior very large and wedged
in between the fifth and sixth upper labials and sometimes nearly
352 COLUBRIDAE. '
reaching the lip; six (rarely seven) upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 to 19 rows. Wentrals 146–185; anal
entire; subcaudals 39–61. Olive-brown to blackish above, the
skin between the scales black; young with dark cross-bands, which
may disappear in the adult; belly yellowish or olive, the shields
often dark-edged.
Total length 1280 millim.; tail 170.
Australia and Tasmania.
A. Scales in 15 rows.
a. Q (V. 168; C.?). Tasmania. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
b—e. 3 (W. 172,172, 164; Tasmania.
C. 54, 50, 53) & 2 (V.
174; C. 48).
B. Scales in 17 rows.
f—h, -k, l, m. Hgr. (V. Tasmania. R. Gunn, Esq. [P.].
173, 173, 170, 173; C.
50, 52, 51, 55) & yg.
(V. 169, 166, 159; §.
55*, 54,49).
n. Yg. (V. 179; C. 50). Hobart, J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P].
o. 9 (V. 160; C. 45). Kangaroo Id. Zoological Society.
p. Yg. (V. 154; C. 51). S. Australia. Dr. Fleming [P].
q. Q (V. 169; C. P). Australia. Haslar Collection.
r. Q (W. 150; C. 39). Australia. Zoological Society.
C. Scales in 19 rows.
s. 2 (W. 175; C. 56). Sydney. Dr. Bennett ſº
t. Q (V. 179; C. 54). Sydney. Fº G. B. Howes
[P.].
w. 3 (V. 185; C. 61). New South Wales. Imperial Institute
P.].
v. Q (V. 178; C. 54). Kangaroo Id. Zoological Society.
w. 9 (V. 161; C. 52). Australia. Haslar Collection.
a. Yg. (V. 162; C. 48). Australia. Sir J. Macgregor [P].
gy. Q (V. 166; C. 49). Australia. Zoological Society.
2. Q, skeleton. Australia. Zoological Society.
a. Skull of u.
224. RHINEIOPLOCEPHALUS.
Rhinoplocephalus, F. Müll. Verh. Wat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 690.

Dentition as in Hoplocephalus. Head feebly distinct from neck;
eye small, with round pupil; rostral very large, detached on the
sides, as in Aspidelaps; no internasals; nostril in an undivided
nasal; no loreal. Body cylindrical, rigid; scales smooth, in 15
rows ; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals single.
Australia.
* 19 of the subcaudals are divided.
225. BRACHYASPIs. 353
1. Rhinhoplocephalus bicolor.
Rhinoplocephalus bicolor, F. Müll. l.c. pl. ix, figs...f-i.
Snout broad, truncate; eye a little shorter than its distance from
the mouth. Upper portion of rostral subquadrangular, nearly twice
as broad as long, as long as the praefrontals; frontal a little longer
than broad, twice as broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal in
contact with the lower praeocular; two praeoculars, upper small ;
two postoculars; temporals 1+2; six upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 159; anal entire; subcaudals 34.
Greyish olive above, lateral scales dark-edged; yellowish white
beneath; tongue white.
Total length 395 millim.; tail 55.
Australia.
225. BRACHYASPIS.
Naja, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 461 (1837).
Hoplocephalus, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 213 (1858).
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs followed by two or three small teeth;
anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged, fang-like. Head dis-
tinct from neck; eye small, with vertically elliptic pupil; nostril
between two nasals; no loreal. Body stout, cylindrical; scales
smooth, without pits, slightly oblique, in 19 rows; belly rounded.
Tail short ; subcaudals single.
Australia.
1. Brachyaspis curta.
Naja curta, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 486 (1837), and Abbild. p. 140,
pl. xlviii. figs. 19 & 20 (1844).
Hoplocephalus curtus, part., Günth. Cat. p. 216 (1858).
— temporalis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862, p. 130,
pl. ix. fig. 11; Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 65, pl. vi. fig. 5 (1869).
Eye scarcely longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral a
little broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half to twice as long as
broad, broader than the supraocular, as long as or longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than
parietals; nasal in contact with or narrowly separated from the
single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+4 or 3+3; six
or seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows. Ventrals 128–136;
anal entire; subcaudals 30–35. Uniform olive-brown above,
yellowish beneath.
Total length 490 millim.; tail 70.
Western Australia.
WOL. III. 2A
354 COLUBRIDAE,
a—b. ? (W. 131, 134; C. N.W. Australia. Museum Godeffroy,
33, 32).
c. ºvigº; C. 80). Port Lincoln. G. Krefft, Esq.[P].
d—f 3 (V. 134; C, 35) & yg. S. Australia. Dr. Fleming [P].
(W. 128, 129; C. 34, § (Types of H. temporalis.)
g. Skull of c.
226. ACANTHOPHIS,
Acanthophis, Daud. Hist. Rept. v. p. 287 (1803); Wagl. Syst. Amph.
p. 172 (1830); Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 34 (1849); Dum. & Bibr. Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 1388 (1854); Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1859, p. 343;
Jan, Elenco sist. Oftā. p. 120 (1863); Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 79
(1869).
Ophryas, Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 146 (1820).
Vipera, part, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 573 (1837).
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs followed by two or three small teeth;
anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged, fang-like. Head dis-
tinct from neck; eye small, with vertically elliptic pupil; nostril
in the upper part of a single nasal; no loreal. Body stout, cylin-
drical; scales more or less distinctly keeled, without pits, in 21 or
23 rows; belly rounded. Tail short, compressed at the end and
terminating in a long spine turned upwards; anterior subcaudals
single, posterior in two rows.
Moluccas, Papuasia, Australia.
JFig. 25.
|
Ø
º:
º
º:
(ºr
Skull of Acanthophis antarcticus.
This skull is remarkable for the presence of a strong outer
process, directed downwards and backwards, on the ectopterygoid.
Such a process is present, but less developed, in some of the Hydro-
phinae (Hydrus, Distira).

226. ACANTHOPHIs. 355
1. Acanthophis antarcticus.
Merrem, Beitr. ii. p. 20, pl. xiii. (1790).
Boa antarctica, Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. ccc.ccxxxv. (1794).
— palpebrosa, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 362 (1802).
Acº. his cerastinus, Daud. Rept. v. p. 289, pl. lxvii. (1803);
§§ con. R. A., Rept. pl.xxii. (1844); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1889
(1854).
— brownii, Leach, Zool. Misc. i. pl. iii. (1814).
Ophryas acanthophis, Merr. Tent. p. 147 (1820).
vº Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 605, pl. xxi. figs. 21–23
(1837).
Acanthophis antarctica, Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 71 (1842), and Cat.
p. 34 (1849); Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 80, pl. x. & pl. xi. fig. 7
(1869); McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict, Dec. 2, p. 11, pl. xii. (1878);
Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus, Genova, xiii. 1878, p. 91; McCay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) iv., 1890, p. 893, pls. xxv-xxvii.;
Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 155.
laevis, Macleay, Proc. Linn, Soc. N. S. W. ii. 1877, p. 40;
Douglas Ogilby, Rec. Austral. Mus. i. 1890, p. 99.
— praelongus, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. 1877, p. 72.

Head with elevated sides, the lores very oblique. Eye much
shorter than its distance from the mouth. Rostral large, twice as
broad as deep, with horizontal edge, its upper portion measuring
one half to two thirds its distance from the frontal; internasals as
long as broad, or a little broader than long, as long as or shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal narrower than the supraocular, twice
as long as broad, as long as or a little shorter than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as or a little longer than the
parietals; supraocular often raised and angular, horn-like (Boa
palpebrosa, Shaw, A. laevis, Macl.).; upper head-shields more or less
rugose or striated; nasal large, in contact with the single prae-
ocular; two postoculars; two or three suboculars, separating the
eye from the labials; temporals 2–3+2–4; six or seven upper
labials; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 21 or 23 rows, dorsals more or less distinctly, sometimes
very faintly keeled. Wentrals 113–130; anal entire; subcaudals
41–51, the 5 to 27 last divided. Yellowish, reddish, or greyish
brown above, with more or less distinct dark cross-bands, with or
without small black spots; lips with black or blackish spots or bars;
sides spotted with black; belly yellowish white, uniform or more or
less spotted with brown or black; end of tail yellow or black.
Total length 850 millim.; tail 150.
Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia.
a. 6 (Sc. 21; W. 114; Ceram. Dr. Bleeker.
(3.46).
b–d. 6 (Sc. 21; W. 116; N. Ceram.
C. 50), Q (Sc. 21;
W. 120; C. 44), & yg.
(Sc.21; W. 121; C.?).
2 A 2
356 COLUBRIDAE,
e—i. 3 (Sc. 21; W. 115, Kei Ids. Capt. Langen [P].
115; C. 50, 46), Q
(Sc. 21; W. 119,119,
C. 45,43), & yg. (Sc.
21; W. 116; C. 45).
K. Q (Sc. 23; W. 126; New Guinea, South of Mr. Comrie [C].
C. 46). Huon Gulf.
l. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 21; W. Cape York. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
121; C. 51).
m. g (Sc. 23; W. 118; Cape York.
C. 48
).
n. Yg. (Sc. 21; W. 125; Cardwell, Queensland. H.M.S. Challenger.’
C. 45).
o. Yg. (Sc. 23; V. Gulf of Carpentaria. G. Krefft, Esq.[P].
118; C. 48). , ESq
p. 2 (Sc. 23; W. 130; Port Essington, Lord Derby [P].
Q. g gº 23; W. 131; N.W. Australia. Sir J. Richardson
7". §§. 21; W. 121; Sydney. gºn, Esq.[P].
S. g #. 21; W. 122; New South Wales. Major Bray [P.].
t. g #. 21; W. 123; New South Wales. G. Krefft, Esq. [P].
º §§, 21; W. 122, New South Wales. Imperial Institute
123; C. P., 48). [P.].
w. Q (Sc. 21; W. 115; Australia. Capt. Stokes [P.].
3. % ºl. 21; W. 119; —- ? (Boa aculeata, Shaw.)
$/, º º ſº (Sc. 21; V. —? Haslar Collection.
119 ; C. 48) & hgr.
Q (Sc. 23; W. 119;
C. 46).
a. Q skeleton. Australia. Dr. Bennett [P].
227. ELAPOGNATHUS.
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of moderately large grooved poison-fangs; no other maxillary teeth;
mandibular teeth subequal. Head small, not or but slightly distinct
from neck; eye moderate, with round pupil; nasal entire; no loreal.
Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals single.
Australia.
1. Elapognathus minor. (PLATE XIX. fig. 2.)
Hoplocephalus superbus, part, Günth. Cat. p. 217 (1858).
minor, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xii. 1863, p. 362; Krefft,
Sn. Austral. p. 67 (1869).
Eye much longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral as
deep as broad or a little broader than deep, the portion visible from
above measuring one third to one half its distance from the frontal;
228. BoulBNGERINA. - 357
internasals two thirds the length of the praefrontals; frontal once
and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, a little broader
than the supraocular, as long as or a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal
in contact with the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals
2+2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales finely striated, in 15 rows.
Wentrals 120–128; anal entire; subcaudals 52–60. Dark olive
above; some of the sutures between the upper labials black; a
black occipital blotch in the young; yellowish or greyish olive
beneath, the ventrals black at the base.
Total length 460 millim.; tail 95.
South-west Australia.

a. Q (W. 123; C. 55). Swan River. Haslar Collection. Y
b. 3 (V. 124; C. 60). Swan River. |
c—e. 6 (V. 125; C. 58), S. Australia. >(Types.)
Q(V. 128; C.52), &
hgr. (V. 120; C. 52).
f. 3 (W. 125; C. 58). S. Australia. Dr. Fleming [P.].
g. Skull of c.
228. BOULENGERINA.
Boulengerina, Dollo, Bull. Mus. Belg. iv. 1886, p. 159; Bouleng.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 866.
Maxillary bone extending forwards as far as the palatine, with
a pair of large grooved poison-fangs followed by three or four small
teeth; mandibular teeth, anterior longest. Head not distinct from
neck; eye small, with round pupil; nostril between two nasals;
no loreal. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 21
rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.
Central Africa.
1. Boulengerina stormsi.
Boulengerina stormsi, Dollo, Bull. Mus. Belg. iv. 1886, p. 160, fig. ;
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 866, pl. xlviii.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad, the portion visible from above
measuring half its distance from the frontal; internasals shorter
and a little broader than the praefrontals, extensively in contact
with the praeocular; frontal small, slightly longer than broad, as
broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from the rostral,
slightly more than half the length of the parietals; posterior nasal
in contact with the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals
1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fourth,
fifth, and sixth in contact with the lower postocular, third and sixth
deepest; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are much longer than the posterior. Scales in 21 rows.
'Wentrals 193; anal entire; subcaudals 67. Brown above; four
358 COLUBRIDAE.
black cross-bars on the nape and neck, the second and third forming
complete rings, followed by five irregular black spots; further
back, the body darker brown with the scales black-edged; tail
black; belly white anteriorly, brown further back, with the shields
black-edged, blackish brown towards the tail. º
Total length 240 millim.; tail 85.
Lake Tanganyika.
229. ELAPECHIS.
Elapsoidea", Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i. 1866, p. 70; Peters, Mon.
Berl. Ac. 1880, p. 797. t
Maxillary bone extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a
pair of large grooved poison-fangs followed by two to four small
teeth; mandibular teeth, anterior longest. Head not distinct from
neck; eye small, with round pupil; nostril between two nasals;
no loreal. Body cylindrical; scales oblique, smooth, without pits,
in 13 or 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail very short; subcaudals
all or most in two rows.
Tropical and South Africa.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 13 rows.
A. Snout broadly rounded.
1. First lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the
symphysial.
Internasals much shorter than the prae-
frontals ; frontal at least three fourths
the length of the parietals. . . . . . . . . . . . 1. guentheri, p. 359.
Internasals three fourths the length of the
praefrontals; frontal two thirds the length
of the parietals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. niger, p. 359.
2. Symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields.
3. hessit, p. 360.
B. Snout obtusely pointed.
Portion of rostral visible from above nearly
half as long as its distance from the
frontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. decostéri, p. 360.
Portion of rostral visible from above as
long as its distance from the frontal.... 5. Sundevallii, p. 360.
II. Scales in 15 rows . . . . . . . . • e e o e o 'º e 6. boulengeri, p. 361.
* The correct form would be Elapoidea, which name is preoccupied
(Elapoides, Boie).
229. ELAPECHIs. 359
1. Elapechis guentheri.
Elapsoidea guentheri, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i. p. 1866, p. 70, pl. i.
fig. 3, and iv. 1873, p. 224; Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix.
1884, p. 201; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 82; Günth. Ann.
& Mag. N. H. (6) xv. 1895, p. 525, pl.xxi. fig. C.; Bocage, Herp.
Angola, p. 129, pl. xiv. fig. 3 (1895).
— semiannulata, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. viii. 1882, p. 303.
Snout rounded. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible
from above measuring about one third its distance from the frontal;
internasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a
half as long as broad, as long as or longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; posterior
nasal in contact with, or narrowly separated from, the single prae-
ocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye, sixth largest; three or four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are separated
from the symphysial; posterior chin-shields nearly as large as the
anterior. Scales in 13 rows. Wentrals 142–166; anal entire;
subcaudals 13–25, all or most in two rows. Whitish or grey above,
with black, white-edged cross-bands, or blackish with whitish
cross-bars or lines formed by the edges of some of the scales; lower
parts dirty white or brownish, grey, or blackish.
Total length 520 millim. ; tail 50.
Gaboon, Congo, Angola, Central Africa.
a. 3 (V. 153; C. 25). Stanley Pool.
b. Hgr. (V.166; C. 25). Foot of Mt. Ruwenzori. Scott Elliot, Esq.[P].
c. Yg. (V. 143; C. 21). Shiré Highlands, Sir H. H. Johnston
[P.].
2. Elapechis niger. (PLATE XX. fig. 1.)
Elapsoidea nigra, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 332;
Werner, Verh, zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xlv. 1895, p. 193.
Snout rounded. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible
from above measuring about one fourth its distance from the
frontal; internasals three fourths the length of the praefrontals;
frontal once and one third as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, two thirds the length of the parietals;
posterior nasal in contact with the single praeocular; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye, sixth largest ; three lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are separated from the symphysial;
posterior chin-shields as large as the anterior. Scales in 13 rows.
Wentrals 153; anal entire ; subcaudals 16–20. Black above and
below; lower surface of head and anterior ventrals whitish. Young
with transverse series of white dots. -
Total length 420 millim.; tail 30.
Zanzibar.
a. Q (W. 158; C. 16). Ushambola. Sir J. Kirk [C]. (Type.)
360 * COLUERIDAE.
3. Elapechis hessii.
Elapsoidea hessei, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1887, p. 651, and Ber. Senck.
Ges. 1888, p. 83, pl. ii. fig. 6.
Snout rounded. Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible
from above about half as long as its distance from the frontal; inter-
nasals one third the length of the praefrontals; frontal a little
longer than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; posterior nasal in contact with the
single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are extensively in
contact with the symphysial; posterior chin-shields as large as
the anterior. Scales in 13 rows. Wentrals 147; anal entire ;
subcaudals 22. Greyish above, with black cross-bars, much
narrower than the interspaces between them, narrowing down the
sides; a series of black spots on each side, between the cross-bars;
a large black blotch on the nape, produced as a streak along the
suture between the parietal shields; lower parts white.
Total length 160 millim.; tail 12.
Banana, Congo.
4. Elapechis decosteri.
Elº decosteri, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) ii. 1888,
P. g
Snout obtusely pointed. Rostral broader than deep, the portion
visible from above measuring nearly half its distance from the
frontal; internasals half as long as the praefrontals; frontal once
and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; posterior nasal in contact
with, or narrowly separated from, the single praeocular; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye, sixth largest ; three lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are separated from the symphysial;
posterior chin-shields a little longer than the anterior. Scales in
13 rows. Wentrals 138–142; anal entire; subcaudals 25–26.
Dark grey above, each scale edged with black; outer row of scales
and lower parts white.
Total length 380 millim. ; tail 38.
Delagoa Bay.
a. 9 (V. 142; C. 26). Delagoa Bay. South African Museum [P].
5. Elapechis sundevallii.
Elaps sunderwallii, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept, pl. lxvi. (1848).
Elapsoidea sundevallii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1880, p. 797, pl. —.
fig. 2.
Snout obtusely pointed. Rostral large, the portion visible from
230. RHYNCHELAPs. 361
above as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals much
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and one third as long as
broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parietals; posterior nasal in contact
with the single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, sixth largest.
Scales in 13 rows. Wentrals 163; anal entire; subcaudals 22.
Reddish brown above, with yellow cross-bands, the scales on which
are edged with reddish brown; upper lip, outer row of scales, and
lower parts yellow.
Total length 510 millim.; tail 43.
Caffraria.
6. Elapechis boulengeri.
Elapsoidea boulengeri, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1895, p. 62.
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals hardly
half as long as the praefrontals; frontal once and one third as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, much
shorter than the parietals; posterior nasal in contact with the
single praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are separated
from the symphysial; posterior chin-shields as long as or slightly
longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 141;
anal entire; subcaudals 20. Black above, with narrow white cross-
bars; head white, black along the suture between the parietal
shields; blackish grey beneath.
Total length 170 millim.; tail 14.
Zambesi.
230. RHYNCHELAPS.

Rhynchoelaps, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 518, and Prodr.
Icon. Gén. p. 7 (1859).
Simoselaps, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 123, and Prodr. p. 16.
Brachyurophis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xi. 1863, p. 21;
Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 51 (1869).
Elaps, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 112 (1863).
Pseudelaps, part., Jan, l.c. p. 116.
Rhinelaps, Günth. Ann. & }ag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 33.
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine ; a pair
of moderately large grooved poison-fangs, and two small teeth
near the posterior extremity of the maxillary; mandibular teeth,
anterior longest. Head small, not distinct from neck, with more or
less projecting snout ; eye small, with vertically elliptic pupil;
nostril in a single nasal; no loreal. Body short, cylindrical;
scales Smooth, without pits, in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail very short; subcaudals in two rows.
Australia.
362 COLUBRIDAE.
The praefrontal bones are produced posteriorly over the orbit,
reaching the parietals in R. semifasciatus. A small outer process is
present on the ectopterygoid in R. bertholdi.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 15 rows; rostral much broader than deep; nasal in
contact with the praeocular; ventrals 112–126.
1. bertholdi, p. 362.
II. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 143–170.
A. Nasal in contact with the praeocular; upper portion of rostral
longer than its distance from the frontal.
Frontal a little longer than broad, twice as
broad as the Supraocular. . . . . . . . . . . . 2. australis, p. 363.
Frontal as broad as long, at least thrice as
broad as the supraocular. . . . . . . . . . . . 3. semifasciatus, p. 363.
B. Nasal widely separated from the praeocular; upper portion of
rostral a little shorter than its distance from the frontal.
4. fasciolatus, p. 364.
1. Rhynchelaps bertholdi”.
Elaps bertholdi, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 123, Prodr. p. 16,
pl. B (1859), and Icon. Gén. 43, pl. ii. fig. 5 (1873).
Vermicella bertholdi, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865,
p. 89; Zietz, Tr. R. Soc. S. Austral. x. 1888, p. 300; Douglas
Ogilby, Rec. Austral. Mus. i. 1890, p. 80.
Elaps mattazoi, Ferreira, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. (2) ii. 1891, p. 93.
Snout much depressed, moderately prominent, with obtusely
angular edge. Eye measuring about two thirds its distance from
the mouth. Rostral much broader than deep, obtuse-angled behind,
its upper portion one half to three fourths as long as its distance
from the frontal; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
once and a half to twice as long as broad, a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal elongate and in contact with the praeocular, which is widely
separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+1,
anterior sometimes descending to the edge of the mouth ; six
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields in contact with each other or separated by one scale. Scales
in 15 rows. Wentrals 112–126; anal divided ; subcaudals 15–25.
Yellowish, with 19 to 40 black annuli, which are usually narrower
than the interspaces; head speckled with brown, with a large dark
blotch on the parietals and temples. -
Total length 270 millim. ; tail 22.
Southern and Western Australia.
* Type (Göttingen Museum) examined.
230. RHYNCHELAPs. 363
y
a. Yg. (V. 118; C. 22). Adelaide. Rev. T. E. Lea [P.].
b. ? (W. 119; C. 15). Swan R. Sir A. Smith [P.].
c—d, d (W. 121; C. 23) & Swan R.
Q (V, 126; C. 16).
e. Q (W. 116; C. 20). Perth. Mr. Duboulay [C.].
f. Yg. (V. 120; C. 19). Geraldton, W. Aus- Mr. E. H. Saunders
§ tralia. [C.].
g—i. 3 (W. 117, 120; C. 21, Australia.
24) & hgr. (W. 117; C. 21).
k. Skull of d.
2. Rhynchelaps australis.

Simotes australis, Krefft, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1864, p. 180.
Brachyurophis australis, Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865,
p.97, and (4) ix. 1872, p. 38; Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 52, pl. xi.
fig. 3 (1869).
Snout very prominent, obtusely pointed, with sharp horizontal
edge. Eye a little shorter than its distance from the mouth.
Rostral as deep as broad, its upper portion forming an acute angle
behind and longer than its distance from the frontal; internasals as
long as the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad, twice as
broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, as long as the parietals; nasal elongate, in contact with
the praeocular, which is widely separated from the frontal; two
postoculars; temporals 1+1; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are very small; posterior chin-shields indistinct.
Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 152–163; anal divided ; subcaudals
18–20. Red above, with ill-defined cross-bars formed of yellowish,
black-edged scales; a blackish cross-band on the head, involving the
eyes, and another on the nape; snout and occiput yellowish; lower
parts whitish.
Total length 290 millim. ; tail 25.
Queensland.
a. Q (W. 152; C. 20). Clarence R. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.].
3. Rhynchelaps semifasciatus.
Brachyurophis semifasciata, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xi.
1863, p. 21, pl. iii, fig, B, and xv. 1865, p. 97.
Pseudoelaps rhinostomus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 43, pl. vi. fig, 1 (1873).
Furina rhinostoma, F. Müll. Verh. Wat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1865,
p. 692.
Snout very prominent, obtusely pointed, with sharp horizontal
edge. Eye measuring about two thirds its distance from the
mouth. Rostral as deep as broad, its upper portion forming an
acute angle behind and longer than its distance from the frontal;
internasals as long as or shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as
long as broad, at least thrice as broad as the supraocular, as long as
364 COLUBRIDAE.
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little longer
than the parietals; nasal elongate, in contact with the praeocular,
which is narrowly separated from the frontal; two postoculars;
temporals 1+1; five or six upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are very small; posterior chin-shields indistinct,
Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 143–170; anal divided; subcaudals
17–25. Yellowish above, with brown cross-bands; a large brown
blotch on the head, covering the frontal, supraoculars, and parietals,
and arrother on the nape ; lower parts white.
Total length 300 millim ; tail 30.
West Australia.
a—b. 3 (V. 143; C. 22) & hgr. West Australia? (Types.)
(W. 154; C. 22).
c—d. Yg. (V. 168, 161; West Australia. Mr. Duboulay [C].
C. 19, 25).
e-f. 3 (V. 150; C. 23) & 2 Chapman R., W. Mr. E. H. Saunders
(W. 170; C. 17). Australia. [C.].
g. Skull off.
4. Rhynchelaps fasciolatus.
Rhinelaps fasciolatus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 34,
pl. v. fig. B.
Vermicella fasciata, Stirling & Zietz, Tr. R. Soc. S. Austral. xvi
1893, p. 175, pl. vi. fig. 4.
Snout much depressed, prominent, rounded, with angular edge.
Eye measuring two thirds its distance from the mouth. Rostral
large, broader than deep, obtuse-angled behind, the portion visible
from above a little shorter than its distance from the frontal; inter-
nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and one fourth to
once and a half as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals : nasal widely separated from the praeocular, which nearly
reaches the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+1; six upper
labials, second and third in contact with the praefrontal, third and
fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields; an azygous scale between the four chin-
shields, which are small. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 145–161;
anal divided; Subcaudals 22–27. Reddish above, with numerous
transverse series of blackish-brown spots, the anterior of which are
confluent into cross-bars; a large blackish-brown blotch on the head,
from the posterior part of the praefrontals to the posterior border of
the parietals; two broad blackish-brown cross-bands on the nape;
uniform white beneath.
Total length 335 millim. ; tail 30.
West Australia. -
a. Q (V. 161; C. 22). Perth. Mr. Duboulay [C.]. (Type.)
231. BUNGARUs. 365
231. BUNGARUS.
Pseudoboa, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 281 (1801).
Bungarus, Daud. Hist. Rept. v. p. 263 (1803); Schleg. Phys. Serp.
ii. p. 456 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1265 (1854);
Günth. Cat. Col. Sh. p. 219 (1858); Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 117
(1863); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 342 (1864); Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept, p. 387 (1890).
Pseudoboa, Oppel, Ordn. Rept. p. 68 (1811).
Aspidoclonion, Wagler, Icon. Amph. (1828), and Syst, Amph.
p. 192 (1830).
Megaerophis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (2) iv. 1849, p. 247; Günth.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 346.
Xenurelaps, Günth. l. c. p. 345.
Maxillary extending forwards as far as the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs followed by one to four small feebly
grooved teeth; mandibular teeth, anterior longest and faintly
grooved. Head not or but slightly distinct from neck; eye small,
Fig. 26.
Fº
W
º
Skull of Bungarus candidus.
with round or vertically subelliptic pupil; nostril between two
nasals; no loreal *. Scales smooth, oblique, without pits, in 13 to
17 rows, vertebral row enlarged, hexagonal; ventrals rounded.
Tail moderate or short ; subcaudals single or in two rows.
South-eastern Asia.
* Mr. W. L. Sclater records a specimen of B. bungaroides with a well-marked
loreal shield on either side.










366 COLUBRIDAE.
- Synopsis of the Species.
I. Subcaudals single; scales in 15 (rarely 17) rows.
A. A dorsal ridge; tail ending very obtusely; anterior temporal
shield scarcely longer than deep ... 1. fasciatus, p. 366.
B. No dorsal ridge; tail tapering to a point; anterior temporal
much longer than deep. *
Frontal little longer than broad; rostral a
little broader than deep; vertebral scales
strongly enlarged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. ceylonicus, p. 367.
Frontal longer than broad; rostral con-
siderably broader than deep ; vertebral
scales strongly enlarged . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. candidus, p. 368.
Frontal longer than broad; rostral nearly
as deep as broad; vertebral scales feebly
enlarged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. lividus, p. 370.
II. Subcaudals in pairs, or partly single partly in pairs.
Scales in 15 rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. bungaroides, p.370.
Scales in 13 rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. flaviceps, p. 371.
1. Bungarus fasciatus.
** ii. pl. lviii, fig. 2 (1735); Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. iii.
Pseudoboa fasciata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 283 (1801).
Boa fasciata, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 353 (1802).
Bungarus annularis, Daud. Rept. v. p. 265, pl. lxv. figs. 1 & 3
(1803); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 457, pl. xvi. figs, 21 & 22 (1837),
and Abbild. pl. xviii. figs. 1–5 (1839); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1269
(1854); Jan, Icon. Gén. 44, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1873).
fasciatus, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 113 (1847); Günth. Cat.
p. 221 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 343 (1864); Fayrer,
Thanatoph. Ind. pl. ix. (1874); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 216 (1876); Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1885, p. 16, and
1888, p. 86; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 388 (1890).
Rostral much broader than deep, visible from above; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, as long as
or longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or
a little shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars;
temporals 1+2, anterior scarcely longer than deep; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of short, sub-
equal chin-shields. An obtuse keel or ridge along the back and
tail; latter ending very obtusely. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals
much enlarged, broader than long. Wentrals 200–234 ; anal
entire ; subcaudals single, 23–39. Bright yellow, with black annuli
as broad as the interspaces between them or broader; a black band,
widening behind, on the head and nape, beginning between the eyes
snout brown.
231. BUNGARUs. 367
Total length 1450 millim.; tail 130.
Bengal, Southern India, Assam, Burma, Southern China, Indo-
China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java.
a. Yg. (V. 220; C. 36). Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C].
b. 3 (V. 228; C. 37). Bengal. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
c. Yg. (V. 225; C. 33). India. W. Masters, Esq º!
d. Yg. (V. 218; C. 37). Ruby Mines, Upper Major Bingham [P.].
Burma.
e, f-g. 6 (V. 213; C. Toungoo. E. W. Oates, Esq.[P].
28) & 2 (V. 217, 204;
C. 26, 23).
h. 3 (V. 216; C. 33). S. China. J. C. Bowring, Esq.[P].
i. 9 (V. 222; C. 34). Siam. wº# Newman, Esq.
K. 3 (V. 220; C. 37). Siam. sº Schomburgk
l. 9 (V. 227; C. 34). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
m. G (W. 234; C. 39). Deli, Sumatra. Mr. Iversen [C].
n. Hgr. (V. 207; C. 36). Java. A. Scott, Esq. #)
o. 3 skeleton. India.
2. Bungarus ceylonicus. (PLATE XIX. fig. 3.)
Bungarus fasciatus, var. B., Günth. Cat, p. 221 (1858).
— ceylonicus, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 344 (1864); Theob. Cat.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 216 (1876); F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel,
viii. 1887, p. 276; Bouleng. Fawn. Ind., Rept, p. 388 (1890).
Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than
broad, as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end
of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two
postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; two pairs of short, subequal chin-shields, the
anterior in contact with three lower labials. Scales in 15 rows,
vertebrals much enlarged, broader than long. Wentrals 219–235;
anal entire; subcaudals single, 33–40. Black, with whitish annuli
which may be very indistinct and broken up on the back in the
adult ; lower parts uniform white in the young.
Total length 1000 millim.; tail 90.
Ceylon.
a, b, c, d, e,f, g, h. 3 (V. Ceylon. - ~
235, 229, 234; C. 35, 36,
39), hgr. (V. 219, 226;
C. 36, 38), & yg. (V. 225,
228, 227; C. 40, 35, 36).
i. Yg. (V. 226; C. 33). Ceylon. R. Templeton, Esq. [P.].
k. º and ant, part Ceylon. Capt. Gascoigne [P.
of body. .. *
l. 3 (W. 224; C. 37). Ceylon. W. Ferguson, Esq. [P].
i
o
368 COLUBRIDAE.
3. Bungarus candidus.
sº Thes, ii. pl. lvi. figs. 1, 3, 4 (1785); Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. i.
(1796).
cº candidus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 33, pl. vii. º 1 (1754),
and S. N. i. p. 384 (1766); Daud. Rept. vi. p. 288 (1803).
Pseudoboa caerulea, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 284 (1801).
—— krait, Schneid. l.c. p. 288.
Boa lineata, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 356 (1802).
Bungarus cæruleus, Daud. Rept. v. p. 270, pl. lxv. fig. 2 (1803);
Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1273 (1854); Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
xxxix. 1870, p. 209; Jan, Icon. Gén. 44, pl. iii. figs, 2 & 3 (1873);
Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. x. (1874); Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 387
(1884); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 388 (1890); W. Sclater,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 1891, p. 245.
semifasciatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 552; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 459, pl. xvi., figs, 18–20 (1837), and Abbild, p. 38, pl. xviii.
figs. 6-10 (1839); Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1271; Günth. Cat.
p. 221 (1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind p. 344 (1864); Jan, l.c. pl. ii.
fig. 4; Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1885, p. 16; F. Müll. Verh.
Nat. Ges. Basel, viii. 1887, p. 276.
Aspidoclonion semifasciatum, Wagl. Icon. Amph. pl. ii. (1828).
Bungarus candidus, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 113 (1847).
arcuatus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1272.
— lineatus, Günth. Cat. p. 219. tº
— multicinctus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc, Beng. xxix. 1861, p. 98;
Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1888, p. 86.
caeruleus, part., Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 343; Theob. Cat.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 215 (1876).
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above ; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1 or 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of sub-
equal chin-shields, anterior in contact with three (rarely four) lower
labials. Scales in 15 (rarely 17) rows, vertebrals much enlarged,
broader than long on the hinder half of the body. Wentrals 195–
237; anal entire; subcaudals single, 37–56. Dark brown or bluish-
black above, with narrow transverse white streaks or with small
white spots, or alternately barred with dark brown and yellow;
lower parts uniform white.
Total length 1080 millim.; tail 160.
India, Burma, Southern China, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula,
Java, Celebes.
A. Forma TYPICA (C. candidus, L., B. semifasciatus, Boie).-27–
34 dark brown or blackish bars on the body and tail, the first
continuous with the dark colour of the head, narrowed and
rounded on the sides; separated by broad yellowish-white
interspaces, which may be spotted with black.
a—e. 3 (V. 215, 216, Java. Lidth de Jeude Collection.
215, 212; C. 49, 48,
50,46) & 2 (W.222;
C. 45).
231. BUNGABUs. 369
(V. 210; C. 42).
(V. 217; C. 46).
f Q
9. d.
h. Hgr. (V. 217; C. 42).
Java. A. Scott, Esq. [P.].
Java. Dr. Ploem [C].
Manado, Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].
B. War. Mulronotus—As in the preceding, but the dark bars
more numerous, 42–60, and the light interspaces narrower.
(V. 213; C. 50).
(W. 214; C.46).
a. d.
b. 6
c. 2 (W. 207; C. 46).
d. 9 (V. 216 ; C. 44).
e—f Q (V. 210; C. 50)
% hgr. (V. 198; C.
g. 3'v. 221; C. 52).
Toungoo. E. W. Oates, Esq. [...]
Mountains North of A. E. Pratt, Esq. [C.[.
Kiu Kiang. *
Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C].
Hoi How, Hainan. J. Neumann, Esq. [P.].
China. -
— ? Haslar Collection.
C. War. CAERULEUs.—Dark brown to bluish-black above, with narrow
transverse white streaks, which may be disposed in pairs, or
with small white spots.
This variety is almost completely
connected with the preceding.
a. Yg. (V. 195; C. 39).
b. ? (Sc. 17; W. 237;
C. 49
c. Hg (v.207; C.45).
d. 9 (V. 201; C. 48).
e. Q (W. 207; C. 54).
f—h, i. 2 (W. 225, 209;
C. 51, 48) & yg.
W. i., §6, c. 35.
49
K. 3 (v. 220; C. 48).
l. Hgr. (V.208; C. 47).
", º (W. 200; C.
n—o. 3 (V. 215, 219;
C. % % C
p. 3 (V. ; C. 45).
q, r, s. 3 (V. 204; C.
47) & hgr. (V. 200,
211; C. 51,49).
t. G (W. 205; C. 53).
w—w, G (W. 205; C.
50) & hgr. (V. 214,
; 219; C. 56,47,
).
. Q (W. 215; C. 46).
3/ 㺠2 )
3.
WOL. III.
Sind.
Dr. Leith [P].
Umarkot, Sind. H.
E. atson, Esq.
sº #. St. John [C.];
Ajmere, Rajputana.
- W. T. Blanford, Esq.
P.T.
Gwalior. - cº, Esq. [E].
Benares. Dr. Sayer É. e
Bombay. Dr. Leith ſR.].
Matheran. Dr. Leith [P.],
Deccan. Col. Sykes [C.].
Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.].
Trevandrum, Travan- H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
COre. e Ie
India. Dr. P. Russell .#
India. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
India.
Malay Peninsula. Dr. Cantor.
Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
India.
370 COLUBRIDAE.
4. Bungarus lividus.
Bungarus lividus, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 82; Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept. p. 389 (1890); W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx.
1891, p. 246. -
— candidus, var. lividus, Cantor, Cat, Mal. Rept, p. 113 (1847).
lineatus, var. C, Günth. Cat, p. 219 (1858).
caeruleus, part., Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 343 (1864); Anders,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 189; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 215
(1876).
Rostral nearly as deep as broad, visible from above; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields, anterior
longest and in contact with three lower labials. Scales in 15 rows,
vertebrals but feebly enlarged and not broader than long. Wentrals
212–225 ; anal entire ; subcaudals single, 37–56. Uniform black
or brown above; upper lip white; lower parts white or pale brown.
Total length 940 millim. ; tail 100.
Assam, Bengal.
a—c. 3 (V. 215; C. 37) & yg. Assam. East India Co. [P.].
(V. 214, 212; C. 40, 37).
d. Hgr. (V. 212; C. 42). India. Gen. Hardwicke [P].
5. Bungarus bungaroides. (PLATE XVIII. fig. 5.)
Elaps bungaroides, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 33.
Xenurelaps bungaroides, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 345 (1864);
Jerdon, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, p. 82; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p.215 (1876); Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. 1879, p. 131.
Bungarus bungaroides, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 389 (1890);
W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 1891, p. 246.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of short,
subequal chin-shields, the anterior in contact with three labials.
Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals mnch enlarged, broader than long on
the hinder half of the body. Wentrals 220-237; anal entire;
subcaudals 44–51, all in pairs, or a few of the anterior single.
Black, with white (yellow 2) transverse lines, the anterior angular
and pointing forwards; these lines widen beneath, forming broad
bands across the belly; a yellow line across the snout and a curved
one on each side, from the frontal shield to behind the angle of the
mouth ; a third from the postoculars to the lip.
Total length 800 millim.; tail 100.
Khasi hills and Darjeeling.
231. BUNGARUs. 371
a. Hgr. (V. 237; C, 46). Cherra Pungi, Khasi Dr. Cantor. (Type)
b. ? (W. 233; C. 51). pºis. 6800 ft. W. É. Blanford, Esq.
c. Yg. (V. 220; C. 44). Darjeeling. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
6. Bungarus flaviceps.
Bungarus flaviceps, Reinh. Widensk. Selsk. Skrift. x. 1843, p. 267,
l. iii. fig. 4; Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 112 (1847); Dum. &
ibr. vii. p. 1274 (1854); Günth. Cat, p. 221 (1858).
Megaerophis formosus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (2) iv. 1849, p. 247.
— flaviceps, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 346 (1864); Tirant, Rept.
Cochinch. p. 38 (1885); W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 1891,
p. 245.
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals much
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as broad as long or slightly
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals
1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye;
three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals
strongly enlarged. Ventrals 193–226; anal entire; subcaudals
42–54, partly single, partly double. Black above, with or without
a yellow vertebral line, two outer rows of scales black and yellow;
head red or yellow; tail and sometimes posterior part of body orange-
red.
Total length 1850 millim.; tail 220.
Tenasserim, Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo,
Java.
A. Body uniform black above, brown below ; posterior part of body
and tail red.
a. Q (W. 220; C. P). Sumatra. Zoological Society.
B. A series of small yellow dots along the vertebral line; a yellow
lateral streak along the two outer rows of scales; belly brown;
tail red; an elongate black marking on the back of the head.
a. Yg. (W. 207; C. 54). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
b. Yg. (V. 193; C. 48). Java. Dr. Ploem [C.].
C. A yellow vertebral stripe; a yellow lateral streak; belly yellow,
the shields edged with brown; posterior part of body and tail
uniform red.
a, b. 3 (W. 219; C. 52) Sarawak Sir J. Brooke [P.].
& yg. (V. 217; C. 51). ("gº of M. formosus.)
ir H. Low [P].
c, d. 3 y 226, 225; C. Sarawak
9
2 B 2
372 COLUBRIDAE.
D. Anterior half of body as in C; posterior half of body and tail
red, with pairs of black annuli enclosing a yellowish-white,
black-spotted area.
a. Q (V. 206; C. 42). Kina Balu,N. Borneo. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
232. NAIA.
Naja, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 90 (1768); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii.
p. 1275 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 220 (1858); Jan, Elenco
sist. Oftd. p. 119 (1863); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 388 (1864);
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 390 (1890).
|
- gº
&
- §
º
' sºsº
Skull of Naia tripudians.
Uraeus, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 173 (1830).
Aspis, Wagl. l. c.
Tomyris, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 171 (1831).
Hamadryas (non Hübn.), Cantor, Asiat. Res. xix. 1836, p. 87;
Günth. Cat, p. 218.

232. NAIA. - 373
Naja, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 461 (1837).
Trimeresurus, part, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1244; Jan, l.c. p. 118.
Pseudohaje, Günth. Cat. p. 222.
Ophiophagus, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 340.
Maxillary extending beyond the palatine, with a pair of large
grooved poison-fangs, and one to three small, faintly grooved
teeth near its posterior extremity ; mandibular teeth, anterior
longest. Head not or but slightly distinct from neck; eye moderate
or rather large, with round pupil; nostril between two nasals and
the internasal; no loreal. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without
pits, disposed obliquely, in 15–25 rows (or more on the neck);
ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals all or greater part in
two roWS. • . -
Africa and Southern Asia.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 19–35 rows on the neck, which is more or less dilatable.
A. 17–25 scales across the middle of the body.
1. Sixth or seventh upper labial largest and deepest, in contact
with postoculars.
Eye separated from the labials by sub-
oculars ; rostral as deep as broad or
slightly broader than deep . . . . . . . . . . 1. haie, p. 374.
Third and fourth labials entering the eye;
rostral as deep as broad . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. flava, p. 376.
Third and fourth labials entering the eye;
rostral considerably broader than deep. 3. melanoleuca, p. 376.
2. Third upper labial deepest, sixth and seventh not in contact
with postoculars.
Rostral once and a half as broad as deep;
usually six upper labials ; posterior
chin-shields much narrower than the
anterior and widely separated from each
other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. nigricollis, p. 378.
Rostral once and one fourth to once and a
half as broad as deep ; seven upper
labials; posterior chin-shields as broad
as the anterior and in contact with each
other or narrowly separated in front .. 5. tripudians, p. 380.
Rostral once and two thirds as broad as
deep ; usually seven upper labials ;
posterior chin-shields as broad as the
anterior and in contact with each other
in front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Samarensis, p. 385.
374 COLUBRIDAE.
B. 15 scales across the middle of the body; a pair of large shields
behind the parietals . . . . . . . . . . 7. bungarus, p. 386.
II. Scales in 15 or 17 rows on the neck.
Rostral as deep as broad; eye separated
from the labials by a series of sub-
oculars; scales in 17 rows on the body. 8. anchietae, p. 387.
Rostral broader than deep; fourth or third
and fourth labials entering the eye;
scales in 15 rows on the body . . . . . . 9. goldii, p. 387.
Rostral broader than deep; third and fourth
labials entering the eye; scales in 13
rows on the body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. guentheri, p. 388.
1. Naia haie.
Seba, Thes. ii. pl. xv. fig. 1 (1735).
Coluber haje, Linn. in Hasselg. Reise Palest. p. 366 (1762), and S. N.
i. p. 387 (1766); Forsk. Deser. Anim. p. 14 (1775).
niveus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 384.
Cerastes candidus, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 83 (1768).
Coluber candidissimus, Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 76 & 118 (1789).
Vipera nivea, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 39 (1803).
— haje, Daud. t. c. p. 41; I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Rept. p. 157
pl. º figs. 2, 4, & 5 (1827), and Suppl. p. 184, pl. iii. £3. y
Naja haje, Merr. Tent, p. 148 (1820); Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859,
p. 129; Peters, Reise m. Mossamb. iii. p. 137, pl. xx, figs, 7 & 8
(1882); Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xiii. 1883, p. 104; Tristram, Faun.
*; p. 146 (1884); Valery Mayet, C.R. Ac. So, xcviii. 1884,
º J,
p haje, part, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1298; A. Dum. Rev. & Mag.
200l. 1856, p. 554.
haje, var. annulifera, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 624;
Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891, p. 152.
haje, var. A, Günth. Cat, p. 226 (1858).
haje, var, viridis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1873, p. 411, pl. i.
fig. 1; Reichen. Arch. f. Nat. 1874, p. 293.


Eye moderate, two fifths to one half the length of the snout.
Rostral a deep as broad or slightly broader than deep, its upper
portion measuring one half to two thirds its distance from the frontal;
internasals as long as the praefrontals; frontal once and one fifth
to once and a half as long as broad, as broad as the supraocular,
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, one half to
two fifths the length of the parietals; one or several more or less
enlarged occipital shields behind the parietals; one praeocular, not
in contact with the internasal; two or three postoculars; two or
three suboculars, separating the eye from the labials; temporals
1+2 or 3; seven (rarely eight) upper labials, third deeper than
fourth, sixth (or seventh) largest and in contact with the lower
postocular; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields; posterior chin-shields nearly as long as but narrower than
the anterior, and separated from each other by scales. 21–23 scales
across the neck, 19–21 across the middle of the body. Wentrals
232. NAIA. - 375
191—214; anal entire; subcaudals 53–64. Yellowish or olive to
dark brown or black above, uniform or with darker or lighter spots;
lower parts yellowish, with a brown or black band on the neck, or
dark brown to blackish ; head sometimes blackish.
Total length 1180 millim. ; tail 290.
Countries bordering the Sahara; Southern Palestine; East Africa,
southwards to Mozambique.
A. Brown above, yellowish beneath, with or without brown spots.
a. Hgr. (Sc. ; ; W. 202; Beltim, between Rosetta Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
C. 64). and Damietta.
b. Yg. (Sc. #; V. 207, Gizeh. Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
C. 61).
c—d. 6 (Sc. #; V, 197; Fayoum. Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
C. 61) & 2 (Sc. #;
W. 205; C. 56).
e. Yg. (Sc. #; W. 211; Maryut. Dr. J. Anderson [P].
C. 63). -
21
f Q (Sc. ii; W. 208; Beni Hassan, Upper Dr. J. Anderson &
C. 64). 212 2 Egypt. , Up W. M. Blackden,
Esq. [P.].
9. 3 (Sc. #; W. 204; Tel-el-Amarna, Upper Dr. J. Anderson [P].
C. 63). Egypt.
h. Q (Sc. #; W. 209; Egypt. J. Burton, Esq. [P.].
C. 63).
i-lm. 3 (Sc.; ; #, Egypt. Sir J. G. Wilkinson
V. 197, 200,208; C. [P.J.
#62. 69) & 2 (se.
#; W. 214; C. 53).
n. 2 (Sc.; W. 209; —?
C. 58).
o, Skull. Egypt.
B. Dark brown above, with yellowish spots; dark brown beneath.
a. 3 (Sc. #; W. 205; Beni Hassan, Upper Dr. J. Anderson &
C. P). Egypt. *. **
b. 3 (Sc. #; v. 1995 — ? Zoological Society.
C. P).
C. Blackish brown above and beneath.
a. 2 (Sc.; W. 200; Morocco. Zoological Society.
C. 58).
376 COLUBRIDAE.
2. Naia flava.
§º Reise Afr. p. 190 (1784).
ipera (Echidna) flava, Merr. Tent, p. 154 (1820).
Naja nivea, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 557.
haje, var., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 471, pl. xvii. figs, 4 & 5
(1837); Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 129.
— nigra, Smith, Mag. N. H. ii. 1888, p. 92.
gutturalis, Smith, l.c.
haje, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. pls. Xviii.-xxi. (1839);
Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1894, p. 92.
haje, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1298 (1854); Günth. Cat.
p. 225 (1858); Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 132 (1895).
haje, var. capensis, Jan, Elenco, p. 119 (1863).
Eye moderate, two fifths to one half the length of the snout.
Rostral as deep as broad, its upper portion measuring one half to
two thirds its distance from the frontal; internasals as long as the
praefrontals; frontal as long as broad to once and two thirds as long
as broad, as broad as the supraocular, shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout, three fifths to two thirds the length of the
parietals; one praeocular, narrowly in contact with or separated
from the internasal ; three postoculars (one of which may be
regarded as subocular); temporals 1 or 2+2 or 3; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye, sixth largest and in
contact with the lower postoculars; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields nearly as long
as but narrower than the anterior, and separated from each other
by scales. 23 scales across the neck, 19 or 21 across the middle of
the body. Wentrals 200–227; anal entire ; subcaudals 50–67.
Coloration very variable, yellowish, reddish, or brown to black,
uniform or with lighter and darker spots; a blackish band some-
times present across the lower surface of the neck.
Total length 1470 millim. ; tail 230.
South Africa.
a. 3 (Sc. #; W. 204; C. 65). Simons Bay. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
b. 3 (Sc. É; V. 207; C. 57). Port Elizabeth. J. * Leslie, Esq.
c. 9 (Sc. ..., v. 200; C, 61). Port Elizabeth. Mr. J. L. Drege [P].
d. Hgr. (Sc. #. ; V.216; C.50). — ? Haslar Collection.
3. Naia melanoleuca.
Seba, Thes, ii. pl. lxxxiii.fig. 2 (1785). -
Naja haje, part, Schleg, Phys. Serp. ii. p. 471 (1837); Bocage, Herp.
Angola, p. 132 (1895). º
— haje, var. melanoleuca, Hallow. Proc. 46. Philad. 1857, pp. 61
& 72; A. Dum. Arch. Mus, x. 1859, p. 218; Boetty. Ber. Senck.
Ges. 1888, p. 80. c -
haje, vars. B & C, Günth. Cat. p. 226 (1858).
— annulata, Buchh. & Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1876, p. 119;
232. NAIA. 377
Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 84; Bocage, l. c.
137 sº.
p. 13ſ. -
Aspidelaps bocagii, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1884, p. 205,
pl. vi. fig. 2. ge º º
Naja haje, var. leucosticta, Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. ii.
885, p. 115, pl. iv. fig. 11. gº
— mélanoleuca, Matschie, Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. vi. 1898,
p. 214.
Fye moderate, two fifths to one half the length of the snout.
Rostral once and one third to once and a half as broad as deep, its
upper portion measuring one fourth to one third its distance from
the frontal; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as
long as broad or a little longer than broad, as broad as the supra-
ocular, not longer than its distance from the rostral, one half to
three fifths the length of the parietals; one praeocular, rarely in
contact with the internasal; two or three postoculars; temporals
1+2 or 3; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye,
sixth largest and in contact with the lower postoculars; three or
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior
chin-shields as long as or a little shorter than the anterior, and in
contact with each other anteriorly. 23–29 scales across the neck,
19–21 across the middle of the body. Coloration very variable.
Sides of head yellowish or whitish, some or all of the labials with
posterior black edge.
Total length 2400 millim. ; tail 400.
Tropical Africa.
A. Black, with a lighter angular marking or ring on the hood;
anterior ventral region with yellowish cross-bars alternating
with black ones.
a. d. (Sc. #; W. 213; Niger Expedition.
C. P).
b. 3 (Sc.; v. 217; C. Oil River. Sir H. H. Johnston
67). [P.]. f
c. Ad, skin (Sc. É; v. Uganda. Mr. Baxter [C].
212; C. P).
B. As in the preceding (of which it is no doubt the young), but
with white dots or edges to the dorsal scales; the white may
be disposed in cross-bars.
a—b. Yg. (Sc. # #; W. Eloby, Gaboon. J. G. Fischer Collection.
219, 215; C. 68,67).
c. Yg. (Sc.; v. 208; W. Africa. Mrs. Burton [P.].
C. P).
d. Yg. (Sc. #; v. 204; W. Africa.
C. 67).
378 COLUBRIDAE,
C. Uniform black (sides and under surface of head excepted).
a. 6 (Sc. #; W. 207; Coast of Guinea.
C. 60). .
D. Anterior half of body pale brown above and white beneath,
with blackish annuli, which are broader on the back; posterior
part of body and tail black.
a. Yg. (Sc.; W. 208; Gambia. J. Mitchell, Esq.[P].
C. 70). -
E. Brown above, with small black spots; uniform yellowish
beneath.
a. 6 (Sc. #; W. 207; Oil River. Sir H. H. Johnston
C. 66). [P.].
b. Ad, skin (Sc. #; V. Shiré Valley, Brit.
208; C. 65). C. Africa.
4. Naia migricollis.
Viºle. part, I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Rept. pl. vii. fig. 3
(1827).
Naja nigricollis, Reinh. Widensk. Selsk, Skrift. x. 1843, p. 269, pl. iii.
figs. 5–7; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i. 1866, pp. 51 & 71, pl. i. fig. 4;
Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 237; Jan, Icon. Gén. 45, pl. i.
fig. 1 (1874); Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 138, pl.xx. figs. 9
& 10 (1882); Mocq, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p.83; Boettg.
Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 81; Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
xvi. 1893, p. 734; Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 168; Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 135 (1895).
— mossambica, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 625. -
nigricollis, var. crawshayi, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 620.
Eye moderate, two fifths to one half the length of the snout in
the adult. Rostral once and a half as broad as deep, the portion
visible from above measuring one third to one half its distance from
the frontal; internasals as long as or shorter than the praefrontals,
in contact with or narrowly separated from the praeocular; frontal
once and one fifth to twice as long as broad, as broad as or narrower
than the supraocular, as long as or shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; two (rarely one)
prae- and three postoculars; temporals 2 or 3+4 or 5; six (rarely
seven) upper labials, third (or third and fourth) deepest and entering
the eye, last longest; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; posterior chin-shields narrow, as long as or longer
than the anterior, and widely separated from each other. 21–29
scales across the neck, 17–25 across the middle of the body.
Wentrals 183—228; anal entire ; subcaudals 55–68. Coloration
very variable.
Total length 2000 millim.; tail 300.
Africa, from Senegambia and Upper Egypt to Angola and the
Transvaal.
232. NAIA. , 379
A. War. Mossam BICA, Peters.-Brown or olive above, some or all of
the scales black-edged, the skin between the scales black;
yellowish beneath, the ventrals speckled or edged with brown
or blackish ; lower surface of neck with black cross-bars.
29
a. 9 (Sc. #; V. 228 ; Assouan. Dr. J. Anderson [P].
C. P).
b. ? (Sc. #; V. 186; Zomba, Brit. C. Sir H. H. Johnston
C. 58). Africa. [P].
c. 2 (Sc. #; v. 194; Shiré Valley.
C. P).
d—e. Heads & tail. Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [C].
f. Yg. (Sc. #; V. 183; De Kaap Gold- Dr. P. Rendall [C].
C. 56). fields, Transvaal.
B. War. PALLIDA.—Uniform brown above, yellowish beneath; lower
surface of neck brown in the adult ; young with a broad black
ring round the neck.
a. Yg. (Sc. #; v. 201; Inland of Berbera, E. ſº Phillips, Esq.
C. 68). Somaliland.
b. 3, head & anterior Lake Rudolf. Dr. Donaldson Smith
part of body & tail [C.].
25
(Sc. :).
C. Forma typica—Dark olive to black above; lower surface of
head and neck black; subcaudals and posterior ventrals black,
the remainder black and yellow.
a 3 (Sc. #; v. 201; Gambia, Sir A. Moloney [P.].
C. P).
b. ? (Sc. #; V. 198; Bissao. Prof. B. duPocage [P.].
C. 66).
c. 2 (Sc. #; v. 196; W. Africa. Mr. Rich [C.].
C. 61).
d—e. Hgr. (Sc.;; W. 196, W. Africa. College of Surgeons.
193; C. 66,60).
f. Hgr. (Sc. #; v. 196; W. Africa.
C. 57.)
g. Ad, skin (Sc. #; V. L. Mweru, Brit. Sir H. H. Johnston
184; C. 63). C. Africa. [P]. (Type of var.
crawshay.)
h. Ad., skin (Sc. #; V. Zongomero interior Capt. Speke [P].
186; C. 65). of E. Africa.
i, Skull of g.
380 COLUBRIDAE.
5. Naia tripudians.
Seba, Thes, i. pl. xliv. fig, 1 (1734), and ii. pla. lxxxix, figs. 1-4, xe.
figs. 1 & 2, and xcvii., figs. 1 & 2 (1785); Russell, Ind. Serp. i.
pi. v. & viºlºgé), & ii. pis. i. & xxxvi. (1801), .
Coluber naja, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 30, pl. xxi. fig. 1 (1754),
and S. N. i. p. 382 (1767).
Naja lutescens, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 91 (1768); Cantor, Cat. Mal.
Rept. p. 117 (1847).
— fasciata, Laur. l. c.
brasiliensis, Laur. l. c.
siamensis, Laur. l. c.
— maculata, Laur. l. c.
non naja, Laur. l. c. p. 92.
Coluber caecus, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1104 (1788).
rufus, Gmel, l.c. p. 1105.
hº Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 90 & 102 (1789).
rasiliae, Lacép. l.c. pp. 90 & 104.
Vipera naja, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 61, pl. lxxi. (1803).
Elaps fuscus, Merr. Tent, p. 144 (1820).
Naja tripudians, Merr. l. c. p. 147; Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pla.
lxxvii.-lxxix. (1834); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 466, pl. xvii. figs.
1–3 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1293 (1854); Günth. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 338 (1864); Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870,
p. 211; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind, pls. i.-vi. (1874); Jan, Icon. Gén.
45, pl. i. fig. 3 (1874); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 208 (1876);
Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. l. 1881, p. 241; Murray, Zool. Sind,
p. 387 (1884);, Tirant, Rept. Cochinch. p. 30 (1885); Boettg.
Zool. Jahrb. iii. 1888, p. 943; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890,
p. 35, and Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 391, fig. (1890); v. Lidth de
Jewde, Notes Leyd. Mus. xii. 1890, p. 26, and in M. Weber, Zool.
Ergebn. i. p. 191 (1891); W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx.
1891, p. 246; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xiv. 1894, p. 84.
sputatrix, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 557; Bouleng. Fawn. Ind., Rept.
. 391. -
tº oxiana, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 171 (1831), and Faun.
Casp.-Cauc. p. 104, pl. xx. (1841).
Naja tripudians, vars. fasciata & nigra, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool.
kaouthia, Lesson, in Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or., Rept. p. 312, pl. ii.
1834). -
0. **. Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 32.
— atra, Cantor, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ix. 1842, p. 482.
—- tripudians, var. Sondaica, Schleg. Abbild. p. 139, pl. xlviii. figs.
1–10 (1844).
— tripudians, part., Günth. Cat. p. 228 (1858).
tripudians, var. scopinucha, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859,
. 343.
p oxiana, Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. xiii. 1868, p. 87, and
Schl. Russ. R. p. 204 (1873); Nikolsky, Tr. St. Petersb. Soc. Nat.
xvii. 1886, p. 405; Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. (2) v. 1889, p. 103,
pl. xi, fig. 2. e
– tripudians, var. unicolor, Peters, Preuss. Exped. O.-As, Zool.
i. p. 382 (1876).

Eye moderate, one third to one half the length of the snout.
Rostral once and one fourth to once and a half as broad as deep, its
232. NAIA. 381
upper portion measuring one fourth to one half its distance from
the frontal; internasals as long as or shorter than the praefrontals,
in contact with the praeocular; frontal as long as broad or longer
than broad, as broad as or little broader than the supraocular, as
long as or a little longer than its distance from the rostral; one
praeocular; three (rarely two) postoculars; temporals 2+3 or
3+3; seven upper labials, third deepest, seventh largest, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or longer than tho
posterior. Neck dilatable. 21–35 scales round the neck, 17–25
round the middle of the body. Wentrals 163–205; anal entire ;
subcaudals 42–75. Coloration very variable.
Total length 1550 millim. ; tail 230-A skin from Mysore
measures 1900 millim.
Southern Asia, from Transcaspia to China and the Malay
Archipelago. * -
This species, as here understood, varies very considerably, and
the forms enumerated hereafter might be regarded as distinct
species but for the absence of any sharp demarcation-lines between
them. The author has taken a conservative view in this case
and provisionally maintained intact the association which has so
long been known under the name of Naja tripwdians. It is never-
theless advisable to recognize some of the forms as subspecies.
A. Forma TYPICA (C. maja, L.; N. lutescens, fasciata, brasiliensis,
siamensis, Laur.; C. rufus, Gmel.).-Yellowish to dark brown
above, with black-and-white spectacle-mark on the hood and
a black-and-white spot on each side of the lower surface of the
hood. 25–35 scales across the neck, 23–25 across the middle
of the body.
a. One or two dark brown cross-bands on the belly behind the
hood. -
a—d. Q (Sc. #: V. 181; Deccan. Colonel Sykes [P.].
C. 55), hgr. (Sc. #;
V. 183; C. 57), & yg.
(Sc.; ; ; V.177,170;
C. 57, 56). -
e. Yg. (Sc. #; V. 182; Anamallays. Colonel Beddome [C.].
C. 58).
f. 2 (Sc. :: v. 198; Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.[P].
C. 64).
g. Yg. (Sc.;; V. 170 Madras. J. E. Boileau, Esq.[P.].
C. 60). -
h. Ad, skin (Sc. : Mysore. Sir J. Fayrer [P].
190; C. 56).
382 OOLUBRIDAE.
i. Ad, skin (Sc. #, V. Bengal. F. Enoch, Esq.[P].
188; C. P).
k. Q (Sc. #; W. 187; Pinang. Dr. Cantor,
C. 58).
b. Body variegated with darker and lighter; belly with several
dark cross-bands, which may extend across the back.
a—b. 2 (Sc. #; W. 189; Near Candy. Capt. Gascoigne [P.].
C. 63) & hgr. (Sc. ;
W. 191; C, 61).
c. Yg. (Sc. #; V. 185; Ceylon. Sir E. Tennant [P.].
C. 60).
d—e. Yg. (Sc. # #; V. Ceylon. R. Templeton, Esq.[P].
174, 184; C. 65,60).
35 33
f–g. Yg. (Sc. ::, ; ; V. Ceylon.
179, 185; C, 62, 55).
B. War. CAECA (N. non-maja, Laur. ; C. caecus, Gmel. ; T. oariana,
Eichw.).-Uniform pale brown or grey to blackish; no
marking on the hood; one or more dark cross-bands on the
anterior part of the belly; young sometimes with dark rings.
25–31 scales across the neck, 21–25 across the middle of the
body.
a, Q (Sc. #; W. 197; Togly-olum, Trans- Dr. Radde [C].
C. 62) caspia.
b–d. 2 (Sc. #; V. 198; Chinkilok & Kara- Dr. Aitchison [C].
C. 63), and heads of bagh. Afghan Boundary Commission.
adults.
e-fig. 3 (Sc. i., § V. Gilgit. Colonel Biddulph [P.].
195, 203; C. 73, 71)
& ye. (Sc.; W.203;
C. 75).
h. Q (Sc. #: W. 192; Sikkim. Messrs. v. Schlagint-
C. P). weit [C].
i. 3 (Sc. #; V. 184; Kurrachee. RurracheeMuseumſC.].
C. 68). <
Å. Ad., stfid. (Sc. #). Saugor, Central N. E. Robin, Esq. [P.].
. Provinces.
l. Ad., skin (Sc. #: W. Bengal. * F. Enoch, Esq.[P.].
186; C. 58). -
m. 2 (Sc. #; W. 172; Java. A. Scott, Esq. [P.].
C. 48).
232. NAIA. 383
* 2 (Sc. #; v. 180; Java.
C. 48).
o. 3, skin (Sc. #; V. Highlands of Le- Whitehead Expedition.
194; C. P). pauto, N. Luzon.
p. 6 (Sc. #; V. 180; — ? Mrs. Mauger [P.].
C. 60). &
C. War. FASCIATA, Gray (N. kaowthia, Less., N. larvata, Cant., var.
scopinucha, Cope).-Brown, olive, or blackish above, often with
more or less distinct light, black-edged cross-bars; hood with
a whitish, black-edged ring or U, or with a mask-shaped figure;
a black spot on each side under the hood. 25–31 scales across
the neck, 19–21 across the middle of the body.
a. Body dark brown behind, with light variegations; two to four
blackish cross-bars under the anterior part of body.
a, b. 3 (Sc. #. #; V. 181, Sikkim. . Messrs. v. Schlagintweit
181; C. P., 54). [C.]. -
c. 3 (Sc. #; V. 176; C.?). Deccan. Col. Sykes [P.].
d. 3 (Sc. #; W. 176; Calcutta. Messrs. v. Schlagintweit
C. 56). [C.].
e. 3 (Sc.; W. 177; C.?). Bengal? E. India Co.
f, g: Yg. (Sc.; ; V. India. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
186, 177; C. 51, 48).
h—i, K. 3 (Sc. #; V. 185; India.
C. 55), 2 (Sc. #; V.
190; C.58),&yg. (Sc.;;
W. 179; C. 57).
b. Olive to blackish above, the skin between the scales black;
lower surface of neck white, with a black cross-bar, rest of
lower parts dark brown or blackish.
a. Q (Sc. #; W. 166; C. Kiu Kiang. J. Walley, Esq. [P.].
48). * -
b. ? (Sc. #, V.170; C.?). Canton. Haslar Collection.
c. 2 (Sc. # ; W. 168; C. Hoi How, Hainan, J. Neumann, Esq. [P.].
43). e -
d—e. 3 (Sc. #3 W. 170; Siam.
C. 48) & 2 (Sc. #;
W. 174; C. 47). - • g
f. Hgr. (Sc. #; V. 179; Kedah, Malay B.E. Mitchell, Esq.
C. 59). - Peninsula. [P]. * -
384. CoLUBRIDE.
D. War. SPUTATRIX (N. sputatria, Boie, var. nigra, Gray, N. atra,
Cantor).-Black or dark brown above and beneath, with some
yellow or orange on the sides of the head and neck; young
with a pale U or O-shaped marking on the hood, and the chin
and throat whitish. 25 scales across the neck, 19–21 across
the middle of the body. - .
a. 3 (Sc.; W. 167; C. P). Chusan Ids. J. J. Walker, Esq.[P].
b. Yg. (Sc. #; W. 177; China. R. Lindsay, Esq. [P].
C. 47).
c. 9 (Sc.; W. 185; O. Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
49). -
d. 9 (Sc.; V, 1915 C. Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P].
48). -
e. Yg. (Sc. #; V. 174; Sumatra.
C. 46).
f. Yg. (Sc. #; V. 163; Batavia. R. Kirkpatrick, Esq.
C. 44). . P.].
E. War. LEUcoprRA.—Brown or blackish; no marking on the hood;
lower surface of neck yellowish white, followed by a black
cross-band, and usually with an azygous black spot anteriorly
and one or two on each side. 21–25 scales across the neck,
17 or 19 across the middle of the body. - -
a—d. Q (Sc. #, #; V. 186, Deli, Sumatra. Mr. Iversen [C].
191; C. 52, 50) & yg.
(Sc. i., §; v. 192, 183;
C. 52, 51). -
e. 2 (Sc. #; v. 198; C. Malay Peninsula P Gen. Hardwicke [P].
51).
F. War. MIoLEPIs.—Dark brown or black; sides of head and throat
yellowish, whitish in the young; no marking on the hood;
young with whitish rings completely encircling the body and
tail, and with the white of the sides of the neck extending
backwards towards its fellow to form an angular band behind
the hood. 21–23 scales across the neck, 17–19 across the
middle of the body. -
a, b, c. 3 (Sc. #, #; V. Sarawak, Sir J. Brooke [P].
185, 188; C. P, 51) & 2
(Sc. #; W. 192; C. 48). , * , -
d. Yg. (Sc. #; W. 199; Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P.].
C. 46). .
º: º #; V. 192; Rejang R., Sarawak. Brooke Low, Esq. [P.]
232. NAIA. 385
J-9. 3 (Sc. #; W. 181; Labuan. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq.
C. 47) & 2 (Sc. #; V. [P.]. -
182; C. P). .
A. Yg. (Sc. #; V. 186; Mt. Kina Balu, N. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
C. 49). - Borneo.
i. Yg. (Sc. #; V. 186; Limbawan, Lower A. Everett, Esq. [C].
C. 46). Padas R., N. -
- Borneo.
k. Q (Sc. #; V. 186; C. Borneo. - Sir E Belcher [P.].
50). -
l, Q (Sc. #; V. 199; C. Borneo.
42). - -
m. Yg. (Sc. #; V. 185; Palawan. A. Everett, Esq. [P].
C. 47).
a. Skeleton. India.
b, c. Skulls. India.
6. Naia samarensis.
Naja tripudians, var. F, part., Günth. Cat. p. 225 (1858).
tripudians, var. Samarensis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861,
p. 690.
Eye moderate, about half as long as the snout in the adult.
Rostral once and two thirds as broad as deep, the portion visible
from above measuring one fourth to one third its distance from the
frontal; internasals shorter than the praefrontals, in contact with
or narrowly separated from the praeocular; frontal as long as broad
or slightly longer than broad, as broad as the supraocular, as long
as or shorter than its distance from the rostral, one half to three
fifths the length of the parietals; one or three enlarged occipital
shields may be present behind the parietals; one prae- and three
postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3; seven upper labials (exception-
ally six through fusion of the third and fourth), third deepest, third
and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. 21 or
23 scales across the neck, 17 or 19 across the middle of the body.
Wentrals 159–175; anal entire ; subcaudals 45–50. Black above,
uniform or variegated with yellowish; yellowish or pale brownish
beneath, the neck (14 shields or more) black. -
Total length 1000 millim.; tail 160.
Philippine Islands.
a. d. (Sc. # ; V. 170; C. 49). Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C].
b. ? (Sc.; W. 174; C.?). N. Mindanao. A. Everett, Esq.[C].
c. Yg. (Sc. #; V. 159; C, 50.) S. Leyte. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
WOL. III. - - 2 C
386 COLUBRIDAE.
7. Naia bungarus.
Hamadryas hannah, Cantor, As. Res. xix. 1836, p. 87, ple, x-xii.
Naja bungarus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 476, pl. xvii. figs. 8 & 9
(1887); Schleg. & Müll, in Temm. Verh. Overz. Bez, Nederl. Ind.,
Rept, p. 71, pl. x. (1844); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 690;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 392, fig. (1890). 4.
Hamadryas ophiophagus, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 32, and
Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 116 (1847).

Trimeresurus ophiophagus, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1245 (1854).
Hamadryas elaps, Günth. Cat. p. 219 (1858).
Trimeresurus bungarus, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 129, and
Icon. Gén. 44, pl. iv. (1873).
Naja fasciata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 689.
Ophiophagus elaps, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 341 (1864); Stoliczka,
Journ. A8. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 210, pl. xi. fig. 7; Anders.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 188; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pls. vii. &
viii. (1874); Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1888, p. 86.
Naja elaps, Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 209 (1876).
ingens, v. Hasselt, Versl. Ak. Amsterd. xvii. 1882, p. 140.
— tripudians, var. Sumatrana, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, viii.
1887, p. 277. -
Eye moderate, two fifths to one half the length of the snout in
the adult. Rostral once and a half to once and two thirds as broad
as deep, just visible from above; internasals as long as or a little
shorter than the praefrontals, separated from the praeocular; frontal
once and one fourth to once and a half as long as broad, as broad
as the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
much shorter than the parietals; a pair of large occipital shields;
one praeocular (rarely two); three postoculars; temporals 2+2;
seven upper labials, third deepest, seventh longest, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the
posterior. 19 or 21 scales across the neck, 15 across the middle
of the body. Wentrals 215–262; anal entire; subcaudals 80–117,
the anterior usually single. Coloration very variable. Yellowish,
brown, or olive to black, with or without more or less marked dark
cross-bands. -
Total length 3900 millim. ; tail 630.
India, Burma, Indo-China, Southern China, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.
A. With dark cross-bands or annuli, of which at least traces persist
in old specimens. Young annulate black and yellow.
a. Ad., skin. Near Collem, Goa. wº Hamilton, Esq.
b. Head of adult. S. Canara. Col. Beddome C.T.
c. Yg. (V.246; C. 91). Anamallays. Col. Beddome ſo.1.
d. Ad., stffd. -. Madras. Sir W. Elliot [P].
e. Q (V. 254; C. 83). Pegu. Wic Theobald, Esq.
f–g. 3 (W. 237; C. 95) Siam. W. H. Newman, Esq.

& Q (V. 251; C. 86). [P.].
232. NAIA. 387
.*
. h. Yg. (W. 236; C. 93). Cochinchina. E. Cox-Smith, Esq.[P].
3. Ad., skeleton. Burma.
B. Black above, with narrow white cross-bars; whitish beneath,
all the shields black-edged.
a. Yg. (W. 250; C. 117). — ?
C. Olive above, scales and shields black-edged; young blackish,
with a yellow spot on each scale.
a. d. (V. 244; C. 82). N. Canara. T. A. Bulkley, Esq.
P.T.
b. Yg. (V. 257; C. 114). Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.].
c. Yg. (V. 248; C. 118). Malay Archipelago. Dr. Bleeker. (Trimere-
surus boiei, º
d. 9 (V. 261; C. 81). Philippines, H. Cuming, Esq. [C].
e. Ad, head & tail. Isabella, N.E.Luzon. Whitehead Expedition.
D. Dark brown above and beneath; lower surface of head and neck
yellow.
a. 6 (V. 254; C. P). Borneo. Sir E. Belcher ſP.].
b. 3 (V. 256; C. 113). Claudetown, Baram C. Hose, Esq. [C.J.

R., Sarawak.
8. Naia anchietae.
Naia anchietae, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. vii. 1879, pp. 89 & 98, and
Herp. Angola, p. 133, pl. xvi. fig. 2 (1895).
Naja haje, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1887, p. 164,
Eye moderate, about half the length of the snout. Rostral as
deep as broad, its upper portion forming an acute angle wedged in
between the internasals, and measuring nearly its distance from
the frontal; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once
and a half as long as broad, shorter than its distance from the end
of the snout, half as long as the parietals; one prae- and two post-
oculars; three or four suboculars, separating the eye from the
labials; temporals 2+3; seven upper labials, sixth largest and in
contact with the lower postocular; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Neck non-dilatable. Scales in 17 rows on the neck as well as
on the body. Wentrals 181–192; anal entire ; subcaudals 52–62.
Brown to blackish above; end of snout and sides of head yellow;
yellow or pale brownish beneath, with or without brown spots and
with a brown or black cross-band under the neck.
Total length 1800 millim.; tail 340. -
Angola and Ovamboland.
9. Naia goldii. (Plate XX. fig. 2.)
Naia goldii, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895, p. 34.
Eye large, two thirds the length of the snout in the adult.
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above one third
2 c 2
388 COLUERIDAE.
to one half as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals as
long as the praefrontals, not reaching the praeocular; frontal once
and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, as long as the parietals; one or two prae- and two post-
oculars; one, two, or three suboculars; temporals 1+2 or 3; seven
upper labials, fourth or third and fourth entering the eye, sixth
largest and in contact with the lower suboculars; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows on the neck as
well as on the body. Wentrals 194–195; anal entire; subcaudals 88.
Black above, uniform or with transverse series of small whitish
spots; sides of head and end of snout white, with most of the
sutures between the shields black; ventrals white, with a black
edge, which becomes gradually broader until, on the posterior
fourth of the body, the shields are entirely black; subcaudals
black. -
Total length 1750 millim.
Lower Niger.
a. 6 (V. 195; C.?). Asaba. W. H. Crosse, Esq.
e [P]. º
b. Yg. (V. 194; C. 88). Mouths of the Niger. A. Millson, Esq.[P].
10. Naia guentheri. (PLATE XXI.)
Pseudohaje nigra, Günth. Cat. p. 222 (1858), nec Naia nigra, Smith.
Eye large, about two thirds the length of the snout. Rostral
broader than deep, the portion visible from above measuring one third
its distance from the frontal; internasals as long as the praefrontals,
not reaching the praeocular; frontal once and one third as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, two thirds
the length of the parietals; one praeocular; three postoculars, one
of which may be termed a subocular; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye, sixth largest and in contact with the
lower postoculars; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows
on the neck, in 13 rows on the body. Wentrals 185; anal entire;
subcaudals 74. Black above, brown beneath.
Total length 2130 millim. ; tail 470.
West Africa 2
a. 3 (V. 185; C. 74). —? Lord Derby [P]. (Type.)
233. SEPEDON.

Sepedon, Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 146 (1820); Wagler, Syst.
Amph. p. 173 (1830); Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 32 (1849); Dum. & Bibr.
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1258 (1854).
Naja, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 461 (1837).
Aspidelaps, part., Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 510.
233. SEPEDON. 389
Maxillary extending forwards beyond the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs; no other maxillary teeth; mandibular
teeth, anterior longest. Head not distinct from neck; canthus
rostralis distinct; eye moderate, with round pupil; nostril between
two nasals and the internasal; no loreal. Body cylindrical; scales
oblique, keeled, without pits, in 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
moderate; subcaudals in two rows.
South Africa.
1. Sepedon haemachates.
Seba, Thes, ii. pl. lxxv. fig. 1 (1735).
º haemachata, Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 121 & 115, pl. iii. fig. 2
89).
haemachates, Bonnat. Encycl. Méth., Ophiol. p. 31 (1789).
Vipera haemachates, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 30 (1802); Daud. Rept. vi.
p. 207 (1803).
Sepedon haemachates, Merr. Tent, p. 146 (1820); Gray, Cat. p. 33
(1849); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1259 (1854).
Naia capensis, Smith, Edinb. W. Philos. Journ. i. 1826, p. 252.
Naja haemachates, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 481, pl. xvii. figs. 10 & 11
(1837); Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. pl. xxxiv. (1843).
Aspidelaps haemachates, Jan, Elenco, p. 118 (1863), and Icon. Gén.
44, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1873).
Snout prominent, obtusely pointed. Rostral nearly as deep as
broad, its upper portion nearly as long as its distance from the
frontal; internasals longer than the praefrontals; frontal once and
a half to once and three fourths as long as broad, shorter than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter
than the parietals; one praeocular, in contact with the internasal
and the posterior nasal ; three postoculars; temporals 2+3, lower
anterior very large; seven upper labials, third deepest, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales
strongly keeled, in 19 rows. Wentrals 116–150; anal entire; sub-
caudals 33–44. Black above, spotted, variegated, or irregularly
barred with yellowish white or pale brown, or brown spotted with
black; black beneath, often with one or two whitish cross-bands
on the neck.
Total length 650 millim.; tail 120.
Cape of Good Hope and Namaqualand.
a. Q (W. 137; C. 43). Table Mt., Cape Town. H. A. Spencer, Esq.
P
t [P.].
b. 3 (W. 118; C. 40). Cape of Good Hope. Lords º * Admi-
* - ralty [P.].
c. Hgr. (V.141; C. 39). Cape of Good Hope. Dr. Statham [P.].
d. 2 (W. 133; C. 38). Namaqualand.
.e. 2 (W. 130; C. 33). S. Africa. College of Surgeons.
f, g—h. 3 (W. 116, 117; S. Africa. Haslar Collection.
C. 37, 38) & -
(V. 121; C. 35).
i. Skull. Cape of Good Hope.
390 COLUBRIDAE,
234. ASPIDELAPS.

Naja, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 461 (1837).
Aspidelaps, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. App. p. 21 (1849),
Cyrtophis, Smith, l.c. p. 22; Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 226 (1858);
Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 139 (1882).
Elaps, part, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1191 (1854).
Aspidelaps, part., Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 510.
Maxillary extending forwards beyond the palatine, with a pair of
large grooved poison-fangs; no other maxillary teeth; mandibular
teeth, anterior longest. Head slightly distinct from neck; eye
moderate, with round or vertically elliptic pupil; rostral shield very
large, detached on the sides; nostril between two or three nasals
and the internasal; no loreal. Body cylindrical; scales oblique,
smooth or keeled, without pits, in 19 to 23 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail short, obtuse; subcaudals in two rows.
South Africa and Mozambique.
1. Aspidelaps lubricus.
Seba, Thes, ii. pl.xxxiv. fig. 4, & pl. xliii. fig. 3 (1785); Merr. Beytr.
i. p. 9, pl. ii. (1790). -
Natrix lubrica, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 80 (1768).
Coluberlatonia, Daud. Rept. vii. p. 156 (1803).
Elaps º Merr. Tent, p 143 (1820); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1218
(1854). *
Naia * Smith, Edinb. N. Philos. Journ. i. 1826, p. 253.
Naja lubrica, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 484, pl. xvii, figs. 14 & 15
(1837).
Aspidelaps lubricus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. App. p. 21
(1849); Jan, Icon. Gén. 44, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1873); Boettg. Abh. Nat.
Ges. Nürnberg, viii. 1891, p. 93.
Cyrtophis scutatus, Günth. Cat, p. 227 (1858), and Proc. Zool. Soc.
1859, p. 88. • .
Rostral as deep as broad, one third the width of the head, forming
a right or acute angle above ; internasals much longer than the
praefrontals; frontal once and one third to once and two thirds as
long as broad, shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; internasal and posterior nasal in contact
with the single praeocular; two or three postoculars; temporals
2+2 or 3, lower anterior very large and reaching or nearly reaching
the mouth; six (rarely seven) upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or longer than the pos-
terior. Scales smooth, in 19 (or 21) rows. Wentrals 146–167;
anal entire; subcaudals 20–28. Whitish (orange or red in life),
with black annuli which are slightly angular on the back; a black
bar below the eye; sometimes a black cross-bar between the eyes
and an oblique band on the temple; upper surface of head some-
times entirely black. -
Total length 590 millim. ; tail 55.
Cape Colony and Great Namaqualand.
234. ASPIDELAPs. - 391
A. 20–32 black annuli, much narrower than the interspaces.
q. Hgr. (V. 151; C. 21). Cape of Good Hope. Mr. O'Halloran [C].
b. ? (W. 147; C. 22). S. Africa. Mr. GoldschmidtſC.].
c—d, e—f G (W. 152, S. Africa.
146; C. 27, 25), @
(V. 161; C. 26), &
hgr. (V. 155; C. 27).
B. 42–47 black annuli, much narrower than the interspaces; white
scales black-edged.
a. $2 (V, 167; C. 24). Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.].
b. ? (W. 159; C. 23). Caffraria. J. P. M. Weale, Esq.
[P].
C. 38–42 black annuli, broader than the interspaces.
a. 2 (V, 160; C. 26). Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.].
b. ? (W. 150; C. 28). Cape of Good Hope. Officers of the Chat-
ham Museum [P.].
2. Aspidelaps scutatus. -
Cyrtophis scutatus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. º p. 22
gs
(1849); Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 139, pl. xx. . 1–6
(1882).
Naia fula-fula, Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mossamb, Rept, p. 41, pl. iv.
fig. 1 (1849).
Aspidelaps scutatus, Jan, Elenco, p. 118 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 44,
pl. vi. fig. 3 (1873).
Rostral broader than deep, two fifths to half as broad as the
head, forming an obtuse angle above, separating the internasals;
frontal small, as long as broad or broader than long, as long as the
praefrontals, shorter than the parietals; internasal and posterior
nasal in contact with the praeocular, which is single or divided;
three postoculars; temporals 2+4, lower anterior very large; six
upper labials, fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the
posterior. Scales in 19 to 23 rows, smooth or faintly keeled,
tubercularly keeled on the posterior part of the body and on the
tail. Ventrals 115–135; anal entire; subcaudals 24–38. Pale
greyish brown above, with transverse dark spots or cross-bands;
a A-shaped black marking on the head; a black nuchal collar en-
circling the neck, followed by a large black blotch; a black vertical
streak below the eye; belly whitish.
Total length 190 millim. ; tail 22. Grows to 520 millim.
South-east Africa (Natal, Delagoa Bay, Inhambane).
a. Yg. (Sc. 21; W. 123; Natal. Sir A. Smith [P]. (One
C. 25). - Ar of the types.)
392 COLUERIDAE.
235. WALTERINNESIA.
Walterinnesia, Lataste, Le Naturaliste, 1887, p. 411.
Maxillary extending forwards beyond the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved fangs; no other maxillary teeth; mandibular teeth,
anterior largest. Head distinct from neck, with distinct canthus
rostralis; eye rather small, with round pupil; rostral large; nostril
between two or three nasals and the internasal ; no loreal. Body
cylindrical; scales smooth or feebly keeled, without pits, in 23 rows
(more on the neck); ventrals rounded. Tail rather short ; sub-
caudals all or most in two rows.
Egypt.
1. Walterinnesia aegyptia.
Walterinnesia aegyptia, Lataste, l.c.
Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from above half as
long as its distance from the frontal; internasals as long as the
praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad, as long as
its distance from the rostral, two thirds the length of the parietals;
posterior nasal in contact with the single praeocular, which is more
than twice as long as deep ; two postoculars and a subocular;
temporals 2+3, lower anterior very large; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye, third, fourth, and fifth deepest ;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are longer than the posterior. Scales in 23 rows (27 on the neck),
feebly keeled on the posterior part of the body and on the tail.
Wentrals 189–197; anal divided; subcaudals 45–48, first 2 to 8
single, rest divided. Blackish brown above, paler brown beneath.
Total length 1170 millim. ; tail 170. -
Egypt. * -
a. 3 (W. 189; C. 48). Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes [P.].
236. HEMIBUNGARUS.
Elaps, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1191 (1854); Günth.
Cat. Col. Sn. p. 229 (1858); Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 516.
Callophis, part., Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 81.
Hemibungarus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 687.
Maxillary bone extending forwards beyond the palatine, with a
pair of large grooved poison-fangs and one to three small solid
teeth; mandibular teeth subequal. Præfrontal bones in contact
with each other on the median line. Head small, not distinct from
neck; eye small, with round pupil; nostril between two nasals;
no loreal. Body cylindrical, much elongate; scales smooth, without
pits, in 13 or 15 rows ; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals
in two rows. -
South-eastern Asia.
236. HEMIBUNGARUS. 393
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 15 rows ; ventrals 219–260 ; subcaudals 12–22.
Temporals 2+3; six upper labials . . . . . . 1. calligaster, p. 393.
No anterior temporals, sixth upper labial
forming a suture with the parietal; seven
upper labials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. collaris, p. 393.
II. Scales in 13 rows.
Wentrals 218–251; subcaudals 33–44; a
single temporal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. nigrescens, p. 394.
Wentrals 190–216; subcaudals 28–29 ;
temporals 1+1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. japonicus, p. 395.
1. Hemibungarus calligaster.
Elaps calligaster, Wiegm. N. Act. Ac. Leop.-Carol. xvii. i. 1835,
p. 253, pl.xx. fig. 2; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1226 (1854); Günth.
Cat. p. 231 (1858); Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, pp. 509, 510, and
Icon. Gén. 43, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1873).
Callophis calligaster, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 83.
Hemibungarus calligaster, Meyer, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 213;
Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 587. -
— gemianulis, Peters, l.c.
Callophis gemianulis, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1883,
p. 289.
Rostral a little broader than deep ; frontal once and one third to
once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two
postoculars ; temporals 2+3; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15
rows. Wentrals 219–260; anal entire; subcaudals 17–22. Purplish
brown to black above, with narrow whitish cross-bars; red beneath,
with black cross-bars, most of which are divided by a light cross-bar;
end of snout yellowish; a black bar on the upper lip below the
eye; end of tail red.
Total length 520 millim. ; tail 30.
Philippine Islands.
a. Q (V. 219; C. 22). Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq.[C.],
b–d. Q (V. 229, 235; C. 22, Philippines. Museum Godeffroy.
19) & yg. (V. 260 ;
C. 17
e. § (v. 221; C. 19). Albay, S.E. Luzon. Whitehead Expedition.
f. Skull of e.
2. Hemibungarus collaris.
Elaps collaris, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 448 (1837), and Abbild.
p. 137, pl. xlvi. figs. 10 & 11 (1844); Jan, Elenco, p. 114 (1863),
and Icon. Gén. 43, pl. i. fig. 1 (1873). -
— gastrodelus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1212 (1854).
Hemibungarus collaris, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1886, p. 117.
394 * COLUBRIDAE.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, as long as the
parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye, sixth largest and forming a suture with
the parietal; anterior chin-shields in contact with the symphysial
and with four lower labials; posterior chin-shields as long as the
anterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 228—230 ; anal divided ;
subcaudals 12–22. Blackish above, barred black and red below ;
a yellowish occipital collar. -
Total length 430 millim. ; tail 15.
Philippine Islands.
3. Hemibungarus nigrescens.
PElaps malabaricus, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxii. 1853, p. 522.
Callophis nigrescens, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (3) ix. 1862,
p. 131, and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 351, pl. xxiv. fig. F (1864);
Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 213 (1876); Phipson, Journ.
Bomb. N. H. Soc. ii. 1887, p. 248; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept.
p. 384 (1890).
Callophis concinnus, Beddome, Madras Quart. Journ. Med. Sc.
1863. - - .
pentalineatus, Beddome, Madras Monthly Journ. Med. Sc. 1871.
Rostral broader than deep; frontal as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; one prae-
and two postoculars; a single temporal; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; anterior chin-shields as long as the
posterior or a little shorter, in contact with four labials. Scales in
13 rows. Ventrals 218–251 ; anal usually divided; subcaudals
33–44. Falls into several colour-varieties, which are connected by
insensible gradations; head and nape black, with an oblique yellow
band, sometimes broken up into spots, on each side from the
parietals to behind the angle of the mouth; upper lip yellow in
front of and behind the eye; lower parts uniform red.
Total length 1100 millim.; tail 115.
Hills of Western India, from Bombay to Travancore.
A. Dark purplish brown above, with three or five longitudinal
series of black, light-edged spots. -
a. Hgr. (v. 218; 0.82). Shevaroys, 4000 ft. Col. Beddome [C].
B. The spots confluent and forming three or five longitudinal black
bands edged with whitish. (C. nigrescens, Gthr.)
a. Q (V. 241; C. 34). India. officers of the Chatham

Mus. º: (i. e.)
b. 3 (V. 241; C. 43). Nilgherries. Col. Beddome [ g
c. 3 (V. 244; C. 42). Rotagiri, Nil- Dr. J. R. Henderson
gherries.
d. Hgr. (V. 242; C. 34). Wynad. cºuns [C.].
236. neumºsaurs. 395
C. Intermediate between A and B.
a—b. 3 (W. 240; C. P) & 2 Nilgherries. W. Theobald, Esq.
(W. 241; C. 35). [C.].
D. Dark purplish brown above, with three or five more or less distinct
black stripes, which are not light-edged. (C. concinnus, Bedd.)
a. 3 (V. 246; C. 41). Nilgherries, 6000 Col. Beddome [C.].
ft. -
b,c-d. 3 (V. 248, 225, 235; Wynad. Col. Beddome [C].
C.43, 38, 42). -
E. Pale reddish brown or red above, with five black stripes. (C. penta-
lineatus, Bedd.) -
a—c. 3 (W. 238, 247; C. 39, Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.].
35) & Q (V.241; C. 35).
d—e, fºg. 3 (W. 251, 245; Anamallays, 4700 W. Davison, Esq. [C].
C. 44, 40), Q (V. 236; ft.
C. 34), & yg. (V. 249;
C. 34
h. 3 (v. 249; c. 48). Nºwanº Col. Beddome [C].
IllS.
i—k. 3 (V. 243; C, 36) & Tinnevelly Hills. Col. Beddome [C].
hgr. (V. 234; C. 37). t
l, Skull of d.
4. Hemibungarus japonicus.
Callophis japonicus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 428,
pl. xvii. fig, C; Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (6) x. 1892, p. 302,
and Zool. Rec. 1894, Rept. p. 31. -
boettgeri, Fritze, Zool. Jahrb. vii. 1894, p. 861.
Rostral broader than deep; frontal as long as or longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals;
one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of subequal
chin-shields, anterior in contact with four lower labials. Scales in
13 rows. Wentrals 190–216; anal divided; subcaudals 28–29.
Red above, with one, three, or five black stripes crossed by black
bars edged with yellowish; snout and sides of head black; yellowish
beneath, with large black spots alternating with black cross-bars,
which may form annuli with the dorsal bars.
Total length 520 millim. ; tail 40.
Loo Choo Islands; Japan (?)*.
a. Yg. (V. 205; C. 29). Nagasaki. Mr. Whitely ſº (Type.)
b. 3 (V. 190; C. 28). Great Loo Choo. Mr. Holst ſG.l.
c—d. Q (V. 216; C. 28) & Oo Sima. M. Ferrié [C.]; M. R. Ober-
yg. (V. 211; C. 28). thir [P.].
* The type is stated to be from Nagasaki. The species has not been re-
discovered in Japan, and the fact that the companion snake purchased from
Mr. Whitely (Cyclophis nebulosus) belongs to a Loo Choo species (see Cat. ii.
p. 278) renders it probable that an error of locality has taken place.
396 - COLUBRIDAE,
237. CALLOPHIS.

Elaps, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 193 (1830); Schleg. Phys.
Serp. ii. p. 435 (1837); Dum. 3. Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1191
(1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 229 (1858); Jan, Rev. & Mag.
Zool. 1858, p. 516.
Calliophis, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. (1834).
Helminthoelaps, part., Jan, l.c. p. 518.
Callophis, part, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 81; Peters, Mon.
Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 686; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 346 (1864);
Meyer, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 211; Reinh. Vid. Meddel, 1869,
p. 117; Meyer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 368.
Callophis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 579; Meyer, Sitzb. Ak.
Berl. 1886, p. 614; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. P; 383 (1890).
Maxillary extending forwards beyond the palatine, with a pair
of large grooved poison-fangs but no other teeth; mandibular teeth
subequal. Praefrontal bones in contact with each other on the
median line. Head small, not distinct from neck; eye small, with
round pupil; nostril between two nasals; no loreal. Body cylin-
drical, much elongate; scales smooth, without pits, in 13 rows;
ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows.
South-eastern Asia.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. One prae- and two postoculars.
A. Six upper labials.
Wentrals 303–320 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. gracilis, p. 396.
Wentrals 240–274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. trimacwlatus, p. 397.
B. Seven upper labials; ventrals 182–247.
A single temporal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. maculiceps, p. 397.
Temporals 1+1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . i e s e º e º e 4. macclellandii, p. 398.
II. No praeocular; one postocular ; ventrals 222–226.
5. bibronii, p. 399.
1. Callophis gracilis.
Calliophis gracilis, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. lxxxvi. fig. 1 (1884);
Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 83, and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 349
(1864); Meyer, Sitzb. Ak. Berl. 1886, p. 614.
Elaps nigromaculatus, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 83, and Cat.
Mal. Rept. p. 108, pl. xl. fig. 7 (1847). º
— gracilis, Günth. Cat. p. 230 (1858).
Eye minute, about half as long as its distance from the mouth.
Rostral broader than deep ; frontal as long as its distance from the
rostral or the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals;
one prae- and two postoculars; a single temporal; six upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of subequal chin-
shields, the anterior in contact with four lower labials. Scales in
13 rows. Wentrals 303–320; anal divided; subcaudals 21–28.
237. CALLOPHIS. 397
Reddish or pale brown above, with three dark brown or black
longitudinal lines passing through distant round dark brown or
black spots, the lateral spots alternating with the vertebrals; two
outer rows of scales dark brown or black with a yellow longitudinal
streak; belly and lower surface of tail barred black and yellow.
Total length 740 millim.; tail 35.
Pinang, Singapore, Sumatra.
a. Q (V. 309; C. 23). Pinang. Dr. Cantor. (Type of
C. nigromaculatus.)
b–c. Hgr. (V. 305,303; C.28,23). Pinang. E. India Co. ſIF.l.
d. 9 (V. 320; C. 21). ? E. India Co, [P].
e, Q (V. 303; C. 22). —? Haslar Collection.
2. Callophis trimaculatus.
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. viii, (1796).
Coluber melanurus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 552 (1802).
Vipera trimaculata, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 25 (1803).
Elaps trimaculatus, Merr. Tent. p. 143 (1820).
— melanurus, Jerd. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxii. 1856, p. 522.
Callophis trimaculatus, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, }. 83, pl. xvi.
fig. E, and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 350 (1864); Theob. Cat. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 212 (1876); Phipson, Journ. Bomb. W. H. Soc. ii.
1887, p. 248; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 384 (1890).
Eye as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the
mouth. Rostral a little broader than deep; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals;
one prae- and two postoculars; a single temporal; six upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of subequal chin-
shields, the anterior in contact with three or four labials. Scales
in 13 rows. Wentrals 240–274; anal divided; subcaudals 24–35.
Light bay above, each scale with a brown dot ; sometimes a fine
dark vertebral line; head and nape black, with a yellow spot on
each side of the occiput; lower parts uniform red; tail with two
black rings.
Total length 335 millim.; tail 21.
India and Burma.
a. Hgr. (V. 240; C. 32). Nerva, Bengal. Dr. P. Russell. (Type.)
b. ? (W. 264; C. 26). Trichinopoly. Col. Beddome §
c—d. Q (V. 263,266; C. Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C].
24, 27).
e. Higº (v.266; C. P). India. W. Masters, Esq. [P.].
3. Callophis maculiceps.
Elaps melanurus (non Shaw), Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 106, pl. xl.
fig. 6 (1847). -
—— maculiceps, Günth. Cat. p. 232 (1858).
Callophis maculiceps, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 84, pl. xvi.
fig. D, and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 351 (1864); Theob. Cat. Rept.
398 COLUERIDAE.
§§ Ind. p. 213 (1876); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 884
(1890). -
Elaps atrofrontalis, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. 1877, p. 111.
Eye measuring at least two thirds its distance from the mouth.
Rostral broader than deep; frontal as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and
two postoculars; a single temporal; seven upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; two pairs of subequal chin-shields, the
anterior in contact with four or five labials. Scales in 13 rows.
Wentrals 205–247; anal divided ; subcaudals 21–32. Light bay
above, with a distant series of black dots along each side of the
back; head and nape black, with one or two yellow bands on each
side; lower parts red; tail with two black rings.
Total length 485 millim. ; tail 30.
Burma, Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula.
a. 9 (V. 205; C. 23). Rangoon. W. Theobald, Esq.[C.].
b. Hgr. (V. 178; C. 20). Cochinchina. E. Cox-Smith, Esq.[P].
c. 2 (W. 204; C. 24). —? Zoological Society.
(Type.)
4. Callophis macclellandii.
Elaps macclellandii, Reinh. Calc. Journ. W. H. iv. 1844, p. 532, and
Vid. Meddel, 1860, p. 247.
personatus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. 1855, p. 298.
univirgatus, Günth. Cat. p. 231 (1858).
Callophis univirgata, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 83, pl. xvii.
macclellandii, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 219, and Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 349 (1864); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 214
(1876); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 385 (1890), and Ann. Mus.
Genova, (2) xiii. 1893, p. 327. -
annularis, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 350, pl. xxiv. fig. I;
Theob. l. c. p. 212.
Eye as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the
mouth. Rostral broader than deep ; frontal as long as or a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or
slightly shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars;
temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; two pairs of small subequal chin-shields, anterior in contact
with three or four lower labials. Scales in 13 rows. Wentrals
182–240; anal divided; subcaudals 25–34. Reddish brown above,
with regular, equidistant, black, light-edged transverse bars or
rings; belly yellowish, with black cross-bands or quadrangular
spots; head with two black cross-bands separated by a yellow one.
A variety distinguished by the presence of a black vertebral line;
the transverse bars are replaced by transverse spots or altogether
absent.
Total length 620 millim.; tail 55.
Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Southern China.
238. DoIIoPHIs. 399
A. Forma TYPICA. No vertebral line.
a. 3 (V. 212; C. 28). Assam.
b. 2 (V. 219; C. 28). Pegu. W.Theobald, Esq.[C.].
c. Hgr. (V.215; C.26). Mountains N. of A. E. Pratt, Esq.[C.].
Kiu Kiang.
d. 3 (W. 240; C. 34). Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C].
e. 3 (V. 212; C. 32). S. China. J. C. Bowring, Esq. [P.].
(Type of C. annularis.)
B. War. UNIVIRGATUs, Gthr. A black vertebral line.
a—b. ? (W. 214, 231; Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
C. 28, 25). (Types of E. univirgatus.)
c, d-e 6 (V. 210, 210; Darjeeling. W.T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].
C. 30, 30) & yg.
(V. 182; C. 28).
5. Callophis bibronii.
Elaps bibroni, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 526, Prodr. pl. B
(1859), and Icon. Gén. 43, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1873).
— cerasinus, Beddome, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 179.
Callophis cerasinus, Beddome, Madras Quart. Journ. Med. Sc. 1867,
p. 16, pl. ii. fig. 5; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 213 (1876).
— bibronii, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 386 (1890).

Eye minute, about half as long as its distance from the mouth.
Rostral broader than deep ; frontal nearly as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; no prae-
ocular; praefrontal in contact with the third labial; one very small
postocular; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; first lower labial much elongate, forming a long
suture with its fellow ; anterior chin-shields small, much shorter'
than the posterior, in contact with the third and fourth labials.
Scales in 13 rows. Wentrals 222–226; anal entire ; subcaudals
27–34. Cherry-red to dark purplish brown above, red beneath,
with black transverse bands which are sometimes continuous across
the belly; anterior part of head black above.
Total length 640 millim.; tail 50.
Wynad, Malabar.
a. Q (V. 224; C. 34). Wynad, 3000 ft. Col. Beddome [C].
- e of C. cerasinus.)
5–c, d. 2 (V. 222, 226; Wynad. Col. Beddome [C.].
C. 27, 32) & hgr.
(V. 223; C. 30).
238. DOLIOPHIS.
Elaps, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 289 (1801); Wagl. Syst.
Amph., p. 193 (1830); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 435 (1837);
Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1191 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn.
p. 229 (1858); Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 516.
Maticora, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. (1834).-No definition. --
Doliophis, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 182, and U.S. Explor.
Eaped., Herp. p. 175 (1858).
Helminthoelaps, part., Jam, l.c. p. 518.
400 - COLUBRIDAE.
Callophis, part, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 81; Peters, Mon.
Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 686; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 346 (1864);
Meyer, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 211; Reinh. Vid. Meddel, 1869,
p. 117; Meyer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 368.
Adeniophis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 578; Meyer, Sitzb. Ak.
Berl. 1886, p. 614; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 386 (1890).
Characters of Callophis, except that the poison-glands, instead of
being confined to the temporal region, extend along each side of the
body for about one third of its length, gradually thickening and
terminating in front of the heart with club-shaped ends. The
presence of these glands may be detected without dissection by feeling
the thickening and rigidity of the cardiac region in the second third
of the body, the heart being shifted further back than in other
snakes owing to the extension of the glands.
Burma, Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Subcaudals 34–50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. bivirgatus, p. 400.
II. Subcaudals 15–33.
A. Eye much more than half as long as its distance from the
mouth.
Frontal at least as long as its distance
from the end of the snout. . . . . . . . . . 2. intestinalis, p. 401.
Frontal as long as its distance from the
rostral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. bilineatus, p. 404.
B. Eye about half as long as its distance from the mouth.
4. philippinus, p. 404.
1. Doliophis bivirgatus.
Elaps bivirgatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 556; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 451, pl. xvi. figs. 10 & 11 (1837), and Abbild. p. 138, pl. xlvii.
(1844); Dum, & Bibr. vii. p. 1230 (1854); Günth. Cat, p. 230
(1858); Jan, Icon. Gén. 43, pl. i. fig. 2 (1873).
flaviceps, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 33, and Cat. Mal.
Rept, p. 109 (1847). *
Doliophis flaviceps, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 182, and U.S.
Faplor. Eaped., Herp. p. 176, pl.x. figs. 1–5 (1858).
Callophis bivirgatus, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 81, and Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 348 (1864); Tirant, Rept. Cochinch. p. 33 (1885).
Elaps tetrataenia, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xx. 1859, p.201.
bivirgatus, var. quadrivirgatus, Jan, Elenco, p. 114 (1863).
Adeniophis bivirgatus, Meyer, Sitzb. Ak. Berl. 1886, p. 614;
Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xiii. 1893, p. 827.
flaviceps, Meyer, l.c.
— tetrataenia, Meyer, l.c.

Eye nearly as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral a
little broader than deep ; frontal large, longer than broad, as long
as or longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
238. DoIIoPHIs. 401.
or a little shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars;
temporals 1+1 or 1+2 ; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; anterior chin-shields a little longer than the
posterior and in contact with three or four lower labials. Scales in
13 rows. Ventrals 244–293; anal entire; subcaudals 34–50.
Dark purple or black above; head, tail, and lower parts red.
Total length 1610 millim.; tail 190. -
Burma, Cochin-China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.
A. A fine white lateral line between the borders of the two outer
rows of scales. (E. bivirgatus, Boie.)
a. 3 (W. 274; C. 40). Pinang. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
b. 3 (V. 281; C. 49). Java.
B. Four white lines along the body, the outer broader and running
along the adjacent halves of the two outer rows of scales.
(E. tetrataenia, Blkr.)
. 6 (V. 280; C. 44). Sintang, Borneo. Dr. Bleeker.
(Type of E. tetrataenia.)
(Z
Q (V. 244; C. 44). Matang, Borneo.
9 (V. 246; C. 38). Bongon, N. Borneo. A. Everett, Esq.[C].
C. A pale blue lateral stripe, occupying the two outer rows of
scales. (E. flaviceps, Cant.) -
9 (V. 252; C. 38). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
º
0.
b. 3 (V. 293; C. 50). Pinang.
c. 2 (W. 253; C. 37). Kedah, Malay Peninsula. B. E. Mitchell, Esq.
P.].
d. Hgr. (V. 244; C. Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.].
43).
e. Q (V. 263; C. 43). Deli, Sumatra. Mr. Iversen [C].
f-g. 9 (V. 246; C. P East India Co. [P.].
37) & hgr. (V. 272;
C. 47).
h. 2 (W. 249; C. 34). —?
2. Doliophis intestinalis.
Seba, Thes, ii. pl. ii. fig. 7 (1785); Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. xix.
1801).
Aº intestinalis, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 106 (1768).
Elaps furcatus, Schneid. Hist, Amph. ii. p. 303 (1801); Schleg. Phys.
Serp. ii. p. 450, pl. xvi. figs. 12 & 13 (1837), and Abbild. }:
figs. 1–8 (1844); Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 34; Dum. &
Bibr. vii. p. 1228 (1854); Motley & Dillwyn, Nat. Hist. Labuan,
p. 45 (1855); Jan, Icon. Gén. 43, pl. i. fig. 3 (1873).
Vipera furcata, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 22 (1803).
Maticora lineata, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. lxxxvi. fig. 2 (1834).
Elaps intestinalis, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 107 (1847); Günth.
at. # 230 (1858).
— trilineatus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1227; v. Lidth de Jeude, in
M. Weber, Zool. Ergebn. i. p. 191, pl. xvi. fig. 10 (1890).
— thepassi, Bleek. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xx. 1859, p. 201.
- 2 D
WOL. III,
402 , COLUBRIDAE.
Callophis intestinalis, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1859, p.82, pl. xvi.
figs. B & C, and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 348 (1864); Meyer, Mon.
Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 204, ple. i. & ii.; Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 212; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 211
(1876).
* * var. nigrotaeniatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863,
. 404.
p intestinalis, var. malayana, Günth. l.c. p. 849.
Adeniophis nigrotaeniatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 578.
Callophis maclellandii (non Reinh.), Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. x.
(1874).
Adeniophis intestinalis, Meyer, Sºtzb. Ak. Berl. 1886, p. 614;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 386 (1890).
malayanus, Meyer, l.c.
Elaps sumatranus. v. Lidth de Jeude, in M. Weber, Zool. Ergebn, i.
p. 190 (1890
Callophis intestinalis, var. Suluensis, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien. c. i.
1891, p. 295.
Eye as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the
mouth. Rostral a little broader than deep; frontal as long as
broad or slightly longer than broad, as long as or longer than its
distance from the end of the snout ; one prae- and two postoculars;
temporals 1+2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 13 rows. Wentrals 197—273; anal entire; subcaudals
15–33. Brown or blackish above, with darker or lighter longi-
tudinal streaks; tail pink or red beneath; belly with black cross-bars.
Total length 580 millim. ; tail 45.
Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Celebes.
A. Forma TYPICA (A. intestinalis, Laur., E. furcatus, Schn.).-
Dark brown above, blackish towards the middle of the back;
a narrow orange or yellow vertebral line, forked on the head
and extending on each side to the upper lip behind the nostril;
a large subtriangular yellow temporal blotch usually present;
a black stripe along each side, divided by a yellow line running
between the two outer series of scales; barred black and yellow
beneath, the black bars as broad as or a little narrower than
the yellow.
a. 3 (V. 255; C. 22). Java.
b–d. 6 (V. 249, 242, Willis Mt., Kediri, Java, Baron v. Huegel [C].
231; C. 26, 24, 25). bj000 ft.
e. 3 (W. 224; C. 26). Labuan. Dr.Collingwood[P].
B. War. ANNECTENs. As in the preceding, but vertebral line not
bifurcating on the head. This variety completely connects the
preceding and the following. Specimen d black above and on
the sides, with three yellow lines.
a. 3 (W. 235; C, 25). Singapore. H. N. Ridley, Esq.
b. ? (W. 247; C 20). Labuan. L.# * Esq.
238. DoIIoPHIs. 403
, C. # (W. 257; C. Matang, Borneo.
19).
d. 9 (V. 266; C. 17). Tanjong, S.E. Borneo.
e. Q (W. 229; C. 28). — East India Co. [P.].
C. War. LINEATA, Gray (E. thepassi, Blkr., var. malayanus, Gthr.).-
Pale greyish or reddish brown above, with a pair of dark brown
or blackish dorsal lines bordering a light vertebral stripe;
the latter may be obscured in some specimens, which thus
lead to the var. nigrotaeniatus; sides and belly as in the pre-
ceding varieties, but black bars sometimes broader than the
interspaces between them.
a. Q (W. 218; C. 26). Pinang. Gen. Hardwicke[P].
(Type of M. lineata.)
b. 3 (V. 229; C. 24). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
c. Q (W. 230; C. 24). Singapore. Dr. Cantor.
d—f 3 (V. 233; C. Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P].
28), 2 (W. 239; C.
24), & hgr. (V. 273;
C. 15).
g—h. 3 (W. 232; C. E. Coast of Sumatra. Mrs. Findlay [P.].
É. Q (V. 233;
. 23
i–l, d. (V. 235, 233; Nias. Hr. Sundermann[C.].
C. 28, 27) & Q
(W. 243; C. 21).
m. Q (V. 268; C. 16). Sintang, Borneo. Dr. Bleeker.
(Type of E. thepassi.)
D. War. TRILINEATUS, D. & B.-As in the preceding, but the yellow
vertebral stripe broken up by dark brown spots at regular
intervals.
a. Hgr. (V. 256; C. Sumatra. Dr. Bleeker.
22).
E. War. NIGROTZENIATUs, Ptrs.-A dark brown or blackish vertebral
band three scales wide, separated from the dark colour of the
sides by a pale reddish-brown streak two scales wide; a pale
brown line between the two outer rows of scales; belly with
black bars which are as wide as or wider than the interspaces
between them, and confluent with the black of the sides.
a. Q (W. 232; C. 20). Sumatra. Dr. Bleeker.
(Elaps melanotania, Blkr.)
8. Q (V. 229; C. 22). Sarawak. D. Davies, Esq. [P].
F. War. SUMATRANUs, Jeude,-As in the preceding, but black bars
on the belly narrower than the interspaces between them and
not connected with the dark colour of the sides.
a—c. 3 (W. 231; C. 25) Labuan. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq.
& Q (V. 237, 235; [P]. , ESq
C. 22, 25).
d—e. 3 (V. 213; C. 25) Mt. Dulit, Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq. [P.].
º (W. 226; C,24).
6.
f. 6 (W. 239; C. 23). Manado, Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C].
2 D 2
404 COLUBRIDAE.
G. War. EveRETTI.-Black, with traces of a light vertebral stripe,
with two pale grey longitudinal streaks two, scales wide,
separated by three series of scales; belly with black bars
narrower than the interspaces and connected with the black of
the sides.
a—b. ? (W. 244, 240; Kina Balu, N. Borneo. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
C. 21, 22).
a. Skeleton. — ? Zoological Society.
3. Doliophis bilineatus.
Callophis bilineatus, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. Nat. Fr. 1881, p. 109.
Adeniophis bilineatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xiv. 1894,.
p. 84; Boettg. Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1894–95, no. 7, p. 5.
Eye a little shorter than its distance from the mouth. Rostral a
little broader than deep ; frontal as long as broad, as long as its:
distance from the rostral, considerably shorter than the parietals;
one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; six upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; chin-shields two pairs, subequal,
the anterior in contact with four labials. Scales in 13 rows.
Wentrals 225–268; anal entire ; subcaudals 24–30. Black above,
‘with two white streaks along the body, commencing on the parietal
shields, and running along the fourth and fifth series of scales;.
outer row of scales white, with a black longitudinal streak or a
series of black dots; upper lip and a blotch across the praefrontal
shields white; belly with black cross-bars, each involving two or
three ventral shields and separated from each other by two to four
white shields; tail orange or pink, with two or three black blotches
or rings.
Total length 710 millim.; tail 45.
Philippine Islands.
a. Q (V. 268; C. 25). Puerta Princesa, A. Everett, Esq. [C].
Palawan.
b. 3 (V. 245; C. 29). Balabac. A. Everett, Esq. º
c—d, d (V. 225, 244; Mindanao. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C].
C. 30, 30).
4. Doliophis philippinus.

Elaps intestinalis, var., Günth. Cat. p. 230 (1858).
Callophis intestinalis, var. C, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 82,
pl. xvi. fig. A.
intestinalis, var. philippina, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 849
1864)
Aºi. philippinus, Meyer, Sitzb. Ak. Berl. 1886, p. 614.
Eye about half as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
a little broader than deep; frontal nearly as broad as long, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; six
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials.
239. FURINA, 405
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the
posterior. Scales in 13 rows. Wentrals 218; anal entire ; sub-
caudals 26. Above with dark brown cross-bands, continuous with
the black ventral bars, separated by narrower yellowish interspaces
and divided by two pale reddish-brown stripes; beneath, barred
black and yellow (red ?); head brown above, with a few small
yellow spots; a black blotch on each side, involving the eye and
edged with yellow.
Total length 430 millim. ; tail 35.
Philippine Islands.
a. 3 (W. 218; C. 26). Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C]. (Type.)
239. FURINA.
Skull of Furina occipitalis.
Furina, part., Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xiii. 1858, p. 517, and Erp.
Gén. vii. p. 1236 (1854), tº º º
Elaps, part. Dum. & Bibr. Erp, Gén. vii. p. 1191; Jan, Elenco sist.
Oftd. p. 112 (1863).
Brachysoma, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 228 (1858).
Vermicella, Günth. l. c. p. 236, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 87;
Frefft, Sn. Austral p. 78 (1869).
Homaloselaps, Jan, Rev. & Mag, Zool. 1858, p. 518.
Furina, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xi. (1868), pp. 28 & 24;
I(refft, l.c. p. 50.
Meelaps, Günth, l.c. p. 24.
Pseudelaps, part, Jan, Elenco sist, Qſid. p. 115.

406, COLUBRIDAE.
Maxillary extending forwards beyond the palatine ; a pair of
moderately large, grooved poison-fangs, and one or two small solid
teeth near the posterior extremity of the maxillary; mandibular
teeth subequal. Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very
small, with round pupil; nostril in a single nasal; no loreal. Body
cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail very short, obtuse; subcaudals in two rows.
Australia.
The skull agrees with Elaps and Homorelaps, and differs from all
other Elapines in the absence of postfrontal bone; the praefrontals,
which are widely separated from each other, are produced backwards.
towards the parietals so as to nearly exclude the frontals from the
orbital periphery.
Synopsis of the Species.
Upper portion of rostral at least as long as
its distance from the frontal; five upper
labials; frontal more than twice as broad
as the supraocular; ventrals 181—200 ... 1. bimaculata, p. 406.
Upper portion of rostral shorter than its -
distance from the frontal; six upper
labials; frontal more than twice as broad
as the supraocular; ventrals 126–131 .. 2. calonota, p. 407.
Upper portion of rostral shorter than its
distance from the frontal; six mpper
labials; frontal not more than twice as
broad as the supraocular; ventrals 180– .
234. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . © º nº e º e º e º & 3. occipitalis, p. 407.
1. Furina bimaculata.
Furina bimaculata, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1240 (1854); Jan, Rev. &
Mag, Zool. 1859, p. 125, pl. vi.; Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (3)
xi. 1863, p. 24; Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 51 (1869).
Brachysoma diadema (non Schlea ,6 inth. Cat. p. 229 (1858).
bimaculatum, Günth. l. c.
Pseudelaps bimaculatus, Jan, Elenco, p. 116 (1863), and Icon. Gén.
43, pl. v. fig. 2 (1873). -

Rostral large, as deep as broad, the portion visible from above at
least as long as its distance from the frontal; internasals a little.
shorter than the praefrontals; frontal nearly as broad as long, thrice
as broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal elongate, in contact.
with the praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+1; five upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth very large; two
pairs of very small chin-shields, with an azygous shield between
them. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 181–200; anal divided;
subcaudals 21–25. Yellowish above, each scale edged with black
or with a small black spot ; end of snout, a large blotch covering
239. FURINA. 407,
the frontal, supraocular, and parietals, and a broad cross-bar on the
nape, black; lower parts white.
Total length 330 millim. ; tail 25.
W. Australia.
a. 3 (V. 181; C. 25). W. Australia.
b. ? (W. 191; C. 21). Australia.
2. Furina calonota.
Furina calonotos, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1241, pl. lxxv b. (1854); Jan,
§ ; Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 125, º vi.; Krefft, Sn. Austral. p. 50
1869).
Brachysoma calonotos, Günth. Cat. p. 229 (1858).
Neelaps calonotus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (3) xi. 1863, p. 24,
and xv. 1865, p. 97.
Pseudelaps calonotus, Jan, Elenco, p. 116 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 43,
pl. v. fig. 3 (1873).
Rostral moderately large, broader than deep, its upper portion
shorter than its distance from the frontal; internasals shorter than
the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad, nearly thrice as
broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal elongate, in contact with
the praeocular; latter reaching or nearly reaching the frontal;
two postoculars; temporals 1+1; six upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; a pair of small chin-shields. Scales in
15 rows. Wentrals 126–131; anal divided; subcaudals 29–30.
Yellowish, with a black vertebral stripe, each scale on which bears
a white dot; a bar across the end of the snout, a large blotch
covering the frontal, Supraocular, and parietals, and a black cross-
band on the nape, black; lower parts white.
Total length 215 millim.; tail 33.
W. Australia.
a. 3 (W. 131; C. 30). W. Australia?"
3. Furina occipitalis.

White, Journ. Voy. N. S. Wales, p. 259, pl. — fig. 2 (1790).
Elaps occipitalis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1220 (1854); Jan, Rev. &
Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 518, and Icon. Gén. 43, pl. ii. fig. 4 (1873).
Vermicella annulata, Günth. Cat. p. 236 (1858); Krefft, Sn. Austral.
p. 78, pl. xi. fig. 12 (1869); McCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict, Dec. 6,
p. 11, pl. li. (1881). -
occipitalis, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 87, pl. xvii. fig. B.
— lunulata, Krefft, l.c. p. 79, pl.xii, fig. 14.
Rostral moderately large, broader than deep, its upper portion
shorter than its distance from the frontal; internasals much
shorter than the praefrontals f ; frontal once and one third to once
* The specimen was purchased as from Baranquilla, Colombia, together with
a specimen of the W. Australian º, semifasciatus.
f In two specimens, the internasal on each side is fused with the praefrontal.
408 º COLUERIDAE,
and two thirds as long as broad, not more than twice as broad as
the supraocular, as long as or a little shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal not longer
than and in contact with the praeocular; two postoculars; temporals
1+1; six upper labials, third and fourth (exceptionally, third only)
entering the eye, sixth large; two pairs of small chin-shields, with
an azygous shield between them. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals
180–234; anal divided; subcaudals 14–25. Annulate black and
white, the annuli narrower beneath *; head black above, with a
white band across the snout and another across the occiput.
Total length 590 millim.; tail 36.
Australia. -
a. Q (V. 210; C. 18). Swan R. §. of V. annulata.)
b. 3 (V. 207; C. 25). Sydney. G.
refft, Esq. [P.].
c—d, e, 2 (W. 210, 207; New South Wales. Imperial Institute [P.].
C. 21, 18) & yg. (W.222;
C. 16
fig, figr. (W. 200, 180; . Moreton Bay,
C. 18, 20). Queensland.
h. Q (W. 234; C. 18). Herbert R., N. J. A. Boyd, Esq. [P.].
Queensland.
3–l. 3 (V. 205; C. 21) & Queensland.
Q (V. 219, 221; C. 14,
19).
m. Q (V. 206; C. 18). Queensland. Col, Beddome [C].
2. G (W. 227; C. 25). N. Australia. Rev. T. S. Lea (P.].
o. 2 (V. 215; C. 20). Australia. Haslar Collection.
p. Skull of c.
240. HOMORELAPS.

Elaps, part., Schneid. Hist, Amph. ii. p. 289 (1801); Wagl. Syst.
Amph. p. 193 (1830); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 435 (1837); Dum.
& Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1191 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 229
(1858); Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 516.
Homoroselaps, Jan, l.c. p. 518.
Poecilophis (non Kaup), Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 88; Peters,
Mon. Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 636.
Maxillary extending forwards beyond the palatine, with a pair
of large poison-fangs without groove ; pterygoids toothless;
mandibular teeth few, subequal. Head small, not distinct from
neck; eye very small, with round pupil; nostril in a single nasal;
no loreal. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, without pits, in
15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short ; subcaudals in two rows.
South Africa.
No postfrontal bone; praefrontals widely separated from each
other and in contact with the parietals, excluding the frontals from
the orbital periphery.
* Interrupted on the belly in V. lunulata, Krefft, which is probably only a
colour-variety. -
240. HoMORELAPs. tº 409
1. Homorelaps lacteus.
Seba, Thes. ii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 5, xxxv. fig. 2, xliv, fig. 1 (1785);
Merr. Beytr. i. pl. vi. (1790).
Coluber lacteus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 28, pl. xviii. fig. 1 (1754),
and S. N. i. p. 381 (1766).
domicella, Linn. S. W. i. p. 376.
Cerastes lacteus, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 83 (1768).
Coluber guineensis, Bonnat. Encycl. Méth., Ophiol. p. 20 (1789).
siamensis, Donnd. Zool. Beitr. iii. p. 203 (1798).
Elaps lacteus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 293 (1801).
Vipera lactea, Latr. Rept. iv. p. 29 (1801).
Coluber hygeiae, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 487 (1802).
— iphisa, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 416 (1803).
Elaps hygeae, Merr. Tent, p 144 (1820); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 446, pl. xvi. figs, 14 & 15 (1837); Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr.,
Ičept., App. p. 21 (1849); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1213 (1854);
Günth. Cat. p. 232 (1858); Jan, Icon. Gén. 43, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1873);
F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 693.
#. Smith, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. i. 1825, p. 254.
ipunctiger, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1227.
Poecilophis hygiae, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 88.
Aspidelaps lacteus, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 78 (1867).
Poecilophis lacteus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1870, p. 114.
Elaps (Poecilophis) hygiae, var. chrysopeleoides, F. Müll. Verh. Wat.
Ges. Basel, viii. 1887, p. 276, pl. ii.

Rostral broader than deep; internasals shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal not broader than the supraocular, once and a half
to twice and a half as long as broad, as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, usually shorter than the
parietals; one prae- and one postocular; temporals 1+2; six upper
labials, first and second small, third and fourth entering the eye,
fifth in contact with the parietal; three lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
$cales in 15 rows. Wentrals 160–209; anal divided; subcaudals
26–42. Coloration very variable, but vertebral line constantly
bright yellow, orange or red, even if crossed by black annuli; head
Black, with yellow or orange markings, sometimes with two yellow
.dots close together behind the frontal shield. -
Total length 460 millim. ; tail 50.
South Africa.
A. Yellowish white, with more or less regular black bars or annuli;
belly black or with a continuous or interrupted black stripe.
(C. lactews, L., C. hygiae, Shaw.)
a—c. 9 (V. 198; C. 30) & hgr. Simon's Bay. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
(V. 173, 177; C. 38,39).
d—j. 6 (V. 182; C. 36) & 2 Cape of Good Sir J. MacGregor
(V. 202, 200; C. 33, 31). ope. º
g. Yg. (V. 186; C. 37). Cape of Good Mr. Ford [P].
OO6.
J., i. 2 (V, 192; C. 83) & hgr. Ca º; Good
(V. 187; C. 32). ope.
410 COLUBRIDAE.
k—l. Hgr. (V.191,192; C.42,37). S. Africa.
m. Skull. - Cape of Good
Hope.
B. As in the preceding, but ventrals uniform white.
a. 3 (W. 176; C. 41). —?
C. Black, with small round yellow spots forming various markings
a series of large orange spots along the spine, more or less.
confluent into a band; ventrals black at the base, yellow
behind. (E. punctatus, Smith.)
a. 9 (V. 191; C. 29). Cape of Good Dr. Lee [P.].
b. Yg. (V. 209; C. 26). ci. J. P. M. Weale, Esq.
* isf (V, 165,160; C. 37, S. Africa. pººl. [P.J.
e. 9 (V. 195; C. 27). S. Africa.
D. Black, each scale with a yellow dot; an orange or citrine
vertebral stripe; ventrals black at the base, yellow behind.
(War. chrysopeleoides, F. Müll.)
a. Q (V. 195; C. 29). Cape of Good Officers of the Chat-
- ope. ham Museum [P].
b. ? (W. 188; C. 28). Umtentu, Tem- Mr. G. E. Nightin-
buland. gale [C].
c. 2 (V. 200; C. 30). Port Elizabeth. H.º Spencer, Esq.
d. 9 (v. 207; c. 31). Durban. Captain Munn º
e. 3 (V. 176; C. 39). Natal. E. Howlett, Esq.
[P.].
f. 2 (V. 184; C. 25). S. Africa.

2. Homorelaps dorsalis.
Elaps dorsalis, Smith, Iu. Zool. s. Aſr, Rept, App. p. 21 (1849).
Poecilophis dorsalis, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 88.
Rostral broader than deep ; internasals half as long as the
praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad, a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter
than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; a single temporal;
six upper labials, the three anterior equal in size, third and fourth
entering the eye, fifth in contact with the parietal; three lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are slightly
longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 219–226;
anal divided; subcaudals 25–28. Black above, with a yellow
vertebral stripe extending to the tip of the snout ; lower parts and
three outer rows of scales white. -
Total length 240 millim. ; tail 21. -
Caffraria and Natal.
a. Hgr. (v. 226; 0.25). King William's Town.
241. ELAPs. 411
241. ELAPS.
Elaps, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 289 (1801); Wagler, Syst.
Amph. p. 193 (1830); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 435 (1837); Dum.
& Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1191 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn.
p. 229 (1858); Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 516.
Micrurus, Wagler, in Spiv, Serp. Bras, p. 48 (1824).
Elaps, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 84; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.
1862, p. 636; Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 679;
Stejneger, Rep. U. S. Wat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 358 (1895).
Maxillary very short, extending beyond the palatine, with a pair
of large poison-fangs with obsolete grooves; pterygoid teeth few or
absent; mandibular teeth subequal. No postfrontals; praefrontals
meeting, or narrowly separated on the median line. Head small,
Skull of Elaps marcgravii.
not distinct from neck; eye small, with vertically elliptic" or
subelliptic pupil; nostril between two nasals; no loreal. Body
cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows or partly single,
partly in two rows.
America.

412 y COLUBRIDAE.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Seven upper labials, fourth entering the eye; frontal very
narrow ; ventrals 167–182 . . . . . . 1. surinamensis, p. 414.
II. Six upper labials, second and third entering the eye; snout
narrow ; ventrals 209 . . . . . . . . . . 2. heterochilus, p. 414.
III. Seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye.
A. Seventh upper labial very small; rostral large, its upper
portion nearly as long as its distance from the frontal;
internasals nearly as long as the praefrontals; ventrals 215–
241; subcaudals 21–29 . . . . . . 3. euryacanthus, p. 415.
B. Seventh labial well developed; rostral moderate, just visible
from above; internasals much shorter than the praefrontals.
1. First lower labial in contact with its fellow ; posterior
nasal not reaching the praeocular; ventrals 191; sub-
caudals 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. gravenhorstii, p. 415.
2. First lower labial in contact with its fellow; posterior
nasal in contact with the praeocular.
a. Eye nearly as long as or a little longer than its distance
from the mouth ; frontal as long as or slightly shorter
than the parietals, which are not longer than their
distance from the internasals; ventrals 189–227.
a. Frontal once and one third to once and two thirds as
long as broad.
* Frontal longer than its distance from the end of the
snout ; anterior chin-shields as long as or a
little shorter than the posterior.
§ubcaudals 37–54; temporals 1+1. . . . 5. langsdorffii, p. 416.
$ubcaudals 39–43; temporals 1+2.... 6. buckleyi, p. 416.
Subcaudals 29; temporals 1+1 ...... 7. anomalus, p. 417.
** Frontal as long as its distance from the end of the
snout ; anterior chin-shields shorter than the
posterior.
Subcaudals 16–23; rostral a little
broader than deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. heterozonus, p. 417.
§ubcaudals 29–47; rostral much broader ¥
than deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. elegans, p. 418.
6. Frontal not or but slightly longer than broad; nearly
twice as broad as the supraocular; rostral little if at
all broader than deep; subcaudals 29–45.
Temporals 1+1; third upper labial not
or but scarcely larger than fourth .. 10. annellatus, p. 418.
241. ELAPs. * - - 413.
No anterior temporal; sixth labial large
and forming a suture with the parietal;
third upper labial larger than fourth... 11. decoratus, p. 419.
b. Eye shorter than its distance from the mouth (in the
adult); parietals not longer than their distance from
the internasals; ventrals 179–231; subcaudals 30–53.
Frontal as long as the parietals ...... 12. dumerilii, p. 419.
Prontal shorter than the parietals . . . . 13. corallinus, p. 420.
c. Eye shorter than its distance from the mouth (in the
adult); frontal shorter than the parietals, which are
longer (even if but slightly) than their distance from
the internasals. -
a. Anal entire; ventrals 168–181; subcaudals 22–29.
14. hemprichii, p. 421.
3. Anal divided (very rarely entire).
* Snout obtusely pointed, projecting considerably beyond
the mouth ; wentrals 200–221; subcaudals 19–28.
Parietals a little longer than their
distance from the internasals . . . . . . 15. tschudii, p. 422.
Parietals very elongate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. dissoleucus, p. 422.
* Snout broadly rounded, scarcely projecting.
t Wentrals 180–240; anterior temporal large and
deep.
Subcaudals 30–59; frontal usually more
than once and a half as long as broad;
anterior chin-shields shorter than the
posterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. fulvius, p. 422.
Subcaudals 32–47; frontal not more than
once and a half as long as broad;
anterior chin-shields shorter than the -
posterior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. psyches, p. 426.
Subcaudals 22–29; eye measuring two
thirds its distance from the mouth in
the adult; anterior chin-shields shorter
than the posterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. spiań, p. 427.
Subcaudals 15–26; eye measuring two
thirds to three fourths its distance from
the mouth in the adult . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. frontalis, p. 427.
Subcaudals 23–42; eye measuring two
fifths to three fifths its distance from
the mouth in the adult; anterior chin-
shields not or but slightly shorter than
the posterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. marcgravit, p. 428.
414 r * COLUBRIDAE,
†f Ventrals 241 or more; anterior temporal large
and deep.
Ventrals 241-262; subcaudals 30–39. 22. lemniscatus, p. 480.
Wentrals 290–308; subcaudals 35–45 . . 23. filiformis, p. 430.
††† Wentrals 210 or more; anterior temporal very
narrow, sometimes absent.
Wentrals 210–278 . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 24, mipartitus, p. 431.
Wentrals 303 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. fraseri, p. 432.
3. Symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields.
Wentrals 255–268; temporals 1+1 ; -
frontal much broader than the supra-
ocular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26. mentalis, p. 432.
Wentrals 258; temporals 1+1; frontal
little broader than the supraocular .. 27. ancoralis, p. 432.
Wentrals 240–315; no anterior temporal. 28. narduccii, p. 433.
1. Elaps Surinamensis.
Seba, Thes, ii. pl. lxxxvi. fig. 1 (1735).
Elaps surinamensis, Cuv. R. An. ii. p. 84 (1817); Schleg. Phys.
Serp. ii. p. 445, pl. xvi; figs, 8 & 9 (1887), and Abbild. p. 137,
pl.xlvi. fig. 9 (1844); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1224 (1854); Günth.
Cat. p. 234 (1858); Jan, Icon. Gén. 42, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1872);
Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) viii. 1876, p. 182.
Eye measuring a little more than half its distance from the mouth.
Bostral a little broader than deep; frontal very narrow, narrower
than the supraocular, at least twice as long as broad, as long as
its distance from the rostral or the end of the Snout, shorter than
the parietals; latter longer than their distance from the internasals;
one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials,
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or longer than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 167–182; anal divided;
subcaudals 33–37. Red, with black annuli disposed in threes, the
middle one broad, separated by narrow yellow interspaces; 7 or 8
sets of annuli on the body; the red scales dotted with black; head
red above, with the shields black-edged, followed by a black cross-
band behind the parietals.
Total length 740 millim.; tail 95. Grows to 1900 millim.
Venezuela, Guianas, Northern Brazil, N.E. Peru.
a. 3 (W. 170; C. 37). British Guiana.
b. Hgr. 3 (V, 167; C. 36). Para. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P].
2. Elaps heterochilus.
Elaps heterochilus, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 39.
Snout narrow. Rostral broader than deep; frontal once and a
241. ELAPs. 415
half as long as broad; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals
1 or 1+1; six upper labials, second and third entering the eye;
first lower labial formed by the fusion of two. Scales in 15 rows.
Wentrals 209; anal entire; subcaudals 29. Coloration as in
E. marcgravii.
Total length 553 millim.; tail 43.
Brazil.
3. Elaps euryxanthus.
Flº,* part., Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) iv. 1859,
— euryxanthus, Kennicott, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1860, p. 337; Cope,
Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 296; Cragin, Bull. Washburn Laborat.
i. 1884, p. 8; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892, p. 681;
Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1898, p. 362, pl. ii. (1895).
Eye much shorter than its distance from the mouth. Rostral
large, nearly as deep as broad, its upper portion nearly as long as
its distance from the frontal ; internasals nearly as long as the
praefrontals; frontal small and narrow ; parietals small; one prae-
and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye, seventh very small; chin-shields very
short, the anterior in contact with three lower labials. Scales in
15 rows. Wentrals 215–241; anal divided; subcaudals 21–29.
Body with 11 or more black annuli edged with yellow and sepa-
rated by broad red interspaces; head black to the posterior border
of the parietals,
Total length 400 millim. ; tail 33.
Arizona, Sonora, and North-western Mexico,
a. Q (V. 220; C. 29). —? Haslar Collection.
4. Elaps gravenhorstii.
Fºr gravenhorstii, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 523, and Prodr.
pl. A (1859).
Eye a little shorter than its distance from the mouth. Frontal
longer than broad ; parietals as long as their distance from the
internasals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1; pos-
terior nasal separated from the praeocular, which is very small;
seven upper labials, third in contact with the praefrontal, fourth and
fifth entering the eye. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 191; anal
divided; subcaudals 23. Body with black annuli disposed in
threes, the median broadest ; seven sets of annuli; head black,
with a yellow transverse band behind the eyes covering the anterior
two-thirds of the parietals and the posterior extremity of the
frontal. -
Total length 550 millim.; tail 50.
Brazil. - -
416 COLUBRIDAE.
5. Elaps langsdorffii.
Elaps langsdorffii, Wagl. in Spiv, Serp. Bras. p. 10, pl. ii. fig. 2;
(1824); Jan, Arch. f. Wat. 1859, p. 273. -
fi batesii, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 428, pl. xvii.
g. D. -
— imperator, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 110, and Proc.
Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 156.
Eye as long as or a little longer than its distance from the mouth.
Rostral broader than deep ; frontal broader than the supraocular,
once and two thirds as long as broad, longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, as long as or slightly shorter than the parietals;
latter as long as their distance from the internasals; one prae- and
two postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third little
larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as
or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
204–225; anal divided; subcaudals 37–54. Dark brown above, the
scales lighter at the base, with 63 transverse series of small cream-
coloured spots, each occupying one scale; yellowish beneath, with
red cross-bands; a yellow dot on each supraocular shield.
Total length 300 millim.
Upper Amazon.
a. Hgr. 3 (V. 204; C. 54). Pebas, N.E. Peru. Mr. Hauxwell [C.].
- (Type of E. batesii.)
Thanks to the kindness of Prof. Hertwig, I have been able to
examine the type specimen (6), from the R. Japura, preserved in
the Museum of Munich.
E. imperator, which is identified with E. batesii by Cope, forms a
colour-variety distinguished by the spaces between the transverse
series of yellow spots, on the back, being alternately black and red,
the red ventral cross-bars extending to the upper surface. .
6. Elaps buckleyi. (ParºxxII. fig. 1)
Elaps corallinus, part., Günth. Cat. p. 233 (1858), and Ann. & Mag.
N. H. (3) iv. 1859, p. 171. -
Eye nearly as long as or a little longer than its distance from the
mouth. Rostral broader than deep; frontal broader than the supra-
ocular, once and one third to once and a half as long as broad, longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or slightly
shorter than the parietals; latter as long as their distance from the
internasals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven
upper labials, third not larger than the fourth, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15
rows. Wentrals 202–211 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 39–43.
Orange (red ?), with 48–60 black annuli on the body; on the back
the annuli edged with small yellow spots, each occupying one scale;
the annuli close together on the tail; head black above, as far as
241. ELAPs. g 417
the posterior third of the parietals; a small yellow spot on each
supraocular; temples yellow.
Total length 505 millim.; tail 70.
Northern Brazil, Eastern Ecuador.
a. 3 (V. 202; C. 43). Para.
b. Yg. (V. 211; C. 39). Canelos, E. Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C.].
7. Elaps anomalus. (PLATE XXII. fig. 2.)
Eye as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral broader
than deep; frontal broader than the Supraocular, once and a half
as long as broad, a little longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, as long as the parietals; latter as long as their distance
from the internasals; a narrow azygous shield separating the prae-
frontals”; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven
upper labials, third scarcely larger than fourth, third and fourth
entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 227; anal divided; subcaudals 29. Body with 55 black
cross-bands separated by narrow brownish-white, black-dotted
interspaces two or three scales wide; the black bands taper to a
point on the sides, only a few extending across the belly to form
complete rings; belly yellowish (red?); anterior half of head black,
posterior half yellow; tail yellow (red?) with four black rings.
Total length 280 millim. ; tail 23.
Colombia. -
a. Yg. (V. 227; C. 29). Colombia. Mr. F. A. Simons [C.].
8. Elaps heterozonus.
Elaps heterozonus, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1881, p. 52.
? Elaps corallinus, var. obscura, Jan, Icon. Gén. 41, pl. vi. fig. 3.
(1872).
Eye nearly as long as or a little longer than its distance from the
mouth. Rostral a little broader than deep; frontal broader than
the supraocular, once and a half as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; latter
as long as their distance from the internasals; one prae- and two
postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third larger
than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 210–219; anal divided;
subcaudals 16–23. Red or brown, most of the scales tipped with
black, with 17 to 23 subequal black rings mostly narrower than
the interspaces; the first annulus with an angular prolongation
reaching the occiput; shields on the snout edged and spotted with
—-
*—
* Probably an individual anomaly.
WOL. III, 2 E
418 coluBRIDAE.
ack; a more or less distinct black band on the head passing
through the eye and across the supraocular and frontal shields; a
large black spot on each parietal shield.
Total length 900 millim.; tail 40.
IEastern Ecuador, Eastern Peru, Bolivia.
a. Yg. (V. 218; C. 16). Canelos, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley #
b,c-d. Q (V. 219,214,210; Moyobamba, Peru. Mr. A. H. Roff TC.].
C. 16, 17, 18).
e. d. (V. 219; C. 23). Jungas, Bolivia.
9. Elaps elegans.
Elaps elegans, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 524, Prodr. pl. B
(1859), and Icon. Gén. 42, pl. v. fig. 2 (1872).
Eye nearly as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
much broader than deep; frontal broader than the supraocular,
once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the
parietals; latter as long as their distance from the internasals; one
prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1 ; seven upper labials,
third larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 189–221;
anal divided; subcaudals 29–47. Body with black annuli disposed
in threes, subequal in size, separated, within each set, by two series
of alternately black and yellow scales; the sets, 12 to 17 in number,
narrowly separated by reddish-brown interspaces which may be
divided by a black cross-bar; head black, with a yellow blotch on
each side behind the eye, widening on the lip.
Total length 730 millim. ; tail 70.
Mexico and Guatemala.
a—b. 3 (V. 189, C. 40) & Huatuzco, Vera Cruz. F. D. Godman, Esq.
Q (V. 206; C. P). ſº &
c. 3 (V. 205; C. 47). Teapa, Tabasco. F. łºw. Esq.
d—e. Q (V. 221, 220; Vera Paz, low forest. O. ś, Esq. [C].
C. 35, P). -
10. Elaps annellatus.
Elaps annellatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ae, 1871, p.402.
PElaps imperator, var., Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876,
p. 181.
Eye as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral a little
broader than deep; frontal nearly twice as broad as the supra-
ocular, slightly longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; latter as long
as their distance from the internasals; one prae- and two post-
-oculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third not or but
241. ELAPs. 419
scarcely larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye;
three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
200–211; anal divided; subcaudals 30–45. Black, with narrow
white rings (one scale and one shield wide), some of which are
approximate in pairs, the others equidistant; 41–49 white rings on
the body, 4 to 7 on the tail; a white ring on the head, crossing the
parietals.
Total length 490 millim.; tail 70.
Fastern Peru.
.a. d. (V. 200; C. 45). Sarayacu. Mr. W. Eavis [C.];
Messrs. Veitch TP. l.
b. 3 (V. 201; C. 42). Cueva Blanca. Messrs. Veitch [P].
11. Elaps decoratus.
Elº decoratus, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 525, and Prodr.
pl. B (1859); Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 85, pl. xviii, fig. A ;
Jan, Icon. Gén. 42, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1872).
Eye as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the
mouth. Rostral nearly as deep as broad; frontal nearly twice as
broad as the supraocular, not or but slightly longer than broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than
the parietals; latter as long as their distance from the internasals;
one prae- and two postoculars; a single temporal; seven upper labials,
third larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye, sixth
very large and forming a suture with the parietal; three or four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as or shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
196–213; anal divided ; subcaudals 29–37. Body with black
annuli disposed in threes, the middle one broader, enclosing two
yellow rings, and separated by broad red, black-dotted interspaces;
15 or 16 sets of annuli on the body; head yellow, with the end of
the snout and a band passing through the eyes black.
Total length 625 millim.
Brazil.
.a. 6 (V. 205; C.?). Rio Janeiro. Mrs. Fry [P].
b. 3 (W. 202; C.?). Brazil. Dr. Gardiner [C.].
C. & (W. 196; C.?). Brazil.
12. Elaps dumerilii.
Elaps marcgravi (non Wied), Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1209 (1854).
— dumerilii, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 522, Prodr. pl. A
(1859), and Icon. Gén. 42, pl. i. fig. 3 (1872).
Eye measuring two thirds its distance from the mouth. Rostral
nearly as deep as broad; frontal broader than the supraocular, once
- 2 E 2 -
420 COLUBRIDAE.
and three fourths as long as broad, longer than its distance from:
the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; latter as long as.
their distance from the internasals; one prae- and two postoculars;
temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third a little larger than
fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are slightly shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 197—204; anak
divided; subcaudals 50–53. Body with 8 or 9 sets of three black
annuli separated by very broad red interspaces, the scales on which
are tipped with black; the median black annulus much broader than.
the outer, from which it is separated by a yellow annulus; head.
black above, separated from the black of the nape by a yellow
crescentic band extending to below the eyes and covering the:
temples, the outer border of the parietals, and the occiput.
Total length 410 millim. ; tail 65.
Colombia.
a. 6 (V. 197; C. 50). Carthagena. - Capt. Garth [P].
13. Elaps corallinus.
Elaps corallinus, Wied, W. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. x. i. 1820, p. 108,
pl. iv., and Abbild. Nat, Bras, (1825). -
corallinus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 440 (1837); Dum. &
Bibr. vii. p. 1207 (1854); Günth. Cat. p. 233 (1858), and Ann, &
Mag. N. H. (3) iv. 1859, p. 173.
ornatissimus, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 521, Prodr.
pl.A. (1859), and Icon. Gén, 42, pl. i. fig. 1 (1872).
— riisii, Jan, ll. cc, p. 525, pl. B, and Icon. pl. vi. fig. 3.
bocourtii, Jan, Icon. pl. vi. fig. 2. . .
— circinalis, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) viii. 1876, p. 182.
- gºlinº, var. gastrosticta, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1889,.
p. 310. -
Eye measuring two thirds to three fourths its distance from the
mouth in the adult. Rostral broader than deep; frontal a little
broader than the supraocular, once and a half to twice as long as-
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; latter as long as their distance from the
internasals; one prae- and two (rarely one) postoculars; temporals
1+1, the anterior sometimes fused with the sixth labial; six
upper labials, third as large as or a little larger than fourth, third.
and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contaqt
with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 179—231; anal divided; subcaudals.
30–47. Body with black annuli edged with yellow, separated by
red interspaces which may be more or less profusely spotted with
black; head black above, temples, and often a more or less broad
band behind or partly on the parietals, yellow.
- Total length 790 millim. ; tail 70.
Tropical South America and Lesser Antilles (St. Thomas,
St. Vincent, Martinique).
241. ELAPs. 421
A. 21–31 black annuli, on the body (E. corallinus, Wied).-The
black dots on the red areas may be so crowded together near
the yellow borders of the annuli as to form additional annuli
(E. bocourti, Jan).
a—b. 3 (W. 195; C. 47) Brazil.
& Q (V, 231; C. 37).
c. 2 (W. 209; C. 37). Rosario de Cucuta, Mr. C. Webber [C].
- Colombia.
d. 9 (V. 194; C. 32). Trinidad. C. Taylor, Esq. [P].
.e. 2 (W. 199; C. 35). Trinidad. L. Guppy, Esq. [Pºk
f, g. 6 (V. 193; C. 43) Trinidad. W. Wºź. sq.[P].
&hgr. (V.179; C. 45).
A. Q (V. 201; C. 32). Trinidad. Mus. Guilding.
it. 6 (V. 183; C. 45). St. Vincent. Mus. Guilding.
.k. g. (V. 181; C, 46). W. Indies. Mus. Guilding.
1. Q (W. 193; C. 30). —? Haslar Collection.
2n—o, p. 3 (V. 186; —? -
C. 46) & Q (V. 196,
192, 192; C. 33, 30, :
80).
b. 15 to 20 black annuli on the body.
a. 3 (V, 193; C. 43). Interior of Brazil. Dr. Gardiner [C].
b. Yg. (V. 194; C. 45). Brazil. J. O. W. Fabert, Esq.[P].
c. 3 (V. 198; C. 44). Brazil. G. Busk, Esq. [P.].
d. 9 (V. 216; C. 32). Brazil.
2 (W. 221; C. 31). P
Haslar Collection.
14. Elaps hemprichii.

Elaps lemniscatus, part., Günth. Cat. p. 233 (1858). -
— hemprichii, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 523, and Prodr.
pl. A (1859); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 72; Jan, Icon.
Gén. 42, pl. iv. fig. 3 (1872).
Eye measuring about two thirds its distance from the mouth.
Tostral scarcely broader than deep; frontal broader than the supra-
ocular, once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as
long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
a little shorter than the parietals; latter as long as their distance
from the internasals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals
1+1; seven upper labials, third larger than fourth, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in
15 rows. Wentrals 168–181; anal entire; subcaudals 22–29.
Black above, with yellowish (red?) annuli, one broad one between
two narrow ones; upper head-shields black; upper lip, temples, and
occiput behind parietal shields yellowish; the yellowish scales
black-edged; the yellowish annuli widening on the belly.
* Total length 720 millim. ; tail 65.
Guianas, Colombia, Peru.
a. 9 (V. 168; C. 29). Surinam.
Ab. 3 (W. 176; C. #,
422 COLUBRIDAE.
- 15. Elaps tschudii.
Fº tschudii, Jam, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 524, Prodr. pl. B.
(1859), and Icon. Gén. 42, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1872); Boetty. Ber.
Senck. Ges. 1889, p. 316.
Snout obtusely pointed, projecting considerably beyond the
mouth. Eye shorter than its distance from the mouth. Rostral.
broader than deep; frontal broader than the supraocular, once and .
two thirds as long as broad, as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
latter longer than their distance from the internasals; one prae- and
two postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third much
larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 207–221;
anal divided; subcaudals 21–28. Body with black annuli broader
than the interspaces; the black annuli disposed in threes, a broad
one between two narrow ones; the interspaces yellow and red, all
or only the red ones dotted with black; snout black; frontal,
supraoculars, and anterior half of parietals and temples yellow ;.
occiput black.
Total length 430 millim. ; tail 35.
Peru.
a. 9 (V. 216; C. 28). Andes of Peru. Prof. W. Nation [P].
b. ? (W. 221; C. 28). Lima. Christiania Museum.
16. Elaps dissoleucus.
Elaps dissoleucus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 345.
Snout obtusely pointed, projecting; eye very small. Frontal.
small, elongate; parietals very elongate; seven upper labials.
Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 200; anal divided; subcaudals 19.
Body red, with seven sets of three black rings; the central ring:
not twice as wide as the outer ones; head black above, sides.
behind the eyes red. -
Total length 1070 millim. ; tail 35.
Venezuela.
17. Elaps fulvius.
Coluber fulvius, Linn. S. N. i. p. 381 (1766); Daud. Rept. vi.
p. 300 (1803); Say, Amer. Journ. i. 1819, p. 262; Harl. Med..
Phys. Res. p. 180 (1835).
Elaps fulvius, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept, p. 61 (1826); Holbr. N. Am.
Pierp. iii. p. 49, pl. x. (1842); Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept.
p. 21 (1853); Dum, & Bibr. vii. p. 1215 (1854); Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 458; Matthes, Denkschr, Ges. Isis, 1860, p. 52,
pl. —, figs. 1–5; Jan, Icon. Gén. 41, pl. i., fig. 2, & 42, pl. ii.
figs. 2 & 3 (1872); Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept, pl. xxiii.
(1874); Garm. N. Am. Rept, p. 105, pl. viii, fig. 3 (1883); Cope,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 680; Hay, Rept. Indiana,.
p. 121 (1893); Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 1894,
p. 834; Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Wat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 359, pl. i. (1895).
241. ELAPs. 423
Vipera fulvia, Harl. Journ. Ac. Philad. v. 1827, p. 364,
Elaps tenere, Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. pp. 22 & 156, and
#3; U.S. Mear. Bound. Surv. ii. x., Rept. p. 15, pl. vii. fig. 1
859).
— tristis, Baird & Gir. Cat. p. 23.
circinalis, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1210.
diastema, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1222.
— epistema, Dum...& Bibr. t. c. p. 1222.
— nigrocinctus, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 226, and U.S.
Nav. Astron. Exped. ii. Zool. p. 210, pl.xxxv. (1855).
— divaricatus, Hallow. Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) iii. 1855, p. 36.
fulvius, part., Günth. Cat. p. 235 (1858), Ann. & Mag. N. H.
(3) iv. 1859, p. 169, and Biol. C.-Am., Rept, p. 182 (1895).
— fitzingeri, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 521, and Prodr.
pl. A (1859).
ºmmemº #. Jan, ll, cc. p. 522, pl. A.
— affinis, Jan, ll, cc. p. 525, pl. B.
— aglaeope, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 344; Günth. Biol.
Cº-Am., Rept. p. 184.
distans, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 338; Cope, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 681.
corallinus, Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 228; Dugès,
Naturaleza, vii. 1885, p. 201.
hippocrepis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 925.
ºmºsºgºliaº, var. crebripunctatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869,
p. Öſ (.
— marcgravi, var. laticollaris, Peters, l.c. ...
Hºmº var. circinalis, Jan, Icon. Gén. 41, pl. vi. fig. 1
— laticollaris, Garm. l.c. p. 107. \
ephippifer, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886, }: 281.
— bernardi, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 87.
— diastema, var. michoacanensis, Dugès, Naturaleza, (2) i. 1891,
p. 487, pl. xxxii.
— lemniscatus, part, Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 185.
—ruatanus, Günth. l.c. p. 185, pl. lvii. fig. B.


Eye shorter than its distance from the mouth (one half to two
thirds) in the adult. Rostral broader than deep; frontal as broad
as or broader than the supraocular, once and a half to twice as
long as broad, as long as or a little shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; latter longer than
their distance from the internasals; one prae- and two postoculars;
temporals 1+1 (rarely 1+2); seven upper labials, third usually
larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; three or
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
180–237; anal divided (rarely entire); subcaudals 30–59. Body
annulate, black and red or black, yellow, and red; tail annulate
black and yellow ; snout black; parietal shields usually entirely or
greater part yellow, the first black annulus just behind or
encroaching a little upon the parietals.
Total length 990 millim. ; tail 85.
Eastern North America, from Southern Virginia, the Ohio River,
and the Missouri to the Rio Grande ; Mexico; Central America.
424
COLUERIDAE.
A. Body with 12 to 19 broad black annuli edged with yellow,
separated by red, black-spotted interspaces of nearly equal
extent; the black spots may be so crowded as to nearly
entirely obscure the red colour; the black of the anterior part
of the head extending to the posterior third or the posterior
extremity of the frontal; the first black annulus just behind the
parietals. (E. fulvius, L., E. tenere, B. & G., E. tristis, B. & G.)
a—b. 9 (V. 219, 224; Marion Co., Florida. A. Erwin Brown, Esq.
C. 34, 35). [P.].
c—d, G (V. 213; C, 41) Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq. [P.].
& Q (V. 226; C.?).
e. G (W. 211; C. 43). Texas. Smithsonian Institution.
f, g. 6 (V. 218; C.43) Texas.
& Q (V. 223; C. 31).
h. G. (V. 212; C. 38), Mexico.
2. G (W. 200; C. 40). —? College of Surgeons.
k, l. 3 (V. 212; C. 41) —?
& hgr. (V. 209; C. 38).
m. Skull. Mexico.
B. Body with 9 to 17 widely separated, narrow black rings more or
a—d,
C.
20
less distinctly edged with yellow; the rest of the body red,
uniform or dotted with black; black of the anterior part of
the head extending to the middle or to the posterior point of the
frontal; first black annulus behind the parietals or extending
on the posterior extremity of the latter. (E. migrocinctus, Gir.,
E. diastema, D. & B., E. affinis, Jan, E. distans, Kenn.)
e. 3 (V. 197, 197; Mexico. Mr. Hugo Finck [C].
44, 41) & Q (V.
6, 210, 206; C, 35,
36, 36).
f. 2
-2.
9 C,
2
(W. 207; C. 36). Mexico. M. Sallé [C].
& (V. 186, 195; Mexico.
44,45) & Q (V.
1; C. 31).
A. d (V. 216; C. 52). Presidio, W. Mexico. Hr. A. Forrer [C].
l m. 3 (V. 201; C. 49) Jalisco, N. of Rio de F. D. Godman, Esq.
& Q (V. 218; C. 34). Santiago. [P.].
n. Hgr. (V. 207; C. 50). Omilteme, Guerrero. F. D. Godman, Esq.
o—q. Q (V. 211; C. 37) Atoyac, Guerrero. F. ſº Godman, Esq.
& yg. (V. 209; C. 33). [P.].
r—s. 3 (V. 203, 205; Teapa, Tabasco. F. D. Godman, Esq.
C. 54, 53
. G. (V. 200, 207; British Honduras. cº Exhibition.
230; b. 33).
v. 2 (V. 213; C. 88). Stann Creek, Brit. Rev. J. Robertson [C].
Honduras.
w. Hgr. (V. 198; C. 51). Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
a. d. (V. 191; C. 54). Chontalez, Nicaragua. R. A. Rix, Esq. [C];
W. M. Crowfoot,
Esq. [P.].
421. ELAPs.
425
9–2. Yg. (V. 204, 203; Metagalpa, Nica-
C. 34, 33). T8...QU18.
a—8. 3 (V. 188; C. 48) & Costa Rica.
Dr. E. Rothschuh [C].
O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
yg. (V. 187; C.48).
y. 3 (W. 191; CP). IF. D. Godman, Esq.[P.].
This form is nearly completely connected with the typical, and
leads through E. affinis, Jan, to E. epistema, D. & B., in which the
annuli are reduced to a few dorsal spots. E. distans, Kenn., and
E. hippocrepis, Ptrs., connect it with E. apiatus, Jan. The var.
laticollaris, Ptrs., is, I am almost certain, based on an individual
of this division in which the yellow margins of the annuli are
edged with black; hence the annuli are triad, and the specimen
has been referred to E. marcgravi and E. lemniscatus.
Chiriqui.
C. As in the preceding, but annuli numbering 21 to 24 on the
body.
a. Q (V. 220; C. 35). Vera Paz, low forest. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
d (V. 206; C. 56). Belize. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
b.
c. Yg. (V. 216; C. 42).
d—e. 3 (V.205; C. 47) &
2 (W. 219; C. 41).
Honduras.
P
D. Body with 20 to 27 black annuli edged with yellow, separated
by red interspaces which are as broad as or a little narrower
than the black annuli; the black of the anterior part of the
head extending to the posterior third or nearly to the end of
the frontal; the first black annulus extending on the posterior
extremity of the parietals. (E. fitzingeri, Jan.)
a. 9 (V. 228; C. 37). City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C].
b. ? (W. 221; C. 36). Dueñas, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq.[C].
'c, Yg. (V. 213; C. 51). Belize. Rev. J. §
R. Body with 40 to 52 black annuli, which are nearly as broad as
the red interspaces, or alternately broader and narrower;
snout black, rest of head yellow. (E. rudtanus, Gthr.)
a—h. 3 (V. 187, 180, Ruatan Id., Honduras. Mr. Gaumer #.
188, 186, 186, 191; F. D. Godman, Esq.
C.?, 47,46,47, 48,46) [P.]. (Types of E.
& Q (V. 205, 201; ruatanus.)
C. 38, 38).
F. Body with 19 or 20 black annuli separated by brown (dark
red?) interspaces which are nearly twice as broad; the black
of the anterior part of the head extending nearly to the
posterior point of the frontal; the first black annulus extending
on the posterior extremity of the parietals; the space between
the black areas on the head pale brown.
a. 3 (W. 212; C. 59). Guatemala.
b–c. 3 (V. 212, 209; Dueñas, Guatemala.
C. 52, 56).
O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
O. Salvin, Esq. [C.
426 COLUBRIDAE.
G. Body with 12 black annuli separated on the back by long dark
mahogany-red interspaces; belly bright red, with the black
bars edged with yellow; head and nape entirely black, with a
i. trace of the light occipital cross-band of the typical
OTIſle
a. 3 (W. 199; C. 47). San José, Costa Rica. *:::: F. Underwood
II. Body with 19 black annuli, edged with yellow, separated
by broader red, black-dotted interspaces; the black of the head
extends to the posterior extremity of the parietals, where it
is fused with the first black annulus.
a. Hgr. 3 (V. 195; C. 52). Yucatan.
I. Body with 24 to 62 more or less regular narrow black annuli which
may be edged with yellow; the red spaces dotted or spotted with
black, these spots often arranged in regular transverse series;
head black as far as the posterior third of the frontal, with a
yellow spot on the snout ; the first black annulus extends on
the posterior extremity of the parietals. (E. apiatus, Jan,
D. aglaeope, Cope.)
a, b–c, d-e. 3 (W. 212; Vera Paz, low O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
C. 56), Q (V. 229,226; forest.
C.44,41), & yg.(V.198,
204; C. 49, 35).
f. 2 (V. 210; C. 40). Lanquin, Vera Paz. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
g. Hgr. 3 (V. 207; C. P). Yzabal, Guate- O. Salvin, Esq. [C.
l
II1818.
h. Yg. (V. 199; C. 51). Stann Creek, Brit. Rev. J. Robertson [C].
Honduras.
18. Elaps psyches.
Vipera psyches, Daud. Rept. viii. p. 320, pl. C. fig. 1 (1803).
Elaps psyches, Merr. Tent, p. 144 (1820); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1212
(1854); Jan, Icon. Gén. 41, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1872).
Eye measuring two thirds its distance from the mouth. Rostral
broader than deep; frontal broader than the supraocular, once and
one third to once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; latter longer
than their distance from the internasals; one prae- and two post-
oculars; temporals 1+1 (or 1+2); seven upper labials, third a
little larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 188–
214; anal divided; subcaudals 32–47. Body annulate alternately
black and dark brown, with 48 to 52 more or less distinct narrow
241. ELAPs. 427
yellowish rings; head black, with a triangular yellow spot on each
side behind the head, the point touching the parietal shield.
Total length 495 millim. ; tail 80.
Guianas.
a. 9 (V. 214; C. 32). Demº Falls.
b. 3 (W. 197; C. 47). Dr. Günther [P].
19. Elaps spixii.
Micrurus spixii, Wagl. in Spir, Serp. Bras. p. 48, pl. xviii. (1824).
Elaps lemniscatus, part., Günth. Cat. p. 234 (1858), and Ann. &
Mag. W. H. (3) iv. 1859, p. 168.
? Elaps melanogenys, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1860, p. 72.
Elaps isozonus, Cope, l.c. p. 73.
— corallinus, Jan, Icon. Gén, 41, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1872).
— marcgravi, Jan, op. cit. 42, pl. iii. fig. 2”.
Eye measuring two thirds its distance from the mouth in the
adult, as long as its distance from the mouth in the young. Rostral
broader than deep ; frontal as broad as or a little broader than the
supraocular, once and two thirds to twice as long as broad, as long
as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; latter a little longer than their distance
from the internasals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals
1+1; seven upper labials, third larger than fourth, third and
fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Wentrals 201—219; anal divided (exceptionally entire);
subcaudals 22–29. Red, the scales mostly tipped with black, with
20 to 38 subequal black rings on the body, as broad as or narrower
than the interspaces, disposed more or less distinctly in threes; the
first black ring extends to the posterior border of the parietals;
upper head-shields black or largely spotted with black, with a more
or less distinct black cross-band passing through the eyes; a black
occipital collar, followed by a wide red space.
Total length 1400 millim. ; tail 70.
Venezuela, Northern Brazil.
a. Hgr. 3 (W. 204; C. 27). Venezuela. Mr. Riise [C].
b. ? (W. 218; C. 22). R. Capin, Para.
c. Hgr. 2 (W. 219; C. 26). —?
20. Elaps frontalis.
Elaps frontalis, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1223 (1854).
frontalis, Guichen. in Casteln. Anim. Nouv. Amér. Sud, Rept.
pl. xiv. (1855); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 347.
— lemniscatus, part., Günth. Cat. p. 234 (1858), and Ann. & Mag.
N. H. (3) iv. 1859, p. 168.
— altirostris, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 345, 1860, p. 73, and
1862, p. 347. f
— baliocoryphus, Cope, ll. cc. pp. 846 & 73.
— lemniscatus, Hensel, Arch. f. Wat. 1868, p. 333.
— marcgravi, Jan, Icon. Gén. 42, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1872).
428 COIUBRIDAE,
Eye measuring two thirds to three fourths its distance from the
mouth in the adult, as long as its distance from the mouth in the
young. Rostral a little broader than deep; frontal as broad as or
slightly broader than the supraocular, once and two thirds to twice
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; latter a little longer than their distance
from the internasals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1
(rarely 1+2); seven upper labials, third larger than fourth, third
and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 197—230 ; anal
divided; subcaudals 15–26. Tail ending very obtusely. Body
with black annuli disposed in threes, the red and yellow interspaces
tipped with black; upper surface of head, as far as the posterior
border of the parietals, black, the shields edged or spotted with
yellow or red; parietals often red in front.
Total length 1350 millim. ; tail 70.
Southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina.
A. 10 to 12 sets of annuli on the body; red spaces large; labials
yellow, black-edged.
a—b, c. 3 (V. 225, 227; Brazil. . Mr. Clausen [C].
C. 22, 21) & hgr.
(W. 224; C. 18).
B. 12 to 15 sets of annuli on the body; red spaces large; labials
and temporals black and yellow.
a—b. 9 (V. 216, 211; Rio Grande do Sul.
C. 24, 22).
c. 2 (W. 213; C. 21). Rio Grande do Sul. Dr.H. v.Ihering [º].
d. 3 (W. 223; C. 21). S. Lorenzo, Rio Dr. H. v. Ihering[C.].
Grande do Sul.
e. 6 (V. 230; C. 20). Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C].
..f. Q (V. 224; C. 24). Argentina. Zoological Society.
g. 3 (V. 220; C. 23). P Zoological Society.
C. 12 to 15 sets of annuli on the body; red spaces small; labials,
temporals, and chin-shields black, light-edged.
a-f. 3 (V. 218, 204, 197, Soriano, Uruguay. R. Havers, Esq.[P.].
203; d. 18, is, 13,16) ? , Esq.[
& Q (V. 197, 204;
C. 17, 15).
21. Elaps marcgravii.
Elaps lemniscatus, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 291 (1801);
Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 444 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1217
(1854); Günth. Cat, p. 234 (1858), and Ann, & Mag. N. H. (3)
iv. 1859, p. 167.
Vipera lemniscata, part., Daud. Rept. vi. p. 13 (1803).
Elaps marcgravii, Wied, N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. x. i. 1820, p. 109,
and Abbild. Nat. Bras. (1825).
— ibibiboca, Merr. Tent. p. 142 (1820).
241. ELAPs. 429
Elaps corallinus, part, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 440 (1837).
frontalis, part., Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1223.
pyrrhocryptus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 847; Peracca,
Boll. Mus. Torin. x. no. 195, 1895, p. 19.
Lye measuring two fifths to three fifths its distance from the
mouth. Rostral broader than deep ; frontal as broad as or broader
than the supraocular, once and a half to twice as long as broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; latter a little longer than their distance from the inter-
nasals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1, anterior
usually much longer than the second; seven upper labials, third
much larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 210–240; anal divided; subcaudals 23–42. Body with
black annuli disposed in threes, the middle one usually wider; 6 to
10 sets of annuli, separated by broad red interspaces which, like
the narrow greenish-white annuli within each set, may be dotted,
or the scales edged with black; snout yellow, the end usually
black; a more or less regular black band across the middle of the
head; back of the head red; the upper head-shields sometimes all
black, edged with yellow.
Total length 1120 millim.; tail 100.
Tropical South America.
a. Q (V. 239; C. 34). Trinidad. Mus. Guilding.
b. 9 (V. 220; C. 35). Trinidad. Hr. A. H. Riise [C].
c. 3 (W. 224; C. 84). British Guiana.
d. 3 (V. 218; C. 27). Pernambuco. J. É G. Smith, Esq.
e. 3 (W. 225; C.?). Bernambuco. w; Forbes, Esq.
f, g. 6 (W. 237; C.?) & Bahia. Hasla, Collection.
yg. (W. 237; C.?).
h. Yg. (V.222; C. 25). Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C].
d. 9 (V. 223; C.?). Bahia.
Å, 2 (V. 223; C. 28). Rio Janeiro. D. wºn Barker, Esq.
I. Yg. (v. 232; c. 40). Charobamba, Bolivia. . ."
m—n, o, p. 3 (V. 227; Moyobamba, Mr. A. H. Roff [C].
229; C. 42, 39), Q E. Peru.
(W. 236; C. 37), & yg.
(W. 221; C. 36).
q. Hgr. (V. 230; C. 37). Canelos, E. Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C].
ºr. 3 (V.225; C. 36). —?
s, t. Skulls. Santa Cruz.
I regard E. pyrrhocryptus, Cope, a specimen of which has been
kindly sent to me by Count Peracca, as a colour-variety, dis-
tinguished from the typical E. marcgravii of Wied in having the
upper surface of the head entirely black, and the middle black
annuli very much broader.
430 * GOLUERIDAE,
22. Elaps lemniscatus.
Coluber lemniscatus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 84, pl. xiv. fig. 1
(1754), and S. W. i. p. 386 (1766).
Natrix lemniscata, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 76 (1768).
Elaps lemniscatus, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 291 (1801);
Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 444, pl. xiv. figs, 6 & 7 (1837), and Abbild.
p. 138, pl. xlvi. figs. 15-18 (1844); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1217
(1854); Günth. Cat. p. 234 (1858), and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3)
iv. 1859, p. 167.
Vipera lemniscata, part., Daud. Rept, vi, p. 13 (1803).
Elaps lemniscatus, Jan, Icon. Gén. 42, pl. v. fig. 1 (1872).

Eye measuring about half its distance from the mouth (three fifths
in the young). Rostral broader than deep ; frontal broader than
the supraocular, once and a half to once and two thirds as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; latter longer than their distance from the
internasals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1, anterior
usually much longer than second; seven upper labials, third much
larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as
or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
241–262; anal divided; subcaudals 30–39. Body with black
annuli disposed in threes, subequal in width or middle ones a little
larger; 11 to 14 sets of annuli, separated by more or less broad red
interspaces which, like the narrow yellow annuli within each set,
may be dotted or the scales edged with black; head yellow; end of
snout and a band across the middle of the head black; often a
roundish black spot on the occiput.
Total length 1000 millim. ; tail 80.
Guianas, Brazil.
a. 3 (V. 253; C. 31). Brazil. Mr. Clausen [C].
B. Yg. (V. 243; C. 36). Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer.
[C].
c. Yg. (V.254; C. 34). Macasseema, Brit. Guiana. W. L. Sclater, Esq.
[P.].
d. Yg. (V. 262; C. 39). British Guiana.
e, f. 2 (V.257; C. 37) — ?
& yg. (V.261; C.37).
23. Elaps filiformis.
Elaps filiformis, Günth. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1859, p. 86, pl. xviii. fig. B;
Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 78; Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H.
(4) i. 1868, p. 428; Jan, Icon. Gén. 42, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1872).
IEye not half as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
broader than deep; frontal at least twice as broad as the
supraocular, once and one fourth to once and two thirds as long as
broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, much shorter than the parietals; latter as long as their
241. ELAPs. 431
distance from the end of the snout ; one prae- and one or two post-
oculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Wentrals 290–308; anal divided; subcaudals 35–45.
Black annuli disposed in threes, with red interspaces as broad as or
broader than a single annulus; the red scales may be dotted or edged
with black; head yellow; end of snout black; a black cross-band
passing through the eyes.
Total length 575 millim. ; tail 40.
Amazon ; Colombia.
a. Hgr. (V. 290; C. 45). Para. (Type.)
b. ? (V. 298; C. 36). Para. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P].
c. 2 (V. 291; C. 35). Bogota.
24. Elaps mipartitus.
Elaps mipartitus, Dum & Bibr. vii. p. 1220 (1854); Günth. Ann, &
º H. (3) iv. 1859, p. 172; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868,
P. decussatus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1221.
semipartitus, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 516, Elenco,
p. 113 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 42, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1872).
— multifasciatus, Jan, l.c. p. 521, and Prodr. pl.A. (1859); Cope,
Proc. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 209; Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (4)
ix. 1872, p. 36, and Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 184 (1895).
Eye about half or three fifths as long as its distance from the
mouth. Rostral broader than deep; frontal broader than the
supraocular, once and two thirds to once and three fourths as long
as broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals; latter slightly longer than
their distance from the internasals; one prae- and two postoculars;
temporals 1+1, anterior very narrow, sometimes absent ; seven
upper labials, third much larger than fourth, third and fourth
entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter than
the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 210–278; anal divided;
subcaudals 24–34. Black above, with 40 to 68 narrow white cross-
bars; these widen on the belly, which is barred black and white;
the white dorsal scales often each with a black spot; tail red, with
2 to 5 black annuli; head black to between the eyes, then yellow to
the posterior border of the parietal shields.
Total length 610 millim.; tail 50.
Central America and Tropical South America.
a—b, c. 6 (V. 237, 239; Chontalez, Nicaragua.
C.33, 31) & Q (V. 264;
C. 26).
d. 3 (V. 261; C. 33). Panama. Christiania Museum.
. 3 (V. 246; C.28). Bogota. C. Laverde, Esq.[P].
62
f. Yg. (V. 277; C. 24). Bogota.
432 COLUBRIDAE.
g. 3 (V. 210; C. 33). Caracas. Prof. ...]
h. Q (W. 238; C. 27). Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C].
i. ? (W. 233; C. 27). Venezuela.
25. Elaps fraseri. (PLATE XXII: fig. 3.)
Eye nearly half as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
broader than deep; frontal a little broader than the supraocular,
once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; latter as long as
their distance from the internasals; one prae- and two postoculars;
temporals 1+1, anterior very narrow ; seven upper labials, third
much larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a
little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 303;
anal divided; subcaudals 25. Black above, with 75 narrow whitish
cross-bars with broken outlines; the cross-bars widen on the belly,
which is barred black and yellow (red?); anterior half of head black,
posterior half yellow ; tail with black and yellow (red?) annuli.
Total length 780 millim, ; tail 40.
Ecuador.
a. 3 (V. 303; C. 25). W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C].
26. Elaps mentalis. (PLATE XXII. fig. 4.)
Eye measuring about three fifths its distance from the mouth.
Rostral much broader than deep; frontal broader than the supra-
ocular, once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
latter as long as their distance from the internasals; one prae- and
two postoculars; temporals 1+1, anterior very narrow ; seven upper
labials, third much larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the
eye; anterior chin-shields in contact with the symphysial and with
three lower labials, shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Wentrals 255–268; anal divided; subcaudals 30–31. Black, with
58–70 narrow white annuli; these annuli wider on the belly, where
they cover two shields, the black bars covering two or three shields;
snout black, back of head yellow ; tail annulate black and orange.
Totallength 490 millim.; tail 30.
Colombia and Ecuador.
a. 3. V. 260; C. 30). Pallatanga,E.Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C.].
b. Yg. (V. 255; C.81). Cali,Colombia,3200ft. Mr.W. F. H. Rosenberg
[C.].
27. Elaps ancoralis.”
Elaps marcgravi, var. ancoralis, Jan, Icon. Gén. 42, pl. iv. fig. 2.
Eye about half as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
much broader than deep ; frontal broader than the supraocular, once
* Described from the type specimen (d) in the Museum of Munich, kindly
entrusted to me by Prof. Hertwig.
241. ELAPs. 433
and one third as long as broad, little broader than the supraocular,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; latter as long as their distance from the internasals; one
prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials,
third larger than fourth, third and fourth entering the eye; anterior
chin-shields in contact with the symphysial and with four lower
labials, as long as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 258;
anal divided; subcaudals 31. Body with 16 sets of black annuli
disposed in threes, the middle one a little wider; the scales of the
interspaces black, light-edged; headlight in front, dotted and spotted
with black; an anchor-shaped black marking on the occiput and
nape, the transverse branch nearly covering the parietals and extend-
ing to the throat.
Total length 780 millim.; tail 57.
Ecuador.
28. Elaps narduccii,
Elaps narduccii, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1863, p. 222, and
Icon. Gén. 42, pl. vi. fig. 5 (1872).
scutiventris, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 156.
— melanotus, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. 1881, p. 51.
Eye hardly half as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral
broader than deep; frontal nearly as broad as the supraocular, once
and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one
prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1; seven upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; anterior chin-shields in contact
with the symphysial and with three or four lower labials; posterior
chin-shields as long as the anterior. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals
240–315; anal divided ; subcaudals 15–33. Black, beneath with
yellow (red?) cross-bands or transversely oval spots, as broad as
or narrower than the interspaces and sometimes extending as tri-
angular blotches up the sides; a yellow cross-band on the head,
covering the temples, the frontal, supraoculars, and anterior half
of the parietals.
Total length 720 millim.; tail 50.
Eastern Ecuador, North-eastern Peru, Bolivia.
a—b. 3º 315, 304; C. Canelos, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C.].
33, 27).
c—d, 3 (V. 240; C. 24) & Moyobamba, N.E. Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].
Q (V. 270; C. 19). Peru.
e, d. (V. 302; C. 32)". Chyavetas, N.E. Mr. E. Bartlett [C.],
€TUI.
* This specimen has been referred to E. gastrodelus, D. & B., by Günther
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 413.
WOL. III. 2 F
434 - - COLUBRIDAE.
242. DENDRASPIS.
Dendraspis, Schleg. Versl. Zool. Gen. Amsterd. 1848, p. – ; Günth.
Cat. Col. Sn. p. 238 (1858); A. Dum. Arch. Mus. x. 1859, p. 215;
Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 346; Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 120
(1863).
Dinophis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1852, p. 203; Peters, Reise n.
Mossamb. iii. p. 136 (1882). *
Drendroechis, Fischer, Mich. Progr. Hamb. Realsch. 1855, p. 20.
Maxillary bone curved upwards, with a strong posterior process
directed backwards and outwards; a pair of large poison-fangs, not
fissured, not followed by other teeth; a large, fang-like anterior
mandibular tooth, followed by a considerable toothless space. Head
narrow, elongate; eye moderate, with round pupil; nostril between
two shields; no loreal. Body slightly compressed; scales smooth,
narrow, very oblique, without pits, in 13 to 23 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.
Tropical and South Africa.
Fig. 30.
|
M
º
&
!
|
f
&t
§
|
§
|
§
i
Skull of Dendraspis viridis.
§
* I have not been able to refer to this paper.














242. DENDRASPIs. 435
Synopsis of the Species.
I. A large upper temporal, in contact with the whole outer border
of the parietal.
:Scales in 13 rows, outer half as long as
dorsals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. viridis, p. 435.
Scales in 15 to 19 rows, outer not
shorter than dorsals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. jamesonii, p. 436.
II. Temporals 2+3 or 4, two in contact with the outer border of
the parietal; scales in 19 to 23 rows, outer not shorter than
dorsals.
Second upper labial much deeper than
first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. angusticeps, p. 437.
Second upper labial not deeper than first 4. antinorii, p. 437.
1. Dendraspis viridis.
Leptophis viridis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1844, p. 172.
Naja jamesonii (non Traill), Schleg. Versl. Ak. Amsterd. iii. 1855,
. 313.
Dàº, hammondii, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1852, p. 203, and
Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) ii. 1854, p. 304, pl. xxix.
Dendroechis reticulata, Fisch. Mich. Progr. Hamb. Realsch. 1855,
p. 20.
Dendraspis jamesonii, Fisch. Abh. Naturw. Hamb. iii. 1856, p. 115,
pl. i.; A. Dum. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1856, p. 557; Günth. Cat.
p. 238 (1858); A. Dum. Arch. Mus, x. 1859, p. 215, pl. xvii.
fig. 11; Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865, p. 97; F. Müll.
Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 692; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges.
1887, p. 63; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. xii. 1888, p. 139, figs., (2) ii.
1892, p. 265, and Herp. Angola, p. 138, pl. xv. fig. 1 (1895).
Dendraspis angusticeps (non Smith), Bedriaga, Instituto, 1892, no. 6,
p. 432.
Rostral broader than deep; internasals shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal as long as broad or a little broader than long;
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter
than the parietals, in contact with the upper praeocular; two or
three praeoculars, with a subocular below them, the latter sometimes
fused with the third labial; two or three postoculars with a sub-
-ocular below them; two very large temporals, the upper longest
and in contact with the entire outer border of the parietal, the
lower usually descending to the lip, between the sixth and seventh
labials; the large upper temporal separated from its fellow on the
other side by three occipital shields; seven or eight upper labials,
fourth (or third and fourth) entering the eye, second and third
much deeper than third and usually both, sometimes only the second,
in contact with the praefrontals; four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 13 rows, outer much shorter than the others,
one dorsal scale corresponding to two laterals or to two ventral
shields. Wentrals 211–225; anal divided; subcaudals 107–119.
Olive-green above, uniform or each scale brown at the end; head-
2 F2
436 columnipr.
shields finely edged with blackish; lips yellowish, the shields edged
with black; belly yellowish, the shields finely edged with brown or
black; tail yellow, scales and shields edged with black.
Total length 1830 millim. ; tail 460.
West Africa, from the Senegal to the Niger; S. Thome Island.
a. 3 (V. 214; C. 114). Gambia. Sir A. Smith ſº e
b. 3 (W. 221; C. 111). Sierra Leone. Sir A. Kennedy #
c—d, 6 (V. 219; C. 118) Sierra Leone. H. C. Hart, Esq.[P].
& hgr. (V.214; C. 119).
e. 3 (V. 214; C. 112). Ancobra R., Gold Coast. Major Burton&Capt.
- Cameron [P].
f. 2 (W. 225; C. 107). Coast of Guinea.
g. 3 (W. 215; C. 119). W. Africa.
h. 6 skeleton. Axim, Gold Coast.
2. Dendraspis jamesonii.
Flºr jamesonii, Traill, in Schleg. Phys. Serp., Engl. Transl. p. 179,
pl. ii. figs. 19 & 20 (1843).
Dendraspis angusticeps (non Smith), A. Dum. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1856,
p. 558, and Arch. Mus. x. 1859, p. 216, pl. xvii. fig. 12; Bocage,
Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i. 1866, p. 52; Mocq. Bull. Soc. Philom. xi. 1887, p. 88.
angusticeps, part., Günth. Cat. p. 238 (1858), and Ann, & Mag.
N. H. (3) xy. 1865, p. 98, pl. iii. fig. B.
— welwitschii, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865, p. 97,
pl. iii, fig. A, and (6) xv. 1895, p. 529.
Dººms, Fisch. Jahrb. Nat. Ver. Hamb. ii. 1885, p. 111,
pl. iv. fig. 10.
Dendraspis jamesonii, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 85.
neglectus, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. xii. 1888, p. 141, figs.
Head-shields and coloration as in the preceding. Scales in 15 to
19 rows (19 to 21 on the neck), the outer not shorter than the
dorsals. Wentrals 210–235; subcaudals 99–121. Young with
chevron-shaped black cross-bars. Tail sometimes black.
Total length 2100 millim.; tail 560.
West Africa, from the Niger to Angola; Central Africa.
a. 3 (Sc. 17; W. 214; C. 110). 150 miles up W. H. Crosse, Esq.
the Niger. [P.].
b. Yg. (Sc.19; W. 220; C. P). Niger. Mr. Fraser §
c. 2 (Sc. 17; W. 216; C. 113). Cameroon Mts., Sir H. H. Johnston
- 2000 ft. [P.].
d. Yg. (Sc.19; V. 218; C. 105). Fernando Po. H. Weitch, Esq.[P.].
e. Yg. (Sc. 17; W.226; C. 111). Fernando Po. Mrs. Burton [P.]
f. 9 (Sc. 19; W.222; C. 106). Fernando Po.
g. Yg. (Sc. 17; W. 219; C. 120). Gaboon. Dr. J. G. Fischer.
(Tº of D. fasciolatus.)
h. Hgſ. (Sc. 17; W.215; C. 113). Eloby, Gaboon. H. Ansell, Esq.[P.].
i—k. Hgr. (Sc. 17; W. 225; Mouth of the Mr. H. J. Duggan
3. º & yg. (Sc.19; V. 214; Loango. [C.].

l. 3 (Sc. 15; W. 219; C. 107). Golungo Alto, Dr. Welwitsch [P.].
Angola. (Type of D. welwitschii.)
m. Hgr. (Sc. 17; W.227; C. 115). W. Africa. Mr. Rich [C].
m. Q (Sc. 19; W. 227; C. 121). W. Africa.
242. DENDRASPIs. 437
20. Hgr., skin (Sc. 15; W. 210; Kavirondo, E. F. J. Jackson, Esq.
C.?) Central Africa. [P.]. -
p (One of the types”.)
AP. 3 . imperfect, head missing
(Sc. 17).
4. Skull. W. Africa.
3. Dendraspis angusticeps.

Nº. angusticeps, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept, pl. lxx. (1849);
m. & Bibr. vii. p. 1301 (1854).
Chloroechis angusticeps, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 625.
Dendraspis angusticeps, part., Günth. Cat. p. 238 (1858).
— polylepis, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 310, and Ann, &
Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865, p. 98, pl. iii. fig. D.
l * Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xv. 1865, p. 97,
. 111. Ilg. U.
P. º Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, 1878, p. 207; Bocage, Jorn.
Sc. Lisb. xii. 1888, p. 143, figs. ; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1889,
p. 295; Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 140, pl. xv. fig. 3 (1895).
Dinophis angusticeps, Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 136, pl. xix A,
fig. 4 (1882).
Head-shields as in the preceding, but upper temporal much
smaller, not longer than the lower, followed by a second, and
separated from its fellow on the other side by five or more scales or
shields. Scales in 19 to 23 rows (21 to 27 on the neck), outer not
shorter than dorsals. Wentrals 202–270 ; subcaudals 99–121.
Green, olive or blackish, uniform or some of the scales edged with
Black; yellowish or pale green beneath ; caudal scales and shields
not black-edged.
Total length 2000 millim.; tail 430.
West Africa south of the Congo, Central Africa, East Africa,
Transvaal, Natal.

a. 3 (Sc. 19.; W. 202; C. 116). Kelifi, E. Africa. G. Trevor-Roper,
Esq. [P.].
b. Hgr. (Sc. 19; V.205; C. 105). Taveta, E. Africa. G. Trº -Roper,
© Esq. [P]
c. Ad., skin (Sc. 23; W. 248; Mombasa.
C. 116
d. 3 (S. 23; V.249; C. 105). S. of Kiboko, Dr. J. W. Gregory
E. Africa. P.].
.6. dº skin (Sc. 19; W. 202; L. Tanganyika. Sir J. Kirk [C].
. 113).
..f-g. Heads. C. Africa. Capt. Speke §
h. Ad., skin (Sc. 23; W. 258; Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [C.],
C. 120). (Type of D. polylepis)
2, 6 (Sc. 19; W. 204; C. 110). Zambesi. . (Type of D. intermedius.)
k. 3 (Sc. 19; W. 203; C. 99). Pondoland.
4. Dendraspis antinorii.
Dendraspis antinorii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1873, p. 411, pl. i.
fig. 2; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. xii. 1888, p. 145.
Head-shields as in the preceding, but second upper labial small,
* Dr. Traquair has been so kind as to send me notes on the other type
specimen, preserved in the Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.
438 AMBLYCEPHALIDAE.
*
not larger-than first, and in contact with the posterior nasal only;
third upper labial large, forming a short suture with the praefrontal.
Scales in 21 or 23 rows. Wentrals 248; anal divided; subcaudals,
117. Olive above, yellowish beneath. -
Total length 2690 millim.; tail 545.
Anseba, Abyssinia.
Fäm. 8. AMBLYCEPHALIDAE.
Aglyphodontes Paréasiens, part, Leptognathiens, part., Duméril,
Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. p. 427, 1858; Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén.
vii. 1854.
Dipsadidae, part, Günther, Cat. Col. Sn. p. 162, 1858.
Amblycephalidae, Günther, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 324, 1864.
Colubridae, part, (Leptognathinae, part.), Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. -
Soc. xxiii. p. 484, 1886.
Amblycephalidae, Boulenger, Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 414, 1890.
Fig. 31.
# 7, Zºo &
prº f p i º 4–3.
*R
#N
&R
§N
§:N
lºš
ºf SS
º
## N
d S.
§§
§§
Skull of Amblycephalus carinatus.


1. HAPLOPELTURA. 439
Facial bones slightly movable; praefrontal not in contact with
nasal; ectopterygoid (transpalatine) present ; pterygoid short, not
extending to quadrate or mandible; supratemporal rudimentary;
maxillary horizontal, parallel with or converging posteriorly towards
the palatine. Mandible without coronoid bone. Solid teeth in both
Jaws.
The hypapophyses disappear in the anterior third of the dorsal
vertebral column.
These Snakes, which inhabit South-eastern Asia and Central
and South America, may be readily distinguished from the
Colubridae, without an examination of the skull, by the absence
of a mental groove, the mouth being susceptible of but slight
expansion, and by the free termination of the pterygoid bones, which
do not diverge behind, as may be seen on the back of the palate
when the mouth is fully open.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Body more or less compressed.
A. Maxillary very short, with 5 or 6 teeth.
Subcaudals single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Haplopeltura, p. 439.
Subcaudals in two rows . . . . . . . . 2. Amblycephalus, p. 440.
B. Maxillary rather short, turned inwards, with 11 to 18 teeth.
Pterygoids toothed . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Leptognathus, p. 446.
Pterygoids toothless . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Dipsas, p. 460.
II. Body cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Pseudopareas, p. 462.
1. HAPLOPELTURA.
Dipsas, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 257 (1837).
Aplopeltura, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 463, and
JErp. Gén. vii. p. 444 (1854).
Amblycephalus, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 184 (1858); Jan, Elenco
sist. Oftd. p. 100 (1863); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 325 (1864).
Maxillary bone very short, deep, with five subequal teeth;
maxillary and mandibular teeth decreasing in size posteriorly.
Head distinct from neck; eye large, with vertical pupil; nasal
entire. Body strongly compressed; scales smooth, without pits,
oblique, in 13 rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged; ventrals
rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals single. -
Pinang, Malay Archipelago.
1. Haplopeltura boa.
Amblycephalus boa, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 1034; Günth. Cat, p. 184
(1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 325 (1864); Jan, Icon. Gén. 37,
pl. º fig. 2 (1870); Modigliani, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vii. 1889,
p. 120.
440 AMIBILYCEPHALIDAE.
Dipsas boa, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 284, pl. xi. figs, 29 & 30
(1837); Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 78, pl. xl. fig. 3 (1847).
Aplopeltura boa, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 444 (1854).
Haplopeltura boa, Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 134.
Snout very short and deep. Rostral narrow, once and a half to
twice as deep as broad, just visible from above; internasals shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal not broader than the supraocular,
once and two thirds to twice as long as broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little longer than
the parietals; two or three enlarged occipitals; two or three super-
posed loreals, the lower often entering the eye, which is bordered
by six to eight shields in addition to the supraocular; temporals
3+3 or 4; eight to ten upper labials, none entering the eye; two
pairs of lower labials in contact on the median line behind the
symphysial; three or four pairs of large chin-shields, the anterior
pair sometimes fused to a single azygous shield or preceded by an
azygous shield. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals strongly enlarged.
Wentrals 148–170; anal entire ; subcaudals 88–120. Yellowish
or pale brown above, yellowish beneath, mottled with dark brown;
usually with large dark brown blotches, which may extend across
the belly; a large dark brown blotch on the head; sides of head
yellowish white, with three or more dark streaks radiating from the
©We.
*otal length 750 millim.; tail 220. -
Pinang, Borneo, Philippines, Java, Moluccas.
a—b. ? (W. 167, 160; Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
C. 106, 108). -
c. Hgr. (V. 165; C. 107). Sarawak. Sir H. Low [...]
d. 3 (V. 158; C. 120). Baram, Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].
e. Q (V. 163; C. 116). Borneo.
f. 2 (W. 156; C. 100). Palawan. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
g. 3 (V, 162; C. 88). Balabac. A. Everett, Esq. §
h. Q (V. 148; C. 98). Philippines. ho Cuming, Esq.
i. Q (V. 150; C. 99). Java. º, Museum.
k. Hgr. (V. 155; C.97). Java. - Dr. Horsfield [P].
1. Q skeleton. Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
2. AMBLYCEPHALUS.
Amblycephalus, Kuhl, Isis, 1822, p. 474; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 519;
JBouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 514 (1890).
Pareas, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 181 (1830); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén.
vii. p. 438 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 184 (1858), and Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 326 (1864).
Dipsas, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 257 (1837).
Leptognathus, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 100 (1863).
Asthenodipsas, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1864, p. 273.
Maxillary bone very short, deep, with 5 or 6 subequal teeth;
mandibular teeth gradually decreasing in length. Head distinct
2. AMBLYCEPHALUs. 441
from neck; eye moderate, with vertical pupil; nasal single. Body
more or less compressed; scales smooth or feebly keeled, without
pits, more or less oblique, in 15 rows, vertebral row enlarged or
not. Wentrals rounded. Tail moderate or short; subcaudals in
two rows.
South-eastern Asia.
Synopsis of the Species. '
I. A single shield between the nasal and the eye; praefrontal
entering the eye ; one or two labials entering the eye.
A. Frontal at least as broad as long; symphysial in contact with
an azygous chin-shield; second or third lower labial very
large, usually in contact with its fellow ; ventrals 148–176;
subcaudals 26–55.
$ix upper labials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. laevis, p. 441.
Seven upper labials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. malaccanus, p. 442.
B. Frontal longer than broad; symphysial in contact with a
pair of chin-shields; ventrals 188–194; subcaudals 70–87.
3. monticola, p. 443.
II. Loreal and praeocular distinct; eye separated from the labials.
by suboculars.
A. Praefrontal entering the eye.
1. Scales smooth; eye bordered by four or five shields;
ventrals 136–151; subcaudals 37–47.
- 4. moellendorffii, p. 443.
2. Dorsal scales feebly keeled.
Eye bordered by five shields; ventrals
153–155; subcaudals 38–46 . . . . . . 5. andersonii, p. 444.
Eye bordered by six shields . . . . . . . . . . 6. modestus, p. 444.
Eye bordered by seven or eight shields;
ventrals 164; subcaudals 51 . . . . . . 7. macularius, p. 444.
B. Praefrontal excluded from the eye.
Wentrals 138; subcaudals 53 . . . . . . . . 8. margaritophorus,
Wentrals 161–183; subcaudals 57– [p. 445.
80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. carinatus, p. 445.
1. Amblycephalus laevis.
Amblycephalus laevis, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520; Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Rept. p. 415 (1890). . .
Pºiº Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 287, pl. xi. figs. 24 & 25
(1837).
Pareas laevis, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 442 (1854); Günth. Cat, p. 185

442 AMBLYCEPHALIDAE,
(1858), and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 328 (1864); Theob. Cat. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 203 (1876).
Leptognathus laevis, Jan, Elenco, p. 101 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 37,
pl. vi. fig. 4 (1870).
Rostral a little broader than deep; internasals small, about one
third the length of the praefrontals; latter entering the eye; frontal
as long as broad or a little broader than long, as long as or a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, two thirds the
length of the parietals; supraocular very small; no praeocular;
loreal entering the eye; one or two postoculars; temporals 2+2;.
six upper labials, third and fourth, or third, fourth, and fifth
entering the eye, sixth very long; symphysial in contact with a
small azygous chin-shield; third lower labial very large, forming a
suture with its fellow ; two pairs of large chin-shields, broader than
long. Scales in 15 rows, smooth, vertebrals enlarged. Wentrals.
148–176; anal entire; subcaudals 34–69. Brown above, with
irregular transverse blackish cross-bands; lower parts brownish or
yellowish, spotted with brown or with transverse brown spots on
the sides.
Total length 545 millim. ; tail 65.
Java, Borneo, Natuna Islands, and Malacca.
a. 9 (V. 167; C. 40). Sarawak. Rajah Brooke ſº
b. 3 (V. 156; C. 55). Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
c. 2 (W. 172; C. 34). Mt. Kina Balu, N. A. Everett, Esq.[C].
Borneo.
d. 3 (V. 160; C. 50). Borneo. Sir E. Belcher.
e. Q (V. 176; C. 46). Borneo.
f. Yg. (V. 148; C. 47). Sirhassen, Gt. Natuna Id. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
g. 3 (V. 163; C. 55). Java. Leyden Museum.
h. 3 (W. 170; C. 69). Java. Hr. Fruhstorfer [C].
2. Amblycephalus malaccanus.
Asthenodipsas malaccana, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1864, p. 273,
pl. —. fig. 3; v. Lidth de Jewde, in M. Weber, Zool. Ergebn. i.
p. 189, pl. xv. figs. 4–6 (1890).
Pareas dorsopictus, Edeling, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxxi. 1870,
p. 383.
Amblycephalus malaccanus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 507.
Rostral a little broader than deep; internasals not more than half
as long as the praefrontals; latter entering the eye; frontal as long
as broad or a little broader than long, as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the
parietals; supraocular small; no praeocular; loreal short, entering
the eye; two postoculars; temporals 2+2, the two upper sometimes.
fused; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye,
seventh large; symphysial in contact with a small azygous shield;
second or third lower labial very large, usually in contact with its
fellow; two pairs of large chin-shields, broader than long. Scales
smooth, in 15 rows; three median rows a little enlarged. Wentrals.
2. AMBLYCEPHALUs. 443.
154–170; anal, entire; subcaudals 26–55. Yellowish or pale
brown above, with rather irregular dark brown cross-bars, which
are interrupted on the spine; vertebral scales yellowish; head
sometimes whitish ; sides and lower surface of neck black; belly
whitish, uniform or speckled with dark brown.
Total length 440 millim. ; tail 50.
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.
0. Q (V. 168 ; C. 40). Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
b. 3 (W. 169; C. 55). Mt. Dulit, Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq. º
c. 9 (V. 170; C. 37). Bongon, N. Borneo. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
3. Amblycephalus monticola. (PLATE XXIII. fig. 1.)
Dipsas monticola, Cantor, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1839, p. 53.
Pareas monticola, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 327 (1864); Anders.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 188; Theob. Cat. Bept. Brit. Ind. p. 203
(1876). º -
Amblycephalus monticola, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 415, fig.
(1890); W. L. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 1891, p. 247.
Rostral as deep as broad; internasals not more than half as long
as the praefrontals; latter entering the eye; frontal a little longer
than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a.
little shorter than the parietals; loreal entering the eye; a praeocular
below the loreal; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; seven upper
labials, fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; three pairs of
large chin-shields, anterior longer than broad and in contact with:
the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows, smooth; vertebrals enlarged,
hexagonal. Wentrals 188–194; anal entire; subcaudals 70–87.
Brown above, with vertical blackish bars on the sides; a black line
from above the eye to the nape, and another from behind the eye.
to the angle of the mouth ; yellowish below, dotted with brown.
Total length 600 millim.; tail 135.
Bastern Himalayas, Khasi and Naga hills, Nicobar Islands.
a. 3 (V, 193; C. 84). Naga hills, Assam. Dr. Cantor. (Type.)
b. 3 (V. 194; C. 87). Khasi hills. Dr. Griffith.
c. 3 (V. 188; C. 75). Darjeeling. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
P.].
4. Amblycephalus moellendorffii.

Pareas carinata, part, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 326 (1864).
moellendorffii, Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver, 1885, p. 125, and 1888,
p. 84, pl. ii. fig. 1; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 424 (1895).
Amblycephalus moellendorffii, W. L. Sclater, List Sn. Ind. Mus.
(1891).
Rostral nearly as deep as broad; internasals not more than half
as long as the praefrontals; latter entering the eye ; frontal as long
as broad or a little longer than broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; supraocular Small;
444 AMBLYCEPHALIDAE.
loreal longer than deep; one praeocular; a crescentic subocular; a
small postocular sometimes present; temporals elongate, 2+3;
seven or eight upper labials; three pairs of large chin-shields,
anterior longer than broad and in contact with the symphysial.
Scales smooth, equal, in 15 rows. Wentrals 136–151; anal entire;
subcaudals 37–47. Brown or dark grey above, with irregular
transverse series of black and white spots; a white nuchal collar
may be present; lower parts white, spotted or dotted with black on
the sides.
Total length 350 millim. ; tail 57.
Canton, Hong Kong, Hainan, Cochinchina, Siam, Tenasserim.
a. Hgr. (V, 136; C. 44). Hong Kong. Indian Museum [E.].
b. ? (V. 186; C. 42). Lao Mountains. M. Mouhot [C.].
c. 2 (V, 154; C. 38). Camboja.
5. Amblycephalus andersonii.
Pº andersonii, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vi. 1888, p. 601,
pl. v. fig. 3.
Amblycephalus andersonii, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 416 (1890).
Internasals about one third the length of the praefrontals;
latter entering the eye; frontal slightly longer than broad, two
thirds the length of the parietals; supraocular moderate, not quite
half the width of the frontal; a small loreal; a praeocular, a post-
ocular, and a crescentic subocular, excluding the labials from the
eye; temporals 2+3; seven upper labials, seventh very long; three
pairs of large chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows, dorsals feebly
keeled. Wentrals 153–155; anal entire; subcaudals 38–46. Dark
brown above, with distant small black spots with a white dot;
labial region spotted black and white; lower parts white, with
closely-set squarish black spots.
Total length 350 millim. ; tail 52.
Upper Burma.
6. Amblycephalus modestus.
Pareas modestus, Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x. 1868, p. 55, and Cat.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 204 (1876).
Amblycephalus modestus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 416 (1890).
Internasals small; praefrontals large, entering the eye; supra-
ocular small; loreal moderate; praeoculars two, very small; post-
ocular one, very small; a band-like subocular, excluding the labials
from the orbit; two anterior temporals; seven upper labials, seventh
very long; three pairs of large chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows,
dorsals faintly keeled. Colour above uniform brown; below pale
yellowish.
Pegu.
7. Amblycephalus macularius.
Pareas macularius, Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x. 1868, p. 54.
— berdmorii, part, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus, 1868, p. 68.
2. AMBLYCEPHALUs. 445.
Pareas margaritophorus (non Jan), Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 203
(1876). *
Amblycephalus macularius, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 416
(1890); W. L. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 1891, p. 248.
Rostral a little broader than deep; internasals about half the
length of the praefrontals; latter entering the eye; frontal a little
longer than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parietals; supraocular moderate,
nearly half the width of the frontal; a small loreal; one praeocular,
one postocular, and three or more suboculars, excluding the labials
from the eye; temporals much elongate, 2+2; seven upper labials,
seventh very large; three pairs of large chin-shields. Scales in 15
rows, dorsals feebly keeled. Wentrals 164; anal entire; sub-
caudals 50. Pale brown or reddish brown above, with transverse
series of dark brown and white spots; lower parts brownish white,
spotted with brown.
Total length 405 millim.; tail 70.
Tenasserim.
a. 6 (V. 164; C. 50). Tenasserim. W. Theobald, Esq. [C]. (Type.)
8. Amblycephalus margaritophorus.
Leptognathus margaritophorus, Jan, N. Arch. Mus, ii. 1866, Bull.
p. 8.
Loreal separated from the eye by the praeocular; eye surrounded
by four shields and the supraocular; seven upper labials, none
entering the eye. Scales smooth, in 15 rows. Wentrals 138; anal
entire; subcaudals 53. Blackish above, with transverse series of
white spots; a white, black-edged nuchal collar.
Total length 250 millim. ; tail 56.
Siam.
9. Amblycephalus carinatus.
Amblycephalus carinatus, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 1085; W. L. Sclater,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 1891, p. 248; Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver.
Nat. 1892, p. 135.
Dipsas carinata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 285, pl. xi. figs. 26–28
(1887), and Abbild. p. 135, pl. xlv. figs, 10–12 (1844).
Pareas carinata, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 439 (1854); Günth. Cat, p.185
(1858). -
Leptognathus carinatus, Jan, Elenco, p. 101 (1863), and Icon. Gén,
37, pl. iv. fig. 3 (1870).
Pareas carinata, part., Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 326 (1864)."
— berdmorii, part., Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus, 1868, p. 63.
Rostral small, deeper than broad; internasals two thirds the
length of the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad or a little longer
than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as
long as or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal deeper than long;
eye surrounded by five to seven shields in addition to the supra-
ocular, viz., one or two praeoculars, two or three suboculars, one or
446 . AMBLYCEPHALIDAE.
two postoculars; temporals 2+3 or 3+4; seven or eight upper
labials; last very long, none entering the eye; first lower labial in
contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; three pairs of large
chin-shields, broader than long. Scales in 15 rows, three dorsal rows
slightly enlarged and more or less distinctly keeled, the keels
sometimes hardly distinguishable. Ventrals 161–183; anal entire;
subcaudals 57–80. Yellowish or reddish brown above, with
blackish transverse spots or more or less regular cross-bars inter-
rupted on the spine; a black line on each side of the head behind
the eye, confluent with an X-shaped black blotch on the nape; an
oblique black line from below the eye to the anterior border of the
last upper labials; yellow beneath, dotted or striolated with
Blackish, or with a median blackish line.
Total length 500 millim.; tail 115.
Cochinchina, Burma, Java.
.a. 6 (V. 168; C. 65). Java. Leyden Museum.
b. 3 (V. 175; C. 76). Java. J. § Bowring, Esq.
e, d. 3 (V. 165, 178; Java. [P].
C. 69, 80).
e. Q (V. 162; C. 57). will Mts, Kediri, Baron v. Huegel [C.].
8, Va.
£ 3 (V. 166; C. 71). Lao Mountains. M. Mouhot º
47. 6 skeleton. Batavia. - * , Esq.
3. LEPTOGNATHUS.

Dipsas, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 180 (1830); Schleg. Phys.
Serp. ii. p. 257 (1837); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 265.
Leptognathus, Dum, & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 467, and
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 473 (1854).
Cochliophagus, Dum. & Bibr. l. cc. pp. 467, 478.
Stremmatognathus, Dim. & Bibr. ll, cc. pp. 468, 520.
Anholodon, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén, vii. p. 1165.
Leptognathus, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 177 (1858); Jan, Elenco
sist. Oftd. p. 100 (1863); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 107.
Dipsadomorus, part., Jan, l.c. p. 99.
Mesopeltis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 318.
Asthenognathus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom, (7) viii. 1884, p. 141.
Neopareas, Günth. Biol, C.-Am, Rept. p. 178 (1895).
Maxillary bone with the toothed border more or less turned
inwards; teeth 11 to 18, equal or middle longest ; mandibular
teeth, anterior longest, gradually decreasing in length. Head
distinct from neck; eye moderate or large, with vertical pupil;
nasal entire or divided. Body more or less compressed; scales
smooth, without pits, more or less oblique, in 13 or 15 rows,
vertebral row enlarged or not ; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate
or long; subcaudals in two rows. .
Central and South America.
3. LEPTOGNATHUs. 447
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals enlarged.
Eight (rarely nine) upper labials ; ven-
trals 162–190 ; subcaudals 82–108. 1. catesbyi, p. 449.
Ten or eleven upper labials; ventrals
186–220; subcaudals 112–145 . . . . 2. pavonina, p. 450.
II. Scales in 15 rows.
A. First two or three pairs of lower labials in contact behind the
symphysial; ventrals 162–192; subcaudals 85–91.
1. Wertebral scales moderately enlarged.
Nine or ten upper labials . . . . . . . . . . 3. variegata, p. 451.
Seven upper labials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. albifrons, p. 451.
2. Wertebral scales scarcely enlarged; nine or ten upper
labials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. brevifacies, p. 452.
B. First lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the sym-
physial. -
1. Wertebral scales very strongly enlarged, the largest nearly
twice as broad as long; ventrals 184–188; subcaudals
82–94.
a. Eight upper labials.
Bostral broader than deep; no prae-
ocular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. andiana, p. 452.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad; one ;
præocular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 7. elegans, p. 452.
b. Seven upper labials. . . . . . . . 8. leucomelas, p. 453.
2. Wertebral scales moderately enlarged.
a. Wentrals 156–180; subcaudals 45–90.
$ubcaudals 53–90; three labials behind
those entering the eye. . . . . . . . . . . . 9. mikani, p. 453.
Subcaudals 45–52; two labials behind
those entering the eye. . . . . a • * * * * * 10. ventrimaculata, p. 454.
§ubcaudals 61; five labials behind
those entering the eye. . . . . . . . . . . . 11. inaequifasciata, p. 455.
b. Wentrals 164–197; subcaudals 110–114.
Two preoculars e s a e e s e s e º e is e e º ſº º 13. alternans, p. 456.
No praeocular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. viguieri, p. 457.
448 AMBLYCEHPALIDAE.
c. Wentrals 204–215; subcaudals 122–135.
No praeocular; two labials entering the
eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. articulata, p. 458.
A praeocular above the loreal; three -
labials entering the eye ........ ... 17. incerta, p. 458.
3. Wertebral scales not enlarged.
Wentrals 149–159; subcaudals 41–51;
no azygous chin-shield ... . . . . . . . 12. turgida, p. 456.
Wentrals 195; subcaudals 129; three
azygous chin-shields . . . . . . . . . . . 21. bicolor, p. 460.
C. Lower labials all separated by chin-shields.
1. No azygous anterior chin-shield; vertebral scales mode-
rately enlarged. -
Ventrals 164; subcaudals 113 . . . . . . 15. annulata, p. 457.
Wentrals 212; Subcaudals 121 . . . . . . 18. argus, p. 458.
2. An azygous chin-shield in contact with the symphysial;
vertebral scales not enlarged.
Wentrals 156; subcaudals 55 . . . . . . . . 19. sanniola, p. 459.
Wentrals 186–193; subcaudals 98–126. 20. dimidiata, p. 459.
TABLE SHOWING NUMBERs of SCALES AND SHIELDs.

Sc. W. C. Lab.
catesby; ........................ 13 162–190 82–108 8–9
pavonina ..................... 13 186–220 112–145 10–11
variegata ..................... 15 180–192 88–91 9–10
albifrons........................ 15 168 85 7
brevifacies ..................... 15 162–171 86–89 9–10
| andžama ........................ 15 184 82 8
elegans ........................ 15 185 94 8 |
leucomelas ..................... I5 188 85 7 -
mikan? ........................ 15 156–180 53–90 6–8 |
ventrimaculata ............... 15 156–167 45–52 5–6
inaequºfasciata ............... 15 174 61 10
turgida ........................ 15 149–159 41–51 7
alternans ..................... 15 197 110 9
viguier? ........................ 15 196 114 9
annulata ..................... 15 164 113 7–8
articulata ..................... 15 215 135 9
incerta ........................ 15 204 122 9
0^9708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 212 121 7
sanniola........................ 15 156 55 8-9
dimidiata ..................... 15 185–195 98–126 9
bicolor ........................ 15 195 129 11
3. LEPTOGNATHUs. 449
1. Leptognathus catesbyi.
Coluber catesbyi, Sentzen, Meyer's Zool. Arch. ii. 1796, p. 66.
Dipsas catesbæi, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 560; Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 279, pl. xi. figs. 21–23 (1837); Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp.
p. 57 (1845).
Stremmatognathus catesbyi, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 522, (1854);
Guichen. in Casteln. Anim. Nouv. Amér. Sud, ii. Rept. p. 47, pl. ix.
(1855).
Leptognathus catesbyi, part., Günth. Cat. p. 180 (1858).
— catesbyi, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 107; Jan, Icon. Gén.
37, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1870).
— pavoninus (non D. & B.), Jan, l.c. pl. iv. fig. 1.
Body slender, strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral much
broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals one
half to two thirds as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as
broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal entire or semidivided;
loreal as long as deep or deeper than long, usually separated from
the eye by two (rarely three) praeoculars, sometimes fused with the
lower praeocular; two postoculars (rarely three, or fused into one);
temporals 1+2, rarely 2+2; eight (rarely nine) upper labials,
fourth and fifth, fifth and sixth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth entering
the eye; first lower labial usually in contact with its fellow behind
the symphysial; three pairs of chin-shields, the anterior longer
than broad and rarely in contact with the symphysial. Scales in
13 rows, vertebrals very strongly enlarged, largest twice as broad
as long. Wentrals 162–190; anal entire; subcaudals 82–108.
Yellowish or reddish brown to dark brown above, whitish beneath,
with large round or oval, white-edged dark brown or black spots
disposed in pairs or alternating and extending from the vertebral
line to the sides of the belly; head and neck blackish brown, with
white or pale brownish cross-bars or annuli, the first forming a
collar; belly more or less spotted or speckled with dark brown or
black.
Total length 670 millim. ; tail 200.
Tropical South America.
a—c. 3 (V. 179; C.94) & hgr. Demerara Falls.
(V, 179, 175; C. 87, 94).
d—e. 3 (W. 173; C.93) & 2 Surinam. Lidth de Jeude
(V. 175; C. 83). Collection.
f. Hgr. (V. 181; C. 93). Para.
g. 9 (V. 183; C. 96). Para. º A. Göldi
h—i. 3 (W. 190; C. P) & 2 Pebas, Peru. Mr. Huwa [C.].
(W. 178; C. 97).
k—l. 3 (V. 180; C. 87) & 2 Moyobamba, Peru. Mr. A. H. Roff
(V. 162; C. 80). - ſº
m—n. 3 (V. 185, 180; C.95, Sarayacu, Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C];
94). - g Messrs. Veitch
[P].
"VOL. III. 2 g
450 AMBLYCEPHALIDAE.
o. 2 (W. 179; C.95). Pozuzu, Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C.];
• * Messrs. Veitch
*
- [P].
p. Hgr. (W. 179; C.91). Pampa del Sacra- Mr. & Davis [C];
mento, Peru. * Veitch
q. Hgr. (V. 178; C. 92). Madre de Dios,
& Bolivia.
r—s. 3 (V. 189; C, 108) & Canelos, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C].
hgr. (V. 171; C. 90). -
t. 3 (V. 176; C. 97). Guayaquil. Mr. Fraser [C].
w. Skull of 0.
2. Leptognathus pavonina.
Dipsas pavonina, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 280 (1837).
Leptognathus pavoninus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 474 (1854); Günth.
Cat. p. 179 (1858); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 107.
catesbyi, part., Günth. l.c. p. 180.
— copii, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 30.
Body slender, strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral broader
than deep, not or but scarcely visible from above; internasals one
half to two thirds as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as
broad, nearly as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
much shorter than the parietals; nasal entire or semidivided;
loreal deeper than long, bordering the eye, sometimes fused with
the nasal or with a praeocular; a praeocular above the loreal; two
or three postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 2 or 3; ten or eleven
upper labials, fifth and sixth, fourth to sixth, or fifth to seventh
entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind
the symphysial; three pairs of chin-shields, anterior longer than
broad. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals more or less enlarged, largest
not twice as broad as long. Wentrals 186—220; anal entire; sub-
caudals 112–145. Yellowish brown or cream-colour above, with
very large elongate, dark brown, white-edged spots, disposed, singly
or in pairs, at regular distances, the interspaces much shorter than
the spots; these descend to the sides of the belly, the anterior even
coalescing beneath and forming complete rings; head dark brown,
spotted with white, or snout and temples white.
Total length 700 millim. ; tail 230.
Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia.
a. 9 (V. 190; C. 112). Berbice. Lady Essex [P].
b–c. 3 (W. 210, 217; C. 129, Demerara.
125).
d. & & 218; C. 140). Surinam. Lidth de Jeude Col-
lection. (Type of
- L. copii.)
e, Hgr. (V. 203; C. 114). Para. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
f. Q (V. 186; C. 113). W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.].
g. 3 (W. 210; C. 131). Madre de Dios,
Bolivia.
3. Leprognathus. 451
3. Leptognathus variegata.
Leptognathus variegatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 477 (1854); Günth.
at. p. 179 (1858); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 107.
Dipsadomorus variegatus, Jan, Elemco, p. 100 (1863), and Icon.
Gén. 37, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1872).
Body strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral broader than
deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals about half as long as
the praefrontals; frontal nearly as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal semidivided; loreal deeper than long, bordering the eye; no
praeocular; praefrontal entering the eye; two or three postoculars;
temporals 2+3; nine or ten upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth,
or third, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; first two pairs of
lower labials forming a suture behind the symphysial; two pairs of
chin-shields, broader than long. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals
moderately enlarged. Wentrals 180–192; anal entire ; subcaudals
88–91. Brown above, with narrow dark brown cross-bands formed
of confluent spots; some dark brown spots on the back of the head;
labials dark-edged; lower parts whitish, dotted or spotted with
brown and with a large dark brown spot on each side as a prolon-
gation of the dorsal cross-bands.
Total length 640 millim. ; tail 170.
Guianas.
a, b. 3 (V. 180; C. 91) & hgr. British Guiana.
(V, 186; C. 90).
4. Leptognathus albifrons.
Dºom. albifrons, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii. 1884,
p. 140.
Body slender, strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral broader
than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals half as long as
the praefrontals; frontal slightly longer than broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal divided; loreal as long as deep, bordering the eye; a small
praeocular above the loreal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2 or
2+2; seven upper labials, fourth and fifth or third, fourth, and
fifth entering the eye; two or three pairs of lower labials in contact
with each other behind the symphysial; three pairs of chin-shields,
anterior a little broader than long. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals
rather feebly enlarged. Wentrals 168; anal entire; subcaudals
85. Pale brownish above, with brown dark and light edged trans-
verse spots or cross-bands, some of which are broken on the
vertebral line and alternate; a brown spot on each side between
every two bands; head whitish, with two elongate brown spots on
the parietal shields; belly whitish, speckled with brown.
Total length 450 millim.; tail 115.
Brazil.
a. 3 (V, 168; C. 85). Blumenau, Santa Catharina. 2
2 g
452 AMIBILYCEPHALIDAE.
5. Leptognathus brevifacies.
Tropidodipsas brevifacies, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 127.
Lepto . brevifacies, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1868, p. 108.
Dipsadomorus fasciatus, Bocourt, Bull. Soo. Philom. (7) viii. 1884,
. 135.
Lºmu. torquatus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
72.
p. 1
Eye large. Nasal divided; loreal usually entering the eye; one
or two praeoculars; three postoculars; nine or ten upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; two anterior pairs of lower
labials in contact with each other behind the symphysial; four
pairs of chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals scarcely
enlarged. Wentrals 162–171; anal entire ; subcaudals 86–89.
Black, with narrow whitish annuli.
Total length 153 millim. ; tail 57.
Yucatan.
6. Leptognathus andiana. (PLATE XXIII. fig. 2.)
Body strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral broader than
deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals half as long as the
praefrontals; frontal as long as broad, as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal divided;
loreal as long as deep, bordering the eye; no praeocular; praefrontal
entering the eye; two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in
contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; two pairs of chin-
shields, first as long as broad. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals
strongly enlarged, the largest twice as broad as long, many divided
into two. Wentrals 184; anal entire; subcaudals 82. Yellowish
above, with interrupted fine black longitudinal lines; large verti-
cally elliptic black, white-edged blotches on the side extending to
the vertebral line and alternating with those on the other side; a
large ſh-shaped black marking on the head; lower parts uniform
white.
Total length 255 millim. ; tail 60.
Ecuador.
a. Yg. (V. 184; C. 82). Quito.
7. Leptognathus elegans. (PLATE XXIII. fig. 3.)
Le tognathus mikanii (non Schleg.), Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept.
#º. y 9
Body strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral nearly as deep
as broad, not visible from above; internasals one third the length
of the praefrontals; frontal slightly broader than long, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals;
nasal entire; loreal once and a half as long as deep, bordering the
eye; a praeocular above the loreal; two postoculars; temporals
3. LEPTOGNATHUs. 453
2+3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; first
lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; four
pairs of chin-shields, anterior slightly longer than broad. Scales
in 15 rows, vertebrals strongly enlarged, the largest twice as broad
as long. Wentrals 185; anal entire ; subcaudals 94. Pale brown
above, with numerous blackish-brown cross-bands, lighter in the
middle, the anterior as if divided into two; head much spotted and
º with blackish ; lower parts whitish, spotted with blackish
TOWIl.
Total length 310 millim.; tail 80.
Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
a. Hgr. (V. 185; C, 94). Tehuantepec. M. F. Sumichrast [C].
8. Leptognathus leucomelas. (PLATE XXIV. fig. 1.)
Leptognathus leucomelas, Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (6) xvii.
1896, p. 17.
Body strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral a little broader
than deep, not visible from above; internasals half as long as the
praefrontals; frontal as long as broad, as long as its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal divièd;
loreal once and a half as long as broad, bordering the eye; no prae-
ocular; praefrontal entering the eye; two postoculars; temporals
1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first
lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; three
pairs of chin-shields, first longer than broad. Scales in 15 rows,
vertebrals strongly enlarged, the largest nearly twice as broad as
long. Wentrals 188; anal entire; subcaudals 85. Dark grey
above, spotted with black, with black, white-edged annuli, some of
which are broken on the vertebral line; head blackish, speckled
with white; belly white, speckled and spotted with black and
irregularly barred by the black annuli.
Total length 570 millim. ; tail 130.
Colombia.
a. Q (V. 188; C. 85). Near Buenaventura. Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg
[C.]. (Type).
9. Leptognathus mikani.

Dipsas mikanii, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 277 (1837).
Anholodon mikanii, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1165 (1854).
Leptognathus mikanii, Günth. Cat. p. 178 (1858); Cope, Proc. Ac.
Philad. 1868, pp. 108 & 135; Jan, Icon. Gén. 37, pl. vi. fig. 3
(1870); Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872, p. 49; Bouleng.
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xviii. 1886, p. 436.
oreas, Cope, l.c. pp. 108 & 109.
andrei, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii. 1884, p. 146*.
garmani, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887, p. 60.
Body feebly compressed. Eye moderate. Rostral broader than
* I am indebted to M. Bocourt for notes on the type specimen.
454 AMBLYCEPHALIDAE,
deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals not more than half
as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad, or slightly
broader than long, as long as or shorter than its distance from the
end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; nasal entire or
semidivided, rarely divided; loreal as long as deep or a little
longer than deep, bordering the eye; a praeocular rarely present;
praefrontal usually entering the eye; two or three postoculars;
temporals 1 or 2+2 or 3; seven or eight, rarely six, upper labials,
third, third and fourth, fourth and fifth, or third, fourth, and fifth
entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind
the symphysial; two to four pairs of chin-shields, anterior as long
as broad or a little longer than broad. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals.
feebly or moderately enlarged. Wentrals 156–180; anal entire
(rarely divided); subcaudals 53–90. Pale brown above, with
small darker spots and dots, and with light-edged blackish-brown
cross-bands or alternating transverse spots; head with dark brown,
light-edged spots; yellowish beneath, spotted or dotted with dark
brown.
Total length 720 millim.; tail 170.
Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia.
A. Dark cross-bands wide; belly dotted with brown, or with two
series of small brown spots. (L. mikani, Schleg.)
a, b. 3 (V. 160; C. 61) Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C].
& Q (V. 168; C. 55).
c. Yg. (V. 167; C.70). Brazil.
B. Cross-bands narrow ; belly as in the preceding.
a, b-c. 3 (V. 163; C. Pernambuco. Zoological Society.
65), hgr. (V. 172; C.
62), & yg. (V. 177;
C. 60
d, e. Q § 170, 172; Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C].
C. 61, 63).
f. Hgr. (V. 156; C. 63). Rio Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq. [P.].
g. Q (W. 158; C. 73). Porto Real, Prov. Rio M. Hardy du Dréneuf
Janeiro. [C.].
h. Hgr. (V. 161; C.63). Brazil.
2. Q skeleton. Brazil. Dr. Günther [P].
C. Ventrals with large dark brown or black spots. (L. oreas, Cope.)
a—c. 9 (V. 179, 175, W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.].
173; C. 73,66, 76).
d. 9 (V. 1645 C.65). Pallatanga, Ecuador. Mr. C. Buckley [C].
10. Leptognathus ventrimaculata. (PLATE XXIV. fg. 2.)
Leptognathus ventrimaculatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xvi.
1885, p. 87; Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torino, x. 1895, no. 195, p. 21
Body feebly compressed. Eye moderate. Rostral broader than
3. LEPTOGNATHUs. 455
deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals not more than half
as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad, as long as or
a little shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, much
shorter than the parietals; nasal entire or semidivided; loreal once
and a half to twice as long as deep, bordering the eye; a prae-
ocular rarely present, the praefrontal usually entering the eye; two
postoculars; temporals 1+2; five or six upper labials, third or third
and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its
fellow behind the symphysial; three or four pairs of chin-shields,
anterior as long as broad. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals strongly
enlarged, the largest not twice as broad as long. Wentrals 156–
167; anal entire; subcaudals 45–52. Body with large dark brown
or blackish-brown transverse spots, or with two alternating series
of such spots, separated by narrow pale brownish or whitish inter-
Spaces; head with the dark spots so crowded as to appear dark
brown or blackish, veined with brownish white; lower parts white,
largely spotted with dark brown or black.
Total length 525 millim. ; tail 105.
Southern Brazil, Paraguay.
a—b. 3 (V. 156; C. 48) Rio Grand do Sul. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].
& Q (V. 161; C. 45). (Types.)
c. 3 (V. 158; C. 49). Rio Grande. Dr. H. v. Ihering [C.].
d—f $2 (V, 158, 156, Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C.].
164; C. 51, 51, 50).
11. Leptognathus inaequifasciata.
Cochliophagus inaequifasciatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 480 (1854).
Legtognathus inaequifasciatus, Jan, Elenco, p. 100 (1863), and Icon.
Gén. 37, pl. iv. fig. 2 (1870).
Body feebly compressed. Eye moderate. Rostral nearly as deep
as broad; internasals two thirds the length of the praefrontals,
scarcely visible from above; frontal as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal
divided; loreal once and a half as long as deep, bordering the eye;
no praeocular, praefrontal entering the eye; three or four post-
oculars; temporals 1+3; ten upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow
behind the symphysial; two pairs of chin-shields, anterior a little
longer than broad. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals moderately
enlarged. Wentrals 174; anal entire; subcaudals 61. Pale brown
above, with large irregular transverse dark brown spots anteriorly
and narrow dark brown cross-bars posteriorly; upper head-shields
marbled with brown; a round dark spot on the occiput; whitish
beneath, with a lateral series of small brown spots.
Total length 445 millim.; tail 76.
Brazil (?).
456 AMBLYCEPHALIDAE.
12. Leptognathus turgida.
Cochliophagus inaequifasciatus (non D. & B.), Cope, Proc. Ac.
Philad, 1862, p. 847. e
Leptognathus turgida, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, pp. 108 and

136.
— mikanii (non Schleg.), Boettg. Zeitschr, ges. Naturw. lviii.
1885, p. 238; Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torin. x. 1895, no. 195, p. 21.
Body feebly compressed. Eye moderate. Rostral broader than
deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals two thirds the length
of the praefrontals; frontal slightly broader than long, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals;
nasal divided; loreal once and a half as long as deep, bordering
the eye; no praeocular, praefrontal entering the eye; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind
the symphysial; four pairs of chin-shields, anterior a little longer
than broad. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals not enlarged. Wentrals
149–159; anal entire; subcaudals 41–51. Pale brown above,
with a dorsal series of large transverse black, white-edged spots
not extending down the sides, and a lateral series of smaller spots—
the first spot forming a collar, descending to the sides of the neck;
a cross-shaped black marking on the head, with two large spots on
each side of it; lower parts white, with an irregular series of small
black spots on each side. .
Total length 255 millim. ; tail 43.
Paraguay, Matto Grosso.
a. Hgr. (V. 159; C. 44). Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C.].
b. Yg. (V. 152; C. 45). Corumba, Matto Grosso. S. Moore, Esq. [P.].
13. Leptognathus alternans.
Leptognathus alternans, Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. ii, 1885,
p. 105, pl. iv. fig. 8. -
Body slender, strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral broader
than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals half as long as
the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; nasal
entire; loreal deeper than long, separated from the eye by two
praeoculars; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; nine upper labials,
fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; first lower labial in con-
tact with its fellow behind the symphysial; three pairs of chin-
shields, anterior a little longer than broad. Scales in 15 rows,
vertebrals feebly enlarged. Wentrals 197; anal entire; subcaudals
110. Pale reddish brown above, with two series of elongate oval,
dark brown, light-edged spots, opposed to each other or alternating,
narrowly separated on the vertebral line, and descending to the
sides of the ventrals; neck dark brown above; head pale brown,
with a large, oval, dark brown, white-edged spot on each parietal
3. LEPTOGNATHUs. 457
shield; lower parts whitish, dotted and lineolated with dark
lorown.
Total length 630 millim. ; tail 195.
Brazil.
a. 3 (V, 197; C, 110). Santos. Dr. J. G. Fischer. (Type.)
14. Leptognathus viguieri.
Leptognathus viguieri, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii. 1884,
136
p. LöO.
? Leptognathus brevis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 476 (1854) *.
Eye large. Nasal divided; loreal bordering the eye; no prae-
ocular, but a small subocular below the loreal; three postoculars;
nine upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; first lower
labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; two pairs
of chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals feebly enlarged.
Ventrals 196; anal entire ; subcaudals 114. Reddish yellow
above, with large brown spots, mostly forming complete annuli;
head purplish black above; temples and nape yellow.
Total length 570 millim.; tail 170.
Isthmus of Darien.
15. Leptognathus annulata.
Leptognathus annulatus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872,
p. 30, and Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 141, pl. xlix, fig. C (1895).
Body very slender, strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral
small, nearly as deep as broad, not visible from above; internasals
one third the length of the praefrontals ; frontal a little longer than
broad, a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
much shorter than the parietals; nasal entire ; loreal once and a
half as long as deep, bordering the eye; no praeocular; praefrontal
entering the eye; a small subocular below the loreal; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; seven or eight upper labials, fifth and
sixth entering the eye; four pairs of chin-shields, the anterior very
small and in contact with the symphysial, the second pair large
and much longer than broad. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals
moderately enlarged. Wentrals 164; anal entire; subcaudals 113.
Body with dark brown rings, separated by interspaces of pale
brown above, of white beneath; head spotted with brown, with
two elongate large brown spots on the parietal shields.
Total length 440 millim.; tail 150.
Costa Rica.
a. Hgr. (V. 164; C. 113). Cartago. (Type.)
* M. Bocourt, who has kindly supplied me with additional information on
the type of L. viguieri, informs me that the type of L. brevis had disappeared
from the Paris Museum as early as 1862.
458 AMBLYCEPHALIDAE.
16. Leptognathus articulata.
Dipsas brevis (non D. & B.), Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 266.
Lºgºthu, articulata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, pp. 107 &
35.

Body very slender, strongly compressed. Eye large. Loreal
bordering the eye; no praeocular; praefrontal entering the eye; two
postoculars; temporals 2+3; nine upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow
behind the symphysial; four pairs of chin-shields. Scales in
15 rows, vertebrals enlarged. Wentrals 215; anal entire; sub-
caudals 135. Yellow, with broad brown entire annuli, which are
wider anteriorly than posteriorly, and wider than the interspaces
between them ; top of head, sides, and upper labials in front of
the eye, and all the lower labials, brown; rest of head with
numerous short lines on the snout, yellow or white.
Total length 675 millim. ; tail 225.
Costa Rica. -
17. Leptognathus incerta.
Leptognathus incertus, Jan, Elenco, p. 101 (1863), and Icon. Gén.
37, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1870).
Body slender, strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral broader
than deep, scarcely visible from above ; internasals two thirds the
length of the praefrontals; frontal slightly longer than broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; nasal entire; loreal slightly deeper than long, bordering
the eye; a praeocular above the loreal; two postoculars; temporals 1,
2, or 3+2 or 3; nine upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering
the eye; first lower labial in contact with the symphysial; three
pairs of chin-shields, anterior a little longer than broad. Scales in
15 rows, vertebrals moderately enlarged. Wentrals 204; anal
entire; subcaudals 122. Pale brown above, with large dark brown,
black-edged cross-bars or alternating spots; a dark brown spot on
each parietal shield; pale brown beneath, with interrupted darker
streaks.
Total length 720 millim. ; tail 220.
Guianas, Brazil. -
a. 3 (V. 204; C. 122). S. José dos Campos, Prov. Mr. A. Thomson
S. Paulo, Brazil. [P.].
18. Leptognathus argus.
Leptognathus argus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad, (2) viii. 1876, p. 130.
Rostral very small, triangular, as deep as broad; loreal and
praefrontal bordering the eye in front; two postoculars; temporals
1+2; seven upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the
eye; three pairs of chin-shields, anterior longer than broad and in
contact with the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals not
3. LEPTOGNATHUs. 459
abruptly enlarged. Wentrals 212; anal entire; subcaudals 121.
Greenish-ash above, with two series of alternating light ocelli with
black borders; a large black-bordered ocellus on the nape; head
vermiculated with black; lips yellow, with black specks; below
yellow, with a lateral series of black-edged ocelli, like those of the
back.
Total length 345 millim. ; tail 104.
Costa Rica.
L. pictiventris, Cope, l.c., from the same locality, appears to
agree in structure with the preceding, differing, however, Con-
siderably in coloration. The specimen is besides stated to be in
bad condition.
19. Leptognathus Sanniola.
Mesopeltis sanniolus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1866, p. 318.
Snout contracted from under the orbit; eye large. Rostral not
visible from above; frontal nearly twice as long as broad in the
middle, nearly as long as the parietals; nasal divided; loreal nar-
row, erect; two very narrow praeoculars, the inferior very small;
eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; anterior
chin-shields united into an azygous ovoid shield which is in contact
with the symphysial; posterior chin-shields quite small. Scales in
15 rows, vertebrals not enlarged. Wentrals 156; anal divided ;
subcaudals 55. Above light brown, with one series of small dark
brown spots on the spine, separated by intervals nearly equal to
their diameter; a broad muchal band continued to middle of frontal
shield; lips and sides with numerous pale brown spots; beneath
with minute brown punctulations.
Total length 280 millim. (tail not included).
Yucatan. •
g 20. Leptognathus dimidiata.
Lºgºus dimidiatus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4) ix.1872,

p. 51.
Fº multifasciatus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii.
4, p. 139.
Mº. multifasciatus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
2
p. 1 (2. *
Leptognathus (Asthenognathus) grandoculis, F. Müll. Verh. Nat.
es. Basel, viii. 1887, p. 271, pl. i. fig. 2.
Mesopeltis dimidiatus, Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 143, pl. li. figs.
A & B (1895).
Body very slender, strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral as
deep as broad, scarcely visible from above; internasals not more than
half as long as the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; nasal entire; loreal once and a half as long as deep, border-
ing the eye; no praeocular; praefrontal entering the eye; two post-
oculars; temporals 1+2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth or fifth,
460 AMBLYCEPHALIDAE,
sixth, and seventh entering the eye; symphysial in contact with a
small azygous chin-shield followed by three pairs of chin-shields,
the anterior longer than broad. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals not
enlarged. Wentrals 185–195; anal entire; subcaudals 98–126.
Body with blackish-brown or reddish dark-edged annuli separated by
narrower interspaces which may be whitish, black-spotted, or dark
lorown above and whitish powdered with brown beneath; head
dark brown above.
Total length 620 millim.; tail 205.
Central America.
a, Q (V. 186; C. 100). Mexico. - (Type.)
b. 3 (V. 188; C. 114). Hacienda Rosa de Jericho, Dr. E. Rothschuh
Nicaragua, 3250 ft. [C.].
21. Leptognathus bicolor.
Neopareas bicolor, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 178, pl. lvi. fig. C
(1895). * -
Body very slender, very strongly compressed. Eye large. Rostral
broader than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals two thirds
the length of the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad, as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
nasal entire; loreal as long as deep, bordering the eye; a praeocular
above the loreal; three postoculars; temporals 2+3; eleven upper
labials, fourth to seventh entering the eye; first lower labial in con-
tact with and partially fused with its fellow behind the symphysial;
three large azygous chin-shields, followed by a pair. Scales in 15
rows, vertebrals not enlarged. Wentrals 195; anal entire; subcaudals
129. Annulate black and white, the white annuli much narrower
than the black ones, the first across the occiput; the snout, chin, and
upper head-shields black. -
Total length 565 millim. ; tail 190.
Nicaragua. -
a 3 (V, 195; C. 129). Chontalez, Nicaragua. R. A. Rix, Esq.[C];
W. M. Crowfoot,
Esq. [P]. (Type.)
4. DIPSAS.

Dipsas, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 89 (1768).
Bungarus, part, Oppel, Ann. Mus, xvi. 1810, p. 391.
Dipsas, part, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 548; Wagl, Syst, Amph, p. 180
(1830); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 257 (1837); Cope, Proc. Ac.
Philad. 1860, p. 265.
Dipsadomorus, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 467, and
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 468 (1854). *
Leptognathus, part., Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 177 (1858); Cope, Proc.
Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 107.
Dipsadomorus, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 99 (1868).
Maxillary bone with the toothed border turned inwards, forming
4. DIPSAs. 461
a suborbital lamina, widening behind; teeth 13 or 14, subequal;
mandibular teeth, anterior longest, gradually decreasing in length;
pterygoids toothless. Head distinct from neck; eye large, with
vertical pupil; nasal entire. Body strongly compressed; scales
smooth, without pits, oblique, in 13 rows, vertebral row enlarged;
ventrals rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.
South America.
º
Skull of Dipsas bucephala.
1, Dipsas bucephala. -
Seba, Thes, i. pl. xliii. fig. 4 (1734).
Dipsas indica, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 90 (1768).
Coluber bucephalus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 422, pl. cix. (1802).
Bungarus bucephalus, Oppel, Ann. Mus, xvi. 1810, p. 392.
Dipsas bucephala, Schinz, Cuv. Thierr, ii. p. 117 (1822); Schleg. Phys.
Serp. ii. p. 281, pl. xi, figs. 16–18 (1837).
Dipsadomorus indicus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 470, pl. lxvii. (1854).
Leptognathus indicus, Günth. Cat. p. 180 (1858).
Dipsadomorus bucephalus, Jan, Elenco, p. 99 (1863), and Icon. Gén.
37, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1870).
Leptognathus bucephalus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 107.


462 AMBLYCEPHALIDAE.
PLeptognathus (Dipsadomorus) cisticeps, Boettg. Zeitschr, ges.
Naturw.lviii. 1885, p. 237. -
Rostral as deep as broad or a little deeper than broad, scarcely
visible from above; internasals not more than half the length of the
praefrontals; frontal as long as broad or slightly longer than broad,
as long as or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
much shorter than the parietals; nasal entire; loreal not or but
scarcely longer than deep, entering the eye; a praeocular above the
1oreal; two postoculars; temporals 1 or 2+2 or 3; eight to ten
upper labials, fourth and fifth, fifth and sixth, or fourth, fifth, and
sixth entering the eye; two lower labials in contact with each other
behind the symphysial; two to four pairs of chin-shields. Scales in
13 rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged. Wentrals 171–200; anal
entire; subcaudals 91–116. Yellowish, greyish, or reddish brown
above, with more or less distinct dark cross-bands or triangular spots
on the sides; a series of whitish spots, corresponding to the light
interspaces along each side, partly upon the ventral shields; head
with dark, light-edged spots; lower parts brownish, speckled with
white.
Total length 680 millim.; tail 250.
Tropical South America.

a. 3 (V. 198; C. 116). Demerara. Zoological Society.
b. Hgr. (V. 185; C. 105). Bahia. Dr. O.Wucherer[C.].
.e. Hgr. (V. 191; C. 106). Ecuador. - Mr. C. Buckley [C].
d—e. 3 (V. 171; C. 92) & Moyobamba, N.E. Mr. A. H. Roffſ C.J.
Q (W. 177; C. 91). Peru.
_f. 9 (V. 191; C. 99). Charocampa, Bolivia.
.g. Q (V. 194; C. 101). —? Dr. Günther [P].
J. Skull of e.
5. PSEUDOPAREAS.
Leptognathus, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 100 (1863).
Head distinct from neck; eye moderate, with vertical pupil. Body
cylindrical; scales smooth, in 15 rows, vertebral row slightly enlarged;
ventrals rounded; subcaudals in two rows.
South America. -
1. Pseudopareas vagus.
Leptognathus vagus, Jan, l.c., and Icon. Gén. 37, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1870);
Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1868, p. 136.
Pareas vagus, Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver, Nat. 1888, p. 145.
Rostral nearly as deep as broad; internasals shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; loreal
twice as long as deep, entering the eye; a small praeocular between
the loreal and the supraocular; two postoculars; temporals 1+2;
eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; first lower
labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; three pairs
WIPERIDAE, 463
of chin-shields, anterior longer than broad and in contact with four
labials. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals a little enlarged. Anal entire;
subcaudals 51. Above wood-brown, with irregular narrow dark
cross-bars interrupted on the spine; upper labials dark-edged; lower
parts with squarish light-edged black spots.
Hong Kong (?).
2. Pseudopareas atypicus.
Leptognathus atypicus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 65.
Rostral subtriangular; frontal and parietals broad and short ; a
subquadrate loreal; no praeocular; two postoculars; temporals
2+3; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first
lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; four
pairs of chin-shields, all except the first broader than long. Scales
in 15 rows, equal. Colour pale, with black transverse spots, which
are wide anteriorly and become gradually narrower posteriorly,
where their lateral ends are broken off and alternate with the dorsal
portion; a few small blotches on the ends of the ventrals.
Total length 243 millim. ; tail 47.
Andes of Peru.
Fam. 9. WIPERIDAE.
Holochalina, part., J. Müller, Zeitschr, f. Physiol. iv. p. 270, 1831,
Viperidae, Bonaparte, Mem. Acc. Torin. (2) ii. p. 393, 1840.
Thanatophides, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. vi. p. 70, 1844.
Viperina, part., Gray, Cat. Snakes, p. 8, 1849.
Solénoglyphes, Duméril, Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. p. 523, 1853; Duméril
& Bibron, Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1359, 1854.
Eurystomata Iobola, part., Stannius, Zoot. Amph. p. 5, 1856.
Viperidae, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 333.
Viperiformes, Günther, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 383, 1864.
Solenoglypha, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 231.
Viperidae, Boulenger, Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 417, 1890.
Facial bones movable; praefrontal not in contact with nasal;
ectopterygoid (transpalatine) present, extending to mandible; supra-
temporal present, attached scale-like to the skull and suspending
quadrate; maxillary much abbreviated, erectile perpendicularly to
ectopterygoid, supporting a pair of large poison-fangs without
external groove. Mandible without coronoid bone. Hypapophyses
developed throughout the vertebral column.
Poisonous.--All except Atractaspis are ovoviviparous.
This family includes terrestrial, semiaquatic, arboreal, and
burrowing types. In the Crotalines, the passage from terrestrial
to arboreal species is so gradual as to preclude their being referred
to distinct genera. -
Europe, Asia, Africa (absent from Madagascar), America.
464 .- WIPERIDAE,
Fig. 33.
§ ;
Skull of Vipera lebetina. &
Divided into two subfamilies:—
1. Viperinae.-No pit on the side of the snout ; maxillary not
hollowed out above.
2. Crotalinae.—A deep pit on each side of the snout, between
the nostril and the eye; maxillary hollowed out above.
Subfam. 1. VIPERINAE.
Viperoidea, part., Fitzinger, Neue Classif. Rept. p. 11, 1826.
Viperidae, part, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 511.
Viperina, Bonaparte, Mem. Acc. Tor. (2) ii. p. 393, 1840. -
Viperidae, part, Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 68, 1842, and Cat. Sn. p. 22,
1849. e
Viperiens, Duméril, Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. p. 528, 1853; Duméril &
Bibron, Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1375, 1854.
Atractaspididae, Günther, Cat, Col. Sn. p. 239, 1858.
Viperinae, Causinae, Atractaspidinae, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859,
p. 834. -
Viperidae, Günther, Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 395, 1864.

1. CAUSUS. 465
Viperidae, Causidae, Atractaspididae, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1864,
. 231.
Viperida, Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 18, 1869.
Abothrophera, Garman, N. Amer. Rept. p. 104 (1883).
Viperinae, Boulenger, Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 418, 1890.
Europe; Asia; Africa.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Head covered with large symmetrical shields as normal in the
Colubridae; mandibular teeth well developed; eye moderate.
Nostril between two nasals and the internasal; pupil round;
scales oblique on the sides . . . . . . . . 1. Causus, p. 465.
Nostril in a single nasal; pupil vertical; scales not oblique.
2. Azemiops, p. 470.
II. Some or all of the head-shields broken up into small shields or.
scales; mandibular teeth well developed; eye moderate or
small, with vertical pupil.
A. Lateral scales not smaller than dorsals, without serrated keels;
ventrals rounded; subcaudals in two rows. .
Nasal in contact with the rostral or separated by a naso-rostral
shield; postfrontal bone small . . . . 3. Wipera, p. 471.
Nasal separated from the rostral by small scales; a crescentic supra-
nasal; postfrontal bone very large. . 4. Bitis, p. 492.
Nasal separated from the rostral by small scales; no supranasal.
5. Pseudocerastes, p. 501.
B. Lateral scales smaller than dorsals, disposed obliquely, with
serrated keels.
Wentrals angulate laterally; subcaudals in two rows.
6. Cerastes, p. 501.
Ventrals rounded; subcaudals single. 7. Echis, p. 504.
C. Lateral scales smaller than dorsals, slightly oblique, the keels
not serrated; subcaudals single ; tail prehensile.
8. Atheris, p. 508.
III. Head covered with large symmetrical shields; mandibular
teeth reduced to two or three in the middle of the dentary
bone; eye minute, with round pupil; postfrontal bone absent.
9. Atractaspis, p. 510.
1. CAUSUS.
Causus, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 172 (1830); Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 33
(1849); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1262 (1854); Cope, Proc.
flºº 1859, p. 342; Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 143
Naja, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 461 (1837).
Distichurus, Hallow. Journ. Ac. Philad, viii. 1842, p. 337.
WOL. III, * 2 H.
466 WIPERIDAE.
Aspidelaps, part, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 510.
Heterophis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 276.
Dinodipsas, Peters, Sitzb. Ak. Berl. 1882, p. 893; Cope, Proc. Ac.
Philad. 1888, p. 57. f
Head distinct from neck, covered with symmetrical shields;
nostril between two nasals and the internasal; loreal present; eye
moderate, with round pupil, separated from the labials by sub-
oculars. Body cylindrical; scales smooth or keeled, with apical
pits, oblique on the sides, in 15–22 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
short, subcaudals in two rows or single.
Tropical and South Africa.
º:
%
ºº
3
*
Skull of Causus rhombeatus.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 17 rows or more; subcaudals all or greater part in two
IOWS,
Snout obtuse, moderately prominent;
scales in 17–21 rows ; ventrals 120–
155; subcaudals 15–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. rhombeatus, p. 467.
Snout prominent, often more or less dis-
tinctly turned up at the end; scales in
19–22 rows; ventrals 134–152; sub-
caudals 17–25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. resimus, p. 468.

1. CAUSUs. 467
Snout prominent, more or less turned up
at the end; scales in 17 rows; ventrals
113–125; subcaudals 10–18 . . . . . . . . 3. defilippii, p. 469.
II. Scales in 15 rows; subcaudals single. 4. lichtensteinii, p. 470.
1. Causus rhombeatus.

Sepedon rhombeatus, Zichtenst. Verz, Doubl. Mus. Berl. p. 106
(1823).
Naja V-nigrum, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 556. -
rhombeata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 483, pl. xvii. figs. 12 &
13 (1837).
Dºº maculatus, Hallow. Journ. Ac. Philad. viii. 1842, p. 837,
pl. XIX.
Causus rhombeatus, Gray, Cat. p. 33 (1849); Dum. & Bibr. vii.
p. 1263 (1854); Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 101; Peters,
Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 144 (1882); Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges.
1887, p. 63, and 1888, p. 88; Stejneg. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xvi.
1893, p. 735; Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 145 (1895).
Aspidelaps rhombeatus, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 511; Beettg.
Abh. Senck. Ges. xii. 1881, p. 399.

Snout obtuse, moderately prominent. Rostral rounded, its upper
portion forming a right or obtuse angle behind and measuring one
half to two thirds its distance from the frontal; internasals as long
as or a little longer than the praefrontals, often forming a suture
with the loreal; frontal once and a half to once and three fourths
as long as broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, longer than the parietals; two or three praeoculars,
one or two postoculars, and one or two suboculars separating the
eye from the labials; temporals 2+3 or 4 ; six upper labials;
three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields;
posterior chin-shields small or indistinct. Scales in 17 to 21 rows,
dorsals more or less distinctly keeled. Wentrals 120–155; anal
entire; subcaudals 15–29, all or greater part in pairs. Olive or
pale brown above, rarely uniform, usually with a dorsal series of
..large rhomboidal or V-shaped dark brown spots which may be
edged with whitish ; usually a large dark M-shaped marking on the
back of the head, the point on the frontal, and an oblique dark streak
behind the eye; labials usually dark-edged; lower parts yellowish
white or grey, uniform or the shields edged with black.
Total length 700 millim.; tail 75.
Tropical and South Africa.
a. Q (Sc. 19; W. 131; C. 21). Gambia. Lord Derby ſº
b. Yg. (Sc. 17; W. 138; C. 17). Gambia. J. º Sq
• ? (se is v. 18; 0.19). Arº. Goa G. §ideº, Esq.
Oast. e iº
d, e. Yg. (Sc. 21, 18; W. 135, Gold Coast. W. H. Evans, Esq.
125; C. 17, 21). [P]
3 #2
468
WIPERIDAEe
f. Yg. (Sc. 18;
g—h. 9 (Sc. 19
&#, ić).”
i-m. 3 (Sc. 19
V. 181; C. 17).
20; W. 129, 133;
; W. 132; C. 21),
2 (Sc. 18, 19; W. 136, 129;
C. 18, 17
v. fši; 8:1
n—o. 3 (Sc. 18,
C. 21, 20).
& yg. (Sc. 19 ;
º: 2
8; W. 136, 132;
p. 2 (Sc. 19.; W. 147; C. 19).
g. Q (Sc. 19; W. 140; C. 19).
r—s. 3 (Sc. 17,
C. 28, 30).
7, 17; W. 134, 128;
t. 3 (sció; v. 150; C. 28).
u. 9 (Sc. 19.; W. 125; C. 15).
v. 3 (Sc. 19; W. 155; C. 25).
20–3, 9–a. 6 (
C. 29) & Q (
V. 139, 138, 142, 143; C. 22,
23, 23, 23).
8. Yg. (Sc. 18;
Sc. 18; V. 141;
Sc. 18, 18, 19, 18;
W. 144; C. 29).
y. 3 (Sc. 18; W. 140; C. 27).
8. 6
Sc. 17; W. 141; C. 27).
e. Q (Sc. 19; W. 134; C. 26).
{-6. 6 (Sc. 19,
19, 19; W. 133,
183,130; C. 25, 23, 26).
i. 3 (Sc. 19.; W. 139; C. 20).
A. 92
pl. Yg. (Sc. 20;
v. Yg. (Sc. 20;
K. G. §: 20; V. 130; C. 24).
Sc. 19; V. 140; C. 22).
W. 144; C. 23).
W. 138; C. 27).
& Q (Sc. 19; W. 139; C. 23).
o. Skeleton.
Sierra Leone.
Mouths of the
Niger.
150 miles up the
Niger.
Fernando Po.
Stanley Falls,
Congo.
Congo.
Huilla, Angola.
Golungo Alto,
Angola.
W. Africa.
Kavirondo,
C. Africa.
Zomba, Brit. C.
Africa.
Mandala, Brit.
B C. *
lantyre, Brit.
C. º
Blantyre.
Pretoria, Trans-
vaal.
Natal.
|Port Natal.
Port Natal.
Port Elizabeth.
Grahamstown.
Cape of Good
€.
S. ica.
Niger. "
2. Causus resimus.
Angola, p. 146 (1895).
—jacksonii, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i. 1888, p. 331.
— nasalis, Stejneger, Prog. U.S. Nat. Mus, xvi. 1893, p. 735.
— resimus, var. angolensis, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p.148.
E.
Heterophis resimus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1862
Causus resimus, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. x. 188
H. É. Hart, Esq.
A. iſiºn. Esq.
Wii. Crosse, Esq.
[P.].
H. Veitch, Esq.
P.].
Dr.Welwitsch [P.].
Dr.Welwitsch [P.].
Mr. Raddon [C.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
P -
sºil. Johnston
Scott Elliot, Esq.
..].
A. A. Simons, Esq.
8. *
J. Grant, Esq. [P.].
W. L. Distant,
Esq. [P.].
E. Hºlst, Esq.
Rev. H. Calloway
[P.].
Mr. T. Ayres [C].
J. * Leslie, Esq.
P.T. -
R; H. R. Fisk

D.; [P.].
W. H. Crosse, Esq.
[P.].
p. 277, pl.-. fig. 4.
7, p. 3ii, and #r.
Snout more prominent than in C. rhombeatus, often more or less
distinctly turned up at the end, the rostral with obtuse horizontal
1. CAUSUs. 469
edge. Rostral broader than deep, forming nearly a right angle
above, its upper portion measuring one half to two thirds its distance
from the frontal; internasals longer than the praefrontals, separated
from or just touching the loreal; frontal once and a half as long as
broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, longer than the parietals; two praeoculars, two postoculars,
and one or two suboculars separating the eye from the labials;
temporals 2+3 or 4; six upper labials; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields very small or
indistinct. Scales smooth or faintly keeled, in 19 to 22 rows.
Wentrals 134–152; anal entire; subcaudals 17–25 pairs. Greyish
Qlive above, uniform or with curved or chevron-shaped black cross-
bars pointing backwards; uniform white beneath.
Total length 470 millim. ; tail 40.
Sennar, East and Central Africa, Angola.
•0. § (Sc. 22; W. 146; Ngatana, E. Africa. º. W. Gregory
. 18). * tº º
b. Yg. (Sc. 22; V. 148; Mkonumbi, E. Africa. Dr. J. W. Gregory
23). s
C. [P.].
c.—d. 9 (Sc. 22; V. 145; Lamu, E. Africa. F.J. hº Esq.")
C. 18) & yg. (Sc. 21; [P.].
W. 146; C. 18).
ré, § É. 22; W. 144; L. Tanganyika. Sir J. Kirk [C.].
) (Types of C. jacksonii.)
f. Yg. (Sc. 19; V. 144; Golungo Alto, Dr. Welwitsch [P.].
C.22). Angola.
3. Causus defilippii.
Heterodon defilippii, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii. 1862, p. 225,
and Icon. Gén. 11, pl. iv. fig. 3 (1865). tº º
Causus (Heterophis) rostratus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (8) xii.
1863, p. 363, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 115, pl. xv.
rostratus, Moog. Le Natur. xiv. 1892, p. 35; Bocage, Herp.
Angola, p. 147 (1895). *
— defilippii, Mocq. t. c. p. 64.
Snout obtusely pointed, prominent, more or less turned up at the
&nd. Rostral large, T-shaped, with obtuse horizontal edge; its
apper portion forming a right or acute angle behind and quite as
long as its distance from the frontal; internasals longer than the
praefrontals and forming a suture with the loreal; frontal once and a
half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, longer than the parietals; two præ-
oculars, two postoculars, and one or two suboculars separating the
eye from the labials; temporals 2+3; six or seven upper labials;
three or four lower labials in contact with the very short anterior
chin-shields; posterior chin-shields very small or indistinct. Scales
in 17 rows, dorsals feebly keeled. Wentrals 113–125; anal entire;
subcaudals 10–18 pairs. Grey or pale brown above, vertebral region
darker, with a series of large rhomboidal or V-shaped dark brown
(470 WIPERIDAE.
spots; a large A-shaped dark brown marking on the occiput, the
point on the frontal; an oblique dark streak behind the eye; upper
labials black-edged; yellowish white beneath, uniform or with.
small greyish-brown spots.
Total length 400 millim. ; tail 22.
East and Central Africa, Transvaal.
a. 3 (V. 120; C. 14). Ugogo. Capt. Speke [P.].
(Type of C. rostratus.)
b. 3 (W. 117; C. 16). Rabai hills, Mombas. Rev. W. E. Taylor
[P.].
c—d, G (W. 113; C. 17) Zomba, Brit. C. Sir # H. Johnston.
& Q (V. l?5; C. 12). Africa. ##
e. 6 (V. 123; C. 15). Shiré highlands. Sir j. H. Johnston.
P.T.
f. 9 (V. 120; C. 10). Murchison Range, o! R. Jones, Esq.-
* Transvaal. [P.].
g. 3 (W. 119; C. 15). Barberton, Transvaal. S. African Mus. [P.].
4. Causus lichtensteinii.
Aspidelaps lichtensteinii, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 511, and
con. Gén. 44, pl. vi. fig. 5 (1873); Mocq. Bull. Soc. } ilom. (7)
xi. 1887, p. 86. -
Causus lichtensteinii, A. Dum. Arch. Mus. x. 1859, p. 217; Stejneger,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. 1893, p. 736.
Dinodipsas angulifera, Peters, Sitzb. Ak. Berl. 1882, p. 893, pl. xv.
Snout obtuse. Rostral a little broader than deep, obtuse-angled
above, its upper portion not half as long as its distance from the
frontal; internasals longer than the praefrontals, separated from the
loreal; frontal once and one third as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; two
praeoculars, two postoculars, and one or two suboculars separating
the eye from the labials; temporals 2+3; six upper labials;
four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior
chin-shields very small. Scales in 15 rows, dorsals feebly keeled.
Wentrals 142–144; anal entire; subcaudals 15–21, single. Greyish
above, with rather indistinct darker chevron-shaped cross-bands.
pointing forwards.
Total length 413 millim.; tail 35.
West Africa (Gold Coast, Congo).
2. AZEMIOPS.
Azemiops, Bouleng. Ann, Mus. Genova, (2) vi. 1888, p. 602, and
Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 418 (1890). -
Head distinct from neck, covered with symmetrical shields; nostril
in a single nasal; loreal present; eye moderate, with vertical pupil.
Body cylindrical; scales smooth, in 17 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. -
Upper Burma.
3. VIPERA. i. 471
1. Azemiops feab.
Azemiops feae, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova,(2) vi. 1888, p.603, pl. vii,
and Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 418, fig. (1890).
Head elliptical, snout short and broad. Rostral moderate, broader
than deep ; internasals and praefrontals subequal in length; frontal
a little broader than long, nearly thrice as broad as the supraocular;
parietals as long as their distance from the end of the snout ; loreal
small, pentagonal, as deep as long; two (or three) praeoculars; two
postoculars; two large superposed anterior temporals, the upper
alone in contact with the postoculars; six upper labials, third
entering the orbit, first and second smallest, fourth and fifth largest;
seven lower labials, first large and forming a long suture with its
fellow, second small; a pair of short chin-shields. Scales in 17
rows. Wentrals 180; anal entire; subcaudals 42. Blackish above,
the scales being dark grey in the centre and black on the borders,
with fifteen transverse white bands, one scale wide, some of which
are disconnected in the middle and alternate with those on the other
side; upper surface of head, from the praefrontals, black, with a
yellow median line, which is very narrow anteriorly and widens
posteriorly, ending on the neck on the eleventh transverse series of
scales; end of snout and sides of head yellow; a blackish streak
from below the eye to the lower border of the fourth upper labial;
another from the postoculars to the upper border of the sixth labial.
Lower parts olive-grey, with some small lighter spots; chin and
throat variegated with yellow.
Total length 610 millim.; tail 90.
Kakhyen Hills, Upper Burma.
3. WIPERA.
Vipera, part., Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 99 (1768); Merr. Tent. Syst.
Amph. p. 149 (1820); Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 120 (1863);
Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 21 (1869); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept.
. 419 (1890).
Pelias, Merr. l.c. p. 148; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 177 (1830); Gray,
§º p. 31 (1849); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1893
(1854).
Echidna, part., Merr. l.c. p. 150; Dum. & Bibr. l. c. p. 1420.
Cobra, part., Fitzing. N. Class. Rept, p. 33 (1826).
Vipera, *::::g. l. c.; Wagl. l.c.; Gray, l.c. p. 30; Dum. & Bibr.
l. c. p. 1403.
Riº (non Wagl.), Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital, Anf. (1834).
Daboia, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 69 (1842), and Cat. p. 23; Günth.
#. Brit. Ind. p. 395 (1864).
Echidnoides, Mauduyt, Herp. Vienne, p. 29 (1844).
Head distinct from neck, covered with small scales, with or with-
out small frontal and parietal shields; eye moderate or small, with
vertical pupil, separated from the labials by scales; nostrils lateral;
nasal in contact with the rostral or separated by a naso-rostral
472 VIPERIDAE.
shield. Body cylindrical; scales keeled, with apical pits, in 19–31
rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows.
• Europe, Asia, North and Tropical Africa. -
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Supraocular shield large, bordering the eye; scales on crown
and snout smooth or faintly keeled; nostril in a single or
irregularly divided nasal, which is separated from the rostral
by a naso-rostral; scales in 19–23 rows (very rarely 25);
ventrals 120–169.
A. Snout not turned up at the end; supraocular usually extending
posteriorly beyond the vertical of the posterior border of the
eye; frontal and parietal shields usually well developed;
usually a single series between the eye and the labials,
rarely two.
Snout obtusely pointed, flat above, or
with the canthus slightly raised;
rostral usually in contact with a
single apical scale, rarely with two ;
6 to 9 upper labials, usually 7 or 8;
scales in 19 rows, rarely 21; ventrals:
& 120–135, Q 125–142 . . . . . . . . . . 1. ursinii, p. 473,
Snout pointed, with raised canthus ; -
rostral in contact with a single apical
scale ; 8 or 9 upper labials; scales
in 21 rows, rarely 19; ventrals: 3
130–148, Q 130–150 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. renardi, p. 475.
Snout truncate or broadly rounded, flat
above or with very slightly raised
canthus; rostral in contact with two
apical scales, rarely with one; scales
in 21 rows, rarely 19 or 23; ventrals: -
d 132–150, 2 132–158 . . . . . . . . . . 3. berus, p. 476.
B. Snout usually more or less turned up at the end or produced
in a scaly dermal appendage; supraocular not extending
posteriorly beyond the vertical of the posterior border of
the eye; crown usually covered with small scales, frontal
and parietals, however, sometimes well developed; two or
three series of scales between the eye and the labials; 9 to
13 upper labials; scales in 21–23 rows, rarely 19 or 25.
Snout simply turned up, the raised por-
tion bearing two or three (apical)
scales; rostral not more than once
and a half as deep as broad; ventrals: -
& 134–158, Q 144–169 . . . . . . . . . . 4. aspis, p. 481.
3. WIPERA. 473
Snout simply turned up or produced in
an appendage, the raised portion with
five or six (rarely three) scales; rostral
once and a half to twice as deep as
broad ; ventrals : 3 125–146, 9
135-147. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. latastii, p. 484.
Snout produced in an appendage covered
with 10 to 20 scales; rostral not
deeper than broad; ventrals: 3 133–
158, Q 135–162 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. ammodytes, p. 485.
II. Supraocular shield large, erectile, the free border angular,
separated from the eye by a series of small scales; nostril in a
single nasal, which is partially fused with the naso-rostral;
scales in 23 rows; ventrals 150–180.
7. raddii, p. 487.
III. Supraocular shield moderately large or narrow, not erectile, or
broken up into scales; upper surface of head covered with
small, imbricate, usually keeled scales; scales in 23–31 rows;
ventrals 142–180.
A. Supranasal shield present.
$cales in 23–27 rows; supranasal usually
not bordering the nostril . . . . . . . . . . 8. lebetina, p. 487.
Scales in 27–33 rows; supranasal border-
ing the nostril . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. russellii, p. 490.
B. No supranasal; nostril pierced between two nasals, the
anterior in contact with the rostral; scales in 27 rows.
10. superciliaris, p. 491.
1. Wipera ursinii.
Pelias chersea (non L.), Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital. Anf. (1835).
— ursinii, Bonap. l. c.
berus, var. ursinii, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1859, p. 342.
Viº berus, part., Tournev, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1881, p. 41. pl. i.
( §º Camerano, Mon. Qfta, Ital, Vip. p. 85, pl. i. figs. 16–18
— berus, var. rakosiensis, Méhely, Zool. Anz. 1893, p. 190.
ursinii, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 596, pl. li., and
Feuille Jeunes Natur. 1893, p. 8; Méhely, Zool. Anz. 1894, pp. 57
&_86; Werner, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xliv. 1894, p. 237;
Méhely, Math. Term. Közl. Budapest, xxvi. 1895, p. 85, pls. i.
ll.
berus, Werner, Zool. Anz. 1893, p. 423.
— rakosiensis, Méhely, Math. Term. Ert. Budapest, xii. 1894,
p. 87
Snout obtusely pointed, flat above or with the canthus slightly
raised; eye very small, usually smaller than the nasal shield, its
horizontal diameter not exceeding its distance from the posterior
474 WIPERIDAE.
border of the nostril, its vertical diameter equal to or less than its
distance from the mouth. Rostral as deep as broad or slightly
4. deeper than broad, visible from above, in contact with one, rarely
'*with two apical shields; distinct frontal and parietal shields, the
former once and a half to once and two thirds (rarely once and one
third) as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or
the end of the snout, and nearly always longer than the parietals;
supraocular well developed, separated from the frontal by one to
three shields; 6 to 10 scales round the eye, usually 8 or 9, the
upper praeocular usually in contact with the nasal; a single series
of scales between the eye and the labials; nasal single, separated
from the rostral by a naso-rostral; temporal scales smooth; 6 to 9
upper labials, usually 7 or 8; 3 (rarely 4) lower labials in contact
with the chin-shields. Scales in 19 (rarely 20 or 21) rows, strongly
keeled on the back, less strongly on the sides, outer row smooth.
Wentrals 120–135 in G, 125–142 in Q ; anal entire; subcaudals
30–37 in d , 20–28 in 2. Yellowish or pale brown above, grey
or dark brown on the sides, sometimes uniform brown; a vertebral
series of more or less regular, transversely oval, elliptic or rhom-
boidal dark brown, black-edged spºts, some or all of which may
be confluent and form an unduloſs or zigzag band; two or three
longitudinal series of dark brown' or black spots along the sides,
the lowermost on the outer row of scales; small dark spots and
one or two ſw-shaped markings on the upper surface of the
head; an oblique dark stripe from the eye to the angle of the
mouth ; rostral and labials uniform white, rarely with a few small
blackish spots, or with brownish borders; chin and throat yellowish
white, rarely with some blackish spots; ventrals and subcaudals
black, with transverse series of small white spots, grey, checkered
with black and white, or whitish with small round black spots;
tail but rarely tipped with yellow. No sexual differences of
coloration.
Total length : 3 420 millim.; tail 55. Q 500; 50.
S.E. France (Basses-Alpes); Italy (Abruzzi); Istria (Veglia Id.);
Mountains of Bosnia; Plains of Lower Austria; Hungary.
a. 9 (V. 134; C. 25). Basses-Alpes. M. E. Honnorat[P].
b—g, h. 3 (V, 130, 131, Laxenburg, near Dr. F. Werner [E].
126; C. 33, 30, 35) Vienna.
& Q (V. 134, 133,
134, 132; C. 24, 25,
26, 27).
i, k. Many specimens, Laxenburg. Hr. F. Henkel [E.].
d (V, 120–135; C.
30–37) & 2 (W. 125–
142; C. 20–28).
l, Q_(V, 134; C, 24), Parndorf, near Bruck. Hr. F. Henkel [E].
m. Q (W. 137; C. 24). Rº near Buda- Prof. L. v. Méhely[E].
est.
n. Q skull. Laxenburg.
3. VIPERA. 475
2. Wipera renardi.
Pelias renardi, Christoph, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxiv. 1861, ii.
. 599.
viº berus, part., Strauch, Syn. Vip. p. 32 (1869), and Schl. Russ.
P. p. 206 (1873).
berus, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1892, p. 149.
renardi, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, pp. 598 & 757, pl. lxiv.;
Méhely, Zool. Anz. 1894, p. 69.

Snout pointed, flat above, with raised canthus; eye as in V. berus.
Rostral as deep as broad or a little deeper than broad, just visible
from above and in contact with a single apical shield; distinct
frontal and (usually) parietal shields, the former once and two thirds
to once and one third as long as broad, as long as or longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, usually longer than the
parietals; supraocular well developed, separated from the frontal
by one to three shields; 9 to 11 scales round the eye, the upper
praeocular usually in contact with the nasal; a single series of scales
between the eye and the labials, or two series except under the
centre of the eye, which is separated from the fourth labial by a
single scale ; nostril pierced in the lower half of a single nasal,
which is separated from the rostral by a naso-rostral; temporal
scales smooth or upper faintly keeled; 8 or 9 upper labials; 4
(rarely 5) lower labials in contact with the chin-shields. Scales
in 21 rows (19 in specimen n), strongly keeled on the back, smooth
or feebly keeled on the outer row. Wentrals 130–148 in 3, 130–
150 in 2 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 31–37 in G, 24–30 in 2.
Coloration much as in V. wrsinii, and likewise the same in both
sexes, but rostral and labials spotted, speckled, or margined with
black or brown.
Total length: 6 620 millim. ; tail 75. Q 395 ; 40.
Southern Russia and Central Asia.
a. Q (V. 142; C. 24). Sarepta. Dr. F. Müller [P.].
b–c. 3 (W. 145, 146; Uralsk. M. Borodine [C].
C. 37, 35).
d. 3 (V. 142; C. 36). Saratov. St. Petersburg Mus.
[E].
e. 3 (W. 144; C. 35). “gººsh, Kirghiz M. Nazarow [E].
teppes.
f. 3 (V. 148; C. 36). *s. Kirghiz sº Petersburg Mus.
teppes. E.].
g. Yg. 3 (W. 145; C. Kirghiz Steppes. St. Petersburg Mus.
35
h. 3 (V. 142; C. 35). Smeinogorsk, Gov. sº Mus.
Tomsk. [E.].
*—l, m. d. (W. 137,136; Chinas, Turkestan. St. Petersburg Mus.
C. 36, 32), 2 (W. [E],
137; C. 30), & yg.
& (W. 130; C. 36).
n. Yg. Q (V. 130; C. Kunges, R. Ili, E. St. Petersburg Mus.
30). Turkestan. [E.]. *
#
476 WIPERIDAE.
o—p. 3 (W. 134; C. 31) Wernensky Ujesd, St. Petersburg Mus.
y UJ
& Q (V. 141; C. 27). Varnoe, E. Turk- [E].
estan.
q—r. 6 (W. 133,138; C. Kuldja, E. Turkes- St. Petersburg Mus.
34, 32). tan. [E.].
3. Wipera berus.
Coluber berus, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 104 (1761), and S. N. i. p. 377
(1766); Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 97, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1768); Van Lier,
Werh. Schl. Add. Drenthe, p. 84, pl. ii. (1781); Reider & Hahn,
Faun. Boica, iii. (1832); Collett, Vädensk. Selsk. Forh. Christ.
1878, no. 3, p. 4. g &
chersea, Linn. ll, ce. pp. 103, 377; Wolf, in Sturm, Deutschl.
Faun. iii. H. 3 (1802) & H. 4 (1805).
prester, Linn. ll. cc. pp. 104, 377; Wolf, l.c. H. 4; Reider & .
IHahn, l.c. * .
vipera, Laur. l.c. p. 98, pl. iv. fig. 1.
— melanis, Pall. Reise, i. p. 460 (1771).
scytha, Pall, op. cit. ii. p. 717 (1773).
—- aspis, Müll. Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 36 (1776).
Vipera prester, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 309 (1802); Daud. Rept. vi. p. 161
(1803); Linck, Voigt's Mag. Nat. xii. 1806, p. 295.
— melanis, Latr. t. c. p. 311; Daud. t. c. p. 191.
Schyta, Latr. t. c. p. 312; Daud, t, c. p. 150.
— berus, Daud. t. c. p. 89, pl. lxxii. fig. 1; Linck, l.c. p. 291,
pl. v. figs, 1 & 2; Meisner, Mus. Nat. Helv. p. 89, pl. i. fig. 1
(1820); Brandt & Ratzeb. Med. Zool. i. p. 171, pl.xx. (1829);
Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 591, pl.xxi., figs. 14 & 15 (1837); Berth.
in Wagn. Reise n. Kolchis, p. 335 (1850); Viaud-Grandm. Serp.
Vend. p. 37 (1867); Jan, Icon. Gén. 45, pl. ii. (1874); Ninni,
Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. xxii. 1879, p. 175; Leydig, Abh. Senck.
Ges. xiii. 1883, p. 187; F. Müll. Verh, Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1884,
p. 300, & 1885, p. 695; Bouleng. The Zool. 1885, p. 373; Notthaft,
Zool. Anz, 1886, p. 450; Blum, Abh. Senck. Ges. xv. 1888, p. 128;
Meyer & Helm, Jº Ornith. Beob. Sachsen, vi. 1892, p. 55;
Bouleng. The Zool. 1892, p. 87; Méhely, Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt,
Herp. p. 37 (1892); Bedriaga, CR. Congr. Int. Zool. 1892, i.
p. 240; Diirigen, Deutschl. Amph. v. Rept, p. 837, pl. ix. (1894);
Nobre, Ann. Sc. Porto, i. 1894, p. 123; Bouleng. The Zool. 1895,
p. 60; Bedriaga, Ann. Sc. Porto, ii. 1895, p. 114; Méhely, Math.
Term. Közl. Budapest, xxvi. 1895, p. 4, pls. i. & ii.
Coluber caeruleus, Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 1804, p. 56.
Vipera chersæa, Linck, l.c. p. 294.
communis, Leach, Zool, Miscell. iii. p. 7, pl. cxxiv. (1817).
Pelias berus, Merr. Tent, p. 148 (1820); Frivaldsky, Mon. Serp.,
Hung. p. 35 (1823); Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital, Anf. (1835); Bell,
Brit. Rept, p. 58, figs. (1839); Steenstr., Nat. Tidsskr. Copenh.
ii. 1839, p. 542; Gray, Cat. p. 31 (1849); Dum. & Bibr. vii.
p. 1395, pl. lxxixb, fig. 2 (1854); De Betta, Erp. Venet. p. 229
(1857); Cook, Our Rept. p. 66, pl. v. (1865); Blanche, Bull. Soc.
Amis Sc. Nat. Rouen, i. 1865, p. 109; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii.
p. 210 (1872); De Betta, Faun. Ital, Rett. Anf. p. 53 (1874);
Schreib. Herp. Eur, p. 202 (1875); Lessona, Atti. Acc. Torin. xiv.
1879, p. 748; De Betta, Atti Ist. Ven. (5) vi. 1880, p. 361; Dalla
Torre, Progr. Gymn. Innsbr. 1891, p. 7. .




3. WIPERA. 477
Vipera limnaea, Bendiscioli, Giorn. Fis. Stor. Nat. (2) ix. 1826,
.431.
P trilamina, Millet, Faune Maine et Loire, ii. p. 651, pl. v. fig. 2.
(1828).
Pelias chersea, Ménétr. Cat. Rais. p. 73 (1832).
Vipera torva, Lenz, Schlangenk. p. 133, pls. i.-iv. & viii. (1832).
#. prester, Steenstr. Nat. Tidsskr. Copenh. ii. 1839, p. 542.
dorsalis, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 71 (1842).
Echidnoides trilamina, Mauduyt, Herp. Vienne, p. 29 (1844).
Vipera pelias, Soubeiran, De la Vipere, p. 30 (1855), and Bull. Soc.
Acclim. x. 1863, p. 397.
berus, part, Strauch, Syn. Viper, p. 32 (1869) and Schl. Russ.
R. p. 206 (1873); Tournev. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1881, p. 53,
pl. i. figs. 728 & 1030; Camerano, Mon. Oftd. Ital, Viper. p. 35,
pl. i. ºgº. 8, 19, 20, 21, 26–29 (1888); Méhely, Zool. Anz. 1893,
. 186.
p berus seoanei, Lataste, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 132;
Tournev, l.c. p. 41, pl. i. figs, u, v, 2.

Snout broadly rounded or truncate, with strong canthus which is
very rarely slightly raised; eye usually larger in males than in
females, its vertical diameter equal to or greater than its distance
from the mouth. Rostral as deep as broad, or slightly broader than
deep, or a little deeper than broad, not or but scarcely visible from
above, in contact with two apical shields, rarely with one; frontal
and parietal shields usually distinct, the former as long as broad or
a little longer than broad, usually shorter than its distance from the
rostral, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals; supraocular
well developed, sometimes in contact with the frontal, usually
separated from it by a series of two to four scales; 6 to 13 scales
round the eye, usually 8 to 10; the upper praeocular only excep-
tionally in contact with the nasal; one, rarely two, series of scales
between the eye and the labials; nasal single, not or but slightly
larger than the eye, separated from the rostral by a naso-rostral;
temporal scales smooth, rarely feebly keeled; 6 to 10 upper labials,
usually 8 or 9; three or four (rarely five) lower labials in contact
with the chin-shields. Scales in 21 rows (exceptionally 19 or 23),
strongly keeled, outer row smooth or feebly keeled. Wentrals 132–
150 (usually 137–147) in G, 132–158 (usually 140–150) in Q ;
anal entire ; subcaudals 33–46 (usually 35–40) in 3, 24–38
(usually 28–33) in Q. Coloration very variable: grey, yellowish,
olive, brown, or red above, usually with a dark undulating or zigzag
band along the spine and a series of lateral spots; a /\-, XK-, or
A\-shaped dark marking on the back of the head, and a dark
postocular streak; upper labials whitish or yellowish, the anterior
at least edged with brown or black; grey to brown or blackbeneath,
uniform or spotted with darker or lighter; end of tail usually yellow
or coral-red. Some specimens entirely black, either through
darkening of the ground-colour (2) or through extension of the
black markings (6). Males usually distinguishable from females
by darker, deep black markings and lighter ground-colour.
Total length: 3, 660 millim. ; tail 90. Q, 700; 75.
478
WIPERIDAE.
Europe, generally distributed in the North, mostly confined to
the mountains in the Centre, irregularly distributed in the South
(North of Spain and Portugal, Northern Italy, Bosnia); Caucasus;
Siberia, eastwards to Sachalien Island.
a. Q (V. 145; C. 29).
b–c. 3 (V. 143; C. 38)
& Q (V. 145; C. 33).
d. 9 (V. 142; C. 32).
e. 3 (V. 141; C. 35).
f–g. 3 (V. 138; C. 35)
& Q (V. 144; C. 29).
h. Q (V. 142; C. 28).
i-o, ö (V. 137, 138, 137;
C. 40, 38, 38) & Q
(W. 142,140,143; C.33,
32, 31).
p. 2 (W. 148; C. 29).
Q, & 2 (V.144, 141; C. 28,
s—t, 3 (v. 141,145, C. 36,
41)
u-º, Hgr. &yg. 2 (v. 136
144; C. 30, 28). 9
w—y. Yg. (V. 144;
G
C. 35) & yg. Q (V. 141
jiàº; § 2
2, 2 (V. 146; C. 28).
a. Q (V. 142; C. 30).
8, y, 8, e. g. (W. 138;
C. 37), 2 (W. 139, 154;
Q. 29, 28), & yg. Q
(V. 138; C. 30).
£, Yg. 2 (V. 142; C. 31).
m. & (V. 141; C. 35).
6. 2 (V. 149; C. 32).
t. Hgr. 2 (V.143; C. 31).
K. G. (V. 140; C. 38).
A—u. 9 (V. 140, 150;
C. 29, 33).
v. 2 (V. 145; C. 35).
§–r. 3 (V. 140,145, 140;
C. 39, 36, 37) & Q
(V. 146,145, 146; C. 32,
31, 31).
Dr. MacGregor [P].
Capt. S. G. Reid [P].
Near Freswick,
Canisbay, Caithness.
Betty Hill, Suther-
landshire.
W. Ross-shire. W. Eagle Clarke,
Esq.[P].
Pluscarden Abbey, nr. D. Charleson, Esq.
Forres, Morayshire. [P].
Braemar, Aberdeen- Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
shire.
Nr. Aberdeen. G. Sim, Esq. [P.].
Cromlix, Dunblane, W. R. Ogilvie Grant,
Stirling, 800–1000 ft. Esq. [P.].
Crichton, W. Edin-
burgh-shire.
W. Evans, Esq. [P.].
I. of Arran. W. Leach, Esq. [P.].
Newby Bridge, N. Mr. G. Smith [P.].
Lancashire.
Newby Bridge, N. Mr. J. Paul [P].
Lancashire.
Somersetshire. W. Leach, Esq.[P].
Woolhope, Hereford-
shire.
Col. Yerbury [P].
Nr. Penzance. Mr.F. W. Terry [P.].
Devonshire. W. Leach, Esq.[P].
Dorsetshire. Rev. W. Rackett
- [P.].
Morecomb, Dorset- W. Eagle Clarke,
shire. Esq. [P.].
Hampshire. Zoological Society.
Milton, Hampshire. R. Kirkpatrick, Esq.

[P].
Mrs. Mowatt [P].
Ventnor, I. of Wight.
W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

Brockenhurst, Hamp-
shire. Esq. [P.].
Ringwood, Hamp- G. %. Boulenger,
shire. * É.
Nº. Forest, Hamp- Mr. J. L. Monk [P.].
SIMIT0,
3. VIPERA.
479
v. Many specimens, 3
(V. 137–146; C. 35–40)
& Q (V. 143–150;
C. 28–32).
q-Jº. 3 (V. 146,142,140;
C. 36, 39, 36).
o—b'. 6 (V. 140; C, 86)
& Q (V. 147,145; C. 32,
33).
c'. Q (V. 148; C. 29).
d'. 3 (V. 146; C. 37).
e'. Q (V. 150; C. 30).
f'. 3 (V. 139; C. 36).
g'. Q (V. 146; C. 32).
J.'. Q (V. 146; C. 29).
º'-k'. 3 (V. 142; C. 40)
& Q (V. 150; C. 28).
!'. 3 (V. 143; C. 88).
m!—r'. 3 (W. 139; C. 38),
Q (V. 149, 147; C. 33,
29), yg. 3 (V.146,143;
C. 37, 37), & yg. Q
(V. 150; C. 30).
s'. Q (V. 147; C. 31).
t'. Q (V. 144; C. 29).
w'. Yg. 3 (139; C. 40).
v'—z', a”—c”, dº. 3 (W. 133,
137, 138; C.89, 33, 36)
& Q (V. 135, 141, 135,
138, 135, 147; C. 29, P,
29, 28, 31, 29).
e”. Q (V. 150; C. 30).
fº. 9 (V. 149; C. 32).
gº. 3 (V. 148; C. 38).
A. 2 (v. 150; c. 28).
*. Q (W. 154; C. 30).
}*. Q (W. 152; C. 31).
l”—m”. Q (W. 151, 150;
C. 26, 29).
Near Petersfield,
Hampshire.
Nr. Haslemere, Surrey.
Reigate, Surrey.
Oxted, Surrey.
Lancing, Sussex.
Kent.
Epping Forest, Essex.
Waulsort, Prov.
Namur, Belgium.
Orival, nr. Elbeuf,
Normandy.
Forêt de Lyons, Nor-
mandy.
Nr. St. Malo, Brittany.
Nr. Rennes, Brittany.
France.
Burbia,
franca,
2700 ft.
Potes, nr. Santander,
1300 ft.
Galicia, Spain.
nr. Villa-
Santander,
Walkmühle, near
Eisenberg, Alten-
burg.
Marktleithen, Fichtel
Mts. -
Hohenleipisch, near
Elsterwenden,
Prov. Saxony
Hohenleipisch.
Crolditzer Wald, nr.
Grimma, Saxony.
Lichtenberg, nr.
Pulsnitz, Upper
Lausitz, Saxony.
Selmütz, Saxon
Switzerland.
Mrs. Mowatt [P].

Mrs. Mowatt [P].
Rev. E. P. Larkin
[P.].
G. A. Boulenger,
Esq.[P.].
R. G. ; Esq. º
Sir J. Lubbock [P.].
L. N. Jekyll, Esq.
[P].
G. A. Boulenger,
* [P.].
M. H. Gadeau de
Rerville [P].
M. H. Gadeau de
Kerville [P].
G. A. Boulenger,
Esq. [P] .
Dr. L. Joubin [P].
Dr. H. Gadow [P.].
Dr. H. Gadow [P].
M. W. L. Seoane [P.].
Hr. J. Geithe [C.].
Hr. J. Geithe [C.].
Hr. J. Geithe [C].
Hr. W. Wolterstorff
[P.]. e
Hr. J. Geithe [C].
Hr. J. Geithe [C].
Hr. J. Geithe [C].
480
WIPERIDAE,

n”—r”. 3 (V. 144; C. 40),
$2 (W. 146, 144; C. 31,
ë; $3. 4% º:
§ºys ºw.”
s”—w”. 3 (W. 150, 188;
C. 85, 46) & Q (V. 144,
147, 149; C. 33, 32, 30).
a”. 9 (V. 146; C. 32).
g”—zº. 9 (V. 149, 152;
C. 34, 36).
a”. d’ (V. 141; C. 41).
b°. Many specimens, dº
W. 139–147; C.36–46),
142–153;
cº-e”. 3 (W. 138, 143;
C. 36, 38) & 2 (W. 151,
C. 32)
fº-gº, hº-iº. 3 (W. 146,
147; C. 39, 38) & Q
(V. 146, 145; C. 31, 30).
k”. 3 (V. 145; C. 35).
!”, m*. Many specimens, 6
(W. 139–145; C.36–39)
& Q (V. 145–154 ;
C. 28–33).
n°. 3 (V. 145; C. 37).
o°—w”. 3 (V. 142, 142,
137; C. 42, 41,38) & Q
(W. 148, 147, 150, 144;
C. 33, 32, 32, 34).
vº. 3 (V. 144; C. 38).
wº. 2 (V. 145; C. P).
a *. Many specimens, G.
(W. 136–144; C. 34–39)
& Q (W. 142–146;
C. 30–38).
gº. 3 (V. 141; C. 42).
2°–5%. 3 (W. 135, 137;
C. 30, 35) & 2 (W. 140;
C. 33).
cº, dº-hº. 3 (W. 145, 146,
143, 147; C. 38, 40,
40, P) & yg. 9 (V. 149;
C. 33
tº. 3 (v. 147; C. 40).
Å"—lº. 3 (V. 143; C. 40)
& Q (V. 151; C. 34).
m*. 9 (V. 146; C. 32).
Frauenstein, Saxony.
Saxony.
Saxony.
Nr. Berlin.
silesia.
Nr. Königsberg, E.
Prussia.
Mecklenburg.
Seeland, Denmark.
Nr. Copenhagen.
Knudskov, S. Seeland.
Skaarup, S. Fyen.
Glamsbjerg, S.W.
Eyen.
Bönnelykke, Lange-
land.
Nr. Aalborg, N. Jut-
land.
Nr. Viborg, C. Jut-
land.
Trust, C. Jutland.
Skarrild, C. Jutland.
S. Norway.
Bohuslän, Sweden.
Sweden.
g
Dr. A. B. Meyer [P].
Dr. A. B. Meyer[P].
Hr. F. Henkel [E.].
Hr. W. Wolterstorff
Dºwn, #}
Dr. R. Klebs [P.].
Dr. F. Werner [E].
Prof. Lütken [P.].
Mr. G. L. F. Sarauw
Mºd. L. F. Sarauw
[P].
Mr. G. L. F. Sarauw
Mºtº . L. F. Sarauw
[P.].
Mr. G. L. F. Sarauw
[P.].
Mr. G. L. F. Sarauw
[P.].
Mr. G. L. F. Sarauw
[P.].
Mr. G. L. F. Sarauw
[P.].
Mr. G. L. F. Sarauw
[P.].
Prof. R. Collett [P].
º: A. W. Malm
Mr. 8. J. A. Thuden
[P.].
R. Alp, Würtem- Dr. àu. [P.].
Toº,
3. VIPERA. 481
nº. 2 (W. 151; C. 30). Sardasca . Valley, Dr. F. Müller [P].
Switzerland.
o”, p. 3 (V. 139, 186; Fort of Chioggia, Hr. F. Henkel [E],
C. 39, 35), Prov. Venice.
q*, r*. 3 (V. 145, 142; Ferrara, Italy. Prof. J. J. Bianconi
C. 38, 38). [P]. -
s". Q (V. 143; C. 28). Travnik, Bosnia. Dr. F. Werner [E.].
tº. 3 (V. 144; C. 37). Schneeberg, Carniola. Dr. F. Werner É.
“”. d (W. 138, 142; St. Peter, nr. Grafen- Hr. F. Henkel
. 34, 36) & Q (V, 145, brunn, Carniola.
150, 147, 144; C. 26,
26, 26, 28).
zº—aº. 3 (V. 149; C. 37) Malborgeth, Carinthia. Hr. F. Henkel [E.].
& Q (V. 145; C. 24). -
bº. 9 (V. 145; C. 28). Spieglitzer. Schnee- Dr. F. Werner [E].
berg, Bohemia.
cº, dº. 2 (W. 140, 145; Schneeberg, Lower Dr. F. Werner [E].
C. 28, 28). Austria.
e5-fº, gº–h", ", k", l. 3 Schneeberg, Lower Hr. F. Henkel [E.].
(V. 144, 140,137; C. 37, Austria. -
38, 34) & Q (V. 143,
138, 151, 145; C. 34, P,
32, 29).
m”—nº. 3 (V. 146; C. 35) Iglau, Moravia. Dr. F. Werner [E].
& Q (V, 146; C. 27). e
o”—p". 5 (V. 142; C. 38) Moravia. - Hr. F. Henkel [E].
& Q (W. 145,144, 142;
C. 33, 31, 30).
gº—r". Q (V. 145, 148; Rothwasser, Moravia. Hr. F. Henkel [E],
C. 29, 28).
s”. 3 (W. 142; C. 86). Near Kronstadt, Prof. L. v. Méhely
Transylvania. [C].
tº. 9 (V. 145; C. 30). Transylvania. Dr. F. Werner [C.].
wº. 3 (W. 142; C. 39). Terioki, Finland. Norman Douglass,
|Esq. [P.].
vº. 9 (V. 153; C. 32). Nr. St. Petersburg. St. ºbus Mus.
[E.}.
w". Q (V. 155; C, 33). Charkov. º : . de Bedriaga
P.T.
arº. 3 (W. 142; C. 39). Iekaterinburg, Gov. St. Petersburg Mus.
Perm. E
yº. 3 (V. 146; C. 38). Newelskoi Ujesd, St. Petersburg Mus.
Gov. Vitebsk. [E.]. -
zº. 9 (V. 146; C. 33). Smeinogorsk, Gov. Dr. O. Finsch [C].
- Tomsk, N. Altai.
a"—b". Q (V, 158, 143; Sachalien Id, St. Petersburg Mus.
C. 33, 32). [E].
c". Hgr. 3 (V. 143; C.39). P (Type of P. dorsalis.)
d”, e”. & Q , skeletons. Nr. Haslemere, Surrey. Mrs. Mowatt [P.].
f", gº. Skulls. France.
4. Wipera aspis.
Coluber aspis, Linn. S. W. i. p. 378 (1766).
Vipera francisci redi, Laur. Syn. Rept, p. 99 (1768).
— mosis charas, Laur. l.c. p. 100.
WOL. III, 2 I
482
vieFRIDAE.
Coluber redi, Gmel. S. W. i. p. 1091 (1789).
— charasii, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 379 (1802). -
Vipera vulgaris, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 212 (1802). . - .
ocellata, Latr. t. c. p. 292; Daud. Rept. vi. p. 140, pl. lxxii.
fig. 2 (1803). -
chersea (non L.), Latr. t. c. p. 297; Daud, t, c. p. 144; Metawa,
Mon. Serp. Rom, p. 43 (1823); Bendiscioli, Giorn. Fis. Stor. Wat.
(2) ix. 1826, p. 429. -
redi, Latr. t. c. p. 804; Daud, t, e. p. 152; Metaca, l.c. p. 42;
Bendiscioli, l.c. p. 428; Lenz, Schlangenk. p. 332 (1832); Schaefer,
Moselfaun. p. 263 (1844); Meisn. Mus. Nat. Helv. p. 90, pls. i.
fig. 3, & ii. fig. 1 (1820), and in Wyder, Serp. Suisse, p. 17, pl. i.
fig. 3, & ii. fig. 1 (1823).
— berus (non L.), Meism, ll, cc, pp. 89, 17, pl. i. figs. 1 & 2;
Metawa, l.c. p. 42; Bendiscioli, l, c. p. 424; Guér. Icon. R. A.,
Rept. pl. xxiii, fig. 1 (1844). -
atra, Meisn. ll. cc. pp. 93, 18, pl. ii. fig. 2.
º (non L.), Meisn. ll, cc, pp. 93, 18, pl. ii. fig. 3; Metava,
l. c. p. 43.
sº Merr. Tent. p. 151 (1820); Metawa, l.c. p. 42; Bendi-
scioli, l.c. p. 426; Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital, Anf. (1884); Schleg.
Phys. Serp. ii. p. 599, pl.xxi. figs. 16–18 (1837); Gray, Cat. p. 30
(1849); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1406, pl. lxxix. b. fig. 3 (1854);
Soubeiran, De la Vipere, p. 31 (1855); De Betta, Erp. Ven. p. 238
(1857); Soubeiran, Bull. Soc. Acclim. x. 1863, p. 897; Viaud-
Grandm. Serp, Vend. p. 30 (1867); Strauch, Syn. Viper, p. 55.
(1869); Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii. p. 220 (1872); Jan, Icon. Gén. 45,
pl. iii. figs. 2–7 (1874); De Betta, Faun. Ital, Rett. Anf. p. 54
(1874); Lataste, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. 1875, (3) x. CR. p. xxi.;
Schrieb. Herp. Eur. p. 193 (1875); Lataste, Herp. Gironde,
p. 166, pl. viii. fig. 7 (1876); F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel,
vi. 1877, p. 415, & 1878, p. 695, pl. iii. fig. B; De Betta, Atti
Ist. Ven. (5) v. 1879, p. 399, and vi. 1880, p. 379; Tournev.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1881, p. 53; F. Müll, op. cit. vii. 1882,
p. 153; De Betta, Atti Ist. Ven. (7) i. 1883, p. 935; Leydig, Abh.
Senck. Ges. xiii. 1883, p. 192; F. Müll, op. cit. vii. 1884, p. 300,
& 1885, p. 692; Blum, Abh. Senck. Ges. xv. 1888, p. 128, and
Zool. Gart. 1892, pp. 12 & 265; Dalla Torre, Progr. Gymn. Innsbr.
1891, p. 12; Bedriaga, CR. Congr. Int. Zool. 1892, i. p. 241;
Diirigen, Deutschl. Rept. M. Amph. p. 360, pl. x. fig. 1 (1894).
communis, Millet, Faune Maine et Loire, ii. p. 646, pl. v. fig. 1
(1828); Mauduyt, Herp, Vienne, p. 33 (1844).
— hugyi, Schinz, Nat. Rept. p. 179, pl. lxxviii. fig. 2 (1833).
berus, subsp. aspis, Camerano, Mon. Qſid. Ital, Viper. p. 41,
pl. i. figs, 1–7, 22–32 (1888); Mina-Palumbo, Nat. Sicil. xi. 1892,
p. 119; Caruccio, Boll. Soc, Rom. Zool. iii. 1894, p. 77.


Snout flat above, more or less distinctly turned up at the end,
with sharp, not or but very feebly raised canthus; vertical diameter
of the eye nearly equal to its distance from the mouth; supraocular
region more or less slanting forwards, the posterior border of the
supraocular usually not extending beyond the vertical of the
posterior border of the eye. Rostral usually deeper than broad, its
width # to § its depth, extending to the upper edge of the snout; two
or three apical shields; upper surface of head usually covered with
small, subimbricate, smooth or feebly keeled scales, in 4 to 7 series
between the supraoculars; frontal and parietal shields usually absent,
3. WIPERA.
483
sometimes distinct, but small and rather irregular, the former
separated from the supraoculars by two series of scales; supraocular
well developed; 8 to 13 scales round the eye, usually 10 to 12; two
(rarely three) series of scales between the eye and the labials; nasal
single, separated from the rostral by a naso-rostral; temporal scales
smooth or feebly keeled; 9 to 13 upper labials, usually 9 to 11; 4
(rarely 5) lower labials in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in
21 or 23 rows (exceptionally 19 or 25), strongly keeled, outer row
more or less distinctly keeled, rarely perfectly smooth. Wentrals
134–158 in 6, 142–169 in Q ; anal entire ; subcaudals 32–49 in
d', 30–43 in 2. Coloration very variable: grey, yellowish, brown,
or red above, with dark markings in the form of paired spots or
cross-bars, or with a zigzag band as in V, berus ; usually a /\-shaped
dark marking on the back of the head and a dark streak behind the
eye; upper lip whitish, yellowish, or pinkish, with or without dark
vertical bars on the sutures between the labials; yellowish, whitish,
grey, or black beneath, with or without darker and lighter markings.
Some specimens entirely black.
Total length: 3, 675 millim. ; tail 95. 2, 620; 75.
France, as far north as Southern Brittany and Paris; Pyrenees;
Alsace-Lorraine; Southern Black Forest; Switzerland; Italy and
Sicily; Southern Tyrol. -
Messrs. H. & T. Piel
de Churchvilleſ P.].
a. Many specimens, 6 Nr. Nantes.
(V, 143–150; C. 39–
43) & Q (V. 142–157;
C. 32–36).
b–d, e. g. (V. 145, 144,
144; C. 38, 35, 38) &
2 (W. 150; C. 33).
f—l. 3 (W. 150, 151;
C.44,44) & Q (V. 157,
148, 153, 156; C. 38,
36, 34, 33).
Argenton, Indre. M. R. Parâtre [P].
Argenton, Indre. M. R. Rollinat [P].
m—o. 3 (V. 151; C.44),
9 (V. 145; C. 33), &
yg. Q (V. 141; C. 38).
p. 3 (W. 137; C. 37).
q. 3 (V. 152; C. 45).
r—v. 9 (V. 151, 157;
C. 34, 35) & yg. 3
(W. 151, 155, 148,
157; C.40,42, 44,41).
w—z. 3 (W. 152, 153,
151; C, 43, 38, 41) &
Q (V. 152; C. 32).
a. 3 (V. 158; C. 45).
8. 3 (V. 156; C. 43).
y. Yg. 3 (W. 152; C. 48).
3–6, m—t. d. (V. 148,
153, 155; C. 45, 44,
43) & 2 (W. 147,156;
C. 32, 38). -
Cadillac and Talais,
Gironde.
Pau, Pyrenees.
Erance.
Nr. Geneva.
Lausanne.
Château d'Oex, 3450 ft.
Binn, Upper Wallis,
3900 ft.
Alps.
Viu, Alps of Piedmont.
M. F. Lataste [P.].
H. A. Hammond,
Esq. [P.].
G. A. Boulenger,
Esq. [P.].
W. Morton, Esq.
[P]. -
Dr. F. Müller [P].
Dr. F. Müller [P].
Rev. S. W. Kin ſº
Count pºſſ ..],
2 I 2
484 WIPERIDAE.
R, &º, gy. 158, 156; Italian Alps. Prof. Bonelli [P.].
P. d’ (V. 147; C. 37). Ferrara, Prov. Venice. Prof. Bianconi [P.].
v, & Q (V. 147; C. 43) Bozen, S. Tyrol. Hr. F. Henkel :
& yg. Q (W. 147;
C. 35).
o—r. 6 (V. 141, 148, Nr. Pisa. Prof. C. E. Della
146, 148, 147; C. 43, - Torre [P].
47, 43,42, 43).
v. 9 (V. 150; C. 32). Mondragone, nr. Naples. Dr. Monticelli [P.].
%. 6 (V. 186; C. 39). Serra S. Bruno, Calabria. Florence Museum
[E.].
X. 6 skeleton. N. Italy.
5. Wipera latastii.
Coluber aspis (non L.), Vandelli, Mem. Acc. Lisb. i. 1797, p. 69.
Vipera ammodytes, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 602, pl. xxi.
figs. 19 & 20 (1837); Gray, Cat. p. 31 (1849); Schreib. Herp.
Eur, p. 187 (1875); De Betta, Atti Ist. Ven. (5) vi. 1880, p. 385,
aspis, part., Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 70 (1862).
— latastei, Boscá, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1878, p. 116, pl. iv.,
and 1880, p. 261; De Betta, Atti Ist. Ven. (5) v. 1879, p. 612;
Tournev, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1881, p. 56; Boettg. Abh. Senck.
Ges. Xiii. 1883, p. 106; Bouleng. Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891,
p. 147; Bedriaga, Amph. & Rept. Portug., Istituto, xxxviii.
1890, p. 138, and CR. Congr. Int. Zool. 1892, i. p. 239; Ferreira,
Jorn. Sc, Lisb. (2) iii. 1894, p. 167. -
berus, subsp. aspis, var., Camerano, Mon. Ofid. Ital, Viper.
p. 48 (1888). -
Intermediate between V. aspis and V. ammodytes. Snout some-
times merely turned up as in the former, sometimes ending in a
dermal appendage or ‘horn’ which is but little less developed than
in the latter. Rostral once and a half to twice as deep as broad,
nearly reaching the tip of the rostral wart; 5 or 6 (rarely 3) scales
on the posterior aspect of the latter; head covered with small,
smooth, or feebly keeled, subimbricate scales, among which a slightly
enlarged frontal may sometimes be distinguished; 5 to 7 longitu-
dinal series of scales between the supraoculars, which are well
developed; 9 to 13 scales round the eye, usually 10 to 12; two or
three series of scales between the eye and the labials; nasal entire,
separated from the rostral by a naso-rostral; temporal scales smooth
or feebly keeled; 9 to 11 upper labials; 4 or 5 lower labials in
contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 21 rows, strongly keeled,
outer row smooth or feebly keeled. Wentrals 125–146 in 3,
135–147 in 2; anal entire ; subcaudals 35–43 in G, 32–35 in 2.
Grey or brown above, with a dark brown, usually black-edged
undulous or zigzag band along the spine and a lateral series of
spots; head with or without small dark markings above, and a
dark streak behind the eye; labials more or less speckled or spotted
with black; lower parts grey, spotted with black and white, or
3. VIPERA.
485
blackish speckled with white; end of tail usually yellow or with
yellow spots.
Total length: 3 550 millim.; tail 85.
Q 610; 80.
Spain and Portugal, Morocco and Algeria North of the Atlas.
l–m. Yg. 3 (W. 133,
133; C. 38, 42).
n. 6 (V. 125; C. 35).
o. 9 (V. 135; C. 32).
p. Yg. 3 (V. 133; C. 42).
Serra de Gerez, Portugal.
()
Serra de Gerez.
Coimbra.
Seville.
Costo del Rey, Anda-
lusia.
Andalusia.
Nr. Tangier.
Mt. Edough, nr. Bona,
Algeria.
Dr. H. Gadow [C.].
Dr. Lopez Vieira [P.].
Dr. Lopez Vieira LP. l.
Prof. Calderon [E].
H.R.H. Comte de
Paris [P].
Zoological Society.
M. H. Vaucher [C.].
M. F. Lataste [P.].
Dr. F. Müller [E.].
Mt. Edough.
q. 6 (V. 128; C. 38). f
6. Wipera ammodytes.

Coluber ammodytes, Linn. Amoen. Acad. i. p. 506, pl. xii. fig. 2
(1749), and S. N. i. p. 376 (1766); Wolf, in Sturm, Deutschl.
Faun. iii. H. 2 (1799); Reider & Hahn, Faun. Boica, iii. (1832).
Vipera illyrica, Laur. Syn. Rept, p. 101 (1768).
ammodytes, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 306 (1802); Daud. Rept. vi.
p. 193, pl. lxxiv. fig. 2 (1803); Lenz, Schlangenk. p. 403 (1832);
Bibr. & Bory, Expéd. Sc. Morée, iii. Rept, p. 74, pl. xii. fig. 3
(1833); Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital, Anf. (1834); Dum. & Bibr. vii.
p. 1414, pl. lxxviii. b. fig. 1 (1854); De Betta, Erp. Venet, p. 253
(1857), and Atti Ist. Ven. (3) xiii. 1868, p. 943; Strauch, Syn.
Viper. p. 66 (1869), and Schl. Russ. R. p. 214 (1873); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 45, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1874); De Betta, Faun. Ital, Rett. Anf.
p. 56 (1874), and Atti Ist. Ven. (5) v. 1879, p. 589; Bedriaga,
Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. lvi. 1881, p. 322; Tournev. Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1881, p. 65; Leydig, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiii. 1883, p. 196;
Boettg. Sitzb. Ak. Berl. 1888, p. 179; Camerano, Mom, Qſid. Ital,
Viper. p. 46 (1888); Parona, Atti Ist. Ven. (6) vi. 1888, p. 1165;
Dalla Torre, Progr. Gymn. Innsbr. 1891, p. 13; Bedriaga, C.R.
Congr. Int. Zool. 1892, i. p. 239; Werner, Zool. Anz, 1898, p. 424;
Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. ii. p. 638 (1894).
Echidna ammodytes, Frivaldsky, Mon. Serp. Hung. p. 33 (1823).
Cobra ammodytes, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 62 (1826).
Vipera ammodytes, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 602 (1887); Gray,
Cat. p. 31 (1849); Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 187 (1875); De Betta,
Atti Ist. Ven. (5) vi. 1880, p. 385.
Rhinechis ammodytes, Fitzing. Gesch. Menag. OEsterr. Hof. p. —
(1855). -

Snout produced into an erect, horn-like dermal appendage covered
486. WIPERIDAE,
with 10 to 20 small scales; canthus rostralis strong; vertical
diameter of eye less than its distance from the mouth in the adult.
Rostral as deep as broad or broader than deep; upper surface of
head covered with small smooth or faintly keeled scales, among
which an enlarged frontal or a frontal and a pair of parietals are
sometimes distinguishable; 5 to 7 longitudinal series of scales
between the supraoculars; latter large, usually not extending
posteriorly beyond the vertical of the posterior border of the eye;
10 to 13 scales round the eye; two series of scales between the
eye and the labials; nasal entire, separated from the rostral by a
naso-rostral; temporal scales smooth or feebly keeled; 8 to 12
upper labials, usually 9 or 10; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with
the chin-shields. Scales in 21 or 23 rows, strongly keeled, outer
row smooth or feebly keeled. Wentrals 133–158 in 3, 135–162
in 2; anal entire; subcaudals 27–38 in G, 24–34 in 2. Grey,
brown, or reddish above, with an undulous or zigzag black or dark
brown, usually black-edged dorsal band; a lateral series of dark
spots present or absent ; head with or without symmetrical
markings above; a dark streak behind the eye usually present;
belly greyish or pink, powdered with black, with or without black
and white spots; end of tail yellow, orange, or coral-red. Males
usually distinguishable from females by darker markings.
Total length: 3 550 millim.; tail 80. Q 640; 70.
From the Southern Tyrol, Carinthia, Styria, and Hungary to
Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, and Syria.
a—b. ? (W. 154; C. 30) Dr. F. Werner [E.].
& hgr. 3 (W. 154;
C. 30).
c—d, G (W. 153; C. 38)
& Q (V. 150; C. 31).
e. Q (V. 160; C. 33).
f—h, -n. 6 (V. 157,153,
157; C. 27, 36,35) &
Q (W. 159, 151, 159,
153, 154; C. 29, 34,
24, 30, 29).
Friesach, Carinthia.
Landskron, Carinthia. Dr. F. Werner [E].
Hr. F. Henkel º
Feldkirche, Carinthia.
f Hr. F. Henkel [E].
Carinthia.
o. Hgr. 3 (W. 156;
C. 33).
p. 3 (V. 154; C. 36).
q—r, 8. 3 (V. 155, 149;
C. 38,36) & 2 (W. 154;
C. 30).
t. Yg. (V. 151; C. 33).
. 9 (V. 147;
8)
Bozen, S. Tyrol.
St. Peter, Carniola.
Travnik, Bosnia.
Dinaric Alps, Bosnia,
7500 feet.
Zara, Dalmatia.
Zara.
Dalmatia.
Herkulesbad, Hungary.
Nr. Tarsos, N. Morea.
Dr. F. Werner [E].
Hr. F. Henkel TE.T.
Dr. F. Werner [E].
Dr. F. Werner [E].
Dr. F. Werner [E].
Hr. c. ada Novak
Christiania Museum.
Prof. v. Méhely [E].
Norman Douglas,
Esq. [P].
3. VIPERA. 487
a-3, Yg. (V. 137; C. 30) Xenochori, N. Euboia. sºles Mus.
& head of adult. | tº e
'y. Hgr. 2 (W. 139; Delos. J. Ince, Esq. [P].
C. 26).
8. Hgr. 2 (W. 138; Lebanon. Canon Tristram [C.].
C. 24).
s—C. Hgr. 3 (V. 133; Mediterranean. J. Miller, Esq. [P.].
C. 35) & Q (W. 137;
C. 26).
m–6. 3 (V. 156, 158; S. Europe.
C. 37, 34).
v. Skull. Morea.
7. Wipera raddii.
Vipera aspis, var. ocellata (non Latr.), Berth. in Wagn. Reise n.
Kolchis, p. 337 (1850).
xanthina (non Gray), Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 73, pl. i. (1869),
and Schl. Russ. R. p. 216 (1873).
— raddei, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1890, p. 62.
Snout rounded; vertical diameter of eye measuring hardly half
its distance from the mouth. Rostral somewhat deeper than broad,
not extending to the upper surface of the snout ; head covered
above with small feebly keeled scales; supraocular well developed,
erectile, the free edge angular, separated from the eye by small
scales, the eye being surrounded by a complete circle of 14 to 17
scales; eye separated from the labials by two series of scales;
nostril pierced in a single nasal, which is imperfectly separated
from the naso-rostral; temporal scales keeled; 9 or 10 upper
labials. Scales in 23 rows, strongly keeled. Wentrals 150–180;
anal entire ; subcaudals 23–32. Pale brown or greyish above,
with a dorsal series of somewhat lighter reddish roundish spots
which are dark-edged on the sides; these spots may be in pairs
and alternating; sides with two series of dark brown spots; a
dark / \-shaped marking on the back of the head and a dark streak
behind the eye; yellowish beneath, powdered with black, each
shield with a transverse series of black and white spots.
Total length 740 millim.; tail 50.
Armenia.
8. Wipera lebetina.
Coluber lebetinus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 378 (1766); Forsk. Desor. Anim.
p. 13 (1775).
Vipera lebetina, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 137 (1803); Strauch, Erp. Alg.
p. 71 (1862); Jan, Elenco, p. 121 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 46, pl. vi.
fig. 1 (1874); Boettg. Zeitsch. Ges. Naturw. xlix. 1877, p. 288;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 421 (1890), and Trans. Zool. Soc.
* 1891, p. 148; Bedriaga, C.R. Congr. Int. Zool. 1892, i.
. 239.
—t obtusa, Dwigubsky, Essay Nat. Hist. Russ. Emp. p. 80 (1832);
Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 428 (1876), and Zool. 2nd Yark. Miss.,
Rept. p. 24 (1878); Boettg. Zool. Jahrb. iii. 1888, p. 946.
488 - WIPERIDAE.
Vipera euphratica, Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 82; Strauch, Schl.
Russ. R. p. 221, pl. vi. (1873); Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1880,
p. 267; Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. lvi. 1881, # 315.
— echis?, Schleg. in Wagn. Reis. Reg. Alg. iii. p. 131 (1841).
Echidna mauritanica, Guichen. Explor. Sc, Alg., Rept. p. 24, pl. iii.
(1848); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1431 (1854).
Daboia xanthina, Gray, Cat. p. 24 (1849); Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1864, p. 489; Tristram, Faun. & Flor. Palest, pl. xv. (1884).
Clotho Pmauritanica, Gray, l.c. p. 27.
Daboia euphratica, Gray, l.c. p. 116.
Vipera minuta, Eichw. Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. ix. 1851,
. 438.
Biš, mauritanica, Günth. Cat. p. 268 (1858).
Vipera confluenta, Cope, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 229, fig.
— mauritanica, Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 79 (1869).
— xanthina, F. Müll. Verh, Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 700, pl. iii
fig. A ; Boettg. Sitzb. Ak. Berl. 1888, p. 180, and Zool. Jahrb. iii.
1888, p. 947; Bedriaga, CR. Congr. Int. Zool. 1892, i. p. 239.
- euphratica, var. mauritanica, Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges, xiii. 1883,

p. 105
— lebetina, var. deserti, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 20, pl. i.
figs. 6 & 7.
Snout rounded and obtuse or subacuminate, usually with well-
marked canthus; vertical diameter of eye shorter than its distance
from the mouth in the adult. Rostral as deep as broad, a little
broader than deep, or slightly deeper than broad, reaching or nearly
reaching the upper surface of the snout and in contact with two or
three apical scales; scales on upper surface of head small, sub-
imbricate, feebly or strongly keeled, rarely smooth on the forehead
and snout; 7 to 12 longitudinal series of scales between the eyes
(supraoculars included); supraocular well developed or narrow, or
broken up into two or more small shields; 12 to 18 scales round
the eye; two or three series of scales between the eye and the
labials, sometimes only a single scale between the eye and the
fourth labial; nostril in a single nasal *, which is usually partially
fused with the naso-rostral; a well-developed supranasal; temporal
scales keeled; 9 to 12 upper labials; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact
with the chin-shields. Scales in 23 to 27 rows, strongly keeled,
outer row smooth or feebly keeled. , Wentrals 147–177 in 3, 152–
180 in 2; anal entire ; subcaudals 38–51 in 3, 29–48 in Q.
Coloration varying to the same extent as in V. aspis. Grey or
pale brown above, with a dorsal series of large dark brown spots,
often edged with blackish, which may be confluent into an undulous
band, or with small dark spots or cross-bars; small dark lateral
spots and vertical bars; a large A-shaped marking on the upper
surface of the head, and a MV-shaped one on the occiput, may
be present; a dark streak behind the eye to the angle of the
mouth, and usually a dark blotch or bar below the eye; whitish
beneath, powdered with grey-brown, with or without dark brown
* The nasal being often strongly hollowed out, the nostril may appear pierced
between three shields, as in V. russellii.
3. VIPERA.
489
spots; end of tail yellow. All the markings sometimes very
indistinct.
Total length: 3 960 millim. ; tail 120. Q 1350; 170.
This species may be divided into several ill-defined varieties, the
two extremes being the var. wanthina, Gray, from Asia Minor and
Syria, and the var. deserti, Anders., from the confines of the Tunisian
Sahara—the former characterized by an obtusely pointed snout
covered with strongly keeled scales, the latter with a very short and
broad snout without canthus and covered with smooth scales. Certain
specimens approach the var. hugyi of V. aspis, and the species
is to a certain extent connected with V. russellii through the var.
acanthina.
Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt (?), Syria, Cyprus, Greek
Archipelago, Asia Minor, Transcaspia, Persia, Mesopotamia, Afghan-
istan, Baluchistan, Cashmir.
a. Q (Sc. 27; W. 157;
C. 48
b, c. 6 (Sc. 25; W. 156;
C. 43) & Q (Sc. 25;
W. 157; C. 38).
d. 3 (Sc. 27; W. 167;
C. 51).
e. Q (Sc. 25; W. 154;
C. 43).
f-g, h-k. Q (Sc. 25; V.
156, 158, 153; C. 43,
43, 39) & yg. (Sc. 25;
V. 148, 147; C. 44,
42).
l. Q (Sc. 25; W. 170;
C. 44
mºn. 3'(Sc.25, v. 160,
157; C. 40, 41).
o. 9 (Sc. 25; W. 152;
C. 31).
p. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 23; W.
158; C. 34).
q. Yg. (Sc. 23; W. 162;
C. 30).
r. Yg. (Sc. 23; W. 152;
C. 29).
s—t. 2 (Sc. 25; W. 172;
C. 44) & yg. (Sc. 25;
V. 163; C. 49).
w. 3 (Sc. 25; W. 177;
C. 50).
v,w. Q (Sc. 25; W. 173,
180; C. 46, 47).
ar. Head and neck of
adult.
gy. Head and neck of
adult.
)
Oran, Algeria.
Algeria.
Duirat, S. Tunisia.
Cyprus.
Cyprus.
Galilee.
Plain of Acre and
Tiberias.
Xanthus, Asia Minor.
Budrum, Ruins of
Halicarnassus.
Smyrna.
Asia Minor.
Nuhar, Transcaspia.
Teheran Hills.
Persia.
Sang Hadji.
Shoré Kaltegai.
M. Doumergue [E.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Type of var, desert.)
Gen. Biddulph [P].
Lord Lilford [P.].
Canon Tristram [C].
Canon Tristram [C].
Sir C. Fellows [P.].
(Type of V. a'anthina.)
H.M.S. “Supply.”
A.C.Christy, Esq.[P.].
(Type of V. acanthina.)
Dr. Radde [C.].
Dr. Aitchison [C];
Afghan Boundary
Commission.
Dr. Aitchison [C];
Afghan Boundary
Commission.
490 WIPERIDAE.
23. § .. 25; W. 175; Quetta, Baluchistan. Mr.J.A. Murray [P.].
a. 9 (Sc. 27; W. 173; — ? * Zoological Society.
C. 46). (One of the types of V. confluenta.)
8, 2 (Sc. 27; W. 178; —? Zoological Society.
C. 46). .
ºy. Skull. Cyprus.
9. Wipera russellii.
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. vii. (1796) & ii. pl. xxxii. (1801).
Coluber russellii, Shaw, Nat. Miscell. viii. pl. ccxci., and Zool. iii.
p. 418, pl. cwiii. (1802).
— trinoculus, Bechst. Lacép. Naturg. Amph. iv. p. 245 (1802).
Vipera elegans, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 124, pl. lxxiii. (1803); Schleg.
Phys, Serp. ii. p. 588, pl.xxi. figs. 4 & 5 (1837); Jan, Icon. Gén
45, pl. vi. fig. 2 (1874). +
Coluber triseriatus, Herm. Obs. Zool. i. p. 278 (1804).
º elegans, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 69 (1842), and Cat, p. 23
9).
russellii, Gray, ll, ce. pp. 69 & 24; Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 396 (1864); Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870,
p. 226; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xi. (1874); Theob. Cat. Rept.
fººd. p. 217 (1876); Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 833
(1879).
pulchella, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 69.
Echidna elegans, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1435 (1854).
russellii, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 88 (1867). -
Vipera russellii, Strauch, Syn. Viper, p. 85 (1869); Bouleng. Faun.
Ind., Rept. p. 420, fig. (1890); Brook-Foa, Journ. Bomb. N. H.
Soc. viii. 1894, p. 565.
Snout obtuse, with distinct canthus; vertical diameter of the eye
shorter than its distance from the mouth in the adult. Rostral as
deep as broad or a little broader than deep, in contact with two or
three apical scales; scales on upper surface of head small, imbricate,
strongly keeled; 6 to 9 longitudinal series of scales between the
supraoculars, which are very narrow; 10 to 15 scales round the eye;
three or four series of scales between the eye and the labials;
nostril very large, pierced in the nasal and bordered by a supranasal
and a naso-rostral; temporal scales strongly keeled; 10 to 12 upper
labials; 4 or 5 (rarely 3) lower labials in contact with the chin-
shields. Scales in 27–33 rows, strongly keeled, outer row smooth.
Ventrals 154–176; anal entire; subcaudals 43–64. Pale brown
above, with three longitudinal series of black, light-edged rings or
rhombs, which may encircle reddish-brown spots; the vertebral
spots may join or even form an undulous band; in some specimens,
however, these elegant markings may be replaced by faint dark
spots; head with large symmetrical dark markings and two light
streaks uniting on the snout and diverging behind; yellowish white
beneath, uniform or with crescentic small black spots.
Total length 1250 millim.; tail 170. Grows to 1670 millim.
India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam ; Sumatra and Java (?).
3. VIPERA. 491
0. & ... 29; V. 164; India. Dr. P. Russell [P].
. 48).
b. dº 4. 31; W. 165; India. Gen. Hardwicke[P].
c, d ?"(Sc. 29, 38; v. India.
176, 173; C. 52,45). s
e. Yg. (Sc. 31; W. 160; Kulu, Himalayas. Messrs. v. Schlagint-
C. 46). weit [C.].
f. 8 !. 29; V. 164; Almorah. R. Hearsey, Esq.[P].
9. § º 30; W. 164; Almorah. Dr. Cantor.
h. § 5. 29; V. 172; Bombay. Dr. Leith [P].
7. § º 29; V. 163; Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C].
K-l. Yg. (Sc. 29, 28; W. Trincomalee. Major Barrett [P].
167, 175; C. 52, 54).
m. Yg., bad state. Ceylon. Capt. Gascoigne ||P.].
(Type of D. pulchella.)
n, o. 9 (Sc. 29; V. 163; Ceylon. R. Templeton, Esq.
C. 43) & yg (Sc. 30; P.T.
V. 160; C. 45).
p. Yg. (Sc. 28; W. 164; Ceylon. W. Ferguson, Esq.
C. 54). [P.].
q. Many specimens, yg. Ceylon. Miss Layard [P.].
(Sc. 28–31; W. 154–
168; C. 43–64).
r. Yg. (Sc. 29; V. 172; Java (P).
C. 53).
s. Skui. Bombay.
10. Wipera superciliaris.
Vipera superciliaris, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 625; Strauch,
Syn. Viper. p. 84 (1869); Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 144,
pl. xxi. (1882); Pfeffer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. x. 1893, p. 21.
Snout rounded, with distinct canthus; vertical diameter of the
eye a little shorter than its distance from the mouth. Rostral
broader than deep; head covered with small, imbricate, keeled
scales; a large supraocular shield; 12 scales round the eye, which
is separated from the labials by two series of scales; nostril very
large, between two nasals, the anterior of which is in contact with
the rostral; temporal scales keeled; nine upper labials. Scales in
27 rows, strongly keeled, outer row feebly keeled. Ventrals 142;
anal entire ; subcaudals 40. Pale reddish brown or orange above,
with blackish cross-bars broken by an interrupted yellowish longi-
tudinal streak on each side; head with blackish symmetrical
markings; whitish beneath, spotted with blackish.
Total length 570 millim.; tail 77.
Coast of Mozambique.
492 WIPERIDAE.
4. BITIS.
Cobra, Laur. Sym. Rept. p. 103 (1768). -
Vigº part., Merr. Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 149 (1820); Schleg. Phys.
‘p. ii. p. 573 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1403
(1854); }. Elenco sist. Qſid. p. 120 (1863); Strauch, Syn. Viper.
3. 21 (1869). .
Echidna (non Forst.), part, Merr. l.c. p. 150; Dum. & Bibr. l. c.
p. 1420 (1854). -
Echidna, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 177 (1830).
Cerastes, part., Wagl. l.c. p. 178; Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 70 (1842);
Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1438.
Clotho (non Fauj.), Gray, l.c. p. 69, and Cat. Sn. p. 24 (1849).
Bitis, Gray, ll. cc. pp. 69, 25; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1866, p. 891,
and Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 145 (1882).
Calechidna, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 60 (1845).
Head very distinct from neck, covered with small imbricate
scales; eye moderate or rather small, with vertical pupil, separated
Fig. 35.
Skull of Bitis arietans.
from the labials by small scales; nostrils directed upwards or
upwards and outwards, pierced in a single or divided nasal, with a

4. BITIS. 493
deep pit or pocket above, closed by a valvular, crescentic supra-
nasal. Postfrontal bone very large, in contact with the ecto-
pterygoid, which has an outer, hook-shaped process. Scales keeled,
with apical pits, in 22–41 rows; lateral scales in some species
slightly oblique; ventrals rounded. Tail very short; subcaudals in
two rows.
Africa.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Nostrils directed upwards; no nasal or palpebral raised scales;
one or two series of scales between the nasal and the rostral;
scales in 29–41 rows. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. arietans, p. 493.
II. Nostrils directed upwards and outwards.
A. No enlarged raised scales between the supranasals; two or
three series of scales between the nasal and the rostral;
scales in 22–31 rows.
1. Supraocular region not raised; no horn-like scales; sub-
caudals well developed and smooth in both sexes.
Outer row of scales Smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. peringueyi, p. 495.
Outer row of scales keeled . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. atropos, p. 495.
2. Supraorbital region raised, but without horn-like scales;
subcaudals well developed and smooth in both sexes.
4. inornata, p. 496.
3. Supraorbital “horns” usually present ; subcaudals, in
females, small and scale-like, more or less distinctly
keeled.
Several supraorbital “horns” . . . . . . . . . . 5. cornuta, p. 497.
Supraorbital “horn,” if present, single .. 6. caudalis, p. 498.
B. Enlarged, more or less raised or horn-like scales between the
supranasals; four or five series of scales between the nasal
and the rostral; scales in 33–41 rows.
A single enlarged scale above the supra-
nasal, in contact with its fellow . . . . . . 7. gabonica, p. 499.
Two or three enlarged scales above the
supranasal, usually with small scales
between them and their fellows . . . . . . 8. nasicornis, p. 500.
1. Bitis arietans.
Seba, Thes. ii. pls. xxx, fig. 1, liv. fig. 4, & xciv. fig. 2 (1785).
PCobra clotho, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 104 (1768).
Cobra lachesis, Laur. l.c.
Coluber lachesis, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1085 (1788).
* Coluber clotho, Gmel, l.c. p. 1086.
? Coluber bitin, Bonnat. Encycl. Méth., Ophiol, p. 22 (1789).
494 -- ..WIPERIDAE.
Coluber intumescens, Donnd. Zool. Beytr. iii. p. 209 (1798). -:
Vipera severa, part., Latr. Rept. iii. p. 335, pl. —. fig. 1 (1802);
Daud. Rept. vi. p. 115 (1803).
(Echidna) arietans, Merr. Tent, p. 152 (1820), and Beitr. iii.
p. 121 (1821).
inflata, Burchell, Trav. S. Afr. i. p. 469 (1822); Smith, Edinb.
N. Philos. Journ. i. 1826, p. 250. -
Echidna arietans, Wagl. Icon. Amph. pl. xi. (1828); Dum. & Bibr.
vii. p. 1425, pl. lxxix b, fig. 1 (1854).
Vipera brachyura, Cuv. R. A. 2nd ed. ii. p. 90 (1829).
arietans, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 577, pl. xxi. figs. 1–3 (1837);
Strauch, Syn. Viper, p. 93 (1869); Jan, Icon. Gén. 45, pl. vi.
figs. 3 & 4 (1874); Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. ix. 1874, p. 163, and
Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 89; Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891,
p. 148; Boetty. Zool. Anz, 1893, p. 130; Bocage, Herp, Angola,
p. 149 (1895).
Cºns Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 69 (1842), and Cat, p. 25
.. 49 ). -
( lateristriga, Gray, ll. cc. pp. 69 & 26.
Bitis arietans, Günth. Cat, p. 268 (1858); Peters, Reise n. Mossamb.
iii. p. 145 (1882). tº
Echidna clotho, Steind. Novara, Rept. p. 88 (1867).
Nostrils on the upper surface of the snout. Rostral small, twice
to twice and a half as broad as deep; head covered with small
imbricate scales, 8 to 11 across the vertex, from eye to eye; 12 to
16 scales round the eye; three or four series of scales between the
eye and the labials; two (rarely three) series of scales between the
supranasals; one or two series of scales between the nasal and the
rostral; 12–16 upper labials; 3–5 lower labials in contact with
the chin-shields. Scales in 29–41 rows, strongly keeled, outer row
smooth or feebly keeled. Wentrals 131–145; anal entire; sub-
caudals 16–34. Yellowish, pale brown, or orange above, marked
with regular chevron-shaped dark brown or black bars pointing
backwards, or black with yellow or orange markings; a large dark
blotch covering the crown, separated from a smaller interorbital
blotch by a transverse yellow line; an oblique dark band below and
another behind the eye; yellowish white beneath, uniform or with
small dark spots.
Total length 1350 millim. ; tail 160.
Africa, from Southern Morocco, Kordofan, and Somaliland to the
Cape of Good Hope; Southern Arabia.
a. Yg. (Sc. 32; W. 136; Hadramaut, S. Arabia. Dr. J. Anderson [P].
C. 18). a: •
b. Ad., skin. Somaliland. Lord Wolverton|[P].
c. Yg. (Sc. 35; W. 140; Senegal. -
C. 21).
d. Ad., stuffed. Gambia. (Type of C. lateri-
- Strºga.)
6. Čš (Sc. 31; W. 140; Kilimanjaro. F. # Jackson, Esq.
. 28). [P.].
f. jº 35; W. 133; Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C].
-- . 20).
g. Ad., skin. Uzaramo. Capt. Speke [P.].
4. BITIS. 495
h—i. Yg. (Sc. 35, 33; W. Zomba, Brit. C. Sir H. H. Johnston
139,137; C.'16, 18). Africa. [P.].
k. 3 (Sc. 35; W. 134; Chiradzulu, Brit. C. Sir H. H. Johnston
33
C. 33). Africa,3000–5000ft. [P].
! Yg. (Sc. 37; W. 131; L. Nyassa. Miss M. Woodward
C. 18). [C.]; Miss S. C.
McLaughlin [P.].
m. Yg. (Sc. 31; W. 132; Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [P.].
C. 17).
n. Yg. (Sc. 31; V. 182; Ambriz, Angola. Mr. Rich [C.].
C. 28).
0. §§ (Sc. 36; W. 140; Mossamedes. Dr. Welwitsch [P.].
20
. 20).
£2. dº.” 83; W. 133; Pretoria, Transvaal. W. L. Distant, Esq.
. 29)
q, r—s. 3 (Sc. 33; W. 140; Port Natal. Rev. H. Calloway
C. 28) & hgr. Q (Sc. 39, [P.].
; V. 134, 182; C. 17,
).
t. ; (Sc. 37; W. 144; C. Natal. Zoological Society.
6).
w—w. 3 (Sc. 37, 39; V. Simon's Bay. TV.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
138, 141; C. 34, 29) &
Q (Sc. 41; W. 142; C.
22).
ar, y, z. Ad., stffd. Cape of Good Hope.
&, 8. Skeletons. Senegal.
y. Skull. Cape of Good Hope.
2. Bitis peringueyi.
Vipera peringueyi, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (2) ii. 1888, p. 141.
heraldica, Bocage, Jorn. Sc, Lisb. (2) i. 1889, p. 127, fig, and
BIerp. Anyola, p. 151, pl. xvi. fig. 1 (1895).
Nostrils turned upwards and outwards. Rostral small, broad,
crescentic. Head covered with small, strongly keeled scales, smallest
on the vertex; 11 scales round the eye; three series of scales
between the eye and the labials; nasal separated from the rostral
by two series of scales; 11 to 14 upper labials. Scales in 25 or
27 rows, strongly keeled, outer row smooth. Wentrals 130–132;
anal entire; subcaudals 19–28. Pale buff or greyish olive above,
with three longitudinal series of grey or blackish spots, the outer
ocellar, enclosing a white centre; head sometimes (V. heraldica)
with a trident-shaped dark marking on the crown followed by a
cross and two large markings on the occiput; whitish beneath,
with small dark spots.
Total length 325 millim.; tail 26.
Angola and Damaraland.
3. Bitis atropos.
Coluber atropos, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 22, pl. xiii. fig. 1 (1754),
and S. N. i. p. 375 (1766).
Cobra atropos, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 104 (1768).
496 *WIPERIDAE,
Vipera atropos, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 384 (1802); Daud. Rept. vi. p. 210
(1803); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 581, pl. xxi. figs. 6 & 7 (1837);
Smith, Ill. Zool, S.Afr., Rept. pl. lii. (1846); Strauch, Syn. Viper.
p. 98 (1869); Jan, Icon. Gén:45, pl. iv. figs. 1 & 2 (1874),
montana, Smith, Edinb. N. Philos. Journ, i. 1826, p. 252.
Clotho atropos, Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 69 (1842), and Cat, p. 26
(1849).
pº ocellata, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 60 (1845).
Calechidna ocellata, Tschudi, l.c. pl. ix.
Echidna atropos, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1432 (1854).
Eitis atropos, Günth. Cat. p. 268 (1858).

Nostrils turned upwards and outwards. Rostral small, once and
two thirds to twice as broad as deep; head covered with small,
imbricate, strongly keeled scales, 13 to 16 across the vertex from
eye to eye; 13 to 16 scales round the eye; two or three series of
scales between the eye and the labials; two to five series of scales
between the supranasals; two series of scales between the nasal and
the rostral; 10–12 upper labials; three or four lower labials in
contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 29–31 rows, all strongly
keeled. Wentrals 124–145; anal entire; subcaudals 18–29. Brown
or grey-brown above, with four longitudinal series of large, dark
brown, black-and-white edged spots, formed by the breaking up into
two of two series of subcircular spots; a continuous or interrupted
whitish streak running between and dividing the spots on each side
of the back, and another lower down on the sides; two large dark
markings on the head, from the nape to between the eyes; an
oblique, light, dark-edged streak from behind the eye to the mouth;
belly grey or brown, spotted with darker.
Total length 350 millim.; tail 25. -
Cape of Good Hope.
a. 9 (Sc. 31; W. 137; Table Mt., near Cape H. A. Spencer, Esq.
P
C. 22). Town. [P.].
b. ? ; 31; W. 128; Cape of Good Hope. Dr. Lee [P].
C. 21).
C. & (Sc. 29; W. 128; S. Africa. Sir H. Sloane [P.].
. 19). -
d, e. Q (Sc. 31; W. 131; S. Africa.
C. 18) & yg. (Sc. 29;
W. 130; C, 25).
4. Bitis inormata.
Echidna inornata, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept, pl. iv. (1838).
Vipera atropoides, Smith, op. cit, pl. liii. (1846).
Clotho atropos, part., Gray, Cat. p. 26 (1849).
Clotho Pinornata, Gray, l. c.
Vipera inornata, Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 97 (1869).
Intermediate between B. atropos and B. cornuta. Eye smaller
than in the former and separated from the labials by four series of
scales; supraorbital region raised as in the latter, but without
erect, horn-like scales; 15–17 scales across the head from eye to .
eye; 13 or 14 upper labials; three lower labials in contact with
4. BITIS. 497
the chin-shields. Scales in 27–29 rows, all keeled. Wentrals 126–
140; subcaudals 19–26. Markings, if present, as in B. cornuta.
Total length 350 millim.; tail 30.
Cape of Good Hope.
A. Dark yellowish brown above, with faint traces of darker markings,
brownish yellow beneath with a few dark dots; head marbled
with dark brown. (E. inornata, Smith.)
a. 9 (Sc. 29; V. 140; C.26). Snow Mountains, near Sir A. Smith
Graaf Reynet. [P.]. (Type.)
B. Brown above, with two dorsal series of dark brown, black-edged
spots. (V. atropoides, Smith.)
a. Q (Sc. 27; W. 126; C. 20). 40 miles E. of Cape Sir A. Smith
Town. [P.]. (Type.)
b. ? (Sc. 29; V. 131; C. 19). S. Africa.
5. Bitis cornuta.

Paterson, Narr. Journ. Hott, Caffr. p. 161, pl. — (1789).
Vipera cornuta, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 188 (1803); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p; 582, pl.xxi.; figs, 8 & 9 (1887); Smith, Ill. Zool, S.Afr., Rept.
pl. xxxii. (1843); Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 100 (1869); Boettg. Ber.
Senck. Ges. 1887, p. 168.
— armata, Smith, Edinb. N. Philos. Journ, i. 1826, p. 251.
— lophophris, Cuv. R. A. 2nd ed. ii. p. 92 (1829); Smith, Ill.
º ; #. Rept. pl. xxxiii. (1848); Jan, Icon. Gén. 45, pl. v.
... 2 { }
cº, cornuta, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 70 (1842).
Clotho cornuta, Gray, Cat. p. 27 (1849).
º lophophrys, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1444, pl. lxxviii. b. fig. 4
(1854).
Nostrils turned upwards and outwards. Rostral small, twice to
twice and a half as broad as deep; head covered with small, imbri-
cate, strongly keeled scales, 12 to 17 across the vertex from eye to
eye; two to five scales above the eye raised, horn-like; 12 to 14
scales round the eye; three or four-series of scales between the
eye and the labials; two or three series of scales between the supra-
nasals; two or three series of scales between the nasal and the
rostral; 12 to 15 upper labials; two or three lower labials in
contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 25–29 rows, strongly
keeled, outer row smooth or feebly keeled. Wentrals 120–152;
anal entire; subcaudals 18–36, well developed in the males, scale-
like and more or less distinctly keeled in the females. Greyish or
reddish brown above, with dark brown spots, often edged with
whitish, disposed in three or four longitudinal series, with or without
light spots between them; head with more or less distinct sym-
metrical markings; an oblique dark streak from the eye to the
mouth; yellowish white or brownish beneath, uniform or spotted
with dark brown.
WOL. III. * 2 K
498 VIPERIDAE.
Total length 510 millim.; tail 35.
Cape Colony, Namaqualand, Damaraland.
a—b. 2 (Sc. 27; W. 152; Cape of Good Hope. Lord Derby [P].
C. 24) & yg. (Sc. 25;
W. 149; C. 29).
c. 2 (Sc. 29; V, 137; Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.].
C. 25
d. 3 (§c. 27; v. 128; Cape of Good Hope. — Ford, Esq. [P].
C. 30). -
e, d. (Sc. 25; W. 124; Kuysua, Cape Colony. Rev. G. H. R. Fisk
C. 25) [P.].
fg. "(Sc. 26, 29; V. S. Africa.
’’īzā;130; 6.33,2i).
6. Bitis caudalis.
Vipera ocellata (non Latr.), Smith, Mag. N. H. (2) ii. 1838, p. 92.
Cerastes ocellatus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. pl. iv., text (1838):
Vipera caudalis, Smith, op. cit, pl. vii. (1839); Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool.
1859, p. 155; Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 106 (1869); Boettg. Ber.
Senck. Ges. 1886, p. 6, and 1887, p. 167; Bocage, Herp. Angola,
p. 150 (1895).
Cerastes caudalis, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 70 (1842); Dum. & Bibr.
vii. p. 1446 (1854).
Vipera schneideri, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1886, p. 8, pl. i. fig. 1.
Nostrils turned upwards and outwards. Rostral small, once and
two thirds to twice and a half as broad as deep ; head covered with
small, imbricate, keeled scales, 12 to 16 across the vertex from eye
to eye; a single, erect, horn-like scale usually present above the
eye; 10 to 16 scales round the eye; two to four series of scales
between the eye and the labials; two or three series of scales
between the supranasals; two series of scales between the nasal and
the rostral; 10 to 13 upper labials; two or three lower labials in
contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 22–29 rows, strongly
keeled, outer row smooth or faintly keeled. , Wentrals 112–153;
anal entire; subcaudals 18–33, well developed in the males, scale-
like and more or less distinctly keeled in the females. Pale buff,
reddish, or sandy grey above, with two series of brown spots with
light centres, and frequently a vertebral series of narrower spots;
the spots may be edged with yellow ; yellowish white beneath,
uniform or with small blackish spots on the sides.
Total length 360 millim.; tail 25.
S.W. Africa, from Angola to Namaqualand.
a—e. 3 (Sc. 29, 26, 25; S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P].
W. 134, 124, 145; C.
32, 23, 30), 2 (Sc.
25; W. 153; C. 23),
& yg. (Sc. 29; V.
130; C. 29).
_f-l, m-n, 2 (Sc. 25, 27, Port Nolloth, Na- Rev. G. H. R. Fisk [P.].
25; W. 112, 118,118; maqualand.
C. 22, 22, 20) & yg.
4. BITIS. 499
(Sc.25,27,23,25,25;
W. 113, 112,113,113,
144; C. 20, 19, 22,
19, 29).
o—g. Q (Sc. 22, 25, 25; Damaraland.
V. 143, 136, 139; C.
28, 23, 25).
3”. à (Sc. 27; W. 138; Mossamedes. Dr. Welwitsch [P].
. 21).
s—t. Q (Sc. 23, 23; W. Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [P.].
180, P; C. 19, 18).
7. Bitis gabonica.
Cº. ºni, (non Shaw), Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1847,
. 319. Ol. —.
Bºniº, Dum's bir in 1498, pl. lxxx... ass).
Vipera rhinoceros, Schleg. Versl. Ak. Amsterd. iii. 1855, p. 316;
§. Syn. Viper. p. 91 (1869); Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 149
1895).
E.; rhinoceros, A. Dum. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1856, p. 559, and
Arch. Mus. x. 1859, p. 220.
Clotho rhinoceros, Cope, Proc. Ae. Philad. 1859, p. 340.
Bitis rhinoceros, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1877, p. 618, and Reise n.
Mossamb. iii. p. 146 (1882); Büttikofer, Reiseb. Liberia, ii. p. 444,
pl. xxxii. (1890).
Nostrils directed upwards and outwards. Rostral very small,
once and a half to twice and a half as broad as deep; head covered
with small, moderately keeled scales, smallest on the vertex, 13 to 16
from eye to eye; 15 to 19 scales round the eye; four or five series of
scales between the eye and the labials; a pair of more or less
developed, compressed, erectile, triangular, sometimes bi- or tricuspid
shields, in contact with each other, between the supranasals, forming
a pair of nasal “horns”; four or five series of scales between the nasal
and the rostral; 13 to 16 upper labials; four or five lower labials
in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 33–41 rows, strongly
keeled, outer row smooth; lateral scales slightly oblique, pointing
downwards. Wentrals 125–140; anal entire ; subcaudals 17–33.
Brown above, with a vertebral series of elongate, quadrangular,
yellowish or light brown spots connected by hourglass-shaped dark
brown markings; a series of crescentic or angular dark brown
markings on each side; head pale above, with a dark brown median
line; a dark brown oblique band behind the eye, widening towards
the mouth; yellowish beneath, with small brown or blackish spots.
Total length 1170 millim.; tail 70.
Tropical Africa (West Africa, from Liberia to Damaraland;
Zanzibar; Mozambique).
0. º 35; V. 128; Coast of Guinea. Sir A. Smith [P].
b. Head of adult. Oil River. Sir H. H. Johnston [P].
c. Head of adult. Angola. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. "P.].
2K 2
500 VIPERIDAE.
d. cº 37; W. 131; W. Africa. Zoological Society.
C, §. 33; W. 125; W. Africa.
f. Ad, stfä. W. Africa. Zoological Society.
9. º; Q (Sc. 41; V. Ushambola, Zanzi- Sir J. Kirk [C.].
139; C. 23). bar.
h. Skeleton off.
8. Bitis nasicornis.
Coluber nasicornis, Shaw, Nat. Miscell. iii. pl.xciv., and Zool. iii.
p. 397, pl. civ. (1802).
Vipera nasicornis, Daud. Rept. viii. p. 322 (1803); Reinh. Widensk.
Selsk. Skrift. x. 1843, p. 273, pl. iii. figs. 8–10; Schleg. Versl. Ak.
Amsterd. iii. 1855, p. 315; Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 88 (1869); Jan,
Icon. Gén. 45, pl. iv. figs, 3 & 4 (1874).
Clotho nasicornis, Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 69 (1842), and Cat, p. 25.
(1849); Wolf, Zool. Sketches, ii. pl. — (1865).
Viº,* Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1416, pl. lxxviii. b. fig, 2
Eº nasicornis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 62; A. Dum.
Arch. Mus. x. 1859, p. 220.
Bitis nasicornis, Büttikofer, Reiseb. Liberia, ii. p. 444 (1890).
Nostrils directed upwards and outwards. Rostral very small,
once and a half to twice and a half as broad as deep; head covered
with small strongly keeled scales, smallest on the vertex, 14 to 16
from eye to eye; 15 to 20 scales round the eye; four or five series of
scales between the eye and the labials; two or three pairs of com-
pressed, erectile, horn-like shields between the supranasals, usually
separated in the middle by one or two series of small scales; one of
these horn-like scales usually much developed; four to six series of
scales between the nasal and the rostral; 15 to 18 upper labials;
four to six lower labials in contact with the chin-shields. Scales
in 35–41 rows, strongly keeled, outer row smooth or feebly keeled.
Wentrals 124–140; anal entire; subcaudals 16–32. Purplish or
reddish brown above, with pale olive and dark brown or black
markings; a vertebral series of pale dark-edged spots, angularly
notched in front and behind to receive a rhomboidal black spot; an
arrow-headed dark brown yellow-and-black-edged marking on the
head and nape, the point on the snout ; sides of head dark brown,
with a triangular light marking in front of the eye and an oblique
light streak from behind the eye to the mouth; pale olive beneath,
speckled and spotted with blackish, or blackish olive speckled with
yellowish.
Total length 1250 millim.; tail 125.
West Africa, from Liberia to the Gaboon.

a. Hgr. (Sc. 37; W. 124; C. 19). Gold Coast. Sir A. Smith [P].
b. Yg. (Sc. 35; W. 131; C. 21). Ashantee. Leyden Museum.
c—e. Yg. (Sc. 37, 35, 35; W. 127, Fernando Po. -
128, 130; C. 31, 23, 22).
j, g. 3 (Sc. 85; W. 130; C. 32) Guinea. .
& Q (Sc. 41; W. I37: C. 20).
5. PSEUD0CERASTES.-6. CERASTEs. 501.
h, t, k—l. Q (Sc. 41; V. 132; C. W. Africa. Zoological Society.
21), hgr. (Sc. 39; W. 128; C.
16), & yg. (Sc. 35, 35; W. 125,
132; C. 30, 29).
Am. Skeleton. Niger. J. Fº Crosse, Esq.
*m. Skull of g.
5. PSEUD0CERASTES.
Cerastes, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1438 (1854).
Vipera, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 120 (1863); Strauch, Sym.
Viper. p. 21 (1869). º
Head very distinct from neck, covered with small imbricate scales;
£ye small, with vertical pupil, separated from the labials by small
scales; nostrils directed upwards and outwards, pierced between
two small nasals, a large crescentic anterior and a small scale-like
posterior; nasals separated from the rostral by small scales. Body
Cylindrical; scales keeled, in 23–25 rows, the keels club-shaped and
not extending to the extremity of the scale; ventrals rounded.
Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows.
Persia.
1. Pseudocerastes persicus.
PVipera cerastes, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. iii. p. 48 (1811).
Cerastes persicus, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1443, pl. lxxviii. b. fig. 5
(1854); Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 429 (1876).
Vipera persica, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 158; Strauch, Syn,
Viper. p. 103, pl. ii. (1869), and Schl. Russ. R. p. 225 (1873).
Snout very short and broadly rounded. Upper head-scales small,
imbricate, keeled; an erect horn-like tubercle above the eye, covered
with several imbricate scales; 15 scales round the eye; three
series of scales between the eye and the labials; one series of scales
between the nasal and the rostral; 13 upper labials; four lower labials
in contact with the chin-shields. Scales strongly keeled, in 23 or
25 rows. Wentrals 151–156; anal entire; subcaudals 43–49.
Greyish or brownish above, with four series of large dark spots, the
two median sometimes confluent and forming cross-bars; a dark
streak on each side of the head from the eye to behind the gape ;
whitish beneath, dotted with dark, and with a lateral series of dark
spots.
*...tal length 890 millim.; tail 110.
Persia.
6. CERASTES.

Aspis, part., Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 105 (1768}.
Echidna (non Forst.), part., Merr. Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 150 (1820);
Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1420 (1854).
Cerastes, part., Wagl. Syst, Amph. p. 178 (1830); Gray, Zool.
Miscell, p. 70 (1842); Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1438.
Vipera, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 573 (1837); Jan, Elenco sist.
Qfta, p. 120 (1863); Strauch, Syn. Viper, p. 21 (1869).
Cerastes, Gray, Cat. Sh. p. 27 (1849); Bouleng. Trans. Zool. Soc
xiii. 1891, p. 154,
502 * WIPERIDAE.
Head very distinct from neck, covered with small juxtaposed or
feebly imbricate scales; eye moderate or small, with vertical pupil,
separated from the labials by small scales; nostril directed upwards
and outwards, in a small single or divided nasal. Body cylindrical;
scales keeled, with apical pits, in 23–35 rows; dorsal scales forming
straight longitudinal series, with club- or anchor-shaped keels not
extending to the extremity of the scale; lateral scales smaller,
oblique, pointing downwards, with serrated keels; ventrals with an
obtuse keel on each side. Tail short ; subcaudals in two rows.
North Africa, Arabia, Palestine. -
1. Cerastes cornutus.
Coluber cornutus, Linn. in Hasselg. Reise Palest. p. 315 (1762).
— cerastes, Linn. S. N. i. p. 376 (1766); Ellis, Phil. Trans. lvi.
1767, p. 287, pl. xiv.; Shaw, Nat. Miscell. iv. pl. cxxii., and Zool.
iii. p. 385, pl. ciii. (1802).
Cerastes cornutus, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. ix (1775); Bouleng. Trans.
Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891, p. 155; Werner, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien,
xliv. 1894, p. 86.
Vipera cerastes, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 318, pl. — fig. 2 (1802); Daud.
Rept. vi. p. 178, pl. lxxiv. fig. 1 (1803); I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte,
Rept. p. 155, pl. vi. fig. 3 (1827); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 585,
pl. xxi. figs. 12 & 13 (1887); Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 72 (1862), and
Sym. Viper. p. 108 (1869); Jan, Icon. Gén. 45, pl. v. fig. 1 (1874).
Cerastes hasselquistii, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 70 (1842), and Cat.
}. 28 (1849); Tristram, Faun. Palest. p. 147 (1884).
Echidna atricauda, part., Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1430 (1854). -
Cerastes aegyptiacus, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1440, pl. lxxviii. b. fig. 3.
Vipera avicennae, part., Jam, l.c. fig. 3.



Snout very short and broad. Rostral small, twice to thrice as
broad as deep; head covered with small tubercularly keeled scales
of unequal size above, 15 to 21 across from eye to eye; a large,
erect, ribbed, horn-like scale often present above the eye; 14 to 18
scales round the eye; 4 or 5 series of scales between the eye and
the labials; nostril in a single Small shield, separated from its
fellow by six to eight longitudinal series of scales and from the
rostral by two or three (rarely one); 12 to 15 upper labials; three
lower labials in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 27–35
rows. Wentrals 130–165, with very feeble lateral keel; anal entire;
subcaudals 25–42, the posterior usually more or less distinctly keeled.
Pale yellowish brown or grey above, with or without brown spots,
forming four or six regular longitudinal Series, the two middle ones
sometimes confluent, forming cross-bars; a more or less distinct
oblique dark streak behind the eye; lower parts white; end of tail
sometimes black.
Total length 720 millim.; tail 90.
Northern border of the Sahara, Egypt, Nubia, Arabia, Southern
Palestine.
a. d. ; 30; W. 133; Biskra. J. Brenchley, Esq. [P.].
9).
C.
6. CERASTES.
503
V. 144, 146; C. 87,
40) & 2 (Sc. 33,
31; W. 148, 148; C.
39, º: W. 144
m. Q (Sc. 31; V. e
C: 33).” ‘’’’ 2
%. . 2 (Sc. 30; V.
#. C. 39).
o—p. 3 (Sc. 33; W. 142;
C. 38) & 2 (Sc. 33;
W. 151; C. 33).
q. 3 (Sc. 31; V. 145;
C. 88).
r. Yg. (Sc. 33; W. 148;
C.40).
8. Q (Sc. 33; W. 144;
C. 29).
t. 3 (Sc. 35; V. 140;
C. 33).
w. 3 (Sc. 83; W. 141;
C. 35).
v. 3 (Sc. 32; W. 140;
. 34).
w. 3 (Sc. 33; W. 139;
C. 33).
a. Q (Sc. 35; W. 155;
'#', Sc. 32: V
© . Q (Sc. 32; W.
$/ #. d. §i). "
Skull of h.
C
Egypt.
Egypt.
S. of Suez Canal.
Gizeh.
Luxor.
AsSouan.
Wadi Halfa.
Suakin.
Suakin.
Suakin.
Arabia.
Mount Sinai.
Timahat, Midian.
Hadramaut.
2. Cerastes vipera.
J. Burton Esq.[P].
Sir J. G.Wilkinson [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P.]

Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Col. Sir Holled Smith
& Dr. J. Anderson ſº
Dr. Penton & Dr. J.
Anderson [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P].
Major Burton [P].
Dr. J. Anderson [P].
Coluber vipera, Linn. in Hasselg. Reise Palaest. p. 314 (1762), and
S. N. i. p. 375 (1766).

Aspis cleopatrae,
Vipera
aur. Sym. Rept. §: 105 (1768).
2
aegyptia, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 320 (1802).
— aegyptiaca, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 212 (1803).
Cerastes ritchiei, Gray, Zool, Miscell. p. 70 (1842), and Cat. p. 28
(1849).
Echidna atricauda, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1430 (1854).

Vipera avicennae, f
con. Gén. 45,
art., Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 152, and
v. fig. 4 (1874).
— avizennae, Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 113 (1869). e
Cerastes vipera, Bouleng. Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891, p. 155, pl.xviii.
fig. 2;
bot. Ges. Wien, xliv. 1894, p. 86.
Snout very short and broad. Rostral small, twice to thrice as
broad as deep; head covered with small, tubercularly keeled,
nders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 23; Werner, Verh, zool-
504 ... WIPERIDAE.
unequal or subequal scales above, 9 to 13 across from eye to eye;
no “horns”; 9 to 14 scales round the eye; 3 or 4 series of scales
between the eye and the labials; nostril between two small shields,
separated from their fellows by 5 or 6 series of scales and from the
rostral by one or two; 10 to 12 upper labials; three lower labials
in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 23–27 rows. Wentrals
102–122, rather strongly keeled laterally; anal entire; subcaudals
18–26, small, and often more or less distinctly keeled. Yellowish,
pale brown, or reddish above, with or without darker spots; end
of tail often black; lower parts white. •
Total length 340 millim.; tail 30.
r - - - - -
Northern border of the Sahara, from Algeria to Egypt.
a—b. 3 (Sc. 28; V. 107; Duirat, S. Tunisia. Dr. J. Anderson [P].
C. 23) & Q (Sc. 23; -
W. 117; C. 22).
c, d, e.g. (Sc. 25, 25; W. Tripoli. T. Ritchie, Esq.[P].
105, 102; C. 22, 22) (Type of C. richiei.)
& Q (Sc. 25; W. 109; - - -
C. 19). -
..f. & ; 25; W. 119; Gizeh, Egypt. Dr. J. Anderson [P].
C. 22).
9. 6. (Sc. 25; W. 111; Abu Roash, Egypt. Dr. J. Anderson [P].
C. 23). - -
h. cº e. 27; W. 117; Beni Hassan, Egypt. Dr. J. Anderson [P].
2 -
C. 25) & 2 (Sc. 23, Suez Canal.
25; V. 110, 112; C.
21, 22).
. 26). - -
a-l. 3 (Sc. 24; V. 107; Desert coast.W. of Dr. J. Anderson [P].
.7. ECHIS.
Pseudoboa, part., Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 281 (1801).
Scytale, part., Daud. Hist. Rept, p. 334 (1803). -
Echis, part, Merr. Tent, Syst, Amph. p. 149 (1820); Jan, Elenco
sist. Oftd. p. 122 (1863). .'
Echis, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 177 (1880); Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 70
(1842), and Cat, Sh. p. 29 (1849); Dum. & Bibr. Erp, Gén. vii.
p. 1447 (1854); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 396 (1864); Strauch,
Sym. Viper. Ž. 116 (1869); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 421
(1890), and Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891, p. 155. -
Vipera, part., Schleg, Phys. Serp. ii. p. 573 (1837).
Toxicoa, Gray, Cat, p. 29. -

Bead very distinct from neck, covered with small imbricate
scales; eye moderate, with vertical pupil, separated from the
labials by small scales; nostril directed upwards and outwards, in
a single or divided nasal. Body cylindrical; scales keeled, with
apical pits, in 27–37 rows; dorsal scales forming straight longitu-
dinal series; lateral scales smaller, oblique, pointing downwards,
with serrated keels; ventrals, rounded. Tail short; subcaudals
single. • . . . * - . . . .
Africa north of the Equator, Southern Asia.
7. ECHIS. 505
1. Echis carinatus.
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. ii. (1796). tº º
Pseudoboa carinata, Schneid. Hist, Amph. ii. p. 285 (1801).
Boa horatta, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 359 (1802).
Scytale bizonatus, Daud. Rept. v. p. 389, pl. lxx, fig, 1 (1808),
};" (Echis) carinata, Merr. Tent, p. 149 (1820).
Echis ziczac, Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, p.,205. e &
Scythale pyramidum, I. Geoffr. Descr. Egypte, Rept. p. 152, pl. vii.
g. 1 (1827), and Suppl. pl. iv. fig. 1 (1829).
Echis arenicola, Boie, Isis, i827, p. 558; Gray, Cat. p. 29 (1849);
Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 117 (1869), and Schl. Russ, R. p. 228
(1873); Boettg. Zool. Jahrb. iii. 1888, p. 949.
— carinata, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 177 (1830); Gray, Cat, p. 29.3
Guichen, in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss. vi., p. 215, Rept, pl. iii.
( ? ); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1448, pl. lxxxi. b. fig. 3 (1854);
Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 397 (1864), and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869,
p. 502; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 196; Fayrer, Thanatoph.
Ind. pl. xii. (1874); Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 430 (1876); Theob.
Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 218 (1876); Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
xlviii. 1879, p. 116; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 388, } — (1884);
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 422, fig. Čaj atschie, Zool,
Jahrb. v. 1890, p. 617; Bouleng. Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891, p.155.
pavo, Reuss, Mus. Senck. i. 1834, p. 157.
— varia, Reuss, l.c. p. 160, pl. vii. fig. 2.
Vipera echis, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 583, pl.xxi. figs. 10 & 11
(1887), and in Wagner, Reis. Alg. iii. p. 131 (1841).
Echis frenata, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1449.
Toxicoa arenicola, Günth. Cat, p. 268 (1858).
Vipera carinata, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 153; Strauch, Erp.
Alg. p. 73 (1862).
— (Echis) superciliosa, Jan, l.c. p. 156, and Prodr. pl. E (1859).
Echis superciliosa, Jan, Elenco, p. 122 (1863).



Snout very short, rounded. Rostral once and a half to twice
and a half as broad as deep; head covered with small, more or less
strongly keeled scales; a narrow supraocular. sometimes present ;
10 to 15 scales across from eye to eye; 14 to 20 scales round the
eye; two (rarely three or one) series of scales between the eye and
the labials; nostril between two (rarely three) shields, in contact
with the rostral; 10 to 12 upper labials; three or four lower
labials in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 27–37 rows.
Ventrals 132–192; anal entire; subcaudals 21–48. Pale buff,
greyish, reddish, or brown above, with one or three series of whitish
dark-edged spots, the outer sometimes forming ocelli; a zigzag
dark and light band may run along each side; a cruciform, A -, Y-,
or Y-shaped whitish marking often present on the head; lower parts
whitish, uniform, or with brown dots, or with small round black
ots.
*...] length 720 millim. ; tail 70.
Desert or sandy districts of Africa north of the Equator; Southern
Asia, from Transcaspia and Arabia to India. %
a, b. 3 (Sc. 31, 29; V. W. Africa. Mr. Dalton [C.].
148, 145; C. 26, 29).
506
WIPERIDAE.
c. 3 (Sc. 29; W. 168;
C; 39
d, e.f. 6 (Sc. 31, 31,29;
; º 173, 167; C. P,
9 * Je
g—h. Yg. (Sc. 30, 29; V.
167, 172; C. 36, 37).
i. ? (Sc. 29; V. 184; C.
: 84).
Å. 3 (Sc. 27; W. 173;
. 41
tº:
G
}
s
C.
29
V
l
80
. 33).
(Sc. 30; W. 186;
C. 36).
•+. 2 (Sc. 33; W. 189;
: 38) & yg. (Sc. 31,
31; V. 187, 185; C.
36, 30).
s. 3 (Šc. 29; V. 159;
C. 31
t. 6 & 27; W. 184;
C. 48).
w, v-z. 9 (Sc. 31, 31, 32,
82; V. 165, 165, 166,
162; C. 30, 32, 32, 30).
y. Q (Sc. 85; W. 185;
C. 32).
z. 9 (Sc. 35; W. 174;
a.:º (Šc. 37; V. 173;
C. 34).
8. Q (Sc. 37; V. 182;
7. 9 (śc. 37; W. 173;
8. § (Sc. 84; v. 172;
34
e—m. Q (Sc. 85, 34, 31;
V. 170, 180, 172; C.
30, 31, 30).
6–1. Hgr. (Sc. 33, 31; V.
187, 175; C. 32, 86).
K-1/. Hº (Sc. 35, 31, 31,
33; W. 177, 178, 180,
189; C. 35, 33,34,28).
§-ºr. Q (Sc. 31; W. 172;
C. 30), hgr. (Sc. 31;
W. 169; C. 28), & yg.
(Sc. 33; W. 163; É.
29).
Barbary.
Egypt.
Mokattam Hills,
near Cairo.
Assiout, Egypt.
Dooroor, N. of
Suakin.
Suakin.
Suakin.
Suakin.
Somaliland.
Aden.
Hadramaut.
Muscat.
Ashkabad, Trans-
caspia.
Chilgez, Afghan-
Sir J. G.Wilkinson|[P].
Dr. J. Anderson [P].
Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Col. Sir Holled Smith
*...* J. Anderson,
[P.].
Dr. º & Dr. J.
Anderson [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P].
Capt. Cox [P].
Col. Yerbury [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [P].
A. S. § Jayakar, Esq.
Warsaw Mus. [E].
Dr. Aitchison º:
OIIllſle.

istan. Afghan Boundary
Between Nushki &
the Helmand.
Nasirabad, Sistan.
Rilsa-i-Futh,Sistan.
Bushire, Persia.
Bushire.
Jask, S. Persia.
Jask.
Muckberabad, Persia.
r. Aitchison [C];
Afghan Boundary
Comm.
Gen. Goldsmid [P].
Gen. Goldsmid [P].
Dr. Leith [P].
E. Lort Phillips, Esq.
[P.].

B. I. Ifinch, Esq. [P.].
S. Butcher, Esq.[P].
'7. ECHIS. 507
p—o. 2 (Sc. 35, 31; W. W. of Bampur, Ba- W. T. Blanford, Esq.
192, 174; C. 30, 32). luchistan. [E].
r—v. Q (Sc. 31; W. 168; Kurrachee. Dr. Leith [P.].
C. 31) & hgr. (Sc. 33;
W. 163; C. 31).

*ggs alivars; sim. Dr. Leith [P.].
. 28).
—J. Q. (Sc. 35,35; W. Sind. F. Day, Esq. [P.].
* {34, is; c.i). y;
Gº), cº sº 33; W. 179; Deesa. Dr. Leith [P.].
a'—c'. Hgr. (Sc. 31, 31; Mahabuleshwar. Dr. Leith [P.].
V. 153, 155; C. 28,
31) & yg. (Sc. 33; W.
163; C. 28).
d'-g'. Q (Sc. 31; W. 171; Deccan. Col. Sykes [P].
C. 31) & yg. (Sc. 27,
27, 27; W. 137, 132,
139; C. 25, 25, 25).
h'—i'. Q (Sc. 27, 29; V. Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C].
158, 149; C. 26, 23).
*3 (Sc. 29; V. 141; Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.[P].
. 28).
l'—m'. 3 (Sc. 27; W. 133; India. Dr. P. Russell.
C. 28) & 2 (Sc. 29;
V. 143; C. 23).
m'. Skull.
2. Echis coloratus. (PLATE XXV. fig. 1.)
Echis arenicola (non Boie), Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 489.
colorata, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 978, and 1881, p.463;
Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torin. ix. 1894, no. 167, p. 16.
Scales on the snout and vertex convex, smooth or obtusely
keeled, 13 to 15 across from eye to eye; no supraocular shield;
17 to 22 scales round the eye; three or four series of scales between
the eye and the labials; nostril in a single or divided nasal, which
is separated from the rostral by a series of scales; 12 to 15 upper
labials. Scales in 31–35 rows. Wentrals 174–205; anal entire;
subcaudals 42–52. No cruciform light marking on the head.
Total length 750 millim.; tail 80.
Palestine, Arabia, Socotra.
a—b. ? (Sc. 35, 35; V. Dead Sea. Canon Tristram [C.].
192, 187; C. 46, 44).
c. 2 (Sc. 35; W. 205; Jebel Sharr, Midian, Major Burton [P].
C. 45 T
e ºvº a tº 4500 feet. (Type.)
d—e. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 35, 31; Hadramaut. Dr. J. Anderson [P].
W. 190, 186; C. 51, 50).
f-g. 3 (Sc. 85; V. 179; Muscat. A. S. G. Jayakar, Esq.
C. 52) & yg. (Sc. 35; P.].
W. 174; C. 49).
h. Q (Sc. 35; W. 185; Socotra. Prof. I. B. Balfour [C.].
C. 44).
508 WIPERIDAEe
8. ATHERIS.
Chloroechis, Bonap. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 145–No proper
definition.
Atheris, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1862, p. 337; Peters, Mon. Berl.
Ac. 1864, p. 642; Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 128 (1869).
Poecilostolus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3)xi. 1863, p. 25.
Echis, part., Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 122 (1868).
Head very distinct from neck, covered above with imbricate
seales; eye large, with vertical pupil, usually separated from the
labials by small scales; nostrils lateral. Body slightly compressed;
scales keeled, with apical pits, laterals more or less oblique and
smaller than dorsals and than outer row ; ventrals rounded. Tail
moderate, prehensile ; subcaudals single.
The supratemporal is very short and the quadrate long and
slender.
Tropical Africa.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. No horn-like supraciliary scales.
9–11 scales across the crown, from eye
to eye; 25–36 scales across the middle
of the body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. chlorechis, p. 508.
7–8 scales across the crown; 15–25
scales across the middle of the body... 2. Squamiger, p. 509.
II. Several erect, horn-like supraciliary scales; 9–10 scales across
the crown; 25 scales across the middle of the body.
3. ceratophorus, p. 510.
1. Atheris chlorechis.
Vipera chloroechis, Schleg. Versl. Ak. Amst. iii. 1855, p. 817.
Toxicoa chloroechis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 341.
\;. (Echis) chloroechis, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 512.
Echis chloroechis, Jan, Elenco, p. 122 (1863).
Atheris polylepis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1864, p. 642; Günth. Zool.
Rec. 1864, p. 125.
— chloroechis, Peters, l.c. p. 645; Strauch, Syn. Viper. p. 126
(1869); F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 696; Boettg.
Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 93.

Rostral at least twice as broad as deep; head-scales strongly
Reeled, 9 to 11 across the crown from eye to eye; 15 to 17 scales
round the eye; one or two series of scales between the eye and the
labials; nasal entire or semidivided; 9 to 12 upper labials; two pairs
of small chin-shields, the anterior in contact with the first or first and
second lower labials; gular scales keeled. Scales strongly keeled,
in 25–36 rows. Wentrals 154–165; anal entire ; subcaudals 53–
62. Green above, uniform or with small yellow spots; uniform
yellowish or pale green beneath; end of tail yellowish or blackish.
Total length 520 millim. ; tail 85.
West Africa, from Liberia to the Ogowe.
8. ATHERIS. 509
6 & (Sc. 25; W. 165; Lagos.
. 62). '
b. ? ë. 25; W. 157; Lambarene, Ogowe Miss Kingsley [C.J.
C. 55). River.
2. Atheris squamiger.
Echis squamigera, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1854, p. 193.
Toxicoa squamigera, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 341.
Atheris squamatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 337.
fººt burtonii, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xi. 1863,
. 25.
Atheris burtonii, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 16, pl. iii.; Strauch,
Syn. Viper. p. 125 (1869). &
squamigera, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1864, p. 645; Strauch,
l, c. p. 124; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. xi. 1887, p. 189; Boettg. Ber.
Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 90; Bocage, Herp, Angola, p. 152 (1895).
— lucani, Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) ix. 1885, p. 89.
PAtheris proximus, Rochebr. l.c. p. 90.
Atheris anisolepis, Mocq. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 89*.
— laeviceps, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1887, p. 651, and Ber. Senck.
Ges. 1888, p. 92, pl. ii. fig. 7.
— subocularis, Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. v. 1888, p. 5,
pls. i. fig. 2, & ii. fig. 11.

Rostral at least thrice as broad as deep; head-scales strongly
keeled, or smooth between the eyes, 7 or 8 across the crown from
eye to eye; 10 to 15 scales round the eye; one or two series of scales
between the eye and the labials; nasal entire or divided; 9 to 12
upper labials (fourth, in one specimen, entering the eye); a pair of
small chin-shields, in contact with one, two, or three lower labials
on each side; gular scales keeled. Scales strongly keeled, in 15–
25 rows. Wentrals 153–173; anal entire; subcaudals 51–65.
Olive above, uniform or with more or less regular, narrow, yellow
cross-bands, or yellow with small green spots; pale olive beneath,
marbled with darker or with yellowish spots or uniform yellow.
Total length 550 millim.; tail 100.
West Africa, from the Cameroons to Angola.
a. 3 (Sc. 21; W. 163; Cameroons. Capt. Burton [C].
C. 56). (Type of P. burtonii.)
b. 3 (Sc. 15; W. 163; Cameroons. Hr. J. Voss [C]; J. G.
C. 65). Fischer Collection.
(Type of A. subocularis.)
C. § §. 17; W. 173; Mouth of the Loango. Mr. H. J. Duggan [C.].
d. d é. 17; W. 162; W. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P].
6, & §. 17; W. 157; W. Africa. Dr. Günther [P.].
f. & skeleton. W. Africa.
sº-
* Types examined.
510 VIPERIDA.
This species is nearly completely connected with the preceding,
and may ultimately have to be united with it.
3. Atheris ceratophorus.
Atheris ceratophora, Werner, Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xlv. 1895,
p. 194, pl. v. fig. 1.
Rostral twice and a half as broad as deep; head-scales strongly
keeled, 9 or 10 across the interorbital region; three erect, horn-like,
supraciliary scales, the longest as long as the eye; 16 or 17 scales
round the eye; two series of scales between the eye and the labials;
nostril between two nasals; 10 or 11 upper labials; a pair of chin-
shields in contact with four lower labials on each side; gular scales
keeled. Scales strongly keeled, in 25 rows. Wentrals 142; anal
entire; subcaudals 55. Dark olive above, with black spots forming
more or less regular cross-bands; pale olive beneath, speckled with
black.
Total length 210 millim.; tail 65.
East Africa.
a. Q (V. 142; C. 55). Usambara. Dr. F. Werner. (Type.)
9. ATRACTASPIS,
Atractaspis, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. (1849); Dum. & Bibr.
Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1303 (1854); Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 239 (1858);
Jam, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 518; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad.
1859, p. 342; Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 141 (1882).
Brachycranion, Hallow. Proc. Ac, Philad. 1854, p. 99; Cope, l.c.
Eurystephus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 337. *
Clothelaps, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895, p. 211.
Poison-fangs enormously developed; a few teeth on the palatines,
none on the pterygoids; mandible edentulous in front, with two or
three very small teeth in the middle of the dentary bone. Head
small, not distinct from neck, covered with large symmetrical
shields; nostril between two nasals; no loreal; eye minute, with
round pupil. Postfrontal bone absent. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, without pits, in 17 to 37 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
short ; subcaudals single or in two rows.
Tropical and South Africa. -
This genus is remarkable as presenting the most extreme speciali-
zation in the Viperine direction, the poison-fangs being as large in
proportion as in any other form and the solid teeth on the palate
and mandible, which are much reduced in number in many of the
Crotalines, having almost disappeared.
9. ATRACTASPIs. 511
Skull of Atractaspis aterrima.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Anal divided; subcaudals all or greater part divided.
A. Six upper labials, fifth very large and forming a suture with
the parietals; no praeocular ; frontal shorter than the
parietals; scales in 17 rows; ventrals 167–174.
1. hildebrandtii, p. 512.
B. Five upper labials, fourth largest ; postocular in contact with
a large temporal; a praeocular; frontal as long as, or slightly
shorter than the parietals.
$cales in 19–21 rows; ventrals 200–230. 2. congica, p. 513.
Scales in 25–27 rows; ventrals 220–257. 3. irregularis, p. 513.
II. Anal entire; subcaudals all or part entire.
A. Postocular in contact with a large temporal.
1. Second lower labial very large, fused with the chin-shields;
scales in 23–27 rows; ventrals 178–193; subcaudals 23–
27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. corpulenta, p. 514.

512 WIPERIDAE,
2. Third lower labial very large.
a. First lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the
symphysial; scales in 19–23 rows.
Snout very prominent, cuneiform; rostral
with sharp horizontal edge; ventrals
227–248. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. rostrata, p. 514.
Snout prominent, subcuneiform; ventrals
221–260. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. bibromii, p. 515.
Snout rounded; ventrals 251-300 . . . . 7. aterrima, p. 515.
b. Symphysial in contact with the chin-shields; scales in
31 rows; ventrals 240 . . . . 8. dahomeyensis, p. 516.
B. Temporals small, 24-3 or 4; fourth or fifth lower labial
largest ; ventrals 210–245; subcaudals 26–37.
1. Scales in 23–25 rows.
Frontal slightly longer than broad, much
longer than the parietals . . . . . . . . . . 9. micropholis, p. 516.
Frontal once and two fifths as long as
broad, as long as the parietals . . . . . . 10. leucomelas, p. 517.
2. Scales in 29–37 rows . . . . . . . . 11. microlepidota, p. 517.
Atractaspis natalensis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1877, p. 616, pl. —.
fig. 3, is not included in this Synopsis. I am convinced it is
identical with Macrelaps microlepidotus, Gthr. (supra, p. 255), and
should be referred to the synonymy of that species.
1. Atractaspis hildebrandtii,
Aºi. hildebrandtii, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1877, p. 616, pl. —.
Snout rounded. Portion of rostral visible from above as long as,
or a little shorter than, its distance from the frontal; suture between
the internasals a little longer than that between the praefrontals;
frontal once and a half as long as broad, much longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; no
praeocular; praefrontal entering the eye; a minute postocular; a
large temporal, widely separated from the postocular; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth very large and
forming a long suture with the parietal; first lower labial in contact
with its fellow behind the symphysial; four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are followed by a second
shorter pair. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 167–174; anal divided;
subcaudals 22–28 pairs. Uniform dark brown.
Total length 450 millim. ; tail 53.
East Africa.
a. 6 (V. 167; C. 28). Mombasa. H. W. Lane, Esq. [C.].
9. ATRACTASPIs. 513
2. Atractaspis congica.
Atractaspis aterrima (non Günth.), Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. iv. 1873,
p. 223.
congica, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1877, p. 616, pl. — fig. 2;
Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. x. 1887, p. 187, and Herp. Angola, p. 14
(1895).
— irregularis, var. congica, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 87.
Snout very short, rounded. Portion of rostral visible from above
about half as long as its distance from the frontal ; suture between
the internasals longer than that between the praefrontals; frontal
slightly longer than broad, twice as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, as long as the parietals; one prae- and one post-
ocular; temporals 1+2, anterior very large and wedged in between
the fourth and fifth labials; five upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye, fourth largest ; first lower labial in contact with
its fellow behind the symphysial; three lower labials in contact
with the chin-shields, third extremely large. Scales in 19–21 rows.
Wentrals 200–230; anal divided; subcaudals 19–23, a few of the
anterior entire, rest in two rows. Uniform dark brown or black.
Total length 450 millim.; tail 35.
Congo, Angola.
(Z. & (; 19; W. 218; Pungo Andongo, Angola. Dr. Welwitsch [P.].
. 22).
3. Atractaspis irregularis.
Flºr irregularis, Reinh. Widensk. Selsk, Skrift. x. 1843, p. 264,
pl. iii. figs, 1–3.
Atractaspis irregularis, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 518, and
1859, p. 511, and Icon. Gén. 43, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1873); Peters, Mom.
Berl. Ac. 1877, p. 616; F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878,
p. 694; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 87; Günth. Ann. & Mag.
N. H. (6) xv. 1895, p. 527; Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 143 (1895).
—ºpmenu. (non Hallow.), Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i. 1866,
p. 49.
Snout very short, rounded. Portion of rostral visible from above
measuring two thirds to three fourths its distance from the frontal;
suture between the internasals longer than that between the prae-
frontals; frontal as long as broad, much longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as or slightly shorter than the
parietals; one prae- and one postocular; a very large temporal
wedged in between the fourth and fifth upper labials; five upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fourth largest; first lower
labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; three lower
labials in contact with the chin-shields, third extremely large.
Scales in 25–27 rows. Wentrals 220–257; anal divided; subcaudals
22–28 pairs. Uniform dark brown or black.
Total length 560 millim. ; tail 35.
West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo; Central Africa.
WOL. III, 2 L
514 , WIPERIDAE.
a—b. Hgr. (Sc. 25; W.220, 150 miles up the Niger. Wºł Crosse, Esq.
237; C. 28, 26). [P].
c. Q (Sc. 27; W. 257; Wadelai. Dr. Emin Pashaſp.].
C. 23). 4.
d. Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 241; Uganda. Mr. Baxter [C.].
C. 22). ..º
4. Atractaspis corpulenta.
Brachycranion corpulentum, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 99.
Atractaspis corpulentus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1857, p. 70;
Günth. Cat. p. 239 (1858), and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix. 1872,
p. º pl. iii. fig. F; Mocq. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887,
p. 8ſ.
leucura, Mocq. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) x. 1886, p. 14, pl. v.
Snout strongly projecting, cuneiform. Rostral large, its upper
portion as long as its distance from the frontal; suture between the
internasals a little shorter than that between the praefrontals *;
frontal as long as broad, much longer than its distance from the
end of the snout, as long as the parietals; one prae- and one post-
ocular; temporals 1+3, anterior very large and wedged in between
the fourth and fifth labials; five upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow
behind the symphysial; second lower labial very large, fused with
the chin-shields and also forming a suture with its fellow. Scales
in 23–27 rows. Wentrals 178–193; anal entire; subcaudals 23–27,
all entire or only a few divided. Uniform blackish brown; tail
sometimes white.
Total length 345 millim. ; tail 33.
West Africa (Liberia to Gaboon).
a. S. (Sc. 25; W. 178; C, 25). Gaboon.
5. Atractaspis rostrata.
Atractaspis rostrata, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (4) i. 1868, p. 429,
pl. xix. fig, I.
bibronii (non Smith), Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 142,
pls. xix A. fig. 2 & xx, fig. 11 (1882).
** irregularis, Pfeffer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. x. 1893,
p. 19.
Snout very prominent, cuneiform. Rostral with sharp horizontal
edge, the portion visible from above nearly as long as its distance
from the frontal; suture between the internasals a little longer or
a little shorter than that between the praefrontals; frontal a little
longer than broad, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; a
large temporal, wedged in between the fourth and fifth upper labials;
*—
* The fusion of the internasals with the praefrontals, in the specimen
described by Hallowell, is probably an individual anomaly.
r
9. ATRACTASPIs. 515
five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fourth largest ;
first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial;
three lower labials in contact with the chin-shields, third extremely
large. Scales in 23 rows. Wentrals 227–248; anal entire; sub-
caudals 19–24, single. Uniform dark brown or blackish.
Total length 600 millim.; tail 37.
East and Central Africa.
“. # º 227, 244; Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C]. (Types.)
C. 3. (V. 248; C. 24). L. Nyassa. Universities Mission.
6. Atractaspis bibronii.
Atractaspis bibronii, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. pl. lxxi. (1849);
Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1304 (1854); Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i. 1866,
p. 227; Bocage, Herp. Angola, i. p. 141 (1895).
inornatus, Smith, l.c.
irregularis (non Reinh.), Günth. Cat. p. 239 (1858).
— irregularis, var. bibronii, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1887, p. 165.
Snout prominent, subcuneiform. Portion of rostral visible from
above as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the
frontal; suture between the internasals nearly as long as that
between the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad or slightly longer
than broad, much longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; a
large temporal, wedged in between the fourth and fifth labials;
five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fourth largest :
first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial;
three lower labials in contact with the chin-shields, third extremely
large. Scales in 21–23 rows. Wentrals 221–260; anal entire ;
subcaudals 20–23, all or greater part single. Dark purplish brown
above, yellowish or pale brown beneath.
Total length 600 millim.; tail 25.
Eastern districts of Cape Colony, Natal, Namaqualand, Angola.
a. Q (Sc.21; W. 260; Eastern districts of Cape Sir A. Smith [P].
C. 20). Colony. (One of the types.)
b. 3 (Sc. 21; W.222; Durban, Natal. Col. Bowker #
C. 23).
c. 3 (Sc. 21; W. 221; S. Africa.
C. 22).
7. Atractaspis aterrima.
Atractaspis bibronii (non Smith), Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859,
p. 511, and Icon. Gén. 43, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1873).
— aterrima, Günth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xii. 1863, p. 363.
Snout rounded. Portion of rostral visible from above measuring
one third to one half its distance from the frontal; suture between
the internasals as long as or longer than that between the prae-
frontals; frontal as long as broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one
21, 2
516 WIPERIDAE.
postocular; a large temporal, wedged in between the fourth and
fifth labials; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye,
fourth largest; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind
the symphysial; three lower labials in contact with the chin-
shields, third extremely large. Scales in 19–21 rows. Wentrals
251–300; anal entire; subcaudals 18–24, single. Uniform dark
brown or black.
Total length 650 millim. ; tail 30.
West and Central Africa.
a. Hgr. (Sc. 21; W. 276; W. Africa. Prof. Grant [P].
C. 18). (Type.)
b. 6. (Sc. 19.; W. 251; Ashantee. Sir A. Smith [P.].
. 22).
C. & § 21; W. 256; Wegbe, Togoland. W. G. Innes, Esq. [C].
. 22).
d. 3 (Sc. 21; W. 273; Lagos.
C. 23).
e-f. 2 (Sc. 19; W. 282; 150 miles up the Niger. W. H. Crosse, Esq.
C. 19) & yg. (Sc.19; [P.].
W. 277; C. 24).
9. § (Sc. 19.; W. 300; Wadelai. Dr. Emin Pasha [P].
. 19).
h. Skull of e.
8. Atractaspis dahomeyensis.
Atractaspis dahomeyensis, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. xi. 1887, p. 196,
and Herp. Angola, p. 144 (1895).
Snout prominent and cuneiform, as in A. rostrata. One prae-
ocular ; postocular absent, fused with the supraocular ; a large
anterior temporal; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; symphysial in contact with the chin-shields; third lower labial
very large. Scales in 31 rows. Wentrals 240; anal entire ; sub-
caudals 24, partly single, partly divided. Black above, brown
beneath, the ventral shields edged with lighter.
Total length 490 millim. ; tail 32.
Dahomey.
9. Atractaspis micropholis.
Atractaspis corpulentus (non Hallow.), Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H.
(3) xviii. 1866, p. 29.
— micropholis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4), ix. 1872, p. 36,
pl. iii. fig. E; F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, viii. 1887, p. 278.
Snout very short, prominent, cuneiform. Rostral large, the portion
visible from above as long as its distance from the frontal; suture
between the internasals as long as that between the praefrontals;
frontal slightly longer than broad, much longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, much longer than the parietals;
one prae- and one postocular; temporals small, scale-like, 2+3 or
4; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fourth
scarcely larger than third, fifth and sixth small; first lower labial
forming a suture with its fellow behind the symphysial; three or
four lower labials in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 25
9. ATRACTASPIS. 517
rows. Wentrals 210–215; anal entire; subcaudals 29–30, single.
Uniform dark brown.
Total length 330 millim.; tail 28.
Cape Verd.
a. 9 (V. 210; C. 29). —? Dr. St. George Mivart [P]. (Type.)
10. Atractaspis leucomelas.
Atractaspis leucomelas, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xv. 1895,
p. 16, pl. iv. fig. 2.
Snout very short. Portion of rostral visible from above nearly as
long as its distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals
half as long as that between the praefrontals; frontal once and two
fifths as long as broad, much longer than its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as the parietals; one prae- and one postocular;
temporals small, scale-like, 2+3; six upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye, fourth largest ; first lower labial forming a suture
with its fellow behind the symphysial; three lower labials in
contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 23 rows. Wentrals 243;
anal entire ; subcaudals 27, nearly all single. Black above, with a
white vertebral line, occupying one and two half rows of scales;
ventrals and subcaudals, and four outer series of scales on each
side, white ; neck entirely black; head white, with a black blotch
covering the nasals and the upper head-shields.
Total length 575 millim.; tail 40.
Ogaden, Somaliland.
11. Atractaspis microlepidota.
Atractaspis microlepidota, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xviii.
1866, p. 29, pl. vii. fig. 3, and (6) i. 1888, p. 332; Bouleng. Ann.
Mus. Genova, (2) xv. 1895, p. 15.
—— fallax, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1866, p. 890, and in Decken's
Reise O.-Afr. iii. p. 17, pl. i. fig. 3 (1869).
Snout very short, prominent, subcuneiform. Portion of rostral
visible from above nearly as long as its distance from the frontal;
suture between the internasals as long as that between the prae-
frontals; frontal a little longer than broad, much longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, longer than the parietals; one
... prae- and one postocular; temporals small, 2–H3 or 4; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye and largest ; first lower
labial in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; three
lower labials in contact with the chin-shields. Scales in 29–37
rows. Wentrals 212–245; anal entire ; subcaudals 26–37, single.
Uniform dark brown.
Total length 540 millim.; tail 45.
East and Central Africa.
a. Q (Sc. 29; V. 212; C. 26). —? Dr. Günther [P.].
º
b. ? (Sc. 37; W. 245; C. 28). L. Tanganyika. Sir J. Kirk [C .).
518 WIPERIDAE,
Subfam. 2. CROTALINAE.
Crotalini, Oppel, Ordn. Rept. p. 50, 1811.
Crotalidae, part., Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, p. 204.
Crotaloidea, Fitzinger, Neue Classif. Rept. p. 34, 1826.
Cophiadae, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 511.
Crotalina, Bonaparte, Mem. Acc. Tor. (2) ii. p. 893, 1840.
Crotalidae, Gray, Zool Miscell. p. 47, 1842, and Cat. Sn. }} 1849.
Crotaliens, Duméril, Mém. Ac, Sc. xxiii. p. 583, 1853; méril &
JBibron, Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1451, 1854.
Crotalinae, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1859, p. 334.
Crotalidae, Günther, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 383, 1864.
Crotalidae, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 231.
Teleuraspides, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 205.
Bothrophes, Schreiber, Herp. jº 181, 1875.
Bothrophera, Garman, N. Amer. Rept. p. 104, 1883.
Crotalinae, Boulenger, Fawn. Ind., Rept. p. 418, 1890.
Crotalidae (Cophiinae, Crotalinae), Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.
xviii. p. 212, 1895.
Skull of Crotalus horridus,
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. No rattle.
Upper surface of head covered with nine large symmetrical shields,
the internasals and praefrontals sometimes broken up into scales.
10. Ancistrodon, p. 519.
Upper surface of head covered with scales or small shields.
11. Lachesis, p. 529.
II. Tail ending in a rattle.
Upper surface of head with nine large symmetrical shields.
12. Sistrurus, p. 569.
Upper surface of head covered with scales or small shields.
13. Crotalus, p. 572.

10. ANCISTRobon. 519
10. ANCISTRODON.
Agkistrodon, Palisot de Beauvois, Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. iv. 1799,
: 381; Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 17 (1853); Stejneger,
ep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 401 (1895).
Scytale, part, Latr. Hist. Rept. iii. p. 158 (1802); Daud. Hist.
Rept. v. p. 334 (1803).
Cenchris, Daud. t. c. p. 356; Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 175 (1830);
Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 50 (1842), and Cat. Sn. p. 15 (1849).
Cophias, part, Merr. Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 154 (1820).
Trigonocephalus (non Opp.), Kuhl, Isis, 1822, p. 473; Fitzing. N.
Uſassif. Rept. p. 34 (1826); Wagl. l.c. p. 173; Gray, ll. cc. pp. 50
& 14; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. fift (1854); Jan, Elenco
sist. Qſid. p. 124 (1863); Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 232 (1873).
Tisiphone, Fitzing. l.c.; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 673.
Acontias (non Cuv), Troost, Ann. Lye, N. York, iii. 1836, p. 176.
Toxicophis, Troost, l.c. p. 190; Baird & Gir. l.c. p. 19.
Trigonocephalus, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 527 (1837).
Halys, Gray, Cat. p. 14; Peters, l. c. p. 671; Günth. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 392 (1864).
Hypnale, Gray, l.c. p. 15; Peters, l.c. p. 673; Günth, l.c. p. 394.
Leiolepis (non Cuv.), Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii. 1853, p. 534,
and Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1499.
Ancistrodon, Baird, Serp. N. York, p. 13 (1854); Cope, Proc. Ac.
Philad. 1859, p. 336; Peters, l. c. p. 671; Bouleng. Faun, Ind.,
Rept. p. 423 (1890); W. E. Taylor, Amer. Wat. 1895, p. 283.
cºme Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 336; Günth. l. c.
p. 391.

Upper surface of head with the nine normal shields, or internasals
and praefrontals broken up into scales. Body cylindrical ; scales
smooth or keeled, with apical pits. Tail moderate or short; sub-
caudals single or in two rows.
Borders of the Caspian Sea; Asia; North and Central America.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 21–27 rows; internasals and praefrontals well deve-
loped.
A. Scales keeled.
1. Anterior subcaudals single; second upper labial usually
forming the anterior border of the loreal pit.
a. Snout not produced.
No loreal, upper praeocular in contact
with the posterior nasal; third upper
labial usually entering the eye; scales
in 25 (rarely 27) rows; ventrals 130–
147; subcaudals 33–51. . . . . . . . . . . . 1. piscivorus, p. 520.
A loreal, separating the upper praeocular
from the posterior nasal; eye separated
520 sº WIPERIDAE. . .
from the labials by suboculars; scales
in 23 (rarely 25) rows; ventrals
135-141; subcaudals 52–64. . . . . . . . 2. bilineatus, p. 521.
A loreal, usually separating the upper
praeocular from the posterior nasal;
eye separated from the labials by
suboculars; scales in 23 (rarely 25)
rows; ventrals 145–155; subcaudals
31-52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. contortria, p. 522.
b. Snout ending in a pointed appendage; scales in 21 rows;
ventrals 162–166; subcaudals 58–60.
4. acutus, p. 524.
2. Subcaudals all paired; loreal pit separated from the labials;
. ventrals 137–174; subcaudals 31–55.
* a. Posterior labials distinct from the temporals.
Snout slightly turned up at the end;
scales in 23 rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. halys, p. 524.
Snout not turned up; scales in 23
(rarely 21) rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. intermedius, p. 525.
Snout not turned up ; scales in 21
(rarely 23) rows . . . . . . . . . tº g º e º e tº 7. blomhoffii, p. 525.
b. Posterior labials fused with the temporals; snout slightly
turned up ; scales in 21 (rarely 23) rows.
8. himalayanus, p. 526.
B. Scales smooth, in 21 rows; ventrals 138–157; subcaudals
34–54 pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. rhodostoma, p. 527.
II. Scales in 17 rows, more or less distinctly keeled; snout
strongly turned up, covered above with small shields; ventrals
125–155; subcaudals 28–45 pairs. 10. hypnale, p. 528.
1. Ancistrodon piscivorus.
Crotalus piscivorus, part., Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 130,424 (1789).
Scytale piscivora, part, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 168 (1802); Daud. Rept.
W. É. 344 (1802). * .
Coluber aquaticus, part., Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 425 (1802). . .
Acontias leucostoma, Troost, Ann. Lyc, N. Y. iii. 1836, p. 176.
Trigonocephalus cenchris, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 553 (1837).
piscivorus, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. ii. p. 68, pl. xiii. (1838),
and 2nd ed. iii. p. 38, pl. vii. (1842); Dum, & Bibr. vii. p. 1491,
1. lxxxii, b, fig. 2 (1854); Jan, Icon. Gén, 46, pl. iv. (1874);
ocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept, pl. xxvii. (1882). e
º piscivorus, Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 51 (1842), and Cat. p. 16
). ~
* Tº: piscivorus, Baird & Gir, Cat. W. Am. Rept, p. 19 (1853),
and Rep. Explor. Surv. R. R. x. Rept, pl.xxv. fig. 13 (1859).
pugnax, Baird & Gir, ll, cc, p. 20, fig. 14, and Rep. U.S. Mea.
Pound. Surv. ii., x. Rept, p. 15, pl. vi. (1859). - *

10. ANCISTRODoN. {521
Ancistrodon piscivorus, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1859, p. 886; Garm.
N. Am. Rept. p. 121, pl. viii. fig. 2 (1883); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 683.
— pugnax, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 336.
Agkistrodon piscivorus, Jord. Man. Vert. N. U.S. 5th ed. p. 199
(1888); Hay, Batr. Rept. Ind. p. 184 (1892); Loennberg, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 1894, p. 336; Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat.
Mus. f. 1893, p. 406, pl. iv. (1895).
Snout rounded, not turned up, flat above, with sharp canthus.
Rostral as deep as broad or slightly broader than deep ; a pair of
internasals and a pair of praefrontals; frontal as long as or a little
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or
shorter than the parietals, which are usually followed by a pair of
occipitals; no loreal; upper praeocular in contact with the posterior
nasal; two postoculars and one or two suboculars; 7 or 8 upper
labials, second forming the anterior border of the loreal pit, third
usually entering the eye. Scales strongly keeled, in 25 (rarely 27)
rows. Wentrals 130–147; anal entire; subcaudals 33–51, all
single or the posterior divided. Pale reddish brown to dark brown
above, with more or less distinct dark brown or black cross-bands
with broken outlines, or with alternating C-shaped dark markings
each enclosing a central spot; a dark, light-edged band from the
eye to the angle of the mouth ; beneath yellowish, spotted with
black, or black with or without lighter variegations.
Total length 1170 millim. ; tail 200.
Eastern North America, from North Carolina and Indiana to
Florida and Texas.
a, b. 3 (Sc. 27, 25; V. 146, Florida. H. Hanauer, Esq.
143; C. 49, 51). [P].
c, d. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 134; New Orleans. H. Hanauer, Esq.
C. 44) & Q (Sc. 25; [P.].
V. 139; C. P).
e, f. 6 (Sc. 25; V. 141; New Orleans.
C. 48) & yg. (Sc. 25;
V. 132: C. 43). *
g, h. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 145; Texas.
C. 43) & Q (Sc. 25;
V. 143; C. 42).
i. 6 (Sc. 25; W. 144; C. 47). N. America. Sir H. Sloane [P.].
k. Q (Sc. 25; V. 137; C. 44). N. America. Dr. R. Harlan [P.].
l. 3 (Sc. 25; W. 132; C. 41). N. America. Dr. Schaus [P.].
m. Q (Sc. 25; V. 147; C. 48). N. America. Dr. Günther [P.].
n—o. Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 130, N. America. Zoological Society.
131; C. 39,39).
p. Skull. Charleston.
2. Ancistrodon bilineatus.
Ancistrodon bilineatus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (3) xii. 1863,
p. 364; Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 191; F. Müll. Verh. Nat.
Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 404; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
1892, p. 682; Günth. Biol. C.-Am, Rept, p. 186, pl. lviii.
figs. A & B (1895).
522 WIPERIDAE.
Trigonocephalus bilineatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mez., Rept. pl.xxvii.
fig. 1 (1882). \
Snout obtusely pointed, not turned up, flat above, with sharp
canthus. Rostral as deep as broad or slightly broader than deep;
a pair of internasals and a pair of praefrontals; frontal shorter than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or shorter than
the parietals; upper praeocular separated from the posterior nasal
by a loreal; two postoculars and one or two suboculars, separating
the eye from the labials; 8 or 9 (rarely 7) upper labials, second
forming the anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales more or less
strongly keeled, in 23 (rarely 25) rows. Wentrals 135–141; anal
entire ; subcaudals 52–64, anterior single, posterior divided, the
divided shields usually more numerous than the single. Yellowish
or reddish to dark brown above, with more or less distinct darker
cross-bands or alternating transverse blotches with interrupted
yellow edges; a vertical yellow, black-edged line on the rostral and
symphysial shields, a fine yellow line round the snout on the
canthus, continued behind the eye to the neck, and a broader
yellow, black-edged streak on the upper lip from the anterior nasal
to the last labial; brownish to blackish beneath, with white, black-
edged markings.
Total length 1100 millim.; tail 200.
Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras.
a. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 23; W. 141; Pacific Coast of O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
C. 52). - Guatemala. º
b. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 135; C. 61). Belize. P. L. Sclater, Esq.
P. l.
c. SP (Sc. 25; V. 140; C. 54). Yucatan. [P.]
d, e. Hgr. (Sc. 23, 23; W. 137, Presidio, nr. Hr. A. Forrer [C].
137; C. 64, 62). Mazatlan. 3. -
f–g. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 141 ; Tres Marias Ids., Hr. A. Forrer[C].
C. 59) & yg. (Sc. 24; W. Mexico.
W. 137; C. 55). -
3. Ancistrodon contortrix.
Boa contortrix, Linn. S. N. i. p. 378 (1766).
Agkistrodon mokasen, Pal. de Beauv. Tr. Amer, Philos. Soc. iv.
1799, p. 370.
Scytale contortrix, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 159 (1802).
Cenchris mokeson, Daud. Rept. v. p. 358, pl. lx. figs. 3 & 4 (1802);
Harl. Med. Phys. Res. p. 128 (1835).
Scytalus cupreus, Rafin. Amer. Journ. Sc. i. 1819, p. 84; Harl. l. c.
130
sº mokeson, Say, Amer. Journ. Sc. i. 1819, p. 257.
Cenchris marmorata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 562.
? Acontias atrofuscus, Troost, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. 1836, p. 181.
Trigonocephalus cenchris, part., Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 553, pl.xx.
figs, 10 & 11 (1837).
contortrix, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. ii. p. 69, pl. xiv. (1838), and
2nd ed. iii. p. 39, pl. viii. (1842); De Kay, N. Y. Faun. iii. Rept.
10. ANCISTRodoN. 523

p. 53, pl. ix, fig. 18 (1842); Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1494 (1854);
Jan, Icon. Gén. 46, pl. v. fig. 1 (1874); Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mew.,
Rept. pl. xxvii. fig. 2 (1882).
Cenchris contortrix, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 50 (1842), and Cat. p. 16
(1849).
P Trigonocephalus atrofuscus, Holbr., op. cit. 2nd ed. iii. p. 43, pl. ix.
? Cenchris atrofuscus, Gray, Cat. p. 16.
? Trigonocephalus histrionicus, Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Sc. xxiii.
1853, p. 534.
Agkistrodon contortrix, Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 17
(1853); Hay, Batr. Rept. Ind. p. 123 (1892); Stejneger, Rep.
U.S. Nat. Mus, f. 1893, p. 401, pl. iii. (1895).
? Toxicophis atrofuscus, Baird & Gir. l.c. p. 150.
Ancistrodon contortrix, Baird, Serp. N. Y. p. 13, pl. i. fig. 3 (1854);
Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 120, pl. viii. fig. 1 (1883); Cope, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892, p. §3.
? Ancistrodon atrofuscus, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 34 (1875).
Snout rounded or truncate, not turned up, flat above, with sharp
canthus. Rostral once and one fourth to once and a half as broad
as deep; a pair of internasals and a pair of praefrontals; frontal as
long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, usually longer than the parietals; loreal present, usually
separating the upper praeocular from the posterior nasal; two or
three postoculars and one to three suboculars, separating the eye
from the labials; 8 (rarely 9) upper labials, second usually forming
the anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales strongly keeled, in 23
(rarely 25) rows. Wentrals 145–155; anal entire ; subcaudals 31–
52, anterior single, posterior divided. Yellowish, pinkish, or pale
reddish brown above, with dark brown, reddish-brown, or brick-red
cross-bars contracting in the middle; these bars sometimes broken
up on the vertebral line and forming alternating triangles; a dark
temporal streak sometimes present; yellowish or reddish beneath,
more or less profusely speckled with grey or brown and with a
lateral series of large blackish spots.
Total length 990 millim. ; tail 110.
North America, from Massachusetts and Kansas to Northern
Florida and Texas.
a. Q (V. 153; C, 46). Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Christiania Mus.
b. 3 (W. 155; C. 39). New Harmony, H. Hanauer, Esq.
Indiana. [P.].
c. 2 (W. 152; C. 39). Kansas.
d. 9 (V. 147; C. 45). Arkansas. Smithsonian Institu-
tion.
e. 9 (V. 151; C. 43). Louisiana.
f. 2 (W. 146; C. 42). Fort Worth, Texas. Hºmº Esq.
g. 3 (V. 145; C. P). Texas. e tº
h—i, k.d. (W. 151, 153; N. America. Zoological Society.
C. 49, 47) & Q
(V, 150; C. 46).
524 WIPERIDAE. .
4. Ancistrodon acutus.
Halys acutus, Günth. Ann & Mag. N.H. (6) i. 1888, p. 171, pl.xii,
and in Pratt, Snows of Tibet, p. 242 (1892).
Snout produced into a pointed dermal appendage directed for-
wards, covered above by the internasals, beneath by a separate
shield above the rostral, which is as deep as broad or deeper than
broad; upper head-shields finely granulate; frontal as long as or
a little longer than the praefrontals, shorter than the parietals;
upper praeocular separated from the posterior nasal by a loreal;
one postocular and one subocular, separating the eye from the
labials; seven upper labials, second forming the anterior border of
the loreal pit, third and fourth largest ; three large lower tempo-
rals, anterior largest. Scales strongly and tubercularly keeled, in
21 rows. Wentrals 162–166; anal entire; subcaudals 58–60,
mostly in pairs, 6 to 13 of the anterior single. Brown above, with
blackish-brown X-shaped markings or alternating >-shaped ones;
head dark brown above, yellow on the sides, with a black streak
from the eye to the angle of the mouth; yellowish beneath, spotted
with dark brown and with a lateral series of large black blotches.
Total length 1500 millim. ; tail 200.
Upper Yang–ise, China.
a-c. 3 (V, 165, 166, Mountains North of A. E. Pratt, Esq. [C].
162: C. 59, 60, 58). Kiu Kiang. (Types.)
d. d. (V. 163; C. 58). Ichang. A. E. Pratt, Esq. [C.].
5. Ancistrodon halys.
Coluber halys, Pall. Reise, iii. p. 703 (1776).
Vipera halys, Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 49 (1811).
Trigonocephalus halys, Licht. in Eversm. Reise Orenb. Buch. p. 147
(1823); Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 170 (1831), and Faun. Casp.-
Cauc. p. 128, pl. xix. (1841); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1495 (1854);
Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 231 (1878); Jan, Icon. Gén. 46, pl. vi.
fig. 1 (1874); Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 182, fig. (1875); De }º,
Atti Ist. Ven. (5) vi. 1880, p. 388; Boettg. in Radde, Faun. Flor.
Casp. Geb. p. 74 (1886).
— caraganus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 170.
Halys pallasii, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 392 (1864); Blanf. Zool.
E. Pers. p. 430 (1876). -

Snout obtusely pointed, slightly turned up at the end, with obtuse
canthus. Rostral as deep as broad or slightly broader than deep;
a pair of internasals and a pair of praefrontals; frontal as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter
than the parietals; upper praeocular separated from the posterior
nasal by a loreal; one or two postoculars and a subocular; loreal
pit separated from the labials; three large temporals, anterior
largest ; 7 or 8 upper labials, third entering the eye. Scales
sharply keeled, in 23 rows. Wentrals 149–174; anal entire; sub-
caudals 31–44 pairs. Yellowish, greyish, reddish, or pale brown
10. ANCISTRODON. 525
above, with darker spots or cross-bars with serrated edges; one or
two lateral series of dark spots; a dark spot on the snout, a pair
of spots on the vertex, and two pairs of oblique streaks on the back
of the head; a dark, light-edged band on the temple; lips speckled
with brown; lower parts whitish, more or less speckled with grey
or brown.
Total length 490 millim.; tail 65.
From the borders of the Caspian Sea and the Ural River to the
Lpper Yenisei.
a. 3 (W. 155; C. 37). Mangyschlak. St. Petersburg Mus. [E.].
b. ? (W. 160; C. 38). Anan, Mazandaran, W. T. Blanford, Esq.
Elburz Mts. [E].
c. 3 (V. 154; C. 40). Ai Dara, Transcaspia. M. Eylandt [C].
d. 3 (W. 151; C. 38). Varnoe, E. Turkestan. St. Petersburg Mus. [E].
6. Ancistrodon intermedius.
Trigonocephalus blomhoffii, part, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 552
(1837), and Faun. Japon., Amph. p. 88 (1838).
—intermedius, Strauch, Trans. Assoc. Russ. Wat. i. Zool. (Russian),
p. 295 (1868), Schl. Russ. R. p. 246 (1873), and Voy. Przewalski,
Rept. p. 52 (1876).
Halys intermedia, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1877, p. 736.
Alºon intermedius, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) v. 1890,
p. 14U.
Agrees in most respects with A. halys, but the snout is not at all
turned up at the end, as in A. blomhoffii.
Total length 750 millim.; tail 85.
Central Asia, Eastern Siberia, Mongolia, and Japan.
a. Hgr. (V. 161; C, 49). Kunges, R. Ili, E. St. Petersburg Mus, [E.].
Turkestan.
b. ? (W. 166; C. 45). Smeinogorsk, Gov. Dr. O. Finsch [C].
Tomsk. -
c—d. 3 (V. 155, 156; C. Chabarowka, Hr. Dörries [C.].
40, 40). Ussuri R.
e. Q (V. 158; C. 39). Ussuri R. Warsaw Mus. [E.].
f–g. Hgr. (V. 157, 164; Tarim R., near St. George Littledale,
C.42, 44). Lob Nor. Esq. [P.].
7. Ancistrodom blomhoffii.

Trigonocephalus blomhoffii, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 214; Gray, Cat.
% 14 (1849); Dum. & Bibr. vii, #. 1496 (1854); Strauch, Schl.
usa. R. p. 251 (1873), and Voy. Przewalski, Rept. p. 52 (1876).
blomhoffii, }. Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 552, pl.xx. figs. 8 &
9 (1837), and Faun. Japon, Amph. p. 88, pl. vi. (1838).
— affinis, Gray, l.c.
– ºnioi, var. megaspilus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859,
p. 556. º
Halys blomhofii, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 393 (1864).
Aſſºon blomhoffii, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) v. 1890,
p. 14U.
526 - , VIPERIDAE.,
Closely allied to A. halys, with which it agrees in most respects,
but snout not turned up at the end, and scales more strongly keeled,
in 21 (exceptionally 23,-specs. h, s) rows. Upper labials con-
stantly 7. Wentrals 137–166; subcaudals 29–55. Coloration very
variable. Grey, brown, or red above, with large dark-edged spots
disposed in pairs, opposite or alternating, or more or less regular
dark cross-bands; a dark, light-edged temporal band; upper lip
uniform yellowish or red; belly yellowish or red, more or less pro-
fusely speckled or spotted with blackish, or nearly entirely black.
Total length 720 millim.; tail 100.
Bastern Siberia, Mongolia, China, Japan, Siam.
a G (V, 140; C. 48). Japan. - Leyden Museum.
b—c. SP (V. 145; C. 47) Yokohama. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
& hgr. 3 (W. 142; - -
C. 55).
d. 9 (V. 142; C. 43). Okinawa, Loo Choo Mr. M. K. Rokugo
Islands. º
e-f. g. g. (V. 146; C. Tsu Sima, Loo Choo Mr. Holst [C].
46), hgr. (V. 188; Islands.
C. 44), & yg. (V.
145; C. 45
h—i. 3 (V. 151, 146;. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq.[C.].
C. 40, 46). ;:
k—n. Q (V. 142, 144; Hoi How, Hainan. J. Neumann, Esq.
C. P., 32) & yg. (V. [P.].
0–p. 3 (V. 144, i44; Hang-Chau, Prov, Che- J. J. Walker, Esq.
C. 41, 35). Kiang. [P.].
q. Q (V. 140; C. 30). Ichang. A. Henry, Esq. [Pl.
r. 6 (V. 143; C. 38). Ichang. R. Swinhoe, Esq.[C.].
8. Q (V. 145; C. 31). Ichang. A. E. Pratt, Esq.[C].
t—w. Q (V. 142, 138; Mountains N. of Kiu A. E.Pratt, Esq. [C].
C. 32, 29). |Kiang.
v–w. Q (V. 138; C. Mountains N. of Kiu C. Maries, Esq. [C.].
32) § yg. (V. 148; Kiang.
C. 3
2.3 (v. 187; c. 46). —? Sir E. Belcher [P.].
(Type of T. affinis.)
8. Ancistrodon himalayanus.
Halys himalayanus, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 893, pl.xxiv. fig. A
(1864); Steindachn. Novara, Rept. p. 87 (1867); Stoliczka, Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 226; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1871, p. 196, and 1872, p. 401; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind, pl. xvi.
(1874); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 225 (1876); Blanf. Zool.
2nd Yark. Miss., Rept, p. 24 (1878). -
Trigonocephalus himalayanus, Strauch, Schl. Russ. R. p. 234 (1873).
blomhoffii (non Boie), Jan, Icon. Gén. 46, pl. v. figs, 4 & 5
1874).
Aºn himalayanus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 424, fig.
(1890).
Snout hardly turned up, with sharp canthus. Rostral as deep
as broad, or a little broader than deep; a pair of internasals


10. ANCISTRODON. 527
and a pair of praefrontals; upper praeocular separated from the
posterior nasal by a loreal; two postoculars, upper small, lower
descending to below the eye, which it sometimes entirely separates
from the labials; 5 to 7 upper labials, none entering the loreal
pit, the penultimate and last very large, formed by fusion with the
lower temporals. Scales sharply keeled, in 21 (rarely 23) rows.
Ventrals 144–166; anal entire; subcaudals 35–51 pairs. Brown
with black spots or transverse bands; sometimes with a light ver-
tebral band with dark festooned borders; a black, light-edged band
from the eye to the angle of the mouth; lower parts dark brown,
or variegated with black and white.
Total length 590 millim. ; tail 90.
Himalayas, 5000 to 10,000 feet; Khasi hills.
a. 6 (V. 162; C. 43). Garwal, W. Himalayas. Dr. Cantor. l º
b. 3 (W. 166; C. 50). Garwal, W. Himalayas. Messrs. v. Schla- $3
gintweit [C.]. ) #
c—l. 6 (V. 153, 153, Himalayas. T.C. Jerdon, Esq. ‘’
144; C. 44, 47,47), [P.].
Q (W. 157; C. 35),
& yg. (V. 158, 153,
159, 160, 155; C.
40, 46, 39, 40, 47).
m—o. 3 (V. 153; C. Khasi hills. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.[P].
47), 2 (V, 158; C.
36), & hgr. (V. 159;
C. 39).
9. Ancistrodon rhodostoma.
Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl.xxi. (1801).
Trigonocephalus rhodostoma, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 561; Schleg. Phys.
Serp. ii. p. 547, pl.xx. figs. 1–3 (1837), and Abbild. p. 140, pl.xlix.
§: Gray, Cat. p. 15 (1849); Jan, Icon. Gén. 46, pl. vi. fig. 2
874).
Leiolepis rhodostoma, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1500 (1854).
Tisiphone rhodostoma, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 673.
Calloselasma rhodostoma, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 391 (1864).
Ancistrodon rhodostoma, Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 135.

Snout pointed, somewhat turned up at the end. Rostral as deep
as broad, or a little deeper than broad; a pair of internasals and a
pair of praefrontals; frontal as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little shorter
than the parietals; upper praeocular separated from the posterior
nasal by a loreal; one or two postoculars and one subocular,
separating the eye from the labials; loreal pit separated from the
labials; 7 to 9 upper labials. Scales smooth, in 21 rows. Wentrals
138–157; anal entire; subcaudals 34–54 pairs. Reddish, greyish,
or pale brown above, with large angular, dark brown, black-edged
spots disposed in opposite pairs or alternating; a dark brown ver-
tebral line; lips yellowish or pink, powdered with brown; a broad
dark brown, black-edged band, festooned below, from the eye to the
528 ... 's WIPERIDAE,
angle of the mouth, with a light band above it; yellowish beneath,
uniform or powdered or spotted with greyish brown.
Total length 810 millim.; tail 90.
Java.
a. Hgr. 3 (V. 148; C. Java. Leyden Museum.
51).
b–c. 3 (V. 145; C, 46) Java. A. Scott, Esq. [P].
& hgr. Q (V. 143; !
C. 34). -
d. 9 (V. 156; C, 36). Java.
e—g. d’ (V. 148; C, 50) Batavia. R. Kirkpatrick, Esq.
& Q (V. 154, 157; [P.]. -
C. 34, 37).
h. 3 (W. 149; C. 48). Willis Mts., Kediri, Java, Baron v. Huegel[C.].
5000 ft.
i. 3 (V. 148; C, 50). Siam (?).
10. Ancistrodon hypnale.
Russell, Ind. Serp. ii. pl. xxii. (1801).
? Coluber nepa, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 97 (1768).
Cophias hypnale, Merr. Tent, p. 155 (1820).
Trigonocephalus hypnale, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 550, pl. xx.
figs. 6 & 7 (1837); Gray, Cat. p. 15 (1849); Dum. & Bibr. vii.
p. 1498 (1854); Jan, Icon. Gén.,46, pl. v. figs, 2 & 3 (1874).
Trimesurus ceylonensis, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 48 (1842).
Trigonocephalus halys, Gray, Cat. p. 14.
zara, Gray, l.c. p. 15.
Hypnale nepa, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1859, p. 335; Günth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 394 (1864); Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xvii. (1874);
Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 226 (1876).
affinis, Anders. Journ. Aš. Soc. Beng. xl., 1871, p. 20.
Ancistrodon hypnale, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 424 (1890).

Snout more or less turned up at the end, with sharp canthus.
Rostral as deep as broad, or deeper than broad; upper surface
of snout covered with small shields, which are often irregular
and scale-like; one or two postoculars and one or two sub-
oculars; 7 or 8 upper labials, second entering the loreal pit, none
entering the eye. Scales more or less distinctly keeled, in 17
rows. Wentrals 125–155; anal entire; subcaudals 28–45 pairs.
Coloration very variable; upper parts brown, yellowish, or greyish,
uniform or with blackish-brown alternating spots or cross-bands,
frequently with small deep-black spots disposed in pairs; sides of
head usually dark brown, edged above with a fine whitish line;
sometimes a white, black-edged, longitudihal streak on each side of
the neck; belly more or less closely powdered with dark brown.
Total length 480 millim.; tail 65.
Ceylon, and Western Ghats of India as far north as Bombay.
a 3 (v. 149; C. 48). Ceylon. Sir J. Banks [P.].
b. ? (W. 152; C, 36). Ceylon. R. Templeton, Esq.
- - [P.]. r
11. LACHESIS.
529
r—s, t. 3 (V. 149, 148;
C. P, 45) & 2 (W.
143; C. 39).
•+ 㺠§ 144, 149; Ceylon. Capt. Gascoigne [P.].
• ***, *s-, y-
e-f. 6 (V. 125; C.? Ceylon. Miss Layard [P.].
& Q (W. 128; C. 28).
g, h. Q (V. 150, 141 ; Ceylon.
C. 30, 36).
t—m, n—o. 3 (V. 140; Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C.].
C. 46) & 2 (W. 137,
188,136; C.35,37, P),
hgr. (V. 141; C. 37),
& yg.(V. 139; C.44).
p. 3 (V. 140; C. 43). Belgaum. Dr. Leith [P].
q. G. (V. 144; C. 45). p (Type of T. zara.
11. LACHESIS.
Crotalus, part., Linn. S. N. i. p. 372 (1766); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 555 (1837).
Scytale, part, Latr. Hist. Rept. iii. p. 158 (1802); Daud. Hist.
Hept. v. p. 334 (1803).
Lachesis, Daud. t. c. p. 349; Wagl. Syst, Amph. p. 175 (1830);
Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 50 (1842), and Cat. Sn. p. 13 (1849);
Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1483 (1854); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.
1862, p. 673; Jan, Elenco sist. Qſid, p. 124 (1863).
Trimeresurus, part., Lacép, Ann. du Mus. iv. 1804, p. 209.
Trigonocephalus, Oppel, Ordn. Rept, p. 50 (1811); Peters, Mon.
Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 672.
Cophias, part, Merr. Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 154 (1820).
Craspedocephalus, Kuhl, Isis, 1822, p. 472; Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825,
p.205; Fitzing. N. Class. Rept, p. 34 (1826); Gray, Cat, p. 4.
Bothrops, Wagl. in Spia, Serp. Bras. p. 50 (1824), and Syst. Amph.
p. 174; Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 47; Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1502;
Jan, l.c. p. 125.
Megaera, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 174; Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 49, and
Cat. p. 11; Peters, l.c. p. 671.
Atropos (non Oken), Wagl. l. g. p. 175; Gray, ll, cc. pp. 49, 12;
Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1517; Peters, l.c.; Jan, l.c. p. 127.
Tºur, Wagl, l.c.; Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1523; Peters, l.c. :
Jan, l.c.
Trigonocephalus, part., Schleg. Phys, Serp. ii. p. 527 (1837).
Trimesurus, Gray, ll, cc. pp. 48, 7; Peters, l.c.
Parias, Gray, Cat. p. 11.
Bothriechis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1859, p. 278; Cope, Proc. Ac.
Philad. 1860, p. 345, and 1871, p. 207.
Tºº,º Proc. Ac. Philad, 1859, p. 338, 1860, p. 345, and
1871, p. 206.
cº, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 340.
Thamnocenchris, Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 459.
Dothriopsis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 359; Cope, Proc. Ac.
Philad. 1871, p. 208.
Trimeresurus, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 384 (1864); Bouleng.
Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 425 (1890).
Peltopelor, Günth. l.c. p. 390.


WOL. III. 2 M
530 - virenſor.
Porthidium, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1871, p. 207.
Atropophis, Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova, iii. 1871, p.41: -
Rhinocerophis, Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii. 1881, p. 85.
Ophryacus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, 1887, p. 88.
#. Posada-Arango, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1889, p. 343.

Upper surface of head covered with scales or small shields. Body
cylindrical or compressed ; scales smooth or keeled, with or without
apical pits. Tail moderate or short ; subcaudals single or in two
TOWS.
South-eastern Asia; Central and South America.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. American species, with non-prehensile tail.
A. Subcaudals all or greater part in two rows.
1. Posterior subcaudals replaced by small scales; upper head-
scales granular, smooth or obtusely keeled; supraocular
shield narrow ; scales tubercularly keeled, in 35 or 37
rows ; ventrals 200–230; subcaudals 32–50.
1. mutus, p. 534.
2. No small scales under the tail; upper head-scales imbricate
or subimbricate; supraocular large.
a. Scales on the vertex and occiput more or less strongly
keeled; dorsal scales strongly keeled.
a. Second upper labial forming the anterior border of the
loreal pit.
* Keels on the dorsal scales extending nearly to the
extremity; scales in 23–33 rows; ventrals 180–
240; subcaudals 46–70. 2. lanceolatus, p. 535.
** Keels on the dorsal scales much shorter than the
scales.
$cales in 25–29 rows ; ventrals 161–
216; subcaudals 47–73 . . . . . . . . . . 3. atroa, p. 537.
Scales in 21–23 rows; ventrals 156–
172; subcaudals 58–64 . . . . . . . . . . 4. pulcher, p. 539.
*** Keels on the dorsal scales extending nearly to the
extremity; scales in 21–23 rows; ventrals 157–
172; subcaudals 40–74. 6. pictus, p. 540.
3. Loreal pit separated from the labials.
* Keels on the dorsal scales much shorter than the
scales; scales in 23 rows; ventrals 159–161;
subcaudals 52–55 .... 5. microphthalmus,
[p. 540.
11. LACHESIS. 531
** Keels on the dorsal scales extending nearly to the
extremity.
Scales in 29–35 rows; ventrals 167–
188; subcaudals 31–51. . . . . . . . . . . . 7. alternatus, p. 541.
Scales in 21–27 rows; ventrals 168–
182; subcaudals 41–53. . . . . . . . . . . . 8. new wiedźi, p. 542.
Scales in 23–25 rows; ventrals 149–
160; subcaudals 30–38. . . . . . . . . . . . 9. ammodytoides, p. 543.
b. Upper head-scales all smooth ; dorsal scales not strongly
keeled; scales in 27 rows; ventrals 196; subcaudals
54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. wanthogrammus,
[p. 543.
B. Subcaudals all or greater part single.
1. Second upper labial forming the anterior border of the loreal
pit ; scales in 25–27 rows; ventrals 230–253; subcaudals
72–83. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. castelnaudi, p. 544.
2. Loreal pit separated from the labials.
a. Supraocular narrow, separated from its fellow by 7–10
series of scales; scales in 23–27 rows; ventrals 121–
134; subcaudals 26–36 .... 12. nummifer, p. 544.
b. Supraocular large, separated from its fellow by 5–7 series
of scales.
$nout not turned up ; rostral not deeper
than broad; scales in 21 rows; ven-
trals 135–142; subcaudals 22–34 ... 13. godmani, p. 545.
$nout turned up at the end; rostral once
and one third to once and a half as
long as broad; scales in 25–27 rows;
ventrals 152–159; subcaudals 29-35. 14. lansbergii, p. 546.
Snout much produced above at the end ;
rostral once and two thirds to twice as
deep as broad; scales in 23–25 rows;
ventrals 132–150; subcaudals 27–38. 15. brachystoma, p. 547.
II. Asiatic species; subcaudals in two rows.
A. Scales between the eyes smooth or obtusely keeled; gular
scales smooth; first lower labial in contact with its fellow
behind the symphysial.
1. Scales in 21–25 (rarely 27) rows; ventrals 129–158; sub-
caudals 21–57; 5 to 9 series of scales between the supra-
oculars; tail not prehensile.
Supraoculars large, separated by 5 to 8
series of scales; scales smooth or
feebly keeled ; canthus rostralis
obtuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. *::: § 548.
IMI -- -
532 WIPERIDAE, -
tº *
Supraoculars large, separated by 6 to 9
series of scales; scales strongly keeled;
canthus rostralis sharp and raised. ... 17. okinavensis, p. 549.
Supraoculars small, sometimes broken -
up, separated by 8 to 11 series of jux-
taposed, convex scales; scales feebly
keeled. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. strigatus, p. 549.
2. Scales in 27–37 rows, feebly keeled; ventrals 174—231;
subcaudals 54–90; tail not prehensile.
Scales in 33–37 rows; ventrals 222–
231; subcaudals 75–90; 8 or 9 upper
labials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. flavoviridis, p. 550.
Scales in 27–31 rows; ventrals 174–184;
subcaudals 55–76; 13 upper labials . 20. cantoris, p. 551.
3. Scales in 21–27 rows, strongly keeled ; ventrals 160–218;
subcaudals 54–92; tail not or but slightly prehensile.
a. 7 to 9 series of scales between the supraoculars; scales in
21 or 23 rows; ventrals 164–188; subcaudals 54–67.
21. jerdonii, p. 551.
b. 10 to 15 series of scales between the supraoculars; scales
in 23–27 rows.
Wentrals 183–218; subcaudals 72–92 .. 22. mucrosquamatus,
Wentrals 182—186; subcaudals 72–74; [p. 552.
supraocular large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. luteus, p. 553. ©
Wentrals 160–182; subcaudals 55–76;
supraocular very narrow, sometimes [p. 553.
broken up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..ſº tº gº tº ſº tº º º 24. purpureomaculatus,
4. Scales in 21 rows (rarely 19 or 23), smooth or feebly
keeled; 7 to 13 series of scales between the supraoculars;
tail more or less prehensile.
a. Temporal scales smooth; subcaudals 53–82.
Wentrals 145–175; snout feebly pro-
minent; supraocular narrow. . . . . . . . 25. gramineus, p. 554.
Wentrals 170–187; snout prominent,
obliquely truncate ; supraocular
Il8.ITOW . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26. flavomaculatus, p. 556.
Wentrals 180–191; supraocular large . . 27. Sumatranus, p. 557.
b. Temporal scales obtusely keeled; ventrals 138–158; sub-
caudals 44–58 . . . . . . . . . . 28. anamallensis, p. 558.
5. Scales in 13–19 rows; 3 to 5 series of scales between the
supraoculars; tail prehensile.
Scales smooth or faintly keeled, in 17–19
rows; ventrals 145–170 ; subcaudals [p. 559.
53–67 . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • - - - - - - 29. trigonocephalus,
11. LACHESIS. 533
Scales strongly keeled, in 13–15 rows;
ventrals 134–143; subcaudals 48–56. 30. macrolepis, p. 560.
B. Scales between the eyes smooth; gular scales smooth; first
lower labial divided, the separate portion forming a pair of
small additional chin-shields; scales feebly and obtusely
keeled; ventrals 144–176; subcaudals 38–57; tail pre-
hensile.
Scales in 21–23 rows; second upper
labial usually, not bordering the loreal
pit; 12–14 series of scales between
the supraoculars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. puniceus, p. 560.
Scales in 19–21 rows; second upper
labial bordering the loreal pit; 10–11
series of scales between the supra-
oculars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. borneensis, p. 561.
C. Upper head-scales all strongly keeled; gular scales keeled;
scales more or less distinctly keeled, in 19–27 rows; ventrals
127–154; subcaudals 45–55; tail prehensile.
33. wagleri, p. 562.
III. American species, with prehensile tail.
A. Subcaudals all or greater part in two rows.
fºcales in 27–35 rows; ventrals 198–
218; subcaudals 59–71 . . . . . . . . . . 34. bilineatus, p. 565.
§cales in 21 rows; ventrals 149–171;
subcaudals 41–49; a horn-like scute
above the eye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. ww.dulatus, p. 565.
B. Subcaudals all or greater part single.
1. Supraocular shield narrow ; scales in 21–23 rows; ventrals
164–171; subcaudals 59–67.
Loreal pit separated from the labials;
9 upper labials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. lateralis, p. 566.
$econd labial forming the anterior border
of the loreal pit; 10 or 11 upper
labials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37. bicolor, p. 566.
2. Supraocular shield large, separated from the eye by a series
of pointed scales; scales in 19–25 rows; ventrals 138–
162; subcaudals 47–62 .... 38. Schlegelii, p. 567.
3. Supraocular shield large, bordering the eye; scales in 19
I'OWS.
5 or 6 series of small scales between the
supraoculars; ventrals 134–146; sub-
caudals 49–54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39. nigroviridis, p. 568.
An enlarged frontal shield ; ventrals
154–158; subcaudals 53–61. . . . . . . . 40. aurifer, p. 568.
534 g WIPERIDAE.
1. Lachesis mutus.
Seba, Thes, ii. pl. lxxvi. fig, 1 (1785).
Crotalus mutus, Linn. S. W. i. p. 373 (1766); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 570, pl.xx, figs. 19 & 20 (1837).
Boa muta, Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 128 & 389 (1789).
Coluber crotalinus, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1094 (1789); Shaw, Zool. iii.
p. 400 (1802). -
alecto, Shaw, l.c. p. 405.
Scytale catenata, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 162 (1802).
ammodytes, Latr. t. c. p. 165; Daud. Rept. v. p. 347 (1803).
Lachesis mutus, Daud... t. c. p. 351; Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1485
(1854); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 122 (1883); Lacerda, Leçons
º,* Brés. p. 5 (1884); Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept, p.188
1895).
tºpia. ammodytes, Oppel, Ordn. Rept. p. 66 (1811).
Cophias crotalinus, Merr. Tent. p. 154 (1820).
Bothrops surucucu, Wagl. in Spiv, Serp. Bras. p. 59, pl.xxiii. (1824).
Lachesis rhombeata, Wied, Abbild. Nat. Bras. (1825).
Craspedocephalus crotalinus, Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, p. 205.
Lachesis mutus, part., Gray, Cat. p. 13 (1849). -
— stenophrys, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 152.


Rostral as deep as broad or a little broader than deep; nasal
divided; upper head-scales very small, granular, smooth or obtusely
keeled; supraocular narrow ; two or three scales separating the
internasals in front; 10 to 15 scales on a line between the supra-
oculars; four or five series of scales between the eye and the upper
labials; temporal scales obtusely keeled; 9 or 10 upper labials,
second usually forming the anterior border of the loreal pit, third very
large. Scales tubercularly keeled, feebly imbricate, in 35 or 37 rows.
Wentrals 200–230; anal entire ; subcaudals 32–50, all or greater
part in pairs and followed by very small keeled scales covering the
end of the tail. Yellowish or pinkish above, with a series of large
rhomboidal dark brown or black spots enclosing smaller light spots;
a black streak from the eye to the angle of the mouth.
Total length 1995 millim.; tail 170.
Central and Tropical South America.
a—b. Yg. (Sc. 37, 35 ; Panama.
W.202,206; C. 36,87). -
c. 3 (Sc. 37; W. 226; Demerara P Col. E. Sabine [P].
C. 36).
d. 9, head and tail Surinam. C. W. Ellascombe, Esq.
C. 36). _[P].
6. gº. 35; W. 223; Pernambuco. W. A. Forbes, Esq. [P].
C. 37).
f. 3 ë. 35; W. 225; Bahia. Dr. O. Wucherer [C].
C. 34).
9. Ad., him. Brazil. Mrs. Parker [P]. . . .
h. Q (Sc. 35; W. 225; Cayaria, N.E. Mr. W. Davis [C];
C. 36). €I’UI. Messrs. Veitch [P].
i. ? (Sc. 35; V. 226; Bolivia. M. Suarez [P.].
C. 35).
11. LACHESIS. 535
2. Lachesis lanceolatus.
Moreau de Jonnès, Monogr. Trigonoc. des Antilles (1816).
? Vipera caerulescens, Laur. Syn. Rept, p. 101 (1768).
? Coluber glaucus, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1092 (1788).
? Coluber ambiguus, Gmel. t. c. p. 1104.
Coluber lanceolatus, Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 80, 121, pl. v. fig. 1 (1789).
— tigrinus, Lacép. t. c. pp. 82, 136.
brasiliensis, Lacép. t.c. pp.98, 119, pl. iv. fig. 1.
Vipera º Latr. Rept. iii. p. 325 (1802); Daud. Rept. vi.
. 28 ( te
p brasiliensis, Latr. op. cit. iv. p. 7; Daud. t. c. p. 86.
Coluber megaera, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 406 (1802).
? Vipera weigelii, Daud, t. c. p. §.
Trigonocephalus lanceolatus, Oppel, Ordn, Rept, p. 66 (1811); Schleg.
Phys. Serp. ii. p. 536, pl. xix, figs. 3 & 4 (1837); Ruſz, Enquête
Serp. Martin. (1848); Garm. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv. 1887,
p.285; W. Duncan, Proc. Bristol Natur. Soc. (2) vi. 1889, p. 44.
— tigrinus, Oppel, l.c.
Cophias lanceolatus, Merr. Tent. p. 155.
atrox (non L.), Wied, Reisen. Bras, ii. p. 243 (1821).
— holosericeus, Wied, l.c., and Beitr. i. p. 490 (1825).
Bothrops furia, Wagl. in Spir, Serp. Bras. p. 52, pl.xx. (1824).
— leucostigma, Wagl, l.c. p. 53, pl. xxi. fig. 1.
Cophias jararacca, Wied, Beitr. i. p. 470, and Abbild. (1825).
Craspedocephalus lanceolatus, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 62 (1826);
Gray, Cat. p. 5 (1849).
jararaca, Fitzing, l.c.
weigelii, Fitzing. l.c.
Trigonocephalus jararaca, Schleg. l.c. p. 532, pl. xix, figs. 1 & 2.
Bothrops megaera, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 47 (1842).
j Gray, l.c.
sabinii, Gray, l.c.
cinereus, Gray, l.c.
Craspedocephalus atrox, part., Gray, Cat, p. 6.
Bothrops lanceolatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1505 (1854); Rufz,
Bnquête Serp. Martin. 2nd ed., (1859); Jan, Icon. Gén. 47, pl. i.
fig.1 (1875); A. E. Brown, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1893, p. 435.
jararaca, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1509; Jan, l.c. pl. iii. figs. 1 & 2;
Lacerda, Leç. Ven. Serp. Brés. p. 10 (1884); F. Müll. Verh. Nat.
Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 699; A. E. Brown, l.c.
Craspedocephalus brasiliensis, Wucherer, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1863, p. 52.
Bothrops atrox, var. dirus, Jan, l.c. pl. ii. fig. 1.
— brasiliensis, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 182.
Trigonocephalus atrox, Garm. W. Am. Rept. p. 124 (1883).
Bothrops jararacussu, Lacerda, l.c. p. 8.
atrox septentrionalis, F. Müll, l.c.
Trigonocephalus caribbaeus, Garm. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiv.
1887, p. 285.
Bothrops glaucus, Vaill. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) xi. 1887, p. 48.
— atrox, part., Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept. p. 187 (1895).




Snout rounded or obtusely pointed, with sharp, slightly raised
canthus. Rostral as deep as broad; nasal divided; upper head-
scales small, imbricate, more or less strongly keeled, in 5 to 10
longitudinal series between the supraoculars, which are large ; a
536 - WIPERIDAE.
pair of large internasals, usually forming a suture with each other,
and a large canthal; two or three postoculars and one, two, or three
suboculars, separated from the labials by one or two series of scales;
temporal scales keeled; seven or eight upper labials, second forming
the anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales in 23–33 rows, sharply
keeled. Wentrals 180–240; anal entire; subcaudals 46–70, all or
greater part in two rows. Coloration very variable: grey, brown,
yellow, olive, or reddish above, uniform or with more or less distinct
dark spots or cross-bands, or with dark triangles on the sides in-
closing pale rhombs; a dark streak from the eye to behind the
angle of the mouth ; lower parts yellowish, uniform or powdered or
spotted with brown, or brown with light spots.
Total length 1600 millim.; tail 190.
Tropical America. -
a—b, 2 (Sc. 27; W. 209; Atoyac, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith [C];
C. 62) & hgr. (Sc. 27; F. D. Godman, Esq.
V. 208; C. 61). [P].
C. ë. (Sc. 29; W. 212; Teapa, Tabasco. * # Godman, Esq.
. 62). tº . Ç
d dº º 25; V, 214; Tehuantepec. M. F. Sumichrast [C].
6
. 67). -
e, f, g. Q (Sc. 27, 27 2. 27; Mexico. Mr. Hugo Finck [C.].
W. 220, 213,221; C. 58,
57, 60).
h, i, k. 6 (Sc. 27; W. 210; Mexico.
C. P) & yg. (Sc. 27,25;
W. 208, 196; C.70, 69). -
1. 3 (Sc. 25; W. 212; Pacific Coast of O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
C. 62). Guatemala.
"ºft (Sc. 25; W. 195; Vera Paz. O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
72, § (Sc. 25; V. 189 Stann Creek, Brit. Rev. J. Robertson [C.],
C.71). Honduras.
0. & (Sc. 27; W. 210; Honduras.
2. º 83; W. 226; Guadeloupe.
4 º' (Sc. 27; v. 211; Dominica. G. A. Ramage, Esq.
c.65.” ‘’ y C.]. , Esq.
r, sº figr. (Sc. 80, 81, Martinique.
29; V. 217, 220, 212;
C. 67, 69,65).
t!, cº$º. 27; W. 213; St. Lucia. Lady Wood [P.].
2). #; (Sc. 25; W. 200; St. Lucia. Zoological Society.
w—y. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 191; Venezuela.
C. 60), hgr. (Sc. 23;
V. 195; C. 62), & yg.
(Sc. 25; V.1965 C. 54).
3. cº gº 25; W. 197; Caracas.
a. * (Sc. 29; v. 214; Berbice. Col. Sabine[P]. (Type
C. 65). of B. subscutatus.)
11. LACHESIS. 537
18, y, 8. Q (Sc. 29; V. 211; Demerara. Col.Sabine [P]. (Types
§ 66) & hgr. (Sc. 26, of B. Sabini.)
; ; W. 204, 211; C. 71,
3).
e. Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 197; Demerara. Dr. Hancock [P.].
C. 64).
{. C. (Sc. 25; V. 190; Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
. 52).
m. Q (Sc. 25; W. 203; Pernambuco. W. A. Forbes, Esq.[P].
C. 64).
4. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 194; Rio Janeiro. Mr. Fry [P.].
C. 57).
4. (Sc. 23; W. 205; Rio Janeiro. Haslar Collection.
C. P).
r—u. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 197; Porto Real, Prov. M. Hardy du Dréneuf
C. 60), 2 (Sc. 25; V. Rio Janeiro. [C.].
206; C. 64), & yg. (Sc.
25; V. 190; C. 63).
v, £, o. 2 (Sc. 23; V. 216; Brazil. Lord Stuart de Roth-
C. 61) & hgr. (Sc. 23, say [P].
25; V. 204, 206; C.
66, 51).
ar. Q (Sc. 23; W. 195; Madre de Dios,
C. 54). Bolivia.
p. Hgr. (Sc. 25; W. 194; Pampa del Sacra- Mr. W. Davis [C];
C. 74). mento, Peru. Messrs. Veitch ſp.l.
or—r. Yg. (Sc. 23, 25; W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.].
W. 207, 180; C. 58,66). *
1). º (Sc. 27; V. 181; Ecuador.
71
. 71).
q. Hgr. (Sc. 33; W. 229; -—? E. MacLeay, Esq. [P.].
C. º (Type of B. cinereus.)
X- Gºod se 31; V. 225; — ? (Type of B. megara.)
Wr. Skeleton. Martinique.
o Skeleton. S. Ameria.
a'. Skull. S. America.
b'. Skull. C. America.
This species may have to be united with the following. The
only character by which I have distinguished the two, viz., the
length of the keel on the dorsal scales, is not dependent on age or
sex, as had been supposed. Some specimens of L. lanceolatus,
however, approach L. atroa, in the swelling of the scales at the
'base of the keels, and are thus intermediate between the two sup-
posed species. It is also not impossible that two or three species are
confounded here under L. lanceolatus, but I have been unable to
trace any limits or to find any correlation between the modifications
in scaling and coloration.
3. Lachesis atrox.
Coluber atrox, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid, pl.xxii. fig. 2 (1754), and S. N.
i. p. 383 (1766).
Vipera atrox, Iaur. Syn. Rept. p. 103 (1768).
538 VIPERIDAE.

Cophias atrox, Merr. Tent, p. 154 (1820).
Bothrops megaera, Wagl. in Spiv, Serp. Bras, p. 50, pl. xix. (1824)-
tessellatus, Wagl. l.c. p. 54, pl.xxi. fig. 2.
taeniatus, Wagl, l.c. p. 55, pl. xxi. fig. 8.
Craspedocephalus atrox, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 62 (1826);
Wucherer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 51.
Trigonocephalus atrox, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 535, pl. xix, figs. 5.
tººl C 6 (1849)
Craspedocephalus atrox, part., Gray, Cat. p. 849).
j . Gray, l.c. p. 7. 3/ p. 6 (
atrox, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1507 (1854); Günth. Biol.
C.-Am., Rept. p. 187 (1895).
- atrox, Jan, Arch. f. Nat. 1859, p. 275; A. E. Brown, Proc. Ac.
Philad. 1893, p. 434.

Trigonocephalus asper, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 124 (1883).
Snout obtusely pointed, with sharp, slightly raised canthus.
Rostral as deep as broad or a little deeper than broad; nasal
divided; upper head-scales small, imbricate, more or less strongly
keeled, in 5 to 9 longitudinal series between the supraoculars, which
are large; a pair of large internasals, forming a suture with each
other, and a large canthal; two postoculars and one, two, or three
suboculars, separated from the labials by one series of scales;
temporal scales keeled; seven (rarely eight) upper labials, second
forming the anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales in 25 to 29
rows, strongly keeled, the keels on the posterior part of the back
very high, swollen in the middle, and much shorter than the scale.
Wentrals 161–216; anal entire ; subcaudals 47–73 pairs. Brown
above, with more or less distinct dark, light-edged cross-bands
or triangles with the apices approximating on the vertebral line;
a more or less distinct dark streak from the eye to the angle of the
mouth; belly yellowish white, much speckled and blotched with
brown, or brown spotted with yellowish white.
Total length 1110 millim. ; tail 180.
From Central America to Peru and Northern Brazil.
a. Hgr. (Sc. 25; W. 216; Coban, Guatemala. F. Sarg, Esq. [C.].
C. 66 -
. 66).
b.d (Sc. 25; W.201; C.65). Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Dr. E. Rothschuh
[C].
c. Yg. (Sc. 27; W. 197; Chontalez, Nicaragua. R. A. Rix, Esq. [C];
C. 70). - W. M. Crowfoot,

Esq. [P.].
d—e. 3 (Sc. 27; W. 202; Chiriqui. J. G. Champion, Esq.
C. 72) & yg. (Sc. 27; [C.]; F. D. Godman,
V. 195; C. 65). Esq. [P.]
f–g. Yg. (Sc. 29, 27; W. Carthagena, Colombia. Capt. arth [P.].
204, 190; C. 62,69). - * - - -> *i- -
h—i. Yg. (Sc. 25, 27; V. Rosario du Cucuta, Mrſ C. Webber [C].
210, 187; C. 77,64). Colombia. -
K. Yg. (Sc. 27; W. 200; Bogota. C.Laverde, Esq.[P.].
C. 58). - - -
l–m...? (Sc. 26, 27; V.196, W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C].
195; C. 65, 58).
11. LACHESIS. 539
m—o. Yg. (Sc. 25, 25; W. Canelos, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C.].
194, 200; C. 61,62).
ſp. Čá (Sc. 25; W. 200; Pebas, Peru. Mr. Hauxwell [C.].
68
q, r—v. 3 (Sc. 27; W. 196; Moyobamba, Peru. Mr. A. H. Roff [C.].
C.70) & yg. (Sc. 25, 27,
27, 27, 25; V. 203,195,
187, 194,185; C. 75,60,
74, 63, 63).
*cºaº 25; W. 196; Pozuzu, Peru. H. J. Veitch, Esq.
. 69). .i.
a. Yg. (Sc. 25; V. 186; Sarayacu, Peru. Mºw. Dºi. º:
C. 63). Messrs. Veitch [. ©
y. Yg. (Sc. 25; V. 185; Cayaria, Peru. Mr. W. Davis [C.];
C. 66). Messrs. Veitch º
2. § (Sc. 27; W. 190; Demerara. Lieut. Friend [P.].
. 67).
Cls dºeſ." 27; W. 193; Demerara. Mr. Snellgrove [C.].
. 68).
Bº: d (Sc. 25; W. 196; Berbice. Lady Essex [P.].
J. 65) & 2 (Sc. 25;
W. 198; C. 59).
8, s—k. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 183; Berbice.
C. 71) & yg. (Sc. 27, 27,
27, 25, 25, 25; V. 185,
190,194, 183,182, 176;
C.73, 61, 59,70, 70,69).
X—p. 3 (Sc. 25; W. 161; Brit. Guiana. Demerara Mus. [P.].
C. 47) & Q (Sc. 27;
W. 200; C. 58).
v. Yg. (Sc. 27; W. 177; Para.
C.66).
4. Lachesis pulcher.
Trigonocephalus pulcher, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 672.
Snout broad, rounded, with sharp, slightly raised canthus.
Rostral as deep as broad or slightly deeper than broad; nasal
divided ; upper head-scales imbricate, largest and smooth on the
snout, obtusely keeled and in 5 to 7 longitudinal series between
the large supraoculars, with strong, short keels on the occiput;
a pair of large internasals and a large canthal; two postoculars
and a subocular, separated from the labials by one series of scales;
temporal scales keeled; seven upper labials, second forming the
anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales in 21 or 23 rows, strongly
and tubercularly keeled, the keels much shorter than the scales.
Wentrals 156–172; anal entire; subcaudals 58–64 pairs. Olive-
grey above, with brown, light-edged cross-bands which are con-
tinuous, or broken on the vertebral line and alternating; a light
streak from the eye to behind the angle of the mouth ; belly closely
powdered with brown, with darker and lighter spots on the sides.
Total length 685 millim.; tail 115.
Andes of Ecuador.
a. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 23; V. 156; C. 58). Quito.
b. ? (Sc. 23; W. 158; C. 64). Intac. Mr. Buckley [C].
540 VIPERIDAE,
5. Lachesis microphthalmus.
Bº microphthalmus, Cope, Journ. Ac, Philad. (2) viii. 1876,
p. 182.
Snout short, rounded, with distinct canthus; eye very small.
Rostral slightly deeper than broad; nasal divided; upper head-
scales imbricate, smooth or obtusely keeled on the snout and vertex;
supraoculars large, separated in the middle by five or six series of
scales; scales on back of head smaller, with a short keel (or smooth);
loreal pit separated from the labials; 7 upper labials, third and
sixth or seventh largest. Scales in 23 rows; dorsals tubercularly
keeled, the keel not reaching the extremity of the scales and
terminating in an enlargement, which, on the posterior part of the
body, is a prominent tubercle. Wentrals 159–161; anal entire ;
subcaudals 52–55 pairs. Yellowish brown or pale olive above,
with dark brown triangles on the sides, the apices meeting or
approaching on the vertebral line; posteriorly, the united triangles
forming cross-bands; a yellowish band, edged with dark brown
'below, extending from the eye to the side of the neck; belly dark
brown with some yellowish spots, or yellow anteriorly, gradually
darkening to black on the tail.
Total length 630 millim. ; tail 100.
Peru, Ecuador.
a. 3 (V. 161; C. 55). Guayaquil. Mr. Fraser [C].
6. Lachesis pictus.
Lachesis picta, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 61, pl.x. (1845); Gray,
Cat. p. 13 (1849).
Bothrops pictus, Jan, Elenco, p. 126 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 47, pl. iii.
fig. 3 & pl. iv. fig. 2 (1875).
Snout obliquely truncate, with sharp raised canthus all round.
Rostral as deep as broad or a little deeper than broad; nasal
divided ; upper head-scales small, juxtaposed or subimbricate,
largest and smooth on the snout, feebly keeled and in 5 to 7
longitudinal series between the supraoculars, which are large;
a pair of small internasals, in contact with each other; two series
of scales between the eye and the labials; temporal scales feebly
keeled; 8 or 9 upper labials, second entering the loreal pit, third
and fourth largest. Scales strongly keeled, in 21 to 23 rows.
Wentrals 157–172; anal entire; subcaudals 40–74 pairs. Pale
brown above, with a dorsal series of large black-edged brown spots
which may be confluent and form an undulous or zigzag band;
sides with small black spots; a dark streak behind the eye and a
vertical bar below the eye; yellowish beneath, dotted or spotted
with brown. -
Total length 310 millim.; tail 43.
Peru.
11. LACHESIS. 541
a. Hgr. (Sc. 23; W. 157; C. 45). Lima. Christiania Mus.
b, c. §. (Sc. 22; W. 167; C. 42) Lima. Prof. W. Nation [P.].
& head and tail (O. 40) of Q.
7. Lachesis alternatus.
Craspedocephalus brasiliensis (non Lacép.), Gray, Cat. p. 5 (1849).
Bothrops alternatus, Dum. § Bibr. vii. p. 1512, pl. § fig. 1
(1854); Guichen. in Casteln. Anim. Nouv. Amér. Sud, Rept. p. 76.
1855); Jan, Icon. Gén. 47, pl. vi. fig. 1 (1875); Bouleng. Ann.
Mag. N. H. (5) xviii. 1886, p. 488.
Trigonocephalus alternatus, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 155.
Bothrops atrox, part., Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 334.,
Head narrow, elongate; snout obtusely pointed, with sharp
canthus. Rostral as deep as broad or a little deeper than broad ;
nasal divided ; upper head-scales small, imbricate, strongly keeled,
in 10 to 13 longitudinal series between the supraoculars, which are
rather narrow ; a pair of large internasals, in contact with each
other, each followed by a canthal; two or three postoculars and
one or two suboculars, separated from the labials by two series of
scales; loreal pit separated from the labials by small scales; temporal
scales keeled; 8 or 9 upper labials, second small. Scales very
strongly keeled, in 29–35 rows. Wentrals 167–181; anal entire ;
subcaudals 34–51 pairs. Brown above, very elegantly marked with
opposite or alternating pairs of large C-shaped, dark brown markings
edged with black and yellow and separated by narrow interspaces.
of the ground-colour; a series of smaller spots on each side; head
dark brown above, with a T-shaped light marking, the transverse
branch between the eyes, and a light line from the canthus rostralis.
to the angle of the mouth ; rostral and anterior labials white, the
former with a dark brown vertical bar; chin and throat with dark
longitudinal streaks; belly whitish, spotted with brown or black
tail with two dark streaks below.
Total length 1190 millim. ; tail 110.
Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina.
a, b. 2 (Sc. 29,32; V. 188, Brazil.
178; C. 34, 32).
c, d-e, 3 (Sc. 31; W. 179; S. Lorenzo, Rio Grande Dr.H. v. Ihering[C.],
C. 42) & yg. (Sc. 29,33; do Sul.
V. 174, 176; C. 45, 38).
j. § ) (Sc. 29; V. 180; Paraguay. Prof. Grant [P.].
g. 2 (Sc. 35; V. 181; Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C].
h. 3 §. 31; W. 167; Rosaria, Argentina. E. W. White, Esq.
C. 41)
• Tºº. -- A tº t [C.].
i. Q (Sc. 33; W. 178; Argentina. Zoological Society.
C. 41).
542 VIPERIDAE.
8. Lachesis neuwiedii.

Bothrops neuwiedi, Wagl. in Spir, Serg, Bras. p. 56, pl. xxii. fig. 1
(1824); Jan, Arch. f. Nat. 1859, p. 275.
leucurus, Wagl. l.c. fig. 2.
Trigonocephalus neuwiedii, Jan, Rev. & Mag, Zool. 1859, p. 154.
Bothrops diporus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 347; Boettg.
Zeitschr. ges. Naturw. lviii. 1885, p. 289; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag.
N. H. (5) xviii. 1886, p. 438.
atrox, part., Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 384.
Trigonocephalus (Bothrops) pubescens, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.
xi. 1869, p. 157.
Bothrops urutu, Lacerda, Lee. Ven, Serp. Brés. p. 11, pl. i. (1884).
3.” meridionalis, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885,
p. 699.
Snout obtusely pointed, with strong, slightly raised canthus.
Rostral as deep as broad; nasal divided ; upper head-scales small,
imbricate, strongly keeled, largest on the snout ; supraocular large,
separated from its fellow by 6 to 9 longitudinal series of scales;
internasals large and in contact with each other; a large canthal;
two or three postoculars and a subocular, which is separated from
the labials by two or three series of scales ; loreal pit separated
from the labials; temporal scales keeled; 8 or 9 upper labials.
Scales very strongly keeled, in 21–27 rows. Wentrals 168–182;
anal entire; subcaudals 41–53. Yellowish or pale brown above,
with dark brown, black-edged spots; the spots on the back forming
a single series or a double alternating series; a lateral series of
small spots; a dark spot on the snout, a pair of dark bands from
the vertex to the nape, and another from the eye to the angle of the
mouth; all these markings may have a fine yellow edge; yellowish
beneath, more or less profusely dotted or powdered with brown and
largely spotted on the sides.
Total length 770 millim. ; tail 120.
Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina.
a—b, c-f. 3 (Sc. 25, 25; S.Lorenzo, Rio Grande Dr.H. v. Ihering[C].
V. 171, 176; C.50, 50), do Sul.
Q (Sc. 25; V. 169; C.
47), & yg. (Sc. 25, 25,
27; V. 173, 182, 170;
C.42, 43, 49).
g—h. 9 (Sc. 25; W. 177; Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C].
C. 41) & hgr. (Sc. 27;
V. 179; C. 47).
i—k. 3 (Sc. 21; W. 174; Paraguay.
C. 53) & Q (Sc. 25;
V. 177; C. 41).
l. 3 (Sc. 25; W. 176; Cordoba. E. W. White, Esq.
C. 47). [C]. .
11. LACHESIS. 543
9. Lachesis ammodytoides.
Bothrops ammodytoides, Leybold, Escºrs. Pamp. Argent, p. 80 (1873);
Berg, An. Soc. Arg, (5) xix. 1885, p. 286; F. Müll. Verh. Nat.
Ges. Basel, viii. 1887, p. 284.
Rhinocerophis nasus, Garm. Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool. viii. 1881, p. 85.
Bothrops nasus, Berg, Act. Ac. Cordoba, v. 1884, p. 96.
— patagonicus, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 697.
Snout turned up and produced in a low wart, as in Vipera latastii.
Tostral once and a half as deep as broad; nasal divided; upper
head-scales small, imbricate, keeled; supraocular large, separated
from its fellow by 8 or 9 series of scales; two series of scales
between the eye and the labials; temporal scales keeled; 9 or 10
upper labials, second separated from the loreal pit, third and fourth
largest. Scales very strongly keeled, in 23 or 25 rows. Wentrals
149–160; anal entire; subcaudals 30–38 pairs. Pale brown above,
with large square dark brown black-edged spots or cross-bands
which may alternate and form a zigzag band; a dark streak behind
the eye; belly yellowish, dotted with brown.
Total length 460 millim.; tail 55.
North-eastern Patagonia and Argentina.
a. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 156; C. 37). Rio de Cordoba, E. Fielding, Esq. [P].
Argentina.
B. 9 (Sc. 23; W. 149; C.?). ? Haslar Collection.
10. Lachesis xanthogrammus.
Trigonocephalus xanthogrammus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868,
110
p. 11U.
? Bothrops quadriscutatus, Posada-Arango, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1889, p. 345.
Head elongate; snout short. Rostral deep; nasal divided ;
upper head-scales all smooth, in 9 or 10 longitudinal series between
the large supraoculars; four elongate shields in a row on the end
of the snout ; 7 upper labials, second forming the anterior border
of the loreal pit. Scales not strongly keeled, in 27 rows. Wentrals
196; subcaudals 54. Very dark olive above, with a yellow zigzag
1ine on each side from the head to the base of the tail, the apices of
the open A's usually meeting on the vertebral line, enclosing dorsal
rhombic spaces and lateral triangles; top of head black, with a pair
of undulating yellow bands from the nape meeting in a A on the
vertex; a bright golden band round the end of the snout, involving
the greater part of the supraocular shields, and extending to the
nape, bounded below by a black band from the eye to the angle of
the mouth; labials bright yellow; ventral shields black, paler in
the middle, with yellow triangular spots at their extremities.
Total length 1530 millim. ; tail 190.
Pallatanga, E. Ecuador; Andes of Colombia (?).
544 viramid», -
11. Lachesis castelnaudi.
Bothrops castelnaudi, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1511 (1854); Guichen, in
Casteln. Anim. Nouv. Amér. Sud, Rept. p. 75, pl. xv. (1855);
Steind. Sitzö. Ak. Wien, lxii. i. 1870, p. 849.
Atropos castelnautii, Dum. & Bibr. ix. p. 888 (1854).
Trigonocephalus castelnaudi, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 155.
#. castelnaui, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 345.
Bothriopsis quadriscutatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 359;
P. Blanch. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1889, p. 348.
— castelnavii, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad... 1871, p. 209.
Thanatophis castelnaudi, Posada-Arango, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1889, p. 343. -
p iñº montanus, Posada-Arango, l.c. p. 344.

Head narrow and elongate; snout rounded, with well-marked
canthus. Rostral as deep as broad; nasal divided; upper head-
scales small, juxtaposed, smooth or feebly keeled on the snout and
vertex; supraoculars very large, separated by five longitudinal
series of scales; a pair of large internasals, in contact with each
other, and a large canthal; two or three postoculars and a sub-
ocular, separated from the labials by one series of scales; temporal
scales keeled; 7 upper labials, second forming the anterior border
of the loreal pit. Scales strongly keeled, in 25 or 27 rows. Wen-
trals 230–253; anal entire; subcaudals 72–83, all or greater part
single. Greyish or brown above, with dark or light-edged cross-
bands or transverse series of spots; head above with dark spots, one
of which occupies the middle of the snout ; a dark band from the
eye to the angle of the mouth ; belly brown or blackish, speckled
and spotted with yellow.
Total length 1220 millim. ; tail 180.
Brazil, Ecuador, Eastern Peru.
(!, d; (Sc. 27; W. 246; Moyobamba, Peru. Mr. A. H. RoffſC.].
81
. 81).
b–c. Yg. (Sc. 25, 27; V. Sarayacu, Ecuador. Mr. C. Buckley [C.].
243, 230; C. 83, 73).
12. Lachesis mummifer.
Atropos nummifer, Rüpp. Verz. Senck, Mus, Amph. p. 21 (1845).
Lachesis mutus, part, Gray, Cat. p. 13 (1849).
Atropos mexicanus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1521, pl. lxxxiii. 6. (1854).
Teleuraspis mummifer, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 339; Günth.
Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xi. 1863, p. #. iii. fig, C.
Trigonocephalus nummifer, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 155.
Bothriechis nummifera, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 345; Günth.
Biol, C.-Am., Rept. p. 191 (1895). *
mexicanus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1861, p. 294,
Bothrops nummifer, Jan, Elenco, p. 126 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 47,
pl. v. fig. 2 (1875).
affinis, Bocourt, Ann, Sc. Nat. (5) x. 1868, p. 201.
Bothriopsis affinis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1871, p. 209.
mexicanus, ; l. c.
Bothriechis mummifera, var. notata, Fisch. Arch. f. Nat. 1880, p. 222,

pl. viii. figs. 10–12.
11. LACHESIS. 545

Bothrops mexicanus, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1882,
p. 154.
Trigonocephalus affinis, Garm. W. Amer. Rept. p. 125 (1883).
Thanatophis nummifer, Posada-Arango, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1889, p. 343.
Snout broad, rounded, with moderately marked canthus. Rostral
as deep as broad or a little broader than deep ; nasal divided, some-
times separated from the rostral by a series of small scales; upper
head-scales imbricate, strongly keeled, 7 to 10 in a series between
the supraoculars, which are very narrow and sometimes broken up ;
no enlarged internasals; three or four series of scales between the
eye and the labials; temporal scales strongly keeled; loreal pit
separated from the labials by small scales; 10 or 11 upper labials,
fourth and fifth largest. Scales in 23–27 rows, strongly keeled,
tubercularly on the back in the adult. Wentrals 121–134; anal
entire; subcaudals 26–36, all or greater part single. Pale brown
above, with a dorsal series of dark brown, black-edged, rhomboidal
spots, which may be confluent and form a zigzag band; a lateral
series of dark brown or black spots or vertical bars; a dark brown
streak on the side of the head, from the eye to the angle of the
mouth; whitish beneath, uniform or spotted with dark brown.
Total length 800 millim. ; tail 90.
Mexico and Central America.
a—c. 3 (Sc. 25; W. 131; Mexico. Mr. H. Finck [C].
C. 35), Q (Sc. 23; V.
134; C. 26), & hgr. (Sc.
23; W. 132; C. 32).
d. Hgr. (Sc. 25; W. 128; Teapa, Tabasco. F. º Godman, Esq.
C. 32). to tº
e. Hgr. 's. 25; V. 183; Huatuzco, Vera Cruz. F. f game. Esq.
C. 31). e tº
j-. 9 's. 27, 27; V. Vera Paz, low forest. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
129, 128; C. 33, 32)
& hgr. (Sc. 25, 27; W. ..º
121, 125; C. 35, 33).
K—l. Q (Sc. 27, 25; W. Hacienda, Rosa de Dr. E. Rothschuh
129, 129; C. 32, 30), Jericho, Nicaragua, [C.].
3250 ft.
m. Q (Sc. 25; W. 130; Matagalpa, Nicaragua. º º Rothschuh
C. 32). © tº
m. Q (Sc. 25; W. 126; Monte Redondo, Costa Mr. C.F. Underwood
C. 28). Rica. [C.].
13. Lachesis godmani.
Bothriechis godmanni, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xii. 1863,
P. ; pl. vi. fig. G, and Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 190, pl. lvii. fig. A
1895).
B.º. brammianus, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) x. 1868, p. 201.
Bothriopsis godmannii, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 208.
Bothrops (Bothriopsis) godmanii, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi.
1878, p. 402, pl. iii. fig. B.
WOI. III. 2 N
546 WIPERIDAE.
Bºi. scutigera, Fisch. Arch. f. Nat. 1880, p. 218, pl. viii.
g. 8 & 9.
— trianguligera, Fisch. Oster-Progr. Akad. Gymn. Hamburg, 1883,
p. 13.
Bothriopsis scutigera, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 32, 1887,
88
p. 88. -
— trianguligera, Cope, l.c.
Snout broad, rounded, with well-marked canthus. Rostral as
deep as broad or a little broader than deep ; nasal divided; upper
head-scales imbricate, feebly or moderately keeled, subequal or with
a few enlarged shield-like ones on the vertex; 5 to 7 scales in a
transverse series between the supraoculars, which are large; two
series of scales between the eye and the labials; temporal scales
keeled; loreal pit separated from the labials by small scales; 9 or
10 upper labials, the three anterior smallest. Scales strongly and
sharply keeled, in 21 rows. Wentrals 135–142; anal entire ;
subcaudals 22–34, single. Brown above, with or without a dorsal
series of large darker spots and two lateral series of dark brown or
blackish alternating spots, the lower on the ventrals and lost on
the anterior half of the body; a dark streak from the eye to a little
beyond the angle of the mouth; belly yellowish, more or less speckled
or spotted with grey or blackish.
Total length 610 millim.; tail 60.
Guatemala.
a. 9 (V. 142; C. 28). Totonicapam. O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
(Type.
b—e. 3 (V. 138, 135; C. Volcan de Fuego. O. Salvin & F. D. God-
27, 28) & 2 (W. 140, man, Esqs. [P.].
143; C. 22, 26).
14. Lachesis lansbergii.
Trigonocephalus lansbergii, Schleg. Mag. de Zool. 1841, Rept. pl. i.
Teleuraspis lansbergii, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 339.
Bothrops lansbergi, Jan, Elenco, p. 127 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 47,
pl. iv. fig. 1 (1875); Bocourt, Journ, de Zool. v. 1876, p. 410.
— ophryomegas, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) x. 1868, p. 201.
Porthidium lansbergii, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1871, p.207.
Bothriopsis ophryomegas, Cope, l.c. p. 208.
Bothriechis lansbergii, part., Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 190
(1895). - *
— ophryomegas, Günth. l.c. p. 191. #

Snout pointed, with sharp canthus, turned up at the end, as in
Yipera aspis. Rostral once and one third to once and a half as
deep as broad; nasal divided or semidivided ; a pair of raised
internasals; upper head-scales small, imbricate, strongly keeled ;
supraoculars large, separated by 5 to 7 series of scales; two or three
series of scales between the eye and the labials; temporal scales
keeled; 8 to 10 upper labials, none bordering the loreal pit, fifth,
fourth and fifth, or fifth and sixth largest. Scales strongly keeled,
11. LACHESIS. 547
in 25 to 27 rows. Wentrals 152–159; anal entire; subcaudals
29–35, single. Yellowish brown, pale brown, or grey above, with
a dorsal series of large dark brown black-edged rhomboidal or
squarish spots, usually divided by a narrow yellow or orange verte-
bral line; sides of head blackish; belly powdered with brown, with
or without whitish spots.
Total length 575 millim.; tail 70.
From Southern Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil.
a. Q (Sc. 25; W. 152; C. Yucatan.
35).
b–d. Hgr. (Sc. 26, 25, 27; Chiriqui. F. D. Godman, Esq.
V. 159,155, 155; C. 32, [P.].
34, 29).
e, f. 6 (Sc. 25, 25; W. Carthagena, Colombia. Capt. Garth [P.].
153, 152; C.?, 35).
15. Lachesis brachystoma.
Teleuraspis castelnaui, var. brachystoma, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad.
1859, p. 339.
Bothriechis brachystoma, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 295,
Bothrops lansbergii (non Schleg.), Günth. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (3)
º, 1863, p. 350; F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878,
p. 703.
nasutus, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) x. 1868, p. 202, and Journ.
de Zool. v. 1876, p. 410.
Porthidium nasutus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 207, and Proc.
Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1879, p. 271.
Bothriopsis brachystoma, Cope, l.c. p. 208.
proboscideus, Cope, Journ. Ac, Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 150,
pl. xxvii. fig. 3.
Bothrops brachystoma, Bocourt, Journ. de Zool. v. 1876, p. 410.
Thanatophis sutus, Posada-Arango, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1889,
p. 344.
Bothriechis lansbergii, part., Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 190
(1895).
Closely allied to the preceding, but snout much produced above,
as in Vipera latastii, and rostral once and two thirds to twice
as deep as broad. Scales in 23 (rarely 25) rows. Wentrals 132–
150; subcaudals 27–38.
Total length 500 millim. ; tail 50.
Southern Mexico and Central America.
a. 3 (W. 144; C. 38). Tehuantepec. M. Sumichrast [C.].
b–c. 3 (W. 139; C. 36) Vera Paz, low forest. O. Salvin, Esq.[C.].
& Q (V. 142; C. 30).
S2
d—f Q (V. 139, 133; C. Hacienda Rosa de Dr. E. Rothschuh
28, 28) & hgr. (V, 136; Jericho, Nicaragua, [C.].
C. 33). 3250 ft.
g. Hgr. (V, 137; C. 28). Chontalez, Nicaragua.
h. Hgr. (V. 142; C. 27). Colombia. *... A. Simons
2 N 2
548 WIPERIDAE.
16. Lachesis monticola.
Parias maculata, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (2) xii. 1853, p. 392
(nec Gray, 1842).
Trimeresurus monticola, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 888, pl. xxiv.
fig. B (1864); Stoliczka, Journ, As. Soc. Beng. xl., 1871, p. 445;
Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xv. (1874); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 220 (1876); Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 832, pl. lxxvi.
figs. 4 & 5 (1879); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept, p. 426 (1890);
Günth. in Pratt, Snows of Tibet, p. 241 (1892).
— convictus, Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 224,
pl.xii, fig. 1; Anders, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 196.
— monticola, part., Ander8. l.c. p. 194.
Snout very short ; eye very small. Rostral as deep as broad, or
a little broader than deep; nasal divided or semidivided; upper
head-scales small, subimbricate, smooth; supraocular large; inter-
nasals separated from each other by one to three scales, rarely
in contact; 5 to 8 scales in a transverse line between the supra-
oculars; 3 or 4 rows of scales between the eye and the labials; 8
or 9 upper labials, second usually forming the anterior border of
the loreal pit; temporal scales smooth. Scales feebly keeled, in
some specimens almost smooth, in 21 to 25 rows (rarely 27).
Ventrals 132–158; anal entire ; subcaudals 21–57 pairs. Brown
or yellowish above, with one or two dorsal series of large squarish
dark brown spots, and a lateral series of smaller spots; head dark
brown above, pale brown or yellowish on the sides, with a dark
brown temporal streak; lower parts whitish, spotted or powdered
with brown, the brown spots sometimes confluent into two stripes.
Total length 740 millim. ; tail 115. -
Tibet, Himalayas (2000–8000 feet), hills of Assam, Burma, and
the Malay Peninsula ; Pinang, Singapore, Sumatra.
a—b. 3 (Sc. 25; W. 151, Kia-tiang-fu, 1070 A. E. Pratt, Esq.[C.].
158; C. 46, 40). ft., Prov. Sze-
Chuen.
c. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 140; Nepaul. B. H. Hodgson, ) is
C. 43). Esq. [P.j. <!
d. #, (Sc. 23; W. 147; Sikkim. Sir J. Hooker[P] ( ;
C. 47). S-
6. & (Sc. 25; W. 152; Darjeeling. E. Blyth, Esq. [P.].
. 38). - t
f—l. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 141; Darjeeling. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.[P].
C. 44), Q (Sc. 23; V.
144; C. 36), & yg. (Sc.
21, 23, 24, 22; W. 146,
145, 137, 141; C. 40,
49, 36,45).
m, n—p. 3 (Sc. 23, 23; Darjeeling. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
V. 141, 148; C. 33,36), [P.].
hgr. Q (Sc. 23; V.
148; C. 35), & yg. (Sc.
23; W. 149; C. 38).
q, r, Q (Sc. 25; W. 151; Himalayas. Col. Beddome [C].
C. 38) & yg. (Sc. 21;
V. 143; C. 49).
11. LACHESIS. 549
S. à (Sc. 23; W. 142; C. Mt. Mooleyit,4500 ft. Col. Beddome [C].
6).
t–v. 3 (Sc. 25; V, 152; Toungyi, Shan States, Lieut. Blakeway [C].
C. 49), 2 (Sc. 27; V. 5000 ft.
150; C. 40), & yg. (Sc.
25; V. 144; C. 48).
"cº (Sc. 23; W. 147; Toungyi, Shan States. E. W. Oates, Esq.[P.].
45
3’. § (Sc. 23; W. 134; Singapore.
C. 24).
17. Lachesis okinavensis. (PLATE XXV. fig. 2.)
Trimeresurus okinavensis, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) x. 1892,
p. 302.
Snout short, obliquely truncate, with sharp raised angle all
round ; eye rather small. Rostral deeper than broad; nasal
divided; upper head-scales small, subimbricate, smooth on the
snout and vertex; 6 to 9 scales in a transverse series between the
supraoculars, which are large, larger than the eye; a pair of scales
separating the internasals in front; three series of scales between
the eye and the labials; temporal scales obtusely keeled; 7 or 8
upper labials, second entering the loreal pit, third largest. Scales
strongly keeled, in 21 or 23 rows. Wentrals 129–130; anal entire;
subcaudals 43–47 pairs. Brown above, with darker cross-bands or
alternating large quadrangular blotches; upper surface of head
dark brown, sides blackish, with a lighter streak along the temple;
lower parts brown, with a series of blackish blotches on each side,
partly on the ventrals, partly on the two lower rows of scales.
Total length 350 millim. ; tail 60.
Okinawa, Loo Choo Islands.
*}, 2 (W. 130, 129; C. 43, Okinawa. Mr. Holst [C.]. (Types.)
).
18. Lachesis strigatus.
Trimesurus strigatus, Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 49 (1842), and Cat.
p. 10 (1849); Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 389, pl. xxiv. fig. D
(1864); Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xvi. (1874); Theob. Cat.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 224 (1876); Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 427
(1890).
Atropos darwini, Dum. & Bibr. vii. pp. 1518 & 1520 (1854).
Trigonocephalus (Cophias) neelgherriensis, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc.

Beng. xxii. 1854, p. 524.
— darwini, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 155.
Bothrops darwini, Jan, Elenco, p. 126 (1863).
Rostral broader than deep; nasal entire ; upper head-scales small,
smooth, juxtaposed; supraocular small, sometimes broken up; no
enlarged internasals; 8 to 11 scales in a transverse line between
the supraoculars; two or three small postoculars and a subocular,
which is separated from the labials by one or two series of scales;
the shield forming the anterior border of the loreal pit distinct from
550 VIPERIDAE.
the second labial; 9 or 10 upper labials. Scales feebly keeled, in
21 rows. Wentrals 136–145; anal entire; subcaudals 31–40 pairs.
Brown above, with dark brown spots, those of the median series
often confluent into a zigzag band; a more or less distinct ſh-shaped
light marking on the nape; a dark temporal band; belly whitish,
spotted or marbled with grey or black; end of tail yellow or
reddish. º
Total length 480 millim.; tail 55.
From the Bombay hills to the Anamallays and Nilgherries.
a-b. 3 (V. 136, 145; C. 39, Madras Presidency. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
40). [P.l. (Types.)
c. 9 (V. 139; C. 31). Deccan. Col. Sykes [P].
d. 9 (V. 138; C. 34). Anamallays, 4700 ft. W. * Esq.
- [P.].
e. Q (V.137; C. 32). Nilgherries. Lord Dormer º
f, g—h. 3 (V. 142; C. 39), Nilgherries. Col. Beddomeſ C.].
Q (V. 137; C. 32), & yg.
(V. 136; C. 37).
19. Lachesis flavoviridis.
Bothrops flavoviridis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 492;
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 149.
Trimeresurus riukianus, Hilgend. Sitzb. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1880,
p. 118, pl. — figs, 6–10; Fisch. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. v. 1888,
p. ZU.
— flavoviridis, Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 425 (1890).
Rostral as deep as broad or broader than deep ; nasal divided or
semidivided; upper head-scales very small, flat, juxtaposed, smooth;
supraocular large ; one to four scales separating the internasals in
front; 7 to 12 scales on a line between the supraoculars; one to
three small postoculars and a subocular, which is in contact with
the third labial or separated by one series of scales; temporal
scales smooth; 8 or 9 upper labials, second forming the anterior
border of the loreal pit. Scales rather feebly keeled, in 33 to 37
rows. Wentrals 222–231; anal entire; subcaudals 75–90 pairs.
Pale brownish or greenish yellow above, with black marblings or a
dorsal series of dark rings or rhombs enclosing light spots of the
ground-colour; head with longitudinal black streaks disposed
symmetrically; belly yellowish or greenish white, with more or less
distinct dark spots or variegations.
Total length 1215 millim. ; tail 220.
Loo Choo Islands.
a—b. ? (Sc. 35, 37; V. 225, 225; Okinawa. Dr. J. G. Fischer.
C. 80, 76).
c-d. 3 (Sc. 35; W. 231; C. 90) Okinawa. Mr. Holst [C].
& yg. (Sc. 33; W. 229; C. 79). -
e—f, g. 3 (Sc. 33; W. 223; C. 86) Loo Choo Is. H. Pryer, Esq. [P.].
& yg. (Sc. 35, 35; W. 222, 230; &
C. 83, 75).
11. LACHESIS. 551
20. Lachesis cantoris.
Trigonocephalus cantori, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. 1846,
. 377.
Tºurus viridis, var. cantori, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix.
1860, p. 110.
— labialis, Steindachn. Novara, Rept, p. 86, pl. iii. figs. 1 & 2
(1867); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 221 (1876).
— cantoris, Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 222,
pl. xii. figs. 3 & 4; Theob. l.c. p. 222; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept.
p. 428 (1890).
Rostral as deep as broad; nasal divided ; upper head-scales very
small, smooth, almost granular; supraocular shields distinct, narrow,
sometimes divided into two ; usually one or two scales between the
internasals, 16 on a line between the supraoculars; two small post-
oculars and a subocular, which is separated from the labials by two
or three rows of scales; 13 upper labials, first confluent with nasal,
second forming the anterior border of the loreal pit; third largest ;
temporals small, feebly keeled. Scales rather feebly keeled, in 27
to 31 rows. Wentrals 174–184; anal entire; subcaudals 55–76
pairs. Pale brown or dull green above, with small dark spots; a
whitish streak along the outer series of scales; whitish or greenish
beneath, uniform or with the base of the ventrals dark ashy or
blackish.
Total length 1020 millim.; tail 140.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
a. Q (Sc. 31; W. 178; C. 61). Nicobars.
21. Lachesis jerdonii.
Trimeresurus jerdonii, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 233, pl.xxxiv.;
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 427 (1890).
xanthomelas, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) iv. 1889, p. 221,
and in Pratt, Snows of Tibet, p. 241, pl. i. fig. A (1892).
Rostral as deep as broad or a little deeper than broad; nasal
divided ; upper-head scales very small, smooth, juxtaposed; supra-
oculars large, larger than the eye; one or more scales between the
internasals, 7 to 9 on a line between the supraoculars; one or two
small postoculars and a subocular, which is in contact with the
third labial, and usually separated from the fourth by a series of
small scales; 7 or 8 upper labials, second forming the anterior
border of the loreal pit, third and fourth large ; a series of large,
smooth temporals above the labials. Scales strongly keeled, in 21
or 23 rows. Wentrals 164–188; anal entire; subcaudals 54–67
pairs. Greenish yellow or olive above, mixed with black; a dorsal
series of transverse rhomboidal reddish-brown spots edged with
black; head black above, with symmetrical yellow markings; upper
lip yellow, with one or more black spots, that on the second labial
552 g , WIPERIDAE.
being constant; belly yellow, more or less profusely spotted or
marbled with black.
Total length 930 millim. ; tail 145.
Khasi hills, Assam; Tibet; Upper Yang-Tse-Kiang.
a—c. 3 (Sc. 21, 21; W. 175, Khasi hills. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.].
173; C. 56, 58) & Q (Type.)
(Sc. 23; W. 164; C.?).
d. 9 (Sc. 21; W. 175; C. 54). Khasi hills. Col. Beddome [C].
e—i. 3 (Sc. 22, 21; W., 183, Ichang. A. E. Pratt, Esq. [P].
180; C. 67, 63) & Q (Types of T. wanthomelas.)
(Sc. 21, 21, 21; W. 186,
187, 185; C. 58,60, 55).
K. 6 (Sc. 21; W. 188; C. 54). Kia-tiang-fu, A. E. Pratt, Esq. [C].
Prov. Sze-
Chuen, 1070 ft.
22. Lachesis mucrosquamatus.
Trigonocephalus mucrosquamatus, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839,
p. 32.
Craspedocephalus elegans, Gray, Cat. p. 7 (1849).
Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 390 (1864);
Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 411, pl. xxxi.; Theob. Cat. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 224 (1876); Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. v.
1888, p. 21; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 428 (1890).
Rostral slightly broader than deep; nasal divided or semidivided;
upper head-scales extremely small, granular, smooth or obtusely
keeled; supraocular large, or rather narrow ; 2 or 3 scales sepa-
rating the internasals in front; 10 to 15 scales on a line between
the supraoculars; three to five minute postoculars and a subocular,
which is separated from the labials by one, two, or three series of
scales; temporal scales smooth ; 7 to 11 upper labials, second form-
ing the anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales strongly keeled, in
25 or 27 rows. Wentrals 183—218; anal entire; subcaudals 72–92
pairs. Brownish grey above, with a dorsal series of large blackish
spots and a lateral series of smaller ones; a blackish streak from
the eye to the angle of the mouth; lower parts brownish, spotted
with white.
Total length 1050 millim.; tail 210.
Formosa; Naga hills, Assam. c
a. 3 (Sc. 25; W. 200; Takow, Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C].
C. 92)
b. §§c. 27; v. 214; Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C].
C. §'s. 27; W. 211; C. Formosa. Mr. Holst [C].
d. **s. 27; W. 210; S. Formosa. Dr. J. G. Fischer.
e, g º's. 25; V. 187; — ? Sir E. Belcher [P].
C. 76) & yg. (Sc. 25;
V. 183; C. 72).
11. LACHESIS. 553
23. Lachesis luteus.
Trimeresurus luteus, Boettg. Jahresb. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1895, p. 111.
Rostral broader than deep ; nasal divided; upper head-scales
very small, flat, juxtaposed, smooth on the snout and vertex; supra-
ocular large; no internasals; 12 or 13 scales on a line between the
supraoculars; two or three small postoculars and a subocular, which
is separated from the labials by two series of scales; temporal
scales keeled; 7 or 8 upper labials, second forming the anterior
border of the loreal pit, third and fourth large. Scales strongly
keeled, in 23 or 25 rows. Wentrals 182—186; anal entire ; sub-
caudals 72–74. Yellow above, with a dorsal series of rhomboidal
dark, black-edged spots partly confluent into a zigzag band; a
lateral series of small spots; a blackish streak on each side of the
head behind the eye; yellowish beneath, spotted and clouded with
grey. t
Total length 945 millim.; tail 164.
Loo Choo Islands.
24. Lachesis purpureomaculatus.
Trigonocephalus purpureomaculatus, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. pl. lxxxi.
(1832).
Tºº purpureus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 48 (1842), and Cat. p. 8
(1849).
carinatus, Gray, ll, cc.
Tºphalus puniceus (non Boie), Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 122
(1847).
Trimesurus bicolor, Gray, Ann, & Mag. W. H. (2) xii. 1853, p. 392.
Cryptelytrops carinatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 340.
Trimeresurus porphyraceus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix 1861,
p. 110; Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x. 1868, p. 64; Stoliczka, Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 218; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 222 (1876).
carinatus, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 386 (1864); Stoliczka,
l. c. p. 217; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind, pl.xiii. (1874); Theob. Cat.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 221.
purpureus, Günth. l. c. p. 387.
andersonii, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus, 1868, p. 75; Sto-
liczka, l.c. p. 216, and Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xl. 1871, p. 443;
Fayrer, l.c. pl. xv.; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 224.
obscurus, Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. 1868, p. 76.
— monticola, part, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 194.
— purpureomaculatus, Bouleng. Faun. Ind, Rept, p. 429 (1890),
and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 36; W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
lx. 1891, p. 248.
Rostral as deep as broad; nasal entire; upper head-scales very
small, juxtaposed, convex or obtusely keeled; supraocular very
narrow, sometimes broken up; internasals small, separated from
each other by one or two scales; 12 to 15 scales in a transverse
line between the supraoculars; two or three small postoculars and
a subocular, which is separated from the labials by two or three
554 viPERIDAE.
series of scales; 11 to 13 upper labials, the fourth and succeeding
small, the first usually fused with the nasal, the second (usually)
forming the anterior border of the loreal pit; temporal scales
keeled. Scales strongly keeled, in 25 or 27 rows. Wentrals 160–
182; anal entire; subcaudals 55–76 pairs. Tail slightly prehensile.
Dark purplish brown above, uniform or variegated with pale green;
flanks usually pale green or spotted with pale green, or with a
series of pale spots on the outer series of scales; olive or greenish
white below, uniform or spotted with black; some specimens
uniform green. -
Total length 980 millim.; tail 150.
Himalayas, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Andamans,
Nicobars, Pinang, Sumatra.
A. Uniform purplish brown to blackish above.
a. 9 (Sc. 27; W. 163; C. 59). Singapore. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
- (Type.)
b. 3 (Sc. 27; W. 162; C. 75). Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.].
c. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 160; C. 74). Singapore. Dr. Collingwood [P.].
d. 9 (Sc. 27; W. 174; C. 57). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
e. 6 (Sc. 25; W. 160; C. 76). India. J. Inskip, Esq. [P.].
(Type of T. carinatus.)
B. Dark purplish brown or blackish, variegated with pale green.
. 9 (Sc. 27; W. 178; C. 63). Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
. 2 (Sc. 25; W. 170; C. 58). Yumeekee, Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Mergui.
º
C. Uniform green above.
a. Q (Sc. 25; V. 168; C. 61). Sikkim. Sir J. Hooker [P].
º of T. bicolor.)
b–c. 2 (Sc. 25; W. 162; C. 59) Rangoon. W. Theobald, Esq.
& yg. (Sc. 25; W. 163; [C.].
'#'s. s. v. 10, P W. Theobald
d. Hgr. (Sc. 25; W. 160; egu. © eobald, Esq.
C. 56). º Q.
e. Q (Sc. 25; W. 164; C. 52). Toungoo. E. W. Oates, Esq.[P].
25. Lachesis gramineus.
Russell, Ind. Serp. i. pl. ix. (1796) & ii. pl.xx. (1801).
Coluber gramineus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 420 (1802).
Vipera viridis, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 112 (1803).
Trimeresurus viridis, Lacép. Ann. du Mus. iv. 1804, p. 209, pl. lvi.
fig. 2; Gray, Cat. p. 7 (1849), and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (2) xii.
1853, p. 391.
Cophias viridis, Merr. Tent, p. 155 (1820).
Trigonocephalus viridis, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 844, pl. xix.
figs. 12 & 13.
— erythrurus, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 31.
11. LACHESIS. 555
Trimesurus albolabris, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 48 (1842), and Cat.
p. 8.
Tºpºlu. gramineus, part., Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 119
(1847).
Trimesurus elegans, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (2) xii. 1853, p. 391.
Bothrops viridis, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1512 (1854).
Trimeresurus gramineus, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 385 (1864);
Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. 1870, p. 216; Anders.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 194; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 219
(1876); Anders. An. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 828 (1879); Boettg.
Ber. Senck. Ges. 1887, p. 50; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 429
(1890); W. Sclater, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx. 1891, p. 248;
Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1894, p. 135.
erythrurus, Günth. l. c. p. 386; Stoliczka, l.c. p. 217; Fayrer,
Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xiv. (1874); Theob. l. c. p. 220; F. Müll.
Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, viii. 1887, p. 280.
— mutabilis, Stoliczka, l.c. p. 219, pl. xii. fig. 5; Theob. l.c. p. 223.
Snout with distinct canthus; eye small or rather small. Rostral
as deep as broad or a little broader than deep ; nasal usually entire;
upper head-scales small, smooth, imbricate or subimbricate, 8 to 13
in a transverse series between the supraoculars, which are narrow
(rarely divided); internasals in contact or separated by one or two
scales; two or three postoculars and a subocular; latter sometimes
in contact with the third labial; usually one or two, rarely three,
series of scales between the subocular and the labials; temporal
scales smooth; 8 to 12 upper labials, second forming the anterior
border of the loreal pit, third largest. Scales nearly smooth or
more or less distinctly keeled, in 21 (rarely 19 or 23) rows.
Wentrals 145–175; anal entire ; subcaudals 53–75. Tail more or
less distinctly prehensile. , Bright green above, rarely olive or
yellowish, with or without ill-defined blackish cross-bands; usually
a light, white or yellow streak along the outer row of scales; end
of tail often yellow or red; lower parts green, yellow, or whitish.
Total length 870 millim.; tail 150.
South-eastern Asia.
a—b. Hgr. 3 (V, 161; Ladak. — Strachey, Esq. [P].
Č.75& hºr. (v.ić2; y
C
.49).
c. 3 (V. 167; C. 76). Bimtal, 4400 ft. Dr. Cantor.
d—e. Q (V. 164; C. 58) Darjeeling. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
& º Q (V, 159; [P.].
C. 61).
f—h, i. 6 (V. 165, 164; Darjeeling. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.[P.].
C. P., 64), Q (V. 161;
C. 58), & yg. (W. 147;
C. 65
A., d. (V. 157; C. 57). Sikkim. Sir J. Hooker [P].
l, Yg. (V. 168; C. 61). Sikkim. Sir J. Hooker [P.].
e of T. elegans.)
m—n. 3 (V. 158, 166; Himalayas. Col. Beddome [C].
C. 62, 59).
o. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 19; W. 149; Khasi hills. Dr. Griffith.
C. 56).
556
WIPERIDAE.
p. 3 (V. 161; C, 69).
q. Yg. (V. 169; C. 64).
7°. º: of adult. 71, 17
8. t. . 6 (V. 171, 172;
"Gººd winia,
24. º: d’ (V. 154; C. 63).
7). C § d (W. 145;
w. Yg. (W. 175; C. 56).
ar. Yg. (V. 170; C. 59).
y. 3 (V. 169; C. 67).
2–8, e–Č. 6 (V. 163, 159,
156, 162, 155, 152, 151;
C. 67, 71, 68, 68, 65,
66, 60).
m. G. (V. 162; C. 70).
6. Q (V. 164; C. 51).
t—k. Hgr. 3 (W. 154;
C. 60) & Q (W. 160;
C. 47).
A, p. 3 (V. 167; C. 71)
& Q (V. 168; C, 63).
v. 2 (W. 170; C. 53).
£. Hgr. 2 (C. 158; C. P).
o. 2 (W. 162; C. 52).
T. Yg. (V. 162; C, 66).
p, or. 9 (V. 158; C. 59)
& hgr. Q (V. 164;
C. 51).
T. Hg
v-q). (V. 165; C. 72)
& Q (V. 166; C. 58).
X. 3 (V. 161; C. 71).
J-o. 3 (V, 162; C. 73)
& Q (V. 163; C. 51).
a'-c'. 6 (V. 162, 160;
C. 65, 73) & hgr. 2
(V. 164; C. 62).
d'. Q (V. 158; C. 59).
e'. Q (V. 163; C. 58).
f". Skull.
º
§
. 3 (W. 159; C. 72).
Khasi hills.
Ganges Delta.
Ganiam.
Matheran, Bombay.
Mudmalley, Wynad.
Brumagherry hills.
Cuddapa hills.
Shevaroy hills.
Near Ningpo.
Formosa.
Hong Kong.
Hong Kong.
China.
Lao Mts.
Pachebon.
Siam.
Siam.
Toungyi, S.
States.
Moulmein,
serim.
Mergui.
Pinang.
Sumatra.
Java.
Java.
Java.
Timor.
Siam.
26. Lachesis flavomaculatus.
Megaera flavomaculata, Gr
ornata, Gray, l.c.
— variegata, Gray, l.c. p. 50
Parias flavomaculatus, Gray,
* ornata, Gray, l.c.
— variegata, Gray, l.c.
Trimeresurus flavomaculatus, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 79.
Shan
Tenas-
T. C. Jerdon. Esg.ſp.].
fr Cantor.” ##!";
T. erythrurus.
Col. Beddome [C].
Dr. Leith [P.].
Col. Beddome ſc.].
Col. Beddome ſo.
Col. Beddome [C].
Col. Beddome [C].
R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C].
H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’
J. Bowring, Esq. [P.].
J. Reeves, Esq.[P].
(Types of T. albolabris.)
M. Mouhot [C].
M. Mouhot TC.].
M. Mouhot ſG.T.
W. H. Newman, Esq.
P.].
Eğ. Oates, Esq. [P.].
R. C. Beavan, Esq.
[P.].
Prof. Oldham [P].
Dr. Cantor.
H. O. Forbes, Esq.
[P.].
G. Lyon, Esq. [P].
(PLATE XXV. fig. 3.)
ay, Zool. Miscell. p. 49 (1842).
Cat. p. 11 (1849).
schadenbergi, Fisch. Jahrb. Wiss. Anst. Hamb. ii. 1885, p. 116.
11. LACHESIS. 557
ſºy
Snout with strong canthus, obliquely truncate, more prominent
than in L. gramineus; eye small. Rostral as deep as broad; nasal
entire or divided; upper head-scales small, smooth, imbricate, 8 to
10 in a transverse series between the supraoculars, which are
narrow ; two or three scales separating the internasals in front ;
two or three postoculars and a subocular, which is in contact with
the third or third and fourth labials; temporal scales smooth; 9 to
11 upper labials, second forming the anterior border of the loreal
pit, third largest. Scales smooth or feebly keeled, in 21 rows.
Wentrals 170–187; anal entire; subcaudals 55–73. Tail prehen-
sile. Bright green or olive above, uniform or spotted or barred with
reddish brown ; a series of bright yellow or salmon-pink spots on
the outer row of scales; green, olive, or greenish yellow beneath;
end of tail sometimes red.
Total length 1060 millim.; tail 160.
Philippine Islands.
a, b. 3 (V. 184; C. 63) Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].
& hgr. 3 (V. 178; (Types.)
C. 65).
c. Hgr. 3 (V. 182; C. 73). Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C].
(Type of M. ornata.)
d. Yg. (W. 178; C. 61). Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].
(Type of M. variegata.)
e. 3 (V. 173; C. 64). Placer, N.E. Min- A. $º, Esq. [C.].
danao.
f—i. Q (V. 187; C. 56) & Luzon. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C].
yg. (V. 170, 181, 177;
C. 61, 55, 61).
L. flavomaculatus should perhaps be regarded as a variety of
L. graminews.
27. Lachesis sumatranus.
Coluber Sumatranus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 1822, p. 334.
Trigonocephalus formosus, Schleg. in Temm. Verh. Wat. Gesch.
Nederl. Ind., Rept. p. 52, pl. vii. (1844).
Bothrops formosus, Jan, Elenco, p. 126 (1863), and Icon. Gén. 47,
pl. ¥8. 1 (1875); Modigliani, Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vii. 1889,
121.
Tºurs formosus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xvi. 1885,
p. 388.
Bothrops sumatranus, v. Lidth de Jewde, Notes Leyd. Mus. viii. 1886,
p. 52, pl. ii. fig. 6.
— hageni, v. Lidth de Jeude, l.c. p. 53.
Head rather elongate. Rostral as deep as broad or a little
broader than deep ; nasal entire or divided; upper head-scales
rather large, flat, smooth, imbricate or subimbricate, largest on the
snout, 4 to 9 in a transverse series between the supraoculars,
which are large; two or three postoculars and a subocular, which
is in contact with the third or third and fourth labials; temporal
scales smooth; 9 to 11 upper labials, second forming the anterior
border of the loreal pit, third largest. Scales feebly keeled, in
558 WIPERIDAE.
21 rows. Wentrals 180–191; anal entire ; subcaudals 58–82.
Tail prehensile. Bright green above, the scales usually black-edged,
with or without black cross-bands; two series of small whitish spots
may be present along the back; a more or less distinct whitish
or yellow streak usually present on each side, along the outer
row of scales; ventrals yellowish or green, with or without fine
black edges; end of tail red.
Total length 1100 millim. ; tail 180.
Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, Palawan.
a, b. 2 (V. 187; C. 69) & Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P.].
hgr. 3 (V. 180; C. 77). -
c. 3 (V. 180; C. 76). Deli, Sumatra. Mr. Iversen [C.].
d. Yg. (V. 186; C. 67). E. Coast of Sumatra. Mrs. Findlay [P].
e—h. 3 (V. 189; C. 72) & Nias. Hr. Sundermann [C].
Q (V. 190, 191, 188; -
C 66, 66,63) -
i. Yg. (V. 187; C. 58). Mt. Dulit, Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].
k. Yg. (V. 187; C. 82). Palawan. A. Everett, Esq. to,
28. Lachesis anamallensis.
PTrigonocephalus (Cophias) malabaricus, Jerdon, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xxii. 1854, p. 523.
? Trigonocephalus (Cophias) wardii, Jerdon, l.c. p. 524.
Trimeresurus anamallensis, Günth. Rept. Brit. 3. d. p. 387, pl. xxiv.
fig, C (1864); Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xiv. (1874); Theob.
Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 220 (1876); F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges.
Basel, vii. 1884, p. 290; Bouleng. Faun, Ind., Rept. p. 430 (1890);
Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Wat. 1892, p. 92.
Rostral slightly broader than deep; nasal entire; upper head-
scales small, smooth or obtusely keeled, imbricate; supraocular
shield rather large, broken up into two or three ; internasals in
contact or separated by one scale; 7 to 9 scales on a line between
the supraoculars; two or three postoculars and a subocular; the
latter shield separated from the fourth and succeeding labials by
two rows (rarely one) of scales; 9 or 10 upper labials, second
forming the anterior border of the loreal pit, third largest; temporal
scales obtusely keeled. Scales feebly keeled, in 21 (rarely 19,
spec. 7) rows. Wentrals 138–158; anal entire ; subcaudals 44–58
pairs. Tail prehensile. Green, olive, yellowish, or reddish brown
above with more or less well-defined black or reddish-brown spots;
usually a series of yellow spots along each side of the belly, and a
black temporal band; lower parts pale green, olive or yellow, or
brown with yellow spots; tail usually black and yellow.
Total length 730 millim.; tail 110. t
Anamallay and Nilgherry hills, S. India.
a—b, c, d, e,f, g. 6 (V. 158, Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C].
148; C. 50, 56), Q (V. (Types.)
150, 145, 149; C. P., 53, -
51), & yg. (V. 143, 149;
C. 49, 47).
11. LACHESIS. 559
h—m. 3 (V. 155, 143, 149; Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C].
C. 58,53,55) & 2 (W. 152,
139; C. 47, 52).
n. Yg. (V. 145; C. 49). Nilgherries. Col. Beddome ſ(S.T.
o. 9 (V. 188; C. 44). Wynad. Col. Beddome §
29. Lachesis trigonocephalus.
Coluber * Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 112, 132, pl. v. fig. 2
1789).
viº trigonocephala, Daud. Rept. vi. p. 173 (1803).
Cophias trigonocephalus, Merr. Tent, p. 156 (1820).
nigromarginatus, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 90 (1820).
Trigonocephalus nigromarginatus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 541,
pl. xix, figs. 14 & 15 (1837).
Megaera trigonocephala, Gray, Zool, Miscell. p. 49 (1842), and Cat.
p. 12 (1849).
olivacea, Gray, ll. cc.
Bothrops nigromarginatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1515 (1854).
Trimeresurus trigonocephalus, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 390 (1864);
Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 223 (1876); Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Rept. p. 431 (1890); Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Wat. 1892, p. 93.

Snout very short. Rostral broader than deep ; nasal entire or
semidivided; upper head-scales smooth, imbricate; internasals
large, in contact with each other, sometimes fused to one shield;
supraocular large, divided into two; 4 to 6 scales in a transverse
series between the supraoculars; two or three small postoculars and
a subocular, the latter shield usually separated from the labials by
one series of scales; 9 or 10 upper labials, second forming the
anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales smooth or faintly keeled,
in 17 or 19 rows. Wentrals 145–170, the last notched or divided
into two; anal entire; subcaudals 53–67 pairs. Tail prehensile.
Green above, uniform or with black markings, which may form
wavy dorsal bands; a black temporal streak; upper surface of head
with or without a network of black bands; ventrals yellowish,
uniform or green at the base; end of tail usually black.
Total length 790 millim.; tail 130.
Ceylon.
a—d. 3 (Sc. 17; W. 153; C. Ceylon. R. Templeton, Esq.
60) & Q (Sc. 19, 17, 17; [P.].
W. 152, 149, 148; C. 53,
58, 59).
e. Q (Sc. 19; V. 153; C. 55). Ceylon. Capt. Gascoigne [P.].
f. Hgr. (Sc. 17; W. 149; C. Ceylon. B. # Barnes, Esq.
g—h. Q (Sc. 19, 19; W. 146, Ceylon. Miº Layard [P].
150; C. 55, 60).
*—k, l, m. Q (Sc. 19, 19, 19; Ceylon.
W. 147, 147, 152; C. 58,
55, 56) & hgr. (Sc. 17;
W. 147; C. 60).
560 - WIPERIDAE.
n—o. 3 (Sc. 17; W. 145; C. Punduloya, 4000ft. E. E. Green, Esq.
gº & yg. (Sc. 19; V. 145; [P.].
58) -
p–g. 6 (Sc. 17; W. 157; C. — ? (Types of M. olivacea.)
: 68) & 2 (Sc. 19.; W. 144;
C. 56). -
r. Skull. Ceylon. Miss Layard [P].
30. Lachesis macrolepis.
Trimeresurus macrolepis, Beddome, Madras Quart. Journ. Med. Sc.
1863; Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 431 (1890); Boettg. Ber.
Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 93.
Peltopetor macrolepis, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 391, pl. xxiii.
fig, C (1864); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 225 (1876).
Rostral a little broader than deep; nasal entire or divided;
upper head-scales very large, imbricate, smooth; supraoculars very
large, separated anteriorly by one scale, posteriorly by three; inter-
nasals in contact or separated by one scale; two postoculars and a
subocular, the latter in contact with the third and fourth labials;
7 or 8 upper labials, the second forming the anterior border of the
loreal pit. Scales very large, keeled, outer much smaller than dorsals,
in 13 to 15 rows. Wentrals 134–143; anal entire ; subcaudals 48–
56 pairs. Tail prehensile. Uniform bright green or olive above; a
whitish line along the outer row of scales; pale greenish beneath.
Total length 680 millim.; tail 120. -
Anamallay and Pulney hills, S. India.
a, b, c. 3 (Sc. 13, 13; W. 134, Anamallays. Col. Beddome [C].
138; C. 53, 56) & yg. (Sc. (Types.)
15; V. 135; C. 52).
d. 9 (Sc. 15; V. 140; C. 48). Malabar. Col. Beddome [C].
31. Lachesis puniceus.
Cophias punicea, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 561. º
Trigonocephalus puniceus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 545, pl. xix.
figs. 10 & 11 (1837), and Abbild, p. 118, pl.xxxviii. (1844).
Atropos acontia (non Laur.), Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 49 (1842), and
Cat. p. 13 (1849). tº e
puniceus, Dum. & Biör. vii. p. 1519 (1854).
Atropophis puniceus, Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova, iii. 1871, p. 41.
— borneensis, part., F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, viii. 1887,
. 282.
Tºurs puniceus, Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Wat. 1892, p. 136.
Snout short, obliquely truncate, with sharp raised angle all
round; eye rather small. Rostral as broad as deep or a little
deeper than broad; upper head-scales small, juxtaposed or sub-
imbricate, smooth on the snout and vertex; 12 to 14 scales in a
transverse series between the supraoculars, which are narrow or
broken up into pointed, erect scales; two pairs of internasals; two
to four postoculars and one or two suboculars, separated from the
labials by two or three series of scales; temporal scales smooth or
11. LACHESIS. 561
obtusely keeled; 10 to 12 upper labials, second usually separated
from the shield in front of the loreal pit, third largest; first lower
labial divided into two, forming a pair of additional chin-shields
behind the symphysial. Scales in 21 or 23 rows, dorsals feebly and
obtusely keeled. Wentrals 144–176; anal entire; subcaudals 38–
57. Tail prehensile. Grey, brown, or red above, with more or
less distinct dark spots sometimes confluent to form a wavy dorsal
band; a light streak on each side of the head, behind the eye; belly
powdered with dark brown, usually with a lateral series of yellowish-
white spots; end of tail red or reddish.
Total length 640 millim.; tail 90.
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Natuna Islands.
0. § (Sc. 21; W. 150; Java. Leyden Museum.
. 38).
b–d. 3 (Sc. 23, 23; W. Willis Mts., Kediri, Baron v. HuegelſC.],
172, 176; C. 56, 57) Java, 5000 ft.
& Q (Sc. 23; V. 162;
C. 46).
e-f. & (Sc. 23; V. 166; Borneo. Sir H. Low [P.].
C. 56) & Q (Sc. 23;
V. 166; C. 43).
9. §§ (Sc. 21; V. 162; Great Natuna Id. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].
. 49
h. & (ść. 21; W. 150; Pulu Laut, Natuna Ids. C. Hose, Esq. [C].
. 38).
32. Lachesis borneensis.
Atropophis borneensis, Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova, iii. 1871, p. 41.
— borneensis, part., F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, viii. 1887,
p. 283.
Bothrops sandakanensis, v. Lidth de Jeude, Notes Leyd. Mus. xv.
1893, p. 256, fig.
Closely allied to the preceding, but snout more prominent,
strongly raised above the nostrils, upper head-scales larger (10 or
11 between the supraoculars), and second upper labial forming the
anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales in 19 or 21 rows. Wen-
trals 152–168; anal entire; subcaudals 43–65.
Total length 770 millim.; tail 105.
Borneo, Sumatra.
a. Q (Sc. 21; W. 162; Pankalan Ampat, Rajah Brooke [P.].
C. 48). g Sarawak.
b–c. 3 (Sc. 21; W. 166; Baram R., Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq. [P.].
C. 58) & Q (Sc. 21;
V. 161; C. 45).
d, e. Hgr. (Sc. 21; W. Mt. Dulit, Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq. [C].
157; C. 56) & yg. (Sc.
19; W. 152; C. 43).
f. č .. 21; W. 168; Paitan, N. Borneo. A. Everett, Esq. [C.]
WOL. IIIs 2 o –
562 WIPººl DAEe
33. Lachesis wagleri.
Seba, Thes. ii. pl. lxviii. fig. 4 (1735).
Cophias wagleri, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 561. gº
Trigonocephalus wagleri, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 542, pl. xix.
figs. 16–18 (1837).
Trimesurus maculatus, Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 48 (1842), and Cat.
p. 8 (1849); Motley & Dillwyn, Nat. Hist, Labuan, p. 43 (1855).
— subannulatus, Gray, ll, cc, pp. 48 & 9; Motley & Dillwyn, l.c.
. 44, pl. —.
P. ºpiº, Gray, ll. cc. pp. 48 & 10.
sumatranus (non Raffles), Gray, ll. cc. pp. 48 & 10.
º sumatranus, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept, p. 121, pl. xl.
g. 9 (1847).
Trimesurus formosus (non Schleg.), Gray, Cat. p. 10.
Tropidolaemus hombroni, Guichen. in Dumont d'Urville, Voy. Pöle
Sud, Zool, Rept, p. 23, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1853); Dum. & Bibr. vii.
p. 1527 (1854); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 29.
wagleri, Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 1524; F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges.
Basel, vii. 1883, p. 290.
Trigonocephalus hombroni, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 155.
Tropidolaemus subannulatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1861, p. 691.
philippinensis, Peters, l.c. -
Trimeresurus wagleri, Günth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 388(1864); Stoliczka,
Journ. As, Soc. Beng. xlii. 1873, p. 126; }. Proc. Zool, Soc.
1881, p. 224.

subannulatus, var. immaculatus, Peters, Ann. Mus. Genova,
iii. 1872, p. 42. - -
Tropidolaemus subannulatus, var, celebensis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.
1872, p. 584. -
Bothrops wagleri, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1882, p. 155;
v. Lidth de Jeude, Notes Leyd. Mus. viii. 1886, p. 44.
Tºmº sp., F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. ...Basel, viii. 1887,
p. 281.
Head very broad, little longer than broad; snout very short and
broad, with more or less distinct canthus; eye very small. Rostral
as deep as broad or a little broader than deep; nasal entire; upper
head-scales small, strongly imbricate, keeled; supraocular usually
narrow or broken up into scales; 7 to 13 scales across between the
supraoculars; internasals more or less developed or indistinct; one,
two, or three postoculars and a subocular; latter separated from the
labials by one or two series of scales, rarely in contact with the third
labial; temporal scales keeled; 8 to 10 upper labials, second not
entering the loreal pit, third very large; gular scales obtusely
keeled. Scales more or less distinctly keeled, in 19 to 27 rows.
Wentrals 127–154; anal entire; subcaudals 45–55. Tail prehensile.
Green, with darker or lighter markings, black and yellow, or nearly
entirely black.
Total length 980 millim.; tail 150.
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
A. Green above, with white cross-lines edged behind with blue or -
purple, or with two dorsal series of small spots or cross-bars
of the same colour; a white line on each side of the head,
11. LACHESIS. 563
passing through the eye, edged below with blue or purple;
belly white or pale green, with or without black edges
to the ventrals; end of tail usually red or reddish brown.
(C. wagleri, Boie.)
a. Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 145;
9
C. 4
151; C. 46).
d. Yg. (Sc. 21; W. 146;
C. 50).
e. 2 (Sc. 28; V. 137;
C. 5
1).
f. Yg. (Sc. 21; W. 146;
Sc. 25, 25;
Q. 54).
g, h, t—k. Q (
V. 148,141; C, 50,48
& yg. (Sc. 23, 21;
išā’īāş; d. 55.53).
l. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 21; W.
146; C. 51).
'm, n. Yg. (Sc. 21, 21;
V. 146, 143; C. 51, 50).
o. Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 141;
53
C.
p. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 25; V.
145; C. 48).
q. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 23; W.
143; C, 50
r. Yg. (Sc. 33; V. 147;
C. 50).
)
s, Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 140;
C. 52).
t. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 21; W,
152; C. 53).
w—v. Q (Sc. 25; V. 140;
C. 49) & yg. (Sc. 24;
W. 138; C. 49).
w. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 23; W.
141; C. 49).
a-y. Hgr. Q (Sc. 23, 22;
W. 131, 139; C. 49,
45).
2–8. Yg. (Sc. 20, 21, 22;
W. 130, 127, 130; C.
45, 46, 47).
y–8. Q (Sc. 25; W. 141;
C. 47) & yg. (Sc. 23;
V. 135; C. 47).
e. Q (Sc. 23; W. 142;
C. 47).
Thaiping, Perak.
.49).
b. ¥3. (Sc. 23; W. 142;
C.?).
c. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 23; V.
L. Wray, Esq. [P.].
Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
Singapore. º: º: #
Singapore. º: º: #)
Sumatra. Leyden Museum.
E. Coast of Sumatra, Mrs. Findlay [P.].
Labuan. “H. Dillwyn, Esq.
Sarawak. Sir J. Brooke [P.].
Sarawak. Sir H. Low [P].
Borneo. Gen. Hardwicke [P.].
Borneo.
Mt. Dulit, Sarawak.
Sandakan, Brit. N.
Borneo.
Sinkawang, Borneo.
C. Hose, Esq. [C].
Dºgº Cator, Esq.
Dr. Bleeker. (Tropido-
lamus schlegelii, Blkr.)
Sirhassen, Natuna A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
Ids.
Palawan. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
Puerta Princesa, A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
Palawan.
Butuan, N.Mindanao. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
Albay, S. E. Luzon. Whitehead Exped.
Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].
(Types of T. subannulatus.)
Celebes. Leyden Mus.
B. Green above, with small black spots or cross-bands; a black
streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye;
yellow beneath, with or without black edges to the ventrals,
2 O 2 -
564 - - WIPERIDAE,
with a series of small black spots on each side; end of tail red.
(T. hombroni, Guich.)
a Hgr. 3 (Sc. 19, v. Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq.[C].
; C. 47). "
134; C. 47). (Type of T. philippensis.)
b. § (Sc. 25; W. 146; Sangir Ids. }. A. B. Meyer [C].
. 48). 3. .
C. Yellowish green above, the scales edged with dark bottle-green;
dark cross-bands of the latter colour; some specimens dark
bottle-green above, with scattered yellowish-green dots; ven-
trals yellow, edged with dark green, with a series of round
dark green spots on each side, or dark green with yellow
spots; end of tail dark green or blackish.
0. & (Sc. 25; W. 146; Borneo. Sir E. Belcher [P].
. 50).
ô, c. 2 (Sc. 25, 25; V. Sarawak. Sir J. Brooke [P.].
138, 144; C. 47,49).
d. cº 25; W. 143; Sarawak. Sir H. Low [P].
I
€. § (śc. 27; W. 148; Rejang R., Sarawak. Brooke Low, Esq.[P].
. 52).
f, g, h., 2 (Sc. 27, 25, Baram R., Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq.[C.].
25; W. 149, 144, 144;
C. 49, 48, 51).
D. Green above, with the scales black-edged, with bright yellow
black-edged cross-bands, or black with yellow cross-bands;
head black, spotted with yellow; belly bright yellow or yellow
and green, ventrals black-edged ; end of tail black.
0. d. (Sc. 23; W. 146; Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
. 50).
b. & §º. 26; W. 145; Pinang. Capt. Hay [P].
. 52).
c. 2 (Sc. 25; W. 145; Malacca. D. F. A. Hervey, Esq.
C. 53). [P.]. .
d, e. Q (Sc. 26, 25; V. Singapore. Gen. Hardwicke [P].
143, 143; C. 54, 49).
f. Q jº. 25; W. 144; Singapore. Dr. Dennys [P].
C. 49).
9. C. (Sc. 25; W. 148; Deli, Sumatra. Mr. Iversen [C].
48
h. #gr. e 2 (Sc. 25; V. E. Coast of Sumatra. Mrs. Findlay [P].
143; C, 52). -
*. Hgr. Q (Sc. 25; W. Great Natuna Id. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].
140; C. 55). &
k. C. (Sc. 25; W. 144; — ? Zoological Society.
. 51).
E. A fifth, most remarkable colour-variety has lately been discovered
at Minahasa, Celebes, by the Drs. Sarasin.-Green above, with
large brick-red, black-edged spots; white beneath, with black
spots and marblings powdered with brick-red ; end of tail
red, - -
11. LACHESIS. 565
34. Lachesis bilineatus.

Cophias bilineatus, Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. i. p. 483, and Abbild.
1825).
tºpia. bilineatus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 540, pl. xix.
figs. 7 & 8 (1837); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1862, p. 673.
Craspedocephalus bilineatus, Gray, Cat, p. 7 (1849).
Bothrops bilineatus, Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1514 (1854); Jan, Icon.
Gén. 47, pl. i. figs, 2 & 3 (1875).
Trigonocephalus (Bothrops) arboreus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.
xi. 1869, p. 157. |
Snout rounded, with sharp, somewhat raised canthus. Rostral
as deep as broad; nasal divided or semidivided; upper head-scales
small, imbricate, keeled, 5 to 8 in a transverse series between the
supraocular shields, which are very large ; internasal shields large
and in contact with each other, followed by a large canthal; two or
three postoculars and one or two suboculars, separated from the
labials by one series of scales; temporal scales keeled; 7 or 8 upper
labials, second forming the anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales
strongly keeled, in 27–35 rows. Wentrals 198–218; anal entire;
subcaudals 59–71, all or greater part in pairs. Tail prehensile.
Green above, uniform or speckled with black; a yellow lateral
streak or series of spots running along the outer row of scales;
belly white; end of tail reddish.
Total length 840 millim.; tail 125.
Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador.
a. G. (Sc. 29; V. 211; Bahia. Dr. Wucherer [C.].
C. 68).
b. ? (Sc. 33; W. 207; Bahia. Zoological Society.
. 59).
c. 2 (Sc. 29; V. 198; Campolican, Bolivia.
C. 65).
d. 9 (Sc. 27; W. 205; Moyobamba, Peru. Mr. A. H. RoffſC.].
68
C. 68).
e. Yg. (Sc. 27; W. 201; Canelos, Ecuador. Mr. C. Buckley [C].
C. 66).
f. 2 (Sc. 27; W. 201; W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C].
C. 62).
35. Lachesis undulatus.
Trigonocephalus (Atropos) undulatus, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859,
p. 157, and Prodr. pl. E. (1859).
Atropos undulatus, Jan, Elenco, p. 127 (1863).
Teleuraspis undulatus, Garm, N. Am. Rept. p. 126 (1883).
orºus undulatus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 32, 1887,
. 88.
Biºs undulatus, Günth. Biol. C.-Am, Rept. p. 187 (1895).
Snout short, rounded, with well-marked canthus. Rostral once
and a half to twice as broad as deep ; nasal divided; upper head-
scales very small, juxtaposed or subimbricate, 14 to 20 across from
eye to eye; no supraocular shield, but a long erect horn-like scute
above the eye; internasals small; some of the scales on the canthus
566 . WIPERIDAE.
rostralis raised, forming a serration; three series of scales between
the eye and the labials; loreal pit separated from the labials by
small scales; temporal scales keeled; 11 upper labials. Scales in
21 rows, dorsals strongly or very strongly keeled. Wentrals 149–
171; anal entire; subcaudals 41–49 pairs. Tail prehensile. Olive
or brown above, sometimes speckled with black, with a dorsal series
of large rhomboidal dark spots or an undulous or zigzag band; a
light, dark-edged streak from the eye to above the angle of the
mouth; belly yellowish or brownish, speckled or powdered with
blackish ; a more or less distinct series of light spots along each
side close to the ventrals. t -
Total length 570 millim. ; tail 75.
Mexico.
a. Yg. (V. 149; C. 42). Orizaba.
b–c. 9 (V. 166; C. 45) Omilteme, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith [C];
& yg. (V. 163; C. 49). - F. D. Godman, Esq.
P.T.
d. 3 (V. 150; C. 41). Oaxaca. M i. [C.].
36. Lachesis lateralis.
Bothriechis lateralis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1852, p. 674.
Bothrops lateralis, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p. 401.
Snout rounded, with moderately marked canthus. Rostral much
broader than deep ; nasal divided; upper head-scales moderate,
imbricate, keeled, largest on the snout and vertex, 7 across between
the Supraoculars, which are narrow; internasals small, with
smaller scales between them; two series of scales between the eye
and the labials; temporal scales keeled; 9 upper labials, second
forming the anterior border of the loreal pit, fourth and fifth
largest. Scales rather strongly keeled, in 21 or 23 rows. Wentrals
171; anal entire; subcaudals 59, single. Tail prehensile. Green
above and below, with a yellow line running along the outer row
of scales; back with some black-and-yellow short cross-bars.
Total length 485 millim. ; tail 75.
Costa Rica.
&. § (Sc. 23; W. 171; Costa Rica. O. Salvin, Esq.[C.].
37. Lachesis bicolor.

Bothrops bicolor, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) x. 1868, p. 201;
F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1882, p. 155. g
— (Bothriechis) bernouillii, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi.
1878, p. 399, pl. iii.fig. A. -
Bothriechis bicolor, Günth. Biol. Cº-Am, Rept. p. 189 (1895).
Closely allied to L. lateralis, but upper head-scales smaller (10
or 11 longitudinal series between the supraoculars), and 10 or 11
upper labials not very unequal in size, the second not entering the
loreal pit. Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals 164–167; subcaudals
62–67, single. Uniform green above, yellowish beneath. . .
11. LACHEsrs. 567
Total length 375 millim.; tail 60.
Guatemala.
a. Yg. (V. 166; C. 67). S. Augustin, W. Paris Mus. [E].
Guatemala. (One of the types.)
38. Lachesis schlegelii.

Trigonocephalus schlegelii, Berthold, Abh. Ges. Wiss. Götting. iii.
1846, p. 13, pl. i. figs, 5 & 6.
Lachesis nitidus, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 414, pl. xx, fig. C.
Teleuraspis schlegelii, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad., 1859, p. 338, and
Journ. Ac, Philad (2) viii. 1876, p. 149, pl.xxvii. fig. 2; R. Blanch.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1889, p. 348.
— nitida, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 345.
Bothrops schlegeli, Jan, Elenco, p. 127 (T863), and Icon. Gén. 47,
pl. vi. fig. 2 (1875).
— (Teleuraspis) nigroadspersus, Steind. Sitzö. Ak. Wien, lxii. i.
1870, p. 348, pl. viii.
Teleuraspis nigroadspersus, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 126 (1883).
Tºli, torvus, Posada-Arango, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1889,
O
p. 340.
Bothriechis schlegelii, Günth. Biol. Cº-Am., Rept, p. 189 (1895).
Snout rounded, with sharp canthus. Rostral as deep as broad
or broader than deep; nasal entire or semidivided; upper head-
scales more or less strongly keeled, rarely smooth on the snout and
vertex; a large supraocular shield, separated from the eye by small
scales, two or three of which may be enlarged, erect, and horn-like;
5 to 9 longitudinal series of scales between the supraoculars; two
or three series of scales between the eye and the labials; temporal
scales keeled; 8 or 9 upper labials, second forming the anterior
border of the loreal pit, third or fourth largest. Scales more or
less strongly keeled, in 19–25 rows. Wentrals 138–162; anal
entire; subcaudals 47–62, single. Tail prehensile. Coloration
very variable. Green or olive above, speckled or spotted with
black, or with pinkish, reddish, or purplish, black-edged spots or
cross-bars; a series of yellow spots usually present on each side
close to the ventral shields; belly yellow, spotted with green, or
green speckled with black and yellow, or variegated yellow, olive,
purple, and black; end of tail usually red.
Total length 600 millim.; tail 115.
Central America, Colombia, Ecuador.
(!. § (Sc. 21; W. 159; Guatemala. * § Godman, Esq.
. 62). P.T.
b–d. 6 (Sc. 21, 23; W. 157, Hacienda Rosa de Dr. E. Rothschuh
155; C. 57, 56) & Q Jericho, Nicaragua. [C.].
(Sc. 23; W. 154; C. 50).
6. § (Sc. 23; W. 155; Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Dr. E. Rothschuh
tº [C].
f—h. Hgr., (Sc. 23; V.147; Chontalez, Nicaragua. R. A. Rix, Esq.[C.];
C. 49) & yg. (Sc. 25, 25; W. M. Crowfoot,
W. 151, 150; C. 48, 54). Esq. [P].
568 WIPERIDAE,
i, k—l. Hgr. (Sc. 23; V. Costa Rica.
157; C. 49) & yg. (Sc.
25, 23; W. 145, 148; C.
51, 50).
m. Hgr. (Sc. 21; W. 138; Chiriqui. J. G. Champion, Esq.
C. 47). [C.]; F. D. God-
man, Esq. [P].
n. Hgr. (Sc. 23; W. 151; W. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C].
C. 59 (Type of L. nitidus.)
o—p. Q (Sc. 21; W. 140; Bologna, Ecuador. E. Whymper, Esq.
%. is". hgr. (Sc. 23; [C.].
V. 140 ; C. 53).
q, r—s. 3 (Sc. 19; V. 145; Quito.
C. P) & Q (Sc. 21, 21;
W. 144, 143; C. 62, 62).
39. Lachesis migrowiridis.
Bothriechis nigroviridis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1859, p. 278, pl.—.
. 4; Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 150.
Bothrops nigroviridis, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878,
p. 401.
Snout short, rounded, with sharp canthus. Rostral as broad as
deep or a little broader than deep; nasal entire or semidivided;
upper head-scales flat and imbricate, largest and smooth on the
snout and vertex; 5 to 7 longitudinal series of scales between the
supraoculars, which are large and sometimes broken up into two;
internasals small; two postoculars and a subocular, separated from
the labials by one series of scales; temporal scales obtusely keeled;
9 to 11 upper labials, second only exceptionally forming the
anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales rather feebly keeled, in 19
rows. Wentrals 134–146; anal entire; subcaudals 49–54, single.
Tail prehensile. Green or olive above, speckled and spotted with
black; a black streak on each side of the head, from the canthus
rostralis, over the outer border of the supraocular shield, to a little
beyond the angle of the mouth ; upper surface of head sometimes
with black longitudinal streaks; yellowish beneath, some or all of
the shields black-edged.
Total length 535 millim. ; tail 90.
Costa Rica. -
a—c. 3 (V. 142, 184; C. Rio Frisio. Mr. Rogers [C];
50, 54) & 2 (W. 141; C. F. D. Godman,
50). - Esq.[P].
d—e. g. (V. 146; C. 58) & Irazu. F. D. Godman, Esq.
Q (W. 146; C. 49). [P].
40. Lachesis aurifer.
Thamnocenchris aurifer, Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 459, pl.xxxii.
fig. 1.
Bothriechis aurifer, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 207.
Bothrops aurifer, F. Müll. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, p.401.
Snout short and broad, with well-marked canthus. Rostral
broader than deep; nasal entire or semidivided; upper head-scales
12. SISTRURUs. 569
imbricate, large, shield-like and smooth or feebly keeled on the
snout and vertex; an enlarged frontal, separated from the large
supraocular by a series of two or three smaller shields; internasals
small; two postoculars and a subocular, separated from the labials
by one series of scales; temporal scales keeled; 9 or 10 upper
labials, second forming the anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales
rather strongly keeled, in 19 rows. Wentrals 154–158; anal entire;
subcaudals 53–61, single. Tail prehensile. Green above, with
more or less distinct, scattered yellow spots; a more or less distinct
black streak on the temple; greenish yellow beneath.
Total length 825 millim. ; tail 145. wº
Guatemala.
a. Q (W. 154; C. 53). Coban, Vera Paz. O. Salvin, Esq.[C.].
(Type.)
b. 3 (V. 158; C. 61). Coban. O. Salvin, Esq. [C].
12. SISTRURUS.
Crotalus, part., Linn. S. N. i. p. 372 (1766); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 555 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén, vii. p. 1453 (1854); Jan,
Elenco sist. Oftā. p. 123 (1863).
Crotalophorus (non Houtt.), Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, p. 205, and
Cat. Sn. p. 17 (1849); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892,
. 684.
cºin, (non Laur.), Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 34 (1826); Wagl.
Syst. Amph. p. 176 (1830); Gray, Zool. Miscell, p. 51 (1842).
Sistrurus, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 110 (1888), and Science, xix.
1892, p. 290; Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 410
(1895); W. E. Taylor, Am. Nat. 1895, p. 283.
Head very distinct from neck, covered above with nine large
symmetrical shields; eye moderate or small, with vertical pupil.
Body cylindrical; scales keeled, with apical pits; ventrals rounded.
Tail short, ending in a segmented, horny, Sound-producing apparatus
or rattle ; subcaudals all or greater part single.
North America East of the Rocky Mountains ; Mexico.
Synopsis of the Species.
Rostral as deep as broad or deeper than broad;
loreal separating the upper praeocular from
the posterior nasal; canthus rostralis sharp. 1. miliarius, p. 569.
Rostral as deep as broad or deeper than broad;
upper praeocular in contact with the posterior
nasal; canthus rostralis sharp . . . . . . . . . . 2. catematus, p. 570.
Rostral broader than deep; loreal separating
the upper praeocular from the posterior
nasal; canthus rostralis obtuse . . . . . . . . 3. ravus, p. 571.
3.
1. Sistrurus miliarius.
Crotalus miliarius, Linn. S. N. i. p. 372 (1766); Daud. Rept. v.
p. 328 (1803); Say, Amer. Journ. Sc. i. 1819, p. 268; Harl. Journ.
Ac, Philad. v., 1827, p. 371, and Med. Phys. Res. p. 134 (1835)
570 vierRIDA.
Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 569, pl.xx. figs. 17 & 18 (1837); Holbr.
N. Amer. Herp. ii. p. 73, pl. xv. (1838); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1477
(1854); Baird, Rep. U.S. Explor. Surv. R. R. x., Rept. pl. xxiv.
fig. 7 (1859); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 119 (1883).
Crotalophorus miliarius, Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, p. 205; Holbr.
N. Am. Herp. 2nd ed. iii. p. 25, pl. iv. (1842); Baird & Gir. Cat.
N. Am. Rept. p. 11 (1853); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
1892, p. 685.
Caudisona miliaria, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 68 (1826).
Crotalophorus miliarius, part., Gray, Cat. p. 17 (1849).
Sistrurus miliarius, Garm. l.c. p. 177; Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat.
Mus. f. 1893, p. 418, pl. vii. (1895).
Snout with sharp canthus. Rostral as deep as broad or a little
deeper than broad; frontal as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; upper praeocular separated
from the posterior nasal by a loreal; eye separated from the labials
by one or two series of scales; temporal scales keeled; 9 to 11
upper labials. Scales strongly keeled, in 21 or 23 rows. Wentrals
127–139; anal entire; subcaudals 27–36; rattle short, 10 being
the highest number of segments on record. Greyish, yellowish, or
brown above, the vertebral line often orange; one or two dorsal
series of large dark, black-edged spots, or a series of narrow cross-
bars, and one or two lateral series of smaller spots; two undulating
dark stripes from between the eyes to the occiput, the space between
them usually orange ; a dark temporal streak with a light streak
below it extending from below the centre of the eye to the angle of
the mouth; whitish beneath, speckled and spotted with dark brown
or black. -
Total length 520 millim. ; tail 70.
South-eastern North America, from North Carolina to Texas.
a 3 (Sc. 28; v. 187; c. 86). Orlando, Florida.
b. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 23; W. 138; Louisiana. Smithsonian Insti-
C. 30). tution.
c. Hgr. 3 (Sc. 21; W. 127; Louisiana. M. Sallé [C].
C. 34).
d. 9 (Sc. 23; W. 132; C. 33). Texas.
e, f. 6 (Sc. 23; W. 139; C. 35) N. America. Dr. R. Harlan [P.].
& Q (Sc. 23; W. 134; C. 30).
g. Yg. (Sc. 23; W. 139; C. 33). N. America. Lord Orkney [P.].
h. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 135; C. 32). N. America. College of Surgeons.
i. 6 (Sc. 21; W. 127; C. 36). N. America.
2. Sistrurus catenatus.
Crotalinus catenatus, Rafin. Amer. Monthly Mag. iv. 1818, p. 41*.
Crotalus tergeminus, Say, in Long's Eaged. Rocky M. i. p. 499
(1823); Harl. Proc. Ac. Philad. v. 1827, p. 372, and Med. Phys.
Res. p. 135 (1835); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1479, pl. lxxxiv. b. fig. 5
1854).
( * Firtland, in Mather's Sec. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio,
p. 190 (1838).
* I have not been able to refer to this paper.
12. SISTRURUs. 571

Crotalophorus tergeminus, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. 2nd ed. iii. p. 29,
pl. v. (1842); Gray, Cat, p. 18 (1849); Agassiz, Lake Superior,
p. 381, pl. vi. figs, 6–8 (1850); Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept.
p. 14 (1853); Wied, N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. xxxii. i. 1865,
no. 8, p. 74.
kirtlandii, Holbr. t. c. p. 31, pl. vi.; Gray, l.c.; Baird & Gir.
l. c. p. 16.
#iºus, art., Gray, l.c. p. 17.
— consors, Baird & Gir. l.c. p. 12, and Rep. U.S. Explor.
Surv. R. R. x., Rept. pl. xxiv. fig. 8 (1859).
edwardsii, Baird & Gir. ll. cc. p. 15, pl.xxv. fig. 10, and Rep.
U.S. Mea. Bound. Surv., ii. Rept, p. 15, pl. v. fig. 1 (1859);
Dugès, Naturaleza, iv. 1877, p. 27.
massasauga, Baird, Serp. N. York, p. 12 (1854).
Crotalus miliarius, vars. edwardsii and tergeminus, Jan, Elenco, p. 124
(1863), and Icon. Gén. 46, pl. iii. figs. 4 & 6 (1874).
Caudisona edwardsii, Cope, Check-list N. Am. Rept. p. 34 (1875).
tergemina, Cope, l.c.
Crotalus catenatus, Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 118, pl. ix. fig. 2 (1883).
Sistrurus catenatus, Garm. l.c. p. 176; Hay, Batr. & Rept. Ind.
p. 126 (1892); Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 411,
pl. v. (1895). &
Crotalophorus catenatus, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892,
p. 685.


Distinguished from the preceding in having the upper praeocular
in contact with the posterior nasal above the loreal, which is very
small; two or three series of scales between the eye and the labials;
temporal scales smooth ; 11 to 14 upper labials. Scales in 23 or
25 rows. Wentrals 136–153; subcaudals 20–31. A dark spot on
the parietal shields, between the two occipito-nuchal stripes; a light
streak from the loreal pit to the angle of the mouth ; dorsal spots
usually larger than in S. miliarius, transversely elliptic or reniform.
Total length 680 millim.; tail 80.
Great Lakes district; United States East of the Rocky Mountains
and West of the Mississippi; Northern Mexico.
a. SP (Sc. 25; W. 143; C. 22). Canada. J. Cruickshank, Esq.[P.].
b. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 139; C. 28). Illinois. Smithsonian Instit.
c. SP (Sc. 25; V. 148; C. 22). N. America.
d. 6 (Sc. 25; W. 146; C. 31). — ?
3. Sistrurus ravus.
Crotalus ravus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 191.
Caudisona rava, Cope, Check-list N. Am. Rept. p. 31 (1875).
Crotalus miliarius, var. ravus, Garm. N. Am. Rept, p. 120 (1883).
Crotalophorus ravus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885,
p. 382, and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 684.
Canthus rostralis rounded. Rostral broader than deep, recurved
above; temporal scales smooth; 11 or 12 upper labials. Scales in
21 or 23 rows, the keels on the median dorsal scales thick.
Wentrals 147; subcaudals 26. Yellowish brown, with a dorsal
series of deep brown spots, longer than broad, and a series of trans-
572 WIPERIDAE.
verse dark bars on each side opposite to the dorsal spots; head
without markings; a brown nuchal spot, forked in front; belly
yellowish, thickly variegated with blackish brown.
Total length 200 millim. ; tail 22.
Wera Cruz, Mexico.
13. CROTALUS.
Crotalus, part., Linn. S. N. i. p. 372 (1766); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 555 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii. p. 1453 (1854); Jan,
IElenco sist. Oftd. p. 123 (1863).
Caudisona, Laur. Syn. Rept, p. 92 (1768).
Crotalinus, Rafin. Amer. Monthly Mag. iii. 1818, p. 416.
Crotalus, Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, }. 205; Fitzing. N. Class. Rept.
p. 34 (1826); Wagl. Syst, Amph. p. 176 (1830); Gray, Zool.
Miscell. p. 51 (1842), and Cat. Sn. p. 19 (1849); Cope, Proc. U.S.
Nat, Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 686; Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f.
1893, #. 421 (1895).
Uropsophus, Wagl. l.c.; Gray, ll, ce. pp. 51, 18.
Aploaspis, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1866, p. 310.
ƺ Coues, Wheeler's Surv. W. 100th Merid. v. p. 609
(1875). :

Head very distinct from neck, covered above with scales or small
shields; eye moderate or small, with vertical pupil. Body cylin-
drical; scales keeled, with apical pits; ventrals rounded. Tail
short, ending in a segmented, horny, sound-producing apparatus or
rattle; subcaudals all or greater part single.
America, from Southern Canada and British Columbia to Southern
Brazil and Northern Argentina.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Supraocular shield not produced into a horn-like process.
A. Eye separated from the labials by three to five rows of scales.
1. Rostral as deep as broad or deeper than broad, in contact
with the nasal.
a. Upper surface of snout covered with one pair of inter-
nasals and one pair of praefrontals (with occasionally
one or two small scales between them); scales in 23–31
rows; ventrals 160–199. . . . . . 1. terrificus, p. 573.
b. Upper surface of snout with several small shields or
scales; scales in 23–29 rows; ventrals 165–197.
a. Supraocular shields transversely striated, as broad as
or slightly narrower than the space between them.
Two or three series of small shields between
the supraoculars, which are in contact
with four or five shields in addition to the
prae- and postoculars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Scutulatus, p. 575.
13. CROTALUs. 573
Three to ten series of scales between the
supraoculars, which are in contact with
six to eleven scales in addition to the præ-
and postoculars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. confluentus, p. 576.
ſ3. Supraocular shields smooth, much narrower than the
space between them.
Two pairs of internasals; rostral deeper than
broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, durissus, p. 578.
One pair of internasals; rostral as deep as
broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. horridus, p. 578.
2. Rostral broader than deep, in contact with the nasal;
scales in 23 or 25 rows; ventrals 166–181.
6. tigris, p. 580.
3. Rostral broader than deep, separated from the nasal by
scales; scales in 25 rows; ventrals 178–198.
7. mitchelli, p. 580.
B. Eye separated from the labials by one or two rows of scales.
1. Upper praeocular normal, separated from the nasal by a
loreal; rostral as deep as broad.
Two internasals; scales in 21–25 rows;
ventrals 142–184 . . . . . . . . . . = e º 'º e º O ſº 8. triseriatus, p. 581.
Four internasals; scales in 27–30 rows;
ventrals 123–151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. polystictus, p. 582.
2. Upper praeocular divided into two by a vertical suture;
rostral broader than deep ; scales in 21–23 rows; ventrals
153–169. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. lepidus, p. 582.
II. Supraocular produced into a horn-like process: scales in 21 or
23 rows; ventrals 146 . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. cerastes, p. 583.
1. Crotalus terrificus.
Seba, Thes, ii. pl.xcv. figs. 1 & 2, & pl.xcvi. fig. 1 (1735).
? Crotalus dryinas, Linn. S. W. i. p. 372 (1766).
Caudisona terrifica, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 93 (1768); Cope, Proc. Ac.
Philad, 1866, p. 308.
P. Caudisona dryinas, Laur. l. c. p. 94.
Caudisona orientalis, Lawr. l. c.
Crotalus boiquira, part., Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 130, 190 (1789).
— durissus, var., Shaw, Zool. iii. pl.xc. (1802).
horridus (non L.), Latr. Rept. iii. p. 186 (1802); Daud. Rept.
v. p. 311, pl. lxix. fig. 1 (1803); #} Proc. Ac. Philad. v. 1827,
p. 370; Wied, Abbild. Nat. Bras. (1827); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii.
p. 561, pl. xx, figs. 12–14 (1837); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1472,
pl. lxxxiv. b. fig. 2 (1854); Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 338;
Jan, Icon. Gén, 46, pl. iii. figs, 1 & 2 (1874); Peracca, Boll. Mus.
Torino, x. no. 195, 1895, p. §
— cascavella, Wagl. in Spiv, Serp. Bras, p. 61, pl. xxiv.
(1824).

574 . WIPERIDAE.
Crotalus horridus, part, Gray, Cat, p. 20 (1849). - -
molossus, Baird & Gir. Cat. W. Am. Rept, p. 10 (1853), and
Pep. U.S. Mear. Bound. Surv., ii. Rept. pl. ii. (1859); Garm. Bull.
Essea. Instit. xix. 1888, p. 123; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
1892, p.688; Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 424 (1895).
ornatus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 192, and Rep. U.S.
Surv. R. R. x., Parke's Rep. p. 23, pl. ii. (1859).
durissus (non L.), Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 337; Garm.
N. Am. Rept. p. 111 (1883); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv.
1892, p. 688,
Caudisona basilisca, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1864, p. 166, and 1866,
. 308.
p durissa, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1866, p. 308.
molossus, Cope, l.c. -
Crotalus rhombifer (non Latr.), Dugès, Naturaleza, iv. 1877, p. 22.
basiliscus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 180;
Dugès, Naturaleza, (2) i. 1888, p. 133; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus, xiv. 1892, p. 688.
terrificus, Cope, Prog. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 688.
horridus, var. unicolor, v. Lidth de Jeude, Notes Leyd. Mus.
ix. 1887, p. 133.

Snout very short, with obtuse canthus. Rostral as deep as
broad or a little deeper than broad, in contact with the anterior
nasal; upper surface of snout covered by a pair of internasals and
a pair of praefrontals, rarely with one or two small shields between
them ; scales between the supraoculars often more or less enlarged
or shield-like, in two to five longitudinal series; three or four series
of scales between the eye and the upper labials; latter, 12 to 17.
Scales in 23 to 31 rows, dorsals very strongly keeled. Wentrals
160–199; anal entire; subcaudals 18–30. Brown above, with a
series of darker, light-edged rhombs, often lighter in the centre, in
contact with one another or narrowly separated, or with decussating
yellow lines; occiput and neck with or without two more or less
distinct dark parallel stripes; a dark streak from the eye to the
angle of the mouth, and often another from the loreal pit to below
the eye or beyond ; the markings sometimes indistinct; yellowish
white beneath, uniform or spotted with brown; tail usually brown
or blackish.
Total length 1320 millim. ; tail 130.
Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas to Southern Brazil and
Northern Argentina.
A. Stripes on the neck absent or ill-defined.
a—b. Hgr. (Sc. 27, 27; Presidio, W. Mexico. Hr. A. Forrer [C].;
V. 188, 191; C, 24, F. D. Godman,
30). Esq. [P.].
c, d. 3 (Sc. 27, 23; W. City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman [C].
173, 170; C. 24, 26).
e, Hgr. (Sc. 29; W. Mezquital del Oro, Zaca- Dr. A. C. Buller [C.],
182; C. 27). tecas.
f—h. 3 (Sc. 25; W. 170; S. Mexico. F. D. Godman, Esq.
C. 24) & hgr. (Sc. 25, - [P.J.
25; W. 173, 174; C.
18, 18).
13. CROTALUs. 575
i. 3 (Sc. 27; W. 170; Mexico. M. Sallé [C].
C. 27).
k. Q (Sc. 29; V. 181; Venezuela.
C. 22).
B. Stripes on the neck well-marked.
a—d. Q (Sc. 29; V. Omilteme, Guerrero. F. D. Godman, Esq.
182; C. 23) & yg. P.].
(Sc. 29, 27, 29; V.
180, 183, 170; C. 30,
22, 29).
e. Yg. (Sc., 27; W. Yucatan.
187; C. 23).
f. 6 (Sc. 31; V. 181; S. Mexico. F. D. Godman, Esq.
C. 28). Esq. [P].
g. Hgr. (Sc. 29; W. Mexico.
172; C. 23).
h—i. Yg. (Sc. 31; W. Berbice.
176; C. 23) & head
of adult.
k. & (Sc. 30; W. 185; Pernambuco. W. A. Forbes, Esq.
}. 25
it ºf ºf a tº [P.].
l. Yg. (Sc. 27; W. 171; S. José dos Campos, Mr. A. Thomson [P.].
C. 21). Prov. S. Paulo,
m. Yg. (Sc. 27; W. 175; Brazil.
C. 29
72, figr. (Sc. 29; V. Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C].
178; C. 30).
o. Yg. (Sc. 27; W. 187; Campolican, Bolivia.
C. 22).
p. Skeleton. —? Zoological Society.
2. Crotalus scutulatus.
Caudisona scutulata, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 207;
Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 309.
Crotalus adamanteus scutulatus, Cope, Check-list N. Am. Rept.
p. 33 (1875); Garm. N. Am. Rept, p. 113 (1883); Cope, Proc.
Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886, p. 287, and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xiv. 1892, p. 689.
— scutulatus, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1883, p. 11.
(18º var., Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 438
— salvini, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 193, pl. lix. fig. A
(1895).
Canthus rostralis distinct. Rostral as deep as broad, in contact
with the anterior nasal; upper surface of head with small shields;
two pairs of internasals and two pairs of praefrontals; two or three
series of shields between the supraoculars; supraoculars transversely
striated, not broader than their distance from each other, in contact
with four or five shields in addition to the prae- and postoculars;
three or four series of scales between the eye and the labials; 13
to 16 upper labials. Scales in 25 or 27 rows, dorsals striated and
strongly keeled. Wentrals 167–170; anal entire; subcaudals 18–20.
576 . WIPERIDAE.
Yellowish or greyish brown above, with a series of large dark
brown light-edged rhombs; a yellowish streak from the canthus
rostralis along the supraciliary border to the middle of the temple ;
an oblique dark streak below the eye; uniform yellowish white
beneath. -
Total length 760 millim. ; tail 65.
Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, North Mexico.
a. Yg. (Sc. 27; W. 167; Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq. [P].
C. 18).
b. ? (Sc. 25; W. 170; Huamantla, Mexico, T. M. Rymer Jones, Esq.
C. 20). 8000 ft. º (Type of C. sal-
2)2?22.
3. Crotalus confluentus.
? Crotalinus viridis, Rafin. Am. Monthly Mag. iv. 1818, p. 41 *.
Crotalus confluentus, Say, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mount. ii. p. 48
(1823); Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept, p. 8 (1853), and in
Marcy's Explor. Red Riv. p. 217, pl. i. (1853); Dum. & Bibr. vii.
. 1475, pl. lxxxiv. b. # 4 (1854); Baird, Rep. U.S. Expl. Surv.
}. R. x., Rept, p.40 (1859); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1859, p. 337;
Garm. N. Am. Rept., p. 114 (1883); Stejneger, W. Am. Faun.
no. 5, p. 111 (1891); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892, p. 691;
Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 440 (1895).
oregonus, Holbr. N. Am. Herp., 2nd ed. iii. p. 21, pl. iii.
(1842); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 173.
— lucifer, Baird & Gir. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1852, p. 177, and Cat.
p. 6; Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped, Herp. p. 187, pl. xv. figs, 1–6
(1858); Baird, Rep. U.S. Expl. Surv. R. R. x., Williamson's Rep.
p. 10, pl. xi. (1859); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 337; Lord,
Natur. Vanc. Isl. ii. p. 803 (1866); Garm. l.c. p. 114; Stejneger,
N. Am. Faun, no. 5, p. 111, and Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 445.
— lecontei, Hallow. Proc. 46. Philad. 1852, p. 180, and Rep. U.S.
Surv. R. R. x., Williamson's Rep. p. 18, pl. iii. (1859).
atrox, Baird & Gir. Cat. pp. 5 & 156; Baird, Rep. U.S. Mer.
Bound. Surv., ii. Rept., p. 14, pl. i. (1859); Stejneger, Rep. U.S.
Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 436.
adamanteus, var. atrox, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 153,
and Icon. Gén. 46, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1874); Garm, l.c. p. 113; Cope,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 690.
ſºmeº var, confluentus, Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859,
. 153.
cºa atrox, var. Sonorensis, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1861,
. 206.
cº durissus (non-L.), Wied, N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. xxxii. i.
1865, no. 8, p. 65.
Caudisona confluenta, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 309.
— lucifer, Cope, l.c.
atrox, Cope, l.c.
Crotalus confluentus pulverulentus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1883,
p. 11, and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 691.
— exsul, Garm. l. c. p. 114.
adamenteus ruber, Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892,
p. 690.


* I have not been able to refer to this work.
13. CROTALUs. 577
Snout with obtuse canthus. Rostral as deep as broad or a little
deeper than broad, in contact with the anterior nasal; upper head-
Scales small, striated; supraoculars transversely striated, as broad
as or slightly narrower than the space between them, which is filled
by 3 to 10 longitudinal series of scales; each supraocular in con-
tact with 6 to 11 scales in addition to the prae- and postoculars;
three or four series of scales between the eye and the labials;
13 to 18 upper labials. Scales striated and strongly keeled, in
25 to 29 rows. Wentrals 168–197; anal entire ; subcaudals 17–34.
Yellowish, greyish, or pale brown above, with a dorsal series of
large brown or red spots, usually edged with darker and lighter
and commonly rhomboidal or transversely elliptic in shape; a light
streak or triangular marking across the supraocular shield; a
more or less distinct dark, light-edged streak from the eye to the
mouth ; yellowish beneath, uniform or spotted with brown.
This species may be divided into two principal varieties, which
are not definable by any structural characters that I know of,
viz.:-the typical form, with a dark temporal band extending to
the commissure of the mouth ; and the Texan C. atroa, in which a
dark band descends obliquely from the eye to the mouth far in
advance of the commissure.
Total length 1520 millim.; tail 140.
Western North America, from British Columbia to South
California, eastwards to Assiniboia, Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and
Western and Southern Texas; Northern Mexico.
a. Q (Sc. 25; V. 183; Duval Co., Texas. W. Taylor, Esq.[P].
C. 20).
b. Ad., skin (Sc. 27; Texas. Smithsonian Instit.
V. 185; C. 25).
C. § (Sc. 27; W. 187; Nebraska. Smithsonian Instit.
. 21).
d, e, f. 6 (Sc. 25; W. Brit. Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
175; C. 23) & Q (Sc.
25, 25; V. 183, 175;
C. 17, 17).
g. 3 (Sc. 25; W. 173; Coronado Ids, off San Prof. Eigenmann
C. 22 Diego, California. E
h. § § 25; W. 181; California. Christiania Mus.
2. Higr. o (Sc. 25; W. California. Lord Walsingham.
176; C. 18). P.T.
k. & (Sc. 27; W. 174; California. Haslar Collection.
26
l, m., & (Sc. 25; W. W. Coast of N. America. Sir E. Belcher [P].
168; C. 20) & Q (Sc.
25; V. P.; C. 17).
n—o. 9 (Sc. 27; W. N. America.
190; C. 22) & yg.
(Sc. 27; W.172; C.25),
p. č 3. 25; W. 182; — ? Zoological Society.
WOL. III. 2 P
578 * virrupa.
4. Crotalus durissus.
Linn. Amoen. Acad. i. p. 500 (1749). -
Crotalus durissus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 872 (1766); Shaw, Zool. iii.
p. 383, pl. lxxxix. (1802).
— adamanteus, Pal. de Beauv. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. iv. 1799,
p. 368, pl. —; Say, Amer. Journ. Sc. i. 1819, p. 263; Holbr. N.
Am; Herp. ii. p. 77, pl. xvi. (1888), and 2nd ed. iii. p. 17, pl., ii.
(1842); Baird & Gir. Cat. N. Am. Rept. p. 3 (1853), and Rep.
U.S. Surv. R. R., x. Rept. pl. xxiv. fig. 2 (1859); Jan, Icon. Gén.
46, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1874); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 112 (1883); Cope,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 689; Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat.
Mus. f. 1893, p. 433, pl. x. (1895).
rhombifer, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 197 (1802); Daud. Rept. v.
p. 323, pl. lx. figs. 22 & 23, & pl. lxix. fig. 2 (1803); Dum. &
Bibr. vii. p. 1470, pl. lxxxiv. b. fig. 3 (1854).
—- horridus, part., Harl. Med. Phys. Re8, p. 133 (1835).
— terrificus (non Laur.), Leconte, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 419;
Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 337.
Caudisona adamantea, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 309.
Canthus rostralis obtuse. Rostral deeper than broad, in contact
with the anterior nasal; upper surface of snout covered with
scales or small irregular shields; 7 or 8 longitudinal series of
scales between the supraoculars, the width of which is much less
than the interspace between them ; three or four series of scales
between the eye and the labials; 13 to 16 upper labials. Scales
in 25–29 rows, dorsals strongly keeled. Wentrals 169–181; anal
entire ; subcaudals 24–32. Pale greyish or brownish above, with
a dorsal series of large blackish rhombs, usually with lighter centres,
edged with yellowish; snout blackish, with a yellowish cross-line
between the eyes, yellowish margins to the rostral shields, and a
yellowish vertical streak between the rostral and the nostril, on the
anterior nasal and first upper labial; a broad blackish band, edged
with yellowish above and beneath, extends from the supraocular,
over the eye, to the four or five last upper labials; end of tail
usually black; yellowish beneath, more or less spotted with brown
or black. -
The largest species of the genus, reaching a length of 8 feet.
South-eastern United States from North Carolina to the Florida
Reys and the Mississippi River.
**** v. 181; orlando, Florida.
. 24). -
6. § º 29; W 171; United States, Smithsonian Institution.
C. 30).
c. Skull. N. America.
5. Crotalus horridus.
Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. i. pl. xli. (1748).
Crotalus horridus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 39 (1754), and S. N. i.
p. 372 (1766); Leconte, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 417; Cope,
Proe. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 888; Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 115,
13. CROTALUs. 579
pl. ix. fig. 1 (1883); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 693;
Hay, Batr. Rept. Ind. p. 128 (1893); Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat.
Mus. f. 1893, p. 426, pl. ix. (1895).
9rotalophorus horridus, Houtt. Linn. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 309 (1764}.
Caudisona durissus (non L.), Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 93 (1768).
º boiquira, part., Lacép. Serp. ii. pp. 130, 190, pl. xviii. fig. 1
).
— boiquira, Pal. de Beauv. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. iv. 1799,
p. 368, pl. —.
— durissus, Latr. Rept. iii. p. 190 (1802); Daud. Rept. v. p. 304,
pl. lxviii. (1803); Harl. Prog. Ac. Philad. v. 1827, p. 368, and Med.
Phys. Re8, p. 132 (1835); Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii. p. 565, pl. xx.
figs. 15 & 16 (1837); Storer, Rep. Rept. Massach. p. 233 (1839);
Holbr. N. Am. Herp. ii. p. 81, pl. xvii. (1838), and 2nd ed. iii.
p. 9, pl. i. (1842); De Kay, N. York Faun. iii. p. 55, pl. ix.
fig. 19 (1842); Baird & Gir. Cat. W. Am. Rept. p. 1 (1853); Baird,
Serp. N. York. p. 9, pl. i. fig. 1 (1854); Dum. & Bibr. vii. p. 1465,
pl. lxxxiv. b. fig. 1 (1854); Jan, Icon. Gén. 46, pl. i. (1874).
atricaudatus, Latr. t. c. p. 209; Daud. t. c. p. 316.
Crotalinus cyanurus, Rafin. Amer. Monthly Mag. iii. 1818, p. 446*.
. Caudisona horrida, Flem. Philos. Zool. ii. p. 294 (1822); Cope, Proc.
Ac. Philad, 1866, p. 309.
Uropsophus durissus, Gray, Cat. p. 19 (1849).
Crotalus horridus, part., Gray, l.c. p. 20.

Snout with obtuse canthus. Rostral as deep as broad, in contact
with the anterior nasals and a pair of rather large internasals; a
1arge shield between the internasal and supraocular; middle of
snout with scales or small shields ; supraoculars considerably
narrower than the space between them, which is covered by 3 to
8 longitudinal series of small scales; three or four series of scales
between the eye and the labials; 12 to 16 upper labials. Scales
in 23–29 rows, dorsals very strongly keeled. Wentrals 165–178;
anal entire; subcaudals 19–29. Greyish brown above, usually
with a rusty vertebral stripe and V- or NW-shaped blackish cross-
bands; head uniform above, with a more or less distinct dark band
from the eye to the angle of the mouth; usually a pair of roundish
or triangular dark spots on the nape; neck with elongate spots or
interrupted stripes; yellowish beneath, uniform or speckled or
spotted with blackish; end of tail blackish.
Total length 1340 millim.; tail 135.
United States, from Massachusetts and Iowa to Northern Florida
and Texas.
a. d. (Sc. 25; W. 178; New Orleans.
C. 29).
b. Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 170; Texas.
C
. 24).
c. Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 177; Arkansas.
C. 21).
d. 9 (Sc. 29; W. 176; N. America. Sir H. Sloane [P.].
C. 24).
* I have not been able to verify this reference. 2
- - 2P
580 WIPERIDAE,
€. § §. 23; W. 167; N. America. College of Surgeons.
j. § º 25; W. 173; N. America. -
9. Škuiſ. N. America.
6. Crotalus tigris.
Crotalus tigris, Kennicott, Rep. U.S. Mew. Bound. Surv. ii., Rept.
p. 14, pl. iv. (1859); Garm, N. Am. Rept. p. 117 (1883); Cope,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 689; Stejneger, N. Am. Faun.
no. 7, p. 214 (1893), and Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 449
(1895).
Caudisona enyo, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 293, and 1866,
p. 309.
tigris, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 309.
Crotalus enyo, Cope, Check-list N. Am. Rept. p. 33 (1875), and
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 689.
— oregonus, var. enyo, Garm. l.c. p. 174.
Snout with distinct canthus. Rostral broader than deep, in
contact with the anterior nasal and a pair of internasals; a large
shield on each side between the internasal and the supraocular;
middle of snout covered with small smooth or obtusely keeled scales;
supraoculars narrower than the space between them, which is
occupied by six longitudinal rows of keeled scales; three series of
scales between the eye and the labials; 13 to 15 upper labials.
Scales in 23 or 25 rows, dorsals strongly keeled. Wentrals 166–
181; anal entire ; subcaudals 26–46. Yellowish or pale brown
above, with a dorsal series of brown, dark-edged spots, widening to
cross-bands posteriorly; sides with smaller dark spots; head with
small dark spots and a dark streak from the eye to the angle of the
mouth; yellowish beneath, scantily spotted with brown.
Total length 380 millim.; tail 50.
Southern California, Lower California, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona,
Northern Mexico.
a. Yg. (Sc. 25; V. 181; Ventanas, Durango. Hr. A. Forrer [C.].
C. 46). *
7. Crotalus mitchelli.
Caudisona mitchellii, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1861, p. 293, and 1866,
. 310.
— pyrrha, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 808.
Crotalus mitchellii, Cope, Wheeler's Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer. v.
p. 535 (1875), and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Xiv., 1892, p. 689; Van
Lenburgh, Proc. Cal. Acad. (2) iv. 1894, p. 450; Stejneger, Rep.
U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 454, pl. xvii. (1895).
pyrrhus, Cope, Wheeler's Rep. p. 585, pl.xxii, and Proc. U.S.
Nai. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 689; Stejneger, W. Amer. Scient. vii.
1891, p. 165. e
— confluentus, var. pyrrhus, Garm. N. Am. Rept, p. 178 (1883).
— oregonensis, var, mitchellii, Garm. l. c.


13. CBOTALUs. 581
Snout without canthus. Rostral broader than deep, separated
from the anterior nasal by scales; upper head-scales small, striated;
supraoculars striated; three series of scales between the eye and
the labials; 14 to 16 upper labials. Scales in 25 rows, striated,
dorsals strongly keeled. Wentrals 178–198; anal entire; sub-
.caudals 24–26. Greyish yellow to salmon-red above, finely
punctulated with brown, with a dorsal series of transverse darker
spots; yellowish beneath.
Total length 1020 millim.; tail 90. t
Desert Regions of Southern California, Lower California, and
Arizona.
8. Crotalus triseriatus.
Uropsophus triseriatus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 176 (1830).
Crotalus lugubris, part., Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 156, and
Prodr. pl. E. (1859).
intermedius, Trosch. in Müll. Reise Mexico, iii. p. 613 (1865);
ſº Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. 1882, p. 230, pl. xiv.
S. 1–4.
cºin. triseriata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 309.
— lugubris, Dugès, Naturaleza, iv. 1876, p. 25.
triseriatus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 179,
and Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 689.
sº Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 192, pl. lviii. fig C
(1895).
— pallidus, Günth, l.c. p. 193, pl. lix, fig, B.
Canthus rostralis distinct. Rostral as deep as broad, well visible
from above, in contact with the anterior nasals and a pair of inter-
nasals; internasal separated from the supraocular by a large shield;
one to five small smooth shields on the middle of the snout; supra-
oculars as broad as the space between them, which is occupied by
three to five longitudinal series of scales; one or two series of scales
between the eye and the labials; 9 to 13 upper labials. Scales in
21 to 25 rows, dorsals strongly keeled. Wentrals 142–184; anal
entire ; subcaudals 22–30. Olive or brown above, with a vertebral
series of rather small dark brown spots with a fine black-and-light
edge; sides with two or three series of smaller spots; upper surface
of head with or without small dark spots; a dark, light-edged band
from the eye to the angle of the mouth or beyond; yellowish
beneath, spotted or speckled with dark brown, or dark grey-brown
powdered with whitish. Spec. c pale brown above, with mere traces
of darker markings, yellowish beneath.
Total length 530 millim.; tail 55.
Mexico.
a. Q, head and neck and La Cumbre de los Arras- Dr. A. C. Buller[C].
tail (Sc. 25; C.25). trados, Jalisco,8500ft.
b. Yg. (Sc. 23; W. 149; La Laguna, Juanacatlan, Dr. A. C. BullerſC.].
C. 24). Jalisco.
c. 3 (Sc. 25; V. 149; City of Mexico. Mr. Doorman }
C. 29). (Type of C. pallidus.)
582. WIPERIDAE.
d. & (Sc. 23; W. 147; Orizaba, Vera Cruz.
C. 24).
e-f. 9 (Sc. 21; W. 184; Omilteme, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith,
C. 19) & yg. (Sc. 21; [C.]; F. D. God-
W. 177; C. 24). man, Esq. [P.].
(Types of C. omiltemants.)
g. 2 (Sc. 23; W. 142; S. Mexico. *} Godman, Esq.
C. 30). e e
h. Yg. (Sc. 21; W. 150; Mexico. M. Sallé [C.].
C. 25).
9. Crotalus polystictus.
Crotalus lugubris, part., Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1859, É 156.
9
Cº- polysticta, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 191, and 1866,
p. 309. -
Crotalus lugubris, var. multimaculata, Jan, Icon. Gén. 46, pl. iii.
fig. 3 (1874).

— jimenezii, Dugès, Naturaleza, iv. 1876, p. 23, pl. i. figs. 18–20.
polystictus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 179;
Dugès, Naturaleza, (2) i. 1888, p. 134; Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xiv. 1892, p. 689; Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 192 (1895).
Closely allied to C. triseriatus, but four internasals, 14 or 15
upper labials, and scales in 27 to 30 rows. Ventrals 123–151;
subcaudals 18–23. Elegantly marked with six or seven longi-
tudinal series of alternating elongate dark brown, black-and-white
edged spots separated by narrow interspaces of the yellowish-brown
ground-colour; a pair of diverging dark bands on the top of the
head, divided by a light line across the supraocular shields, an
oblique dark band below the eye and another from the eye to the
angle of the mouth; these dark bands separated by narrow pinkish-
white streaks; pinkish or yellowish beneath, spotted with dark
brown. .
Total length 600 millim.; tail 60.
Tableland of Mexico.
10. Crotalus lepidus.
Caudisona lepida, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1861, p. 206.
Aploaspis lepida, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1866, p. 310,
Crotalus lepidus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1883, p. 13; Garm. N.
Am. Rept. p. 117 (1883); Cope, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xiv. 1892,
P. º Stejneger, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 452, pl. xvi.
1895).
_0 palmeri, Garm. Bull. Essex. Inst. xix. 1887, p. 124.
Canthus rostralis obtuse. Rostral broader than deep, in contact
with the nasal, which is semidivided; upper surface of snout with
eight small smooth shields; supraoculars as broad as the space
between them, which is occupied by three series of scales; upper
praeocular divided vertically; two series of scales between the eye
and the labials; 12 upper labials. Scales in 21 or 23 rows, dorsals
strongly keeled. Wentrals 153–169; anal entire; subcaudals 24–31.
Brown or greenish grey above, with distant dark brown or jet-black
13. CROTALUs. 583
light-edged cross-bands narrowing on the sides; two dark spots or
a V- or heart-shaped black marking on the nape; a dark streak
behind the eye present or absent; beneath dirty white spotted with
brown.
In C. palmeri, Garm., which appears to be based on a colour
variation of this species, the markings are much effaced on the
body and altogether absent on the head.
Total length 350 millim.; tail 60.
Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, North Mexico.
a. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 169; C. 31). Milpas, Durango. Hr. A. Forrer [C.].
11. Crotalus cerastes.
Crotalus cerastes, Hallow. Proc. Ac, Philad, 1854, p. 95, and Rep.
U.S. Surv. R. R. x., Williamson's Rep. p. 17, pl. iv. fig. 1 (1859);
Rennicott, Rep. U.S. Mea. Bound. Surv. ii. Rept. p. 14, pl. iii.
(1859); Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 337; Jan, #. Gén. 46,
pl. iii. fig. 5 (1874); Garm. N. Am. Rept. p. 116 (1883); Cope,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 689; Stejneger, W. Am. Faun.
#. 'h ;" (1893), and Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1893, p. 450,
S. 5).
cº cerastes, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 309, and 1867,
. 85.
P. (AEchmophrys) cerastes, Coues, Wheeler's Surv. W. 100th
Mer. v. p. 609 (1875).
Canthus rostralis rounded. Rostral as broad as deep or a little
broader than deep, in contact with the nasal, which is single; snout
and vertex covered with small scales; supraocular produced into a
raised horn-like process; two or three series of scales between the
eye and the labials : 11 to 13 upper labials. Scales in 21 or 23
rows, dorsals feebly keeled, each scale along the middle of the back
with a central tubercular swelling. Wentrals 146; anal entire;
subcaudals 17. Yellowish above, with a dorsal series of rather
indistinct brown blotches; a narrow brown streak from the eye to
the angle of the mouth.
Total length 250 millim. ; tail 20.
Desert regions of Southern California, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
VOL. I.
Page 6. Add a species:—
4 a. Helminthophis ternetzii.
Rostral two fifths the width of the head, extending nearly to the
level of the eyes, forming a broad, straight suture with the frontal,
which is about thrice as broad as long; eye scarcely distinguishable
through the ocular; two superposed praeoculars and a subocular;
four upper labials, first largest, second and third in contact with
the lower praeocular, third and fourth in contact with the subocular.
Diameter of body 52 times in the total length; tail nearly twice as
long as broad, ending in a spine. 22 scales round the body. Olive
above and beneath; head and anal region yellowish.
Total length 335 millim.
Paraguay.
a. Ad. Paraguay. Dr. C. Ternetz [C].
Add :— Page 15. Typhlops lineatus.
Typhlops lineatus, Boettg. in Semon, Zool. Forsch. v. pp. 121 & 125
(1894).
Werner, Werh. zool.—bot. Ges. Wien, xlvi. 1896, p. 13, distin-
guishes a var. Sumatranus (an sp. n. 2) with 24 series of scales.
Add:— Page 16. Typhlops braminus.
Typhlops braminus, Boettg. l.c. p. 122.
it—uu. Ad. Singapore. H. N. Ridley, Esq.[P].
vv—ww. Ad. i. A. Everett, Ésq. º
Page 17. Add a species:—
4 a. Typhlops diversus.
Typhlops diversus, Waite, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ix. 1894,
p. 10, pl. i. figs. 4–6.
Snout rounded; nostrils lateral. Rostral nearly half the width
of the head, extending almost to the level of the eyes; nasal incom-
pletely divided, the fissure extending from the anterior edge of the
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 585
praeocular to slightly beyond the nostril; praeocular narrower than
the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eye
distinct; internasal, supraoculars, and parietals larger than the
scales on the body; four upper labials. Diameter of body 67 times
in the total length; tail a third longer than broad, terminating in
a very minute spine. 20 scales round the body. Light horn-colour
throughout, slightly darker on the dorsal surface.
Total length 212 millim.
Mowen, Queensland.
Add:— Page 18. Typhlops beddomii.
o—g. Ad. & hgr. Tinnevelly hills. Col. Beddome [C].
Add :— Page 26. Typhlops thurstonii.
2. Hgr. Nellambur. G. E. Mason, Esq. [P.].
Add:— Page 28. Typhlops reticulatus.
47. Ad. Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C].
h. Ad. Charobamba, Bolivia.
Add:— Page 31. Typhlops lumbricalis.
t—w. Ad. Antigua, W.I. F. Watts, Esq.[P].
Page 32. Add a species:–
37 a. Typhlops batillus.
Typhlops batillus, Waite, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ix. 1894, p. 9,
pl. i. figs. 1–3.
Snout prominent, much depressed and shovel-shaped; nostril
lateral, close to the rostral. Head-shields granulated above and
below ; rostral half the width of the head, extending almost to the
level of the eyes; nasal completely divided, the fissure much curved
and extending from the second labial; praeocular smaller than the
ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eye very
distinct; internasal, supraoculars, and parietals larger than the
scales on the body; four upper labials. Diameter of body 53 times
in the total length; tail longer than broad, terminating in a blunt
spine. 24 scales round the body. Tawny above, the edges of the
scales forming longitudinal lines, lighter beneath.
Total length 230 millim.
Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.
Add:— Page 34. Typhlops ligatus.
Typhlops ligatus, Waite, Rec. Austral. Mus. ii. 1893, p. 57.
586 AIDDENDA AND COREIGHENIDA,
Add:— Page 34. Typhlops polygrammicus.
Typhlops nigrescens, Waite, Rec. Austral. Mus. ii. 1898, p. 57,
pl. xv. fig. 5.
— rippelli, Waite, l. c. fig. 6.
tº-ºne #. ygrammicus, Waite, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) ix. 1894,
p. 18.

The differences between T. nigrescens and T. rueppelli are prob-
ably sexual.
This species reaches a length of 717 millim.
Add:— Page 36. Typhlops wiedii.
Tºº s wiedii, Waite, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ix. 1894, pl. i.
gs. 7–9; Boettg. in Semon, Zool. Forsch. v. p. 117 (1894).
Page 36. Add a species:—
49 a. Typhlops nigricauda.
* nigricauda, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 867, pl. xlix.
Snout very prominent, rounded; nostrils inferior. Rostral broad,
more than half the width of the head, extending to the level of the
eyes; nasal incompletely divided, the cleft proceeding from the
second labial; praeocular present, narrower than the nasal or the
ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eye distin-
guishable ; praefrontal and supraoculars considerably enlarged; four
upper labials. Diameter of body 70 to 80 times in the total length;
tail a little longer than broad, ending in a spine. 18 scales round
the body. Brown above, yellowish below; end of snout yellow ;
tail black.
Total length 315 millim.
Northern Australia.
a. Ad. Daly River. Dr. Dº! Christiania Museum.
(One of the types.)
Add:— Page 38. Typhlops obtusus.
d. Ad. Zomba, Brit. C. Africa. Sir H. H. Johnston [P.].
Page 39. Add a species:—
57 a. Typhlops boulengeri.
Typhlops boulengeri, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. (2) iii. 1893, p. 117, and
Herp. Angola, p. 64 (1895).
Snout very prominent, rounded; nostrils inferior. Rostral large,
more than half the width of the head, extending to between the
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 587
eyes, the portion visible from below nearly as long as broad; nasal
semidivided, the cleft proceeding from the first labial; praeocular
present, much narrower than the nasal or the ocular, in contact with
the second and third labials; eyes distinct; praefrontal and supra-
oculars large; four upper labials. Diameter of body 29 or 30 times
in the total length; tail broader than long, ending in a spine. 28
scales round the body. Pale olive, above with black longitudinal
lines running between the scales.
Total length 180 millim.
Angola.
a. Ad. Quindumbo. M. d’Anchieta#: Prof.
Barboza du Bocage [P.].
(One of the types.)
Page 40. Add a species:—
61 a. Typhlops mandensis.
Typhlops mandensis, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. 1894,
p. 725
Apparently nearly related to T. hallowellii. Snout not hooked,
with obtusely angular horizontal edge; nostrils inferior, just below
the edge. Rostral large : nasal large, semidivided, the cleft pro-
ceeding from the first labial; praeocular present, narrower than the
nasal or the ocular; eyes not distinguishable ; praefrontal, frontal,
and interparietal of equal size, much larger than the scales on the
body; supraoculars and one pair of parietals larger still; four
upper labials. Diameter of body 23 times in the total length; tail
exceedingly short, much broader than long. 34 scales round the
body. Uniform pale greenish grey above, pale buff beneath.
Total length 135 millim.
Island of Manda, north of Lamu, E. Africa.
Add:— Page 40. Typhlops anchieta}.
Typhlops anchietae, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 63 (1895).
Add:— Page 43. Typhlops punctatus.
Typhlops punctatus, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 65 (1895).
aa. Ad. (A, c). Mkonumbi, E. Africa. º# e w. Gregory
bb. Ad. (B, a). Leikipia, E. Africa. Dr. J. W. Gregory
[P.].
Add:— Page 44. Typhlops bibromii.
k. Ad. Middelburg, Transvaal. D. Draper, Esq. [P.].
588 - ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
r
Page 44. Add a species:—
67 a. Typhlops hottentotus.
Typhlops hottentotus, Bocage, Jorn. So. Lisb, (2) iii. 1898, p. 117,
and Herp. Angola, p. 69 (1895).
Closely allied to T. schlegelii, but snout less prominent; rostral
narrower behind; praeocular narrower and in contact with the
second labial only; nasal narrower than the ocular; and scales in
36 rows. Dark olive-brown above, almost black, with a few scat-
tered small yellow spots; lower part yellow, with olive-brown
spots.
Total length 328 millim.
Humbe, Angola.
- Add:— Page 45. Typhlops schlegelii.
4. Hgr. Leikipia, E. Africa. Dr. J. W. Gregory [P.].
Add :— Page 45. Typhlops delalandii.
m. Ad. Rustenburg, Transvaal. Mr. W. Ayres [C.].
Add:— Page 46. Typhlops humbo.
Typhlops humbo, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 66 (1895).
C. Ad. Quissange, Angola. Prof. B. du Bocage [P.].
Add :— Page 46. Typhlops mucruso.
Typhlops petersii (non Steind.), Bocage, l.c. p. 68.
n. Ad. (A). Zanzibar. E. Finn, Esq. º
0–p. Ad. & hgr. (A). Fwambo, Brit. C. E. Carson, Esq. [C.].
Africa.
q. Ad. (A). Zomba, Brit. C. Sir H. H. Johnston [P.].
Africa.
r. Hgr. (B). Quissange, Angola. Prof. B. du Bocage [P.J.
Add:— Page 47. Typhlops anomalus.
Typhlops anomalus, Bocage, l.c. p. 20.
a. Ad. Quindumbo, Angola. Prof. B. du Bocage [P.].
Page 48. Add a species:—
75 a. Typhlops proximus.
Tºº proximus, Waite, Rec. Austral. Mus, ii. 1893, p. 60, pl.xv.
gs. 3 & 4.
Snout very prominent, with sharp horizontal edge and inferior
nostrils. Rostral large, its upper part a little more than half the
AIDDEN DA AND CORRIGENDA. 589.
width of the head, extending almost to the level of the eyes, its
lower part longer than broad; nasal semidivided, the cleft pro-
ceeding from the first labial and extending to the upper surface of
the snout ; praeocular narrower than the ocular; eyes distinct;
parietals as large as supraoculars; four upper labials. Diameter of
body 35 times in the total length; tail not longer than broad,
ending in a small spine. 20 scales round the body. Brownish
olive to greyish brown above, each scale margined with yellow ;
lower surfaces yellow.
Total length 405 millim.
New South Wales and Victoria.
Add:— Page 49. Typhlops unguirostris.
Typhlops unguirostris, Waite, Proc. Linn. Soc. W. S. W. (2) ix.
894, p. 11; Bouleng. t. c. p. 719.
The specimen referred to T. unguirostris belongs to a distinct
species:—
78 a, Typhlops waitii.
Typhlops waitii, Bouleng. l.c. p. 718,
Nasal cleft proceeding from the second labial (from the first in
T. waguirostris); 22 scales round the body (24 in T. whgwirostris).
Add:— Page 49. Typhlops affinis.
Typhlops affinis, Waite, l.c. p. 11; Bouleng. l. c. p. 719.
Page 52. Add a species:—
85 a. Typhlops somalicus.
Tºlº somalicus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1895, p. 536, pl. xxx.
g. 1.
Snout very prominent, obtusely pointed, with sharp cutting edge
and inferior nostrils. Head-shields granulated; rostral very large,
its upper portion a little longer than broad, its lower portion as
broad as long; nasal completely divided, the cleft proceeding from
the second labial; praeocular present, nearly as large as the
ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; ocular in
contact with the third and fourth labials; eyes not distinguish-
able; praefrontal and supraoculars transversely enlarged. Diameter
of body 90 times in total length; tail a little broader than long,
ending in a small spine. 24 scales round the body. Pale olive,
head yellowish.
Total length 450 millim.
Western Somaliland.
a. Ad. Beearso. Dr. Donaldson Smith [P.].
(Type.)
3590 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Page 52. Add a species:—
85 b. Typhlops praeocularis.
Tº: praeocularis, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xvi. 1894,
p. 709.
Snout very prominent and pointed, but not hooked, with sharp
cutting edge; nostrils inferior, between two large nasals almost at
the point where the internasal suture joins the rostral; rostral very
large, about two thirds the width of the head, the portion visible
from below broader than long ; a praeocular, not in contact with
the labials; no suboculars; ocular in contact with nasal below prae-
ocular, reaching lip behind second labial; eyes indistinguishable;
four upper labials. Diameter of body at the middle 67 times in the
total length, the body growing thicker posteriorly; tail very short,
wider than long, ending in a spine. 24 or 26 scales round the
body. Uniform pale brownish grey.
Total length 340 millim. &
Leopoldville or Stanley Pool, Congo.
Page 53. Add a species:—
87 a. Typhlops bisubocularis.
Typhlops bisubocularis, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1893, p. 386.
Very closely allied to T. andamanensis, but anterior upper head-
scales broader and nearly twice as long as the scales on the body.
Diameter of body 44 times in total length; length of tail once and
a half its width. Dark grey, the scales with lighter edges; snout,
chin, end of tail, and a pair of anal spots white.
Total length 131 millim.
Western Java.
Add:— Page 55. Typhlops lumbriciformis.
b. Ad. Fwambo, Brit. C. Africa. E. Carson, Esq. [C.].
Add :- Page 56. Typhlops unitaeniatus.
b. Hgr. Kibroezi, E. Africa. Dr. J. W. Gregory [P].
Add:— Page 57. Typhlophis squamosus.
a. Ad. Para. g Dr. E. A. Göldi [P].
b. Ad. Brazil.
Add:— Page 62. Glauconia rostrata.
Stenostoma rostratum, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 62 (1895).
ADDENIDA AND CORRIGENT0A. 591
Page 63. Glauconia albifrons.
For “Stenostoma melanosterna” read “S. melanoterma.”
Add :-
Ż. Ad. Asuncion, Paraguay. Dr. J. Bohls [C.].
m. Ad. Yungas, Bolivia.
Add :— Page 65. Glauconia dulcis.
..f. Ad. Tampico, Mexico. F. D. Godman, Esq.[P].
Add :- Page 65. Glauconia marirostris.
B. Ad. Lower Niger. H. W. Crosse, Esq. [P.].
Page 66. Add a species:—
14 a. Glauconia nursii.
Glauconia nursii, Anders. Rept. Hadramut & Arab. p. 64*.
Snout rounded; supraocular present, nearly as large as the
frontal; rostral broader than the nasal, reaching nearly the level of
the eyes; nasal completely divided; ocular bordering the lip, between
two labials, the first of which is very small; five lower labials.
14 scales round the body. Diameter of body 50 times in the total
length, tail 10 times. Pale brownish above, white beneath.
Total length 250 millim.
Southern Arabia.
a—b. Ad. Aden. Capt. Nurse [P]. (Types.)
Add:— Page 67. Glauconia nigricans.
g—h. Ad. & hgr. Umfuli R., Mashonaland. G. A. K. Marshall,
Esq. [P.].
Add :— Page 68. Glauconia scutifrons.
Stenostoma scutifrons, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 71 (1895).
Add :— Page 70. Glauconia humilis.
Rena humilis, Stejneger, N. Am. Faun. no. 7, pt. ii. 1893, p. 203.
C. Ad. S. Bernardino, California.
d. Ad. S. Jose del Cabo, Lower California.
Add :— Page 80. Liasis papuanus.
b. Yg. (Sc. 65; V. 364; Fergusson Id, D'Entre- Mr. Meek [C].
C. 82). casteaux Group, Brit.
New Guinea.
* Not yet published.
592 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Add :— Page 84. Python amethystimus.
q. Yg. (Sc. 53; W. 328; Trobriand Ids, Brit. New Mr. Meek [C].
C. 106). Guinea.
Add:— Page 86. Python reticulatus.
0. § º 75; W. 311; Great Natuna Id. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
. 95). § .
Add :— Page 86. Python sebae.
Fº liberiensis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1845, p. 249, and 1857,
p. oo.
— natalensis, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 72 (1895).
"cº,gº 85; W. 273; Lower Niger. H. W. Crosse, Esq. [P.].
• 7 e
Add :— Page 88. Python anchietae.
Python anchietae, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 73, pl. ix. fig. 1 (1895).
Add:— Page 89. Python regius.
l. 3 (Sc. 57; W. 200; C P). Lower Niger. H. W. Crosse, Esq. [C].
Add:— Page 90. Chondropython viridis.
Chondropython viridis, Boettg. in Semon, Zool. Forsch. v. p. 120, .
pl. v. fig. 3 (1894). g -
$
Add :— Page 91. Aspidites melanocephalus.
Aspidites melanocephalus, Boettg. l. c. p. 119.
Add :— Page 92. Aspidites ramsayi.
Aspidites ramsayi, Waite, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ix. 1895,
p. 715, pl. 1.
Add:— Page 92. Calabaria reinhardti.
h. Head and tail. Nr. Mangala, Upper J. H. Weeks, Esq.[P.].
Congo.
Add :— Page 94. Epicrates cenchris.
Coluber tamachia, Scopoli, Delic. Fawn. Flor. Insubr. iii. p. 88,
pl. xix, fig.1 (1788). *
Boa liberiensis, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1854, p. 100, and 1857,
. 66. -
Eºs cupreus, A. E. Brown, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1893, p. 430.
y. Q (B.Sc. 52; W. 237; C. P). Panama. Christiania Mus,
ADDEN DA AND CORRIGENIDA, 593
Page 96. Add a species:–
1 a. Epicrates crassus.
Epicrates crassus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 349.
Head-shields as in E. cenchris; twelve upper labials, sixth and
seventh entering the eye. Form thick and stout. Scales in 39
rows. Leather-brown above, with three rows of darker spots on
each side; a series of pale oval spots on each side of the vertebral
line; a dark, light-edged stripe on each side of the anterior third
of the body; a median and two temporal brown bands on the head.
Total length 910 millim. ; tail 85.
Cadosa, Parana River.
Add:— Page 96. Epicrates angulifer.
a. Q (Sc. 62; W. 275; Cuba. Christiania Mus.
C. 45).
Add:— Page 98, Epicrates fordii.
d. 9 (Sc. 35; V.249; S. Domingo.
C. 76).
Add :— Page 99. Corallus cookii.
Xiphosoma hortulana, A. E. Brown, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1898, p. 430.
— ruschenbergeri, A. E. Brown, l.c. p. 431.
q—t. Ad. & hgr. (Sc. 39, Id, of Grenada. Mr. H. H. Smith [C];
43, 39, 41; W. 265, F. D. Godman, Esq.
264, 270, 270; C. 113, [P.].
101, 104,108).
Add:— Page 102. Corallus hortulanus.
k. Hgr. (Sc. 59; W. 279; R. Ucayale. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
C. 109).
Add :— Page 102. Corallus annulatus.
Xiphosoma annulata, A. E. Brown, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1893, p. 481.
Add:— Page 103. Corallus caninus.
k. § (Sc. 67; V. 193; Para. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
l. Higº (Sc. 77; v. 195; Beni R., Bolivia.
C. 69).
Add :-- Page 109. Enygrus carinatus.
r. Q (A. Sc. 35; W. 175; Trobriand Ids, Brit. Mr. Meek [C.].
C. 39). New Guinea.
v-5, 3 (c. Sc. 83, 85; Tropiani ſãº, Brit. Mr. Meek [C]
V. 171, 173; C.41, 39). New Guinea.
WOL. III. 2 q
594 AIDDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Add :— Page 109. Enygrus asper.
d. 9 (Sc. 35; W. 138; C. 16). Stephansort, N. Guinea.
Add :- Page 111. Ungalia melanura.
Ungalia melanura, A. E. Brown, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1893, p. 429,
Add :- Page 112. Ungalia maculata.
Ungalia maculata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 486.
haetiana, Cope, l.c.
l. 3 (Sc. 27; W. 186; C. 35). Hayti. Christiania Mus.
Page 116. Add a species:—
2. Eunectes notabus.
Eunectes notaeus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 70.
Rostral considerably broader than deep; thirteen to fifteen upper
labials; no scales between the suboculars and the labials. Scales
in 45 to 49 rows. A dark broad stripe originating between the
orbits and extending to the nape, followed by a series of large
transverse blackish spots, which extend to the end of the tail; two
dark stripes on each side of the head, and a lateral series of blackish
vertical bars. Otherwise as in E. murinus. -
Total length 1850 millim.; tail 230. Grows to 3000 millim.
Paraguay and Bolivia.
a. Hgr. (Sc. 49; W. 231; C. 54). Bolivia. M. Suarez [P.].
Add :- Page 118. Boa occidentalis.
b. ? (Sc. 75; V. 250; C. 44). Paraguay. Zoological Society.
18 of the subcaudals are divided. Total length 2730 millim.
Add :- Page 119. Boa imperator.
Boa imperator, Dugès, La Naturaleza, (2) ii. 1898, p. 300, pl. xiii.
p. Yg. (Sc. 75; W. 245; C. 56). Brit. Honduras. F. * Esq.
Add :— Page 120. Boa dumerilii.
d. Yg. (Sc. 63; W. 223; C. 32). Madagascar. Mr. Last [C.].
Add :— Page 120. Boa madagascariensis.
c. 2 (Sc. 69; V. 223; C. 33). Madagascar. Christiania Mus.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 595
Add:— Page 122. Bolieria multicarinata.
c. 3 (Sc. 53; W. 196; Mauritius. Capt. Stokes [C.]; Col-
C. 107). lege of Surgeons [E.].
Add:— Page 125. Eryx thebaicus.
l. 3 (V. 179; C. 24). Fayoum. Dr. J. Anderson ºl.
m—n. Hgr. (V. 188, 182; Suakin. Dr. Penton & Dr. J.
C. 24, 24). Anderson [P.].
o. Hgr. (V. 171; C. 21). Between W. She- Dr. Donaldson Smith
beli & Juba R., [C.].
Gallaland.
p. Hgr. (V. 165; C. 20). Lake Stephanie. º Donaldson Smith
C.].
Add:— Page 125. Eryx jaculus.
Eryx jaculus, Méhely, Zool. Anz. 1894, p. 93.
e. Q (V. 197; C. 18). Beltim, Delta. Dr. J. Anderson [P.J.
Add :— Page 129. Lichanura trivirgata.
a. 3 (Sc. 41; W. 238; C. 45). San Diego, California. Christiania Mus.
9 scales round the eye; 13–14 upper labials. Uniform brown above,
grey beneath.
Add : — Page 130. Charina bottae.
Charina plumbea, Stejneger, N. Am. Faun. no. 7, pt. ii. p. 203
(1893).
e. Yg. (Sc. 49; W. 208; C. 34). San Francisco. Christiania Mus.
Anterior nasal fused with internasal; anterior praefrontal distinct; a
small azygous shield between the internasals; loreal distinct; fifth upper
labial entering the eye.
f 3 (Sc. 47; V. 200; C. 35). San Francisco. Christiania Mus.
Anterior nasal, internasal, and anterior praefrontal fused; no azygous
praefrontal; loreal distinct; fourth and fifth upper labials entering the
eye.
Add:— Page 134. Ilysia scytale.
o—p. Ad. (V. 229, 223; Para. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
C. 12, 18).
Add :— Page 137. Cylindrophis maculatus.
h—k. Q (W. 190; C. 5) Ceylon. Miss Layard [P.].
& hgr. (V. 180, 206;
C. 5, 4).
2 Q 2
596 ADDENDA AND CORRIGEN DA.
Add:— Page 141. Rhinophis oxyrhynchus. -
d. 9 (V. 225; C. 5). Ceylon. Dr. Bowles [P].
Page 142. Add a species:—
4a. Rhinophis fergusonianus.
Snout acutely pointed; rostral rounded, as long as its distance
from the posterior extremity of the frontal; latter shield a little
longer than broad. Diameter of body 46 times in the total length.
15 scales round the middle of the body, 19 behind the head. Wen-
trals 188; subcaudals 4. Caudal disk longer than the shielded
part of the head. Blackish above; yellowish beneath, with black
spots forming a zigzag band anteriorly.
Total length 320 millim.; tail 9.
Travancore.
a. Q (V. 188; C. 4). Cardaman Hills. H. S. Ferguson, Esq.[P].
Add :- Page 143. Rhinophis travancoricus.
Rhinophis travancoricus, Bouleng. Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1892,
p. 318, pl. —. **
b. ? (W. 134; C. 6). Peermad, Travancore. H. S. Ferguson, Esq. [P.].
Add:— Page 155. Silybura ellioti.
w—c. 9 (V. 165, 176; Foster Hill Rise, W. M. Daly, Esq.[P].
C. 6, 8). Nilgherries.
Add :— Page 156. Silybura myhendrae.
c. 2 (W. 144; C. 7). Neduvangaud, Trav- H. S. Ferguson, Esq. [P.].
811COTê.
Add :— Page 157. Silybura madurensis.
e—g. 3 (V, 142; C. 9) High Range, Travan- H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
& Q (V. 143, 142; core. [P.]. -
C. 7, 7).
h—k. 6 (V, 149; C. 8) Peermad, Travancore. H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
& Q (V. 148, 150; [P.].
C. 7, 7).
l. 3 (V. 140; C. 9). Alleppy, low country, H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
Travancore. [P.].
Add:— Page 159. Silybura brevis. -
w. 3 (W. 132; C. 10). High Range, Travan- H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
COre
- * . . . [P.].
a. 9 (V. 132; C. 9). Peermad, Travancore. H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
P
[P.].
y. Q (V. 135; C. 9). Brumagherries, N. Wy- G. E. Mason, Esq.
nad, 200 ft. [P.]. -
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 597
Add :- Page 169. COLUBRIDAE.
Calamariidae, Lycodontidae, Colubridae, Xenodontidae, Natricidae,
Cope, Am. Nat. 1893, p. 479.
Add :— Page 173. Acrochordus javanicus.
Coluber oularsawa, Bonnat. Encycl. Méth., Ophiol, p. 26 (1789).
Add:— Page 174. Chersydrus granulatus.
w. Several specs. - Pinang. Dr. Cantor.
Add :— Page 177. COLUBRINAE.
Calamariidae, Oligodontinae, Lycodontinae, Boodontinae, part., Xeno-
dontinae, Pseudaspidinae, Natricinae, Cope, Am. Nat. 1893, p. 480.
Add :- Page 183. Polyodontophis sumichrasti.
Ablabes Sumichrasti, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept, p. 105 (1893).
Add :- Page 184. Polyodontophis collaris.
Pºpli collaris, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genov, (2) xiii. 1893,
p. 322.
Add:— - Page 186. Polyodontophis geminatus.
n. $2 (B. V. 165; C. P). Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
O. dº (B. V. 162; Muching, Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P.].
E. No light stripes; head dark brown above, with a
black nuchal collar.
p. 2 (V. 183; C. 118). Kina Balu, N. Borneo. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
Page 186. Add a species:—
6 a. Polyodontophis bivittatus.
Polyodontophis bivittatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xiv.
1894, p. 82.
Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible from above; inter-
nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and two thirds as
long as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; loreal as deep as long; one praeocular;
two postoculars, both in contact with the parietal; temporals 2+2,
the lower anterior wedged in between the sixth and seventh labials;
eight upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as
long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 153–155; anal
598 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENIDA.
divided; subcaudals — ? (tail mutilated). Black above, with two
white streaks commencing on the parietal shields and running along
the sixth series of scales and the adjoining halves; a white cross-
bar on the forehead, occupying the anterior two thirds of the
frontal and supraocular shields; a series of white spots along the
upper lip; lower parts white, with a black dot or spot at the outer
end of each shield.
Total length 490 millim.
Palawan. .
a—b. 3 (W. 153,155; C. P). Palawan. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
*- (Types.)
Add Page 187. Polyodontophis subpunctatus.
n—p. 3 (W. 157; C. 60), Q (V. 176; Ceylon. Miss Layard [P].
& #8), &yg. (v. 163; & B2).
Add;— Page 188. Polyodontophis sagittarius.
i. ? (W. 236; C. 54). Bengal? Dr. Cantor.
Page 189. Add a species:—
11. Polyodontophis venustissimus.
Henicognathus venustissimus, Günth. Biol, C.-Am., Rept. p. 144,
pl. li. fig. C (1894).
Snout much flattened; rostral much broader than deep, visible
from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or a little longer than
deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2+3; nine upper
labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; four lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or
a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals
137–142; anal divided. Crimson above, each scale with a black
dot, with black cross-bands edged with yellow; some of the cross-
bands broken on the vertebral line and alternating; snout and
occiput black, vertex yellow ; labials, loreal, and praeocular yellow ;
dark streaks radiating from below the eye; white beneath, with
blackish dots on the sides; each subcaudal with a large black spot *.
Total length 430 millim., without tail. *---
Nicaragua. -
a-b. 3 (v. 142,187; C.?). Hacienda Rosa de Dr. E. Rothschuh
Jericho, Nicaragua. [C.]. (Types.)
Page 189. Add a genus:—
6 a. LIOPHIDIUM.
Maxillary teeth 25, small, closely set, the three posterior feebly
enlarged; mandibular teeth small, equal. Dentary bone completely
* The coloration is described from the specimens when quite fresh.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 599
detached from the articular posteriorly. Head small, not distinct
from neck; eye small, with round pupil; nostril between two
nasals and the internasal. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without
pits, in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail rather short ; subcaudals
in two rows. Hypapophyses developed throughout the vertebral
column.
Madagascar.
1. Liophidium trilineatum.
Snout much depressed, slightly projecting. Rostral small, broader
than deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal nearly twice as long as broad, scarcely broader
than the supraocular, longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep ; one prae-
and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in
17 rows. Wentrals 145; anal divided; subcaudals 57. Grey above,
dotted with black, with three black longitudinal lines, the lateral on
the third row of scales, and extending to the nostril after passing
through the eye; head with dark brown variegations; upper labials
white, the anterior edged with black; lower parts white, dotted
with black on the sides.
Total length 330 millim.; tail 80.
Madagascar.
a. d. (V. 145; C. 57). S.W. Madagascar. Mr. Last [C.].
Add:— Page 189. DROMICODRYAS.
Lianthera, Cope, Am. Nat. 1893, p. 482.
Add:— Page 190. Dromicodryas bernieri.
l. Yg. (V. 184; C. 99). Sahambendrana. M. Majastre [C.].
Add :— - Page 191. Xenochrophis cerasogaster.
i. ? (W. 147; C. 71). Bengal? Dr. Cantor.
Add :- Page 192. TROPIDONOTUS.
Tropinotus, Kuhl, Isis, 1822, p. 473.
Hemigenius, Dugès, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxv. 1888, p. 182.
Diplophallus, Cope, Am. Wat. 1893, p. 483.
Ceratophallus, Cope, l.c.
Tropidonotus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mew, Rept, p. 750 (1898).
Regina, Bocourt, l.c. p. 747.
Thamnophis, Bocourt, l.c. p. 754.
Eutaenia, Bocourt, l.c. p. 760. -
Trimerodytes, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 426 (1895).
Seminatrix, Cope, Am. Nat. 1895, p. 678.

600 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Add:— Page 201. Tropidonotus leptocephalus.
Eutaenia leptocephala, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mew, Rept. p. 768, pl. lvi.

fig. 5 (1893).
? Thamnophis parietalis, Stejneger, N. Am. Faun, no. 7, pt. ii. p. 214
(1893).
Adi- Page 202. Tropidonotus vagrams.
Thamnophis vagrans, Stejneger, N. Am. Faun. no. 7, pt. ii. p. 213
(1893).
Eutaenia vagrans, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 783, pl. lviii.
fig. 2 (1895).
s. 2 (Sc. 23; W. 154; C. 68). S. Diego, California. Christiania Mus.
Add : Page 203. Tropidomotus chrysocephalus.
Eutaenia chrysocephala, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 762, pl. lvii.
fig. 1 (1893).
e. Yg. (V. 152; C, 68). Jalapa. Mr. Hoege [C].
Page 203. Add a species:—
3 a. Tropidomotus godmani.
Tropidonotus godmani, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept, p. 133 (1893).
Eye moderate. Rostral broader than deep, visible from above;
internasals as long as broad or broader than long, shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal a little longer than
deep; one prae- and three (rarely four) postoculars; temporals
1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; five
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, strongly keeled.
Ventrals 134–149; anal entire; subcaudals 61–81. Olive or
brown above, with a yellowish vertebral line, one scale wide, and a
light lateral streak on the second and third rows of scales; some
black spots or bars on the neck; a black nuchal collar; upper lip
pale, with black lines on the sutures between the labials; greyish
or pale olive beneath. -
Total length 600 millim. ; tail 160.
Mexico. -
a—g. 3 (V, 148,146, 146, Omilteme, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith [C.];
146; C. 80, 74, 81, 78) F. D. Godman, Esq.
& Q (V. 142, 145, 134; [P.]. (Types.)
C. 66,73, 61).
h—k. Yg. (V.149,141,145; Omilteme, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith(C.];
C. 73, P, 81). F. D. Godman Esq.
[P.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 601
Add :- Page 203. Tropidonotus scaliger.
Eutaenia scalaris, part., Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mear., Rept, p. 768, pl. lvi.
fig. 6 (1893).
Add:— Page 204. Tropidonotus scalaris.
Eutaenia scalaris, part., Bocourt, l.c.
Page 206. Tropidonotus ordinatus, var. sirtalis.
Add:—
Eutaenia sirtalis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mez., Rept. p. 765, pl. lv. fig. 4
(1893). .
Thamnophis ordinatus obscurus, Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1895,
p. 387.
Page 208. Tropidonotus ordinatus, var. infernalis.
Add:—
Eutaenia infernalis, Bocourt, l.c. p. 771, pl. lv. fig. 2.
Thamnophis infernalis, Stejneger, N. Am. Faun. no. 7, pt. ii. p. 210
(1893).
— elegans, Stejneger, l.c. p. 211.
8. Q (W. 158; A. 2; C. 85). California. . Christiania Mus.
Page 209. Tropidonotus ordinatus, var. eques.
Add :-
Tropidonotus eques, Wiegm. Arch. f. Nat. 1835, p. 282.
Eutaenia pulchrilata, Bocourt, l.c. p. 767, pl. lvii, fig. 4.
— cyrtopsis, Bocourt, l.c. p. 774, pl. lv. fig. 5.
— cyrtopsis, var. fulvus, Bocourt, l.c. p. 777, pl. lvii. fig. 2.
9. Yg. (V. 141; C. 75). Omilteme, Guer- Mr. H. H. Smith [C.];
TerO. F. D. Godman, Esq.[P].
Page 209. Tropidonotus ordinatus, var. Sumichrasti.
Add :—
Fº cyrtopsis, var. Sumichrasti, Bocourt, l.c. p. 775, pl. lvii.
9. S. *
Page 210. Tropidonotus ordinatus, var. phenax.
Add:— -
Eutaenia cyrtopsis, var. phenax, Bocourt, l.c. p. 778.
Page 210. Tropidonotus ordinatus, var. couchii.
Add:—
Thamnophis couchii, Stejneger, l.c. p. 212.
Page 210. Tropidonotus ordinatus, var. hammondii.
Add :- -
Thamnophis hammondii, Stejneger, l.c.
602 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Page 210. Tropidonotus ordinatus, var. marcianus.
Add:—
Eutenia marciana, Bocourt, l.c. p. 784, pl. lix, fig. 1 (1895).
Page 211. Tropidonotus ordinatus, var. radix.
Add :— *
Eutaenia radix, Bocourt, l.c. p. 781, pl. lviii. fig. 3 (1895).
Page 212. Tropidonotus ordinatus, var. macrostemma.
Add :-
Eutaenia megalops, Bocourt, l.c. p. 786, pl. lix, fig. 2 (1895).
— macrostemma, Bocourt, l.c. p. 788, pl. lix, fig. 3.
Page 212. For “Tropidonotus ordinatus, var. butleri,” read:—
6 a. Tropidomotus butleri.
And add :-
Tºpli butleri, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 1895,
p. 593. t -
Eye Small. Temporals 1+1.’
Add:— Page 212. Tropidomotus saurita.
Thamnophis saurita, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 754, pl. lv.
fig. 6, & pl. lvi. figs. 2–4 (1893). w
Page 214 (see p. 418). Tropidonotus praeocularis.
Add:—
Eutaenia praeocularis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mear., Rept. p. 770, pl. lvi.
fig. 7 (1893).
Add:— Page 216. Tropidonotus picturatus.
Tropidonotus mairii, Gray, in Grey's Trav. Austral. ii. p. 442 (1841).
t. Yg. (V. 150; C. 72). Herbert R. J. A. Boyd, Esq. #
u. Yg. (V. 146; C. 65). Daly R., N. Australia. Dr. Dahl [C.]. Chris-
tiania Mus.
v. 2 (W. 142; C.?). Fergusson Id, Brit. Mr. Meek [C].
New Guinea.
w—y. 3 (V. 152; C, 69), Trobriand Ids, Brit. Mr. Meek [C].
Q (W. 153; C. 73), New Guinea.
& yg. (W. 152; C.75).
Page 216. Add a species:–
11 a. Tropidomotus punctiventris.
Tropidomotus punctiventris, Boettg. Zool. Anz, 1895, p. 129.
Allied to T. picturatus, but temporals 2+3, and nine upper
ADDENI)A AND CORRIGENDA. . . 603
labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye. Scales in 15 rows,
all strongly keeled. Wentrals 162; anal divided; subcaudals 74.
Dark olive-grey above, with darker spots disposed quincuncially;
lips white, the anterior labials black-edged ; belly white, greyish
behind, with about six longitudinal series of black dots.
Total length 461 millim.; tail 116.
Halmaheira.
Add :- Page 216. Tropidomotus truncatus.
Styporhynchus truncatus, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1895, p. 131.
a—b. 3 (W. 142; C.?) & Q Halmaheira. Prof. Kükenthal [C.];
(V. 149; C.?). Senckenberg Mus. º
Add Page 217. Tropidonotus fuliginoides.
Mizodon fuliginoides, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 75 (1895).
l. 2 (V.198; A.1; C.?). Mouth of the Loango. Mr. H.J. Duggan [C].
Add:— Page 218. Tropidonotus variegatus.
a. 2 (W. 134; C.?). Lower Niger. H. W. Crosse, Esq. [P.].
Add :— Page 219. Tropidonotus matrix.
Tropidonotus natrix, Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth. aus Bosn. v. Herzeg. ii.
p. 636 (1894); Dürgen, Deutschl. Amph. u. Rept, p. 274, pl. vii.
fig. 2 (1894).
- A. Typical Form.
& d’ (V. 169; C.?). Newby Bridge, N. Mr. J. Paul [P].
Lancashire. .* *
m. Q (V. 167; C. 57). Houffalize, Belgium. Mlle L. Héger [P.].
6. Yg. (W. 163; C. 63). Freiburg, Baden. G.# Boulenger, Esq.
t. Yg. (V. 172; C. 62). Vienna. Herr #. Henkel [E.].
K. G. (V. 176; C. 65). Brasso, Hungary. Prof. v. Méhely [C.J.
X—v. 3 (V. 180; C. 54) Pisa. Prof. Della Torre
& Q (V. 169, 171; [E.].
C. 56, 57).
& Q (V. 168; C. 54). Sicily. Christiania Mus.
C. (C. persa.)
n. 2 (V. 176; C. 60). Admont, Upper Styria. Herr F. Henkel # ©
o. 2 (V. 166; C. 61). Carinthia. Herr F. Henkelſ E.T.
p–g. 3 (V. 184; C. 75) Zara, Dalmatia. Herr Spada Nova
& Q (W. 176; C. 65). [C.].
r—t. 3 (V. 187; C. 75) Salonica. J. Southgate, Esq.
& yg. (V. 172, 176; P.].
C. 58,60). - .
w—w. d, (W. 171, 170; Alexandretta. Hr. Rolle [C.].
C. 70, 71) & Q (V, 166;
C. 50).
604 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
D. (C. scutatus.)
c. 3 (V. 180; C, 69). Pressbaum, nr. Vienna. Hr. F. Henkel [E.].
F. Uniform black above, with a bright yellow collar.
a. Q (V. 174; C. 50). Copenhagen.
Add; Page 222. Tropidonotus conspicillatus.
e. 9 (V. 145; C. 48). Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P.].
..f. Yg. (V. 152; C. 53). Tandjong, S.E. Borneo. -
g. 6 (V. 138; C. 54). Great Natuna Id. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].
Adds Page 225. Tropidonotus trianguligerus.
w. 2 (V. 186; C. 81). Kina Balu, N. Borneo. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
Add;— Page 226. Tropidonotus melanogaster.
Eutania melanogaster, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mev., Rept. p. 779, pl. liii.
fig. 4, & pl. lv. fig. 3 (1893).
Add:— Page 227. Tropidonotus olivaceus.
Coronella olivacea, Pfeffer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. x. 1893, p. 79.
Mizodon olivaceus, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 74 (1895).
o—r. 9 (V. 139; C. P) & Zomba, Brit. C. Africa. Sir H. H. Johnston
hgr. (V. 140, 141, 144; [P.].
C. 75, P, 59).
s. 2 (W. 136; C. 67). Fwambo, Brit. C. E. Carson, Esq. [C.].
Africa.
t. Hgr. (V. 136; C. 78). Milangi, Brit. C. Sir H. H. Johnston
Africa. [P.].
u. Hgr. (V. 137; C. P). Ngatana, E. Africa. º º . W. Gregory
P.T.
Add :- Page 228. Tropidonotus pygaus,
Contia pygaea, Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 1894, p. 323.
Seminatrix pygaeus, Cope, Am. Nat. 1895, p. 678.
Add Page 230. Tropidonotus sancti-johannis.
o. 3 (V. 139; C. 86). Shillong, Assam. H. M. Phipson, Esq. [P.].
p. 3 (V. 145; C. P). Benares. S. Flower, Esq. §
Add:— Page 231. Tropidonotus piscator.
Bothrodytes piscator, Cope, Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895, p. 216.
N
A.
8–y, 8. Q (V. 143, 144; Peermad, Travancore. H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
C. 68, P) & yg. (V. 146; * ..].
C. 71). *
e. 6 (V. 135; C. 86). Benares. S. Flower, Esq.[P].
AIDDEN DA AND CORRIGENT0A. 605
B. -
aa. Hgr. 2 (V.141; C.70). Swatow, China. Christiania Mus.
bb. Yg. (W. 125; C. 77). Pinang. S. Flower, Esq.[P.].
C. -
aa. 9 (V. 142; C. 78). Java. Christiania Mus.
Add:— Page 233. Tropidonotus annularis.
i. ? (W. 149; C. 60). Da-laen-saen, S.W. of J. J. Walker, Esq.
• . Ningpo. [P.].
Add:— Page 234. Tropidonotus tessellatus.
Tropidonotus tessellatus, Fitzing. Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr. i. p. 326
(1832); Steind. Novara, Rept., p. 66 (1867); Diirigen, Deutschl.
Amph. u. Rept. p. 295, pl. vii. fig. 1 (1894).
Natrix hydrus, Cope, Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895, p. 216.
1. 3 (V. 161; C. P). Zara, Dalmatia. Dr. F. Werner [E.].
k. Q (V, 165; C. 58). Travnik, Bosnia. Dr. F. Werner [E].
X. Q (W. 168; C. 56). Smyrna. F. Holmwood, Esq.[P].
p—ć. Yg. (V. 169,165,168; Jerusalem. Canon Tristram [E.J.
C. 61, 69,63).
o. 3 (V. 167; C. 53). Fao, Persia. W. Cumming, Esq. [P.].
m. Q (V. 168; C. 57). Beltim, Delta. Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Add:— Page 237. Tropidonotus viperinus. .
8. Q (V. 151; C. 58). Seville. Prof. Calderon [E].
y. Hgr. (V. 150; C. 50). Cintra. Col. Yerbury [P.].
Add:— Page 237. Tropidomotus validus.
Tropidonotus quadriserialis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mer., Rept, p. 752,
pl. liv. fig. 6 (1893).
k. Yg. (V. 189; C. 74). S. José del Cabo, Lower California.
Add; Page 239. Tropidomotus compressicauda.
Natrix compressicauda, Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 1894,
p. 330
— compressicauda taeniata, Cope, Am. Nat. 1895, p. 676.
Add:- Page 239. Tropidonotus Septemvittatus.
Regina leberis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mer., Rept. p. 747, pl. lii, fig. 1,
& pl. liii, fig.8 (1893).
Natrix septemvittata, Cope, Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895, p. 216.
— leberis, Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1895, p. 390.
606 ADDENDA AND coRRIGENDA.
Add:— Page 240. Tropidomotus rigidus.
Regina rigida, Bocourt, Miss. Sº, Mew, Rept, p. 748, pl. li. fig. 7
(1893).
Add:— Page 242. Tropidonotus anoscopus.
a. 6 (V. 144; C. P). — ? Christiania Mus.
Add:— Page 242. Tropidonotus fasciatus.
Tropidonotus rhombifer, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mew, Rept. p. 751, pl. liv.
fig. 5 (1893).
anomalus, Werner, Zool. Anz. 1893, p. 362.
Natrix fasciata, Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviii. 1894, p. 331.
fasciata pictiventris, Cope, Am. Nat. 1895, p. 677.
sipedon, Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1895, p. 387.
A. Forma typica.
r. 6 (Sc. 25; V. 143; Wisconsin. Christiania Mus.
C. 69).
s. Yg. %. 23; W. 132; Alabama. Christiania Mus.
C. 68).
D. War. rhombifer.
e. 3 (Sc. 27; W. 146; New Orleans. Christiania Mus.
C. 75).
Add:— Page 244. Tropidomotus cyclopium.
Natrix cyclopion, Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xvii. 1894,
p. 332.
Add; Page 245. Tropidonotus taxispilotus.
Natrix taxispilota, Loennberg, l.c. p. 382.
e. Yg. (Sc. 81; v. 188; Pensacola, Florida. Christiania Mus.
C.75). -
Page 246. Add a species:—
47a. Tropidonotus variabilis.
Hemigenius variabilis, Dugès, Proc. Amer. Philos...Soc., xxv. 1888,
p. 182, fig.; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mer, Rept. p. 741, pl. liii. fig. 5
(1893). (*
Posterior maxillary teeth abruptly enlarged. Eye moderate.
Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal as long as deep; two prae- and two postoculars;
temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, strongly
ADDEN DA AND CORRIGENDA. - 607
keeled, outer row faintly keeled. Wentrals 122–130; anal divided;
subcaudals 43–48. Olive-grey above, with small black spots; upper
surface of head speckled with black, back of head nearly entirely
black; pale olive beneath, speckled with blackish on the sides.
Total length 290 millim.; tail 65.
Mexico.
a. 3 (V. 129; C. 48). Guanajuato. Dr. A. Dugès º
-* Paris Museumſ E.].
Add:— Page 246. Tropidonotus sexlineatus.
m. Hgr. 3 (V. 153; Madagascar. Christiania Mus.
C. 163).
Add :- Page 247. Tropidomotus dolichocercus.
b. ? (W. 162; C. 111). Ambohimitombo forest, Dr. Forsyth Major
Madagascar. [C.].
Page 248. Add a species:—
51 a. Tropidonotus balteatus.
Trimerodytes balteatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 426 (1895).
Internasals longer than broad; praefrontals fused to a single
shield ; frontal little longer than broad; loreal deeper than long;
one prae- and two or three postoculars; temporals 1+2; nine
upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth entering the eye;
six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter then the posterior. Scales smooth, feebly keeled on the
tail, in 19 rows. Wentrals 202; anal divided; subcaudals 84.
Black, with white or pale yellow rings; labials and oculars with
yellow centres; a yellow line from near the angle of the mouth to
near the middle line above; a pair of yellow spots on the parietal
shields near the common suture.
Total length 377 millim. ; tail 80.
Hainan.
Add:— Page 249. Tropidomotus tigrinus.
Bothrodytes tigrinus, Cope, Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895, p. 216.
t—w. Yg. (V. 151, 153; Chefoo. -
C. 64, P).
v. Hgr. 2 (W. 161; C.71). Chimabara, Japan. Mr. Holst [C].
Add:— Page 252. Tropidonotus ceylonensis.
Bºyle. ceylonensis, Cope, Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895,
p. 215.
608 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
r Add:— Page 253. Tropidonotus stolatus.
Natrix stolata, Cope, l.c. p. 216.
Add:— Page 253. Tropidonotus beddomii.
n—p. 3 (V. 148; C. 75) Peermad, Travancore. H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
& Q (V. 143, 142; [P.]. -
C. 62,65). -
Add:— Page 255. Tropidonotus vittatus.
Ceratophallus vittatus, Cope, Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895, p. 216.
Add:— Page 255. Tropidonotus nigrocinctus.
Tropidonotus nigrocinctus, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xiii.
1893, p. 322.
Add;— Page 256. Tropidonotus subminiatus.
ar. 3 (V. 163; C. 75). Nampandet, Shan E. W. Oates, Esq.
States, 2000 ft. [P].
g. 2 (W. 163; C. 88). North Chin hills, E. Y. Watson, Esq.
Upper Burma. [P.].
Add :— Page 257. Tropidonotus spilogaster.
Bothrodytes spilogaster, Cope, Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895,
p. 216.
g. Q (V. 152; C. 97). Highlands of Lepauto, Whitehead Expedition.
N. Luzon.
h—i. ? (W. 147, 146; Cape Engano, N. Whitehead Expedition.
C. P., 82). Tl2OIl.
Add;— Page 259. Tropidomotus chrysargus.
z—a. Yg. (V. 148, 155; Balabac. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
C. 85, 82). -
8–y. Yg. (W. 153, 176; Palawan. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
C. 85, 80).
8. #g. d (W. 143; Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P.].
C. 72). . -
Ada :- Page 260. Tropidonotus monticola.
. 3 (V. 137; C. 91). Peermad, Travancore, H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
g. d’ (V. 187; §§oof' , º
Adds Page 260. Tropidonotus maculatus. -
d. 3 (V. 140; C. P). Labuan. A. Everett, Esq.[C].
e. 2 (W. 148; C. 102). Miº Sarawak, C. Hose, Esq. #. { }
- 1 t.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENIDA, 609
j. 2 (W. 155; C.?). Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P].
g. 9 (V. 140; C. P). Spitang R., N. Borneo. A. Everett, Es; C.].
h. Yg. (V. 141; C. I.1.7). Great Natuna Id. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].
Add;— Page 261. Tropidonotus saravacensis.
g. 2 (W. 147; C. 74). Kuching, Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P].
Add:— Page 263. Tropidonotus flavifrons.
b. Yg. (W. 149; C. 102). Penriser hills,Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq. §
c, d-e, f=h. 3 (V, 147, Kina Balu. A. Everett, Esq.
146; C. 101, 101), Q ~ *
(V. 153; C. 94),&yg.
(W. 153, 153, 153;
C. 98, 87, 93).
Page 265. Add a species:—
75. Tropidonotus halmahericus.
Tºur (Macropophis) halmahericus, Boettg. Zool. Anz, 1895,
p. 130.
Allied to T. hypomelas and T. dendrophiops, but scales in 15
rows and ventrals 172–180. Head uniform black above, lower
halves of labials white; body reddish white with black spots, or
barred black and red anteriorly, black, uniform or with two series
of round reddish-white spots posteriorly; belly white anteriorly,
gradually darkening to black posteriorly.
Total length 1115 millim. ; tail 305.
Halmaheira. -
a. Q (W. 172; C. P). Halmaheira. Prof. Kükenthal [C.];
Senckenberg Mus. [E].
(One of the types.)
Add:-- Page 266. Macropisthodon flaviceps.
o. 9 (V. 129; C. 59). Kuching, Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P.].
Add; Page 267. Macropisthodon rhodomelas.
h. Yg. (V. 124; C. 58). Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq. º
i. Yg. (W. 132; C. 55). Singapore. H. N. Ridley, Esq. [P].
Add; Page 267. Macropisthodon plumbicolor.
Tropidonotus plumbicolor, Werner, Verh, zool-bot. Ges. Wien, 1893,
p. 350.
Young specimen, from Ceylon, with 21 rows of scales.
Page 268. Add a genus:—
11 a. COMPSOPHIS.
Compsophis, Mocquard, CR. Soc. Philom. 1894, no. 17, p. 8.
Posterior maxillary teeth largest, separated from the rest by an
WOL. III. 2 R
610 ADDENDA AND COBRIGENDA.
interspace; anterior mandibular teeth longer than the posterior.
Head distinct from neck; eye rather large, with round pupil;
nasal single. Body short, rounded; scales smooth, without pits, in
19 rows. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows.
Madagascar. -
1. Compsophis albiventris.
Compsophis albiventris, Mocq, l.c. -
Rostral much broader than deep; internasals as long as the prae-
frontals; frontal once and a half as long as broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
loreal deeper than long; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals
1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields. Scales in
19 rows. Wentrals 148; anal entire; subcaudals 41. Uniform
dark brown above, white beneath; a yellowish-white spot on each
temple, and a small yellowish-white spot on each of the six last
upper labials.
Total length 167 millim. ; tail 28.
Ambre Mt.
Add :- Page 274. Helicops bicolor.
Helicops bicolor, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 76 (1895).
Add :— Page 275. Helicops septemvittatus.
Limnophis Septemvittatus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mev., Rept. p. 809,
pl. lx. fig. 1 (1895).
Add:— Page 275. Helicops allenii.
Liodytes allenii, Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xvii. 1894, p. 330.
Add :- Page 281. Hydraethiops melanogaster.
Hydraethiops melanogaster, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 77 (1895).
Add:— Page 282. Tretanorhinus variabilis.
Tretanorhinus variabilis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc, Mer, Rept. p. 793,
pl. lii, figs, 2 & 3 (1895).
— variabilis, var. cubanus, Bocourt, l.c. p. 795, pl. lii. fig. 3.
d—e. 3 (W. 152, 156; C. 66, 65). Cuba.
Add; Page 282. Tretanorhinus nigroluteus.
Tretanorhinus nigroluteus, Bocourt, l.c. p. 798, pl. liv. fig, 1.
lateralis, Bocourt, l.c. p. 800, pl. lii, fig. 4.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 611
Add:— Page 283. Tretamorhinus mocquardii, -
Tretanorhinus mocquardi, Bocourt, l.c. p. 797, pl. lii, fig. 5.
Add:— Page 285. Opisthotropis typica.
a—c. 3 (V. 184; C. 85) & 2 Kina Balu. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
(W. 175, 174; C. 77, 76).
Praefrontals sometimes united.
Add:— Page 286. Ischnognathus kirtlandii. -
Natrix kirtlandii, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895, p. 215.
Add:— Page 286. Ischnognathus dekayi,
Storeria dekayi, Bocourt, l.c. p. 742, pl. liii. fig. 1; Loennberg, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus, xvii. 1894, p. 332.
o-p. 3 (v. 183; C.53) & Orizaba. F. D. Godman, Esq.
Q (V. 143; C. P). - P.T.
Loennberg records a specimen with 15 rows of scales.
Page 287. Add a species:—
2 a. Ischnognathus victa.
Storeria victa, Hay, Science, xix. 1892, p. 199.
Allied to I. dekay. No loreal; scales in 15 rows; ventrals 146;
anal entire; subcaudals 60.
Oklawaha River, Florida.
Page 287. Ischnognathus occipitomaculata.
Add:— -
Storeria occipitomaculate, Bocourt, l. c. p. 745, pl. liii. fig. 6;
Loennberg, l.c. p. 833. .
Add;— Page 288. Ischnognathus storerioides.
Tropidonotus storerioides, Bocourt, l.c. p. 750.
p. 3 (V, 127; C. 45). Jalisco, N. of R. de F. D. Godman, Esq.
- Santiago. [P]. - -
q. 2 (W. 131; 0.40). Amula, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. SmithſO.];
F. D.Godman, Esq.
[P.].
r. 3 (V. 125; C. 48). Popocatepetl, 9000 ft. Mr. H.H.Smith [C];
w F.D.Godman,Esq.
• ', [P]. . .
2 R 2
612 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Add:— Page 291. Haldea striatula.
d. 9 (V. 127; C. 37). Raleigh, N. Carolina. Messrs. Brimley [C.].
Add:— Page 294. Streptophorus atratus.
A. (S. lansbergi.)
h. Q (V. 146; C. 51). Trinidad. F. W. Urich, Esq. [P.].
B. (S. atratus.)
c. 2 (W. 151; C. 49). Buenaventura, Mr. W. F. H. Rosen-
Colombia. berg [P].
C. (S. maculatus.)
f. Yg, (V, 139; C, 48). Irazu, Costa Rica, F.D.Godman, Esq.[P].
D. (S. sebae.)
aa. Hgr. (V. 148; C. Hacienda Rosa de Dr. E. Rothschuh [C].
63). Jericho, Nica- *
ragua, 8250 ft.
Add Page 297. Hydrablabes praefrontalis.
a. 3 (W. 202; C. 72). Rina Balu. A.Everett, Esq. [P].
Add:— Page 300. Trachischium monticola.
k. Hgr. (V. 120; C. 40). Naga hills. Dr. Cantor. (Type.)
A Page 301 (see p. 419). Trirhinopholis nuchalis.
dd:—
Tºholis nuchalis, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xiii. 1893,
p. 323. -
b–c. 9 (V. 140,140; C. 27, 24). Karin hills. M. L. Fea [C.].
Add:— Page 303. Oxyrhabdium leporinum.
c. 3 (W. 167; C. 48). Highlands of Lepauto, Whitehead Exped.
N. Luzon. - - -
Add:— Page 304. Xylophis perroteti.
k. 2 (V. 141; C. 19). High Range, Travan- H. S. Ferguson, Esq.
- COTO, [P.].
Add:— Page 308. Achalinus rufescens. *
‘b. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 137; Hong Kong, 1700 ft. J. J. Walker, Esq.
C. 76). . . . 2 3 8, [P.]. ?
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 613
- Add:— Page 309. Achalinus braconnieri.
c. Yg. (V. 180; C. 48). Mainland opposite J. ſ:... Walker, Esq.
Chusan Islands.
- Add :— Page 313. Aspidura trachyprocta.
*—m. 6 (V, 142, 141; C. 23, 23), Ceylon. Miss Layard [P.].
Q (V. 147; C. 17), & yg.
(v. 147; d. 14). ""
Add:— Page 315. Pseudoxyrhopus microps.
Pseudoxyrhopus tritaeniatus, Mocquard, CR, Soc. Philom. 1894, no.9,
p. 4.
Page 315. Add a species:—
2 a. Pseudoxyrhopus ambreensis.
Pseudoxyrhopus ambreensis, Mocquard, CR. Soc. Philom. 1894, no. 9,
p. 4, and Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) vii. 1895, p. 123.
Rostral much broader than deep, visible from above; frontal a
little longer than broad; loreal small; one prae- and two post-
oculars; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye.
Scales in 21 rows. Wentrals 147; anal divided; subcaudals 49
pairs or more. Uniform brown above, sandy grey beneath; a white
line round the upper lip, along the upper border of the labials.
Total length 296 millim.
Ambre Mt., Madagascar.
Page 316. Pseudoxyrhopus quinquelineatus.
Add:— -
c. 2 (W. 148; C. 52). Madagascar. L. Greening, Esq. [P].
Page 317. Add a species:—
4 a. Pseudoxyrhopus occipitalis.
Snout rounded, feebly projecting. Rostral broader than deep,
just visible from above; internasals much shorter than the prae-
frontals; frontal once and one third as long as broad, longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals;
loreal longer than deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals
1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a
little larger than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 183;
anal divided; subcaudals 64. Pale brown above, scales edged
with lighter, with two darker longitudinal streaks; crown and nape
614 ‘ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
blackish brown, occiput and sides of head yellowish white; lower
parts uniform white.
Total length 310 millim.; tail 70.
Madagascar.
a. Hgr. (V. 183; C. 64). S.W. Madagascar. Mr. Last [C].
Add;— Page 317. Lycognathophis sechellensis.
Lycognathophis seychellensis, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xvi.
1894, p. 726.
Page 320. Add a genus:–
38 a. MICROPISTHODON,
Micropisthodon, Mocquard, CR, Soc. Philom. 1894, no. 17, p. 7.
Maxillary teeth 12; posterior maxillary and mandibular teeth
shortest. Head not distinct from neck; eye rather large, with
round pupil; nasal entire. Body slender, slightly compressed;
scales narrow, smooth, oblique, with apical pits, in 17 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows.
Madagascar.
1. Micropisthodon ochraceus.
Micropisthodon ochraceus, Mocq, l.c. p. 8.
Rostral large, twice as broad as deep; internasals a little shorter
than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the end
of the snout; supraoculars longer than the frontal, nearly as long
as the parietals; loreal longer than deep ; one or two prae- and
two or three postoculars; temporals 2+2 ; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with
the chin-shields, which are short. Scales in 17 rows, very finely
striated. Wentrals 145; anal divided; subcaudals 133. Light
ochraceous brown above, with fine darker dots and small spots; two
black lines on the neck, converging behind.
Total length 687 millim. ; tail 260.
Nossi Bé.
Page 324. Add a species:—
2 a. Gonionotophis klingii.
Gonionotophis klingi, Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. 1893, p. 172.
Rostral hardly visible from above; internasals much broader than
long; praefrontals a little longer than broad; frontal as long as its
distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; loreal more
than twice as long as broad; one prae- and two postoculars; tem-
porals 2+2; seven upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye;
five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 615
are longer than the posterior. Scales very strongly keeled, in 19
rows. Wentrals 170; anal entire; subcaudals 92. Blackish brown
above, each scale light-edged; yellowish beneath.
Total length 420 millim.; tail 125.
Togoland, W. Africa. -
Page 326. Add a genus:—
42 a. GLYPHOLYCUs.
Glypholycus, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 629 (1894).
Dentition as in Lamprophis and Bothrolycus. Head rather small
and depressed ; eye small, with round pupil; nostril valvular,
directed upwards; a longitudinal groove on each side of the head,
separating the labials from the shields above. Body elongate,
cylindrical; scales smooth, without pits, in 23 or 25 rows; ventrals
rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows. Hypapophyses
developed throughout the vertebral column.
Central Africa.
1. Glypholycus bicolor.
Glypholycus bicolor, Günth, l.c. fig.
Rostral much broader than deep, just visible from above ; inter-
nasals longer than broad, very narrow in front, shorter than the
praefrontals; eyes and nostrils directed upwards; nasal semidivided;
frontal small, about once and a half as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals ; loreal
at least twice as long as deep ; one prae- and two postoculars; tem-
porals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
much longer than the posterior. Scales in 23 (rarely 25) rows.
Wentrals 155–184; anal entire ; subcaudals 56–69. Dark brown
above; two outer rows of scales and lower parts whitish ; a brown
line along the meeting edges of the subcaudals. .
Total length 530 millim.; tail 140.
Lake Tanganyika.
a-f. 6 (Sc. 23, 23,25,23, Lake Tanganyika. E. Coode-Hore, Esq.
23; W. 159,155,158,160, [P]. (Types.)
158; C. 63, P, P, 65,69)
& Q (Sc. 23; W. 184;
C. 56). -
Add :— Page 327. Cyclocorus lineatus.
f. 2 (V. 137; C. 44). Placer, N.E. Min- A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
danao.
g. 2 (V. 167; C. P). Highlands of Lepauto, Whitehead Exped.
. N. Luzon. - .
h. Q (W. 153; C.?). Isabella, N.E. Luzon. Whitehead Exped.
i. Q (V. 149; C. 45). Albay, S. Luzon. Whitehead Exped.
616
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Add:—
Page 327. B00DON.
Theleus, Cope, Am. Wat. 1893, p. 482.
Add :—
Page 332. Boodon lineatus.
Boaedon lineatus, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. 1894, p. 727;
Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 78 (1895).
Zomba, Brit. C. Africa. Sir H. H. Johnston
[P.].
o-ºp. Q (Sc. 29, 31, 29;
+. 㺠228,219; C. 49,
48, 51) & yg. (Sc. 29,
27, 31, 29; V. 220, 201,
212, 208; C. P., 62, 66,
63).
o—bb. Hgr. (Sc. 27; V.
188; C. 67) & yg. (Sc.
27; W. 198, 199; C. 50,
53).
ce. Q (Sc. 33; W. 249;
C. 52).
dd-ee. Yg. (Sc. 31, 29;
V. 229, 215; C. 55,64).
ff. Ad., head and neck.
gg. Yg. (Sc. 31; W. 220;
C. 55).
Add :-
m—o. 3 (Sc. 25, 27; V.
198, 189; C. 55, 52) &
yg. (Sc. 25; W. 183;
C. 53).
Add :—
Ngatana, E. Africa.
Mt. Maka, Kapti
Plains.
Bolama, Senegambia.
Uganda.
Uganda.
Dr. J. W. Gregory
[P.].
Ph. . W. Gregory
R itching, Esq.
#. e
Scott ;
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.].
Page 336. Boodon olivaceus.
Mouth of the Loango. Mr. H. J. Duggan
[C.].
Page 338. Lycophidium laterale.
Lycophidium laterale, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 82 (1895).
Add :—
Page 339. Lycophidium capense.
Lycophidium capense, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 339 (1895).
i. 3 (A. W. 192; C. 41).
k—7, m. g. (B. V. 190, 186;
C. 46, 47) & yg. (A. W.
194; C. 38).
n.d. (B. V. 180; C. 37).
o. Yg. (B. V. 163; C. 36).
p. Yg. (B. V. P., C. 36).
q. 3 (B. V. 180; C. 34).
r. 3 (C. V. 181; C. 33).
East London, Cape of H. S. Thorne, Esq.
P
Good Hope.
[P.].
Zomba, Brit. C. Africa. Sir H. H. Johnston
[P.].
Rariti, E. Africa.
Mkonumbi, E. Africa. Dr.
[P
Dr. J. W. Gregory
[P.].
.. W. Gregory
N.Giriama, E. Africa. D. J. W. Gregory
Ugogo.
Caconda, Angola.
Mr. Baxter [C].
Prof. B. du Bocage
[P.].
AIDDENIDA AND CORRIGENIDA, 617
Add:— Page 340. Lycophidium irroratum.
Alopecion (Lycodon) nigromaculatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863,
p. 288.
h—l. 3 (W. 168; C. 34), Niger. W. H. Crosse, Esq.
% (V, 165,169; C. 36, [P.].
3
), & hgr. (V. 169;
C. 41). ( 2
Add : Page 342. Lycophidium semicinctum.
B. (War. albomaculata.)
e—h. 3 (W. 190, 188; C. Bissao. Vº Cornish, Esq.
46,47), 2 (W. 200; C.
§ & yg. (V. 189; C.
i-ść (W. 190; C. 47) & Bolama, Senegambia. R. Kitching, Esq.
Q (V. 205; C. 34). [P].
The Q from Bolama measures 630 millim.
D. (Intermediate between B and C.) tº.
a. 3 (W. 199; C. 55). Niger. wº Crosse, Esq.
Add:— Page 344. Hormonotus modestus.
e—f Q (B. V. 234, 231; Mouth of the Loango. Mr. H. J. Duggan
C.?, 83). [C.].
Add:— Page 345. Simocephalus capensis.
PSimocephalus guirali, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 84 (1895).
b, c. 3 (V. 212; C. 54) Zomba, Brit. C. Africa. Sir H. H. Johnston
& 2 (V. 222; C. 47). [P.].
Add:— Page 346. Simocephalus guirali.
c. Hgr. 2 (W. 246; Mouth of the Loango. Mr. H. J. Duggan
C. 64). y [C.].
Page 347. Add two species:—
3 a. Simocephalus chanleri.
Simocephalus chanleri, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Xvi. 1894,
p. 726.
Rostral visible from above, its depth two thirds its width; inter-
nasals slightly broader than long, two thirds the length of the prae-
frontals; frontal as long as broad, much shorter than the parietals;
loreal as long as deep; one prae- and three postoculars; temporals
1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; five
618 * AIDDENDA AND CORRIGENDA,
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
considerably larger than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, all
strongly keeled. Olive-grey above, yellowish beneath.
Island Manda, N. of Lamu, E. Africa.
3b. Simocephalus crossii.
Simocephalus crossii, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 38.
Eye moderately large. Rostral much broader than deep, just
visible from above ; internasals broader than long, two thirds the
length of the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals;
loreal deeper than long; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals
2+3; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
short, like the posterior. Scales strongly keeled, in 17 rows.
Wentrals 234; anal entire; subcaudals 53. Blackish above and on
the outer end of the ventrals, yellowish white beneath.
Total length 410 millim.; tail 50.
Niger.
a. Q (W. 234; C. 53). Lower Niger. W. H. Crosse, Esq.
[P.]. (Type.)
Add :— Page 351. Lycodon jara.
h. Q (V. 183; C, 68). Bengal? Dr. Cantor.
Add:— Page 354. Lycodon aulicus.
D.
kk—ll. 6 (V. 190; C. 72) & Luzon. A. Everett, Esq.[C].
Q (V. 196; C. 55).
Add :- Page 357. Lycodon stormi.
a. Q (V. 220; C. 73). Buol, Celebes. Pº º & F. Sarasin
L* * Jº
Add :— Page 357. Lycodon albofuscus.
c. Hgr. (W. 234; C. 177). Rejang R., Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P].
Add :— Page 358. Lycodon fasciatus.
c. Hgr. 2 (W. 201; C. Shillong, Assam. H. M. Phipson, Esq.
74). [P.].
Add:— Page 360. Lycodon subcinctus.
m. Q (V. 207; C.65). Muching, Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P].
n. Yg. (V. 205; C. 67). Sandakan, N. Borneo. * Cator, Esq.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 619
Add;— Page 361. Dinodon rufozonatus.
Dinodon rufozonatus, Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1895, p. 108
(Loo Choo Ids.).
Add:— Page 363. Dinodon septentrionalis.
Dinodon septentrionalis, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xiii. 1898,
p. 824. -
e. Hgr. (A. W. 210; C. 87). Cobapo, Karin hills. M. L. Fea [C.].
Add:— Page 364. STEGONOTUS.
Stegonotus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 197.
Add :- Page 367. Stegonotus modestus. ... . .
m. Yg. (V. 193; C. 76). Trobriand Ids. Mr. Meek [C.].
Page 367. Add two species:—
3a. Stegonotus guentheri.
Stegonotus guentheri, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 31. - .
Rostral much broader than deep, the portion visible from above
measuring one fourth to one third its distance from the frontal;
internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad,
as long as its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the
parietals; loreal about twice as long as deep; one prae- and two
postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales
in 15 rows. Wentrals 180–197; anal entire ; subcaudals 75 pairs.
Black or blackish brown above, turning to pale brown on the sides;
upper lip and lower parts white.
Total length 1150 millim.; tail 230.
S.E. New Guinea.
a—c. 3 (V, 197; C. P) & P Ferguson Id. Mr. Meek [C.],
(V. 180, 193; C. 75, P). - (Types.)
3b. Stegonotus reticulatus.
Stegonotus modestus (non Schleg), Boettg. in Semon, Zool. Forsch. v.
p. 120 (1894).
— reticulatus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895, p. 31.
Rostral much broader than deep, the portion visible from above
measuring one fifth to one fourth its distance from the frontal ;
... internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as broad,
as long as its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the
620 ADDEN DA AND CORRIGENDA.
parietals; loreal once and a half to twice as long as deep; two prae-
and two postoculars; temporals 2+3; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little longer than
, the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 200–203; anal entire;
subcaudals 75–78 pairs. Pale greyish brown above, white on the
sides, each scale edged with black; head uniform black above ;
lower parts white. *
Total length 1140 millim; tail 250. The largest specimen, with
mutilated tail, measures 1080 millim. from snout to vent.
S.E. New Guinea.
a—b. ? (W. 203, 201; C. P., 78). Fergusson Id. Mººk
(Types.
c. 3 (V. 200; C. 75). New Guinea.
Add:— Page 369. DRYOCALAMUS.
Hemidipsas, Günth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 181 (1858).
Add 1– Page 371. Dryocalamus subanmulatus.
Hemidipsas ocellata, Günth. Cat. p. 182 (1858).
c. 2 (W. 225; C. 88). —? Zoological Society.
(Type of H. ocellata.)
d. 9 (V. 232; C.95). Singapore. h; N. Ridley, Esq.
P.].
Add :— Page 373. Dryocalamus tristrigatus.
b. 3 (W. 231; C. 93). Claudetown, Baram R., C. Hose, Esq.[C.]
Sarawak.
c. 3 (V. 229; C. 96). Mt. º Sarawak, C. Hose, Esq. [C].
2000 ft.
d. 3 (W. 231; C. 93). Labuan. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
e. Q (V. 219; C. 91). Great Natuna Id. C. Hose, Esq. % º
Add :- Page 373. PSEUDASPIS.
Ophirhina, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. viii. 1882, p. 300.
Add:— Page 373. Pseudaspis cana.
Coluber elegantissimus, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 96 (1768).
— ocellatus, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1113 (1788).
Ophirhina anchietae, Bocage, l.c.
Coronella cana, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xv. 1895, p. 525.
Pseudaspis cana, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 100, pl. x. (1895).
s. Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 186; Caconda, Angola. * B. du Bocage
C. 57). tº º
t. § (Sc. 27; W. 194; S. Africa. Christiania Museum.
. 48).
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENIDA, 621
w—v. 2 (Sc. 29, 27; W. Victoria West. Rev. G. H. R. Fisk
206, 207; C, 50, P). ſº
*cº,º 27; W. 183; Zomba, Brit. C. Africa. sº . H. Johnston
3. 3. (śc. 27; W. 185; Chiradzulu, Brit. C. Sir # H. Johnston
C. 50). Tica. [P.].
Add - Page 377. Zaocys carinatus.
Zaocys carinatus, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xiii. 1898, p. 824.
Add:— Page 378. Zaocys fuscus.
f–g. 3 (V. 193, 196; E. coast of Sumatra. Mrs. Findlay [P].
C. 163. 169
h. 3 (v. 188; c. 2). M; ğ. Sarawak, C. Hose, Esq. [C.].
00 ft.
i. 3 (W. 194; C. P). Great Natuna Id. C. Hose, Esq. [C].
Add:— Page 379. ZAMENIS.
Hemidryas, Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiii. 1878, p. 394.
Acanthocalyx, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895, p. 204.
Tylanthera, Cope, l.c. p. 205.
Add :— Page 383. Zamenis dipsas.
Ahaetulla (Hemidryas) dipsas, Peters & Doria, l.c. p. 392, fig.
Add :- Page 385. Zamenis korros.
g. G. (V. 162; C. 127). Taipang, Perak. S. Flower, Esq. [P].
Add :— Page 386. Zamenis mucosus.
& Yg. (W. 191; C. 107). Toungoo. E. W. Oates, Esq. [P].
Add:— Page 387. Zamenis constrictor.
Zamenis stejnegerianus, Cope, Am. Nat. 1895, p. 678.
— comirostris, Cope, l.c. p. 879.
s. 2 (W. 178; C. 85). S. Francisco. Christiania Museum.
Eight upper labials and two superposed loreals.
Add :— Page 388. Zamenis lineatus.
Zamenis flavigularis, part., Günth. Biol. C.-Am, Rept. p. 120
(1894).
Add:— Page 389. Zamenis mentovarius.
Zamenis flavigularis, part., Günth, l.c.
622 ADDENDA AND CORBIGENDA.
Add:— Page 390. Zamenis flagelliformis.
Bascanium flagellum frenatum, Stejneger, N. Am. Faun, no. 7, pt. ii.
p. 208 (1893).
— flagellum, Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xvii. 1895, p. 595.
Add :- Page 391. Zamenis taºniatus.
Zamenis semilineatus, Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept., p. 121, pl. xlvi.
fig. A (1894).
ornatus, Günth. l.c. p. 122, pl. xlvi. fig. B.
lateralis fuliginosus, Cope, Am. Nat. 1895, p. 679.
Add:— Page 392. Zamenis pulcherrimus.
Dºº lemniscatus, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895,
p. ZUö.
Add:— Page 392. Zamenis mexicanus.
Bascanium mexicanum, Cope, l.c. p. 203.
Add:— Page 394. Zamenis grahamiae.
h. Yg. (V. 179; C. 108). Amula, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith [C.];
F. D. Godman, Esq.[P].
, War. hexalepis.
Salvadora grahamiae hexalepis, Stejneger, N. Am. Faun, no. 7, pt. ii.
p. 205, pl. iii, fig. 2.
In this form the eye is sometimes separated from the labials by
a series of suboculars.
Add:— Page 394. Zamenis spinalis.
e. Yg. (V. 206; C. 90). Chefoo.
Add:— Page 395. Zamenis gemonensis.
Zamenis gemonensis, Mind-Palumbo, Nat. Sicil. xii. 1892, p. 55;
Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth, aus Bosn. u. Herzeg. ii. p. 624 (1894);
Méhely, Zool. Anz. 1894, p. 84.
A
w. Hgr. 2 (Sc. 19.; W. Dalmatia. Christiania Mus.
179; C. 93).
2. &# (Sc. 19.; W. 209; Sicily. Christiania Mus.
B. (War. caspius.)
d. 6 (Sc. 19; V. 197; Salonica. J._Southgate, Esq.
C. 107). [P.].
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 623
Add:— Page 397. Zamenis dahlii.
Zamenis dahlii, Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth. aus Bosn, w. Herzeg. ii. p. 627
(1894).
m. Hgr. (V. 210; C. 112). Mt. Tabor. Canon Tristram [E.].
Add :- Page 398. Zamenis rhodorhachis.
Zamenis ladacensis, var. submigra, Boettg. Zool. Anz, 1893, p. 118.
rhodorhachis, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 654.
y. Yg. (V.229; C. 129). Zaila, Somaliland. Capt. Nurse [P].
Add; Page 399. Zamenis ventrimaculatus.
Acanthocalyx ventrimaculatus, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.
xviii. 1895, p. 215.
Page 401. Add two species:—
17a. Zamenis rogersi.
Zamenis rogersi, Anders. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xii. 1893, p. 439.
Allied to Z. rhodorhachis and Z. ventrimaculatus, but rostral about
half as deep as broad. Wentrals 197–201; anal divided; sub-
caudals 95–105. Pale sandy, with a dorsal series of large, light-
edged dark spots, alternating on each side with a series of smaller
spots; sides of head and neck orange; a dark oblique streak below
the eye and an oblique band on the temple; uniform white beneath.
Total length 830 millim. ; tail 215.
Lower Egypt. -
a. Yg. (V. 198; C.95). Desert east of Helouan, Dr. J. Anderson
near Cairo. ſº e-
b. 3 (V. 197; C. 105). Beltim, Delta. º * 3.
P.T. CD
c. 2 (W. 201; C. 96). Suez. º# j Anderson \ {i.
17 b. Zamenis brevis.
Zamenis brevis, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xv. 1895, pl. iii.
fig. 3.
Snout obtuse, feebly projecting. Rostral once and a half as
broad as deep, the portion visible from above measuring one fourth
its distance from the frontal; internasals as long as the praefrontals;
frontal broader than the supraocular, once and two fifths as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one praeocular, not in
contact with the frontal, with a subocular below it; two post-
oculars; temporals 2+2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth enter-
ing the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields; posterior chin-shields as long as the anterior and
624 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA,
separated from each other by two or three series of scales. Scales
smooth, in 19 rows. Wentrals obtusely angulate laterally, 159;
anal divided; subcaudals 76. Pale greyish above, with four longi-
tudinal series of pale grey-brown spots, the two vertebral series
formed of larger spots which are partly confluent; a blackish spot
below the eye; lower parts white.
Total length 200 millim.; tail 47.
Ogaden, Somaliland.
Page 402. Add a species:—
19 a. Zamenis Smithii.
Zamenis smithi, Bouleng. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1895, p. 536, pl. xxx.
fig. 2.
Snout obtuse, feebly projecting. Rostral once and a half as
broad as deep, the portion visible from above measuring one fourth
its distance from the frontal; internasals as long as the praefrontal;
frontal broader than the supraocular, once and two fifths as long as
broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal longer than deep ; one praeocular, in
contact with the frontal, with one or two suboculars below it; two
postoculars; temporals 2+2; nine (exceptionally ten) upper
labials, fifth and sixth (or sixth and seventh) entering the eye :
four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields;
posterior chin-shields as long as or longer than the anterior and
separated from each other by two series of scales. Scales smooth,
in 21 rows. Wentrals very obtusely angulate laterally, 171–185;
anal divided; subcaudals 100. Uniform pale buff above, pinkish
on the sides; a greyish blotch below the eye and another across
the temple ; white beneath.
Total length 560 millim.; tail 170.
Western Somaliland and Gallaland.
a. 3 (W. 171; C. 100). Webi Shebeli. Dr. Donaldson Smith [P].
(One of the types.)
b. 3 (V. 171; C. P). W. of Juba R. Dr. Donaldson Smith [C.].
Add :— Page 403. Zamenis florulentus.
Tylanthera florulenta, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos, Soc. xviii. 1895,
p. 215.
w. 3 (W. 215; C.?). Mandara, near Alex- Dr. J. Anderson [P].
andria.
v. 2 (W. 217 : C. 99). Beltim, Delta. Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Add :— Page 404. Zamenis gracilis.
? Coluber cinereus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 87, pl. xxiii, fig, 2
(1754).
ADDENDA AND COREIGENDA. 625
Add :— Page 405. Zamenis ravergieri.
Zamenis ravergieri, Méhely, Zool. Anz. 1894, p. 85; Peracca, Boll.
Mus. Torino, ix. 1894, no. 167, p. 11.
Add:— Page 407. Zamenis nummifer.
Zamenis nummifer, Peracca, l.c. p. 12.
s, dº (se. 23; W. 203; Beltim, Delta. Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
C. :
t-u. Yg. (Sc. 25; v. 210, Helouan, near Cairo. Dr. A. Fényes [P].
213; C. 83, 84).
Add :— Page 409. Zamenis algirus.
Zamenis algirus, Werner, Verh. 200l.-bot. Ges. Wien, xliv, 1894,
p. 84.
Q (Sc. 25; V. 225; Between Batna
2; C. 97), hgr. (Sc. and Biskra.
25; W. 215; A. 2; C.
98), & yg. (Sc. 25; V.
216; A. 1; C. 100).
i. Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 222; Sfax, Tunisia. Christiania Mus.
A. 2; C. 90). \
f—h.
A.
Add :- Page 409. Zamenis hippocrepis.
Zamenis hippocrepis, Miná-Palumbo, Nat. Sicil. xii. 1892, p. 80.
q. 2 (Sc.27; W. 237; C.97). Seville. Prof. Calderon [E].
Add :- Page 411. Zamenis diadema.
Zamenis diadema, Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torino, ix. 1894, no. 167,
p. 12.
tr. 2 (Sc.29; V. 242; C. 75). Fayed, Egypt. Dr. J. Anderson [P.].
Add :— Page 413. Zamenis microlepis.
Zamenis microlepis, Werner, Verh, zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xlv. 1895,
p. 18, pl. iii, fig. 4.
WOL. III. 2 s
626 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
WOL. II.
Add :- Page 8. DRYMOBIUS.
Cacocalyx, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 427.
Add :- Page 13. Drymobius boddaertii.
B.
c. 3 (W. 173; C. 100). Mºº Redondo, Costa Mr. Underwood [C.].
1C8,
Add :- Page 15. Drymobius rhombifer.
h. Yg. (V. 154; C. 86). Chiriqui. J. G. Champion, Esq.[C.];
F. D. Godman, Esq.[P.].
Add:— Page 15. Drymobius bivittatus.
b. Hgr. 3 (W. 145; C. 122). Cali, Colombia, Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg
3200 ft. [C.].
Add:— Page 15. Drymobius dendrophis.
Drymobius paucicarinatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 202,
Crossanthera melanotropis, Cope, l.c. p. 203.
Add:— Page 17. Drymobius margaritiferus.
Masticophis margaritiferus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869,
p. 162.
Add :- Page 19. Phrynonax sulphureus.
P Seba, Thes, ii. pl. lxviii. fig. 3 (1735).
P Coluber caracaras, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1117 (1788).
Add:— Page 20. Phrynonax poecilonotus.
d—e. G (W. 202, 199; Buenaventura, Colombia. Mr. W. F. H. Rosen-
C. 125, 122). berg [C.].
Add:— Page 22. Phrynomax fasciatus.
d. Hgr. (V. 201; C. 180). Buenaventura, Colombia. Mr. W. F. H. Rosen-
e - Tº e e berg [C].
e. Yg. (V. 201; C. 119). Larecaja, Bolivia.
f. Yg. (V. 195; C. 118). Aschiquiri, Bolivia.
Add:— Page 22. Phrynonax eutropis.
Phrynonax eutropis, Boettg. Bull. Trinid. Club, ii. 1894, p. 85.
Trinidad.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 627
Add:— Page 24. COLUBER.
Aepidea, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 488.
Leptophidium, Hallow. l. c. p. 498.
Epiglottophis, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895, p. 204.
Add:— Page 32. Coluber corais.
C. -
d. 3 (V. 189; C. 67). N. Carolina. H. Hanauer, Esq. [P.].
Add:— Page 38. Coluber triaspis.
©, Hgr. (Sc. 35; V. 266; C. 87). Yucatan.
Add:— Page 39. Coluber guttatus.
Callopeltis guttatus, Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 1894,
p. 326.
Add :— Page 47. Coluber taoniurus.
Coluber taeniurus, Boetty. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1894, p. 144.
Add :- Page 50. Coluber obsoletus.
Coluber obsoletus, Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1895, p. 391.
Add:— Page 54. Coluber longissimus.
p. 3. ; 23; W. 219; Kaposvar, Hungary. Prof. L. v. Méhely [E].
C. 79).
Page 56. Add a species:—
29 a. Coluber schmackeri.
Coluber schmackeri, Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat. 1895, p. 108.
Allied to C. moellendorffii, but praeocular not reaching the
frontal, and scales perfectly smooth. Rostral broader than deep ;
nine or ten upper labials, fifth and sixth or sixth and seventh
entering the eye. Scales in 27 rows. Wentrals 260; anal divided ;
subcaudals 104. Greenish grey above, with a dorsal series of
W– or X-shaped blackish markings; tail with four black stripes;
yellowish beneath, spotted and mottled with blackish.
Total length 2080 millim.; tail 445.
Loo Choo Islands.
Add:— Page 57. Coluber oxycephalus.
Aepidea robusta, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 488.
o. Yg. (Sc. 25; W. 286; Catanduanes Id, S.E. Whitehead Exped.
C. 129). Luzon.
p. 2 (Sc. 25; W. 247; Great Natuna Id. C. Hose, Esq. [C].
C. 132).
- 2 s 2
628 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Add :— Page 59. Coluber quadrivirgatus.
Leptophidium dorsale, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad, 1860, p. 498.
Add:— Page 63. Coluber erythrurus.
A
h. Yg. (V. 211; C. 92). Albay, S. Luzon. Whitehead Exped.
i. Hgr. (V.225; C. 94). Tavi-Tavi, Sooloo Ids. A. Everett, Esq.[C.].
Add :— Page 73. Herpetodryas carinatus.
Zºº; tornieri, Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1896, p. 15,
pl. i. fig. 1.
A.
e. 3 (V. 159; C. 129). Para. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P].
f. 3 (V. 149; C. 111). Buenaventura, Colombia. wº Rosen-
berg [C.].
In the latter specimen, the lateral scales and the outer ends of the
ventrals, on the anterior half of the body, vermilion red.
C.
n. 3 (V. 185; C. 177). R. Ucayale. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
Add:— Page 76. Herpetodryas fuscus.
F. Brick-red above, bright orange beneath.
a. 3 (V. 163; C. 114). Para. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P].
Add :- Page 76. Herpetodryas melas.
a. 2 (V, 154; C.?). Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Dr. E. Rothschuh [C].
Add:— Page 79. Dendrophis pictus.
tr. G. (V. 172; C, 149). Albay, S. Luzon. Whitehead Exped.
p. 2 (W. 173; C. P). Tavi-Tavi, Sooloo Ids. A. Everett, Esq.[C].
or. Q (V. 176; C. 140). Great Natuna Id. C. Hose, Esq. §
r. Q (V. 156; C. 138). Tandjong, S.E. Borneo.
Add:— Page 80. Dendrophis calligaster.
Dendrophis punctulatus, part., Boettg. in Semon, Zool. Forsch. v.
p. 120 (1894).
E.
n—q. 3 (V. 182, 181; C. 144, Fergusson Id., Brit. Mr. Meek [C.].
141) & 2 (W. 188, 184; New Guinea.
C. 146, P).
r—s. 9 (V. 187, 181; C. 146, Trobriand Ids., Brit. Mr. Meek [C].
146). New Guinea.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGHTENDA. 629
Add:— Page 83. Dendrophis punctulatus.
Elaps lewisii, Gray, in Grey's Trav. Austral. ii. p. 444 (1841).
Dendrophis bilorealis, Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. viii. 1883,
p. 485, & ix. 1884, p. 549.
— punctulatus, Boettg. in Semon, Zool. Forsch. v. p. 110 (1894).
C. Black above, olive or blackish beneath, with the exception of
the chin and throat, which are white; ventral keels whitish.
(D. bilorealis, Macleay.)
a. Q (V. 201; C. 120). Queensland. Christiania Mus.
Add :- Page 84. Dendrophis formosus.
Dendrophis pictus, Boettg. in Semon, op. cit. p. 123.
g. 9 (V. 185; C. 144). Sandakan, N. Borneo. * Cator, Esq.
* P.T.
h. Hgr. (V. 183; C. 144). Tandjong, S.E. Borneo.
Add :— Page 86. Dendrophis lineolatus.
Dendrophis punctulatus, part, Boettg. in Semon, op. cit. p. 120.
k—o. 3 (V. 202, 201; C. Fergusson Id., Brit. Mr. Meek [C].
137, 133), Q (W. 196; New Guinea.
C. 143), hgr. (V. 195;
C. 139), & yg. (W. 202;
C. P).
Page 86. Add a species:—
8 a. Dendrophis meeki.
Dendrophis meeki, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895, p. 32.
Maxillary teeth 32 or 33. Eye very large, as long as its distance
from the centre or the anterior border of the nostril. Rostral nearly
twice as long as deep, just visible from above; internasals as long
as the praefrontals; frontal once and one third to once and a half
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
much shorter than the parietals; loreal once and two thirds or twice
as long as deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2+2
or 3; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fourth, fifth,
and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
in 13 rows, vertebrals about as large as outer. Wentrals 170–178;
anal divided; subcaudals 139–147. Dark olive above; upper lip
white, sharply limited above by a black line passing through the
eye; lower parts pale olive, more or less freckled with darker.
Total length 1160 millim. ; tail 420.
Fergusson Id., British New Guinea.
a—d. 3 (W. 174; C. 147) Fergusson Id. Mr. Meek [C.] (Types.)
& 2 (W. 175,178, 170;
C. 141, 146, 139).
630 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Add :- Page 89. Dendrelaphis tristis.
8. Hgr. (V. 176; C. 130). Ceylon. Dr. Bowles [P.].
Loreal absent on the left side.
Add; Page 89. Dendrelaphis caudolineatus.
Dendrophis picta, Motley & Dillwyn, Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 46,
pl. — (1855).
2. 9 (V. 180; C. 106). Sandakan, N. Borneo. * Cator, Esq.
Add :— Page 91. Dendrelaphis terrificus.
e. Q, head & tail. Albay, S. Luzon. Whitehead Exped.
Add :- Page 91. Dendrelaphis modestus.
c—d. Q (V. 186, 190; C. Halmaheira. Prof. Kükenthal [C.];
P, 121). Senckenberg Mus. º
e. Hgr. (V. 185; C. 121). Batjan. Prof. Kükenthal [C.
Senckenberg Mus. j
Page 91. Add a species:—
6. Dendrelaphis papuensis.
Dendrelaphis papuensis, Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 409.
Maxillary teeth 21 or 22. Eye as long as its distance from the
nostril. Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals
as long as the praefrontals; frontal once and a half to once and two
thirds as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal elongate; one prae-
and two postoculars; temporals 2+2; eight upper labials, fourth
and fifth entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 13 rows. Wentrals 185–190; anal divided; subcaudals
119–126. Olive-brown above, head and neck dark, blackish; a
black streak on each side of the head and neck, passing through the
eye; upper lip white; vertebral scales on anterior part of body
lighter, edged with whitish in front; ventrals and subcaudals pale
olive.
Total length 1050 millim.; tail 310.
Trobriand Ids., British New Guinea.
a—e. 3 (V. 190; C. 119) Trobriand Ids. Mr. Meek [C]. (Types.)
& Q (V. 188, 188, 185,
185; C. P., 124, 125,
126).
ADDEN DA AND CORRIGENDA. 631
Add:— Page 93. Chlorophis ornatus.
Philothamnus ornatus, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 93, pl. xii. fig. 1
(1895).
Add:— Page 94. Chlorophis neglectus.
m—n. 3 (W. 149; C. 97) Zomba, Brit. C. Sir H. H. Johnston
& Q (V. 155; C. 84). Africa. #
o. 3 (W. 152; C. 87). Mºº Brit. C. Scott Elliot, Esq.[P].
T1C3.
p. 2 (W. 163; C. P). Witu, E. Africa. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.]
Add :- Page 95. Chlorophis heterolepidotus.
Chlorophis gracillimus, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) xv. 1895,
p. 528.
Philothamnus heterolepidotus, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 88 (1895).
Add:— Page 96. Chlorophis irregularis.
? Coluber caesius, Cloquet, Dict. Sc. Nat. xi. p. 201 (1818).
Chlorophis guentheri, Günth. l. c.
shirana, Günth. l. c.
Philothamnus irregularis, Bocage, l.c. p. 85, pl. xii. fig. 2 (1895).
g. 2 (W. 162; C. 112). Mandala, Brit. C. Scott Elliot, Esq. [P].
Africa.
. Q (W. 171; C. 102) Lower Niger. W. H. Crosse, Esq.[P].
** yg. (W. 170, 158, 9
175; C. 108, 123, 117).
Add:— Page 98. Chlorophis heterodermus.
Philothamnus heterodermus, Bocage, l.c. p. 89.
l. Hgr. 2 (V, 157; C. 80). Lower Niger. W. H. Crosse, Esq.[P].
Add Page 99. Philothamnus semivariegatus.
Philothamnus kirkii, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (6) xv. 1895, p. 528.
— bocagii, Günth. l. c. e e Q
— semivariegatus, Bocage, l.c. p. 90, pl. xiii. fig. 2.
a. 3 (V. 189; C. 157). Upper Shiré R. Sir H. H. Johnston [P].
Add :— Page 101. Philothamnus dorsalis.
Philothamnus dorsalis, Bocage, l.c. p. 92, pl. xiii, fig. 1.
f 3 (V. 167; C. 126). Lower Congo. Rev. J. Pinnock [C].
Add :- Page 103. Gastropyxis smaragdima.
q. 3 (V, 162; C. 157). Lower Niger. W. H. Crosse, Esq. [P.].
632 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Page 104. Add a genus:—
69 a. RHAMNOPHIS.
Rhamnophis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. W. H. (3) ix. 1862, p. 129, and
Zool. Rec. 1864, p. 122.
Crypsidomus, Günth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 309.
Maxillary teeth 20 to 23, the three last longest and separated
from the rest by an interspace; anterior mandibular teeth feebly
enlarged. Head rather short, distinct from neck; eye very large,
with round pupil. Body compressed; scales very narrow, smooth
or keeled, with apical pits, disposed obliquely, in 17 or 19 rows,
vertebral row enlarged; ventrals obtusely keeled laterally. Tail
long; subcaudals in two rows. -
Tropical Africa.
Might be united with Thrasops.
1. Rhamnophis a thiops.
Rhamnophis aethiopissa, Günth. Ann. & Mag N. H. (3) ix. 1862,
p. 129, pl. X.
Crypsidomus aethiops, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1888, p. 64.
Chrysidomus aethiops, Matschie, Zool. Jahrb. v. 1890, p. 616.
Rostral much broader than deep, visible from above; internasals
as long as the praefrontals; frontal bell-shaped, little longer than
broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals; a pair
of very large occipitals may be present ; loreal nearly twice as long
as deep ; one praeocular, in contact with or narrowly separated
from the frontal; two postoculars ; temporals 1 or 1+2; eight
upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter
than the posterior. Scales smooth, in 17 rows. Wentrals 158–179;
anal divided ; subcaudals 140–158. Black above, each scale with
a green streak; head pale olive, the shields spotted and edged with
black; yellowish or pale olive beneath, outer ends of ventrals green,
edged with black; subcaudals with three black streaks.
Total length 1500 millim. ; tail 530.
Guinea.
a. Hgr. (V. 175; C. 152). W. Africa. (Type.)
b. ? (W. 158; C. 140). Liberia. Dr. Büttikofer [C].
c. Hgr. (V. 159; C. P). Sierra Leone. Sir A. Kennedy [P.].
d. 9 (V. 179; C. 158). Fernando Po. Dr. Statham §
e. 3 (V. 169; C, 141). Gaboon.
2. Rhamnophis jacksonii.
Thrasops jacksonii, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xv. 1895, p. 528.
Differs from the preceding in the larger rostral, which is but
little broader than deep, the shorter loreal, three postoculars,
ADDEN DA AND CORRIGENDA. 633
temporals 1+1, and scales keeled, in 19 rows. Wentrals 198;
subcaudals 138. Uniform black above and beneath.
Total length 1670 millim. ; tail 500.
East Africa.
a. Ad., skin (V. 198; Kavirondo. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].
Add :- Page 111. Leptophis bilineatus.
f. 3 (W. 153; C. 148). Buenaventura, Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg
Colombia. [C.].
Page 111. Add a species:—
8 a. Leptophis ultramarinus.
Leptophis ultramarinus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 203.
Eye as long as its distance from the rostral. Praeocular reaching
the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials;
posterior chin-shields a little longer than the anterior. Scales in 15
rows, five median rows keeled. Wentrals feebly angulate, 168; anal
divided; subcaudals 176. Uniform ultramarine-blue above, silvery
white below and on the outer scales and upper lip.
Total length 1050 millim. ; tail 425.
Pazu Azul, Costa Rica.
Add :— Page 111. Leptophis Occidentalis.
Leptophis occidentalis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. pl. lxiii. fig. 1
(1895).
k. Q (V. 181; C. 176). Brit. Honduras.
Add; Page 112. Leptophis nigromarginatus.
Leptophis nigromarginatus, Bocourt, l.c. p. 826, pl. lxiii. fig. 3.
i. 9 (V. 150; C. 134). Rio Ucayale. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
Add :- Page 113. Leptophis liocercus.
Leptophis ahaetulla, Bocourt, l.c. p. 821, pl. lxii; fig. 2.
— liocercus, Bocourt, l.c. p. 828, pl. lxii. fig. 3.
— marginatus, Bocourt, l.c. p. 824, pl. lxiii. fig. 4.
, q—r. 3 (V, 161, 149; C. 146, Rio Ucayale. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
126) & 2 (W. 175, 151; C. 156, -
134).
0–
Add :— Page 118. DROMICUs.
Monobothris, Cope, Amer. Nat. 1894, p. 841.
Halsophis, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895, p. 201.
634 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Add Page 122. Dromicus sanctæ-crucis.
e—h. 3 (V. 173, 176; C. P, 121), Mona. Hr. W. Wolterstorff [P].
Q (V. 177; C. 113), & yg. -
(W. 170; C. 123).
Add:— Page 126. LIOPHIS. *.
Opheomorphus, Fitzing. in Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 50 (1846).
Echinanthera, Cope, Amer. Wat. 1894, p. 841.
Add :- Page 129. Liophis triscalis.
Seba, Thes. ii. pl. lii. fig. 4, & pl. xvii, fig. 1 (1735).
Coluber corallinus, Linn. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 33 (1754).
Add :— Page 136. Liophis viridis.
f. 3 (W. 165; C, 68). Pernambuco. W. A. Forbes, Esq. [P.].
Add – Page 136. Liophis typhlus.
Philodryas crassifrons (non Cope), Boettg. Zeitschr. f. Naturw. lviii.
1885, p. 235.
l, 2 (W. 165; C.?). Paraguay.
Add :— Page 143. Liophis flawilatus.
Rhadinaea flavilatus, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895,
pp. 202 & 217.
Add :- Page 147. Xenodon colubrinus.
t. 3 (V. 143; C.?). Hacienda Rosa de Jericho, Dr. E. Rothschuh
Nicaragua. e
Add :— Page 155. Heterodon platyrhinus.
Heterodon platyrhinus, Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1895, p. 393.
Page 158. Aporophis lineatus.
Erase from the synonymy:—
Lygophis dilepis, Cope,
and add :— -
Coluber atratus, part., Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1103 (1788).
Aporophis lineatus, Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torino, x. 1895, no. 195,
p. 16.
Page 158. Add a species —
1 a. Aporophis dilepis.
Lygophis dilepis, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad, 1862, p. 81.
Aporophis dilepis, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxii. 1885, p. 191;
Feracca, Boll. Mus. Torino, x. 1895, no. 195, p. 15.
Closely allied to A. lineatus. Agreeing in the number (19) of
ADDENIDA AND CORRIGENDA. 635
rows of scales and in the coloration; differing in the shorter tail (4–4%
times in the total length). Wentrals 165–179; subcaudals 71–93.
Yellowish olive above, with a reddish-brown, black-edged vertebral
stripe three scales wide, and a narrower, black lateral stripe; three
and a half outer rows of scales, upper lip, and lower parts uniform
yellow.
Total length 490 millim.; tail 120.
Paraguay.
a. 6 (V. 179; C. 71). Rio Apa, N. Paraguay. Dr. Borelli [C.]; Turin
Mus. [E.].
Add :— Page 160. RHADINAEA.
Taeniophallus, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895, p. 201.
Add :— Page 171. Rhadinaea genimaculata.
c. 3 (W. 207; C. 71). Marajo, nr. Para. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
Add :- Page 172. Rhadimaa serperastra.
a. Yg. (W. 169; C. 60). La Palma, Costa Rica. Mr. Underwood [C.].
Add :- Page 174. Rhadinaea undulata.
Tºur nicagus, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895,
p. 217.
Add :— Page 176. Rhadinaea occipitalis.
g—h. 3 (W. 162, 165; C. 77, 79). Yungas, Bolivia.
Add :- Page 179. Rhadinaea vittata.
n. Hgr., A. (V. 165; C. 85). Omilteme, Guerrero. F. D. Godman, Esq.
P.].
o. Yg., B. (V. 164; C. 116). Omilteme, Guerrero. Fº Godman, Esq.
P
J.
p. Hgr., C. (V. 180; C. 111). S. Mexico. F; Godman, Esq.
P.T.
q. Yg., C. (V. 150; C. 130). Mezquital del Oro, Dr. A. C. Buller
Zacatecas. [C].
Page 179. Add a species:—
24 a. Rhadinaea pulveriventris.
Eye rather small. Rostral twice as broad as deep, just visible
from above; internasals broader than long, much shorter than the
praefrontals; frontal once and three fourths as long as broad,
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal longer than deep; one prae- and two postoculars;
636 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
temporals 1+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals
132; anal divided ; subcaudals 66. Reddish brown above; a black
lateral line between the fourth and fifth rows of scales, edged above
with yellowish on the anterior part of the body; this line widens
on the neck and head, and, passing through the eye, joins its fellow
on the end of the snout; upper lip white; belly pinkish yellow,
finely speckled all over with blackish. -
Total length 430 millim.; tail 140.
Costa Rica.
a. Q (V. 132; C. 66). Azahar de Cartago. Mr. Underwood [C.].
Add :- Page 182. Urotheca lateristriga.
e. Yg. (V. 135; C. 117). Costa Rica.
f–g. 3 (V. 132, 134; La Palma, Costa Rica. Mr. Underwood [C.].
C. 91, 101).
Add :- e
Erythrolamprus venustissimus, spec, w, Günth. Cat. p. 48 (1858).
Page 183. Urotheca elapoides.
k. 3, A. a. (V. 128; C. 102). Mexico. Mr. H. Finck [C].
l. Q, A. b. (V. 134; C. P). Atoyac, Guerrero. F. D. Godman, Esq.
P.T.
m. Yg., A. b. (V, 124; C. 114). Belize. [P.]
n. Q, A. b. (V. 133; C. P). Para. J. P. G. Smith, Esq.
[P.].
o. 2, C. 6 broad black rings Yucatan. |
on the body (W. 134; C. P).
Add :— Page 184. Urotheca bicincta.
d. Yg. (Sc. 19; W. 179; Para. Dr. E. A. Göldi [P.].
C. 74). -
Add :— Page 185. Trimetopon gracile.
c. 3 (V. 132; C. 63). Turrialba, Costa Rica. Mr. Underwood [C].
Page 185. Add a species:—
2. Trimetopon pliolepis.
Trimetopon pliolepis, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 201.
Apparently closely allied to, and possibly identical with, T. gracile.
The only important difference seems to be in the number of rows
of scales, viz. 17 instead of 15. Wentrals 154; subcaudals 69.
Coloration more obscure.
Total length 287 millim.; tail 76.
San José, Costa Rica.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 637
Add :— Page 186. Dimades plicatilis.
Pseuderyx plicatilis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc, Mez., Rept. p. 802, pl. lx.
fig. 7 (1895).
— plicatilis, var. anomalolepis, Bocourt, l.c. p. 804, pl. lx, fig. 6.
Page 186. Add a species:—
2. Dimades mimeticus.
Fºys mimeticus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886,
p. 90.
Head-shields as in D. plicatilis. Wentrals 163; subcaudals 35.
Dorsal region brown for a width of five and two half rows of scales;
sides on the third and fourth, and half of the second and fifth rows,
marked with a black band, which extends from the eye to the end
of the tail and is edged with yellow above ; a yellow band from the
eye to the angle of the mouth; lips black, yellow-spotted; below
yellow with two small brown spots on each ventral shield and one
on each caudal.
Total length 490 millim.; tail 56.
Mamoré R., Eastern Bolivia.
Add :- Page 187. Hydrops triangularis.
Pseuderyx triangularis, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mea., Rept. p. 806, pl. lx.
fig. 5 (1895).
Add:— Page 187. Hydrops martii.
Pseudoeryx callostictus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xxiii. 1886,
103
p. 1U5.
Pseuderyx martii, Bocourt, l.c. p. 805, pl. lx, fig. 4.
Add :— Page 192. Coronella austriaca.
Coronella austriaca, Sarauw, Natur, og Mennesk. xii. 1894, p. 379;
Loennberg, Biol. Centralbl. xv. 1895, p. 672, figs.
bb. ? (W. 178; C. 41). Brasso, Hungary. Prof. L. v. Méhely [E.].
cc. 3 (V. 174; C. 58). Friesach, Carinthia. Hr. F. Henkel [E].
Add:— Page 194. Coronella amalia.
n. Q (V. 185; C. 57). Oran. M. Doumergue [E.].
In the shape of the rostral intermediate between C. girondica
and amaliae. Snout pointed and very prominent.
Add :— Page 197. Coronella regularis.
b–d. 3 (V. 181; C, 66), Lower Niger. W. H. Crosse, Esq.[P].
Q (V. 180; C.68), &
yg. (V. 182; C, 68).
638 - ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Add:— Page 197. Coronella getula.
Lºli. getulus, Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, xvii. 1894,
p. 824.
Page 198. Coronella getula, C.
Erase “C. california.”
And add:—
g. Yg. (Sc. 23; W. 230; S. Bernardino, Mr. R. Douglas [C.].
C. 47). California.
Add :- Page 204. Coronella micropholis.
A.
h. Q (Sc. 21; W. 202; Guayaquil. Mr. Fraser ſG.].
C. 43). " ' aq [C]
B.
u. Q (Sc. 21; W. 229; Matagalpa, Nica- Dr. E. Rothschuh [C.].
C. 58). ragua.
v. 2 (Sc. 21; W. 224; Bebedero, Costa Mr. Underwood [C.].
C. 47). Rica. - y
w. Hgr. (Sc.19; W.215; Cali, , , Colombia, Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg
C. 45). 3200 ft. [C.].
4. &# (Sc. 21; W. 221; Zaruma, Ecuador. Mr. Gunter [C.].
. 44).
Add:— Page 205. Coronella doliata.
Osceola elapsoidea, Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 1894,
p. 325.
Add:— Page 206. Coronella punctata.
Diadophis punctatus, Loennberg, l.c. p. 825.
Add :- Page 208. Coronella amabilis.
g. Q (V. 207; C. 54). S. Bernardino, Cali- Mr. R. Douglas [C.].
- fornia.
Page 208. Add a species:—
17 a. Coronella arnyi.
Diadophis arnyi, Kennicott, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 99.
— punctatus, var. arnyi, Garm. N. Am. Rept, p. 72 (1888).
Agrees with C. regalis in the number (17) of scales, with C. pun-
ctata in the low number of ventrals (142–161).
Kansas, Missouri.
a—b. 3 (V. 142; C. 35) & St. Louis Co., Missouri.
9 (V. 161; C. 40).
ge
AIDDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 639
Add :- Page 208. Coronella regalis.
Erase “Diadophis arnyi" from the synonymy.
Page 211. Add a genus:—
89 a. DREPANODON.
Cloelia (non Fitz.), Jan, Elenco sist. Oftd. p. 92 (1863).
Drepanodon, Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torin. xi. 1896, no. 231, p. 3.
7 to 10 small maxillary teeth increasing in length, followed,
after an interspace, by two large, compressed teeth; mandibular
teeth subequal. Head distinct from neck; eye moderate, with
vertically elliptic pupil. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, with or
without apical pits, in 15 (or 17) rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.
South America.
1. Drepanodon anomalus.
Cloelia anomala, Jan, l.c., and Icon. Gén. 85, pl. i. fig. 4 (1870).
Oxyrhopus anomalus, Boettg. Zool. Anz, 1891, p. 347.
Drepanodon anomalus, Peracca, l.c. p. 3.
— stigmaticus, Peracca, l.c. p. 5.
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasals
half as long as the praefrontals; frontal slightly longer than broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or
slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal very small or absent;
one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 2+2; six upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye : three or four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields as long as or shorter than the anterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Wentrals 150–169; anal entire ; subcaudals 67–77. Yellowish
above, each scale with a black terminal dot; upper surface of head
and nape black, with a whitish collar; uniform yellowish white
beneath.
Upper Amazon.
2. Drepanodon” flavitorques.
Liophis flavitorques, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1868, p. 307.
Rostral projecting and well visible from above; frontal very
broad, with a long produced posterior angle; loreal deeper than
long; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; chin-shields short.
Scales in 17 rows. Wentrals 188; anal divided; subcaudals 105.
Uniform dark brown above, with a broad yellow half-collar crossing
the posterior half of the parietal shields and two rows of scales;
below dirty yellowish.
Total length 440 millim. ; tail 140.
Magdelen River, Colombia.
640 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.
t - . . . —."
Add :— Page 214. Cemophora coccinea.
Cemophora coccinea, Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviii. 1894,
p. 321
Add :- Page 218. Simotes purpurascens.
Simotes purpurascens, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) xiv. 1894,
p. 616.
Dicraulax purpurascens, Cope, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. xviii. 1895,
p. 200.
Add :— Page 222. Simotes formosanus.
c—d, 3 (W. 172; C. 48) C. Formosa. Mr. Holst [C.].
& yg. (V. 162; C, 46).
Add :- Page 222. Simotes violaceus.
Holarchus dolleyanus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 423, pl. x.
fig. 1 (1895).
Add :- Page 224. Simotes octolineatus.
B.
e. 3 (V. 155; C. 47). Taiping, Perak. S. Flower, Esq. [P.].
Vertebral line scarlet, others white.
D. Intermediate between B & C.
a—b. 3 (V. 161, 161 ; Sandakan, N. Borneo. Douglas Cator, Esq.
C. 44, 43). [P.].
Add :- Page 225. Simotes phaenochalinus.
f. Q (V. 162; C. 35). Mt. Benguet, N. Whitehead Exped.
Luzon.
g. Yg. (V. 156; C. 88). Isabella, N.E. Luzon. Whitehead Exped.
Add :- Page 239. Oligodon everetti.
b–c. 3 (V. 138; C. 65) Tandjong, S.E. Borneo.
& Q (V. 145; C. 61).
Add : — Page 242. Oligodon sublineatus.
p. 2 (W. 161; C. 27). Punduloya. E. E. Green, Esq. [P.].
Page 245. Add a species:—
16 a. Oligodon schadenbergii.
Oligodon schadenbergi, Boettg. Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1894–95, no. 7,
p. 4 (1895). -
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 641
Near O. vertebralis, but snout shorter and blunter, frontal twice
and a half to thrice as broad as the supraocular, loreal smaller, and
suture between the internasals shorter than that between the prae-
frontals. Scales in 15 rows. Wentrals 145–147; anal divided;
subcaudals 38–39. Dark grey above, with very small white, black-
edged spots; head-markings as in O. vertebralis; orange beneath.
Total length 310 millim.; tail 52.
Busuanga, Calamianes, Philippines.
Add :— Page 248. Prosymna frontalis.
Prosymna frontalis, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 98, pl. xi. fig. 2 (1895).
Add:— Page 248. Prosymna ambigua.
Prosymna ambigua, Bocage, l.c. p. 99, pl. xi. fig. 1.
Page 249. Prosymna meleagris.
Add:—
c—d. Q (V. 148; C. 34) Wegbe, Togoland. W. G. Innes, Esq.
& yg. (V. 149; C. 31). [C.].
Add :- Page 249. LEPTOCALAMUS.
PEnulius, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1871, p. 558.
Page 250. Leptocalamus torquatus.
Add :-
? Enulius murinus, Cope, l.c.; Günth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept, p. 157
(1895).
Enulius torquatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 205.
b. 3 (V. 181; C. 103). Guatemala. L. Greening, Esq. [P.].
c. 2 (W. 209; C. 85). L. Nicaragua. Rev. G. E. Henderson [P.].
Add :- Page 251. Leptocalamus Sclateri.
b. 3 (W. 132; C.?). Guasimo, Costa Rica. Mr. Underwood [C].
Add Page 254. Scaphiophis albopunctatus.
b. 3 (Sc. 24; W. 194; Ugogo. Mr. Baxter [C.].
C. 72).
Add :— Page 258. Contia abstiva.
heodrys aestivus, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mez., Rept. p. 817, pl. lxi.
fig. 3 (1895).
Add :— Page 259. Contia vernalis.
Cyclophis vernalis, Bocourt, l.c. p. 815, pl. lxi. fig. 2.
WOL. III, ~. 2T
642 ADDENIDA AND CORRIGENDA,
Page 259. Contia agassizii.
Is an Opisthoglyphous Snake. See this volume, p. 126 (Pseud-
ablabes agassizii).
Add :— Page 261. Contia collaris.
2–m. 3 (Sc. 17; W. 171; Tiflis. Tiflis Mus. [E.T.
& 2) & º' (Sc. iſ : [E.]
V. 176; C. 57).
n—o. 3 (Sc. 15; W. 150; Aresh, Gov. Elizabeth- Tiflis Mus. [E].
C. 58) & Q (Sc. 15; pol.
V. 157; C. 54).
p. 2 (Sc. 17; W. 160; C. Mt. Hermon, Palestine. Turin Mus. [E].
59).
Page 273. Add a genus:—
101 a. SYMPHIMUS.
Symphimus, Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xi. 1869, p. 150.
Apparently agreeing with Chilomeniscus, but rostral shield not
prominent. -
Mexico.
1. Symphimus leucostomus.
Symphimus leucostomus, Cope, l.c.
Snout obtusely pointed. Rostral as deep as broad, scarcely
visible from above; suture between the internasals as long as that
between the praefrontals; frontal longer than broad, with concave
sides, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one or two
postoculars; temporals 1+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; anterior chin-shields a little longer than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Olive-grey above, with a light
brown vertebral stripe three scales wide; lips light yellow; belly
dirty white. • *
Total length 800 millim.; tail 250.
Chihuiatan, Tehuantepec.
Add :— Page 276. Homalosoma lutrix.
—w. 3 (V. 119, 116,113; Uganda. F. J. Jackson, Esq.
*ēśiº [P.]. ,
134, 122, 126; C. 23,
19, 22).
The head-shields vary considerably, and H. shiranum should be
united with H. lutria.
. ADDENIDA AND CORRIGENDA. 643
Add:— Page 277. ABLABES.
Phragmitophis, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862, p. 53.
Entechinus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1894, p. 427 (1895).
Page 279. Add a species:—
1 a. Ablabes herminae.
Ablabes herminae, Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver, Nat. 1895, p. 110.
Snout pointed. Rostral small, a little broader than deep, just
visible from above; nasal divided; eye small; suture between the
internasals more than half as long as that between the praefrontals;
frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout, much
shorter than the parietals; loreal nearly twice as long as deep; one
prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; eight upper labials,
fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows, smooth, faintly keeled towards the base of the
tail. Wentrals 163; anal divided; subcaudals 58. Grey above,
white beneath, the grey extending to the sides of the belly; back
.dotted with black; some of the scales black-edged; upper lip
yellowish white, the shields finely edged with grey.
Total length 580 millim. ; tail 107.
Loo Choo Islands.
Add:— Page 281. Ablabes tricolor.
Phragmitophis tricolor, Günth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) ix. 1862,
p. 126.
J. 9 (V. 154; C.?). Singapore. H. N. Ridley, Esq. [C].
Add:— Page 284. Ablabes longicauda.
Alsº longicauda, Werner, Verh, zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xlvi. 1896,
p. I'ſ.
Add:— Page 287. Grayia smythii.
Grayia smythii, Günth. Ann, & Mag N. H. (6) xv. 1895, p. 525.
— triangularis, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 102 (1895).
— ornata, Bocage, l.c. p. 104.
n. Head and tail, bad state. Uganda. Scott Elliot, Esq. [P.].
Page 288. Add a genus:—
105 a. OLIGOLEPIS.
Oligolepis, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895, p. 171.
Maxillary teeth 30, small, closely set, equal; mandibular teeth
equal. Head distinct from neck; eye large, with round pupil.
2 T2
644 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA, *
Body cylindrical; scales finely striated, without pits, oblique, in 13
rows; ventrals rounded. Tail rather long; subcaudals in two rows.
East Africa.
1. Oligolepis macrops.
Oligolepis macrops, Bouleng. l. c.
Eye nearly as long as the snout. Rostral nearly twice as broad
as deep, just visible from above; internasals broader than long, a
little shorter than the praefrontals; frontal once and a half as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal twice as long as deep ;
one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+2; nine upper labials,
fifth and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 13 rows on the body, in 4 rows on the tail. Wentrals 148;
anal divided; subcaudals 75. Olive above, with rather irregular
light cross-bars; upper lip and lower parts white.
Total length 215 millim. ; tail 57.
East Africa.
0. Yg. (V. 148; C. 75). Usambara. (Type.)
Add :— Page 290. Abastor erythrogrammus.
Duberia ancoralis, Berthold, Alh. Ges. Wils. Götting. i. 1848, p. 66,
pl. i. figs. 9 & 10.
Hº: sis parviceps, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiii. 1854,
p. 301.
Add:— Page 291. Farancia abacura.
Homolopsis crassa, Blyth, l.c. p. 300.
Add; Page 293. Petalognathus nebulatus.
Sibon nebulatus, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 60 (1826).
PLeptognathus affinis, Fischer, Verh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, (2) iii.
1879, p. 78, pl. i. fig. 1.
k. Q (V. 170; C. 83). Atoyac, Guerrero. Mr. H. H. Smith ſº
Godman, Esq. [P.].
Add:— Page 294. TR012IDODIPSAS.
Dipeltophis, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 32, 1887, p. 58.
Add:— Page 295. Tropidodipsas philippii.
Dipeltophis albocinctus, Cope, l.c. p. 91.
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA, 645
Add :- Page 296. Tropidodipsas sartorii.
P Leptognathus semicinctus, Bocourt, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii.
1884, p. 139.
Add:— Page 299. Dirosema psephotum.
a. 9 (V. 164; C. 66). La Palma, Costa Rica. Mºrº
Add:— Page 306. Atractus bocourti.
B. G. (V. 190; C. 36). Canelos, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C.].
c. 3 (V. 189; C. 35). Paitanga, Ecuador. Mr. Buckley [C.].
d—e. 3 (V. 166; C. 30) Yurimaguas, Hual- Dr. Hahnel [C].
& Q (V. 182; C. 24). laga R.
Add :- Page 307. Atractus maculatus.
2–d. 3 (V. 166, 165; C. Charobamba, Bolivia.
32, 34).
e.g'(v. 165; C. 33). Aschiquiri, Bolivia.
f—g. Yg. (V. 164, 162; Yungas, Bolivia.
C. 31, 31).
Add:— Page 312. Atractus emmeli.
a. Q (V, 161; C. 16). Para. |Dr. E. A. Göldi LP.].
b–d. 6 (V, 158; C. 27) Charobamba, Bolivia.
& Q (V. 185, 183;
C. 24, 26).
e. g. (V. 167; C. 27). Yungas, Bolivia.
f. 9 (V. 181; C. 21). Campolican, Bolivia.
Page 312. Add a new species:—
19 a. Atractus boettgeri.
Snout rounded. Rostral a little broader than deep, just visible
from above; internasals very small; praefrontals a little longer
than broad; frontal once and a half as long as broad, shorter than
the praefrontals, much shorter than the parietals; loreal twice and
a half as long as deep; two postoculars; temporals 1+1 or 2; six
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four or five lower
1abials in contact with the single pair of chin-shields, which are
elongate and separated from the symphysial. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 177; anal entire; subcaudals 20. Uniform dark brown
above; belly yellowish white, spotted with black; subcaudals black.
Total length 350 millim.; tail 22.
Bolivia.
a. 9 (V. 177; C. 20). Yungas.
Add:— Page 317. Geophis semidoliatus.
J. Q (V. 168; C. 24). Orizaba.
646 ADDENIDA AND CORRIGENDA.
Add:— Page 320. Geophis hoffmanni. - -
h—i. ? (W. 140, 144; La Palma, Costa Rica. Mr. Underwood,
C. 32,36). . º
k. 2 (W. 124; C. 28). Monte Redondo, Costa Mr. Underwood.
Rica. . [C.].
Add:— Page 325. STILOSOMA.
8 strong, subequal maxillary teeth.
Add:— Page 325. Stilosoma extenuatum.
Stilosoma extenuatum, Loennberg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvii. 1894,
p. 328, figs.
a. G. (W. 258; C. 40). Orange Co., Florida. - *
Add; Page 329. Pseudorhabdium longiceps.
m. Q (V. 140; C. 20). Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P.].
Add:— Page 334. Calamaria vermiformis.
A.
c—d. 9 (V. 167; C. 22) Tandjong, S.E. Borneo.
& yg. (V. 188; C. 15). -
©. #. 2 (W. 149; Great Natuna Id. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].
C. 21). - .
E. *
f. 2 (V. 184; C. 16). Kina Balu. A. Everett, Esq. [C].
Add:— Page 335. Calamaria baluensis.
b–d. 3 (V. 190, 187; Kina Balu. A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
C. 29, 27) & Q (V.
206; C. 24).
Add:— Page 338. Calamaria bitorques.
f. 9 (V. 177; C. 15). Cape Engano, N. Luzon. Whitehead Exped.
Page 340. Add a species:—
12 a. Calamaria mindorensis.
Calamaria mindorensis, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 481.
Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above; frontal
longer than broad, twice as broad as the Supraocular, shorter than
the parietals; a prae- and a postocular; diameter of the eye equal to
its distance from the mouth; five upper labials, third and fourth
ADDEN DA AND CORRIGENDA. 647
entering the eye; symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-
shields; two pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other.
Scales in 13 rows. Wentrals 193; anal entire; subcaudals 15.
Brown above, with longitudinal series of black dots; a yellow spot
on each side of the neck; a white spot on each scale of the outer
row; upper lip and lower parts yellowish; a black spot at the
outer end of each ventral; a black line along the middle of the
tail.
Total length 240 millim. ; tail 13.
Mindoro, Philippine Islands.
a. 2 (W. 193; C. 15). Mindoro. A. Everett, Esq.[C.J. (Type.)
Add:— Page 340. Calamaria virgulata.
Calamaria modesta, var. bogorensis, Boettg. in Semon, Zool. Forsch.
v. p. 125 (1894). º
Page 343. Add two species:—
18 a. Calamaria brookii.
Cºin brookii, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xv. 1895,
p. 831.
Rostral as deep as broad, the portion visible from above half as
long as its distance from the frontal; frontal once and one fourth
as long as broad, much shorter than the parietals, thrice as broad as
the supraocular; a praeocular and a postocular; diameter of the eye
equal to its distance from the mouth; five upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; first pair of lower labials forming a suture
behind the symphysial; two pairs of chin-shields, in contact with
each other. Scales in 13 rows. Wentrals 147; anal entire; sub-
caudals 23. Tail obtusely pointed. Yellowish brown above, with
five black stripes, the median the broadest and occupying one scale
and two halves; head marbled with black; a black nuchal collar;
two similar black bars on the tail, one at the base, the other near
the end; outer row of scales, ventrals, and subcaudals yellowish
white, the upper third of the outer scale black, otherwise un-
spotted.
Total length 220 millim.; tail 23.
Rorneo.
a. 3 (V. 147; C. 23). Matang. Rajah Brooke [P.].
18b. Calamaria brachyura.
Calamaria brachyura, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895,
p. 481.
— anceps, Werner, Verh, zool-bot. Ges. Wien, xlvi. 1896, p. 18.
Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above; frontal
longer than broad, more than twice as broad as the supraocular,
648 ADDENIDA AND COBRIGENDA,
shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; diameter.
of the eye equal to its distance from the mouth ; five upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye, fourth smallest; first lower labial
in contact with its fellow behind the symphysial; two pairs of
chin-shields in contact with each other. Scales in 13 rows. Wen-
trals 201–210; anal entire; subcaudals 9. Dark grey-brown above,
with six black longitudinal lines, which disappear on the anterior
half of the body; two outer rows of scales black and white; a
narrow yellow cross-band on the nape; head black above, with a
small yellow spot on each praefrontal and parietal shield; upper
lip white; lower parts white, with a black spot at the outer end of
each ventral shield; a black line along the middle of the tail.
Total length 275 millim.; tail 8.
North Borneo.
a. Q (V. 201; C. 9). Kina Balu. A. Everett, Esq. [C.]. (Type.)
Add:— Page 347. Calamaria borneensis.
d. 6 (V. 152; C. 22)." Sarawak. Rajah Brooke [P]
Add:— Page 350. Calamaria melanota.
e. Yg. (V. 182; C, 16). Tandjong, S.E. Borneo.
Add :— Page 355. Dasypeltis scabra.
Dºliº scabra, var. fasciolata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1868,
-āsciolata, Boettg. Her offenb. Ver, Nat. 1885, p. 14.
— scabra, Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 106 (1895).
B.
o. 3 (Sc. 23; W. 229; Freetown, Sierra R. Dinzey, Esq. [P.].
º * V Leone.
p. Yg. (Sc. 23; W.203; Uganda. F. J. Jackson, Esq.
C. 54). 2 gº ºn
F.
i. 3 §. 23; W. 224; Lower Congo. Rev. G. Pinnock[C.].
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. 649
VOL. III.
Add;— Page 68. Dipsadomorphus pulverulentus.
J. Q (W. 249; C. P). Wegbe, Togoland. W. G. Innes, Esq.[C.].
Add :- Page 91. Leptodira hotamboeia.
b. Yg. (Sc. 21; W. 161; Uganda. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].
C. 42).
Add:— Page 119. Hemirhagerrhis kelleri.
d. 9 (V. 147; C. 67). Uganda. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].
Add:— Page 121. Tomodon ocellatus.
Pelias trigonatus, Leybold, Escurs. Pamp. Argent. p. 82 (1873).
Add . Page 140. Trimerorhinus tritaeniatus.
r. Q (V, 169; C. 63). Uganda. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P].
Add:— Page 257. Aparallactus jacksonii.
B. 9 (V. 148; C. 33). Uganda. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].
Total length 245 millim. ; tail 35.
Add :- Page 263. Elapops modestus.
an. 3 (V. 138; C. 44). Wegbe, Togo- W. G. Innes, Esq. [C.].
land.
Add - Page 379. Naia nigricollis (F. typica).
A. 2 (Sc. #; V. 204; Wºº. Togo- W. G. Innes, Esq. [C.].
land.
C. 59).
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
TO THE THREE VOLUMES.
abacura (Farancia), ii.
291; iii. 644.
abacurum (Calopisma),
ii. 291.
abacurus (Coluber), ii.
291.
abacurus (Farancia), ii.
291.
abacurus (Helicops), ii.
abacurus (Hydrops), ii.
291. ydrop
Abastor, ii. 289.
abbreviatus (Hydrophis),
iii. 301.
Ablabes, i. 181, 297, 300,
318; ii. 9, 25, 160,
188,255, 277; iii. 643.
Ablabophis, i. 318.
abnorma (Coronella), ii.
203.
aboma (Boa), i. 94.
*...* (Dasypeltis), ii.
abyssinicum (Homalo-
soma), ii. 276.
abyssinicum (Lycophi-
dium), i. 342.
abyssinicus (Rachiodon),
ii. 355.
Acalyptophis, iii. 269.
Acalyptus, iii. 269.
acanthias (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 250,251,252.
acanthias (Miodon), iii.
250.
acanthias (Urobelus), iii.
250
Acanthocalyx, iii. 621.
Acanthophallus, ii. 144.
. iii. 354.
acanthophis (Ophryas),
iii. 355. ryas)
acanthophis (Vipera),
iii. 355. pera)
accedens ... (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 240.
accedens (Typhlops), i.
17
Achalinus, i. 308.
Achirina, ii. 255.
acontia (Atropos), iii.
560.
Acontias, iii. 519.
Acontiophidae, i. 169,
177
Acontiophis, i. 414.
acontistes (Coluber), i.
395
Acrantophis, i. 116, 414.
Acrochordidae, i. 169,
172.
Acrochordiens, i. 172.
Aºraine. i. 169,
2
Acrochordinae, i. 172.
Acrochordus, i. 173.
aculeata (Boa), iii. 356.
acuminata (Dryiophis),
iii. 192.
acuminatus (Coluber),
iii. 192
III.
(Oxybelis),
acuminatus
iii. 192.
acuta (Psammophis), iii.
acut." (Rhagerrhis), iii.
148.
acuticauda (Typhlops), i.
26.
acutirostre (Lycophi-
dium), i. 338.
acutus (Ancistrodon), iii.
24
acutus (Cerberus), iii. 16.
acutus (Gryptotyphlops),
i. 56
acutus (Halys), iii. 524.
acutus (Ogmius), iii.
22
acutus (Onychocephalus),
i. 56.
acutus
(Psammophis),
iii. 148.
acutus (Rhamphiophis),
iii. 148.
acutus (Typhlops), i. 56.
adamantea (Caudisona),
iii. 578.
adamanteus (Crotalus),
iii. 575, 576, 577.
Adelophis, i. 285.
Adelphicos, ii. 300.
Adeniophis, iii. 400.
adnexus (Tretanorhinus),
i. 282.
adspersus (Dromicus), ii.
1
adspersus (Lycodon), i.
356.
AEchmophrys, iii. 572.
aegyptia (Vipera), iii.
503. (W
aegyptia (Walterinnesia),
*}”.
agºpiaca (Coronella), ii.
192.
aegyptiaca (Vipera), iii.
503.
aegyptiacus (Cerastes), iii.
502.
aegyptiacus (Dipsas), iii.
‘. (Dip
aemula (Procinura), iii.
212.
aemulus (Scolecophis), iii.
212
aneus (Dryinus), iii. 192.
aeneus (Dryiophis), iii.
192. (
aeneus (Oxybelis), iii.
192.
aeneus (Xenodon), ii.
150
Aspidea, iii. 627.
* (Elapochrus), ii.
183.
aequalis (Liophis), ii.
183. P
aequalis (Pleiocercus), ii.
182.
652
ALPEIABETICAL INDEX.
aer (Coluber), iii. 6.
aer (Homalopsis), iii. 6.
aer (Hypsirhina), iii. 7.
abruginosus (Leptophis),
ii. 107.
aeruginosus (Philotham-
nus), ii. 107.
aesculapii (Callopeltis),
ii. 53.
aesculapii (Coluber), ii.
52, 357; iii. 141, 200.
aesculapii(Elaphis), ii. 52.
aesculapii (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 200.
aesculapii (Natrix), iii.
200.
aesculapii (Zamenis), ii.
52
*stiva (Contia), ii. 258;
iii. 641.
aestivus (Coluber), ii.
258
aestivus (Cyclophis), ii.
258; iii. 641.
aestivus (Dryophylax),
iii. 128.
aestivus (Herpetodryas),
ii. 15, 258; iii. 128.
aestivus (Leptophis), ii.
258.
aestivus (Liopeltis), ii.
258.
aestivus (Opheodrys), ii.
258.
aestivus (Philodryas), iii.
128.
aestivus (Phyllophilo-
phis), ii. 258.
aestivus (Tropidodryas),
iii. 128.
aethiopissa (Rhamno-
phis), iii. 632.
aethiops (Chrysidomus),
iii. 632.
aethiops (Crypsidomus),
111. Oj%.
aethiops
iii. 632.
affine (Stenostoma), i. 62.
* (Bothriopsis), iii.
5
(Rhamnophis),
affinis (Bothrops), iii.
544
affinis (Dromicus), ii.
172, 173.
* (Drymobius), ii.
4.
affinis (Elaps), iii. 423.
affinis (Glauconia), i. 62.
amnis (Hypnale), iii.
528. p
affinis (Hypsiglena), ii.
210.
affinis (Leptodira), iii.
95. -
affinis (Leptognathus),
iii. 644.
affinis (Oligodon), ii. 236.
affinis (Pituophis), ii. 69.
affinis (Platurus), iii.
307. - -
affinis (Pseudonaja), iii.
326.
affinis (Rhadinaea), ii.
172.
affinis (Simotes), ii. 218.
* (Tachymenis), iii.
119
affinis (Trigonocephalus),
* 525, 545.
affinis (Typhlops), i. 49;
iii. §P ps)
affinis (Uropeltis), i. 137.
agamensis (Cala.naria),
ii. 343.
agassizii (Ablabes), ii.
259.
agassizii (Coluber), ii.
65.
agassizii (Contia), ii. 259;
iii. 126, 642.
agassizii (Eirenis), ii.
259
againii (Helicops), i.
282.
(Nerodia), i.
agassizii
243
agasizii (Pseudablabes),
iii. 126 -
iii. 126.
agassizii (Rhinechis), ii.
65.
agilis (Coluber), iii. 200.
Agkistrodon, iii. 519.
aglaeope (Elaps), iii. 423.
Aglypha, i. 170.
Aglyphodontes, i. 71,
131, 167, 169; iii. 438.
Agrophis, ii. 360.
Ahaetulla, ii. 77, 91, 98,
102, 105, 111. -
ahaetulla (Ahaetulla), ii.
113
ahaetulla (Coluber), ii.
78, 113.
ahaetulla (Leptophis), ii.
78, 113
ahaetulla (Natrix), ii. 78.
ahaetulla (Thrasops), ii.
113.
Ailurophis, iii. 47.
Aipysurus, iii. 303.
albertisii (Liasis), i. 80.
albicans (Boa), i. 87.
albifrons (Dipsado-
morus), iii. 451.
albifrons (Glauconia), i.
63; iii. 591.
albifrons (Leptognathus),
iii. 451.
albifrons
i. 63.
albifrons (Typhlops), i.
63
(Stenostoma),

albirostris (Helmintho-
phis), i. 6.
albirostris (Liotyphlops),
i. 6
albirostris (Rhinoty-
phlops), i. 6.
albiventer (Ablabes), i.
299
albiventer (Calamaria),
ii. 336.
albiventer (Changulia),
ii. 336.
albiventer (Simotes), ii.
229
albiventris (Coluber), ii.
99
albiventris (Compsophis),
iii. 610.
albiventris (Liophis), ii.
13 -
albocincta (Coronella), ii.
220.
albocinctus (Dipelto-
phis), iii. 644.
albocinctus (Leptogna-
thus), ii. 295.
albocinctus (Ophis), iii.
90

albocinctus (Simotes), ii.
218, 220.
(Leptodira),
*4 (Herpetodryas),
Il, 14.
albofusca
iii. 95.
albofuscus (Coluber), iii.
95 -
albofuscus (Lycodon), i.
357; iii. 618.
albofuscus (Ophites), i.
357.
albofuscus (Sphecodes),
i. 357.
albolabris (Trimesurus),
iii. 555.
albomaculata (Hypsi-
rhina), iii. 11.
albomaculata (Lyco-
phidium), i. 341; 617.
albomaculatus (Homa-
lopsis), iii. 11.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
653
albomaculatus (Lepto-
phis), i. 258.
albopunctatus (Scaphio-
phis), ii. 254.
albostolatus (Erythro-
lamprus), iii. 201.
albovariata (Dendro-
phis), ii. 96.
albovariata (Philotham-
mus), ii. 96.
albus (Brachyorrhus), i.
305
albus (Coluber), i. 305.
Alecto, iii. 332, 348, 351.
alecto (Coluber), iii.
534
algira (Periops), i. 408.
algirus (Zamenis), i.
408; iii. 625.
alkeni (Calamaria), ii.
333.
alleghaniensis (Coluber),
ii. 50.
alleghaniensis (Elaphis),
40, 50.
alleghaniensis (Panthe-
rophis), ii. 50.
alleghaniensis (Scoto-
phis), ii. 50.
allenii (Helicops), i.
275; iii. 610.
allenii (Liodytes), i. 275;
iii. 610.
Allophis, ii. 25.
Alluaudina, iii. 26, 38.
* (Liophis), ii.
134
almadensis (Natrix), ii.
134
Aloperion, i. 327,836.
Alopecophis, ii. 25.
alpestris (Coluber), ii.
46
alpinus (Coluber), ii. 192.
Alsophis, ii. 118.
$º
alternatus (Drymobius),
ii. 11.
alternatus (Lachesis), iii.
541.
alternatus (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 541.
alticolus (Liophis), ii.
130.
alticolus (Opheomor-
phus), ii. 130.
altirostris (Elaps), iii.
427.
alº (Typhlops), i.
amabilis (Coronella), ii.
207; iii. 638.
amabilis (Diadophis),
207
i
&
1.
amabilis (Dronnicus), ii.
58
i
e
amabilis (Simotes), ii.
amaliae (Coronella), ii.
193, 359; iii. 637.
amalia (Rhinechis),
193.
Amastridium, ii. 352.
amaura (Lampropeltis),
ii. 203.
ambigua (Prosymna),
ii. 248; iii. 641.
ambiguus (Coluber), iii.
535.
i.
i
altermans (Brachyor-
rhos), iii. 4.
alternans (Coluber), ii.
131.
alternans (Eurostus),
iii. 4.
alternans (Hypsirhina),
iii. 4.
alternans (Leptogna-
thus), iii. 456.
alternans (Miralia), iii.
4.
alternatus (Bothrops),
iii. 541
III, Dºlls
alternatus (Coryphodon),
ii. 11.
ambiniger (Rhynch-
onyx), iii. 237.
ambinigra (Apostolepis),
iii. 237.
Amblycephalus, iii. 438,
439, 440.
Amblymetopon, ii. 270.
Amblyodipsas, iii. 244,
245.
amboinense (Rhabdoso-
ma), ii. 237.
ambreensis (Pseudoxy-
rhopus), iii. 613.
amethystina (Boa), i. 83.
amethystimus (Liasis), i.
amethystimus (Python), i.
83; iii. 592.
ammodytes (Cobra), iii.
485
ammodytes (Coluber),
iii. 485.
ammodytes (Echidna),
iii. 485.
ammodytes (Rhinechis),
iii. 485.
ammodytes (Scytale), iii.
534.
ammodytes (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 534.
ammodytes (Vipera), iii.
485

ammodytoides (Both-
rops), iii. 543.
ammodytoides (Lachesis),
iii. 543.
amoena (Calamaria), ii.
amoena (Carphophiors),
ii. 324.
amoena (Celuta), ii. 324.
* (Aporophis), ii.
amoenus (Brachyorrhos),
ii. 324.
* (Carphophis), ii.
amonus (Coluber), ii.
324.
amoenus (Enicognathus),
ii. 160.
Amphiardis, i. 290.
Amphibola, i. 169.
Amphiesma, i. 193,265.
Amphiophis, iii. 124,
152.
Amplorhinus, iii. 124.
anaconda (Boa), i. 115.
anamallensis (Lachesis),
iii. 558.
anamallensis (Lycodon),
i. 351.
anamallensis (Trimere-
surus), iii. 558.
anceps (Calamaria), iii.
4
anchietae (Naia), iii. 387.
anchietae (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 40; iii. 587.
anchietae (Ophirhina, iii.
620.
anchietae (Python), i. 88;
iii. 592.
anchietae (Typhlops), i.
40
Ancietrodon, iii. 519.
ancoralis (Duberria), iii.
644
ancoralis (Elaps), iii.432.
anºi. (Simotes), ii.
2:
ancorus (Xenodon), ii.
225.
andamanensis (Dendro-
phis), ii. 78.
andamanensis (Typh-
lops), i. 52.
andersonii (Amblycepha-
lus), iii. 444.
654
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
andersonii (Calamo-
hydrus), i. 284.
andersonii (Opistho-
tropis), i. 284.
andersonii (Pareas), iii.
444
andersonii (Trimere-
surus), iii. 553.
andiana (Leptognathus),
iii. 452
andreæ (iiophis), ii. 140.
andrei (Leptognathus),
iii. 453.
Angiostomata, i. 3, 131.
angolensis (Amphiophis),
iii. 170. ©
angolensis (Causus), iii.
468
angolensis (Chlorophis),
11, jº).
angolensis (Dromophis),
iii. 170.
angolensis (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 42.
angolensis
nus), ii. 95. -
angolensis (Psammophis),
iii. 170.
Anguiformes, i. 3, 181:
anguiformis (Boa), i.
l
(Philotham-
angiformis (Clothonia),
i. 127.
anguiformis (Eryx), i.
127
anguillaeformis (Aipy-
surus), iii. 304.
anguillaeformis. (Thalas-
sophis), iii. 304. ...
angulata (Dipsas), iii.
75
angulata (Homalopsis),
i. 278
angulatus (Coluber), i.
278.
angulatus (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 75. º
angulatus (Helicops), i.
78
angulatus (Uranops), i.
8.
angulifer (Alsophis), ii.
120. º
angulifer (Dromicus), ii.
120.
*
angulifer (Epicrates), i.
96; iii. 593.
angulifera (Dinodipsas),
iii. 470.
angusticeps(Chloroechis),
iii. 437.
angusticeps (Contia), ii.
§. 9
angusticeps (Dendraspis),
iii. 435, 436, 437.
angusticeps (Diemenia),
iii. 323. Dinophis)
angusticeps (Dinophis),
#. 437. p
angusticeps (Naja), iii.
437.
angusticeps (Onycho-
cephalus), i. 50.
angusticeps (Tropido-
notus), i. 215, 234,
270.
*ier. (Typhlops), i.
angustirostris (Eutainia),
i. 210.
angustirostris (Xenodon),
ii. 146.
Amholodon, iii. 446.
Anilios, i. 7.
Anilius, i. 133, 134.
Anisodontiens, iii. 1, 26.
anisolepis (Atheris), iii.
509
anisolepis (Himantodes),
iii. 84
annectens (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 71.
annectens (Doliophis),
iii. 402.
* (Pituophis), ii.
7
annellatus (Elaps), iii.
418.
ºri, (Bungarus), iii.
5.
annularis (Callophis), iii.
398.
annularis (Galedon), ii.
296
annularis (Tropidonotus),
i. 224, 233.
annulata (Anguis), i. 133.
annulata (Coronella), ii.
203
annulata (Demansia), iii.
325.
annulata (Dipsas), iii. 93,
95, 97
annulata (Eteirodipsas),
iii. 93, 97.
annulata (Lampropeltis),
ii. 201, 203.
annulata (Leptodira), iii.
93, 95, 97.
annulata (Leptognathus),
iii. 457.
annulata (Naja), iii. 376.
annulata (Sibon), iii. 93,
annulata (Silybura), i.
158. ybura)
annulata (Tantilla), iii.
217.
annulata (Vermicella), iii.
407
annulatum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 217.
annulatum (Sibon), iii.
93, 95.
annulatum (Tropido-
clonium), ii. §
annulatum (Xiphosoma),
*: º 593.
annulatus(Aipysurus), iii.
304. pysurus)
annulatus (Chersydrus),
i. 174.
annulatus (Coluber), iii.
annulatus (Corallus), i.
102; iii. 593.
annulatus (Diadophis), i.
189.
annulatus(Dipsas), iii. 95.
* (Elapoides), i.
annulatus (Emydocepha-
lus), iii. 304.
annulatus(Enicognathus),
i. 189.
annulatus (Geophis), ii.
296.
annulatus (Henico-
gnathus), i. 189.
annulatus (Heterodon),
ii. 155.
annulatus (Hydrophis
º, (Hydrophi)
annulatus (Leptogna-
thus), iii. 457.
annulatus (Ophibolus), ii.
201, 203.
annulatus (Polyodonto-
phis), i. 189.
annulatus (Polyodontus),
iii. 302. A
annulifer (Alopecion), i.
331 (Alopecion)

annulifer (Boa), i. 94.
annulifer (Simotes), ii.
226
annulifera (Naja), iii.
374
annulifera (Tropido-
dipsas), ii. 297.
Anodon, ii. 353.
anomala (Cloelia), iii.
639.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
655
* (Coronella), ii.
65.
anomala (Hydrophis), iii.
269.
anomala (Rhadinaea), ii.
165.
anomala (Storeria), i.
anomala (Uriechis), iii.
262
Anomalepis, i. 58.
Anomalochilus, i. 134.
Anomalodon, i. 268.
antillensis (Dromicus), ii.
122, 123.
antillensis(Psammophis),
ii. 122, 123.
antinorii (Dendraspis),
iii. 437.
Antiochalina, i. 169.
antonii (Rhinochilus), ii.
213.
Aparallactus, iii. 255.
aphanospilus (Simotes),
#.
apiata (Stenorhina), iii.
230
apiatus (Elaps), iii. 423.
Aploaspis, iii. 572.
Aplopeltura, iii. 439.
Aporophis, ii. 157, 160.
Apostolepis, iii. 232.
approximans (Dipsas),
iii. 97.
Aprotérodontes, i. 93.
Aprotérodontiens, i. 71,
131.
aquatica (Boa), i. 115.
aquaticus (Coluber), iii.
520.
arabicus (Coluber), i.
219.
araramboya(Xiphosoma),
i. 102.
* (Bothrops), iii.
65.
arboreus (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 565.
arcticeps (Calamaria), ii.
341.
arcticeps (Silybura), i.
i.7 ( ybura)
arctifasciatus (Dipsas),
iii. 43.
arctifasciatus (Heter-
urus), iii. 43.
arctifasciatus(Stenophis),
iii. 43.
arctiventris (Calamaria),
ii. 274.
arctiventris (Coluber), ii.
274
arctiventris (Duberria),
ii. 274.
arctiventris (Homalo-
soma), ii. 274.
arcuatus (Bungarus), iii.
368.
arenarius (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 49.
Ҽur (Typhlops), i.
arenarius (Zamenis), i.
413.
arenicola
505, 507.
arenicola (Toxicoa), iii.
505.
argentatus (Coluber), iii.
(Echis), iii:
argentea (Dryiophis), iii.
190. e tº e
argenteus (Coluber), iii.
argenteus (Oxybelis), iii.
190.
argonauta(Tyria), ii.260.
argus (Coluber), i. 82. ...
argus (Leptognathus), iii.
458

argus (Morelia), i. 82.
argus (Spilotes), ii. 20.
Argyrophis, i. 7.
arietans (Bitis), iii. 493.
arietans (Clotho), iii.494.
arietans (Echidna), iii.
494
arietans (Vipera), iii.
494
Arizona, ii. 25.
arizonae (Coluber), ii. 66.
armata (Vipera), iii.497.
armillatum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 215,220.
arnensis (Coluber), ii.
229.
armensis (Simotes), ii.
229, 359.
*: (Coronella), iii.
629.
arnyi (Diadophis), ii.
#, º 3.
arnyi (Liophis), ii. 208.
Arrhyton, ii. 251.
articulata (Leptogna-
thus), iii. 458.
* (Dipsas), iii.
5
aruensis (Dendrophis), ii.
80
aruensis(Lycodon), i. 366.
asclepiadeus (Coluber), ii.
2
asiana (Zamenis), i. 395.
Asinea, i. 71, 169.

anomalolepis (Pseud-
eryx), iii. 637.
anomalolepis (Spilotes),
ii. 23.
anomalus (Alsophis), ii.
125
anomalus (Aparallactus),
iii. 262.
anomalus (Apocophis),
ii. 165.
anomalus (Drepanodon),
iii. 639.
anomalus (Dromicus), ii.
25
anomalus (Elaps), iii.
417
anomalus (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 47.
anomalus (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 639.
anomalus (Thalassophis),
iii. 269.
anomalus (Tropidono-
tus), iii. 606.
anomalus (Typhlops), i.
47; iii. 588.
anomalus (Zamenis), ii.
125.
Anoplodipsas, iii. 81.
Anoplophallus, ii. 353.
anoscopus(Natrix), i. 242.
anoscopus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 242; iii. 606.
anostomosatus (Coluber),
1. ZººU.
antarctica (Acanthophis),
iii. 355.
antarctica (Boa), iii. 355.
antarcticus (Acanth-
ophis), iii. 355.
anthicum (Bascanium), i.
395.
anthracops (Leptogna-
thus), ii. 297.
anthracops (Tropido-
dipsas), ii. 297.
antillensis (Alsophis), ii.
• 123.
asper (Enygrus), i. 109;
iii. 594.
asper (Erebophis), i. 109.
asper (Trigonocephalus),
iii. 538
aspera (Hydro his), iii.
295. pnis),
aspera (Natrix), i. 278.
asperrimus (Tropido-
notus), i. 232.
656
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Aspidelaps, iii. 888, 390,
465. p
Aspidiotes, i. 91.
Aspidites, i. 91.
Aspidoboa, i. 81.
Aspidoclonion, iii. 365.
;. i. 81.
aspidorhyncha (Die-
menia), iii. 326.
Aspidorhynchus, i. 7.
Aspidura, i. 309, 310.
Aspis, iii. 372, 501.
aspis (Coluber), iii. 476,
481, 484.
aspis (Vipera), iii. 481,
484, 487.
assimilis (Apostolepis),
iii. 234.
assimilis (Dipsadoboa),
Atractaspis, iii. 510.
Atractocephalus, i. 305.
Atractus, ii. 300.
atrata (Eutainia), i. 201.
atrata (Ninia), i. 293.
atratus (Coluber), i. 293;
iii. 634.
atratus (Streptophorus),
i. 293; iii. 612.
atratus (Neusterophis), i.
227
Atretium, i. 272.
atricauda (Echidna), iii.
502, 503.
atricaudatus (Crotalus),
iii. 579.
atriceps (Homalocra-
nium), iii. 226.
atriceps (Hydrophis), iii.
281.
atriceps (Uriechis), iii.
260.
atrocincta (Calamaria),
iii. 211.
atrocinctum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 211.
atrocinctus (Coluber), iii.
200
atrocinctus (Scoleco-
phis), iii. 211.
atrofrontalis (Elaps), iii.
398.
atrofuscus (Ancistrodon),
iii. 523.
atrofuscus (Acontias), iii.
atrofuscus (Cenchris), iii.
atrofuscus (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 523.
atropoides (Vipera), iii.
496
atropolios (Pseudelaps),
iii. 317.
Atropophis, iii. 530.
Atropos, iii. 529.
atrovirens (Coluber), i.
395. *
atrovirens (Tyria), i. 395.
Ҽn. (Zamenis), i.
atrox (Bothrops), iii. 535,
, 541, 542.

atrox (Caudisona), iii.
576
atrox (Coluber), iii. 537.
“ºſophiº, iii. 535,
iii. 82.
assimilis (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 234.
assimilis (Helicops), i.
277.
assimilis (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 343.
assimilis (Psammo-
phylax), iii. 118.
Asthenodipsas, iii. 440
Asthenognathus, iii. 446.
astreptophorus (Tropido-
notus), i. 220.
Astrotia, iii. 285.
ater (Alsophis), ii. 121.
ater (Anilios), i. 53.
ater (Bothrolycus), i.
326.
afer (Dromicus), ii. 121.
ater (Hoplocephalus), iii.
351.
ater (Ocyophis), ii. 121.
ater (Tropidonotus), i.
215, 219.
ater (Typhlops), i. 53.
ater (Zamenis), ii. 139.
aterrima (Atractaspis),iii.
513, 515.
Atheris, iii. 508.
atmodes (Heterodon), ii.
155.
Atomarchus, i. 193.
Atomophis, iii. 127.
atra (Anguis), i. 133.
atra (Diemenia), iii. 323.
atra (Naja), iii. 380.
atra (Natrix), ii. 121.
atra (Opisthotropis), i.
284.
atra (Vipera), iii. 482.
Atractaspididae, iii. 464.
Atractaspidinae, iii. 464.
atropos (Bitis), iii. 495.
atropos (Clotho), iii.
496
atropos (Cobra), iii. 495.
atropos (Coluber), iii.
495.
atropos (Echidna), iii.
496.
atropos (Vipera), iii. 496.
atropurpureum (Tetrago-
mosoma), i. 356.
atropurpureus(Lycodon),
º;
atrostriata (Dendrophis),
ii. 85.
atrox(Craspedocephalus),
iii. 535, 538.
atrox (Crotalus), iii. 575,
576.
atrox (Lachesis), iii. 537.
atrox (Trigonocephalus),
iii. 535, 538.
atrox (Vipera), iii. 537.
Aturia, iii. 271, 285.
atypicus (Leptognathus
**)
atypicus (Pseudopareas),
iii. 463.
audax (Coluber), iii. 57.
audax (Dipsas), iii. 57.
audax (Hormonotus), i.
343
audax (Lycodon), iii. 57.
aulicus (Chamaetortus),
iii. 98.
aulicus (Coluber), i. 352.
aulicus (Lycodon), i. 349,
352; iii. 618.
aurantiaca (Boa), i. 102.
*:: (Dryiophis), iii.
aurata (Eutania), i. 208.
auratus(Dryinus), iii.192.
*::: (Plectrurus), i.
6
mºnau. (Spilotes), ii.
auriculatus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 261.
aurifer (Bothriechis), iii.
568
aurifer (Bothrops), iii.
568
aurifer(Lachesis), iii. 568.
aurifer (Thamnocen-
chris), iii. 568.
aurigulum (Bascanium),
i. 391.
aurigulus (Drymobius), i.
391.
auritus(Coluber), iii. 161.
aurolineatus (Coluber), i.
236.
aurora (Cerastes), i. 321.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX, ,
657
aurora (Coluber), i. 321.
aurora (Coronella), i.
321.
aurora (Duberria), i. 321.
aurora (Lamprophis), i.
321.
auspex (Constrictor), i.
117.
australis (Aipysurus), iii.
305.
australis (Anilios), i. 35.
australis (Boa), i. 105.
australis(Brachyurophis),
iii. 363.
australis (Cerberus), iii.
18
australis (Coronella), ii.
68.
australis (Emygrus), i.
105.
australis (Homalopsis),
iii. 18.
australis (Naja), iii. 330.
australis (Pseudechis), iii.
329, 330.
australis (Rhynchelaps),
iii. 363.
australis (Simotes), iii.
363. '
australis (Tropidonotus),
i. 215.
australis (Typhlops), i.
35
australis (Zamenophis), i.
365.
austriaca (Coronella), ii.
austriacus (Coluber), ii.
191.
austriacus (Zacholus), ii.
awicenne (Vipera), iii.
Azºmophides, i. 71, 131.
Azemiops, iii. 470.
azureus (Chondropy-
thon), i. 90.
bachmanni (Coronella),
iii. 103, 107.
badia (Calamaria), ii.
308, 309.
badium (Rhabdosoma),
ii. 307, 308.
badius (Atractus), ii. 308.
badius (Brachyorrhos), ii.
308
badius (Geophis), ii. 308.
bahiensis (Natrix), i. 409.
bairdi (Coluber), ii.49.
bairdi (Lycodon), iii. 172.
WOL. III.
bairdi (Salvadora), i. 393.
*; (Phimothyra), i.
393.
baliocoryphus (Elaps), iii.
427 ry p
baliodeira (Coronella) ii.
283.
baliodeirus (Diadophis),
ii. 283.
baliodirus (Ablabes), ii.
283.
baliogaster (Helicops), i.
276
baliolum (Homalosoma),
ii. 282.
balteata (Coronella), ii.
197
balteatus (Trimerodytes),
iii. 607.
balteatus (Tropidomotus),
iii. 607.
baluensis (Calamaria), ii.
335; iii. 646.
bancana (Dipsas), iii. 74.
* (Coluber), i.
barmanus (Typhlops), i.
22.
barnesii (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 73.
barmesii (Dipsas), iii. 73.
baroni (Dromicus), i. 247.
baroni (Philodryas), iii.
136.
baronis-mülleri (Tropido-
notus), i. 226.
lºwi (Onychophis), i.
4:
barthii (Polemon), iii.
Eascanion, i. 379.
basilisca (Caudisona), iii.
574.
basiliscus (Crotalus), iii.
basimaculatus (Ty-
phlops), i. 28.
batesii (Chrysenis), i. 102.
batesii (Elaps), iii. 416.
** (Typhlops), iii.
85.
batjanensis (Coluber), i.
368.
batjanensis (Lielaphis), i.
368.
batjanensis (Stegonotus),
i. 368.
beauperthuisii (Erythro-
lamprus), iii. 201
beccarii (Calamaria), ii.
343.
beckeri (Pseudoelaps), iii.
325.
beddomii (Silybura), i.
153, 154.
3.
beddomii (Simotes), ii.
229
beddomii (Tropidonotus),
i. 252; iii. 608.
beddomii (Typhlops), i.
18; iii. 585.
belcheri (Aturia), iii. 296.
belcheri (Distira), iii.296.
º (Hydrophis), iii.
6
belli (Ahetulla), ii. 78.
bellii (Bucephalus), iii.
187
º (Herpetethiops), ii.
belii (Leptophis), iii.
165 k
belli (Python), i. 89.
bellona (Churchillia), ii.
9
69.
bellona (Pituophis), ii.
69
Bellophis, ii. 188.
bellulus (Tropidonotus),
i. 224.
bellyi (Alluaudina), iii.
3
8.
bengalensis (Coluber), i.
230.
bengalensis (Enhydrina),
iii. 302.
bengalensis (Eryx), i. 124.
bengalensis (Falconeria),
i. 291.
bengalensis (Hydrophis),
111. ºOZ.
benjaminsii (Calamaria),
ii. 347.
bennetti
iii. 8.
berdmorii (Pareas), iii.
444, 445.
Bergenia, iii. 229.
bernardi (Elaps), iii. 423.
bernieri (Dromicodryas),
i. 189 º: 599. d
bernieri (Herpetodryas),
i. 189, 190. p yas)
bernouilii (Bothriechis),
(Hypsirhina),
iii. 566.
bernouillii (Bothrops),
iii. 566.
bernouillii (Leptogna-
thus), ii. * ptogn
bernouillii. (Tropido-
dipsas), ii. 296.
bertholdi (Dipsas), iii. 81.
2 U.
658
ALPEIABETICAL INDEX.
bertholdi (Elaps), iii.
362.
bertholdi (Rhynchelaps),
iii. 362.
bertholdi (Vermicella),
iii. 362.
bertholdi (Xenodon), ii.
146
berus (Coluber), iii. 476.
berus (Pelias), iii. 473,
476.
berus (Vipera), iii. 473,
475, 476, 482, 484.
betsileana (Dipsas),iii.44.
betsileanus (Stenophis),
iii. 44.
bianconii (Typhlops), i.
41.
bibroni (Elaps), iii. 399.
bibronii (Atractaspis), iii.
514, 515.
bibronii (Callophis), iii.
399
bibromiiOEnygrus), i.105,
106.
bibronii (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 44.'
bibromii (Typhlops), i.44;
iii. 587.
bicarinata (Natrix), ii. 73.
bicarinatus (Coluber), ii.
bicarinatus (Heterolepis),
bicinctus (Coluber), ii.
184
i. 346.
bicarinatus (Notophis), i.
111.
bicatenata (Silybura), i.
158.
bicatenatus (Simotes), ii.
219.
bicincta (Urotheca), ii.
184; iii. 636.
bicinctum (Bascanium), i.
0
bicinctus (Leiosophis), ii.
184
bicinctus (Liophis), ii.
184
bicinctus (Xenodon), ii.
184. e
bicolor (Ablabes), i. 301.
#
bicolor (Argyrophis), i.
24.
bicolor (Bothriechis), iii.
566.
bicolor (Bothrops), iii.
566
biolor (Calamaria), i.
301; ii. 342.
- bicolor
bicolor (Coluber), ii. 131,
168; iii. 89.
bicolor (Dirosema), ii.
298
bicolor (Fordonia),iii. 22.
bicolor (Geophis), ii.298.
bicolor (Gerarda), iii. 20.
bicolor (Glauconia), i. 69.
bicolor (Glypholycus), iii.
615.
bicolor (Grotea), i. 301.
bicolor (Helicops), i. 274;
iii. 610.
big" (Heterurus), iii.
2.
bicolor (Hydrophis), iii.
267.
bicolor (Hydrus), iii. 267.
bicolor (Lachesis), iii.
566.
bicolor (Leptognathus),
iii. 460.
bicolor (Limnophis), i.
274
bicolor (Liophis), ii. 168.
bicolor (Loxocemus), i.
4
bicolor (Neopareas), iii.
460
bicolor (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 48.
bicolor (Pelamis), iii. 267.
bicolor(Pseudocyclophis),
i. 301
i. 301.
bicolor (Rhabdops), i.
301
(Rhinhoploce-
phalus), iii. 353.
bicolor (Stenostoma), i.
9
bicolor (Trimesurus), iii.
553. $
bicolor (Typhlops), i. 48.
bicolor (Xenocalamus),
iii. 248. !
bifasciatus (Strepto-
horus), i. 292.
biº (Coluber), ii.
10
bifossatus (Drymobius),
ii. 10.
bifrenalis (Dendrophis),
ii. 80, 358.
bifrenatus (Helicops), i.
282
bilineata (Diplotropis), ii.
111
bilineata (Glauconia), i.
0
bilineata (Hypsirhina),
iii. 7.
bilineatum (Melanophi-
dium), i. 164.
bilineatum (Stenostoma),
I. (U.
bilineatus (Adeniophis),
iii. 404.
bilineatus (Ancistrodon),
iii. 521.
bilineatus (Bothrops), iii.
565
bilineatus (Callophis),iii.
404.
bilineatus (Coluber), i.
bilineatus (Cophias), iii.
565.
bilineatus (Craspedo-
cephalus), iii. 565.
bilineatus (Doliophis),
iii. 404.
bilineatus (Drymobius),
ii. 11
bilineaths (Elaphis), ii.
59
bilineatus (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 243.
bilineatus (Elaps), i. 253.
bilineatus (Enicogna-
thus), ii. 173.
bilineatus (Herpeto-
dryas), ii. 11.
bilineatus (Lachesis), iii.
565,
bilineatus (Leptophis),
ii. 111, 358; iii. 633.
bilineatus (Masticophis),
i. 391.
bilineatus (Phalotris), iii.
243
bilineatus (Platyplec-
trurus), i. 165.
bilineatus (Psammophis),
iii. 162.
bilineatus (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 521, 565.
º (Typhlops),
I. A U.
bilorealis (Dendrophis),
iii. 628.
bimaculata (Furina), iii.
406
bimaculata (Tantilla), iii.
227
bimaculatum (Brachy-
soma), iii. 406.
bimaculatum (Homalo-
cranium), iii.227. -
bimaculatus(Pseudelaps),
iii. 406.
binatus (Coluber), iii.
200. -
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
659
binotatus (Simotes), ii.
235, 243.
bºiu. (Typhlops), i.
7
bipes (Coluber), i. 219.
bipraeocularis (Boodon),
i. 332.
bipraeocularis (Oxyrho-
pus), iii. 101.
bipraeocularis (Xenodon),
ii. 146.
bipunctata (Coronella),
iii. 208
bipunctata (Tachymenis),
iii. 208. h
bipunctatum (Lycophi-
º i. 350.
bipunctatus (Coluber), i.
, 350.
bipunctatus (Conio-
phanes), iii. 208.
bipunctatus (Diadophis),
... ii. 285.
bipunctatus (Erythro-
lamprus), iii. 208.
bipunctatus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 205, 206, 207.
bipunctiger (Elaps), iii.
* Glºr
biscutata (Dipsas), iii.
54, 55.
biscutata (Eutaenia), i.
202
biscutatum (Sibon), iii.
4, 55, 56.
biscutatus (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 54.
biscutatus (Eteirodipsas),
iii. 54, 55.
biscutatus (Trimorpho-
don), iii. 54.
bisecta (Natrix), i.
243.
bisectus (Tropidomotus),
i. 243.
biserialis (Herpetodryas),
ii. 119.
biserialis (Orophis), ii.
120.
biseriata (Psammo-
phylax), iii. 138.
biseriatus (Psammophis),
iii. 168.
bishopii (Hydrophis), iii.
292.
bistrigatus (Ablabes), i.
188. -
bistrigatus (Cynophis), ii.
36
bistrigatus (Polyodonto-
phis), i. 188
bisubocularis (Typhlops),
iii. 590.
Bitia, iii. 24.
bitin (Coluber), iii. 493.
Bitis, iii. 492.
bitis (Coluber), i. 101.
bitis (Vipera), i. 101.
bitorquata (Alecto), iii.
349.
bitorquata (Coronella),
ii. 196.
bitorquatum (Meizodon),
ii. 196.
bitorquatus (Hoplo-
cephalus), iii. 349.
bitorquatus (Oligodon),
ll. 2.5 ſ.
bitorquatus (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 104.
bitorquatus (Tachy-
menis), iii. 104.
bitorques (Calamaria), ii.
338; iii. 646.
bituberculata (Distira),
iii. 296.
bituberculatus (Hydro-
phis), iii. 296.
bituberculatus (Onycho-
cephalus), i. 48.
bituberculatus (Ty-
phlops), i. 48.
bivirgatus (Adeniophis),
iii. 400.
bivirgatus (Callophis), iii.
400
bivirgatus (Doliophis),
iii. 400.
bivirgatus (Elaps), iii.
'ºff
bivittata (Natrix), i.
bivittatum (Arrhyton), ii.
52
bivittatus (Drymobius),
ii. 15; iii. 626.
bivittatus (Leptophis), ii.
15
bivittatus (Polyodonto-
phis), iii. 597.
bivittatus (Python), i. 86,
87
bivittatus (Thamnoso-
phis), ii. 15.
bizona (Erythrolamprus),
iii. 201.
bizonatus (Scytale), iii.
505.
blackmanni (Cacophis),
iii. 319
blageway; (Plagiopholis),
i. 301.
blandingii (Boiga), iii. 78.
blandingii (l)ipsado-
morphus), iii. 77.
ºrgi (Dipsas), iii.
7
blandingii (Toxicodryas),
iii. 78.
blanfordii (Glauconia), i.
66.
blanfordii (Hypsirhina),
iii. 10.
blanfordii (Typhlops), i.
39
blomhoffii (Ancistrodon),
iii. 525.
blomhoffii (Halys), iii.
525
blomhoff (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 525, 526.
blumenbachii (Coluber),
i. 38
i. 385.
blumenbachii (Corypho-
don), i. 385.
blumii (Calamaria), iii.
239
blumii (Elapomorphus),
iii. 239.
Blythia, i. 313.
blythii (Rhinophis), i.
144, 146.
Boa, i. 93, 99, 104, 110,
b *. 121. l
oa (Amblycephalus), iii.
439 y )
boa Öipsas), iii. 440.
boa (Haplopeltura), iii.
439.

boa (Nardoa), i. 76.
boa (Tortrix), i. 76.
Boaºdon, i. 327.
boaformis (Cerberus), iii.
borrormis (Elaps), iii.
16
boaformis (Homalopsis),
iii. 16. ,
Boaeidae, i. 71.
Boasides, i. 93.
bocagii (Ahaetulla), ii. 99.
º (Aspidelaps), iii.
377
bocagii (Philothamnus),
ii. 99; iii. 631.
bocagii (Psammophis),
iii. 161.
bocourti (Atractus), ii.
306; iii. 645.
bocourti (Homalocra-
nium), iii. 224.
bocourti (Zamenis), i.
394
2 u 2
660
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
bocourtii (Elaps), iii.
420. (Elaps)
bocourtii (Hypsirhina),
iii. 10.
ºrth (Coluber), ii.
11
boddaertii (Drymobius),
ii. 11, 357; iii. 626
boddaertii (Eudryas), ii.
12
boddaertii (Herpeto-
dryas), ii. 11.
Boédomiens, i. 177.
boettgeri (Atractus), iii.
645
boettgeri (Callophis), iii.
395.
boettgeri (Piesigaster), i.
97.
boettgeri (Typhlops), i.
39.
bogorensis (Calamaria),
ii. 340.
Boidae, i. 71, 131.
boiei (Trimeresurus), iii.
387.
Boiga, iii. 58, 59.
boiga (Coluber), ii. 113.
boii (Dendrophis), ii. 88.
Boina, i. 93.
Boinae, i. 93.
boiquira (Crotalus), iii.
573, 578.
Bolieria, i. 121.
bolivianus (Philodryas),
iii. 132.
Boodon, i. 327; iii. 616.
Boodontinae, iii. 597.
boops (Dipsas), iii. 73.
bora (Python), i. 87.
borneensis (Atropophis),
iii. 560, 561.
borneensis (Calamaria),
ii. 347; iii. 648.
borneensis (Lachesis), iii.
561.
bor, eensis (Pythonopsis),
iii. 12.
borneensis (Rabdosoma),
iii. 5.
Bothriechis, iii. 529.
Rothriophis, iii. 141.
Dothriopsis, iii. 529.
bothriorhynchus (Ty-
phlops), i. 23.
Bothrodytes, i. 193.
Bothrolycus, i. 325.
Bothrophera, iii. 518.
Bothrophes, iii. 518.
Bothrophthalmus, i. 324.
IBothrops, iii. 529.
bottae (Charina), i. 130;
iii. 595.
bottae (Pseudoeryx), i.
130 ryx)
bottae (Tortrix), i. 130.
boulengeri (Elapechis),
iii. 361.
boulengeri (Elapsoidea),
iii. 361.
boulengeri (Geodipsas),
iii. 32.
boulengeri (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 221.
boulengeri (Tachymenis),
iii. 32.
boulengeri (Typhlops),
iii. 586.
Boulengerina, iii. 357.
bourcieri (Dromicus), ii.
174.
boydii (Dipsas), iii. 67.
boylii 9 (Lampropeltis),
ii. 1
II. lºſſ.
boylii (Ophibolus), ii.
197.
Brachyaspis, iii. 353.
brachycephalum (Cato-
stoma), ii. 299.
brachycephalum (Diro-
semia), ii. 299.
brachycephalus (Chori-
stodon), i. 401.
brachycephalus (Colobo-
gnathus), ii. 299.
brachycephalus (Ela-
. ii. 299.
Brachycranion, iii. 510.
Brachyophis, iii. 254.
brachyops (Charina), i.
131.
Brachyorrhos, ii. 300.
brachyorrhos (Cala-
maria), i. 305; ii. 218.
brachyorrhos (Scytale),
i. 311.
Brachyorrhus, i. 305.
brachyorrhus (Aspidura),
i. 311, 313.
Brachyruton, iii. 99.
Brachysoma, iii. 313, 315,
405
brachystoma (Teleur-
aspis), iii. 547.
brachyura (Calamaria),
iii. 647.
brachyura (Coronella),
ii. 206
II. ZUO.
brachyura (Vipera), iii.
494.
Brachyurophis, iii. 361.
brachyurum (Amphi-
esma), i. 267.
brachyurus (Coluber), i.
305.
brachyurus (Opheomor-
phus), ii. 136.
brachyurus (Zamenis),
ii. 206.
braconnieri (Achalinus),
i. 309; iii. 613.
braconnieri (Enicogna-
b thus), i. 187.
raconnieri (Ophielaps),
i. 309. (Op ps)
braconnieri (Xenopho-
lis), iii. 232.
* (Argyrophis),
i. 1
braininus (Coluber), i.
230
braminus (Eryx), i.
16 )
braminus (Typhlops), i.
16; iii. § ps)
brammianus (Bothrops),
iii. 545.
bransbyi, (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 335.
brasiliae (Coluber), iii.
380
brasiliensis (Bothrops),
iii. 535.
brasiliensis (Coluber), iii.
535.
brasiliensis (Craspedo-
cephalus), iii. 535, 541.
brasiliensis (Naja), iii.
380.
brasiliensis (Vipera), iii.
breitensteini (Python),
i. 89.
breve (Homalocranium),
iii. 225.
wººd, (Glauconia),
brachystoma (Bothri-
echis), iii. 547.
brachystoma (Bothri-
opsis), iii, 547.
brachystoma (Bothrops),
iii. 547.
brachystoma (Eutaenia),
i. 418.
brachystoma (Lachesis),
iii. 547.
1. O'ſ.
brevicauda (Liopeltis), ii.
259. peltis)
brevicauda (Oligodon),
ii. 240.
brevicauda (Stenostoma),
i. 67.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
661
breviceps (Coluber), ii.
lººp ( )
breviceps
ii. 355.
breviceps (Dendrophis),
ii. 86.
breviceps (Liophis), ii.
164. .
breviceps (Ophiomor-
phus), ii. 164.
breviceps (Rhadinaea), ii.
164
(Dasypeltis),
brevifacies (Leptogna-
thus), iii. 452.
brevifacies (Tropido-
dipsas), iii. 452.
brevifrenum (Rhabdo-
soma), ii. 302.
brevirostris (Dromicus),
ii. 174.
brevirostris (Dryophis),
iii. 190.
brevirostris (Geophis), i.
303.
brevirostris (Oxybelis),
iii. 190.
brevirostris (Psammo-
phis), iii. 166.
brevirostris (Stenogna-
thus), i. 303.
brevis (Calamaria), ii.
348. j
brevis (Coronella), iii.
175. **
brevis (Dipsas), iii. 458.
brevis (Hydrophis), iii.
301. .
brevis (Leptognathus),
iii. 457. -
brevis (Sibybura), i. 158.
brevis (Typhlogeophis),
ii. 351
brevis (Zamenis), iii. 623.
brocki (Tropidonotus), i.
245
bronni (Loxocemus), i.
74.
bronni (Plastoseryx), i.
74.
brookii (Calamaria), iii.
647. s
brookii (Hydrophis), iii.
282.
broughami (Silybura), i.
152.
browni(Phyllorhynchus),
i. 417.
brownii (Acanthophis),
iii. 355.
brownii (Lytorhynchus),
i. 417.
brugmansii (Distira), iii.
292 -
brugmansii (Hydrophis),
iii. 292.
brunnea (Eutaenia), i.202.
brunneus (Bothrophth-
almus), i. 324.
brunneus (Drymobius),
ii. 16.
brunneus (Herpetodryas),
ii. 15. -
brunneus (Masticophis),
ii. 15.
brussauxi (Gonionoto-
phis), i. 323.
brussauxi (Gonionotus),
i. 323.
bubalina (Dipsas), iii. 72.
buccata (Homalopsis), iii.
14.
buccata (Vipera), iii. 14.
buccatus(Coluber), iii. 14.
bucculenta (Uugalia), i.
12
bucephala (Dipsas), iii.
461.
Bucephalus, iii. 186.
bucephalus (Bungarus),
iii. 461.
bucephalus (Coluber), iii.
461
bucephalus (Dipsadomo-
rus), iii. 461.
bucephalus (Leptogna-
thus), iii. 461.
buchholzi (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 41.
l
buchholzi (Typhlops), i.
41
buckleyi (Elaps), iii. 416.
Bungaroidea, i. 169.
bungaroides (Alecto), iii.
348.
bungaroides (Bungarus),
iii. 370.
bungaroides (Elaps), 370.
bungaroides (Hoploce-
phalus), iii. 348.
bungaroides (Naja), iii.
348.
bungaroides (Xenur-
elaps), iii. 370.
Bungarus, iii. 83, 365,
460.
bungarus (Naia), iii. 386.
bungarus (Trimeresurus),
iii. 386.
burmeisteri (Dryophy-
lax), iii. 135.
burmeisteri (Philodryas),
iii. 135. -
burtonii (Atheris), iii.
509.
burtonii (Poecilostolus),
iii. 509.
butleri (Eutaemia), i. 212.
butleri (Thamnophis), iii.
602. -
butleri (Tropidonotus),
i. 212; iii. 602.
Cacocalyx, iii. 626.
cacodaemon (Coluber), ii.
Cacophis, iii. 315.
Cadmus, i. 373.
caca (Letheobia), i. 55. .
* (Typhlops), i.
caºcus (Coluber), iii. 380.
caecus (Onychocephalus),
1. º g -
caecus (Typhlops), i. 55.
caecutiens (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 252.
caerulea (Anguis), i. 133.
caerulea (Enhydris), iii.6.
caºrulea (Pseudoboa), iii.
368
cerulescens (Coluber), ii.
96
caerulescens (Enhydris),
iii. 275.
caºrulescens (Hydrophis),
iii. 275.
caerulescens (Hydrus), iii.
275
certiescens (Oxybelis),
iii. 190.
caerulescens (Vipera), iii.
caeruleus (Bungarus), iii.
3.
ceraieus (Coluber), iii.
476. -
caeruleus (Dromicus), ii.
1
ceraieus (Drymobius), ii.
12.
caeruleus (Hapsidophrys),
ii. 103.
caesar (Xenurophis), ii.
288
casius (Coluber), iii.681.
cahirinus(Coluber), i.402.

cairi (Glauconia), i. 65.
cairi (Stenostoma), i. 65.
Calabaria, i. 92.
Calamaria, i. 290, 305,
306, 310; ii. 188, 233.
255,273, 300,324, 330;
iii. 210, 212, 232, 238.
.662
ALPEIABETICAL INDEX.
calamaria (Ablabes), ii.
282.
calamaria (Anguis), ii.
345. (Anguis)
calamaria (Cyclophis), ii.
282
Calamaridae, i. 177; iii.
26, 597.
Calamariens, i. 177.
Calamarina, i. 169.
calamarina (Tantilla), iii.
227
Calamarine, i. 177; iii.26.
calamarinum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 227.
calamarius (Coluber), ii.
345. -
Calamelaps, iii. 245.
Calamohydrus, i. 283.
Calamophis, i. 305.
Calechidna, iii. 492.
californiae (Coluber), ii.
197
california (Coronella), ii.
197.
californiae (Ophibolus), ii.
197.
californiae (Ophis), ii. 197.
callicephalus (Coluber),
ii. 34.
callicephalus (Coronella),
ii. 34.
calligaster (Ablabes), ii.
198 -
calligaster (Callophis),
iii. 393.
calligaster (Coluber), ii.
198.
calligaster (Contia), ii.
164.
calligaster (Coronella), ii.
98.
Calliophis, iii. 396.
Callirhinus, iii. 127.
callistus (Tropidonotus),
i. 263.
Callopeltis, ii. 24.
Callophis, iii. 392, 396,
400
Cailoselasma, iii. 519.
callostictus (Hydrops),
ii. 187.
callostictus (Pseudoeryx),
iii. 637.
calonota (Furina), iii.
calonotos (Brachysoma),
iii. 407.
calonotos (Furina), iii.
Caionotus, ii. 160.
calonotus (Neelaps), iii.
407
calonotus (Pseudelaps),
iii. 407. .
Calopisma, ii. 186, 289,
290
Campylodon, iii. 20.
cana (Coronella), i. 373;
iii. 620.
cana (Duberria), i. 373.
cana (Ficinia), ii. 272.
cana (Pseudaspis), i.
373; iii. 620.
cana (Ungalia), i. 114.
canarica (Silybura), i.160.
canaricus (Plectrurus), i.
160.
canaricus (Pseudoplec-
trurus), i. 160.
canariensis (Leptophis),
iii. 178.
cancellatum (Dinodon),
i. 361.
candidissimus (Coluber),
iii. 374.
candidus (Bungarus), iii.
368, 370.
candidus (Cerastes), iii.
374
candidus (Coluber), iii.
368
calligaster (Dendrophis),
ii. 80; iii. 628.
calligaster (Elaps), iii.
393 -
calligaster (Hemibun-
garus), iii. 393.
calligaster (Lampro-
peltis), ii. 199.
calligaster (Ophibolus),
ii. 199.
calligaster (Rhadinaea),
ii. 164.
calligaster (Scotophis), ii.
40
callilaema (Dromicus), ii.
g 142.
callilaema (Natrix), ii. 142.
* (Liophis), ii.
142.
caniatus (Tachymenis),
iii. 133.
canina (Boa), i. 102.
caninana (Natrix), ii. 23.
caninum (Xiphosoma), i.
102
caninus (Boa), i. 102.
caninus (Corallus), i.
102; iii. 593.
caninus (Draco), i. 102.
cantori (Hydrus), iii.299.
cantori (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 551.
Cantoria, iii. 23.
ºri. (Coluber), ii.
3
cantoris (Hydrophis), iii.
281.
cantoris (Lachesis), iii.
551
cantoris (Trimeresurus),
iii. 551.
canula (Homalocranium),
iii. 222.
canula (Tantilla), iii.
222.
canulum (Homalocra-
nium), iii. 222.
canum (Gyalopion), ii.
272
canus (Coluber), i. 373.
capense (Boaedon), i. 332.
capense (Lycophidium),
i. 338, 339; iii. 616.
capensis (Aparallactus),
iii. 259.
capensis (Bucephalus),
iii. 187.
capensis (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 259.
capensis (Heterolepis), i.
345.
capensis (Lycodon), i.
339.
capensis (Naia), iii. 376,
389.
capensis (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 16.
capensis (Simocephalus),
i. 345; iii. 616.
capensis (Thelotornis),
iii. 185.
capensis (Uriechis), iii.
259,260,261.
capistrata (Natrix), ii.
121
capistrata (Tantilla), iii.
215.
capistratus (Coluber), ii.
10
capite-triangulatus (Co-
luber), iii. 559.
capucinus (Lycodon), i.
352.
caracaras (Coluber), iii.
626.
caraganus (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 524.
carbonaria (Zamenis), i.
395.
carbonarius (Coluber), i.
95. .
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
663
caribbaeus (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 535.
carinata (Aspidura), i.
310.
carinata (Boa), i. 107.
* (Candoia), i.
*...* (Cynophis), ii.
6.
carinata (Dipsas), iii.
445.
carinata (Echis), iii. 505.
carinata (Hurria), i. 358.
carinata (Pareas), iii.
443, 445.
* (Phyllophis), ii.
Ö
cariñata (Pseudobos), iii.
505
carinicauda (Helicops), i.
276.
carinicaudus (Coluber),
i. 276.
carinicaudus (Helicops),
i. 276, 277.
carinicaudus (Homalo-
psis), i. 276.
* (Coluber), iii.
4
carolinianus (Coluber),
ii. 39.
carpentariae (Denisonia),
iii. 344.
carpentariae (Hoploce-
phalus), iii. 344.
Carphophiops, ii. 324.
Carphophis, ii. 288, 324.
Casarea, i. 121.
cascavella (Crotalus), iii.
574
caspia (Enhydris), i.
233.
caspicus (Zamenis), i.
395
caspius (Coluber), i. 395.
caspius (Zamenis), i. 395.
castanea (Boa), i. 87.
castelnaudi (Bothrops),
iii. 544.
castelnaudi (Lachesis),
iii. 544.
castelnaudi (Thanato-
phis), iii. 544.
castelnaudi (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 544.
castelnaui (Bothriechis),
iii. 544.
castelnaui (Teleuraspis),
iii. 544, 547.
castelnautii (Atropos),
iii. 544.
castelnavii (Bothriopsis),
iii. 544.
Catachlaena, i. 414.
cataphronotus (Zamenis),
i. 394.
catemata (Calamaria), ii.
35
caſemata (Scytale), iii.
534.
carinata (Pythonodipsas),
iii. 45.
carinata (Tropidechis),
iii. 350.
carinata (Vipera), iii.
505. p
carinatus (Amblycepha-
lus), iii. 445.
* (Cercaspis), i.
* (Chironius), ii.
cariatus (Coluber), ii.
73
carinatus (Coryphodon),
i. 216, 375, 376, 377.
carinatus (Cryptely-
trops), iii. 553.
carinatus (Dipsas), ii.
354.
carinatus (Echis), iii.
f;05. -
carinatus (Emygrus), i.
107; iii. 593.
carinatus (Eumesodon), i.
363.
carinatus (Herpetodryas),
ii. 72,73, 75,76; iii. 628.
carinatus (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 350.
carinatus(Leptognathus),
iii. 445.
carinatus (Lycodon), i.
358
carinatus (Philodryas),
iii. 128.
carinatus (Trimesurus),
iii. 553.
carinatus (Tropidechis),
111.
carinatus (Zaocys), i.
377; iii. 621.
catenatus (Crotalinus),
iii. 570.
catenatus (Crotalopho-
rus), iii. 571. -
catematus (Crotalus), iii.
571.
catenatus (Cyclophis), ii.
274
caſematus (Lycodon), i.
catenatus (Sistrurus), iii.
570
catenifer (Coluber), ii. 67.
catenifer (Pituophis), ii.
catenifer (Simotes), ii.
21
canularis (Coluber), iii.
63
cate bai(Dipsas),iii.449.
catesbyi (Ahaetulla), ii.
115
catesbyi (Coluber), iii.
449
catesbyi (Dendrophis),
ii. 115.
catesbyi (Dryiophis), iii.
191
catesbyi (Heterodon), ii.
156
cateshyi (Leptognathus),
iii. 449, 450. -
º: (Leptophis), ii.
115.
catesbyi (Stremmatogna-
thus), iii. 449.
catesbyi (Uromacer), ii.
115
Cathetorhinus, i. 7.
Catodom, i. 59.
Catodonta, i. 57.
Catodoniens, i. 57.
Catostoma, ii. 314.
caucasica (Coronella), ii.
192
caucasious (Coluber), ii.
192
caudaelineatus (Periops),
i. 405.
caudaelineatus (Zamenis),
i. 405, 407.
caudalis (Bitis), iii.498.
caudalis (Cerastes), iii.
caudalis (Vipera), iii.498.
cauda-schistosus (Colu-
ber), i. 242.
Caudisona, iii. 569, 572.
caudolineata (Ahaetula),
ii. 89.
caudolineata (Dendr-
. ii. 89.
caudolineatus (Dendr-
elaphis), ii. 89, 358;
iii. 630.
caudolineatus (Ithycy-
phus), iii. 34. -
caudolineatus (Lept-
ophis), ii. 89.
caudolineolatus (Dendr-
ophis), ii. 85.
664
ALPHABETICAL INDEx.
Causidae, iii. 465. j
Causinae, iii. 464, f
Causus, iii. 465.
- * (Alsophis), ii.
celaeno (Tropidonotus), i.
237.
*i. (Elaphis), ii.
2
celebensis (Tropidolae-
mus), iii. 562.
celebicus (Styporhyn-
chus), i. 216.
celebicus (Tropidonotus),
i. 216.
Celuta, ii. 324.
Cemophora, ii. 213.
cenchoa (Coluber), iii.
84
cenchoa (Dipsas), iii.
84.
cenchoa (Himantodes),
iii. 84, 85, 86.
cenchria (Boa), i. 94.
cenchria (Epicrates), i.
94
Cenchris, iii. 519.
cenchris (Boa), i. 94.
cenchris (Epicrates), i.
94; iii. 592.
cenchris (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 520, 522.
cenchrus (Coluber), ii.
66.
cencoalt (Bungarus), iii.
84
Cephalolepis, i. 57.
Ҽur (Callophis), iii.
9
cerasinus (Elaps), iii.
399.
cerasogaster (Psammo-
phis), i. 191.
cerasogaster (Tropido-
motus), i. 191.
cerasogaster (Xenochr-
ophis), i. 191 ; iii.
599.
Cerastes, iii. 492, 501.
cerastes (AEchmophrys),
iii. 583.
cerastes (Anguis), i. 125.
cerastes (Caudisona), iii.
583. -
cerastes (Coluber), iii.
cerates (Crotalus), iii.
583
cerastes (Eryx), i. 125.
*::::: (Vipera), iii. 501,
cerastinus (Acanthophis),
iii. 355. -
Ceratophallus, iii. 599.
ceratophorus (Atheris),
iii. 510.
Cerberus, iii. 15.
cerberus (Coluber), iii.
16.
cerberus (Homalopsis),
iii. 16.
Cercaspis, i. 348.
Cercocalamus, iii. 255.
cervina (Coronella), iii.
eju. (Coluber), iii.
57.
cervinus (Lycognathus),
iii. 57
cervome (Elaphis), ii. 46.
cetti (Natrix), i. 219.
ceylanicus (Coluburus),
i. 158.
ceylanicus (Pseudo-
Typhlops), i. 158.
* (Aspidura), i.
10
ceylonensis(Bothrodytes),
111. OUſ.
ceylonensis (Dipsado-
morphus), iii. 66.
ceylonensis (Dipsas), iii.
ceylonensis (Haplocer-
cus), i. 309.
ceylonensis (Odontomus),
i. 370.
ceylonensis (Trimesurus),
iii. 528.
ceylonensis (Tropidono-
tus), i. 252; iii. 607.
ceylonica (Silybura), i.
3.
ceylonicus (Bungarus),iii.
366
ceylonicus (Coloburus), i.
154. -
ceylonicus (Plectrurus),
i. 146. -
ceylonicus (Siluboura), i.
154.
ceylonicus (Uropeltis), i.
158
chaireoacos (Dendrophis),
ii. 88.
chalceus (Prymnomio-
don), i. 192.
chalybaea (Geophis), ii.
317,318,319, 320,321,
322.
chalybaeum (Catostoma),
ii. 318.
chalybaeus (Elapoides), ii.
3.19
chalybeus (Hemiodon-
tus), iii. 22.
chalybeus (Alopecophis),
ii. 57.
chalybeus (Geophis), ii.
18, 320. -
Chamaetortus, iii. 98.
chamissonis (Coronella),
ii. 119.
chamissonis (Dromicus),
ii. 119.
chamissonis (Opheomor-
phus), ii. 120.
championi (Geophis), ii.
321.
chanleri (Simocephalus),
iii. 617.
charasii (Coluber), iii.
482
Charina, i. 130.
Charinidae, i. 71.
Charinina, i. 93.
Chatachlein, i. 414.
Cheilorhina, ii. 188.
chelonicephalus (Aipy-
surus), iii. 304. -
chemonii (Dendrophis),
ii. 96. +
chºi (Leptophis), ii.
chersæa (Vipera), iii.
476, 482.
chersea (Coluber), iii.
chersea (Pelias), iii. 473,
477.
cherseoides (Natrix), i.
235.
Chersodromus, i. 295.
chersoides (Tropido-
notus), i. 236.
Chersydrus, i. 173.
chesnei (Coluber), i. 399.
chººls (Natrix), ii.

Chilabothrus, i. 93.
childreni (Liasis), i. 77,
418.
chilensis (Coronella), iii.
118. -
chilensis (Dipsas), iii.
118.
chilensis (Mesotes), iii.
# (T +
chilensis achymenis),
iii. 118. ymenis)
Chilolepis, i. 379.
Chilomeniscus, ii. 272.
Chilopoma, i. 193. 3
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
665
chinensis (Hypsirhina),
iii. 8.
chinºsis (Simotes), ii.
chimensis (Tropidonotus),
i. 233.
Chionactis, ii. 255.
Chiromius, ii. 24, 71,118.
chitalonensis (Dromicus),
iii. 207.
Chitulia, iii. 285.
chlorechis (Atheris), iii.
508
chloris (Herpetodryas),
ii. 279 yas)
ll. Z. & J.
chloris (Hydrophis), iii.
281, jº phis)
chloris (Pelamis), iii. 284.
Chloroechis, iii. 508.
chloroechis (Atheris), iii.
508
chioroechis (Echis), iii.
508.
chloroechis (Toxicoa), iii.
508.
chloroechis (Vipera), iii.
508. pera)
chlorophaea (Hypsiglena),
ii. 209. ypsiglena)
Chlorophis, ii. 91.
Chlorosoma, ii. 255; iii.
127.
agºons (Coluber), ii.
8
chloroticum (Dendr-
ophidium), ii. 16.
chloroticus (Drymobius),
ii. 16.
Chondropython, i. 90.
Chondropythonina, i. 74.
Chondropythoninae, i. 74.
Chorisodon, iii. 151.
Choristodon, iii. 245.
chrysargoides (Amphies-
ma), i. 260.
chrysargoides (Tropido-
notus), i. 260.
chrysargum (Amphies-
ma), i. 258, 260.
chrysargus (Tropidomo-
tus), i. 252, 258; iii.
608.
Chrysenis, i. 99. -
chrysobronchus (Phry-
nonax), ii. 22. s
chrysobronchus (Spi-
lotes), ii. 22.
chrysocephala (Eutaenia),
i. 203; iii. 600. • ,
chrysocephalus (Tropido-
notus), i.203; iii. 600,
chrysochlora (Chryso-
pelea). iii. 198.
chrysochloros (Dendr-
ophis), iii. 196.
chrysogaster (Homalo-
chilus), i. 98.
Chrysopelea, iii. 149,
193, 195.
chrysopeleoides (Elaps),
iii. 409.
chrysostictus (Tachy-
nectes), i. 280.
chrysostoma (Rhadinaea),
ii. 167.
Churchillia, ii. 25.
cincta (Carphophis), ii.
273.
cinctus (Ablabes), ii.283.
cinctus (Chilomeniscus),
ii. 273.
cinerea (Boa), i. 87.
cinereus (Alsophis), ii.
124.
cinereus (Bothrops), iii.
35.
cinereus (Cerberus), iii.
cinerous (Coluber), iii.
624. *
cinereus (Hydrus), iii.
16
cinereus (Simotes), ii.
222 -
cinereus (Typhlops), i.
31.
cinnamomea (Natrix), ii.
2.
circinalis (Elaps), iii. 420,
423.
cisticeps (Dipsadomorus),
iii. 462.
cisticeps (Leptognathus),
iii. 462.
citrinus (Thrasops), i.
317
Cladophis, iii. 185.
clarkii (Natrix), i. 238.
clarkii (Regina), i. 238.
clarkii (Tropidonotus),
i. 238.
clathratus (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 107.
clavata (Rhadinaea), ii.
177
clavatus (Dromicus), ii.
Clelia, iii. 99.
cleopatrae (Aspis), iii.
503
clericus (Ophibolus), ii.
cliffordii (Coluber), i.
411.
cliffordii (Zamenis), i.
41
Cliftia, i. 94.
climacophorus (Coluber),
ii. 54.
Cloelia, iii. 212.
cloelia (Brachyruton), iii.
109, 111.
cloelia (Coluber), iii. 108.
cloelia (Lycodon), iii. 109,
111, 112.
cloelia (Oxyrhopus), iii.
108.
Clonophis, i. 285.
Clothelaps, iii. 510.
Clotho, iii. 492.
clotho (Cobra), iii. 493.
clotho (Coluber), iii. 493.
clotho (Echidna), iii.
494.
Clothonia, i. 122.
cobella (Coluber), ii.
166
cobelia (Coronella), ii.
166 i.
cobelia (Elaps), ii. 166.
cobella (Liophis), ii. 166,
167
cobella (Ophiomorphus),
ii. 166. -
cobella (Rhadinaea), ii.
166 -
Cobra, iii. 471, 492.
coccinea (Cemophora), ii.
214; iii. 640.
coccinea (Coronella), ii.
coccinea (Lampropeltis),
ii. 205.
coccineus (Coluber), ii.
214. -
coccineus (Elaps), ii. 214.
coccineus (Heterodon),
ii. 214. g
coccineus (Ophibolus), ii.
201
coccineus (Rhinostoma),
ii. 214.
coccineus (Simotes), ii.
214
cochinchinensis(Simotes),
ii. 219.
Cochliophagus, iii. 446.
Coelognathus, ii. 25. *
Coelopeltis, iii. 141, 144.
* (Heterodon), ii.
colchica (Tropidonotus),
i. ;" p1. )
666
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
collare (Microsoma), iii.
250, 251
collaris (Ablabes), i. 184;
ii. 261
collaris (Cercocalamus),
iii. 260.
collaris (Coluber), ii.260.
collaris (Contia), ii. 260;
iii. 642.
collaris (Coronella), ii.
261
collaris (Cyclophis), ii.
261.
collaris (Eirenis), ii. 260,
261.
collaris (Elaps), iii. 393.
collaris (Eutaenia), i.209.
collaris (Geoptyas), ii.
31.
collaris (Hemibungarus),
iii. 393.
collaris (Homalosoma),
ii. 262.
collaris (Hoplocephalus),
iii. 336.
collaris (Idiopholis), ii.
327
colubrina (Tortrix), i. 126.
Colubrinae, i. 169, 177 ;
iii. 597.
Colubrini, i. 71, 177; iii.
6
26.
colubrinus (Eryx), i. 125.
colubrinus (Hydrophis),
iii. 307, 308, 309.
colubrinus (Hydrus), iii.
308.
colubrinus (Platurus), iii.
3
colubrinus (Xenodon), ii.
146, 359; iii. 634.
Colubroidea, i. 169.
Comastes, ii. 208.
communis (Coluber), i.
395.
communis (Vipera), iii.
comorensis (Dipsas), iii.
42
comorensis (Heterurus),
iii. 42.
comorensis (Typhlops), i.
21.
compressicauda (Natrix),
i. 239; iii. 605.
compressicauda (Nero-
dia), i. 238.
compressicauda (Tropi-
donotus), i. 238; iii.
605.
compressus (Coluber), ii.
39; iii. 58.
compressus (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 57.
* (Dipsas), iii.
{} / .
compressus (Trypanur-
gos), iii. 58.
compsolamus (Tropido-
notus), i. 238.
Compsophis, iii. 609.
Compsosoma, ii. 25.
concolor (Tropidomotus),
i. 220.
concolor (Uriechis), iii.
25
concolor (Xenopellis), i.
I68.
condanarus (Psammo-
phis), iii. 155, 165.
condanurus (Coluber), iii.
165
confinis (Scotophis), ii.
49
confluenta (Caudisona),
iii. 576.
confluenta (Vipera), iii.
488
confluentus (Crotalus),
iii. 576, 580.
confluentus (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 201.
congestus (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 42.
congica (Atractaspis), iii.
513.
congicus (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 40.
congicus (Typhlops), i.
40.
conica (Boa), i. 124.
conicus (Eryx), i. 124.
conicus (Gongylophis), i.
124
Coniophanes, iii. 199.
collaris (Liophis), ii. 167.
collaris (Miodon), iii.
251.
collaris (Ophibolus), ii.
200
collaris(Polyodontophis),
i. 184; iii. 597.
collaris (Psammophis), i.
84
collaris (Streptophorus),
i. 293
collaris (Trimorphodon),
iii. 55.
collaris (Tropidonotus),
i. 209.
Colobognathus, ii. 314.
Coloburus, i. 144.
Colophrys, ii. 314.
coloratus (Echis), iii. 507.
Colorhogia, ii. 251.
Coluber, i. 193,373, 379;
ii. 24; iii. 43, 99;
627.
Colubridae, i. 169, 177;
iii. 438, 597.
Colubriens, i. 177.
Colubriformes, i. 169.
colubrina (Anguis), i.
125
colubrina (Dendrophis),
iii. 187.
colubrina (Dipsas), iii. 39.
colubrina (Eteirodipsas),
iii. 39.
concinna (Eutainia), i.
208
concinnus (Callophis), iii.
concinnus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 207, 243.
concolor (Aparallactus),
iii. 257.
concolor (Calamelaps),
iii. 246.
concolor (Choristodon),
iii. 246. hi
concolor (Conophis), iii.
122 p
concolor (Hydromor-
phus), ii. 185.
comirostris (Aporophis),
ii. 135.
comirostris (Liophis), ii.
134
conirostris (Lygophis), ii.
134.
conirostris (Zamenis), iii.
conjuncta (Coronella), ii.
203.
conjuncta (Glauconia), i.
67.
conjuncta (Lampropel-
tis), ii. 197. pe
conjuncta (Ungalia), i.
113.
conjunctum (Stenostoma)
i. 67.
conjunctus (Brachyor-
rhos), i. 306.
conjunctus (Psammody-
mastes), iii. 174.
conjunctus (Psammo-
phis), iii. 174.
conjunctus (Tropido-
phis), i. 113.
Conocephalus, i. 290.
Conocerques, iii. 310.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
667
Conophis, iii. 122. . .
Conopsis, ii. 255.
º (Typhlops), i.
consors (Crotalophorus),
iii. 572.
conspicillata (Coronella)
ii. 51.
conspicillatus (Callopel-
tis), ii. 51.
conspicillatus (Coluber),
ii. 51.
conspicillatus (Elaph.s),
ii. 51.
conspicillatus (Tropido-
motus), i. 222; iii. 604.
Constrictor, i. 80, 116.
constrictor (Bascanion),
i. 387.
constrictor (Boa), i. 117,
118, 119.
constrictor (Coluber), i.
387, 389.
constrictor (Corypho-
don), i. 387; ii. 31.
constrictor (Zamenis), i.
387; iii. 621.
Constrictores, i. 71.
constrictrix (Boa), i. 117.
Contia, ii. 255.
continentalis (Ungali-
ophis), i. 114.
contortrix (Agkistrodon),
iii. 523.
contortrix (Ancistrodon),
iii. 522. &
contortrix (Boa), iii. 522.
contortrix (Cenchris), iii.
contortrix (Scytale), iii.
522.
contortrix (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 522.
convictus (Trimeresurus),
iii. 548.
cookii (Corallus), i. 99.
cooperi (Eutainia), i. 201.
cooperi (Tropidonotus),
i. 201.
copei (Adelophis), i. 289.
copei (Storeria), i. 289.
Cophiadae, iii. 518.
Cophias, iii. 519, 529.
Cophiinae, iii. 518.
copii (Aspidura), i. 311.
copii (Cemophora), ii.
214.
copii (Ischnognathus), i.
289. -
copii (Leptognathus), iii.
450. -
Cora, i. 285.
corais (Coluber), ii. 31 ;
iii. 627.
corais §rloº, i. 389 ;
ll. §l.
corallina (Anguis), i. 133,
135.
corallinus (Coluber), iii.
634.
corallinus (Elaps), iii.
416, 417,420, 423,429.
corallinus (Tortrix), i.
133
corallioides (Synchali-
nus), ii. 70.
coralliventris(Aporophis),
ii. 159.
Corallus, i. 99.
cornuta (Bitis), iii. 497.
cornuta (Cerastes), iii.
497.
cornuta (Clotho), iii. 497.
cornuta (Vipera), iii.497.
cornutus (Cerastes), iii.
2
cornutus (Coluber), iii.
502.
cornwallisius (Liasis), i.
78
coronata (Alecto), iii. 336.
coronata (Apostolepis),
iii. 233.
coronata (Boa), iii. 111.
coronata (Calamaria), ii.
I96.
coronata (Coronella), ii.
coronata (Denisonia), iii.
335.
coronata (Hydrophis), iii.
279 -
coronata (Pseudoboa), iii.
I11
coronata (Scytale), iii.
111, 112
coronata (Tantilla), iii.
218. -
coronatum (Homalocra-
nium), iii. 218, 224.
coronatum (Scytale), iii.
111, 112, 113.
coronatus (Cerastes), ii.
23
coronatus (Coluber), ii.
23.
coronatus (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 233.
coronatus (Elaps), iii.
335.
coronatus (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 336.
coronatus (Hydrophis),
iii. ; ( ydrophis)
coronatus (Mizodon), ii.
196
coronatus (Olisthemes),
iii. 112.
coronatus (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 111.
Coronella, i. 318, 320,
373; ii. 25, 126, 160,
188, 214, 277; iii. 88,
117, 124, 138, 175, 199.
coronella (Ablabes), ii.
2
64.
coronella (Calamaria), ii.
264.
coronella (Coluber), ii.
coronella (Contia), ii.
coronella (Homalosoma),
ii. 264. -
Coronellae, i. 177; iii. 26.
Coronellidae, i. 177; iii. 26.
Coronellinae, i. 177.
coronelloides (Homalo-
soma), ii. 264.
coronilla (Natrix), ii.
191
coronoides (Denisonia),
iii. 336.
coronoides (Hoplocepha-
• Jus), iii. 336.
corpulenta (Atractaspis),
iii. 514.
corpulentum (Brachycra-
nium), iii. 514.
corpulentus (Atractaspis),
iii. 513, 514, 516.
Coryphodon, i. 374, 379;
ii. 7, 9, 188.
Coryphodontiens, i. 177.
Cosmiosophis, ii. 180.
couchii (Eutainia), i. 210.
couchii (Nerodia), i. 243.
couchii (Thamnophis), iii.
6 r

couchii (Tropidonotus),
i. 210; iii. 601.
couperi (Coluber), ii. 31.
couperi (Georgia), ii. 31.
couperi (Spilotes), ii. 31.
Craspedocephalus, iii.
529. Homol
crassa (Homolopsis), iii.
644. psis)
crassa (Nardoa), i. 78.
crassatus (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 47.
* (Typhlops), i.
47. -
668
ALPHIABETICAL INDEX,
crassicaudatum (Rhabdo-
Soma), ii. 304,310.
crassicaudatus (Atractus),
ii. 310.
crassicollis (Hydrophis),
iii. 295. (Hydrophis)
crassifrons (Philodryas),
iii. 129, & dryas)
crassum (Ophthalmi-
dion), i. 28.
crassus (Epicrates), iii.
593
crassus (Simotes), ii. 219.
crawshayi (Naja), iii. 378.
Crealia, i. 144.
crebripunctatus (Elaps),
iii. 423.
crebripunctatus (Tropi-
donotus), i. 262.
crista-galli (Langaha),
iii. 37.
crococatus (Typhlops), i.
27.
Crossanthera, ii. 9.
crossii (Simocephalus),
iii. 618.
crossii (Typhlops), i. 52.
Crotalidae, iii. 518.
Crotaliens, iii. 518.
Crotalina, iii. 518.
Crotalinae, iii. 518.
Crotalini, iii. 518.
Crotalinus, iii. 572.
crotalinus (Coluber), iii.
534
croſslinus (Cophias), iii.
534
crotalinus (Craspedoce-
phalus), iii. 534.
Crotaloidea, iii. 518.
Crotalophorus, iii. 569.
Crotalus, iii. 529,569,572.
Crotaphopeltis, iii. 88.
cruciatum (Rhabdion), ii.
245.
crucifer (Coluber), iii.
169
crucifer (Psammophis),
iii. 169.
cruentatus (Coluber), ii.
41
cruentatus (Simotes), ii.
231
Crypsidomus, iii. 632.
Cryptelytrops, iii. 529.
Cryptodacus, ii. 251.
cubae (Typhlops), i. 31.
cubanus (Tetranorhinus),
iii. 610.
cubanus (Tropidonotus),
i. 282.
cubensis (Dromicus), ii.
cuculiata (Coronella), iii.
175
cuculiata (Diemansia), iii.
317.
cucullata (Furina), iii.
325.
cucullatum (Lycodon), i.
365.
cucullatum (Petrody-
mon), iii. 317.
cucullatus (Coluber), iii.
}
75.
cucullatus (Lielaphis), i.
365
cucullatus (Lycognathus),
iii. 175.
cucullatus (Macroproto-
don), iii. 175.
cucullatus (Psammophy-
lax), iii. 175.
cucullatus (Stegonotus),
i. 365.
cuculliceps (Leptogna-
thus), ii. 296.
cuculliceps (Tropidodip-
sas), ii. 296.
cumingi (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 51.
cumingii (Onychophis), i.
51
cumingii (Typhlops), i.
51
cuneiformis (Cadmus), i.
373.
cuneirostris (Typhlops),
i. 32
cupreum (Rhinostoma),
ii. 247.
cupreus (Coluber), ii.
191.
* (Epicarsius), i.
cupreus (Epicrates), i.
5; iii. 592.
cupreus (Leptophis), ii.
109
cupreus (Pseudechis), iii.
29.
cupreus (Scytalus), iii.
522.
cupreus (Thrasops), ii.
109
cursor (Coluber), ii. 139.
cursor (Dromicus), ii.
139, 140.
cursor (Herpetodryas), ii.
139, 140.
cursor (Liophis), ii. 139.
Cursoria, i. 122.
curta (Alecto), iii. 335,
351
curta. (Aspidobos), i. 89. .
curta (Brachyaspis), iii.
353
curta (Hydrophis), iii.
300
curta (Naja), iii. 353.
curta (Ungualia), i. 113.
curticeps (Cylindrophis),
i. 137
curtus (Enhydris),iii.300.
curtus (Hoplocephalus),
iii. 351, 353.
curtus (Hydrus), iii. 300.
curtus (Lapemis), iii.
300
curtus (Python), i. 89.
curtus (Typhlops), i. 34.
curvirostris (Coluber), i.
404.
* (Typhlops),
1. ‘EC),
Cusoria, i. 122.
cuvieri (Calamaria), ii.
cyanea (Dipsas), ii. 72.
cyaneus (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 72.
cyanocincta (Distira), iii.
294
cyanocincta (Hydrophis),
sº 292, 295. ydrop
cyanocinctus (Enhydris),
iii. 295.
cyanocinctus (Hydro-
phis), iii. 294.
cyanocinctus (Hydrus),
iii. 295.
cyanopleurus (Aporo-
phis), ii. 142.
cyanurus (Crotalinus), iii.
579

Cyciagras, ii. 144, 180.
cyclides (Thamnophis), i.
209

Cyclocorus, i. 326.
Cyclophiops, ii. 277.
. #. #. 277.
cyclopion (Tropidonotus),
sº
cyclopium (Natrix), i.
i. 244; iii. 606
cyclopium (Nerodia), i.
244.
cyclopium (Tropidono-
tus), i. 244; iii. 606.
cyclops (Helicops), i.
279.

cyclura (Coronella), ii.
219.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
669
cyclurus (Simotes), ii.
219
Cylindrophis, i. 134.
cynodon (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 78.
cynodon (Dipsas), iii. 64,
cynodon (Eudipsas), iii.
79.
cynodon (Opetiodon), iii.
79.
Cynophis, ii. 24.
Cyrtophis, iii. 390. º
cyrtopsis (Eutainia), i.
209; iii. 601.
cyrtopsis (Thamnophis),
i. 209.
I)aboia, iii. 471. g
daemelii (Denisonia), iii.
33
davisonii (Plectrurus),
l ad
davisonii (Ulupe), i. 372.
daemelii (Hoplocephalus),
iii. 339.
dahlii (Psammophis), i.
397.
dahlii (Tyria), i. 397.
dahlii (Zamenis), i. 397,
403; iii. 623.
dahomeyensis (Atractas-
pis), iii. 516.
Dapatnaya, i. 140.
darnleyensis (Dendr-
ophis), ii. 80.
darnleyensis (Lycodon),
i. 365.
darwini (Atropos), iii.
darwini (Bothrops), iii.
549.
darwini (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 549.
darwiniensis (Hydr-
elaps), iii. 270.
darwiniensis (Pseud-
echis), iii. 330.
Dasypeltinae, ii. 353.
Dasypeltis, ii. 353.
daudinii (Clelia), iii.
108.
daudini (Pseudoeryx), ii.
186.
davidi (Coluber), ii. 56.
davidi (Tropidonotus), ii.
6.
davidsoni (Plectrurus), i.
davisonii (Dryocalamus),
ls ºf 24.
davisonii (Hydrophobus),
i. 372.
dayama (Cantoria), iii. 23.
dayanus (Hydrophis), iii.
297
decalepis (Herpetodryas),
ii. 75.
decemlineata (Contia), ii.
260
decemlineatus (Ablabes),
ii. 260.
decemlineatus (Eirenis),
ii. 260
decipiens (Ablabes), ii.
181
decipiens (IErythrolam-
prus), iii. 204.
decipiens (Tachymenis),
iii. 204.
decorata (Coronella), ii.
174, 176.
decorata (Rhadinaea), ii.
176, 359.
decoratus (Diadophis),
ii. 176, 178.
decoratus (Elaps), iii.
419
decorosus (Ophthalmi-
dion), i. 38.
decorosus (Typhlops), i.
38
decorus (Ahaetulla), ii. 78.
decorus (Coluber), ii. 78.
decosteri (Elapechis), iii.
360.
decosteri (Elapsoidea),
iii. 360.
decurtata (Phimothyra),
i. 417.
decurtata (Salvadora), i.
417.
decurtatus (Lytorhyn-
chus), i. 417.
decurtatus (Phyllorhyn-
chus), i. 417.
decussata (Anguis), i. 136.
decussata (Homalopsis),
iii. 4.
dº (Elaps), iii.
4
defilippi (Causus), iii.
469.
defilippii (Heterodon),
Ill. 405).
defilippii (Oxyrhina), ii.
269.
degener (Opisthoplus), iii.
121.
degenhardtii(Calamaria),
iii. 229.
degenhardtii (Steno-
rhina), iii. 229.
Deirodon, ii. 353.
dekayi (Ischnognathus),
i. 286, 287; iii. 611.
dekayi (Storeria), i. 286;
iii. 611.
dekayi (Tropidonotus), i.
286
dekayi (Typhlops), i. 45.
delalandii (Typhlops), i.
45; iii. 588.
Demansia, iii. 320.
Dendraspididae, iii. 310.
Dendraspidinae, iii. 310.
Dendraspis, iii. 434.
I)endrechides, iii. 310.
Dendrelaphis, ii. 87.
Dendroechis, iii. 434.
Pºrophide. i. 177; iii.
6.
Dendrophidium, ii. 9.
dendrophila (Boiga), iii.
70
dendrophila (Dipsas), iii.
70.
dendrophilum (Trigly-
phodon), iii. 70.
dendrophilus (Dipsado-
morphus), iii. 70.
dendrophiops (Tropido-
notus), i. 264.
Dendrophis, ii. 71, 77,
87, 98, 102, 105, 115;
iii. 186, 195.
dendrophis (Dendrophi-
dium), ii. 15.
dendrophis (Drymobius),
ii. 15, 357; iii. 626.
dendrophis (Herpeto-
dryas), ii. 14, 15.
Denisonia, iii. 332.
dennysi (Simotes), ii. 218.
deppei (Elaphis), ii. 66.
deppei (Pituophis), ii. 66.
deppei (Spilotes), ii. 67.
deppei (Tantilla), iii. 222.
deppii (Coluber), ii. 66.
*g. (Elapochrous), ii.
182.
deppii (Homalocranium),
ini. 222
depressirostris (Lept-
ophis), ii. 107.
depressirostris (Philo-
thamnus), ii. 107.
de ſº (Typhlops), i.
deserti (Vipera), iii. 488.
dºl. (Pituophis),
670
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
dhara (Coluber), iii. 52.
dhumna (Coluber), i. 385.
dhumnades (Coluber), i.
375.
dhumnades (Corypho-
don), i. 376.
dhumnades (Zaocys), i.
375.
Diacrantériens, i. 177.
diadema (Brachysoma),
iii. 319,406.
diº (Calamaria), iii.
3
diadema (Catachlaena), i.
415.
diadema (Chatachlein),
i. 415.
diadema (Coluber), i. 399,
411.
diadema (Furina), iii.
319
diadema (Heterodon), i.
415.
diadema (Hydrophis), iii.
284.
diadema (Lytorhynchus),
i. 415
I
diadema (Pseudelaps), iii.
3.19.
diadema (Simotes), i. 415.
diadema (Zamenis), i.
411; iii. 625.
diademata (Ninia), i. 292.
diadematus (Streptopho-
rus), i. 292.
Diadophis, ii. 160, 188,
277.
Diaphorotyphlops, i. 7.
diardi (Typhlops), i. 22.
diasii (Chiomactis), ii.
268.
diastema (Elaps), iii. 423.
diastema (Liophis), ii.
183.
dichroa (Herpetodryas),
ii. 30
11. OU.
dichromatus (Typhlops),
i. 29.
dichrous (Coluber), ii.
30
dicranta (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 201.
Dicraulax, ii. 215.
Diemansia, iii. 315, 320.
Diemenia, iii. 320.
dightoni (Dipsas), iii.
69
dightonii (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 62.
digitalis (Coluber), iii.
101.
dilepis (Aporophis), ii.
158; iii. 634.
dilepis (Lygophis), ii.
158; iii. 634.
Dimades, i. 272; ii. 185.
dimidiata (Calamaria), ii.
333.
digiate (Glauconia), i.
64.
dimidiata (Leptogna-
thus), iii. 549.
dimidiatum (Pilidion),
i. 25.
dimidiatum (Stenosto-
ma), i. 64.
dimidiatus (Elapochrus),
ii. 183.
dimidiatus (Elapomoius),
iii. 238.
dimidiatus (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 238.
dimidiatus (Leptogna-
thus), iii. 459.
dimidiatus (Mesopeltis),
iii. 459.
dimidiatus
ii. 183.
dimidiatus (Rhinocala-
mus), iii. 247.
dimidiatus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 274.
dindigalensis (Silybura),
i. 152.
dinga (Onychocephalus),
i. 45
(Pliocercus),
1. 4-5).
dinga (Typhlops), i. 45.
Dinodipsas, iii. 466.
T)inodon, i. 360.
Dinophis, iii 434.
dione (Coelopeltis), ii.
44
dione (Chironius), ii. 44.
dione (Coluber), ii. 44.
dione (Elaphis), ii. 44,
46.
Dipeltophis, iii. 644.
Diplophallus, iii. 599.
Diplotropis, ii. 105.
diplotropis (Ahaetulla),
ii. 110
diplotropis (Hapsido-
phrys), ii. 110.
diplotropis (Leptophis),
ii. 110.
diporus (Bothrops), iii.
542.
Dipsadidae, i. 177; iii. 26,
438.
dipsadides (Hypaspistes),
i. 84.
Dipsadiens, iii. 26.
dipsadina (Ungalia), i.
112. (Ungalia)
Dipsadinae, iii. 26.
Dipsadoboa, iii. 39, 81.
Diºdomorphine. iii.
6.
Diºdomorphu. iii. 53,
Dipºdomorus, iii. 446,
460
Dipsas, ii. 292; iii. 38, 39,
47, 53, 58, 59, 82, 83,
88, 115, 117, 124, 138,
439, 440, 446, 460.
dipsas (Ahaetulla), iii.
621
dipsas (Hemidryas), iii.
621.
dipsas (Herpetodryas), i.
383. p
dipsas (Tropidonotus), i.
223, 258.
dipsas (Zamenis), i. 383;
iii. 621.
Dipsina, iii. 144.
Dirosema, ii. 298.
Dirrhox, iii. 127.
dirus (Bothrops), iii. 535.
dººr (Hypsiglena), ii.
discolor (Leptodira), ii.
211. p )

dispar (Dryophis), iii. 179.
dispar (Tragops), iii. 179.
disparilis (Diaphoroty-
phlops), i. 53.
dºi, (Typhlops), i.
Dispholidus, iii. 186.
diºus (Stenostoma), i.
dissimilis (Glauconia), i.
0.
dissoleucus (Elaps), iii.
422. ps)
distans (Elaps), iii. 423.
distanti (Glauconia), i.
2
Direira, iii. 27, 285,
302
Distichurus, iii. 465.
distinctus (Bothriophis),
d iii. 142.
istinctus (Tropidophis
* (tropidophi),
Distira, iii. 285.
Ditypophis, iii. 46.
diº (Elaps), iii.
diversus (Typhlops), iii.
584.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
671
diviniloqua (Boa), i. 118,
119. (B
diviniloquus
tor), i. 118.
docilis (Diadophis), ii.
207, 208.
doliata (Coronella), ii.
200, 201, 203, 205;
iii. 638.
doliata (Disteira), iii. 276,
289.
(Constric-
doliata (Hydrophis), iii.
276, 278, 298
doliata (Lampropeltis), ii.
201
doliatus (Coluber), ii. 131,
205.
doliatus (Ophibolus), ii.
200, 201, 203, 205.
doliatus (Ophiomorphus),
ii. 132.
doliatus (Oxyrhopus), iii.
57, 106
doichocephalum (Cato-
stoma), ii. 320.
dolichocephalus (Colo-
bognathus), ii. 320.
dolichocephalus (Elap-
oides), ii. 320.
dolichocephalus (Geo-
phis), ii. 320.
dolicocercus (Dromicus),
i. 246.
dolichocercus (Tropido-
notus), i. 246; iii. 607.
Doliophis, iii. 399.
dolleyanus (Holarchus),
iii. 640.
domesticus (Coluber), i.
409
domicella (Coluber), iii.
409
dora (Coluber), i. 230.
dorbignyi (Apostolepis),
iii. 236.
dorbignyi (Calamaria),
iii. 236.
dorbignyi (Heterodon),
ii. 151.
dorbignyi (Lystrophis),
ii. 151; iii. 114.
dorbignyi (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 103.
doriae (Ablabes), ii. 279.
doriae (Cyclophiops), ii.
279
doria. (Homalophis), iii.
dori (Hypsirhina).iii. 13.
doriae (Psammophis), iii.
151.
dorri (Periops), i. 410.
dorri (Zamenis), i. 410.
dorsale (Gonyosoma), i.
398.
dorsale (Leptophidium),
iii. 628.
dorsale (Oligodon), ii.
234.
dorsalis (Ahaetulla), ii.
101.
dorsalis (Alecto), iii. 343.
dorsalis (Dromicus), ii.
9
dorsalis (Drymobius), ii.
12
dorsalis (Elaps), ii. 241;
iii. 410.
dorsalis (Eutainia), i.
207.
dorsalis (Homorelaps),
iii. 410.
dorsalis (Ialtris), iii. 137.
dorsalis (Leptophis), ii.
101
dorsalis (Liophis), ii.
170
dorsalis (Oligodon), ii.
241.
dorsalis (Ophiomorphus),
ii. 170.
dorsalis (Pelias), iii. 477.
dorsalis (Philodryas), iii.
137
dorsalis (Philothamnus),
ii. 101; iii. 631.
dorsalis (Poecilophis), iii.
410.
dorsalis (Pseudoxeno-
don), i. 271.
dorsalis (Tropidonotus),
i. 207,271.
dorsata (Cloelia), iii. 215.
dorsatus (Tomodon), iii.
121.
dorsopictus (Pareas), iii.
442
dorsule (Xiphosoma), i.
101
dougesii (Diadophis), ii.
208.
Draco, i. 93, 99, 115,
116.
drapiezii (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 74.
drapiezii (Dipsas), iii.
74.
drapiezii (Triglyphodon),
iii. 74.
Drepanodon, iii. 639.
dromiciformis (Conio-
phanes), iii. 205.
dromiciformis (Erythro-
lamprus), iii. 205.
dromiciformis (Tachy-
menis), iii. 205.
Dromicodryas, i. 189;
iii. 599.
Dromicus, ii. 9, 118, 126,
157, 160; iii. 633.
Dromophis, iii. 149.
drozii (Streptophorus), i.
293
drummondi (Farancia),
ii. 291.
Dryadidae, i. 177; iii.
9)
*U's
dryinas (Caudisona), iii.
e.
dryinas (Crotalus), iii.
573
Dryinus, iii. 177, 189.
Dryiophidae, iii. 26.
Dryiophis, iii. 35.
Drymobius, i. 379; ii. 8,
25; iii. 626.
Dryocalamus, i. 369.
Dryophidinae, iii. 26.
Dryophilidae, i. 177; iii.
26.
Dryophiops, iii. 193.
Dryophis, iii. 177, 185,
189, 193.
Dryophylax, iii. 34, 115,
127, 149.
Duberria, i. 320, 373; ii.
273; iii. 99, 212.
duberria (Coluber), ii.
274.
duberria (Elaps), ii. 274.
dubium (Geophidium),
ii. 322.
dubium (Rhabdosoma),
ii. 308
11. j\Jö.
dubium (Xenodon), ii.
243.
dº (Acrochordus), i.
dubius (Geophis), ii. 322,
323.
duboisi (Atractus), ii.
310.
duboisi (Rhabdosoma), ii.
310.
duboisii (Aipysurus), iii.
305.
dºwn. (Iliasis), i.
dugesi (Elapoides), ii.
317.
dugesii (Catodon), i. 70.
dugesii (Geophis), ii. 317.
dugesii (Rena), i. 70.
672
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
dºi (Siagonodon), i.
dulce (Stenostoma), i. 65.
dulcis (Glauconia), i. 65;
iii. 591
dº (Leptotyphlops) i.
dulcis (Rena), i. 65.
dumerili (Calamaria), ii.
343.
dumerilii (Acrantophis),
i. 120.
dumerilii (Boa), i. 120;
111. Otjºt,
dumerilii (Coronella), i.
2
dumerilii (Dendrophis),
ii. 8.
dumerilii (Disteira), iii.
dumerilii (Dromicus), ii.
81
dumerilii (Elaps), iii. 419.
dumerilii (Leptogna-
thus), ii. 296.
dumerilii (Meizodon), i.
227.
dumerilii (Stegonotus), i.
368.
dumerilii (Urotheca), ii.
181
dumfrisiensis (Coluber),
ii. 205.
dupeni (Silibura), i. 150.
durissa (Caudisona), iii.
574, 578.
durissus (Crotalus), iii.
573, 576, 577, 579.
durissus (Uropsophus),
iii. 579.
dussumieri (Boa), i. 121.
dussumieri (Casarea), i.
121.
dussumieri
iii. 19.
dussumieri (Hypsirhina),
iii. 19.
dussumieri (Leptoboa), i.
(Eurostus),
dysopes (Diadophis), ii.
206.
Echidna, iii. 471, 492,
501
Echidnoides, iii. 471.
Echinanthera, iii. 634.
Echis, iii. 504, 508.
echis (Vipera), iii. 488,
edwardsii (Crotalopho-
rus), iii. 571.
º (Crotalus), iii.
O'ſ 1.
effrene (Tetragonosoma),
i. 356.
effrenis (Lycodon), i.
356
Eirenis, ii. 255.
eiseni(Ophibolus), ii. 197.
IElachistodon, iii. 263.
Elachistodontinae, iii.
263.
elaiocroma (Ficinia), ii.
271
Elapechis, iii. 358.
Elaphis, ii. 24.
505.
edwardsii (Caudisona),
iii. 571
elaphis (Coluber), ii 45.
elaphis (Natrix), ii. 46.
* (Coluber), i.
4
elaphoides (Tropidono-
tus), i. 234.
Elapida, iii. 310.
Elapidae, iii. 310.
elapiformis (Cantoria),
iii. 23.
elapiformis (Hemiodon-
tus), iii. 23.
elapiformis (Hydrodip-
sas), iii. 23.
Elapinae, iii. 310.
Elapocephalus, iii. 239,
320.
Elapochrous, ii. 180.
Elapocranium, iii. 320.
Elapognathus, iii. 356.
Elapoides, i. 306; ii. 314.
* (Calamaria), i.
elapoides (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 347.
elapoides (Liophis), ii.
183
elapoides(Lycophidium),
i. 343.
elapoides (Micropechis),
iii. 347.
elapoides (Pliocercus), ii.
182
elapoides (Urotheca), ii.
182,359; iii. 636.
Elapomoius, iii. 237.
Elapomorphus, iii. 231,
232, 237, 238, 255.
Elapops, iii. 262.
Elaposchema, iii. 248.
Elapotimus, iii. 244.
Elaps, iii. 315, 320, 332,
361,390, 392,396,399,
405, 408, 411.
elaps (Atractus), ii. 302.
elaps (Geophis), ii. 302.
*. (Hamadryas), iii.
38
elaps (Naja), iii. 347,
lºowºn
elaps (Ophiophagus), iii.
347, §. phagus)
elaps (Rhabdosoma), ii.
302.
elaps (Trimeresurus), iii.
Elapsoidea, iii. 358.
elapsoidea (Calamaria),
ii. 205.
elapsoidea (Osceola), ii.
205; iii. 638.
elapsoideus (Lampropel-
tis), ii. 205.
elegans (Arizona), ii. 66.
elegans (Aturia), iii. 278.
elegans (Boa), i. 101.
elegans (Coluber), iii. 167.
ºlº (Coronella), i. 175,
196.
elegans (Craspedoceph-
alus), iii. 552.
elegans (Cursoria), i. 128.
elegans (Cusoria), i. 128.
elegans (Daboia), iii.
490.
* (Dendrophis), ii.
elegans (Dromicus), iii.
133.
elegans (Dryophylax),iii.
133.
elegans (Echidna), iii.
490.
elegans (Elaps), iii. 418.
elegans (Enicognathus),
ii. 173.
elegans (Eryx), i. 128.
elegans (Eutainia), i. 202,
208.
º (Himantodes), iii.
85.
elegans (Hydrophis), iii.
ºpiº
elegans (Leptognathus),
iii. 452. pDog )
elegans (Lygophis), iii.
gº tºp )
elegans (Macrosoma), iii.
167.
elegans (Ophthalmidion),
i. 37.
elegans (Philodryas), iii.
133.
* (Pityophis), ii.
ALPEIABIETICAL INDEX,
673
elegans
iii. 167.
* (Rhinechis), ii.
(Psammophis),
elegans (Tachymenis), iii.
l 133. ym
elegans (Thamnophis), iii.
;
* (Trimesurus), iii.
elegans (Tropidonotus), i.
208
elegans (Typhlops), i. 37.
elegans (Vipera), iii. 490.
* irginia), ii.
89
elegantissimus (Coluber),
iii. 620.
elegantissimus (Zamenis),
i. 402.
ellioti (Halys), i. 267.
ellioti (Hydrophis), iii.
290
ellioti (Oligodon), ii.
242
ellioti (Silybura), i. 153,
154, 155, 158; iii. 596.
ellioti (Trigonocephalus),
i. 267
* (Cantoria), iii.
elongata (Dasypeltis), ii.
355
emini (Ahrtulla), ii. 92.
emini (Chlorophis), ii.
92.
emini (Glauconia), i. 64
emmell (Atractus), ii.
311; iii. 645.
emmeli (Geophis), ii. 311.
emoryi (Coluber), ii. 40.
emoryi (Natrix), ii. 40.
emoryi (Scotophis), ii.
40.
emunctus (Helminth-
ophis), i. 7.
* (Idiotyphlops),
1. O.
emunctus (Typhlops), i.
6
Emydocephalus, iii. 303.
enganensis (Coluber), ii.
63
Enhydrina, iii. 802.
Enhydris, iii. 271, 285,
300
enhydris (Homalopsis),
iii. 7.
enhydris (Hydrus), iii. 6.
enhydris, (Hypsirhina),
111. O, O.
WOL. III,
Enicognathus, i. 181; ii.
160.
ensifera (Langaha), iii.
36
Entechinus, iii. 643.
Emulius, ii. 249; iii. 641.
enydris (Boa), i. 101.
Bnygrus, i. 104, 109.
enyo (Caudisona), iii. 580.
enyo (Crotalus), iii. 580.
Epanodontiens, i. 3.
ephippicus (Chilomen-
iscus), ii. 273.
ephippifer (Elaps), iii.
423.
Epicarsius, i. 94.
Epicrates, i. 93.
Epictia, i. 59.
Epiglottophis, iii. 627.
•rºpºlu. (Liophis), ii.
13
episcopa (Contia), ii. 265,
266.
episcopum (Homalo-
soma), ii. 265.
episcopum (Lampro-
soma), ii. 265.
epistema (Elaps), iii.
423.
eques (Boa), i. 119.
eques (Coluber), i. 209.
eques (Tropidomotus), i.
209; iii. 601.
erebennus (Spilotes), ii.
31
Erebophis, i. 104.
eremita (Coluber), ii. 44.
Erpetodryas, ii. 71.
Brpeton, iii. 25.
erpeton (Rhinopirus), iii.
25
Eryces, i. 93.
Brycidae, i. 71.
Erycides, i. 74, 93.
Erycina, i. 93.
erythrogaster (Bothri-
ophis), i. 395.
erythrogaster (Coluber),
i. 242, 395.
erythrogaster (Nerodia),
i. 243
erythrogaster (Tropido-
notus), i. 242.
erythrogastra (Calopel-
#. i. 395. (Calop
erythrogrammum (Calo-
pisma), ii. 290.
erythrogrammus (Abas-
tor), ii. 290; iii. 644.
erythrogrammus (Colu-
ber), ii. 290.
erythrogrammus (Heli-
cops), ii. 290.
erythrogrammus (Homa-
lopsis), ii. 290.
erythrogrammus (Hy-

drops), ii. 290. ...
Erythrolamprinae, iii. 26.
Erythrolamprus, iii. 99,
19
erythronota(Apostolepis),
iii. 236.
erythronotus (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 236,237.
erythrurum (Compso-
soma), ii. 62. * @
erythrurus (Coluber), ii.
62,358; iii. 628.
erythrurus (Plagiodon),
ii. 62.
erythrurus (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 554.
erythrurus (Trimeresu-
rus), iii. 555.
Eryx, i. 122.
eryx (Tortrix), i. 124,
126, 127.
Eryxina, i. 93.
eschrichtii (Aspidorhyn-
chus), i. 42.
eschrichtii (Ophthalmi-
dion), i. 42.
º,gºthiop) i.
5 y
Eteirodipsas, iii. 38, 53,
88
Eudipsas, iii. 58.
Eudryas, ii. 9.
Eugnathiens, i. 177.
Eugnathus, i. 327.
Eumesodon, i. 360.
Eunectes, i. 116.
Euophrys, iii. 127.
euphaeus (Olisthenes), iii.
112
euphratica (Daboia), iii.
488.
euphratica (Vipera), iii.
488.
* (Typhlops), i.
Eurostus, iii. 2, 19.
Eurypholis, ii. 277.
Eurystephus, iii. 510.
Eurystomata, iii. 310,
463.
euryxanthus (Elaps), iii.
415. (El
eurWZO118, apochrus),
# 182. p )
euryzoma (Urotheca), ii.
182.
2 x
674
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
euryzomus
ii. 182.
Eutainia, i. 193.
eutropis (Phrynonax), ii.
22; iii. 626. *
evansii (Coronella), ii.
I
(Pliocercus),
evanā (Ophibolus), ii.
199. º e e º
everetti (Doliophis), iii.
404.
everetti (Calamaria), ii.
everetti (Oligodon), ii.
239; iii. 640.
excipiens (Typhlops), i.
56.
exigua (Boa), i. 102: ..
exiguus (Dromicus), ii.
126
exiguus (Typhlops), i. 31.
eximia (Coronella), ii.
200.
eximius (Coluber), ii. 197,
200.
eximius (Ophibolus), ii.
200.’
exocoeti (Typhlops), i. 36.
Exorhina, ii. 255.
exsul (Crotalus), iii. 576.
extenuatum (Stilosoma),
ii. 325; iii. 646.
eydouxii (Aipysurus), iii.
304
eyāouxii (Tomogaster),
iii. 304.
faireyi (Eutainia), i. 213.
Falconeria, i. 290.
fallax (Atractaspis), iii.
517.
fallax (Dipsas), iii. 48, 50.
fallax (Stenostoma), i. 63.
fallax (Tarbophis), iii.
4
fallax (Tropidonotus), i.
219.
familiaris (Eryx), i. 126.
Earancia, ii. 290.
fasciata (Anguis), i. 133.
fasciata (Boa), iii. 365.
fasciata (Chitulia), iii.
275.
fasciata (Contia), ii.262.
fasciata (Dendrophis), ii.
5
fasciata (Dipsas), iii. 78.
fasciata (Disteira), iii.
281
fasciata (Farancia), ii.
291)
fasciata (Geophis), ii.296.
fasciata (Higina), ii. 187.
fasciata (Hydrophis), iii.
277, 279, 281. hus)
fasciata (Leptognathus),
ii. 294. ptogn
fasciata (Liopala), iii.281.
fasciata (Natrix), i. 243;
iii. 606.
fasciata (Naja), iii. 380,
386.
fasciata (Nerodia), i. 342.
* (Potamophis), i.
174
fasciatus (Ophites), i.358.
fasciatus (Pelamis), iii.
fasciatus (Phrynonax), ii.
21; iii. 626, )
fasciatus (Platurus), iii.
3
fasciatus(Spilotes), ii.21,
22.
fasciatus (Tropidonotus),
i. 238, 242; iii. 606.
fasciolata (Alecto), iii.
351.
fasciolata
iii. 648.
fasciolata (Tyria), i. 404.
fasciolatus (Coluber), i.
404.
(Dasypeltis),
fasciolatus (Coryphodon),
i. 404.
fasciolatus (Dinophis), iii.
436.
fasciolatus (Dryophis), iii.
182.
fasciolatus
f iii. 364.
asciolatus(Rhynchelaps),
iii. . yn ps)
fasciolatus (Simotes), ii.
219
(Rhinelaps),
fasciolatus (Tragops), iii.
182. gops)
fasciolatus (Zamenis), i.
404.
fava (Atractus), ii. 313.
fava (Calamaria), ii.
313.
faya (Rhabdosoma), ii.
313.
fayreriana (Hydrophis),
iii. 301.
fea (Azemiops), iii. 471.
* (Zamenis), i.
5.
Ferania, iii. 2.
Feranoides, iii. 2.
fergusonianus (Rhino-
phis), iii. 596.
fergusonii (Odontomus),
i. 371.
ferox (Diemenia), iii. 332.
ferox (Hypsirhynchus),
ii. 117.

ferox (Pseudechis), iii.
332.
fasciata (Pseudoboa), iii.
365.
fasciata (Tropidodipsas),
ii. 294, 295, 296.
fasciata (Vermicella), iii.
364
fasciata (Virginia), ii.296.
fasciatum (Alopecion), i.
342
fasciatum(Lycophidium),
i. 342.
fasciatus (Ablabes), ii.
262.
fasciatus (Acrochordus),
i. 174.
fasciatus (Bungarus), iii.
fasciatus (Chersydrus), i.
174.
fasciatus (Chilomeniscus),
ii. 273.
fasciatus (Coluber), i. 242.
fasciatus (Cyclophis), ii.
262.
fasciatus (Dasypeltis), ii.
354.
fasciatus(Dipsadomorus),
iii. 452.
fasciatus (Eirenis), ii. 262.
fasciatus (Elapoides), ii.
296.
fasciatus (Elapoidis), i.
293.
fasciatus (Hipistes), iii.
24.
fasciatus (Hydrophis), iii.
281,302.
fasciatus (Hydrus), iii.
281.
fasciatus (Lepidocepha-
lus), i. 362.
fasciatus (Lycodon), i.
358; iii. 618.
fasciatus (Oligodon), ii.
24
fasciatus (Ophiophagus),
iii. 347.
ferox (Tropidonotus), i.
241. p )
ferruginea (Dipsas), iii.
172. psas)
ferruginosus (Coluber),
ii. 191.
AE, PHABETICAL INDEX,
675
Ricimia, ii. 270.
filholii (Labiomaris), iii.
313.
filiformis (Elaps), iii. 430.
alºmi. (Typhlops), i.
fischeri (Dipsas), iii. 78.
fischeri (Platurus), iii.
307.
fischeri (Tropidodipsas),
ii. 296
fischeri (Zamenis), ii. 195.
fiskii (Lamprophis), i.
322.
fissidens (Coniophanes),
iii. 207.
fissidens (Coronella), iii.
206, 20
fissidens" (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 207.
fissidens (Tachymenis),
iii. 206, 207.
fitzingeri (Elaps), iii. 423.
fitzingeri (Glauconia), i.
fitzingeri (Oxyrhopus), iii.
108.
fitzingeri (Siphlophis), iii.
108.
fitzingeri (Stenostoma), i.
fitzingeri (Zacholus), ii.
192
flagelliforme (Bascani-
um), i. 390.
flagelliformis
bius), i. 390.
flagelliformis (Herpeto-
dryas), i. 390
flagelliformis
phis), i. 390.
flagelliformis (Natrix), i.
389; iii. 191.
flagelliformis (Oxybelis),
iii. 191.
flagelliformis (Psammo-
phis), i. 390.
flagelliformis (Zamenis),
i. 389; iii. 622.
flagellum (Bascanium),
iii. 622.
flagellum (Coluber), i.
389
(Drymo-
(Mastico-
flagsium (Denisonia), iii.
340
flagellum (Hoplocepha-
º iii. 340. plocep
flammigerus (Brachyor-
rhos), ii. 308.
flava (Echidna), iii. 376.
flava (Naia), iii. 376.
flava (Vipera), iii. 376.
* (Callopeltis),
ii. 52.
tºwn. (Coluber), ii.
2.
flavescens (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 77.
flavescens (Dipsas), iii.
6)
flavescens (Elaphis), ii.
53.
flavescens (Heleophis), iii.
21
flavescens (Phyllosira), ii.
75.
flavescens(Triglyphodon),
iii. 77
flavescens(Tropidonotus),
i. 234.
flavescens (Typhlops), i.
21
flaviceps (Ablabes), i.185.
flaviceps (Adeniophis),
111. 4UN.J.
flaviceps (Amphiesma), i.
...” p
flaviceps (Bungarus), iii.
371.
flaviceps (Calamaria), ii.
333.
flaviceps (Doliophis), iii.
400.
flaviceps (Elaps), iii. 400.
flaviceps (Enicognathus),
i. 185.
flaviceps (Macropistho-
don), i. 266; iii. 609.
flaviceps (Megaerophis),
iii. 371.
flaviceps (Tropidonotus),
i. 266.
flavifrenatus (Aporophis),
ii. 158.
flavifrenatus (Dromicus),
ii. 158.
flavifrenatus (Lygophis),
ii. 158.
flavifrons(Tropidonotus),
i. 263; iii. 609.
flavigastra (Pappophis),
iii. 75.
flavigularis (Dendrophis),
ii. 105.
flavigularis (Herpeto-
dryas), i. 390, 391.
flavigularis(Masticophis),
i. 390.
flavigularis
phis), i. 390.
flavigularis (Thrasops),
ii. 105, 358.
(Psammo-
flavigularis (Zamenis),
iii. 621.
flavilabris (Eutaenia), i.
212
flaviatus (Dromicus), ii.
flavilatus (Liophis), ii.
143; iii. 634.
flavilatus (Rhadimaea), iii.
634
flavipunctatum (Amphi-
esma), i. 231.
flavipunctatus (Tropido-
notus), i. 231.
flavirufus (Coluber), ii.
39
flavirufus (Natrix), ii. 39.
flavitorquata (Aposto-
lepis), iii. 234.
flavitorques . . (Drepan-
odon), iii. 639.
flavitorques (Liophis), iii.
639.
* (Typhlops), i.
5.
flaviventris (Bascanion),
i. 387.
flaviventris (Coluber), i.
387.
flaviventris
don), i. 387
flaviventris (Geoptyas),
ii. 31.
flaviventris (Liophis), ii.
167
(Corypho-

flavolineatus (Herpeto-
dryas), ii. 73.
flavomaculata (Megaera)
iii. 556.
flavomaculatus (Lache-
sis), iii. 556.
flavomaculatus (Parias),
iii. 556.
flavomaculatus (Trimere-
surus), iii. 556.
flavoterminatus (Helmin-
thophis), i. 5.
flavoterminatus (Idioty-
phlops), i. 5.
(Typh-
flavoterminatus
lops), i. 5.
flavotorquatus (Elapo-
morphus), iii. 234.
flavoviridis (Bothrops),
iii. 550.
flavoviridis (Lachesis), iii.
550
flavoviridis (Trimeresu-
rus), iii. 550.
flexuosus (Coluber), iii.
2 x 2
{}76
ALPHARETICAL INDEX.
floridanus(Coluber), ii.40.
florulenta (Tylanthera),
iii. 624.
florulentus (Coluber), i.
402.
florulentus (Zamenis), i.
... 402,408; iii. 624.
forbesii (Simotes), ii.225.
fordei (Cacophis), iii.318.
fordii (Chilabothrus), i.
98
fordii (Epicrates), i. 98;
iii. 593.
fordii (Onychophis), i.45.
fordii (Pelophilus), i. 98.
fordii (Pseudelaps), iii.
. 318.
Fordonia, iii. 21.
formosa (Coronella), ii.
203
* (Dendrophis), ii.
4.
formosa (Duberria), iii.
106.
formosana (Dinodon), i.
361.
formosanus (Simotes), ii.
222, 359; iii. 640.
formosissimus (Con-
strictor), i. 117.
formosus (Bothrops), iii.
557
formosus (Coluber), iii.
106
formosus (Dendrophis),
ii. 84.
formosus (Leptophis), ii.
78
formosus (Lycodon), iii.
- 103, 104, 106.
formosus (Megaerophis),
iii. 371. h
formosus (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 106.
formosus (Trigonocepha-
. lus), iii. 557.
formosus (Trimeresurus),
iii. 557.
formosus
iii. 562.
formasinii (Typhlops), i.
38.
(Trimesurus),
forsteri (Natrix), ii. 136.
Fowlea, i. 193.
foxii (Bascanion), i. 387.
francisci redi (Vipera),
iii. 481
franklinii (Onychophis),
i. 45
fraseri (Elaps), iii. 432.
fraseri (Homalocranium),
iii. 215.
fraseri (Liophis), ii. 131.
freminvilli (Dryophylax),
iii. 133.
freminvillii (Philodryas),
iii. 133.
freminvillii (Stenorhina),
iii. 229
fremontii (Bascanion), i.
87
frenata (Ahaetulla), ii.
116.
frenata (Denisonia), iii.
338.
frenata (Echis), iii. 505.
frenata (Leptodira), iii.
92
frenatum (Bascanium),
iii. 622.
frenatum (Gonyosoma),
ii. 58.
frenatum (Sibon), iii. 92.
frenatus (Ablabes), ii.
280.
frenatus (Coluber), ii. 58.
frenatus (Cyclophis), ii.
280.
frenatus (Dromicus), ii.
181
frenatus (Herpetodryas),
ii. 58.
frenatus (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 338.
* (Leptophis), ii.
141.
forsteni (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 80.
forsteni (Dipsas), iii. 80.
forsteni tºº, ii.
328.
forsteni (Rhabdophi-
dium), ii. 328.
forsteni (Triglyphodon),
iii. 80,
frenatus (Uromacer), ii.
116
frontalis (Contia), ii. 270.
frontalis (Denisonia), iii.
40
340.
frontalis (Elaps), iii. 427,
429.
frontalis (Ficinia), ii.
270.
frontalis (Geagras), ii.
270
frontalis (Helmintho-
phis), i. 5.
frontalis (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 340.
frontalis (Hydrophis),
iii. 276.
frontalis (Prosymna),
ii. 248; iii. 64i.
frontalis (Pseudoficimia),
ii. 270.
frontalis . (Temnorhyn-
chus), ii. 247, 248.
frontalis (Toluca), ii.270.
frontalis (Typhlops), i. 5,
fronticinctus (Dryophis),
iii. 179.
fronticinctus (Tragops),
iii. 179.
fruhstorferi (Tetralepis),
i. 320.
fugax (Coluber), ii. 52.
* (Coluber), ii.
9.
fugitivus (Dromicus), ii.
139, 140, 141.
fugitivus (Liophis), ii.
139.
fula-fula (Naia), iii. 391.
fulgidus (Coluber), iii.
191
fulgidus (Dryophis), iii.
191. p
fulgidus (Oxybelis), iii.
181, 191.
fuliginoides (Coronella),
i. 217.
fuliginoides (Mizodon),
iii. 603.
fuliginoides (Tropido-
#. i. 217; iii. 603.
fuliginosus (Aipysurus),
. 305. (Aipy )
fuliginosus (Boodon), i.
334
fuliginosus (Lycodon), i.
334.
fuliginosus (Zamenis), iii.
622.
fulvia (Vipera), iii. 423.
fulwiceps (Rhadinaea),
ii. 179.
fulvicollis
iii. 252.
fulvius (Coluber), iii.
422
(Microsoma),
fulvius (Elaps), iii. 415,
422.
fulvivittis (Diadophis), ii.
178.
fulvivittis (Dromicus), ii.
178.
fulvivittis (Rhadinaea),
ii. 178.
fulvum (Arrhyton), ii.
252
fulvus (Eutaenia), iii.
61.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
677
fumiceps (Scolecophis),
iii. 226.
fumigatus (Helicops), i.
279,
funereus (Alsophis), ii.
142
furcata (Grayia), ii. 287.
furcata (Hypsirhina),
iii. 7.
furcata (Vipera), iii. 401.
furcatus (Callophis), iii.
402.
furcatus
iii. 159.
furcatus (Elaps), iii. 401.
furcatus (Psammophis),
iii. 164.
furia (Bothrops), iii.
535.
Furina, iii. 315, 320,405.
fusca (Ahaetula), ii. 82.
fusca (Calabaria), i. 92.
fusca (Calamaria), i. 297.
fusca (Cliftia), i. 95.
fusca (Dendrophis), ii.
82; iii. 67.
fusca (Dipsas), iii.67, 73,
78
(Dendrophis),
fusca (Passerita), iii. 183.
fusca (Rhadinaea), ii. 169.
fusca (Stephanohydra),
iii. 305.
fuscum (Homalocra-
mium), iii. 220.
fuscum (Ophthalmi-
dion), i. 30.
fuscum (Trachischium), i.
297.
fuscum (Triglyphodon),
iii. 7
lll. ſ. ſ.
fuscus (Ablabes), i. 297.
fuscus (Aipysurus), iii.
305
fuscus (Coluber), ii. 11,
75; iii. 141.
fuscus (Coryphodon), i.
378
fuscus (Dendrophis), ii.
82
fuscus(Dipsadomorphus),
iii. 67.
fuscus (Elapoides), i. 307.
fuscus (Elaps), iii. 380.
fuscus (Geophis), ii. 322.
fuscus (Herpetodryas), ii.
73, 75; iii. 628.
fuscus (Hoplocephalus),
iii. 351.
fuscus (Lamprophis), i.
322.
fuscus (Liasis), i. 322.
fuscus (Liophis), ii. 169.
fuscus (Opheomorphus),
ii. 169.
fuscus (Rhabdodon), iii.
141.
fuscus (Typhlops), i. 30.
fuscus (Zaocys), i. 378;
iii. 621.
fusiformis (Oxyorrhos), i.
306.
gabina (Natrix), i. 234.
gabinus (Coluber), i. 233.
gabonensis (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 252.
gabonensis (Miodon), iii.
252.
gabonica (Bitis), iii. 499.
sº (Echidna), iii.
99.
gabonicus (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 252.
gabonicus (Urobelus),
iii. 252.
gainardi (Dipsas), iii.
gainardi (Heterurus), iii.
gainiardii
iii. 42.
galathea (Coluber), i. 349.
galathea (Lycodon), i.
349.
Galedon, ii. 294.
Galeophis, iii. 127.
gallicus (Coluber), ii. 192.
gammiei (Lycodon), i.
58
(Stenophis),
gammiei (Ophites), i. 358.
garmani (Leptognathus),
iii. 453.
gastrodelus (Elaps), iii.
393.
gastrogramma (Cala-
maria), ii. 349,
Gastropyxis, ii. 102.
gastrosticta (Elaps), iii.
420.
gastrosticta (Helicops),
i. 276.
gastrostictus (Dendro-
phis), ii. 86.
gastrotaenia (Rhabdion),
i. 305.
Geagras, ii. 326.
geminatus (Coluber), i.
185.
geminatus (Enicogma-
thus), i. 185.
geminatus (Herpeto-
dryas), i. 185.
geminatus(Lycognathus),
iii. 57.
geminatus (Polyodonto-
phis), i. 185; iii. 597.
gemmicincta (Dipsas), iii.
70.
gemmicinctum (Trigly-
phodon), iii. 70.
* (Dipsas), iii.
6.
gemmistratus (Himan
todes), iii. 86.
gemonensis (Natrix), i.
395.
gemonensis (Zamenis), i.
395; iii. 622.
genimaculata (Liophis),
ii. 170.
genimaculata (Lygophis),
ii. 170.
genimaculata (Rhadi-
maea), ii. 170; iii. 635.
gentilis (Coronella), ii.
201
gentiis (Ophibolus), ii.
201.
Geodipsas, iii. 32.
geometricum (Boaºdon),
i. 329, 332.
geometricus (Boodon), i.
3.
gemianulis (Callophis),
iii. 393.
gemianulis (Hemibunga-
rus), iii. 393.
geminatus (Ablabes), i.
185.
geometricus (Eugnathus),
i. 329.
geometricus (Lycodon), i.
329, 332
Geophidium, ii. 314.
Geophis, i. 303; ii. 314.
Geoptyas, ii. 25.
Georgia, ii. 25.
Gephyrinus, iii. 177.
Gerardia, iii. 20.
gerrardi (Mytilia), i. 142.
Gerrhopilus, i. 7.
Gerrhosteus, iii. 231.
gervaisii (Calamaria), ii.
338
getula (Coronella), ii.
197; iii. 638.
getula (Lampropeltis), ii.
197; iii. 638.
getulus (Coluber), ii. 197.
sº (Coronella), ii.
etulus (Herpetodryas),
g ii. 197. petodryas)
678
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

* (Ophibolus), ii.
giardi (Grayia), ii. 288.
gigas (Boa), i. 115.
gigas (Cyclagras), ii. 144.
gigas (Leiosophis), ii.
144
gigas (Xenodon), ii. 144.
gilberti (Nardoa), i. 77.
girardi (Philothamnus),
. ii. 102.
girondica (Coronella), ii.
l
girondicus (Coluber), ii.
194.
glaber (Heterolepis), i.
344.
sº, (Herpetodryas),
II.
. 75.
Glaniolestes, ii.286.
Glaphyrophis, iii. 199.
glaphyros (Tropido-
notus), i. 211.
glaucoides (Coluber), i.
395.
Glauconia, i. 59.
Glauconiidae, i. 57.
Glauconiinae, i. 57.
glaucus (Bothrops), iii.
35
535.
glaucus (Coluber), iii.
535.
globiceps (Boiga), iii. 78.
globiceps (Dipsas), iii. 78.
Glyphodon, iii. 313, 315.
Glyphodonta, i. 169.
Glypholycus, iii. 615.
sº (Distira), iii.
1
godeffroyi (Hydrophis),
iii. 291.
godmani
iii. 545
(Bothriopsis),
gracilis (Odontomus), i.
371
graciis (Tantilla)iii.228.
gracilis (Tropidonotus), i.
234
gracilis (Tyria), i. 404.
gracilis (Zamenis), i.404;
iii. 624.
sºline (Ahaetulla), ii.
5
gracillima (Calamaria),
ii. 350.
gracillima (Dipsas),iii.87.
gracillimus (Chlorophis),
iii. 631.
gracillimus(Himantodes),
iii. 87.
gracillimus (Typhlocala-
mus), ii. 350.
graeca (Elaphis), ii. 46.
grahami (Tropidonotus),
i. 225, 240.
grahami (Zamenis), i.
393; iii. 622.
grahamiae (Phimothyra),
i. 393.
grahamiae (Salvadora), i.
393; iii. 622.
grahamii (Natrix), i. 240.
grahamii (Regina), i. 240.
graminea(Eutaenia), i.206.
gramineum(Gomyosoma),
ii. 59.
gramineus (Coluber), ii.
554

gramineus (Lachesis), iii.
554.

godmani (Bothrops), iii.
545
mani (Coronella), ii.
sº (Geoph
odmani (Geophis), ii.
gº 322. p
godmani (Lachesis), iii.
545.
godmani (Rhadinaea), ii.
179
godmani (Tropidonotus),
111. OUU,
odmanii (Henicogna-
g thus), ii. 179. gn
godmanni (Bothriechis),
iii. 545.
godmanni (Dromicus), ii.
179.
gokool (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 64.
gokool (Dipsas), iii. 64.
goldii (Naia), iii. 387.
Gongylophis, i. 122.
Gonionotophis, i. 323.
Gonionotus, i. 175, 323.
Gonyophis, ii. 70.
Gonyosoma, ii. 24.
goudoti (Ithycyphus), iii.
34
goudotii (Dryophylax),
iii. 34.
goudotii (Glauconia), i.
64.
goudotii (Herpetodryas),
iii. 34.
goudotii (Philodryas), iii.
34
goudotii (Stenostoma),
i. 64.
gouldii (Alecto), iii. 342.
gouldii (Denisonia), iii.
342
gouldii (Elaps), iii. 342.
gouldii (Hoplocephalus),
iii. 342.
grabowskii (Calamaria),
ii. 336.
sº (Elaphis), ii.
4
gracile (Homalocranium),
iii. 228.
gracile (Stenostoma),i.69.
gracile (Trimetopon), ii.
184; iii. 636.
gracilis (Ablabes), ii. 184.
gracilis (Callophis), iii.
396
gracilis (Chilabothrus), i.
98.
gracilis (Dendrophis), ii.
82.
gracilis (Disteira), iii.280.
gracilis (Dryocalamus), i.
371.
gracilis (Elaps), iii. 396.
gracilis (Enhydris), iii.
gracilis (Epicrates), i. 98.
gracilis (Hydrophis), iii.
280, 281, 285.
gracilis (Hydrophobus),
i. 371
gracilis (Hydrus), iii. 280,
281
gracilis (Leipython), i.80.
gracilis(Leptophis), ii.103.
gracilis (Liopala), iii. 280.
gracilis (Microcephalo-
phis), iii. 280.
gramineus (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 555.
gramineus (Trimeresu-
rus), iii. 555.
grammophrys (Erythro-
lamprus), iii. 204.
grammophrys (Tachyme-
nis), iii. 204.
grandis (Distira), iii.293.
㺠(Rhinophis), i.
grandis (Silybura), i. 148.
sº (Uropeltis), i.
9.
grandisquamis (Herpeto-
dryas), ii. 76.
grandisquamis (Spilotes),
ii. 76.
grandoculis (Astheno-
gnathus), ii. 459.
grandoculis(Dendrophis),
ii. 84,
grandoculis (Leptogna-
thus), iii. 459. ogn

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
679
granosa (Hydrophis), iii.
288. (Hydrop
grantii (Gonionotophis).
i. 324.
grantii (Gonionotus), i.
324.
grantii (Simocephalus), i.
324
granulatus(Acrochordus),
i. 174.
granulatus (Chersydrus),
i. 174
granulatus (Hydrus), i.
174.
granulatus (Pelamis), i.
174.
granuliceps (Dipsas), iii.
41
granuliceps (Heterurus),
iii. 41.
granuliceps (Stenophis),
iii. 41.
graphicus (Coluber), ii.
137
gravenhorstii (Elaps), iii.
415.
grayi (Calamaria), ii. 338.
grayi (Emicognathus), i.
187.
Grayia, ii. 286.
gregorii (Dendrophis), ii.
82
guentheri (Geophis), ii.
305. p
guentheri (Helminth-
ophis), i. 6.
guentheri (Hydrophis),
iii. 280, sº phis)
guentheri (Naia), iii. 388.
guentheri (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 20.
guentheri (Philotham-
nus), ii. 96.
guentheri (Phrynonax),
ii. 20.
guentheri (Plectrurus), i.
162
guentheri(Silybura),i.147.
guentheri (Stegonotus),
iii. 619.
sººn (Stenophis), iii.
guentheri (Tarbophis),
iii. 52.
guentheri (Trachischi-
um), i. 298.
guentheri(Typhlops), i.20.
guentheri (Xenodon), ii.
147.
guerini (Oxyrhopus), iii.
113.
guerini (Phimophis), iii.
113.
guerini (Rhinosimus), iii.
guiamense (Rhinostoma),
iii. 114.
guianensis (Heterodon),
iii. 114.
guineensis (Coluber), iii.
guirai (Heterolepis), i.
346
guirai (Simocephalus), i.
346; iii. 617
guiraonis (Dipsas), iii.
75
guiraonis (Eudipsas), iii.
75
gularis (Emygrus), i. 109.
gularis (Trachyboa), i.
109.
güntheri (Rhinostoma),
iii. 114. h
guttata (Hydrophis), iii.
288
- guttatus (Boodon), i. 331.
guttatus (Callopeltis), iii.
627.
guttatus(Goluber).i.402;
greineri (Ablabes), i. 366.
gronoviana (Natrix), i.
219.
gronovianus (Coluber), i.
- Grotea, i. 300.
sºil (Stenostoma), i.
6
* Gryptotyphlops, i. 7.
guatemalensis (Peropo-
dum), i. 114.
gueinzii (Simocephalus),
i. 345. p )
guentheri (Aparallactus),
iii. 259
iii. to
guentheri (Aspidura), i.
312.
guentheri (Atractus), ii.
305.
guentherii (Cacophis),
iii.i. 5.
uentheri (Chlorophis),
g iii. 631. phis)
uentheri (Elapechis), iii.
g 359. (
entheri (Elapsoidea),
sº 359. )
guentheri. (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 201.
ii. 39, 198; iii. 627.
* (Elaphis), ii. 40,
4
p
guttatus (Lycodon), i.331,
guttatus (Lycophidium),
i. 340 g
guttatus (Scotophis),ii.40.
guttulatum (Rhabdoso-
ma), ii. 298.
gutturalis (Bucephalus),
iii. 187.
gutturalis (Naja), iii. 376.
Gyalopion, ii. 270.
habeli (Dromicus), ii. 119.
haemachates (Aspidelaps),
iii. 389.
haemachates (Coluber),iii.
389.
haemachates (Naja), iii.
389.
haemachates (Sepedon),
iii. 389.
haemachates (Vipera), iii.
389
hematois (Pityophis), ii.
67
Hºnorrhois, i. 379.
haetiana (Ungalia), i. 112;
iii. 594.
hageni (Bothrops), iii.
557
- hageni (Hypsirhina), iii.
12.
haie º iii. 374, 376,
378, 387.
haimanensis (Simotes), ii.
59
haje (Coluber), iii. 374.
haje (Vipera), iii. 374.
Haldea, i. 290.
hallowellii (Tantilla),
iii. 228.
hallowellii (Typhlops), i.
40.
halmahericus (Macrop-
ophis), iii. 609.
halmahericus (Tropido-
notus), iii. 609.
Halsophis, iii. 633.
Halys, iii. 519.
halys (Ancistrodon), iii.
524
halys (Coluber), iii. 524.
halys gºphºluº).
iii. 524, 5
halys (Vipera), iii. 524.
Hamadryas, iii. 372.
hammondii (Dinophis),
iii. 435.
hammondii (Eutainia), i.
ham mondii (Thamno gºe
phis), iii. 601.
680
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
hammondii (Tropidono-
tus), i. 210; iii. 601.
hº (Hamadryas), iii.
Haplocercus, i. 309.
Haplopeltura, iii. 439.
Hapsidophrys,ii.102,103. '
hardwickii (Enhydris),
iii. 301.
hardwickii (Homalopsis),
iii. 14.
hardwickii (Hydrophis),
. iii. 301.
hardwickii (Hypsirhina),
iii. 5.
hardwickii (Lapemis), iii.
h 301. (V )
arperti irginia), ii.
gº one
harpertii (Carphophis),
ii. 289.
harriettae (Cacophis), iii.
3.18
harriette (Pseudelaps),
iii. 318
hasselauistii (Cerastes),
iii. 502.
hasseltii (Chrysopelea),
iii. 199
haydenii (Eutainia), i.
211.
haydenii (Tropidonotus),
i. 211.
..heathii/Drymobius),ii.11.
heathii (Herpetodryas),
ii. 11. -
hebe (Coluber), i. 404.
hebe (Lycodon), i. 352.
hedemanni (Tachyplo-
tus), iii. 12.
Heleionomus, i. 80.
helena (Coluber), ii. 36,
357
helena (Cynophis), ii. 86.
helena(Dendrophis),ii.88.
helena (Herpetodryas), ii.
36
helena (Plagiodon), ii. 36.
helenae (Carphophiops),
ii. 325. -
helenae (Carphophis), ii.
325
helenae (Celuta), ii. 324.
Heleophis, iii. 20.
Helicops, i. 272, 281; ii.
, 185,289.
Helicopsoides, i. 283.
helluo (Anguis), i. 126.
Helminthoelaps, iii. 396,
399.
Helminthophis, i. 4.
helveticus (Coluber), i.
219
Hemibungarus, iii. 392.
Hemidipsas, iii. 620.
Hemidryas, iii. 621.
Hemigenius, iii. 599.
Hemiodontus, iii. 21, 23.
Hemirhagerrhis, iii. 119.
herºichii (Elaps), iii
421.
Henicognathus, i. 181.
henshawi (Eutaenia), i.
210.
heraldica (Vipera), iii.
495.
Herbertophis, i. 364.
herbeus(Coluber), iii.129.
bermanni(Coluber), ii.65.
* (Ablabes), iii.
64
Herpetaethiops, ii. 91.
Herpetodryas, i. 181, 189,
364, 374, 379; ii. 8, 24,
71, 126, 157, 188, 256,
277; iii. 34, 127.
Herpeton, iii. 25.
herpeton (Homalopsis),
iii. 25.
Herpetoreas, i. 193.
herzi (Simotes), ii. 43.
hessei (Elapsoidea), iii.
360.
hessii (Elapechis), iii.
360.
heteraspis (Eurostus), iii.
12.
heterochilus (Elaps), iii.
414.
heteroderma (Ahaetulla),
ii. 97.
heterodermus (Chloro-
phis), ii.97,358; iii.631.
heterodermus (Philo-
thamnus),ii.95; iii.631.
Heterodon, i. 268, 414 ;
. . ii. 153,213, 253.
heterodon (Coluber), ii.
154, 156.
. Heterodonta, i. 169.
heterolepidota (Ahae-
tulla), ii. 95.
heterolepidota (Lept-
ophis), ii. 95.
heterolepidotus (Chlor-
ophis), ii. 95, 358; iii.
631.
heterolepidotus (Philo-
**) ii. 95; iii.
Heterolepis, i. 343, 344.
Heteronotus, ii. 286.
Heterophis, iii. 466.
heterozonus (Elaps), iii.
... 417.
Heterurus, iii. 39, 81, 88.
beterurus(Homalocepha-
lus), i. 315.
heterurus (Ophis), iii. 89.
heterurus (Pseudoxyrho-
pus), i. 315.
heterurus (Stegonotus), i.
367
hewstoni (Platyplectru-
rus), i. 166.
hexacera(Vipera), iii. 500.
hexagonata (Dipsas), iii.
hexagonotus (Dipsado-
morphus), iii. 65.
hºnous (Dipsas), iii.
65.
hexagonotus (Ptyas), ii. 8.
hexagonotus (Xenela-
phis), ii. 8.
hexahonotus (Coluber),
ii. 8.
hexahonotus (Xenela-
phis), ii. 8.
hexalepis (Phimothyra),
i. 393.
hexalepis (Salvadora), iii.
622.
* (Coryphodon),
11, Ö.
hieroglyphica (Boa), i.86.
hiºpia. (Python),
1. ºO.
hierosolimitana (Psam-
mophis), iii. 157.
Higina, ii. 186.
hildebrandtii (Ablabes),
iii. 125.
hildebrandtii (Atractas-
pis), iii. 512.
hildebrandtii (Hemirha-
gerrhis), iii. 125.
himalayanus (Ancistro-
don), iii. 526.
himalayanus (Halys), iii.
526.
himalayanus ... (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 526.
himalayanus (Tropido-

notus), i. 251.
himalayanns (Zamenis),
i, 248
, Himantodes, iii. 83.
Hipistes, iii. 24.
hippocrepis (Coelopeltis),
i. 409.
* * hippocrepis (Coluber), i.
409. .
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
681
hººpi, (Dipsas), iii.
hippocre is (Elaps), iii.
423. pis (Elaps)
hiºpi, (Heterurus),
iii. 90.
hippocrepis (Natrix), i.
h 409. )
ippocrepis (Periops), i.
h 409.
ippocrepis (Tyria), i.
409,
hippocrepis (Zamenis), i.
407,409; iii. 625.
hippus (Coluber), i. 230.
hiº (Coronella), ii.
194
histricus (Heterodon), ii.
h 152. L h
istricus (Lystrophis), ii.
152. ystrophis)
histrionicus . . (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 523.
blººkie (Coluber), iii.
hitamboeia (Crotaphopel-
tis), iii. 90.
hodgsonii (Coluber), ii. 35.
hodgsonii (Compsosoma),
ll. 59.
hodgsonii (Spilotes), ii.
35.
hoevenii (Calamaria), ii.
337.
hoffmanni (Colobogna-
thus), ii. 319.
hoffmanni (Elapoides), ii.
319.
hoffmanni ſºphi) ii.
319; iii. 646.
hoffmanseggii (Dipsas),
iii. 72.
hohenackeri (Coluber), ii.
42.
Holarchus, ii. 215.
holbrookii (Elaphis), ii.
50.
holbrookii (Nerodia), i.
243.
holdsworthii
(Hydro-
phis), iii. 297.
Holochalina, i. 169; iii.
310, 463.
Jholochlorus (Herpeto-
dryas), ii. 75.
holochrous (Coluber), i.
366
Holodonta, i. 71.
Holodontes, i. 74.
Holodontiens, i. 71, 131,
167.
Hologerrhum, iii. 33.
holosericeus (Cophias),
iii. 535.
Holuropholis, i. 327.
Homalocephalus, i. 314.
Homalochilus, i. 94.
Homalocranium, iii. 210,
212.
Homalophis, iii. 2.
Homalopsidae, iii. 1.
Homalopsinae, i. 177; iii.1.
Homalopsis, i. 272; ii.
185, 186, 289, 290; iii.
2, 13, 15, 21, 25, 209.
Homaloselaps, iii. 405.
Homalosoma, ii. 233,255,
273,277.
hombroni (Trigonoceph-
alus), iii. 562.
hombroni (Tropidolae-
mus), iii. 562.
homeyeri (Ablabes), iii.
170
homolepis (Rhinophis), i.
142.
+Homorelaps, iii. 408.
Homoroselaps, iii. 408.
Hoplocephalus, iii. 332,
348, 351, 353.
hoplogaster (Ahaetulla),
ii. 93
hopiogaster (Chlorophis),
ii. 93.
hoplogaster (Philotham
nus), ii. 93.
horatta (Boa), iii. 505.
Hormonotus, i. 343.
horneri (Herpetodryas),
i. 378.
horrida (Caudisona), iii.
579
horridus (Coluber), iii.
14
horridus (Crotalophorus),
iii. 579.
horridus (Crotalus), iii.
573, 578.
Jhorsfieldii (Argyrophis),
i. 22.
horsfieldii (Typhlops), i.
22
horstokii (Lycodon), i.
339
horstockii (Lycophi-
dium), i. 337, 339, 341.
hortulana (Boa), i. 99,
101.
hortulanum (Xiphosoma),
i. 99, 101 ; iii. 593.
hortulanus (Coluber), i.
101. & -
hortulanus (Corallus), i.
99, 101; iii. 593.
hortulanus(Draco), i. 101.
Hortulia, i. 81.
hotamboeia (Coronella),
iii. 89, 649.
hotamboeia (Leptodira),
iii. 89.
hottentotus (Typhlops),
iii. 588.
houttuynii (Python), i.
86.
hugyi (Vipera), iii. 482.
#. tºº),
i. 186.
humbertii (Ablabes), i.
186.

humbo (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 46.
humbo (Typhlops), i. 46;
iii. 588.
humile (Stenostoma), i.
0
humilis (Glauconia), i.
70; iii. 591.
humilis (Rena), i. 70; iii.
591.

Hurria, iii. 59, 327.
hybridus (Coluber), i.
219
hybridus (Hydrophis),
iii. 274.
hybridus (Tropidonotus),
. i. 219.

Hydrablabes, i. 296.
Bydraethiops, i. 280.
Hydrelaps, iii. 270.
Hydri, iii. 264.
Hydridae, i. 169, 172; iii.
1, 264.
h;in (Homalopsis), iii.
4
h;u. (Hipistes), iii.
4.
Hydrocalamus, iii. 209.
Bydrodipsas, iii. 23.
hydroides (Bitia), iii. 24.
Pſydromorphus, ii. 185.
Hydrophidae, i. 172, 177;
iii. 1, 264.
Hydrophiinae, iii. 264.
lººpilus (Coluber), i.
3.

JHydrophis, iii. 266, 268,
; 285,300,302,303,
Hydrophobus, i. 369.
Hydrops, ii. 186.
Hydrus, i. 173; iii. 2, 15,
266, 271, 285, 306.
hydrus (Coluber), i. 233.
682
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
hydrus (Natrix), iii. 605,
hº (Tropidonotus), i.
hygea (Elaps), iii.409.
hygeiae (Coluber), iii.409.
*; (Poecilophis), iii.
Hypaspistes, i. 81.
Hypnale, iii. 519.
hypnale (Ancistrodon),
... iii. 528.
hypnale (Boa), i. 102.
hypnale (Cophias), iii.
528
hypnale (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 528.
hypoconia (Tachymenis),
iii. 116. • "
hypomelas (Tropidono-
tus), i. 264.
Hypotropis, iii. 303.
Hypsiglena, ii. 208.
Hypsirhina, iii. 2, 19.
hypsirhinoides (Tytleria),
i. 352
Hypsirhynchus. ii. 117.
Hypsiscopus, iii. 2.
Ialtris, iii. 137.
iberus (Tarbophis), iii.49.
* (Trigonophis), iii.
4
ibite (Coluber), i. 206.
* (Coluber), iii.
9
ibibiboca (Elaps), iii. 428.
Idiopholis, ii. 327.
Idiotyphlops, i. 4.
ignita (Coronella), ii. 176.
isº (Rhadinaea), ii.
ignitus (Dromicus), ii.
176
iheringi(Elapomorphus),
iii. 242.
iheringii (Coronella), ii.
172.
ikaheka (Coluber), iii.
347.
ikaheka (Diemenia), iii.
347
ikaheka (Micropechis),
* 347 (
ikaheka hiophagus),
iii. 347. Ophiophagus)
ikaheka (Trimeresurus),
iii. 316, 347.
illyrica (Vipera), iii. 485.
Ilysia, i. 133, 134.
Ilysiidae, i. 131.
Ilysioidea, i, 131.
Imantodes, iii. 83.
Imbricatae, i. 3, 131, 167.
imerinae (Liophis), i. 316.
imerinae (Pseudoxyrho-
pus), i. 316.
immaculatus
pus), iii. 101.
immaculatus (Trimeresu-
rus), iii. 562.
imperator (Boa), i. 119 ;
iii. 594.
imperator (Elaps), iii,
imperialis (Coniophanes),
iii. 206.
imperalis (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 206.
imperialis (Rhadinaea),
iii. 206.
imperialis (Tachymenis),
imperialis (Taeniophis),
l11. ZUU).
inaequifasciata (Lepto-
gnathus), iii. 455.
inaequifasciatus (Cochlio-
phagus), iii. 455, 456.
inaequifasciatus (Lepto-
gnathus), iii. 455.
inagnitus (Pseudeyrx), ii.
359.
incerta (Leptognathus),
iii. 458.
incertus (Leptognathus),
iii. 458
inconspicuus (Typhlops),
i. 16,
inconstans (Dromicus),
ii. 121.
indica (Dipsas), iii. 461.
indica (Hypsirhina), iii.
4
indica (Raclitia), iii. 4.
indicus (Dipsadomorus),
iii. 461.
indicus (Leptognathus),
iii. 461.
indicus
iii. 165.
indicus (Tortix), i. 127.
indicus (Xylophis), i. 304.
infernalis (Boodon), i.
330
(Psammophis),
(Oxyrho-
inflata (Vipera), iii.494.
infralineata (Geodipsas),
iii. 32.
infralineatus (Tachymer
nis), iii. 32.
infrasignatus (Ptyas), i.
247

infrataeniatus (Helicops),
i. 276.
infuscatus (Bothrophthal-
mus), i. 324. -
ingens (Naja), iii. 386.
inormata (Bitis), iii. 496.
inornata (Boa), i. 97.
inornata (Chitulia), iii.
inornata (Clotho), iii.496.
inornata (Coronella), ii.
9
inornata (Echidna), iii.
496.
inornata (Vipera), iii.496.
inormata (Virginia), i.
inornatus (Amphiardis),
infernalis (Coluber), i.
207
infernalis (Eutainia), i.
207; iii. 601.
infernalis (Thamnophis),
iii. 601.
infernalis (Tropidonotus),
i. 201, 207.
i. 290.
inornatus (Atractaspis),
iii. 515.
inornatus (Chilabothrus),
i. 97, 112.
inornatus (Dasypeltis),
ii. 354.
inornatus (Dipsas), iii. 90.
inornatus (Dryophylax),
iii. 136.
inornatus (Eirenis), ii.
260. -
inornatus (Epicrates), i.
i. 97.
inornatus (Himantodes),
iii. 88.
inornatus (Lamprophis),
i. 321.
inornatus (Philodryas),
iii. 136. *
inornatus (Potamophis),
i. 291.
inornatus (Pseudoxeno-
don), i. 272.
inornatus (Rachiodon),
ii. 355. -
inornatus (Stenophis), iii.
2.
inormatus (Typhlops), i.
54.
inormatus (Uromacer), ii.
116.
inornatus (Xenodon), i.
c)
insigniarum (Eutaenia), i.
212. * = -
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
683
insignitus (Coelopeltis),
iii. 142.
insignitus (Coluber), iii.
141.
*i. (Langaha), iii.
iºdic (Halys), iii.
intermedia (Typhlops), i.
42
intermedius (Ancistro-
don), iii. 525.
intermedius (Crotalus),
iii. 581.
intermedius(Dendraspis),
iii. 437.
intermedius (Psammo-
phis), iii. 162.
intermedius (Pityophis),
ii. 37.
intermedius (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 525.
intermedius (Tropidono-
tus), i. 210.
intestinalis (Ademiophis),
iii. 402. -
intestinalis (Aspis), iii.
401
intestinalis (Callophis),
iii. 402,404.
intestinalis (Doliophis),
iii. 401.
intestinalis (Elaps), iii.
intricitus." (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 201.
intumescens (Coluber),
, iii. 494.
Iobola, iii. 310,463.
iowa (Tropidoclonium),
i, 289
1. Zöö.
iphisa (Coluber), iii. 409.
iris (Calamaria), ii. 344.
irregularis (Ahaetulla), ii.
92, 94, 96.
irregularis (Atractaspis),
iii. 513, 514, 515.
irregularis (Boiga), iii.
O
irregularis (Chlorophis),
. ii. 96; iii. 631.
irregularis (Coluber), ii.
- §. iii. 75.
irregularis (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 75.
irregularis (Dipsas), iii.
75
irregularis (Elaps), iii.
º (Philoth
irregularis QūlāIn-
mus), ii. 96,99; iii. 631.
irregularis (Psammo-
phis), iii. 161.
irregularis (Triglypho-
dom), iii. 75.
irregularis (Xenodon), ii.
150 -
irrorata (Metoporhina),
i. 340.
irroratum (Lycophi-
dium), i. 340, 342;
iii. 617.
irroratus (Coluber), i.
340
isabelia (Wenona), i. 130.
isabellina (Phayrea), iii.
165
Ischnognathus, i. 285.
Isodonta, i. 71, 169.
Isodontiens, i. 177.
isolepis (Xenodon), ii.
Isoscelis, ii. 300.
isozona (Contia), ii. 266.
isozonus (Elaps), iii. 427.
isthmica (Boa), i. 119.
isthmicus (Atractus), ii.
italica (Coronella), ii.192.
Ithycyphus, iii. 34.
jacksoni (Lycophidium),
i. 340
jacksonii (Aparallactus),
iii. 256, 649.
jacksonii (Causus), iii.
468
jacksonii (Rhamnophis),
iii. 632.
jacksonii (Thrasops), iii.
632. ( p
jacksonii (Uriechis), iii.
256
jaculus (Anguis), i. 125.
jaculus (Eryx), i. 125,
128; iii. 595.
jaculus (Tortrix), i. 126.
jaegeri (Coronella), ii.
170.
jaegeri (Rhadinaea), ii.
170.
jagori (Typhlops), i. 18.
jagorii (Eurostus), iii. 6.
jagorii (Hypsirhina), iii.
6.
jakati (Aspidopython), i.
84. -
jamaicensis (Anguis), i.
31.
jamesonii (Dendraspis),
iii. 435, 436.
jamesonii (Elaps), iii.436.
jamesonii (Naja), iii.435,
jamesonii (Python), i. 85.
jamnæticus (Feranoides),
iii. 11.
jani (Arizona), ii. 66.
jani (Galeophis), iii. 134.
jani (Homalocranium),
iii. 220.
jani (Prosymna), ii. 249.
Janii (Liophis), ii. 359.
janseni (Coluber), ii. 57,
357.
jansenii (Gomyosoma), ii.
janthinus (Coluber), iii.
29
japonicus (Callophis), iii.
395.
japonicus (Dinodon), i.
363.
japonicus (Hemibunga-
rus), iii. 395.
japonicus (Ophites), i.
363
jara (Čoluber), i. 350.
jara (Leptorhytaon), i.
350.
jara (Lycodon), i. 350;
iii. 618.
jararaca (Bothrops), iii.
535.
jararaca (Craspedocepha-
lus), iii. 535.
jararaca (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 535.
jararacca (Cophias), iii.
535.
jararacussu (Bothrops),
iii. 535.
jardinii (Bucephalus), iii.
187.
jaspidea (Dipsas), iii. 73.
jaspideum (Triglypho-
don), iii. 73. -
jaspideus (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 73.
jauresi (Tropidonotus), i.
206.
javanica (Calamaria), ii.
347. (P h
javanica (Potamophis), i.
173


javanicum (Xenoderma),
i. 175. -
javanicus (Acrochordus),
i. 173.
javanicus (Coluber), i.85.
jºiºsaulu),
i. 185.
javanicus (Tragops), iii.
179, 180. . Q -
684
ALPHABETICAL INDEx.
javanicus (Xenodermus),
. i. 175.
jayakari (Eryx), i. 129.
jºi (Hydrophis), iii.
jerdoni (Typhlops), i. 19,
418. (Typhlops)
jerdonii (Distira), iii.299.
jºi (Hydrophis), iii.
jerdonii (Kerilia), iii.299.
jºi (Lachesis), iii.
551.
jerdonii (Trimeresurus),
iii. 551.
jimenezii (Crotalus), iii,
582
joberti (Enicognathus), ii.
174.
jobiensis (Brachyorrhos),
i. 306.
jobiensis (Calamophis), i.
305
johnii (Boa), i. 127.
johnii (Clothonia), i. 127.
johnii (Eryx), i. 127.
jugularis (Coluber),i.395.
i". (Hypotropis), iii.
juliae (Aporophis), ii. 139.
juliae (Dromicus), ii. 139.
juliae (Liophis), ii. 139.
junceus (Tropidonotus),
i. 224, 258.
kaouthia (Naja), iii. 380.
karelinii (Coluber), i.401.
karelinii (Tyria), i. 401.
hºmii (Zamenis), i.
0 * g
Katophis, i. 193.
katowensis (Dendrophis),
ii. 80.
kelleri (Hemirhagerrhis),
iii. 119, 649.
Hºly (Heterodon), ii.
kennicottiana (Steno-
rhina), iii. 229.
kennicottii (Tropido-
notus), i. 208.
kentii (Neospades), iii.20.
Kerilia, iii. 285.
keyensis (Lielaphis), i.
365.
keyensis (Lycodon), i.
365.
*i. (Stoliczkaia), i.
khasiensis (Tropidono-
tus), i. 223.
kingii (Hydrophis), iii.
276
kirkii (Ahaetulla), ii. 99.
kirkii (Philothamnus),
iii. 631.
kirtlandii (Cladophis), iii.
185
kirtlandii (Clonophis), i.
286
kirtlandii (Crotalopho-
rus), iii. 571. -
kirtlandii (Dryiophis),
iii. 185.
kirtlandii (Ischnogna-
- º). i. 286, 419; iii.
61
kirtlandii (Leptophis),
iii. 185.
kirtlandii (Natrix), iii.
611
kirtlandii (Oxybelis), i.
185. -
kirtlandii (Regina), i.286.
kirtlandii (Thelotornis),
iii. 185.
kirtlandii (Tropidoclo-
mion), i. 286.
kirtlandii (Tropidonotus),
i. 286.
klingii (Gonionotophis),
iii. 614.
korros (Coluber), i. 384.
korros (Coryphodon), i.
384 .
korros (Ptyas), i.377,384.
korros (Zamenis), i. 384;
iii. 621.
kraalii (Typhlops), i. 30.
krait (Pseudoboa), iii.
368.
kraussi (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 42.
kraussii (Typhlops), i. 42.
kraussii (Ophthalmi-
dion), i. 42.
krefftii (Cacophis), iii.
3.18
krefftii (Pseudelaps), iii.
318. –
kubingii (Pseudoelaps),
iii. 325.
kuhlii (Brachyorrhos), i.
305. .
labialis (Alecto), iii. 336.
labialis (Hoplocephalus),
iii. 336.
labialis (Oxyrhopus), iii.
107
labialis (Trimeresurus), .
iii. 551. .
Labionaris, iii. 312.
labiosa (Ninia), i. 293.
labiosus (Streptophorus),
i. 293.
labuanensis (Simotes), ii.
218 -
lacepedei (Hydrophis),
iii. 289.
lacertina (Coelopeltis),
iii. 142.
lacertina (Natrix), iii. 141.
lacertinus (Malpolon), iii.
141.
lacertinus (Psammo-
phis), iii. 142.
Lachesis, iii. 529. w
lachesis (Cobra), iii. 493.
lachrymans (Dromicus),
ii. 174.
lachrymans (Lygophis),
ii. 174.
lachrymans (Rhadinaea),
ii. 1
lacrymans (Coluber), iii.
157
lacrymans (Psammo-
phis), iii. 157.
lactea (Stenorhina), iii.
229
lactea (Vipera), iii. 409.
lacteus (Aspidelaps), iii.
409.
lacteus (Cerastes), iii.409.
lacteus (Coluber), iii.409.
lacteus (Elaps), iii. 409.
lacteus (Homorelaps), iii.
409.
lacteus (Poecilophis), iii.
409.
ladacensis (Zamenis), i.
398; iii. 622.
laetus (Coluber), ii. 40.
laetus (Diadophis), ii.
208
latus (Liophis), ii. 208.
laetus (Scotophis), ii. 49.
laviceps (Atheris), iii.
- 509.
lavicollis (Coluber), ii.
73. -
laevis (Acanthophis), iii.
• 355.
laevis (Aipysurus), iii.304,
305.
lavis (Amblycephalus),
iii. 441
levis (Boa), iii. 351.
lavis (Coluber), ii. 191,
286 -
lavis (Coronella), ii. 192,
194; iii. 175.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
685
laevis (Dipsas), iii. 441.
lavis (Drymobius), ii. 11.
lsº (Herpetodryas), ii.
1
levis (Hydrophis), iii.
290. ydrop
laevis (Leptognathus), iii.
441.
laevis (Pareas), iii. 441.
lavis (Thamnodynastes),
iii. 116.
laevis (Zacholus), ii. 192.
laevissima (Natrix), i. 226.
laevissima (Neusterophis),
i. 226.
laevissimus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 226.
lagoensis (Ahaetulla), ii.
100
lagºensis (Philothamnus),
11. IUU),
lalandii (Dispholidus),
iii. 187. -
lalandii (Onychophis), i.
45.
lalandii (Typhlops), i. 45.
lambda (Trimorphodon),
iii. 54. -
Lampropeltis, ii. 188.
Lamprophis, i. 318, 320,
343
Lamprosoma, ii. 255.
lanceolata (Vipera), iii.
535.
lanceolatus (Bothrops),
iii. 535.
lanceolatus (Coluber), iii.
535
lanceolatus (Cophias), iii.
535.
lanceolatus (Craspedo-
cephalus), iii. 535.
lanceolatus (Lachesis), iii.
535.
lanceolatus (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 535.
Langaha, iii. 35.
lansbergii (Lachesis), iii.
546
lansbergii (Ninia), i. 293.
lansbergii (Porthidium),
iii. 546.
lansbergii (Teleuraspis),
iii. 546.
lansbergii (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 546.
laoensis (Lycodon), i. 354.
lapemidoides (Distira),
iii. 297. *
Lapemis, iii. 300.
lapemoides (Aturia), iii.
297
Ill.
larvata (Naja), iii. 380.
latastii (Vipera), iii. 484.
laterale (Bascanium), i.
391.
laterale (Lycophidium), i.
338; iii. 616.
lateralis (Ahaetulla), i.
248
lapenoides (Hydrophis),
297.
lateralis (Bothriechis),
iii. 566.
lateralis (Bothrops), iii.
566
lateralis (Calamaria), ii.
342
langaha (Amphisbaena),
iii. 36.
langaha (Dryiophis), iii.
36.
langsdorffii (Elaps), iii.
416.
lankadivana (Dapatnaya),
i. 141
lansbergi (Streptopho-
rus), i. 293.
lansbergii (Bothriechis),
iii. 546, 547.
lansbergii (Bothrops), iii.
546, 547.
3. e
lateralis (Coniophanes),
iii. 206. .
lateralis (Glaphyrophis),
ii. 20
iii. 206.
lateralis (Lachesis), iii.
566
lateralis (Leptophis), i.
lateralis (Macrocalamus),
ii. 327.
lateralis (Philothamnus),
i. 248.
lateralis (Thamnosophis),
247,248.
lateralis (Tretanorhinus),
i. 282; iii. 610.
lateralis (Tropidonotus),
i. 248, 249.
lateralis (Zamenis), iii.
622.
lateristriga (Clotho), iii.
494
lateristriga (Dromicus),
ii. 181.
lateristriga (Liophis), ii.
181
lateristriga (Urotheca), ii.
181; iii. 636.
lateritia (Tachymenis),
iii. 205.
lateritius (Coniophanes),
iii. 205.
lateritius (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 205.
Laticauda, iii. 306.
laticaudatus (Coluber),
iii. 307.
laticaudatus (Platurus),
lii. 307, 308.
laticeps (Homalocra-
nium), iii. 219. -
hºp. (Pappophis), iii.

laticeps (Tantilla), iii.
219.
laticollaris (Elaps), iii.
423.
latifascia (Dipsas), ii. 55.
latifasciata (Hydrophis),
iii. 279.
latifasciata (Hypsiglena),
ii. 211.
latifasciatus(Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 71.
latifasciatus (Hydrophis),
iii. 279
latifrons (Atractus), ii.
303.
latifrons (Geophis), ii.
303
latifrontalis (Atractus),
ii. 304.
latifrontalis (Geophis),
ii. 304.
latirostris (Philodryas),
iii. 129.
lativittatus (Dirrhox), iii.
132.
latonia (Coluber), iii.390.
* (Rhadinaea), ii.
179.
laureatus (Dromicus), ii.
179
leachii (Anilios), i. 31.
leberis (Coluber), ii. 154.
leberis (Natrix), i. 239.
leberis (Regina), i. 239;
iii. 605.
leberis (Tropidonotus), i.
237,238,239.
lebetina (Vipera), iii.487.
lebetinus (Coluber), iii.
487.
lecomtei (Oxybelis), iii.
185.
lecomtei (Crotalus), iii.
576. e
lecontii (Rhinochilus), ii.
212.
Leiolepis, iii. 519.
Leionotus, i. 210; ii. 286.
686
w
*ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Leiopython, i. 76.
Leioselasma, iii. 285.
Leiosophis, ii. 144, 180.
leithii (Psammophis), iii.
155, 157.
lemniscata (Natrix), iii.
430
lemnicata (Vipera), iii.
430.
lemniscatus (Boodon), i.
lemniscatus (Coluber),
iii. 430.
lemniscatus (Drymobius),
iii. 622.
lemniscatus (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 241.
lemniscatus (Elaps), iii.
421,423, 427,428,439.
lemniscatus (Phalotris),
iii. 242.
lentiferus (Himantodes),
iii. 86.
lentiginosum (Rhino-
bothryum), iii. 82.
lentiginosus (Coluber),
iii. 82.
lenzi (Typhlops), i. 16.
leonis (Coronella), ii. 199.
leopardina (Coronella),
. ii. 192.
leopardina (Dimades), i.
278
leopardina (Homalopsis),
. i. 278.
leopardina(Natrix), ii.41.
leopardina (Psammo-
phis), iii. 162.
leopardinus (Callopeltis),
ii. 4
leopardinus (Coluber), ii.
41.
leopardinus (Helicops), i.
278
lepida (Aploaspis), iii.
582.
lepida (Apostolepis), iii.
241.
lepida (Caudisoma), iii.
582. ----
Lepidocepalus, i. 360.
Lepidogmathus, i. 283.
lepidus(Crotalus), iii.582.
lepidus (Elapomorphus),
iii. 241.
leporinum (Oxyrhab-
dium), i. 303; iii. 612.
leporinum(Rhabdosoma),
i. 302, 303.
leprieurii (Helicops), i.
2
leprosus (Coluber), ii.
52
Leptoboa, i. 121.
Leptocalamus, ii. 249 ;
iii. 641.
leptocephala (Eutainia),
i. 201; iii. 600.
leptocephalus (Trimere-
surus), iii. 328.
leptocephalus (Tropido-
notus), i. 201, 418; iii.
600
Leptodira, iii. 88.
leptodira (Hydrophis),
iii. 285.
Leptognathiens, i. 177;
L ii. 353; # 438. 438
eptognathinae, iii. e
#. iii. 440,
446, 460,462.
Leptophidium, iii. 627.
Ileptophis, i. 193, 379;
ii. 9, 77, 87, 91, 102,
105, 255.
Leptorhytaon, i. 348.
Leptotyphlops, i. 59.
Letheobia, i. 7.
leºlia (Fordonia), iii.
leucobalia (Hemiodon-
tus), iii. 22.
leucobalia (Homalopsis),
iii. 21.
leucocephala (Boiga), iii.
5
leucocephala(Calamaria),
11, j44.
leucocephala (Dipsas), iii.
57
leucocephala (Xenopel-
tis), i. 168.
leucocephalus (Cephalo-
lepis), i. 57.
leucocephalus (Coluber),
iii. 57.
leucocephalus (Eudipsas),
iii. 58.
leucocephalus (Lycogna-
thus), iii. 57.
leucocephalus (Oxyrho-
pus), iii. 58, 106.
leucogaster (Calamaria),
ii. 341.
leucogaster (Liophis), ii.
163.
leucogaster (Rhadinaea),
ii. 163.
leucomelas (Alsophis), ii.
leucomelas (Atractaspis),
iii. 517. e +
leucomelas(Dromicus), ii.
123
leucomelas (Himantodes),
l iii. 84.
eucomelas (Leptogna-
thus), iii. 453.
leucomelas (Tropidono-
tus), i. 266.
leucomelas (Typhlops), i.
18

leucopilus (Coronella), i.
3.18.
leucoproctus (Typhlops),
1. ZU.
leucosticta (Naja), iii.
• 37
leucostigma (Bothrops),
iii. 535.
leucostoma
iii. 520.
leucostomus (Leptogna-
thus), ii. 296.
leucostomus (Symphi-
mus), iii. 642.
leucura (Atractaspis), iii.
514.
(Acontias),
leucurus (Bothrops), iii.
2.
levingii (Silybura), i. 152.
lewisii (Elaps), iii. 629.
Lianthera, iii. 599.
Liasis, i. 76, 81.
liberiensis (Boa), iii. 592.
liberiensis (Onycho-
cephalus), i. 42.
liberiensis (Python), iii.
592

liberiensis (Typhlops), i.
42.
Lichanura, i. 129.
lichensteinii (Aspide-
laps), iii. 470.
lichensteinii (Causus),
iii. 470.

lichensteinii (Coluber), ii.
10.
liebmanni (Chersodro-
mus), i. 295.
Lielaphis, i. 364.
ligatus (Typhlops), i. 34;
iii. 585
iii. 585.
Ligonirostra, ii. 246. .
limnaea (Vipera), iii. 477.
Limnophis, i. 272.
lindheimeri (Coluber), ii.
0
lindheimeri
phis), ii. 50.
lindheimeri (Scotophis),
ii. 50.
lindsayi (Aturia), iii. 281.
(Panthero-
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
68?
lindsayi (Hydrophis), iii.
; (Hydrophis)
#: (Boa), iii. 368.
lineatus (Geophis), ii.
312 p
lineatus (Herpetodryas),
ii. 158
lineatus (Ischnognathus) -
le §
lineatus (Lycodon), i.
327
lineatus (Lygophis), ii.
158
lineatus (Metopophis),
iii. 261.
linºis (Microps), i.
lineatus (Philodryas), iii.
149
lineatue (Psammophis),
iii. 122.
lineatus (Tomodon), iii.
2
Liophis, ii. 118, 126, 160,
180.
Liotyphlops, i. 4.
lippicus (Geophis), ii.
188
lippicus (Sympholis), ii.
188.
Lisalia, i. 76.
Lissophis, i. 336.
liura (Silybura), i. 149.
lividum (Lycodon), i. 366.
lividus (Bungarus), iii.
370. .
lividus (Lielaphis), i.
366
ineata (Hapsidophrys),
ii. 104.
lineata (Maticora), iii.
401
lineata (Storeria), i. 289.
lineata (Tachymenis), iii.
123
lineata (Toluca), ii. 269.
lineata (Typhlima), i. 15.
lineaticollis (Arizona), ii.
64.
lineaticollis (Coluber), ii.
64.
lineaticollis (Pituophis),
ii. 64.
lineatum (Boaºdon), i.
lineatum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 219.
lineatum (Pilidion), i.
15
lineatum (Rhabdosoma),
ii. 312.
lineatum (Tropidoclo-
nion), i. 289.
lineatum (Typhlimalis), i.
15.
lineatus (Aparallactus),
iii. 261.
lineatus (Aporophis), ii.
158; iii. 634.
lineatus (Apostolepis),
iii. 236.
lineatus (Bascanion), i.
388
lineatus (Boodon), i. 331,
332; iii. 616.
lineatus (Bothrophthal-
mus), i. 324.
lineatus (Bungarus), iii.
368, 370.
lineatus (Coluber), ii.
158
lineatus (Conophis), iii.
. 122.
lineatus (Conopsis), ii.
lineatus (Cyclocorus), i.
327; iii. 615.
lineatus (Cylindrophis),
i. 137.
lineatus (Dromicus), ii.
141, 158, 170.
lineatus (Dromophis),
. iii. 149.
lineatus (Dryophylax),
iii. 149
lineatus (Elaphis), i. 324.
lineatus (Tropidomotus),
i. 26:
1. ZOZ.
lineatus (Typhlops), i.
15; iii. 584.
lineatus (Uriechis), iii.
261
lineatus (Zamenis), i.
388; iii. 621.
lineofasciatus (Helicops),
i. 28
1. g
lineolata (Dendrophis),
ii. 80, 85.
lineolata (Eutania), i.
202
lineolatum (Taphrome-
topon), iii. 151.
lineolatus (Coluber), iii.
151.
lineolatus (Dendrophis),
ii. 80, 85; iii. 629.
lineolatus (Spheno- .
calamus), ii. 326.
lºw. (Typhlops), i.
42.
linnaei (Calamaria), ii.
336, 345, 349.
liocercus (Ahaetulla), ii.
111, 113.
liocercus (Coluber), ii.
113
liocercus (Dendrophis),
ii. 111, 113.
liocercus (Leptophis), ii.
111, 113; iii. 633.
Liodytes, i. 272.
Lioheterodon, i. 268.
Liominia, iii. 212.
Liopala, iii. 271.
Liopeltis, ii. 255, 257.
Liophallus, iii. 59.
Liophidium, iii. 598.
lividus (Pseudylocodon),
i. 366.
longicauda (Ablabes), ii.
284; iii. 643.
longicauda (Coronella), i.
217.
longicauda (Glauconia),
i. 66.
longicauda (Meizodon), i.
217.
longicauda (Stenostoma),
i. 66.
longicaudata (Grayia), ii.
288
longicaudatum (Rhabdo-
soma), ii. 313.
longicaudatus (Geagras)
ii. 250.
longiceps (Atractus), ii.
305.
longiceps (Calamaria), ii.
329. w
longiceps (Hydrophis),
iii. 275.
longiceps (Oxycalamus),
ii. 329.
longiceps (Pseudorhab-
dium), ii. 329; iii. 646.
longiceps (Rhabdosoma),
ii. 305.
longifrenatus (Philo-
thamnus). ii. 96.
longifrons (Psammophis),
iii. 165.
longifrontale (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 218.
longissima (Natrix), ii.
52.
longissimus (Ophthal-
midion), i. 33.
longissimus (Callopeltis),
ii. 53
longismus (Coluber), ii.
52, 357; iii. 627.
lºw: (Typhlops),
i. 33. -
688
ALPHABITICAL INDEX,
lophophris (Vipera), iii.
497. pera)
lophophrys (Cerastes),
7
iii. 497.
loreata (Hydrophis), iii.
301. (Hydrophis)
loreata (Rhadinaea), ii.
179.
loreatus (Lapemis), iii.
lovii (Calamaria), ii. 350.
Loxocemi, i. 74.
Loxocemina, i. 74.
Loxocemus, i. 74.
Loxodon, i. 413.
lubrica (Naja), iii. 390.
lubrica (Natrix), iii. 390.
lubricus (Aspidelaps), iii.
390.
lubricus (Elaps), iii. 390.
lubricus (Hydrops), iii.
210
lubriºus (Pelagophis), iii.
306
lucani (Atheris), iii. 509.
lucifer (Caudisona), iii.
576
lucifer (Crotalus), iii.
576
lugubris (Crotalus), iii.
581, 582.
lumbricalis (Anguis), i.
lumbricalis (Typhlops),
i. 21, 27, 31; iii. 585.
lumbriciformis (Letheo-
bia), i. 54.
lumbriciformis (Onycho-
cephalus), i. 54.
lumbriciformis (Ty-
phlops), i. 54; iii. 590.
lumbricoidea (Cala-
maria), ii. 333, 344.
lunulata (Tropidodipsas),
ll. Zl.
lunulata (Vermicella),
iii. 407.
lunulatus (Aparallactus),
iii. 258.
lunulatus (Phrynonax),
ii. 21.
lunulatus (Spilotes), ii.
21.
lunulatus (Uriechis), iii.
258.
luteostriatus (Coluber), i.
395. |
lutescens (Naja), iii. 380.
luteus (Lachesis), iii. 553.
luteus (Trimeresurus), iii.
553.
lutrix (Coluber), ii. 274.
lutrix (Homalosoma), ii.
274, 275; iii. 642.
luzonensis (Zaocys), i.
377
Lycodon, i. 327,836,848,
# *, *, its
Lycodoniens, i. 177.
Lycodontidae, i. 177; iii.
597.
Lycodontiens, i. 177.
Lycodontinae, i. 177; iii.
597
Lycodryas, iii. 44.
Lycognathophis, i. 317.
Lycognathus, iii. 56, 58,
175.
Lycophidium, i. 336.
Lygophis, iii. 127.

lsº phanes (Lycodon), iii.
6
lyrophanes (Trimorpho-
don), iii. 56. -
Lystrophis, ii. 151.
Lytorhynchus, i. 414.
macclellandii (Callophis),
iii. 398, 402.
macclellandii (Elaps), iii.
398.
macclellanii (Pituophis),
ii. 69.
macfarlani (Distira), iii.
mackloti (Liasis), i. 79.
macleayi (Hypsirhina),
Ill. $9.
macleayi(Pseudoferania),
iii. 9. *
Macrelaps, iii. 255.
Macrocalamus, ii. 327.
macrocercus (Dromicus),
I, Zºo,
macrolepis (Glauconia),
i. 69.
macrolepis (Lachesis), iii.
560
macrolepis (Peltopelor),
iii. 560. -
macrolepis (Silybura), i.
159.
macrolepis (Stenostoma),
i. 69.
macrolepis (Trimeresu-
rus), iii. 560.
Macrophis, ii. 286.
macrophthalma (Herpe-
todryas), ii. 73.
macrophthalmus (Tropi-
donotus), i. 251, 270.
macrophthalmus (Xeno-
don), i. 251, 270, 271.
Macropisthodon, i. 265.
Macropophis, i. 264.
Macroprotodon, iii. 175.
Macrops, ii. 71.
*::: (Dendrophis),
11. Ö0.
macrops (Oligolepis), iii.
644
macrops (Pseudoxeno-
don), i. 270.
macrops (Tropidonotus),
i. 270.
macrorhina (Dipsas), iii.
83.
macrorhinum (Rhinobo-
thryum), iii. 82.
macrorhynchum (Steno-
stoma), i. 61.
macrorhynchus (Glauco-
nia), i. 61.
macrorhynchus (Sily-
bura), i. 153.
macroscelis (Cylindro-
phis), i. 137.
Macrosoma, iii. 167.
macrostemma (Eutainia),
i. 211; iii. 602.
macrostemma (Tropido-
notus), i. 211; iii. 602.
Macrostomata, i. 71, 169.
macrurus (Calamaria),
ii. 344.
macrurus (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 32.
macularius (Amblycepha-
lus), iii. 444.
macularius (Pareas), iii.
444
maculata (Anguis), i. 136.
maculata (Cylindrophis),
i. 136. -
maculata (Denisonia), iii.
, 341.
maculata (Dipsadoboa),
iii. 43.
maculata (Ficinia), ii.
268.
maculata (Hydrophis),
iii. 267. ydrophis)
maculata (Hypsirhina
ºp ),
maculata (Ilysia), i. 136.
maculata (Isoscelis), ii.
306.
maculata (Naja), iii. 380.
maculata (Oxyrhina), ii.
268.
maculata (Parias),iii.548.
maculata(Silybura),i.149.
, ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
689
“maculata (Ungalia), i.
112, 113; iii. 594.
maculatum (Nymphophi-
dium), i. 371.
maculatum (Rhabdoso-
ma), ii. 305, 306, 307,
308
maculatus (Anoplophal-
lus), ii. 353.
naculatus (Atractus), ii.
306; iii. 645.
maculatus(Chilabothrus),
i. 98,
ºmaculatus (Coluber), i.
405; ii. 39.
imaculatus (Conopsis), ii.
268.
maculatus (Corallus), i.
101.
maculatus (Cyclochorus),
iii. 33.
‘maculatus (Cylindro-
phis), i. 136; iii. 595.
maculatus (Distichurus),
iii. 467.
maculatus (Eryx), i. 127.
maculatus (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 341.
maculatus (Leionotus), i.
112.
Imaculatus (Megalops), ii.
353.
maculatus (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 110.
maculatus (Stenophis),
iii. 43.
maculatus (Streptopho-
rus), i. 293.
maculatus (Tortrix), i.
136.
maculatus (Trimesurus),
iii. 562. -
maculatus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 225, 258, 260;
iii. 608.
maculatus (Tropidophis),
i. 112, 113.
mº (Callophis),
111. ºſſ.
maculiceps (Elaps), iii.
397
maculivittis (Alsophis),
ii. 11.
maculivittis (Dromicus),
ii. 11.
maculolineata (Calama-
ria), ii. 336.
maculosa (Calamaria), ii.
345
maculosa (Hypsirhina),
iii. 10.
WOL. III,
maculosus (Liasis), i. 77.
madagascariensis (Ano-
malodon), i. 269.
madagascariensis (Boa),
i. 120; iii. 594.
madagascariensis (Coral-
lus), i. 103.
madagascariensis (Dro-
micus), i. 248.
madagascariensis (Hete-
rodon), i. 269.
madagascariensis (Lan-
gaha), iii. 36.
madagascariensis (Lio-
heterodon), i. 269.
madagascariensis (Mimo-
phis), iii. 171.
madagascariensis (Pelo-
philus), i. 120.
madagascariensis (Sanzi-
nia), i. 103.
madagascariensis (Typh-
lops), i. 25.
madagascariensis (Xipho-
soma), i. 103.
madarensis (Vipera), i.
101
madensis (Tropidonotus),
i. 256.
maderensis (Coluber), i.
101.
madurensis (Platyplec-
trurus), i. 166.
madurensis (Silybura), i.
156; iii. 596.
maeoticus (Coluber), ii. 44.
magnus (Lycodon), i.
365
mahfalensis (Mimophis),
iii. 171.
mahfalensis (Psammo-
phis), iii. 171.
Mainophis, i. 305.
mairii (Tropidonotus),
iii. 602 -
III. OUZ.
majalis (Leptophis), ii.
258.
majalis (Philophyllo-
phis), ii. 258.
major (Ablabes), ii. 279.
major (Atractus), ii.
307.
major (Cyclophis), ii.
279
major (Distira), iii. 289.
major (Hydrophis), iii.
289
major (Hydrus), iii. 288,
289.
major (Trimorphodon),
malabaricus (Cophias),
iii. 558.
malabaricus (Cynophis),
ii. 36.

malabaricus (Elaps), iii.
394.
malabaricus (Herpeto-
dryas), ii. 36.
malabaricus (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 558.
malaccana (Asthenodip-
sas), iii. 442.
malaccanus(Amblycepha-
lus), iii. 442.
malayana (Callophis), iii.
402
maiyanus (Adeniophis),
iii. 402.

malignus (Coluber), i.
349. -
malignus (Lycodon), i.
349
Maipolon, iii. 141.
mamillaris (Anguis), iii.
277
mamiñaris (Hydrophis),
. iii. 277.
mancas(Leptophis), ii. 88.
mandarinus (Coluber), ii.
62.
mandensis (Typhlops), iii.
587
maniar (Dendrophis), ii.
88. -
manillensis (Elaphis), ii.
62
Manolepis, iii. 120.
marcgravii (Elaps), iii.
419,423,427, 428,432.
marciana (Eutainia), i.
210; iii. 602.
marcianus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 210; iii. 602.
margaritatum (Gonyoso-
ma), ii. 71.
margaritatus
phis), ii. 71.
margaritifera (Calama-
ria), ii. 336.
margaritiferus (Corypho-
don), ii. 196.
margaritiferus
cus), ii. 17.
margaritiferus (Drymo-
bius), ii. 17; iii. 626.
margaritiferus (Herpeto-
dryas), ii. 17.
margaritiferus
phis), ii. 17.
margaritiferus (Mastico-
phis), iii. 626.
2 Y
(Gonyo-
(Dromi-
(Lepto-
690
ALPHABETICAL INDEXe
margaritiferus (Thamnos-
ophis), ii. 17. .
margaritophora (Calama-
ria), ii. 336.
margaritophorus (Aipy-
surus), iii. 304.
margaritophorus (Am-
blycephalus), iii. 445.
margaritophorus (Lepto-
gnathus), iii. 445.
margaritophorus (Pare-
as), iii. 445.
marginatus (Helicops), i.
281.
marginatus (Leptophis),
ii. 112 ; iii. 633.
marginatus (Thrasops),
ii. 113.
marinorata (Cenchris),
iii. 522.
maroccanus (Macropro-
todon), iii. 175.
martapurensis (Calama-
ria), ii. 344.
martensii (Tropidono-
tus), i. 221.
martii (Calopisma), ii.
187.
martii (Homalopsis), ii.
187. ( psis),
martii (Hydrops), ii.
187; iii. 637.
martii (Pseuderyx), iii.
637.
massasauga (Crotalopho-
rus), iii. 571.
mastersii (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 336.
Masticophis, i. 379.
Maticora, iii. 399.
mattazoi (Elaps), iii. 362.
Maudia, i. 160.
maura (Hypsirhina), i.
340 Yp
mauritanica (Bitis), iii.
488.
mauritanica (Clotho), iii.
488.
mauritanica (Echidna),
iii. 488.
mauritanica (Vipera), iii.
488.
mauritanicus (Macropro-
todon), iii. 175.
maurus (Coluber), i. 235.
* (Epicrates), i.
4.
maximiliani (Coluber), iii.
57 -
mayottensis (Ablabes), i.
l83
mayottensis (Enicogna-
thus), i. 183.
mayottensis (Polyodont-
ophis), i. 183.
mechovii (Xenocalamus),
iii. 248.
medici (Dipsas), ii. 355.
Meditoria, i. 7.
mº (Tropidonotus),
I. Zöö.
meeki (Dendrophis), iii.
629
Megababes, i. 379.
Megaera, iii. 529.
megaera (Bothrops), iii.
megaera (Coluber), iii.
535.
Megaerophis, iii. 365.
megalolepis (Spilotes), ii.
24.
Megalops, ii. 353.
megalops (Eutainia), i.
212; iii. 602.
megaspilus (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 525.
Meizodon, ii. 188.
melamauchen (Enicogna-
thus), ii. 175.
melanauchen (Rhadinaea),
ii. 175.
melamichnus (Alsophis),
ii. 122.
melanis (Vipera), iii. 476.
melanis (Coluber), iii.
476. -
melanocephala (Calama-
ria), iii. 215.
melanocephala (Coronel-
la), ii. 246.
melanocephala (Duber-
ria), iii. 215.
melanocephala (Rhadi-
naea), i. 100.
melanocephala (Tachy-
menis), iii. 205.
melanocephala (Tantilla),
iii. 215.
melanocephalum (Homa-
locranium), iii. 215,
218, 220.
melanocephalum (Homa-
losoma), ii. 246
melanocephalus (Abla-
bes), i. 185.
melanocephalus (Aspi-
diotes), i. 91.
melanocephalus (Aspi-
dites), i. 91; iii. 592.
melanocephalus (Catheto-
rhinus), i. 15.

melanocephalus (Colu-
ber), iii. 215.
melanocephalus (Dromi-
cus), ii. 173.
melanocephalus (Elaps),
O
iii. 215.
melanocephalus (Enico-
gnathus), i. 186; ii.
172, 174.
melanocephalus (Ery-
throlamprus), iii.
melanocephalus (Hydro-
*. iii. 283.
melanocephalus (Lyco-
don), i. 185.
melanocephalus (Oligo-
don), ii. 246.
melanocephalus (Polyo-
dontophis), i. 185.
melanocephalus (Rhyn-
chocalamus), ii. 246.
melanocephalus (Typh-
lops), i. 15.
melanocrotaphus (Oxyro-
pus), iii. 90.
melanogaster (Crealia),
i. 146
melanogaster (Eutania),
i. 226; iii. 604.
melanogaster (Hydrae-
thiops), i. 281; iii. 610.
melanogaster (Mytilia), i.
146.
melanogaster (Rhino-
phis), i. 146.
melanogaster (Silybura),
i. 146, 151.
melanogaster (Tropido-
notus), i. 225; iii. 604.
melanogenys (Elaps), iii.
427.
melanogenys (Oxyrho-
pus), iii. 105.
melanogenys (Spheno-
cephalus), iii. 105.
melanoleuca (Naia), iii.
meanoleucus (Coluber),
ii. 68.
melanoleucus (Pituo-
phis), ii. 68.
melanolomus (Mastico-
phis), ii. 11.
melanolomus (Zamenis),
ii. 12.
melanonotus (Liophis),
ii. 134.
Melanophidium, i. 163.
melanopleurus (Phalo-
tris), iii. 242. .
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
691
melanorhynchus (Cala-
maria), ii. 333.
melanosoma (Distira), iii.
291
melanosoma (Hydrophis),
iii. 291.
melanostigma (Dendro-
phis), ii. 99.
melanostigma (Dromi-
cus), ii. 142.
melanostigma (Liophis),
ii. 142.
melanostigma (Natrix),
ii. 142.
melamota (Calamaria), ii.
349; iii. 648.
melanotaenia (Elaps), iii.
403 ulap
melanotaenia (Eutaemia),
i. 211 t
melanoterma (Steno-
stoma), i. 63; iii. 591.
melanotropis (Coluber),
il. 33.
melanotropis (Crossan-
thera), iii. 626.
melanotropis (Dendr-
ophidium), ii. 33.
melanotropis (Elaphis),
ii. 33.
melanotus (Coluber), ii.
134
melanotus(Cylindrophis),
i. 135.
melanotus (Dromicus), i.
248; ii. 134.
melanotus (Elaps), iii.
433. -
melanotus (Liophis), ii.
134.
melanotus (Triglypho-
don), iii. 71.
melanozostus (Bothro-
phthalmus), i. 324.
melanozostus (Tropido-
notus), i. 230.
melanura (Boa), i. 111.
melamura (Denisonia), iii.
345.
melanura (Ungalia), i.
111; iii. 593.
melanurum (Compso-
soma), ii. 60, 62.
melanurus (Coluber), ii.
60; iii. 397.
melanurus (Elaphis), ii.
60, 62
melanurus (Elaps), iii.
97.
melanurus (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 345.
melanurus (Hydrophis),
iii. 273
melanurus (Spilotes), ii.
31, 35, 60, 62.
melanurus (Tropidophis),
i. 111.
melas (Herpetodryas), ii.
76; iii. 628.
meleagris (Calamaria), ii.
249
melegris (Lycophidium),
i. 337.
meleagris (Opheomor-
phus), ii. 132.
meleagris (Prosymna), ii.
249; iii. 641.
meleagris (Temnorhyn-
chus), ii. 249.
mentalis (Boodon), i.
335.
mentalis (Dromicus), iii.
137.
mentalis (Elaps), iii. 432.
mentalis (Hydrophis), iii.
289.
mentovarium (Basca-
mium), i. 389.
mentovarius (Coluber), i.
89
mentovarius (Corypho-
don), i. 389.
mentovarius (Zamenis),
i. 389; iii. 621.
meridionalis (Bothrops),
iii. 542. -
meridionalis (Coluber),
ii. 194.
meridionalis (Coronella),
ii. 194.
merremi (Boa), i. 101.
merremii (Coluber), ii.
168.
merremii (Coronella), ii.
131, 168.
merremii (Liophis), ii.
131, 138, 168, 169.
merremii (Ophiomor-
phus), ii. 168, 169.
merremii (Ophis), ii. 150.
merremii (Rhadinaea), ii.
168.
merremii (Xenodon), ii.
mesomelana (Regina), i.
226.
mesomelanus (Tropido-
notus), i. 225.
Mesopeltis, iii. 446.
Mesotes, iii. 115, 117.
Metoporhina, i. 336.
mexicana (Ahaetulla), ii.
108.
mexicana (Anomalepis),
i. 59.
mexicana (Boa), i.
119.
mexicana (Coronella), ii.
201 -
mexicana (Phimothyra),
i. 392.
mexicana (Salvadora), i.
392
mexicania (Bergenia), iii.
229.
mexicanum (Bascanium),
iii. 622.
mexicanum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 215.
mexicanus (Anomalepis),
i. 59.
mexicanus (Atropos), iii.
544.
mexicanus (Bothriechis),
iii. 544.
mexicanus (Bothriopsis),
iii. 545
mexicanus (Bothrops),
iii. 545.
mexicanus (Cerastes), ii.
33
mexicanus (Chilomenis-
cus), iii. 230.
mexicanus (Coluber), i.
392
messasaugus (Crotalus),
iii. 570
mexicanus (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 215.
mexicanus (Hapsido-
phrys), ii. 108.
mexicanus (Leptophis),
ii. 108.
mexicanus (Lytorhyn-
chus), i. 392.
mexicanus (Masticophis),
i. 392.
mexicanus (Ophibolus),
ii. 201.
mexicanus (Pituophis), ii.
mexicanus (Thrasops), ii.
108.
mexicanus (Zamenis), i.
392; iii. 622.
meyerinkii (Simotes), ii.
michahelles (Xenodon), ii.
65
michoacanense (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 211.
michoacanensis (Contia),
iii. 211
2x 2
692
ALPHABETICAL INDEx.
michoacanensis (Elapo-
morphus), iii. 211.
michoacanensis (Elaps),
iii. 423.
michoacanensis (Scoleco-
phis), iii. 211.
Micrelaps, iii. 248.
microcephala (Hydro-
phis), iii. 280.
microcephala (Thalasso-
phis), iii. 280. e
Microcephalophis, iii.
271
microcephalum (Rhabdo-
soma), i. 304.
microcephalus (Geophis),
i. 304.
Microdromus, iii. 212.
microlepidota (Atractas-
pis), iii. 517.
microlepidota (Dieme-
nia), iii. 332.
microlepidotus (Macr-
elaps), iii. 255, 512.
microlepidotus (Pseud-
echis), iii. 332.
microlepidotus (Uri-
echis), iii. 255.
microlepis (Cerberus), iii.
- microlepis (Loxodon), i.
413.
microlepis (Rhinophis),
i. 143.
microlepis (Spalerosphis),
i. 413.
microlepis (Zamenis), i.
413; iii. 625.
Micropechis, iii. 346.
Microphis, iii. 229.
micropholis (Atractaspis),
iii. 516.
micropholis (Coronella),
ii. 203; iii. 638.
micropholis (Lampro-
peltis), ii. 203.
microphthalma (Amblyo-
dipsas), iii. 244.
microphthalma (Cala-
maria), iii. 244.
microphthalmus (Bo-
throps), iii. 540.
microphthalmus (Lache-
sis), iii. 540.
Micropisthodon, iii.
614.
Microps, i. 285.
microps (Coronella), i.
316
microps (Pseudoxyrho-
pus), i. 315; iii. 613.
minutus
|
microrhynchum (Rhab-
dosoma), ii. 308.
Microsoma, iii. 249.
microstomus (Typhlops),
i. 53.
Micrurus, iii. 411.
mikani (Leptognathus),
iii. 452, 453, 456.
mikanii (Anholodon), iii.
453.
mikanii (Dipsas), iii. 453.
milberti (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 201.
miliaria (Caudisona), iii.
570.
miliaris (Anguis), i. 125.
miliaris (Coluber), ii.
168.
miliaris (Tortrix), i. 126.
miliarius (Crotalopho-
rus), iii. 570, 571.
miliarius (Crotalus), iii.
569, 571.
miliarius (Sistrurus), iii.
570.
mimeticus (Dimades), iii.
637
mimeticus (Pseudoeryx),
iii. 637.
Mimophis, iii. 171.
mimus (Opheomorphus),
ii. 164.
mimus (Rhadinaea), ii.
minax (Natrix), i. 219.
mindorensis (Calamaria),
iii. 646.
miniata (Tantilla), iii.
miniatum (Homalocrani-
um), iii. 222.
miniatus (Coluber), iii.
35.
miniatus (Dryophylax),
iii. 35
(Ithycyphus),
(Philodryas),
miniatus
iii. 35.
miniatus
iii. 35.
minor (Elapognathus),
iii. 356. -
minor (Hoplocephalus),
iii. 356.
minuta (Vipera), iii. 488.
(Coluber), i.
Miodon, iii. 249.
miolepis (Calamelaps),
iii. %.
miolepis (Dromicus), ii.
175.
mipartitus (Elaps), iii,
431. -
Miralia, iii. 2.
mirus (Typhlops), i. 52.
mitchelli (Caudisoma),
iii. 580.
mitchelli (Crotalus), iii.
580
mite (Homalosoma), ii.
267
mitis (Contia), ii. 267.
M-nigrum (Coluber), ii.
131.

mocquardii (Tetrano-
rhinus), i. 283; iii. 611.
modesta (Ahaetulla), ii.
107.
modesta (Boa), i. 101.
modesta (Cacophis), iii.
324.
modesta (Calamaria), ii.
340; iii. 647.
modesta (Contia), ii. 261.
modesta (Coronella), ii.
260.
modesta (Diemenia), iii.
324
modestum (Brachyrhy-
ton), i. 366.
modestum (Lycodon), i.
366.
modestum (Oxyrhab-
dium), i. 302.
modestum (Rhabdoso-
ma), i. 302, 303.
modestus (Ablabes), ii.
260, 261, 262.
modestus (Amblycepha-
lus), iii. 444,
modestus (Atractus), ii.
304.
modestus (Boodon), i.
344
modestus (Bothrophthal-
mus), i. 324.
modestus (Cyclophis), ii.
261.
modestus (Dendrelaphis),
ii. 91; iii. 630.
modestus (Diadophis), ii.
208. l
modestus (Elapops), iii.
262,649 pops)
modestus (Euophrys), iii.
131.
modestus (Geophis), i.
302.
modestus (Helicops), i.
277.
modestus (Heterodon), i.
269 -
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
693
modestus (Homalosoma),
ii. 260.
modestus (Hormonotus),
i. 343; iii. 617.
modestus (Lamprophis),
i. 343
modestus (Leptophis), ii.
107. p
modestus (Lielaphis), i.
modestus (Lioheterodon),
i. 269.
modestus (Lycodon), i.
365, 366.
modestus (Oligodon), ii.
238.
modestus (Pareas), iii.
444.
modestus (Philotham-
mus), ii. 107.
modestus (Stegonotus), i.
366
modestus (Stenognathus),
i. 302, 303.
modestus (Tropidonotus),
i. 229.
moellendorffii (Ambly-
cephalus), iii. 443.
moellendorffii (Coluber),
ii. 56.
moellendorffii (Cyno-
phis), ii. 56.
moellendorffii (Pareas),
, iii. 443.
moesta (Geophis), ii. 319.
moesta (Helicops), i.
mº (Tantilla), iii.
225.
moestum (Homalocrani-
um), iii. 225.
moestum (Rhabdosoma),
ii. 319.
moestus (Geophis), ii.
319
moestus (Tropidonotus),
i. 274.
(Coelopeltis),
moilensis
iii. 143.
moilensis (Coluber), iii.
moºsen (Agkistrodon),
iii. 522. *
mokeson (Cenchris), iii.
22
mokeson (Scytale), iii.
522. -
moliniger (Psammophis),
i. 189.
molorchinus (Philo-
dryas), iii. 134.
molossus (Caudisona),
iii. 574.
molossus (Coluber), ii.
molossus (Crotalus), iii.
574
molurus (Coluber), i. 87.
molurus , (Homalopsis),
iii. 14, 16.
molurus (Python), i. 87,
418
moniger (Coluber), iii.
161.
moniliger (Psammophis),
ii. 261; iii. 156, 157,
161, 164, 169.
monilis (Coluber), iii. 14.
monilis (Homalopsis), iii.
4.
Monobothris, iii. 633.
monochrous (Calamaria),
ii. 340.
monozona (Erythro-
lamprus), iii. 201.
monspeliensis (Coluber),
iii. 142.
monspessulana (Coelo-
peltis), iii. 141.
monspessulanus (Colu-
ber), iii. 141.
montanta (Vipera), iii.
496.
montanum (Pilidion), i.
montanus (Thanatophis),
iii. 544.
monticola (Amblycepha-
lus), iii. 443.
monticola (Calamaria),
i. 299.
monticola (Cyclophis), i.
299.
monticola (Dipsas), ii.
280; iii. 443.
monticola (Lachesis), iii.
548
monticola (Pareas), iii.
443.
monticola (Trachischi-
um), i. 299; iii. 612.
monticola (Trimeresu-
rus), iii. 548, 553.
monticola (Tropidono-
tus), i. 259; iii. 608.
monticolus (Coluber), ii.
229 -
moreetii (Tropidonotus),
i. 111.
moreletii (Ungalia), i.
111.
Morelia, i. 81.
mormon (Coluber), i.
387.
mormon (Masticophis), i.
7
mortoni (Tropidonotus),
i. 267.
mortuarius (Coluber), i.
230, 241. .
mortuarius (Helicops), i.
41
mortuarius (Tropidono-
tus), i. 230, 241.
mosis charas (Vipera), iii.
481
mossambica (Naja), iii.
378.
mossambica (Dasypeltis),
ii. 355.
mossambica (Psammo-
phis), iii. 162.
mossambicus (Onycho-
cephalus), i. 41.
mossambicus (Typhlops),
i. 41. -
mucosa (Natrix), i. 385.
mucosus (Coluber), i. 385.
mucosus (Ptyas), i. 385.
mucosus (Zamenis), i.
385; iii. 621.
mucronatus (Typhlops),
i. 37.
mucrosquamatus (Lache-
sis), iii. 552.
mucrosquamatus (Trigo-
nocephalus), iii. 552.
mucrosquamatus (Trime-
resurus), iii. 552.
mucruso (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 46.
mucruso (Typhlops), i.
46; iii. 588.
mº (Demansia), iii.
muelleri (Denisonia), iii.
337.
muelleri (Diemenia), iii.
316.
muelleri (Elaps), iii. 316.
: (Eryx), i. 128.
muelleri (Gongylophis),
i. 128. (Gongylophis)
muelleri/Hoplocephalus),
iii. 337.
muelleri (Micrelaps), iii.
249.
muelleri (Platurus), iii.
309.
mººri (Pseudelaps), iii.
muelleri (Stegonotus), i.
367. )
694
ALPEIABETICAL INDEX.
milleri (Typhlops), i.25.
mülleri (Herpetodryas),
i. 367.
mülleri (Lycodon), i.
368. g
mulleri (Odontomus), i.
368
multicarinata (Bolieria),
i. 122; iii. 595.
multicarinatus (Platy-
gaster), i. 122.
multicinctum (Rhabdoso-
ma), ii. 308.
multicinctus (Bungarus),
iii. 368.
multicinctus (Dipsado-
morphus), iii. 71.
multicinctus (Ophibolus),
ii. 197.
multifasciata (Coronella),
ii. 202.
multifasciata (Dipsas), iii.
69
multifasciatus (Dipsado-
morphus), iii. 69.
multifasciatus (Elaps), iii.
431
multifasciatus (Mesopel-
tis), iii. 459.
multifasciatus (Oxyrho-
pus), iii. 101.
multifasciatus (Petalo-
gnathus), iii. 459.
multifasciatus (Simotes),
ii. 222.
multilineata (Hypsi-
rhina), iii. 10.
multilineatus(Dromicus),
ii. 181.
multilineatus
cephalus), i. 50.
multilineatus (Typhlops),
i. 50.
multimaculata (Boiga),
iii. 64.
multimaculata (Coro-
nella), iii. 125, 148.
multimaculata (Dipsas),
iii. 63.
multimaculata (Dipsina),
iii. 148.
Inultimaculata(Eutaenia),
i. 214.
multimaculata (Lycophi-
dium), i. 339.
multimaculata (Rhager-
rhis), iii. 148.
multimaculatus (Amplo-
rhinus), iii. 125.
multimaculatus (Afc
marchus), i. 214.
(Onycho- &
multimaculatus (Crota-
lus), iii. 582.
multimaculatus (Dipsa-
domorphus), iii. 63.
multimaculatus (Psam-
mophylax), iii. 125.
multimaculatus (Rham-
phiophis), iii. 148.
multimaculatus (Tropi-
donotus), i. 214.
multipunctata (Cala-
maria), ii. 345.
multisectus (Homalochi-
lus), i. 96.
multistratus (Ophibolus),
ii. 201.
multistriata (Lampro-
peltis), ii. 201.
multocarinata (Eryx),
i. 122.
murina (Boa), i. 115.
murimus (Enulius), ii.
250; iii. 641.
murinus (Eunectes), i.
murorum (Natrix), i.
219.
muta (Boa), iii. 534.
mutabilis (Coluber), ii.
3
mºi. (Natrix), ii.
37.
mutabilis (Scotophis), ii.
37
mutabilis (Trimeresurus),
iii. 555.
mutitorques (Geophis),
ii. 304.
mutitorques (Rhabdoso-
ma), ii. 304.
mutus (Crotalus), iii.
mutus (Lachesis), iii.
534, 544.
mycterizams (Coluber),
iii. 182.
mycterizans (Dryinus),
iii. 182.
mycterizans (Dryophis),
iii. 182.
mycterizans (Passerita),
iii. 183, 184.
myhendrae (Silybura), i.
156; iii. 596.
* (Glauconia), i.
myopicum (Stenostoma),
i. 69.
myriolepis (Lichanura),
i. 129 *
Myron, i. 272; iii. 19.
mystagina (Leptodira),
111. $924. - g
mystacinum (Sibon), iii.
92 -
Mytilia, i. 140,144.
Naja, iii. 327, 346, 348,
372, 388, 390, 465.
naja (Coluber), iii. 380.
maja (Vipera), iii. 380.
naiadum (Tyria), i. 397.
Najidae, iii. 310.
Najinae, iii. 310.
napei (Lycodon), i. 349.
Nardoa, i. 75, 76.
marduccii (Elaps), iii.
433.
narirostre (Stenostoma),
i. 65.
marirostris (Glauconia),
i. 65; iii. 591.
nasale (Catostoma), ii.
3.18
nasale (Rhabdosoma), ii.
3.18.
nasalis (Causus), iii. 468.
nasalis (Cyclophis), ii.
282
nasicornis (Bitis), iii.
.500.
nasicornis (Cerastes), iii.
499.
nasicornis (Clotho), iii.
nasicornis (Coluber), iii.
500.
nasicornis (Echidna), iii.
500.
nasicornis (Vipera), iii.
500, p
nasicus (Heterodon), ii.
156
nasua (Vipera), iii. 114.
nasus (Bothrops), iii.
543.
nasus (Conopsis), ii. 268.
masus (Contia), ii. 268.
masus (Ficinia), ii. 268.
nasus (Rhinocerophis),
iii. 543
nasuta (Langaha), iii.
36.
nasuta (Meditoria), i. 31.
nasutus (Anguis)), i. 27.
nasutus (Bothrops), iii.
547.
nasutus (Coluber), iii.
182
nasutus. (Dryinus), iii.
180, 182.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
695
nasutus (Dryophis), iii.
183. (Dryophis)
masutus (Manolepis), iii.
120.
nasutus (Porthidium), iii.
547.
nasutus (Tomodon), iii.
120.
nasuum (Rhinostoma),
iii. 114.
natalensis (Ahaetulla), ii.
94
natalensis (Atractaspis),
iii. 512.
natalensis (Chlorophis),
ii. 94.
natalensis (Dendrophis),
ii. 94.
natalensis (Hortulia), i.
86
natalensis (Philotham-
mus), ii. 94.
matalensis (Python), i.
86; iii. 592.
INatricidae, i.177; iii. 597.
Natricinae, iii. 597.
Natrix, i. 192'; ii. 24, 25.
matrix (Coluber), i. 219.
matrix (Tropidonotus), i.
219, 419 ; iii. 603.
nºr (Coluber), iii.
mattereri (Dipsas), iii.
116.
mattereri (Heterodon), ii.
152
nattereri (Philodryas),
iii. 134
mattereri (Thamnody-
mastes), iii. 116.
mattereri (Tropidonotus),
iii. 116.
nauli (Coluber), ii. 45.
Nauticophes, iii. 264.
nebulatus (Cerastes), ii.
293.
nebulatus (Coluber), ii.
293
nebulatus (Dipsas), ii.
293. (Dipsas)
nebulatus (Leptogna-
thus), ii. 293; iii. 644.
nebulatus (Petalogna-
thus), ii. 293.
nebulatus (Sibon), iii.
644.
nebulosus (Cyclophis), ii.
278.
nebulosus (Coluber), ii.
192
Neelaps, iii.405.
neelgherriensis(Cophias),
iii. 549.
neelgherriensis (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 549.
* (Ahaetulla), ii.
9
neglectus (Chlorophis),
ii. 94; iii. 631.
neglectus (Dendraspis),
iii. 436.
neglectus (Periops), i.
407.
neglectus (Philotham-
nus), 94.
neglectus (Zamenis), i.
407.
Neopareas, iii. 446.
Neospades, iii. 19.
neovidii (Xenodon), ii.
nepa (Coluber), iii. 39,
528.
nepa (Hypnale), iii. 528.
Nerodia, i. 193.
neumayeri (Coluber), iii.
142
Neusterophis, i. 193.
neuwiedii (Bothrops), iii.
542.
neuwiedii (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 253.
neuwiedii (Lachesis), iii.
<)
neuwiedii (Microsoma),
iii. 253.
neuwiedii (Miodon), iii.
253.
neuwiedii(Oxyrhopus),iii.
112.
neuwiedii (Pseudoboa),
iii. 112.
neuwiedii (Scytale), iii.
112, 113
meuwiedii (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 542.
meuwiedii (Urobelus), iii.
253.
neuwiedii (Xenodon), ii.
newtoni (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 55.
newtonii (Typhlops), i.
55.
nicaga (Rhadinaea), ii.
174.
nicagus (Lygophis), ii.
174.
nicagus (Taeniophallus),
iii. 635.
nicobariensis (Ablabes),
ii. 285.
micobariensis (Tropido-
notus), i. 192.
niger (Elapechis), iii.
359.
niger (Hapsidophrys), ii.
105.
miger (Heterodon), ii.
155
niger (Nerodia), i. 243.
niger (Ophibolus), ii. 197.
niger (Scytale), ii. 154.
niger (Tropidonotus), i.
242
ni graſslapsoidea),iii.359.
nigra (Hydrophis), iii.
274
nigra (Naja), iii. 376,
380.
migra (Pseudohaje), iii.
388.
nigra (Silybura), i. 151.
migra (Tropidonotus), i.
219.
nigrescens (Anilios), i. 34.
nigrescens (Callophis),
iii. 394.
nigrescens (Denisonia),
iii. 343.
nigrescens (Hemibunga-
rus), iii. 394.
nigrescens (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 343.
nigrescens (Typhlops), i.
35; iii. 586.
nigricans (Chersodro-
mus), i. 295.
nigricans (Glauconia), i.
67; iii. 591.
* (Stenostoma), i.
nigricans (Typhlops), i.
67.
nigricauda (Typhlops),
iii. 586.
nigricaudus (Allophis),
ii. 58
nigricaudus (Elaphis), ii.
58
migriceps (Aparallactus),
iii. 260.
migriceps (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 72.
nigriceps (Dipsas), iii. 72.
migriceps (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 342.
nigriceps (Tantilla), iii.
226.
migriceps (Uriechis), iii.
260
nigricollis (Coluber), ii.
260.
696
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
nigricollis (Naia), iii. 378,
649.
nigroadspersus (Both-
rops), iii. 567.
migroadspersus (Teleur-
aspis), iii. 567.
nigro-alba (Calamaria), ii.
wº (Typhlops), i.
nigrocincta (Hydrophis),
iii. 273, 283, 292.
nigrocincta (Elaps), iii.
423
nigrocinctus (Enhydris),
iii. 277.
migrocinctus(Hydrophis),
iii. 273, 277.
nigrocinctus (Hydrus),
iii. 277, 283, 299.
nigrocinctus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 255; iii. 608.
nigrofasciata (Leptodira),
• iii. 92.
nigrofasciatum (Sibon),
iii. 92.
nigrofasciatus (Coluber),
iii. 200.
nigrofasciatus (Philo-
thamnus), ii. 99.
nigrofasciatus (Psammo-
phis), ii. 34.
migrolateris (Eutaenia), i.
210.
nigrolineata (Apostole-
pis), iii. 235.
migrolineatus (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 235.
nigrolineatus (Onycho-
cephalus), i. 42.
migrolutea (Regina), i.
282
nigroluteus (Helicops), i.
282.
nigroluteus (Tretano-
rhinus), i. 282; iii.
610.
migromaculatus (Alope-
cion), iii. 617.
nigromaculatus (Elaps),
iii. 396.
nigromaculatus (Lyco-
phidium), i. 340.
nigromarginata (Ahae-
tulla), ii. 112.
nigromarginata (Dipsas),
Ill. (24.
nigromarginatus (Bo-
throps), iii. 559.
nigromarginatus (Co-
luber), i. 376.
nigromarginatus (Co-
phias), iii. 559.
nigromarginatus (Lept-
ophis), ii. 112; iii. 633.
nigromarginatus (Trigo-
nocephalus), iii. 559.
nigromarginatus (Za-
ocys), i. 376.
nigrostriata (Denisonia),
ii. 343.
migrostriatus (Hoplo-
cephalus), iii. 343.
nigrotaeniatus (Adenio-
phis), iii. 402.
nigrotaeniatus (Callo-
phis), iii. 402.
nigroterminata (Aposto-
lepis), iii. 235.
nigroviridis (Bothri-
echis), iii. 568
nigroviridis (Bothrops),
iii. 568.
nigroviridis (Lachesis),
iii. 568.
nigrum (Boaºdon), i. 331.
nilgherriensis (Silybura),
i. 156, 157, 158.
Ninia, i. 291.
nitida (Ahaetulla), ii. 100,
101
nifida (Silybura), i. 151.
nitida (Teleuraspis), iii.
nitidus (Lachesis),iii. 567.
nitidus (Philothamnus),
ii. 100.
nivea (Naja), iii. 376.
nivea (Vipera), iii. 374.
niveus (Coluber), iii. 374.
non-naja (Naja), iii. 380.
notaeus (Eunectes), iii.
594.
notata (Bothriechis), iii.
544
notatum (Microsoma), iii.
252
notatus (Miodon),iii.252.
Notechis, iii. 351.
Nothopidae, i. 169, 172.
Nothopsis, i. 176.
Notophis, i. 110.
motospilus (Oligodon), ii.
239.
notostictus (Psammo-
phis), iii. 156.
mototamia (Amphiophis),
iii. 125.
nototania(Amplorhinus),
iii. 125. .
nototania (Coronella),
iii. 125.
nototania (Hemirhageſſ,

rhis), iii. 125.
nototaenia (Psammophy.
lax), iii. 125.
nototaenia (Tachymenis),
iii. 125.
novae-hispania (Coluber),
ii. 33.
nuchalis (Diemenia), iii.
326
nuchsis (Dipsas), iii. 66.
muchalis (Herpetodryas),
ii. 15.
nuchalis (Pseudonaja),
iii. 326.
, nuchalis(Trirhinopholis),
i. 419 ; iii. 612.
nuchalis (Tropidonotus),
i. 218. -
nummifer (Atropos), iii.
nummifer (Bothrops), iii.
544.
nummifer (Coluber), i.
nummifer (Lachesis), iii.
nummifer (Teleuraspis),
iii. 544.
nummifer (Thanatophis),
iii. 545
nummifer (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 544.
nummifer (Zamenis), i.
407; iii. 625.
nummifera (Bothriechis),
iii. 544.
* (Dromicus), ii.
I81.
nursii (Glauconia), iii.
591.
nuthalli (Coluber), ii. 47.
nyassae (Simocephalus), i.
347.
wºund (Elaphis), ii.
6
Nympha, i. 869.
nympha (Coluber), i.
370.
nympha (Dryocalamus),
i. 370.
nympha (Hydrophobus),
i. 370.
nympha (Lycodon), i.
370.
nympha (Odontomus), i.
370.
Nymphophidium, i. 369.
oatesii ( yiophis), iii.
185. -
ALPEIABETICAL INDEX.
697
oatesii (Typhlops), i. 23.
*: (Bascanion), i.
6
oaº (Coryphodon), i.
386.
oaxacae (Zamenis), i. 386.
obliquus (Tropidomotus),
i. 243. -
obscura (Eutaenia), i.
obscura (Hydrophis), iii.
281.
obscuro-striata (Cala-
maria), i. 297.
obscuro-striatum (Tra-
chischium), i. 298.
obscurus (Hydrophis),
iii. 284, 294.
obscurus (Pelamis), iii.
. 284.
obscurus (Simotes), ii.
obscurus (Trimeresurus),
iii. 553.
obsoleta (Georgia), ii. 31.
obsoletus (Coluber), ii.
31, 50.
* (Elaphis), ii.
oº: (Scotophis), ii.
otºla. (Spilotes), ii.
obtrusus (Mesotes), iii.
116.
obtusa (Coronella), ii.
171.
obtusa (Rhadinaea), ii.
171.
obtusa (Vipera), iii. 487.
obtusirostris (Corallus),
i. 101.
obtusus (Coluber), iii. 52.
obtusus (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 38.
obtusus (Tarbophis), iii.
52
obiºus (Telescopus), iii.
52. '
obtusus (Typhlops), i.
38; iii. 586.
cºntain (Ahaetulla),ii.
111.
occidentalis (Boa), i.
118; iii. 594.
occidentalis(Drymobius),
ii. 17.
occidentalis (Leptophis),
. ii. 111; iii. 633.
occidentalis (Thrasops),
ii. 111.
occipitale (Lamprosoma),
ii. 266.
* (Rabdion), iii.
319
occipitale (Rhinostoma),
ii. 266.
occipitalis (Ablabes), ii.
206
occipitalis (Calamaria),
ii. 342.
occipitalis (Chionactis),
ii. 266.
occipitalis (Contia), ii.
266
occipitalis (Diadophis),
ii. 206.
occipitalis (Elaps),iii.407.
occipitalis (Enicogna-
thus), ii. 175.
occipitalis (Furina), iii.
407
occipitalis (Herpeto-
dryas), ii. 30.
occipitalis (Natrix), iii.
10
occipitalis (Ophibolus), ii.
203.
occipitalis (Pseudoxyrho-
pus), iii. 613.
occipitalis (Rhadinaea),
ii. 175; iii. 635.
occipitalis (Vermicella),
iii. 407.
occipito-album (Rhab-
dosoma), ii. 310.
occipito-albus (Atractus),
ii. 310.
occipitoluteum (Brachy-
ruton), iii. 110.
occipitoluteus (Oxyrho-
pus), iii. 110.
occipitomaculata (Store-
ria), i. 287; iii. 611.
occipitomaculatus (Colu-
ber), i. 287.
occipitomaculatus (Isch-
nognathus), i. 287; iii.
l
ocellata (Calechidna), iii.
496.
ocellata (Cenchris), i.
107.
ocellata (Coluber), i. 397.
ocellata (Echidna), iii.
496.
ocellata (Eutania), i.
ocellata (Hemidipsas),
iii. 620.
ocellata (Hydrophis), iii.
290.
* (Leptodira), iii.
4
ocellata (Natrix), i. 285.
ocellata (Silybura), i.
150.
ocellata (Tyria), i. 397.
ocellata (Vipera), iii. 482,
487, 498
ocellatus (Cerastes), iii.
49
ocellatus (Coluber), iii.
620
ocellatus (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 201.
ocellatus (Psammophy-
lax), iii. 138.
ocellatus (Tomodon), iii.
121, 649.
ocellatus (Tropidonotus),
i. 236 -
l. Z-50.
ocellatus (Xenodon), ii.
150
ochracea (Dipsas), iii. 65.
ochracea (Silybura), i.
ochraceus (Micropistho-
don), iii. 614.
ochrorhynchus
glena), ii. 209.
octolineata (Coronella),
ii. 224
octolineata (Dendrophis),
ii. 89.
octolineatus (Coluber), ii.
224
(Hypsi-
ociolineatus (Elaps), ii.
224.
octolineatus (Simotes), ii.
224; iii. 640.
Ocyophis, ii. 118.
Odontomus, i. 369.
Ogmius, iii. 228.
Ogmodon, iii. 312.
okinavensis (Lachesis),
iii. 549.
okinavensis (Trimeresu-
rus), iii. 549.
olºni (Chlorophis), ii.
oldhami (Cyclophis), ii.
. 93.
olfersii (Coluber), iii. 129.
olfersii (Dryophylax), iii.
129.
olfersii (Herpetodryas),
iii. 129.
olfersii (Philodryas), iii.
129 .*
Oligodon, ii. 233.
oligodon (Calamaria), ii.
237. *
598.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Oligodonta, i. 169.
Oligodontidae, i. 177.
Oligodontinae, iii. 597.
Oligolepis, iii. 643.
oligozona (Coronella), ii.
203
oliſhenes, iii. 99.
olivacea (Ablabes), i. 300.
olivacea (Ahaetula), ii. 82.
(Boodon), i.
olivacea
, 335; iii. 616.
olivacea (Coronella), i.
217,227; iii. 604.
olivacea (Demansia), iii.
323.
Clivacea (Dendrophis), ii.
82. '
olivacea (Diemenia), iii.
323.
olivacea (Ficimia), ii.
270,271.
Qlivacea (Megaera), iii.
559.
olivacea (Mizodon), i.
227
olivaceus (Holuropholis),
i. 335.
olivaceus (Homalopsis),
iii. 7.
olivaceus (Leptophis), i.
383.
plivaceus (Liasis), i. 78,79.
olivaceus (Lycodon), iii.
323
olivaceus (Megablabes), i.
83
olivaceus (Mizodon), iii.
604.
alivaceus (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 50.
olivaceus (Onychophis),
i. 50.
olivaceus (Pseudocyclo-
phis), i. 300.
olivaceus (Rhabdops), i.
... 300.
olivaceus
iii. 336.
olivaceus (Tropidonotus),
i. 227; iii. 604.
olivaceus (Typhlops), i.
50
(Trimesurus),
olivaceus(Zamenis), i.383.
omiltemana (Geophis), ii.
299.
omiltemanum
sema), ii. 299.
(Diro-
Onychocephalus, i. 7.
Opetiodon, iii. 59.
Ophibolus, ii. 188.
Ophielaps, i. 308.
Ophiomorphus, ii. 160;
iii. 634.
Ophiophagus, iii. 373.
ophiophagus (Hamadry-
as), iii. 386.
ophiophagus (Trimeresu-
rus), iii. 347, 386.
Ophirhina, iii. 620.
Ophis, ii. 144.
ophiteoides (Lycodon), i.
356
Ophites, i. 348.
ophrias (Boa), 118.
Ophryacus, iii. 530.
Ophryas, iii. 354.
ophryomegas (Bothrie-
chis), iii. 546.
oplaryomegas (Bothriop-
sis), iii. 546.
ophryomegas (Bothrops),
iii. 546.
Ophthalmidion, i. 7.
Opisthiodon, i. 295.
Opisthoglypha, iii. 1.
Opisthoglyphes, i. 169,
Opisthotropis, i. 283.
Opisthoplus, iii. 120.
Oplocephalus, iii. 348.
Opotérodontes, i. 3, 57.
op; (Tropidonotus), i.
236. -
orbiculata (Boa), i. 87.
Orbignyi (Apostolepis),
iii. 2
orbignyi (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 236.
orcuttii (Lichanura), i.
ordinata (Boa), i. 87.
ordinata (Eutainia), i.
206.
ordinatus (Coluber), i.
205, 206, 286.
ordinatus (Python), i. 87.
ordinatus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 201, 202, 205,
206, 207, 208; iii.600.
ordinoides (Eutainia), i.
208.
Oreas (Leptognathus), iii.
453.
Oregonensis
iii. 580.
Oregonus (Crotalus), iii.
3.
orientalis
(Crotalus),
(Caudisona),
oriºli. (Coronella), ii.
6
orientalis (Ophites), i.
363.
orientalis (Tropidono-
tus), i. 249.
ormata (Aturia), iii. 290.
ornata (Boa), i. 124.
ornata (Chrysopelea), iii.
196, 198.
ornata (Dendrophis), iii.
196, 198.
ornata (Denisonia), iii.
341
ornata (Dipsas), iii. 81.
ornata (Distira), iii. 290.
ornata (Eutainia), i. 207.
ornata (Ficinia), ii. 271.
ormatā (Grayia), iii. 643.
º (Hydrophis), iii.
290 -
ornata (Hypsiglema), ii.
211.
ornata (Liophis), ii. 138.
ornata (Megaera), iii. 556.
ornata (Parias), iii. 556.
ormata (Pelamis), iii. 267.
ornata (Tyria), iii. 196.
ornaticeps (Diemenia),
iii. 324.
ormaticeps (Elapocepha-
lus), iii. 324.
ornaticeps (Elapocra-
mium), iii. 324.
ornatissimus (Elaps), iii.
420.
ornatum (Bascanium), i.
391.
ornatum (Xiphosoma), i.
101
ornatus (Ablabes), i. 185.
ornatus (Chlorophis), ii.
, 93; iii. 631.
ornatus (Coluber), ii.
139, 196.
ornatus (Comastes), ii.
211
ornatus (Crotalus), iii.
574.
ornatus (Dromicus), ii.
139.
ornatus (Elaps), iii. 319.
ormatus (Enicognathus),
i. 185.
ornatus (Glyphodon), iii.
319
ornatus (Hoplocephalus),
iii. 341.
ornatus (Leptophis), iii.
196
omiltemanus (Crotalus),
iii. 581.
omiltemanus (Dromicus),
ii. 178.
iii. 573.
3. º
ormºus diophi), ii.13
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
699.
ornatus (Macrophis), ii.
287.
-ornatus (Masticophis), i.
9]
ornatus (Philothamnus),
ii. 93; lii. 631.
ornatus (Tropidonotus),
i. 238.
. Ornatus
622.
Crophis, ii. 118.
ortonii (Boa), i. 119.
ortonii (Leptophis), ii.
114.
Osceola, ii. 188.
oularsawa (Coluber), iii.
597.
ovivorus (Coluber), ii.
291
owenii (Ablabes), ii. 282.
oxiana (Naja), iii. 380.
oxiana (Tomyris), iii. 380.
Oxybelis, iii. 184, 189.
Oxycalamus, ii. 328.
Oxycéphaliens, iii. 26.
(Zamenis), iii.
oxycephalum (Gomyo-
soma), ii. 57.
oxycephalum (Pseudo-
rhabdium), ii. 329.
oxycephalum (Rhabdo-
soma), ii. 329.
oxycephalus (Coluber), ii.
56, 357; iii. 627.
oxycephalus (Herpeto-
dryas), ii. 57.
oxycephalus (Oxycala-
mus), ii. 329.
Oxyorrhos, i. 305.
Oxyrhabdium, i. 302.
Oxyrhina, ii. 255.
Oxyrhopus, iii. 56, 58, 99.
oxyrhynchus (Uromacer),
ii. 117.
pachycercos (Hydrophis),
iii. 297.
pachycercus (Distira), iii.
297.
pachyura (Contia), ii.
267.
pº (Leptodira), iii.
1.
pacificum (Sibon), iii. 91.
pº (Hydrophis), iii.
78.
pallasii (Halys), iii. 524.
pallida (Dipsas), iii. 75.
pallida (Letheobia), i. 54.
pº (Tantilla), iii.
17
pallidiceps (Denisonia),
iii. 344.
pallidiceps (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 344, 349.
pallidus (Crotalus), iii.
581
pallid us (Diadophis), ii.
206
pallidus (Typhlops), i. 54.
palmarum (Coluber), ii.
354.
palmarum
ii. 355.
palmeri (Crotalus), iii.
582 -
(Dasypeltis),
paipeirosa (Boa), iii.
355.
palustris (Hydrus), i. 230.
pammeces (Typhlops), i.
16
panmonious (Coluber), ii.
pantherinus (Coluber), ii.
pantherinus
don), ii. 10.
pantherinus(Drymobius),
ii. 10
(Corypho-
pantherinus (Ptyas), ii.
10
Pantherophis, ii. 25.
Pappophis, iii. 59.
papuae (Dendrophis), ii.
86.
papuanus (Liasis), i. 80;
iii. 591.
oxyrhyncha (Ahaetulla),
ii. 117.
oxyrhyncha (Leptophis),
ii. 117
oxyrhynchus (Coelopel-
tis), iii. 146.
oxyrhynchus (Dryinus),
iii. 183.
oxyrhynchus (Psammo-
phis), iii. 146.
oxyrhynchus (Pseudo-
Typhlops), i. 141.
oxyrhynchus , , (Rhager-
rhis), iii. 146.
oxyrhynchus (Rhamphi-
ophis), *::::: hi
40xyrhynchus(Rhinophis),
* 141; iii. 596. phis)
oxyrhynchus (Typhlops),
i. 141.
papuanus
Ill. Ool.
papuensis(Dendrelaphis),
iii. 630.
papuensis (Diemenia), iii.
322. *
(Pseudechis),
papuensis (Fordonia), iii.
23.
par (Denisonia), iii. 345.
par (Hoplocephalus), iii.
345. -
paradisi (Chrysopelea),
iii. 196.
paradoxa (Acontiophis), i.
415.
paradoxus (Lytorhyn-
chus), i. 145.
Parageophis, ii. 314.
pºlu. (Ophibolus), ii.
parallelus (Periops), i.
411
parallelus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 223.
pardalinus (Elaphis), ii.
39.
pardalis (Boa), i. 112,
113.
pardalis (Ungalia), i. 112,
113.
pardalis (Uropeltis), i.
139.
Pareas, iii. 440.
Paréasiens, i.
438.
IParias, iii. 529.
Pariaspis, iii. 262.
parietalis. (Coluber), i.
206
177; iii.
parietalis (Eutainia), i.
207
parietalis (Thamnophis),
iii. 600.
parietalis (Tropidomotus),
i. 207.
parreysii (Elaphis), ii.
46.
iii. 644. -
parvifrons (Dromicus), ii.
41
parviceps (Homolopsis),
parvifrons (Liophis), ii.
141.
parvus (Lycodon), i. 366.
Passerita, iii. 177.
patagonicus (Bothrops),
iii. 543.
patagoniensis (Calli-
rhinus), iii. 131.
patagoniensis (Dirrhox),
iii. 131.
patagoniensis (Pseud-
ophis), iii. 131.
paucicarinatus (Drymo-
bius), iii. 626.
paucisquamis (Philo-
dryas), iii. 126.
700
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
pavimentata (Calamaria),
ii. 348.
pavimentatus (Strepto-
phorus), i. 293.
pavo (Echis), iii. 505.
pavonina (Dipsas), iii.
450
pavonina (Leptognathus),
iii. 450.
pavoninus (Dryophis), iii.
183.
pavoninus (Lepto-
gnathus), iii. 449, 450.
pealii (Tropidonotus), i.
214. t
peguensis (Fowlea), i.
228.
Pelagophis, iii. 303.
pelamidoides (Hydro-
phis), iii. 301, 305.
pelamidoides (Pelamis),
iii. 301.
Pelamis, iii. 266, 271,285,
300.
pelamis (Hydrophis), iii.
267.
Pelias, iii. 471.
pelias (Vipera), iii. 477.
Pelophilus, i. 116.
Peltopelor, iii. 529.
pentalineatus (Callo-
phis), iii. 394.
percarinatus (Drymo-
bius), ii. 16.
perditus (Typhlops), i.
28. f
perfuscus (Dromicus), ii.
133.
perfuscus (Liophis), ii.
133.
peringueyi (Bitis), iii.
495.
peringueyi (Vipera), iii.
495.
Periops, i. 379.
periops (Ablabes), i. 296,
297
perroteti (Dryophis), iii.
178
rºoteti (Geophis), i.
pº p
perroteti (Platypteryx),
i. 304
perrotei (Plectrurus), i.
161
perroteti (Psammophis),
iii. 178.
perroteti (Tragops), iii.
178.
perroteti (Tropidococ-
cyx), iii. 178.
perroteti (Xylophis), i.
304; iii. 612.
persa (Coluber), i. 219.
pº, (Tropidonotus), i.
persica (Contia), ii. 263.
persica (Vipera) iii. 501.
persicus (Cerastes), iii.
eriºus (Cyclophis), ii.
p 263.
persicus (Pseudocerastes),
iii. 501
persicus (Pseudocyclo-
phis), ii. 263.
pº, (Tropidonotus),
i. 219.
persicus (Typhlops), i. 21.
persicus (Zamenis), i.400.
persimilis (Liophis), ii.
173.
pº (Leptodira), iii.
J&P,
personatum (Sibon), iii.
93. l
ersonatus (Coluber), i.
p 395.
ersonatus (Elaps), iii.
p 398. p
peruana (Ophis), iii. 118.
peruvianum (Rhabdo-
soma), ii. 305.
peruvianus (Atractus), ii.
305
peruvianus (Coluber), iii.
70
- peruvianus (Tachymenis),
petersii (Liasis), i. 85.
petersii (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 46. +
petersii (Silybura), i. 148.
pº (Tropidonotus), i.
petersii (Typhlops), i. 29.
46; iii. 588.
pethola (Coluber), iii.
101
petitionhoptrura), i. 92.
petolarius (Coluber). iii.
101
petolarius (Lycodon), iii.
101.
etolarius (Oxyrhopus),
p iii. 101, 1 *
Petrodymon, iii. 315.
phaenochalinus (Simotes),.
ii. 224; iii. 640.
Phalotris, iii. 239.
Phayrea, iii. 152.
phenax (Eutaenia), i. 210;
iii. 601.
phenax (Tropidonotus), i.
210; iii. 601.
Pººp: (Stenostoma), i.-
53.
philippensis
rus), iii. 562.
(Trimesu-
periops (Hydrablabes), i.
296.
permixta (Alecto), iii.
344.
pernambucense (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 215.
peronii. (Acalyptophis),
111. ZO87.
eronii (Acalyptus), iii.
p 269.
peronii (Python), i. 82.
Peropoda, i. 71.
Peropodes, i. 71.
Peropodum, i. 114.
iii. 118.
peruvii (Coluber), iii. 380.
petalarius (Coluber), i.
395, iii. 101.
Petalognathus, ii. 292.
etersii (Elapops), iii.
pº (Elapops)
petersii (Geophis), ii. 321.
petersii (Helminthophis),
i. 6.
philippii (Leptognathus),
ii. 295. -
11.
philippii (Tropidodip-
sas), ii. 295; iii. 644.
philippina (Callophis),
iii. 404.
philippina(Dipsas), iii.77.
philippina (Dryophiops),
iii. 195.
philippinensis (Dendro-
phis), ii. 90.
philippinensis (Tropido-
laemus), iii. 562.
philippinica (Calamaria),
ii. 338.
hilippinum (Hologer-
p º iii. s: É
philippinus (Adeniophis),
iii. 404.
philippinus (Dipsado-
morphus), iii. 77.
philippinus (Doliophis),
iii. 404.
philippinus (Pseudo-
Typhlops), i. 139.
philippinus (Rhinonhis),
i. 141
philippinus (Typhlops),
i. 141.
philippinus (Uropeltis),
i. 139.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
701
Philipi (Coluber), iii.
61.
phillipsii (Psammophis),
iii. 161.
Philodryadinae, iii. 26.
Philodryas, iii. 34, 127,
137, 149.
Philothamnus, ii. 91, 98.
Phimophis, iii. 99.
Phimothyra, i. 379.
phºni (Hydrophis), iii.
J.
phipsonii (Silybura), i.
155.
phocarum (Coronella), i.
373
Phragmitophis, iii. 643.
phrygia (Boa), i. 85.
Phrynonax, ii. 18.
Phyllophilophis, ii. 255.
Phyllophis, ii. 25.
Pºpli (Coluber), ii.
5
Phyllorhynchus, i. 414.
Phyllosira, ii. 71.
Phytolopsis, iii. ń. )
iceivittis (Coniophanus),
p iii. 209. p
piceivittis (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 209.
piceivittis (Tachymenis),
iii. 209
piceum (Bascanium), i.
390
piceus (Spilotes), ii. 30.
pickeringii (Coluber), ii.
75
pickeringii (Eutainia), i.
208.
picta (Ahaetulla), ii. 78.
picta (Dendrophis), ii. 78,
80, 89,90; iii. 630.
picta (Silybura), i. 156.
picteti (Elapotinus), iii.
245.
pictiventris (Lepto-
gnathus), iii. 459.
pictiventris (Natrix), iii.
606.
picturatus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 215, 219; iii.
602.
pictus (Bothrops), iii.
540 -
pictus (Coluber), ii. 46,
78
pictus (Dendrophis), ii.
78.88,358; iii.628,629.
pictus_(Glaphyrophis),
iii. 208.
pictus (Lachesis), iii. 540.
pictus (Leptophis), ii. 78,
88.
pictus (Psammodynastes),
iii. 174.
pictus (Psammophis), iii.
174.
Piesigaster, i. 94.
pileatus (Coluber), iii.
129
Piſidion, i. 7.
piscator , (Bothrodytes),
III, OU′E.
piscator (Enhydris), i.
230
piscator (Hydrus), i. 230.
piscator (Tropidonotus),
i. 230, 232; iii. 604.
piscivora (Scytale), iii.
520.
piscivorus (Agkistrodon),
iii. 520.
piscivorus (Ancistrodom),
iii. 520.
piscivorus (Cenchris), iii.
520
piscivorus (Crotalus), iii.
520.
piscivorus (Toxicophis),
iii. 520.
piscivorus (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 520.
Pituophis, ii. 24.
Plagiodon, ii. 25.
Plagiodontiens, i. 177.
Plagiopholis, i. 301.
planiceps (Coluber), iii.
226.
planiceps (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 226.
planiceps (Rhinophis), i.
141.
laniceps (Simotes), ii.
p 232. p )
laniceps (Tantilla), iii.
Pºp )
Plastoseryx, i. 78.
platura (Anguis), iii. 267.
latura (Hydrophis), iii.
pº (Hydrophis)
platurinus (Lycodon), i.
359.
Platurus, iii. 306.
laturus (Hydrus), iii.
p 267.
platurus (Pelamis), iii.
267.
Pºlalu. (Typhlops),
l
Platyceps, i. 379.
pºp. (Amphiesma), i.
258.
platyceps (Tropidonotus),
i. 248.
Platycerques, iii. 264.
Platycranion, iii. 210.
Platygaster, i. 121.
Platyplectrurus, i. 165.
Platypteryx, i. 303.
Platyrhiniens, iii. 1.
platyrhinus (Heterodon),
ii. 154, 156.
Plectrurus, i. 160.
pleii (Dromicus), ii. 11,
142
pleii (Drymobius), ii. 12.
pleuralis (Natrix), i. 243.
pleurostictus (Elaphis),
ii. 66.
pleurostictus (Pituophis),
ii. 67
ll. O'ſ.
licatile (Calopisma), ii.
p 186. p )
plicatilis (Cerastes), ii.
186.
plicatilis (Coluber), ii.
186
plicatilis (Dimades), ii.
186; iii. 637.
plicatilis (Elaps), ii. 186.
plicatilis (Homalopsis),
ii. 186, 290.
plicatilis (Pseuderyx), iii.
637.
Pliocercus, ii. 180.
pliolepis (Trimetopon),
iii. 636.
plumbea (Charina), i.
130; iii. 595.
plumbea (Duberria), iii.
109.
plumbea.
iii. 5.
plumbea (Hydrophis), iii.
298
(Homalopsis),
plumbea (Hypsirhina),
iii. 5.
plumbea (Katophis), i.
215. p
plumbea (Wenona), i.
130
(Elapops),
plumbeater
iii. 262.
plumbeatra (Pariaspis),
iii. 262.
plumbeum (Brachy-
ruton), iii. 109, 111.
pº (Coluber), iii.
3. e
plumbeus (Eurostus), iii.
5
plumbeus (Gonionotus),
i. 175.
702
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
plumbeus(Herbertophis),
i. 368. phis)
plumbeus
iii. 109.
plumbeus (Stegonotus), i.
368.
(Oxyrhopus),
plumbiceps (Coronella),
ii. 195.
plumbicolor (Macropis-
thodon), i.267; iii.609.
plumbicolor (Tropidono-
tus), i. 267; iii. 609.
plutonia (Eutaenia), i.
202
plutonius (Coluber), ii.
23.
poecilocephalus (Coluber),
ii. 46.
poecilogaster (Coluber), i.
242. Coluber)
oecilogyrus (Coluber), ii.
p *
poecilogyrus (Liophis), ii.
131.
poecilolaemus (Coronella),
ii. 168.
poecilonotus (Phrynonax),
ii. 20; iii. 626.
poecilonotus (Spilotes), ii.
*}(\ 9
Poecilophis, iii. 408.
poecilopogon (Coronella),
ii. 173.
poecilopogon (Rhadinaea),
ii. 173. ,
poecilostictus (Liophis),
iii. 131.
Boecilostolus, iii. 508.
pºstone (Coluber), ii.
I
poecilostoma (Spilotes), ii.
19.
poecilostomus (Lygophis),
iii. 133.
poensis (Boodon), i. 335.
poensis (Simocephalus), i.
346. -
poeppigii (Geophis), ii.
310.
poeppigii (Rhabdosoma),
ii. 316.
Pogonaspis, iii. 212.
pogonias (Tropidonotus),
i. 243.
poitei (Herpetodryas), ii.
15
Polemon, iii. 253.
polychroa (Dendrophis),
ii. 78.
polygrammicus (Argyro-
phis), i. 34.
polygrammicus (Typh-
lops), i. 34; iii. 586.
polyhemizona (Ablabes),
^ - 8
11, Ö.
polylepis (Ahaetulla), ii.
21.
polylepis (Atheris), iii.
508.
polylepis (Calamelaps),
iii. }.
polylepis e (Dendraspis),
iii. 437.
polylepis (Helicops), i.
280. -
polylepis (Hypsirhina),
iii. 9.
Polyodontophis, i. 181.
Polyodontus, iii. 302.
polyodontus(Hydrophis),
111. Z. (4.
(Caudisona),
polysticta
iii. 582.
polysticta (Leptodira),
iii. 95.
polystictus (Crotalus), iii.
582
polyzona (Coronella), ii.
203.
polyzona (Lampropeltis),
ii.203.
polyzonus (Ophibolus), ii.
203.
ponticus (Coluber).i.233;
ii. 192.
porcatus (Coluber), i.
242.
porcatus (Tropidonotus),
1. ZººZ.
porphyraceus (Ablabes),
ii. 34
porphyraceus (Coluber),
ii. 34.
porphyraceus (Trimere-
surus), iii. 553.
porphyrea (Naja), iii.329.
pºrºus (Coluber), iii.
porphyreus (Hurria), iii.
328.
orphyreus (Trimere-
p . iii. 329.
porphyriaca (Duberria),
iii. 328, -
porphyriaca (Naja), iii.
§
porphyriacus (Coluber),
iii. 328.
porphyriacus (Pseud-
echis); iii. 328, 330.
porphyricus (Trimere-
surus), iii. 328.
porrectus (Coelopeltis),
iii. 146. *
pººr (Typhlops), i.
Porthidium, iii. 530.
portoricensis (Alsophis),
ii. 122.
Potamophilidae, i. 177;
iii. 26.
Potamophis, i. 173,290.
praefrontalis (Ablables), i.
297.
praefrontalis (Hydra-
blabes), i. 297; iii. 612.
praelongus (Acanthophis),
iii. 355.
praelongus (Typhlops), i.
28.
praeocularis (Eutaenia), i.
418; iii. 602.
praeocularis (Tropidono-
tus), i. 418; iii. 602.
praeocularis (Typhlops),
iii. 590.
praeoculum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 226.
praeornata (Chrysopelea),
iii. 150.
praeornata (Dendrophis),
iii. 150.
praeornatus (Dromophis),
iii. 150. -
praeornatus (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 150.
praescutata (Disteira), iii.
298.
praestans (Leptophis), ii.
111.
praestans (Thrasops), ii.
111.
prakkii (Calamaria), ii.
337.
prasina (Liophis), ii.
135.
prasinus (Coluber), ii. 59.
prasinus (Dryinus), iii.
0
prasinus (Dryophis), iii.
180.
prasinus (Tragops), iii.
181
preissi (Typhlops), i. 35.
prester (Coluber), iii.
476. -
prester (Pelias), iii. 477.
Prº (Vipera), iii. 476,
2.
prevostiana (Gerardia),
iii. 20.
prevostianum
(Campy,
lodon), iii. 21. ---
4
ALPEIAHETICAL INDEX.
* 703.
prevostianus (Coluber),
iii. 20.
prevostianus (Homalop-
sis), iii. 20.
prionotus(Herpetodryas),
i. 185
problematicus (Hydro-
phis), iii. 301.
Probletorhinidae, i. 177;
iii. 26.
proboscideus (Bothriop-
sis), iii. 547.
proboscideus (Rhinaspis),
ii. 253.
Brocimura, iii. 210.
prºte (Coelopeltis), iii.
producta (Rhagerhis), iii.
143.
propinquus (Hydrophis),
iii. 300
111. ºOU,
propinquus (Oligodon), ii.
240.
prosopeion (Coronella), i.
371.
prosopis (Gerrhosteus),
iii. 232.
Prosymna, ii. 246.
Prº (Dromicus), ii.
141
Proterodon, i. 360.
Broteroglypha, i.169; iii.
264
Protéroglyphes, i. 169.
proterops (Coniophanes),
iii. 206.
proterops (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 206.
proterops (Rhadinaea),iii.
206.
protervus (Hydrophis),
iii. 289
proxima (Eutainia), i.
213
proxima (Thamnophis), i.
213. &
proximus (Atheris), iii.
509.
proximus (Coluber), i.
212.
proximus(Tropidonotus),
i. 213.
proximus (Typhlops), iii.
588.
pryeri (Tropidonotus), i.
250.
Prymnomiodon, i. 192.
Psammodynastes, iii. 172.
Psammophidae, iii. 26.
psammophideus (Philo-
dryas), iii. 132.
Psammophidinae, iii. 26.
psammophidius (Pseud-
elaps), iii. 322.
Psammophis, i. 189, 317,
379; ii. 188; iii. 122,
141, 149, 151,152, 172,
177
psammophis (Demansia),
iii. 322.
psammophis (Diemenia),
iii. 322
psammophis (Elaps), iii.
322.
psammophis . (Herpeto-
dryas), i. 390.
psammophis (Pseud-
elaps), iii. 322.
Psammophylax, iii. 117,
124, 138, 175.
psephota (Geophis), ii.
299.
psephotum (Catostoma),
ll.
psephotum (Dirosema),
ii. 299; iii. 645.
psephotus (Elapoidis), ii.
299
Pseudablabes, iii. 126.
Pseudaspidinae, iii. 597.
Pseudaspis, i. 373; iii.620.
Pseudechis, iii. 327.
Pseudelaps, iii. 315, 320,
361, 405.
Pseudoboa, iii. 99, 365,
504.
pºise (Hurria), iii.
75.
Pseudocerastes, iii. 501.
Pseudocyclophis, i. 300;
. ii. 255.
Pseudodipsas, ii. 208.
pseudodipsas (Dendro-
phis), iii, 187.
Pseudoeryx, i. 130, 272;
ii. 185, 289.
seudo-eryx (Bolyeria), i.
pººroº )
pseudo-eryx (Tortrix), i.
122.
Pseudoferania iii. 2.
Pseudoficimia, ii. 255.
pseudogetulus (Coro-
nella), ii. 197.
Pseudohaje, iii. 373.
Pseudolycodon, i. 364.
Pseudonaja, iii. 320.
Pseudopareas, iii. 462.
Pseudoplectrurus, i. 160.
Pseudorhabdium, ii. 328.
Pºpulop. i. 139,
44.
Pseudoxenodon, i. 270.
Pseudoxyrhopus, i. 314.
Psilosoma, ii. 255.
psyches (Elaps), iii. 426.
psyches (Vipera), iii. 426.
Ptyas, i. 379.
pubescens (Bothrops), iii.
542.
pubescens (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 542. •
publia (Ficinia), ii. 271.
pugnax (Ancistrodon), iii.
521.
pugnax (Toxicophis), iii.
520
pulchella (Coronella), ii.
165.
pulchella (Daboia), iii.
490.
pulchellus (Diadophis), ii.
207.
pulcher (Alsophis), ii. 11.
pulcher (Qhondro-
python), i. 90.
pulcher (Conophis), iii.
123.
pulcher (Heterodon), ii.
153.
pulcher (Lachesis), iii.
539.
pulcher (Liophis), ii.
165.
pulcher
iii. 169.
pulcher (Tomodon), iii.
123.
(Psammophis),
ulcher (Trigonocepha-
p lus), iii. 539. p
pulcherrimus (Drymo-
bius), i. 392.
pulcherrimus
phis), i. 392.
pulcherrimus (Zamenis),
i. 392; iii. 622.
pulchra (Pseudoficimia),
ii. 270.
ulchriceps
p phis), º 11.
pulchrilatus (Eutaenia),
i. 209; iii. 601.
pullata (Tyria), ii. 23.
pullatus (Coluber), ii. 23,
33
(Mastico-
(Mastico-
puiatus (Spilotes), ii.
23.
pulneyensis (Plectrurus),
i. 147.
pulmeyensis (Rhinophis),
i. 147.
pulneyensis (Silybura), i.
147. a)
704 -
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
pulveriventris (Rhadi-
maea), iii. 635.
pulverulenta (Dipsas),
iii. 68.
pulverulenta (Psammo-
phis), iii. 172.
pulverulentus (Crotalus),
iii. 576.
pulverulentus (Dipsado-
morphus), iii. 68,649.
pulverulentus (Dryinus),
iii. 184.
pulverulentus(Dryophis),
iii. 184. -
pulverulentus (Psammo-
dynastes), iii. 172, 174.
punctata (Calamaria), ii.
206. -
punctata (Coronella), ii.
206; iii. 638.
punctata (Crotapho-
peltis), iii. 91.
punctata (Denisonia), iii.
punctata (Hypsirhina),
iii. 12.
pº (Leptodira), iii.
1.
punctata (Morelia), i. 82.
punctata (Onychophis),
i. 42.
punctata (Phytolopsis),
iii. 12.
punctata (Psammophis),
iii. 157
punctata (Pythonopsis),
iii. 12.
punctata
154.
punctatissima (Dipsas),
iii. 117
punctatissima (Natrix),
iii. 117
punctatissimus (Sibon),
iii. 117.
punctatissimus (Thamno-
dynastes), iii. 116, 117.
punctatolineata (Cyclo-
phis), ii. 261.
punctatolineatus (Apa-
rallactus), iii. 261.
punctatostriatus (Enico-
gnathus), i. 227.
punctatovittatum (Rhab-
dosoma), ii. 312.
punctatum (Melanophi-
dium), i. 164.
punctatus (Ablabes), ii.
206.
(Silybura), i.
punctatus (Acontias), i.
º
punctatus (Coluber), li.
206
punctatus (Diadophis), ii.
206,207,208; iii. 638.
punctatus(Elaps), iii.409.
pº (Leptophis),
11
punctatus (Philotham-
nus), ii. 99.
punctatus (Psammophis),
iii. 157.
punctatus (Pseudoxy-
rhopus), i. 317.
punctatus (Python), i. 82.
punctatus (Rhinophis), i.
141.
punctatus (Typhlops), i.
42; iii. 587.
punctatus (Xenodon), i.
317.
punctigularis (Conio-
phanes), iii. 207.
punctiventris (Tropido-
notus), iii. 602.
punctulata (Dendrophis),
ii. 82. .
punctulatus (Coronella),
ii. 220.
punctulatus (Dendro-
phis), ii. 80, 82, 85;
iii. 628,629.
punctulatus (Leptophis),
ii. 82.
punctulatus (Psammo-
phis), iii. 159.
punctulatus (Simotes), ii.
220
punctulatus (Tropido-
notus), i. 228.
punicea (Cophias), iii.
560.
pumiceus (Atropophis),
iii. 560.
puniceus (Atropos), iii.
560
pumiceus (Lachesis), iii.
560.
pumiceus (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 553, 560.
puniceus (Trimeresurus),
iii. 560.
purpurans (Ablabes), ii.
167.
urpurans (Diadophis),
p #"; e ( phis)
purpurams (Liophis), ii.
168.
purpurans (Rhadinaea),
ii. 167.
purpurascens(Dicraulax),
iii. 640.
purpurascens (Passerita),
iii. 184. , .
purpurascens (Simotes),
ii. 218, 220, 225, 226;
iii. 640. §
purpurascens (Xenodon),
ii. 218, 220.
purpureocauda (Ablabes),
ii. 267.
purpureomaculatus (La-
chesis), iii. 553.
purpureomaculatus. (Tri-
gonocephalus), iii. 553.
purpureomaculatus (Tri-
meresurus), iii. 553.
purpureus (Trimesurus),
iii. 553.

pustulatus (Thrasops), ii.
105.
putnami (Dromicus), iii.
120. *
putnami (Manolepis), iii.
120.
putnami (Ocyophis), iii.
120.
putnami (Philodryas),
iii. 120. -
putnamii (Liophis),ii.139.
pygaea (Contia), i. 228;
iii. 604.
pygaeus (Seminatrix), iii.
604
pygaeus (Tropidonotus),
i. 228; iii. 604
pygmaeus (Liophis), ii.
129
pyramidum (Scythale),
iii. 505.
pyromelanus(Ophibolus),
ii. 202.
pyrrha (Caudisona), iii.
580.
Pºpº (Elaps),
e s e 2 -
iii. 429.
rrhomelas (Ophibolus),
Pº 202. p
pyrrhopogon (Coluber),
ii. 73.
pyrrhus (Crotalus), iii.
580.
Python, i. 80.
Pythones, i. 74.
Pythonia, iii. 13.
Pythonidae, i. 71.
Pythonides, i. 74.
Pythoniens, i. 71.
Pythonina, i. 74.
Pythoninae, i. 74.
pythonissa (Coluber), iii.
6 -
Pythonodipsas, iii. 45.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
705
Pythonoidea, i. 71.
Pythonopsis, iii. 2.
quadrangularis(Ficinia),
ii. 272.
quadrangularis(Geophis),
ii. 320.
quadricarinatus (Erpeto-
dryas), ii. 72.
quadrifasciatus (Coluber),
11, O.I.,
quadrilineata (Coronella),
ii. 41. ©
quadrilineata (Eirenis),
ii. 260.
quadrilineata (Liophis),
ii. 130.
quadrilineata (Psammo-
phis), iii. 165.
quadrilineatum (Boaºdon),
i. 332.
quadrilineatus (Ablabes),
, 11. ‘E1. -
quadrilineatus (Callo-
peltis), ii. 41.
quadrilineatus (Coluber),
ii. 41, 45.
quadrilineatus (Dromico-
dryas), i. 190.
quadrilineatus (Elaphis),
ii. 46.
quadrilineatus (Herpeto-
dryas), i. 190.
quadrilineatus (Simotes),
ll. 2,244 .
quadrimaculata (Cala-
maria), ii. 348, 349.
quadriscutatus (Bothri-
opsis), iii. 544.
quadriscutatus (Both-
rops), iii. 543.
quadriserialis (Regina), i.
237
quadriserialis (Tropido-
notus), i. 237; iii. 605.
quadristriatus (Coluber),
ii. 45.
quadrivirgatum (Adel-
phicos), ii. 312.
quadrivirgatum (Boat-
don), i. 331.
quadrivirgatum (Compso-
soma), ii. 59.
quadrivirgatus(Atractus),
11. ºl Za.
quadrivirgatus (Coluber),
ii. 59; iii. 628.
quadrivirgatus (Elaphis),
ii. 59.
quadrivirgatus (Elaps),
iii. 400. -
WOL. III.
*
quadrivittatum(Boaedon),
i. 332
quadrivittatus (Coluber),
ii. 50.
quadrivittatus (Elaphis),
ii. 50.
quaterradiatus (Coluber),
ii. 45.
quaterradiatus (Elaphis),
ii. 46
quatuorlineatus (Colu-
ber), ii. 45, 53.
quincumciatus(Comastes),
ii. 210.
quincunciatus (Tropido-
notus), i. 230, 231,232,
257.
quinque (Tropidonotus),
ii. 61.
quinquelineata (Aposto-
lepis), iii. 235.
quinquelineata (Coro-
nella), ii. 178. .
quinquelineata (Rhadi-
naea), ii. 178.
quinquelineata (Steno-
rhina), iii. 229.
quinquelineatus (Herpe-
todryas), ii. 11.
quinquelineatus(Liophis),
i. 315.
quinquelineatus (Micr-
ophis), iii. 229.
quinquelineatus (Peud-
oxyrhopus), i. 315; iii.
613
quinquestriatus(Ablabes),
ii. 284.
quinquevittatum (Calo-
pisma), iii. 210.
quinquevittatus (Homa-
lopsis), iii. 210.
quinquevittatus (Hydro-
calamus), iii. 210.
quinquevittatus (Hy-
drops), iii. 210.
Rabdion, ii. 328.
rabdocephalus (Coluber),
ii. 146, 150.
Rabdosoma, ii. 300, 314.
Rachiodon, ii. 353.
Rachiodontidae, ii. 353.
Raclitia, iii. 2.
raddii (Vipera), iii. 487.
radiatum (Compsosoma),
ii. 61.
radiatus (Coluber), ii. 61.
radiatus (Elaphis), ii. 62.
radiatus (Spilotes), ii. 62.
radix (Eutainia), i. 211;
iii. 602.
radix (Tropidomotus), i.
211; iii. 602.
raffrayi (Atractocephalus),
º (Scaphiophis)
ra ;" Capniophis), 11.
rakosiensis (Vipera), iii.
473.
ramsayi(Aspidiotes), i.92.
ramsayi (Aspidites), i. 92;
iii. 592. -
ramsayi (Denisonia), iii.
338.
ramsayi (Furina), iii.
324
ramsayi (Hoplocephalus),
iii. 338.
raminus (Coluber), ii. 134.
*; (Hydrophis), iii.
rappii (Ablabes), ii. 282.
rappii (Drymobius), ii. 11.
º (Herpetodryas), ii.
1.
rava (Caudisona), iii. 571.
ravergieri (Coluber), i.
405
ravergieri (Zamenis), i.
405, 407; iii. 625.
ravus (Crotalophorus),
iii. 571.
ravus (Crotalus), iii. 571.
ravus (Sistrurus), iii. 571.
rebentischii (Calamaria),
ii. 343. .
rectangulus (Coluber), i.
230.
redi (Coluber), iii. 481.
redi (Vipera), iii. 482.
redimita (Colorhogia), ii.
252
redimita (Geophis).ii.326.
redimitum (Arrhyton), ii.
252.
redimitus (Cryptodacus),
ii. 252. ryp )
redimitus (Geagras), ii.
326 -
regalis (Coronella), ii.
208; iii. 639.
regalis (Diadophis), ii.
. 208.
regalis (Dipsas), iii. 78.
regalis (Liophis), ii. 208.
regia (Boa), i. 88.
regia (Cenchris), i. 88.
regia (Hortulia), i. 89.
Regina, i. 193; iii. 599.
reginae.(Coluber), ii. 137.
2 z
706
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
reticulatus (Argyrophis),
i. 28.
reticulatus (Atractus), ii.
3.11.
reticulatus (Coluber), i.
234; ii. 260.
* (Elaphis), ii.
6
reticulatus (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 241.
reticulatus (Geophis), ii.
II
reticulatus (Lycodon),
iii. 322.
reticulatus (Phalotris),
iii. 242. e
reticulatus (Pituophis),
ii. 68.
reticulatus (Python), i.
85; iii. 592.
reticulatus (Stegonotus),
iii. 619.
reticulatus (Typhlops), i.
27; iii. 585.
reuteri (Typhlops), i. 16.
revoili (Brachyophis), iii.
254. f
rex-serpentum (Constric-
tor), i. 117.
rhabdocephalus (Xeno-
don), ii. 146, 148, 150.
Rhabdodon, iii. 141.
Rhabdophidium, ii. 328.
Bhabdops, i. 300.
Rhabdosoma, i. 302, 303.
Rhachiodontinae, ii. 353.
Rhadinaea,ii.160; iii. 635.
Rhagerhis, iii. 141.
Rhamnophis, iii. 632.
Rhamphiophis, iii. 144.
Rhamphostoma, i. 59.
Rhegnops, ii. 300.
Rhinaspis, ii. 253; iii.
471. . .
Rhinechis, ii.124.
Rhinelaps, iii.361.
Rhinhoplocephalus, iii.
352.
Rhinobothryum, iii. 82.
Rhinocalamus, iii. 247.
Rhinocerophis, iii. 530.
Rhinochilus, ii. 212.
rhinoceros (Clotho), iii.
4
rhinoceros (Echidna), iii.
499. -
rhinoceros (Vipera), iii.
499.
rhinomegas (Coluber), ii.
40.
Rhinophidae, i. 137.
Rhinophis, i. 140.
Rhinopirus, iii. 25.
rhinopoma (Dipsas), iii.
50
rhinopoma (Tarbophis),
iii. 50. -
Bhinosimus, iii. 99.
Thinostoma, ii. 246,253;
iii. 114.
rhinostoma (Furina), iii,
363
rhinostoma (Heterodon),
ii. 253. .
rhinostoma (Simophis),
ii. 253.
rhinostomus (Pseudo-
elaps), iii. 363.
Rhinotyphlops, i. 4. -
* (Ablabes), i.
8
rhodogaster (Alecto), iii.
336.
reginae (Coronella), ii.
138. ( )
reginae ſº ii. 130,
132, 137,142, 175.
reginae (Typhlops), i. 35.
*:::: (Python), i.88; iii.
regularis (Coronella), ii.
196; iii. 637. .
regularis (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 71.
regularis (Meizodon), ii.
196
reinhardti (Calabaria), i.
; iii. 592.
reinhardti (Philodryas),
iii. 129.
rºad (Rhoptrura), i.
reinhardtii (Eryx), i. 92.
reinwardti (Calopisma),
ii. 291.
reinwardtii (Homalo-
psis), ii. 291.
reinwardtii (Hydrops),
ii. 291.
reissii (Drymobius), ii. 11.
* (Herpetodryas), ii.
Rema, i. 59.
renardi (Pelias), iii. 475.
renardi (Vipera), iii. 475.
resimus (Causus), iii.468.
* (Heterophis), iii.
46
resplendens (Cylindr-
ophis), i. 135.
reticulare (Compsosoma),
ii. 35.
reticularis (Coluber), ii.
rºi. (Spilotes), ii.
35.
reticulata (Anguis), i. 27.
reticulata (Blythia), i.
314.
reticulata (Boa), i. 85.
reticulata (Calamaria), i.
314; ii. 345.
reticulata (Demansia), iii.
reticulata (Dendroechis),
iii. 435.
reticulata (Diemenia), iii.
322
reticulata(Herpetodryas),
ii. 11. -
reticulata (Tantilla), iii.
224
reticulatum (Homalocra-
, nium), iii. 224.
rhodogaster (Colophrys),
ii. 317. -
rhodogaster (Enicogna-
thus), i. 182, 183. º
* (Geophis), il.
rhodogaster (Herpeto-
dryas), i. 182.
rhodogaster (Polyodont-
ophis), i. 182.
rhodomelas(Amphiesma),
i. 266.
rhodomelas . (Macropis-
thodon), i.266; iii. 609.
rhodomelas (Tropidono-
tus), i. 266. -
rhodomelas (Xenodon), i.
267.
rhodopleuron (Chryso-
pelea), iii. 195. -
rhodopleuron (Dendro-
phis), iii. 195.
rhodorhachis (Zamenis),
i. 398; iii. 623.
rhodostoma (Ancistro-
don), iii. 527.
rhodostoma (Calloselas-
ma), iii. 527.
rhodostoma (Leiolepis),
# 527.
rhodostoma (Tisiphone
tº (tiphone)
rhodostoma (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 527.
rhombeata (Boa), i. 85.
rhombeata (Coelopeltis),
iii. 138.
rhombeata
(Coronella),
iii. 138.
ALPHABETICAL INDEXe
707
* (Dipsas), iii.
rhombeata (Lachesis), iii.
534.
rhombeata (Naja), iii.
467.
rhombeatus (Aspidelaps),
iii. 467.
rhombeatus (Causus), iii.
467. -
* (Coluber), iii.
8 -
rhynchops (Python), iii.
16
riccioli (Coluber), ii. 194.
º (Coronella), ii.
194.
riccioli (Zamenis), ii. 194.
richardi (Ahaetula), ii.
113
richardii (Coluber), ii.
113
richardii (Typhlops), i.
31
ºwnii (Myron), iii.
ridgewayi (Lytorhyn-
º i. 415. y
rigida (Natrix), i. 240.
rigida (Regina), i. 240;
iii. 606.
rigidus (Coluber), i. 240.
rigidus (Tropidonotus), i.
240; iii. 606.
riisii (Elaps), iii. 420.
rijersmaei (Alsophis), ii.
124.
riparius (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 46.
Hºus (Typhlops), i.
46.
ritchiei (Cerastes), iii.
riukianus (Trimeresurus),
iii. 550.
robusta (Aepidea), iii.
627.
robusta (Distira), iii.
robusta (Hydrophis), iii.
292
rhombeatus (Lycogna-
thus), iii. 58.
rhombeatus (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 58.
rhombeatus (Psammo-
phylax), iii. 125, 138.
rhombeatus (Sepedon),
iii. 467.
rhombeatus (Trimerorhi-
nus), iii. 138.
rhombifer (Coryphodon),
ii. 14.
rhombifer (Crotalus), iii.
574, 578.
rhombifer (Drymobius),
ii. 14, 357; iii. 626.
rhombifer (Nerodia), i.
243
rhombifer (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 103.
rhombifer (Spilotes), ii.
14
rhombifer (Tropidono-
tus), i. 242 ; iii. 606.
rhombifer (Zamenis), ii.
14
rhombifera (Leptodira),
III. Jö.
rhombifera (Natrix), i.
rhombiferum (Sibon), iii.
93
rhombomaculata (Coro-
nella), ii. 198.
rhombomaculata (Lam-
propeltis), ii. 199.
rhombomaculatus (Ophi-
bolus), ii. 198.
Rhoptrura, i. 92.
Rhynchelaps, iii. 361.
Rhynchocalamus, ii. 233.
Rhynchoelaps, iii. 361.
Rhynchonyx, iii. 232.
rhynchops (Cerberus), iii.
16
rhynchops (Homalopsis),
iii. 16.
rhynchops (Hydrus), iii.
16. -
robusta (Mainophis), i.
305.
rodriguezii (Elaphis), ii. *
39
roelandt (Calamaria), ii.
44.
rogersi (Zamenis), iii.
3.
rohdii (Rhinaspis), ii.
254
rohdii (Simophis), ii.254.
romanus (Coluber), ii. 52.
rosaceus (Coluber), ii. 49.
rosenbergii (Coronella), i.
366.
roseofusca (Lichanura), i.
129
rostrale (Rhabdosoma),
ii. 323.
rostralis (Anguis), i. 27.
rostralis (Elapoides), ii.
rostralis (Geophis), ii.
323. (Geophis)
rostrata (Atractaspis), iii.
514.
rostrata (Glauconia), i.
62; iii. 590.
rostratum (Stenostoma),
i. 62; iii. 590.
rostratus (Anguis), i. 27.
rostratus (Causus), iii.
469.
rostratus (Heterophis),
iii. 469.
rostratus (Rhamphio-
phis), iii. 146.
rothi (Ablabes), ii. 262.
rothi (Contia), ii. 262.
rothi (Eirenis), ii. 262.
ruatanus (Elaps), iii. 423.
rººm (Stenostoma), i.
- 5
rubens (Coluber), ii. 194.
ruber (Crotalus), iii. 576.
rubescens (Chrysopelea),
iii. 194, 195, 196.
rubescens (Diadophis), ii.
120.
rubescens (Dipsas), iii.
194.
rubescens (Dryophiops)
º, wºopmory,
rubescens (Dryophis), iii.
194.
(Leptophis),
rubinianum
(Rabdoso-
ma), ii. 308.
rubra (Tantilla), iii. 219.
rººm (Sibon), iii.
rubescens
iii. 194.
rubriceps (Elaphis), ii.
40.
rubriventer (Cyclophis), i.
300
rubrisenter (Trachi-
schium), i. 300.
rubriventris (Coluber), ii.
42
rubrolineata (Silybura), i.
155
rubromaculata (Silybura),
i. 157. D
rubropunctata (Dipsina
* (pipino)
rubropunctatus (Rha-
gerrhis), iii. 146.
rubropunctatus (Rham-
phiophis), iii. 146.
rubrum (Homalocra-
mium), iii. 219.
rufa (Anguis), i. 135.
2 z 2
'708
*ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
rufa (Cylindrophis), i.
135. y phis)
'rufa (Ilysia), i. 135.
rufa (Tortrix), i. 135.
rufescens (Achalinus), i.
308, 309; iii. 612.
* (Coluber), iii.
8
rufescens (Coronella), iii.
, 90.
rufescens (Crotaphopel-
, tis), iii. 90.
* (Heterurus), iii.
... 90
ruficauda (Anilios), i. 29.
rºde (Typhlops), i.
ruficeps (Homalocra-
nium), iii. 223.
-ruficeps (Pogonaspis), iii.
223.
ruficeps (Tropidonotus),
. i. 253.
rufiventris (Alsophis), ii.
124.
rufiventris (Dromicus), ii.
124.
rººm. (Ablabes), ii.
43.
rufodorsatus (Coluber), ii.
43
rufodorsatus (Dromicus),
iii. 133.
rufodorsatus
notus), ii. 43.
rufopunctata (Eutania),
i. 214.
rufopunctatum
poma), i. 214.
rufopunctatus (Tropido-
notus), i. 214.
rufotorquatum (Amphi-
. . esma), i. 266.
rufozonatus (Dinodon), i.
361
rufozonatus (Lycodon), i.
361
(Tropido-
(Chilo-
rufula (Coronella), i. 318.
. rufulus (Ablabes), i. 318.
rufulus (Ablabophis), i.
, .318. .
rufulus (Lamprophis), i.
318.
rufulus (Tragops), iii.
- 185.
rufus (Coluber), iii. 380.
* (Cylindrophis), i.
5
- rufus (Eryx), i. 135.
rufus (Liophis), ii. 129.
rugosus
176
russellii
490
sackenii
•rugosa (Opisthotropis), i.
284
rugosum (Trachischium),
i. 297. &
rugosus (Lepidognathus),
i. 284.
(Nothopsis), i.
ruhstrati
363
rupestris (Coluber), iii.
141
º rüppelli (Typhlops), i.
iii. 586.
35; iii.
ruschenbergeri (Xiphoso-
ma), i. 99; iii. 593.
russelii (Coronella), ii.
229
russelius (Coluber), ii.
229
russellianus (Dryinus),
iii. 183.
russellii (Coluber), iii.
russellii (Daboia), iii.
490.
russellii (Disteira), iii.
302
russellii (Echidna), iii.
490
russeiiii (Simotes), ii.
229
russellii (Tortrix), i. 16.
russellii (Typhlops), i. 16,
56.
(Vipera), iii.
rusticus (Oxyrhopus), iii.
111.
rutiloris (Eutania), i.
213.
rutilus (Lygophis), ii.
165.
sabinii (Bothrops), iii.
535.
Sabrina, i. 59.
(Eutainia), i.
saffragamus (Uropeltis),
i. 139.
sagittaria (Calamaria), i.
186, 187.
Sagittarius (Ablabes), i.
, 187
sagittarius (Polyodonto-
phis), i. 187; iii. 598.
sagittatus (Coluber), iii.
63 -
ſº sagitifer (Ohlorosoma),
ii. 165. *
(Ophites), i.
sanguineus
* (Liopeltis), ii.
165.
sagittifera (Rhadinaea), ii.
165
salisi(Geophis), ii. 318.
salomonis (Dendrophis),
ii. 80
II. º.
Salvadora, i. 379.
salvini (Crotalus), iii. 575.
salvinii (Spilotes), ii. 33.
samarensis (Naia), iii.
385.
samarensis (Spilotes), i.
367.
sanctae-crucis (Dromicus),
ii. 122; iii. 634.
sancticrucis (Alsophis), ii.
122. .*
sancti-johannis
dryas), iii. 45.
sancti-johannis (Tropido-
notus), i. 230; iii. 604.
sandakanensis(Bothrops),
iii. 561.
(Lyco-
Platyplec-
trurus), i. 1% yp
sanguineus (Plectrurus),
i. 166. h
Sanguineus (Rhinophis),
i. 143. p
sanguineus (Teretrurus),
i. 166
sanguiventer (Hurriah), i.
60
sanniola (Leptognathus),
iii. 459.
sanmiolus (Mesopeltis),iii.
459
sansibaricus (Philotham-
nus), ii. 99.
Sanzinia, i. 99. -
Sarasinorum (Agrophis),
ii. 360. (Agrop )
Saravacensis (Tropidono-
tus), i.260,261; iii.609.
sardus (Coluber), i. 395.
*: (Adelphicus), ii.
3
sargi (Ahrtalla), ii. 111.
Sargii (Leptophis), ii. 111.
Sargii (Pliocercus), ii.
183
sargii ſº (Rhegnops), ii.
313. nop
Sargii (Thrasops), ii. 111.
, Sartorii (Leptognathus),
ii. 296
sartorii (Tro idodipsas),
ii. 296; º 45.
11.
saturatus(Hapsidophrys),
ii. 110. # - e.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,”
709.
* (Leptophis), ii.
. 110.
* (Coluber), ii.
5
saurita (Goluber), i.212.
saurita (Eutainia), i. 213.
saurita (Thamnophis), iii.
602
saurita (Tropidonotus), i.
212; iii. 602.
sauritus (Leptophis), i.
21
saurocephalus (Coluber),
ii. 149.
Sauromates (Coluber), ii.
45, 52.
sauromates (Elaphis), ii.
46, 55.
sauromates (Tropidono-
tus), ii. 46.
savignyi (Tarbophis), iii.
48
savorgnani
lus), i. 345
sayi (Coluber), ii. 68,
sayi (Coronella), ii. 197.
º, (Lampropeltis), ii.
197
(Simocepha-
sayi (Óphibolus), ii. 197.
sayi (Pituophis), ii. 69.
scaber (Dasypeltis), ii.
354. -
scaber (Deirodon), ii.354.
scaber (Coluber), ii. 354.
séaber (Rachiodon), ii.
354.
scaber (Tropidonotus), ii.
354.
scabra (Dasypeltis), ii.
354; iii. 648.
scabricauda (Plectrurus),
i. 166.
scalaris (Coluber), ii. 65.
scalaris (Elapomorphus),
ill. 2324. -
scalaris (Eutainia), i.
. . 203, 204; iii, 601.
scalaris . (Helicops), i.
, 279.
scalaris (Hypsirhynchus),-
. . ii. 117.
* (Rhinechis), ii.
5.
scalaris (Thamnophis), i.
204.
scalaris (Tropidomotus),
i. 204; iii. 601.
scalaris (Xenopholis), iii.
232
ger (Tropidomotus
i.203; iii. 601. ),
Scaphiophis, ii. 254.
schadenbergi (Geophis),
i. 302. -
schadenbergi (Trimere-
'surus), iii. 556.
Schadenbergii (Oligodon),
iii. 640.
scheuchzeri (Scytale), i.
135.
Schinzi(Onychocephalus),
i. 47.
Schinzi (Typhlops), i.
* @pulop )
Schirazana (Periops), i.
411.
schistaceum
ma), i. 191.
schistorhynchus (Platu-
rus), iii. 309.
Schistosa (Enhydrina), iii.
302
(Amphies-
schistosa (Hydrophis), iii.
302.
schistosa (Tantilla), iii.
221.
dº
schistosum (Atretium), i.
4
schistosum (Homalocra-
mium), iii. 221.
schistosus (Coluber), i.
274.
schistosus (Helicops), i.
274.
schistosus
iii. 274.
schistosus (Hydrus), iii.
302.
(Hydrophis),
schistosus (Pelamis), iii.
274
schistosus (Pseudoeryx),
i. 274.
schistosus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 275.
schistosus (Tropidophis),
i. 274.
schizopholis (Astrotia),
iii. 288.
schizopholis(Hydrophis),
iii. 288.
schlegeli (Leionotus), ii.
286
achiegelii (Ablabes), ii.
282
schlegelii (Bothriechis),
iii. 567.
schlegelii (Bothrops), iii.
567.
schlegelii (Calamaria), ii.
333, 345.
schlegelii (Diemenia), iii.
** -
schlegelii (Hydrophis), iii.
290.
schlegelii (Lachesis), iii.
567.
schlegelii (Nardoa), i.
76
schlegelii (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 44, 45. -
Schlegelii (Rhinostoma)
ii. 253.
schlegelii (Teleuraspis),
iii. 567. -
schlegelii (Thalassophis),
iii. 290. i.
schlegelii (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 567. .
schlegelii (Tropidolae-
mus), iii. 563.
schlegelii (Typhlops), i.
44; iii. 588.
schmackeri (Coluber), iii.
627. -
schmidti (Streptophorus), ,
i. 293.
schmidtii (Alecto), iii.
335.
schneideri (Homalopsis), ,
iii. 16. -
schneideri (Python), i.
85. ‘.
ºlder (Typhlops), i.
7.
schneideri (Vipera), iii.
498.
schneideriana (Hurria),
iii. 16.
schokari (Coluber), iii.
157.
schokari (Dipsas), ii. 78,
88.
schokari (Psammophis),
iii. 157.
schotti (Masticophis), i.
391.
schotti (Philodryas), iii.
130.
schottii (Bascanium), i.
391.
schottii (Dryophylax), iii.
130.
schottii (Pseudophis), iii.
131.
schottii (Xenodon), iii.
schranckii (Elaps), ii.
184.
schrenckii (Coluber), ii.
48.
schrenckii (Elaphis), ii.
48.
schyta (Vipera), iii. 476.
710
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Sclateri (Leptocalamus),
ii. 251 ; iii. 641.
Scolécophides, i. 3, 57.
Scolecophidia, i. 3.
Scolecophis, iii. 210.
scytale (Calamaria), i.
3.11. .
scytale (Ilysia), i. 133;
iii. 595.
scytale (Torquatrix), i.
133.
scytale (Tortrix), i. 133.
Scytalidae, iii. 26.
Scytaliens, iii. 26.
Scytalinae, iii. 26.
scytalinus (Scolecophis),
iii. 109. -
scytha (Coluber), iii. 476.
sebae (Coluber), i. 86.
sebae (Hortulia), i. 86.
sebae (Ninia), i. 293.
º (Oxyrhopus), iii.
101
sebae (Python), i. 86; iii.
592.
sebae (Streptophorus), i.
293
Sebastus (Herpetodryas),
ii. 75.
sechellensis (Lycognatho-
phis), i. 317; iii. 614.
sellatus (Coluber), ii. 40.
* (Coluber), ii.
5
semiannulata (Contia), ii.
268.
(Elapsoi-
semicinctum (Lycophi-
dium), i. 341; iii. 617.
semicinctus (Heterodon),
ii. 153
semicinctus (Leptogna-
thus), iii. 645.
semicinctus (Lystrophis),
ii. 153.
semicinctus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 215.
semidoliatum (Cato-
stoma), ii. 316.
semidoliatum (Rabdo-
soma), ii. 316.
semidoliatus (Elapoides),
ii. 316.
semidoliatus (Geophis),
ii. 316; iii. 645.
semifasciata (Brachyuro-
phis), iii. 363.
semifasciata (Compso-
soma), i. 400.
semifasciata (Eutainia),
i. 207.
semifasciatum (Aspido-
clonion), iii. 368.
semifasciatus (Bungarus),
iii. 368.
semifasciatus (Coluber), i.
400.
semifasciatus (Himan-
todes), iii. 86.
semifasciatus (Hydro-
phobus), i. 370.
semifasciatus (Lycodon),
iii. 101.
semifasciatus.
pus), iii. 101.
semifasciatus (Platyceps),
i. 399.
i. 3
(Rhynch-
(Oxyrho-
semifasciatus
elaps), 363.
semifasciatus (Simotes),
ii. 222.
semilineata (Natrix), ii.
138
semilineatum
, nium), i. 391.
semilineatus (Zamenis),
iii. 622.
semimaculata (Ablabes),
ii. 261. -
(Basca-
scolopax (Lycognathus), i
iii. 57
scolopax (Oxyrhopus), iii.
57.
scolopax (Siphlophis), iii.
$ 57.
scopinucha (Naja), iii.
380, *
scopolianus (Coluber), i.
219
scopolii (Coluber), ii. 52.
Scotophis, ii. 25.
scriptus (Ablabes), ii. 284.
scurrula (Herpetodryas),
ii. 75.
scurrula (Natrix), ii. 75.
scutata (Eryx), i. 125.
scutata (Hamadryas), iii.
351.
scutata (Laticauda), iii.
scutata (Naja), iii. 351.
scutatus (Aspidelaps), iii.
391.
scutatus (Coluber), i. 219.
scutatus (Cyrtophis), iii.
scutatus (Notechis), iii.
351.
scutatus (Platurus), iii.
308 -
scutatus (Tropidonotus),
i. 234
1. Zººk.
scutellatus (Pseudechis),
iii. 331.
scutifrons (Glauconia), i.
68; iii. 591
scutifrons (Stenostoma),
i. 68; iii. 591.
scutigera (Bothriechis),
iii. 546.
scutigera (Bothriopsis),
iii. 546.
scutiventris (Elaps), iii.
433 &
* (Caudisoma), iii.
scutulatus (Crotalus), iii.
575.
Scytale, iii. 99, 504, 519,
529.
scytale (Anguis), i. 133,
135.
scytale (Aspidura), i. 311,
315.
scytale (Boa), i. 115.
semiannulata
dea), iii. 359.
semiannulata(Leptodira),
iii. 51. -
semiannulata (Sonora), ii.
268.
semiannulatus (Crotapho-
peltis), iii. 51.
semiannulatus (Tarbo-
phis), iii. 51.
semiannulatus (Telesco-
pus), iii. 51.
semiannulus (Lycophi-
dium), i. 339.
semiaureus (Ophiomor-
phus), ii. 169.
semicarinatus (Ablabes),
ii. 278.
semicarinatus (Dinodon),
i. 362.
semicarinatus (Eumeso-
don), i. 362.
semicarinatus (Eurypho-
lis), ii. 278.
semicincta (Tantilla), iii.
219 -
semicincta (Ungalia), i.
113.
semicinctum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 219.
Seminatrix, iii. 599. -
semiornata (Coronella),
ii. 195, *r *.
semipartitus (Elaps), iii.
431 -
semivariegata(Ahrtulla),
ii. 99.
semivariegata (Dendro-
phis), ii. 99. . .
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
711
semivariegatus (Philo-
thamnus), ii.99; iii.631.
semizonata (Homalopsis),
iii. 14.
semizonata (Pythonia),
iii. 14.
semperi %. # 292.
Semperi (Hydrophis), iii.
; (Hydrop
sennaariensis (Eryx), i.
125.
seoanei (Vipera), iii. 477.
Sepedon, iii. 388.
*Givºniº,
i. 71.
Septemstriatum (Steno-
stoma), i. 71.
- *Gºodoº),
i. 71.
Septemstriatus (Siagono-
don), i. 71.
(Typh-
Septemstriatus
lops), i. 71.
Septemvittata (Natrix),
iii. 605.
Septemvittatum (Calopis-
ma), i. 275.
septemvittatus (Coluber),
i. 239.
septemvittatus(Helicops),
i. 275; iii. 610.
Septemvittatus (Limno-
phis), i. 275; iii. 610.
Septemvittatus (Tropido-
notus), i. 239, 419 ; iii.
605.
septentrionale (Sibon), iii.
3.
Septentrionalis (Bo-
throps), iii. 535.
septentrionalis (Cala-
maria), ii. 349.
Septentrionalis(Dinodon),
i. 363; iii. 619.
septentrionalis (Dipsas),
iii. 93.
septentrionalis (Eteiro-
dipsas), iii. 93.
septentrionalis (Lepto-
dira), iii. 93.
septentrionalis(Lycodon),
i. 363.
septentrionalis (Ophites),
i. 363.
seriatus (Coluber), ii. 290.
serpentinus (Coluber), ii.
166
serperastra (Ablabes), ii.
172.
serperastra (Rhadinaea),
ii. 172; iii. 635.
seychellensis
serra (Dryophylax), iii.
134.
serra (Herpetodryas), iii,
134.
serra (Philodryas), iii.
Serra, (Tropidodryas), iii.
134.
severa (Vipera), iii. 494.
severus (Cerastes), ii.
149.
severus (Coluber), ii. 149.
severus (Xenodon), ii.
146, 148, 149, 150.
sexcarinata (Natrix), ii.
sexcarinatus (Herpeto-
dryas), ii. 72.
sexfasciata (Tantilla), iii.
223
sexfasciatum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 223.
sexlineata (Coronella), ii.
43
sedimeatus (Ablabes), ii.
43.
sexlineatus (Dromicus), i.
sedimeatus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 246; iii. 607.
sexscutatus (Leptogna-
thus), ii. 296.
seychellensis (Boodon), i.
329
seychellensis (Psammo-
phis), i. 317. .
(Tropido-
notus), i. 317.
shavii (Pelamis), iii. 289.
shirana (Ahaetulla), ii.
9
shirana (Chlorophis), iii.
631
shiranum (Homalosoma),
ii. 276; iii. 642.
shortii (Silyburg), i. 158.
Siagonodon, i. 59.
siamensis (Calamaria), ii.
348.
siamensis (Coluber), iii.
409
siamensis (Naja), iii. 880.
siamensis (Typhlops), i.
24
sibilans (Coluber), iii.
161,169
sibilans (Psammophis),
iii. 149, 156, 157, 160,
161, 164, 165, 166, 168.
Sibon, iii. 88.
sibon (Coluber), ii. 293.
sibonius(Alsophis),ii.123.
siculus (Coluber), i. 219.
º (Elapoides), ii.
18.
sieboldii (Ferania), iii.
10, 11.
sieboldii (Herpetoreas),
i, 248.
sieboldii (Homalopsis),
iii. 11.
sieboldii (Hypsirhina),
iii. 11.
sieboldii (Ninia), ii. 318.
sieboldii, (Trigonurus),
iii. 11.
signata (Alecto), iii. 338.
º (Denisonia), iii.
38
signata (Glauconia), i. 64.
* (Stenostoma), i.
4
signatus (Coniophanes),
iii. 205.
signatus (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 338.
signatus (Simotes), ii.
226.
sikkimensis (Tropidono-
tus), i. 270.
Siloboura, i. 144.
silurophaga (Grayia), ii.
286
- Silybura, i. 144.
Simalia, i. 81.
simile (Brachysoma), iii.
319
Simocephalus, i. 344.
simoni(Onychocephalus),
i. 51.
simoni (Typhlops), i. 51.
Simophis, ii. 253
Simoselaps, iii. 361.
Simotes, i. 414; ii. 213,
214.
simplex (Lichanura), i.
129
simus (Coluber), ii. 156.
sibiricum (Chorisodon),
iii. 151.
simus (Heterodon), ii.
156
sindanus (Psammophis),
iii. 157.
sinensis (Ablabes), i. 184.
sinkawangensis (Calama-
ria), ii. 343. -
sipedon (Coluber), i.
242
sipedon (Nerodia), i. 242.
sipedon (Tropidonotus),
i. 242. -
712
AEPHABETICAL INDEX,
Siphlophis, iii. 56, 99.
sirtalis (Coluber), i. 206.
sirtalis (Eutainia), i. 205,
206, 208; iii. 601.
sirtalis (Thamnophis), i.
207
.sirtalis (Tropidonotus), i.
201, 202, 205, 206,
207, 209, 210, 211,
237; iii. 601.
Sistrurus, iii. 569.
smaragdina (Ahaetulla),
, ii. 103.
smaragdina (Dendro-
phis), ii. 103.
smaragdina (Gastro-
pyxis), ii. 103; iii. 631.
smaragdina (Hapsido-
phrys), ii. 103.
smaragdinus (Lepto-
phis), ii. 103.
smithii (Dipsas), ii. 125.
smithii (Philothamnus),
ii. 99.
smithii (Typhlops), i. 45.
smithii (Zamenis), iii.624.
smythii (Coluber), ii.286.
smythii (Grayia), ii. 286;
iii. 643.
socotrae (Zamenis), i. 408.
socotranus (Typhlops), i.
21.
Solenoglypha, iii. 463.
Solénoglyphes, iii. 463.
ºw (Typhlops), iii.
58
someretta (Naia), iii.
390
sondaica (Naja), iii. 380.
Sonora, ii. 255.
somorensis (Caudisona),
iii. 576. -
sordellii (Pseudoelaps),
iii. 325.
spadiceus (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 101.
Spalerosophis, i. 379.
speciosus (Coluber), i. 86.
spectabilis (Hoplocepha-
... lus), iii. 342.
Sphecodes, i. 348.
Sphenocalamus, ii. 326.
Sphenocephalus, iii. 99.
spilogaster (Bothro-
dytes), iii. 608. -
spilogaster (Ninia), i.
. P; )
spilogaster (Tropidono-
tus), i. 257; iii. 608.
spiloides (Coluber), ii. 50.
spiloides (Elaphis), ii. 50.
spilonotus (Oligodon), ii.
243 g
Spilotes, ii. 18, 23, 25.
spilotes (Echidna), i. 82.
spilotes (Morelia), i. 82.
spilotes (Python), i. 82.
spilotus (Coluber), i. 82.
spinaepunctatus (Oligo-
don), i. 186.
spinalis (Achalinus), i.
309
. (Coluber), i. 394.
spinalis (Masticophis), i.
P. ( phis)
spinalis (Zamenis), i.
; iii. 622. .
spiralis (Enhydris), iii.
p; 3. - ydris)
spiralis (Hydrophis), iii.
273.
-spiralis (Hydrus), iii.273.
spixii (Coluber), ii. 75.
spixii (Elaps), iii. 427.
spixii (Helicops), i. 280.
spixii (Micrurus), iii.
tº dº
splendens (Liophis), ii.
º: phis)
wººd, (Dipsas), iii.
splendida (Lampropel-
rº ii. 197. prop
splendida (Leptodira),
iii. 93.
splendidus (Ophibolus),
ii. 197.
splendidus (Simotes), ii.
217.
sputatrix (Naja), iii. 380.
squamatus (Atheris), iii.
509.
squamiger (Atheris), iii.
509.
squamigera (Atheris), iii.
509.
squamigera (Echis), iii.
509.
squamigera (Toxicoa), iii.
509.
* (Anilios), i.
57.
* (Typhlophis),
l. O'ſ
squamosus (Typhlops), i.
57; iii. 590.
squamulosus (Pseudo-
elaps), iii. 317.
stahlknechtii (Calama-
ria), ii. 335.
Stasiotes, ii. 213.
Stegonotus, i.364; iii. 619.
stejnegerianus (Zamenis),
iii. 621,
Stémocéphaliens, iii. 26.
stenocephalus (Psammo-
phis), iii. 156.
Stenognathus, i. 302.
Stenophis, iii. 39. -
stenophrys (Lachesis), iii.
534

stenophthalmus (Hetero-
lepis), i. 347.
stenophthalmus ... (Simo-
cephalus), i. 347.
Stenorhina, iii. 229.
stenorhynchus (Geophis),
i. 304.
stenorhynchus (Xylo-
phis), i. 304. . . -

Stenostoma, i. 59.
Stenostomi, i. 57.
Stenostomidae, i. 57.
Stephanohydra, iii. 303.
stephensii (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 350. --
stewartii (Hydrophis),
iii. 297. º
stictogenys (Diadophis),
ii. 207. -
stigmaticus (Drepano-
- don), iii. 639. :
Stilosoma, ii. 325; iii.646.
stokesii (Distira), iii.288.
*:::::: (Hydrophis), iii.
stokesii (Hydrus), iii. 288.
stolata (Natrix), iii. 608.
stolatum (Amphiesma),
i. 253
1. Zºë.
stolatus (Coluber), i. 253.
stolatus (Tropidonotus),
i. 253; iii. 608.
stoliczkae (Ablabes), ii.
281 ,
stoliczkaia, i. 175.
Storeria, i. 285. -
storerioides (Ischnogna-
. . thus), i. 288; iii. 611.
storerioides (Natrix), i.
288
storerioides (Storeria), i.
288.
storerioides (Tropidoglo-
mium), i. 288.
storerioides (Tropidono-
tus), iii. 611.
stormi (Lycodon), i.857;
iii. 618.
stormsi (Boulengerina),
iii. 35
stramines (Carphophis),
ii. 273,
ALPHABETICAL INDEx.
713
stramineus (Chilomenis-
cus), ii. 273.
stratissima (Leptogna-
thus), iii. 85.
Stremmatognathus, iii.
446
stumpffi (Tropidonotus),
i. 247
Stypocenus, i. 193.
Styporhynchus, i. 193,
subaequalis(Dipsas),iii.88.
subaequalis (Himanto-
), iii. 88.
€S
subalbidus (Coluber), iii.
14.
subannulata
phis), iii. 295.
subannulatum (Nymph-
ophidium), i. 371.
subannulatus (Dryocala-
mus), i. 371; iii. 620.
subannulatus (Hydropho-
bus), i. 371.
subannulatus (Leptogna-
thus), ii. 294.
(Odonto-
(Hydro-
subannulatus
mus), i. 371.
subannulatus
rus), iii. 562.
subannulatus (Tropido-
dipsas), ii. 295.
subannulatus (Tropido-
laemus), iii. 562.
(Trimesu-
subminiatus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 256; iii. 608.
submigra (Zamenis), iii.
623.
suboccipitalis (Hoplo-
cephalus), iii. 339.
suboculare (Bascanium),
i. 389.
subocularis (Atheris), iii.
subocularis
phis), ii. 89.
subocularis(Dendrophis),
ii. 89.
suborbitalis (Spilotes), i.
389.
(Dendrela-
subpunctatus (Oligodon),
i. 186.
subpunctatus (Oxyrho-
us), iii. 103.
subpunctatus (Polyodon-
tophis), i. 186; iii. 598.
subquadratus (Oligodon),
. ii. 237. -
subradiatum (Compsoso-
ma), ii. 64.
subradiatus (Coluber), ii.
64
subradiatus (Elaphis), ii.
subradiatus (Tropidono-
tus), ii. 15.
subscutatus (Bothrops),
iii. 535.
substolatum (Amphies-
ma), i. 260.
subtaeniatus (Psammo-
º iii. 160.
sulcans (Hoplocephalus);
iii. 349. -
sulcatus (Typhlops), i. 31.
sulphurea (Natrix), ii.
19
sulphureus (Phrynonax),
... ii. 19; iii. 626.
suluensis (Callophis), iii.
... 402. :
sumatrana (Calamaria),
. ii. 333, 339.
sumatrana (Naja), iii.
386 - r
aumatranus (Bothrops),
Streptophorus, i. 291.
striata (Coronella), i. 361.
* (Leioselasma), iii.
4
striaticeps (Teleolepis),
iii. 134.
stricticollis (Hydrophis),
iii. 284.
striatula (Calamaria), i.
291
striatula (Haldea), i. 291;
iii. 612.
striatula (Potamophis), i.
.291
striatula (Virginia), i.
291. -
striatulus (Coluber), i.
291.
striatulus (Conocepha-
lus), i. 291.
striatus (Coluber), i. 349.
striatus (Enhydris), iii.
295.
striatus (Epicrates), i. 96.
striatus (Eumesodon), i.
361.
striatus (Homalochilus),
i. 96.
striatus (Hydrophis), iii.
290,
striatus (Hydrus), iii.
292, 295.
striatus (Lycodon), i. 349.
* (Lachesis), iii.
549.
strigatus (Tachymenis),
iii. 116.
strigatus (Thamnodynas-
tes), iii. 116. -
strigatus (Tomodon), iii.
116
strigatus (Trimesurus),
iii. 549.
strigilatus (Homalochi-
lus), i. 96.
striolatus (Dendrophis),
ii. 85.
striolatus (Tropidonotus),
i. 231. *4 -
* (Typhlops), i.
stuhlmanni (Ligoniros-
tra), ii. 248.
stumpffi (Dromicus), i.
.247. w
subcarinatus (Dendro-
phis), ii. 91.
subcarinatus (Simotes),
ii. 226.
subcincta (Distira), iii.
292.
subcinctus (Hydrophis),
iii. 292.
subcinctus (Lycodon), i.
359; iii. 619.
subcinctus (Ophites), i.
359
subfasciata (Hydrophis),
iii. 302.
subfasciatus (Liophis), ii.
132.
subfasciatus(Rachiodon),
ii. 355.
* (Lycodon), i.
subgriseus (Oligodon), ii.
243.
sublaevis (Hydrophis), iii.
283, 292.
sublineatus (Liophis), ii.
2.
sublineatus (Oligodon), ii.
242; iii. 640.
sublutescens (Corypho-
don), ii. 8. -
submarginatus (Oxyrho-
pus), iii. 104.
subminiatum (Amphies-
, ma), i. 256. -
... iii. 557. º
sumatranus (Coluber),
... iii. 557. .
sumatranus (Dendro-
phis), iii. 194. :
Sumatranus (Elaphis), i.
307. t
sumatramus (Elaps). iii.
714.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Sumatranus (Lachesis),
iii. 557.
Sumatranus (Trigono-
cephalus), iii. 562.
Sumatranus(Trimesurus),
iii. 562.
Sumatranus (Typhlops),
iii. 584.
sumichrasti (Ablabes),
iii. 597. &
sumichrasti (Conophis),
iii. 123.
sumichrasti (Eutaenia), i.
209; iii. 601.
* (Geagras), ii.
5
sumichrasti (Henicogna-
thus), i. 183. -
sumichrasti (Leptocala-
mus), ii. 250.
sumichrasti (Loxocemus),
i. 74. r
sumichrasti (Polyodonto-
phis), i. 183; iii. 597.
sumichrasti (Rhadinaea),
i. 183.
sumichrasti (Tropidomo-
tus), i. 209; iii. 601.
sundanensis (Tropidono-
tus), i. 225, 260.
sunderwallii (Elaps), iii.
60
sundevalli (Temnorhyn-
chus), ii. 247.
sundevallii (Elapechis),
iii. 360.
sundevallii (Elapsoidea),
iii. 360.
sundevallii (Glauconia),
i. 68.
sundevallii (Prosymna),
ll. Zºſ.
sundevallii (Stenostoma),
i. 68.
superba (Denisonia), iii.
335.
superbus (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 335, 356.
superciliaris (Vipera), iii.
491.
superciliosa (Diemenia),
iii. 325.
superciliosa (Echis), iii.
... 505.
superciliosa (Vipera), iii.
- 505.
superciliosus (Acalyptus),
- 69
. . iii. 269.
superciliosus (Enygrus)
. i. 107. se---,
superciliosus (Pseudo-
elaps), iii. 325.
supracinctum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 219.
surgens (Tropidonotus),
i. 274.
surinamensis (Coluber),
i. 278.
surinamensis (Elaps), iii.
414
surucucu (Bothrops), iii.
534.
suspectus (Xenodon), ii.
147.
suta (Denisonia), iii. 339.
sutherlandi (Brachyso-
ma), iii. 320.
Sutherlandi (Pseudelaps),
iii. 320.
sutus (Hoplocephalus),
iii. 339.
sutus (Thamatophis), iii.
547.
swinhomis (Simotes), ii.
Swinhonis (Tropidono-
tus), i. 218.
Symphimus, iii. 642.
Sympholis, ii. 188.
Synchalinus, ii. 70.
Syncrantériens, i. 177.
syriaca (Tarbophis), iii.
syriacus (Typhlops), i.
21.
syspylus (Ophibolus), ii.
201.
Tachymenis, iii. 47, 117,
124, 199.
Tachynectes, i. 272.
Tachyplotus, iii. 2.
taczanowskyi (Ungalia),
i. 111.
taenia (Tropidonotus), i.
207
taeniata (Coronella), iii.
175.
taemiata (Leptophis), i.
390.
taeniata (Natrix), iii. 605.
taeniata (Rhadinaea), ii.
178.
taeniata (Tachymenis),
iii. 209.
taeniata (Tantilla), iii.
217.
taeniatum (Arrhyton), ii.
252. -
taeniatum (Bascanium), i.
391 -
taeniatum (Homalocrani-
um), iii. 217
taeniatus (Bothrops), iii.
538. -
taeniatus (Conophis), iii.
124.
taeniatus (Dromicus), ii.
178.
taeniatus (Drymobius), i.
391
taeniatus (Elapocephalus),
iii. 239.
taeniatus (Lycognathus),
iii. 175.
taeniatus (Nasticophis), i.
391
taeniatus (Philodryas), iii.
124.
taeniatus (Simotes), ii.
227
taeniatus (Zamenis), i.
390; iii. 622.
taeniogaster (Liophis), ii.
166.
taeniolata (Coronella), ii.
174.
taeniolata (Rhadinaea), ii.
174.
taeniolatus (Enicogna-
thus), ii. 174.
Taeniophallus, iii. 635.
Taeniophis, ii. 118.
* (Aporophis), ii.
130.
taeniurus (Coluber), ii.
47; iii. 627.
taeniurus (Elaphis), ii.47.
taeniurus (Liophis), ii.
130, 138.
taeniurus (Oligodon), ii.
tamachia (Coluber), iii.
592

tantalus (Tropidonotus),
i. 234.
Tantilla, iii. 212.
tantillus (Taeniophis), ii.
119. -
Taphrometopon, iii. 151.
taprobanica (Hydrophis),
iii. 295.
Tarbophis, iii. 47.
tatarica (Boa), i. 126.
*grimorphan) iii.
taxispilota (Natrix), i.
245; iii. 606.
taxispilota (Nerodia), i.
245.
taxispilotus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 245; iii. 606.
taylori (Contia), ii. 265.
teherana (Eryx), i. 126.
Teleolepis, iii. 127.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
715
Telescopus, iii. 47.
Teleuraspides, iii. 518.
Teleuraspis, iii. 529.
jº (Calamaria),
ii. 333.
temminckii (Dromicus),
ii. 119.
temminckii (Liophis), ii.
119.
temminckii (Psammo-
phis), ii. 119.
temminckii (Typhlops),
i. 29
Temnorhynchus, ii. 246.
templetonii (Mytilia), i.
#.
templetonii (Oligodon),
ii. 241, 259.
temporalis (Dromicus),
ii. 143.
temporalis (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 353.
temporalis (Hydrophis),
Ill. º
temporalis (Liophis), ii.
143.
tergeminus (Crotalopho-
rus), iii. 571.
tergeminus (Crotalus), iii.
570.
tergeminus (Oxyrhopus),
iii. 104, 105.
ternatea (Boa), i. 94.
ternetzii (Helminthophis),
iii. 584.
terrifica (Caudisona), iii.
terrificus (Crotalus), iii.
573, 578.
terrificus (Dendrelaphis),
ii. 90; iii. 630,
terrificus (Dendrophis),
ii. 90.
tessellata (Coronella), i.
233
tessellata (Dipsas), iii. 80.
tessellata (Natrix), i. 234.
tessellata (Sabrina), i. 63.
tessellatum (Triglypho-
don), iii. 80.
tºum (Typhlops),
i. 63.
tessellatus (Ablabes), ii.
11.
tessellatus (Bothrops), iii.
538. *
tessellatus (Coluber), i.
233.
tessellatus (Dinodon), i.
4.
tessellatus (Lycodon), i.
351.
tessellatus (Ninia), i.293.
tessellatus (Proterodon),
i. 364.
tessellatus (Rhinochilus),
ii. 213.
tessellatus (Streptopho-
rus), i. 293.
tessellatus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 233,236; iii.605.
testaceus (Coluber), i. 389.
testaceus (Coryphodon), i.
386, 387
testaceus (Drymobius), i.
390
Tetracheilostoma, i. 59.
Tetragonosoma, i. 348.
tetragonus (Coluber), ii.
274.
Tetralepis, i. 319.
tetrazona (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 201.
tettensis (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 41.
tettensis (Psammophis),
iii. 166.
tettensis (Typhlops), i.41.
* (Hypsiglena), ii.
9
texensis (Diadophis), ii.
207.
textilis (Coronella), iii.
175.
textilis (Diemenia), iii.
textilis (Furina), iii. 325.
textilis (Lycognathus), iii.
175
textilis (Pseudoelaps), iii.
325
thalassina (Boa), i. 102.
Thalassophis, iii. 266,268,
271,285, 303.
Thamnocenchris, iii. 529.
Thamnodynastes, iii. 115.
Thamnophis, i. 193; iii.
599. -
Thamnosophis, i. 193;
ii. 9.
Thanatophides, iii. 463.
Thanatophis, iii. 530.
thebaicus (Eryx), i. 125;
iii. 595.
thebaicus (Gongylophis),
i. 125
1. 1249.
Theleus, iii. 616.
temporalis (Ophibolus),
ii. 200
tenasserimensis (Zaocys),
i. 378.
tenere (Elaps), iii. 423.
tentaculatum (Herpeton),
iii. 25.
tentaculatus (Erpeton),
iii. 25.
tenue (Ophthalmidium),
i. 16
1, 10.
tenuiceps(Ablabes), i.299.
tenuiceps (Calamaria), i.
299.
tenuiceps(Trachischium),
i. 299.
tenuicollis (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 37.
tenuicollis (Ophthalmi-
dion), i. 37. $
tenuicollis (Typhlops), i.
37
tenuicula (Rena), i. 70.
tenuiculum (Stenostoma),
i. 70.
tenuis (Typhlops), i. 16,
19, 28.
tenuissima(Dipsas),iii. 86.
tenuissimus (Himan-
- ...} iii. 86. d
tephropleura (Tropido-
º: i. §© p
Teretrurus, i. 165.
tergemina (Caudisona),
iii. 571.
tetrataenia (Adeniophis),
iii. 400.
tetrataenia (Elaps), iii.
400
tetratºnia (Herpetodry-
as), ii. 15.
Thelotornis, iii. 184.
theobaldi (Simotes), ii.
2
30.
theobaldianus(Typhlops),
i. 26.
thepassi (Elaps), iii. 401.
thermalis(Coluber), i.395.
thomensis (Philotham-
mus), ii. 101.
thominoti (Rhinochilus),
ii. 213. -
thraso (Coluber), ii. 155.
Thrasops, ii. 104, 105.
thurstonii (Typhlops), i.
26; iii. 585.
tigrina(Coronella), ii.199;
iii. 138.
tigrinum (Amphiesma), i.
249 -
tºº. iii.
607.
tigrinus(Coluber), iii.138,
535.
tigrinus (Heterodon), ii.
155.
716
ALPHABETICAL INDEx.
tigrinus (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 535.
tigrinus (Tropidonotus),
i. 249; iii. 607.
tigris (Caudisona), iii.580.
tigris (Crotalus), iii. 580.
tigris (Python), i. 87.
timorensis (Python), i.85.
timoriensis (Liasis), i. 85.
Tisiphone, iii. 519.
togoensis (Psammophis),
iii. 147.
togoensis (Rhamphio-
phis), iii. 147.
Toluca, ii. 255.
Tomodon,iii.115,120,122.
Tomogaster, iii. 303.
Tomyris, iii. 372.
tornieri (Zaocys), iii. 628.
torquata (Contia), ii. 266.
* (Coronella), i.
183.
torquata (Demansia), iii.
torquata (Diemenia), iii.
• 323
torquata (Hypsiglena), ii.
209, 210, 359.
torquata (Leptodira), ii.
• 210.
torquata (Natrix), i. 219.
Torquatrix, i. 133, 135.
trianguligera
Tortriciens, i. 131.
Tortricina, i. 131.
Tortrix, i. 1, 75, 121, 122,
133, 134, 167.
torva (Vipera), iii. 477.
torvus (Thanatophis), iii.
567.
Toxicoa, iii. 504.
Toxicodryas, iii. 59.
Toxicophis, iii. 519.
trabalis (Coluber), i. 395;
ii. 44; iii. 151.
trabalis (Haemorrhois), i.
395.
trabalis (Zamenis), i. 395.
Trachischium, i. 297.
Trachyboa, i. 109.
trachyceps (Hydrophis),
iii. 295.
trachyprocta (Aspidura),
i. 313; iii. 613.
transversa (Nerodia), i.
243
transversus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 242. -
travancoricus (Cercaspis),
i. 355.
travancoricus (Lycodon),
i. 355.
travancoricus (Oligodon),
, ii. 236 -
travancorious (Rhino-
. . phis), i. 143; iii. 596.
travancoricus (Teretru-
rus), i. 166.
trevelyana (Dapatnaya),
, i. 142.
trevelyanus (Rhinophis),
i. . (Lam l
triangula (Lampropel-
; ii. 200. prope
triangularis (Coronella),
ll.
triangularis(Elaps)ii.187.
triangularis (Grayia), ii.
287; iii. 643.
triangularis (Heterono-
tus), ii. 286.
triangularis (Hydrops),
ii. 187,359; iii. 637.
triangularis (Pesuderyx),
iii. 637,
(Bothri-
torquatum (Pseudorab-
dion), ii. 329.
torquatum (Rabdion), ii.
329, .
torquatum (Rabdosoma),
... ii. 309.
torquatus (Atractus), ii.
• 309 -
torquatus (Coluber), i.
219; ii. 206. -
torquatus (Enulius), iii.
641
torquatus (Hydrophis),
iii. 283.
torquatus (Leptocala-
• mus), ii. 250; iii. 641.
torquatus(Leptognathus),
- iii. 452.
torquatus (Opisthiodon),
i. 295. -
torquatus (Polyodonto-
phis), i. 183.
torquatus(Simotes),ii.232.
torquatus (Tropidomo-
tus), i. 258.
torresianus (Typhlops), i.
34. -
tortor (Acanthophis), iii.
328. +
Tortricidae, i. 131, 167.
echis), iii. 546.
trianguligera (Bothriop-
sis), iii. 546.
trianguligerus (Tropido-
notus), i.224; iii. 604.
triangulum (Ablabes), ii.
• 198,200. .
triangulum (Coluber), ii.
200.
triangulum (Coronella),
ii. . (Ophibol }.
triangulus phibolus),
ii. #. 200, 201.
triaspis (Coluber), ii.
37; iii. 627.
triaspis (Natrix), ii. 37.
Tricheilostoma, i. 59. -
tricinctus (Liophis), ii.
183. .
tricolor (Ablabes), ii.
281; iii. 643. .
tricolor (Cylophis),ii. 281.
tricolor (Elapomorphus),
. iii. 241
tricolor (Herpetodryas),
ii. 281
tricolor (iiopeltis)ii. 281.
tricolor (Phalotris), iii.
241
tricolor (Phragmito-
phris), iii. 643.
trifrenatus (Leptophis),
i. 385
trigemians (Oxyrhopus),
111. IU%t.
Triglyphodon, iii. 59.
trigomata (Dipsas), iii.
. 63. -
trigonatus (Coluber), iii.
62 -
trigonatus (Dipsadomor-
phus), iii. 62,64, 69.
trigomatus (Pelias), iii.
649
trigonocephala (Megaera),
iii. 559. ..
trigonocephala (Vipera),
iii. 559, •
Trigonocephalus, iii. 519,
529.
trigonocephalus (Co-
phias), iii. 559.
trigonocephalus (Lache-
sis), iii. 559.
trigonocephalus (Tri-
meresurus), iii. 559.
Trigonophis, iii. 47.
Trigonurus, iii. 2.
trigrammus (Psammo-
phis), iii. 159.
trilamina (Echidnoides),
iii. 477. -
trilamina (Vipera), iii.
477
trilineata(Eutaenia),i.208,
trilineata (Herpeto-
dryas), i. 189, 190.
trilineata (Hypsirhina),
111. ( . . . -
trilineatum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 217.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
717
trilineatum (Liophi-
dium), iii. 599.
trilineatus (Atomophis),
iii. 135.
trilineatus (Atractus),
ii. 312.
trilineatus (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 243.
trilineatus (Elaps), iii.
401
trilineatus (Herpeto-
dryas), iii. 135.
trilineatus (Leptocala-
mus), iii. 217.
trilineatus (Oligodon), ii.
238
trilineatus (Platyplec-
trurus), i. 165.
trilineatus (Plectrurus),
i. 165.
trilineatus (Psammophy-
lax), iii. 138.
trilineatus (Simotes), ii.
238
trilobus (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 38.
trimaculata (Vipera), iii.
397
trimaculatus (Callophis),
iii. 397.
trimaculatus (Elaps), iii.
397.
Trimeresurus, iii. 327,
346, 373, 529.
Trimerodytes, iii. 599.
Trimerorhini, i. 177; iii.
26.
Trimerorhinus, iii. 138.
Trimesurus, iii. 529.
Trimetopon, ii. 184.
Trimorphodon, iii. 53.
tºlu, (Coluber), iii.
trinotatus (Simotes), ii.
218.
Tripeltis, ii. 233. .
tripudians (Naia), iii.
380, 385, 386.
Trirhinopholis, i. 419.
triscalis (Coluber), ii.
triscalis (Dromicus), ii.
129,
triscalis (Liophis), ii. 129;
iii. 634.
triseriatus (Uropsophus),
iii. 581.
triste (Brachysoma), iii.
314.
tristis (Coluber), ii. 88.
tristis (Dendrelaphis), ii.
88, 358; iii. 630.
tristis (Elaps), iii. 423.
º (Glyphodon), iii.
4.
tristrigatus (Dryoca-
lamus), i. 372; iii. 620.
tritaenia (Coronella), iii.
139
tritaeniata (Rhagerrhis),
iii. 139.
tritaeniatus (Psammo-
phylax), iii. 139.
tritaeniatus (Pseudoxy-
rhopus), iii. 613.
tritaeniatus (Trimerorhi-
nus), iii. 139, 649.
trivirgata (Charina), i.
129.
trivirgata (Lichanura), i.
129; iii. 595.
trivirgatum (Rhabdo-
soma), ii. 312.
trivirgatus (Psammo-
phis), iii. 159.
trivirgatus (Xenopeltis),
i. 137.
trivittatum (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 217.
trivittatus (Helicops), i.
276.
trivittatus (Myron), i.
276.
trivittatus (Tropido-
notus), i. 208.
tropica (Storeria), i. 287.
Tropidechis, iii. 350.
Tropidoclonion, i. 285.
Tropidoclonium, ii. 294.
Tropidococcyx, iii. 177.
tropidococcyx (Dryio-
phis), iii. 178.
Tropidodipsas, ii. 294;
iii. 644.
Tropidogeophis, ii. 294.
Tropidolaemus, iii. 529.
Tropidomophis, i. 193,
272,
Tropidonotus, i. 191,
192, 265, 270, 272,
317; ii. 9, 353; iii. 599.
Tropidophis, i. 110.
Tropidophorus, i.193.
Tropinotus, iii. 599.
truncatus (Argyrophis),
i. 16.
triseriata (Caudisona),
iii. 581.
triseriatus (Coluber), iii.
490
trigeriatus (Crotalus), iii.
581.
i. 1
truncatus (Styporhyn-
chus), i. 216.
truncatus (Tropidonotus),
i. 216; iii. 603.
Trypanurgos, iii. 58.
tschudii (Elaps), iii. 422.
* (Distira), iii.
3
tuberculata (Hydrophis),
iii. 293.
tuberculatus (Emydoce-
phalus), iii. 304.
tumboensis (Dipsas), iii.
78
turcica (Boa), i. 125.
turcicus (Eryx), i. 126.
turgida (Leptognathus),
iii. 456.
twiningi (Eutaenia), i.
211.
Tylanthera, iii. 621.
Typhlina, i. 7.
Typhlinalis, i. 7.
Typhlocalamus, ii. 330.
Typhlogeophis, ii. 351.
Typhlopes, i. 3.
Typhlophis, i. 57.
Typhlopidae, i. 3.
Typhlopiens, i. 3.
Typhlopina, i. 3.
Typhlopoidea, i. 137.
Typhlops, i. 7, 59.
º i. 3, 57.
typhlus (Coluber), ii. 136.
typhlus (Liophis), ii. 135,
136; iii. 634.
typhlus (Opheomorphus),
ii. 136.
typhlus (Xenodon), ii.
136
typica (Opisthotropis), i.
285; iii. 611. t
typicus (Helicopsoides),
i. 285.
typus (Anodon), ii. 354.
typus (Bucephalus), iii.
187

typus (Dispholidus), iii.
187
Tyria, i. 379; ii. 23, 24;
iii. 195.
tyria (Coluber), i. 407.
tyrolensis (Coluber), i.
19
tytleri (Tropidonotus), i.
231.
Tytleria, i. 348.
ultramarinus (Lepto-
phis), iii. 633. -
Ulupe, i. 369.
718
ALPHABETICAL INDEx.
umbratus (Coluber), i.
230
umbratus (Tropidomo-
tus), i. 224, 231.
undecimstriata (Epictia),
i. 63.
undecimstriatus (Typh-
lops), i. 63. d
undulata (Rhadinaea), ii.
174; iii. 635. ©
undulatus (Atropos), iii.
565
undulatus (Bothrops), iii.
565.
undulatus (Coluber), iii.
174.
undulatus (Dromicus), ii.
I
undulatus (Lachesis), iii.
565
undulatus (Ophryacus),
iii. 565.
undulatus (Teleuraspis),
iii. 565.
undulatus (Trigonoce-
phalus), iii. 565.
Dngalia, i. 110.
TIngaliophis, i. 114.
unguiculata (Rhager-
rhis), iii. 146.
unguirostris (Onychoce-
phalus), i. 49.
unguirostris (Typhlops),
i. 49; iii. 589.
unicolor (Amblyodipsas),
iii. 245.
unicolor (Boaºdon), i.
unicolor (Calamaria), iii.
245
unicolor
iii. 245. e
unicolor (Cerberus), iii.
(Calamelaps),
unicolor (Xenopeltis), i.
168, 334
unilineatus (Onychoce-
phalus), i. 15.
unilineatus (Typhlops),
i. 15.
unimaculata (Mytilia), i.
141
unitºniatus (Letheobia),
i. 55
unitiatus (Typhlops),
i. 55; iii. 590.
univirgata (Callophis),
iii. 398.
univirgatus (Elaps), iii.
398
univittatum (Rabdo-
soma), ii. 305.
TJpérolissiems, i. 137.
upsilon (Sibon), iii. 55.
upsilon (Trimorphodon),
iii. 55.
Uraeus, iii. 372.
Uranops, i. 272.
Uriechis, iii. 235.
Urobelus, iii. 249.
Uromacer, ii. 115.
Tropeltacea, i. 137.
Uropeltidae, i. 137.
Uropeltis, i. 132, 144.
Tropsophus, iii. 572.
wº (Athaetulla), ii.
115
urostictus (Leptophis), ii.
115. .
Urotheca, ii. 180. -
ursinii (Pelias), iii. 473.
ursinii (Vipera), iii. 473.
urutu (Bothrops), iii.
542. .
usta (Natrix), i. 239.
*; (Tropidonotus), i.
vagrams (Eutainia), i.
202; iii. 600.
vagrams (Thamnophis),
iii.
vagrams (Tropidonotus),
i. 202; iii. 600.
vagus (Leptognathus), iii.
462
vagus (Pareas), iii. 462.
vagus (Pseudopareas),
iii. 462.
vaillanti (Calamelaps),
iii. 249.
vaillanti (Elaposchema),
iii. 249
waiianti (Micrelaps), iii.
249.
vaillanti (Simotes), ii.
228. -
valakadien (Enhydrina),
iii. 302.
valakadyn (Hydrus), iii.
302.
valeria (Virginia), ii.
289.

valida (Dipsas), iii. 78.
valida (Natrix), i. 237.
valida (Regina), i. 237.
validus (Tropidonotus),
i. 237; iii. 605.
varia (Echis), iii. 505.
variabilis (Calamaria), ii.
333.
variabilis (Coluber), ii.
variabilis (Fordonia), iii.
variabilis (Helicops), i.
282.
variabilis (Hemigenius),
iii. 606.
variabilis (Psammophy-
lax), iii. 140.
variabilis (Spilotes), ii.
23, 33.
variabilis (Stenophis), iii.
43
unicolor (Crotalus), iii.
574.
unicolor (Dipsadoboa),
iii. 81.
unicolor (Dromicus), ii.
120.
unicolor (Fordonia), iii.
22
unicolor (Geophis), ii.
250.
unicolor (Leptocalamus),
ii. 250.
unicolor (Lycodon), i.
352
unicolor (Naja), iii. 380.
unicolor (Rachiodon), ii.
355.
variabilis (Tretanorhi-
nus), i. 282; iii. 610.
variabilis (Trimerorhi-
nus), iii. 140.
variabilis (Tropidonotus),
iii. 606.
varians (Conopsis), ii.
268. . psis)
varians (Ogmius), iii.
229.
varians (Oxyrhina), ii.
ºr (ow )
variegata (Alecto), iii.
348.
variegata (Dipsas), iii.
51.
variegata (Ficinia), ii.
271.
variegata (Leptognathus),
iii. 451.
variegata (Megaera), iii.
556.
variegata (Morelia), i. 82.
variegata (Parias), iii.
556.
variegatum (Alopecion),
i. 332.
variegatum (Amblymeto-
pon), ii. 271.
variegatum (Homalo-
soma), ii. 276.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
719
variegatus ... (Dipsado-
morus), iii. 451.
variegatus (Heleiono-
mus), i. 86.
variegatus (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 349.
variegatus (Leptogna-
sº iii. #P
* (Mizodon), i.
variegatus (Tarbophis),
iii. 51.
variegatus (Tropidono-
tus), i. 217; iii. 603.
varium (Rabdosoma), ii.
309.
varius (Leptophis), i.
246.
varius (Onychocephalus),
i. 46.
varius (Typhlops), i. 46.
veliferum (Amastridium),
ii. 352.
venenosi (Colubriformes),
i. 169.
ventralis (Boodon), i.
331.
ventralis (Stenorhina),
iii. 229.
ventrimaculata (Lepto-
gnathus), iii. 454.
ventrimaculata (Tyria), i.
400.
ventrimaculatus (Acan-
thocalyx), iii. 623.
ventrimaculatus (Lepto-
gnathus), iii. 454.
ventrimaculatus (Za-
menis), i. 398,399,401,
403, 404; iii. 623.
ventromaculatus (Co-
luber), i. 399.
venustissima (Coronella),
venustissimus (Coluber),
III. ZUU.
venustissimus (Elaps), iii.
200.
venustissimus (Erythro-
lamprus), iii. 201; iii.
636.
venustissimus (Henico-
gnathus), iii. 598.
venustissimus (Polyo-
dontophis), iii. 598.
venustus (Coluber), i.
287.
venustus (Oligodon), ii.
235.
venustus (Simotes), ii.
235.
verecundus (Liophis), ii.
134.
Vermicella, iii. 405.
vermicularis (Argyro-
phis), i. 21.
vermicularis (Typhlops),
i. 21, 418. Typhlop
vermiculata (Coelopeltis),
iii. 142. -
vermiculaticeps (Coro-
nella), ii. 177.
vermiculaticeps (Rha-
dinaea), ii. 177.
vermiculaticeps (Taenio-
phis), ii. 177.
vermiculatus (Coluber),
iii. 141.
vermiforme (Homalo-
cranium), iii. 225.
vermiformis (Calamaria),
ii. 333; iii. 646.
vermiformis (Carph-
ophiops), ii. 324.
vermiformis (Lioninia),
iii. 225. -
vermiformis
iii. ; h
vermis(Carphophiops), ii.
325. p phlop
(Tantilla),
vermis (Celuta), ii. 324.
vernalis (Chlorosoma),
ll. Zöö.
vernalis (Coluber), ii.258.
vernalis (Contia), ii. 258;
iii. 641.
vernalis (Cyclophis), ii.
; ; "#641.
vernalis (Herpetodryas),
ii. 258.
* (Liopeltis), ii.
versicolor (Calamaria), ii.
345. *
versicolor (Coluber), i.
411; ii. 149, 191.
versicolor (Epicrates), i.
96.
versicolor (Periops), i.
411.
versicolor (Zamenis), i.
11
vertebralis (Coluber), ii.
67.
vertebralis (Oligodon), ii. .
245
vertebralis (Pituophis),
ii. 66, 67, 68.
vertebralis (Simotes), ii.
245
verticalis (Onychocepha-
lus), i. 32.
vºli. (Typhlops), i.
vestigiatus (Hoplocepha-
lus), iii. 335. -
vetustus (Bascanion), i.
387.
vibakari (Tropidonotus),
i. 221.
vicina (Chrysopelea), iii.
195.
victa (Storeria), iii. 611.
victus (Ischnognathus),
iii. 611.
vidua (Eutaenia), i. 208.
viduus (Conophis), iii.
123.
viguieri (Leptognathus),
iii. 457.
vilkinsonii (Trimorpho-
don), iii. 55.
villarsii (Cheilorhina),
ii. 188.
vincenti (Herpetodryas),
ii. 73.
violacea (Cantoria), iii.
23
violacea (Coronella), ii.
222.
violacea (Oxybelis), iii.
185.
violaceus (Coluber), ii.
137.
violaceus (Erythrolam-
prus), iii. 207.
violaceus (Simotes), ii.
222; iii. 640.
Vipera, iii. 354,471,492,
501, 504.
vipera (Cerastes), iii.
503.
vipera (Coluber), iii. 476,
503.
Viperida, iii. 465.
Wiperidae, iii. 463,464.
Wipériens, iii. 464.
Viperiformes, iii. 463.
Wiperina, iii. 463,464.
viperina (Boa), i. 124.
viº (Distira), iii.
viperina (Hydrophis), iii.
298. pnis.
viperina (Natrix), i.
236
\, viperina (Thalassophis),
iii. 298.
Viperinae, iii. 464.
viperinus (Coluber), i.
viperinus (Dromicus), ii.
174.
720
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
viperinus (Psammophy-
lax), iii. 125. s
viperinus(Tropidonotus),
i. 234, 235; iii. 605.
Viperoidea, i. 169; iii.
464
virens (Coluber), iii. 141.
virgata (Tantilla), iii.
223.
virgatum (Homalocra-
mium), iii. 223.
virgatus (Boodon), i. 331.
virgatus (Coelopeltis), i.
331.
virgatus (Coluber), ii. 54.
virgatus (Elaphis), ii. 47,
54
virgatus (Microdromus),
iii. 223.
Virginia, ii. 288.
virginica (Coronella), iii.
89
virgulata (Calamaria), ii.
338,340; iii. 647.
viride (Gonyosoma), ii.
viridicyanea (Liophis),
ii. 132.
viridiflavus (Coluber), i.
395.
viridiflavus (Zamenis), i.
395.
viridis (Anoplodipsas),
iii. 82.
viridis (Boa), i. 90.
viridis (Bothrops), iii.
viridis (Bucephalus), iii.
187.
viridis (Chondropython),
i. 90; iii. 592.
viridis (Chrysopelea), iii.
195.
viridis (Cophias), iii. 554.
viridis (Crotalinus), iii.
576.
viridis (Dendraspis), iii.
435.
viridis (Dendrophis), ii.
• 75.
viridis (Leptophis), iii.
* 435. -
viridis (Liophis), ii. 134;
iii. 634.
viridis (Naja), iii. 374.
viridis (Ophiomorphus),
ii. 135.
viridis (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 554.
viridis (Trimeresurus),
‘ iii. 551, 554.
viridis (Vipera), iii. 554.
viridis (Xenodon), i. 267.
viridissimus (Coluber),
iii. 129.
viridissimus (Dryophy-
lax), iii. 129.
viridissimus (Herpeto-
dryas), iii. 129.
viridissimus (Philo-
dryas), iii. 129.
visoninus (Adelphicus),
ii. 313. h
WISOninus egnops), ii.
313. (Rhegnops)
vitellinus (Dryophilax),
iii. 133.
vitellinus (Philodryas),
iii. 133.
vitianus (Ogmodon), iii.
313 -
vittata (Natrix), i. 255.
vittata (Rhadinaea), ii.
178.
vittatum (Arrhyton), ii.
252.
vittatum
iii. 115.
vittatus (Ablabes), i. 375.
vittatus (Atractus), ii.
3 .
(Rhinostoma),
vittatus (Ceratophallus),
iii. 608.
vittatus (Coluber), i. 255;
ii. 134.
vittatus (Conophis), iii.
123.
vittatus (Cryptodacus), ii.
252.
vittatus (Dryophis), iii.
192.
vittatus (Enicognathus),
ii. 176, 178.
vittatus (Liophis), ii.
134.
vittatus (Rhynchonyx),
iii. 237.
vittatus (Spilotes), i. 252.
vittatus (Tomodon), iii.
: 123.
vittatus (Tropidonotus),
i. 255; iii. 608.
vivax (Ailurophis), iii.
vivax (Coluber), iii. 48.
viº (Ditypophis), iii.
4
viva, (Tachymenis), iii.
vivax (Tarbophis), iii.48,
49, 50 -
9 &
W-nigrum (Naja), iii.467.
vossi (Gonionotus), i.
323. -
vossii (Alopecion), i. 344.
vossii (Boodom), i. 344.
vossii (Gonionotophis), i.
323.
vudii (Alsophis), ii. 120.
vulgaris (Coluber), i. 395.
vulgaris (Natrix), i. 219.
vulgaris (Vipera), iii.
482.
vulneratus (Coluber), ii.
59.
vulpinus (Coluber), ii. 49.
vulpinus (Elaphis), ii. 49,
* (Scotophis), ii.
vultuosa (Ialtris), iii.
waandersii (Oligodon), ii.
245.
waandersii (Pareas), iii.
9.
waandersii (Rabdion), ii.
245.
wagleri (Bothrops), iii.
562. p
*d
wagleri
562
(Cophias), iii.
wageri (Helicops), i. 282.
wagleri (Lachesis), iii.
562

wageri (Liophis), ii. 134.
wagleri (Trigonocepha.
lus), iii. 562.
wagleri (Trimeresurus),
iii. 562.
wagleri (Tropidolaemus),
iii. 562.
wagneri (Homalocra-
nium), iii. 218.
waitii, (Hoplocephalus),
iii. 349. -
waitii (Typhlops),iii. 589.
walkeri (Tropidonotus),
i. 238
waiteri (Contia), ii. 263.
walteri (Pseudocyclo-
phis), ii. 263.
Walterinnesia, iii. 392.
wardii (Cophias), iii.
558.
wardii (Trigonocepha-
lus), iii. 558.
warro (Cacophis), iii.
wº, (Pseudelaps), iii.
weberi (Anomalochilus),
i. 134.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
721
Weigelii (Craspedocepha-
lus), iii. º p
weigelii (Dipsas), iii. 84.
weigelii §. iii.
à35.
welwitschii (Dendraspis),
iii. 436.
Wenona, i. 130.
werneri (Aparallactus),
iii. 257.
westermanni (Elachis-
todon), iii. 264.
westermanni (Onycho-
cephalus), i. 56.
whymperi (Coronella), ii.
174.
wiedii (Typhlops), i. 36;
iii. 586.
wieneri
iii. 97.
wilderi (Typhlops), i. 7.
wilkesii (Pituophis), ii.
67
(Eteirodipsas),
woodfordii (Denisonia),
iii. 346.
woodfordii (Hoploce-
phalus), iii. 346.
woodhousii (Nerodia),
i. 243.
woodhousii (Tropido-
notus), i. 243.
wood-masoni (Silybura),
i. 147.
woodmasoni (Simotes), ii.
223. *
wuchereri (Dromicus), ii.
175.
wuchereri (Elapomor-
phus), iii. 240, 241.
wuchereri (Lygophis), ii.
175.
wynadense (Melano-
phidium), i. 163.
WOL. III.
xanthogaster
wymandensis(Plectrurus),
i. 163.
xanthina (Daboia), iii.
488
xanthina (Vipera), iii.
487,488.
(Coluber),
ii. 46.
xanthogrammus
chesis), iii. 543.
xanthogrammus (Tri-
gonocephalus), iii. 543.
xanthomelas (Trimere-
surus), iii. 551. -
xanthozona (Dryophis),
iii. 180.
xanthozonius (Tragops),
iii. 181.
xanthurus (Spilurus), ii.
31.
(La-
Xenelaphis, ii. 7.
Xenocalamus, iii. 247.
Xenochrophis, i. 191.
Xenodermina; i. 172.
Xenodermus, i. 175.
Xenodon, i. 265, 270; ii.
24, 126, 144, 151, 180,
214; iii. 127.
Xenodontidae, iii. 597.
Xenodontinae, iii. 597.
Xenopeltidae, i. 167.
Xenopeltis, i. 167.
*gliº (Tortrix), i.
Xenopholis, iii. 231.
Xenurelaps, iii. 365.
Xenurophis, ii. 288.
Xiphosoma, i. 99.
Xylophis, i. 303.
Xyphorhynchus, iii. 35.
Y (Pseudoelaps), ii. 200.
y-gracum (Liophis), ii.
135. p
y-gracum (Lygophis), ii.
135.
yucatanense (Sibon), iii.
95 -
yucatanensis (Leptodira),
iii. 95.
yunnanensis (Atretium),
i. 274.
yunnanensis (Elaphis), ii.
47.
Zacholus, ii. 188.
Zamenis, i. 379; ii. 24;
iii. 621.
Zamenophis, i. 364.
Zaocys, i. 374.
Zapyrus, i. 374.
zara (Trigonocephalus),
iii. 528.
zebrina (Geophis), ii. 308.
zebrinum (Rabdosoma),
ii. 306, 307.
zebrinus (Rhegnops), ii.
308.
zebrinus (Tropidonotus),
i. 258.
zeylonicus (Coluber), iii.
ziczac (Echis), iii. 505.
zonata (Coronella), ii.
202.
zomatus (Bellophis), ii.
202.
zonatus (Coluber), ii. 202.
zomatus (Elaps), iii. 211.
zonatus tº ii.
203.
zonatus (Scolecophis), iii.
211.
zomatus (Zacholus), ii.
202.
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE I.
Fig. 1. Hypsirhina indica, Gray, p. 4. Upper and lower views
of head and anterior part of body.
1 a. Upper view of head. x 2.
1 b. Side view of head. × 2.
2. Hypsirhina chinensis, Gray, p. 8. Upper and lower views
of head and anterior part of body.
Side view of head. × 14.
2 b.
PLATE II.
Fig. 1. Cerberus australis, Gray, p. 18.
Fig.
2. microlepis, Blgr., p. 18.
Upper and lower views of head and anterior part of body,
and side yiew of head.
PLATE III.
1. Geodipsas infralineata, Gthr., p. 32. Upper and side
views of head and anterior part of body, and lower
view of middle of body.
2. Lycodryas sanctiºjohannis, Gthr., p. 45. Upper and side
views of head and anterior part of body.
3. Dipsadomorphus nigriceps, Gthr., p. 72. Upper view
of head and anterior part of body, and side view
of head.
LIST OF PLATES. 723
PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. Stenophis guentheri, Blgr., p. 40.
2. maculatus, Gthr., p. 43.
3. variabilis, Blgr., p. 43.
3 a. Young.
4. betsileanus, Gthr., p. 44.
Upper and side views of head and anterior part of
body.
PLATE W.
Fig. 1. Himantodes inornatus, Blgr., p. 88. Upper and lower
views of head and anterior part of body, and side view
of head.
2. Leptodira nigrofasciata, Gthr., p. 92. Upper view of
head and anterior part of body.
2 a. Upper view of head. × 2.
2 b, Side view of head. x 2.
3. Rhinostoma vittatum, Blgr., p. 115. Upper and side
views of head and anterior part of body.
PLATE WI.
Fig. 1. Owyrhopus bitorquatus, Gthr., p. 104. Young (type).
Upper view of head and anterior part of body.
Adult, from Moyobamba. Upper and
side views of head and anterior part of body.
Adult, from Sarayacu. Upper view of
head and anterior part of body.
2. Oxyrhopus maculatus, Blgr., p. 110. Upper view of head
and anterior part of body.
Side view of head.
1 a.
1 b.
2 a.
PLATE WII.
Fig. 1. Tachymenis affinis, Blgr., p. 119.
2. Ialtris dorsalis, Gthr., p. 137.
Upper, lower, and side views of head and anterior part
of body.
724 LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE WIII.
Fig. 1. Psammophis bocagii, Blgr., p. 161. Upper and side views,
of head and anterior part of body, and upper view of
middle of body.
longifrons, Blgr., p. 165. Upper and side views of
head and anterior part of body.
PLATE IX.
Fig. 1. Philodryas bolivianus, Blgr., p. 132. Upper and side
views of head and anterior part of body.
2. Dryophiops philippina, Blgr., p. 195. Upper, lower, and
side views of head and anterior part of body.
3. Homalocranium longifrontale, Blgr., p. 218. Upper and
side views of head and anterior part of body, and upper
and side views of head. x 14.
PLATE X.
Fig. 1. Apostolepis quinquelineata, Blgr., p. 235. Upper view of
head and anterior part of body, and of posterior part of
body and tail.
1 a. — |Upper view of head. x 4.
1 b. — —. Side view of head. × 4.
1 c. Lower view of head. × 4.
2. Apostolepis nigroterminata, Blgr., p. 235. Upper view of
head and anterior part of body, and of posterior part of
body and tail.
2 a. Upper view of head. × 3.
2 b. — —. Side view of head. × 3.
2 c. ——. Lower view of head. × 3.-
3. Elapomorphus trilineatus, Blgr., p. 243. Upper, side,
and lower views of head and anterior part of body.
PLATE XI.
1. Aparallactus werneri, Blgr., p. 257.
2. guentheri, Blgr., p. 259.
3. —— anomalus, Blgr., p. 262.
Upper and side views of head and anterior part of body,
and upper (a) and side (b) views of head. × 2.
Fig.
LIST () F PLATES. 725
PLATE XII.
Fig. 1. Hydrelaps darwiniensis, Blgr., p. 270. Upper and lower
views of head and anterior part of body, side view of
tail, and enlarged (x14) side view of head.
2. Hydrophis pacificus, Blgr., p. 278. Upper and side views
of head and anterior part of body, side view of middle
of body, and side view of tail.
PLATE XIII.
Hydrophis latifasciatus, Gthr., p. 279. Upper, side, and lower
views of head and anterior part of body, side view of
middle of body, and side view of tail.
PLATE XIV.
Hydrophis cantoris, Gthr., p. 281. Upper, side, and lower
vicws of head and anterior part of body, side view of
middle of body, and side view of tail.
, PLATE XV.
Hydrophis melanocephalus, Gray, p. 283. Upper, side, and
lower views of head and anterior part of body, side view
of middle of body, and side view of tail.
PLATE XVI.
Distira grandis, Blgr., p. 293. Upper, side, and lower views
of head and anterior part of body, and side view of
posterior part of body.
PLATE XVII.
Fig. 1. Distira macfarlani, Blgr., p. 294.
2. Distira belcheri, Gray, p. 296.
Upper, side, and lower views of head and anterior part
of body, side view of middle of body, and side view
of tail.
726 & LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE XVIII.
Fig. 1. Glyphodon tristis, Gthr., p. 314.
. Diemenia olivacea, Gray, p. 323.
. Denisonia doemelii, Gthr., p. 339.
punctata, Blgr., p. 341.
. Bungarus bungaroides, Cantor, p. 370.
Upper and side views of head and anterior part of body.
PLATE XIX.
Fig. 1. Tropidechis carinatus, Gthr., p. 350. Upper and side
views of head and anterior part of body.
2. Elapognathus minor, Gthr., p. 356. Upper, lower, and
side views of head and anterior part of body.
3. Bungarus ceylonicus, Gthr., p. 367. Upper view of head
and anterior part of body.
PLATE XX.
Fig. 1. Elapechis niger, Gthr., p. 359. Upper, lower, and side
views of head and anterior part of body."
2. Naia goldii, Blgr., p. 387. Upper, lower, and side views
of head and anterior part of body, and side view of
middle of body.
PLATE XXI.
Naia guentheri, Blgr., p. 388. Upper, lower, and side views
of head and anterior part of body.
PLATE XXII.
Eig. 1. Elaps buckleyi, Blgr., p. 416.
anomalus, Blgr., p. 417.
fraseri, Blgr., p. 432.
mentalis, Blgr., p. 432.
Upper and lower views of head and anterior part of
body, and enlarged (x2) side view of head.
LIST OF PLATES. 727
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
PLATE XXIII.
Amblycephalus monticola, Cantor, p. 443.
. Leptognathus andiana, Blgr., p. 452.
elegans, Blgr., p. 452.
Upper and side views of head and anterior part of
body, lower view of head, and enlarged view of
dorsal scales in the middle of the body.
PLATE XXIV.
Leptognathus leucomelas, Blgr., p. 453.
ventrimaculata, Blgr., p. 454.
Upper, lower, and side views of head and anterior part
of body.
PLATE XXW.
Echis coloratus, Gthr., p. 507. Upper and side views
of head and anterior part of body.
. Lachesis okinavensis, Blgr., p. 549. Upper and side views
of head and anterior part of body.
flavomaculatus, Gray, p. 556. Upper and side
views of head.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION Courr, FLEET STREET.
BRIT. M.U.S. N. H. PL. I.
2. 1. 2
J. Green & REM delet lith.
Mintern Bros. imp.
1. Hypsirhina indicoº. 2. Hypsirhina chinensis.

BRIT MUS. N.H. PL. II.
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BRIT. M.U.S. N. H. PL. III.
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|
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3. Rhinos torrect vºttafuºmº.

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I. Tachyments affinis. 2. Ialtrºs dorsalis.

BRIT MUs N.H. PL. VIII.
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1. Psammophis bocagº. 2. Psammophis longifºons.

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E. F. T.I., IUS. N. H. PL. VI.
J. Green & R.M. delet lith. Mintern Bros. imp.
1...Aparallactus werinert. 2. Aparallactus given theri.
3. Aparallactus anomalus.

BRIT MUS. N. H. PL. XII.
J. Green delet lith. Mintern Bros. imp.
I Hydrºelaps darwintensis 2. Hydrophis Pacificas.

A.III.
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BRIT MUS N. H.
Mintern Bros. imp
J. Green & R.E.M. delet jith.
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BRIT. M.U.S. N. H. PL. ATV.
J. Green delet lith. Mintern Bros. imp.
Hydrophis cantorºs.

BRIT MUS N. H. PL. V.V.
J. Green del et lith. Mintern Bros. imp.
Hydr ºf his melanocephalus.

H R1T, MLSE N H . PL. YVI.
J. Green & R. E. M. delet lith. - Mintern Bros. imp.
Distra grandºs.

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BRIT M U.S. N. H. PL. Y.Y.
J. Green del et lith. Mintern Bros. imp
1. Elapechi's niger. 2. Waia goldº.

BRIT. M.U.G. N. H. PL. III.
J. Green delet lith. iſintern Bros. imp.
Maia guerºthert.


H. H. L. T. M. U.S. N. H. PI. YXII.
J. Green delet lith. Miriterri Bros. imp.
1. Elaps buckleyi. 2. Elaps anomalae.
3. Elaps frasert. 4. Elops mentalºs.

BRIT MUS N. H.
Mintern Bros. imp.
monticola. 2. Leptognathas and ana.
3. Leptognathus elegans.
J. Greeen del et lith.
1. Amblycephalus

BRIT. M.U.S. N.
PL. CYIV.
J. Green delet litri.
1. Leptognath w.s leweomela.s.
iſintern Bros. imp
2. L eptºgnath us ventrimaculata.


BRIT. M.U.S. N. H. P. XXV
J. Green delet lith. intern Erce imp.
1. Echº's color-cºrris. 2. Lachesis oleºnowensº.
-3. Lachesis flavonacºlazzºs.

LIST OF THE CURRENT
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OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
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Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals, Birds,
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BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 3
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BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 5
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REPTILES.
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Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British
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Appendix. Pp. 28. 1872, 4to. 2s. 6d.
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Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the
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Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20s,
6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE -
Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum—continued.
Vol. III. Lacertidae, Gerrhosauridae, Scincidae, Anely tro-
pidae, Dibamidae, Chamaeleontidae. Pp. xii, 575. 40
Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical
Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. 11.6s.
Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History),
By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S.:-
Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopidae, Glauconiidae,
|Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colubridae
aglyphae, part. Pp. xiii., 448; 26 Woodcuts and 28
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1893, 8vo. Il. 1s.
Vol. II., containing the conclusion of the Colubridae aglyphae.
Pp. xi, 382: 25 Woodcuts and 20 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1894, 8vo. 17s.6d.
Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Dr. Albert Günther. Pp. xvi., 281. [With
Geographic, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1858,
12mo. 4s.
BATRACHIANS.
Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Günther. Pp. xvi., 160. 12
Plates. [With Systematic, Geographic, and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1858, 8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia, s. Caudata, and Batrachia
Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum. Second
Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. viii., 127. 9
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,
8vo. 9s.
FISHIES.
Catalogue of the Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Dr. Albert Günther, F.R.S., &c. —
Vol. VII. Physostomi (Heterophygii, Cyprinidae, Gono-
rhynchidae, Hyodontidae, Osteoglossidae, Clupeidae, Chiro-
centridae, Alepocephalidae, Notopteridae, , Halosauridae).
Pp. xx, 512. Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1868, 8vo. 8s. *
Vol. VIII. Physostomi (Gymnotidae, Symbranchidae, Murae-
nidae, Pegasidae), Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi,
Ganoidei, Chondropterygii, Cyclostomata, Leptocardii.
Pp. xxv., 549. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 8s. 6d,
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 7
Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Second edition.
Vol. I. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British
Museum. Vol. I. containing the Centrarchidae, Percidae, and
Serranidae (part). By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. Pp.
xix., 394. Woodcuts and 15 plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo. 15s.
List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. By J. E. Gray. Pp. x.,
J60. 2 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1851, 12mo. 3s.
Catalogue of Fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore
Gronow, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii., 196. [With a
Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s.6d.
Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. By J. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &c. Pp. iv., 80. 4 Plates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo, 2s.
MOLLUSCA.
Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the British
Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S.,
&c. Pp. xii., 230. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s.
List of the Shells of the Canaries in the Collection of the British
Museum, collected by MM. Webb and Berthelot. Described
and figured by Prof. Alcide D’Orbigny in the “Histoire
Naturelle des Iles Canaries.” Pp. 32. 1854, 12mo. 1s.
List of the Shells of Cuba in the Collection of the British Museum,
collected by M. Ramon de la Sagra. Described by Prof. Alcide
d'Orbigny in the “Histoire de l'Ile de Cuba.” Pp. 48. 1854,
12mo, 1s.
List of the Shells of South America in the Collection of the British
Museum. Collected and described by M. Alcide D'Orbigny in
the “Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale.” Pp. 89. 1854,
12mo. 2s.
Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British
Museum, collected by Frederick Reigen. Described by Philip
P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi., 552. 1857, 12mo. 8s.
List of Mollusca and Shells in the Collection of the British
Museum, collected and described by MM. Eydoux and Souleyet
in the “Voyage autour du Monde, exécuté pendant les années
“ 1836 et 1837, sur la Corvette “La Bonite,’” and in the
“Histoire naturelle des Mollusques Ptéropodes.” Par MM.
P. C. A. L. Rang et Souleyet. Pp. iv., 27. 1855, 12mo, 8d.
Catalogue of the Phaneropneumona, or Terrestrial Operculated
Mollusea, in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. L.
Pfeiffer. Pp. 324. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1852,
12mo. 5s, - - -: *
8 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Nomenclature of Molluscous Animals and Shells in the Collection
of the British Museum. Part I. Cyclophoridae. Pp. 69. [With
an Index.] 1850, 12mo. 1s. 6d.
Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing Mollusca, in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
Pp. iv., 192. Woodcuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Auriculidae, Proserpinidae, and Truncatellidae in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer,
Pp. iv., 150. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo, 1s. 9d.
List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum. By
John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.
Part I. Volutidae. Pp. 23. 1855, 12mo. 6d.
Part II. Olividae. Pp. 41. 1865, 12mo. 1s.
Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the Collection
of the British Museum. By M. Deshayes:–
Part I. Veneridae, Cyprinidae, Glauconomidae, and Petri-
coladae. Pp. iv., 216. 1853, 12mo. 3s.
Part II. Petricoladae (concluded); Corbiculadae. Pp.
217–292. [With an Alphabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. 6d. e
ERACHIOPODA.
Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the
Collection of the British Museum. [Issued as “Catalogue of
the Mollusca, Part IV.”] Pp. iv., 128. 25 Woodcuts. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3s.
POLYZOA.
Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part III. Cyclostomata. By George Busk, F.R.S.
Pp. viii., 39. 38 Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] 1875,
8vo. 5s.
CRUSTACEA.
Catalogue of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum.
Part I. Leucosiadae. By Thomas Bell, W.P.R.S., Pres, L.S.,
&c. Pp. iv., 24. 1855, 8vo. 6d.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the
Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate, F.R.S.,
&c., Po. iv.,399. 58 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.j
1862, 8vo, Al. 5s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 9
ARACHNIDA.
Descriptive Catalogue of the Spiders of Burma, based upon the
Collection made by Eugene W. Oates and preserved in the
British Museum. By T. Thorell. Pp. xxxvi., 406. [With
Systematic List and Alphabetical Index.] 1895, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
MYRIOPODA.
Catalogue of the Myriapoda in the Collection of the British
Musum. By George Newport, F.R.S., P.E.S., &c. Part I.
Chilopoda. Pp. iv., 96. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1856, 12mo, 1s. 9d.
INSECTS.
Coleopterous Insects.
Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum :—
Part IV. Cleridae. By Adam White. Pp. 68. [With
Index.] 1849, 12mo, 1s. 8d.
Part W. Cucujidae, &c. By Frederick Smith. [Also issued
as “List of the Coleopterous Insects. Part I.”] Pp. 25.
1851, 12mo. 6d.
Part VI. Passalidae. By Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 23.
1 Plate [With Index.] 1852, 12mo. 8d.
Part VII. Longicornia, I. By Adam While. Pp. iv., 174.
4 Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. 6d.
Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp. 237.
6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3s. 6d.
Part IX. Cassididae. By Charles H. Boheman, Professor of
Natural History, Stockholm. Pp. 225. [With Index.]
1856, 12mo. 3s.
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera in the Collection
of the British Museum. Part I. Lycidae. By Charles Owen
Waterhouse. Pp. x., 83. 18 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 16s.
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the Collection
of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S.
. Pp. xvi., 234: 1 Plate. [With a Topographical Catalogue and
an Alphabetical Index.] 1857, 8vo. 3s.
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A.,
F.L.S. Pp. xiii., 648. [With Topographical and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
Catalogue of Halticidae in the Collection of the British Museum.
By the Rev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S. Physapodes and
GEdipodes. Part I. Pp. xii., 301. Frontispiece and 9 Plates.
1860, 8vo. 7s,
10 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Catalogue of Hispidae in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Joseph S. Baly, M.E.S., &c. Part I. Pp. x., 172. 9
Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 8vo. 6s. -
Hymenopterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S.:-
Part II. Chalcidites. Additional Species. Appendix.
Pp. iv., 99–237. 1848, 12mo. 2s.
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo. :—
Part I. Andrenidae and Apidae. Pp. 197. 6 Plates. 1853,
2s. 6d. -
Part II. Apidae. Pp. 199—465. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1854, 6s.
Part III. Mutillidae and Pompilidae. Pp. 206. 6 Plates.
1855, 6s.
Part IV. Sphegidae, Larridae, and Crabronidae. Pp. 207–
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856,
6s. -
Part V. Vespidae. Pp. 147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1857, 6s. .
Part VI. Formicidae. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 6s. -
Part VII. Dorylidae and Thynnidae. Pp. 76. 3 Plates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 2s. -
Descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Frederick Smith. Pp. xxi., 240.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 10s.
List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the Typical
Specimens in the British Museum. Vol. I., Tenthredinidae and
Siricidae. By W. F. Kirby. Pp. xxviii., 450. 16 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,
8vo. 11. 18s. -
Dipterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. 12mo. :—
Part IV. Pp. 689–1172. [With an Index to the four parts,
and an Index of Donors.] 1849. 6s. . . -
Part VII. Supplement III. Asilidae. Pp. ii., 507—775.
1855. 3s. 6d. -
Lepidopterous Insects.
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in
the Collection of the British Museum:— * . "
Part III. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xviii., 82.
41-60 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1879, 4to. 21. 10s. - - *
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). II.
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera
—continued.
Part V. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xii., 74.
78–100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1881, 4to. 21. 10s. *
Part VI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89.
101–120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1886, 4to. 21.4s.
Part VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124.
121–138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1889, 4to. 21.
Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri
District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iv., 144.
139–156 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1891, 4to. 21.
Part IX. The Macrolepidoptera Heterocera of Ceylon. By
George Francis Hampson. Pp. v., 182. 157–176.
Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of
Species collected in, or recorded from, Ceylon.] 1893,
4to. 21. 2s.
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridae in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.L.S., &c. Pp. vi., 211. 5 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 303. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s.6d.
Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycaenidae in the British Museum. By
W. C. Hewitson. Pp. 15. 8 Coloured Plates. 1862, 4to. 17. 1s.
List of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Papilionidae. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
Pp. 106. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.
List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mo. :—
Part VI. Lepidoptera Heterocera. Pp. 1258–1507. 1855,
3s.6d.
Part X. Noctuidae. Pp. 253–491. 1856, 3s.6d.
Part XII. — Pp. 765–982. 1857, 3s.6d,
Part XIII. —— Pp. 983–1236. 1857, 3s.6d.
Part XIV. —— Pp. 1237–1519. 1858, 4s. 6d.
Part XV. — Pp. 1520–1888. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts IX.-XV.] 1858, 4s. 6d.
Part XVI. Deltoides. Pp. 253. 1858, 3s.6d.
Part XIX. Pyralides. Pp. 799–1036. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XVI.—XIX.] 1859, 3s.6d.
Part XXI. Geometrites. Pp. 277–498. 1860, 3s.
Part XXII. Pp. 499–755. 1861, 3s.6d.
Part XXIII. —— Pp. 756–1020. 1861, 3s.6d.
12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
List of Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects—continued.
Part XXIV. — Pp. 1021–1280. 1862, 3s.6d.
Part XXV. — Pp. 1281–1477. 1862, 3s.
Part XXVI. — Pp. 1478–1796. [With an
Alphabetical Index to Parts XX.-XXVI.] 1862, 4s. 6d.
Part XXVII. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1–286.
1863, 4s.
Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287–561.
1863, 4s.
Part XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562–835. 1864, 4s.
Part XXX. Pp. 836–1096. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XXVII.-XXX.] 1864, 4s.
Part XXXI. Supplement. Pp. 1–321. 1864, 5s.
Part XXXII. Part 2. Pp. 322–706. 1865,
Fºxxxiii. — Part 3. Pp. 707–1120. 1865,
Fºxxxiv.– ºn 1 Pp. 1121–1533. 1865,
pºxy. — Part 5. Pp. 1534–2040. [With
an Alphabetical Index to Parts XXXI-XXXV.] 1866,
7s. º
Neuropterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mo. :—
Part I. Phryganides—Perlides. Pp. iv., 192. 1852, 2s. 6d.
Part ll. Sialidae—Nemopterides. Pp. ii., 193—476. 1853,
3s. 6d.
Part III. Termitidae—Ephemeridae. Pp. ii., 477–585. 1853,
1s. 6d. º
Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. By Dr. H. Hagen. Part I.
Termitina. Pp. 34, 1858, 12mo. 6d.
Orthopterous Insects.
Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. By John Obadiah Westwood,
T.L.S., &c. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1859, 4to. 31.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattariae in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 239.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria [Part I.]
and Supplement to the Blattariae in the Collection of the British
Museum. Gryllidae. Blattariae. Locustidae. By Francis
Walker, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 224. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1869, 8vo, 53. -
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 13
Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.L.S., &c.—
Part II. Locustidae (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d.
Part III. Locustidae (continued).-Acrididae. Pp. 425–604.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 4s.
Part IV. Acrididae (continued). Pp. 605–809. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.
Part W. Tettigidae.—Supplement to the Catalogue of Blat-
tariae.—Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Saltatoria (with remarks on the Geographical Distribution
of Dermaptera). Pp. 811–850; 43; 116. [With Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.
Flemipterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S. Part II. Pp.
369–590. Plates 12–15. 1852, 12mo. 4s.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S.,
&c. 8vo. :—
Part I. Scutata. Pp. 240. 1867. 5s.
Part II. Scutata (continued). Pp. 241–417. 1867. 4s.
IPart III. Pp. 418–599. [With an Alphabetical Index to
Parts I., II., III., and a Summary of Geographical
Distribution of the Species mentioned.] 1868. 4s. 6d.
Part IV. Pp. 211. [Alphabetical Index.] 1871. 6s.
Part V. Pp. 202. 1872. 5s.
Part VI. Pp. 210. 1873. 5s.
Part VII. Pp. 213. 1873. 6s.
Part VIII. Pp. 220. —º 1873. 6s. 6d.
Homopterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker. Supplement. Pp.
ii., 369. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12mo. 4s. 6d.
WERMES.
Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms, con-
tained in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Baird.
Pp. iv., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of the Animals in
which the Entozoa mentioned in the Catalogue are found; and
an Index of Genera and Species.] 1853, 12mo. 2s.
ANTHOZOA.
Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariidae in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv., 40.
2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 1s. 6d.
14 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv., 51.
14 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3s. • *, *
Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British Museum
(Natural History). Vol. I. The Genus Madrepora. By
George Brook. Pp. xi., 212. 35 Collotype Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes, Explanation of Plates,
and a Preface by Dr. Günther.] 1893, 4to. 11.4s.
BRITISH ANIMALS.
Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. Pp.
xii., 248. [With a List of Species.] 1863, 8vo. 3s.6d.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the British
Museum. Second edition. Part I. Andrenidae and Apidae.
By Frederick Smith, M.E.S. New Issue. Pp. xi., 236. 11
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
8vo. 6s. t
Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicidae, and
Wespidae in the Collection of the British Museum. By Frederick
Smith, W.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1858, 12mo. 6s.
A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By George Johnston, M.D., Edin.,
F.R.C.L. Ed., LL.D. Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, &c. Pp. 365.
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1865, 8vo. 7s.
Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum
(Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii., 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 coloured). [With Table of Con-
tents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index, Description
of the Plates, &c.] 1892, 8vo. 12s. 6d.
List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the
British Museum; with Synonyma and References to figures.
12mo. :—
Part I. Centroniae or Radiated Animals. By Dr. J. E.
Gray. Pp. xiii., 173. 1848, 4s.
Part IV. Crustacea. By A. White. Pp. iv., 141. (With
an Index.) 1850, 2s. 6d.
Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens, 2nd Edition.
By H. T. Stainton and E. Shepherd. Pp. iv., 224. 1856,
1s. 9d. * f
Part VI. Hymenoptera. By F. Smith. Pp. 134. 1851,
2s.
Part VII. Mollusca, Acephala, and Brachiopoda. By Dr.
J. E. Gray. Pp. iv., 167. 1851, 3s.6d.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 15
List of the Specimens of British Animals-continued. .
Part VIII. Fish. By Adam White. Pp. xxiii., 164.
(With Index and List of Donors.) 1851, 3s.6d.
Part IX. Eggs of British Birds. By George Robert Gray.
Pp. 143. 1852, 2s. 6d.
Part XI. Anoplura or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny.
Pp. iv., 51. 1852, 1s.
Part XII. Lepidoptera (continued.) By James F. Stephens.
Pp. iv., 54. 1852, 9d.
Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By Frederick
Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853, 1s. 4d.
Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam White.
Pp. iv., 16, 1853, 6d.
Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam White.
Pp. iv., 42. 1853, ls.
Part XVI. Lepidoptera (completed). By H. T. Stainton.
Pp. 199. [With an Index.] 1854, 3s.
Part XVII. Nomenclature of Anoplura, Euplexoptera, and
Orthoptera. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 17. 1855, 6d.
PLANTS.
A Monograph of Lichens found in Britain: being a Descriptive
Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the British
Museum. By the Rev. James M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.,
F.G.S., &c. Part I. Pp. viii., 519: 74 Woodcuts. [With
Glossary, Synopsis, Tabular Conspectus, and Index.] 1894, 8vo.
16s.
A Monograph of the Mycetozoa i being a Descriptive Catalogue
of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum. By
Arthur Lister, F.L.S. Pp. 224. 78 Plates and 51 Woodcuts.
[With Synopsis of Genera and List of Species, and Index.]
1894, 8vo. 15s.
List of British Diatomaceae in the Collection of the British Museum.
By the Rev. W. Smith, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 55. 1859, 12mo, 1s.
FOSSILS.
Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.G.S. :—
Part I. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptera, Insec-
tivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx..., 268. 33
Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1885, 8vo. 5s.
Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Artio-
dactyla. Pp. xxii., 324, 39 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 6s.
Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders Peris-
sodactyla, Toxodontia, Condylarthra, and Amblypoda. Pp.
16 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
f
Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia—continued.
xvi., 186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 4s.
Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Probos-
cidea. Pp. xxiv., 235. 32 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.
Part W. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders Si-
renia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata, and
Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 345. 55 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1887, 8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368. 75
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms...] 1891, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museum (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,
F.G.S. :—
Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria.
Pp. xxviii., 309. 69 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms...] 1888, 8vo. 7s.6d.
Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and Sau-
ropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodcuts. [With Syste-
matic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7s.6d.
Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii., 239.
53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms...] 1889,
8vo. 7s.6d.
Part IV. Containing the Orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata,
Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia; and Supplement. Pp.
xxiii., 295. 66 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species
to the entire work.] 1890, 8vo. 7s.6d.
Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, F.G.S., F.Z.S.:—
Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii., 474. 13
Woodcuts and 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and
Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1889, 8vo. 21s.
Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii), Holo-
cephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi, and Teleo-
stomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean Actinopterygii).
Pp. xliv, 567. 58 Woodcuts and 16 Plates. [With
Alphabetical Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and
Species.] 1891, 8vo. 21s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 17
Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes—continued.
Part III. Containing the Actinopterygian Teleostomi of
the Orders Chondrostei (concluded), Protospondyli,
Aetheospondyli, and Isospondyli (in part). Pp. xlii., 544.
45 Woodcuts and 18 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index,
and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1895, 8vo
21s.
Systematic List of the Edwards Collection of British Oligocene and
Eocene Mullusca in the British Museum (Natural History),
with references to the type-specimens from similar horizons
contained in other collections belonging to the Geological
Department of the Museum. By Richard Bullen Newton,
F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 365. [With table of Families and Genera,
Bibliography, Correlation-table, Appendix, and Alphabetical
Index.] 1891, 8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. :—
Part I. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con-
sisting of the families Orthogeratidae, Endoceratidae, Actino-
ceratidae, Gomphoceratidae, Ascoceratidae, Poterioceratidae,
Cyrtoceratidae, and Supplement. Pp. xxxi., 344. 51
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.]
1888, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder Nauti-
loidea, consisting of the families Lituitidae, Trochoceratidae,
Nautilidae, and Supplement. Pp. xxviii., 407. 86 Wood-
cuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index
of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1891, 8vo. 15s.
A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms and
the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By Henry
Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii., 155. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5s. ,w"

Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of the
Tritish Museum (Natural History), with an account of the
morphology and systematic position of the group, and a revision
of the genera and species. By Robert Etheridge, jun., of the
Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History),
and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. (of Eton
College). [With Preface by Dr. H. Woodward, Table of
Contents, General Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.] PP.
xv., 322. 20 Plates. 1886, 4 to. 25s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department of
the British Museum (Natural History). With descriptions of
new and little known species. By George Jennings. Hinde,
Ph.D., F.G.S. Pp. viii., 248. 38 Plates. [With a Tabular
List of Species, arranged in Zoological and Stratigraphical
sequence, and an Alphabetical Index.] 1883, 4to. 1/. 10s.
0 89533. B
i8 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.,
&c. Pp. xxiv., 100. [With Geographical and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Palaeozoic Plants in the Department of Geology
and Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural History). By
Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. viii., 288. [With a list of works
quoted, and an Index.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of Geology,
British Museum (Natural History). The Wealden Flora.
By A. C. Seward, M.A., F.G.S., University Lecturer in
Botany, Cambridge.
Part I. Thallophyta—Pteridophyta. Pp. xxxviii., 179 : 17
Woodcuts and 11 Plates. [With Preface by Dr. Woodward,
Alphabetical Index of Genera, Species, &c., Explanations
of the Plates, &c.] 1894, 8vo. 10s.
Part II. Gymnospermae. Pp. viii., 259. 9 Woodcuts and
20 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, Explanations of the
Plates, &c.] 1895, 8vo. 15s.
GUIDE-BOOKS.
(To be obtained only at the Museum.)
A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [By W. H. Flower.] With 2
• Plans, 2 views of the building, and an illustrated cover. Pp. 80.
1895, 8vo. 3d.
Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia (Mammalian, Osteological,
Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum
(Natural History). [By A. Günther.] 5th Edition. Pp. 126.
57 Woodcuts and 2 Plans. Index. 1894, 8vo. 6d. -
Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Department of
Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). [By A.
Günther.] 3rd Edition. Pp. iv., 119. 101 Woodcuts and 1
Plan. Index. 1893, 8vo. 6d.
Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (Mollusca, Echinoder-
mata, Vermes), in the Department of Zoology of the British
Museum (Natural History). [By A. Günther.] 2nd Edition.
Pp. iv., 74. 51 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1888, 8vo. 4d.
A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the Department of Geology
and Palæontology in the British Museum (Natural Historyj,
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [New Edition. By Henry
Woodward.]—
Part I. Fossil Mammals and Birds. Pp. xii., 103. 119
Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6d.
Part II. Fossil Reptiles, Fishes, and Invertebrates. Pp.
xii, 109, 94 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6d.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). I9
“Guide to the Collection of Fossil Fishes in the Department of
Geology and Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, South Kensington. [By Henry Woodward.]
2nd Edition. Pp. 51. 81 Woodcuts. Index. 1888 8vo. 4d.
-Guide to Sowerby's Models of British Fungi in the Department of
Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By Worthington
G. Smith, F.L.S. Pp. 82. 93 Woodcuts. With Table of
Diagnostic Characters and Index. 1893, 8vo. 4d.
'Guide to the British Mycetozoa exhibited in the Department of
Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By Arthur Lister,
F.L.S. Pp. 42. 44 Woodcuts. Index. 1895, 8vo. 3d.
A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural
History). [By L. Fletcher.] Pp. 32. Plan. 1895, 8vo. 1d.
An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to the
Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, S.W. By L. Fletcher. Pp. 120. With
numerous Diagrams, a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an
Index. 1895, 8vo. 6d.
The Student’s Index to the Collection of Minerals, British Museum
(Natural History). [New Edition.] Pp. 33. With a Plan of
the Mineral Gallery. 1895, 8vo. 2d.
An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the
Meteorites represented in the Collection. [By L. Fletcher.]
Pp. 94. [With a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an Index to
the Meteorites represented in the Collection.] 1894, 8vo. 6d.
An Introduction to the Study of Rocks. [By L. Fletcher.] PP.
118. [With plan of the Mineral Gallery, table of Contents,
and Index.] 1895, 8vo. 6d.
W. H. FLOWER,
. Director.
JBritish Museum
(Natural History),
Cromwell Road,
London, S.W.
Lecember 1st, 1895,
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