LUMBER INSPECTION RULES Jln. S. ARTE LIBRARY VAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Forme SD 472.7 1 Lumber Inspection Rules Containing rules governing the manufacture and inspection of the different kinds of lumber; Government tests of the comparative strength of building timbers and other useful information for everyday use COMPILED AND SOLD BY S. C. STAILEY 30 CHURCH ST. NEW YORK CITY ONE DOLLAR, POST PAID PUBLISHED BY A. D. BEEKEN 94 CHAMBERS STREET NEW YORK CITY Copyright 1912 By S. C. STAILEY 03 / Mx 138. INDEX. Lumber Inspection Rules. Long Leaf Leaf Yellow Pine Timber and Plank Short Leaf Pine Timber and Plank.... Cypress (N. Y. Lumber Trade Asso- ciation) Spruce (N. Y. Lumber Trade Associa- tion) North Carolina Pine Association.. Yellow Pine Manufacturers' Association Southern Lumber & Timber Association Rules, '83... Northwestern Cedarmen's Association... Interborough Rapid Transit Rapid Transit Co..... Maple Flooring Manufacturers' Associa- tion Hardwood Manufacturers' of U. S. .. Official Poplar Weights Page 5 8 9 11 14 58 60 62 - EN KON # JOPHANE 63 Association 64 70 73 85 Plain Sawed Oak-Red or White.... Quarter Sawed Oak-Red or White.. 89 Construction. Oak Gum Quarter Sawed Gum Brown and White Ash. Chestnut .. Basswood Buckeye 92 Cottonwood-Dressed or Worked..... 103 105 108 112 114 117 118 Walnut Cherry 120 122 Hickory and Pecan Sycamore- 123 Plain Sawed 125 Quarter Sawed 127 Butternut 129 Maple-Soft and Hard. 130 Beech 134 White Beech 136 White Birch 136 Red Birch 138 Soft Elm 138 Rock Elm 140 Oak Chair and Furniture Stock. 141 Wagon Stock 142 Maple Axles 146 Cuban Mahogany White Oak Wagon Spokes. Mexican and African Mahogany Oak Flooring 151 157 . 158 161 056 Southern Cypress Manufacturers Asso- ciation- Cypress 162 Tupelo 171 Hardwood Symbols Grade Marks. 176 Universal Standard Log Scale.. 177 U. S. Navy Department Specifications 39P1 Yellow Pine.... 178 U. S. Government Tests Comparative Strength Building Timbers. 185 Weights of Cypress Lumber. 19-4 Weights Washington Red Cedar Shingles 194 Weights Shingles and Lath.. 194 Shingles Required for a Roof. 195 Number Nails to the Pound.. 195 Associated Bureau of Grades- Oregon and Washington Lumber Mfrs.' Association Pacific Coast Lumber Mfrs.' Association Southwestern Washington Lumber Mfrs. Asso. Fir (Douglas) Spruce (Western) Hemlock (Western) U S. Government Standard 208 220 228 Portland Cement 250 Lehigh Valley Railroad Company 254 Delaware & Hudson Company. 255 New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co... 264 Pennsylvania Railroad Co.. 300 Phila. & Reading Railway Co... Ready Reckoner 296 309 List of the more Important Woods of the U. S., where they grow and their principal characteristics..... 316 Standard Specifications, Weights and Measurements of- Railroad Ties 336 Round and Octagonal Poles. Cross Arms 337 338 Insulator Pins and Brackets. 339 Weights, Doors, Sash and Blinds. 340 Weights and Measures. 341 White Pine and Hemlock Grading. 343 Rules as adopted by- Miss. Valley Lumbermen's Assn. Wisconsin Valley Lumbermen's Assn. Western Pine Shippers' Assn. Northern Pine Mfrs. Assn. Northwestern Hemlock Mfrs. Asso. YELLOW PINE INSPECTION RULES. Known as the Interstate the Interstate Rules of 1905. Approved in conference of committees from The New York Yellow Pine Ex- change, The New York Lumber Trade As sociation. The Philadelphia Lumbermen's Exchange, The Baltimore Lumberman's Ex- change, The South Carolina Lumber Asso- ciation and The Georgia Inter-State Saw Mill Association, December 10th, 1904. -ADOPTED BY- The New York Lumber Trade Association; The Georgia Interstate Saw Mill Asso- ciation; Yellow Pine Exchange of New York; Philadelphia Lumbermen's Ex- change; Lumber Exchange of Baltimore As the Official Rules of those respective Associations, effective after February 1. GENERAL RULES. All lumber must be sound, commercial long leaf yellow pine (pine combining large coarse knots with coarse grain is excluded under these rules), well manufactured, full to size and saw butted, and shall be free from the following defects-unsound, loose and hollow knots, knots, worm holes and knot holes, through shakes or round shakes that show on the surface; and shall be square. edge unless otherwise specified. A through shake is hereby defined to be through or connected from side to side, or edge to edge, or side to edge. In the measurement of dressed lumber the width and thickness of the lumber be- fore dressing must be taken-less than one inch thick shall be measured as one inch. The measurement of wane shall always apply to the lumber in the rough. "All lumber grading higher than the grade for which it is sold shall be cepted as of the grade sold." *Resolved, That the rules of inspection for Long Leaf Yellow Pine lumber, as formed at Savannah and amended at New York, and known as the 1905 rules, be reaffirmed by this meeting; but with the understanding that the first paragraph of the General Rules is not to be construed to admit Short Leaf Pine in Long Leaf shipments. 5 CLASSIFICATION. Flooring. Flooring shall embrace four, five and six quarter inches in thickness by three to six inches in width, excluding 1x6. For ex- ample: 1x3, 4, 5 and 6; 14x3, 4, 5 and 6; 12x3, 4, 5. Boards. Boards shall embrace all thicknesses under one and a half inches by over 6 inches wide. For example: 4, 1, 1% and 1% inches thick by over six inches wide. Plank. Plank shall embrace all sizes from one and one-half to under six inches in thick- ness by six inches and over in width. For example: 1, 2, 2%. 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 54, 5 by 6 and over in width. Scantling. Scantling shall embrace all sizes exceed- ing 1% and under 6 inches in thickness, and from 2 to under 6 inches in width. For example: 2x2, 2x3, 2x4, 2x5, 3x3, 3x4, 3x5, 4x4, 4x5 and 5x5. The Georgia-Florida Saw Mill Associa- tion in lieu of this clause adopted the fol- lowing: Resolved, That it is the sense of this Association that Short Leaf Pine should never be shipped by a member of this As- sociation on orders calling for Long Leaf Pine. Dimension. Dimension sizes shall embrace all sizes 6 inches and up and up in and up in width. 7x7, 7x8, 8x9 and thickness by 6 inches For example: 6x6, 6x7, up. Stepping. Stepping shall embrace one to two and a half inches in thickness by seven inches. and up, in width. For example: 1, 1, 12. 2 and 24x7 and up, in width. Rough Edge or Flitch. Rough Edge or Flitch shall embrace all sizes one inch and up in thickness by eight inches and up in width, sawed on . two sides only. For example: 1, 12, 2, 3. 4 and up thick by eight inches and up wide, sawed on two sides only. INSPECTION. Standard. All lumber shall be sound, sap no objec- tion. Wane may be allowed one-eighth of the width of the piece measured across face of wane, extending one-fourth of the length on one corner or its equivalent on two or more corners, provided that not over 10 per cent. of the pieces of any pieces of any one size shall show such wane. Merchantable. All sizes under 9 inches shall show some heart entire length on on one side; sizes 9 inches and over shall show some heart the entire length on two opposite sides. Wane may be allowed one-eighth of the width of the piece measured across across face of wane, and extending one-fourth of the length of the piece on one corner or its equivalent on two or more corners; provided, that not over 10 per cent of the pieces of any size shall show such wane. Prime. Flooring shall show one one heart face, re- gardless of sap on opposite side. free from through or round shakes or knots exceed- ing one inch in diameter, or more than four in a board on the face side. Boards seven inches and under wide shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart on opposite side: over seven inches wide shall show two-thirds heart on both sides, all free from round from round or through shakes, large or unsound knots. Plank seven inches and under wide shall show one heart face. over seven inches wide shall show two-thirds heart on both sides. all free from round or through shakes, large or unsound knots. Scantling shall show three corners heart, free from through or round shakes or un- sound knots. Dimension Sizes.-All square lumber shall show two-thirds heart on two sides, and not less than one-half heart on two other sides. Other sizes shall show two-thirds heart on faces and show heart two-thirds. of length on edges, excepting when the width exceeds the thickness by three inches or over, then it shall show heart on the edge for one-half the length. Stepping shall show three corners heart. free from shakes and all knots exceeding half inch in diameter, and not more. than six in a board. Rough Edge of Flitch shall be sawed from good heart timber, and shall be measured in the middle, on the narrow face. free from injurious shakes or sound knots. un- 7 All stock to be well and truly manu- factured, full to size and saw butted. Wane on not over 5 per cent. of the pieces in any one size shall be allowed. and two-thirds merchantable quality. Where terms one-half heart are used they shall be construed as referring to the area of the face on which measured. In the dressing of lumber, when not otherwise specified, one-eighth inch shall be construed as taken off by each planer cut. 1910 Rules for Inspection of SHORT LEAF PINE, PLANK, AND DIMEN- SION SIZES PROPOSED BY New York Lumber Trade Association Yellow Pine Exchange of New York Savannah Board of Trade Lumber Exchange of Baltimore Brunswick Board of Trade Eastern States Retail Lumber Dealers' Asso- ciation Lumbermen's Exchange of Philadelphia Charleston, South Carolina, Dealers AT A CONFERENCE HELD IN WASHING- TON, MAY 25th, 1910. Effective after December 13, 1910. 1. Plank shall embrace all sizes from 1½ inch to under 6 inch in thickness by 6 inch and over in width, for example: 1½ inch, 2 inch, 24 inch, 2½ inch, 3 inch, 34 inch, 3½ inch, 4 inch, 44 inch, 4½ inch, 5 inch, 54 inch, 5½ inch, 54 inch, by 6 inch and over in width. Dimensions. 2. Dimension sizes shall embrace all sizes 6 inch and up in thickness, by 6 inch and up. in width, for example: 6x6 inches, 6x7 in- ches, 7x7 inches, 7x8 inches, 8x9 inches, and up. 3. All lumber must be well manufactured, full to sizes and sawbutted, and shall be free from the following defects: Wane, rot, m- sound, loose and hollow knots, worm holes and knot holes, through shakes or round shakes that show on the surface, except as hereinafter provided for. 4. A through shake is hereby defined to be through or connected from side to side, or edge to edge, or side to edge. 5. Wane may be allowed % of the width 8 of the piece measured across face of wane, and extending of the length of the piece. one corner or its equivalent on two or inore corners, provided that not more than ten per cent. of the pieces in one size shall show such wane. 6. Knots otherwise sound but containing twig holes not more than inch in diameter not to be considered defects. Knots having decayed surface not over 1 inch in diameter and inch deep not to be considered de- % fects. 7. Large or branch knots no defect if sound, unless bunched or so frequent as to materially impair the strength of the piece. 8. A limited amount of pin worm holes. well scattered in sound sap not to be con- sidered a defect. Blue or stained sap, if sound, no defect. 9. In the measurement of dressed lumber, the width and thickness of the lumber be- fore dressing must be taken. CYPRESS INSPECTION RULES. Lumber. All lumber shall be 10, 12, 14, 16. 18, and 20 feet in length (except Tank Stock), 1. 14. 12. 2, 2, 3, 3%, and 4 inches thick, and be classed as Tank Stock, First and Second Clear, Select, Shop, and Mer- chantable. Tank Stock shall be 5 inches and over in width, 14 to 3 inches thick, and 8 feet and over long. It may have sap 1 inch wide on one side to extend not over half the length and half the thickness of the piece, and sound knots that do not impair its usefulness for tank purposes. First and Second Clear shall be 8 inches and over in width, and clear up to 9 inches. Pieces 10 to 12 inches wide may have two sound standard knots of 14 inches in di- ameter and 3 inches of sound bright sap. and for every 3 inches in width over 12 inches an additional standard knot and an additional inch of sound bright sap. Pieces wider than 10 inches may be half sound bright sap if free from other defects. Selects shall be 7 inches and over in width, will admit two standard knots of 14 inches in diameter in pieces 10 inches or under in width, and an additional stand- ard knot for every 2 inches in width above 10 inches. Sound sap not to be considered a defect. Above grades must be free of shake and peck. Shop to be 7 inches or over in width. and includes all lumber that will not go 9 into above grades, but that will cut for shop use so as to work three-fourths with- out waste. Merchantable Common may be any width, admitting sap, knots, and shakes, or peck when the strength is not impaired. Dressed Lumber. All stock, after being worked, shall be divided into five classes: "Clear Heart," "A," "B," "C," and "D," and the sev- eral grades shall be defined as follows: "Which shall be in lengths 10 to 20 feet." "Clear Heart" must be clear of all sap or knots, and without blemish. "A" must have heart face, but may have. 1 inch of sap on thin edge, and may con- tain one small knot, and may have bright sap one-fourth its width for 6 inches from one end, or a check in one end, and not exceeding 6 inches in length. "B" may have one-third of the face bright sap. if otherwise clear, or, in lieu of one-third sap, can contain two small sound knots, and may have checks at one end not over 9 inches long. "C" may be all bright sap, or may have one to five knots, the whole not aggregat- ing over 3 inches, or knots or other defects that can be removed in two cuts, with waste not exceeding 12 inches in length, or three pin-worm holes, and and may have check or split at one end not exceeding 12 inches in length. "D" may have stain sap, also pin-worm holes, unsound knots, shake, split, or other defects that will not impair its usefulness. to exceed one-third. Shingles. shingle; "Bests."A dimension each width separately bunched; 16 inches long; five butts to measure 2 inches; all heart; free of shakes, knots, and other defects. "Primes."-A dimension shingle; each width separately bunched; 16 long; five butts to measure 2 inches; admitting tight knots and sap; free of shakes and other defects. "Extra xAx."-A random width shingle, 3 inches and over in width, and may admit shingle 14 inches long. Free from unsound knots and shakes 10 inches from butt. "Clippers."-A random width shingle, not good enough to be included in above grades. All sales are made in made in accordance with above rules. 10 PRUCE MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIA- TION'S RULES FOR GRADING. Adopted by the New York Lumber Trade Association April 13, 1910.] FIRSTS AND SECONDS. Thickness, 1, 1, 1, 2 and 3 inches. Widths, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 inches. Lengths, 10 foot and up. Shall contain all the best of the log and shall be practically clear one face and both edges. Two or three pencil knots proportion- al to width of piece, or wane, equal in width to half thickness and not over one-fourth of the length of the piece admitted on face side of 15 per cent of pieces. Bright sap is no defect. Small knots admitted on reverse side. Season checks or splits equal in length to half width of piece admitted. Thickness, 1, 1 SELECTS. 1, 2 and 3 inches. Widths, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 inches. Lengths, 10 foot and up. May contain any number of small tight knots varying in size from lead pencil to silver quarter, according to width of piece, quality rather than quantity of knots govern, but edges must be free of knots. Bright sap no defect and very slight sap stain admissi ble. Wane or bark on one side equal in amount to half the thickness and one-third of the length of the piece admitted on not over 15 per cent of pieces. Season checks or splits equal in length to two-thirds the width of the piece admitted. DRESSING. Thickness, 1, 14, 1, 2 and 3 inches. Widths, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 inches. Lengths, 10 foot and up. Small tight knots and large sound knots admitted without limit as to number, but character must be such that they must not pull or tear out in planing. Large mule ear or horn knots not admitted. Slight sap stain, but no black sap admitted. Wane or bark on one side equal in amount to half the thick- ness and one-half the length of the piece admitted on not over 15 per cent of pieces. Season checks or splits equal in length to width of the piece admitted. Must have good smooth edges and in general be of such char- acter that it will show smooth when planed. 11 MERCHANTABLE. Boards. Thickness, 1, 14, and 1½ inches. Widths, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 inches. Lengths, 8 foot and up. Knots of every size admitted but no rot ten knots or knot holes. Slight heart check or shake admitted on one side only. Small amount of black or discolored sap admitted. Wane or bark on one side equal to half the thickness and one-half the length of the piece admitted, Season checks or splits equal i length to width of piece admitted. No rot or other defect which will impair the gen eral soundness of the piece is allowed. Dimensions. Thickness, 2 inches and over. Any width and any length. Will admit of no defect which materially impairs its strength. Straight check and heart shake admitted, but no rotten knots or rotten wood, BOX, Thickness, 1, 14, 1, and 2 inches. Widths, 4 inches and up. Lengths, 6 foot and up. cent 6 foot. Not over 5 per Large black knots, knots not sound in char- acter, knot holes, heart checks or shakes, black sap and small amount of hard red wood admitted. Wane or bark equal to half the thickness and one-quarter of the length on the face or equal to 20 per cent of the piece, on the back, admitted. Season checks or splits equal to one-third the length of the piece admitted. Pin worms and scattering grub holes admitted. This grade is designed for boxes and crating and some waste or bad material is allowed. MILL CULLS. Thickness, 1, 14, 1½, and 2 inches. Widths, 4 inches and up. Lengths, 6 foot and up. This grade will carry red rot, dote, heart checks, shakes and all other defects to which spruce is heir. Soft rot and other defects which render the board worthless in charac- ter are not admitted. General character of grade designed for cheap crating, boxing or sheathing. SIZES OF DRESSED STOCK. 1-inch D1S or D2S 3/16-inch seant in thick- ness. 12 14-inch and 1½-inch Select and Clear D1S or D2S -inch scant in thickness. 2-inch and 3-inch D1S or D2S 14-inch scant in thickness. 1, 1, 1, 2, and 3-inch by 3-inch to 8- inch wide, D1E or D2E %-inch scant in width. 1, 14, and 1½-inch by 9-inch to 12-inch width, D1E or D2E ½ inch scant in width. Matched or T & G stock 4-inch scant face wiath. 13 THE NORTH CAROLINA PINE ASSOCIATION Weights of NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA PINE. Long leaf timbers, rough, green...... Long leaf timbers, dressed, green.. Short leaf timbers, rough, green.. Short leaf timbers, dressed, green... WEIGHTS OF LONG LEAF YELLOW PINE. 4500 4000 4500 4000 GREEN. 2 x 14 and 3 x 12, S 1 8 1 E.... 3800 2 x 14 and 3 x 12, rough.... 4500 4 x 4 and 6 x 6, S 1 SI E. 3800 4 x 4 and 6 x 6, rough... 4500 6 x 8 and over, rough. 4500 6 x 8 and over, S 4 S... 3800 ROUGH NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 4-4 5-4 6-4 8-4 3100 3350 3500 3500 DRESSED NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Flooring, 13-16 x 2 Flooring, 13-16 x 3% Flooring. 13-16 x 3 to Flooring. 13-16 x 2% Flooring. 1 1-16 x 2 Flooring, 1 1-16 x 2% Ceiling and Partition. and 3 Flat Grain..... to 4% Flat Grain.... 4 Jointed Flat Grain. to 3% Rift..... to 4% Flat Grain. to 3% Rift...... 2250 2250 2500 2250 2350 2350 13-16 x all widths. 2250 Ceiling and Partition, x all widths... 2000 Ceiling. 1700 Ceiling. 2. 1250 Ceiling. 7-16 Ceiling. %.. 1100 1000 German Siding. 13-16 x 5½ Face 2000 Bevel Siding, ½ x 4 to 6.... 1100 Case and Moulded Base. All patterns. 2000 Base S 4 S, 13-16 x 4, 5, 6 and 7 inches. 2500 Base S 4 S, 13-16 x 3 and 9 inches.. 2500 Ralls 8 4 8, 2 x 3 and 2 x 4.. 2700 Surfaced Boards, 4-4. 2500 Surfaced Boards, 5-4. 2700 Surfaced Boards, 6-4. 2800 Surfaced Boards, 8-4. 3000 Roofers, 13-16 x 4 to 9 in. face (ex. 5% and 7½) Roofers, 13-16 x 5% in. face... 2400 2500 Roofers, 13-16 x any special width under 7½ 2500 Roofers, 18-16 x 7½ Roofers, 13-16 x any Roofers, 13-16 x 9 in. face.. 2500 width btw 7% and 9½. 2500 ir.. face... 2500 Roofers, 13-16 x any width btw. 9% and 11% 2500 Roofers, 13-16 x 11 in. face,. Box Bark Strips. Surfaced 1 or 2 S... 2500 2500 Factory Flooring. 1. 2, 2 and 3 x 5 to 9 inches. To finish in. scant in thickness and ½ in. scant in width for splines, and in. scant in width, tongue and grooved... 2700 14 CLASSIFICATION AND INSPECTION OF NORTH CAROLINA PINE To purchasers of North Carolina Pine: At the present time fully 95 per cent. of the output of Kiln Dried Pine Lumber in the States of Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina is graded and classified according to these grading rules. and all quotations are made on them as a basis. Buyers are therefore urged to familiar- ize themselves with these rules in order that they may know what they are con- tracting for when ordering and also that they may determine whether shipments are up to grade, or otherwise, before making complaints as to quality. This request if complied with, will tend very materially to lessen complaints, and will thus prove to the mutual interest of buyer and ship- per. Should any question arise not covered by rules, write to THE NORTH CAROLINA PINE ASSO- CIATION, INC. Norfolk, Va. RULES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION AND INSPECTION OF NORTH CAROLINA PINE Definitions. Narrow Edge-also called Edge-contains all widths under 12 inches except stock widths-6-inch, 8-inch, 10-inch and 12-inch. (See "Widths of Lumber.") Wide Edge contains all widths over 12 inches, Knots. Referred to as sound, rotten, loose, encased and tight, as to quality. A loose knot is one that will come out. An encased knot is one surrounded by bark or pitch. A tight knot is one that will not come out. A pin-knot is a knot -inch diameter or under. The diameter of an oblong knot is the mean between between its greater and lesser di- ameter. A spike or horn knot is a knot sawed nearly or altogether lengthwise. Pitch. Pitch pockets are openings be tween the grain of the wood, and may contain pitch, or bark, or both. A pitch pocket that shows on both sides. 15 of the plece shall be considered the same as a knot-hole. A standard pitch pocket is not over - inch wide, nor over 3 inches long (meas- ured over all). A small pitch pocket is one not over 3- inch wide, nor over 2 inches long (measured over all). Pitch streaks are simply accumulations of pitch at different portions of the board. Widths of Lumber. 4-4 and 5-4, Nos. 1, 2, and 3 edge, to be 3 inches wide, and up. 6-4 and 8-4, Nos. 1, 2 and 3 edge, to be 5 inches wide, and up. All No. 4 or Box Edge, 4-4, 5-4, 6-4 and 8-4, to be 4 inches wide, and up. Rough Lumber. All lumber shall be well manufactured and well dried. The basis of inspection shall be the best. or face side of each piece. Grades. No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, Box, Mill Culls, Red Hearts. Nos. 1 and 2 Bark Strips, and Box Bark Strips. No. 1. No. 1 grade, under 12 inches wide, shall have one side clear of all de- fects, except 5 per cent. pitch streaks, the other side to grade No. 2 or better. Lumber 12 inches and over wide, in addi- tion to the pitch streaks, may have one small pitch pocket or sound pin knot for every additional three inches of width. No. 2. No. 2 grade shall consist of ards with small tight knots on the best le and will permit 15 per cent. of pitch streaks, the other side to grade No. 3 or better; no knot in a board up to 6 inches wide to exceed 1 inch in diameter, and in boards above that width no knot to exceed 1½ inches in diameter. The aggregate di- ameters of knots not to exceed 14 inches for every 3 inches in width of the board. Standard pitch pockets to be treated the same as knots. No. 3. No. 3 grade shall consist of tight knotted boards below the grade of No. 2 with clear edges on the face side. Stock boards 8 inches and over shall have one edge clear one-fourth the width of the board on the face side. No knot in a board up to 4 inches wide to exceed 11% inches in diameter; up to 6 inches wide, 1% inches; and above that width 2 inches. This grade shall admit black pin knots: pinny boards that would otherwise grade 16 Je No. 1 or No. 2; No. 1 boards showing 50 per cent. pitch; No. 2 boards showing 25 per cent. pitch; and reverse side to grade equal to Box. Box. Box grade shall consist of coarse knotted boards and pinny and pitchy boards that would otherwise grade No. 2 or No. 3. Mill Culls. Mill Culls shall be all boards, except- ing Red Heart, below the grade of Box which can be used without a waste ex- ceeding 25 per cent. Red Heart. This lumber shall be 75 per cent. firm wood, so that it may be cut up with a waste of not exceeding 25 per cent. Cull Red Heart. This grade shall consist of all Red Heart below the regular grade of "Red Bark Strips. No. 1 and No. 2 Bark Strips shall show one-half inch of wood at the thinnest point and shall grade equal to or better than No. 2 lumber. Box Bark Strips shall contain all Bark Strips falling below the grade of Nos. 1 and 2. Standard Lengths of Rough Lumber. 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet. ceed 5 per cent. 8 feet.) DRESSED LUMBER. Flooring, Ceiling, Partition, (Not to ex- Finish, Etc. All lumber shall be well manufactured and well dried. The basis of inspection shall be the best or face side of each piece. No. 1, No. 2, No. 1. This shall have the of all defects, Grades. No. 3 and No. 4. grade, up to 6-inch strip, face side practically clear admitting 5 per cent. of pitch streaks; pieces over 6 inches wide may have one sound pin knot or small pitch pocket for each two inches of width over 6 inches. No. 2. This grade shall admit small sound knots on the face and 15 per cent. pitch streaks; the reverse side to grade No. 4 or beter; no knot in a strip up to 6 inches wide to exceed 1 inch in diameter: wider pieces may have knots 1% inches diameter. the aggregate diameter of knots or defects not to exceed 1% inches for every 17 3 inches of width. Standard pitch pock ets to be treated the same as knots. 2 No. 3. 3. This grade shall consist knotty boards below the grade of No. no knot to exceed in diameter one-half the width of the strip and no knot over 2 inches diameter allowable in strips 6 inches and under; wider pieces may have knots 2 inches diameter; admitting small encases knots and small spike or horn knots and 30 to 40 per cent. of pitchy streaks; also pinny boards that would otherwise be classed as No. 1 or 2; and No. 1 and 2 boards showing 50 per cent. pitch. No limit as to quantity of knots in this grade. No. 4. This grade to consist of all lumber below the grade of No. 3 and that can be laid without wasting over 25 per cent. of any one piece. Factory Flooring and Roofers shall grade the same box lumber. Unless otherwise specified, Roofers shall be worked, tongued and grooved. Standard Lengths of Dressed Lumber, Flooring Partitions and Finish: 8, 9, 10. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 feet (not to exceed 5 per cent. of 8 and 9 feet). Ceiling: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 feet (not to exceed 5 per cent. 6 and 7 feet). Dressing. One-eighth inch shall be allowed to dress 4-4, 5-4, 6-4 and 8-4 lumber, one side. Three-sixteenths inch shall be allowed to dress 4-4 and 5-4 lumber two sides. One-fourth inch shall be allowed to dress 6-4 and thicker lumber two sides. Matching. All flooring, ceiling and partition 4 inch thick and over shall be dressed two sides and centre matched. All ceiling under 4. inch thick shall be dressed one side and matched. Count. All lumber shall be counted by nominal or strip size, which is ½ inch wider than actual finished size in all regular patterns and standard matched Flooring, Ceiling and Partition. One-half inch width shall be allowed on factory flooring when grooved for splines. and three-quarter inch when tongued and grooved. One-half inch in width shall be allowed for working moulded Base and Casing ex- cept on standard patterns finished on the quarter-inch or three-quarter inch. for which shall be allowed one-quarter inch. 18 PATTERNS OF N. C. Pine German Siding Worked 13-16 x 5% inch face. When or dering ship lap, always specify size of rabbet 101 102 10 103 105 100 107 108 108 110 111 112 118 114 116 116 New 117 New 118 Orders for Stock Should Conform to above Numbers. 19 70% 78% 7 %* CEILING Y16 16" CEILING 1/4 1/2" CEILING 5/8" CEILING 3/4" PARTITION 20 1/32 1/4 13/32 13/16 1/16 13/16 I INCH FLOORING 49/32 1/4 INCH FLOORING 32* I INCH PARTITION 9/32 164 732 節 ​21 YELLOW PINE MFRS'. ASSOCIATION WEIGHTS OF YELLOW PINE WHEN WORKED TO STANDARD SIZE LONG LEAF PINE DISTRICT DRY Flooring | X2¼ Flooring, 1 x3%. Flooring, 14) x5% Ceiling. K Ceiling. Ceiling, Floor Ceiling. Ceiling, and Drop Siding, deduct 100 lbs For Hollow Back ing 2000 2200 2400 x5%... 1000 Ceiling.. 1200 Ceiling.½½ ...1500 Ceiling. ....1800 Partition. ...1930 Ceiling. …………. Partition.. CHORT LEAF PINE DISTRICT DRY Flooring. ' x2%.... Flooring, ai x3... Flooring.1% For Hollow Back Floor. ing. Ceiling and Drop Siding, deduct lbs 1800 2000 2200 900 1100 1400 Siding, from inch stock 1100 Siding, from 1% in stock 1400 Drop Siding to 1900 ... 1700 .... 1800 1000 Siding, from inch stock Siding, from 1 in. stock 1250 Drop Siding, and Mould- Moulded Casing. ed Casing. 4% to 5%. 2000 Moulded Base 1800 ,2000 Moulded Base, from 8, 10, ......2100 12 in stock.. Finish, inch. S 1 S or S 2 S to 1316 ...2600 Finish 1.1% and 2 in.S 1 S or S 2 S to Stand- ard Thickness.......2800 Finish. 1.1%, 1% and 2 in... rough.... SHIPPING DRY 1400 Shiplap and D & M 1.2500 Grooved Roofing 1402600 Com Boards and Fencing. 1x4, 6, 8 or 10 in, S1Sor 250- ......2700 Com Boards. 1x12 S1 S or 2 S to 1316 .....2800 Com Boards and Fencing. 1x4, 6, 8 or 10 in., rough 3400 Com Boards, 1x12, rough 3500 2x4, 2x6 and 2x8, S1S1E to 1% 2x4, 2x6 and 2x8, rough....3400 2x10 and 2x12, S1S1 E to 1% 2x10 and 2x12, rough.....3500 GREEN .. 2700 .2800 2x14 and 3x12, S1S1E... 3800 2x14 and 3x12, rough..... 4500 4x4 and 6x6, S1 S1 E, 3800 4x4 and 6x6, rough.........4500 6x8 and over, rough......4500 6x8 and over, S4 S.... ..3800 Plastering, Lath, dry..... 550 Byrkit Lath, dry...... ..1800 Finish, inch, S1 S or S2 S 2500 Finish, 1%, 1% and 2 inch, S1 S or S2 S.....2700 Finish. 1, 1, 1% and 2 in. rough........ SHIPPING DRY ..3200 Shiplap and D & M.....2300 Grooved Roofing......2400 Com. Boards and Fencing 1x4.6.8.10 in, S 1 S or 2S to 1346.. .....2500 Com Boards. 1x12, S 1 S or 2 S to 1316 ..2600 Com Boards and Fencing 1x4, 6. 8. 10 in, rough .3300 Com Boards, 1x12. rough 3400 2x4, 2x6 and 2x8. S-1 S1E to 1%.. .....2500 2x4, 2x6 and 2x8 rough....3300 2x10 and 2x12. S1 S1Eto .:2600 1%..... 2x10 and 2x12, rough....3300 GREEN 2x14 and 3x12, 51s1 ...3500 2x14 and 3x12, rough.......4200 3x4 and 6x6, S1S1 E......3500 4x4 and 6x8, rough.........4200 8x8 and over, rough.......4200 Plastering Lath, dry...... 500 Byrkit Lath. dry... ..1650 REVISED AND ADOPTED AT CHICAGO, JULY 24, 1907 22 RADING RULES FOR YELLOW PINE LUMBER. opyrighted 1911 by Yellow Pine Manufac- turers Ass'n. 1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. Yellow Pine Lumber shall be graded nd classified according to the following rules nd specifications as to quality, and dressed stock shall conform to the subjoined table of standard sizes-except where otherwise ex-- pressly stipulated between buyer and seller. 2. Recognized defects in Yellow Pine are knots, knot holes, splits (either from season- Ing, ring hearts or rough handling), shake, wane. red heart, pith, rot, rotten streaks, worm holes, pitch streaks, pitch pockets, torn grain, loosened grain, seasoning checks, sap stains and defects in manufacturing. Knots. 3. Knots shall be classified as pin, stand- ard and large, as to size; and round and spike as to form, and as sound, loose, en- cased, pith and rotten as to quality. 4. A pin knot is sound and not over - inch in diameter. 5. A standard knot is sound and not over 1½ inches in diameter. 6. A large knot is one any size over 1½ inches in diameter. 7. A round knot is oval or circular in form. 8. A spike knot is one sawn in a length- wise direction. The mean or average diameter of knots shall be considered in applying and constru- ing the rules. 9. A sound knot is one solid across its face, is as hard as the wood it is in, may be either red or black, and is so fixed by growth or position that it will retain its place in the piece. 10. A loose knot is one not held firmly in place by growth or position. 11. A pith knot is a sound knot with a . pith hole not more than 4-inch in diameter in the center. 12. An encased knot is one surrounded wholly or in part by pitch, or bark which may show on one or both sides of the piece. If grown fast to the board at any point on one or both sides of the piece or is so fixed by growth or position that it will retain its place in the piece it shall be considered a sound knot. (See Sections 9 and 16.) 13. A rotten knot is one not as hard as the wood it is in. Pitch. 14. Pitch pockets are openings between the grain of the wood containing more or less 23 系 ​pitch or bark, and shall be classified as small, standard and large pitch pockets. 15. A small pitch pocket is one not over % of an inch wide. A standard pitch pocket is one not over of an inch wide, or 3 inches in length. A large pitch pocket is one over 3% of an inch wide or over 3 inches in length. 16. A pitch pocket showing open on both sides of the piece, % of an inch or more in width, shall be considered the same. same as a knot-hole of equal size. 17. A pitch streak is a well defined ac cumulation of pitch at one point in the piece, and when not sufficient to develop a well de- fined streak, or where fiber between grains is not saturated with pitch, it shall not be con- sidered a defect. 18. A small pitch streak shall be equiva- lent to not over one-twelfth the width and one-sixth the length of the piece it is in. A standard pitch streak shall be equivalent to not over one-sixth the width and one-third of the length of the piece it is in. Wane. 19. Wane is bark, or the lack of bark or a decrease of wood from any cause on the edge of the piece. Sap. 20. Bright sap shall not be considered a defect in any of the grades provided for and described in these rules. The restriction or exclusion of bright sap constitutes a special class of material which can only be secured by special contract. 21. Sap stain shall not be considered a defect in any of the grades of Common Lum- ber. Miscellaneous. Firm red heart shall not be consid- ered a defect in any of the grades of Com- mon Lumber. 23. Defects in rough stock caused by im- proper manufacture and drying will reduce grade, unless they can be removed in dress- ing such stock to standard sizes. 24. All stock except Dimension, shall be inspected on the face side to determine the grade, Stock surfaced one side. the dressed surface shall be considered the face side. Stock rough or dressed two sides, or com- mon boards center matched or shiplapped and S. 2 S., the best face shall be considered the face side, but the reverse side of all such stock should not be more than one grade lower. 24 25. Imperfect manufacture in dressed stock, such as torn grain, loosened grain, slight skips in dressing, wane, broken knots, mismatched, insufficient tongue or groove on Flooring, Ceiling, Drop Siding, etc., shall be considered defects, and will reduce grade ac- cording as they are slight or serious in their effects on the use of the stock. 26. Pieces of Flooring, Drop Siding or Par- tition with 3/16-inch or more of tongue; and pieces of Ceiling with -inch or more of tongue; and pieces of Shiplap with 5/16-inch of lap will be admitted in any grade. Pieces of Flooring, Drop Siding, Ceiling or Parti- tion, having not less than 1/16-inch tongue will be admitted in No. 2 Common. Pieces of Shiplap having less than 5/16-inch and not. less than -inch lap shall be admitted in No. 2 common. 27. In all grades of D. and Better, Floor- ing, and No. 1 Common and better, Ceiling, Drop Siding, etc., wane on the reverse side, equivalent to one-third the width and one- sixth the length of any piece, provided the wane does not extend into the tongue, nor over one-half the thickness below the groove. is admissible. 28. Chipped grain consists in a part of the surface being chipped or broken out in small particles below the line of the cut, and as usually found should not be classed as torn. grain and shall not be considered a defect. 29. Torn grain consists in a part of the wood being torn out in dressing. It occurs around knots and curly places, and is of four distinct characters-slight, medium, heavy and deep. Slight torn grain should not exceed 1/32 of an inch in depth, medium 1/16 of an inch, and heavy % of an inch. Any torn grain heavier than 1% of an inch shall be termed deep. 30. Loosened grain consists in a point of one grain being torn loose from the next grain. It occurs on the heart side of the plece, and is a serious defect, especially in Flooring. 31. The grade of all regular stock shall be determined by the number, character, position and location of the defects visible in any piece. The enumerated defects herein de- scribed admissible in any grade are intended to be descriptive of the coarsest pieces such grades may contain. 32. Lumber and timber sawed for specific purposes must be inspected with a view to its adaptability for the use intended. Material not conforming to standard sizes, for Agricul tural Implement Companies, Wagon Compa- nies, Car Manufacturing Companies, Rallway Companies, etc., shall be governed by special. contract and inspection. 25 33. The standard lengths are multiples of two feet, ten to twenty-four feet, inclusive, for Boards, Fencing, Dimension, Joists and Timbers; multiples of one foot, ten to twenty foot inclusive for Finishing, Flooring, Ceiling, Siding, Partition, Casing, Base Window and Door Jambs-except as hereinafter specified. Longer or shorter lengths than those herein specified are special. Special and fractional lengths, when ordered, shall be counted as the next higher standard length. 34. The standard of widths for lumber, S1 S or S 2 S or rough, excluding Dimen- sion, shall be multiples of 1 inch-3 inches and up in width. 35. On stock width shipments of No. 1 Common and Better lumber, either rough or dressed one or two sides, no piece should be counted as of standard width that is more than 4-inch scant on 8-inch and under; %- inch scant on 9 and 10 inch, or 4-inch scant on 11 and 12-inch or wider. Such pieces should be measured as the next lower stand- ard of width and not reduced in grade. (For widths of No. 2 Boards and Fencing see Secs. 70-71 and 76.) (For Dimensions Secs. 84 and 91.) 36. Yellow Pine shall be classified as to grain as Edge Grain and Flat Grain. Edge Grain has been variously designated as rift sawn, vertical grain, quarter sawn, all being commercially synonymous terms. Edge grain stock is especially desirable for Flooring and admits no piece in which the angle of the grain exceeds 45 degrees from vertical at any point, thus excluding all pieces that will sliver or shell from wear. Such as will not meet these requirements shall be known as Flat Grain. 37. All dressed stock shall be measured and sold strip count, viz.: full size of rough material necessarily used in its manufacture. All sizes 1 inch or less in thickness shall be counted as 1 inch thick. 38. In standard manufacture of Factory Flooring, Decking or thick dressed and matched stock, and stock grooved for splines, and for thick Shiplap, the finished width shall be 4-inch less over all than the count or measured width of the rough ma- terial used in manufacture, and the tongue and lap shall be measured to determine the finished width, and face measure shall no longer be standard. 39. Equivalent means equal, and in con- struing and applying these rules, the defects. allowed, whether specified or not, are under- stood to be equivalent in damaging effect to those mentioned applying to stock under consideration. No arbitrary rules for the inspection of lumber can be maintained with satisfaction. 26 The variations from any given rule are nu- merous and suggested by practical common sense, so nothing more definite than the gen- eral features of different grades should be attempted by rules of inspection. The fol- lowing therefore are submitted as the gen- eral characteristics of the different grades. Lumber must be accepted on grade in the form in which it was shipped. Any subse- quent change in manufacture or mill work will prohibit an inspection for the adjust- ment of claims, except with the consent of all parties interested. general observations 40. The The foregoing shall apply to and govern the application of the following rules: DRESSED YELLOW PINE FINISHING. Sizes, Finishing shall be dressed to the follow- ing: 1 inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 13/16; 14- inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 1 1/16; 12-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 1 5/16; 2-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 14-inches. 1x4-S. 4 S. shall be 3½ in- ches wide finished; 1x5-8. 4 S. shall be 4% inches wide; 1x6-5% inches; 1x7-6% in- ches; 1x8-7½ inches: 1x9-8½ inches; 1x10 -0% inches; 1x11-10 inches: 1x12-11- inches. The foregoing widths shall also ap- ply to stock thicker than 1 inch. Widths. On stock width shipments of all finishing Lumber, either rough or dressed one or two sides, no piece should be counted as standard width that is more than 4-inch scant on 8- inch and under; %-inch scant on 9 or 10- inch, or ½-inch scant on 11 or 12-inch or wider. Such pieces should be measured as the next lower standard of width and not reduced in grade. Lengths. Standard Lengths are 10 to 20 feet and in shipments of mixed lengths, 5% of 8 or 9 foot in grade of C and Better shall be ad- mitted. The above per cent is allowed in all ship- ments of mixed lengths, even though the number of feet of each length in such ship- ment be specifically stated. Grades. A, B, and C. A Finishing. 41. Inch, 14, 1% and 2-inch. dressed one or two sides up to and including 8 inches wide, must show one face practically clear 27 of all defects, 9 or 10 inches wide, in ad- dition to one split in end not more than 6- inches long, will admit any one of the fol- owing defects: One small pitch pocket; one pin knot; pitch streak or sap stain not to exceed the equivalent of 6 square inches. One-third of any shipment of 11 and 12-inch, in addition to one split in end which should not exceed in length the width of the piece, will admit any one of the following defects or its equivalent: Three pin knots; one standard knot; three small pitch pockets; one standard pitch pocket; one small pitch streak; small seasoning checks; sap stain equivalent to 8 square inches is allowed. (See Sec. 31.) 13-inch and wider will admit two of the above defects or their equivalent. Pieces otherwise admissible, which have loosened or torn grain on the face side, shall be put in. a lower grade. B Finishing. 42. Inch, 14, 1% and 2-inch dressed one or two sides up to and including 10 inches. in width, in addition to one split in end. which should not exceed in length the width. of the piece, will admit any two of the fol- lowing or their equivalent of combined de- fects: Slight torn grain; three pin knots; one standard knot; three small pitch pock- ets; one standard pitch pocket; one stand- ard pitch streak; 5% of sap stain; wane not to exceed 1 inch in width, 4 inch in depth and 1/6 the length of the piece; small sea- soning checks. 11 inch and wider will admit three of the above defects or their equivalent; but sap stain shall not exceed 10%. C Finishing. 43. Up to and including 10-inch in width will admit in addition to one split in end which should not exceed in length the width. of the piece, any two of the following or their equivalent of combined defects: 25% of sap stain; 25% firm red heart; two stand- ard pitch streaks; medium torn grain in three places in one piece; slight shake; sea- soning checks that do not go through; two standard pitch pockets; six small pitch pock- ets; two standard knots; six pin knots; wane one inch in width, ½ inch in depth and one- third the length of the piece. Defective dressing will also be allowed that does not prevent its use as finish without waste. 11 and 12-inch will admit one additional defect or its equivalent. Pieces wider than 12 in- ches will admit two additional defects those admitted in 10-inch or their equivalent, 28 except sap stain, which shall not be in- creased. Pieces otherwise as good as B will admit of 20 pin worm holes. Special. 44. In case both sides are desired A, B or C Grade, or free from all defects, special contract must be made. Defective dressing or slight skips in dressing on the reverse side of Finishing are admissible. (See Sec- tions 24, 25 and 39.) Panel Shop. 44. Panel shop is 10-inches and 12 in- ches wide, all lengths from 8 to 20 feet or longer. Must be practically free from pitch streaks. May contain any kind of defects that can be removed by cross cutting the board. Such defects must be limited in num- ber and location so that cross-cutting to re- move them will not use more than one-quar- ter of the length of the piece and the residue. of the piece shall be suitable for No. 1 and 2 panel, and all lengths 18-inches and longer, but such residue shall not be considered to be of any special stock length, but will rep- resent the balance of the board after the defects as above named have been removed. FLOORING. Sizes. D and Better, 1x3, 1x4 and 1x6 inches shall be worked to 13/16x24, 34, and 54 inches; 1-inch Flooring shall be worked to 1 3/32 inches thick; 1½-inch flooring 1 11/32 inches thick, the same width and the same matching as 1-inch stock. (See cut following these rules.) Lengths. to Standard lengths are 8 to 20 feet in B and Better Flooring with not to exceed 5% of 8 ft. lengths in mixed length shipments of this grade and in addition 5% of 6 or 7 foot in C. D. and No. 1 Com.; and 5% of 4 or 5 foot in No. 2 Com. The above per cent is allowed in all ship- ments of mixed lengths even though the number of feet of each length in such ship- ments be specifically stated. Grades. A, B, C. D, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Com- mon and No. 3 Sheathing, Flat Grain; and A, B, C, D and No. 1 Common Edge Grain. 29 Special Section. Defects named in Flooring are based upon a piece manufactured from 1x4-12 feet and pieces larger or smaller than this will take a greater or less number of defects, propor tioned to their size on this basis. Except that standard knots shall not exceed 14-inch in diameter in 3-inch flooring. 45. A Flat Flooring must be practically free from defects on the face side and well manufactured. 46. B Flat Flooring will admit any two of the following or their equivalent of combined defects: 15% sap stain; 15% firm red heart; three pin knots; one standard knot; three small pitch pockets; pockets; one standard pitch pocket; one standard pitch streak; slight torn grain; small seasoning checks; six pin worm holes. 47. C Flat Flooring will admit any two of the following defects or their equivalent of combined defects; 25% of sap stain; 25% of firm red heart; two standard pitch streaks; medium torn grain, or other machine defects. that lay without waste; slight shake that does not go through or seasoning checks that do not go through; two standard pitch pock- ets; six small pitch pockets; two standard knots or six pin knots; 12 pin worm holes. 48. Edge Grain Flooring, shall take the same inspection as Flat Grain except as to the angle of the grain. (See Sec. 36.) 49. Heart Face Edge Grain shall be free from sap on face side. 50. D Flat Flooring will admit the follow- ing defects or their equivalent of combined defects: Sound knots not over one-half the cross section of the piece in the rough at any one point throughout its length; three pith knots; pitch; pitch pockets; sap stain; firm red heart; seasoning checks that do not go through; shake that does not go through; a limited number of pin worm holes well scat- tered: loosened or heavy torn grain, or other machine defects that will lay without waste. Pieces otherwise as good as B may have one defect (like a knot hole) that can be cut out by wasting 1½ inches of the length of the piece, provided both pieces are 16 in- ches or over in length after cutting out such defects. 50%. No. 1 Common Flooring is the com- bined grade of C and D flooring, and will admit all pieces that will not grade B and are better than No. 2 Common. 51. No. 2 Common Flooring admits all pieces that will not grade as good as D Flooring, that can be used for cheap floors without a waste of more than one-fourth the length of any one piece. (See Sec. 26.) 52, No. 3 Sheathing will admit of all 30 pieces that cannot be used as No. 2 Common Flooring, but are still available as cheap sheathing or lathing without a waste of more than one-fourth the length of any one piece. 53. Center Matched Flooring shall be re- quired to come up to grade on face side only, and the defects admissible on the reverse side of standard matched shall be allowed. CEILING. Sizes. Ceiling shall be worked to the following: -inch Ceiling, 5/16-inch; ½-inch Ceiling, 7/16-inch; %-inch Ceiling, 9/16-inch; 4-inch Ceiling, 11/16-inch. Same width as Flooring. The bead on all Ceiling and partition shall be depressed 1/32 of an inch below surface. line of piece. (For drawings scaled to actual size see cuts following these rules.) Lengths. 5% Standard lengths are 10 to 20 foot. of 8 or 9 foot is allowed in mixed length shipments of B and Better Ceiling and in addition 5% of 6 or 7 foot in No. 1 Common; and 5% of 4 or 5 foot in No. 2 Common. The above per cent is allowed in all ship- ments of mixed lengths, even though the number of feet of each length in such ship- ment be specifically stated. Grades. A, B, No. 1 and No. 2 Common. Special Section. Defects named in Ceiling are based upon a piece manufactured from 1x4-12 feet and pleces larger or smaller than this will take a greater or less number of defects, pro- portioned to their size on this basis. 54. A Ceiling must be practically free from defects on the face side, and well manu- factured. 55. B Ceiling will admit of any two of the following defects or their equivalent of com- bined defects: Slight torn grain; three pin knots; one standard knot; three small pitch pockets; one standard pitch pocket; one small pitch streak; small seasoning checks; 15% sap stain; 15% firm red heart; 6 pin worm holes. 56. No. 1 Common Ceiling will admit the following defects or their equivalent of com- bined defects; sound knots not over one-half the cross-section of piece in the rough; sap stain: pitch streaks; pitch pockets; firm red heart; slight shake; heavy torn grain; sea- 31 soning checks; defects in manufacture that will lay without waste; a limited number of pin worm holes well scattered. Pieces otherwise as good as B may have one defect (like a knot hole) that can be cut out by wasting 1½ inches of the length of the piece, provided both pieces are 16 inches or over in length after outting out such de- fects. 57. No. 2 Common Ceiling admits of all pieces not as good as No. 1 Common that can be used without waste of more than one. fourth the length of any one piece. (See Sec. 26.) WAGON BOTTOMS. Sizes. Unless otherwise ordered (see Section 32), shall be made in sets 38 and 42-inches face, and from stock 4 inches or over in width. Standard thickness shall be 13/16-inch. A and B. Grades. 58. Wagon Bottoms, unless otherwise or- dered (see Section 32), shall be graded the same as A and B Flat Flooring. DROP SIDING. Sizes. D. and M. shall be worked to x3 and 54-inches face, 3% and 5%½ inches over all. Worked Shiplap, to 4x5-inch face, 5% in- ches over all. Patterns that are not shown in Yellow Pine Manufacturers' Association Moulding Book of January, 1908, Edition are. considered special. Lengths. Standard lengths 10 to 20 foot. 5% of 8 or 9 foot is allowed in mixed length ship- ments of B and Better Drop Siding, and in addition 5% of 6 or 7 foot in No. 1 Common and 5% of 4 or 5 foot in No. 2 Common. The above per cent is allowed in all ship- ments of mixed lengths, even though the number of feet of each length in such ship- ment be specifically stated. Grades. A. B, No. 1 and No. 2 Common. Special Section. Defects named in Drop Siding are based upon a piece manufactured from 1x6-12 feet and pieces larger or smaller than this will 32 1 take a greater or less number of defects, proportioned to their size on this basis. For Grades of 8-inch Barn Siding, (see Sections 69 and 71.) (For Size see Section 111.) 59. A Drop Siding must be practically free from defects on the face side and well Lanufactured. 60. B Drop Siding will admit any two of the following defects, or their equivalent of combined defects: Slight torn grain; three pin knots; one standard knot; 15% sap stain; 15% firm red heart; small seasoning checks; 6 pin worm holes; or any one of the above defects, combined with one of the following: three small pitch pockets or one small pitch streak. 61. No. 1 Common Drop Siding will admit one standard pitch streak or one standard pitch pocket or their equivalent; and in ad- dition, sound knots not over one-half the width of piece in the rough; sap stain; firm red heart; slight shake: heavy torn grain; defects in manufacture that will lay without waste; seasoning checks; a limited number. of pin worm holes well scattered. Pieces otherwise as good as B may have. one defect (like a knot hole) that can be cut out by wasting 1½ inches of the length of the piece, provided both pieces are 16 in- ches or over in length after cutting out such defects. 62. No. 2 Common Drop Siding admits of all pieces not as good as No. 1 Common that can be used without waste of more than one- fourth the length of any one piece. BEVEL SIDING. Size. To be made from stock S. 4 S. worked to 13/16x3% and 5% and resawed on a bevel. Lengths. Standard lengths 10 to 20 feet. 5% of 8 or 9 foot is allowed in mixed length ship- ments of B and Better Bevel Siding and in addition 5% of 6 or 7 foot in No. 1 Com- mon; and 5% of 4 or 5 foot in No. 2 Com- mon. The above per cent is allowed in all ship- ments of mixed lengths, even though the number of feet of each length in such ship- ment be specifically stated. Grades. A, B. No. 1 and No. 2 Common. 63. Bevel Siding shall be graded accord- Ing to the rules for Drop Siding, and will 33 admit in addition slight imperfections on the thin edge, which will be covered by the lap when laid 2% and 4½ inches to the weather. PARTITION. Sizes. Partition shall be worked to 4x3% and 5% inches. (For drawing scaled to actual size, see cuts following these rules.) Lengths. Same percentage of short lengths allowed. as in Ceiling. Grades. A. B. No. 1 and No. 2 Common. 64. Partition shall be graded according to Ceiling rules, and must meet the require- ments of the specified grades on the face. side only, but the reverse side shall not be more than one grade lower and shall not cause waste in No. 1 Common and Better. MOULDED CASING AND BASE. AND DOOR JAMBS. WINDOW Sizes of Moulded Casing and Base. Shall be worked to 4-inch, as per patterns: shown in Yellow Pine Manufacturers' Asso- ciation Moulding Book, 1908 Edition. (See Section 37.) For Widths of Plain Casing, see Finishing, S. 4 S. Window and Door Jambs. (See Section 37.) Dressed, Rabbeted and Plowed as ordered." Grades. A, B and C. 65. A Moulded Casing and Base must be practically free from defects on the face sidej and well manufactured. 66. B Casing or Base shall admit the same defects as are admissible in the same widths of B Finishing, except wane. (See Section 42.) 662. C Casing or Base shall admit the same defects as are admissible in the same. widths of C Finishing, except wane. (See Section 43.) 67. Window and Door Jambs shall be graded the same as Moulded Casing and Base. ! 34 See Section 37 for width. 67. B and Better Mouldings. One third of any item may contain any one of the fol- lowing defects, or its equivalent: one pin knot; small pitch pocket; pitch one inch wide six inches long; slight sap stain covering six inches of the length of the piece; three pin worm holes; slight defects in dressing. Stand- ard lengths: 8 feet and longer and in ship- ments of mixed lengths, 5% of 6 or 7 foot shall be admitted, even though the number of feet of each length in such shipment be specifically stated. Sizes as per Yellow Pine Mfrs'. Ass'n. Moulding Book, 1908 Edition. COMMON BOARDS, SHIPLAP AND BARN SIDING. Sizes of Boards. 1-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 13/16, 1/4-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 1 1/16, 1%-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 1 5/16. Widths. On stock width shipments of No. 1 Com- mon, either rough or dressed one or two sides, no piece should be counted as standard. width that is more than 4-inch scant on S-inch and under; %-inch scant on 9 or 10- inch, or ½ inch scant on 11 or 12 inch or wider. Pieces narrower than this should be measured as the next lower standard of width and not reduced in grade. Material worked two faces to serve two purposes, like grooved roofing S. 2 S.. shiplap S. 2 S., cen- ter matched S. 2 S. or one face worked to a pattern, like barn siding, shall be inspec- ted from the best face. 14-inch and 1½-inch common shall take the same inspection as 1-inch boards. Boards S. 4 S. 1x8 S. 4 S. shall be worked 7½ inches wide; 1x9-8½ inches; 1x10-9% inches; 1x11-10% inches; inches; 1x12-114 in- ches. Sizes of No. 1 Common Shiplap or D. & M. and Barn Siding. 8, 10 and 12-inch shall be worked to 13/16x 7%, 9%, and 11% inches. (See cut follow- ing these rules for standard bead for barn. siding.) Grades. No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and No. 4 Common. 68. No. 1 Common Boards, dressed one or two sides, will admit any number of sound knots, the mean or average diameter of the knots shall not be more than one-fourth of the cross-section if located on the edge and shall not be more than one-third of the cross 35 section if located away from the edge: tw pith knots; one split not to exceed in leng the width of the piece; torn grain; pitch pitch pockets; slight shake; sap stain; sea soning checks; firm red heart; wane ½-inca deep on edge, not exceeding 1%-inches wide and one-third the length of the piece or its 9 equivalent, and a a limited number of pin worm holes well scattered, or defects equiva lent to the above. 69. No. 1 Common Shiplap or D. & M. and Barn Siding shall be graded by rules govern ing No. 1 Common Boards, except as as to wane, which shall not be so deep as to ex tend into the tongue or one-half the thick ness of the top lip on the groove in D. & M., or over one-half the thickness of the lap in Shiplap on the face side. See Sec. 26. GROOVED ROOFING. Size of Grooved Roofing. 10 and 12-inch S. 1 S. and 2 E. shall be worked to 13/16x9 and 114. Size of Groove. ½-inch wide, 4-inch deep and located 1 3/16-inches from outer edge of the groove to edge of board. (See cut following these rules.) 70. Grooved Roofing shall be graded by rules governing No. 1 Common Boards, omit ting the pith knots, worm holes and splits. No. 2 COMMON BOARDS, SHIPLAP, GROOVED ROOFING AND BARN SIDING. Size. 1-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 13/16, 14-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 1 1/16, 1½-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 1 5/16. Widths. On stock width shipments of No. 2 com mon, either rough or dressed one or two sides, no piece should be counted as stand- ard width that is more than -inch scant on 8-inch and under; % on 9 or 10-inch and 4-inch on 11 and 12-inch or wider. Pieces narrower than this should be measured as the next lower standard of width and not reduced in grades. 71. No. 2 Common Boards, dressed one or two sides, No. 2 Common Shiplap, Grooved Roofing, D. & M. and Barn Siding, will admit nots, not necessarily sound, and the mean 36 eg e ך average diameter of the knots shall not be more than one-third of the cross section if located on the edge and shall not be more than one-half of the cross section if located away from the edge; if sound may extend one-half the cross section if located on the edge; worm holes; splits one-fourth the length of the piece; through rotten streaks one-fourth the length of the piece, or its equivalent of unsound red heart; through heart shakes, or wane two inches wide, one- half the length of the piece, or defects equiv alent to the above. A knot hole three inches in diameter will be admitted, provided piece is otherwise as good as No. 1 Common. 72. No. 3 Common Boards, No. 3 Common Shiplap (see Sec. 26), D. & M. and Barn Sid- ing is defective lumber, and will admit of coarse knots, knot holes, very wormy pieces, red rot and other defects that will not pre- vent its use as a whole for cheap sheathing. or cutting three-fourths its length as No. 2 Common. 73. No. 4 Boards shall include all pieces. that fall below the grade of No. 3 Common. It is the lowest recognized grade and it is offered on its merits as defective lumber. 74. Miscut 1-inch Common Boards which do not fall below 4-inch in thickness shall be admitted in No. 2 Common provided the grade of such thin stock is otherwise as good as No. 1 Common. FENCING. 3, 4, 5, and 6 inches wide. Sizes. 1-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 13/16, 1/4-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 1 1/16, 1½-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 1 5/16. Widths. On stock width shipments of 3, 4, 5 and 6-inch No. 1 Common, no piece should be counted as standard width that is more than 14-inch scant in width. Pieces narrower than this should be measured as the next lower standard of width and not reduced in grades. Grades. No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, and No. 4 Common. 75. No. 1 Fencing will admit the follow- ing defects or their equivalent: sound knots, the mean or average diameter of which shall not be more than one-half the cross section of the piece at any point throughout Its length; three pith knots: wane one-half inch deep on edge not exceeding 1½ inches wide. and one-half of the length of the piece; torn grain: pitch; pitch pockets; sap stain; sea- 87 soning checks; slight shake; firm red heart and a limited number of small worm holes well scattered. No. 2 FENCING. Size. 1-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 13/16-inch. Widths. In 3, 4, 5 and 6-inch No. 2 Common stock. no piece shall be counted as standard width that is more than ½-inch scant in width. Such pieces should be measured as the next lower Standard of width and not reduced in grade. 76. No. 2 Fencing, in addition to the de- fects allowed in No. 1 Common, will admit the following defects or their equivalent: knots, not necessarily sound, the mean average diameter of which shall not be more than one-half the cross section if located on the edge, and shall not be more than two- thirds of the cross section if located away from the edge; one split one-fourth the length of the piece; worm holes, through rot- ten streak one-fourth the length of the piece, shake or wane, but must not cut to waste. A knot hole 1½ inches in diameter or its equivalent in small hollow knots will be al- lowed, provided the piece is otherwise good as No. 1 Common. as 77. No. 3 Fencing is defective lumber, and will admit of coarse knots, knot-holes, very wormy pieces, red rot and other defects that will not prevent its use as a whole for cheap sheathing, or cutting three-fourths its length as No. 2 Common. 78. No. 4 Fencing shall include all pieces that fall below the grade of No. 3 Common. It is the lowest recognized grade and it is offered on its merits as defective lumber. 79. Miscut 1-inch Common Fencing which does not fall below 4-inch in thickness shall be admitted in No. 2 Common, provided the grade of such thin stock is otherwise as good as No. 1 Common. DIMENSION AND HEAVY JOIST. Sizes. Dimension shall be worked to the follow- ing: 2x4 S. 1 S. and 1 E. to 1%x3% inches: 2x6 S. 1 S. and 1 E. 1% x5% inches: 2x8 S. 1 S. and 1 E. to 15x7½ inches; 2x10 S. 1 S, and 1 E. to 15% x9½ inches; 2x12 S. 1 S. and 1 E. to 1% x11½ inches. Dimension S. 4 S. 1 inch less in thickness and width than S. 1 S. 1 E. shall be standard but no 38 objection shall be made to stock finished to he standard size for S. & E. Heavy Joists. Shall be worked to the following, 2x14, 2 and 3x10, 12 and 14, S. 1 S. and 1 E., green, 4-inch off side and ½-inch off edge. S. 4 S. 4-inch off each face surfaced. Heavy joists, rough, green, must not be over 4-inch scant in width or thickness. Dry 2x14 shall be dressed to the standard thickness of 2x12. Grades. No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 Common. SO. Inspection of Dimension is a question of strength and uniformity of size, and what- ever reduces its strength in cross section must be considered a defect to that extent. In computing the area of cross-section occu- pied by defects the size of the piece in the rough shall be considered. 81. No. 1 Common Dimension and Heavy Joists will admit sound knots, none of which in 2x4s should be larger than 2 inches in diameter on one or both sides of the piece, and on wider stock which do not occupy more than one-third of the cross-section at any point throughout its length if located at the edge of the piece; or more than one-half of the cross section if located away from the edge; pith knots, or smaller or more defec- tive knots which do not weaken the piece. more than the knot aforesaid; will admit of seasoning checks; firm red heart; heart shakes that do not go through; wane % of an inch deep on edge, the width and 1/3 the length of the piece; pitch; sap stains; pitch pockets; splits in ends not exceeding - in length the width of the piece; a limited number of small worm holes well scattered, and such other defects as do not prevent its use as substantial structural material. 82. No. 2 Common Dimension may have knots not necessarily sound, which do not occupy more than one-half of the cross sec- tion at any one point if located at the edge. of the piece, nor more than two-thirds of the cross section if located away from the edge; smaller, loose, hollow or rotten knots that do not weaken the piece more than the knots aforesaid, will admit rotten streaks; shake; wane; worm holes; split not to ex- ceed the length of the piece, and other defects which do not prevent its use without waste. 83. No. 3 Dimension will include all pieces falling below No. 2 grade which are sound enough to use for cheap building material, by wasting 25% of each piece of one-third 39 of number of pieces in any item of a ship- ment, but it must not be more than -inc: scant of standard finished width or (See Section 31.) scant in thickness. -inel which 84. Miscut 2-inch Common Common stock does not fall below 1½ inches in thickness or -inch scant in width from standard size, shall be admitted in No. 2 Common, pro- vided such pieces are in all other respects. as good as No. 1 Common. ROUGH YELLOW PINE FINISHING. YELLOW PINE Widths. On stock width shipments of C and Better Finish, either rough or dressed one or two sides, no piece should be counted as standard width that is more than 4-inch scant on 8- inch and under; %-inch scant on 9 and 10- inch, or ½-inch scant on 11 and 12 inch or wider. Such pieces should be measured the next lower standard of width, and not reduced in grade. Lengths. as Standard Lengths are 10 to 20 feet and in shipments of mixed lengths, 5% of 8 or 9 foot in grades of C and Better shall be ad- mitted. d 1 1 The above per cent is allowed in all ship- ments of mixed lengths, even though the 6 number of feet of each length in such ship- ment be specifically stated. 85. Finish must be evenly manufactured, and shall embrace all sizes from 1 to 2 in- ches in thickness by 3 inches and over in width. 86. No inch, 14 and 1½ finishing lum- ber, unless otherwise ordered, shall ure, when dry, more than 1/16 inch scant in thickness; on 2-inch it may be %-inch scant. 87. Wane and seasoning checks and other defects that will dress out in working to standard thickness and widths are admissi- ble. 88. Subject to the foregoing provisions, Rough Finishing shall be graded according to the specifications applying to dressed finishing lumber. 89. All finishing lumber, ordered rough, if thicker than the count thickness for dry or green stock, may be dressed to such count thickness and when so dressed shall be con- sidered as rough. When like grade on both faces is required, special contract must be made. D fie be 40 COMMON BOARDS, FENCING AND DIMENSION, 90. Rough Common Boards and Fencing hould not be less than 7-inch thick when ry. 91. Rough 2-inch Common should not be ess than 1% inches thick when green, or 4 inches thick when dry. The several vidths should not be less than -inch over he standard dressing width for such stock when dry. 92. Rough Common Dimension of a great- er thickness than 2 inches and less than 4 nches, shall be subject to special contract as co thickness and width. 93. Rough Dimension, if thicker than specified thickness for dry or green stock, may be dressed to such standard thickness, and when so dressed shall be considered as rough stock. 94. The defects admissible in Rough Boards, Fencing and Dimension shall be the same as those applying to dressed stock of like kind and grade, and such further defects as would disappear in dressing to standard sizes of such material shall be allowed. No. 1 COMMON TIMBERS. Sizes. Common Timber shall be worked to the fol- lowing: 4x4, 4x6, 6x6, %-inch off side and edge. Surfaced 4 sides, 4-inch off each side, 6x8 and larger S. 3 S. or S. 4 S., 4-inch off each side surfaced. 95. Rough Timbers, 4x4 and larger, shall not be more than 4-inch scant at any point when green, and be well manufactured, with not less than three square edges, and will admit sound knots that do not occupy more than one-third the cross-section of the piece or small defective knots. Timbers 10x10 in size may have a 2-inch wane on one corner, measured on faces, or its equivalent on two or more corners one- third the length of the piece. Larger sizes may have proportionately greater defects. Shakes extending not over one-eight of the length of the piece are admissible, and sea- soning checks shall not be considered a de- fect. 96. Dressed Timbers shall conform in grading to the specifications applying to rough timbers of same size. 97. Rough Timbers, if thicker than speci- :fied thickness for dry or green stock, may be dressed to such standard thickness, and when so dressed shall be considered as rough stock. 98. Yellow Pine Plastering Lath. No. 1 41 should measure 2-inches in thickness to every five lath green, the minimum thickness of any one lath shall not be less than 5/16 of an inch, green, and should and should not be less than 1 7/16 inches in width, green, length 4 feet. 15%-inches thickness to every 5 lath, dry, and should not measure less than 1 5/16 in- ches in width, dry. Will admit wane % of an inch deep, of an inch on face and G inches long, pin worm holes and one pin knot. Must not be more than ½ of an inch scant in length. Blue sap stain shall not be considered a defect. 99. No. 2 shall consist of pieces that fall below the grade of No. 1 which are not less than 14 inches in width, 4 of an inch thick, when dry, and are not more than incli short in length. Will admit wane; worm holes; knots and other defects that will not prevent their use the entire length without waste. BYRKIT LATH. Size. 4x3% and 5% inches wide, lengths 4 feet and upward. 100. Standard Byrkit Lath shall consist of material that will be held firmly in place and support plaster by ordinary nailing by not wasting more than 10% of any piece. and that will present a full surface with no openings over one-half inch in width and three inches in length. The ends of pieces of Byrkit Lath are not expected to meet on studding, and only such quantity shall be counted waste as is necessary to remove al defect. (See cut following these rules.) STANDARD SIZES OF DRESSED LUMBER. 102. Finishing shall be dressed to the fol lowing: 1-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 13/16; 14-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 1 1/16; 1½-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 1 5/16; 2-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 1% inches. 1x4 S. 4 S. shall be 3% inches wide finished: 1x5 S. 4 S. shall be 41 inches wide; 1x6-5½ inches; 1x7-6% in ches; 1x8--7½ inches; 1x9-8½ inches; 1x10 -9½ inches; 1x11-10 inches; 1x12-11 inches. The foregoing widths shall also apply to stock thicker than 1 inch. 103. Moulded Casing and Base. Shall be worked to 4-inch as per patterns shown in Yellow Pine Manufacturers' Association Moulding Book, 1908 Edition. 104. Flooring. The standard of 1x3, 1x and 1x6 inches D and Better shall be worked to 13/16x2%, 3% and 5% inches (see cut 42 following these rules); 14-inch Flooring shall be 1 3/32 3/32 inches thick; 1½-inch Flooring to 1 11/32 inches thick, the same width and matching as 1-inch stock. 105. Drop Siding. D. and D. and M. shall be worked to 4x3% and 5% ins. face, 4% and 5½ over all. Worked Shiplap, x5-inch face, 5% over all. Patterns that are not shown in Yellow Pine M'f'r's.' Ass'n. Mould- ing Book of Jan. 1908 Edition are considered special. 106. Ceiling shall be worked to the fol- lowing: -inch Ceiling, 5/16 inch; 4-inch Ceiling, 7/16 inch; %-inch Ceiling, 9/16 inch; 34-inch Ceiling, 11/16inch. Same width as Flooring. The standard working of ceiling shall be beaded center and edge with slight bevel on groove edge. (See cuts following these rules.) The bead on all Ceiling and Partition shall be depressed 1/32 of an inch below surface line of plece. 107. Partition shall be worked to the fol- lowing: 4x34 and 5 inches. Same stand- ard for location of and size of bead as ap- plies to Ceiling. (See section 106 and cut following these rules.) 108. Bevel Siding. To be made from stock S. 4 S. worked to 13/16x3% and 5% and resawed on a bevel. 109. Window and Door Jambs. (See Sec- =tion 37.) Dressed, Rabbeted and Plowed as ordered. 110. Boards and Fencing. 1-inch S. 1 S. or 2 S. to 13/16-inch. 111. Shiplap and Barn Siding No. 1 Com- emon. 8, 10 and 12-inch, shall be worked to 13/16x7%, 9% and 11% inches. b 112. D. and M. No. 1 Common 8, 10 and 12-inch. Shall be worked to the following: 13/16x7%, 9% and 11% inches. 113. Grooved Roofing. Roofing. 10 and 12-inch S. 1 S. and 2 E. shall be worked to 13/16x9 and 114. (See Sec. 67% and cuts follow- ing these rules.) 114. Wagon Bottoms, unless otherwise or- dered (see Section 32), shall be made in sets 38 and 42 inches face, and from stock 4 in- ches or over in width. Standard thickness shall be 13/16-inch. 115. Dimension shall be worked to the following: 2x4 S. 1 S. and 1 E. to 1% x3% inches; 2x6 S. 1 S. and 1 E. to 1% x5% in- ches; 2x8 S. 1 S. and 1 E. to 1x7% inches; 2x10 S. 1 S. and 1 E. to 1% x9½ inches; 2x 12 S. 1 S. and 1 E. to 1% by 11½ inches. Dimension S. 4 S. 4-inch less than standard 1 size S. 1 S. and 1 E. 116. Heavy Joists shall be worked to the following: 2x14. 2% and 3x10, 12 and 14, S. 1 S. and 1 E.. green, 4-inch off side and 1½-inch off edge. S. 4 S.. inch off each face. surfaced. Heavy Joists, rough, green, must 43 not be over 4-inch scant in width or thick- ness. 117. Heavy Flooring. For 2 and 2½-inch matching the thickness should be % of an inch less than the rough material. The tongue should be %-inch thick and -inch long. For 3-inch and thicker matching the tongue should be 4-inch thick and %- inch long, and the thickness of the stock should be %-inch less than the rough ma- terial. The groove in heavy matchings should be 1/16-inch wider than the thickness of the tongue, and 1/16-inch deeper than the length of the tongue. Tongue and groove shall be located the thickness of the rough material from the bottom of the piece. (See cuts following these rules.) In 2 inch and thicker material plowed for splines the groove should be the same width and depth as is provided. for in matching material of the same thick- ness. (See cuts following these rules.) Heavy Shiplap shall be worked to the same thickness as Heavy Flooring. The lap shall be inch long, occupying one-half the fin ished thickness of the piece. (See cuts fol- lowing these rules.) 118. Timbers shall be worked to the fol- lowing. 4x4 and larger S. 1 S. or S. & E. %-inch off each face surfaced. S. 3 S. or S. 4 S.-4-inch off each face surfaced. 119. Yellow Pine Plastering Lath. No. 1 should measure 2 inches in thickness to every five lath, green, the minimum thickness of any one lath shall not be less than 5/16 of an inch green, and should not be less than 1/16 inches in width, green, length 4 feet. 1% inches thickness to every 5 lath, dry, and should not measure less than 1 5/16 in- ches in width, dry. Must not be more than ½ of an inch scant in length when dry. 120. No. 2 must not be less than 14 in- ches in width, 4 of an inch thick, when dry, and not more than 4 inch short in length. 121. Byrkit Lath. x3% and 5 inches. 54 wide lengths, 4 feet and upward. cut followings these rules.) PICKETS. (See 122. Square Pickets. From 1½-inch stock shall be worked to 1 5/16x1 5/16, 3 and 4 feet long, dressed on 4 sides and pointed. From 1-inch stock shall be worked to 1 1/16 x1 1/16, 3 and 4 feet long, dressed on 4 sides and pointed. 123. Flat Pickets. From 1x3 stock shall be worked to 4x24. 3 and 4 feet long, dressed on 4 sides and headed. 44 PATTERNS OF Yellow Pine Drop Siding Adopted at Memphis, Tenn., Jan. 16, 1901. Revised at New Orleans, La., Jan. 25, 1905. Worked Shiplap-x5% over all; allow arch for Lap. 101 Worked Tongue and Groove- x5% over all; 54 in. face. 102 103 104 105 106 sted. 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 mandare 114 115 Now 117 116 New 118 Bevord Orders for Stock Should Conform to Above Numbers 45 STAND SIZES OF YELLOW PINE FLOORING AND PARTITION 1 x 4 Flooring 10/82 སོག་ 8/32 1x4 Partition 3/4 4/12 132 34 174 9/32 9/32 8/32 164 1/64 TTERNS OF YELLOW PINE CEILING 46 STANDARD SIZES AND PATTERNS OF YELLO ∙14. 34. inch Ceiling Shiplapped. -inch Ceiling. D & M. 6 1/2 inch Ceiling 4/52 8 12 34 12 6 34 14 47 Я-inch Ceiling. 5/32 ¼-inch Ceiling 175 1% -3/85 4/12 4/52 552 482 1/32 1/52 432 48 14/16 STANDARD SIZE OF HEAVY SHIPLAP. 1% 5/2 OVERALL 5 FACE 2x6 SHIPLAP F1 49 14 STANDARD SIZES OF HEAVY FLOORING. 5/2 58™ 12 1% 7/16 26 FLOORING NDARD SIZES OF HEAVY - 1/2 32+ 1/ 50 STANDARD SIZES OF HEAVI FLUURING 5/2 OVER ALL- 5% FACE 13/6 12 28 1/16 22x6 FLOORING. -- 51 / 5/½ OVERALL 28" ELQQBING 52 7/0 STANDARD SIZE OF YELLOW PINE MATERIAL. GROOVED FOR SPLINES. -3½- 1 5/8 IF SURFACED TWO SIDES. 19/52 7/16 716. 53 92 19/52 7/16 1.518 19/32 7/0 7/16 19/32 1/32 IF SURFACED ONE SIDE. 19 32 1/32 54 432 932 1/525/32 If a bead is desired on any of the fore- going thick material, the cut shown herewith gives the standard size. STANDARD BEAD FOR 1 INCH 1346 BARN SIDING 152 7/8 Center bead to be the same if stock is desired worked with a center bead. 55 333 STANDARD GROOVE FOR GROOVED ROOFING. -13/6- 17/10 942 -1/2- -16- 56 14 1% 11% STANDARD PATTERN BYRKIT LATH 3/₁ 1 1/4 12- -3% -1%- 14 %- F 3/4 1½ 1/4 342 3/4 57 SOUTHERN LUMBER AND TIMBER ASSOCIATION RULES OF FEBRUARY 14TH, 1883. KNOWN AS THE RULES OF "83." Classification. Flooring shall embrace four and five quar- ter inches in thickness by three to six inches. in width. For example: 1 x 3, 4, 5 and 6; 1 x 3, 4, 5 and 6. Boards shall embrace all thicknesses under one and a half inches by seven inches and up wide, including one and a half inches in thickness by seven inches in width. For example, 4, 1, 1% and 1½ inches thick by 7 inches and up wide. Scantling shall shall embrace all sizes from two to five inches in thickness and two to six inches in width. For example: 2 x 2, 2 x 3, 2 x 4, 2 x 5, 2 x 6, 3 x 3, 3 x 4, 3 x 5, 3 x 6, 4 x 4, 4 x 5, 4 x 6, 5 6,5 x 5 and 5 x 6. Plank shall embrace all sizes from one and one-half inches to six inches in thick- ness, not including six inches by seven inches and up in width. For example: 12. 2, 2, 3, 32, 4, 42, 5, 54, 52, 5 x 7 inches and over wide. Dimension sizes shall embrace all sizes six inches and up in thickness by seven inches and up in width including six by six. For example: 6 x 6, 6 x 7, 7 x 7, 7 x 8, 8 x 8, 8 x 9 and up. Stepping shall embrace one to two and half inches in thickness by seven inches and up in width. For example: 1, 14, 12, 2 and 2 by 7 inches and up wide. Rough-Edge or Flitch shall embrace all sizes one inch and up in thickness by eight inches and up in width, sawed on two sides. only. For example, 1, 12, 2, 3, 4 and up thick by 8" and up wide, sawed on two sides only. Square Edge Inspection. Flooring shall show no wane, shall be free. from through or round shakes or knots ex- 58 ceeding 1½ inches in diameter, or more than six in a board; sap no objection. Boards shall show no wane, shall be free from round or through shakes, large or un- sound knots; sap no objection. Scantling shall be free from injurious shakes, unsound knots, or knots that impair strength; sap no objection. Plank shall be free from unsound knots, wane, through or round shakes. Sap no ob- jection. Dimension sizes-Sap no objection; no wane edges, no shakes to show on outside of stick. All stock to be well and truly manufac- tured, full to sizes and saw butted. Merchantable Inspection. Flooring shall show one heart face, re- gardless of sap on opposite side, free from through or round shakes or knots exceeding one inch in diameter, or more than four in a board on the face-side. Boards nine inches and under wide shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart on opposite side; over nine inches wide shall show two-thirds heart on both sides; all free from round or through shakes, large or un- sound knots. Scantling shall show three corners heart, free from injurious shakes or unsound knots. Plank nine inches and under wide shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart on opposite side; over nine inches wide show two-thirds heart on both sides, all free from round or through shakes, large or unsound. knots. Dimension sizes-All square lumber shall show two-thirds heart on two sides and not less than one-half heart on two other sides. Other sizes shall show two-thirds heart on faces, and show heart two-thirds of the length on edges, excepting where the width. exceeds the thickness by three three inches inches or over, then it shall show heart on the edges. for one-half the length. Stepping shall show three corners heart, free from shakes and all knots exceeding one-half an inch in diameter, and not more than six in a board. Rough-edge or Flitch shall be sawed from good heart timber, and shall be measured in the middle on the narrow face, free from injurious shakes or unsound knots. All stock to be well and truly manufac- tured, full to size and saw butced. Prime Inspection. Flooring shall show one entire heart face and two-thirds heart on the opposite side. clear of splits, shakes or knots exceeding one 59 inch in diameter, or more than four in a board. Boards shall show one heart face and two- thirds heart on opposite side, free from shakes and large or unsound knots. Scantling shall show three corners heart and not to exceed one inch of sap on fourth corner, measured diagonally, free heart shakes, large or unsound knots. from Plank shall show one entire heart face; on opposite face not exceeding one-sixth its width of sap on each corner, free from un- sound knots, through or round shakes; sap to be measured on face. Dimension Sizes-On all square sizes the sap on each corner shall not exceed one- sixth the width of the face. When the width does not exceed the thickness by three inches, to show one-half heart on nar- row faces the entire length; exceeding three inches, to show heart on narrow faces the entire length; sap on wide faces to be measured as on square sizes. Rough-edge or Flitch shall be measured in the middle on narrow face, inside of sap free from shakes or unsound knots. Clear Inspection. Flooring, Stepping and Boards shall be free of knots, sap, pitch, and all other de- fects. Scantling shall be free of sap, large knots. and other defects. Plank shall be free of sap, large knots. or other defects. Dimension sizes shall be free from sap, large or unsound knots, shakes through or round. NORTHWESTERN CEDARMEN'S ASSOCIATION Standard Specification of White Cedar. Standard Specifications of White Cedar Posts. Length of 7 foot posts may be 6 feet 10 inches; length of 8 foot posts may be 7 feet 10 inches; cut from live timber and peeled. Size of posts at top end may be one-fourth inch less than diameter specified. Pipe rot is allowed, and other rot defects which do not impair the strength of the post for the uses of a fence post. Four inches sweep one way is admissible. Discoloration or evi- dence of age, no defect, providing stock is reasonably sound and cut from live timber. Green, fresh or water-soaked posts must be plump measure for diameter specified. 60 Large Posts and Small Poles. Sizes, 4 inch 10 feet to 4 inch 25 feet inclusive. Size at top end may be fourth inch less than diameter specified. Lengths may be two inches scant. On posts and poles 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 feet long, 4 inch crook one way allowed, 20 and 25 feet 5 inch crook allowed. Pipe holes in tops allowed. Must be cut from live timber and in other respects conform to post spect- fications. Green, fresh cut or water-soaked stock must be plump measure for diameter specified. Measurements for sweep on 18 foot, 20 foot and 4 inch 25 foot poles shall be taken as specified for standard tele- graph, telephone and electric poles except that measurement shall be made from point four feet from the butt instead of six feet as specified for the larger poles. Standard Telegraph, Telephone and Electric Poles. а Above Sizes, 5 inch 25 foot and upwards. poles must be cut from live growing timber, peeled and reasonably well proportioned for their length. Tops must be reasonably sound, and when seasoned must measure as follows: 5 inch poles, 15 inches circum- ference at top end; 6 inch poles 18½ inches in circumference at top end; 7 inch poles, 22 inches circumference at top end. If poles are green, fresh cut or water-soaked, then 5 inch poles must be 5 inches plump in diameter at top end, 6 inch poles must be 19 inches in circumference, and 7 inch poles 22 inches in circumference at top end. One way sweep allowed not exceeding one inch for every five feet, for example, in a 25 foot pole, sweep not to exceed five inches, and in a 40 foot pole eight inches; in longer lengths one inch additional sweep permissible for each additional five feet in length. Measurement for sweep shall be taken as follows: That part of the pole, when in the ground (six feet) not being taken into account in arriving at sweep, tightly stretch a tape line on the side of the pole where the sweep is the greatest, from a point six feet from butt to the upper surface at top, and having so done, measure widest point from tape to surface. of pole, and if, for illustration, upon a 25 foot pole said widest point does not ex- ceed five inches said pole comes within the meaning of these specifications. Butt rot in the center including small ring rot outside of the center; total rot must not exceed 10% of the area of the butt. Butt rot of a character which plainly seriously impairs the strength of the pole above ground is a defect. Wind twist is not a defect unless 61 very unsightly and exaggerated. Rough large knots if sound and trimmed smooth are not a defect. Specifications for Standard Ties. A standard tie shall be 6 inch face and wider, 12 inches from small end, 6 inches. thick and 8 feet long sawed ends. Ties made different from these specifications shall be regarded as special contracts. Shingle Specifications. Extra Star A Star Shingles shall be manu- factured as follows: 10 inches clear and better from butt, with all clears in; nothing narrower than 3 inches in width allowed; 5 butts to measure 2 inches when sawed. All extra Star A Star Shingles to be 16 inches in length. Standard Star A Star Shingles shall be 5 to 10 inches clear from butt; nothing narrower than 2 inches allowed; 5 butts to measure 2 inches when sawed; 10% sap is allowed in this grade. INTERBOROUGH RAPID TRANSIT CO. Specifications for Track Timber. 1. The timber to be of long-leaved, first growth, Florida, Georgia or Alabama Yellow Pine, straight, square edged, free from shakes, loose, large or rotten knots, and every other material imperfection, planed on all sides and of the full schedule dimen- sions after planing. 2. In no case will any stick be accepted with less than three heart corners, or with more than one inch of sap on the fourth corner, or more than two and a half inches of sap on either side at either end of the stick. 3. The timber to be delivered as required by this company, under the foregoing re- quirements, irrespective of trade usage or conventional specifications, and to be sub- ject to the inspection and acceptance or rejection of the company's authorized inspec- tor. October 15, 1904. GEO. H. PEGRAM, Chief Engineer. 62 REVISED RULES For Grading Maple Flooring. At a meeting of the Maple Flooring Manufacturers' Association the following revised rules for grading Maple Flooring were adopted: Clear. Shall have one face free of all defects, but the question of color shall not be consid- ered.. Standard lengths in all widths in this grade shall be trimmed 2 to 16 feet, in- clusive; the proportion of lengths 2 to 3% feet shall be what the stock will produce up to 10%. No. 1. Will admit of tight, sound knots. and slight imperfections in dressing, but must lay without waste. Standard lengths in all widths in this grade shall be trimmed 1 to 16 feet, Inclusive; the proportion of lengths 2 to 3% feet shall be what the stock will produce up to 25%. FACTORY. Must be of such character as will lay and give a good serviceable floor, with some cutting. Standard lengths in in all widths in this grade shall be trimmed 1 to 16 feet, inclusive; the proportion of lengths. 1 to 3% feet shall be what the stock will produce up to 50%. CLEAR. Clear flooring in longer lengths can be furnished. if the specifications so require. at an additional cost of $3 per M. for 4 feet and longer: $6 for 6 feet and longer. Modern perfected methods of manufac- turing Hardwood Flooring produce a larger percentage of shorter lengths, but practi- cal use has demonstrated that the com- bined lengths make a floor equally as good as all long lengths. As the 3 feet and under can be used to advantage in closets and other small spaces, the standard lengths will be found entirely satisfactory and cost less. MAPLE FLOORING MANUFACTURING ASSOCIATION GEORGE W. KEEHN, Secretary Chicago, October 27, 1909. 63 ASSOCIATION STANDARD GRADES of POPLAR, OAK, COTTONWOOD, GUM AND OTHER HARDWOODS Classification, Official Grading and Inspec- tion Rules of THE HARDWOOD MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES With amendments, corrections and additions, which the different organizations set out be- low will conform to and be governed by for a period of five years from the date hereof. The agreement ratifying the amendments, corrections and additions also not to be changed for the said period of five years. except by and with the consent of all parties and Associations who have signed the said agreement. Approved and Adopted by THE EASTERN STATES RETAIL LUM- BER DEALERS' ASSOCIATION Richard S. White, Hugh McIlvain, President, New York. Chairman, Philadelphia, Pa. THE NEW YORK LUMBER TRADE ASSOCIATION Patrick Moore, R. J. Perrine, Chairman, New York President, New York THE HARDWOOD MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE OF THE UNITED STATES 64 SALES CODE AND INSPECTION RULES. Title. These Terms, Rules and Regulations were adopted by the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of the United States, February 3, 1910, at their Eighth Annual Meeting, held at Cincinnati, Ohio, and are known as the Sales Code and Inspection Rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of the United States. Purposes. When quotations, orders and contracts covering the sale of forest products in which the members of this Association deal, contain the clause "subject to the Sales Code Code and Inspection Rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association the United States, adopted adopted February 3, 1910," they shall be governed and con- trolled (with such exceptions as are spe- cifically made in writing) by the follow- ing:- SALES CODE General Contingency Clause. of 1. Quotations are based upon and orders and contracts, accepted under a "General Contingency Clause," which recognizes that the Seller shall not be held liable for delays or non-deliveries of material, when occasioned by strikes, floods, fires, ep1- demics, car supply, delays of carriers or any other causes, whatsoever, beyond the con- trol of the Seller. In any of these events, the Seller may suspend further perform- ance under the same until such causes and their effects shall have been removed. Prior Sale-Change Without Notice-Credit Rating. 2. All quotations are are made subject to prior sale, change without notice, and Pur- chasers' credit rating proving satisfactory. Written Order. 3. All orders and contracts shall be in writing. Order Acceptance. 4. All orders and contracts are subject to approval and acceptance at the Main or Home Office of Seller, and are not bind- ing unless confirmed in writing. Such ac- knowledgment shall contain all data apper- 65 7 taining to order, and shipment to be made in accordance therewith. Omission and er- rors shall be corrected by the Purchaser in return mail. All forms used shall show the address of Main or Home Office of Seller. Delivered Price-Freight Rates-Switching Charges-Damage. 5. The delivered price (f. o. b. destina- tion) includes only the usual freight charges to point of delivery mentioned, and are based upon the freight rates in effect at time of quotation, with no allowance for switchng or other terminal charges at des- tination. The Seller does not guarantee the continuance of those rates. In the event that freight rates change after ac- ceptance of order and before date of ship- ment, either party may cancel the con- tract, if the other party refuses to make the price accord with the changed rates. The Seller does not guarantee safe deliv ery, nor insure against breakage, loss or damage to material while in transit. Time of Shipments. 6. (a) When order, or contract, specifies definite time for shipment, failure to ship within said time, gives the Purchaser the privilege of cancelling the order or con- tract by wire. (b) When no definite time for shipment is specified, the Purchaser shall not be entitled to cancel such order. or contract inside of thirty days from the date of order or contract without the con- sent of the Seller. Whenever shipments are not made within thirty days, the Seller shall forthwith notify the Purchaser, giving reasons for failure to ship. Purchaser shall then have the privilege of forthwith celling by wire. Should Purchaser fail to so cancel, the Seller shall have an addi- tional thirty days in which to ship; pro- vided, however, that in case of Special or Worked material on hand at time of can- cellation, all all material must be accepted by Purchaser. All material en route or loaded prepara- tory to shipping on such orders, at date. of receipt of cancellation, at Home or Main Office of Seller (with three days' grace if Home or Main Office of Seller is not at point of shipment), shall be likewise ac- cepted. Otherwise order or contract shall remain in effect until cancelled by mutual consent. Terms of Payment. 7. Seller must must promptly send to Pur- chaser an invoice for each carload, or other GG shipment. Each invoice is due and payable as follows: Freight is due upon arrival of shipment, and must be paid by Purchaser; original "Expense Bill" (or certified copy thereof) must be sent to be sent to Seller; balance. of invoice (remainder after deducting freight) is due sixty days from date of shipment and bears interest after maturity; provided, however, that Purchaser may pay the same ten days after date of invoice, with a discount of 2%; or thirty days after date of invoice, with a discount of 1%. All payments must be made in funds at par New York or Chicago. Omissions and errors in invoice are subject to correction. Credit. 8. If, during the life of any order, or contract, the financial responsibility of the Purchaser becomes impaired or unsatisfactory to the Seller, cash payments, with above. discounts, or satisfactory security, may be demanded, in default of which, the order or contract may be cancelled by the Seller. Re-inspection. 9. In event of complaint by Purchaser on the quality of material shipped, Purchaser shall pay freight, unload and hold rejected lumber intact, properly protected, and shall file complaint with Seller within five days after receipt of shipment. If on quantity, the entire shipment must be held intact. Payment of freight or invoice shall not be considered as an acceptance of the ship- ment, nor shall such payment work forfeiture of the right to enter complaints and make corrections. a Upon receipt of complaint by Seller, ship- per shall at once request the Secretary of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association to have re-inspected the shipment in ac- cordance with the rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of the United States in effect at the time of execution of contract, and the purchaser shall lend reasonable assistance in the re-inspection thereof. Certificates will be issued by the said Association showing the original shipper, the Purchaser and the results of such re- inspection, the original being mailed to the shipper and the duplicate to the Purchaser. Settlement on Re-inspection. 10. Both Seller and Purchaser shall be bound by such re-inspection. The Purchaser shall accept all material of the grade purchased, and all of of the next lower grade not in excess of 5% of the total quantity invoiced, and shall pay for said grade at current proportionate prices as shown by the latest publication of market conditions issued by the Hard- wood Manufacturers' Association. All de- grades in excess of 5% shall be the property of the Seller. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS COVERING CHARGES FOR RE-INSPECTION WORK. First. Between the manufacturing mem- ber and the consumer. a. The request coming from the member. If the variation is 4% or over, the mem- ber pays the expense, otherwise it is borne. by the Association. b. The request coming from the consumer. If the variation is 4% or over, the bill will be submitted to the shipper after ad- vising him of such request and re-inspec- tion; if less than 4%, the consumer must stand the expense. Second. Between one manufacturing member and a purchasing member. If the variation is 4% or over, the ship- per pays the expense; if less than 4%. the buyer must stand the expenses, re- gardless of who asked for the re-inspection, as the claim is not substantiated. Third. Between a manufacturer not a member and the consumer. re-inspection The party asking for the must stand the expenses regardless of any variation from invoice. Fourth. Local Inspections. Requests from parties away from local points for work locally- (1) If from a member, he will be charged at the same basis as first section above. (2) If from a non-member, he will be charged as agreed. Miscellaneous. All parties not members will be charged. a per diem rate in addition to inspector's expenses and labor. Consuming members will be charged on the same basis as manufacturing members i. e., no charge will be made for ser- vices. The certificate will show show the the original shipper and the party to whom he sells; the original copy being sent to the shipper. and the duplicate to the customer, unless there develops a shortage in pieces or un- less only rejects were inspected when in- structions were for the entire car; in both of which cases the original and duplicate 68 コピ ​COVE copies of certificate will be sent to shipper. Variation shown by the certificate is determined by comparison with the original. invoice, using grades, thicknesses, and kind of wood as a basis; no consideration is. given to values in such determination. Re-inspections can be obtained by apply- ing to the Secretary and giving name of original shipper and copy of skeleton in- voice, when an official inspector will be sent to to point of destination to re-inspect the stock according to the official rules of this Association. All stock up to grade to be accepted, and settlement arranged between buyer and sell- er for any stock that varies from the origi- nal shipment. Certificates of inspection will be issued on cars loaded by an official inspector only if agreement is made between purchaser and seller that such certificate is to be final. This is to be used only for foreign ship- ments, to the Pacific Coast, or any desti- nation too far away to send an inspector for a re-inspection. All lumber is to re-inspected at points of destination and must be held intact, unless otherwise agreed upon. be THE STANDARD THICKNESSES FOR DRESSED LUMBER. Rough Stock. Dressed Stock. 34" surfaced two sides to 7/32" 1½" 66 66 5/16" 5% "6 66 7/16" 3/4 46 46 9/16" 1" 64 66 66 66 13/16" 11/4" 66 66 66 1 3/32" 1½" 66 66 66 66 1 11/32" 13/4" 44 66 66 1½" 2" 46 66 66 66 14" 24" 66 46 66 2" 24" 44 66 24" 234" 66 64 66 2½" 3" 64 66 66 24" 3/4" 44 64 66 3" 3½" 44 66 66 3/4" 3" 66 44 66 3½" 4" 66 66 3" OFFICIAL STANDARD WEIGHTS OF HARDWOOD LUMBER adopted by The Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of the United States Lbs. M ft. dry ..2,600 Kinds of Wood Thickness Condition Ash.........1 in. and thicker...rough..... 3,500 Basswood...1 in. and thicker...rough Beech .......1 in. and thicker.. rough.. Birch... .1 in. and thicker...rough Buckeye.....1 in. and thicker rough... Butternut....1 in. and thicker..rough.....2,800 Cherry 1 in. and thicker....rough... Chestnut.....1 i... and thicker 4,000 -4,000 .2,600 .4,000 rough.. ..2,800 ..2,800 850 ...S28 .1,000 .1,200 Cottonwood 1 in. and thicker... rough Cottonwood in Bevel Siding Cottonwood Cottonwood. Cottonwood in in. in. S28 ...S2S ...1,500 Elm (soft).. 1 in and thicker. .rough.....3,200 Elm (rock) 1 in. and thicker rough.....3,800 Gum..... ..1 in. and thicker.rough, red 3,300 1 in. and thicker. rough, sap 3,100 in Bevel Siding 818 Gum 13-16 in Drop Siding 828 Gum.. Gum... Gum... 13-16 in. Flooring. S28 Gum... .in. Ceiling ...S2S Gum. Gum Guin Gum.. Gum in. Ceiling .......S2S .in. Ceiling......S2S .. in. Ceiling lin.... 1 in... Hickory ... 1 in .....S2S 900 .2,200 .2,200 850 .1,300 ..2.000 ...1,600 S2S 13-16 red 2,500 ....S2S 13-16 sap 2,350 .. rough......5,000 Hickory.. Axles and Reaches.. rough, dry.4,500 Hickory Hickory..... Rim Strips ....green ..6,000 ....rough......5,000 ...3,000 .4.000 Maple (soft) 1 in. and thicker...rough Maple (hard) 1 in. and thicker...rough.... Oak... ....1 in. and thicker...rough......3.900 .in. thick. ... ..rough.. in thick.........rough......2,200 .in. in. thick...rough .in. thick..........rough......3,200 Oak... Oak... Oak... Oak. 2,000 ...rough......2,700 Oak Chair & Furniture Stock, 1 in. & thicker..4,200 Oak Squares, 1 in. x 1 in. and larger .... Oak Wagon Stock and Felloes...dry.. Oak Wagon Stock and Felloes....green Oak Plow Handle Strips....... dry Poplar......1 in. and thicker....rough .4,200 ..4,500 .6,000 4,250 ..2,800 Poplar Poplar.. in... ...rough. 1,600 Kin.. .....rough .2,100 Poplar 850 Poplar • Drop Siding .....S2S.... ..2,000 Poplar 800 Poplar. .1,200 Poplar. ..1,500 Poplar ..1,750 .2,000 in. Bevel Siding..S2S... in. Ceiling......S2S... in. Ceil. & Part ..S2S... in. Cell. & Part. $28. Xin. Ceil. & Part... 82S... Poplar... 13-16 in. Ceil. & Part. S28. Poplar.... ..1 in...... .828, to 13-16.2,200 Sycamore.....1 in. and thicker...rough......3,200 Walnut.......1 in. and thicker ..rough.....4,000 These weights have been established from actual tests. It has been the accumulation of in- formation received from different sections of the country, showing the average weights of the dif- ferent varieties of wood and the different char- acter of manufacture. Attests have been sub- mitted showing the tests to be absolutely ac curate. 79 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MANUFACTURE, INSPECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF HARDWOOD LUMBER Manufacture: 1. Lumber shall be manufactured of prac- tically uniform thickness and square edges, with all ragged ends trimmed off. Inspection: 2. The location, size, and kind of defects. have much to do with the value of a board, and the inspector must depend to some ex- tent on his own judgment, guided by the following rules: 3. In inspecting all lumber, both sides of the piece shall be taken into consideration in making the grade. 4. The face side of lumber is the side. showing the best quality or appearance. 5. Pieces of lumber that would take two three standard defects may have large defect equal in damage to two or three standard defects. 6. In grades below Firsts and Seconds and in woods where no Select grade is provided, boards 8 inches and over wide with one clear face shall be raised a grade above the reverse side. 7. Lumber shipped rough must be ac- cepted on grades as shown in the rough, and not subject to any changes which may be caused by future mill working, except as to stained sap, as hereinafter stated. 8. Sap that will show bright after dress- ing to standard thickness shall be consid ered bright; all sap to be estimated in the average. 9. Any stain that will show bright after dressing to standard thickness shall not be considered a defect. 10. Splits that do not diverge more than one inch for each foot in length are to be. considered straight splits. 11. Ordinary season checks are not to be considered defects. 12. A straight split not exceedigg 6 in- ches in length in one end of a piece of lumber 8 inches and over wide shall not be considered a defect. 13. The rules for the inspection of lum- ber are intended to define the poorest piece that will go into a given grade; all the better boards up to the next higher grade being also included in the grade described. In line boards twelve feet and longer shall be given advantage in grade, and eleven feet and shorter reduced. 71 14. CLEAR FACE CUTTINGS must show one face clear of all defects of all defects excepting bright sap, except as hereinafter stated. The reverse side of Clear Face Cuttings may contain small defects, or one large de- fect not exceeding 2 inches in diameter that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece, and that will not show through to the face when worked. SOUND CUTTINGS may contain firm knots; pin worm holes, sap and other de- fects which would not would not materially weaken the strength of the piece. The word "Cuttings" is intended to in- clude both rippings and cuttings. 15. LOG RUN means the full run of the log with all boards excluded that will not eut 50% into sound cuttings, except Wal- nut and Cherry, which allow a minimum of 33 1/3% sound cuttings. 16. COMMON AND BETTER means the full run of the log with all grades below No. 1 Common excluded. This grade must contain at least 25% of Firsts and Seconds. 16a. The percentages of Firsts allowed in the combined grade of Firsts and Seconds in the different woods are as follows: 50%-Poplar. 40%-Basswood, Soft Elm, Mexican Ma- hogany, Cottonwood. 35%-African Mahogany. 33 1-3%-White Ash, Birch, Hard Maple, Chestnut, Sycamore, Red and White Oak (Plain and Quartered), Buckeye, Red and Sap Gum. 25% Soft Maple, Brown and Black Ash, Cuban Mahogany. 20%-Beech, Butternut, Rock Elm, Hick- ory, Pecan, Walnut and Cherry. Measurement: 17. Lumber must be inspected and ured as the inspector finds it, of full length and width. He shall make no allowance for the purpose of raising the grade. 18. In the measurement of all lumber un- der two inches in thickness, fractions ex- actly on the half foot are to be dropped, and all fractions above the half foot are to be counted to the next higher figure on the board rule. All lumber two inches and thicker, fractions on the three-quarter foot are to be dropped, and all fractions above the three-quarter foot are to be counted to the next higher figure on the board rule. 19. A careful piece tally must be kept. of all lumber showing the face measure. This shall be considered the board measure in all lumber one inch and thinner. Το obtain the board measure in stock thicker 72 than one inch, multiply the face measure- ment by the thickness in inches. 20. In the absence of the shortest lengths. in the grade where the same is allowed, the per cent of the next longer lengths may be increased proportionately. 21. Tapering lumber shall be measured at one-third the length of the board from the narrow end, except strips. 22. All widths and lengths mentioned in these rules shall be inclusive. 23. The standard lengths are four to twenty feet, with fifteen per cent of odd lengths in feet in any grade admitted as standard lengths. 24. The standard thicknesses thicknesses for rough stock are: 3/8, 1/2, 58, 34, 1, 14, 12, 14. 2, 24, 22, 24, 3, 34, 32, 3 and 4 inches. 10% of the shipment may be 1/16" scant of the standard thickness. Standard Defects. 25. Each one of the following items con- stitutes a standard defect, any of which may appear in the board up to the limit. specified in the rule covering its quality. a. One knot one knot one and one-fourth inches in diameter. b. Two knots so located that they will not exceed in damage one standard knot. c. Worm holes, grub holes, or rafting pin holes not exceeding in damage one standard knot. d. Heart, shake, rot, dote, or any other defects not exceeding in damage one stand- ard knot. e. Bark or waney edge not to exceed one inch in the average, running not to exceed one-third the length of the board, only showing on one side and to be measured. POPLAR General Instructions, and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Bright Burls that will dress smooth are not to be considered defects in any grade. Sound Gum Spots are no defect in any grade. Open Gum Spots to be considered by the inspector. The standard lengths and thicknesses are as designated under the heading of each grade. Grades and Nomenclature. The following are the standard grades of Poplar lumber adopted and the terms by which they are to be known; 73 Grades. Rough Stock, Standard Thicknesses. % to 2 inches Panel and Wide No. 1... Fas or Firsts and Seconds combined as one grade.....% to 4 inches Selects Saps Wide No. 2.. No. 1 Common. No. 2 Common. No. 4 Common. Scoots . No. 3 Common. Car Sign Boards.. Wagon Box Boards.. Shorts 3 to 4 inches % to 2 inches % to 2 inches % to 4 inches % to 4 inches % to 4 inches 3 to 4 inches to 4 inches .1 to 2% inches Quartered Poplar. 1 inch % to 4 inches Fas or Firsts and Seconds....% to 2 inches No. 1 Common No. 2 Common % to 2 inches % to 2 inches Squares. 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10, 11x11, 12x12. Fas or Firsts and Seconds. No. 1 Common. No. 2 Common. Panel and Wide No. 1. Panel and Wide No. 1 are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 18 inches and over. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Bright sap no defect. Panel.-S and 9-foot lengths must be clear. Seventy-five per cent of the total quantity must be clear of defects on both sides; the balance of the quantity may contain three defects, provided ninety per cent of the piece can be used for Panels four feet and longer, in the full width of the board. Splits six inches long in one end not to be considered a defect in any board; splits longer than six inches not to be admitted. Wide No. 1.-8 and 9-foot lengths will admit one standard defect. 10 and 11-foot will admit two standard defects. 12 to 16-foot will admit three standard defects. 17 to 20-foot will admit four standard de- fects. 74 Splits admitted not to exceed fifteen in- hes in not to exceed ten per cent of the pieces. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 7 to 17 inches, up to 2 inches thick, 24 inches and thicker, 7 inches and over wide. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 8 inches and over wide. S to 9 inches must be clear. 10 to 11 inches will admit 1 bright sap. inch of 12 to 14 inches will admit one standard defect and 2 inches of bright sap, or 4 in- ches of bright sap if there are no knots or equal defects. 15 to 17 inches will admit two standard defects, or one standard defect and 3 inches of bright sap, or 6 inches of bright sap if there are no knots or equal defects. Seconds shall be 7 inches and over wide. 7 inches must be clear. 8 inches will admit 1 inch of bright sap. 9 to 11 inches will admit one standard defect and 1 inch of bright sap, or 3 inches of bright sap or equal defects. 12 to 14 inches will admit two standard. defects and 2 inches of bright sap, or one standard defect and 4 inches of bright sap, or 5 inches of bright sap if there are no other defects. 15 to 17 inches will admit three standard defects or two standard defects and 3 inches of bright sap, or 6 inches of bright sap if there are no other defects. Splits not to exceed in length the width of the board admitted and to be considered one standard defect, and not over twenty per cent of the whole in either quality may be so split. Selects. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Selects shall include the following dif- ferent kinds of boards. (1) A board having a face side as good as a First, the other side must be as good as a No. 2 Common. Sun checks admitted on the poor side of this board. (2) A board having a face side as good as a Second, the other side must be be as good as a No. a No. 1 Common. 75 (3) A board that has one more standard defect than would admit it to a Second. Examples: (a) A board 6 to 7 inches wide with one standard defect. (b) A board 8 inches wide with 1 inch of bright sap and one standard defect. (c) Boards 9 to 11 inches wide with 2 inches of bright sap bright sap and two standard defects, and accordingly as widths increase. Splits not to not to exceed the exceed the width of the board up to 10 inches are admitted. Boards over 10 inches in width will admit a split one-sixth the length of the board. Saps. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be S, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 to 17 inches. Thicknesses: Standard. Saps will admit standard follows: none. defects as Up to 10 inches wide, 11 to 12 inches wide, one. 13 inches and wider, two. Splits not not to exceed exceed the width board up to 10 inches are admitted. of of the Boards over 10 inches in width will admit a split one-sixth the length of the board, if there are no other defects. Bright sap or sap that will show bright after dressing to standard thckness admit- ted. Wide No. 2, Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 inches and 28 inches and over. Thicknesses: % to to 2 inches. Bright sap no defect. 8-foot lengths will admit two standard defects. 18 inches wide, except 8-foot lengths, may contain five standard defects and additional defect for each two inches of additional width. Splits equal in length to the width of the board are admitted in not to exceed ten per cent of the boards, and are counted as a standard defect. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 76 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths. 5 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap admitted. 20% of sound dis- colored sap admitted on face. No. 1 Common shall be inspected to grade according to the percentage of clear face. cuttings, as shown below: No piece or cutting to be less than 5 inches wide and 18 inches long. The following table explains fully how the widths and lengths of boards are to grade: Width. 5 inches 6 to 7 inches. 66 8 to 9 inches 64 66 Length. 8 to 14 feet 15 feet and over 8 to 10 feet 11 feet and over feet Per No. of cent. Pes. 90% 2 90% 3 85% 2 85% 3 8 to 10 feet 75% 2 11 to 16 75% 3 17 feet and over 75% 4 10 to 12 inches 8 to 11 feet 70% 2 12 to 16 feet 70% 3 17 feet and over 70% 4 13 in. and over 8 to 11 feet 66 2-3% 3 12 to 16 feet 66 2-3% 4 17 ft. & over 66 66 2-3% 5 No. 2 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common and that will work at least 50% into sap or clear face cuttings. No cutting to be less than 4 inches wide and 2 feet long. Sound discolored sap is not to be con- sidered a defect in this grade. No. 3. Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. No. 3 Common must contain at least 50% sound cuttings. No cutting to be less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that 77 can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing. erating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. Scoots. Scoots shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 4 Common. STANDARD GRADES FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES. Car Sign Boards. Lengths: 12 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 12 and 13 feet, 20% 14 and 15 feet, and the balance. 16 to 20 feet. Widths: 13 to 17 inches. Thicknesses: 1, 14, 1, 2, and 2% in- ches. The face side must be free from all defects except bright sap. The reverse side of this stock must. be sound and rigid, for the purpose of mak ing a solid support for the face. Defects are allowed on the back which will not materially mpair the strength of the piece. Wagon Box Boards. Lengths: 10' 6", 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 feet. Widths: 8 to 12" and 13 to 17". Sound discolored sap is not a defect. One sound knot not to exceed one inch in diameter, showing on one side only, shall not be considered a defect in any piece of cutting. 10' 6" lengths shall be clear, except as above described. 11, 12, and 13-foot lengths may contain any defect that will cut off leaving the board 10' 6" long, as above described. 14-foot lengths are used for making one side 10' 6" and one end 3' 6", as above described, so a split is a serious defect in this length; but 10% of all 14-foot lengths in a given lot may have one split not to exceed 6 inches in length. 15 and 16-foot lengths may have any defects showing through the board, pro- vided they will cut two pieces the same as a 14-foot board, as above described. SHORTS. Lengths: 12 to 42 inches-in multiples of 6 inches. Widths: 3 inches and up. Thicknesses: Standard. 78 No. 1. Will admit not to exceed one 6-inch split and two standard defects. No. 2. Shall work 50% sound cutting. Wane admitted not to exceed 3 inches in width and one-third the length of the piece. on one edge or the equivalent on both edges. This is to be used for Box Shook or cut- ting up purposes. STRIPS. Strips shall be measured at the end and tallied lengths separate half and even inches. on the 9, Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9. and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5%, and 6 inches. No. 1 Strips shall be clear of all defects, excepting 1 inch of bright sap showing only on one face. Select Strips will admit bright sap with- out limit, or, in the absence of sap, two sound knots, not to exceed -inch each in diameter, or one standard defect. No. 1 Common Strips will admit bright or sound discolored sap without limit. In addition thereto 8 to 12-foot lengths may have two standard defects; 14-foot and over, three. for No. 2 Common Strips will admit all pieces that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common, which can be used cheap work without waste of more than one-third the length of any one piece. Pin- worm holes admitted. If there are no knots, one-third sound discolored sap shall be admitted, or slight season checks on either side. SQUARES. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Sizes: 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10, and 12x12. Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined grade, 79 Firsts are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes, and checks, but may have other defects, as follows: Bright 3 Sap on 2 Standard Knots edges 4"x 4" 8 to 12 feet long 1 or 2" 4"x 4" 13 feet and longer 1 and 2" 5"x 5" 8 to 12 feet long 1 or 2" 6"x 6" 13 feet and longer 2 and 3" 7"x 7" 8 to 12 feet long 2 or 3" 7"x 7" 13 feet and longer 2 and 3" 8"x 8" 8 to 12 feet long 3 or 3" 3 and 3" 9"x 9" 8 to 12 feet long 4 or 3" 4 and 3" 5 or 4" and 4" 8"x 8" 13 feet and longer 9"x 9" 13 feet and longer 10"x10" 8 to 12 feet long 12"x12" 13 feet and longer 5 Seconds will admit all knots, as described in Firsts, but bright sap will be admitted without limit. No. 1 Common. No. 1 Common Squares will include all Squares not up to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that will cut two-thirds their length clear in pieces that can be used for newells and short turnings not less than 3 feet long. long, or will admit of stained sap without limit, if they have no more de- fects than would go in a Second, or will admit of season checks running full length on two sides. QUARTERED POPLAR. Defects in this kind of Poplar differ from those in plain sawed, and consist largely of spike knots and open gum spots. Bright sap no defect. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under under 10 feet. Widths: 5 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 5 inches must be clear. 6 to 7 inches, 8 to 12 feet long, will admit two knots showing 1-inch space on edge, or one defect condensed not ex- ceeding a 2-inch space. 6 to 7 inches, 14 feet and longer, will admit three knots showing 1-inch space on edge, or one or two defects condensed not exceeding 3 inches in space. 80 8 to 9 inches, 8 to 12 feet long, will ad- mit two knots showing 1½ inches space on edge, or one defect condensed not exceeding 3 inches in space. 8 to 9 inches, 14 feet long and longer, will admit three knots 1½ inches in space on edge, or one or two defects condensed not exceeding the same. 10 inches and wider, 8 to 12 feet long, will admit two knots 2 inches in space on edge, or one defect condensed not exceed- ing the same. 10 inches and wider, 14 feet and longer, will admit three knots 2 inches in space on edge, or one or two defects condensed not exceeding the same. No, 1 Common. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap no defect. No. 1 Common shall be inspected to grade according to the percentage of clear face quartered cuttings as shown below. No piece or cutting to be less than 4 inches wide and 18 inches long. The following table explains fully how the widths and lengths of boards are to grade: Length. No. Width. 4 inches. Per cent. Pes. 8 to 12' 85 2 13 to 20' 85 3 5 to 6" 8 to 10' 80 2 11 to 14' 80 3 66 15 and 16' 80 17 to 20 80 7 to 8" 8 to 12' 70 13 to 16' 70 66 17 to 20' 70 9" and wider 8 to 12' 66 2-3 13 to 16' 66 2-3 4 17 and 18' 66 2-3 19 and 20' 66 2-3 No. 2 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 10% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Bright or defect. Standard. slightly discolored sap no No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common that will work at least 50% into clear face quartered cuttings. No 81 piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches. wide and 2 feet long. POPLAR, DRESSED OR WORKED. General Instructions. 1. Dressed Poplar shall be inspected from the best or face side. The reverse side may contain defective dressing, but no other defects that would not go in the grade. 2. Slightly chipped grain on face side admitted, provided it does not exceed 6 inches square in Firsts and Seconds, 12 inches square in Saps and Selects, and 18 inches square in No. 1 Common in in the aggregate. 3. Imperfect manufacture in dressed worked stock, such as torn grain, broken knots, mis-matched, insufficient tongue or groove, shall be considered defects and will reduce the grade accordingly. 4. Partition, Ceiling, Flooring or Drop Siding, having less than three-sixteenths of an inch tongue, shall not be admitted in any grade above No. 2 Common. 5. Wane on the reverse side, not ex- ceeding one-third one-third the width, and running not to exceed one-sixth the length of any piece, provided the wane does not extend into the tongue, or over one-half the thick- below the groove, will be admitted. Bevel Siding. Bevel Siding is made from 1x4, 5, and 6- inch strips, S. 4 S. to 27/32x3%. 4%, and 5% inches and resawed on a bevel. No. 1. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Must be practically free of defects except 1 inch of sap or two knots on thin edge that will cover by lap. SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit two sound knots 4" in diameter, or or one standard defect. Sap admitted without limit. No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Sound dis- colored sap and scattering pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in this grade. In addition thereto boards may contain standard defects or their equivalent as fol lows: 4-foot lengths, one. 5 to 9-foot lengths, two. 10 to 14-foot lengths, three. 15 to 20-foot lengths, four. No. 2 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet. admitting 15% of odd lengths. Will ad- mit all pieces that will not come up to the 82 grade of No. 1 Common which can be used for cheap siding without waste of more than one-third the length of any one piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. Drop Siding. Made from 1x4, 5, and 6-inch strips. Widths: 3. 4. 5 inches net face. counted as 4, 5, and 6-inch respectively. Thicknesses: 4 inch net after surfacing. The above covers all grades. No. 1. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Must be practically free of defects on face side. SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit two sound knots " in diameter, or 34" one standard defect. Sap admitted without limit. No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet. admitting 15% of odd lengths. Sound dis- colored sap and scattering pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in this grade. In addition thereto boards may contain standard defects or their equivalent as fol- lows: 4-foot lengths, one. 5 to 9-foot lengths, two. 10 to 14-foot lengths, three. 15 to 20-foot lengths, four. No. 2 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Will ad- mit all pieces that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common which can be used for cheap siding without waste of more than one-third the length of any one piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. Dressed Dimension Strips. Widths, 3 inches and over, stock S. 2 S. 4-inch scant in width. Stock S. 4 S. ½-inch scant in width. No. 1 Dimension: Lengths, 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Each piece must be be practically clear on one face. 7 to 9" widths, 1" of bright sap admitted on one edge showing on face side, 10 to 12" widths 1" of bright sap admitted on one. edge showing on face side. SELECT Dimensions: Lengths, 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Bright sap admitted without limit, and in addition thereto one standard defect or its equivalent admitted in boards 8" and der wide, and two standard defects or their equivalent admitted in boards 9 to 12" inclusive. No. 1 COMMON Dimensions: Lengths, 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Shall admit of any number of sound knots 83 that paint will cover, the board to work. full length and width. Bright or sound discolored sap and scattered pin-worm holes not to be considered defects in this grade. No. 2 COMMON Dimension: Lengths, 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Shall include all boards that will work two- thirds or more of the same grade as No. 1 Common, in not to exceed three cuts the full width of the boards, no cutting to be shorter than 3 feet. Casing and Base. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: Net, Net, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 72. 82, and 9½ inches, counted 4-inch wider than net face. Thicknesses: 13/16 inch after surfacing. The above refers to and covers all grades. FIRSTS AND SECONDS. Each piece must be practically clear on face side." 7 to 10-inch widths, 1 inch of bright sap admitted on one edge, showing on face side. SAPS AND SELECTS. Bright sap ad- mitted without limit, and in addition standard defect or its equivalent to be admitted in boards 8" and under, and two standard defects or their equivalent in boards 9 to 10" wide. No. 1 COMMON. This grade will include all stock that will not come up to to the grade of Saps and Selects, that will work two-thirds of its length clear face in pieces. 3 feet long and longer, regardless of sap. Stained sap without limit, where there are no other defects, admitted in this grade. Flooring and Ceiling. Widths: 214, 34, 24, 34, 44, and 54 inches net face, counted as 3, 4, 5, and 6 inches, respectively. Stock finished on the one-half inch shall be counted three-quarter inch wider than net face. Thicknesses: Flooring, 13/16" after sur- facing. Ceiling, 5/16" counted as 7/16" counted as ", 9/16" counted 5", and 11/16" counted as ". The above covers all grades. 3/8" as No. 1. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Must be practically free from defects on face side. SELECTS. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, ad- Bright sap without limit or in the absence of sap two sound knots not to exceed 4 inch in diam- eter or one standard defect. mitting 15% of odd lengths. 84 No. 1 COMMON. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Bright or sound discolored sap and scattering pin- worm holes not to be considered defects in this grade. In addition thereto boards may contain the following standard defects or their equivalent: 4-foot lengths, one. 6 to 10-foot lengths, two. 12 to 14-foot lengths, three. 16 to 20-foot lengths, four. No. 2 COMMON, Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit all pieces that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common which can be used for cheap work without waste. of more than one-third the length of any one piece. Pin-worm holes admitted. Partition. The rules for Flooring and Celling shall apply, except that the reverse side of the piece must not be of a lower grade than the face. Mouldings. No. 1. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% of 8, 9, and 10 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths, thickness, and pattern to be governed by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: Bright sap or slightly discolored sap shall be admitted without limit: otherwise clear, except slightly chipped grain not to exceed one-twelfth the length of any one piece. No. 2. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% of 6 7, and 8 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths, thickness, and pattern to to be governed by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: No. 2 will include all moulding that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 that will work 50% clear in pieces 4 feet and longer. Sound discolored sap is no defect. PLAIN SAWED OAK, RED OR WHITE. General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Com- mon, No. 4 Common. 85 Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide. 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be split. Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece on the face side is no defect. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 4 and 5 inches wide will admit one standard defect, except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches Lengths. No. of Pieces. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 2 3 4 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 3 4 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 5 6 The smallest cutting allowed must tain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 86 No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is no defect. Pieces 4 feet long must face. long must be clear one Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece of cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. admitting Each piece must work at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 2 feet, nor narrower than 3 inches. Sound discolored sap is no defect. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, erating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails ad- mitted. STRIPS. Strips shall be measured at the narrow end and tallied tallied lengths separate on the half and even inches. Bright sap is no defect. Clear Face Strips. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 2, 3, 32, 4, 4, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must show one clear face, free from all defects. No. 1 Common Strips. Lengths: 6 feet feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7. and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. 87 Widths: 22, 3, 32, 4, 4, 5, and 5 inches. Thicknesses: Standard. This grade must work 66 2-3% clear face in not in not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting admitted which is less than 3 feet long by the full width of the piece. No. 2 Common Strips. Lengths: 4 feet feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. This grade must work work 50% clear face. No piece or cutting to be considered less than 2 feet long by the full width of the piece. Sound discolored sap is no defect. SPECIAL GRADES. Sound Wormy. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must work at least 66 2/3% of cuttings, which shall contain no other defects except pin or spot worm holes. No cutting allowed that is not at least 3 feet long and at least 3 inches wide. Sound discolored sap is no defect. Sound Wormy Strips. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 2%, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. This grade must work at least 66 2/3% clear face cuttings, except for pin or spot worm holes. No cutting allowed that is less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. Sound discolored sap allowed. STEP PLANK. Grades: First and Seconds and No. 1 88 Common. Lengths: 4 4 feet and over, 10% of odd lengths. Widths: 10 to 15 inches. admitting Thicknesses: 1, 14, 12, and 2 inches. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as combined as one grade, and must show one face and one edge free from all defects. The other side and other edge may contain sound defects that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece. Ten feet and over long may have one split not exceeding 12 inches in length. No. 1 Common. No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that can be used for Step Plank without waste of more than one-third of the piece. No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece, QUARTER SAWED OAK, RED OR WHITE following General Instructions and the rules are to govern the inspection: Standard Grades: Fas., or Firsts and Sec- onds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as grade, and must show figure covering at least 90% of the face side. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not and not to exceed 5% un- der 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. will admit Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. One inch of bright sap is not a defect, 89 each additional inch of sap to be cons E ered as one standard defect. Soun Splits not to exceed one-sixth the leng of the piece admitted and to be cons72 ered as one standard defect and not o 20% of the whole in either quality be so split. No. 1 Common. N Dot CET Lengths: 6 feet and over admittis ста 15% of odd lengths, 25% may be 6, 7, an 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 few Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect in this grade 6-foot lengths must be clear one face to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches will admi one standard defect. 4 inches wide will admit will admit one standar defect except 6-foot lengths. 5 inches wide will admit two standar defects except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear figured face as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches. Lengths. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet No. of Pieces 2 3 4 3 12 to 15 inches 4 17 to 20 feet 5 5 6 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet The smallest cutting allowed must tain 144 quare inches, and it must not b shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5. and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face figured cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches. All cuttings must show figure on face side. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 90 Each piece must contain at least 50% sound figured cutting. No piece or cutting to contain less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that be used for cheap boxing, sheathing. crating, etc. Worm holes are not not to be considered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails ad- mitted. STRIPS. the Strips shall be measured at at the narrow end and tallied lengths separate on half and even inches. Clear Face Strips. Must show figure covering at least 90% of the face side. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 22, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must show one clear quar- tered face free from all defects, excepting one-half inch of bright sap on 2, 3, and 3-inch strips, and 1 inch on 4, 4, 5, and 5½-inch strips. No. 1 Common Strips. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 22, 3, 3, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect. Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear figured face in not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 feet long by the full width of the piece. No. 2 Common Strips. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4. 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, and 5% inches. 91 Thicknesses: Standard. This grade must work 50% clear figured face. No piece or cutting to be considere which is less than 2 feet long by the fus width of the piece. Sound discolored sap iss no defect. SPECIAL GRADES. Sound Wormy. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4. 5. and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4%, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. This grade must work at least 66 2/3% clear face figured cuttings, except for pin or spot worm holes. No cutting allowed that is less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. Sound discolored sap allowed. STEP PLANK. Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, 10% of odd lengths. Widths: 10 to 15 inches. admitting Thicknesses: 1, 14, 12, and 2 inches. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, and must show one face and one edge free from all defects. The other side. and other edge may contain sound defects. that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece. 75% of the face side must show figure. 10 feet and over long may have one split not exceeding 12 inches in length. No. 1 Common. No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that can be used for Step Plank without waste of more than one-third of the piece. No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OAK TIMBERS. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. Those who are not familiar with the an- atomy of the oak tree should, when read- 92 ing over these rules, take into considera- tion that the rule describes the poorest piece that goes into the grade and that a large per cent is above the grade de- scribed. Definition of Oak for Construction Purposes. The term "Construction Oak" means all such products of Oak in which the strength and durability of the timber is the controlling element in their selection and use. The following is a list of products which are recommended for consideration "Construction Oak": Firsts are to be sound and free from heart, shakes and checks, but may have other defects as follows: I. CONSTRUCTION OAK. (A) Trestle and Bridge Timbers: Mud Sills, Stringers, Caps, Posts, Brac- ing, Bridge Ties, Guard Rails. (B) Docking and Platform Timbers: Mud Sills, Posts, Bracing, Caps, Stringers, Joists, Dock and Platform or Flooring Plank. (C) Platform or Flooring Plank can be either square edged or matched. (D) Locomotive Timbers: Sills, End and Truck Timbers. (E) Car Timbers: Car Framing, includ- ing Upper Framing, Car Sills, End and Truck Timbers. Car Decking, Inside Lining. (F) Ties: Switch Ties, Cross Ties. (G) Framing for Building: Mud Mud Sills, Posts, Girders, Framing, Joists. (H) Bridge and Crossing Plank: Rail- road Crossing Plank, Bridge Planking. (I) Cattle Guards. (J) Track or Bumper Post. (K) Export Oak. (L) Ship Building Timbers: Floor Framing, Decking, Outside Hull Siding. Items A, B, C, G hereafter designated as Structural Oak. II. STANDARD DEFECTS. Definition "Defect": Fault, Blemish, Mark of imperfection that will ma- terially injure the strength. Measurements which refer to the diame- ter of knots or holes should be con- sidered as referring to the mean or average diameter. 93 II.—(A) KNOTS. (1) Sound Knots. A Sound A Sound Knot is one which is solid across its face, and which is as hard as the wood surrounding it; it may be any color and contain checks. (2) Loose Knots. A Loose Knot is one not firmly held in place by growth or posi tion. (3) Pith Knots. A Pith Knot is a Sound Knot with a pith hole not more than 14" in diameter in the center. (4) Rotten Knots. A Rotten Knot is one that is not sound and not as hard as the wood surrounding it. (5) Pin Knots. A Pin Knot is a Sound Knot not over 4" in diameter. (6) Standard Knots. A Standard is a knot not over 2" in diameter. Knot (7) Large Knots. A Large Knot is a Sound Knot more than 2" in diameter. (8) Round Knots. A Round Knot is one which is oval or circular in form. (9) Spike Knots. A Spike Knot is one sawn in lengthwise direction. The mean or the average width shall be considered in measuring this knot. (10) Bird Peck. Some bruises' apparent- ly caused by bird pecks during the growth process of the timber. Considered no de- fect. II. (B) WORM DEFECTS. (1) Pin Worm Holes. Pin Worm Holes are very small holes caused by minute insects or worms. These holes usually are not over 1/16" in diameter, or smaller, and the wood surrounding them is sound and does not show any evidence of the worm. hole having any effect on the wood other than the opening. Spot Worm De- Worm Holes by working on the The size of the Pin Worm Hole, (2) Spot Worm Defects. (Also known as Flag Worm Defects.) fects are caused like Pin minute insects or worms timber during its growth. hole is about the same as but the surrounding wood shows a colored spot as evidence of the defect. This spot is usually sound, and does not affect the strength of the piece. (3) Grub Worm Holes. Grub Worm Holes are usually from about " to 3/16" in width, and vary in length from about 3/16" to 1" long, and are caused by grubs working in the wood. (4) Wooden Rafting Pin Holes. This defect sometimes appears on river timber where it has been rafted and holes bored in the solid wood for tying the timber, and a solid plug or pin driven in the hole, fill- ing it completely. These defects must be 94 treated and considered the same as Knot Defects. Ordinary Metal, Rafting Pin or Chain Dog Hole is considered no defect. II. (C) SAP. Definition "Sap": The Alburnum of a tree-the exterior part of the wood next to the bark-Sap Wood, not considered a defect. Sound Heart: The term Sound Heart is used in these rules whenever heart of piece is split or opened and shows on outside of piece and its condition is sound and solid, not decayed. Openings between annual rings or checks not considered a defect. II. (D) WANE Wane is bark or lack of wood from any cause on edges of timber. II. (E) SHAKES. II.-(E) Definition "Shakes": Shakes are splits or checks in the timber which usually cause a separation of the wood between the annular rings. (1) Ring Shakes. Ring Shakes are openings between the annual rings usually showing only on the end of the timber. (2) Through Shakes. Through Shakes are shakes which extend between two faces of the timber. (3) Checks. A small crack in the wood due to seasoning, not considered a defect. II. (F) GRAIN. Crooked or Cross Grain. Crooked or Cross Grain is a grain which crosses the piece with a section 24" in running length of the piece. This is only considered a defect in certan smaller sizes of dimension for specified purposes. II. (G) ROT. Any form of decay which may be detec ted as giving the timber a doty or rotten. texture is a rotten defect, including what is commonly known as dry rot. Water Stain, or what is sometimes called scalded or burnt spots, usually caused by timber. lying in the water under certain conditions. before it is sawed, and burnt spots where the timber is improperly piled green, considered defects, as it does not affect the strength of the piece. not 95 III.-STANDARD NAMES FOR CONSTRUCTION OAK. Standard Names for Construction Oak Timber: White Oak and Red Oak. Unless specially mentioned, these terms include the following: White Oak- White Oak. Chestnut Oak. Burr Oak. Rock. Post. Overcup. Live Oak. Red Oak- Red Oak. Pin Oak. Black Oak. Water Oak. Willow Oak. Spanish Oak. Term.-Mixed Oak means any kind of Oak. IV. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS STRUCTURAL OAK TIMBERS. FOR (1) General Requirements. Except as noted, all Structural Timbers shall be White, to be sound timber and sawed spec- ified sizes; free from defects such as ring shakes and crooked grain, rotten knots, large knots, in groups, rot, dote, or wane in amounts greater than allowed in these specifications. (2) Boxed Hearts. This class of Oak in pieces of 5x5 square and larger is what is usually known as Boxed Hearts. The cen- ter of the heart should be boxed as the center of the piece as practical, and not to exceed 30% of the pieces can have. the center of the heart nearer than 1%" from any face; 20% may show one heart face, corner or edge, not to exceed 75% of the length of the piece. IV. (3) WANE. In (a) Pieces 5x5 to 8x8 square may show 1" wane, side measurement on any two corners or edges, and this wane not to ex- ceed more than 25% of the length of the piece singly, singly, or or 50% in aggregate. the absence of wane on all corners except- ing one, the one corner can contain wane 50% of the length of the piece as above described; not to exceed 20% of number of pieces may have this defect. (b) Pieces over 8x8 including 12x12 96 square may show 1" wane side measure- ment edge of any two corners or edges, and this wane not to exceed more than 33 1-3% of the length of the piece singly. or 66 2/3% in aggregate. In the absence of wane on all corners excepting one, the one corner can contain wane 66 2/3% of the length of the piece as above described; not to exceed 20% of number of pieces may have this defect. (c) Pieces over 12x12 square may show 1 side measurement any two corners of edges, and this wane not to extend more than 40% of the length of the piece singly, or 80% in aggregate. aggregate. In the absence of wane on all corners excepting one, the one corner can contain wane 80% of the length of the piece as as above described; not to exceed 20% of number of pieces may have this defect. (d) In event that pieces have two faces as wide as above described and two faces narrower, the proportion of the amount of wane is admissible. (e) Pieces 1" to 5" thick, not exceed- ing 8" wide, are governed by defect speci- fications above mentioned with the excep- tion that they can not contain wane, and not to exceed 20% of pieces 2" and thicker may show sound heart on one face; pieces under 2" thick must be free of heart. Pieces 8" and wider may contain wane as per paragraph b and d. (f) Rough sizes of this Structural Tim- ber can not vary more than 4" scant of specified size. Dressed sizes may be " seant after dressing. Explanatory: The term 20% of number of pieces or amount shipped refers refers to each item and size of each car shipped. V. (B) LOCOMOTIVE TIMBER OAK. PASSENGER COACH DIMENSION OAK. REFRIGERATOR CAR DIMENSION OAK. Thickness cut to order, widths cut to or- der, lengths cut to order. Unless other- wise noted, must be cut from White Oak. This stock, wherever practical, should be cut outside the heart, and must be free of heart shake in pieces under 6x6 square. No attempt should be made to box the heart in pieces smaller than 5x7 unless heart is very small and tight. When heart is well boxed it must be firm and tight, and the center of the heart must not be nearer than 2" from any face. Must be sawed 97 full to sizes, with square edges, and and ent from sound timber, and free from worm holes, with the exception of a few small pin-worm holes well scattered, and an casional spot worm. None of these defects. however, to affect the serviceability of the piece for the purpose intended. Must be free from split, rot or dote, large loose. rotten, or unsound knots; or, in other words, free of all defects affecting the strength and durability of the piece; sound standard knots well scattered not consid ered a defect. V.—(C) V. (C) FREIGHT CAR TIMBERS. Freight Car Dimension including all cars other than Refrigerator and Passenger Coach. Sizes cut to order. Unless other- wise ordered must be sawed from good Merchantable White or Red Oak Timber. This stock must be free of rot, shakes and splits, large, loose, rotten or unsound knots. any of which will materially impair the strength and durability of the pieces for purposes intended. This stock is intended to work full size and length without waste for side Posts, Braces, End Sills, End Plates, Drafting Timbers, Cross Ties, etc... P used in the construction of ordinary Freight| or Stock Cars. On pieces 3" x 4" heart or equivalent girth measure and larger (noth-8 ing under 2" thick) heart check showing on one corner admitted on 20% of the T pieces in each car shipment. Well boxed. sound hearts admitted in this material in pieces 5x6 and larger. On pieces 3x4 to 6x6 inclusive, or equiva- lent girth measure and larger (nothing un- bo der 2" thick) in absence of heart defects, b wane on one corner, 4" side measurement admitted on not to exceed 20% of of the number of pieces in each car shipment. Pieces over 6" x 6" square may contain 1" wane side measurement on one corner. with other conditions same as 3x4 to 6x6 sizes. V. (D) TIES. (1) Switch Ties Sawed. Thickness cut to order; widths cut to order; lengths cut to order; unless noted to be White Oak. Must contain three sound solid sides. One face or one corner (not (not both) may show sound heart. Large sound knots, pin, spot, or an occasional grub worm hole not con- sidered a defect. Sizes may vary ½" from specified sizes. Specifications (2) Cross Ties Sawed. same as Switch Tles. 7 St W SU 98 V.-BRIDGE, DOCK, CROSSING PLANK. Lengths, cut to order. Widths, cut to order. Thickness, cut to order. Sizes cut to order, probably 2", 3" and 4" thick, 6", 8", 10" and 12" wide, 12', 14', and 16' long. This product is intended to work full one good sound face, and this face side must be square edge. Sound knots, small pin and spot worm holes no defect on face side. Must be free from rot and shake; prac- tically square edges, admitting 1" of wane on each edge of reverse face, running two- thirds the length. Sound hearts on one side, rafting pin holes, knot holes, or grub holes not exceeding 2" in mitted. V.—(F) CATTLE GUARDS. diameter ad- To be governed by specifications for Con- struction Oak, reference IV. V.-(G) TRACK END OR BUMPING POSTS. To be governed by specifications for Structural Timbers, reference IV. V. (H) EXPORT OAK. This stock must be sawed full to size, free from grub worm holes and splits. Sound small knots and scattering pin-worm holes no defect. Must have heart fully boxed or cut free of same as order may require. V.-(I) SOUND MERCHANTABLE SHIP OAK OR BOAT STOCK. To be governed by same specifications as Structural Timbers, reference IV., except wane not admitted. Heart must not be such as to injure the stock for the purpose. COTTONWOOD. General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection. Slightly discolored sap which will dress up sound, not necessarily bright, but not black, admitted in any grade. 1, Standard Grades: Panel, Wide No. Wagon Box Boards, Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, Common, No. 4 Common.' No 3 99 Panel. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9. and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 18 to 23 18 to 23 inches; 24 to 27 in- ches, and 28 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 8-foot lengths must be clear. 75% of the total quantity must be clear of knots on both sides; the balance of the quantity may contain three defects, pro- vided 90% of the piece can be used for panels 4 feet and longer in the full width of the board. Splits 6 inches long in one end not to be considered a defect in any board: splits longer than 6 inches not to be ad- mitted. Wide No. 1. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 18 to 23 inches; 24 to 27 in- ches, and 28 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 8-foot lengths will admit two standard. defects. 10-foot lengths and over will admit three standard defects. Splits 15 inches in length admitted in not to exceed 10% of the pieces. Wagon Box Boards. Lengths: 10' 6", 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. and 16 feet. exceed 1" in di side only, shall Widths: 8 to 12" and 13 to 17". One sound knot not to ameter, showing on one not be considered a defect in any piece of cutting. 10' 6" lengths shall be clear, except as above described. 11, 12 and 13-foot lengths may contain any defect that will cut off leaving the board 10' 6" long, as above described. 14-foot lengths are used for making one side 10' 6" and one end 3' 6", as above described, so a split is a serious defect in this length; but 10% of all 14-foot lengths. in a given lot may have one split not to exceed 6 inches in length. 15 and 16-foot lengths may have any de- fects showing through the board, provided they will cut two pieces the same as a 14-foot board, as above described. 100 C Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Standard defects are admitted as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 15 inches wide, four. 16 to 17 inches wide, five. As widths increase defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted, and are to be con- sidered as one standard defect, but not over 20% of the whole may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 6 feet long must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 4 and 5 inches. wide will admit one standard defect except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths. must work 66 2/3 clear face as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches. 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches Lengths. No. of Pieces. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 2 3 4 3 4 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 5 в The smallest cutting allowed must con- tain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. Sound discolored sap no defect. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to to exceed 10% under e feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. 101 Thicknesses: Standard. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common, and that will work at least 50% into sound cuttings. No piece or cutting can be shorter tha 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. Sound discolored sap no defect. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet or over long shall work at least 25% into sound cuttings. be No piece or cutting to considered which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing. crating, etc. Worm holes are not to bel considered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails ad- mitted. SHORTS. Lengths: 12 to 42 42 inches-in multples of 6 inches. Widths: 3 inches 3 inches and over. Grades: No. 1 and No. 2. No. 1. No. No. 1 will admit not to exceed one 6- inch split and two standard defects. No. 2. No. 2 shall work 50% into sound cut- tings. Wane admitted not to exceed 3 inches in width and one-third the length of the piece on one edge, or the equivalent on both edges. This is to be used for Box Shook or cut- ting up purposes. SQUARES. No. 1 shall be practically clear of knots. No. 2 shall admit of sound knots, stained sap, small season checks, splits not exceed ing 12 inches in length, and pin-worm holes. 102 COTTONWOOD, DRESSED OR WORKED. General Instructions. 1. Dressed Cottonwood shall be inspected from the best or face side. The reverse side may contain defective dressing, but no other defects that would not go in the grade 2. Slightly chipped grain grain on the face side admitted, provided it does not exceed in the aggregate 6 inches square in Firsts. and Seconds 8 to 12 inches wide: 10 in- ches square in Firsts and Seconds 13 inches. and wider; 12 inches square in No. 1 Com- mon 6 to 6 to 12 inches wide, and 16 inches square in No. 1 Common 1 Common 13 inches and wider. 3. Imperfect manufacture in Dressed Stock, such as torn grain, broken knots, mismatched, insufficent tongue or groove, shall be considered defects and will reduce the grade accordingly. 4. Partition, Ceiling, Flooring, or Drop Siding, having less than 3/16-inch tongue shall not be admitted in any grade above No. 3. 5. Wane on the reverse side not exceed- ing one-third the width, and running not to exceed one-sixth the length of any one E piece, provided the wane does not extend into the tongue, or over one-half the thick- ness below the groove, will be admitted. Standard Sizes of Dressed Cottonwood. FINISHING: 2-inch S28 to 5/16-inch; -inch S28 to 7/16-inch; 4-inch S2S to 9/16-inch; 1-inch S2S to 13/16-inch; 14- inch 828 to 1 3/32-inch; 14-inch S2S to 1 11/32-inch; 2-inch $28 to 1%-Inch. PARTITION: Dressed to 13/16-inch thick; 24-inch; 34-inch; 44-inch, and 54-inch face width. CEILING: -inch dressed to 5/16-inch; 2-inch dressed to 7/16-inch; %-inch dress- ed to 9/16-inch; -inch dressed to 11/16- inch-same widths as Partition. Bevel Siding and Weatherboarding. Bevel Siding is made from 1x4-inch, 1x5. inch, and 1x6-inch strips S48 to 13/16x3%- inch; 18/16x4%-inch and 13/16x5%-inch, resawed on a bevel. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Will allow sound sap without limit, but is otherwise clear except small defects which the lap will cover. 103 No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet. admitting 15% of odd lengths. May contain imperfections in working, or other defects which can be removed in twe cuts without waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece. No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Permits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one-third of the contents of any one piece. Drop Siding and Ceiling. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Shall be one face clear face clear and be and be other- wise sound. No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet. admitting 15% of odd lengths. May contain contain imperfections in working and unsound defects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece. No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet. admitting 15% of odd lengths. Permits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one-third the contents of any any one piece. Partition. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet. admitting 15% of odd lengths. Must be clear of knots on both sides. No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet. admitting 15% of odd lengths. May contain imperfections in working, and other defects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece. No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet. admitting 15% of odd lengths. Permits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one- third of the contents of any one piece. Mouldings. No. 1. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% of 8, 9, and 10 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths, thickness, and pattern to be gov erned by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: Bright sap or slightly discolored sap shall be admitted without limit; otherwise clear, except slightly chipped grain not 104 ct: 21 to exceed one-twelfth the length of any one piece. No. 2. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% of 6, 7, and 8 feet, with not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths, thickness, and pattern to be gov- erned by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: No. 2 will include all moulding that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 that will work 50% clear in pieces 4 feet and longer. Sound discolored sap is no defect. GUM. General Instructions and the rules to govern the inspection: following The standard grades are: Panel, Wide No. 1, Firsts and Seconds Red, Wagon Box Boards, First and Seconds, Sap, Red Com- mon, No. 1 Common Sap, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, and No. 4 Common. Thicknesses: Standard. Panel. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 in- ches, and 28 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard, 5% to 2 inches. 8-foot lengths must be clear. 75% of the total quantity must be clear of knots on both sides; the balance of the quantity quantity may contain three defects, provided 90% of the piece can be used. for panels 4 feet and longer, in the full width of the piece.. Splits 6 inches long fe in one end not to be considered a defect in any board; splits longer than 6 inches not to be admitted, In this grade bright sap or discolored sap, if sound, is not considered a defect. Wide No. 1. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 18 to 23 inches, 24 to 27 inches, and 28 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard, % to 2 inches. 8-foot lengths will admit two standard defects. 10-foot lengths and over will admit three. standard defects. 105 Splits 15 inches in length admitted, in not to exceed 10% of the pieces. In this grade bright sap or discolored sap, if sound, is not considered a defect. Firsts and Seconds (Fas) Red. Firsts and Seconds Red are combined as oue grade. This grade shall show one red face. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9. and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide. 10 feet and over long, and free from all defects except in pieces 8 inches and over wide, which will admit one standard de- fect. 8 Seconds are 6 inches and over over wide, S feet and over long, and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 15 inches wide, four. 16 to 17 inches wide, five. As widths increase defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted, and to be considered one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. Wagon Box Boards, Lengths: 10' 6", 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16 feet. 15, Widths: 8 to 12" and 13 to 17". Sound discolored sap is not a defect. One sound knot not to exceed one inch in diameter, showing on one side only, shall not be considered a defect in any piece of cutting. 10' 6" lengths shall be clear, except as above described. 11, 12, and 13-foot lengths may contain any defect that will cut off leaving board 10' 6" long, as above described. the 14-foot lengths are used for making cne side 10' 6" and one end 3' 6", as above described, so a split is a serious defect in this length; but 10% of all 14-foot lengths in a given lot may have one split not to exceed 6 inches in length. 15 and 16-foot lengths may have any defects showing through the board, provid- ed they will cut two pieces the same as a 14-foot board, as above described. S B 1 106 e 24 Firsts and Seconds (Fas) Eap. Firsts and Seconds Sap shall grade the same as Firsts and Seconds Red, except that bright sap or discolored sap, if sound, is not to be considered a defect in this grade. Red Common. In this grade all all rone red face. cuttings shall shall show Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 6 feet long must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches will admit one standard defect. Pieces over 6 feet long, 4 to 5 inches. wide, will admit one standard defect. Other widths and lengths must work at least 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches. Lengths. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet No. of Pes. 6 to 11 inches. 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches. 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 2 3 17 to 20 feet 4 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 16 feet 4 17 to 20 feet 5 4 5 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain. 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 1 Common Sap. No. 1 Common Sap shall grade the same as Red Common, except that sound sap, regard- less of discoloration, shall not be considered a defect in this grade. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over. admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6- foot and not to exceed 10% under 6-foot. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber. that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common Sap, and that will work at least 50% into sound cuttings. No piece or cut- ting can be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- rower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. Black san. not to be to be con- sidered a defect in this grade. 107 No. 8 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths. Three inches and over. No. 3 Common must contain at least 25% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. Black sap is not to be considered a defect in this grade. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber net up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. SHORTS. Lengths: 12 inches and up to 42 inches- in multiples of 6 inches. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 1. No. 1 will admit not to exceed one G-Jaca split and two standard defects. In this grade edges must be square. No. 2. No. 2 shall work 50% sound cutting. Wane admitted not to exceed 3 inches in width and one-third the length of the piece on one edge or the equivalent on both edges. This is to be used fo" Box Shook or cut- ting-up purposes. QUARTER SAWED CUM. Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. i com- mon and No. 2 Common. Widths: 5 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Discolored sap, if sound, admitted. No figure required. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Width: 5 inches and over. 5 inches must be clear. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and free from all de- 108 3. fects, except pieces 8 inches and over wide, which will admit one standard defect. Seconds are 5 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard de- fects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, ore. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 15 inches wide, four. 16 to 17 inches wide, five. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted, and to be considered one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Pieces 6 feet long must be clear one face. up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches will admit one standard defect. Pieces over 6 feet long, 4 to 5 inches. wide, will admit one standard defect. Other widths and lengths must work at least 66 2-3% clear quartered face, as fol- lows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 16 inches and over Lengths. No. of Pieces. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter. than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. No. 2 Common shall include all lumber that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 Common that will work at least 50% into sound quartered cuttings. No piece or cut- ting can be shorter than 18 inches nor nar- rower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. Black sap not to be considered a defect in this grade. 109 GUM, DRESSED OR WORKED. General Instructions. 1. Dressed Gum shall be inspected from the best or face side. The reverse side may contain defective dressing, but no other de fects that would not go in the grade. 2. Slightly chipped grain on the face side admitted, provided it does not exceed in the aggregate 6 inches square in Firsts and Sec- ods 8 to 12 inches wide; 10 inches square in Firsts and Seconds 13 inches and wider; 12 inches square in No. 1 Common 6 to 12 inches wide, and 16 inches square in No. 1 common 13 inches and wider. 3. Imperfect manufacture in dressed stock, such as torn grain, broken knots, mis- matched, insufficient tongue or groove, shall be considered defects and will reduce the grade accordingly. 4. Partition, ceiling, flooring, or drop sid. ing, having less than three-sixteenth inch tongue, shall not be admitted in any grade above No. 3. 5. Wane on the reverse side not exceed- ing one-third the width and running not to exceed one-sixth the length of any one piece, provided the wane does not extend into the tongue, or over one-half the thickness belov the groove, will be admitted. Standard Sizes of Dressed Gum. 5%- FINISHING, 4-Inch S2S, 5/16-inch; - inch $28, 7/16-inch; 4-inch S2S, 9/16-inch 1-inch S2S, 13/16-inch; 14-inch S2S, 1 3/32 inches; 1½ inches S2S, 1 11/32 inches; 2 Inches $28 14 inches. Dressed to 13/16- CASING AND BASE. inch thick; 3%, 4%. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11½ inches wide. FLOORING AND PARTITION. Dressed to 13/16-inch thick; 24, 34, 44, and 5% inches face width. Flooring to be S. 2 S. and center matched. CEILING. %-inch dressed to 5/16-inch; -inch to 7/16-inch; %-inch to 9/16-inch; 4-inch to 11/16-inch; same widths as parti- tions. Bevel Siding and Weatherboarding. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Shall be clear one face and otherwise sound. Sound sap without limit admitted. No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, admitting 15% of odd lengths. May contain imperfections in working and unsound defects which can be removed in two cuts without waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece. 110 No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- itting 15% of odd lengths. Permits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one-third of the length of any one piece. Diop Siding, Flooring, and Ceiling. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Will allow sound sap without limit, but is otherwse without defects. No. GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. May contain imperfections in working and Insound defects which can be removed in two ents without waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece. No 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. Pemits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one-third of the contents of any one piece. Partition. No. 1 GRADE. Lengths: 8 to 20 feet, ad- mtting 15% of odd lengths. Will admit sound sap without limit, but slall be otherwise clear both sides. No. 2 GRADE. Lengths: 6 to 20 feet, ad- mitting 15% of odd lengths. May contain imperfections in working and oher defects which can be removed in two eits without waste of more than 10% of the length of any one piece. No. 3 GRADE. Lengths: 4 to 20 feet, ad- nitting 15% of odd lengths. Permits all classes of defects, but must work without waste of more than one-third o the contents of any one piece. Finish, No. 1 FINISH. Pieces 6 to 7 inches wide clear; pieces 8 to 10 inches may have. one standard defect; pieces 10 to 12 inches. tvo standard defects; pieces 13 inches or may have three standard defects or tleir equivalent in larger defects. (Sound sup is not to be considered a defect.) No. 2 FINISH. Pieces are calculated to work 75% clear in not over 3 pieces. Dis- colored sap, unless of an unsound nature, and small pin worm holes, are not consid- ered defects. Mouldings. No. 1 Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% of 8, 9, and 10 feet. with not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. 111 Width, thickness, and pattern to be gov erned by Universal Moulding Book, and te be graded as follows: Discolored sap, if sound, shall be ad mitted without limit; otherwise clear, ex- cept slightly chipped grain not to exceed one- twelfth the length of any one piece. No. 2. feel, Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% of 6, 7, and with not to exceed 10% under 8 feet Widths, thickness and pattern to le gov erned by Universal Moulding Book, and to be graded as follows: No. 2 will include all moulding that will not come up to the grade of No. 1 that will work 50% clear in pieces 4 feet and longer. Black Gum. Black Gum is to be inspected according to the rules of Tupelo. BROWN AND WHITE ASH General Instructions and the followig rules are to govern the inspection: Bright sap is no defect in any grade. Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, N. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 CommoL No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as on grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 1 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 fee. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, D feet and over long, and will admit standad defects as follows: 6 and 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 5 inches and over wide, 8 fet and over long, and will admit standard d fects as follows: 5 inches wide, none. 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 112 No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will ad- mit one standard defect. 4 and 5 inches wide will admit one stand- ard defect except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches. 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 16 inches and over Lengths. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet No. of Pcs. 2 3 4 3 4 5 5 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No plece or cutting to contain less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing. crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. 113 STRIPS. at the Strips shall be measured at the narrow end, and tallied lengths separate on the half and even inches. Clear Face Strips. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 22, 3, 3, 4, 42, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must show one clear face free from all defects except bright sap. No. 1 Common Strips. Lengths: 6 feet and over admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and s feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 2, 3, 32, 4, 42, 5, and 5½ inches. This grade must work 66 2/3% clear face in not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting must be considered which is less than 4 feet long and the full width of the piece. CHESTNUT. General Instructions and the following rules to govern the inspection. Bright sap is no defect in any grade. Worm holes that are bunched so that they will not exceed in damage the number of standard defects allowed in the piece will be admitted and to be considered as defects. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common and Sound Wormy, and No. 3 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard de- fects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 114 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the plece admitted and to be considered one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 4 and 5 inches will admit one standard defect except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 16 inches and over Lengths. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet work No. of Pes. 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common and Sound Wormy. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Will admit worm holes without limit, but must work at least 66 2/3% into sound cut- tings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. No. 3 Common will include all lumber that does not come up to the grade of No. 2 Common and Sound Wormy that can be used for cheap boxing, crating, sheathing, etc. Reconstructed Supplement to May, 1912. 115 CHESTNUT. Fas Wormy. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over long, and will admit standard. defects as folows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 12 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be split. SO In addition to above will admit worm holes without limit. No. 1 Common Wormy. 8 Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7 and feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. and 5 inches wide will admit one standard defect. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches Lengths. No. of Pieces. 6 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 6 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 2 3 4 3 4 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 6 to 11 feet 4 5 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 The smallest cutting allowed must con- tain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. In addition to above will admit worm holes without limit. No. 2 Common Wormy. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% 116 of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Will admit worm holes without limit, but must work at least 50% into sound cut- tings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches, not narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. BASSWOOD. General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection. Bright sap is no defect. Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard de- fects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split, and to be considered as one standard defect. No. 1 Common. Slightly discolored sap that will dress up sound, not necessarily bright, but not black, admitted Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide, over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 4 and 5 inches wide will admit one stand- ard defect except 6-foot lengths. 117 Other widths and lengths must €6 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches. 12 to 15 inches 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 16 inches and over Lengths. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet work No. of Pes. 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6 Te smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Discolored sap that will dress up sound ad- mitted without limit. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and over must work at least 50 per cent clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Cominon. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting No piece or cutting to contain less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common, No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be con- sidered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. BUCKEYE General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection. Bright sap is no defect. Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common. No. 4 Common. 118 Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wiie, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard de- fects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Slightly discolored sap that will dress up sound, not necessarily bright, but not black, admitted. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide, over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 3 inches wide must be clear one face. 4 and 5 inches wide will admit one stand- ard defect except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. Lengths. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches. 12 to 15 inches. 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet No. of Pes. 2 3 4 3 5 4 5 6 The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Black sap that will dress up sound ad- mitted without limit. 119 Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50 per cent clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to contain less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. WALNUT General Instructions and the following rules are to govern: Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting all odd foot lengths. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined grade. one Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 25% 8 feet and under. Widths: 6 inches and over. Firsts shall be 8 feet and over long. 6 and 7-inch widths must be free of de- fects, 8 to 12-inch widths will admit one stand- ard defect, and 1 inch of bright sap. 13 inches and over wide will admit two standard defects and 2 inches of bright sap. Seconds shall be 6 feet and over long. 6 and 7-inch widths will admit one stand- ard defect and 1 inch of bright sap. 8 and 9-inch widths will admit two stand- ard defects and 1 inch of bright sap. 10 and 11-inch widths will admit three standard defects and 1 inch of bright sap, or two standard defects and 1% inches of bright sap, or 2½ inches of bright sap. 120 12 to 14-inch widths will admit three stand- ard defects and 1½ inches of bright sap, or two standard defects and 2 inches of bright. sap, or 3 inches of bright sap. 15 inches and over will admit four stand- ard defects and 2 inches of bright sap, or three standard defects and 2½ inches of bright sap, or 4 inches of bright sap. Splits not exceeding one-sixth the length of the plece admitted, and considered as one standard defect. Split boards limited to 20%. Must be graded from the best side. The poorest side must grade No. 1 Com- mon. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over. 20% 7 feet and under admitted. Widths: 4 inches and over. 4 to 7-foot lengths, 4 inches wide must be clear one face, excepting ½-inch of bright sap. 5 inches wide admits one standard defect, or ½-inch of bright sap. 8 feet and over, 4 and 5 inches wide, ad- mits one standard defect, or 1 inch of bright sap. Other widths and lengths 66 2/3% clear Widths. black face as follows: 6 to 11 inches. 6 to 11 inches Lengths. 4 to 7 feet 8 to 10 feet 12 inches and over 4 to 7 feet 6 to 11 inches must work No. of Pieces. 2 3 11 feet and over 4 12 inches and over 8 to 10 feet 3 4 12 inches and over 11 feet and over 5 The smallest cutting allowed must con- tain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet 4 feet and over. Widths: 3 inches and over. Admits all lumber not up to the grade of No. 1 Common that will cut 33 1/3% clear black face in pieces containing 72 or more square inches, No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over. Widths: 3 inches and over. Each piece must contain at least 33 1/3% sound cutting in pieces not less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that 121 can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails ad- mitted. CHERRY. General Instructions and the following rules are to govern: Standard grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Com- mon, No. 4 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting all odd longths. Thicknesses: Standard. Open Gum Spots or open streaks defect, and two of same shall be consid- ered equivalent to one standard defect. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as grade. Lengths: 6 as one feet and over, admitting 25% 8 feet and under. Widths: 6 inches and over. Firsts shall be 8 feet and over long. 6 and 7-inch widths must be free of de- fects. 8 to 12-inch widths will admit one stand- ard defect, and 1 inch of bright sap. 13 inches and over wide will admit two standard defects and 2 inches of bright sap. Seconds shall be 6 feet and over long. 6 and 7-inch widths will admit standard defect and 1 inch of bright sap. 8 and 9-inch widths will admit two standard defects and 1 inch of bright sap. one 10 and 11-inch widths will admit three standard defects and 1 inch of bright sap. or two standard defects and 1½ inches of bright sap, or 2½ inches of bright sap. 12 to 14-inch widths will admit three standard defects and 1½ inches of bright sap, or two standard defects and 2 inches. of bright sap, or 3 inches of bright sap. 15 inches and over will admit four standard defects defects and 2 inches of bright sap, or three standard defects and 2% in- ches of bright sap. or 4 inches of bright sap. Splits over 6 inches long, not exceeding one-sixth the length of the piece admitted, considered as one standard defect. Split boards limited to 20%. Must be graded from the best side. The poorest side must grade No. 1 Com- mon. 122 No. 1 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over. and under admitted. Widths: 4 inches and over. 20% 7 feet 4 to 7 foot lengths, 4 inches wide must be clear one face, excepting ½ inch of bright sap. 5 inches wide admits one standard de- fect, or ½ inch of bright sap. 8 feet and over, 4 and 5 inches wide, admits one standard defect, or one inch of bright sap. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 4 to 7 feet 2 8 to 10 feet 3 11 feet and over 4 12 inches and over 4 to 7 feet 3 4 12 inches and over 8 to 10 feet 12 inches and over 11 feet and over 5 No cutting to be less than 4 inches wide and 18 inches long. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over Widths: 3 inches and over. Admits all lumber not up to the grade. of No. 1 Common that will work 33 1/3% clear face in pieces not less than 3 inches wide and 18 inches long. Gum Spots or streaks no defect in this grade. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over. Widths: 3 inches and over. 3 Each piece must contain at least 33 1/3% sound cutting in pieces not less than inches wide and 18 inches long. Gum Spots or streaks no defect in this grade. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects. and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails ad- mitted. HICKORY AND PECAN. General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Com- mon, and No. 4 Common. Bright sap is considered no defect in an grade. 123 Bird Peck and Gum streak are to be considered. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 4 inches and over over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 4 to 5 inches wide, none. 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not exceeding one-sixth the length of the piece are to be admitted and con- sidered as one standard defect; not over 20% of the whole may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 3 inches wide must be clear. 4 and 5 inches wide will admit one stand- ard defect, except 6-foot lengths. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches will ad- mit one standard defect. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches. 12 to 15 inches Lengths. No. of Pieces. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 2 3 4 3 17 to 20 feet 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 4 5 6 The smallest cutting allowed must con- tain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 hes. 124 Lengths: No. 2 Common. 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. admitting Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to contain less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails ad- mitted. PLAIN SAWED SYCAMORE. General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Com- mon, and and No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 10 6 and 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 125 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be to be consid ered as one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality to be so split. Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece on the face side is no defect. The reverse side may contain sap without limit. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 4 and 5 inches wide will admit one stand- ard defect, except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches. 12 to 15 inches. Lengths. No. of Pieces. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 2 3 4 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 3 4 12 to 15 inches. 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 5 6 The smallest cutting allowed must tain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches, nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 8 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. 126 No. 8 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must work at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide, nor contain less than 72 square inches. Sound discolored sap is no defect. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, erating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admit- ted. QUARTER SAWED SYCAMORE. General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Com- mon, and No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). as one Firsts and Seconds are combined as grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long. 6 to 7 inches wide must be free from all defects. 8 inches and over wide will admit one standard defect. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase. in proportion. One inch of bright sap is not a defect; each additional inch of sap to be consid- ered as one standard defect. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 127 No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and S feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is no defect in this grade. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 4 and 5 inches wide will admit one stand- ard defect, except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches Lengths. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet No. of Pieces, 2 3 4 3 1. 4 5 4 5 6 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet The smallest cutting allowed tain 144 square inches, and it be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. must con- must not Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5 and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. ch piece must contain at least 50% cutting. piece or cutting to contain less than re inches. No. 4 Common. Common shall include all lumber to the grade of No. 3 Common that used for cheap boxing, sheathing, 3, etc. Worm holes are not to be 14 ST 1 8 a 0 S 128 considered defects and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. BUTTERNUT. General Instructions and the rules are to govern the inspection: following Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Com- mon, and No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so = split. Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece on the face side is no defect. The reverse side may contain sap without limit. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25%. may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 4 and 5 inches wide will admit one stand- ard defect, except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: 129 Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches Lengths. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet No. of Pieces. 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6 The smallest cutting allowed must tain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor uarrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Standard. Thicknesses: Each piece must work at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide, nor contain less than 72 square inches. Sound discolored sap is no defect. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. MAPLE. following General Instructions and the rules are to govern the inspection: Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Com- mon, No. 4 Common. a 1 130 Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over wide. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds shall be 5 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 5 to 6 inches wide, one. 7 to 8 inches wide, two. 9 to 12 inches wide, three. 13 to 15 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted, and to be considered as one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 30% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as follows: 5 to 9 inches wide, one. 10 inches and over, two. Pleces 3 inches wide, 8 feet and long, to be clear one face. and over Pieces 4 inches wide, 8 feet and long, will admit one standard defect. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches Lengths. No. of Pieces. 7 to 11 feet 2 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 3 4 7 to 11 feet 3 12 to 16 feet 4 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 4 5 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. Slightly discolored sap is no defect. 181 No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thickneses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide, nor contain less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing. crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails ad- mitted. STRIPS. Strips shall be measured at the narrowest end and tallied lengths separate on the half and even inches. Clear Face Strips. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 22, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Each piece must show one face and two edges clear. No. 1 Common Strips. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 10% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 22, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Bright sap is considered no defect. 132 Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear face in not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. No. 2 Common Strips. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 22, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, and 5½ inches. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Each piece must work at least 50% clear face. No piece or cutting to be less than 2 feet in length by the full width of the plece. STEP PLANK. Grades: Firsts and Seconds and No. 1 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 10 to 15 inches. Thicknesses: 1, 14, 12, and 2 inches. Firsts and Seconds. Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade, and must show one face and one edge free from all defects. The other side and other edge may contain sound defects that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece. 10 feet and over long may have one split not exceeding 12 inches in length. No. 1 Common. No. 1 Common will include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, that can be used for Step Plank without waste. of more than one-third of the piece. No piece or cutting to be less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. WHITE MAPLE. Grades: No. 1 and No. 2. No. 1 must grade the same as Firsts and Seconds, except that both sides and both edges must be all White. No. 2 must grade the same as Firsts and Seconds, except that one side and two edges must be all White. 133 SOFT MAPLE. Graded under Maple rules. BEECH General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common, Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over wide. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10. feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds shall be 5 inches and over wide, S feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 5 to 6 inches wide, one. 7 to 8 inches wide, two. 9 to 12 inches wide, three. 13 to 15 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 30% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as follows: 5 to 9 inches wide, none. 10 inches and over, two. Pieces 3 inches wide, 8 feet and over long. to be clear one face. Pieces 4 inches wide, 8 feet and over long, will admit one standard defect. Other widths and lengths must work at least 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: 134 1 Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 16 inches and over Lengths. No. of Pieces. 2 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6 No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. Slightly discolored sap is no defect. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches. wide, nor contain less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. Strips. Strips shall be measured at the narrowest end, and tallied lengths separate on the even and half inches. Clear Face Strips. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths; 22, 3, 32, 4, 4, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: to 2 inches. Each piece must show one face and two edges clear. 135 No. 1 Common Strips. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 22, 3, 32, 4, 42, 5, and 5½ inches. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Bright sap is considered no defect in this grade. Each piece must work 66 2/3% clear face in not more than two pieces. No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 4 feet long by the full width of the piece. No. 2 Common Strips. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 22, 3, 3, 4, 22, 3, 3, 4, 42, 5, and 5% inches. Thicknesses: % to 2 inches. Each piece must work at least 50% clear face. No piece or cutting to be less than 2 feet in length by the full width of the piece. WHITE BEECH. Grades: No. 1 and No. 2. No. 1 must grade the same as Firsts and Seconds, except that both sides and edges must be all White. No. 2 must grade the same as Firsts and Seconds, except that one side and two edges must be all White. WHITE BIRCH the following General Instructions and the rules are to govern the inspection: Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds shall be 5 inches and over wide, 8 1 136 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 5 to 6 inches wide, one. 7 to 8 inches wide, two. 9 to 12 inches wide, three. 13 to 15 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed in inches one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be con- sidered as one standard defect, and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 30% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot pieces will admit standard defects as follows: 5 to 9 inches wide, one 10 inches and over wide, two. Pieces 3 inches wide, 8 feet and over long, to be clear one face. Pieces 4 inches wide, 8 feet and over long, will admit one standard defect. Other widths widths and lengths must work 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: Widths. 2 Lengths. No. of Pieces. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches. 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 3 4 3 4 17 to 20 feet 5 4 5 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet в No piece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. Slightly discolored sap is no defect. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths: 25% may be 4. 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches. wide or 2 feet long. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. 137 Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide, nor contain less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. RED BIRCH Red Birch must be graded the same as White Birch, except as below: Pieces 5 inches wide must show one face all red. Pieces 6 inches and over wide must show at least 75% red on one face. Lengths: 4 feet and over. SOFT ELM the following General Instructions and the rules are to govern the inspection: Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common, Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over over long, and will admit standard as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. 138 - ES No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will ad- mit one standard defect. 4 and 5 inches wide will admit one stand- ard knot or equal defects, except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and 66 2/3% clear face, Widths. lengths must work as follows: 2 3 Lengths. No. of Pieces. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 4 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 6 3 4 17 to 20 feet 5 4 5 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet The smallest cutting allowed must contain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50% clear face cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at contain at least 50% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches. wide, nor contain less than 72 square inches. No. 4.Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be. used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating. etc. Worm holes are not to be considered. defects and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. 139 ROCK ELM General Instructions and the following rules are to govern the inspection: Bright sap is considered no defect in any grade. Standard Grades: Firsts and Seconds, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, No. 3 Common, No. 4 Common. Firsts and Seconds (Fas). Firsts and Seconds are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 20% may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 10 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet or over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds shall be 4 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 4 to 5 inches wide, none. 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four, As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect and not over 20% of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 6, 7, and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 3 inches wide must be clear one face, ex- cept 6-foot lengths. 4 inches wide will admit one standard de- fect and 5 inches two, except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must work at least 66 2/3% clear face, as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches. 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 2 3 4 3 4 Lengths. No. of Pieces. 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 445564, 140 No plece or cutting to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide or 2 feet long. Slightly discolored sap is no defect. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Pieces 4 feet long must be sound. Pieces 5 feet and longer must work at least 50 % sound cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. No. 3 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Each piece must contain at least 25% sound cutting. No piece or cutting to be less than 3 inches wide, nor contain less than 72 square inches. No. 4 Common. No. 4 Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of No. 3 Common that can be used for cheap boxing, sheathing, crating, etc. Worm holes are not to be considered defects, and unsound lumber with sufficient substance to hold nails admitted. HARDWOOD DIMENSION MATERIAL. OAK CHAIR AND FURNITURE STOCK. All pieces must be taken as they are manu- factured, and no allowance made to change. grade by re-manufacture. All stock to be of practically uniform thickness and width, to be full thickness and width when dry. Any amount of bright sap admissible in all Chair and Furniture Dimension Stock. Seat Stock to have one clear face and two ends; no de- fect admissible in edges that will show after jointing Chair Frame Stock to have one clear face, both ends, and both edges. Table Tops take same inspection as Seat Stock. Squares for turning shall contain no defect that will not turn out. Squares for dressing up and to be used as squares must be clear on all edges and ends that show. Chair Backs that show on two sides must 141 be clear both sides, both edges, and both ends; all Quartered Oak must show figure on one face. No badly discolored or doty sap admissible in any of the above stock. All band sawed pattern stock to show one clear face and all edges. If two clear faces are required, special contract must be made. IMPLEMENT STOCK. Plow Handle Strips must be practically straight-grained, and clear of all defects, ex- cept slight streaks and small bird pecks, or small bright knots located so as not to inter- fere with the bending of the piece or its strength. VEHICLE AND WAGON STOCK. HICKORY VEHICLE WHEEL STOCK. DEFINITION OF TERMS IN RULES FOR GRADING RIMS. Very Dense Growth is a growth in which the non-porous part of the annual ring covers three-quarters of the area of the annual ring, and the remaining one-quarter contains a small number of pores. A Dense Growth is one on which the non- porous portion of the annual ring occupies at least two-thirds the annual rings, and is slightly more porous than the very dense growth and accordingly that timber which contains a less per cent. of non-porous growth and a larger per cent. of porous growth, is representative of a lower grade of timber. Blemishes. A blemish is that which, while marring the appearance of the timber, does not affect the strength of the timber. (a) Stains. A stain is a discoloration caused by improper care or handling, by improper piling, and by being left in the weather or on the ground during the warm or wet sea- sons. (b) Iron Streaks. An iron streak is sup- posed to be caused by the infiltration of for- eign coloring matter through bird-pecks, and when it shows but slightly, apparently does not affect the mechanical qualities of the tim- ber. Bird Pecks. A bird peck is a slight defect caused by the bird pecking a hole in and through the bark of a tree into which there settles for- eign substances that discolor the timber, and when showing slightly, aparently does not affect the quality of the timber. 142 Bastard Rim. A bastard rim is one in which the growth or annular rings do not run parallel to the thread of the wheel. Cross Grain. A cross grain plece of timber is one in which the growth or grain of the timber does not run parellel to the center line of the piece. Sound Knot A sound knot is one in which the wood is as solid as the wood surrounding the knot. Short Curve or Dip in the Grain or Growth, A short curve or dip in the grain or growth is a curvature or deflection caused by a knot. Snarl. A snarl is a twisted grain or growth in the wood. Grub Holes. A grub hole is a hole about one-quarter inch in diameter caused by grub worm boring. a hole, usually lengthwise to the growth of the timber. Powder Post. A powder post piece of hickory timber is caused by a very small worm that continues. to work in timber after it has been cut, sen- soned and even manufactured into the fin- ished vehicle. While his his work does not frequently appear on the outside, the inside. may be entirely reduced to powder-hence the term "powder post." Worm Holes. A worm hole is a clean, open hole about. one-sixteenth inch in diameter, and is easily. visible, caused by a bug usually working in partly seasoned timber. Sun Check. A sun check check is a is a season check caused in seasoning and usually takes place in the best quality of timber. In some instances these checks are so very small that they do not impair the use or strength of the timber, and should be used at least in the lowest grade. 143 RIM INSPECTION. "A" GRADE. "A" Grade is the first and highest grade. In rim-strips of sizes of 12-inch square and smaller, the timber must be all white. of very dense growth, straight grain and free from streaks, stains and all defects, in sizes larger than 1½-inch the timber may be either all white, or part red and part white mixed, of very dense growth, straight grain and free from streaks, stains and all de- fects. The red timber in these large sizes must not exceed one-half the size of the stick. "B" GRADE. "B" Grade is the second grade and must be practically straight grain of dense growth. Of all white and of red and part white and part red timber. The red and part red and part white white must be fully equal to or better in quality than the white in this grade. All rim strips in this grade must be free from all defects. "C" GRADE. "C" Grade is the third grade and must be medium quality of either white, red, or red and white mixed timber. This grade will admit of timber of good quality not admitted in the "A" and "B" grades on account of cross grain, and all slight blem- ishes such as iron streaks and stains, but that are equal in strength to the clear strips of this grade. Cross Grain. The grain shall not run in the length of the strip at any place at a greater angle than one inch in eighteen. Short curves or dips in grain not to be included in this grade. "D" GRADE. "D" Grade is the fourth grade. The timber in this grade, although clear and straight grain, of white or red, or white and red mixed, is of a weight and quality not admitted in higher grades. Also strips of high quality of timber equal in strength with the straight grain strips in this grade, but with blemishes such as iron streaks and stains, and defects such as knots and bird pecks that are sound, also cross grain, pro- vided the grain shall not run in the length of the strip at any place at a greater angle than one inch in twelve. 144 Short curves or dips in the grain with a length of less than four inches and more than -inch in depth will not be admitted in this grade. Curves running longer than 4 inches and dips deeper than %' would be considered cross grain. "E" GRADE. "E" Grade is the fifth and lowest grade, consisting of strips that can be used, but such as are not admitted in the higher grades on account of quality of timber and defects. Strips with slight season checks should be used in wheels of this grade. Strips with defects such as powder post worm eaten timber, open defects such as grub holes, checks, splits, bird pecks, snarls and otherwise unsound, and very brash timber such as has practically no fiber and strength will not be admitted to this grade. WAGON STOCK. Standard Dimensions. The following dimensions given are the sizes adopted by this Association for rough materials in the green state (unless other- wise specified) and are those in common de- mand by our members. The star (*) prefixing any size indicates that that size is more in demand than the unmarked sizes. 24x3% *3 x4 Axles-Hickory. (6 feet long.) 34X44 *4 x5 *34x44 4 x52 *32x4% 44x54 *42x52 *5 x6 5x6% 6 x7 GRADING AND INSPECTION RULES. No. 1 or Wagonmakers' Grade. Adopted by the National Wagon Manu- facturers' Association. GRADE.Live, tough black or shell bark hickory, cut 6 feet in length, to include all the clear and perfect stock. Defects as follows admissible: STAIN.-Penetrating not more than 1/16- inch and which has not developed into a rotting condition. KNOTS.-Four sound pin knots not ceeding 14-inch in diameter, or two sound knots -inch in diameter near the center line longitudinally on top or side and not over 12 inches of center or of center or more than 6 3. ધ 145 inches of ends. Knots (except pin knots) not to be closer than 12 inches apart. not SPLITS.-On either end, extending more than 6 inches in axle or 3 inches on both ends. SEASON CHECKS.-Not more than ½- inch deep and not more than 12 inches long. HEARTS OR HEART RINGS.-None. SHAKES. That will plane out with %- inch cut. WORM HOLES AND GRUB HOLES.- Not more than two than two pin worm worm holes holes not nearer than 6 inches to each other. Not more than two grub holes that will penetrate more than 6 inches at either end of the piece. BIRD PECKS.-Bird PECKS. Bird pecks allowed if sound, or if unsound, part is not to exceed ½-inch in diameter and not over 4-inch in depth. WANE.-Axles with wane will be meas- ured excluding the wane. SAP. Bright sap considered no defect. GRAIN.-Grain can cross 3 inches in en- tire length of axle. DEFECTS REMOVABLE.-If defects not admitted can be cut out so as to reduce axle to a smaller size used and ordered by the buyer, it shall be so inspected. Hewn axles shall be measured to square to the size they are ordered. Defects at end of axles that will admit of piece working 5 feet 6 inches long will be admitted. MAPLE AXLES. (Sizes same same as Hickory.) No. 1 or Wagonmakers' Grade. (These rules have not been adopted either by the wagon manufacturers or mills, but are suggested as being fair and equitable to both.) To be cut from live, tough, hard maple. (no bird's-eye or curly maple admitted), cut 6-foot and 12-foot lengths to include all the clear and perfect stock. Defects as follows admissible: STAIN.-Penetrating not more than 1/16- inch and which has not developed into rotting condition. a KNOTS. Four sound pin knots not ex- ceeding 4-inch in diameter, or two sound knots 4-inch in diameter near the center line longitudinally on top or side and not over 12 inches of center or more than 6 inches of ends. Knots (except pin knots) not to be closer than 12 inches apart. SPLITS. Splits on either end, extending 146 T 1 not more than 6 inches in the axle or 3 inches on both ends. t SEASON CHECKS.-Not more than 2- inch deep and not more than 12 inches long. J : HEARTS OR HEART RINGS.-None. SHAKES.-That will plane out with %- inch cut. WORM HOLES AND GRUB HOLES.- Not more than two pin worm holes not than 6 inches to each other. Not more than two grub holes that will pene- trate more than 6 inches at either end of the piece. BIRD PECKS.-Bird pecks allowed if sound, or if unsound, part is not to exceed 2-inch in diameter and not over 4-inch in depth. WANE.-Axles with wane will be meas- ured excluding the wane. SAP.-Bright sap considered no defect. GRAIN.-Grain can cross 3 inches in entire length of axle. CURLS.-None. 12-foot lengths to be in- spected as two 6-foot lengths. DEFECTS REMOVABLE.-If defects not admitted can be cut out so as to reduce axle to smaller size used and ordered by the buyer, it shall be it shall be so inspected. BOLSTERS-Hickory or Oak. (Length 4' 1" and 4' 6" or multiples.) 3x4 3/4x4/4 34x5%2 8x42 314x5 4 x5 3x5 32x4% 4 x6 3x7 34x44 RULES. GRADE.-To be cut from good, tough, straight-grained oak or hickory (when oak is specified it will be understood as being White or Red Oak) suitable for wagon ma- terial. To be clear and perfect stock, ex- cepting the following defects, which will be admissible: STAIN.-Penetrating not more than 1/16- inch and which shows no signs of rot. KNOTS.-One sound knot not over 1½-inch in diameter, not more than 12 inches from the center of the piece, or 3 sound pin knots not exceeding 4-inch in diameter lo- cated in same manner. SPLITS.-None. SEASON CHECKS.-Not CHECKS.-Not more than 2- inch deep nor more than 12 inches long. HEART RINGS.--None. SHAKES.-If they can be planed out with -inch cut. WORM HOLES.-Not more than 6 pin worm holes in a Bolster, these holes not 147 to be in cluster or more than 3 holes, 61 Inches apart. BIRD PECKS.-Allowed if sound. WANE. Will be measured excluding the wane. SAP.-Bright sap accepted. GRAIN. Grain can cross 2 inches in length of Bolster as maximum. Π ter fn HO DEFECTS REMOVABLE.-If defects not admitted can be cut out so as to reduce BI Bolster to a smaller size used and ordered by the buyer, it shall be so inspected. SAND BOARDS-Hickory or Oak. (Length 4' 1" and 4' 6" or multiples.) 24x3% *3 x4 3 x32 34x3 *32x4 32x4%2 4 x5 RULES. (Same as Bolsters.) REACHES-Hickory or Oak. 8' and 10' long 8' and 10' long *2 x4 2 x4 24x4 10', 12' and 14' long 計 ​*22x42 22X5 10', 12 and 14' long 10', 12' and 14' long RULES. GRADE.-To be cut from good, tough, straight grained Oak or Hickory (when Oak is specified it will be understood as being White or Red Oak), suitable for wagon ma- terial. To be clear and perfect stock, free from KNOTS, SPLITS, HEARTS, GRUB HOLES, HEART RINGS, SHAKES, BIRD PECKS, or WANE. Bright sap accepted. The following defects will be admitted: STAIN.-Penetrating not more than 1/16- inch and which shows no signs of rot. SEASON CHECKS.-Not over 4-inch deep or 12 inches long. WORM HOLES.-Not more than 6 pin worm holes in a Reach, these holes not to be in clusters of more than 3 holes, 6 in- ches apart. POLES-Ash or Oak. (For Drop Poles.) *22x4 x4 x4 -12' 22x4x42x4%-12' (For Stiff Poles.) 2x2x2x5 -12' 2x2x2% x5 -12' 3 x3 x3 x5 -12' 34x34x34x5 -12' 148 31 it RULES. GRADE. To be cut from good, tough, straight-grained oak or ash (when oak is specified, it will be understood understood as being White or Red Oak), suitable for wagon ma- terial. To be clear and perfect stock, free from KNOTS, SPLITS, HEARTS, GRUB HOLES, HEART RINGS, SHAKES or BIRD PECKS. Bright sap accepted. following defects will be admitted: STAIN.-Penetrating not more than 1/16- inch and which shows no signs of rot. SEASON CHECKS.-Not over 1/4-inch deep or 12 inches long. The WORM HOLES.-Not more than 6 pin worm holes in a Pole, these holes not to be in clusters of more than 3 holes, inches apart. EVENERS-Hickory. 6 2x4 4' 2" long 24x4 4' 6" long 2x4½ 4' 2" long 22x5 4' 6" long RULES. GRADE.-To be cut from good, tough, straight-grained Hickory suitable for wag- on material. To be clear and perfect stock, free from KNOTS, SPLITS, HEARTS, GRUB HOLES, HEART RINGS, SHAKES, WORM HOLES or WANE. The following defects are admissible: STAIN.-Penetrating not more than 1/16- inch and which shows no signs of rot. SEASON CHECKS.-Not over 1/4-inch deep or 12 inches long. WORM HOLES.-None. BRIGHT SAP.-No objection. BIRD PECKS.-Sound bird pecks admit- ted. TURNED SINGLETREES. Oval Diameters. At Center. Lt. 2 x2½" it Med. Hvy. 214x24" 212x3 At Ends. Lengths. 12x1%" 34" and 36" long 15% x1%" 34" and 36" logn 14x2 " TURNED NECK YOKES. Diameters. 36" long At Center, At Ends. Light 212" 11" Medium 24 3 Heavy Lengths. 40" and 44" long 1%" 40", 44" and 48" long 44" and 48" long 2 No adopted rules for grading single trees. and neck yokes, but stock must be absolutely clear and made from young, tough hickory. 149 full. SAWED FELLOES-Oak. (26 pieces to set.) The sizes given are for green felloes cut Sizes most Common. 14x2 24x24 24x3 *2 x24 34x24 22x2 214x3 314x3 4x3 Circles 2' 11" and 3′ 6″; 3' 2" and 3′ 10": 3' 6" and 4" 2". RULES. free GRADE.-Sound white or red red oak, from knots and also other defects, except that 1/16-inch stain will be allowed if said. stain shows no sign of rot. Must be manu- factured so that grain will run straight through center of each piece. Cut full sizes and proper circles. BENT RIMS. (8 pieces to set.) The sizes given are for green rims. Sizes most Common. 14x14 3 x2 2 x2 24x2 34x2% 4 x2 44x24 5 x2 54x24 Circles 3' 2" and 3' 10"; 3′ 6" and 4' 2" 3' 10" and 4' 6". GRADE. Wagon Manufacturers' Grade. (To replace what was formerly XXX.) These rules agreed upon jointly by the Wagon and Rim Manufacturers, November 21, 1906. MATERIALS.-Oak (any desirable species). QUALITY.-Clear and straight-grained, but not excluding reasonably straight, the grain not to cross the rim in a less distance than 24 inches; to be sound, free from bark, wane, checks, (except checks on tread side), shakes, splits, knots and worm holes, but admitting not more than three small, sound knots, not more than 4-inch in diameter on tread side; also, small worm holes not closer than 6 inches apart. Not over 15 per cent. of any shipment of rims shall be with knots. or worm holes as above specified. WORKMANSHIP.-Planed on top and bot tom sides; no skips, tears or imperfect plan- ing. Bending to be on the true circle of diameter specified. To be free from flats or humps, kinks, breaks or buckles, and no straight or drop ends. 150 WHITE OAK WAGON SPOKES. (Wagonmakers' Grades.) RULES. Second Growth Grade. MATERIAL.-Spokes of this grade are to be made from first quality timber, prac- tically clear and straight grained, of heavy weight and very dense growth that will indi- cate the very greatest strength. Defects. CHECKS.-Small fine season checks not to exceed two inches in length and not running into the shoulder admitted. SPLITS.-None admitted. CROSS GRAIN.-Grain which does not run at a greater angle at any one point than one. inch in twenty-four inches admitted. Curly spokes are considered cross-grained and not admitted. KNOTS.-Spokes having knots will not be admitted, but spokes showing a small sound. spot having the appearance of a knot, but which is only a surface blemish, will be ad- mitted. SAP.-Half Sap that is bright and sound. admitted. BASTARD.-Not more than 4 bastard will be admitted OTHER DEFECTS.-Evident above enumerated not admitted. "A" GRADE. defects not MATERIAL.-Spokes of this grade are to be made from live timber of dense growth, good weight, practically clear and straight- grained. Defects. CHECKS. Small, fine, season checks not to exceed two inches in length and not run- ning into the shoulder admitted. SPLITS.-None admitted. CROSS GRAIN.-Grain which does not run at a greater angle at any one point than one inch in twenty inches will be admitted. reduced from the second growth Spokes reduced grade by reason of cross grain will be ad- mitted in this grade when the grain does not cross at a greater angle than one inch in eighteen inches. Curly spokes are not ad- mitted. KNOTS.-Knots will not be admitted, but spokes showing a small sound spot having the appearance of a knot, but which is only a surface blemish, will be admitted. 151 SAP.-Half Sap that is bright and sound admitted, but when of the second growth grade or very dense growth reduced by reason of having too much bright sap, will be ad- mitted to the extent of two-thirds bright sap. BASTARD.-Not more than half bastard will be admitted. DIPS.-Spokes having dips not more than one in a spoke and located anywhere except at shoulder or tenon admitted, provided such dip is not more than 4-inch in depth and not less than four inches in length. OTHER DEFETCS.-Evident defects not above enumerated not admitted. "B" GRADE. MATERIAL.-Spokes of this grade are to be made from timber of a weight and growth that will indicate fairly good strength. Defects. CHECKS. Small, fine, season checks, not to exceed two inches in length and not run- ning into the shoulder admitted. SPLITS.-None admitted. CROSS GRAIN.-Grain which does not run at a greater angle at any one point than one inch in sixteen inches admitted. Spokes reduced from the second growth grade be- cause of excessive cross grain, but in which the grain does not run at a greater angle at any one point than one inch in fourteen inches, admitted. Spokes reduced from the "A" grade for cross grain will be admitted to this grade if grain does not run at a greater angle than one inch in fifteen inches. KNOTS.-Knots will not be admitted, but spokes showing a small sound spot having the appearance of a knot, but which is only a surface blemish, will be admitted. Spokes reduced from the second growth and "A" grades having one sound knot not over 4 inch in diameter, showing only on one side and not within five inches of either end of the spoke, admitted here. SAP. Half Sap that is bright and sound will be admitted. Bright all sap spokes of second growth grade admitted. Spokes from "A" grade having three- fourths sap admitted BASTARD.-Not more than half bastard will be admitted. Spokes of second growth grade will be ad- mitted in this grade where full bastard. Spokes of "A" grade will be admitted in this grade where three-fourths bastard. DIPS.-Will be admitted in this grade 152 where not more than one in a spoke and located anywhere except at shoulder tenon, provided such dip is not more than 14 inch in depth and not less than four inches in length. worm WORM HOLES.-Black and pin holes in either second growth or "A" grades of timber will be admitted here to the extent of not more than three in any spoke, but these must not be bunched. Powder post worm holes not admitted. OTHER DEFECTS.-Evident defects not above enumerated not admitted. MANUFACTURE. The following suggestions are made to the manufacturers of spokes, which, if heeded, will not only result in more perfect product, but remove the cause of much dispute and dissatisfaction: It is shown that there is a great deal of complaint on account of poorly manufactured spokes, such as tearing in the barrel by the lathe knives or by the adjustment of the knives not being in line making thick and thin places along the barrels; the grain pulled out; also, rough machine work in the throat, or on the tenon, by which the corners may be chipped off, the tenon not even thick- ness and not in the center of the spoke. There should also be great care taken in the facing of spokes, so that the face and the back are square with the tenon, and not diamond shapes, as is so frequently the case. Spokes should also be well sanded with a view of having them clean and smooth. It should also be understood that all spokes made under the foregoing rules rules will be branded only "Second Growth," "A" and "B" respectively, and that in no case will the spoke manufacturer brand these grades higher or lower than they will inspect under these rules nor will the wagon manufacturer request it. No restriction, however, is put upon the use of special brands. TENONING.-Make the tenon even thick- ness throughout, and in the center of barrel and straight with the face. Dish the shoulder so that when two spokes are placed face to face about ½ inch apart at the shoulder and the points touching the shoulders will come. to a straight line so that a common rule placed flat on the tenons, the edge of the rule should touch the shoulders all the way across both spokes. The above specifications for thickness of tenons are for thoroughly dry stock. When half dry, add allowance given; for entirely green stock, add double this allowance. THROATING.-Make the shoulder the same thickness as the barrel. Shape the 153 SPECIFICATIONS FOR FINISHING OAK SPOKES FROM DRY STOCK WESTERN REGULAR AND WIDE POINT PATTERN CALIFORNIA PATTERN Tenon........ Length of Dry Stock. age Half- for Shrink Allowancel Tenon........ Thickness of Width of Tenon........ Tenon........ Length of Tenon........ Thickness of Tenon...... Size of Spoke 11/4 11% 14 f 1% 1% 134 112 34 2 1% 118 12 2% 18 2 218 12 214 2 % 22 2% 21 18 238 21% 18 258 24 21 % 22 21% 18 24 t 2% 21% 18 25% 27 1 28 i 2% 21% 1 234 2,1% 1' 3 2 211 118 2% 211 1's 3% 24 218 1% 3 213 1% 814 if 26 218 1% 3% 218 1% 3 f 3 3 11% 314 3 11% 8½ f 314 31 114 3 31% 114 34 f 32 3% 13% 32 31 13% 4 Note:-"f" signifies full size. knives to make the throat about 1/8 inch thinner than the barrel; also make the throat a little full near the shoulder to give strength and prevent splitting off in driving. Shape the forins or cams to make the throat rounding, so the face and back will not be too large, but well proportioned. The back must be proportionately wider than the face. Adjust machine to make shoulder straight (neither rounding at the corners, nor hollow in the center). Care should be taken to make both sides of the throat the same shape. 154 FACING OR JOINTING.-Take measure- ents for width of tenon at the shoulder. ace the spoke as nearly as possible to a traight line from the point end to the tenon nd, and back the spoke as nearly as possible o a straight line from the point end to the houlder. Taper the back of tenon on traight line from the shoulder to the end, so the tenon will measure 1/16 inch less in width at the end (where it enters the hub) than at the shoulder. a The above specifications for width of tenons are for thoroughly dry stock. When half dry, add allowance given; for entirely green stock, add double this allowance. - For ALLOWANCE FOR SHRINKAGE. spokes turned from stock from six to eight months old, and spokes turned from green stocks that have been under shed for three or four months, may be considered half dry, for which allowance is given above. green stock, double this allowance. For TOTAL LENGTH OF HEAD AND THROAT.-Make exact length to to figures given from head end to where throat and barrel knives lap, the head or square must be at least of ample length for tenon. SIZE OF HEAD. Make measurement about where shoulder will be when tenoned. SIZE OF BARREL.-Make measurement just below where barrel and throat knives lap. Make hinds exact width width as figures given. Front spokes having more taper should be made 1/16 inch less in width of barrel. SIZE OF POINT.-Measurement to be made ½ inch from point end of all lengths. From face to back is to be considered the wide way. REGULAR LENGTHS.--Fronts, all sizes, 22 inches long; hinds, all sizes, 2½ inches and under, 26 inches long; all sizes, 2% inches and over, 28 inches long. The above specifications for Dry are in- tended for thoroughly dry stock at least twelve months or more old: and for Green are intended for entirely green stock. When stock is half dry, say six months old, allow for shrinkage about half the difference be- tween dry and green specifications. When not quite dry, make a little full of Dry Specifications. When not quite green, make a little scant of Green Specifications. a Keep your lathe knives adjusted to straight line so the spoke will be of even thickness from the point to the throat. Adopted by Spoke Manufacturers' Associa tion December 20, 1906. Revised March 25, 1908. Adopted by the National Wagon Manu- facturers' Association April 28, 1909. 155 SPECIFICATIONS FOR TURNING STANDARD WESTERN PATTERN and WIDE POINT CLUB SPOKE FROM DRY AND GREEN STOCK SIZE OF SIZE OF SIZE OF REG- SIZE OF BARREL ULAR POINT WIDE POINT HEAD ness Thick- Width Throat of Head and Total Length Size of Spoke Thick- Width ness Thick- ness Thick- Co Dry 1½ Green Dry ¡11 11% 11% 11's 1% 11 64 1341 1½ 1% 1% f 11 1½ 118 111% 1 1% 15% 6% Green 1% 14 1% 1 1 1 Dry 118 1% 1% f 1% 1% 134 Green Dry ས 7 2 1% 11% 1% 114 21% 11% 14 14 18 7% Green 2% 161 143f1f 1f 10 1f Dry 2% 11% 1% 14 141 14 12 1/ 2 74 Green 24 11 118 1% 1% 1 1% 1& Dry 21% 2 11% 1% 1f8 1% 1 28 Green 7% 21,12,13% f 1% 1% 11 1% Dry 21% 12% 1% 138 1% 1% 214 7% Green 2% 11% 2% 13% 1% 1½ 194 11/4 Dry 2% 1% 2% 1% 178 134 1% 2% 7% Green 2% 15% 2% 1% 12 1% 177 11% Dry 21h 1% 2% 1% 1% 1½ 1% 1½ 24 74 Green 24f12% f 15% 1 15% 118 1% Dry 218 1% 2% 1% 1% 1 2 1 2% 7% Green 27%1 112 113 113 1111 2,1 1111 Dry 218 14 2% 11 113 12% 111 24 8 Green 13, 1% f211f13f 1% 148 2 Dry 31% 118 24 14 2 14 24 14 278 8% Green 3 118f23f1% 2, 1% 2 1%f Dry 31 118 2% 143 24 1}} 24 148 3 84 Green 3% 2% 3 2 2% 2 2 2 Dry 31' 21' 3% 18 236 113 23% 118 34 82 Green 3% 24 34 2% 2% 2% 27% 2% Dry 312% 3% 2 2% 2 2 2 3% Green 84 131 12% 13% 12% 2% 2% 20 2ሕ Note:-"f" signifies full size. 156 CUBAN MAHOGANY. Grades: Prime, Selects, Rejects, Shorts and Counters. Lengths: 2 feet and over. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. All odd lengths must be measured. Prime. Prime must be 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, not to exceed 25% of 8 and 9-foot lengths. Standard defects are admitted according to widths as follows: 6 or 7 inches, 1 standard defect or its -equivalent. 8 or 9 inches, 2 standard defects or their equivalent. 10 or 11 inches, 3 standard defects or their equivalent. 12 inches or over, 4 standard defects or their equivalent. Selects. Selects may be 4 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over long, and must work two-thirds clear, with no cutting less than 4 inches. wide and 3 feet long, or 3 inches wide and 4 feet long. Rejects. Rejects must be 3 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over long, and must work 50% clear. No piece of cutting considered which is less than 4 inches wide and 2 feet long, or 3 inches wide and 3 feet long. Shorts. Shorts must be 3 inches and over wide, 2 to 7 feet long, and must be prime in quality. Pieces 3, 4 and 5 inches wide must be clear. Pieces 6 inches and over wide must be graded same as Prime. Counters. Counters must be 12 to 40 feet long, 16 to 24 inches wide. Splits to be measured out. Clear Strips. Clear Strips must be 2% to 5% inche wide, 5 feet and over long, clear of defor 157 on one face and two edges. must be sound. Reverse face MEXICAN AND AFRICAN MAHOGANY. Grades: First, Second, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, Shorts and Counters. Lengths: 2 feet and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Widths: 3 inches and over. All odd lengths must be measured. One inch of bright sap in the aggregate is a standard defect. The percentage of Firsts in the combined grade of Firsts and Seconds to be as follows: Mexican Mahogany-Not less than 40 per cent. African Mahogany-Not less than 35 per cent. Firsts. Firsts must be 7 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and free from all defects, except that pieces 10 feet and over surface measure may have one standard defect or its equivalent. Seconds. Seconds must be 6 inches and over wide. Standard defects are admitted according to surface measure as follows: 6 feet, 1 standard defect or its equiva lent. 9 feet, 2 standard defects or their equiva lent. 13 feet, 3 standard defects or their equiva- lent. 18 feet and over, 4 standard defects or their equivalent. No. 1 Common. No. 1 Common must be 4 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over long. Pieces 4 inches wide, 6 to 11 feet long, must work 66 2/3% clear in not over two pieces; 12 feet and over long must work 66 2/3% clear in not over three pieces. No piece of cutting to be less than 2 feet long by the full width of the piece. Pieces 5 inches and over wide, 6 to 11 feet long, must work 66 2/3% clear in not over two pleces; 12 feet and over long must work 66 2/3% clear in not over three pieces. No piece of cutting to be considered which is less than 4 inches wide and 2 feet long, or 3 inches wide and 3 feet long. 158 No. 2 Common. No. 2 Common must be 3 inches and over wide, 2 feet and over long, and must work. 50% clear. No piece of cutting considered which is less than 3 inches wide and 2 feet long. Shorts. Shorts must be 4 inches and over wide, 2 to 5 feet long. Pieces 4 to 5 inches wide must be clear. In pieces 6 inches and over standard de- fects are admitted according to surface meas- ure as follows: 2 feet, 1 standard defect or its equivalent. 4 feet, 2 standard defects or their equiva- lent. 52 feet, 3 standard defects equivalent. or their 6½ feet and over, 4 standard defects or their equivalent. Counters. Counters must be 12 to 40 feet long, 18 to 24 inches wide, and must be free from all defects. Splits to be measured out. SPECIFICATIONS FOR GRADING OF LOGS. Standard lengths for logs must be 12', 14", and 16' long, and all logs must be cut 4' longer than these lengths to allow for prop- erly trimming the lumber. All logs must be straight and are to be measured at the small end, the narrow way inside of the bark. In all No. 1 logs the sap must be bright. RED AND WHITE OAK. No. 1 Logs must be 24" and up in diam- eter. Surface and ends clear. No. 2 Logs must be 18" and up in diam- eter, 18" to 20" inclusive must be surface. and ends clear, 21" and up shall show 75% clear. No. 3 Logs must be 14" and up in diameter, 14" to 16" inclusive must be surface and ends clear. 17" and up must show 50% N clear. WHITE ASH. No. 1 Logs must be 18" and up in diam- eter. Surface and ends clear. No. 2 Logs must be 14" and up in diam- eter. 14" to 17" inclusive must be surface. and ends clear. 18" and up must show 75% clear. 159 COTTONWOOD. No. 1 must be 24" and up in diameter. Surface and ends clear. No. 2 must be 16" and up in diameter. 16" to 19" inclusive must be surface and ends clear, 20" and up must show 65% clear. GUM. No. 1 Logs must be 24" and up in diam- eter. Surface and ends clear and must not show over 5" of bright sap outside of the red. No. 2 Logs must be 20" and up in diam- eter. 20" and 23" inclusive must be face and ends clear 24" and up must show 75% clear ELM AND SOFT MAPLE. 16" to 19" inclusive must show surface and ends clear. 20" and up must show 65% clear. HICKORY. Must be live timber 12" and and over in diameter, and must show surface and ends clear. CYPRESS. No. 1 Logs must be 24" and up in diameter. Surface and ends clear. No. 2 Logs must be 18" and up in diam- eter. 18" to 21" inclusive must be surface and ends clear. 22" and up must show 75% clear. No. 3 Logs must be 14" and up in diam- eter. 14" to 16" inclusive must be surface and ends clear. 17" and up must show 50% clear. WALNUT. Logs to be 12" and over in diameter. Length 8 to 16 16 feet. Prime logs to be straight, sound, and smooth. Deductions for excessive sap to be made according to the diameter of the log. Value arrived at in accordance with the other defects. t 160 C OAK FLOORING. These rules on Oak Flooring are the rules adopted by the Oak Flooring Manu- facturers' Association, October 5, 1909, cur- rent at the time of printing this book, but any changes which that Association may officially make in their Oak Flooring rules. as shown by the publishing of a new set, will cancel these rules and the current issue thereof will be the official rules of this Association. Re-Inspection. In case of disputed shipments on grades or measurement, it is to be re-inspected by the Oak Flooring Manufacturers' Associa- tion, which shall be final. The grades of Oak Flooring shall be known as Clear, Sappy Clear, Select, No. 1 Common and Factory. QUARTER-SAWED. CLEAR.-Shall have one face practically free of defects, except % of an inch of bright sap; the question of color shall not. be considered; lengths in this grade to be 2 to 16 feet, not to exceed 10% under 4 feet. of SAPPY CLEAR.-Shall have one face practically free of defects, but will admit unlimited bright sap. The question color shall not be considered. Lengths in this grade to be 1 to 16 feet. PLAIN SAWED. CLEAR. Shall have one face practically free of defects, except % of an inch of bright sap; the question of color shall not be considered; lengths in this grade to be 2 to 16 feet, not to exceed 10% under 4 feet. SELECT.-May contain bright sap, and will admit pin worm holes, slight imperfec- tions in dressing, or a small tight knot, not to exceed one to every 3 feet in length; lengths to be 1 to 16 feet. No. 1 COMMON.-Shall be of such nature as will make and lay a sound floor without cutting. Lengths, 1 to 16 feet. FACTORY.-May contain every character of defects, but will lay a serviceable floor. with some cutting. Lengths, 1 to 16 feet. 161 each additional inch of sap to be Con ered as one standard defect. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the len of the piece admitted and to be con ered as one standard defect and not of 20% of the whole in either quality m be so split. No. 1 Common. Lengths: 6 feet and over admitti 15% of odd lengths, 25% may be 6, 7, a 8 feet, and not to exceed 5% under 8 fe Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect in this gra 6-foot lengths must be clear one face to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches will adu one standard defect. 4 inches wide will admit one standa defect except 6-foot lengths. 5 inches wide will admit two standa defects except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must WO 66 2/3% clear figured face as follows: Widths. 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 2 3 Lengths. No. of Piece 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 4 3 4 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 154 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet 5 6 The smallest cutting allowed must must con tain 144 square inches, and it must not b shorter than 18 inches nor narrower tha 4 inches. No. 2 Common. Lengths: 4 feet and over, admitting 15% of odd lengths; 25% may be 4, 5, and 6 feet, and not to exceed 10% under 6 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect.2016 Pieces 4 feet long must be clear one face Pieces 5 feet and longer must work al least 50% clear face figured cutting. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches. gure on face admitting Each piece must contain ound figured cutting No piece or cutting to 2 square inches No. 4 Com No. 4 Common shall incine ot up to the grade of No an be used for cheap tr Worm bo rating, etc. onsidered defects, and with sufficient substance bold mitted. STRIPS Strips shall be measured t end and tallied lengths half and eren inches. sparate Clear Face Strips Must show figure corrie of the face side. 15% of odd length: and Lengths: 6 feet weer and 8 feet, and net eeed Widths: 2, 3.15445 8 feet. inches. Thicknesses: Standar Each piece most wher tered face free from one-half inch of nigh 314-fach strips, and and 5%-inch strips. No. 1 Cont Lengths: Seet 15% of odd meth and 8 feet, am 8 feet. inches. Widths: 2. Thicknesses: Sta Bright my Each piece figured deer day No gleerating is less than 3 of the piece Lengths: 4 de 15% odd legion 6 feet, and m ted to the next rule. ess are knots, e, worm holes, CTS. and not to ex- not exceeding cceed in extent to exceed in piece. fting pin holes e 14" knot. all not be con- ade. such as occur on yard, or in kiln dried et in select or ots and stained d a defect in THS. gth stock may 11 as even foot t be to exceed one item. No. 1 Common ball be 10 to 20 partition, bevel to 20 feet. all sizes 6 to ven foot lengths, cent of 6, 7, 8, nger. ger. SIZES OF UPELO. e rough (except mension," which der or 1/4-inch th in thickness delent thickness as follows: pt ch ср DE CYPRESS. Adopted November 23, 1905. Amended May 18, 1910. Copyright, 1908, By the Southern Cypress Manufacturers' Association. These rules on Cypress and Tupelo are the rules adopted by the Southern Cypress Manufacturers' Association, at New Or leans, La., May 18, 1910, current at the time of printing this book, but any changes which that Association may offi cially make in their Cypress and Tupelo rules, as shown by the publishing of a new book by them, will cancel these rules, and the current issue thereof will be the official rules of this Association on Cypress and Tupelo. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. The aim of these grading rules is to harmonize the natural differences which exist in the timber sawed at the various mills in this association, in an effort to make the shipments of lumber from the different mills uniform and of equal in- trinsic value, grade for grade. To that end, cypress lumber shall shall be graded according to the following rules and specifications, bearing in mind that as no arbitrary set of rules and specifications can be maintained in every case, much must be left to the common sense and best judgment of the inspector. Lumber shall be manufactured and shipped in standard lengths and thick- nesses. Tank, 1st and 2nd, worked in partition. panel stock and the cuttings in No. 1 and No. 2 shop shall be graded from the poorer side. Select lumber, flooring, ceiling, bevel sid- ing and finishing shall be graded from the better or finished side, but the reverse side should in no case be more than one grade. lower. All lumber shall be tallied surface or face measure, the tally counted up, and the one-quarter or one-half added to the total where the lumber is one and one-quar- ter or one and one-half inches thick, and two inches and thicker to be multiplied by the thickness. In the measurement of all lumber, frac- tions exactly on the one-half foot are to be given alternately to the buyer and seller: the fractions below the one-half foot are to be dropped, and all fractions above the 162 one-half foot are to be counted to the next higher figure on the board rule. Recognized defects in cypress are knots, knot holes, shake, splits, wane, worm holes, stained sap and peck. STANDARD DEFECTS. A standard knot is sound and not to ex- ceed 14" in diameter. A small sound knot is one not exceeding 4" in diameter. Two small knots not to exceed in extent of damage one 14" knot. One straight straight split split not to exceed in length the width of the piece. Worm. grub, knot and rafting pin holes not exceeding in damage one 14" knot. Ordinary season checks shall not be con- sidered a defect in any grade. Ordinary season checks are such as occur in lumber properly covered on yard, or season checks of equal size in kiln dried lumber. Bright sap is not a defect in select or below. Pin worm holes. sound knots and stained sap shall not be considered a defect in No. 1 Common or below. STANDARD LENGTHS. All random standard length stock may be furnished in odd as well as even foot lengths, but there shall not be to exceed 20% of odd lengths in any one item. Tank stock, shop and and No. 1 Common shall be 8' and longer. 1st and 2nd and select shall be 10 to 20 feet. Finish, flooring, ceiling. partition, bevel and dron siding shall be 10 to 20 feet. Mouldings and battens of all sizes 6 to 20 feet, in both odd and even foot lengths. but not exceeding 10 per cent of 6, 7, 8, and 9-foot lengths. No. 2 Common 6' and longer. Cull or peck 4' and longer. STANDARD FINISHED SIZES OF CYPRESS AND TUPELO. 4-inch All lumber shipped in the rough (except 8/4" No. 1 and No. 2 "Dimension," which grades may be 14-inch under or over the size specified, both in thickness and width) shall be of sufficient thickness to 828 to standard thickness, as follows: 163 4/4 lumber S1S or S2S shall be 13/16" thick. 5/4 lumber S1S or S2S shall be 1 1/16" thick. 6/4 lumber 818 or 828 shall be 1 5/16" thick. 8/4 lumber, except No. 1 and No. 2 Com- mon, S18 or S2S shall be 14" thick. 8/4 No. 1 and No. 2 Common S18 or 828 shall be 1" thick. S2S 10/4 lumber S18 or $28 shall be 24" thick. 12/4 lumber S1S or S2S shall S2S shall be 24" thick. All lumber S1E takes off ". S2E. ". 1/2". All flooring shall be S2S and C. M. 4/4 flooring shall be 13/16" by 24", 3¼". 44", 54" face. 5/4 flooring shall be 11/16, 6/4 shall be 1 5/16, by same widths as 4/4. %" ceiling shall be worked 5/16", S18 only. 1/2" ceiling shall be worked 7/16", 818 only. 5%" ceiling shall be worked 9/16", S18 only. only. 3 " ceiling shall be worked 11/16", 818 panel stock $28 shall be 7/32". panel stock S2S shall be 5/16". " panel stock $28 shall be 7/16". panel stock S28 shall be 9/16". 5/4, 6/4, and 8/4 Turning Stock shall be worked to same finished thicknesses lumber. 3" x 3" to 8" x 8" Squares S48 shall be 14" less than the rough sizes. as All widths of ceiling to be the same flooring unless otherwise specified. Ceiling up to 34" face to have one bead on edge and celling wider than 34" face to be beaded center and edge. Partition to be finished the same as ceil- ing but on both faces. Drop siding shall be worked 4" x 34", 44" 54". 74", 9" face, S2S and C. M. or shiplapped. Bevel siding or bevel cribbing shall be worked " less in width than the rough ½" strip measure. This grade will not be and shall be This grade TANK STOCK. 8' shall be random widths, and furnished in specified widths, graded from the poorer side. shall be 5" and wider, 1" to 4" thick and 8' and over in length. Pieces up to 7" shall be free from sap. Pieces 7" to 13" may have 1" of sound sap one edge, not to exceed half the length and half the thickness of the piece. Pieces 14" and wider may have 1" of 0 164 sound sap on both edges not to exceed half the length and half the thickness of the piece. In all widths sound knots that do not impair usefulness for tank purposes may be admitted. FIRST AND SECOND CLEAR. This grade shall be random widths, and will not be furnished in specified widths, and shall be graded from the poorer side. This grade shall be 8" and wider, 1" to 4" thick and 10' and over in length. Pieces 8" to 10" may have 1" of bright sap on each edge, or its equivalent on one or both edges, otherwise, they they must be clear. Pieces 10" and under 12" may have 1½" of bright sap on each edge or 3" on one edge, and may have one standard knot. Pieces 12" wide may have 2" of bright sap on each edge, or 4" on one edge and may have one standard knot; or, in lieu of sap, may have two standard knots or their equivalent in knots. Pieces wider than 12 may admit of defects as specified above in proportion as width increases. -Pieces 10" and wider may admit of one end split, which shall not exceed in length the width of the piece. Pieces 12" and less in width, free from other defects, may have bright sap across one face one end, but this cap shall not exceed in length one-tenth of the length of the piece. In pieces 13" and wider bright sap is not a defect. SELECTS. at This grade shall be random widths, and will not be furnished in specified widths, and shall be graded from the better side, but the reverse side shall not be of of a lower grade than No. grade than No. 1 Shop or No. 1 Common. This grade shall be 7" and wider, but will not be furnished wider than 12"; shall be 1" to 4" thick 10' and longer. Pieces 10" and under in width shall admit two standard knots and an additional standard knot for every 2" in width over 10". Pieces free from other defects, 10" and over in width, to admit pin worm holes on one edge one-tenth the width of the piece. Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. Slight wane on pieces 10" and over in width is allowed on one edge not over 3' in length. When no other defect appears, slight amount of stained sap may be al- lowed. Pieces 10" and wider may admit of one end split which shall not exceed in length the width of the plece. 165 SHOP. This grade shall be random widths, and will not be furnished in specified widths; shall be 5" and wider, 1" to 4" thick, 8' and longer, and shall be graded No. 1 and No. 2 Shop. In both grades of Shop, parts not included in the stipulated per- centage of good cuttings may be thin and may be of any grade. No. 1 SHOP. In this grade the 1" shall cut for shop use 60% or better of the following cut- tings or rippings or both: 5" wide or wider, by 3' long, or longer; and 9½" wide, or wider, wider, by by 18" long, or longer; and strips 2" wide, or wider, ripped the entire length of the piece from pieces 8 to 12' long, and strips 2" wide or wider, 12' long or longer, ripped from pieces 14' or longer. In this grade 11" and thicker shall cut for shop use 60% or better of the follow- ing cuttings or rippings or both: 54" wide or wider, by 3' long or longer; 9" wide or wider, by 2' 4" long or longer; and strips 2" wide br wider, ripped the entire length of the piece from pieces 8' to 12' long. and strips 2" wide. 2" wide or wider, 12' long or longer, ripped from pieces 14' or or longer. In the above cuttings bright sap shall be admitted. No. 2 SHOP. This grade shall cut for shop use 40% to 60% of the same size cuttings or rip- pings or both as the corresponding thick- nesses in No. 1 Shop. In the above cut- tings bright sap shall be admitted. SELECTED COMMON TANK STOCK. This grade shall be 4" wide, or wider, 1½" and 2" thick, 8' and over in length. Sound sap no defect in this grade, but must be free from unsound knots or other defects that extend through the thickness of the piece, and must be square edged to work the full length of the piece. No. 1 COMMON. This grade may be either random or specified widths, shall be 3" and wider, 1" and thicker, 8' and over in length, ad- mitting sap, bright or stained, shake, sen- son checks, knots, pin worm holes, a small amount of neck on one side and one edge, or very slight peek on both sides and both edges of pieces. of pieces comparatively free from coarse defects; which defects, however, 166 shall not be sufficient to seriously impair the strength, or prevent the use of each piece for "common" purposes in its full length and full width. No. 2 COMMON. in This grade may be either random or specified widths. 3" and wider, 1" and thicker, 6' and over in length, admitting all the defects allowed in .No. 1 Common grade and in addition will admit peck on both sides, loose knots and knot holes; however, above defects shall not be suf ficient to cause more than one-third waste in this grade, when used for ordinary box making, crating and sheathing purposes. The 1 x 6 in this grade shall have suf- ficient strength to permit its use as low grade fencing. The "dimension" in this grade shall be 2" and thicker, 4" and wider, shall admit all defects allowed in No. 1 Common but same may be larger and coarser; and will also admit of peck on all sides, but each piece must have sufficient strength to per- mit its use in full width and length for very common purposes. CULL OR PECK. This grade may be random or specified widths 3" and wider, 1" to 4" thick, 4' and over in length. Shall admit all pieces below the grade of No. 2 Common and shall also admit the product of that part of the log known as "pecky;" however. each piece shall have sufficient strength and nailing surface to permit its use as a low grade boxing, crating, sheathing and foun- dation material FINISHING. Shall be specified widths 4" and wider. 1" to 2" thick, 10' and over long, and shall be graded from the better side A. B and C. but the reverse side should not be more than one grade lower. All grades of finish, rough or S18 or $28 may vary 4" from the width specified. "A" FINISH.-Pieces 4" and 5" 5" wide shall be clear of sap, knots and other de- fects. Pieces 6" wide may have have 1" of bright sap, or in lieu of sap one small sound knot. Pieces 7" and 8" wide may have 2" of bright sap, or in lieu of sap one small sound knot. Pieces 9" and 10" wide may have 3" of bright sap, or in lieu of sap two small sound knots, or 1½" of bright sap and one small sound knot. Pieces 12" wide may have 4" of bright sap. or in lieu of san one standard knot, 167 or two small sound knots, or 2" of brigh sap and one small sound knot. Pieces 14 or wider may have more defects in pro portion as the width increases. "D pin w that third "B" FINISH.-Pieces 4", 5" and 6 wide may have 2" of bright sap and one or two small sound knots, or in lieu of knots may have all bright sap. Pieces and 8" wide may have 3" of bright sap and two small sound knots, or in lieu of knots may have all bright sap. Pieces 9" and 10" wide may have 4" of bright sap and one standard knot or three small sound knots, or in lieu of knots may have all bright sap. Pieces 12" wide may have 6" of bright sap and one standard or four small sound knots, or in lieu of knots may have all bright sap. This grade will not be furnished wider than 12" Sha length if both trem "A we-fou "B" spif Contai ep. of at as Wiste "C" FINISH.-All widths in this grade splic shall admit small sound knots, stained sap. pin worms and other defects except shake; but none that will prevent the use of same in its full width and length as a paint grade.ects and will admit pieces containing one coarse defect which can be removed by making two cuts with a waste of not to exceed 5% in the one piece removed, but which pieces are of the otherwise "B" grade or better. This grade I will not be furnished wider than 12". ay h deck "C" sap, s D "D" (or Selected Common) FINISH.-All widths will admit sound knots, stained sap. pin worms, slight shakes, and other defects:ece but none that will prevent the use of same in its full width and length as a common paint grade. This grade will not be furnished wider than 12". PANEL STOCK. Shall be " and thicker, 8" and wider. "B" and better, and shall be graded from the poorer side. SIDING. Siding shall be 4" and 6" in width, 10 to 20' in length, and graded from the finished side, A, B, C and D. "A" SIDING.-May have 1" of bright sap on thin edge, and may contain one small sound knot. "B" SIDING.-May have any amount of bright sap, or if not all bright sap, may have three small sound knots, or any other defect in wane on the thin edge, shake, split or pin worm holes not exceeding in damage the three small sound knots above described. "C" SIDING.-May have one to five knots, the whole not aggregating over 3" in diam- eter, or knots, splits or other defects that can be removed in two cuts with waste not exceeding 10% of the length, or may have Lakes. defects ne-thi Shall ing and poorer 14 Shall Ix" 113/16" 14" 11/16" 146" 15/16 No. 1 sap no Sound No. knots. pletel едове 168 - small amount of stained sap and pin worm holes not exceeding in damage the five small knots above described. "D" SIDING.-May have stained sap and pin worm holes, or may have other defects that will not cause a waste to exceed one- third the piece. FLOORING AND CEILING. Shall be specified widths, 10' to 20' in : length and graded from the finished side, or if both sides are finished, it shall be graded from the better side, A. B. C and D. "A"-May have bright sap on one edge one-fourth its width, otherwise must be clear. "B"-May have one-half of its face bright sap if otherwise clear, or in lieu of sap, may contain two small sound knots, or may have a split not to exceed 9" at one end. "C" (10 to 20 feet)-May have all bright sap, or may have one to five knots the whole s not aggregating over 3", or knots or other - defects that can be removed in two cuts with waste not exceeding 10% of the length, or may have three pin-worm holes, or may have check or split at one end, not to exceed 10% of the length. "C" (4 to 9 feet)-May have all bright sap, small sound knots, stained sap, pin- - worm holes and other defects except shake, but none that will prevent the use of each piece the full length. "D"-May have stained sap and pin worm holes, or may have unsound knots or other à defects that will not cause a waste to exceed one-third the piece. PARTITION. Shall be same widths and lengths as floor- ing and ceiling, but shall be graded from the poorer side, A. B, C and D, same grading to apply as in flooring and ceiling. PICKETS. Shall be graded No. 1 and No. 2. 1"x1" shall be Headed and S4S to 13/16" x13/16". 14"x14" shall be Headed and S4S to 1 1/16"x1 1/16". 1½"x12" shall be Headed and S4S to 1 5/16"x1 5/16". 1"x3" shall be Headed and S48 to 4"x2". No. 1.-Shall be well manufactured, bright sap no defect and may contain one small sound knot. No. 2.-Shall admit stained sap, sound knots, pin worm holes, slight shake, and pickets thrown out of the No. 1 grade be- cause of poor manufacture. 169 TURNING SQUARES. Sizes, 4x4 to 8x8. Lengths, 8' and longer. Will admit one-quarter their size in sap on one corner, showing on two faces, and may contain one to five small sound knots. CAR ROOFING AND SIDING. "C AND BETTER" GRADE.-This grade will admit sound knots, stained sap, pin- worm holes, very slight shake and other de- fects, but none that will prevent the use of each piece in its full width and length for car roofing and car siding; may be random or specified lengths and may be worked to pattern specified and graded from pattern side or S2S and C M and graded from the better side. CAR LINING. Shall be specified widths and 8 to 20 feet in length. Will admit tight knots, stained sap, pin-worm holes, slight shake and other defects, but none that will prevent the of each piece in its full width and length for car lining purposes. SHINGLES. BESTS. A dimension shingle, 4, 5 and 6" in width, 16" long, each width packed sepa rately, 5 butts to measure 2", to be all heart and free of shake, knots and other defects. PRIMES-A dimension shingle, 4, 5 and 6" in width, 16" long, each width packed sepa rately, 5 butts to measure 2", admitting tight knots and sap, but free of shake and other defects, but with no knots within 8" of the butts. This grade may contain shingles clipped two-thirds of the width and one-eighth of the lengt hon the point. STAR A STAR.A random width shingle 3" and wider, 14" to 16" long, otherwise the same as primes. ECONOMY.-Dimensions, 4, 5, and 6", each width separately bunched, admitting sap and sound knots, may have slight peck 5" from butts, imperfections on points no ob- jection and admitting 14" shingles. CLIPPERS.-All shingles below the above. grades which are sound for 5" from the butts, worm holes and slight peck excepted, random widths 2½" and wider. The count of our manufacture of shingles, of all grades, is based on 4,000 lineal inches. in width, making 1,000 standard shingles, consequently there would be only 667 6" shingles packed and counted as 1,000 stand- ard shingles; 5" dimensions being counted in like proportion, 170 In making reinspection of shingles, one bundle out of twenty bundles, taken at random, shall be cut open, the results of this investigation to form the basis of arriving at the grade of the entire shipment. Classification and Inspection for TUPELO Adopted June 28, 1906. 1910. Amended May 18, Copyright, 1908, by the Southern Cypress Manufacturers' Association. These rules on Cypress and Tupelo are the rules adopted by the Southern Cypress Manu- facturers Association, at New Orleans, La., May 18, 1910, current at the time of printing this book, but any changes which that Asso- ciation may officially make in their Cypress and Tupelo rules, as shown by the publishing of a new book by them, will cancel these rules, and the current issue thereof will be the official rules of this Association on Cy- press and Tupelo. General Explanations. All tapering boards shall be measured at one-third the distance from the narrow end. Lumber shall be manufactured and shipped in standard lengths and thicknesses. All lumber shipped in the rough shall be of sufficient thickness to S1S or S2S to the same standard thicknesses as cypress. The standard finished sizes shall be the same as those of cypress. Scant sawed lumber shall be reduced to the next standard thickness. All random standard length stock may be furnished in odd as well as even foot lengths, but there shall not be to exceed twenty per cent. of odd lengths in any one item. Box boards shall be 12, 14 and 16 feet. 1st and 2nd clear shall be 10 to 20 feet. No. 1 Common shall be 6 feet and longer. No. 2 Common shall be 4 feet and longer Flooring, ceiling, partition, bevel and drop iding and wainscoting shall 10 to 20 feet. Casing, base and mouldings shall be 6 to 20 feet in both odd and even foot lengths, but not exceeding 10 per cent of 6, 7, 8, and 9-foot lengths. All lumber less than one inch in thick- ness shall be measured face measure. Bright sap in Tupelo is not to be consid ered a defect, and sap shall be considered bright which will show bright when planed. once. Ordinary season checks are not to be con- sidered defects. 171 Clear face cuttings must show face clear of all defects except bright sap, except as hereinafter stated. The reverse side of clear face cuttings may contain small defects or one large defect not exceeding two inches in diameter that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece and that will not show through to the face when worked. Standard Defects. One knot 14 inches in diameter. Two knots not exceeding in extent one standard knot. Worm holes, grub holes, or rafting pin holes not exceeding in extent or damage one standard knot. One bark edge or wane not to exceed one inch in the aggregate, running not to exceed one-third the length of the board and show- ing on one edge only, said wane to be measured. Splits that do not diverge more than one inch for each foot in length are straight splits. Wide pieces of lumber that would take two or three standard defects may have one large defect equal in damage to three standard defects. Standard Grades. All standard grades of Tupelo shall be classified for the purpose of inspection, follows: Box Boards, first and second clear, No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common. Wagon Box Boards. Lengths, 12, 14, and 16 feet. Widths, 8 to 12 inches, and 13 to 17 inches. Thickness, one inch. In WAGON BOX BOARDS bright sap or slightly discolored sap that will dress up sound, not necessarily bright but not black, admitted. One sound knot not to exceed one inch in diameter, showing on one side only, will be admitted in this grade. Splits in 12 foot may be fifteen inches long, or any defect that will cut off leaving the board 10 feet 6 inches long. 14 foot is used for making one side 10 feet 6 inches, and one end 3 feet 6 inches, so a split is a serious defect in this length; but ten per cent. of all 14 foot in a given lot may have one split not to exceed 12 inches in length. 16 foot may have any defect showing through the piece, provided it will cut two pieces same as a 14- foot board. 172 First and Second Clear. Shall be six inches and over in width, 10 to 20 feet in length; pieces six inches to eight inches wide shall be clear. Pieces nine inches to 10 inches wide shall admit one standard defect or its equivalent; pieces 11 inches to 12 inches wide shall admit two standard defects or their equivalent, for each additional two inches in width over 12 in- ches, an additional standard defect or its equivalent shall be admitted. In this grade traight splits shall be admitted which do not exceed in length the width of the piece in inches. Slightly discolored sap which will dress up sound, not necessarily bright, but not black, shall be admitted. No. 1 Common, or Shop. Lengths-Six to 20 feet, not to exceed 10 per cent. of six-foot lengths. Widths-Four inches and over. This grade must work 66 2/3% or better clear face cuttings. Smallest cutting allowed nust contain 144 square inches, and it must aot be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. No. 1 Boxing. Lengths 4 to 20 feet, widths 4 inches and wider, will admit of knots, stains, holes, shake, wane, and other defects, the same, however, to cut 75% or better for ordi- nary box-making or crating purposes. No. 2 Boxing. Shall be three inches and over in width, four feet and over in length, and shall admit all pieces below the grade of No. 1 Boxing which will work at least one-half for ordi- nary box-making purposes. Stain, worm holes, warped and woolly pieces belong in this grade. Car Siding Strips. Shall be specified lengths, one inch thick and six inches wide, and shall have one clear face. Bevel Siding. B and Better Grade. Shall admit slightly discolored sap, or three sound knots, not to exceed three-quarters of an inch in diameter. C Grade. Shall comprise stock not up to grade of B, admitting unsound knots, splits, etc., provided three-fourths of the piece will work merchantable. Drop Siding. C and Better Grade. ored sap, two standard knots, or their el- Shall admit of discol 173 valent in small knots or other defects, pro- vided the piece will work 75 per cent. with- out waste. Flooring and Ceiling. B and Better Grade. Shall admit of one standard knot or three small knots and slight sap stains. C Grade. Shall comprise stock not up to grade of B, provided three-fourths of the piece will work merchantable. Four and six-inch flooring and ceiling shall be worked 3% and 5-inch face. Partition. B and Better Grade. Will be graded the same as B and better flooring on both sides. Wainscoting. Shall be graded the same as flooring and ceiling. Casing, Base and Mouldings. Shall be based on Universal Moulding Book. WEIGHTS OF CYPRESS AND TUPELO. Pounds per M. S1S Rough or S28 Lumber 2½" and 3".. Lumber 2" Lumber 1½", 14" and 1".. 1" Lumber, Rough, Resawed 1" Lumber, Rough, Resawed twice 1" Lumber, S2S and sawed 1" Lumber, Resawed and S2S afterwards Green Dry Dry 5,000 3,500 2,900 5,000 3,200 2,600 5,000 3,000 2,400 2,800 2,700 and Re- 2,250 2,000 2,800 S18 or $28 2" Lumber, Rough, Resawed twice " Panel Stock... 1½" Panel Stock. "Panel Stock. 34" Panel Stock.... Dry ...1,100 ..1,400 ..1,700 ..2,200 13/16" Flooring, Partition, Drop Siding Shiplap Moulded Casing and Base..2,200 5%" Celling .1.600 14" Ceiling .1,300 "Ceiling ..1,000 1½" Bevel Siding.. .1,000 Shingles, all grades. 300 Lath, " 500 Lath, " 900 174 Byrkit's Sheathing Lath. 1"x1" 4' Pickets, Headed and S4S to 13/16"x13/16" 14"x14"-2' Pickets, Headed and S4S .1,500 800 to 1 1/16" x1 1/16" 600 14"x14"-3' Pickets, Headed and S48 to 1 1/16"x1 1/16" 900 to 1 1/16"x1 5/16". to 1 5/16"x1 5/16". 14"x14" 4' Pickets, Headed and 1½"x1"-2' Pickets, Headed and 1½"x12"-3" Pickets. Headed and S48 1,200 $48 S4S ..1,000 S4S to 1 5/16"x1 5/16". ..1,500 1½"x1"-4' Pickets, Headed and S4S to 1 5/16"x1 5/16". ...2,000 1"x3"-2' Pickets, Headed and S48 to 4"x2" 850 1"x3" 3' Pickets, Headed and S4S to "x2" ..1,275 1"x3" 4' Pickets, Headed and S4S to "x24" .1,700 O. G. Battens, 2". 300 O. G. Battens, 221 350 400 300 O. G. Battens, 3". 34"x3" Battens, $18. 14"x14"x18" Squares (add 60 lbs. for each 2" over 18") per M pieces.... 1½"x12"x18" Squares (add 95 lbs. for each 2" over 18") per M pieces. 2"x2"x18" Squares (add 165 lbs. for each 2" over 18") per M pieces... 600 850 .1,500 175 OFFICIAL SYMBOLS FOR GRADE MARKS PANEL AND WIDE Nº1. WIDE Nº2. BOX BOARDS FAS OR FIRSTS & SECONDS SAPS OABESA SELECTS NOI.COMMON. C Nº2.COMMON. Nº3.COMMON. 3 No4.COMMON. 1 176 Universal Standard Log Scale A combination of the Doyle and Scribner rules. Doyle 27 inches and under. Scribner 28 Inches and over. OFFICIAL SCALE OF THE HARDWOOD MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES LENGTH IN FEET 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 10 18 23 27 32 36 41 46 50 54 11 24 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 74 12 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 13 40 14 50 50 61 71 81 91 101 111❘ 122 15 60 17 88NI 62 75 88 100 112 125 137 150 75 91 106 121 136 151 166 181 16 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 84 106 127 148 169 190 211 232 253 18 98 122 147 171 196 220 245 269 294 19 112 141 169 197 225 253 280 309 338 20 128 160 192 224 256 288 320 352 384 21 144 181 217 253 289 325 361 397 433 22 162 202 202 243 243 283 283 324 364 404 445 486 23 180 226 271 313 359 406 452 496 541 24 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 220 276 331 331 386 441 496 551 606 661 26 242 242 302 302 363 363 423 484 544 605 665 726 27 264 264 330 330 397 397 463 530 596 661 726 794 28 291 363 436 509 582 654 728 800 873 29 305 381 457 533 609 685 761 238 914 30 328 411 493 575 657 739 821 904 986 31 355 32 368 444 532 622 710 799 888 976 1065 460 552 644 736 828 920 1012 1104 33 392 490 588 686 784 882 980 1078 1176 134 400 500 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 35 438 547 657 766 876 985 1095 1204 1314 DIAMETER IN INCHES 40 602 136 462 577 692 37 514 644 772 38 534 669 801 934 1068 1201 1335 1468 1600 39 560 700 700 840 980 1120 1260 1400 1540 1682 752 903 1053 1204 1354 1505 1655 1806 +1 636 795 954 1113 1272 1431 1590 1749 1908 42 671 840 1007 1175 1343 1511 1679 1846 2014 43 698 872 1046 1222 1396 1571 1745 1918 2092 +4 740 925 1110 1295 1480 1665 1850 2035 2220 45 759 949 1139 1329 1518 1707 1898 146 793 991 1190 1388 1587 1785 1983 47 828 1035 1242 1449 1656 1962 2070 48 864 1080 1296 1512 1728 1944 2160 807 923 1088 1152 1268 1384 901 1029 1158 1287 1415 1544 177 SPECIFICATIONS FOR YELLOW PINE. ISSUED BY THE NAVY DEPARTMENT, MAY 25, 1910. Superseding "Specifications 19P2," issued November, 1901, and March 9, 1908. No. 1 Yellow Pine. All lumber must be sound, fine grain, long leaf yellow pine, well manufactured and well seasoned, sawed fair and full to the sizes given, and, except where otherwise specified, to be free from loose, branch, or unsound knots, knot holes, wormholes, through or round shakes, pitch pockets, cen- ters, heart pitch, dark sap, cross-grain, and wane. Stained, warped, twisted, or mis- sawn lumber will not be accepted. Sound tight knots and bright sap allowed within the limits given below. Pitch pock- ets may be allowed instead of knots where the damage due to the pockets does not ex- ceed that caused by the knots allowed under the rules. Where heart centers are allowed they must be completely boxed in and tight. A through shake is one through from side to side or from edge to edge, or from side to edge. The limitations as to size and number of knots refer to the heart face. In the meas- urement of knots the average diameter must be taken. The allowance of one knot 1% in- ches in diameter in 6 feet means that the piece may have one knot 1½ inches or a greater number of smaller ones less than 1½ inches, but not exceeding the equivalent. In the limitation as to size, number, and percentage free from knots no account shall be taken of knots one-half or less of the diameter of the maximum knot allowed in the grade, or, if no knots are allowed, of the maximum knot in the next lower grade. Knots covered by this exception must not exceed three-fourths inch in diameter. Where widths or lengths are given in these rules they are to be taken as inclusive unless otherwise specified. I. Boards.-(Thicknesses under 2 inches.) Must be bright, with heart face, except that 1 inch of bright sap is allowed on one edge; to be free from splits, shakes, and centers. Sound tight knots will be allowed as fol- lows: For widths under 11 inches, one knot of 1 inch diameter for each 6 feet of length. For widths of 11 inches and over, one knot of 14 inches diameter for each 6 feet of length. Ninety per cent of the total number of pieces must be free from knots. 178 Planks. 11. (Thicknesses of 2 inches and over up to 5 inches.) Must be bright and free from splits, shakes, and centers. (a) Widths under 9 inches must show three corners heart and not more than 1 inch sap on fourth corner. Sound tight knots will be allowed as follows: Thicknesses up to 34 inches, one knot of 14 inches diam- eter for each 6 feet of length. Thicknesses of 4 inches and over, one knot of 1% inches diameter for each 6 feet of length. Eighty per cent of all pieces to be clear of knots. (b) Widths of 9 inches and over must show one heart face and at least two-thirds heart on opposite face. Sound tight knots will be allowed as fol- lows: Thicknesses up to 4 inches, one knot of 1½ inches diameter for each 6 feet of length; under 3 inches, 80 per cent of the pieces to be clear of knots; 3 inches and over, 70 per cent of all pieces to be clear of knots. Thicknesses of 5 inches and over, one knot of 14 inches diameter for each 6 feet of length; 70 per cent of the pieces to be clear of knots. Dimension Sizes. III. (6 inches thick and over.)-Must be The bright and free from splits and shakes. sap on each corner must not exceed one-sixth of the width of the face. Sound tight knots. will be allowed as follows: (a) For thicknesses under 8 inches, one knot of 2 inches diameter for each 6 feet of length. (b) For thicknesses of 8 inches or over, the size of knots may be proportionately larger. Note.-Under (a) pieces pieces must be from centers. No. 2 Yellow Pine (Prime). free All lumber must be sound, commercial long leaf yellow pine (lumber combining large coarse knots with coarse grain will not be accepted); to be well manufactured, well seasoned, sawed fair and full to the sizes given, and saw-butted. Except as other- wise specified, must be free from unsound, loose, or hollow knots, knot holes, holes, through or round shakes, dark sap. Warped, cross-grain, and injurious wane. twisted, stained, or missawn lumber will not be accepted. A through shake is one through from side to side, or from edge to edge, or from side. to edge. 179 Where heart centers occur they must be completely boxed in and tight. Where the terms one-half and two-thirds heart are used they shall be considered as referring to the area of the face on which measured. The knots classed as "large" are to be understood as increasing in diameter accord- ing to the width or thickness of the plece. In boards, the term will include knots over 14 inches for narrow pieces, or over 1 inches for wide pieces. Similarly for plank, large knots are those ranging from over 1% inches to over 24 inches for the greatest widths and thicknesses. Dimension sizes will allow of proportional increase. Boards. I. Must be bright, free from centers, wane, round or through shakes, and large or unsound knots. (a) Widths 7 inches and under must show one heart face. (b) Widths over 7 inches must show two- thirds heart on both sides. Plank. II. Must be bright, free from wane, round or through shakes, and large or un- sound knots; at least 50 per cent to be free from centers. (a) Widths 7 inches and under must show three corners heart. (b) Widths over 7 inches must show two- thirds heart on both sides. Dimension Sizes. III. Must be bright and free from injur ious shakes and knots. (a) Square lumber must show two-thirds heart on two sides and not less than one- half heart on two other sides. (b) Sizes where width does not exceed thickness by 3 inches must show two-thirds heart and face and heart for two-thirds of length on edges. (c) Sizes where width exceeds thickness by 3 inches or more shall show two-thirds heart on face and heart on edges for one- half the length. No. 1 Yellow Pine Ceiling. To be best quality clear yellow pine; to be well seasoned and well manufactured and free from all defects. To be matched, dress- ed, and center beaded on both sides; width and thickness as may be ordered. Length to be from 12 to 16 feet. 180 Yellow Pine Flooring. To be best quality long leaf yellow pine. Must be all heart, except that 1 inch of bright sap will be allowed on one corner; to be rift or vertical grain the entire length, free from splits, shakes, and knots; the heart face must be free from pitch pockets and resin streaks; to be well seasoned, matched, and dressed on both sides. Width and thickness to be as ordered; length to be from 12 to 16 feet. Yellow Pine Decking. To be of best quality fine grained long leaf yellow pine, that has not been tapped, from the Gulf ports; to be in lengths 16 to 40 feet and up, averaging at least 24 feet; to be well manufactured, well seasoned, and sawed fair and full to the sizes given. To be all heart and edge grain, free from splits, shakes, heart centers, and corner knots; 2 by 2 inches, 2 by 3 inches, 2 by 4 inches, and intermediate sizes to have no knots exceeding three-fourths inch in diam- eter; 2 by 5 inches, 2 by 6 inches, 3 by 3 inches, 3 by 4 inches, 3 by 5 inches, 3 by 6 inches, and intermediate sizes to have no knots exceeding 1 inch diameter; larger sizes to have no knots exceeding 1½ inches diam- 12 eter. Perfectly sound tight knots up to the sizes given above will be allowed on the under- side of piece or in the lower half of calking edges, but no knots must show on corners after working. In square decking one face and in other decking one wide face must be absolutely. clear and must show edge grain its entire length. Margin Pieces. To conform in quality to the above specf- fications, except the requirements as to edge. grain, which are modified as follows: Up to 6 inches in width to show all edge grain. Seven to 9 inches, inclusive, to show 6 inches edge grain, all on one side. Ten inches and over no requirement as to edge grain, and bright sap allowed on lower face and sides not to exceed a total of one- eighth of the width or one-fourth of the thickness. Yellow Pine Hewn Timber. To be in lengths from 25 to 70 feet and to average at least 40 feet. No stick to contain less than 600 feet board measure: 181 at least 50 per cent of the total to average 1,500 feet board measure and the remainder at least 1,000 feet board measure. To be best quality fine grained long leaf yellow pine from the Gulf ports. To be sound and free from rot, red heart, twisted growth, and cat face. To be free from un- sound, rotten, or injurious knots. No sound knot to exceed 3 inches in diameter and the number of knots in each stick not to exceed one to every 7 feet of length. To be free from injurious rotten shakes, wind shakes, or resin shakes. To be practically straight. Taper to be uniform and not to exceed 1 inch in 15 running feet. Must be well man- ufactured; hewn on four sides, a few slight ax marks being allowed. May show 1½ in- ches wane on all four corners, or not ex- ceeding 3 inches of wane on only one corner of any stick, not for more than one-half the length of same. Not over 25 per cent of the number of pieces to show score hacks, sub- ject to an allowance of 1 inch measured off each side showing same, and no score hacks allowed deeper than one-half inch on any face. To show heartwood at least one-third the length on two faces two faces and one-fifth the length on other two sides. Measurement to be as follows: The length to be taken inside the pin holes, and the breadth and depth to be taken at the middle of the stick, which, with the lengh, shall be considered size for computa- tion. Trimming must be done if found neces- sary. Each log to be plainly numbered on both ends, corresponding number to be given on invoice followed by size of log. Yellow Pine-Hewn Sticks for Masts and Spars. Lengths to be from 65 to 85 feet and up. averaging 70 feet. To be from 17 to 24 inches in diameter at middle of length, and to average at least 2,200 feet board measure to stick. To be best quality fine grained, long leaf yellow pine from the Gulf ports. To be sound and free from rot, red heart, twisted growth, and cat face. To be straight; no sweep allowed. Taper to be uniform, and not to exceed 1 inch in 15 running feet. May show 3 inches wane on each corner, or such an amount as will, in the judgment of the inspector, not injure the sticks for the purpose intended. Must be fairly manufactured; hewn on four sides, a few slight ax marks will be allowed. Not over 25 per cent to show score hacks, sub- Ject to an allowance of 1 inch measured off ench side showing same, and no score hack allowed deeper than one-half inch. 182 To show heart at least one-third of the length on each of the four sides. To be free from unsound, rotten, or in- jurious knots. No sound knots to exceed 3 inches in diameter, and the number of knots in each piece not to exceed one to every 7 feet in length. To be free from wind, resin or any other injurious shake. Measurement to be as follows: The length to be taken inside of pin holes. The breadth and depth at the middle of the length shall, with the length, be considerel the size for computation. Trimming must be done if found necessary. Copies of the above specifications can be obtained upon application to the various navy pay offices or to the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, Navy Department, Washington, D. C. References: S. and A. A. cases 47439 and 112083; Bu. C. and R. 128-A. 1159, 939- A., Mar. 5, 1908; Bu. C. and R. 939-A. 349 and 128-A. 1184, (AH), May 31, 1910. 183 Issued January 25, 1912. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE-Circular 189. Henry S. Graves, Forester. Forest Products Laboratory Series. STRENGTH VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBERS. By MCGARVEY CLINE, Director, Forest Products Laboratory. RESULTS. Tables 1 and 2 give the average results obtained from tests on green material, while Tables 3 and 4 give average results from tests on air-seasoned material. The small specimens, which were invariably 2 by 2 in- ches in cross section, were free from defects such as knots, checks, and cross grain; all other specimens were representative of ma terial secured in the open market. The re- lation of stresses developed in different struc- tural forms to those developed in the small clear specimens is shown for each factor in the column headed "Ratio to 2"x2"." Tests to determine the mechanical properties of different species are often confined to small. clear specimens. The ratios included in the tables may be applied to such results in or- der to approximate the strength of the spe- cies in structural sizes, and containing the defects usually encountered, when tests on such forms are not available. A comparison of the results of tests on seasoned material with those from tests on green material shows that, without excep- tion, the strength of the 2 by 2 inch speci- mens is increased by lowering the moisture. content, but that increase in strength of other sizes is much more erratic. Some speci- mens, in fact, show an apparent loss in strength due to seasoning. If structural tim- bers are seasoned slowly, in order to avoid. excessive checking, there should be an in- crease in their strength. In the light of these facts it is not safe to base working stresses on results secured from any but green material. For a discussion of factors of safety and safe-working stresses for struc- tural timbers, the reader is referred to the report of the committee on wooden bridges and trestles of the Railway Engineering & Maintenance of Way Association published in the Association Bulletin 107. 185 TABLE 1.-Bending Tests on Green Material. Species. Longleaf pipe..... Cross seo- tion. Sizes. Span. Number of tests. Per cent of moisture. Rings per inch. 1 7768221063000 1717217∞ 320210 TOTOOLOOTTOOSID7A49362 6843 19001 180 180 JOUUD 12222 ∞22228. DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 82222 22222 186 TABLE 1.-Bending Tests on Green Material. F. 8. at E. L. M. of R. M. of E Calculated shear. red data r square inch. Ratio to 2" by 2". Average per square inch. Ratio to 2" by 2". Average per square inch. Ratio to 2" by 2´´ 0.74 1,000 ibs. 1.523 71 1,626 60 1.368 71 1,190 ,580 ,735 72 1.412 63 1,282 1.00 1,540 .72 1.517 .63 1.533 1,642 .57 1,593 1.607 .64 1,531 624 1.716 68 1,676 1,636 1.00 .71 1,480 888282 828282 3,519 376 .74 1,485 1.00 1,895 1.0 .64 1.272.97 .73 1,331 1.02 74 1.432 1.00 1.310 1.00 69 1.406 64 1.383 3.875 3,516 1.00 1,440 .66 1.202 .68 1.238 1.00 1,141 1.445 1.00 1,428 .64 1,016 .64 1,068 76 1,324 1.25 .62 947 54 1,052 58 1,107 10 .58 1,141 1.08 .750 1.00 6.980 1.00 1,061 1.00 3,572 | 0.69 987 .79 1,255 88888 ....... 8888818: 838 red agains square inch Ratio to 2" by 2 ~រ TABLE 2.-Compression and Shear Tests Green Material. Compression II to grain. Spectes. 6262 2 by 62652 ..... 6262 72 ធីនទីន ទី១៩២៥ 69 68889 88 cccccccc ៩ន៥៩៥ន៩៩៩ 107 12652 5 by 2662 2 by 2 ដទទ៩ ៩៨៥ ទាំង లులు 908 37798 Inches Size of specimen. Number of tests, Per cent of mois- ture. Cr. str. at E. L., per square inch. M. of E., per square inch. Cr. str. at max. ld., per square inch. ឥ៩៩៩ 188 TABLE 2.-Compression and Shear Tests Green Material. Compression to grain. Shear. Stress area. Height. Number of tests. Per cent of mois- ture. Cr. str. at E. L., per square inch. Number of tests. Per cent of mois- ture. Shear strength. Inches. 4 by 4 4 6 by 8 16 104202020408 སྶ :ཉྩ 33333 7 2222222382% 12 42.8 24 53.0 6 by 4 2 by 2 22 22 22 ४ 48.7 434 13 86.7 83.0 13 74.7 75.6 66 5 13 02012002 31332128 12 11 55.0 5. 38888 # 21 8 .. 77 35.8 F2 47.0 631 ..... 704 :888 2 148 84.2 742 56.7 75.5 20 589 31.8 50.4 310 270 .39090 651 6330 189 ། TABLE 3.-Bending Tests on Air-Seasoned Material. Species. Cross sec- tion. Bizes. Span. Number of tests. Per cent of moisture. Rings per inch. Inches. Ins. Longleaf pine..... 8 by 16 180 5 22.2 16.0 6 by 16 132 1 23.4 17.1 6 by 10 177 2 19.0 8.8 4 by 11 180 1 18.4 23.9 6 by 8 177 6 20.0 13.7 2 by 2 30 17 15.9 13.9 Douglas fir 8 by 16 180 91 20.8 13.1 5 by 8 180 30 14.9 12.2 2 by 2 24 211 19 0 16.4 Short leaf pine.... 8 by 16 180 3 17 0 12.3 8 by 14 180 3 16.0 12.3 8 by 12 180 7 16.0 12.4 5 by 8,180 6 12 2 22 5 2 by 2 30. 67 14.2 13 7 Western larch... 8 by 16 180 23 18.3 21 9 8 by 12 180 29 17.8 23.4 5 by 8 180 10 13.6 27 6 2 by 2 30 240 16.1 16.1 26.8 Loblolly pine.. 8 by 16 180 14 14 20.5 74 6 by 16 126 4 20.2 5.0 6 by 10 174 3 21 3 4.7 4 by 12 174 4 19.8 4.7 8 by 8 180 9 22.9 4.9 6 by 7 144 2 21.1 5.0 4 by 8 132 8 19.5 9.1 2 by 2 30 123 17.6 6.6 Tamarack.. 6 by 12 162 5 23 0 23 0 15.1 4 by 10 162 4 14. 4 9.7 2 by 2 30 47 11 3 16.2 Western hemlock. 8 by 16 180 44 177 178 2 by 2 28 311 17 9 19.4 Redwood.. 8 by 16 180 6 26.3 22 4 6 by 12 180 6 16.1 17 7 7 by 9 180 6 159 15.2 3 by 14 180 6 13 1 24.4 2 by 12 180 5 13 8 14.4 2 by 10 180 5 13.8 24.8 2 by 8 180 6 13.7 20.7 2 by 2 28 122 Norway pine 6 by 12 162 15.2 18.8 5 16.7 8.1 4 by 10 162 5 13.7 12.0 2 by 2 30 60 149 11 2 190 TABLE 3.-Bending Tests on Air-Seasoned Material. F.8 at E L M of R. M. of E. Calculated shear. Average per square inch. Ratio to 2" by 2". Average per square inch. Ratio to 2" by 2". Average per square inch. Ratio to 2" by 2". Average per square inch. Ratio to 2" by 2". 1,000 Lbs. Lbs. lbs. Lbs 3,390 0.50 4,274 0.37 1,747 1.00 288 0.75 3,470 .51 6,610 .57 1,501 .86 388 1.01 4.560 68 7,880 .68 1,722 .99 214 .56 3.078 .46 8,000 .69 1,660 .95 251 .66 4,227 63 8, 196 .71 1,634 .94 177 .46 6.750 1.00 11,520 1.00 1,740 1 00 383 1.00 4,503 68 6,372 .61 1,549 .91 269 .64 $$.065 76 6,777 .65 1,853 1.09 218 .52 6.686 1 00 10,378 1.00 1.00 1,695 1 00 419 1.00 4,220 54 6,030 .50 1,517 .85 398 .98 4,253 55 5,347 .44 1,757 .98 307 76 5.051 65 7,331 .60 1,803 1 01 361 .89 7,123 92 9,373 77 1,985 1.11 301 .74 7.780 100 12,120 1.00 1,792 1.00 404 1.00 3.343 57 5, 440 .53 1,409 .90 349 .96 3,631 .62 6, 186 .60 1,549 .99 295 .81 4,730 .80 7,258 .71 1,620 1,620 1.04 221 .61 5,880 1.00 10,254 1.00 1,564 1.00 1.00 364 1.00 4,195 .81 6,734 2,432 .47 4,295 3,100 .60 6,167 2,713 .52 5,745 .72 1,619 1.10 462 1.45 .46 1,324 1,324.90 266 .84 .66 1,449 .99 173 .54 .61 1,249 .85 185 .58 2,903 .56 4,557 .48 1,136 .77 93 .29 2,990 .58 4,968 .53 1,286 .88 116 .36 3,384 .65 6, 194 66 1,200 .82 196 .62 5,170 1.00 1.00 9,400 1.00 1,467 1.00 318 1.00 3,434 .45 5,640 .43 4,100 .54 5,320 .41 1,356 1,330 .82 318 .75 .84 252 .59 7,630 1 00 13,080 1.00 1,620 1.00 425 1.00 4,398 69 6,420.62 .62 1,737 1.04 406 1.06 6,333 1 00 10,369 1.00 1,666 1 00 382 1.00 3,797 -79 4,428 .57 1,107 .96 294 1 05 3,757 79 4,606 4,314 .90 5,050 .65 3,175 .66 3,353 .43 728 3,280 .69 4,002 .51 1,104 5,033 .64 3,928 .82 5,336 .68 1,249 .59 1,198 .64 167 .co .96 147 .53 201 1.04 1.09 260 93 1.05 186 .67 1,313 1 15 168 .60 4,777 1.00 7,798 1.00 1,146 1.00 279 1.00 2,968 56. 5,204 .61 1,123 .97 286 1.02 5,170 98 6,904 82 1,712 1.48 317 113 5,280 1 00 8,470 1 00 1,158 1.00 281 1. 00 191 7 TABLE 4.-Compression and Shear Tests on Air-Seasoned Material. Compression II to grain. 8pecles. Size of specimen. Number of tests. Per cent of mois- cure. Cr. str. at E. L., per square inch. M. of E., per square inch. Cr. str. at max. Id., per square inch. Inches. 1,000 Lbs. lbs. Lbs. Long-leaf pine.. 4 by 5 Douglas fir..... 6 by 6 2 by 2 46 26.3 3,480 4.800 259 20.3 3,271 1,038 4,258 247 18.7 3,842 1,084 5,002 Short-leaf pine. 6 by 6 29 15.7 4,070 1,951 6,030 2 by 2 57 14.2 6,380 Western larch.. 6 by 6 112 16.0 5,445 4 by 4 2 by 2 81 14.7 6,161 270 14.8 5,934 Loblolly pine..6 by 6 23 3,357 1,693 5,005 5 by 5 10 22.4 2,217 545 2,950 4 by 8 8 19.4 3,010 633 3,920 2 by 2 69 5,547 Tamarack.. 6 by 7 3 15.7 2,257 1,042 3,323 4 by 7 3 13.6 3,780 1,301 4,823 4 by 4 57 14.9 3,386 1,353 4,316 2 by 2 66 14.6 4,790 West hemlock.. 6 by 6 102 18.6 4,840 2,140 5,814 2 by 2 463 17.0 4,560 1,923 5,403 Redwood.... 6 by 6 2 by 2 18 16.9 115 14.6 4,276 5, 119 .... 15.2 2,670 1,182 4,212 2 22.2 3,275 1,724 4,575 55 16.6 3,048 1,367 4.217 11.2 7,550 Norway pine... 6 by 7 4 4 by 7 4 by 4 2 by 2 44 192 TABLE 4.-Compression and Shear Tests on Air-Seasoned Material. Compression to grain. Shear. 4 by 4 4 29 242598 638 6 603 8 by 16 4 17.8 85 135 . 8 by 5 16.3 185 220 20.2 984 822 Inches. Stress area. Height. Number of tests. Per cent of mois- ture Cr. str. at E. L., per square inch. Number of tests. ture. Per cent of mois- Shear strength per square inch. 8 by 5 12 5 15.1 730 5 by 5 8 2 by 2 028088 55 2 13.0 918 .. 13.9 926 18.8 491 17.6 526 735 602 1.9 679 19.5 715 57 16.2 697 15.0 -905 18.2 514 131 17.7 924 16.8 431 226 5224 2 24246 401020120022 ... 15.9 488 25. 548 95 12.4 671 610 500 12.6 470 16.2 498 511 13.2 429 14.3 13.8 564 10.0 924 44 11.9 1,145 88 193 1 Note. Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables: F. S. at E. L. Fiber stress at elastic limit. = = Modulus of elasticity. Modulus of rupture. = M. of E. M. of R. Cr. str. at E. L. Crushing strength at elastic limit. Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load. STANDARD WEIGHTS OF CYPRESS LUMBER. Lbs. per M Lumber, rough, 2 inches and under..... 3,000 Lumber, rough, 2 and 3 inches.. 13/16-inch Flooring and Ceiling. 3,500 2,200 13/16-inch Ceiling 1½-inch Ceiling ... %-inch Ceiling .. ½-inch Bevel Siding Shingles, all grades. 3-inch Plaster Lath. %-inch Fence Lath. 14x14x4 D. & H. Pickets. x2x4 D. & H. Pickets. 2-inch 0. G. Battens.. 1,600 ....... 1,300 1,000 1,000 300 500 900 1.200 1,700 300 2½-inch O. G. Battens. 3-inch O. G. Battens. 350 400 STANDARD WEIGHT WASHINGTON RED CEDAR SHINGLES. Lbs. per M. Perfection, 18 inches.. Puget A, 18 inches. 220 220 Eureka, 18 inches.. Skagit A, 18 inches... Extra Clear, 16 inches. Choice A, 16 inches.. Extra A, 16 inches. Standard A. 16 inches. 200 200 180 180 160 160 WEIGHTS OF SHINGLES AND LATH. Lbs. per M. 160 Cypress, 16" Red Cedar, 16", 6 to 2". Red Cedar, 16", 5 to 2". Red Cedar, 18", 5 to 2" Red Cedar, 18", 5 to 24" Redwood, 16", 5 to 1%" White Cedar, 16". Pine, 16" 220 175 200 225 300 225 Hemlock, 16" LATH. Pine, % x 1½", 4'... 400 Norway Cypress 450 194 500 Hemlock Red Cedar Fir.. Yellow Pine Basswood Sheathing, lath, B. M. 450 350 500 500 500 1500 し ​TO FIND THE NUMBER OF SHINGLES REQUIRED FOR A ROOF. Multiply the length of the ridge pole by twice the length of one rafter. If the shin- gles are to be exposed 4½ inches to the wea- ther, multiply by 9; if 5 inches to the wea- ther, multiply by 8, which gives you the number of shingles needed. Shingles are packed in bundles of 250 each; 900 shingles, laid 4 inches to the weather, will cover 100 square feet of roof; 800 shin- gles, laid 4½ inches to the weather, will cover 100 square feet. Five pounds of shingle nails will fasten them on. The weight of 1,000 shingles is approxi- mately 250 pounds. NAILS REQUIRED IN CARPENTER WORK. To case and hang door, 1-pound. To case and hang one window, 4 pound. Base, 100 lineal feet, 1 pound. To put on rafters, joists, etc., 3 pounds to 1,000 feet. To put up studding, 3 pounds to 1,000 feet. To lap a 6-inch pine floor, 15 pounds to 1,000 feet. NUMBER OF NAILS TO THE POUND. Size. No per Lb. 6 penny fence, 2 8 penny fence, 2½ inches 10 penny fence, 3 inches 12 penny fence, 34 inches 3 penny fine, 1 1/3 inches 3 penny, 14 inches.. 4 penny, 1½ inches. 5 penny, 14 inches.. 6 penny, 2 inches.. 7 penny, 24 inches. 8 penny, 2½ inches.. 9 penny, 24 inches.. 10 penny, 3 inches. 12 penny, 34 inches. 16 penny, 3½ inches. inches. 30 penny, 44 inches. 20 penny, 4 440 penny, 5 inches. 350 penny, 5% inches.. inches 80 50 ................. 32 24 18 14 12 ................ .................. .................. 34 39 ................ .760 480 300 .200 ..160 ..128 92 72 GO 41 195 TO FIND THE NUMBER OF LATH REQUIRED FOR A ROOM. Find the number of square yards in the walls and ceiling and multiply by 16, the number estimated to a square yard. The result will be the number of lath necessary to cover the room. Most lath are 4 feet long and 1½ inches wide, and they are put up in bunches of 50. The weight of 1,000 pine lath is approxi mately 450 pounds. At 16 lath to the square yard, 1,000 lath will cover 63 yards of surface, and 11 pounds of lath nails will nail them on. HOW TO FIGURE PLASTERING. the Multiply the distance around the four sides of the room in feet by the height of the room in feet. Multiply the product by price per square yard and divide this product by 9, because there are 9 square feet in a square yard. For the ceiling, multiply the length of the room by the width of the room in feet and then by the price per square yard, and divide by 9 as before. Add these two- results and you have the entire cost of plas tering the room. To every barrel of lime estimate about %) of a cubic yard of good sand for plastering. One-third of a barrel of stucco will hard finish 100 square yards of plastering. 100) Six bushels of lime, 40 cubic feet of sand and 1 bushels of hair will plaster square yards with two coats of mortar. In plastering, no deductions are made for openings, because it is considered that the extra work in finishing around them balances the material saved. STONE AND BRICK WORK. A cord of stone (128 cubic of lime (there are about 1 bushel), and a cubic yard of 100 cubic feet of wall. feet), 3 bushels cubic feet in a sand will make To find the number of cords of stone needed to build a foundation wall, multiply together the length, height, and thickness in feet and divide by 156. A cubic yard of sand is called a load. Five hundred bricks make a load. A bricklayer's hod will hold 20 bricks. An ordinary bricklayer can lay 1,500 bricks in a day of ten hours, where the joints are left rough; about 1,000 bricks a day when both faces are to be worked fair; and not more than 500 a day when carefully joined and faced with picked bricks of a uniform color. 196 Three-fourths of a cubic yard of sand and 1 barrels of cement will lay 100 feet of rubble stone. Five-eighths of a cubic yard of sand and 1% barrels of lime will lay 1,000 bricks. Five courses of bricks will make one foot in height. GRAD- STANDARD CLASSIFICATION, ING AND DRESSING RULES for FIR, SPRUCE, CEDAR AND HEMLOCK LUMBER Adopted by THE ASSOCIATED BUREAU OF GRADES Comprising As- Oregon & Washington Lumber Mfrs.' sociation, The Pacific Coast Lumber Mfrs.' Association, Southwestern Washington Lumber Mfrs.' Association. ADOPTED MAY 1, 1909 REVISED, MAY 1, 1910 REVISED, SEPT. 1, 1911 PREFACE. and Ore- The accompanying rules are adopted by the three Associations. engaged in the manufacture of Fir, Spruce. Cedar Hemlock lumber in Washington and gon, for the purpose of securing uniform- ity in grades and values. A large part of the product of our mills. being sold at a considerable distance from the point of manufacture. it is important that both buyer and seller shall he fully informed as to the meaning of all grades and terms. To this end it is desired that all buy- ers note carefully the grades as described in these rules, and also that all manufac turers be guided by them in making their grades. 197 OREGON & WASHINGTON LUMBER MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION PACIFIC COAST LUMBER MANUFAC- TURERS' ASSOCIATION SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON LUM- BER MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, Revised and adopted May 1, 1910. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. All lumber is graded is graded with special ref- erence to its suitability for the the use in- tended. With this in view each piece is consid- ered and its grade determined by its gen- eral character, including the sum of all its defects. What is known as "Yard Lumber." such as Dimension, Common Boards, Finish, etc., is graded from the face side, which is the best side, except that lumber which is dressed one side only is graded from the dressed side. Factory lumber, which is used for the manufacture of Doors, Sash, etc., and must show on both sides, is always. graded from the poorer side. The grade is determined by the quantity cuttings obtainable in each piece. of clear con- The defects in lumber are to be sidered in connection with the size of the piece, and for this reason wider and longer pieces will carry more defects than small- er pieces in the same grade. No arbitrary rules for the inspection of lumber can be maintained with satisfac- tion. The The variations from any given rule are numerous and suggested by practical common sense, so nothing more definite than the general features of different grades should be attempted by rules of in- spection. Lumber must be accepted on grade in the form in which it was shipped. Any subsequent change in manufacture or mill work will probibit prohibit an inspection for the adjustment of claims, except with the con- sent of all parties interested. A shipment of any grade must must consist of a fair average of that grade, and can- not be made up of an unfair proportion of the better or poorer pieces that would pass in that grade. Material not conforming to standard sizes shall be governed by special con- tract. Standard lengths for all lumber are mul- tiples of two (2) feet, and odd or frac tional lengths shall be counted as of the 198 next higher even length, except that the standard lengths for flooring, celling, sid- ing, rustic and finish are multiples of one (1) foot, and shall be so counted. All dressed lumber shall be measured and sold at the full size of rough material used in its manufacture. All lumber one inch or less in thickness. shall be counted as one inch thick. Recognized DEFECTS. defects are knots, knot holes. splits, checks, wane, rot, rotten streaks, pin and grub worm holes, dog and plearoon holes, pitch seams or shakes, pitch pockets, chipped, torn and loose-grain, sol- id pitch, stained heart, sapstain and im- perfect manufacture. KNOTS. Knots shall be classified as pin, small, standard and large as to size, round and spike as to form and tight, loose and rot- ten as to quality. A pin knot is tight and not over ½ inch in diameter. A small knot is tight and not over 4 inch in diameter. A standard knot is tight and not over 1% inches in diameter. A large knot is tight and any size over 1½ inches in diameter. A round knot is oval or circular in form. A spike knot is one sawn in a length- wise direction. The mean or average diameter of knots shall be considered in applying or constru- ing the rules. A tight knot or sound knot is one solid across its face, is as hard as the wood it is in, and is so fixed by growth or position that it will retain its place in the piece. A loose knot is one not held firmly in place by growth or position. A rotten knot is one not as hard as the wood it is in. PITCH. Pitch pockets are openings between the grain of the wood, containing more or less pitch, and and surrounded by sound grain wood. In determining the seriousness of the pitch pocket as a defect both its width and length must be considered. The tight- er the pocket the longer it may be. Size and number of pockets admissible in any plece must be left largely to the judgment of the grader and a reasonable deviation from the number of pockets 199 specified in the rules will be permissible. Pitch shakes are clearly defined open- ings between the grain of the wood, are either filled with granulated pitch or not. but in either case a serious defect, and must not be admitted in any grade above No. 2 Common. A pitch streak is a well defined accumu- lation of pitch at one point in the piece and when not sufficient to develop a well defined streak, or where fiber between grains is not saturated with pitch, it shall not be considered a defect. A small pitch streak shall be equivalent to not over one-twelfth the width and one- sixth the lengh of the piece it is in. A standard pitch streak shall be equi valent to not over one-sixth the width and one-third the length of the piece it is in. Splits and Checks shall be considered as to length and direction. Wane is bark or lack of wood on edges of lumber from any cause. Chipped grain consists in part of the sur- face being chipped or broken out in small particles below below the line of the cut, and as usually found should not be classed as torn grain and shall be considered a de- fect only when it unfits the piece for use intended. Torn grain consists in a part of the wood being torn out in dressing. It oc- curs around knots and curly places, and is of four distinct characters-slight, medium, heavy and and deep. Slight torn grain should not exceed 1/32 of an inch in depth, medium 1/16 of an inch, and heavy % of an inch. Any torn grain more than % of an inch shall be termed deep. Loosened grain consists in a point of one grain being torn loose from the next grain. It occurs on the heart on the heart side of the piece. and is a serious defect, especially in floor- ing. of Factory In Standard manufacture Flooring, Decking or thick dressed and matched stock, and stock grooved for splines, and for Shiplap, the finished width shall be ½ inch less over all than the count or measured width of the rough ma- terial used in manufacture, and the tongue and lap shall be measured to determine the finished width. un- Equivalent means equal, and in constru ing and applying these rules, the defects allowed, whether specified or not, are derstood to be equivalent in damaging ef feet to those mentioned applying to stock under consideration. 200 SAP. Bright sap shall not be considered a de- fect in any of the grades, except as spe- cially provided for in the following rules. Sap stain shall not be considered a de- fect except as provided herein. Discoloration of heart wood or stained heart must not be confounded with rot or rotten streaks. The presence of rot is in- dicated by a decided softness of the wood where it is discolored, or by small white spots resembling pin worm holes. MISCELLANEOUS. Defects in rough stock caused by im- proper manufacture and drying will re- duce the grades, unless they may be re- moved by dressing such stock to standard sizes. Imperfect manufacture in dressed stock, such as torn grain, broken knots, mis- matching, insufficient tongue or groove on Flooring, Ceiling. Drop Siding, etc., shall be considered defects and will reduce the grade accordingly as they are slight or ser- ious in their effect on the use of the stock. Pieces of Flooring. Partition or Drop Sid- ing, having less than 3/16 inch of tongue, and pieces of Ceiling with less than 1 inch of tongue, will not be admitted in any grade above No. 3 Clear. Pieces with this amount or more of tongue will be admit- ted in any grade. ROUGH CLEAR, 4 Inch and Wider. Finish must be evenly manufactured, 1- inch, 14-inch and 1½-inch shall not be more than 1/16-inch; and 2-inch not more. than -inch scant in thickness, and must be 4-inch more than finished size in width. Wane and season checks and other de- fects that will dress out in working stand- ard sizes are admissible. Rough finish to be graded. on the best side, but but the reverse side must be not more than one one grade lower. Subject to these provisions the rules governing dressed Finish shall apply to Rough. When like grade on both faces is re- quired special contract must be made. In all grades of Flooring, Ceiling. Drop Siding. etc., wane on the reverse side not exceeding one-third the width and one- sixth the length of any piece, provided the wane does not extend into the tongue, is admissible. 201 GRADING. NOTES TO INSPECTORS. Sale Measure, All fractions of a foot in length shall be measured as of the contents of one foot. All lumber sawn less than one inch in thickness shall be measured as of one inch, i.e.. surface measure. All rough lumber, one inch and over in thickness, shall be measured at board measure contents. All worked or surfaced lumber shall be measured at the board measure contents before working. Sizes 4 inches and under in thickness and 6 inches and under in width will be worked -inch less for each side or edge surfaced. Sizes over 4 inches in thickness and 6 inches and over in width will be worked 14-inch less for each side or edge sur- faced. In sizes 4 inches and under in thickness and over 6 inches in width each side will be surfaced 1/8-inch less and each edge 4-inch less. Tongued and Grooved, surfaced one side, will be worked: 3/16-inch less in thickness; 5/8-inch narrower on face. In "Kiln Dried" or "Air Dried" stock. bright sap is not to be considered a defect. All dimensions are sold subject to any natural shrinkage, whether green, partially or wholly seasoned. As it is a well known fact that all lumber does not shrink alike. therefore, where seasoned lumber is shipped. especially so in the grades of Clears and Selects, it will, at the time of loading, be considered by the Supervisor and In- spector whether it will work to the dry standards in its size in accordance with the official chart for worked sizes, included in this list. RULES. CLEARS. Edge Grain Clears, in in widths 10 inches and wider, shall show edge grain on fa for at least of width, and otherwis free from defects on one face and two edges. Other Clears shall be sound lumber well wn, one side and two edges free from 202 knots and other defects impairing its use for the probable purpose intended. Will Allow In dimensions two inches and less in thickness of contents, 24 inches or less to the linear foot. Narrow pitch pockets not over 4 inches long, when not extending through the piece. and small knots when appearing on one side only. Small amount of light colored sap when not exceeding % the width or 1/4 the length. In dimensions 3 to 6 inches thick, 6 to 10 inches wide. Narrow pitch pockets not over 6 inches long on one side or edge. 1/4 Light colored sap not exceeding 4 face or edge or the length. Knots not exceeding 1 inch in diameter when on one side and lower half of edges. In dimensions larger than above. Pitch pockets when not extending through the piece. Light colored sap on corners not exceed- ing 3 inches on face and edge. Knots 2 inches and less in diameter, according to size of piece, when on one face and ½ of each corresponding edge, leaving one face and upper half of each edge clear. SELECTS. Shall be sound, strong lumber, well sawn. Will Allow. In sizes 6x6 and less, knots not to ex- ceed 1 inch in diameter; sap on corners 4 the width and the thickness; small 4 pitch pockets when not exceeding 6 inches. in length. In sizes over 6x6, knots not to exceed 2 inches in diameter, varying according to the size of the piece; sap on corner not to exceed 2 inches on on both face and edge; pitch pockets not to exceed 6 inches in length. Defects in all cases, to be considered in connection with the size of the piece and its general quality. MERCHANTABLE. This grade shall consist of sound, strong lumber, free from shakes, large, loose or rotten knots and defects that materially impair its strength; well manufactured and suitable for good substantial constructional purposes. 203 Will Allow. Slight variations in sawing, sound knots, pitch pockets and sap on corners, 1-3 the width and ½ the thickness or its equiva- lent. Defects in all cases to be considered in connection with the size of the piece and its general quality. In timber 10x10 inches and over sap shall not be considered a defect. Discoloration through exposure to elements, other than black sap, shall not be deemed a defect excluding lumber from this grade, if otherwise conforming to Merchantable grade. COMMON. This grade shall consist of lumber hav ing knots, sap and other defects which exclude it from grading as Merchantable, but of a quality suitable for rough kinds of work. SHIP PLANK. Including Outboard Planking, Garboards, Wales, Clamps, Rails and lumber for similar purposes, shall be close grained lumber. free from large knots or other defects impairing its use for the purposes required. Will Allow. Sap on edges not exceeding 4 the face. and the length. Sound hard knots not exceeding 14% inches in diameter when not on corners or calking portion of edges. Pitch pockets if narrow and not extend- ing through the piece. DECK PLANK. Shall be uniformly sawn, close grained and free from knots and defects on on one face and calking edges. Flat sizes shall show edge grain on broad face. Will Allow. Sap on corners of upper side not ex- ceeding face width or length. Sound hard knots not exceeding 1 inch in diameter on lower side and lower half of calking edge. FLOORING, Fir Flooring No. 1. Edge Grain, shall factured. Angle of grain not more than 45 degrees from vertical. 204 Fir Flooring No. 1. Flat Grain, shall be well manufactured and free from all defects except occasional slight roughness in dressing. Fir Flooring No. 2. Shall be well manu- factured, both edge and flat grain. Will admit of slight roughness in dressing, bright sap one-half of the width of the face. One of the following is also per- mitted with one of above two defects: three close pitch pockets not to exceed 2 inches in length; three tight smooth knots each not more than 4 of an inch in diameter. Based on 16-foot lengths. Fir Flooring No. 3. This grade shall consist of lengths 6 feet and up regardless of grain and conform generally to grade. Merchantable. Imperfect edges shall not be considered a defect in this grade. of CEILING. Fir Ceiling No. 1. Shall conform to the grade of of No. 1 Flat Grain Flooring. STEPPING NO. 1. This grade shall show edge grain on face to extent of not less than ½ of width and be free from defects on face and edges, and shall conform generally to grade. of "Clears." STEPPING NO. 2. This grade shall show edge grain on face to extent of not less than 1% of its width and conform generally to grade of "Selects." RUSTIC. Rustic No. 1. Shall conform to the grade of No. 1 Flat Grain Flooring. Rustic No. 2. Shall conform to the grade of No. 2 Flooring. MINING TIMBER. This grade shall consist of sound lumber free from bad shakes, splits, rot and rotten knots. Will allow slight variations. sawing, moderate wane and sap. RAILROAD TIES. in Ties must be cut square, free from stain, rot and large shakes and large knots. where the rails lie. Will allow moderate wane and slight variations in sawing. Sap allowed. 205 PICKETS. Pickets 1x3 in.-4 ft.-4 ft. 6 in.-5 ft. Will allow variations in size of 1% of an inch in thickness and % of an inch in width. Sap, pitch pockets and two sound hard knots not over 1 inch in diameter allowed. STAVES. No. 1 Staves 1x3 in. x 4 ft. Sawn full size clear. clear. If seasoned will allow % of an inch scant in width. No. 2 Staves 1x3 in. x 4 ft.. Will allow variations in size of % thickness and % of an Sap and two sound hard 4 of an inch in diameter LATH. of an inch in inch in width. knots not over allowed. Lath, three thicknesses to one inch. Will allow sap. STANDARD SIZES. In the absence of a special agreement between the buyer and seller for each order, all dressed lumber is finished to the following sizes: Flooring. 1 x3.... 1 x4... Finished Size Finished Size 1 x6... 14x4.. 14x6.. Finished Size .Finished Size Finished Size Ceiling. Finished Size Finished Size .Finished Size 13/16x24 face 13/16x34 face 13/16x5 face 1 1/16x34 face 1 1/16x5% face x4... % x6... 5/16x34 face 5/16x5% face 2x4... 7/16x3 face 2x6... Finished Size 7/16x5% face %%x4... .Finished Size 9/16x3 face % x6... .Finished Size 9/16x5% face 1 x4... .Finished Size 11/16x34 face 1 x6... Finished Size 11/16x5% face Partition. 1 x4... Finished Size 11/16x34 face 1 16.... ..Finished Size 11/16x5% face Shiplap and D. & M. 1 x8.... .Finished Size 4x7 face 1 x10... Finished Size 34x9 face x12. ..Finished Size 4x11 face 1 206 Drop Siding. 1 x4... Finished Size 4x34 face 1 x6... .Finished Size 4x5% face 1 x8.. .Finished Size 4x7 face Rustic. x6......Channel. Finished Size 4x4%, -in. Rabbet x8......Channel, Finished Size 4x6¾, 1 1 1 x6.. 1 x8... -in. Rabbet. ...V. Finished Size 4x4%. -in. Rabbet V. Finished Size 4x64. -in. Rabbet. For further particulars see diagrams of standard patterns. Dimension, S1S1E or S4S- 2x 4 to 15% x 35% 2x 6 to 15% x 5% 2x 8 to 1% x 72 2x10 to 1% x 9% 3x 6 to 2x 5% 3x 8 to 2x 72 3x10 to 22x 9% 3x12 to 22x11½ 2x12 to 1x11% Timbers, S181E or S4S- 4x4 and larger, ½ inch off each way. All sizes in Dimension and Timbers are subject to natural shrinkage. Finishing, Thickness S18 or S2S- 1 in. to 34 1 in. to 11/16 1½ in. to 15/16 2 in. to 14 Widths, If Dressed on One or Both Edges- 4 in. to 3 in. 10 in. to 94 in. 5 in. to 4% in. 6 in. to 5% in. 8 in. to 74 in. 12 in. to 114 in. 14 in. to 13 in. 16 in. to 15 in. Shop Common, 828- 2 in. to 1 25/32 1 in. to 3/4 14 in. to 1 5/32 3 in. to 2 25/32 11% in. to 1 13/32 Common Boards and Sheathing- S18 or 828 to 4 inch. 207 Grooved Roofing- -in.x74, 9, 11-in. face -in. Groove 14-in. from each edge. Flooring, Ceiling, Partition, Drop Siding, Shiplap, Rustic- See diagram of Standard Patterns on another page. Bevel Siding- 6 in.-3/16 in. thin edge. ½ in. thick edge. 5½ in. wide. 4 in.-Same thickness, 3% inches wide. Pickets- 14 in. square, 1 1/16x1 1/16 in. S4S. 1½ in. square, 1 5/16x1 5/16 in. S4S. 1x3 flat, 4x2 in. S4S. Wagon Bottoms- Finished sizes 13/16 and 1 1/16x38 in. and 42 in. face. Standard Lath- ½ in. x 1½ x 4 feet. BATTENS. Are usually made of edgings of good, sound stock and worked to the following sizes: 3 inch Flat to 5/16x2½ inch. 2 inch 0. G. to 4x14 inch. 2½ inch O. G. to 4x24 inch. 3 inch Q. G. to 4x2½ inch. FIR. Fir, otherwise known as Oregon Pine or Douglas Fir, is a wood adapted to many uses. It is the strongest soft wood known, and for this reason is especially useful for bridge timber and framing lumber of all linds. Being hard, it makes the best soft wood floor. Owing to its handsome color and grain, and being susceptible of high polish, it is extensively used for finish. Fir is sawn and sorted with reference to the direction of the grain. The "Vertical Grain" (called "V. G." in these rules and all price lists) has the grain at or nearly 208 at right angles with the face of the board, and is adapted to Flooring, Stepping, etc., because it does not "sliver" with wear. "Flat Grain" ("F. G.") means that the grain is parallel or nearly parallel with the face of the board. The Flat Grain is selected for finish because of the beauty of the wood in this form. The grade of all regular stock shall be determined by the number, character, and position of the defects visible in any piece. The enumerated defects herein described admissible in any grade are intended to be descriptive of the coarest piece such grades. may contain, but the average quality of the grade should be midway between the highest and lowest pieces allowed in the grade. The standard lengths for Flooring, Ceil ing. Siding and Finish are multiples of one foot. No. NAMES AND GRADES. Flooring- 1 Clear V. G. No. 2 Clear V. G. No. 3 Clear V. G. No. 2 Clear and Better F. G. No. 3 Clear F. G. Ceiling- No. 2 Clear and Better. No. 3 Clear. Partition- No. 2 Clear and Better. No. 3 Clear. Porch Decking, Drop Siding and Rustic- No. 2 Clear and Better. No. 3 Clear. Bevel Siding- No. 2 Clear and Better. No. 3 Clear. Stepping- No. 2 Clear and Better V. G. No. 3 Clear. Finishing- Selected Grain-No. 2 Clear and Better. No. 3 Clear. Well Tubing- One grade only. 209 Wagon Bottoms- One grade only V. G. One grade only F. G. Fencing- One grade only. Boards, Shiplap and D. & M. Common. No. 3 Common or Sheathing. Pipe Staves. Silo. FLOORING. Defects based on piece 4 inches wide, 12 feet long, on all the following to and including Casing and Base, excepting where otherwise stated. No. 1 Clear-Vertical Grain, 3, 4, and 6 inch. Shall be well milled on face, must have perfect edges and b practically free from all defects. Bright sap showing not more than one-third of face half the length of piece will be admitted. Angle of grain not less than 45 degrees. No. 2 Clear-Vertical Grain, 3, 4 and 6 inch. Shall be well manufactured. Angle of grain not less than 45 degrees. Will admit of slight roughness in dressing, and from one to three small, close pitch pockets, or equivalent defects. A piece 14 feet or longer may have one defect located 6 feet or more from end of the piece, which can be cut out by wast- ing not more than 1 inch in the length of the piece, provided balance of piece be practically free from other defects. No. 3 Clear-Vertical grain, 3, 4 and 6 inch. Angle of grain not less than 45 degrees. Will admit of roughness in dressing; two or three small knots not over inch in diameter or eight small pitch pockets, any three of which may be open. It is generally understood that this grade will admit such defects or combination of defects as will not impair its utility for cheap floors. A piece otherwise as good as No. 2, may have a defect that can be cut out and the piece laid with a loss of not more than 22½ inches in its length, providing the defect is 4 feet or more from the end of the plece. 210 No. 2 Clear and Better-Flat grain, 3, 4 and 6 inch. Shall be well manufactured; will admit of slight roughness in dressing. Either of the following also permitted with the above: Three close pitch pockets, not to to exceed two inches each in length; three small tight, smooth knots ½ inch in diameter, or their equivalent of combined defects. A piece 14 feet or longer may have one defect located 6 feet or more from the end of the piece, that can be cut out by wasting not more than 1½ inch of the length of the piece, provided balance of piece be practically free from other defects. No. 3 Clear-Flat grain, 3, 4 and 6 inch. Will admit of roughness in dressing; four small knots not over 4 inch in diameter, or eight small pitch pockets, any three of which may be open, or without the above defects, three knots not over 1 inch in diameter, or the equivalent of combined defects. A piece of otherwise as good as No. 2, can have a defect that can be cut out and the piece laid with a waste of not more than 2% inches in its length, providing the defect is 4 feet or more from the end of the piece. Vertical grain pieces that are a little below the line of No. 3 vertical grain will be admitted in this grade. It is generally understood that this grade. will admit such other defects or combination of defects as will not impair its utility for cheap floors and sheathing. CEILING. No. 2 Clear and Better-3, 4 or 6 inch. Shall be well manufactured. Will admit of slight roughness in dressing. Either of the folowing also permitted with the above: Three close pitch pockets, not to exceed 2 inches each in length; three small, tight, smooth knots ½ inch in diameter or their equivalent in combined defects. Both Verti- cal and Flat grain admissible. A piece 14 feet or longer may have a defect located 6 feet or more from the end of the piece that can be cut out by wasting not more than 1% inches in the length of the piece, the piece, provided balance of piece be practically free from other defects. No. 3 Clear-3, 4 or 6 inch. Allows any three of the following defects: 25 per cent of the face may be rough from dressing. 4-inch stock admits of not to ex- ceed six tight knots 4 inch in diameter or two knots 1 inch in diameter, or three. open pitch pockets not to exceed 4 inches each in length, length, or an an equivalent number 211 of tight pitch pockets. 6 inch is cor- respondingly graded, with proportionately greater defects. Both Vertical and Flat grain admissible. A piece otherwise as good as No. 2, may have a defect that can be cut out without wasting more than 2%½ inches in length of the piece, providing it is more than 4 feet from the end. 4 or 6 inch. PARTITION. Shall be graded same as Ceiling on one face side, with the reverse side not more than one grade lower. PORCH DECKING, DROP DROP SIDING AND RUSTIC. No. 2 Clear and Better-4, 6 and 8 inch. Defects based on piece 6 inches wide, 12, feet long. Shall be well manufactured. Slight rough- ness in dressing admissible; will allow three small, tight knots not more than 1½ inch in diameter or four tight pitch pockets, or their equivalent of combined defects. A piece 14 feet or longer may have one defect located 6 feet or more from the end of the piece, that can be cut out by wast ing not more than 1% inches in the length of the piece, provided balance of piece be practically free from other defects. No. 3 Clear-4, 6 and 8 inch. Will admit of roughness in dressing; four or five knots not larger than 1 inch in diameter, or eight small pitch pockets, any three of which may be open, or their equivalent of combined defects. good as A piece that is otherwise No. 2, may have a defect that can be cut out by wasting not more than 2½ inches in the length of the piece, providing that it is more than 4 feet from the end of the piece. BEVEL SIDING. No. 2 Clear and Better 4, 5 and 6 inch. Will admit of slight defects in dressing or two close pitch pockets or other minor defects, but each piece shall be suitable for use the full length without waste. No. 3 Clear-4, 5 and 6 inch. Will admit of small sound knots, small pitch pockets, roughness in dresssing or other recognized defects, but not to exceed four of any of the said defects or their equivalent in any one piece. 212 STEPPING. No. 2 Clear and Better-8 to 14 inch. Shall be well manufactured. Will allow chipped grain or slight torn grain on face and nosed edge, six close pitch pockets. With one of the above defects may have. from one to three spike knots that do not show more than 2 inches on riser edge of the face side, or Flat grain 4 of the face on the riser edge, or one small pitch pocket. No. 3 Clear- Will admit of medium torn grain, heavy torn grain or loose grain in two or three places; season checks that do not go through; stain covering one-fourth of the face of the piece. With any one of the above, one of the following or their equiva- lent of combined defects will be allowed: eight small pitch pockets or their equiva- lent of larger pockets; wane ½ inch deep on back edge, ½ inch wide on face; one standard pitch streak; six small knots; three 1-inch knots, or or their equivalent of in knots; two dog holes that do not go hrough; six picaroon or grub worm holes. FINISH. Selected Grain-1. 14. 1% and 2 inches hick. 4 to 12 inches wide. Shall be free from sap and all defects, on face and edges, and selected for beauty ind character of grain. No. 2 Clear and Better-1. 14. 1% and 2 inches thick, 4 to 12 inches wide. Based on 1x8-12. Rule to apply pro- portionately on narrower or wider and thicker stock. Will allow one straight split not longer than the width of the plece; slight torn grain on face and edges or a small amount of stain. In addition to one of the above one of the following will be allowed: Three small tight pitch pockets not to exceed two inches in length, three small, tight, smooth. knots not over ½ inch in diameter, their equivalent or combined defects. or A piece 14 feet or longer may have a defect located 6 or more feet from the end of the plece that can be cut out by wasting not more than 1% inch in the length pro- vided balance of niece be practically free. from defects. Either flat or vertical grain admissible. No. 3 Clear -1, 14, 1% and 2 inches. thick, 4 to 12 inches wide. Besed on 1x8-12. Rules to apply pro- portionately on narrower and wider stock. Will admit of medium torn grain, heavy torn grain or loose grain in two or three. 213 places; season checks that do not go through; stain covering one-fourth of the face of the piece. With any one of the above, one of the following or their equiva lent of combined defects will be allowed: Eight small pitch pockets or their equiva lent of larger pockets; wane ch deep on edge, ½ inch wide on face; one standard. pitch streak; six small knots; three 1-inch knots, or their equivalent of pin knots two dog holes that do not go through; s picaroon or grub worm holes. CASING AND BASE. To be graded same as Finish. TURNING SQUARES. No. 2 Clear and Better- May contain any defects that will dre or turn off, and may also contain defeel that will cover with paint, such as soun knots or hard pitch pockets. If surface size shall be reduced 4 inch for each sid dressed. WELL TUBING. Shall be made of a low grade of cle stock. Will admit sap, pitch pockets tight knots and slight defects in dressing in fact, any stock that will mill well a furnish finish material with good edges as to make tight joints. TANK AND SILO STOCK. Must be water tight the full length the piece, unless it is for cutting stock Small knots, or or pitch pockets which d not go through the piece, not to be co sidered defects. Edges to be practicall I clear or to contain no defects that wil prevent a water-tight joint when worke 2-inch stock to contain practically sap. 3-inch stock, when 12 inches wide to allow 3 inches of sap on both edges d face side, not to extend over 34 of a inch through the piece. Can be either vertical or slash grain. TURNED PORCH COLUMNS. No. 1 Columns to grade 80 per c Clear: the balance of 20 per cent to admit of the following slight defects: Thre small sound knots not over 34 inch diameter on the smooth part of the turn shaft, or on the square, or three tight pit pockets, to be not over 3 inches long. the equivalent in both knots and pitch 214 pockets. Bright sap shall be no defect. The 5x5 and the 6x6 shall be bored through with not less than 14 inch bit. The 4x4 to be bored through the square ends. The Colonial Columns shall be bored through with not less than a 2-inch bit. Boring to be at the option of the manu- facturer. WAGON BOTTOMS. To be graded the same as No. 2 and Better Flooring. FENCING. Common Fencing must be manufactured from sound stock; may contain sound knots, equal in diameter to not over one-third of the width of the piece, or spike knots the length of which is not over one-half of the width of the plece. May have wane 4 inch deep on edge; not over 1 inch on face and the length of the piece; torn grain; solid pitch; pitch pockets: stain, seasoning checks, and a limited number of worm holes well scattered. One-Inch Selected Common-4 to 12 inch. Shall be square edged. Will admit sound knots not over 1 inch in diameter in 4 inch and 6 inch and not over 1½ inches in 8 inch to 12 inch, but located away from the edge; medium sized pitch pockets and slight stain. But should be of a sound, strong character. BOARDS AND SHIPLAP AND D. & M. or Common. Will admit of any two of the following, their equivalent of combined defects: Wane ½ inch deep on edge, 1 inch wide. on face, extending not over 1/6 of the length of the piece; knots not more than ½ the the width of the piece in diameter; stain; torn torn grain; pitch streaks; pitch pockets; seasoning checks; one straight split not longer than the width of the piece or a limited number of worm holes well scat- tered. These boards should be firm and sound and suitable for use in ordinary con- struction without waste. No. 3 Common Boards or Sheathing. Will admit of all stock below the grade of Common that is suitable for cheap sheathing and will allow: Coarse knots; knot holes; splits; rotten streaks; rotten sap, and any number of grub or pin worm. holes. 215 COMMON JOIST AND SCANTLING. No. 1 Common. Generally speaking, this stock stock must be suitable and of sufficient strength for all ordinary construction purposes without waste. Will admit of coarser knots than 1-inch Common, which in a in a 2x4 should not be larger than 2 inches. Spike knots not over 2/3 the width of the piece, wane not over inch deep on edges and 1 inch wide. on face, up to 2x6, and ½ inch deep on edge and 1½ inch wide on face on 2x8 and wider, extending not not more than 14 the length of the piece; stain, solid pitch, pitch pockets, season checks, one straight split not more than the width of the piece. 2 or 3 grub worm holes, a limited number of pin worm holes and torn grain. No. 2 Common. This grade must be suitable for use without waste in a cheaper class of con- struction than common. Will allow coarse and unsound knots and knotholes that do net unfit the piece for use intended, rotten streaks. pitch seams, pitch pockets, a reasonable amount of rotten sap and pin worm holes, a few grub worm holes well scattered. It is understood that no culls or stock that will not work without waste will be allowed in this grade. COMMON TIMBERS. No. 1 Common. Rough timbers, 4x4 and larger, shall not be more than 1/4 inch scant when green, and be evenly manufactured from sound stock, and must be free from knots that will materially weaken the piece. Timbers 10x10 in size may have a 2-inch ware on one corner, or its equivalent on two or more corners, one-fourth the length of the piece. Other sizes may have have pro- portionate defects. Season checks and checks extending not over one-eighth over one-eighth the length of the piece admissible. No. 2 Common Timber. This is a grade of timber that will admit of large loose or rotten knots, shakes or rot that do not impair its utility for temporary work. Hemlock and white fir will be allowed in this grade. SELECTED COMMON. and 2x4 to 2x12 and 3x4 to 4x6 shall be square edged. Will admit any quantity of sound knots, not over 1 inch in diameter, or small pitch pockets not over 4 inches in length. Sizes larger than 4x6 will admit sound knots not to exceed 1½ inches in 216 diameter; pitch pockets not inches in length. to exceed 6 Selected Com- It is understood that this is mon, a grade lower than No. 3 No. 3 Clear, and not to be confused with it. WIND MILL TOWER STOCK. Shall be graded as Selected Common. Shall be 848 or S181E, ½ inch scant each way. CAR MATERIAL. Unless otherwise specified the rules cov- ering the grading of Fir Lumber will ap- ply. Any of the material referred to in the following may be in either Red or Yel- low Fir. Special Rules for Grading Car Material. All stock except Car Sills and Framing, shall be inspected on the face side to de- termine the grade. Stock surfaced one side, the dressed surface shall be considered the face side. Stock rough or dressed two sides, the best side shall be considered the face. but the reverse side of all such stock shall not be more than one grade lower. Lumber and timber sawed for specific purposes must be inspected with a view to its adaptability for the use intended. All dressed stock shall be measured and sold strip count, viz., full size of rough ma- terial necessarily used in its manufacture. No. 2 Clear and Better Vertical Grain. Material of this grade shall be well man- ufactured with angle of grain not less than 45 degrees. The stock shall be kiln dried and practically free from all defects, but will admit of bright sap, three small close. pitch pockets not over two inches long, one pin knot, slight roughness in dressing, but not a serious combination of these defects. This rule applied especially to 4 and 6- inch strips used for Car Flooring, Siding and Roofing. No. 2 Clear and Better Flat Grain. Material of this grade shall be well manu- factured. The stock shall be kiln dried and practically free from all defects, but will admit of bright sap, three small close pitch pockets not over two inches long, one pin knot, slight roughness in dressing, but not a serious combination of these de- fects. This rule applies especially to 4 and 6-inch strips used for Car Flooring, Siding and Roofing. 217 No. 3 Clear. Material of this grade should be sound. common lumber and will admit of rough- ness in dressing, bright sap and also may contain five pin, three small and one stand- ard knots and five pitch pockets in any con- tinuous five feet of length of the piece; or any combination of tight knots or pitch pockets equivalent to those mentioned above. This grade particularly refers to stock used for inside lining of freight cars. Standard Car Decking or Flooring. Shall be well manufactured from sound live timber and shall be free from splits. shakes, rot, bark or waney edges, and unsound knots, or pitch pockets, pitch seams or large knots which would weaken the piece for the use intended. This grade will admit of sap and sound knots not to exceed one-third width of piece; provided they are not in clusters. Inside Lining for Stock and Box Cars. Yellow or Red Fir, to be of sound, com- mon lumber. Will admit sound knots and pitch pockets. Car Roofing. To be graded the same as T. & G. Flooring. Car Siding. To be graded the same as T. & G. Flooring. Common Car Sills and Framing. Shall be well manufactured from sound live timber, sawed full size to sizes ordered and free from rot, rot, unsound knots, cross grain, bark or waney edges, or shakes. but will admit of sap and any number of sound knots, provided they are not in groups, not to to exceed one-third width of piece, pitch pockets or pitch seams that would not weaken the piece for the purpose intended. Car Running Boards and Saddle Boards. Yellow or Red Fir, free from splits and waney edges. Will admit sound knots and pitch pockets. 218 Selected Common Car Stock. Shall be graded according to the rules for Selected Common. Railroad Ties. Shall be sound common lumber. Bridge Stringers. Shall be sound common lumber, free from large, unsound knots or knots in clusters, or other defects that will materially weaken the piece. FACTORY LUMBER. Select and Better. This grade shall consist of all lumber containing more than 80 per cent of clear. cuttings of the sizes ordinarily used in the manufacture of doors. No. 1 Shop. Shall be 8 inches and wider excepting that 6-inch pieces containing one or more door stiles are admissible. This grade shall contain not less than 50 per cent, nor more than 80 per cent, of clear cuttings of the sizes ordinarily used in the manufacture of doors. No. 2 Shop. Shall be of the same widths as No. 1 Shop, and shall contain not less than 25 per cent nor more than 50 per cent of clear cuttings of the sizes ordinarily used in the manufacture of doors. No. 3 Shop. This grade will will admit all below the grade described as No. 2 shop that is suit- able for sash or door cuttings. Pieces containing 25 to 50 per to 50 per cent of cuttings suitable for No. 2 or 3 Doors also allowed in this grade. 1 Inch Factory Select. This grade shall consist of lumber 5 inches and wider not less than 15/16 inch thick in the rough, containing more than 80 per cent of Clear Cuttings of the sizes ordinarily used in the manufacture of Interior Finish. 1 Inch Shop Common. Must be 5 inches and wider, not less. than 15/16 inch thick in the rough. May 219 have large knots or knot holes, pitch pockets or other defects that do not unfit the piece for ripping and cutting out not less than 50 per cent and not more than 80 per cent of Clear Cuttings ordinarily used in the manufacture of Interior Finish. Cuttings to be 5 inches and wider, 3 to 6 feet long, and to average 5 feet long. PIPE STAVES. Pipe Staves, Must be water-tight the full length of the stave. Small knots or pitch pockets that do not go through the plece not to be considered defects. Edges must be practically clear or to contain no defects that will prevent a water-tight joint when worked. Will admit sap on the inside of the stave not extending more than half way through the piece. Can be either flat or vertical grain. SILO. No. 2 Clear or Better. Must be square edged to form water-tight joint the full length of piece. Will admit three sound, small knots or three closed pitch pockets, or a combina- tion of said defects. Defects to be based on a piece 12 feet long. Sap no defect. SPRUCE. General Instructions. All lumber is graded with reference to its suitability for the use intended. With this in view each piece is con- sidered and its grade determined by its general character, including the sum of all its defects. What is known as "Yard Lumber," such as Dimension, Common Boards, Finish, etc... is graded from the face side, which is the best side, except that lumber which is dressed one side only is graded from the dressed side. Factory lumber, which is used for the manufacture of Doors, Sash, etc., and must show on both sides, is always graded from the poorest side. Grade is based upon the quantity of Clear Cuttings obtainable. The defects in lumber are to be taken In connection with the size of the piece, and for this reason wider and longer pieces will carry more defects than smaller pieces. in the same grade. Grade of lumber is determined at time 220 of shipment, and cannot be be reconsidered after further working. A shipment of any grade must consist of a fair average of that grade, and cannot be made up of an unfair proportion of the better or poorer pieces that would pass in that grade. Material for conforming to standard sizes shall be governed by special contract. Standard lengths for all lumber are mul- tiples of two feet, except that the standard. lengths for Flooring, Ceiling, Siding, Rustic and Finish are multiples of one foot. Odd and fractional lengths shall be counted as next higher standard length. All dressed lumber shall be measured and sold at the full size of rough material used in its manufacture. All lumber one inch or less in thickness shall be counted as one inch thick. DEFECTS. Recognized defects are knots, knot holes, splits, checks, wanes, rot, rot streaks, worm holes. pitch seams, pitch pockets, torn or chipped grain, discoloration and imperfect manufacture. KNOTS shall be classed as sound or loose. as to quality and large or small as to size. SPLITS AND CHECKS shall be considered as to length and direction. WANE is bark or lack of wood from any cause on edges of lumber. PITCH SEAMS are clearly defined open- ings between the grains of the wood, are generally filled with granulated pitch, and a serious defect and not admissible in any grade above No. 2 Common. PITCH POCKETS are openings between the grains of the wood containing more or less pitch, and and are surrounded by sound grain wood. TORN OR CHIPPED GRAIN is usually caused by dressing against the grain, and is more or less of a defect, according to its depth or extent. DISCOLORATION may be the result of various causes, and will only be considered a defect when it will damage the piece for use intended, MISCELLANEOUS. the Defect in rough stock caused by improper manufacture and drying will reduce grade, unless they may be removed by dressing such stock to standard sizes. Imperfect manufacture in dressed stock, torn grain, broken knots. matching, insufficient tongue or groove on such as mis 221 Flooring, Ceiling, Drop Siding, etc., shall be considered defects and will reduce the grade accordingly as they are slight or serious in their effect on the use of the stock. Prices of Flooring, Partition or Drop Siding having less than 3/16 inch of tongue, and and pieces of Ceiling with less than inch of tongue, will not be admitted in any grade above No. 3 Clear. Pieces with this amount or more of tongue will be admitted in any grade. In all grades of Flooring, Ceiling, Drop Siding, etc., wane on the reverse side not exceeding one-third the width and one-sixth the length of any piece, provided the wane. does not extend into the tongue, is admis sible. STANDARD SIZES. In the absence of a SPECIAL AGREE MENT between the buyer and seller FOR EACH ORDER, all dressed lumber is fin- ished to the following sizes: Flooring. 1 x3... 1 x4.. ..Finished Size 13/16x24 face ..Finished Size 13/16x3 face 1 x6.. ..Finished Size 13/16x5% face 1x4. 14x6. ..Finished Size 1 1/16x3% face ..Finished Size 1 1/16x5% face Ceiling. %x4. Finished Size 5/16x34 face % x6. .Finished Size 5/16x5% face 1/2x4. ..Finished Size 7/16x34 face x6. .Finished Size 7/16x5% face %x4. ..Finished Size 9/16x34 face % x6. ..Finished Size 9/16x5% face 1 x4. .Finished Size 11/16x34 face 1 x6. ..Finished Size 11/16x5½ face Partition. 1 x4.... Finished Size 4x3% face 1 x6. ..Finished Size 4x5% face STANDARD SIZES. Finishing. Thickness S1S or S2S- 1 in. to 13/16 14 in. to 1 1/16 1½ in. to 15/16 2 in. to 14 Widths, if Dressed on one or both edges- 4 in. to 3% in. 6 in. to 5½ in. 8 in. to 7½ in. 222 10 in. to 9½ in. 12 in. to 11 in. 14 in. to 13 in. 16 in. to 15 in, Shop Common, S2S- 1 in. to 13/16 14 in. to 1 5/32 1½ in. to 1 13/32 in. to 1 25/32 2 3 in. to 2 25/32 Common Boards- SIS or S2S to 4 in. Bevel Siding- 6 in. 3/16 in. thin edge, ½ in. thick edge. 5½ in. wide. 4 in. Same thickness, 3½ inches wide. Pickets- 14 in. square, 1 1/16x1 1/16 in. S48 1½ in. square, 1 5/16x1 5/16 in. S4S 1x3 flat, x24, 848. Standard Lath 1-3 in.x14x4 feet. Description-Western Spruce is a soft, white wood, both odorless and tasteless in nature. It takes paint freely, consequently has few equals for Bevel Siding, Finish, Sash and Door Stock and many other special- ties. General Instructions-Spruce Lumber shall be graded and classified according to the fol lowing rules and specifications as to quality, and dressed stock shall conform to the table of standard sizes, except where otherwise. expressly stipulated between buyer and seller. There being but a limited amount of sap wood in Spruce, bright sap in any grade shall not be a defect. NAMES AND GRADES. Flooring-Clear. "A." "B." Ceiling-Clear. "A." "B." Partition-Clear. "A." "B." Wainscoting-Clear. "A." "B." Porch Decking-Clear. "A." "B." Bevel Siding-"A and Better." "B." "C." Finishing-First and Second Clear. Third Clear. Select. Factory Lumber-Select and Better. No. 1 Shop. No. 2 Shop. Inch Shop. Moulding Stock-One grade only. 223 Turning Squares-One grade only. Car Siding and Roofing-One grade only. Box Lumber-No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Lath. FLOORING. Clear-Shall be free from all defects on face. "A"-Will admit two slight defects in dressing or three close pitch pockets not to exceed 2 inches each in length. "B"-Will admit of slight roughness in dressing or four close pitch pockets not to exceed 3 inches each in length, or two small, sound knots, not to exceed ½ inch in diam- eter. CEILING. Clear-Shall be practically free from all face defects. "A"-Will admit of two slight dressing defects, or close pitch pockets not to exceed a combined length of 6 inches. "B"-Will admit of slight roughness in ing or close pitch pockets not to exceed a combined length of 12 inches, two sound knots not exceeding ½ inch in diameter. PARTITION. Shall be graded same as Ceiling, on on one face side, with the reverse side not more than one grade lower. WAINSCOTING. Shall be graded same as Ceiling. PORCH DECKING. Shall be graded same as Flooring. BEVEL SIDING. "A and Better"-Will admit of slight de- fects in dressing, or two close pitch pockets not over 2 inches in length or other minor defects, but each piece shall be suitable for use the full length without waste, containing no defects that will not cover with paint, making a smooth surface. "B" Will admit of knots up to ½ inch in diameter, small pitch pockets, roughness in dressing or other recognized defects, not to exceed four of any of the said defects, er their equivalent, in any one piece. "C" Will admit all Siding below a "B" grade, and may contain any of the recognized defects, provided any piece can be used for the purposes intended, with a waste not ex- ceeding 15 per cent. 224 FINISH. First and Second Clear-Being the highest grade in Spruce Finish, shall be free from serious defects, and capable of use for finish- ing work without waste. May be of any width or length, and if under 10 inches in width, shall be free from defects. If 10 inches or over, will admit slight defects, such as roughness in dressing. Third Clear-Will admit of sound knots not over ½ inch in diameter, slight rough- ness in dressing, small, close pitch pockets, or other minor defects. In widths under 12 inches there shall not be more than three of said defects to any one piece. Select-Will admit of sound knots up to 1 inch in diameter, roughness in dressing, close pitch pockets not over 4 inches long, or other proportionate defects. In widths 12 inches or less there shall not be more than four of said defects to any one piece. FACTORY LUMBER. Grades as described under this head are valued for cutting up qualities only, and should not be confounded either in quality or value with grades outlined for yard pur- poses. Factory lumber of all kinds shall be graded for the percentage of clear door cuttings ob- tainable. Factory lumber shall be 8 inches and wi- der, and 8 to 20 feet long. Select and Better-This grade shall sist of all lumber containing more than 80 per cent of clear cuttings of the sizes ordi- narily used in the manufacture of doors. No. 1 Shop-Shall be 8 inches and wider, excepting that 6-inch pieces containing one or more stiles are admissible. This grade shall contain not less than 50 per cent, nor more than 80 per cent, of Clear Cuttings of the sizes ordinarily used in the manufacture of doors. No. 2 Shop-Shall be of the same widths. as No. 1, and shall contain not less than 25 per cent, nor more than 50 per cent, of Clear Cuttings of the sizes ordinarily used in the manufacture of doors. Inch Shop Common-There shall be but one. grade of Inch Shop Common. Each piece must contain not less than 50 per cent of cuttings 6 inches and wider, 3 feet and longer. MOULDING STOCK. Shall consist of lumber 10 to 18 feet in length, suitable for ripping moulding strips from 1 inch to 6 inches wide. May contain defects, such as pitch pockets and splits, 225 running lengthwise of the piece, or other rec- ognized defects. This grade shall contain not less than 60 per cent of rippings, running 1 inch and wider, 10 feet and longer, 25 per cent of which should average 3 inches and wider, and 80 per cent to be 12 feet and longer. TURNING SQUARES. No. 1-May contain any defects that will dress or turn off; may also contain defects that will cover with paint, such as sound. knots, or hard pitch pockets. If surfaced, the size shall be reduced 4 inch for each side dressed. "B AND AND BETTER" CAR SIDING AND ROOFING. Will admit small, tight pitch pockets, sound knots up to ½ inch in diameter, slight roughness in dressing which will cover with paint, making a smooth surface. BOX LUMBER. The value and grade of this lumber is de- termined from its adaptability for the man- ufacture of ordinary packing boxes. Ordi- nary sizes being defined as boxes not over 20 inches in length, nor more than 15 inches. in width. Wide boards, or those of special widths, will admit more defects than nar- row or random widths. It is not intended that boxes shall be clear, and defects that do not impair the strength or the usefulness of ordinary boxes are not considered, except that if the cuttings are of better quality, a smaller percentage will be accepted in each grade. There shall be three recognized grades of box lumber, i. e., No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3. No. 1-Shall be generally sound, and con- tain from 75 to 90 per cent of cuttings suitable for boxes of ordinary size and qual- ity, as referred to above. In computing per- centages, cuttings of assorted sizes shall be used. Assorted sizes to be defined as pieces running in widths from 6 to 12 inches, and in lengths 12 to 20 inches. No. 2 Generally similar in character to No. 1, containing from 60 to 75 per cent of box cuttings. No. 3-Shall consist of all lumber below the grade of No. 2, and shall contain 40 to 60 per cent of box cuttings. 226 FIR AND SPRUCE LATH. Shall measure 3 to the inch in thickness and shall not be over 1/16" scant in width. or 14" scant in length when green. Shall be clear on face, except a small num- ber of pin worm holes. Opposite side may have wane extending not over 1/3 the width and the length of the piece. Season or sap stain shall not be consid- ered a defect. CEDAR. Red Cedar is too well known to require a particular description here. The trade throughout the United States is acquainted with this wood in the form of shingles. As far as decay is concerned, Red Cedar is the most lasting of woods. For this reason. it is especially adapted for Shingles, Siding and all outside finish, as well as for many special uses. NAMES AND GRADES. Flooring-No. 1 Clear. No. 2 Clear. No. Ceiling-No. 1 Clear. No. 2 Clear. No. 3 3 Clear. Clear. Corrugated Decking-No. 2 Clear and Bet- Bevel Siding-Clear. "A." "B." ter. Finishing-No. 1 Clear. No. 2 Clear. No. 3 Clear. FLOORING. To be graded the same as Fir Slash Grain Flooring. CEILING. To be graded the same as Fir Celling. CORRUGATED DECKING. No. 2 Clear and Better-To be graded the same as Fir Ceiling. BEVEL SIDING. Clear, 4 or 6-inch-Must be strictly clear. except slight defects on thin edge that will cover when laid "A," 4 or 6-inch-Will admit of slight roughness in dressing, sap or other minor de- fects, but each piece shall be suitable for use. the full length without waste. Containing no defects that will not cover with paint, making a smooth surface. "B," 4 or 6-inch-Will admit all Siding 227 below "A" grade and not impair its utility for cheap siding. Defects such as loose knots. or knot holes that can be cut out at a loss. of not to exceed 20 per cent of the strip will be allowed. FINISHING. Must be strictly No. 1 Clear-4 or 6-inch. clear both sides; 8-inch must be clear on face side, excepting 1 inch of sap or one small knot on reverse side; 10 and 12-inch must be strictly clear on face side, except 1 inch of sap on face side or two small knots on reverse side; 14 inch and wider proportion- ately more defects. No. 2 Clear 4 to 8-inch. Allows the equiv- alent of 1 inch of sap or two small knots; 10 and 12-inch allow equivalent of 2 inches of sap or four small knots; 14 inch and wider allows proportionately more defects. HEMLOCK, Western Hemlock is a wood well adapted to many uses. It is strong, holds nails well, and therefore makes good framing lumber. It is hard and wears well as flooring. It is easily dressed to a smooth surface, and takes a fine polish, which, together with the beauty of grain and color, makes a fine interior finish. The Western Hemlock is entirely free from the "wind shake" so common in the Hem- lock of the East. This lumber has been sold in the East un- der various names, such as "Alaska Pine," "Columbia Pine," "Gray Fir," "Washington Pine," etc., and has given good satisfac- tion. In a general way the rules for grading Fir and Spruce lumber are applied to Hem- lock. 288 STANDARD PATTERNS 1x6 Flooring 1x4' Flooring 58. 3/4 نها 229 STANDARD PATTERNS 3/ 1/4 x 4' Flooring 58. 114'x6' Flooring H 116 230 230 STANDARD PATTERNS 3/8"x4" V-Ceiling Standard " -2/ 53 -2/8" 3/8"x6" V-Ceiling Standard 231 STANDARD PATTERNS Մ 2 Ceiling MIM 1/2"x4" V-Ceiling Standard 1/2"x6" V-Ceiling Standard 2 8132:32 232 882 STANDARD PATTERNS -2동​" 5/16"x6" V-Ceiling ww 5/8°x4' V-Ceiling 2,8 233 STANDARD PATTERNS -2 罩 ​13 5x4-inch Double V Ceiling or Partition Standard Kla x6-inch Double V Ceiling or Partition Standard. 2동​" 234 STANDARD PATTERNS 7 1x4° V-Ceiling 16 ix 6 V-Ceiling T 2 8514 643264 235 STANDARD PATTERNS 3" 1x4-inch Double V Ceiling or Partition Standarc 52 -28 B 16. 4 111 -2/ 1x6-inch Double V Ceiling or Partition Standard. 236 STANDARD PATTERNS aw n 2 58 3/8"x6 Beaded Ceiling Standard 311 -14-- 3/8"x4" Beaded Ceiling Std. ង។ 237 STANDARD PATTERNS 12x4 Beaded Ceiling Sta 로 ​3 216 100 12x6 Beaded Ceiling Standard 2 238 STANDARD PATTERNS MIN 5/8x6' Beaded Ceiling 5/8"x4"Beaded Ceiling -16 239 STANDARD PATTERNS, -22- 3 ·3 -4 5x4-inch Double Beaded Ceiling or Partition St rin 5x6-inch Double Beaded Ceiling or Partition Std. 3 276 32 240 TANDARD PATTERNS ixó Beaded Ceiling 1x4"Beaded Ceiling -2층​: 241 STANDARD PATTERNS -2층​: 1x4-inch Double Beaded Ceiling or Partition Std 1x6-inch Double Beaded Ceiling or Partition Std -2/" 242 ANDARD PATTERNS T બ ゲ ​MIT 1x8" Ship Lap Finished 7"Face 1×10° 1x 12" 9" //" -111 8 00101 3/00 243 SANDARD PATTERNS Ix6' Drop Siding #106 Standard 1x4 Drop Siding * 106 5. 244 3100 5 2 4½" 1x6"V-Rustic 53 overall ... 1x8 V-Rustic 74 over all 꿈​을 ​245 1x6 Double V-Rustic Standard -2/ Tá 32 23 1x8" Double V-Rustic Standard TT 1100 1,100 246 1100 1½"- MID 6 3½" M14 Ix6 Channel Rustic Standard Té - 1½½" - -+ 5ཟླ ་ . 1x8" Channel Rustic Standard M100 247 +- -5 2 mico *- -20 +- 10100 ix6"Novelty Rustic #115 -21동 ​5 216 iding + m100 1x5" Novelty Rustic #117 Standard 3100 3100 248 STANDARD PATTERNS 2½" 3" Flat Batten 2" OG. Batten = 114 1 2½" 3' 0.G. Batten 24" 2½" 0.G. Batten 249 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT SPECI- FICATION FOR PORTLAND CEMENT. From Circular of the Bureau of Standards No. 33. SPECIFICATION. Definition. 1. The cement shall be the product ob- tained by finely pulverizing clinker pro- duced by calcining to incipient fusion, an intimate mixture of properly proportioned argillaceous and calcareous substances, with only such additions subsequent to calcining as may be necessary to control certain prop- erties. Such addition shall not exceed 3 per cent.. by weight, of the calcined product. Composition. 2. In the finished cement, the following limits shall not be exceeded: Loss on ignition for 15 minutes. Insoluble residue Sulphuric anhydride (SO3) Magnesia (MgO) Specific Gravity. Per cent. 4 1 1.75 4 3. The specific gravity of the cement shall be not less than 3.10. Should the cement as received fall below this require ment, a second test may be made upon a sample heated for 30 minutes at a very dull red heat. Fineness. 4. Ninety-two per cent of the cement, by weight, shall pass through the No. 100 sieve, and 75 per cent shall pass through the No. 200 sieve. Soundness, 5. Pats of neat cement prepared and treated as hereinafter prescribed shall re- main firm and hard and show no sign of distortion, cheeking, cracking or disinte- grating. If the cement fails to meet the prescribed steaming test, the cement may be rejected or the steaming test repeated after seven or more days at the option of the engineer. Time of Setting. C. The cement shall not acquire its initial set in less than than 45 minutes and mast have acquired its final set within 10 hours. 250 Tensile Strength. 7. Briquettes made of neat cement, after being kept in moist air for 24 hours and the rest of the time in water, shall develop tensile strength per square inch as follows: After 7 days After 28 days Pounds. 500 600 8. Briquettes made up of 1 part cement and 3 3 parts standard Ottawa sand, by weight, shall develop tensile strength per square inch as follows: After 7 days After 28 days Pounds. 200 275 9. The average of the tensile strengths developed at each age by the briquettes in any set made from one sample is to be considered the strength of the sample at that age, excluding any results that are manifestly faulty. 10. The average strength of of the sand mortar briquettes at 28 days shall show an increase over the average strength at 7 days. 1! Brand. 11. Bids for furnishing cement or for doing work in which cement is to be used shall state the brand of cement proposed to be furnished and the mill at which made. The right is reserved to reject any cement which has not established itself as a high- grade Portland cement, and has not been made by the same mill for two years, and given satisfaction in use for at least one year under climatic and other conditions at least equal in severity to those of the work proposed. Packages. 12. The cement shall be delivered in sacks, barrels, or other suitable packages (to be specified by the engineer), and shall be dry and free from lumps. Each package shall be plainly labeled with the name of the brand and of the manufacturer. 13. A sack A sack of cement shall contain 94 pounds net. A barrel shall contain 376 pounds net. Any package that that is short weight or broken or that contains damaged cement may be rejected, or accepted as fractional package, at the option of the engineer. Inspection. 14. The cement shall be tested in accord- ance with the standard methods hereinafter prescribed. In general the cement will be inspected and tested after delivery, but par- tial or complete inspection at the mill may 251 be called for in the specifications or con- tract. Tests may be made to determine the chemical composition, specific gravity. fineness, soundness, soundness, time of setting, and tensile strength, and a cement may be re- jected in case it fails to meet any of the specified requirements. An agent An agent of the contractor may be present at the making of the tests or they may be repeated in his presence. 15. In case of the failure of any of the tests, and if the contractor so desires, the engineer may, if he deem it to the interest of the United States, have any or all of the tests made or repeated by the Bureau of Standards, United States Department of Commerce and Labor, in the manner here inafter specified, all expenses of such tests to be paid by the contractor. All such tests shall be made on samples furnished by the engineer. CHEMICAL. The composition of normal Portland ce ment has been the subject of a great deal of investigation and it can be said that the quantities of silica, alumina, oxide of iron, lime, magnesia, and sulphuric anhydride can vary within fairly wide limits without materially affecting the quality of the ma terial. A normal American Portland cement which meets the standard specifications for soundness, setting time and tensile strength has an approximate composition within the following limits: Silica Alumina Per cent. 19-25 5-9 Iron oxide Lime Magnesia 2-4 60-64 1-4 Sulphur trioxide Loss on ignition Insoluble residue 1-1.75 0.5-3.00 0.1-1.00 It is also true that a number of cements, have been made both here and abroad which have passed all standard physical tests in which these limits have been exceeded in, one or more particulars, and it is equally true that a sound and satisfactory cement does not necessarily result from the above composition. It is probable that further further investiga tion will give a clearer understanding of the constitution of of Portland cement, but at present chemical analysis furnishes but little indication of the quality of the m terial. Defective cement usually results from im perfect manufacture, not from faulty com ition. Cement made from very finely 252 ground material, thoroughly mixed and properly burned, may may be perfectly sound when containing more than the usual quantity of lime, while a cement low in line may be entirely unsound due to care- less manufacture. The analysis of a cement will show the uniformity in composition of the the product from individual mills, but will furnish lit- tle or no indication of the quality of the material. Occasional analysis should, however, be made for record and to deter- mine the quantity of sulphuric anhydride and magnesia present. The ground clinker as it comes from the mill is usually quick setting which re- quires correction. This is usually accom- plished by the addition of a small quantity of more or less hydrated calcium sulphate, either gypsum or plaster of Paris. Ex- perience and practice have shown that an addition of 3 per cent or less is sufficient for the purpose. Three per cent of calcium sulphate (CaSO4) contains about 1.75 per cent sul- phuric anhydride (SO3), and as this has been considered the maximum quantity necessary to control time of set, the speci- fication limits the SO3 content to 1.75 per Lcent. The specification prohibits the addition of any material subsequent to calcination except the 3 per cent of calcium sul- phate permitted to regulate time of set. Other additions may be difficult or impos- sible to detect even by a careful mill in- spection during the process of manufacture, but as the normal adulterant would be ground raw material, an excess of "in- soluble residue" would reveal the addition. of silicious material, and an excess in "loss on ignition" would point to the ad- dition of calcareous material when either. is added in sufficient in sufficient quantity quantity to make the adulteration profitable. The effect of relatively small quanti- ties of magnesia magnesia (MgO) in normal Port- land cement, while still under investiga- tion, can be considered harmless. Earlier investigators believed that as magnesia had a slower rate of hydration than lime, the hydration of any free magnesia (MgO). present would occur after the cement had set and cause disintegration. The effect of effect of magnesia magnesia was considered especially injurious when the cement cement was exposed to the action of sea water. More recent investigation has shown that cement. can be made which is perfectly sound un- der all conditions when containing 5 per cent of magnesia and it has also been found that the lime in Portland cement. 253 exposed to sea water is replaced by mag- nesia. The maximum limit for magnesia has been set at 4 per cent, as it has been established that this quantity is not in- jurious and it is high enough to permit the use of the large quantities of raw material available in most sections of the country. LEHIGH VALLEY RAILROAD COMPANY. Specifications for Yellow Pine Crossties. All ties must be of good Georgia, Florida or Alabama sound, Long Leaf Yellow Pine timber, free from loose knots and other im- perfections. Class "A" Crossties for Main Tracks. Class "A" No. 1 Ties must be eight and one-half feet in length, seven inches thick on both edges for their entire length, and not less than nine inches on face or width. They must be well hewed on four sides. straight and out of wind. Ends cut square, of even thickness throughout and entirely free from sap except on the cor ners, where not more than one inch of sap will be allowed. No sawed ties will be accepted as No. 1. No variations be allowed in length or thickness. will Class "A" No. 2 Ties must have a face or width of not less than eight inches, and in other respects conform to the specifica tion for No. 1 ties. Not more than 10 per cent. of Class "A" No. 2 Ties will | be accepted on any order for No. 1 ties. Class "B" Crossties for Branches, Sidings and Yards. Class "B" No. 1 Ties must be exactly eight feet in length, six inches thick on both edges for their entire length, and not less than nine inches on the face or width. Quality and manufacture same as for Class "A" No. 1 Ties. No sawed ties will be accepted as No. 1. No variations will be allowed in length or thickness. Class B No. 2 Ties must have a face or width of not less than eight inches, and in other respects conform to specifications for No. 1 Ties. Not more than 10 per cent. of Class "B" No. 2 ties will be accepted an order for No. 1 ties. Specifications for Yellow Pine Switch Ties. All ties must be of good Georgia, Florida or Alabama sound, long leaf or Yellow 254 Pine timber, straight and free from de- cayed knots, loose knots or other imperfec- tions. All switch ties must be sawed full seven inches by ten inches, and no variation in size will be allowed. They must be sawed to length as specified in order, and both ends must be cut square. In quality they must conform to the Merchantable inspec- tion of the "Southern Lumber and Timber Association, Savannah Rules, adopted February 14th, 1883. THE DELAWARE & HUDSON COMPANY. Office of Purchasing Agent. Albany, N. Y., June 7th, 1912. Specifications for Lumber, Cross Ties and Telegraph Poles. All Long Leaf bought under the rules of the Southern Lumber and Timber Asso- ciation, rules of 1883 and Prime rules of 1905. In White Oak, all timber must be cut from live, thrifty timber, free from rot, wane, shakes, rotten knots and rotten hearts. Standard Yellow Pine Tie is 7 x 9-8' 6", Standard Heart quality Long Leaf Yellow Pine, allowing 1" of sap on corners. Standard Pole for Railroad Line is 30 ft. long, 7" diameter at the top under bark and 11" in diameter 6 ft. from butt. Standard Trolley or Power Pole is 30 ft. long. 8" in diameter at small end and 12" in diameter 6 ft. from butt. 255 SPECIFICATIONS AND AND INSTRUCTIONS for ORDERING AND INSPECTING LUMBER for the ENGINEERING AND MAINTENANCE OF WAY DEPARTMENTS, NEW YORK CENTRAL AND HUDSON RIVER No. RAILROAD. GENERAL 1-Sawing-All lumber must be sawed square edge, and must be of the dimensions specified after seasoning, in ac cordance with the rules under which the lumber is purchased. No. 2 Rejects-All lumber which fails to pass the Company's inspection shall be re- moved from the Company's premises, at the shipper's expense, including unloading, load- ing, inspection, etc., on or before the ex- piration of thirty days from the time the shipper is notified of the rejection. No. 3-Lower Grades-No lumber which is ordered as one grade, and which fails to pass the inspection of that grade, will be accepted at the lower grade, except by special permission of the Purchasing Agent or other proper officer authorized under the contract. No. 4-Failures-Should 15 per cent. of any shipment fail to pass inspection, the Railroad Company reserves the right to re ject the entire shipment. No. 5-Defects-Where defects are speci fied in defining grades, they refer to the worst plece which will be accepted. The average must be midway between the pieces described and the worst piece of the higher grade. No. 6 Quality-All lumber must be free from decay, splits, shakes, twist, holes, rot- ten or loose knots, worm holes, bark edges and other imperfections which will impair its strength, durability or fitness for the purpose intended. When sap is mentioned it is intended to refer to measurements along the side or the face of the the piece, unless otherwise specified. Always specify on requisition requisition the grade of lumber required, and the purpose for which it is to be used. Avoid ordering lumber of specified widths or lengths if possible, especially ex- treme widths where narrower widths can be 256 used by doweling together to obtain the width required. When dressed lumber is ordered it is un- derstood that the sizes given are the FINISHED sizes UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED. Sheathing, ceiling and floor- ing, the width of face as well as the thick- ness after dressing should be mentioned. NOTE-Edge grain, rift sawed, comb grain and quarter sawed are terms all mean- ing the same thing. Flat face and bastard sawed are terms meaning the same thing. A piece tally must be made of every ship- ment received and a copy of the inspection report sent to the Purchasing Agent. Order all rough yellow pine under Inter- state Rules. Order all finished yellow pine under Yellow Pine Manufacturers' Associa- tion Rules. LONG LEAF YELLOW PINE Uses-Prime quality is to be used for trestles, bridges, ties and guard rails, water tank substructure, dock timbers and planks, station and freight house platforms. Merchantable quality to be used for joists, trusses, platform stringers, rafters, etc., grade crossing planks, sheet piling, dock timbers or planks, or planks, exterior brackets and purlins for all buildings. To be ordered under Interstate Rules, 1905, as follows: Prime Inspection-Dimension Sizes: All square lumber shall show two thirds heart two sides, and not less than one-half heart on two other sides. Other sizes shall show two-thirds heart on face and show heart two-thirds of length on edges, except- ing when the width exceeds the thickness by 3 inches or over, then it shall show heart on the edge for one-half the length. Flooring shall show one heart face, re- gardless of sap on opposite side, shall be free from rough or round shakes or knots. exceeding 1 inch in diameter, or more than 4 in a board on the face side. BOARDS 7 inches and under wide shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart on opposite side; over 7 inches wide shall show two-thirds heart on both sides, all free from round or through shakes, large or unsound knots. PLANK 7 inches and under wide shall show one heart face, over 7 inches wide shall show two-thirds heart on both sides, shall be free from round or through shakes, large or unsound knots. SCANT- LING shall show three corners heart, free from through or round shakes or unsound. knots. All stock is to be well and truly manu- factured full to size and saw butted. 257 Wane on not over 5 per cent. of the pieces in any one size shall be allowed as on merchantable quality. Where terms one- half and two-thirds heart are used, they shall be understood as referring referring to the areas of the side on which measured. In the dressing of lumber, when not otherwise specified, inch shall be allowed for each planer cut. Merchantable Inspection-All sizes under 9 inches shall show some heart entire length on one side; sides 9 inches and over shall show some heart the entire length on two opposite sides. Wane may be allowed one-eighth of the width of the plece measured across the face of wane, and extending one-fourth of the length of the piece on one corner or its equivalent on two or more corners; provided that not over 10 per cent. of the pieces of any one size shall show such wane. Flooring Is to be rift or flat grain and in accordance with Yellow Pine Manufac turers' Association Rules, 1910. Grade "A" rift flooring must be prac tically free from defects on the face side; and shall take the same inspection as flat grain except as to the angle of the grain. Edge grain stock admits no piece in which the angle of the grain exceeds 45 degrees from vertical at any point, thus excluding all pieces that will sliver or shell from wear. Grade "B" flat flooring will admit any two of the following or their equivalent of combined defects: 15 per cent. of sap stain: 15 per cent. firm red heart; three pin knots: one standard knot: three small pitch pockets; one standard pitch pocket; one standard pitch streak; slight torn grain; small seasoning checks; six pin worm holes. Grade "C" flat flooring will admit any two of the following defects or their equivalent of combined defects: 25 per cent. of sap stain; 25 per cent. firm red heart: two standard pitch streaks; medium torn grain, or other machine defects that lay without waste; slight shake that does not go through or seasoning checks that do not go through; 2 standard pitch pockets; 6 small pitch pockets; 2 standard knots or 6 pin knots, 12 pin worm holes. In ordering specify rift or flat face and grade required. Ceiling-Is to be flat grain and in ac cordance with Yellow Pine Manufacturers' Association Rules, 1910, as follows: Grade "A" "A" ceiling must be practically free from defects on the face side and well manufactured. Grade "B" ceiling will admit of any two 258 of the following defects or their equivalent of combined defects: Slight torn grain; 3 pin knots; 1 standard knot; 3 small pitch pockets: 1 standard pitch pocket; 1 small pitch streak; small seasoning checks; 15 per cent. sap stain; 15 per cent. firm red heart; 6 pin worm holes. In ordering specify grade required. FINISHING LUMBER. 12 Grade "A": 1, 14. 1 and 2 inch, dressed one or two sides, up to and includ- ing 8 inches wide, must show one face practically clear of all defects; 9 or 10 inches wide, in addition to one split in end not more than 6 inches long, will admit any one of the following defects: One small pitch pocket; 1 pin knot; pitch streak or sap stain not to exceed the equivalent of 6 square inches. One-third of any shipment of 11 and 12 inch, in addition to one split in end and not to exceed in length the width of the piece, will admit any one of the following defects or its equivalent: Three pin knots; 1 standard knot, 3 small pitch pockets. 1 standard pitch pocket; 1 small pitch streak; small seasoning checks; 1 sap stain 1½ inches wide run- ning across the face of the piece. Thirteen inch and wider will admit two of the above defects or their equivalent. Pieces otherwise admissible, which have loosened or torn grain on the face side shall be put in a lower grade. Grade "B": 1. 1. 1% and 2 inch dressed one or two sides up and including 10 inches in width, in addition to one split in end not to exceed in length the width. of the piece, will admit any two of the following or their equivalent of combined defects: Slight torn grain: 3 pin knots; 1 standard knot: 3 small pitch pockets: 1 standard pitch pocket; 1 pocket; 1 standard pitch streak: 5 per cent. of sap stain: wane not to exceed 1 inch in width, 4 inch in depth. and 16 the length of the piece; small seasoning checks. Eleven inch and wider will admit three of the above defects or their equivalent; but sap stain shall not exceed 10 per cent. Cantien-All of the above mentioned lumber must be strictly long leaf yellow pine. no loblolly pine, short leaf pine or coarse grain pine will be accepted. NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Uses Grade No. 1: Is to be used for finishing lumber. doors, sash, interior trim. and interior ceiling. 259 Grade No. 2: Is to be used for interior ceiling for minor buildings. Grade No. 3: Is to be used for roofing, sheathing and concrete forms. Inspections-The basis of inspection shall be the best or face side of of each piece. All lumber shall be well manufactured and well dried. In accordance with North Caro- lina Pine Association Rules, 1908, as fol- lows: Grade No. 1: This grade. up to 6 inch strip. shall have the face side practically clear of all defects, admitting 5 per cent. of pitch streaks; pieces over 6 inches wide may have one sound pin knot or small pitch pocket for each two inches of width over 6 inches. Grade No. 2: This grade shall admit small sound knots on the face and 15 per cent. pitch streaks: the reverse side to grade No. 4 or better; no knot in a strin up to 6 inches wide is to exceed one inch in diameter; wider pieces may have knots. 1½ inch diameter. The aggregate diameter of knots or defects is not to exceed exceed 1 inches for every 3 inches of width. Stand- ard pitch pockets to be treated the same as knots. Grade No. 3: This grade shall consist of knotty boards below the grade of No. 2: no knot is to exceed in diameter one-half the width of the strip and no knot over 2 inches diameter is allowable in strips 6 inches and under; wider pieces may have knots 2 inches in diameter, admitting small encased knots and small spike or horn. knots and 30 to 40 per cent. of pitch streaks; also pinny boards that would oth- erwise be classed as No. 1 or 2; and No. 1 and 2 boards showing 50 per cent. pitch. There is no limit as to quantity of knots in this grade. In ordering specify grade required. OREGON FIR. Uses Same use as long leaf yellow pine. Merchantable Quality: It is to be used for the same purposes as long leaf yellow pine prime. Common No. 2 Quality: Is to be used for the same purposes as long leaf yellow pine --merchantable. Inspection-In accordance with rules of Pacific Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau as follows: Merchantable: This grade shall consist of sound, strong lumber, free from shakes, large, loose or rotten knots and defects that materially impair its strength; well manu- factured and suitable for good substantial 280 constructional purposes. Will allow occa- sional variations in sawing or occasional scant thicknesses, sound knots, pitch seams, and sap on corners, the width and the thickness. Defects in all cases to be considered in connection with the size of the plece and its general quality. Common No. 2: This grade shall consist of lumber having knots, sap and other de- fects which exclude it from grading as Merchantable, but of a quality suitable for rough kinds of work. Flooring-Fir, Grade No. 1, rift-sawn, Pacific Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau Rules, 1909, as follows: Inspection-Fir flooring No. 1 edge grain, shall be free from all defects and well manufactured. Fir flooring No. 1, slash grain, shall be well manufactured and free from all defects. except an occasional slight roughness in dressing. WHITE PINE. Uses-Fine Common: Is to be used for ceiling (natural wood finish) and exterior trim for buildings. No. 1 Cuts: Are to be used for doors and sash. No. 1 Barn: Is to be used for window and door frames, exterior trim for build- ings, interior ceiling for minor buildings, engine house doors, drop siding, drop siding, novelty siding or clapboards, exterior mouldings, light fences, overhang roof boards, over- hang rafters and water tanks. No. 2 Barn: Is to be used for exterior sheathing. No. 3 Barn: Is to be used for shelving. Inspection-In accordance with Tona- wanda Rules, as follows: Fine Common: Eight inches to ten inches may have one or two small knots on face, and bright sap on back, or one practically clear face, with sap or fine shake on back. Very wide pieces will admit of some shakes. running clear through through the piece, piece, on one end. The amount of knots, shakes and sap allowable on a piece, depends on length and width of piece. No. 1 Cuts: Must cut clear or better, of all defects, and any kind of defect al- lowed, providing they do not interfere with cutting good lengths, between defects. No. 1 Barn: Allows any number of red knots, provided they are not over 1½ inch in diameter. Edges practically free from knots. None but very tight knots allowed. Very little dark sap. No shake. No. 2 Barn: Allows any number of red knots of any size, and very few small black. 261 knots, that will not dress out. Black sap allowed on back. No rot or bad splits. No. 3 Barn: Allows any amount of red knots, of any size, and some black knots, provided they do not weaken the piece. Some shake, and a good proportion of sap on one side. Some heart checks allowed. HEMLOCK. Is to be used Uses-No. 1 Merchantable: for framing for buildings, snow fences, roof- ing and sheathing, temporary trestles, con- crete forms, under floors and sheet piling. All hemlock lumber must be sound knot- ted, free from rot, excessive shake, knot holes, excessive wane and cross splits, will permit of sound knots, straight splits and some wane, stock to be well manufactured, sawn true true to size and from live timber. SPRUCE. Uses-Is to be used for same purposes as hemlock Grade No. 1. All spruce must be good sound lumber. Krots are to be sound and tight and not large enough to injure the piece. Slight splits and shakes will be accepted. NORWAY PINE. Uses-Common No. 1: Is to be used for freight house planking, sheathing, interior ceiling for minor buildings, platform string- ers, temporary bridge stringers, temporary trestles, engine house doors, overhang raft- ers, overhang ceiling, exterior exterior finish minor buildings, fence stringers, exterior brackets and purloins for all buildings, drop Siding or novelty siding, canopies, smoke jacks, concrete forms and stock yard fences. on Inspection Common No. 1: Is to be sound red-knotted material comparing with the combined grades of Nos. 1, 2 and 3 arn white pine, Tonawanda Grading, with the low line pieces of No. 3 barn thrown out. CYPRESS. Uses-Tank Stock: Is to to be used for water tanks. "A" Finishing: Is to Is to be used for in- terior ceiling and finishing lumber. be used for drop "B" Siding: Is to be used and novelty siding. Inspection-In accordance with rules of the Southern Cypress Manufacturing Asso- ciation, 1910, as follows: Tank Stock-This grade shall be random 262 widths and will not be furnished in speel- fied widths, and shall be graded from the poorer side. This grade shall be 5 inches and wider, 12 1% to 4 inches thick and 8 feet and over in length. Pieces up to 7 inches shall be free from sap. Pieces 7 to 13 inches may have 1 inch of sound sap on one edge, not to exceed half the length and and half the thickness of the piece. Pieces 14 inches and wider may have 1 inch of sound sap on both edges, not to exceed half the length and half the thickness of the plece. In all widths sound knots that do not im- pair usefulness for tank purposes may be admitted. Cypress Finishing-Shall be specified widths 4 inches and wider, 1 to 2 inches thick, 10 feet and over long, and shall be graded from the better side A, B and C, but the reverse side should not be more than one grade lower. All grades of finish, rough or or S1S or S2S may vary 4 inch from the width specified. 1 "A" Finish: Pieces 4 and 5 inches wide shall be clear of sap, knots and other de- fects. Pieces 6 inches wide may have inch of bright sap, or in lieu of sap one small sound knot. Pieces 7 and 8 inches wide may have 2 inches of bright sap, or in lieu of sap one small sound knot. Pieces 9 and 10 inches wide may have 3 inches. of bright sap, or in lieu of sap two small sound knots, or 1½ inches of bright sap and one small sound knot. Pieces 12 inches wide may have 4 inches of bright sap, or in lieu of sap one standard knot, or two small sound knots, or 2 inches of bright sap and one small sound knot. Pieces 14 inches or wider may have more defects in proportion as the width increases. "B" Siding: May have any amount of bright sap or if not all bright sap may have three sound knots or any other defect in wane on the thin edges, shake, split, or pin worm holes not exceeding in damage three small sound knots above described. Siding shall be 4 to 6 inches in width, 10 to 20 feet in length and graded from the finished side. WHITE WOOD OR POPLAR. OR POPLAR. Uses-No. 1 Common: Is to be used for cases, pigeon holes and shelving. Inspection-In accordance with the rules. of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of the United States, 1910, as follows: No. 1 Common: Lengths: 8 feet and over admitting 15 per cent. of odd lengths; 20 per cent. may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and 263 not to exceed 5 per cent. under 10 feet. Widths: 5 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap admitted. admitted. 20 per cent. of sound discolored sap admitted on face, No. 1 common shall be inspected to grade according to the percentage of clear face cuttings, as shown below: No piece or cutting to be less than 5 inches wide and 18 inches long. The following table explains fully how the widths and lengths of boards are to grade: Lengths Per No. of Cent. Pieces Widths 5 inches 8 to 14 feet 90 15 feet and over 90 6 to 7 inches 8 to 10 feet 85 66 11 feet and over 85 8 to 9 inches 8 to 10 feet 75 66 11 to 16 feet 75 66 17 feet and over 75 10 to 12 inches 8 to 11 feet 70 12 to 16 feet 70 17 feet and over 70 13 in. and over 8 to 11 feet 66 2/3 12 to 16 feet 66 2/3 23232 42 43 4 3 3 3 17 feet and over 66 2/3 5 OAK-WHITE OR BURR. Uses Firsts and Seconds: Is to be used for furniture, ceiling, interior finish. and seating. Seconds: Is to be used for ferry slips. Common No. 1: Is to be used for grade crossing plank, door sills, hand car repairs, signal and engineers' stakes and frog blocking. Inspection-In accordance with the rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Associa- tion of the United States, 1910, as follows: Firsts and Seconds: Combined as one grade; lengths: 8 feet and over, admitting 15 per cent. of odd lengths; 20 per cent. may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to ex- ceed 5 per cent. under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Firsts: Shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, will admit Seconds: Are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and standard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three, 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. 264 Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and are to be con- sidered as one one standard defect, not over 20 per cent. of the whole in either quality may be so split. Bright sap to one-third the width of the piece on the face side is no defect. No. 1 Common: Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15 per cent. of odd lengths; 25 per cent. may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5 per cent. under S. feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Bright sap is not a defect in this grade. 6-foot lengths must be clear one face, up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. 4 and 5 inches wide will admit one standard defect, except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3 per cent. clear face as follows: Widths 6 to 11 inches Lengths 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet No. of Pieces 2 6 to 11 inches 3 6 to 11 inches 4 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches. 3 4 17 to 20 feet 5 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 4 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 5 17 to 20 feet 6 16 inches and over The smallest cutting allowed must con- tain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. WHITE ASH. Uses-Firsts and Seconds: Are to be used for furniture and counter tops. Inspection-In accordance with the rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of the United States, 1910, as follows: Firsts and Seconds: Are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, ad- mitting 15 per cent. of odd lengths; 20 per cent. may be 8, 9 and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5 per cent, under 10 feet. Widtns: 5 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts: Shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit standard defects as follows: 6 and 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds: Are 5 inches and over wide. 8 feet and over long, and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 5 inches wide, none. 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 265 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and are to be con- sidered as one standard defect, not over 20 per cent. of the whole in either quality may be so split. CHESTNUT. Uses-Firsts and Seconds: Are to be used for interlor finish and ceiling. No. 1 Common: Is to be used for station brackets and canopies. Sound Wormy: Is to be used for platform and shop stringers. Inspection-In accordance with the rules. of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of the United States, 1910, as follows: Bright sap is no defect in any grade. Worm holes that are bunched so that they will not exceed in damage the number of standard defects allowed in the piece will be admitted and to be considered fects. de- Firsts and Seconds: Are combined as one grade. Lengths: 8 feet and over, ad- mitting 15 per cent. of of odd lengths; 20 per cent. may be 8, 9, and 10 feet, and not to exceed 5 per cent. 5 per cent. under 10 feet. Widths: 6 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Firsts: Shall be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and will admit stand- ard defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, none. 8 inches and over wide, one. Seconds: Are 6 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long, and will admit standard. defects as follows: 6 to 7 inches wide, one. 8 to 10 inches wide, two. 11 to 13 inches wide, three. 14 to 16 inches wide, four. As widths increase, defects may increase in proportion. Splits not to exceed one-sixth the length of the piece admitted and to be considered as one standard defect, not over 20 per cent. of the whole in either quality may be so split. No. 1 Common: Lengths 6 feet and over, admitting 15 per cent. of odd lengths; 25 per cent, may be 6, 7 and 8 feet; and not to exceed 5 per cent. under 8 feet. Widths: 4 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Six-foot lengths must clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. Four and 5 inches will admit one standard defect except 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3 per cent. clear face as follows: 266 Lengths 7 to 11 feet No. of Pieces 2343DES 5 Widths 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 16 feet 6 to 11 inches 17 to 20 feet 12 to 15 inches 7 to 11 feet 12 to 15 inches 12 to 16 feet 12 to 15 inches 17 to 20 feet 16 inches and over 7 to 11 feet 16 inches and over 12 to 16 feet 16 inches and over 17 to 20 feet The smallest cutting allowed must con- tain 144 square inches, and it must not be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 4 inches. 5 6 Sound Wormy: Lengths: 6 feet and over. admitting 15 per cent. of odd lengths; 25 per cent. may be 6, 7 and 8 feet, and not to exceed 5 per cent. under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Will admit worm holes without limit, but work at least 66 2/3 per cent. into sound cuttings. No piece or cutting can be shorter than 18 inches nor narrower than 3 inches, and must contain 144 square inches. WHITE MAPLE. Uses-Factory Flooring: for freight house floors. Is to be used Clear: Is to be used for passenger sta- tion floors and signal tower floors in lengths of 2 feet and up. 2½ inches face. tongued and grooved, butt matched and bored. Inspection-In accordance with Maple Flooring Manufacturers' Association, Rules of 1909, revised October 22, 1909, as fol- lows: Factory Flooring: Must be of such char- acter as will lay and give a good service- able floor, with with some cutting. Standard lengths in all widths in all widths in this grade shall be trimmed 1 to 16 feet, inclusive; the proportion of lengths 1 to 3% feet shall be what the stock will produce up to 50 per cent. Clear: Shall have one face free from all defects, but the question of color shall not be considered. Standard lengths in all widths in this grade shall be trimmed 2 to 16 feet, inclusive; the proportion of lengths 2 to 3% feet shall be what the stock will produce up to 10 per cent. In ordering specify Finished sizes. BEECH. Uses-Common No. 1: Is to be used for dock planking and freight house planking. Inspection-In accordance with the rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of the United States. 1910, as follows: Lengths: 6 feet and over, admitting 15 per cent. of odd lengths; 30 per cent. m 267 be 6, 7 and 8 feet; and not to exceed 10 per cent, under 8 feet. Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Six-foot pieces will admit standard de- fects as follows: 5 to 9 inches wide, none. 10 inches and over, two. Pieces 3 inches wide, 8 feet and over long. to be clear one face. Pieces 4 inches wide, 8 feet and over long, will admit one stand- ard defect. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3 per cent. clear face as follows: Widths 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches No. of Lengths Pieces 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches. 12 to 15 inches. 16 inches and over 16 inches and over 16 inches and over No piece or cutting is to be considered which is less than 3 inches wide or two feet long. Slightly discolored sap is no defect. Bright sap is no defect in any grade. ROCK ELM. Uses No. 1 Common: Is to be used for freight house house bridges and freight freight house floors. Inspection-In accordance with the rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' Association of the United States, 1910, as follows: No. 1 Common: Lengths 6 feet and over, admitting 15 per cent. of odd lengths; 25 per cent. may be 6, 7 and 8 feet; and not to exceed 5 per cent. under 8 feet, Widths: 3 inches and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Six-foot lengths must be clear one face up to 8 inches wide; over 8 inches wide will admit one standard defect. Three inches wide must be clear one face, except 6-foot lengths. Four inches wide will admit one standard defect and 5 inches two, ex- cept 6-foot lengths. Other widths and lengths must work 66 2/3 per cent. clear face as follows: Widths 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 6 to 11 inches 12 to 15 inches 12 to 15 inches. 12 to 15 inches 16 inches and over 16 Inches and over 16 inches and over Lengths 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet 7 to 11 feet 12 to 16 feet 17 to 20 feet No. of Pieces 2 3 4 3 4 45546 268 No piece or cutting will be considered which is less than 3 inches wide or two feet long. Slightly discolored sap is no defect. Bright sap no defect. PILES. Uses-For Permanent Work: Norway Pine, White or Burr Oak and Long Leaf Yellow Pine may be used. For Temporary Work: Short Leaf Yel- low Pine, Spruce, Beech, Red or Pin Oak, Elm or any or any other sound other sound timber may be used. They shall be cut during the winter months from sound, live trees of slow growth and firm grain, and shall be free. from ring shakes, decay, large unsound knots or other defects that will impair their strength, durability or fitness for the pur- pose for which they are intended. They shall be butt cut above the ground swell, and be uniformly tapering from the butt to the tip. All limbs and knots shall be carefully trimmed close to the body of the piles, the piles shall be cut squarely at both ends, and finished in a workmanlike manner. Piles shall be so straight that a line stretched from the center of the pile at the butt end to the center of the pile at the tip, will lie within the body of the pile. All piles shall be of required length and of full net dimensions, exclusive of bark, as specified. The minimum diameter at the tip of piles shall be 9 inches for lengths. not exceeding thirty feet; 8 inches for lengths over thirty feet not exceeding fifty feet; and seven inches for lengths over fifty feet. The minimum diameter diameter meas- ured five feet from the butt shall be twelve inches and the maximum diameter shall be twenty inches, unless larger butts are spe- cially permitted. Piles with splay butts will not be accepted. Piling shall be subject to inspection either before or after shipment, at the option of the Railroad Company. For permanent work, piles shall be peeled. of bark unless otherwise specified. SHINGLES. White or Red Cedar, Cedar, Yellow Cedar or Cypress, 16 inches or 18 inches long as specified, 7/16 inch butt. Random widths, to specifications as follows, and must be produced from live timber. Cedar Shingles-All cedar shingles shall be not less than sixteen inches in length and 7/16 inch thick at the butt, and shall be classed and known as follows: 269 Clear: The first grade is to be denom- inated clear, and to consist of shingles not less than three inches in width; all to be absolutely perfect. Clear Butts (Extra (Extra "A"): The second grade is to be denominated Extra "A" and shall consist of shingles not less than three inches wide, and with the butts clear for ten inches of the length. A dimension Cypress Shingles-"Bests": shingle; each width separately bundled; 16 or 18 inches long; five butts to measure 2 inches; all heart; free from shakes, knots and other defects. "Primes": A dimension shingle; 4, 5 and 6 inches in width, 16 or 18 inches long. each width packed separately, 5 butts to measure 2 inches; admitting tight knots and sap, but free from shakes and other defects, but within 8 inches of butts. Specify grade and kind required and pur- pose for which intended, whether for roofs or sides. FENCE POSTS. Cedar, Chestnut, White, Burr or Chest- nut Oak. For stock yards, 8 feet to 16 feet long as specified. For standard fences, 8 feet or 10 feet as specified. Must be cut from sound live timber 5 inches to 7 inches diameter at the small end, peeled of bark and must have all branches and twigs cut off close to the body. DEFINITIONS OF STANDARD DEFECTS and RULES FOR GRADING LUMBER YELLOW PINE MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, 1910. LONG LEAF YELLOW PINE. Yellow pine lumber shall be graded and classified according to the following rules and specifications as to quality, and dressed stock shall conform to the subjoined tables of standard sizes-Except where otherwise expressly stipulated between buyer and seller. Recognized defects in yellow pine are knots, knot holes, splits (either from sea- soning, ring hearts or rough handling). shake, wane, red heart, pith, rot, rotten streaks, worm holes, pitch streaks, pitch 270 pockets, torn grain, loosened grain, season- ing checks and sap stains. Knots-Knots shall be classified as pin, standard and large, as to size, and round and spike as to form; and as sound, loose, encased, pith and rotten as to quality. A pin knot is sound and not over ½ inch in diameter. A standard knot is sound and not over 1½ inches in diameter. A large knot is one any size over 1½ inches in diameter. A round knot is oval or circular in form. A spike knot is one sawn in a lengthwise direction. The mean or average diameter of knots con- shall be considered in applying and struing the rules. A sound knot is one solid across its face. is as hard as the wood it is in, may be either red or black, and is so fixed by growth or position that it will retain its place in the piece. A loose knot is one not held firmly in place by growth or position. A pith knot is a sound knot with a pith hole not more than 14 inch in diameter in the center. An encased knot is one surrounded wholly or in part by pitch or pitch or bark bark which may show on one or both sides of the piece. If grown fast to the board at any point on one or both sides of the piece or is so fixed. by growth or position that it will retain its place in the piece it shall be sidered a sound knot. it A rotten knot is one not as hard the wood it is in. con- as openings be- Pitch-Pitch pockets are tween the grain the grain of the wood containing more or less pitch or bark, and shall be classified as small, standard and large pitch pockets. A small pitch pocket is one not over of an inch wide. A standard pitch pocket is one not over % of an inch wide or 3 inches in length. A large pitch pocket is one over of an inch wide or over 3 inches in length. A pitch pocket showing open on both sides of the piece % of an inch or more. in width, shall be considered the same. a knot-hole of equal size. A pitch streak is a well defined accumu- lation of pitch at one point in the piece, and when not sufficient to develop a well defined streak, or where fibre between grains is not saturated with pitch, it shall not be considered a defect. A small pitch streak shall be equivalent to not over one-twelfth the width and one- sixth the length of the plece it is in. A standard pitch streak shall be equiva- 271 lent to not over one-sixth the width and and one-third of the length of the piece it is in. Wane-Wane is bark, or the lack of bark or a decrease of wood from any cause on the edge of the piece. Sap-Bright sap shall not be considered a defect in any of the grades provided for and described in these rules. The restric- tion or exclusion of bright sap constitutes a special class of material which can only be secured by special contract. Sap stain shall not be considered a defect. in any of the grades of common lumber. MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS REGARD TO GRADING. IN Firm red heart shall not be considered a defect in any of any of the grades of common lumber. Defects in rough stock caused by improper manufacture and drying will reduce grade, unless they can be removed in dressing such stock to standard sizes. the All stock except dimension, shall be in- spected on the face side to determine the grade. Stock surfaced one side, the dressed surface shall be considered face side. Stock rough or dresesd two sides, or common boards D. & M. or ship- lapped and S2S, the best face shall be considered the face side, but the reverse side of all such stock shall not be more than one grade lower. Imperfect manufacture in dressed stock, such as torn grain, loosened grain, slight skips in dressing. wane, broken knots, mis- matched. insufficient tongue or groove on flooring, ceiling, drop siding, etc., shall be considered defects, and will reduce grade according as they are slight or serious in their effects on the use of the stock. Pieces of flooring, drop siding or parti- tion with 3/16 inch or more of tongue; and pieces of ceiling with 1 inch or more of tongue; and pieces of shiplap with 5/16 inch of lap will be admitted in any grade. Pieces of flooring, drop siding. ceiling or partition, having not less than 1/16 inch tongue will be admitted in No. 2 Common. Pieces of shiplap having less than 5/16 inch and not less than 1 inch lap shall be one grade lower than if standard. In all grades of D and better flooring and No. 1 Common and better ceiling, drop sid- ing, etc., wane on the reverse side, not exceeding one-third the width and one-sixth the length of any piece, provided the wane does not extend into the tongue, nor over 272 one-half the thickness below the groove, is admissible. Caipped grain consists in a part of the surface being chipped or broken out in small particles below the line of the cut, and as usually found should not be classed as torn grain and shall not be considered a defect. Torn grain consists in a part of the wood being torn out in dressing. It occurs around knots and curly pieces, and is of four dis- tinet characters-slight, medium, heavy and deep. Slight torn grain should not exceed 1/32 of an inch in depth, medium 1/16 of an inch, and heavy % of an inch. Any torn grain heavier than 1% of an inch shall be termed deep. Loosened grain consists in a point of one grain being torn loose from the next grain. It occurs on the heart side of the piece, and is a serious defect, especially in flooring. The grade of all regular stock shall be determined by the number, character, posi- tion and location of the defects visible in any piece. The enumerated defects herein described admissible in any grade are in- tended to be descriptive of the coarsest pieces such grades may contain. Lumber and timber sawed for specific pur- poses must be inspected with a view to its adaptability for the use intended. The standard lengths are multiples of two feet, ten to twenty-four feet, inclusive, for boards, fencing, dimension, lumber joists and timbers; multiples of one foot, ten to twenty feet, inclusive, for finishing, floor- ing, ceiling, siding. partition, casing, base, window and door jambs, except jambs, except as here- inafter specified. Longer or shorter lengths than those herein specified are special. Spe- cial and fractional lengths, when ordered, shall be counted as of the next higher standard length. S1S The standard of widths for lumber 818 or S2S or rough, excluding dimension, shall be multiples of 1 inch, 3 inches and up in width. On stock width shipments of No. 1 Com- and better lumber, either rough dressed one or two sides, no piece should be counted as of standard width that is more than 1/4 inch scant on 8 inch and under; inch scant on 9 and 10 inch, or ½ inch scant on 11 and 12 inch or wider. Such pieces should be measured as of the next lower standard of width and not re- duced in grade. All dressed stock shall be measured and sold strip count, viz.: full size of rough material necessarily used in its manufac ture. 273 All sizes 1 inch or less in thickness shall be counted as 1 inch thick. In standard manufacture of factory for ing, decking or thick dressed and matched stock, and stock grooved for splines, and for thick shiplap, the finished width shall be ½ inch less over all than the count or measured width of the rough material used in manufacture, and the tongue and lap shall be measured to determine the finished width, and face measure shall no longer be standard, Equivalent means equal, and in construing and applying these rules, the defects al- lowed, whether specified or not, are un- derstood to be equivalent in damaging effect to those mentioned applying to stock under consideration. No arbitrary rules for the inspection of lumber can be maintained with satisfaction. The variations from any given rule are numerous and suggested by practical com- mon sense, so nothing more definite than the general features of different grades should be attempted by rules of inspection. Lumber must be accepted on grade in the form in which it was shipped. Any subse- quent change in manufacure or mill work will prohibit an inspection for the adjust- ment of claims, except with the consent of all parties interested. INTERSTATE RULES FOR GRADING OF LUMBER, 1910. All lumber must be sound, sound, commercial long leaf yellow pine (pine combining large coarse knots with coarse grain is excluded under these rules), well manufactured, full to size and saw butted, and shall be free from the following defects: Unsound, loose and hollow knots, worm holes and knot holes, through shakes or round shakes that show on the surface; and shall be square edge unless otherwise specified. A through shake is hereby defined to be through or connected from side to side, or edge to edge, or side to edge. In the measurement of dressed lumber the width and thickness of the lumber be- fore dressing must be taken-less than one. inch thick shall be measured as one inch. The measurement of wane shall always. apply to the lumber in the rough. All lumber grading higher than the grade for which it is sold shall be accepted as of the grade sold. The 1905 rules for inspection of long leaf yellow pine lumber were reaffirmed at the 1910 meeting, but with the understanding 274 that the first paragraph of the general rules is not to be construed to admit short leaf pine in long leaf shipments. RULES AND GRADING INSTRUCTIONS. NORTH CAROLINA PINE. Narrow Edge: Also called Edge, contains all widths under 12 inches except stock widths6 inch, 8 inch, 10 inch and 12 inch. Wide Edge: Contains all widths over 12 inches. Knots--Referred to as sound, rotten, loose, encased and tight, as to quality. A loose knot is one that will come out. An encased knot is one surrounded by bark or pitch. A tight knot is one that will not come. out. A pin knot is a knot ½ inch in diameter or under. The diameter of an oblong knot is the mean between its greater and lesser di- ameters. A spike or horn knot is a knot sawed nearly or altogether lengthwise. Pitch-Pitch pockets are openings be- tween the grain of the wood, and may contain pitch, or bark, or both. A pitch pocket that shows on both sides of the piece shall be considered the same as a knothole. A standard pitch pocket is not over inch wide, nor over 3 inches long (meas- ured over all). A small pitch pocket is one not over inch wide. nor over 2 inches long (meas- ured over all). Pitch streaks are simply accumulations of pitch at different portions of the board.. STANDARD DEFECTS IN WHITE PINE SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK. Recognized defects in hemlock are as follows: pine, spruce and Knots, knot-holes. splits, shake, wane, rot, torn grain, check and sap stain. Knots are classified as pin. standard and large as to size; round and spike as to form; and as sound, loose, encased and rot- ten as to quality. A pin knot is sound and not over ½ inch in diameter. A standard knot is sound and not over. 1½ inches in diameter. Two small knots equalling in diameter 275 will be considered a one 12 1½ inch knot will be standard knot. A large knot is any size over 1½ inches in diameter. A round knot is circular or oval in form. A spike knot is one sawn in a length- wise direction. A sound knot is one solid across its face, and is as hard as the wood it is in; it may be red but not black, and must re- tain its place in the piece of timber. A loose knot is one not held firmly in place by growth or position. An encased knot is one surrounded wholly or in part by pitch or bark. A rotten knot is one not as hard as the wood it is in. A split is a crack occurring at the end, running through the lesser dimension of the piece, and when not over 6 inches in length is not considered a defect. Shakes are splits or checks in timbers where it separates along the annual rings. Wane is bark or the surface where bark has been or a decrease of wood on the edge of the plece. Defects in rough stock caused by im- proper manufacture and drying will reduce grade unless they can be removed in dress- ing such stock to standard sizes. stock grain, Imperfect manufacture in rough such as torn grain and loosened wane, broken knots, shall be considered a defect and will reduce the grade. All stock except dimension shall be in- spected on the face side to determine grade. No rot will be allowed at all in any lumber. HARDWOOD MANUFACTURERS' ASSO- CIATION OF THE UNITED STATES. GENERAL RULES FOR AND INSPECTION INSTRUCTIONS AS TO DEFECTS. HARDWOODS. Manufacture-Lumber shall be manu- factured of practically uniform thickness and square edges, with all ragged ends trimmed off. Inspection-The location, kind and size of defects have much to do with the value of a board, and the inspector must depend to some extent on his own judgment, guided by the following rules: In inspecting all lumber, both sides of 276 the piece shall be taken into consideration in making the grade. The face side of lumber is the side show- ing the best quality or appearance. Pieces of lumber that would take two or three standard defects may have one large defect equal in damage to two or three standard defects. In grades below Firsts and Seconds and in woods where no select grade is provided, boards 8 inches and over wide with with one clear face shall be raised a grade above the reverse side. Lumber shipped rough must be accepted. on grades as shown in the rough, and not subject to any changes which may be caused. by future mill working except as to stained. sap, as hereinafter stated. Any stain that will show bright after dressing to standard thickness shall not be considered a defect. Splits that do not diverge more than one. inch for each foot in length are to be con- sidered straight splits. to be Ordinary season checks are not to considered defects. A straight split not exceeding 6 inches. in length in one end of a piece of lumber. 8 inches and over wide shall not be con- sidered a defect. The rules for the inspection of lumber are intended to define the poorest piece that will go into a given grade; all the better boards. up to the next higher grade being also included in the grade described. In line boards where the defects are slightly be- yond the specifications, twelve feet and longer shall be given advantage in grade, and eleven feet and shorter reduced. Clear face cuttings must show one face. clear of all defects excepting bright sap, except as hereinafter stated. The reverse side of clear face cuttings may contain three three small defects, or one large defect not exceeding 2 inches in di- ameter that will not materially weaken the strength of the piece, and that will not show through to the face when worked. The standard lengths are 4 to 20 feet, with 15 per cent. of odd lengths in feet in any grade admitted as standard lengths. The standard thicknesses for rough stock are: %, 1, 54. . 1, 14. 1%, 1, 2, 24. 22, 2, 3, 3, 3%, 3% and 4 inches. Ten per cent. of the shipment may be 1/16 inch scant of the standard thickness. Standard Defects-Each one of the follow- ing items constitutes a standard defect, any of which may appear in the board up to the limit specified in the rule covering its quality. knot one and and one-fourth inches in One knot diameter. 277 Two knots so located that they will not exceed in damage one standard knot. Worm holes, grub holes, or rafting pin holes, not exceeding damage one standard knot. Heart, shake, rot, dote, or any other de- fects not exceeding in damage one standard knot. Bark or waney edge not to exceed one- inch in the average, running not to exceed one-third the length of the board, only showing on one side and to be measured. The percentages of firsts allowed in the combined grade of firsts and seconds in the different woods are as follows: 50 per cent.-Poplar. 40 per cent.-Basswood, Soft, Elm, Cot- tonwood. 33 1/3 per cent.-White Ash, Birch, Hard Maple, Chestnut, Sycamore, Red and White Oak (Plain and Quartered), Buckeye, Red and Sap Gum. 25 per cent.-Soft Maple, Brown and Black Ash, Cuban Mahogany. 20 per cent.-Beech, Butternut, Rock Elm, Hickory, Pecan, Walnut and Cherry. Approved: GEO. W. W. KITTREDGE. Chief Engineer. G. W. VAUGHAN, Engr. Maintenance of Way. Revised May 1, 1912. NEW YORK CENTRAL & HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD CO. Specifications and Instructions for Order- ing and Inspecting Lumber for the Motive Power and Rolling Stock Departments. RULES FOR STOREKEEPERS. 1. Storekeepers are to make requisition for only such material as may. be listed in the following specifications: When lumber not listed in these spec- ifications is desired, the matter must be submitted to the Lumber Committee and to the Superintendent of Motive Power or Roll- ing Stock for approval before making re- quisition. 3. Always specify on requisition the grade 278 11 of lumber required and the purpose for which it is intended. 4. If possible, avoid ordering lumber of specified widths or lengths, or lengths, especially ex- treme widths, where narrower widths be used by doweling together, to obtain the width required. 5. Where very long sills are required, and they can be spliced without impairing their efficiency, order in shorter lengths. 6. Lengths and widths of car siding, roof- ing and lining should be specified on quisitions, as well as blue print, to which it is to be manufactured. 7. When dressed lumber is ordered it is understood that the sizes given are the fin- ished sizes, unless otherwise specified. 8. Oak for passenger car and locomotive work should be of a better grade than that used for freight car work. In ordering, spe- cify cify on requisitions, "Oak for Passenger Cars," 'Oak for Locomotives." or "Oak for Freight Cars." Inspect these grades ac- cording to specifications in this book. 9. Longitudinal sills, end and side planks. may be ordered dressed to sizes. 10. Splice lengths may be ordered for any standard size sill. 11. These specifications can be changed only by action of the Lumber Committee, with the approval of the Superintendents of Motive Power or Rolling Stock. Submit all suggestions to the Chairman of the Lumber Committee. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS. Rules. When the rules of any particular lumber association are mentioned, it is intended to apply to the general rules only of that asso- ciation, the specifications to be those of the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., as shown in this book. Manufacturing. All lumber must conform strictly to spe- cifications and be manufactured full to size, saw butted and suitable for the purpose in- tended. 279 Rejections. All lumber which fails to pass this Com- pany's inspection shall be removed from this Company's premises, at the shipper's ex- pense, within 30 days from date on which shipper is notified as to the rejection. If not removed storage will be assessed, unless provided for otherwise. In all cases of rejections, shipper will be charged with the cost of unloading, loading, inspection, etc. Car sills and side plank, defective on end and not suitable for the purpose intended, will be accepted for the number of 12-foot splice lengths that may be obtained from same, providing there is not over 5 per cent. in any one car load. Lower Grades. No lumber ordered to a grade, which fails to pass the inspection of that grade, will be accepted at a lower grade, except by special permission of the Division Officer in conjunc tion with the Purchasing Agent. Failures. Should 15 per cent. of any shipment fail to pass inspection, the Railroad Company reserves the right to reject the entire ship- ment. Defects. Where defects are specified are specified in defining grades, they refer to the worst piece which will be accepted. The average must be midway between the piece described and the worst piece of the higher grade. Quality. All lumber must be free from decay, splits, shakes, twist, holes, rotten or loose knots, worm holes, bark edges and other imperfec- tions which will impair its strength, dura- bility or fitness for the purpose intended. Sap. When sap is mentioned it is intended to refer to measurements along the side of the face of the piece, unless otherwise specified. Resawed Lumber. No resawed lumber 1½ inch or less in thickness will be accepted. 280 Dressed Decking. Decking dressed on one side to 2% inches will be paid for on the basis of 2½ inches rough; decking manufactured to 5 inches face will be passed at 6 inches rongh. SPECIFICATIONS COVERING GRADES OF LUMBER USED, SIZES SHOWN IN LATTER PART OF THESE RULES. Ash, Hard White. National Hardwood Lumber Association Rules, effective September 1, 1911. Firsts and Seconds. Firsts. Firsts must be 8 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and free from all defects, except that pieces 10 feet and over, surface measure, may have one standard defect or its equivalent. Seconds. Seconds must be 6 inches and over wide. Standard defects are admitted according to surface measures, as follows: 6 feet, 1 standard defect or its equivalent. 9 feet, 2 standard defects or their equivalent. 13 feet, 3 standard defects or their equivalent. 18 feet and over, 4 standard defects or their equivalent. Basswood, Common No. 1. National Hardwood Lumber Association Rules, effective September 1, 1911. Specifications. No. 1 COMMONS must be 3 inches and over wide, 4 feet and over long. Pieces 4 and 5 feet long must be clear. Pieces 3 and 4 inches wide, 6 and 7 feet long, must be clear; pieces 3 and 4 inches wide 8 to 11 feet long, must work two-thirds clear face in not over two pieces; pieces 3 and 4 inches wide. 12 feet and over long, must work two-thirds clear face in not over three pieces. No piece of cutting to be less than 2 feet long by the full width of the piece. Pieces 5 inches and over wide, 6 to 11 feet long, must work two-thirds clear face in not. 281 over two pieces; 12 feet and over long, must work two-thirds clear face in not over three pieces. No piece of cutting considered which is less than 4 inches wide and 2 feet long, or 3 inches wide and 3 feet long. Not over 10 per cent. of 4, 5, 6 and 7-feet lengths admitted in this grade. CHESTNUT, WORMY. National Hardwood Lumber Association Rules, effective September 1, 1911. Specifications. Worm holes admitted in this grade with out limit. Wormy chestnut must be 4 inches and over wide, 6 feet and over long. Pieces inches wide, 6 and 7 feet long, must be sound; 8 to 11 feet long must work two- thirds sound in not over two pieces; 12 feet and over long must work two-thirds sound in not over three pieces. No piece of cutting to be less than 2 feet long by the full width of the piece. Pieces 5 inches and over wide, 6 to 1 feet long, must work two-thirds sound f not over two pieces; 12 feet and over long must work two-thirds sound in in three pieces. not over which is No piece of cutting considered less than 4 inches wide and 2 feet long, or 3 inches wide and 3 feet long. Not over 10 per cent. of 6, 7 and 8-feet lengths admitted in this grade. FIR, DOUGLAS NO. 1. Pacific Coast Lumber Manufacturers' As sociation Rules, 1909. No Must be practically free from defects on the face side and well manufactured. pitch streaks or pitch pockets admitted. FIR, DOUGLAS NO. 2. Pacific Coast Lumber Manufacturers' As- sociation Rules, 1909. Must be sound red or yellow fir, square edges and straight grain. Will admit of pitch pockets and sound knots that do not impair the strength of the piece. Hardwood HICKORY. Manufacturers' Association Rules for Wagon Reaches, as follows: Grade, To be cut from good, tough, straight- grained Hickory, suitable for wagon mate- 282 dial. To be clear and perfect stock, free from KNOTS, SPLITS, HEARTS, GRUB HOLES, HEART RINGS, SHAKES, BIRD PECKS or WANE. Bright Sap accepted. The following defects will be admitted: Stain. Penetrating not more than 1/16-inch and which shows no signs of rot. Season Checks. Not over 4-inch deep or 12 inches long. Worm Holes. Not more than 6 pin-worm holes in a Reach, these holes not to be in clusters of more than 3 holes, 6 inches apart. MAHOGANY, MEXICAN STRAIGHT GRAIN. National Hardwood Lumber Association Rules, effective September 1, 1911. Firsts and Seconds. Lengths: 2 feet and over. Thicknesses: Standard. Widths: 3 inches and over. All odd lengths must be measured, but fractions of over one-half foot in length must be counted up, and fractions of one-half foot and less in length must be counted back. This does not apply to the grade of shorts. One inch of bright sap in the aggregate is a standard defect. Firsts. Firsts must be 7 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and free from all de- fects, except that pieces 10 feet and over, surface measure, may have one standard de- fect or its equivalent. Seconds. Seconds must be 6 inches and over wi Standard defects are admitted accor to surface measure, as follows: 6 feet, 1 standard defect or its equivalent. 9 feet, 2 standard defects or their equivale 13 feet, 3 standard defects or their equivalen 18 feet and over, 4 standard defects or then. equivalents. For each additional 5 feet, surface meas- ure, one additional standard defect will be admitted. 283 Maple, Hard. National Hardwood Lumber Association Rules, effective September 1, 1911. Firsts and Seconds. Firsts. Firsts must be 8 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long, and free from all defects, except that pieces 10 feet and over, surface measure, may have one standard defect or its equivalent. Seconds. Sconds must be 6 inches and over wide. Stand defects are admitted according to surface measures, as follows: 6 feet, 1 standard defect or its equivalent. 9 feet, 2 standard defects or their equivalent. 13 feet, 3 standard defects or their equivalent. 18 feet and over, 4 standard defects or their equivalent. OAK, FREIGHT CAR. Rules of the Hardwood Manufacturers' As- sociation of the United States, effective June 1, 1910. Freight Car Dimension including all cars other than Refrigerator and Passenger Coach. Sizes cut to order. Unless otherwise ordered must be sawed from good Merchantable White or Red Oak Timber. This stock must be free of rot, shakes and splits, large, loose. rotten or unsound knots, any of which will materially impair the strength and durability of the pieces for purposes intended. This stock is intended to work full size and length without waste for Side Posts, Braces, End Sills, End Plates, Drafting Timbers, Cross Ties, etc., used in the construction of ordin- ary Freight or Stock Cars. On pieces 3 x 4 inches heart or equivalent girth measure and larger (nothing under 2 inches thick) heart. check showing on one corner admitted on per cent. of the pieces in each car ship- it. Well-boxed, sound hearts admitted in material in pieces 5 x 6 and larger. i pieces 3 x 4 to 6 x 6, inclusive, or valent girth measure and larger (nothing er 2 inches thick) in absence of heart ects, wane on one corner, 4-inch side easurement admitted on not to exceed 20 per cent. of the number of pieces in each car shipment. Pieces over 6 x 6 inches square may con tain 1-inch wane side measurement on one corner, with other conditions same as 3 x 4 to 6 x 6 sizes. 284 OAK, LOCOMOTIVE TIMBER. Passenger Coach Dimension. Refrigerator Car. Rules of the Hardwood Association of the United States, effective order, Manufacturers'. widths June 1, 1910. Thickness cut to cut to cut to order, lengths cut to order. Unless other- wise noted, must be cut from White Oak. This stock, wherever practical, should be cut outside the heart, and must be free of heart shake in pieces under 6 x 6 square. No attempt should be made to box the heart in pieces smaller than 5 x 7 unless heart is very small and tight. When heart is well boxed it must be firm and tight, and the center of the heart must not be nearer than 2 inches from any face. Must be sawed full to sizes, with square edges, and cut from sound timber, and free from worm holes, with the exception of a few small pin-worm holes well scattered, and an occa- sional spot worm. None of these defects, however, to affect the serviceability of the piece for the purpose intended. Must be free from split, rot or dote, large, loose, rotten or unsound knots; or, in other words, free of all defects affecting the strength and durability of the piece; sound standard knots. well scattered not considered a defect. PINE, NORWAY COMMON, NO. 1. To be in accordance with the rules adopted as the recommended practice by the Master Mechanics', Master Carbuilders' and Railway Storekeepers' Association, June 15, 1910. Specifications. Will admit of any number of small to medium size sound red knots, but shall be Should have free from large coarse knots. no shake, wane or rot, but will admit bright sap to any extent. PINE, WHITE, FINE COMMON. Eight inches and up, 8 inches to 11 inches, inclusive, will admit bright sap to meet on back for half the length of the plece. Twelve inches and up will admit of same amount of sap with two or three small knots on the be face, or pieces that would otherwise uppers or selects if not for a little fine shake. PINE, WHITE, NO. 2 BARN. To be sound knotted material, no knot that will impair the strength of the plece. and free from shake, slight stain. 285 PINE, YELLOW, LONG LEAF COMMON, NO. 1. Yellow Pine Manufacturers' Association Rules of 1910. Specifications as follows: No short leaf, loblolly or coarse grain pine accepted. Must be well manufactured, full to size and saw butted, and will admit the following defects: Any number of sound knots, the mean average diameter of which shall not be more than one-quarter of the cross section if on the edge and one-third the cross section if away from the edge. Will admit bright or slightly discolored sap. but will not admit wane or knots that ex- F tend into the tongue and one-half the thick- ness of the top lip of the groove on dressed and matched, or on one-half of the thickness of either lip in shiplap, and can be either tongue and groove or shiplap. PINE, YELLOW, LONG LEAF MERCHANTABLE, Interstate Rules of 1905. All sizes under 9 inches shall show some heart the entire length on one side. Sizes 9 inches and over shall show some heart the entire length on two opposite sides. Wane may be allowed one-eighth of the width of the piece, measured across the face of the wane and extending one-quarter of the length of the piece on one corner, or its equivalent on two or more corners, provided that not over 10 per cent. of the pieces of any one size shall show such wane. No short leaf, coarse grain or loblolly pine will be accepted. PINE, YELLOW, LONG LEAF PRIME. Interstate Rules of 1905. All square lumber shall show two-thirds heart on two sides and not less than one- half heart on two other sides. Other sizes shall show two-thirds heart on face and show heart two-thirds of length on edges, except ing when the width exceeds the thickness by 3 inches or over, when it shall show heart on the edge for one-half the length. Must be strictly long leaf: no loblolly, coarse grain or short leaf will be accepted. PINE, YELLOW, SHORT LEAF B. AND BETTER. Pine Manufacturers' Yellow Rules of 1910. Association Must be manufactured as per blue print, full to size, and must be cut to lengths ordered. Will admit any one of the follow- 286 Ing defects or the equivalent of their com bined defects: Slight torn grain, three small knots, one standard knot, small seasoning checks, 15 per cent. of sap stain, 15 per cent. of firm red heart. Will not permit pitch pockets or pitch streaks. PINE, YELLOW, SHORT LEAF NO. 1 COMMON. Specifications of the Yellow Pine Manu- facturers' Association 1910. Will admit of the following defects or their equivalent of combined defects: Sound knots not over one-half of section of piece in the rough; sap stain, pitch streaks, pitch pockets, firm red heart, slight shake, heavy torn grain, seasoning checks, defects in manufacturing that will lay with- out waste and limited number of pin-worm holes that are scattered. PINE, YELLOW, SHORT LEAF, "GRADE A." Yellow Pine Manufacturers' Association Rules of 1910. Must be flat face, practically free from all defects on the face side, and well man- ufactured. No pitch streaks or pitch pockets admitted. Must be kiln-dried. POPLAR. National Hardwood Lumber Association Rules, effective August 1, 1908. Firsts and Seconds. Firsts. Firsts must be 8 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long. Pieces 8 to 10 inches wide must be clear of defects, including sap. Pieces 11 and 12 inches wide may have 2 inches of bright sap in the aggregate. Pieces 13 inches and over wide, 14 to 16 feet surface measure, will adinit of one standard defect or its equivalent or 2 inches of bright sap in the aggregate. Pieces 17 feet and over surface measure will admit of two standard defects or their equivalent, or 3 inches of bright sap in the aggregate. Seconds. Seconds must be 7 inches and over wide, 8 feet and over long. Pieces 7 inches wide must be clear of defects, including sap. 287 Pieces 8 and 9 inches wide may have 1 inch of bright sap in the aggregate. Pieces 10 inches and over wide, 10 to 14 feet surface measure, may have 3 inches of bright sap in the aggregate and one stand- ard defect or its equivalent, or two standard. defects or their equivalents if there is no sap. Pieces 15 to 20 feet surface measure may have 5 inches of bright sap in the aggregate and one standard defect or its equivalent, or 3 inches of bright sap in the aggregate and two standard defects or their equivalent, or three standard defects or their equivalent if there is no sap. Pieces 21 feet and over, surface measure, may have 5 inches of bright sap in the ag gregate and two standard defects or their equivalent, or 3 inches of bright sap in the aggregate and three standard defects or their equivalent, or four standard defects or their equivalent if there is no sap. SPRUCE NO. 2. Will admit of any number of small sound knots to medium size, but shall be free from large coarse knots. Should have no shake, wane or rot, but will admit bright sap to any extent. SIZES OF LUMBER REQUIRED AND PURPOSES FOR WHICH USED. LUMBER FOR GENERAL USE. Hickory. 24-various widths. and lengths Freight-house trucks. 34x34-9 4x6-6 Jack levers. Brake beams, levers, rollers. Hard Maple. Jack 2x16xrandom 2x 8 and up 3x 3-9 4x 4-9 6x 6-9 Meat boards. Mail car tables. Jack levers and freight-house rollers. Freight-house rollers. 66 66 66 Norway Pine, Common No. 1, Rough. (To be measured with Board Rule.) 1 x6" and up-10' to 16'. 14x6" 66 66 66 66 66 12x6" 66 66 66 66 66 2 x6" 66 66 66 66 66 22x6" 66 "" 66 66 66 3 x6" 66 66 66 66 66 288 Poplar. For sheathing, interior work, etc. 1" 66 116" 66 2" 66 22' 32 4" 66 66 66 66 66 6" 66 66 66 66 66 66 64 66 44 White Pine, No. 1 and No. 2 Barn. 1" 11½" 2" LUMBER FOR LOCOMOTIVES. Sizes 124 x 12'x10" 102x102'x 8" 9 x15" x10' 7x16" x 10' 4x14"x10' Oak, White. Pilot beams. Tender truck beams. Tender end beams, Back tender beams. Tender end beams. 42x 8" x16' Wheel pieces. Cab Roofing-Short-leaf Yellow Pine, B. & Better. 13/16x34"x12". Poles--Spruce, Push Poles Spruce, Norway or Fir, Clear. 5x5"-10' long. LUMBER FOR FREIGHT CARS. Sizes Oak, Mixed. 11 x124-7' 8" 10x12 -10' 6" 9x10%-9' 6" 9' 6" 94x134-9' 9/4x114-10' 94x 94-9' 6" 84x 84-10' 84x112-10' 74x104-9' 64x104-10' 62x15 -10' Foreign equipment. Foreign freight cars. End sills, N.Y.C. 60,000- lb. cap. coal cars. L.S.& M.S. 60,000-lb. cap. truck bolsters. Rodger ballast end sills. 80,000-lb. cap. coal car end sills. N.Y.C. 90,000 series box cars. 70,000 series N.Y.C. coal car end sills. Buffer blocks series cars. Standard head block. 80,000 End sill-N.Y.C. carriage cars. 64x1249' 6" Body bolsters for 50,000- lb. cap. N.Y.C. box cars 289 6x 6%-9' 64x11 - End and corner posts for new reinforced ends. 9'6" Head blocks and end sills N.Y.C. box cars. 64x 94-9' 6" Head blocks, end sills and draft timbers. 64x 84-12' and 16' Draft timbers for foreign 5%x 8%−11 and 16' 54x 54-9' 54x1149' 6" 9' 6" 54x10-11' 5x12-10' 54x 9-11' and 16' 5%x 81–11 54x 54-10' and 12′ 4x119' 44x94-12' 44x 74-10' 44 x 64-13' 44x 64-9' 44x 54-6' or 12' 42x 59' 414x13 - 9' 4x10-12'' 4x 9% 9' 44x 84-12' 4 x14% 9' 3x 8-14' Sizes 34x134-9' 34x 54-6' 6" or 13' 34x 44-16' 3x 94-8' 6" cars. Draft timbers for 80,000 series cars. Corner posts 60,000-lb. cap. box cars. Head blocks, draft tim- bers for coach cabooses. Standard head blocks. End sills and head blocks, 50,000-lb. cap. cars. Draft timbers, Miner. Standard draft timber. Coal car stakes. Needle beams-N. Y. C. cars. Door posts. 3 x 64 and up- 8 to 16' 22x 9 to 12-10 to 14' 24x12 -16' Extension blocks, M.S. cars. Coal car stakes. Composite body L.S.& bolsters 60,000-lb. cap. cars. Side stakes-coal cars. Box car posts. End plates for new rein- forced end. Draft timbers for system cars. End sills, trucks. passenger Draft timbers for N.Y.C. and L.S. & M.S. cars. N.Y.C. end plate. Passenger truck bolsters and coke rack stakes. Standard end plates, N.Y. C. cars. Side stakes-coal cars. Belt rails, N.Y.C. cars. For center sill reinforcing plank. Door stops, door frames. ladder sides, side braces, corner posts, etc. End sill planks, etc. Rodger ballast cars. 290 2 x 7 and up 10 and up 1x 8 and 10% and 12-12 -16' 1x12 12x10 -16' 14x12 -16' 114x 6 -16' 74x10%- 9' 4 x149' Hopper planks, coal cars. Freight car bridges. Coke rack slats. Stock car slats. Buffer blocks 80,000 series cars. B. & A. end plate. It is understood that the sizes specified above are to be in the rough. Decking, Rough-Pine, Norway Common No. 1, or Yellow Long Leaf Merchantable. 2 x6", 8" or 10" wide-18' or 20' long. 24x6", 8" or 10" wide-10' or 20' long. Decking, Manufactured, Pine, Norway Com- mon No. 1, Yellow, Long Leaf, Common No. 1, or Long Leaf, Merchantable. 4x5", 7" or 94" face-9', 18'-10' or 20' long. x5", 7" or 94", face-10' or 20' long. Joor Caps-Norway Pine, Common No. 1, or Spruce. 1x 6-12', 14' or 16' long (rough). 1x 8-12', 14' or 16' long (rough). 1x12-12', 14' or 16' long (rough). irain Doors-Hemlock, White Pine or Spruce will be satisfactory and should be of a grade commercially known as "Grain Door Stock," sound, tight, knotted lumber that will make a grain-tight door. x6-12"-7' long. adder Sides-Norway Clear or Spruce Clear. 2x6" to 12" wide, 10', 12' or 14' long. ining, Inside-Short-leaf Yellow Pine, Com- mon No. 1, or Norway Pine, Common No. 1. 13/16x34" or 54" face-14' or 16' long. Roofing-Short-leaf Yellow Pine, B. & Better. 13/16x3 and 5"x5". Running Boards-Norway Pine, Common No. 1, or Spruce. 44 1x 6-12', 14' or 16' long (rough). 1x 8-12', 14'" 16" 1x12-12', 14' 16' 66 ་་ 66 1 291 Siding-Short-leaf Yellow Pine, B. & Better. 13/16x5x 8" 13/16x54 x 9' 13/16x54x10' Must be cut to exact length 13/16x34x 8' Specified. 13/16x34x 9' 13/16x34x10", Sills and Framing-Long-leaf Yellow Pine, Merchantable; Douglas Fir No. 1; Norway Pine, Common No. 1. Rough Sizes 74x 94-12- Finished Sizes 24 or 36' 7 x 9 8x104-40' 8 x10 64x144-40' 6 x14 64x104-40' 6. x10 64 x 94-36' 6 6 x 9 64 x 84-40' 6 6 x 8 6 x 6 18' 52x134-36' 5 5 x134 54x144-40' 5 5 x14 54x124-40' 5 x12 54x12-36' 5 10 x12 54x104-40' 5 x10 5%x 94–36′ 5 x 9 54x 84-40' 5 x 8 54x 84-36' 5 X 8 54 x 84-34' 5 4x124-35' x 8 4x12 44 x 84-36' 42x 82 42x 84-36' 42x 8 44x104-40' 4 x10 44 x 94-36' 4 x 9 44 x 64-38' 44x 59' Rodger ballast car sills. Sills for 80,000 ser- ies cars. Side sill- ballast. Rodger Flat car sills. 70,000 cars. series coal Big Four and L. S. & M.S. side sills. Sub-sills for N.Y.C. cars. N.Y.C. coal car side sills. N.Y.C. flat cars. L.S.& M.S. cars. Standard N. Y. C. flat cars. Side sill - Beech Creek coke racks. N.Y.C. coal and box cars. N. Y. C. carriage cars. Standard draw sill, N. Y. C. cars. N. Y. C. sills. Side sills for new flat cars. L.S.& M.S. cars. Sills for N. Y. C. cars. N. Y. C. cars. N. Y. C. coal cars, 80,000 series. N. Y. C. cars-side plates. Posts and braces for new reinforced ends. Ridge pole-N.Y.C. 3x 54-38' cars. 3 x124-10' 3 x12 End planks coal cars. 3 x104-10' 3 3 x10% End planks coal cars. 292 3 x 84-10' 3 x 8½ End planks. 34x 64-40' Side plates. 2x12-36' 2x12 Side planks, coal 22x104-38' 22x102 22X 7 --36' 24 x 64 Side planks 2x 84-36' 24x 8½ Side planks. cars, 70,0 10 series Side planks coal cars. cars. cars. coal - coal 21%x 31−201 12x 1½ x 4-20' Roof purlines. stringers. LUMBER FOR MILK CARS. White Oak. 10x15" 9 x15" x10' x10' End Sills. x10 7x12"x10" 66 Lining Short-leaf Yellow Pine, B. & Better: 13/16x34x16' 13/16x54x16' (must be eut to exact length specified.) Sheathing, Rough--Short-leaf Yellow Pine, Grade "A." 1" 1x3", 6" or 9" wide-S' or 16' long. LUMBER FOR PASSENGER CARS. General use. 1½" Deck carlines. 2" 21½" 3" 4" 5" Ash. Roof carlines and window stops. Window stooling, seat frames, etc. Studs and posts, Passenger Cars. Corner posts, etc. Mahogany. 35%" For interior finish. 1" 1/4" 116" 2" 3½" →→4" Sizes 7x 8"x10' x16' 15x 8" 54x 9"x 7' and 14' 54x 84"x13' =54x 74"x16' 54x 7"x13' Oak, White. Passenger platform end sills. Passenger truck. Passenger car draft timbers. Wheel pieces, passenger truck Passenger trucks. Passenger car draft timbers, 293 412x 8" x16 414x 9"x 9' 4x 8½"x12' 3x12"x12' Wheel pieces. Passenger truck end sills. Coach platforms. Passenger trucks. 66 3x10"x12" 66 3x 8"x14" 66 truck bolsters. 3x 9"x 8' 66 66 Sills and Framing-Long-leaf Yellow Pine, Prime, or Douglas Fir No. 1. Sizes 5 x8-54 Passenger car side sills. 54x8½-60' 66 66 66 54x84-60' 66 66 66 66 4x8 -60' 66 66 66 66 54x84-60' 66 66 66 66 34x8 -60' 66 66 66 66 66 66 32x82-60' 3x54-60 3% x5-60' 42x8 54' Side top Side top plate. 66 66 Upper dome rail. 2x5 -61' 2%x514–61 66 66 22x32-61' Lower 24x44-61' 66 66 24x34 7' Wall posts. 2x3 7' 66 3x4-7' 32x47' 14x4 7' End 66 2x44 7' 66 66 24x5- 9' 2x5 9' Braces. 66 24x32-16' Girting. The above material to be furnished in the rough. Flooring, Manufactured Long-leaf Yellow Pine, Grade "A," or Douglass Fir No. 1, Standard Matching, Rift Sawed. 13/16x34 face-10' to 16' long. 1 1/16x34 66 66 66 66 66 1 5/16x34 66 66 66 66 1 5/8 x34 66 66 66 Flooring, Rough-Long-leaf Yellow Pine, Grade "A," Rift Sawed. 14x4-6', 12' or 18' long. LUMBER FOR BAGGAGE CARS. Oak, White. 10x15"x10 End sills. 9 x15"x10' 294 LUMBER FOR POSTAL CARS. Oak, White. 8x15"x10" End sills. LUMBER FOR CABOOSES. Oak, Mixed, 5x 84x16'-"S" Draft beams. 64x 84x 9' 6" End sills. 64x 7 x 9' 6x 6x 9' Platform end timbers. Corner post. 44x11x 9'-"S" Truck transoms. 66 sides. 66 end (front). 44x 9x12'-"S" 42x 84 x 7' 6" 42x 5 x 9'-"S" 4x 84x12'-"S" 44x 64 x 9' 6" 44x 9x 9'-"S" 34x 84x 9' 3x13x 9'-"S" 24x124 x 6' or 12' or 18' 66 (inside) and door posts. Truck swing beams. Body cross-tie timbers. Platform timbers. Axle safety beams. End plates. Truck spring plank. 4x 8x12'-"S" Cupola frame. 2x12 x16'-"S" Intermediate post. 24x13x 9' 6" Roof carlines. Pine, Yellow, Long Leaf Merchantable. Sizes 54x84x34'-"S" 54x64x18'-"S" 54x5x12' 6" 34x84x30' 44x64x38'-"S" 1 x6 x16'-"S" 214x34x30' 12x24x30' 1 1/16x34x10' to 16-"S" Side sills. Sub-sills. Intermediate sills. Side plate. Running boards. top.. Side girths. Flooring. These rules to supersede all previous in structions and rules. Revised May 1, 1912. Approved, F. W. BRAZIER, Supt. Rolling Stock. JOHN HOWARD, Supt. Motive Power. 295 PHILADELPHIA & READING RAILWAY COMPANY. Office of Purchasing Agent, Reading Terminal, J. D. Landis, Purchasing Agent. R. H. Ross, Asst. Pur. Agent. File L-1. Philadelphia, May 31st, 1912. Mr. Alfred D. Beeken, No. 16 Dey St., New York. Dear Sir: In compliance with your request of the 24th instant, I beg to attach copies of our two specifications for standard cross ties and for telegraph poles. On oak, our specifications are for sound and live white or rock oak, cut full size as given and well manufactured. Knots that do not impair the utility of the piece are not considered defects. On other lumber we follow the established rules of the manufacturers: In yellow pine, Prime Inspection 1905. Siding and roofing, B. and Better. to blue-print. Worked Lining, No. 1 Common worked worked to blue- print. White Pine: Pattern Lumber, Fine Com- mon, and Barn quality. Hemlock, Merchantable quality. Yours truly, J. D. LANDIS, Purchasing Agent. Form 4205-No. 17. PHILADELPHIA & READING RAILWAY COMPANY. SPECIFICATIONS FOR STANDARD YELLOW PINE CROSS- TIES. All ties must be made of green or living long-leaf Georgia or Florida Yellow Pine Timber of good quality, that has not been bled or tapped; hewn smooth and straight on four sides, with ends sawed square, free from injurious knots, wind shakes, doty hearts, worm holes, or other imperfections. and to be considered first class, must be 7 inches thick, not less than 9 inches face, and 81% feet long with not more than one inch of sap on each corner. No variation will be allowed in length and thickness above. given. 296 Before any ties will be received, a con- raet in the shape of a formal order from Purchasing Agent, and an acknowledgment From shippers of their acceptance of the ame subject to the above specifications, must be received. Ties will be at owner's risk until accepted, Ed when rejected must be removed prompt- from the premises of the company, orage and cost of extra handling, if any, ill be charged. pproved: THEODORE VOORHEES, Vice-President. J. D. LANDIS, Purchasing Agent. Contract for Yellow Pine Cross-Ties. hereby agree agree to deliver to hiladelphia & Reading Railway Company, o. b. their wharf Port Richmond, Phila- elphia, First lass Yellow Pine Cross-Ties in accordance ith specifications on the other side, and archasing Agent's Order No.... @.... ..cents each. eliveries to be made between. ad ... ame ddress Note-When filled out send to J. D. andis, Purchasing Agent, Reading Term- al, Philadelphia. orm 4205-No. 28. HILADELPHIA & READING RAILWAY COMPANY. SPECIFICATIONS FOR STANDARD CROSS-TIES. Quality. All ties must be of acceptable varieties, good quality, hewn smooth or sawed on ur sides, with ends sawed square, free om rotten knots, wind shakes, doty hearts, orm holes or other imperfections which ight affect the mechanical life. Dimensions. Width of Faces-Hardwoods. Class 1-Pole: Sawed 7", hewed quare: Sawed 8", hewed 8". 7" ; 297 Class 2-Pole: Sawed 6", hewed 6"; Square: Sawed 7", hewed 7". Width of Faces-Pines. Class 1-Pole: Sawed 7", hewed 7" Square: Sawed 9", hewed 9". Class 2-Pole: Sawed 6", hewed Square: Sawed 8", hewed 8". 6"; All ties must be 8 feet 6 inches long and have widths not less than shown for Classes 1 and 2, nor more than 14 inches wide. All ties must be 7 inches thick. P Ties not meeting the above specifications will be counted as culls, only a limited number of which will be received, at thes option of the railroad company, and at such prices as may from time to time be agreed upon. Piling-For Right of Way Delivery. The ties must be stacked in alternate lay ers of two by seven except the top layer which shall be placed to form a water shed The first layer shall consist of two ties lai on culls or stones. No pile shall have ove twelve layers. The piles must be piled o ground, fully as high or higher than the grade of the railroad. and each classifica tion given in this specification must be piled separately. At least three feet shall be left between the piles to facilitate inspectio The piles should be plainly marked by th owner with the name of the owner and the kind of timber to insure payment being properly made. Ties shall be piled and loaded for both car load and boat delivery, according to the following classification: White Oak Cow Oak 1 Basket Oak Chestnut Oak Rock Oak Post Oak Box Oak Overcup Oak Mossycup Oak Swamp White Oak Wild Cherry Black Cherry de Black Locust Yellow Locust White Locust 2 Chestnut, White only 3 Longleaf Pine Georgia Pine 298 T Florida Pine Yellow Pine Cuban Pine Slash Pine 4 Shortleaf Pine No. Carolina Piné Bull Pine Rosemary Pine Old Field Pine Pond Pine Cla de 4 Loblolly Pine Red Oak 5 Black or Yellow Oak Spanish Oak Water Oak Pin Oak Scarlet Oak Shingle or Laurel Oak White Ash Red Ash Green Ash 6 Black Gum er be be Pepperidge Hackberry 7 Pignut Hickory Butternut Hickory Shellbark Hickory Mockernut Hickory Red Elm Rock Elm White Beech only Red or River Birch Yellow or Gray Birch Silver Birch Black Birch Cherry Birch Rock Maple Hard Maple Water Maple Approved: THEODORE VOORHEES, Vice-President. Reading Terminal, J. D. LANDIS, Purchasing Agent. Philadelphia, October 1, 1910. PHILADELPHIA & READING RAILWAY COMPANY. Specifications for Telegraph Poles. All poles must be of good sound, white. chestnut wood, second growth timber, straight, free from black or large knots, butt cuts, butted and bark removed. Poles to increase one inch in thickness for every five feet in length from small end or top. Sub ject to our inspection before acceptance. 299 M. W. 48 1 17 1912 Revised May 3, 1911. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY, Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington Rail- road, Northern Central Railway, West Jersey & Seashore Railroad. SPECIFICATIONS FOR CROSS-TIES. Kinds of Wood. White Oaks, Red Oaks, Black Locust, Black Walnut, Wild Cherries, Chestnut, Beech, Birches, Maples, Black Gums, and Southern Yellow Pines are the approved woods for cross-ties. Other species of wood will not be accepted unless unless specially or- dered. Quality and Manufacture. All ties must be free from bark and from large loose, or decayed knots, splits, shakes, rot, or any other defect that may impair the strength or durability of them for cross tie- use; be straight; be well manufactured; be sawed off square at the ends; be out of wind; and have two parallel faces. Pole ties must be sawed or hewed with the grain of the wood. Square hewed ties may be made of split timber, but must be straight. Chestnut and Southern Yellow Pine ties must be sawed or hewed with heart in cen- ter, or nearly so. Southern Yellow Pine ties must be square, and in the case of Class A Longleaved Pines must not have more than two (2) inches of sapwood at the rail-bearing points on each face. Black Gum ties must be sawed. Classes and Grades of Ties. Class A For use without preservative treat- ment. Species of Wood. White Oaks: Locally known as white oak, chestnut or rock oak, post oak, bur or mos- sy cup oak, swamp white oak. Black Locust: Locally known as black lo- cust or yellow locust. Black Walnut: Locally known as black walnut. Wild Cherries: Locally known as bird or wild red cherry, black cherry. Longleaved Pines: Locally known as long- leaf, longstraw, hard, heart, Georgia, Florida pine, slash or Cuban pine. Chestnut: Locally known as chestnut. or 300 Class B-For B-For use only after use only after preservative treatment. Species of Wood. Red Oaks: Locally known as red oak, black oak, Spanish oak, scarlet oak, pin oak, shingle or laurel oak. Beech: Locally known as white beech. Red beech will not be accepted. Birches: Locally known as river or red birch, yellow or gray birch, sweet, black, or cherry birch. Maples: Locally known as sugar or hard maple, silver, soft, or white maple, red, soft, or swamp maple. Black Gums: Locally known as black or sour gum, pepperidge, water or white gum. Cotton or tupelo gum will not be accepted. Shortleaved Pines: Locally known CLASSES A AND B WIDTHS OF FACE GRADE 1 as HARDWOODS PINES Pole-Sawed 7 inches Not Pole-Hewed 7 inches accepted Square Sawed 8 inches 9 inches Square-Hewed 8 inches 9 inches WIDTHS OF FACE GRADE 2 HARDWOODS PINES Pole-Sawed 6 inches Not Pole-Hewed 6 inches accepted Square-Sawed 7 inches 8 inches Square-Hewed 7 inches 8 inches WIDTHS OF FACE GRADE 3 HARDWOODS PINES Pole-Sawed 5 inches Not Pole-Hewed 5 inches accepted Square-Sawed 6 inches Not Square-Hewed 6 inches accepted 301 shortleaf or North Carolina pine, pond or loblolly pine, loblolly or old field pine. Longleaved Pines with more than two (2) inches of sapwood at the rail-bearing points on each face. Dimensions of Cross-Ties. All ties must be 8 feet 6 inches long and have widths of face as specified below. Grade 1 and Grade 2 ties must be 7 inches thick. Grade 3 ties must be 6 inches thick. Grade 3 ties will not be accepted off the lines of this Company unless specially or dered. Ties not meeting the above requirements will be classed as culls and will not be ac- cepted unless specially ordered. Piling. Ties delivered along the lines of this Com- pany must be stacked at suitable and con- venient points on the right-of-way, on ground as high or higher than the grade of the railroad. Ties must not be piled closer than ten feet to the nearest rail of any track, nor at pub- lie crossings, nor at places where they will interfere with the view of approaching trains or with the view of people approaching the railroad. Ties must be piled as grouped below. Only the kind or kinds of wood named on the same line may be piled together. Class A Pine. Class B Pine. Chestnut. Red Oak. Gum. Beech. Birch, Maple. White Oak, Locust, Walnut, Cherry. Ties must be stacked in alternate layers of two (2) and seven (7), the bottom layer to consist of two ties laid on a foundation. of stones or cull ties. The second layer shall consist of seven (7) ties laid crosswise of the first layer. When of sawed ties the layers of two (2) must be laid on edge. The ties must not come in contact with each other at their rail-bearing points. No pile may be over twelve (12) layers high, and no piles may be closer together than three feet, in order to afford access for inspec tion. The ties may be placed in ranks like cord- wood, in which case the shipper must re- handle them while the inspection is being made. When ties are so ranked, there must be a space of at least three feet between. ranks. 802 Every pile must have fastened to it à tag on which is written the owner's name and address, the date when piled, and the num- ber of ties of each kind of wood in the pile. Inspection and Shipment. Ties will be inspected after delivery at suitable and convenient places satisfactory to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, which reserves the right to inspect ties at point of shipment or at destination. When for- warding by rail ties inspected at point of shipment, the consignor, if required, shall load the different groups of ties in separate cars. Ties may be inspected at points other than this Company's property, whenever in the judgment of the Chief Inspector there is a sufficient number to warrant it; but the ship- per must provide accommodations for the in- spector while away from the railroad and transport him from and to the railroad sta- tion. Ties accepted at such places will be stamped with the inspector's hammer, but will not be accounted for until maker has de- livered them to the right-of-way. By order of the General Manager, JOSEPH T. RICHARDS, Chief Engineer of Maintenance of Way. L. R. ZOLLINGER, Engineer of Maintenance of Way. Philadelphia, May 3, 1911. M. W. 31 Revised May 3, 1911. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY, Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington Rail- road, Northern Central Railway, West Jersey & Seashore Railroad. SPECIFICATIONS FOR SWITCH-TIES. Kinds of Wood. White Oaks, Red Oaks, Black Locust, Black Walnut, Wild Cherries, Beech, Birches, Maples, Black Gums and Longleaved Pines are the approved woods for switch-ties. Other species of wood will not be accepted unless specially ordered. Quality and Manufacture. All ties must be free from bark and from large, loose, or decayed knots, splits, shakes, rot, or any other defect that may impair the strength or durability of them for switch-tie use; be straight; be well manufactured; be 303 sawed on four sides; be sawed off square at the ends; be out of wind; and have opposite sides parallel. Longleaved Pine ties must be sawed with heart in center or nearly so, and must not have more than two (2) inches of sapwood at the rail-bearing points on each face. Classes and Grades of Ties. Class A.-For use without treatment. Species of Wood. preservative White Oaks: Locally known as white oak, chestnut or rock oak, post oak, bur or mossy cup oak, swamp white oak. Black Locust: Locally known as black lo cust or yellow locust. Black Walnut: Locally known as black walnut. Wild Cherries: Locally known as bird or wild red cherry, black cherry. Longleaved Pines: Locally known as long- leaf, longstraw, hard, heart, Georgia, or Flo- rida pine, slash or Cuban pine. Class B. For use only after preservative treatment. Species of Wood. Red Oaks: Locally known as red oak, black oak, Spanish oak, oak, pin oak, shingle or laurel oak. scarlet Beech: Locally known as white beech. Red beech will not be accepted. Birches: Locally known as river or red birch, yellow or gray birch, sweet, black, or cherry birch. Maples: Locally known as sugar or hard maple, silver, soft, or white maple, red, soft, or swamp maple. Black Gums: Locally known as black or sour gum, pepperidge, water or white gum. Cotton or tupelo gum will not be accepted. Sets of switch-ties may be furnished in any combination of Class A hardwoods. Longleaf pine must always be furnished by itself. In Class B woods a set may be composed of only one kind, except in the cases of beech. birch and maple, which may be combined to make a set. 304 Turbout No. Crossover No. C. to C. of Tracks 10 106" 11" 199 222467 DIMENSIONS OF SWITCH-TIES. NUMBER OF PIECES 7" X 9" - 12 12'6" 13" 13'8" 14" 336468 223306 1224760 5 в 4 4 4 8 10 10 12 46424 18 14 14 5.289 6 8 11 10 10 15 669888 10 10 9 20 18 13 9 33467. 330003 3 7 4444 WN 2 9 223360 6 12'2 12 6 8 10 " 20 10 15 20 20 18 14 36 26 18 6A 13' 12 8A 10A 15A :::: 12 0208 20A 22 20 10 20 18 14 14 38 26 18 18 6884 co 68048 02008 22223 12 4969B 18848 68848 4444 15' 6' 18' 6" 17" 18' 19" 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 4 BE 2223 46 122246 1 2 3 4 5 6 B 5 2116 2231 11223 4 6 6 10 10 18 14 44804 4 8 6 10 6 8 12 12 10 10 16 12 42802 12081 20 208 21 In accordance with Standard Plans on flie in Office of Engineer of Maintenance of Wav. Philadelphia, Pa. Total Number of Pieces LINEAR 'BOARD MEASURE MEASURE 400' 6" 2103' 65 65 89 127 359887 34 441' 0" 2315' 649' 0" 3407' 768' 6" 4036' 10810" 5675' 1542' 0" 8096 21 26 38 64 2723 16 62 806' 8" 4235' 91 1144' 0" 6006' 106 1347' 4" 7074' 142 1867' 4" 9804' 202 2633'0' +3823 12 16 13 24827 64 811' 0" 4258' 94 1155' 0" 6064' 112 1375' 0" 7219' 146 1889' 0" 9917. 43 211 2699' 6" 14172 Dimension of Switch-Ties. 305 Inspection and Shipment. Ties must be assembled in full sets before inspection is requested. Ties must be loaded after inspection and consigned in accordance with the directions given on the order for them. Shipment must not be made before a com- plete set is accepted, and when more than one set is shipped in a car, each set must be so placed in the car that it can be unloaded without disturbing any other set. By order of the General Manager, JOSEPH T. RICHARDS. Chief Engineer of Maintenance of Way. L. R. ZOLLINGER, Engineer of Maintenance of Way. Philadelphia, May 3, 1911. T. and T. D. 4. PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY, Northern Central Railway Company, Philadel- phia, Baltimore & Washington Railroad Company, West Jersey & Seashore TELEGRAPH Railroad Company. AND TELEPHONE DE- PARTMENT. Specification for Poles. Poles shall be of two classes, namely, first and second class. Chestnut Poles. Poles must be manufactured from the best quality, second growth, live white chestnut, cut during the winter months, butt cuts, squared at both ends, well proportioned from top to butt, peeled, knots trimmed close, and subject to inspection at point of shipment. Crooks between butt and top shall not exceed figures given in the above tables. NOTE. While the use of Chestnut poles in general is preferable, in certain locations. where these poles cannot be readily procured the use of Cedar poles is permitted, which shall be according to the following specifica- tions: Cedar Poles. Poles must be manufactured from the best. quality Arbor Vitae or White Cedar, live green wood, squared at both ends, and well proportioned from top to butt, peeled, knots trimmed close, and subject to inspection at points of shipment. 306 SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLES FIRST CLASS POLES MUST CONFORM TO THE FOLLOWING DIMENSIONS LENGTH IN FEET SECOND CLASS POLES MUST CONFORM TO THE FOLLOWING DIMENSIONS LENGTH IN FEET 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 CEDAR POLES MUST CONFORM TO THE FOLLOWING DIMENSIONS LENGTH IN FEET 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Minimum circumference at top in inches Minimum circumference six feet from butt, in inches 23 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 33 36 40 43 47 50 53 56 59 30 31 32 34 38 43 47 30 31 32 34 38 43 47 Single Crook. Variation allowed in inches 78 10 12 13 14 14 15 16 7 7 8 10 12 13 14 7 7 8 10 12 13 14 Double Crook mn same plane. Variation allowed in inches 6 7 8 9 10 10 10 10 10 6 6 7 8 9 10 10 6 6 7 8 9 10 10 Double Crook in different planes. Variation allowed in inches 6 ca པས 8 8 8 8 00 8 8 8 6 6 -4 8 8 8 8 6 6 ප 7 8 8 8 8 307 All cedar poles must conform above dimensions. to the to Any pole failing to meet all the require- ments of these specifications will be re- jected. By order of the General Manager, J. C. JOHNSON, Superintendent of Telegraph. Office of the Superintendent of Telegraph, Philadelphia, Pa., January 1st, 1911. (*) Poles of different lengths must not be loaded in the same car, unless needed to make up the minimum load, and then all poles of each length must be placed together. R 20 308 Ready Reckoner Showing number of feet in sticks from 1"x1"-20 ft. to 36"x36"-50 ft. long 309 SIZE INCIES 1 x 2 1 x 3 1 x 4 1 x 6 ་ 1 x 12 www 235 LENGTH IN FEET ہو 163 18% SIZE INCHES 14 x 234 1/4 x 4 21/12 3 3 23 LENGTH IN FEET 2/15 48 16 4% 1 x 6 1 x 8 81 556 834 1173 11/4 x 10 14 x 12 12½ 14 x 14 14 14 x 16 1623 23/3 11/4 x 18 114 263 38 5/16 44092588 КК ㄓ ​28382998 **XXXX 3809 * * * * ២ទី១០២១១៨៩ឆ XA XX 235 23468021682 310 LENGTH IN FEET LENGTH IN FEET SIZE INCHES 10 12 14 16 18 20 SIZE INCHES 10 12 14 16 18 20 134 x 2 211 3/2 40 435 54 5% 134 x 12 1734 21 242 28 31/2 35 13 x 3 4% B 6% 7 75 834 13 x 14 208 24/2 28 f 3223 364 40 1 x 4 5% 7 8% 915 102 1133 13 x 16 231 28 324 8713 42 4623 x 6 834 10½ 124 14 154 17% 13 x 18 261 31% 36% 42 13 x 8 113 14 161/3 1825 21 2343 x 20 29 35 405% 47% 62% 4643 52% 5813 1 x 10 146 17 20 23% 26 2916 LENGTH IN FEET SIZE INCHES 2 x 2 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 3% 4 445 53 6 623 715 8 873 915 10 10% 1115 12 12 13 2 x 3 5 6 7 8 9. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 x 4 675 8 9% 1025 12 133 142/3 16 171/3 1823 20 21 2275 24 251/3 2625 2 x 6 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 2 x 8 13% 16 1824 21% 24 0625 29% 32 343 373 4235 4515 48 5075 53 2 x 10 1643 20 23% 2643 30 333 365 40 44/ 46 533 5823 60 6343 2 x 12 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 2 x 14 23 3223 37% 42 4675 511/3 56 603 65 70 7443 79 84 8873 931 2 x 16 2673 32 3713 425 48 53% 58-3 64 693 7425 80 8513 902/3 96 1015 1063 2 x 18 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 2 x 20 3314 40 464 53% 60 665 73 80 86% 93 100 106% 1135 120 12623 13314 311 SIZE INCHES 3 x 4 ∞∞∞∞∞∞ X LENGTH 161/2 10 12 14 20 22 *** 2018 898328 10624 4889832888 26 FEET NI 19/2 יצ 38 40 30 40 09 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 50% 53% 2633 53 76 80 1013 120 12623 106 3 1333 6623 144 152 160 08 168 177 1863 931 120 133/3 1062/3 132 1023/3 1173 192 20233 213 216 228 240 144 240 253 26643 14623 160 312 SIZE INCHES = X LENGTH FEET 254828 20 22 4123 50 45/ 55 1882 20 26 28 30 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 60 54% 58 62% 6623 70% 75 79% 83 87% 91% 65 70 75 80 86 90 95 100 105 110 95% 100 115 120 104% 125 6033 73% 80 863 933 100 106 1131% 120 126 831 91% 100 100 110 120 123 11633 125 1331 14123 150 133 140 1581 1662 175 1462 153 160 1834 1912 200 1667/3 20813 140 150 160 170 180 116 1281 140 1512 163 175 186 198 210 133 146 160 1731 186 200 213/3 22643 240 190 200 210 22143 233 244 253 266 280 220 230 240 250 256% 2681 280 291% 293 306 320. 3333 135 150 165 180 210❘ 225 166% 183 200 216 23314250 195 240 255 270 285 300 215 330 345 | 360 375 2663 2833 300 316 333 350 3662383 400 4163 82889888 3289 72 78 96 114 126 132 144 150 152 168 178 192 200 190 210 250 216 228 300 252 266 350 288 304 320 400 324 342 360 378 432 450 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 480 500 831 118 133% 150 8983-888 313 LENGTH IN FEET SIZE INCHES 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 48 48 60 Sx 8 53 64 96 26675 8 x 10 663 80 33315 8 x 12 80 96 8 x 14 93 112 8 x 16 10623 128 8 x 18 120 144 8 x 20 133 160 74% 851 93% 10623 120 112 128 144 13034 149 168 149 17023 192 168 192 216 1862 213 240 10673 117 128 133 14623 160 160 176 192 1862 2051 224 2133 2343 256 240 264 288 266 293 320 13823 1491 160 18623 200 173 208 224 240 2422 261 280 2773 2982/3 320 812 336 360 34675 3731% 400 1702 1813 192 21313 22623 240 256 272 288 29824 317 336 341 362 384 384 408 432 4262 453 480 2022 213 224 2533 26623 280 304 320 336 35475 8731 392 405 426 448 456 480 504 50634 53314 560 2347 245 256 29313063 320 352 368 884 41045 429 448 46913 4902 512 528 552 576 5863 613 640 400 46673 52713 GOO 66623 2163 233 250 260 280 300 303 326 350 34633 3731 400 390 2665 2831 300 320 340 360 373 396 420 4263 433 480 480 510 340 53356634 600 31635 3331 350 380 400 420 443 4662 490 5063 533 560 570 600 630 633 666% 700 440 366% 3831 400 513 460 480 53623 560 58633 61313 640 660 690 720 73316 766% 800 10 x 10 83% 100 1162 133 150 10 x 12 100 120 140 160 180 10 x 14 116 140 163 186 210 1661831 200 200 220 240 233 2563% 280 10 x 16 133% 160 1865 213 240 266% 29313 320 10 x 18 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 420 450 10 x 20 16633 200 233 266 300 333 366% 400 433 466 500 41653 500 5833 66673 750 83314 314 LENGTH IN FEET SIZE INCHES 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 12 x 12 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 480 504 528 552 576 12 x 14 140 168 196 224 252 280 308 336 364 392 420 448 476 504 532 560 588 616 644 672 700 12 x 16 160 192 224 256 288 320 352 384 416 448 480 512 544 576 608 640 672 704 736 768 800 12 x 18 180 216 252 288 324 360 396 432 468 504 540 576 612 648 684 720 756 792 828 864 900 12 x 20 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 320 560 600 640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920 960 1000 14 x 14 169 196 2284 261 294 32634 359 892 424% 457 490 522 555 588 6202 653 653 686 71823 751 784 8164 14 x 16 1862 224 261 288) 28823 236 373% 410 448 485 52275 560 507 63423 672 7093 74623 784 821 8582 896 9:13 14 x 18 210 252 294 336 378 420 462 504 546 588 630 672 714 756 798 840 882 924 966 1008 1050 14 x 20 233 280 326% 373% 420 466% 513 560 606% 653% 700 746% 793 840 88673 933 980 1026 10737 1120 1166-3 16 x 16 213 256 2983 341 341 384 42635 469 512 5543% 59% 640 682% 725 768 81023 8533 896 9382 9811 1024 106623 16 x 18 240 288 336 384 432 480 528 624 576 672 720 768 816 864 912 960 1008 1056 1104 1152 1200 16 x 20 266 320 373% 426 480 533 586% 640 693 7463 800 853 9063 960 1013 10662 1120 11733 122623 1280 133313 18 x 18 270 324 378 432 486 540 594 648 702 756 810 864 918 972 1026 1080 1134 1188 1242 1296 1350 18 x 20 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1020 1080 1140 1200 1260 1320 1380 1440 1500 20 x 20 22 x 22 24 x 24 333% 400 4663 5331/4 600 6662 7333 800 8663 9331 1000 1066 1133 1200 126623 133313 1400 146623 1533 1600 403 484 564 645 726 8063 8873 968 480 576 672 768 864 960 1056 1152 1248 10483 11291 1210 1344 1290 1371 1452 1440 1536 26 x 26 563% 676 788 901 1014 1126 1239 1352 14643 1577% 1690 1632 180225 19152028 1728 28 x 28 6583 784 30 x 30 750 900 32 x 32 853% 1024 91433 104513 1176 1050 1200 1350 119433 1356 1536 x 34 963 1156 361080 129 134823 15413 1734 1944 15121728 1500 1306% 1437% 1568 1650 1800 17063 18773 2048 1926 2119 2312 2592 2160 2376 1950 2808 1698 1829 1960 2250 2100 2218% 23891% 2560 2504 26972890 3456 3240 3024 209023 22211 2352 153223 16133 1694 1824 1920 2016 214023 22531 2366 248223 261313 2744 1774 1855 1936 2112 2208 24783 250112704 2304 2400 166623 201673 28162 287473 3005133136 326623 2400 2550 2700 2850 3000 3150 3300 3450 3800 3750 273023 290113 3072 32422 34133 3584 375425 39251 4096 4266 30827 327513468 36602 385313 4046 423835 443114624 4816 3888 4104 4320 3672 4536 4752 4968 15184 5400 215 From Bulletin No. 10 U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Division of Forestry LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. (Arranged alphabetically.) A.-CONIFEROUS WOODS. Woods of simple and uniform structure, generally light, soft but stiff; abundant in suitable dimensions and forming by far the greatest part of all the lumber used. Cedar. Light, soft, stiff, not strong, of fine tex- ture; sap and heartwood distinct, the former lighter, the latter a dull, grayish brown or red. The wood seasons rapidly, shrinks and checks but little, and is very durable. Used like soft pine, but owing to its great dura- bility preferred for shingles, etc. Small sizes used for posts, ties, etc. Cedars usually oc- cur scattered, but they form, in certain lo- calities, forests of considerable extent. a. White cedars.-Heartwood a light gray- ish brown. 1. White cedar (Thuya occidentalis) (Ar- borvita): Scattered along streams and lakes, frequently covering extensive swamps; rarely large enough for lumber, but monly used for posts, ties, etc. Maine to Minnesota and northward. 2. Canoe cedar (Thuya gigantea (red cedar of the West): In Oregon and Washington a very large tree, covering extensive swamps; in the mountains much smaller, skirting the water courses; an important lumber tree. Washington to northern Cali- fornia and eastward to Montana. 3. White cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoldes): Medium-sized tree, wood very light and soft. Along the coast from Maine to Mississippi. 4. White cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoni- ana) (Port Orford cedar, Oregon cedar, Law- son's cypress, ginger pine): A very large tree, extensively cut for lumber; heavier and stronger than the preceding. Along the coast line of Oregon. 5. White cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) (in- cense cedar): A large tree, abundantly scat- tered among pine and fir; wood fine grained. Casendes and Sierra Nevada of Oregon and California. b. Red cedars.-Heartwood red. I 316 6. Red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) (Sa- vin juniper): Similar to white cedar, but of somewhat finer texture. Used in cabinet- work in cooperage, for veneers, and especial- ly for lead pencils, for which purpose alone. several million feet are cut each year. A small to medium sized tree scattered through the forests, or, in the West, sparsely cover- ing extensive areas (cedar brakes). The red cedar is the most widely distributed conifer of the United States, occurring from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Florida to Minnesota, but attains a suitable size for lumber only in the Southern, and more es- pecially the Gulf, States. 7. Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens): Wood in its quality and uses like white cedar; the narrow sapwood whitish; the heartwood light red, soon turning to brownish red when exposed. A very large tree, limited to the coast ranges of California, and forming con- siderable forests, which forests, which are rapidly being converted into lumber. CYPRESS. 8. Cypress (Taxodium distichum) (bald cy- press; black, white and red cypress): Wood in appearance, quality, and uses similar to white cedar. "Black cypress" and "white cypress" are heavy and light forms of the same species. The cypress is a large decid- uous tree, occupying much of the swamp and overflow land along the coast and rivers of the Southern States. Fir, This name is frequently applied to wood and to trees which are not fir: most com- monly to spruce, but also, especially in Eng- lish markets, to pine. It resembles spruce, but is easily distinguished from it, as well. as from pine and larch, by the absence of resin ducts. Quality, uses, Quality, uses, and habits sim- ilar to spruce. 9. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea): A me- dium-sized tree scattered throughout the northern pineries; cut, in lumber operations whenever of sufficient size, and sold with pine or spruce. Minnesota to Maine and northward. 10. White fir (Abies grandis and Abies. concolor): Medium to very large sized tree. forming an important part of most of the Western mountain forests, and furnishing much of the lumber of the respective regions. The former occurs from Vancouys tral California and eastward to latter from Oregon to Arizona to Colorado and New Mexico. to ana; the eastward 317 11. White fir (Abies amabilis): Good-sized tree, often forming extensive mountain for- ests. Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon. 12. Red fir (Abies nobilis) (not to be con- founded with Douglas fir; see No. 37): Large to very large tree, forming with A. amabilis. extensive forests on the slope of the moun- tains between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation. Cascade Mountains of Oregon. of 13. Red fir (Abies magnifica): Very large tree, forming forests about the base Mount Shasta. Sierra Nevada of California, from Mount Shasta southward. Hemlock. Light to medium weight, soft, stiff but brittle, commonly crossgrained, rough and splintery; sapwood and heartwood not well defined; the wood of a light, reddish-gray color, free from resin ducts, moderately dur able, shrinks and warps considerably, wears rough, retains nails firmly. Used principally for dimension stuff and timbers. Hemlocks are medium to large sized trees, commonly scattered among broad-leaved trees and coni- fers, but often forming forests of almost pure growth. 14. Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis): Medium- sized tree, furnishes almost all the hemlock of the Eastern market. Maine to Wisconsin; also following the Alleghanies southward to Georgia and Alabama. 15. Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana): Large- sized tree, wood claimed to be heavier and harder than the Eastern form and of su- perior quality. Washington to California and eastward to Montana. Larch or Tamarack. Wood like the best of hard pine, both in appearance, quality, and uses, and owing to its great durability, somewhat preferred in shipbuilding, for telegraph poles, and rail- road ties. In its structure it resembles spruce. The larches are deciduous trees, oc- casionally covering considerable areas, but usually scattered among other conifers. 16. Tamarack (Larix americana) (Hack- matack): Medium-sized tree. often covering swamps, in which case it is smaller and of poor quality. Maine to Minnesota, and south- ward to Pennsylvania. 17. Tamnack (L. occidentalis): Large- sized trees scattered, locally abundant. Washington and Oregon to Montana. 318 Pine. It Very variable, very light and soft in "soft" pine, such as white pine; of medium weight to heavy and quite hard in "hard" pine,, of which longleaf or Georgia pine is the extreme form. Usually it is stiff, quite strong, of even texture, and more or less resinous. The sapwood is yellowish white; the heartwood, orange brown. Pine shrinks moderately, seasons rapidly and without much injury; it works easily; is never too hard to nail (unlike oak or hickory); it is mostly quite durable, and if well seasoned is not subject to the attacks of boring insects. The heavier the wood, the darker, stronger, and harder it is, and the more it shrinks and checks. Pine is used more ex- tensively than any other kind of wood. is the principal wood in common carpentry, as well as in all heavy construction, bridges, trestles, etc. It is also used in almost every other wood industry, for spars, masts, planks, and timbers in shipbuilding, in car and wagon construction, in cooperage, for crates and boxes, in furniture work, for toys and patterns, railway ties, water pipes, excelsior, etc. Pines are usually large trees with few branches, the straight, cylindrical, useful stem forming by far the greatest part of the tree; they occur gre- gariously, forming vast forests. a fact which greatly facilitates their exploitation. Of the many special terms applied to pine. as lumber, denoting sometimes differences in quality, the following deserve attention: "White pine," "pumpkin pine," "soft pine." in the Eastern markets refer to the wood of the white pine (Pinus strobus), and on the Pacific Coast to that of the sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana). "Yellow pine" is applied in the trade to all the Southern lumber pines; in the North- east it is also applied to the pitch pine (P. rigida); in the West it refers mostly to bull pine (P. nonderosa). "Yellow longleaf pine," "Georgia pine," chiefly used in advertisement, refers to longleaf pine (P. palustris). "Hard pine" is a common term in car- pentry, and applies to everything except white pine. "Pitch nine" includes all Southern pines. and also the true pitch pine (P. rigida), but is mostly applied, apolled, especially in foreign markets, to the wood of the longleaf pine (P. palustris). For the great variety of confusing local names applied to the Southern pines in their homes. part of which have been adopted in the markets of the Atlantic seaboard, see report of Chief of Division 319 of Forestry for 1891, page 212, etc., and also the list below. a. Soft pines. 18. White pine (Pinus strobus): Large to very large sized tree; for the last fifty years the most important timber tree of the Union, furnishing the best quality of soft pine. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New England, along the Alleghanies to Georgia. 19. Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana): A very large tree, together with Abies con- color, forming extensive forests; important lumber tree. Oregon and California. A 20. White pine (Pinus monticola): large tree, at home in Montana, Idaho, and the Pacific States; most common and local- ly used in northern Idaho. 21. White pine (Pinus flexilis): A small tree. forming mountain forests of consid- erable extent and locally used; Eastern Rocky Mountain slopes; Montana to New Mexico. b. Hard pines. 22. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) (Georgia pine, yellow pine, long straw pine, etc.): Large tree; forms extensive forests and furnishes the hardest and strongest pine lumber in the market. Coast region from North Carolina to Texas. 23. Bull pine (Pinus ponderosa) (yellow pine): Medium to very large sized tree, forming extensive forests in Pacific and Rocky Mountain regions; furnishes most of the hard pine of the West; sapwood wide; wood very variable. 24. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) (slash pine, old field pine, pine, rosemary pine, sap pine, short straw pine, etc.): Large- sized tree, forms extensive forests; wider- ringed, coarser, lighter, softer, with more sapwood than the longleaf pine, but the two often confounded. This is the common lumber pine from Virginia to South Caro- lina, and is found extensively in Arkansas and Texas. Southern States: Virginia to Texas and Arkansas. 25. Norway pine (Pinus resinosa): Large-sized tree, never forming forests. usually scattered or in small groves, to- gether with white pine; largely sapwood and hence not durable. Minnesota to Mich igan; also in New England to Pennsylvania. 26. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) (slash pine, Carolina pine, yellow pine, old field pine, etc.): Resembles loblolly pine: often appoaches in its wood the Norway pine. The common lumber pine of Mis- souri and Arkansas. North Carolina to Texas and Missouri. 27. Cuban pine (Pinus cubensis) (slash pine, swamp nine, bastard pine, meadow pine): Resembles longleaf pine, but 320 monly has wider sapwood and coarser grain; does not enter the markets to any great extent. Along the coast from South Carolina to Louisiana. jeffreyi) (black 28. Bull pine (Pinus pine): Large-sized tree, wood resembling bull pine (P. ponderosa); used locally in California, replacing P. ponderosa at high altitudes. The following are small to medium sized pines, not commonly offered as lumber in the market; used locally for timber, ties, jetc.: 29. Black pine (Pinus murrayana) lodge-pole pine, tamarack): Rocky Moun- tains and Pacific regions, 30. Pitch Pitch pine pine (Pinus rigida): Along the coast from New York to Georgia and along the mountains to Kentucky. 31. Jersey Pine (Pinus inops) (scrub pine): As before. 32. Gray Pine (Pinus banksiana) scrub pine): Maine, Vermont, and Michigan to Minnesota. Redwood. (See Cedar.) Spruce. Resembles soft pine, is light, very soft, stiff, moderately strong, less resinous than pine; has no distinct heartwood, and is of whitish color. Used like soft pine, but also employed as resonance wood and pre- ferred for paper pulp. Spruces, like pines, form extensive forests; they are more frugal, thrive on thinner soils, and bear more shape, but usually require a more humid climate. "Black" and "white spruce," as applied by lumbermen, usually refer to narrow and wide ringed forms of the black spruce (Picea nigra). 33. Black spruce (Picea nigra): Me- dium-sized tree, forms extensive forests in northeastern United States and in British America; occurs scattered or in groves, especially in low lands throughout the Northern pineries. Important lumber tree in Eastern United States. Maine to Min- nesota. British America, and on the Alle- ghanies to North Carolina. grows 34. White spruce (Picea alba): Gen- erally associated with the preceding; most abundant along streams and lakes, largest in Montana and forms the most important tree of the the subarctic forest of British America. Northern United States. from Maine to Minnesota, also from Mon- tana to Pacific, British America. 35. White spruce (Picea engelmanni): Medium to large sized tree. forming ex- tensive forests at elevations from 5.000 to 10,000 feet above sea level; resembles the 321 preceding, but occupies a different sta- tion. A very important important timber, tree in the central and southern parts of the Rocky Mountains. Rocky Mountains from Mexico to Montana, 36. Tide-land spruce (Picea sitchensis): A large-sized tree, forming an extensive coast-belt forest. Along the seacoast from Alaska to Central California. Bastard Spruce. Spruce or fir in name but resembling hard pine pine or larch in the appearance, quality, and uses of its wood. 37. Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga doug- lasii) (yellow fir, red fir, Oregon pine): One of the most important trees of the Western United States; grows very large in the Pacific States, to fair size in all parts of the mountains, in Colorado up to about 10,000 feet above sea level; forms extensive forests, often of pure growth. Wood very variable, usually coarse- grained and heavy, and heavy, with with very pronounced summer wood, hard and strong ("red" fir), but often fine-grained and light ("yellow" fir). It replaces hard pine and is especially suited to heavy con- struction. From the plains to the Pacific. Ocean; from Mexico to British America. Tamarack. (See Larch.) Yew. Wood heavy, hard, extremely stiff and strong, of fine texture with a pale yellow sapwood, and an orange red heart; seasons well and is quite durable. Yew is ex- tensively used for archery, bows, turner's, ware, etc. The Yew form no forests, but occur scattered with other conifers. 38. Yew (Taxus brevifolia): A small to medium sized tree of the Pacific region. B. - BROAD - LEAVED WOODS (HARD- WOODS). Woods of complex and very variable structure and therefore differing widely in quality, behavior, and consequently in applicability to the arts. Ash. Wood heavy, hard, strong. stiff, quie tough, not durable in contact with with soil.j straight grained, rough on the split str face and coarse in texture. The wed shrinks moderately, seasons with little In- jury, stands well and takes a good polish. 322 Iph 00 In carpentry ash is used for finishing lamber, stairways, panels, etc.; it is used in shipbuilding, in the construction of cars, wagons, carriages, etc., in the manu- facture of farm implements, machinery, and especially of furniture of all kinds, and also for harness work; for barrels, baskets. oars, tool handles, hoops, clothespins, and toys. The trees of the several species of ash are rapid growers, of small to medium height with stout trunks; they form no forests, but occur scattered in almost all our broad-leaved forests. 39. White ash (Fraxinus americana): Medium, sometimes large sized tree. Basin of the Ohio, but found from Maine to Minnesota and Texas. 40. Red ash. (Fraxinus pubescens): Small-sized tree. North Atlantic States, but extends to the Mississippi. 41. Black ash (Fraxinus sambucifolia) (hoop ash, ground ash): Medium-sized tree, very common. Maine to Minnesota, and southward to Virginia and Arkansas. 42. Blue ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata): Small to medium sized. Indiana and Illi- nois: occurs from Michigan to Minnesota and southward to Alabama, 43. Green ash (Fraxinus viridis): Small- sized tree. New York to the Rocky Moun- tains, and southward to Florida and Ari- zona. 44. Oregon ash (Fraxinus oregana): Medium-sized tree. Western Washington to California. Aspen. (See Poplar.) Basswood. 45. tree, Basswood American (lime (Tilia americana) linden, lin, bee tree): Wood light, soft. stiff but not strong, of fine texture, and white to light brown color. The wood shrinks considerably In drying. works and stands well; it is used in carpentry, in the manufacture of furni- ture and woodenware, both turned and carved, in cooperage, for toys, also for paneling of car and carriage bodies. Me- dium to large sized tree, common in all Northern broad-leaved forests: found throughout the Eastern United States. 46. White basswood (Tilia hetero- phylla): A small-sized tree most abundant. in the Alleghany region. Beech. 47. Beech (Fagus ferruginea): Wood heavy, hard, stiff, strong, of rather coarse texture, white to light brown, not durable 323 ས་ of boring insects; it shrinks and checks considerably in drying, works and stands well and takes a good polish. Used for furniture, in turnery, for handles, lasts, etc. Abroad it is very extensively em- ployed by the carpenter, millwright, and wagon maker, in turnery as well as wood carving. The beech is a medium-sized tree. common, sometimes forming forest; most abundant in the Ohio and Mississippi basin,. but found from Maine Maine to Wisconsin and southward to Forida. Birch. Wood heavy, hard, strong, of fine tex- ture; sapwood whitish, heartwood in shades. of brown with red and yellow; very hand- some, with satiny luster, equaling cherry. The wood shrinks considerably in drying. works and stands well and takes a good polish, but is not durable, if exposed. Birch is used for finishing lumber in build- ing, in the manufacture of furniture, in wood turnery for spools, boxes, wooden shoes, etc., for shoe lasts and and pegs, for wagon hubs, ox yokes, etc., also in wood carving. The birches are medium-sized trees, form extensive forests northward and occur in all all broad-leaved forests of the Eastern United States. 48. Cherry birch (Betula lenta) (black birch, sweet birch, mahogany birch): Me-- dium-sized tree; very common. Maine to Michigan and to Tennessee. 49. Yellow birch (Betula lutea) (gray birch): Medium-sized tree: common. Maine to Minnesota and southward to Tennessee. 50. Red birch (Betula nigra) (river birch): Small to medium sized tree; very common; lighter and less valuable than the preceding. New England to Texas and Missouri. 51. Canoe birch (Betula papyrifera) (white birch, paper birch): Generally small tree; common, forming forests; wood of good quality but lighter. All along the northern boundary. boundary of United States and northward, from the Atlantic to Pacific. (See Walnut.) Black Walnut. (See Blue Beech. 52. Blue beech (Carpinus caroliniana) (hornbeam, water beech. Ironwood): Wood very heavy, hard, strong, stiff, of rather fine texture and white color; not durable in the ground; shrinks and checks greatly. but works and stands well. Used chiefly 0 324 in turnery for tool handles, etc. Abroad, much used by mill and wheel wrights. A small tree, largest in the Southwest, but found in nearly all parts of the Eastern United States. Bois D'Arc. (See Osage Orange.) Buckeye-Horse Chestnut. Wood light, soft, not strong, often quite tough, of fine and uniform texture and creamy white color. It shrinks consider- ably, but works and stands well. Used for wooden ware, artificial limbs, paper pulp, and locally also for building lumber. Small-sized tree, scattered. 53. Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra) (fetid buckeye): Alleghanies, Pennsylvania to Indian Territory. 54. Sweet buckeye (Aesculus flava): Alleghanies, Pennsylvania to Texas. Butternut. 55. Butternut (Juglans cinerea) (white walnut): Wood very similar to black wal- nut, but light. quite soft. not strong and of light brown color. Used chiefly for finishing lumber, cabinetwork, and cooper- age. Medium-sized tree, largest and most common in the Ohio basin; Maine to Minne- sota and southward to Georgia and Ala- bama. Catalpa. 56. Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa): Wood light. soft, not strong, brittle, durable, of coarse texture and brown brown color; used for ties and posts, but well suited for a great variety of uses. Medium-sized tree; lower basin of the Ohio River, locally common. Extensively planted, and there- fore promising to become of some im- portance. Cherry. 57. Cherry (Prunus serotina): Wood heavy, hard, strong. of fine texture; sap- wood yellowish white," heartwood reddish to brown. The wood shrinks considerably in drying, works and stands well, takes a good polish, and is much esteemed for its beauty. Cherry is chiefly used as a used decorative finishing lumber for buildings, cars, and boats, also for furniture and in turnery. It is becoming too costly for many purposes for which it is naturally well suited. The lumber-furnishng cherry of this country, the wild black cherry (Prunus serotina). is a small to medium sized tree, scattered through many of the 325 broad-leaved woods of the western slope of the Alleghanies, but found from Michi- gan to Florida and west to Texas. Other species of this genus as well as the haw- thorns (Crataegus) and wild apple (Pyrus) are not commonly offered in the market. Their wood is of the same character as cherry, often even finer, but in small di- mensions. Chestnut. (Catanea 58. Chestnut vulgaris var. americana): Wood light, moderately soft, stiff, not strong, of coarse texture; the sapwod light, the heartwood darker brown. It shrinks and checks considerably in dry- ing, works easily, stands well, and is very durable. Used in cabinetwork, cooper- age. for railway ties, telegraph poles, and locally in heavy construction. Medium- sized tree, very common in the Alleghanies, occurs from Maine to Michigan and south- ward to Alabama. 59. Chinquapin (Castanea pumila): Α small-sized tree, with wood slightly heavier but otherwise similar to the preceding; most common in Arkansas, but with nearly the same range as the chestnut. 60. Chinquapin (Castanopsis chryso- phylla): A medium-sized tree of the west- ern ranges of California and Oregon. Coffee Tree. 61. Coffee tree (Gymnocladus canaden- sis) (coffee nut): Wood heavy, hard. strong, very stiff. of coarse texture, dur- able: the sapwood yellow, the heartwood reddish brown: shrinks and checks consid- erably in drying: works and stands well and takes a good polish. It is used to a limited extent in cabinetwork. A medium to large sized tree; not common. Penn- sylvania to Minnesota and Arkansas. Cottonwood, (See Poplar.) Cucumber Tree. (See Tulip.) Elm Wood heavy, hard, strong, very tough; moderately durable in contact with the soil; commonly crossgrained, difficult to split and shape, warps, and checks consid- erably in drying, but stands well if prop- erly handled. The broad sapwood whitish. heart brown, both with shades of gray and red: on split surface rough; texture coarse to fine; capable of high polish. Elm is used in the construction of cars, wagons, 326 etc., in boat and ship building. for agri- cultural implements and machinery; in rough cooperage, saddlery and harness work, but particularly in the manufacture of all kinds of furniture, where the beau- tiful figures, especially those of the tangential or bastard section, are just be- ginning to be duly appreciated. The elms are medium to large sized trees, of fairly rapid growth, with stout trunk, form forests of pure growth, but are found scattered in all the broad-leaved woods of our country, sometimes forming a consid- erable portion of the arborescent growth. 62. White elm (Ulmus americana) (American elm. water elm): Medium to large sized tree, common. Maine to Minne- sota, southward to Florida and Texas. 63. Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa) (cork elm, hickory elm, white elm, cliff elm): Medium to large sized tree. Michigan, Ohio, from Vermont to Iowa, southward to Kentucky. 64. Red elm (Ulmus fulyn) (slippery elin, moose elm): Small-sized tree. found chiefly along water courses. New York to Minnesota, and southward to Florida and Texas, 65. Cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia): Small-sized tree, quite common. Arkansas and Texas. 66. Winged elm (Ulmus alata) (Wahoo): Small-sized tree, locally quite common. Arkansas, Missouri, and eastern Virginia. Gum. This general term refers to two kinds of wood usually distinguished as sweet or red gum, and sour, black, or tupelo gum, the former being a relative of the witch- hazel, the latter belonging to the dogwood family. 67. Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica) (sour gum, black gum): Maine to Michigan, and southward to Florida and Texas. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, of fine tex- ture, frequently crossgrained, of yellowish or grayish white color, hard to split and work, troublesome in seasoning, warps and checks considerably, and is not durable if exposed; used for wagon hubs, wooden ware, handles, wooden shoes, etc. Medium to large sized trees, with straight, clear trunks; locally quite abundant, but forming forests of pure growth. 68. Tupelo gum (Nyssa uniflora) (cotton gum): Lower Mississippi basin, northward to Illinois and eastward to Virginia, other- wise like preceding species. 69. flua) Sweet gum (Liquidambar styraci- (red gum, liquidambar, bilsted): 837 the ory da am Wood rather heavy, rather soft, quite stiff and strong, tough, commonly crossgrained, of fine texture; the broad sapwood whitish, the heartwood reddish brown; the wood shrinks and warps considerably, but does not check badly, stands well when fully seasoned, and takes good polish. Sweet 4. gum is used in carpentry, in the manufac- ture of furniture, for cut veneer, for rorin wooden plates, plaques, baskets, etc., also for wagon hubs, hat blocks, etc. A large- 5. sized tree, very abundant, often the prin- cipal tree in the swampy parts of the bottoms of the Lower Mississippi Valley; occurs from New York to Texas and from Indiana to Florida. Hackberry. 70. Hackberry (Celtis occidentalls) (sugar berry): The handsome wood heavy, hard, strong, quite tough, of moderately fine texture, and greenish or yellowish white color; shrinks moderately, works well, and takes a good polish. So far but little used in the manufacture of furni ture. Medium to large sized tree, locally quite common, largest in the Lower Mis- sissippi Vallev; occurs in nearly all parts of the Eastern United States. Hickory. Irtile tu ur th Wood very heavy, hard, and strong, proverbially tough, of rather coarse texture, smooth and of straight grain. The broad Th sapwood white, the heart reddish nut: brown. It dries slowly, shrinks and checks 77 considerably; is not durable in the ground, a or if exposed, and, especially the sapwood, a is always subject to the inroads of boring t insects. Hickory excels as carriage and wagon stock, but is also extensively used in the manufacture of implements and machinery, for tool handles, timber pins. for harness work. and cooperage. The hickories are tall trees with slender stems, never form forests, occasionally small groves, but usually occur scattered among other broad-leaved trees in suitable local- ities. The following species all contribute more or less to the hickory of the markets: 71. Shagbark hickory (Hicoria ovata) (shellback hickory): A medium to large sized tree. quite common; the favorite among hickories; best developed in the Ohio and Mississippi basins; from Lake Ontario to Texas, Minnesota to Florida. 72. Mockernut hickory (Hicoria alba) (black hickory, bull and black nut, big bud, and white-heart hickory): to large sized tree, with the same A medium 328 range as the foregoing: common, especially in the South. 73. Pignut hickory (Hicoria glabra) (brown hickory, black hickory, switch-bud hickory): Medium to to large sized tree, abundant; all Eastern United States. 74. Bitter nut hickory (Hicoria minima) (swamp hickory): A medium-sized tree. favoring wet localities, with the same range as the preceding. 75. Pecan (Hicoria pecan) (Illinois nut): A large tree, very common in the fertile bottoms of the Western streams. Indiana to Nebraska and southward to Louisiana and Texas. Holly. 76. Holly (Ilex opaca): Wood of me- dium weight, hard, strong, tough, of fine. texture and white color; works and stands well, used for cabinetwork and turnery. A small tree, most abundant in the Lower Mississippi Vallev and Gulf States, but occurring eastward to Massachusetts and north to Indiana. Horse-Chestnut. (See Buckeye.) Ironwood. (See Blue beech.) Locust. This name applies to both of the follow- ing: 77. Black locust locust (Robinia pseudacacia) (black locust, yellow locust): Wood very heavy, hard, strong, and tough, of coarse. texture. very durable in contact with the soil, shrinks considerably and suffers in seasoning; the very narrow sapwood yel- lowish, the heartwood brown, with shades of red and green. Used for wagon hubs, tree nails or pins, but especially for ties, posts. etc. Abroad it is much used for furniture and farm implements and also in turnery. Small Small to medium sized tree, at home in the Alleghanies, extensively planted, especially in the West. 78. Honey locust (Gleditschia triacan- thos) (black locust, sweet locust, three- thorned acacia): Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, of coarse texture, suscep- tible of a good polish, the narrow sapwood yellow, the heartwood brownish red. So far, but little appreciated except for fene- ing and fuel; used to some extent for wagon hubs and in rough construction. A medium- sized tree, found from Pennsylvania to Nebraska, and southward to Florida and Texas; locally quite abundant. 329 Magnolia. (See Tulip.) Maple. Wood heavy, hard, strong. stiff, and tough, of fine texture, frequently wavy- grained, this giving rise to "curly" and "'blister" figures; not durable in the ground or otherwise exposed. Maple is creamy white, with shades of light brown in the heart; shrinks moderately, seasons, works and stands well, wears smoothly, and takes a fine polish. The wood is used for ceiling, flooring, paneling, stairway. and other finishing lumber in house, ship. and car construction; it is used used for the keels of boats and ships, in the manufac ture of implements and machinery, but especially for furniture, where entire chamber sets of maple rival those of oak. Maple is also used for shoe shoe lasts and other form blocks, for shoe pegs, for piano actions, school apparatus, for wood type in show bill printing. tool handles, in wood carving, turnery, and scroll work. The maples are medium-sized trees, of fairly rapid growth; sometimes form forests and frequently constitute a large propor tion of the arborescent growth. 79. Sugar maple (Acer saccharumi! (hard maple, rock maple): Medium to large sized tree, very common, forms con- siderable forests. Maine to Minnesota. abundant, with birch, in parts of the pineries; southward to northern Florida: most abundant in the region of the Great Lakes. 80. Red maple (Acer rubrum) (swamp or water maple): Medium-sized tree. Like the preceding, but scatterel along water courses and other moist localities. 81. Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) (soft maple. silver maple): Medium-sized, common; wood lighter, softer, inferior to hard maple, and usually offered in small quantities and held separate in the mar ket. Valley of the Ohio, but occurs from Maine to Dakota and southward to Florida., 82. Broad-leafed maple (Acer macro- phyllum): Medium-sized tree, forms con siderable forests, and like the preceding has a lighter, softer, and less valuable wood. Pacific Coast. 83. Mulberry. Red mulberry (Morbus rubra): Wood moderately heavy. hard, strong. rather tough, of coarse texture. durable; sap wood whitish, heart vellow to orange brown; shrinks and checks considerably in drying; works and stands well. in cooperage and locally in Ted shipbuilding 330 and in the manufacture of farm imple- ments. A small-sized tree, common in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, but but widely distributed in the Eastern United States. Oak. Wood very variable, usually very heavy and hard, very strong and tough, porous, and of coarse texture; the sapwood whitish, the heart "oak" brown to reddish brown. It shrinks and checks badly, giving trouble in seasoning, but stands well, is durable, and little subject to attacks of insects. Oak is used for many purposes; in ship- building for heavy construction, in com- mon carpentry, in furniture, car, and wagon work, cooperage, turnery, and even in wood carving; also in the manufacture of all kinds of farm implements, wooden mill machinery, for piles and wharves. railway ties, etc. The oaks are medium to large sized trees, forming the predominating part of a large portion of our broad- leaved forests, forests, so that these are generally "oak forests" though they always contain a considerable proportion of other kinds of trees. Three well-marked kinds, white. red. and live oak, are distinguished and kept separate in the market. Of the two principal kinds white oak is the stronger, tongher. less porous, and more durable. Red oak, is usually of coarser texture, more porous, often brittle, less durable: and even more troublesome in seasoning than white oak. In carpentry and furniture work, red oak brings about the same price at present as white oak. The red oaks. everywhere accompany the white oaks, and, like the latter are usually represented by several species in any given locality. Live oak, once largely employed in shipbuilding, possesses all the good qualities (except that of size) of white oak, even to a greater de- gree. It is one of the heaviest, hardest, and most durable building timbers of this country; in structure it resembles the red oaks, but is much less porous. 84. White oak (Quercus alba): Medium to large sized tree, common in the East- ern States, Ohio and Mississippi valleys; occurs throughout Eastern United States. 85. Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) (mossy-cup oak, over-cup oak): Large- sized tree. locally abundant, common. Bot- toms west of Mississippi; range farther west than preceding. 86. Swamp white oak (Quercus bi- color): Large-sized tree. common. Most abundant in the Lake States, but range as in white oak. 87. Yellow oak (Quercus prin with 331 (chestnut oak, chinquapin oak): Medium- sized tree. Southern Alleghanies, east- ward to Massachusetts. 88. Basket oak (Quercus michauxii) (cow oak): Large-sized tree, locally abun- dant; lower Mississippi and eastward to Delaware. 89. Over-cup oak (Quercus Iyrata) (swamp white oak, swamp post oak): Me- dium to large sized tree, rather restricted; ranges as in the preceding. 90. Post oak (Quercus obtusiloba) (iron oak): Medium to large sized tree. Arkan- sas to Texas, eastward to New England and northward to Michigan. 91. White oak (Quercus durandii): Me- dium to small sized tree. Texas eastward to Alabama. 92. White oak (Quercus Medium to large sized tree. to California. garryana): Washington 93. White oak (Quercus lobata): Me- dium to large-sized tree; largest oak on the Pacific Coast; California. 94. Red oak (Quercus rubra) (black oak): Medium to large-sized tree; common in all parts of its range. Maine to Minne- sota, and southward to the Gulf. 95. Black oak (Quercus tinctoria), (yel- low oak): Medium to large-sized tree: very common in the Southern States, but occurring north as as far as Minnesota, and eastward to Maine. 96. Spanish oak (Quercus falcata), (red oak): Medium-sized tree, common in the South Atlantic and Gulf region, but found from Texas to New York and north to Missouri and Kentucky. coccinea): 97. Scarlet oak (Quercus Medium to large-sized tree; best developed in the lower basin of the Ohio, but found from Maine to Missouri, and from Minne- sota to Florida. 98. Pin oak (Quercus palustris) (swamp spanish oak, water oak): Medium to large- sized tree, common along borders of streams and swamps. Arkansas to Wis- consin, and eastward to the Alleghanies. 99. Willow oak (Quercus phellos) (peach oak): Small to medium sized tree. New York to Texas, and northward to Kentucky. 100. Water oak (Quercus aquatica) (duck oak, possum oak, punk oak): Medium to large sized tree. of extremely rapid growth. Eastern Gulf States, eastward to Delaware, and northward to Missouri and Kentucky. 101. Live oak oak (Quercus virens): Small- sized tree, scattered along the coast from Virginia to Texas. 102. Live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). 332 (maul oak, Valparaiso oak): Medium-sized tree; California. Osage Orange. 103. Osage orange (Maclura aurantiaca) (Bois d'Arc): Wood very heavy, exceeding- ly hard, strong, not tough, of moderately coarse texture, and very durable; sapwood yellow, heart brown on the end, yellow on longitudinal faces, soon turning grayish brown if exposed; it shrinks considerably in drying, but once dry it stands unusually well. Formerly much used for wheel stock in the dry regions of Texas; otherwise em- ployed for posts, railway ties, etc. Seems too little appreciated; it is well suited for turned ware and especially for wood cary- ing. A small-sized tree, of fairly rapid growth, scattered through the rich bottoms of Arkansas and Texas. Persimmon. 104. Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana): Wood very heavy and hard, strong and tough; resembles hickory, but is of finer texture; the broad sapwood cream color, the heart black; used in turnery for shut- tles, plane stocks, shoe lasts, etc. Small to medium sized tree, common and best de- veloped in the Lower Ohio Valley, but oc- curs from from New York to Texas and Mis- souri. Poplar and Cottonwood. (See also Tulip wood).-Wood light, very soft, not strong, of fine texture and whit- ish, grayish to yellowish color usually with a satiny luster. The wood shrinks mod- erately (some crossgrained forms warp ex- cessiɣely), but checks little; is easily worked, but is not durable. Used as build- ing and furniture lumber, in cooperage for sugar and flour barrels, for crates and boxes (especially cracker boxes), for wood- en ware and paper pulp. 105. Cottonwood (Populus monilifera): Large sized tree; forms considerable for ests along many of the many of the Western streams, and furnishes most of the cottonwood of the market. Mississippi Valley and west; New England to the Rocky Mountains. 106. Balsam (Populus balsamifera) (balm of Gilead): Medium to large sized tree; common all along the northern boundary of the United States. 107. Black cottonwood (Populus tricho carpa): The largest deciduous tree of Washington: very common. Northern var Rocky Mountains and Pacific region. 108. Cottonwood (Populus fremontii 333 wislizeni): Medium to large sized tree, com- mon. Texas to California. 109. Poplar (Populus grandidentata): Me- dium-sized tree, chiefly used for pulp, Maine to Minnesota and southward along the Al- leghanies. 110. Aspen (Populus tremuloides): Small to medium sized tree, often forming exten- sive forests and covering burned areas. Maine to Washington and northward, south in the Western mountains to California and New Mexico. Sour Gum. (See Gum.) Red Gum. (See Gum.) 111. Sassafras Sassafras. (Sassafras Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, of sassafras): sapwood yellow. Medium-sized tree. Mississippi Valley. heart orange brown. Used in cooperage. coarse texture, durable; for skiffs, fencing. etc. largest in the Lower from New England to Texas and from Michigan to Florida. Sweet Gum. (See Gum.) Sycamore. 112. Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) button-ball tree. (button wood, Water heavy. quite beech): Wood moderately hard. stiff, strong, tough, usually cross- grained, of coarse texture, and white to light brown color; the wood is hard to split and work, shrinks moderately, warps and checks considerably, but stands well." It is used extensively for drawers, backs, bot- toms, etc., in cabinetwork, for tobacco boxes, in cooperage, and also for finishing lumber, where it has too long been under- rated. A large tree, of rapid growth. com- mon and largest in the Ohio and Missis sippi valleys, at home in nearly all paris of the Eastern United States. The Cali- fornia species- 113. Platanus racemosa resembles in its wood the Eastern form. Tulip Wood. tulipifera) 114. Tulip tree (Liriodendron (yellow poplar, white wood): Wood quite variable in weight, usually light, soft, stiff but not strong, of fine texture, and yellow- 1sh color; the wood shrinks considerably. but seasons without much injury; and stands remarkably well. ing, for paneling and finishing lumber in Works Used for sid 334 house, car, and ship building, for side- boards and panels of wagons and carriages; also in the manufacture of furniture, im- plements and machinery, for pump logs, and almost every kind of common wooden ware. boxes, shelving, drawers, etc. An ideal wood for the carver and toy man. A large tree, does not form forests, but is quite common, especially in the Ohio Basin; oc- curs from New England to Missouri and southward to Florida. 115. Cucumber tree (Magnolia acumin- ata): A medium-sized tree, most common in the Southern Alleghanies, but distribu- ted from New York to Arkansas, south- ward to Alabama and northward to Illinois, Resembling, and probably confounded with. tulip wood in the markets. Tupelo. (See Gum.) Walnut. 116. Black walnut (Juglans nigra): Weed heavy, hard, strong, of coarse texture; the narrow sapwood whitish, the heartwood chocolate brown. The wood shrinks mod- erately in drying, works and stands well, takes a good polish, is quite handsome, and has been for a long time the favorite cabinet wood in this country. Walnut, formerly used even for fencing, has become too costly for ordinary uses, and is to-day employed largely as a veneer, for inside finish and cabinetwork: also in turnery. for gunstocks, etc. Black walnut is a large tree, with stout trunk, of rapid growth, and was formerly quite abundant throughout the Alleghany region, occurring from New England to Texas, and from Michigan to Florida. White Walnut. (See Butternut.) White Wood. (See Tulip, and also Basswood.) Yellow Poplar. (See Tulip.) 335 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS, WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS of Railroad Ties, Round and Octagonal Poles, Cross Arms, Piling and Insulator Pins and Brackets. RAILROAD TIES. Long Leaf Yellow Pine-Hewed or Sawed. 7"x9"x8% ft. standard 1" Sap on corners 7"x8"x8 ft. 66 66 66 66 7"x9"x8 7"x8"x8 ft. ft. 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 6"x9"x8 ft. 66 66 66 66 66 6"x8"x8 ft. 66 6"x8"x8 ft. Savannah Merchantable 6"x8"x8 ft. Sound and Square Edge Southern Cypress-Hewed or Sawed. 6"x6" and up face x 8 ft. 6"x8"x8 ft. Must be strictly Red Cypress. Chestnut and Oak-Hewed and Sawed. Mixed Oak. 66 ..7" x 7" x 8 ft. 7" x 6" x 8% ft. 64 6" x 9" x 8 ft. 66 6" x 8" x 8 ft. .6" x 7" x 8 6" x 6" and ft. up 8 ft. Chestnut. .6" x 9" x 8 ft. .6" x 8" x 8 ft. .6" x 7" x 8 ft. .6" x 6" x 8 ft. 64 66 .6" x 6" and up 8 ft. ..5" x 6" and up 7 ft. 336 Yellow Pine Octagonal Poles. Standard Sizes Approximate Weight 5" top 8" butt 25 ft. long. 325 lbs. 6" 7" 8" 25 400 9" 532 བབ ཁཁཁབརྩུཟཌྭཐབབབ 7" 66 9" 600 7" "10" 675 7" "10" 30 725 7" "11" 30 815 "10" 30 **12" 30 10" 32 12" . 808 .1000 768 .1070 ** 10" 840 7" 66 12" .1050 8" "12" 35 7" 12" 40 1170 .1275 8" "14" 40 ..1720 7" "13" 45 7" **14" 50 .1600 ..1950 44 7" 7" "15" "15" 60 ..2360 ...2575 Poles must be strictly sound, free from rot, rotten knots, shakes, splits, large clus- ter knots or any defect to weaken the pole. Standard manufacture and quality, sawed octagonal tapering, top pointed, butts tarred for six feet, balance pole painted primer coat heavy filled paint, absolutely sound in every respect. Chestnut Poles-Round. Poles must be cut from live growing tim- ber, peeled and reasonably well proportioned, tops must be sound and butts must not con- tain more than 10% butt rot, wind shakes shall not exceed one ring and this must not be an open shake. Rough knots, if sound and trimmed, shall not be considered a de- feet. Must be commercially straight, and have ends cut square. Tops for a 7" pole must measure 22" cir- cumference if a seasoned pole. and if green or wet, 22". Eight-inch pole if dry must measure 25" circumference and if green or wet, 26" circumference. 337 Size 5" top 25 ft. long Estimated Weight 300 lbs. 25 66 500 66 7" 66 575 66 66 25 66 640 66 66 30 46 600 66 66 30 66 720 46 66 30 66 66 66 35 66 66 35 66 35 66 66 40 66 66 66 40 66 66 ....... 900 66 800 66 900 66 ..1050 66 .1100 ..1250 8" 6" 66 40 66 66 ..1350 66 45 66 .1250 7" 66 45 1400 44 8" 66 45 86 1550 44 6" 66 50 66 ..1600 66 7" 66 50 66 ...1800 66 8" 66 50 ...2000 46 7" 55 66 ..1950 44 8" 55 66 ..2150 46 66 60 ..2400 66 8" 66 60 ..2600 46 7" 6.6 65 64 ..2700 66 66 65 66 ..2800 66 7" 8" 70 66 3000 64 66 70 66 3200 44 7" 66 75 66 .3600 66 8" 66 75 66 .3800 44 Size Cypress Poles. 8" top 30 ft. long. 8" -66 35 66 66 66 40 66 66 8" 66 50 66 66 Estimated Weight 900 lbs. 1100 44 Southern Juniper Poles. ..1400 ...1700 Estimated Weight 150 lbs. 200 250 225 285 365 450 400 450 540 500 580 700 850 ........... .................: བསྡུསྶུ༷བྷཱུདྡྷབྲཱནྡྷབྲཱཎསཏྭཱ་ུདྡྷནྡྷ Size 5" top 20 ft. long. 6" 20 66 7" 66 20 66 5″ 66 6. 66 25 30 66 66 8" 46 66 30 66 30 66 66 6" 66 35 7" 66 66 8" 35 66 6" 40 66 7" 66 40 66 6" 66 45 7" 66 45 50 66 7" 66 50 7" 66 55 7" 60 ......... ............ .............. ........... 900 950 .1050 1100 .1200 1550 1800 • 338 Yellow Pine Cross Arms-Finished Standard. Sizes 34" x 44" x 44"-Quality 24" x 34"- 34" x 44 Heart. -Quality 4 Heart. x 44"-Quality Standard. Weight 3 to 3½ lbs. per lineal ft. Pin Koles Baches ength of Arms Centre Lag Bolt Holes Brace Holes No. Size End Centre Bide No. Size Spac'g 2 ft. 4 ft. 3 ft. 4 ft. 5 ft. 6 ft. 6 ft. 8 ft. 8 ft. ~~444668 2 1/2 4 2 1 4 1% 4 14 4 1% 4 24 12 4 13% 4 1% 4 2000 20 2- ang 28 2-2 16 12 2-1/2 2 44 18 17 2- 20 1-% st't. 16 12 1-% 46 18 17% 1-6 :: 16 12 1-58 2222 16 36 21 38 21 36 9 it. 10 ft. 8 1% 4 17% 15% 1-%" 2 26 10 ft. 10 1 F 4 16 12 1-% 2 36 6 ft. 1 4 16 12 1-% " 2 16 44 10 ft. 10 1Ꮠ 4 16 12 1-6 2 珀 ​བ་བཊུ་བདེབབ 214 Special Sizes for Heavy Work. 3½" x 4" weight 3% to 4 lbs. lineal foot 4" X 5" 34" x 42" 66 64 66 5 to 5½ lbs. 66 42 " X 5% " 66 66 54 lbs. 66 5" X 6" 66 334" x 44" Insulator Pins and Brackets. Standard Sizes, Approximate weight per M. and quality given in the following: Oak Pins, overstock, 14" x 8", 275 lbs., standard quality. Oak Pins, painted, 14" x 9", 400 lbs., standard quality. Oak Pins, painted, 14" x 8", 275 lbs., standard quality. Locust Pins, 1½" x 9", 450 lbs.. standard grade. Locust Pins, 1½"x9", 450 lbs., Commercial. Locust Pins 14" x 8", 300 lbs., standard grade. Locust Pins, 14"x8", 300 lbs., commercial. Painted Oak Brackets, 14" x 2 x 12", 650 lbs., standard. Painted Oak Brackets, 1%" x 2 x 12", 700 lbs., standard. Painted Oak Brackets, 14" x 2" x 10". 500 lbs., standard. Painted Oak Brackets, 2" x 24 x 12", 850 lbs., standard. Pole Steps 14"x3x7%", 500 lbs., plain. Pole Steps, 14" x 3 x 7", 500 lbs., ere osoted. 339 WEIGHTS OF DOORS, SASH AND BLINDS. Size. 4 Panel, 2- 6 x 6-6 DOORS. 1 18 14 30 lbs. 35 lbs 42 lbs. 4 4 4 2-8 x 6-8 32 37"* 46"* 2-10 x 6-10 35 40 52 3 x 7 38 45 55 Thick- ness. 1% Four Panel, 2 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 6 in., 26 lbs FOUR LIGHT WINDOWS, CHECK RAIL. Size. 12 x 24.... Glazed. Un- glazed 20 lbs. 8 lbs 12 x 28... 22. 9 12 x 32... 25"* 11 12 x 36. 27** 12 14 x 30... 44 27.. 12 14 x 32.... 46 29 12 14 x 34.... 35 13/2 14 x 36. 32 44 13 EIGHT LIGHT WINDOWS. 9 x 12... 1% 10 x 14. 14 lbs. 18" 6 lbs. 8 10 x 16... ·་ 20 9 12 x 14. 1% 23 11 64 12 x 16.. 24 12 12 x 18... 27 13 14 x 20... 35 15 TWELVE LIGHT WINDOWS. 8 x 10. 1% 17 lbs. 7 lbs 9 x 12. 20 9 9 x 12.. 1% 22 10 10 x 14... 26 12 10 x 16. 29 13 10 x 18. 32 13 Mouldings, 1 x 1 inch, per 100 feet lineal, 16 lbs. 340 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 4 grains-1 pwt. 20 pwts. 1 ounce. Troy Weight. 12 ounces-1 pound. Used for weighing gold, silver and jewels. Apothecaries' Weight. 20 grains 1 scruple. 8 drams=1 ounce. 3 scruples-1 dram. 12 ounces-1 pound. The ounce and pound in this are the same as in Troy weight. Avoirdupois Weight. 27 11-32 grains-1 dram. 16 drams-1 ounce. 16 ounces-1 pound. 25 pounds-1 quarter. 4 quarters 1 cwt. 2,000 lbs. 1 short ton. 2,240 lbs. 1 long ton. Measure. 4 pecks 1 bushel. 36 bushels 1 chaldron. Dry 2 pints=1 quart. 8 quarts=1 peck. Liquid Measure. 4 gills 1 pint. 31 2 pints=1 quart. 4 quarts-1 gallon. gallons 1 barrel. 2 barrels 1 hogshead. Time Measure. 60 seconds=1 minute. 60 minutes=1 hour. 24 hours 1 day. 7 days 1 week. calendar month (30 days= 28, 29, 30 or 31 days-1 1 month in computing interest). 365 days 1 year. 366 days 1 leap year. Circular Measure. 60 seconds=1 minute. 80 degrees-1 sign. 60 minutes 1 degree. 90 degrees 1 quadrant. 4 quadrants-12 signs, or 360 degrees-1 circle. Long Measure. 12 inches 1 foot. 3 feet 1 yard. 5 yards 1 rod. Cloth 24 inches 1 nail. 4 nails 1 quarter. 40 rods 1 furlong. 8 furlongs 1 sta. mile. 3 miles 1 league. Measure. 4 quarters-1 yard. Mariners' Measure. 6 feet 1 fathom. 5,280 feet-1 stat, mile. 120 fathoms=1 cab. le'th. 6,085 feet-1 naut. mile. 7½ cable lengths=1 mile. Miscellaneous. 3 inches-1 palm. 4 inches-1 hand. 6 inches-1 span. 18 inches 1 cubit. 21.8 in. Bible cubit. 2 ft. 1 military pace. Square Measure. 144 sq. inches 1 sq. foot. 40 sq. rods=1 rood. 9 sq. feet 1 sq. yard. 4 roods=1 acre. 304 sq. yds.1 sq. rod. 640 acres 1 sq. mile. 341 7.92 inches Surveyors' Measure. 1 link. 25 links 1 rod. 4 rods 1 chain. 10 square chains or 160 square rods=1 acre. 640 acres 1 sq. mile. 36 sq. miles (6 miles sq.)=1 township. Cubic Measure. 1,728 cubic in. 1 cub. ft. 128 c. ft. 1 cord (wood) 27 cubic ft. 1'cubic yd. 40 cub. ft.=1 ton (shpg.) 2,150.42 cubic inches 1 standard bushel. 268.8 cubic inches 1 standard gallon. 1 cubic foot about four-fifths of a bushel. Metric Equivalents. Linear Measure. 1 centimeter 0.3937 in. 1 in.=2.54 centimeters. 1 decimeter=3.937 in.1 ft. 3.048 decimeters. 0.328 feet. 1 meter 39.37 in. 1.0936 yards. 1 yard 0.9144 meter. 1dekameter 1.9884 rods. 1 rod 0.5029 dekameter. 1 kilometer=0.62137 mile. 1 mile 1.6093 kilometers Square Measure. 1 sq. centimeter 0.1550) 1 sq. inch=6-452 square sq. in. centimeters. 1 sq. decimeter=0.1076) 1 sq. foot=9.2903 square decimeters. sq. ft. 1 sq. meter=1.196 sq. yd. 1 sq. yd. 0.8361 sq. m'r. 1 are. 3.954 sq. rd. 1 hektar 2.47 acres. 1 sq. rd. 0.2529 are. 1 acre 0.4047 hektar. 2.59 sq. kilo- 1 sq. kilometer=0.3861 sq. m. sq. m. meters. Measure of Volume. 1 cu. centimeter=0.061 1 cu. decimeter=0.0353 cu. ft. 1 cu. mr. 1 stere ·} = 1.308 cu. yd. 1 liter= 1.0567 qt. liq. 1 dekaliter 0.908 qt. dry. 1 cu. in. 16.39 cu. centi- 1 cu. ft.28.317 cu. deci- meters. 1 cu. yd.=0.7646 cu. m'r 1 cord 3.624 steres. 1 qt. dry=1.101 liters. 1 qt. liq. 0.9463 liter. 2.6417 gal. 1 gal. 0-3785 dekaliter. .135 pks. 1 peck=0.881 dekaliter. 1 hektoliter 2.8375 bush. 1 bus. 0.3524 hektoliter. Weights. 1 gram. 0.03527 ounce. 1 kilogram=2.2046 lbs. 1 metric ton=1.1023 English ton. 1 ounce 28.85 grams. 1 lb. 0.4536 kilogram. 1 English ton=0.9072 metric ton. Approximate Metric Equivalents. 1 decimeter 4 inches. 1 meter 1.1 yards. 1 kilometers of mile.. 1 hektar 2 acres. 1 stere or cu. meter=% of a cord. 1 liter (1.06 qt. liquid. 0.9 qt. dry. 1 hektoliter-2 bush.. 1 kilogram=2% lbs. 1 metric ton=2,200 lbs. 342 White Pine and Hem- lock Grading Rules as reported and adopted by the following: Mississippi Valley Lumbermen's Assn. Wisconsin Valley Lumbermen's Assn. Northern Pine Manufacturers' Assn. Northwestern Hemlock Manufacturers' Association Western Pine Shippers' Association 343 WESTERN PINE SHIPPERS ASSOCIATION. BUREAU OF GRADES. It is the aim of this Bureau of Grades to adopt the rules for grading Pine Lumber in use by the Mississippi Valley Lumbermen's Association, with such slight modifications as are necessary to take into consideration the defects peculiar to the products of this territory, giving their relative value, in the absence oí, to a large degree, the defects known as shake. rot and worm holes, found in other localities Giving our grades the same level of values, for the purposes for which the lumber admitted in the various grades is used, and for which the grades of White Pine were designed by the manufac- turers of the Mississippi Valley Lumbermen's Association. Bright sap shall not be considered a defect in Western Pine. PITCH. The surface of a piece from which the grade is determined which contains pitch in sufficient quantities to render it worthless for the purposes for which, the grade was designed shall exclude such piece from the grade. In grades where paint or oil finish is usually required, the general appearance of the piece shall indicate that it is sufficiently free from pitch to retain such finish under the ordinary conditions to which such products are subject. A piece containing local pitch defects, known as pitch streaks or pitch pockets, that can be remedied by the usual methods of finish ordinarily made use of in curing knot defects shall be given the same consideration given knot defects of like surface meas- urements. Pieces of lumber so filled with pitch as to make it impracticable to remedy the defect in the usual manner preparatory to a paint finish shall not be graded higher than a No. 3 Common. CHECKED KNOTS AND SEASON CHECKS Checked knots in tight red knotted stock in common lumber shall not be consid ered a defect, unless the opening is so pronounced as to injure the piece for the purposes for which the grade was designed. In the absence of all other defects one small season check not to exceed 8 inches in length and showing on one side of piece only will be admissible in No. 2 door cuttings. One small season check not to exceed 8 inches in length will be admitted in A. Select 14-inch and wider to show on reverse side only One small season check not to exceed 8 inches in Tength will be admissible on the reverse side of an 8-inch or 10-inch piece of B. Sel., or not to exceed three small season checks of the same length in wider pieces. The face of a C. Sel. shall be free from season checks and the reverse side shall con- tain no season check to exceed 12 inches in length. A slight amount of season check will be admitted on the face side of a D Sel. when other defects ar not too pronounced. A small amoum of seas check will be admissible on one side of No. 4.20 2 Common, providing they do not interfere with the general utility of the piece. Pieces containing numerous sealsu checks, open and extending through the piece, shall not be graded higher than No. 3 Common. LARCH. There shall be two grades of larch, which grades shall be known as Finish and Common. The grade of finish shall be the same as C. Sel. and better in pine; all merchantable lumber below this grade to feet and over in length shall be classified as Common. GRADES AND NOMENCLATURE. 1e following are the standard grades adopted and the terms by which they are to be known: Thick Finishing. 1st, ad and 3d Clear, 14. 1% A Select, 1 and 2-inch. No. 1 Shop. No. 2" No S Shop Conimon. B с Inch Finishing. 1st, ad and 3d Clear. A Select. B C" Ꭰ . ' .D Stock C and Better Norway. Biding. Inch Shop. Factory Selects. Factory & Select and Better. Factory B Select. Factory C Select. Thick Common Lumber. Tank Stock. Select Common Step Plank. Flat Common. No. 1 Box. No. 2 Box. Common Boards. and Clear. D No. 1. Flooring. No. 2. A Flooring. No. 3 No. 4 B с No. S Fencing. D. Shaky Clear Flooring. No. 1. No. 1 Fencing D. & M No. 2. No D. & M. No. 3 No 1 D. & M. No 4 Shiplap, Grooved Roofing and D. & M. Dimension. No. 1. No. I. No. 2. No. 2. No 3 No 4 or Cull. 344 RULES FOR GRADING PINE LUMBER. General Instructions. The aim of the uniform grading inspection is to harmonize the natural differences which exist in the characteristics of the different stocks co-operating in this bureau, making lumber of the same grades, at the different manufacturing points, of practically equal value, whether the logs from which the lumber is cut are large or small, coarse- knotted, fine-knotted, black-knowad, red-knotted, sound or shaky. No arbitrary rules for the mction of lumber can be maintained with satisfaction. The variations from any given rule are numerous and suggested by practical common sense, so nothing more definite than the general features of different grades should be attempted by rules of inspection. The following, therefore, are submitted as the general characteristics of the different grades. In the grading of finishing lumber in common practice, there is a recognized dif- ference in classifying inch lumber, and lumber thicker than inch A very large percentage of the one and one-fourth, one and one-half and two- inch lumber used for 6mshing purposes goes into work requiring each face to be shown, as in doors, sash, etc. With inch lumber, except shop common and partition, the uses are quite different, the almost invariable practice being that one face of the board is shown and that face the better one. The face side of the lumber is the side showing the best quality or appearance Defects in lumber should be distributed in proportion to the size of the piece Long or wide pieces of the same grade may contain more and greater defects tha shorter or narrow pieces. The same percentage should be observed in both lon and short, wide and narrow. Wane in lumber is a defect which can not be, described by rule with satisfactio and therefore must be left to the judgment of the grader In general way, D & M stock, except No. 3. should have a good bearing on back, and lumber SS or S2 S show nearly a full face The lowering of grade on the face side on account of wane, should be governed by grade, width and defects in the piece Due consideration in rough stock should be given for the amount of wane that would be surfaced off in milling Lumber must be accepted on grade in the form in which it was shipped Any subsequent change in manufacture or mill work will prohibit an inspection for the adjustment of aims, except with the consent of all parties interested Mixed width boards do not necessarily require as good edges as shiplap or dressed and matched stock of the same grade. Planing mill work should be taken into consideration in all grades of dressed lum- ber, and its effect on a piece must be left largely to the judgment of the inspector Thick C Select, except for factory purposes should be graded on its face. not so much attention being given to the back, but in the grades of B Select and Better, the backs should, as a rule, be within one grade of the better face The grade of partition shall be determined from its poorer side. Lumber when worked shall be graded the same as the respective grades when in the rough Unless otherwise provided for, lumber worked two sides shall be graded from its better face, lumber worked one side shall be graded from its surface lace. The examples given in this book do not in all cases include all of the different types in any grade The interpretation of any grade is intended to cover all lumber between the next higher grade above, and the next grade below. It is not contemplated by these rules to cover car siding and roofing, the grades of which should be determined by special agreement. FINISHING. CLEARS. First Clear. This should be twelve inches and over in width and free from all defects Second Clear. This should be ten inches and over in width When tep inches wide it should be free from all defects A twelve-inch board must have a perfect face A one half inch of white sap on each edge, or one inch of sap on one edge of back is allowed. In the absence of sap one or two small pin knots not to exceed one half ch in diameter are admissible Pieces wider than twelve inches must have a perfect face, tut can have sap or knot defects proportionally greater as the piece is wider. Third Clear-This should be eight inches and over in width A piece eight inches wide should be free from all defects on both faces In a ten inch piece one or two small knots, not to exceed one half inch in diameter, or in the absence of knots, white sap not to exceed one half inch in width on each edge, or one inch in width on one edge is admissible A piece from twelve inches to fourteen inches wide may have one inch of white sap on each edge of face or more sap on one edge In the absence of sap or with less sap one or two small knots an inch in diameter are admissible Wider stock can have more sap or slightly larger knots The reverse side of Third Clear ten inches and wider, should not show poorer in quality than "A" Select face See General Instructions. EXAMPLES: Example 1. Piece 1x14-16. Face side has a black knot on edge one and one-fourth by one inch, two feet from end, but not showing through. One small black knot one- half inch in diameter one foot from end, balance of face side clear. Reverse side shows one inch of white sap for six feet on one edge and about one foot slightly discolore sap. Example 3. Piece 1x18-16. Face side shows two half-inch black knots and two small pin knots near one end, also a half-inch black knot near center. Reverse side shows practically the same defects except the knots are slightly larger. Example 3. Piece 1x16-16. Shows an inch and a half of white sap for eight feet on one edge of the face side; no other defects. Reverse side shows three inches of white sap for twelve feet on one edge. No other defects. Example 4 Piece 1x12-14. Face side shows one and one-half inches white say on each edge-for four feet at one end. One small knot one-half inch in diameter Bear other end. Reverse side shows three inches of white sap for twelve feet on one edge and two inches of white sap on other edge full length of the piece, and two small knots one-half inch in diameter Example 5 Piece 1x10-16. Has one clear face Reverse side has one inch of slightly stained sap for two feet on one edge Otherwise perfect Example 6. Piece 1x8-16 This piece is free from all defects on both sides 345 "A" SELECT. "A" Select should be eight inches and over in width. On the face side an eight inch piece should be nearly perfect. An inch of white sap on one edge or one or two sound knots not to exceed one-half inch, in diameter are admissible. A ten-inch piece will admit of an itch and a half of white sap full length of one edge or less sap on both edges of face, with no other defect, or will admit of two or three knots, one-half inch in diameter if well scattered, or one or two knots not over an inch in diameter if well located. Pieces fourteen inches and wider will admit of proportionately greater sap and knot defects as width increases, or very sightly local shake, or a straight split for six or cight inches, or one or two large worm holes near end or edge. See General Instructions. EXAMPLES. Example 1. Piece 1x8-16. Shows one-half inch of white sap on one edge full length of the piece, and one small knot one-half inch in diameter." Example 2. Piece 1x10-16 The face side has a quarter inch of slightly colored sap for one foot otherwise perfect. Reverse side shows a little sap slightly blue on two- edges. Example 3. Piece 1x10-16. Is perfect on both sides, except a slight local shake in one spot. Example 4. Piece 1x10-16 Very smooth in appearance with one knot three-quar- ters of an inch two feet from one end. Another smaller knot near other end, also one inch of white sap two feet in length at one end and one-half inch of sap on opposite edge of other end. Example 5. Piece 1x12-16 On face side has one knot one and one-half inch in diameter and one pin knot, both going through the board; otherwise perfect. Example 6. Piece 1x12-16. Has two three-fourth-inch knots that go through the board, and an inch of white sap on one edge full length of piece. Example 7. Piece 1x14-16. Face side shows one small knot a half inch in diameter. half inch of stained s for two feet on one edge at center of board Reverse side t center has two inchesot stained sap on one edge for five feet and other edge has one inch of stained sap for four feet. This is considered a high type of "A" Select Example 8. Piece 1x16-16. Face side shows two black knots one inch in diameter near one end and three small pin knots. Reverse side shows two knots one inch in diameter at one end. On one edge three inches of white sap for ten feet. Other edge has two inches of slightly colored sap for eight feet. Example 4 Piece 14x16-16. One face has two inches of sap full length of one edge, discolored in streaks. Reverse side shows three-fourths inch wane for three inches, and three inches slightly colored sap full length of one edge. Example 10 Piece 14x19-16 Face shows a five-eighths inch black knot one foot from end. At same end on opposite corner a check eight inches long. At the other end is a slight shake for ten inches in center; also at the left from same end near edge, a pitch pocket one and one-fourth inches long. No sap on this face Reverse kide shows one-fourth to three-fourths inch worm-eaten sap for eight feet on one edge, the small black knot at end shows through from face side. "B" SELECT. "B" Select should be eight inches and over in width. In this grade white sap is not considered a defect unless too many other imper- fections appear. Knots, shake and a small amount of stained sap are admissible. An eight-inch or ten-inch piece should have but very little shake Wider pieces can have more shake, but it should be local and not scattered over the face of the piece. Slightly stained sap is admissible when other defects are not of a serious nature, the amount of stained sap depending upon width of piece. See General Instructions. EXAMPLES. Example 1. Piece 1x8-16. Has two inches of bright white sap the entire length of piece on one edge. The other edge has two inches of bright white sap for three-quar ters its length. The balance of that edge is discolored sap. Other end of piece has one small knot. Example 2. Piece 1x8-16. Three-quarters of the entire face shows white sap and a small knot at one end. Example 3. Piece 1x10-16 Has one inch of stained sap for one-third the lengt of the piece. One small knot at each end and one five-eighths knot near center of board Example 4 Piece 1x10-16. Has local shake near one end and one and one-half inch bright sap on both edges with small knot at end. Examples Piece 1x12-16. Has a sma!! knot at each end, two and a half inches a slightly stained sap for four feet on one edge, and an inch and a half of white sap on the other end of opposite edge. The reverse side has three inches of stained sap on both edges for five feet at one end. Example 6. Piece 1x12-12 Shows one and one-half inches white sap on one edge for half length of piece; other edge shows two inches of white sap two-third of length. Scattered over the face of this board are six small knots, varying in size from an inch to a smail pin knot. Example 7. Piece 1x12-16 Both edges of this board have sap varying in wh irom two to three inches and running full length of the piece, the sap showing slight discoloration. No knot defects or shake are snown. Example & Piece 1x20-16. Has a rot stain three inches wide and eight inthe long at one end, one three-quarter inch unsound knot at other end and two half-inch knots The reverse side has same appearance, except a narrow streak of white sap gnd half- inch of stained sap for four feet. Example 9. Piece 1x14-16. inches bright sap for eight feet on one edge and two and one-half inches of bright Has three half-inch black knots, one and one-half sap for four feet on other edge. The reverse side has three inches of bright sap on beh edges for three feet and three-quarter inch of wane for three feet and shows same knots as on face. Example 10. Piece 2x12-16. Has one poor knot three-quarter inch in diameter, but otherwise face is perfect. The reverse side shows stained sap on both edges three inches wide for four feet and one-half inch ut wane for eight feet. Example 11. Piece 2x14 16. knot? at the other end shake five inches wide for three feet on the same edge as kave At one end near the edge has one and one-half-** Keverse side shows three inches of sightly stained sap for eight fget 346 Example 12. Piece 1x18-16 At one shows shell shake two Teet running across one-half of the face One edge shows three inches of slightly stained sap for tight feet. This piece also has three small knots not over one-half inch in diameter scattered over the face. Example 13. Piece 14x14-16 Face side shows two inches of slightly colored sap at one end, running out at four feet, but no other imperfections. Reverse side shows sap over two-thirds of the piece, slightly colored in spots for six feet. No knots in this piece.. Example 14. Piece 14x16-16 one-half to one inch in diameter. end running out at six feet. Face side shows five black knots well scattered from Also three-fourths inch slightly stained sap at one Example 15 Piece 1x12-16. The face shows two-thirds white sap, no other defects except that one edge shows fifteen inches wane on the back side one inch wide but not to a feather edge on the face side. Example 16. Piece 1x10-16 Shows four inches white sap the entire length on one edge No other defects except wane on the back for eighteen inches. In inch lumber and thicker, pieces from fourao eight inches wide may be graded under this rule, if so specified. "C" SELECT. "C" Select must be eight inches and over in width. This grade will admit of quite serious defects if the piece tetains at the same time a fair appearance. The defects admissible are the same as those in a "B" Select, but exist to a greater degree. See General Instructions. Example 1. Piece 1x8-16. Rall knots The reverse side Example 2. Piece 1x8-16 EXAMPLES. Shows three inches of stained sap for two feet and three has stamed sap in four places. Has an inch and a half of white sap on each edge full length of piece and eight small knots well scattered. Example 3 Piece 1x8-16. Shows three feet of tight shake on one edge at one end and one foot of open shake on the other end, otherwise of good appearance. Example 4 Piece 1x10-16. Has white sap on the face side, no knots, but three feet of shake in center of board about, three feet from one end. Board has a smooth ap- pearance. Example 5 Piece 1x10-16 Has five very small knots well scattered, a streak of ined sap on one edge and an inch of stained sap for two feet on the end of other edge. Example 6. Piece 1x10-16 The face is free from defect except two and a half maches of stained sap for eight feet on one edge; otherwise very smooth in appear- ance The reverse side shows quite an amount of stained sap Example 7. Piece 1x12-16 Has two inches of stained sap on each edge, two one- inch knots and two one-half inch knots One-quarter of one side shows sap clear across, slightly stained. Example 8. Piece 1x12-16, Has a very smooth appearance, but shows shake clear through for three feet at one end and four small knots. Example 9. Piece 1x12-16. Shows considerable white sap on each edge, with eight small knots ranging from a pin knot to one inch in diameter Example ro. Piece 1x12-16 Quite smooth in appearance with shake four inches wide tapering off at one-third length of the piece. At other end of the piece shake Junning in "V" shape for eighteen inches. Example 11. Piece 1x14-16. Has two inches of stained sap for four and one-half deet in center on one edge and a streak of stained sap at both ends of other edges. The reverse side shows one pitch spot 2x3 inches and three inches stained sap, same as in center of the other side. Two or three inches of white sap on each edge of both ends. Example 12. Piece 1x14-16 Has one three-fourth-inch poor knot and three one, half-inch black knots, also four feet of tight shake at one end. Reverse side shows same knot and shake defects with three inches of white sap for two feet Example 13. Piece 1x18-16. At first appearance this board seems to be clear, but on closer examination a great deal of close tight shake is found to be scattered over at least one-half of the face The shake, however, is very fine and probably will not сред пр. Example 14. Piece 1x16-16. Has the appearance of an extra sound "D" Box. The knots are smaller and in general appearance much above the average "D" 'Box grade. The sap is white and there are ten small knots, three of which are one inch in diameter, and the remainder froin one-half inch down to a pin knot. Example 15 Piece 1x13-14 Within one foot of end is one and one-fourth-inch sound, black knot; also a one-fourth-inch black knot, and scattered over the face are two one-half-inch and two pin knots, with three inches of bright sap on one edge, running off at nine feet. Example 16. Piece 14x12-16. Face has slightly colored sap two inches wide on one edge for ten feet, other edge has same amount and kind of sap for two feet, but no other imperfections. Reverse side shows slightly colored sap over the full width for eight feet in length. Example 17. Piece 1/2x20-16. Face side shows worm holes sixteen inches, from end in center; one three-fourth-inch black knot three feet from end on one edge; a ne-half-inch black knot in center and seven feet from the other end within twelve inches of same end, one red knot three-fourths by one and one-half inches near edge; also three inches of white sap on both edges for twelve feet, with one-half inch wane for eight feet on one edge. Reverse side shows less sap, but same knot defects, except that knots show larger Example 18. Piece 114x16-16. Has two feet very fine shake across the face at one end, one and one-half inches of it on edge extending for four feet; another trace of shake on edge near opposite end, also one and one-fourth inches soft rotten knot and one and one-fourth inches of dead sap tapering out at four feet. Example 19. Piece 1x16-16. Has two feet very fine shake across face on one end, one and one-half inches on one side extending for four feet; another trace of shake on edge near opposite end and on same end one three-fourth-inch soft rotten knot, and one and three-fourths inches of dead sap, tapering off at four feet. At center of piece are two three-eighths inch knots The reverse side shows same rotten knot, and blue sap averaging two and one-half inches in width the whole length of one edge. The other' edge has two inches of stained sap for two feet. 347 Example 20. Piece 1x18-16. The face has nine black knots from one-fourth to e-half inch in diameter, well scattered, one of the one-half-inch knots being un- sound. Also contains one and one-half inches of blue sap full length of one edge, and a small amount of shell shake for two feet from one end. Reverse side shows five of the one-half-inch knots that run through from the face, and three inches of dead sap the entire length of one edge. Example 21. Piece 1x10-14. The face is covered with white sap for two feet at one end, and extends along one side two inches wide for half the entire length, also one one and three-fourths inches, one one-half inch black knots and one pitch pocket all well scattered. In inch lumber and thicker, pieces from four to eight inches wide may be graded under this rule, if so specified. "D" SELECT. "D" Select should be eight inches and over in width. This grade admits any piece of lumber that has the appearance of finishing or a percentage of cutting in which the defects are too numerous or too serious to admit of its being graded into "C" Select Blue sap covering two thirds of the face will be admitted. This description em- braces one inch, one and one-fourth inch, one and one-half inch and two inch stock, and is graded strictly from the face without regard to the back, and can not be recommended for quality. See General Instructions. EXAMPLES. Example 1. 1x10-16. Face shows a great deal of shake for two-thirds of length, nd three spots of rough mill work. This piece is smooth in appearance, but extremely +ky. Example 2. Piece 1x14-16. Very smooth in appearance. No knots, but fine shake over two-thirds, of face, with some blue sap on each edge at one end. Example 3. Piece 1x8-16 Shows blue sap three inches wide on each edge for ten fret. No other imperfections Example 4 Piece 1x8-16 Has smooth appearance. Shows partially blue sap over face for six feet. Otherwise good. Example 5. Piece 1x10-16. Shows a "B" Select face, but the reverse side shows the dry rot and worm hole defects of a No. 4 board Example 6. Piece 1x8-16. Shows blue sap well streaked over eight feet of the face. The balance of good appearance. Example 7. Piece 1x12-16. Has the face value and appearance of a good "D" stuck, but inspection shows considerable fine shake. In inch lumber and thicker, pieces from four to eight inches wide may be graded under this rule, if so specified. "D" STOCK AND BOX. This is a grade of smooth-looking and sound-knotted lumber with edges free from wane and the grade practically free from shake. The knots may be either black or red, but should be sound and firmly set, vary. ing in size from an inch and a half down. A "D" Box board may have any number of knots, depending entirely upon size and location. A 12-inch "D" Stock board should contain a less number of knots than a "D" Box, and eight and ten-inch "D" Stock boards relatively smaller knots and less in number. This grade is nothing more than an extra smooth No. 1 Common. See General Instructions. EXAMPLES OF "D" STOCK. Example 1. Piece 1x12-14 Has three red knots one inch in diameter, ten knots one-half inch in diameter, and ten small pin knots There is no sap. Example a. Piece 1x12-14 Has three knots 1x inches, part red and part black, and six knots one inch in diameter, also six small pin knots, red and black mixed. Example 3, Piece 1x12-16 Has six knots one-half to one inch in diameter and fourteen knots less than one-half inch in diameter, one and one-half inches of sap on one edge for entire length of piece, partly blue. Other edge has one inch partly blue sap This board is perfectly smooth and sound in appearance Example 4. Prece 1x12-16. Has twenty-eight knots, of which six are oblong, one- half by one and one-fourth inches, and eight round, red knots one-half to one inch is diameter The balance are pin knots. Example 5. Piece 1x10-16. Has twenty sound, black knots extending over entire fage that will average less than one inch in diameter Edges are square and piece otherwise sound. Example 6. Piece 1x12-16 Has twenty-five sound knots from one-quarter to one. half inch in diameter. Five being red and balance black. Four of the one-half-inch red knots at one end are in a cluster. The board is otherwise sound and of good appearance. Example 7. Piece 1x12-16 Contains twenty-five red and black knots scattered over the face, five being one-half inch in diameter and the others smaller; also has two inches of bright sap full length of one edge and one-half inch bright sap full length of other edge. The board is otherwise perfect. Example 8. Piece 1x8-16. At one end in a space of three feet there are three black knots, one half inch in diameter, and one black knot three-quarters of an inch in diameter. The center contains two pin knots, at the other end within a space of five feet there are eight sound red knots, two being one inch in diameter, two are one-half inch in diameter and fout, are pin knots. At a glance this would be considered a fair type of "D" Stock. Example 9 Piece 1x8-16 There are twenty sound black knots in this piece, none of them exceeding one-half inch in diameter, and all within a space of twelve feet. This is a high grade of "D" Stock. 348 knots from one-eighth inch to one inch in diameter and at one cage inree feet from enc a cluster of three-quarters-inch sound red knots. An inch of white sap shows along two-thirds of one edge and nearly as much along the other edge. Example 2. Piece 1x14-16. Has seventeen black knots ranging in size from one anch in diameter down to a pin knot; no other defects. This is considered a high 1)pe of "D" Box: Example 3. Piece 1x14-12. One end has a sound red knot, one by two inches in dameter, and a three-quarter-inch red knot within six inches of it. The balance of the face contains eleven small knots well scattered. The piece is otherwise perfect. Example 4 Piece 1x14-16 Contains eighteen sound knots, three of which are one by one half inches; five are three-quarter-inch and ten are pin knots, all well located. Example 5. Piece 1x16-14. There are twenty-one sound knots in this piece, eight bring black, two of which are one and one-half inches in diameter. Example 6. Piece 1x16-14 There are twenty-one, sound knots in this piece; eight being black, two of which are one and one-half inches in diameter, and the bal ace three quarters of an inch and less There is also one and one-half inches of Light Sap the entire length of one edge. Example 7. Piece 1x13-16. Has thirteen black and two red knots, all about one- half inch in diameter, well scattered over the face, and two inches of bright sap six feet on one edge. "C" AND BETTER NORWAY. C and Better Norway shall be four inches wide and wider and of the same thick- ness as white pine. White sap is no defect, and one-fifth the surface of the face may be covered with send, stained sap, if not in combination with other defects. This grade should be practically free from shake, rot and splits. The knotty and wane defects in the low line pieces of this grade should be the sane as in the grades of white pine B Strips and B Selects. All knots to be sound and firmly set. The product of the log better than de- scribed above is included in this grade. SIDING. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. Beveled Siding should be graded from the face side only Defects on the thin edge which will cover when laid should not be given the same consideration as defects else. where. "A" AND CLEAR SIDING. "A" and Clear Siding will admit of bright sap on thin edge which will cover whet id, or a half-inch of bright sap on thick edge for one to two feet, or in the ab- sence of sap one or two pin knots. EXAMPLES. Example 1. Piece 16x6-16 Shows one-half inch bright sap on thin edge for two- thirds of the length. Otherwise perfect. Example 2. Piece x6-16. Shows three-fourths inch of bright sap on thm, edge for ten feet. One knot one-fourth inch in diameter, three feet from end, and at six inches from other end a slight trace of pitch. Example 3 Piece x6-14 For seven feet on thin edge there is one-half inch of sap that is slightly discolored; at the center of the piece is one one-fourth inch Black pin knot. Example 4 Piece x6-14. On the thin edge there is one-half inch black knot Otherwise the piece is perfect Example 5 Piece x6-16. Contains two one-fourth-inch black knots, one being three feet from end and the other near the center of the piece. No other defects. Example 6 Piece x6-16. This piece is without a defect Example 7. Piece x6-16. Shows no defect except one-quarter inch of white sap on thick edge three feet in length. Example 8. Piece x6-16 Shows one pin knot on thick edge less than one-bali inch in diameter. "B" SIDING. "B" Siding will admit white sap covering one-third the exposed face of a piece when lard, if not in combination with other marked defects. Two or three sound, small knotspot to exceed one-half inch in diameter, well scat- tered over the face of piece. EXAMPLES. . Example 1. Piece 4x6-16. Shows a heavy pitch spot one inch long on thin edge. a torn defect on same edge that covers when laid, a pitch pocket one-fourth inch wide by one and one-third inches long, two inches from thick edge at the center of the piece, and for six feet on thick edge shows an inch of white sap Example a. Piece x6-16. Has four very small, smooth knots, one-fourth inch or less in diameter, within four feet of end near thin edge and a one-half-inch round, ted knot within two inches of thick edge and six feet from same end Example 3 Piece x6-16 Has one-half inch white sap the whole length of thick edge and a large curl four feet from one end with one-half inch sound knot. Example 4 Piece x6-16 Has a black knot on the thin edge that will cover, a one-half-inch black knot one inch from thick edge and two pin knots that show No tap in this piece. Example 5. Piece x6-16 Shows three-fourths inch of white sap on thick edge. and six feet from end; a one-fourth-inch black knot at center of piece and at four feet trom other end and on thick edge a one fourth-inch black Vuot Example 6. Piece x6-16 Has a three-fourth inch black knot five feet from one end and the piece is not smoothly dressed, otherwise perfect. Example 7. Piece x6-16. Has a one-half by three-fourths-inch know on the thick edge, three feet from ead and one-ha! inch white sap for two-thirds of length on thick edge. Example 8. Piece x6-16. Has two one-half-inch black knots within two and one half feet of one end. Another one-half-inch knot five feet from same end, all of which shows when laid. Example 9. Piece 4x6-16. Has bright sap on thick edge, commencing at one end one and one-fourth inches deep and running out at twelve feet. With the exception of two curls has no other defects. Example 10. Piece x6 16 Has an inch of sap on thick edge for ten feet. For one foot at end this sap is blue. Within three feet of other end is a three-eighths-incl black knot. Example 11. Piece x6-16. White sap two and one-half inches wide, nearly full length of piece on thin edge. Otherwise perfect. 349 "C" SIDING. "C" Siding will admit of any amount of bright sap. When sap defect is not too pronounced, two or three small knots, nét exceeding one inch in diameter, or more knots when smaller, or slight shake are admissible. A small amount of slightly blue sap on the thick edge is admissible, or more blue sap on the thin edge. Defects requiring one cut not to exceed four inches of waste, are allows in high line pieces twelve feet long and longer. Example 1. Piece x6-16. end. A small pitch pocket and end of piece. EXAMPLES. Has a three-fourth-inch black live feet from one a little very tight shake within twelve inches of same Example 2. nece x6-16. Has a half-inch black knot on thick ed,e, five feet from end, and at seven feet another same-sized knot Within five feet of the other end is a one-half-inch loose knot and one-quarter inch of blue sap for six feet on thick edge Example 3. Piece x6-16. Contains white sap one-half the width of the whole length and is slightly damaged in two spots by bad mill work. Example 4 Piece 4x6-16. Has a one-half-inch black knot three feet from the end that partly covers when laid. A pitch streak two inches long four feet from the same end, a three-fourth-inch black knot five feet from end and three-quarters of an inch of white sap for three feet on thick edge at the same end. One haif inch of white sap shows for two feet on thick edge of other end with two feet of shake that will cover when laid. Examples Piece x6-16. Has five pin knots well scattered over face of piece On thick edge is one-quarter inch of stained sap for three feet. On thin edge is a little shake that nearly covers. Example 6. Piece x6-16. The entire face for one-half the length is covered with white sap with other defects on thin edge that cover when laid; otherwise perfect. Example 7. Piece x6-16. Has three knot holes on thin edge that will cover when laid and four black knots one-quarter inch to one-half inch in diameter, well scattered. Example 8. Piece x6-16. Has one and one-half inches of sap on thick edge for two-thirds of the length, within five feet of the end, one foot of the sap is discolor:1 and for two feet it is blue for three-quarters of an inch in width. A three-quarter inch knot on the thin edge. This piece has a very smooth appearance Example 9 Piece 4x0-16. Has a one and one-half-inch black, loose knot six feet from end, but otherwise is nearly perfect. This is considered a cutting strip. Example 10. Piece 1x6-16. Has one-quarter inch of wane for four feet on th edge. Two-thirds of the face is covered with bright sap, except a slight discoloration from a crossing in piling. Example 11. Piece x6-16. Is perfect with the exception of three-fourths inch of blue sap running three-fourths the length of the piece on thick edge. "D" SIDING. "D" Siding will admit of considerable shake and stained sap. With or without either of these defects a piece may have a number of small knots well scattered over the face. Example 1. Piece 4x6-16 feet and a few small pin knots. Example 2. Piece 4x6-16 touch of shake. Example.ce EXAMPLES. Shows three inches blue sap on thick edge for three Has three black knots one inch in diameter, and slight x6-16 Looks to be clear, but contains considerable close shake. Example 4 Piece x6-16. Has twelve small red and black knots well scattered, ize from one-quarter to one-half inch. Example 5 Piece x6-16. Considerable blue and white sap: one-half of piece shows white sap and the other is stained, but not very blue. Example 6. Piece x6-16. The face of this piece is covered with blue sap for about seven feet; the remainder is perfect. Example 7. Piece x6-16. Slightly blue sap covers the entire face; otherwise perfect "E" SIDING. This is the lowest recognized grade of Beveled Siding and will admit of the sap, knot and shake defects not admissible in "D" Siding Many pieces showing seriously defective mill work are found in this grade. FLORING. "A" FLOORING. "A" Flooring is a one-faced strip and should lay with a practically clear face. A half inch of bright sap or one or two small pin knots are admissible in this grade. See General Instructions. Example 1. Piece 1x6-16 Example 2. Piece 1x614 Example 3 Piece 1x6-12. feet in length, varying in width . EXAMPLES. Has no defect. Has two small black pin knots; no other defects. Has a strip of perfectly bright sap on one edge three from one-quarter to one-half inch; no other defect. "B" FLOORING. "B" Flooring will admit of one to one and a half inches of bright sap on one edge or a less amount on both edges, or from two to three small knots from a quarter to half an inch in diameter. If a combination of sap and knots, the proportion of either grust be less. EXAMPLES. Example 1. Piece 1x6-16. Free from all defects except a rough spot caused by dressing. Example a. Pieces 1x6-16. Has bright sap on edge one-half inch wide for half length of piece and a small pin knot less than one-half inc Example 3. Piece 1x6-14 Has at one end one and one-half inch white sap, taper- ing off and disappearing at three feet from end. No other defect. Example 4 Piece 1x6-16 Has two s all knots six feet apart, black but sound, cne a full half inch in diameter and the other smaller. 350 "C" FLOORING. "C" Plooring will admit of bright sap face or two knots one inch in diameter, or three to five knots one-half inch or less in diameter, but not a combination of these defects unless of a decidedly less amount, and must be practically free from shake. EXAMPLES. Example 1. Piece 1x6-14 as a one-inch firm, sound, black knot, near the center of the piece. One three-eighths inch black, sound knot six feet from end and one and one-fourth inch knot four feet from same end, also eighteen inches of bright sap. Example a. Piece 1x6-12. Two-thirds of the piece covered with bright sap and no other defects excepting a three-eighth-inch sound knot. Example 3 Piece 1x6-16 At eight inches from end has one three-eighth inch knot; at three feet has one-fourth-inch knot and at center two three-eighth-inch knots, all Leing sound and black. At the other end one and one-half inches bright ap for ten feet. Example 4 Piece 1x6-14 Contains three small pin knots well scattered and a small pitch pocket three-eighths inch long near end. At other end is eighteen inches of light shake, smooth appearance. Example 5 Piece 1x6-16. Has five small black knots, the largest being one-fourth inch in diameter. Otherwise the piece is perfect. Example 6. Piece 1x6-14 Has eight smitt black knots the size of a lead pencil and one-half inch of bright sap for five feet at the end. Example 7. Piece 1x6-16. Has riree inches of bright sap on one edge for full length of piece, except that the say neat one end is slightly stained, but the piece as a whole is very smooth in-appearance. "D" FLOORING. "D" Flooring is a grade between No. 1 Fencing D & M and "C" Flooring, and will admit in a general way the imperfections of both grades. In a knotty type the knots must be smaller and fewer in number than in No. I Fencing, and may be either red or black. Some stained sap is allowed and tight local shake. Defects requiring one cut, not to exceed four inches of waste, are allowee in high line pieces twelve feet long and longer. Example 1. Piece 1x6-12 EXAMPLES. Has blue sap over the entire face for one-third of its length, but no other defects. This is considered the limit of blue $ap admissible. Example 2. Piece 1x6-16. Has blue sap across the face for three feet in center of the piece, and two one-half-inch red sound knots two feet from each end. Example 3. Piece 1x6-16 Has fifteen sound black knots ranging from a half inch down to pin knots and well scattered; also three-fourth-inch white sap on one edge for two-thirds of the length. Example 4 Piece 1x6-16. Has one-half face bright sap with four one-half-inch black knots and six pin knots well scattered. Example 5. Piece 1x6-16. Has one black knot three-fourths by one and three- fourths inches, five feet from one end and two one-half-inch knots near other end, with slight pitch streak in center of piece for two feet. Example 6. Piece 1x6-14 Has ten sound, black knots the largest two being three- fourths inch in diameter and bright sap covering nearly entire face. Example 7. Piece 1x6-14 Has one black knot, one by one and three-fourths inches in center of piece and one-inch knot two inches from end. Also a rough spot near large knot in center Example 8. Piece 1x6-12. At five feet from one end has que rotten knot, one and ene-half inches in diameter. Otherwise the piece is perfect. Example 9. Piece 1x6-14 Has stained sap on each edge of piece full length, the sap varying in width from one to one and one half inches. No other defects. Example 10. Piece 1x6-16 Has ten small knots, all red, well scattered, averaging one-half inch in diameter. If the knots had been somewhat larger this piece would have graded No. 1. FARMER'S CLEAR FLOORING. Farmer's Clear Flooring is of a practically clear appearance. The knotty defects shall not exceed that of a C Flooring The leading defect is shake, which may be scattered over the face of the strip. EXAMPLES. Example 1. Piece 1x6-16. Shows the knotty defects of a "C" flooring and has tight shake scattered over two-thirds of its face. Good appearance Example 2. Piece 1x6-16. Shows two inches of blue sap for six feet on one edge, with considerable tine shake over the face No other defects. Example 3. Piece 1x6-16. At first appearance this piece seems to be free from all defects Oir closer inspection it is found to be very shaky, but the shake is close and tight. Example 4. Piece 1x6-16. Has no other defects than slightly stained sap covering the entire face. NO. 1 FENCING D & M. This should be simply sound No. 1 Fencing worked to flooring, and of the charac ter, when worked, described under the title of No. 1 Common Strips. See General Instructions. EXAMPLES. Example 1. Piece 1x6-16 Has twenty two sound, red knots, one being a horn knot three-fourths by four inches long: two knots in middle side by side are three- fourths of an inch in diameter and the balance of knots are one-half inch and less in size Example 2 Piece 1x6-16 Has four sound, red knots, the two largest being three- fourths inches by one and one-half inches, and is perfectly sound in every particular. Example 3 Piece 1x6-16. There are seven round, black knots and two red knots in this piece, the red knots being located near one end and three-fourths inches in diameter. The largest black knot is one and one-fourth inches in diameter and four feet from the same end. The balance of knots are one-half inch and less, and well scattered. It also has a little shell shake at opposite end from large knot and is con- sidered a liner between No. 1 and No. 2 Fencing on account of having a combination of defects mentioned. Example 4 Piece 1x6-16. Has eighteen sound knots about one-half being black, and ragging in size from one-half inch to one inch in diameter. It is perfectly sound and is considered a good No. 1 strip. Example 5. Piece 1x6-16 Has thirteen sound, red knots averaging three-fourths inch in diameter, and two sound ed knots one inch in diameter. At the center a little bright sap is shown and also one foot of wane on tongue. Example 6 Piece 1x6-16. This is a sound heart piece containing seven red knots. One is a pitch knot well set and the balance are of small horn type.: 351 MAMBAJAO Cas five perfectly sound, res knot one and one-half inches in diamet and seventeen small, red knots one-fourth to three-fourths inches in diameter. This is a typical piece of No 1 Fencing. Example & Piecast x6-14. Has six sound, red hors knots running from each edge and nearly meeting rhese knots do not impair the strength of the piece. Example 9. Puice 1x6-16. Has a small cluster of black knots at center, two one- half by one inch black knots near one end and nine other small, black knots well scattered. Example 10. Piece 1x6-16 This is a Norway strip full of pitch and flat-grained free from other defects and but for grain would go into "C" and better. Example 11. Piece 1x6-16. Has twenty-one small, sound knots, the two largest being about one inch in diameter On the back and at the center of the piece slight wane shows on both edges for thirteeen inches, but not enough to impair the tongue or groove. No. a FENCING D AND M. This should be simply No. 2 Fencing worked to flooring, and of the character, when worked, described under the title of No. 2 Common Strips. See General Instructions. EXAMPLES. Example 1. Piece 1x6-14. Has eight black knots, three are one-half inch in diam- eter within three feet of one end and one of them is an edge knot, the other five knots are one and one-half inches in diameter, scattered over the face of the piece At the opposite end from the large knots is a one-half inch hole where a knot has sloughed off in working Example 2. Piece 1x6-14 Has seven small, black knots that would readily be admitted as a No. 1 strip if one of the edge knots had not come out in working. Example 3. Piece 1x6-12. Has white sap full length of piece on one edge. One end has a streak of pitch averaging three-fourths inch for five feet, at opposite end, an open pitch streak for two feet, and three one-inch knots. Example 4. Piece 1x6-14. Has four black knots from one to one and three-fourths Inches in diameter, two pitch knots one and one-half inches wide by four inches long. and seven knots one and one-half inches and smaller. All are well scattered over the face. Example 5 Piece 1x6-16. At one end has one and one-half inch sound, red knot and one one-half inch red knot. The center has two one-inch sound red knots and part of a one and one half inch loose knot on grooved, edge. Scattered over the face within six feet of other end are ten sound pin knots and three two-inch sound red knots. Example 6. Piece 1x6-16. Has twenty-two black knots scattered over face, three being loose and on one edge a little hight shake. None of these knots will exceed one inch in diameter. Example 7. Piece 1x6-16. This is a smooth looking strip, its principal defect be- ing a light shell shake extending over two-thirds of the face, also five small knots well scattered and a half inch edge knot-hole. Example 8. Piece 1x6-16. This is a sound small knotted piece and would be Not if it were not that a knot one inch by one-half inch is gone out of the edge. Example 9 Piece 1x6-16. Is course in appearance on account of two large limb Ino's extending across the face. Knots are red Example 10. Piece 1x-16. Contains nine knots from one-half inch to one inch in diameter, part of them black and one edge knot partly broken out in dressing On one edge is a slight trace of rot, but the piece is of a very sound character Example 11. Piece 1x6-16 Has sound red knots of all sizes up to two inches and has one inch of black sap for six inches on one edge. This is considered a fine type of No. 2. Example 12. Piece 1x6-16. At first appearance looks like a "D" Flooring strip. the apparent defect being a half dozen small knots averaging less than an inch. On close inspection considerable shake is found, rather more than is admissible in No. 1. Example 13. Piece 1x6-16 Has too much blue stain to be admitted into either the grade of "D" or Shaky Clear Flooring, the entire face being covered, but on account of its otherwise good appearance is graded No. 2. No. 3 FENCING D AND M. No. 3 Fencing D and M is the regular grade of No. 3 Fencing worked to flooring and may contain coarse knots, an occasional knot-hole, splits, wane, worm-holes, streaks of red rot, and a great deal of shake, but not a serious combination of these defects. See General Instructions. EXAMPLES. Example 1. Piece 1x6-14 Has black knots five-eights to one inch in diameter, three feet from end, knot sloughed off edge one-half to five-eighths inches. Five inches from same end and on same edge knot five-eighths by one and one-fourth inches sloughed off. Example a. Piece 1x6-16. If free from shake this piece would make a good No. 1 Fencing Flooring, but has open shake clear across the face for one-half length of ca Example 3. Piece 1x6-16 Has ten branch knots across its face, average size one and one-fourth by two and seven-eighths inches, at intervals of say eighteen inches, run- ning the full length of piece; and also has sound red rot two inches wide in center of board running two feet, at one end of piece. Example 4 Piece 1x6-14 Has eight small rotten knots with sound rot stains ex- tending from one knot to the other along the whole length of the piece. This piece has a decidedly unsound appearance at the first glance. Example 5 Piece 1x6-16. Has four good-sized branch knots on face, with some heart shake along the grooved edge; also three-fourths inch wane for two feet at one end of face. The back is also waney on both edges, so much so for half the length that the piece is almost slabby. 352 COMMON LUMBER. Common lumber may consist of white or Norway pine, or a mixture of both. The characteristics of Common lumber, as distinguished from Finishing, consist of a general coarseness of appearance, caused by various defects and combinations of defects, in a greater or less degree according to the grade. No. 1 COMMON BOARDS AND STRIPS. No. 1 Common Boards and Strips includes all sound, tight-knotted stock, whether red or black knots. free from very large, coarse knots or any imperfections that will weaken the piece. This grade should be of a character fitting it for ordinary use except finishing purposes. Knots, and a small amount of stained sap or a small amount of shake are admis- sible if they do not affect the general utility of the pieca Norway boards and strips, except clear and select, should not be put higher than No. 1 Common. The class of Norway admissible in this grade can contain either black or red knots, provided they are small and firmly set and that the piece has a bright appearance. See General Instructions. EXAMPLES. Example 1. Piece 1x12-16. Has four red knots from one and one-half to two inches in diameter and one black knot one and one-half by three inches; also fourteen smail knots, all sound and well scattered, these smaller knots varying in size from one-half to one and one-fourth inches. Example 2. Piece 1x12-16. There are a great many knots in this piece, but they are well distributed, and are sound. Six of them are red, from one and one-half to two inches in diameter. Seven more red knots, about one and one-half inches, and four small black knots not over an inch in diameter. Example 3. Piece 1x12-14 Has the knot defects and general appearance of a "D" stock. It contains a dozen small sound black knots, and quite a little close shake at one end and an inch of blue sap on one edge, for nearly the full length of the piece. Without the shake it would pass easily for a "D" stock. Example 4 Piece 1x8-16 Very smooth looking piece, but has six black knots, all sound, from one-halí to one and one-half inches in diameter, and a slight touch of blue sap on edge. Example 5 Piece 1x8-16. Worked to drop siding. Has four red knots about one and one-fourth inches in diameter, and eleven small sound red knots, in size from one- half to one inch in diameter. Example 6. Piece 1x8-16 Worked to shiplap. Has a great deal of sap, a portion of which is slightly stained, and in addition seven red knots about an inch in diameter, and fifteen smaller ones ranging from one-fourth to one inch in diameter. Th has a smooth appearance for No. 1. No. COMMON BOARDS AND STRIPS No. 2 Boards and Strips are subject to the same general inspection as ex- cept that coarser and larger knots, not necessarily sound, more stained sap and shake are allowed. "V" and coarse limb knots, heart shake or slight trace of rot, when firm or occasional worm-holes, are defects admissible in this grade. Norway, with medium colored blue stain covering the entire face of the piece, or darker stain covering a proportionately less surface, is admissible when not in combina- tion with other marked defects See General Instructions. Example: Piece 1812-16. EXAMPLES. Has seven black knots from one and one-half to two inches in diameter 2nd eight smaller knots, part of which are red, and the others black, also shake at one end. Example a. Piece 1x12-16. Very smooth in appearance. Looks like a "D" stock. Contains a number of small knots, but a great deal of close shake over the face of one- half of the board. Example Piece 1x12-16 Has six large branches or "V"-shaped knots, all red, from one and one fourth to one and one-half inches wide, and from three to four inches long; also a half-dozen smaller red knots from one to two inches in diameter Example 4 Piece 1x16-16. Has four large branch knots all black, a little heart shake, or season check, a touch of red stain two inches wide at narrowest place, widen- ing to five inches, in all about four feet in length; also eight or ten small knots well scattered. Example 5 Piece 1x10-14 Has mine knots both red and black from one and one- half to two inches in diameter; at least a dozen smaller knots from one-half to one and one-fourth inches, both red and black all well scattered and firmly set Example 6. Piece 1x12-14 Contains ten red knots from two to three inches in diameter, and a half dozen smaller ones, all sound, also a single grub or worm hole Example 7 Piece 1x6-16. Has a great deal of blue sap, with a dozen small knots, both red and black, well scattered and sound. Example 8. Piece 1x6-16. Has two red knots two inches in size; four knots aver- aging an inch, and a half-dozen small ones Type of a good No. 2. Example 9 Piece 1x6-16 Has a streak of very firm red rot, from one-half to one inch wide, running six feet in length from one end. Also a half dozen small knots, well scattered. The rot is barely perceptible in the rough strip. and it has therefore a smoother appearance than the average No. 2 Fencing strip. Example 10. Piece 1x6-16 Has three large worm holes and considerable shake. both well scattered. In appearance very smooth, and an acceptable grade, whether used rough or D & M. Example 11. Piece 1x12-14 The face contains a large number of sound knots, and would be No. 1 were it not that it also has six white worm or grub holes, well scattered. If it were ten inches wide, not more than three or four worm holes would be admitted. No. 3 COM ON BOARDS AND STRIPS. The general appearance of this grade of lumber is coarse, admitting: Large, loose or unsound knots. An occasional knot-hole- A great deal of shake. Some red rot Large worm-holes. Any amount of blue sap. Not a serious combination of these defects in any one piece is admissible. See General Instructions. 353 Example 1. Piece 1x18-16, a dozen knots. Example 2. Piece 1x16-14 seen. No other defect. EXAMPLES. Badly split at one end for six feet, and sprinkled with Very shaky all over, so much that shake can be plainly Example 3. Piece 1x14-14 Has twelve large knots from two to three inches in diameter, some of them soft and unsound. Also a half dozen small knots and a split two feet in length at one end. Example 4 Piece 1x12-16 Has six large branch knots, very coarse in appearance and which materially weaken the board. Otherwise sound. Example 5. Piece 1x10-14 Worked to shiplap. Has four black knots about one and one-half inches in size and one knot hole of same size. Example 6. Piece 1x10-14 Has eight small knots one inch in diameter. The knots are soft and rotten. if knots were sound, the board would pass for a "D" stock Example 7. Piece 1xto-14 Worked to shiplap. Has four sound knots one and a hal inches in diameter, and one unsightly, coarse, black knot, two inches wide and six inches long Example 8. Piece 1x10-16 Worked to shiplap. One end smooth and free from all defects except a few pin knots. The other end shows three feet containing red rot four to six inches in width. Example 9 Piece 1x8-16 Worked to flooring. hows a dozen small, black knots, and red rot, of a firm texture, over one-third of its face. Example 10. Piece 1x10-16 Worked to shiplap. Has knot defects as are found in No Common, but also has a dozen large worm-holes, well scattered, which make it a No 3 Example 11. Piece 110-14 Worked to shiplap. Has four large, black knots, three inches in diameter, one of them rotten, also a few pin knots and a little blue sap Example 12. Piece 1x10-16. Fuil of ccarse knots, all sound, but so extremely coarse in ppearance that the board is classed as No. 3 Without two or three of the coarse knots it would be a satisfactory No. 2 Example 13. Piece 1x8-12. Worked to shiplap. Chaky all over but smooth in ap pearance. Example 14 Piece 1x6-16. Has one inch of wane on one edge and considerable blue sap Also one small knot hole an inch in dianieter, and one large coarse knot Example 15 Piece 1x6-16. Has streak of firm rot four text long, from one to three inches wide; also some shake at other end. Example 16. in diameter. Piece 1x6-6 Has three coarse black knots from two to three inches Example 17. Piece 1x10-14 Has one large sound knot two aad one-half inches in diameter at one end of piece. Two feet from same end has rotten knot three-fourths inch in diameter and five feet from same end has dead sap two and one-fourth inches wide on each edge for four feet; also two good-sized worm holes, one knot hole, three- fourths by one inch, and six feet from end one sound red knot one and one-bali inches in diameter. Example 18. Piece 1x12-16. A nice, smooth-looking board with the exception of a rotten limb-knot one-half by two inches six feet from the end and fourteen worm holes well scattered from end to end. Outside of above defects this piece would be a good No. 1 twelve-inch stock board. Example 19. Piece 1x16-14. Four feet from end of this piece is a bunch of five large sound knots in size from one and one-half to three inches in diameter, and running along piece are six other sound knots ranging in size from one-half to one and one- fourth inches in diameter. Within four feet of the other end of piece there is a knot- hole one and one-half inches in diameter, and an open gum seam about sixteen inches long Example 20. Piece 1x8-14. Has several sina!l black knots one-fourth to five- eighths inch in diameter and three sound red knots from one and one-half to two raches in diameter It also has two knot-holes on same edge of board, one of them one and one-fourth by one and one-half inches in size and six feet from end of piece, the other three-fourths by two inches and situated three feet from same end. No. 4 BOARDS AND STRIPS. The predominating defect characterizing this grade is red rot. Other types are pieces showing numerous large worm-holes, or several knot-holes or pieces that are extremely coarse knotted, waney, shaky or badly split. Norway, when extremely cross-checked, is admissible in this grade only. See General Instructions. EXAMPLES. Example 1. Piece 1x18-16. One-half of this board has the general appearance of a No. 2 Common. The other half is composed of red rot, varying from firm to soft Example 3. Piece 1x12-16. Alternate streaks of white wood and red rot, fully one- half of the face being red. Example 3. Piece 1x12-16. and a tew coarse knots. Contains a dozen large worm-holes, considerable rat Example 4 Piece 1x12-14 Contains four large knot-holes with other knot defects Example 5. Piece 1x12-16 Has the knot defect of a No. 2 board, but contains aba twenty-five or thirty large worm-holes. No rot or knot-holes. Example 6. Piece 1x12-12. Very badly split in two or three places. No rot or knot defects to speak of, but board is badly shattered. Example 7. Piece 1x10-16. Three-fourths of the face of this board shows red roc but very little soft rot. Example 8. Piece 1x4-16. Shows a good face, but it is excessively waney on bark there being four feet of it showing all slab. Face equal to No. a in quality. No. 5 BOARDS No. 5 Boards is the lowest recognized grade and admits of all defects knows i lumber, provided the piece is strong enough to hold together when carefully handled 354