ſº
iº
ºr ſº - { }
a º
º º * {
º
º:
* - 2 - * * * º
A wºº tº a a sº
tº is tº -º- º n- º ºg
- º ºf Bº ~.
t º }_*
tº dº §º
sº º
sº
tº fººd,
Q_4} , G-
º º
dº. . * -->
*
#. \}
º-ſº
º Fº
tº - -
-º-º:
fº Tºº
º
i.
º
º
º
º:
i
r.
:
º
* * * * * *
* “...º.º. 2:
C-
- * * * * s
* * * : *. ºr
ºr ºr , sº
ºi ºf
- tº as 1 a.º.
& . . . .
- 4.
tº a r = e = * 'w tº
- ºr . . G. E.
º
s a . . . . . . . . .
ſº
Cº ºr .
º
- - º
G º
- sº -
• * * * * * * * * ~ * ~ :
* * * * * : * ~ * * * * * *, * sº a s tº a s.s.
º-ºr-sº
tº gº ºf tº
ſº sº
º
"...sº a "A" et -
º ºv ºn tP & sº - sº ſº
- - - - - - ... a s - we ..." a e º .
- tº Cº. C- C - tº cº-º . .
& Cº. º G sº sº * ... .
Cº.º. ***** -
.*.*.***sº ->
5-
&
º “G
º
See a Cº. " - . . * -º
º tº º ºr sº º sº.
º
º
, Q tº º & -
* * * * * *S* :
3 *
tº-º-º:
:
:
:s
i
:º
::
Twº
:
.
iº
º
i
º
º
º
º
|.
El
;
Cº
º
º
. . . . . – º –
s & tº dº tº P.
* * * * * * : * * * *
C- sº- - • **
- º as a - -
:
;
|
.
º:wº
;º
.
:
º
-:
º
º
:
-
;
.
s
§
º
º

pºle p stat ºf 60
ſ/M/V/ſy
fifth
Aº
A tº tº a s 3 s.
- -
ammesº-"



HISTORY
OF THE
TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
IN
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND ;
FROM
TEIF EARLIEST T) ATIF TO THE PRIESENT TIME.
§iſgräplºital ºnfittº
T) EPARTED TEMPERANCE WORTHIES.
BY SAMUEL COULING,
Awthor of “ The Traffic in Intoxicating Drinks, its Evils and its Remedy;”
“0wr Labouring Classes, their Condition considered,” &c.
LONDON : -
WILLIAM TWEEDIE, 337, STRAND, W.C.
1862.
TO
J O HN D UN LOP, E S Q.,
THE FOUNDER OF TEMPERANCE SocIETIES IN GREAT BRITAIN,
A NID TO
WILLIAM JANSON, ESQ.,
THE LONG TRIET) AND LIBERAIL FRIEND OF TEMPERANCE IN
LONDON,
Çbig @ grk
IS,
BY THEIR PERMISSION,
RESPECT FULLY INSCRIBED BY
THE AUTHOR,
P. R. E. F. A. C. E.
A History of the Temperance Movement has long
been felt to be a desideratum, and many were the
regrets expressed that no one had, as yet, undertaken
to supply this want. Some few attempts, indeed, had
been made to sketch certain portions of the History
of the Movement, by James Teare, Dearden, Morris,
and others, and to these the Author has been indebted
for such information as could be made available for the
present work. Something of a more comprehensive
nature, however, was yet required, and it was hoped
that some one or other of the early friends of the
cause, whose abilities and judgment might be relied
upon, would become the historian of the Movement.
But one after another of the early friends passed
away, and the materials for any thing like a perfect
vi PREEACE.
and consecutive narration were in danger of becoming
so widely scattered as to be almost useless; or,
perhaps, of being entirely lost. It was under these
circumstances that the Author undertook the task; not
because he could do the work better, or even so well,
as many others who might be named, but because those
who could have done it better did not undertake it,
and because an attachment to the cause for twenty-two
years—eleven of which years have been spent in active
employment in connection with two leading organi-
sations in London—had furnished him with abundant
materials for the work. The Author has confined
himself to facts, which he trusts he has been able to
state fairly and impartially. The manuscript of the
work was submitted to John Dunlop, Esq., and to
Wm. Janson, Esq., both of whom took great interest in
it; and Mr. John Dunlop writes, “I have perused the
M.S. you sent me and beg to congratulate you on the
valuable collection of events, facts, circumstances, and
incidents you have so well elaborated, and which will
prove an important document for consultation for all
friends of Temperance and the public at large.” Mr.
William Janson also writes—“I shall have great plea-
sure in recommending your new work, as I consider
EPREFACE. vii
that there is no one of my acquaintance in the Temper-
ance ranks, whose tact and industry would give us
greater security for a correct and faithful narration of
the events and incidents of our enterprise.”
The last two Chapters contain Obituaries of the
Departed. This is thought to be an important and in-
teresting portion of the work; in reference to which
Mr. Dunlop says, “The giving the biographies was a
happy idea. You thereby rescue from forgetfulness
many excellent and meritorious parties, to whom the
national character of Britain has been, and will be
in future time, greatly indebted. It will be gratifying
to their friends and relations also, to see their names
now held up to respect and approbation, very different
from the reproach &c., which was too much their former
lot.”
That this work may be a humble means of promoting
the great cause of Temperance is the hearty wish of
THE AUTHOR.
13ARNSBURY, JUNE 2nd, 1862.
-º-'
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PREFACE . tº & º s g 6 º o V
CEIAPTER, T.
T}RINRING AND T)RINKING USAGES PRIOR TO THE INTRODUCTION
OF TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES sº e g {} s 9
CHAPTER II.
EARLY HISTORY OF THE MOVEMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN AND
AMERICA, 1804. To 1832 . & © as & . 24.
CHAPTER III.
THE PRESTON SoCIETY AND TEETOTALISM, 1832 To 1836 . 52
CHAPTER IV.
THE PLEDGE ; DISRUPTION AND ATTEMPTED REUNION, 1836 To
1840 . º tº & gº & º g tº 90
CHAPTER, W.
SCOTLAND AND IRELAND, 1831. To 1841 e © § . 136
CEIAEPTER WI.
FROM 1840 TO THE WORLD'S CONVENTION IN 1846 & . 155
CHAPTER VII.
FROM THE WORLD'S CONVENTION IN 1846 TO THE GREAT
EXHIBITION IN 1851 g ſº & & © . 196
CHAPTER VIII.
FROM 1851. TO 1856 © © tº tº º g . 215
CHAPTER, TX.
PROGRESS; A SUMMARY WIEW OF TEMPERANCE OPERATIONS TO
THE PRESENT TIME tº & g g & . 239
CHAPTER, X.
MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED, A To L . © & , 265
CHAPTER, XI.
MEMORIALs of THE DEPARTED, M. To W. t; t; , 322
INDEx . e tº o tº g {} g o . 367
HISTORY
OF THE
TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT,
CHAPTER I.
IDRINIKING AND DIRINRING USAGES PRIOR TO THE INTRODUCTION
OF TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES,
£myttämtt itself is not a new idea, although organ-
izations for its promotion may be somewhat
novel. To show that the practice of Temperance
prevailed among large bodies of men, we have only
to refer to the history of the Nazarites and the
Rechabites, as recorded in the Bible. Nor must we
forget that in our own land the principle of Abstinence
has been individually adopted and practised by some
whose names are as household words to us—John
Milton, John Locke, Sir Isaac Newton, Dr. Samuel
Johnson, and the great prison philanthropist, John
Howard, besides others whose names might be men-
tioned—all tried the practice, and affirmed its advan-
tage in their respective cases. The use of intoxicating
B
ºr
10 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT:
drinks, however, has been in every way so associated
with the custom and habits of the people, that any
history of the Temperance Movement would be in-
complete without some general reference to the pre-
valence of drinking usages, and the facilities for obtain-
ing intoxicating liquors previous to the formation of
temperance organizations. In this, as in many other
particulars, we shall find that the “good old times,” are
not such as would commend themselves to us in prefer-
ence to the present times. It is scarcely possible to
identify the England of Queen Victoria with the
Bngland of a hundred years ago. Then there was a
duel nearly every day, and gambling every night—
especially on Sunday. Hospitality was the boast of
the day, which, rendered in the language of the present
time, meant unmitigated drunkenness. A dinner-party
was then always expected to terminate with a considerable
number of the guests falling under the table, and the
remainder being much too far gone to assist in removing
them. Nothing could be done without drink. Mr.
John Dunlop, many years ago, published a very curious
and valuable collection of about three hundred usages
associated with drink in ninety-eight different trades
and occupations in the United Kingdom.* Every
trade had its own peculiar custom, and the fines and
footings, and the amount to be expended on drink, were
all regulated by general rules, and obligatory upon all
* See Dunlop's Philosophy of Artificial and Compulsory Dränking
Usages in Great Britain and Ireland. Sixth Edition. 1839.
T)RINK AND TORINEING. 11
who were employed in the establishment. Apprentice-
ship, anniversary of joining the trade, birthdays, on
coming of age, on first speaking to a woman, on change
of employment, weddings, christenings, deaths, &c., had
all a regular tariff, the amount varying from sixpence
to five pounds, which was to be spent in the purchase
of intoxicating liquor.
But let us look a little more closely at this subject—
for the evil is not one of yesterday, but one of very long
standing. Its origin dates far back in our social history.
Houses for the sale of intoxicating drink are, indeed,
of very ancient date. It appears that the Lydians were
the first to open taverns or houses for refreshment; and
it is quite evident that the original intention in opening
such houses was simply to provide places of rest and
refreshment for weary travellers, as the name “licensed
victualler” clearly indicates. This idea is confirmed by
an Act passed in the reign of James II., which recites
that “the ancient, true, and principal use of ale-houses
was for the lodging of wayfaring people, and for the
supply of the wants of such as were not able, by greater
quantities, to make their provisions of victuals, and not
for entertainment and harbouring of lewd and idle
people, to spend their money and their time in a lewd
and drunken manner.” After a time, however, the sale
of liquors in these houses began to be encouraged, in
some countries as a financial speculation and source of
emolument to the Government, while in other countries
the increased consumption of intoxicating drinks was
1 2 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
looked upon with indifference and as unworthy of
legislative interference. As a natural consequence of
this, however, the use of these drinks and the appetite
of the people for them increased, until at length drunk-
enness became so prevalent, and its results of such a
character, that legal enactments were found inadequate
to remove the evil. And this, indeed, has been the
universal experience wherever the traffic in intoxicating
liquors has been established and protected.
In the reign of Edgar, drinking was so prevalent and
carried to such excess, that a law was enacted that no
man should drink beyond certain nicks or marks made
in the cups for the purpose of limiting their potations.”
We need not, however, go so far back in history,
but, adverting to a period nearer our own times, we
learn that in the reign of Henry III., in 1256, the
manufacture of ale had become of such importance,
that its price was regulated, and a brewer was allowed
to sell two gallons for a penny, if in town, and three or
four gallons at the same price in the country.f Houses
for the sale of this beverage were first licensed in
England by an Act of the 5th and 6th of Edward VI.,
during which reign taverns were spoken of in an Act
of Parliament as having been “newly set uppe in very
great noumbre, in back lanes, corners, and suspicious
places withyn the cytie of London, and in divers of her
towns and villages withyn this realme,” and which
had then become the resort of evil disposed persons,
* Kennet's England, vol. i., p. 91. + Hume, vol. ii., p. 333.
DRINE AND DIRINKING. 13
and the cause of “muche evill rule.” In the reign of
Elizabeth a magnificent feast was given to her by the
Earl of Leicester at Kenilworth Castle, at which, in
addition to other stores of intoxicating liquors, 365
hogsheads of beer alone were drank. Intemperance at
this time, indeed, appears to have been the common
vice of the country, and sumptuary laws were made to
restrain the excesses of the people. In the time of
James I. the power of licensing inns and alehouses was
granted by letters patent to certain individuals. And
about this time the average yearly quantity of strong
beer and ale brewed in England was 4,950,413 barrels.
In 1504 ale was sold in England generally at threepenſ
per gallon; and about this time we read of the intº J-
duction of the hop; for, according to an old writer—
« Hops, reformation, bays, and beer,
Came into England all in one year.”
The brewing of porter—a drink which chiefly differs
from ale and beer by being made with higher-dried
malt—commenced about the year 1722. The discovery
of it is attributed to a person of the name of Harwood,
who, to avoid the trouble of mixing beer, ale, and two-
penny—a species of drink then in demand—contrived
to brew a liquor which would combine the properties
and taste of the three; this he called “Entire,” and being
much used by porters and other labouring men, it soon
began to be called “porter” itself.
Wine was so abundant, that in 1392, when Richard II.
was received on some public occasion by the citizens
14 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT:
of London, the conduits in the streets through which
the cavalcade passed were allowed to be completely
deluged with this liquor. In the time of Henry VIII.,
it was used at breakfast with beer. Stubbs, in his
Anatomie of Abuse, asserts that the public-houses in
London were crowded from morning to night with
inveterate drunkards, whose only care appears to have
been as to where they could obtain the best ale, and so
totally oblivious to all other things had they become,
that the language of the first drinking song, published
in 1551, might be literally applied to them—
“Backe and side, go bare, go bare,
Both foot and hand go colde ;
But belly, God send thee, good ale enoughe,
• Whether it be newe or olde.”
When James I. came to the throne, laws were passed
for the increase of houses for the sale of intoxicating
liquors, but the result of these laws was so injurious,
that he had soon afterwards to pass enactments for the
punishment of drunkenness—forgetful, apparently, of
the fact, that by increasing the number of houses he him-
self had been, to some extent, the cause of this increase
of drunkenness. In the reign of Charles I., drunken-
ness prevailed to such an extent as to call for enactments
for its suppression. During the reign of William and
Mary, also, the drunkenness of the people was greatly
promoted by an Act passed for “the encouragement of
distillation,” but the consequences of this Act were so
apparent in the demoralization of the people, that other
laws were soon enacted for restricting the sale of
DRINE AND IDRINEING.. " 15
intoxicating drinks. We are informed that during the
reign of Charles II. the consumption of French brandy
being very great, discontent was excited from the
idea that the nation experienced great loss from the
want of encouragement to home distillation; permission .
was, therefore, granted to a company to distil brandy
from wine and malt; and after the Revolution of 1688,
any person was permitted to set up a distillery, provided
a notice of ten days was given to the Excise. This per-
mission was continued by William, and of course,
increased to a considerable extent the consumption of
home made spirits; so that in London the trade was
prosecuted with much success. The legislature held
out the same encouragement to this traffic, during the
reign of George I., in consequence of which distilleries
multiplied, and liquors were sold so cheap, that the
people indulged in their use to the most fearful extent.
In the second year of the reign of George II. such a
heavy duty was placed upon spirits as to be almost
tantamount to a prohibition of their retail sale. This
Act, however, not answering the purposes of its pro-
moters, was repealed in the sixth year of the same reign.
The consequence of this repeal, as might naturally be
supposed, was an increased amount of drunkenness.
Lord Carteret remarked, that on his way to the House,
he had observed persons everywhere lying about in the
streets insensibly drunk. Gin was then sold at sixpence
a quart, and drunkenness so alarmingly increased that the
legislature again interfered, and by an Act of the ninth
16 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
year of George II., in effect absolutely prohibited the
retail of spirituous liquors. Some idea may be formed
of the low state of public morality, and the shameful
manner in which this traffic was carried on at this time,
from the fact related by Smollet, that upon some of the
publicans' signs it was announced, that “you may here
get drunk for one penny, dead drunk for twopence, and
have clean straw for nothing.” During the eighteenth
century too, the most dreadful consequences resulted
from the introduction of ardent spirits into Ireland, and
several laws were passed with the intention of restricting
the traffic in these drinks. In 1798 it was stated that in
one street in Dublin, which contained 190 houses, not
fewer than 52 were licensed to sell spirits; “a poison,”
adds Walsh and Whitelaw, in their History of Dublin,
“productive of vice, riot, and disease; hostile to all
habits of decency, honesty, and industry: and, in short,
destructive to the souls and bodies of Our fellow-
creatures.”
Neither has the trade of selling intoxicating liquors
been allowed to be carried on without the attention
of government being continually called to it, with a
view either to regulate, restrict, or suppress the sale of
these drinks. From the reign of king John to that of
Edward the Sixth, a considerable trade in wine appears
to have been carried on with the continent, and many
regulations were enacted. The tendency to its im-
moderate use, appears in an Act of this latter monarch,
entitled, “An Act to avoyd Excess in Wynes,” (1553),
IDRINE AND DIRINKING. 17
in which it is enacted, that, “No taverns for the retailing
of wine shall be set up except in towns and cities; and
only two taverns shall be allowed for every town or city,
except London, which may have forty taverns; West-
minster, which may have three; York, eight; Bristol,
six;” &c., while in respect to beer, ale, &c., a statute
was passed in the previous year (1552), which recites
that, “Forasmuch as intolerable hurts and troubles to
the commonwealth of this realm doth daily grow and
increase, through such abuses and disorders as are had
and used in common alehouses, and other houses, called
tippling-houses,” and then gives power to two justices
of the peace to “remove, discharge, and put away,
common selling of ale and beer in the said common ale-
Houses, and tippling-houses, in such town, or towns and
places, where they shall think meet and convenient.”
In Ireland it appears that as early as the reign of Henry
VIII., aqua vitae was in common use, and it was
decreed that there should be but one maker of this
liquor in any borough or town. In 1556, an Act of
Parliament was passed at Drogheda, prohibiting the
making of it altogether.
Thus we have briefly sketched the history of the laws
and customs relating to intoxicating beverages, from
which it clearly appears that in proportion to the facili-
ties for obtaining these beverages, so drunkenness has
more or less prevailed among the people.
( St. Basil said, that “the devil was the maker of the )
* Statutes at Large. Anno 1540–1553.
18 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
Laws of Drinking,” and, looking at the effects produced,
we can very readily believe the truth of his saying.) In
the library of the British Museum we discovered two or
three curious old books, written to expose the vice of
drinking among the upper classes of society; one of
these entitled, A Solemne Jovia!! Disputation. Theoretick
and Practicke, briefly shadowing the Law of Drinking;
printed at the signe of Red eyes, 1617, speaks of the
custom of health drinking as being of the most beastly
description, and leading to the most filthy practices.
We cannot be surprised that the example set by the
wealthy should be speedily followed by the poor; and
that customs should arise among them in reference to
their drinking habits, some of them of the most
tyrannical and revolting character, and all of them
necessarily leading to a great extension of the trade in
intoxicating drinks. In the reign of Charles I., the Lord-
keeper Coventry thus speaks of the houses open for this
traffic in his day, “I account alehouses and tippling-
houses the greatest pests in the kingdom. I give it you
in charge to take a course that none be permitted unless
they be licensed; and for the licensed alehouses, let
them be but few, and in fit places; if they be in private
corners and ill places, they become the den of thieves—
they are the public stages of drunkenness and disorder.”
In 1725 a Report from a Committee of Middlesex
Magistrates stated, that at that period there were in the
metropolis, exclusive of the city of London and South-
wark, 6.187 houses and shops, “wherein geneva or other
DRINE AND DIRINEGING.. 19
strong waters were sold by retail.” The population, at
that period, did not exceed 700,000, and in some
parishes every tenth house, and in others every seventh,
was an establishment for the sale of intoxicating liquors.
It will be seen that this number was exclusive of the City
and Southwark; if, therefore, we add 1,000 for these two
places, the total number of these houses in the metropolis
during this year, will amount to 7187. In 1736, eight
justices of the peace, appointed to inquire into the fact,
reported that they found not fewer than 7,044 houses
and shops in which spirituous liquors were sold within
the divisions of Westminster, Holborn, the Tower, and
Finsbury, in addition to many other places established
for the sale of fermented liquors only. In 1750 the
following is given as an authentic account of the pro-
portion of houses of this description, compared with the
number of other dwellings: in the city of London one
to every fifteen houses—in Westminster, one to every
eight dwellings—in Holborn district, one to every five—
and in St. Giles, above one to every four houses. In
1821, the number of licences granted for the retail sale of
British and Foreign spirits was 36,351, and which num-
ber rose in 1833, to 48,347. In 1822, there were in
London 98 brewers, who brewed 2,000,932 barrels, of
which 1,673,603 were strong, and 327,329 table beer,
besides 37 licensed victuallers. In the rest of England
there were 1,488 brewers, who brewed, of strong and
table beer, 5,547,875 barrels, and 20,575 licensed victu-
allers. Mr. Morewood says, “That the annual quantity
20 TERMIPERANCE MOVEMENT :
of porter brewed in London exceeds 1,316,345 barrels,
of 36 gallons each; and that of porter and ale, the
consumption in the metropolis amounts to 2,000,000 of
barrels. This vast supply is chiefly drawn from the
breweries within the city, which, in respect to size, style
of building, and ingenuity of operations performed in
them, are not surpassed, nor indeed equalled, by any
other establishments of the kind in the world.”
But the extent and magnitude of this traffic would
not be of so much consequence, if it was either useful or
necessary; or if it in any way tended to the moral and
social elevation and improvement of mankind, instead of
producing such fearful results as we everywhere see
attending it. By the use of intoxicating liquors men
become drunkards; and drunkenness too often leads to
the deepest poverty or most degrading vice. When men
become, in the language of Sydney Smith, “warmed
with beer, and expanded with alcohol,” they too fre-
quently lose all self-control, and sink down into the
very depths of misery. What is the cause of this? Is
it not because these drinks are intoxicating P And it is
evident that just in proportion to the intoxicating prin-
ciple contained in these drinks, so they are the more
sought after; for it is a fact, that the “root of actual
intemperance is the use of drinks that have a physio-
logical tendency to create earcess—an appetite which
grows with what it feeds upon.” This intoxicating
* Morewood's Inventions and Customs in the Use of Inebriating
Liquors, 1824, p. 284.
DRINE AND DIRENE, ING. 21
principle is called alcohol, and Mr. Brande has given the
proportions of alcohol contained in the different kinds of
wine, spirits, and beer; from which it appears that
spirituous liquors contain 50 per cent; wine contains
20 per cent; and ale and cider about 7 per cent; con-
sequently, if enough of either of these drinks is taken,
drunkenness must necessarily ensue. Alcohol is acknow-
ledged by physicians and chemists to be one of the
most dangerous poisons, and is classified as such in all
works on toxicology. “It can only be used in dilu-
tion;” says Dr. Macnish, “and in this state we have it
from the strongest ardent spirits, to simple small beer.
The first (ardent spirits) being the most concentrated of
its combinations, act most rapidly upon the constitution. -
They are more inflammatory, and intoxicate sooner
than any of the others. Swallowed in an overdose, they
act almost instantaneously—extinguishing the senses
and overcoming the whole body, with a sudden
stupor.” “In whatever form,” - says Dr. Charles
Wilson, “the inebriating beverage may be consumed, it
is the alcohol, or spirit of wine, which constitutes the
intoxicating ingredient. But that fluid cannot be re-
ceived into the stomach, in its undiluted state, even in
no large quantity, without the production of immedi-
ately fatal consequences. In most of the varieties of
spirits in ordinary use, it necessarily exists, therefore,
in combination with a little more than an equal propor-
tion of water, with the addition of that peculiar volatile
* Macnish’s Anatomy of Drunkenness, chap. v.
22 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
oil to which each is indebted for its characteristic
flavour, but the presence of which otherwise has no ma-
terial tendency to modify its action.”* It is this alco-
holic principle, then, which makes these drinks so
pernicious, and which produces such evil results among
the community at large. Experience proves that its
use has an almost universal tendency to create its abuse.
Man in his savage state has been rendered furious and
still more savage by it; while in our own land, and
among civilized society generally, hundreds of thousands
have fallen victims to its desolating influence. “The
quantity of drink,” says Dr. Chadwick, “necessary to
produce this effect, is very different in different persons;
and ranges from one glass to three bottles of wine; from
one pint to two gallons of beer; and from one to thirty
glasses of spirit and water.”f So that there is no
security against the evil effects of these drinks arising
from any supposed moderation in the use of them. We
object, therefore, to the use of these drinks because they
tend to produce drunkenness, and drunkenness leads to
evils, physical, social and moral, of the most fearful
kind. We need not now inquire into the nature of
these evils; they are sufficiently apparent to every ob-
servant person. We need not wonder that the nature
and extent of these evils should attract the attention of
philanthropists. It had become a great social problem
—How shall we get rid of the evils inflicted upon the
* Dr. Wilson’s Pathology of Drunkenness, 1855, p. 13.
f Essay on the use of Alcoholic Liquors, 1849, p. 29.
DRINK AND DRINKING. 23
people by the use of this drink? And, as in every
other case in which a great and good work was to be
accomplished, the instrument was at hand; and men .
were found ready to stand in the breach, to grapple
with the evil, and to stay the curse. With what success
we shall now proceed to inquire.
24. EARLY HISTORY:
CHAPTER II.
EARLY HISTORY OF THE . MOWIEMENT IN AMERICA.
AND IN GREAT BRITAIN :
1804 TO 1832.
f is certainly somewhat of a humiliating thought,
that notwithstanding the great evils arising from
intemperance, so little was attempted by way of orga-
nized effort to stem the torrent of evil, at an earlier
period. To say, however, that nothing had ever been
done would not be strictly true, inasmuch as we find
that in the year 1517, Sigismond de Diettrichstein
established a society on the continent, the objects of
which were to put an end to the custom of pledging
of healths, and the practice of endeavouring to ensnare
individuals into intoxication. Another temperance
society was formed by the Duke of Hesse, in 1600,
which had for a regulation, that no member should
drink more than seven glasses of liquor at a time, and
that this should not occur oftener than twice a day. A
third society, we read of, was founded by the Count
Palatine, Frederick W., under the denomination of the
AMERICA. ; 25
“Ring of Gold.” It will be at once seen, however, that
such societies as these had little about them of the
nature of our modern Temperance societies, and were
scarcely calculated to remove the prevalent vice of
intemperance.
Coming down, however, to the year 1804, it is some-
what remarkable that on both sides of the Atlantic the
public attention should be called to the evils resulting
from the use of intoxicating drinks, by two medical men,
of some repute. During this year, Dr. Trotter, a Member
of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh, and one of
the physicians to the Fleet under the command of Earl
Howe, published An Essay, Medical, Philosophical, and
Chemical, on Drunkenness, and its effects on the Human
Body. In America, Dr. Rush also published An
Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the
Human Body and Mind. These works could not fail to
have a salutary effect upon the public opinion, and
hence it was not long before it became a general inquiry
among the people in America, as to “What could be
done to suppress Intemperance?” And the first direct
step taken in the matter was in the month of April,
1808, when a society was established at Moreau, county
of Saratoga, in the state of New York, consisting of forty-
three members, who adopted the following, amongst
others, as the rules of the society :-
“Art. I.-This society shall be known as the TEMPERATE SoCIETY
OF MOREAU AND NORTHUMBERLAND.
“Art. IV.--No member shall drink rum, gin, whiskey, wine, or
any distilled spirits, or compositions of the same, or any of them,
C
26 EARLY HISTORY :
except by the advice of a physician, or in case of actual disease, (also
excepting at public dinners, ) under the penalty of twenty-five cents,
provided that this article shall not infringe on any religious rite.
“Sec. 2.-No member shall be intoxicated under penalty of fifty
Cents. -
“Sec. 3.-No member shall offer any of the said liquors to any
person to drink thereof, under the penalty of twenty-five cents.”
This society continued in existence till the year 1822,
though but little good appears to have been effected by
it. In fact, intemperance had now assumed such a
frightful aspect, that Dr. B. J. Clarke, a medical gentle-
man, upon one occasion, is reported to have said, “We
shall certainly become a community of drunkards, unless
something be done to arrest the progress of intem-
perance.” The question therefore again arose, “What
can be done P” The Rev. Dr. Beecher, in 1811, had
preached six sermons against intemperance, which were
afterwards published, and had a large circulation. The
Rev. Justin Edwards, of Andover, had also preached a
series of sermons against intemperance, in 1814. In
1819, Judge Hertwell published a small work on the
same subject, and in 1823 the Rev. Mr. Nott published
some sermons condemnatory of the same vice. Yet in
1825 the question was still discussed, “What shall be
_done ** On the 10th of January, 1826, a number of
\ gentlemen met in the Vestry of Park Street Church,
| Boston, to take this question into further consideration;
| and after having united in prayer, and spent a consider-
| able time in earnest and serious deliberation, they
adopted the following resolutions —
AMERICA. 27
c. 1,–That it is expedient that more systematic and more vigorous
efforts be made by the Christian public to restrain and prevent the
intemperate use of intoxicating liquors.
« 2.—That an individual of acknowledged talents, piety, industry,
and sound judgment, should be selected and employed as a permanent
agent, to spend his time, and use his best exertions, for the suppres-
sion and prevention of the intemperate use of intoxicating liquors.”
A Committee having been appointed to make further
arrangements, another meeting was convened on the
13th of February following, when the AMERICAN
EMPERANCE SOCIETY was established, and the follow-
ing officers were chosen —Hon. Marcus Morton, Presi-
dent; Hon. Samuel Hubbard, Vice-President; William
Ropes, Esq., Treasurer; John Tappan, Esq., Auditor.
Executive Committee—Rev. Leonard Woods, D.D.,
Rev. Justin Edwards, D.D., John Tappan Esq., Hon.
George Odiorne, S. V. S. Wilder, Esq. Fifteen mem-
bers were then chosen, and at a subsequent meeting
held on March 12th, eighty-four other gentlemen were
chosen as members of this society.
In 1829, the NEW YORK STATE TEMPERANCE SOCI-
ETY was formed, and was favoured with the personal and
pecuniary assistance of E. C. Delavan, Esq., who for
seven years devoted a large portion of his time, and
above 16,000 dollars to the furtherance of the interests of
this society. The Rev. N. Hewitt, and the Rev. Dr.
Edwards were successively the 'secretaries of this
institution ; and both of them laboured hard to promote
the cause. From August 1829 to May 1831, Dr.
Edwards, travelled more than 6,400 miles, and delivered

28 BARTY HISTORY :
386 sermons or addresses; one of the addresses being
delivered in the capital at Washington, to the members
of both Houses of Congress. The cause therefore now
progressed and at the close of 1829, 1,000 local societies
with 100,000 members, were in active operation, and an
organ of the movement was started by the parent society,
entitled The Journal of Humanity.
Thus it appears that America was first in the field on
the temperance question, and to the Americans certainly
belongs the honour of having formed the first temper-
ance society of modern date, and proved the possibility
and utility of introducing combination and association
into this department of philanthropy.
We turn our attention now to Europe, and
IRELAND
claims our first attention, although the claim for prece-
dence on the part of Ireland has been disputed by
Scotland; yet certain it is that although Mr. Dunlop
was first in endeavouring to sow the seed in Scotland, it
was in Ireland that the first organization was actually
formed. The Rev. George Whitmore Carr, being very
earnest in every good work, and much in the habit of
visiting among the poor ; and having heard of the
movement in America, appears to have been struck with
the fact that Ireland would also be benefited by the in-
troduction of the temperance reformation; he accord-
ingly at once established a society at New Ross, in the
County of Wexford, south of Ireland, in August 1829,
IRELAND. 29
or as some have said, in the months of June or J uly of
that year. The following pledge was adopted;—
“We, the undersigned, members of the NEW Ross TEMPERANCE
SOCIETY, being persuaded that the use of intoxicating liquors is, for
persons in health, not only unnecessary but hurtful, and that the
practice forms intermperate appetites and habits; and that while it is
continued, the evils of intemperance can never be prevented—do agree
to abstain from the use of distilled spirits, except as a medicine in
case of bodily ailment ; that we will not allow the use of them in our
families, nor provide them for the entertainment of our friends; and
that we will, in all suitable ways, discountenance the use of them in
the community at large.”
This society, however, appears to have made but
little progress; in fact it very soon required to be re-
modeled, and for some time, at least, Mr. Carr himself,
was the only member. But simultaneous with Mr.
Carr's movement, there were three ministers in Belfast,
who had also become deeply interested in the subject.
These three gentlemen, the Rev. Dr. Edgar, the Rev.
Dr. Cook, and the Rev. Mr. Morgan, having talked the
matter over very frequently among themselves, and
greatly deploring the evils of intemperance, which they
everywhere saw around them, resolved that something
more ought to be done to stay the plague, and Dr.
Edgar was requested to prepare and publish an address
on the subject. This address he accordingly prepared
and published in the Northern Whig, Belfast News
Tetter, and other papers on 14th August, 1829.
The cause having now gained a fair start, some
progress was made, and in less than twelve months it
was reported that there were sixty societies in existence
30 EARLY EIISTORY :
with about 3,500 registered members; while in 1831,
IMr. Crampton, Solicitor-general of Ireland, at the first
anniversary of the Hibernian Temperance Society, said
“he was happy to state that there were now upwards of
15,000 members of Temperance Societies in Ireland.”
It appears that much misconception existed in the
public mind as to the objects of these Temperance
societies, and, therefore, in some measure, to remove
these misconceptions, the ULSTER TEMPERANCE So-
CIETY in 1830, put forth the following address:—
“While Temperance societies are founded on the great
laws of Christian charity and self preservation, they do
not interfere with the peculiarities of any religious
creed. Their bond of union is not a common belief,
but a common practice; and they have enrolled among
their members, Roman Catholics and Protestants—men
of the most varied political and religious sentiments.
Their means of reformation are those alone which scrip- .
ture and reason warrant—information, exhortation, and
united exertion. The world has been fatally deceived
respecting excellencies which have been falsely at-
tributed to intoxicating liquors. Temperance societies
circulate information respecting their real properties and
uses. They appeal to a multitude of facts for proof,
that intoxicating liquors are, for all common purposes
completely useless. They do not maintain that it is
sinful to drink intoxicating liquors, but they do main-
tain, not only that every man may abstain from their
use if he pleases, but that circumstances may readily
IRELAND. 31
arise which will render it ‘eapedient’ and ‘good’ for him
to do so. The Word of God and reason thus furnish
Temperance societies with much higher ground than they
claim; for their regulations only prohibit the use of
distilled spirits, and prescribe moderation in other in-
toxicating liquors. No man who uses ardent spirits,
except as a medicine, can be a member; nor can any
one be continued as a member, who indulges to excess
in fermented liquors. In the two centuries, during
which distilled spirits have been used in these countries,
they have proved themselves by far too insidious and
violent a stimulant, and too capable of exciting passion
and leading to excess, to be used as an article of diet at
all. Madness and other diseases, crimes and misery,
and premature mortality have prevailed in proportion to
the quantity of ardent spirits used; and while the
radical evil remains of permitting them to be used as a
common beverage at all, the pulpit and press, and the
voice of private benevolence, attempt in vain to arrest
the progess of intemperance, and all the nameless ills
which the use of ardent spirits invariably brings in its
train. The members of Temperance societies abstain
from the use of distilled spirits, and they entreat others
to do the same, because they are for all common purposes
useless; because the highest medical authorities living,
have declared, that they should be renounced by all
persons in health as most noxious superfluities; because -
they are injurious instead of beneficial to men in health,
weakening instead of giving strength, causing three-
32 EARLY EIISTORY
fourths of all beggary and crime, one-half of all madness,
one-half of all sudden deaths, more than one-eighth of
deaths in persons above twenty years of age, and being
in the words of the Sugeon-general of his Majesty's
forces in Ireland, the ‘the chiefest of the chief causes
of disease and premature mortality.’ The members of
Temperance societies abstain from distilled spirits, be-
cause the moderate use of so insidious and violent a
stimulant, leads to the habitual use, and habitual use is
the high road to confirmed drunkenness—because the
temperate, by the good qualities which they falsely
ascribe to distilled spirits, by treating of servants, child-
ren, customers, visitors—and by the apology which
their moderate use of so dangerous an article furnishes
for intemperance, are the chief agents in promoting and
perpetuating drunkenness; and in a word, because the
whole system of manufacturing, and selling, and drinking
distilled spirits, derives its respectability and support
from the temperate, and must eventually fall to the
ground, with all the unnumbered ills which it entails, if
the temperate desert it. The sum total of the plan of
Temperance societies is included in one short sentence,
which constitutes their fundamental principle, without
oath, or vow, or payment of money, or any burden what-
ever. “We, whose names are subscribed, resolve to
abstain from the use of distilled spirits, and to discounten-
ance the causes and practices of intemperance.” Such
is the astonishing influence of this simple principle, that
though it is only a few months since Temperance societies
IRELAND. 33
were heard of in Europe, there are already in the Pro-
vince of Ulster alone, between fifty and sixty societies,
containing about three thousand members, besides the
the flourishing societies in the remaining provinces. It is
acknowledged, even by enemies, that great good has
already been done, not only in shutting up the school
of drunkenness among the temperate, but in effecting
the reformation of drunkards. The members of Temper-
ance Societies have only to persevere, and their cause
will assuredly triumph.”
This somewhat lengthy address gives us a very good
idea of the principles and practice of the old Temperance
societies, which were certainly of an accommodating
character; nevertheless, as good was done we rejoice,
and we are glad to find such an array of names as the
following in connection with the HIBERNIAN TEMPER-
ANCE SOCIETY:—“At a meeting of the Temperance
society, held at the Rotunda, on Wednesday the 1st of
June 1831, the Solicitor-general in the chair, it was
• Resolved, that the Solicitor-general be the President, and Lord
Cloncurry, and the Right Rev. Dr. Doyle, the Vice-Presidents, and
Dr. Adams, John Mackay, Esq. A. E. Gayer, Esq. and Dr. Harvey,
the Secretaries; and the following gentlemen a committee until the
next Annual Meeting ; Dr. Cheyne, Dr. Morgan, John Mackay, Esq.
Dr. Adams, Sir. James Douglas, A. E. Gayer, Esq. Rev. William
Trwick, James Bessonett, Esq., Surgeon Bevan, Joshua C. Walker,
Bsq., Rev. John Spratt, Edward Barrington, Esq., Dr. Pope, Alderman
Morgan, and Richard Allen, with such persons as they may add to
their number.”
34 EARLY HISTORY :
SCOTLAND.
During the time that this movement was progressing
in Ireland, a similar work was being effected in Scotland.
In 1828, John Dunlop, Esq. (then of Greenock, and one
of the justices of the peace for Renfrewshire) made a
short tour in France, and was greatly surprised to find
the working classes of France so much superior in their
habits to the same class of people in Scotland, and setting
himself to inquire into the cause of this anomaly he was
compelled to come to the conclusion that the national
addiction of the Scotch to whisky and other strong
drinks was the cause. He proceeded at once to publish
his travels under the title of a Glance at Paris and
Brussels, and then set himself to work to acquire infor-
mation as to the nature, and results of temperance
societies in the United States, and for sixteen months he
continued to urge the matter in conversations and in
correspondence with influential and benevolent individ-
uals “hoping that some well known persons would pub-
licly undertake it.” In this, however, he was disap-
pointed; and he was thus forced to undertake the work
himself, accordingly he visited Glasgow, Stirling, and
other places, and delivered his first public lecture, at
Glasgow, where we find him one Saturday night
engaged in writing out forty notices of the meeting, and
which he forwarded to as many clergymen with a polite
request that they would announce the meeting from
their pulpits on the following day. Very few complied
SCOTLAND, 35
with the request, Mr. Dunlop, notwithstanding, had a
crowded meeting, and twelve divinity students besides
many others, became converts to his views. This
lecture he published under the title of The Entent and
Remedy of National Intemperance, and early in the
month of October, 1829, he succeeded in forming the
first general temperance society in Scotland, at Greenock,
although a few days previous to this it would
appear that Miss Allen, a friend of his, had succeeded in
forming a small female society at Maryhill, near Glasgow,
a village of which Mr. Dunlop is superior of the Manor.
Mr. Dunlop lectured at Edinburgh, Stirling, and other
places. Societies were subsequently formed at Glasgow,
Edinburgh, and elsewhere. The Glasgow society circu-
lated immediately about 140,000 tracts, and within nine
months, public meetings had been held at Greenock,
Glasgow, Paisley, Largs, Bonhill, Kelvindock, St.
Ninians, Dunfermline, Campsie, Duntocher, and other
places. Societies were multiplied, and the number of
members considerably exceeded 4,000.
Thus we must award to Mr. Dunlop the title of “the
Father of Temperance Societies in Great Britain.”
While doing so, however, we must not forget that in
all his early labours he was greatly assisted by Mr.
William Collins, of Glasgow, who became the first
enrolled member of the Glasgow and West of Scotland
Temperance Society, and the editor and publisher of
the Temperance Record. Mr. Collins declined joining
the total abstinence pledge; but some years before his
death, in 1858, he became a teetotaler.
36 EARLY HISTORY :
The GLASGOW AND WEST OF SCOTLAND TEMPE-
RANCE SocIETY was formed November 12th, 1829, and
in 1830, the Temperance Record was commenced, as
the semi-organ of the society, and was continued monthly,
till December, 1835, when it ceased for want of support.
William Collins, Esq., James Sword, Esq., William
Cunninghame, Esq., Rev. Dr. Hamilton of Strathblane,
and John Dunlop, Esq., were the Vice-Presidents;
Messrs. Robert Kettle, Patrick, and Letham, were the
treasurers; and Messrs. William Wardlaw, Charles
Ritchie, John Turner, and James Kerr, the Secretaries
of this society, and the following was adopted as the
constitution.
<< Preamble.—WHEREAs the vice of Intemperance has long been
gaining ground in this country, and of late years especially, has
been making fearful advances amongst the labouring classes of society,
leading to the neglect of education, and the profanation of the
Sabbath—debasing the social habits, and corrupting the morals of
the community—inciting by its unhappy influence to the perpetration
of every crime, and loosening all the ties which bind man to man;
and whereas the means which have been hitherto resorted to have
proved utterly insufficient to restrain this growing evil, rendering it
evident that some more determined, systematic, and combined efforts
are necessary on the part of the friends of morality and religion, in
order to effect a change upon public sentiment and practice, as to
the frequent use of intoxicating liquors—we resolve to form ourselves
into a Society, with the following Constitution, to which we affix
Oliº Iła Iſles.
Art. I.--That the society shall be denominated THE GLAsgow
AND WEST OF SCOTLAND TEMPERANCE SoCIETY.
Art. II.--That the society shall consist of all who, under the con-
viction that intemperance and its attendant evils are promoted by
existing habits and opinions, in regard to the use of intoxicating
liquors, and that decisive measures for effecting a reformation are
indispensable—do voluntarily agree to relinquish entirely the use of
SCOTTAND. 37
ardent spirits, except for medicinal purposes ; and although the
moderate use of other liquors is not excluded, yet as the promotion
of temperance in every form is the specific design of the society, it is
understood, that excess in these necessarily excludes from membership.
Art. III.-A contribution to the funds shall not be deemed neces-
sary to membership; although it is strongly recommended to all, to
further the objects of the institution by their benefactions.
Art. TV.-The business of the society shall be conducted by a
President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Secretaries, and a Committee
consisting of not less than twelve members, any three of whom shall
be a quorum. The associations in Glasgow and suburbs are empow-
ered to send one of their number as a representative in the General
Committee.
Art. W.-The Committee shall meet regularly at such periods as .
they may themselves appoint, for the despatch of business ; and their
duty, together with the Secretaries, shall be, to open up a correspon-
dence, by personal interview or in writing, with ministers, medical
gentlemen, masters of works, and other influential persons throughout
the country—to use all proper methods of producing seasonable and
salutary impressions on the public mind on this subject—to print and
circulate essays, sermons, tracts, or works bearing upon the objects
the society has in view, and addressed to different classes of persons
throughout the community—to promote the institution of similar
societies in the various towns or villages in Scotland—to encourage es-
pecially the formation of associations on similar principles amongst the
labouring classes of society—to use means for restricting the number
of licences—to procure an increase upon the duties imposed on ardent
spirits—and to devise and carry into execution whatever other mea-
sures may be most likely, under the blessing of God, to effect a great
and radical change upon the intermperate sentiments, habits, and
customs of society at large. -
Art. VI.-That in prosecuting these measures, the Committee shall
be at liberty to avail themselves of the assistance of all who may be
desirous of furthering any of the specific objects the society has in
view, although not subscribing to its constitution or conforming to
its rules.
Art. VII.-That the funds necessary for carrying these purposes
into effect, shall be raised by annual subscriptions, donations, or con-
gregational collections.
Art. VIII-A public meeting of the members shall be held annu-
33 EARLY EIISTORY :
*
ally, when a report of the society’s proceedings shall be laid before
them, the office-bearers appointed, and intelligence respecting the
formation and progress of Temperance societies communicated.
Art. IX.-That in attempting, by the means already specified, or
by any others which may be judged advisable, to exterminate the
vice of intermperance, as a great national sin, the society would desire
to rest their hopes of final success not on mere human agency, but
on the countenance and blessing of Him who alone can crown their
efforts with the desired result.”
On the 30th December, 1830, they held their first
annual meeting, when they reported that during the
year they had circulated 425,300 tracts, in addition to
20,200 temperance pamphlets, which had been printed
at the Glasgow press. The society in Edinburgh had
also circulated 40,000 tracts, the society in Greenock
9,000, Dundee 4,000, Perth 4,000, and it was estimated
that the total number of temperance tracts, and larger
publications, issued in Scotland, during the year, was
considerably more than half a million. . The number of
members in Glasgow was reported to be 5,072, while in
all Scotland it was stated that there were not fewer than
130 societies, and 25,478 members. The balance sheet
shewed an income of £347 11s. 2%d., and an expenditure
of £515 18s. 7%d., leaving a balance due to the treasurer
of £168 7s. 5d.
During this year (1830) the first Military Temperance
Society was formed at the Horse Barracks, in Glasgow,
under the permission and countenance of the command-
ing officer. The society was started among the men of
the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards, and at a subsequent
meeting, a large detachment of several hundred men
SCOTLANT). 39
from the 1st Royals, and 91st Argyleshire Regiment,
accompanied by their officers, were present. The men
were marched in parade with their band to the meeting.
Sergeant Kelly presided, and opened the meeting by an
appropriate address. Many soldiers afterwards enrolled
their names as members of the society. -
On the 24th December, 1830, the following resolution
was passed at a meeting of the ANNAN TEMPERANCE
SoCIETY, and which is here inserted as shewing the
opinions of the friends as to the progress of the cause:—
• That this society rejoices to hear of the steady progress of the
temperance cause particularly throughout Scotland; and that, while
a review of its own operations during the last six months (the period
of its duration) is calculated to excite in the minds of its members
sincere gratitude to God on account of the success which has attended
them, the society feels strongly impressed with the necessity of in-
creased and persevering efforts to put a stop to abounding intempe-
rance in this district.”
On the 20th September, 1830, the first attempt was
made to improve upon the old temperance principle.
On that day a meeting of the Temperance society was
held in Dunfermline, to consider what should be done
to assist a coffee house, about to be started. At this
meeting it was brought out that the committee had
agreed to allow the coffee house keeper to sell porter
and ales. To this regulation Mr. John Davie, and
several others, offered great opposition, and on the
following evening they met to consider what plan should
be adopted to prevent the resolution of the committee
from being carried into effect. At Mr. Davie's sug-
40 EARLY HISTORY:
gestion, the following pledge was adopted, and signed
by five of those present:—
“We, the subscribers, influenced by the conviction that temper-
ance is best promoted by total abstinence from all intoxicating
liquors, do voluntarily consent to relinquish entirely their use, and
neither to give nor receive them upon any, save medical cases—small
beer excepted, and wine on sacramental occasions.
“ We likewise agree to give no encouragement or support to any
coffee-house, established, or receiving countenance from, any temper-
ance society, for the sale of intoxicating liquors, *
“ Upon these principles we form ourselves into a society, to be
called “ The Dunfermline Association for the promotion of Temperance
by the relinquishment of all Intoxicating Liquors.’”
In a few days, sixty persons had signed this pledge.
The next step was taken in 1832, when, in the month
of January, Mr. James Macnair, Dr. Richmond, and a
few others, formed in Glasgow, the “Tradeston Total
Abstinence Society,” and in the same month, January,
1832, the “Paisley Youths' Association for the preven-
tion and cure of Intemperance” was organised by Dr.
Richmond, with the following pledge:–
“We, the undersigned, believing that the widely extended and
hitherto rapidly increasing vice of intemperance, with its many
ruinous consequences, is greatly promoted by existing habits and
opinions in regard to the use of intoxicating liquors in every form ;
and believing that it will be calculated to promote the furtherance of
true and consistent temperance principles, and of the cause in general,
do voluntarily agree to abstain from all liquors containing any quantity
of alcohol, except when absolutely necessary.”
This was the first distinct movement among the young,
and about one hundred youths quickly signed this pledge
and joined the society. -
* Scottish Temperance Eeague Register, 1851, p. 83.
SCOTLAND. 41
The Glasgow and West of Scotland Temperance
Society held its second annual meeting on 30th Novem-
ber, 1831. Mr. Robert Kettle had now become one of
its Secretaries, and its name had been changed to THE
SCOTTISH TEMPERANCE SocIETY. The report presents
somewhat of a meagre appearance as to the amount of
work done, but it states the number of members in
Scotland as follows:—
SoCIETIES-Adults . . . 223
Youths . . . 55
—278
MEMBERS–Adults . . 41,037
Youths . . 2,989
—44,026
It also shows in the balance-sheet a small increase,
compared with the last year, in the subscriptions and
donations; and a balance in the hands of the treasurer
of £90 7s. 11d.
Many ministers of the Gospel now gave in their adhe-
sion to the movement, and at the close of 1831 there
were 187 ministers of various denominations in Scotland
connected with the temperance cause.
Mr. Dunlop felt, however, that notwithstanding the
success which attended the movement, that success would
not be permanent as long as the usages connected with
drink were continued. These usages he inquired into
and exposed, and he prophesied that after the first flush
of success had passed away, the usages, unless abrogated,
would supervene and swamp the societies. He, therefore,
attempted in 1829 and 1830 “to combine the two pro-
D
42 EARLY EIISTORY:
cesses of abstinence and anti-usage. He was from the
first generally heard with indifference, and afterwards,
on persisting, with a sort of friendly ridicule.”* Anti-
usage societies were, however, formed in some parts of
Scotland, and Mr. Dunlop certainly accomplished much
good at this time, by the publication of his Philosophy
of Artificial and Compulsory Drinking Usages in Great
JBritain and Ireland.
ENGLAND.
Although as early as 1814 attention had been called
to the importance and value of abstinence from intoxi-
cating drinks, by Basil Montagu, Esq., in a work which
he published anonymously, entitled Enquiries into the
Jºffects of Fermented Liquors, by a Water Drinker; yet
it was not till the year 1830 that any action was taken
on the subject. During the latter part of 1829,
Mr. Henry Forbes, a merchant of Bradford, in Yorkshire,
happened to be visiting Glasgow on business, and feeling
some interest in the subject of temperance, he attended
one of the public meetings of the Glasgow Society, and
carried away with him a very deep feeling of the worth
and importance of the movement. He accordingly
procured a number of Dr. Beecher's sermons against
intemperance, and other tracts, and upon his return to
Bradford, immediately put them into circulation; and on
the 2nd of February, 1830, he convened a meeting for
* Dunlop's Philosophy of Drinking Usages. Edition 1839, p. 287.
ENGTAND. 43
the organization of a society. On this occasion nine
gentlemen signed their names, but at an adjourned meet-
ing on February 5th, many other names were enrolled.
On the 14th of June, in the same year the first public
meeting of the Bradford Society was held, and excited
considerable interest. On this occasion a treasurer, three
secretaries, and a committee consisting of nine clergymen
and dissenting ministers, four medical gentlemen, and
nineteen other laymen, were chosen ; John Rand, Esq.,
presided, and the meeting was addressed by W. Collins,
Esq., of Glasgow, Rev. John Jackson, of Hebden Bridge,
H. Forbes, Esq., Rev. B. Godwin, Dr. Edgar, of Belfast,
and others. It was stated that 17,000 tracts had been
distributed, and that 180 members had been enrolled.
The Rev. J. Jackson, Baptist minister, of Hebden
Bridge, afterwards became the agent of this society, and
lectured in various places in Yorkshire.
The second society formed in England was at War-
rington, on April 4th, 1830. On the 12th of May,
another society was established in Manchester, where, in
a very short time, 20,000 tracts were put into circulation.
On the 22nd of July, the Liverpool Society was organized,
and the Leeds Society on the 9th of September following,
when a constitution founded on entire abstinence from
distilled spirits, was presented, and signed by thirty-six
gentlemen present. A committee consisting of eight
ministers of the Gospel, and thirteen laymen, besides
three secretaries and a treasurer, was then appointed.
The meeting was attended by a deputation from the
44 FARIY EIISTORY :
Bradford Temperance Society, who stated that it was
the anxious wish of the Bradford and Leeds Societies,
that similar institutions should be formed in every town
and village in Yorkshire.
At the close of this year, Mr. Dearden informs us
that about 30 societies had been established, and 10,00
persons had become members. w *
It was not until 1831 that any attempt was made to
Organize a society in London. In that year Mr. Collins,
of Glasgow, being in London, put forth great exertions
with a view of introducing the cause there, and it was
chiefly through his instrumentality that on the 29th of
June, 1831, the BRITISH AND FOREIGN TEMPERANCE
SoCIETY was organized at a public meeting in Exeter
Hall, which was presided over by Sir John Webb,
Director-General of the Medical Department of the
Ordnance, and addresses were delivered by the Bishop of
Chester, Rev. Dr. Pye Smith, Dr. Edgar, Mr. Crampton,
and Dr. Hewitt, of America. The Bishop of London
afterwards became a patron of this society. The follow-
ing was adopted as their pledge —
“We agree to abstain from distilled spirits, except for medicinal
purposes, and to discountenance the causes and practice of intem-
perance.”
As this society occupied for many years afterwards a
prominent position in the temperance cause, and as it
gained royal patronage and favour, it will not be amiss
to give its first list of officers entire.
ENGLAND. 45
PATRONſ.
Right Hon. and Right Rev. Lord Bishop of London.
WICE-PRESIDENTS.
Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry.
Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Chichester.
Bight Rev. Lord Bishop of Chester.
Right Rev. Dord Bishop of Sodor and Man.
Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Calcutta.
Bight Hon. Lieutenant-General Wiscount Lorton.
Right Hon. Lord Calthorpe. ^
Right Hon. Lord Bexley.
Right Hon. Lord Henley.
The Very Rev. the Dean of Chichester.
Bight Hon. the Ilord Mayor.
Sir Thomas Baring, Bart., M.P.
Sir Matthew J. Tierney, Bart., M.D.
Admiral Sir R. Goodwin Keats, G.C.B.
Admiral Sir J. Brenton, Bart., K.C.B.
Sir James McGrigor, M.D., Director-General Army
Medical Department.
Major-General Sir G. B. Fisher, K.C.H.
Lieutenant-General Sir Herbert Taylor, G.C.H.
Sir John Webb, Director-General of Medical Depart-
ment of the Ordnance.
Sir John Richardson.
P. C. Crampton, Esq., Solicitor-General for Ireland. .
J. Ivatt Briscoe, Esq., M.P.
Henry Drummond, Esq.
TREASURER.
Mr. Cornelius Hanbury.
SECRETARIES.
Messrs. John Capper. Messrs. Thomas Hartley.
- ,, John Ramsbotham. 22 N. E. Sloper.
46 EARLY EIISTORY :
COMMITTEE.
IMessrs. William Allen. Messrs. Wm. Grimshaw, jun.
55 G. W. Alexander. 2, Joseph Hale.
, Adolphus Bach. ,, Joseph Hanson.
, Samuel Bagster, jun. , Basil Montagu.
, Richard Barrett. Rev. Thomas Mortimer, B.D.
,, Nadir Baxter. Messrs. Samuel Nash.
Rev. James Bennett, D.D. ,, J. Pidduck, M.D.
Tev. F. A. Cox, LL.D. 22 Henry Pownall.
Mr. R. J. Chambers. , Henry Reed.
IRev. John Clayton, jun. 2, Thomas Roberts.
Messrs. Henry Child, jum. Rev. Thomas Sheppard.
,, J. T. Conquest, M.D. Messrs. J. E. Spicer.
, Samuel Darton. 22 G. G. Stibbs.
Rev. Wm. Dealtry, D.D. 25 John Sard.
Mr. David Dewar, jun. Rev. J. E. Tyler.
Rev. George Evans. -
COLLECTOR.
Mr. Levitt Edwards.
Walter Herriott, Assistant Secretary.
In their report, published in 1832, it is stated that 200
meetings had been held—55 auxiliary societies had
been formed, and that nearly 100,000 of the publications
of the society had been printed in London alone. At-
tention had been awakened in the army and navy;
several regimental societies had been formed, and 400
Greenwich pensioners had given up their grog.
We must remark that at the commencement of the tem-
perance reformation, both in America and Great Britain,
a great amount of ignorance prevailed on the whole
subject, even among the sincere friends of the various
movements; and that the youngest temperance advo-
cate, now-a-days, has more sound and useful knowledge
TºNGLAND. 47
than the wisest leader possessed in the initiatory state
of the cause. The medical world itself has acquired
large additional knowledge of the nature and evils of
alcohol since 1829, and this has, in great measure, been
afforded to them through the results of the abstinence
reform, combined with the advance of the knowledge of
the chemistry of animal substances. Much valuable
learning has also been acquired of the various modes of
inebriation in different countries—of the miscellaneous
motives and habits that either lead to intemperance or
prevent the drunkard from reforming; and in Great
Britain, especially, some attention has been awakened
to the drink laws, drink penalties, fines and footings,
and other compulsory usages that, in particular, affect
our native country.
The original temperance societies had not long been
established, when a large flood of additional experience
and knowledge flowed over the nation. It was soon
found that few drunkards succeeded in emancipating
themselves unless they went beyond their pledges, and
took to abstinence from everything intoxicating; and
by-and-bye there existed many total abstainers in all
the old societies.
We are apt, therefore, now, in looking at such
an array of respectable officials of the British and
Foreign Temperance Society in 1831, to say, truly
it is a pity that this good work was not of such a nature
as to produce lasting benefits. With the best intentions
to do good, and to promote the happiness of the people,
48 FARIX EHISTORY :
the leaders of this movement saw not that their scheme
was imperfect; and it can scarcely excite wonder that,
with such partial measures, the results should not be per-
manent. Let the following “fundamental principle” of
the BLACKBURN TEMPERANCE SOCIETY in 1831, be
taken as a fair specimen of the looseness which pre-
vailed :—
« We, the undersigned, believing that the prevailing opinions and
practices in regard to the use of intoxicating liquors are most injurious,
both to the temporal and spiritual interests of the people of this place,
and that decided means of reformation, including example as well as pre-
cept, are loudly and imperatively called for, do voluntarily agree, that
we will totally abstain from the use of ardent spirits, except for medicinal
purposes; that if we use other liquors it shall be in great moderation;
and that we will never use them in any inn or house in which they
are sold, eaccept when necessary for refreshment in travelling or trans-
acting business when from home, in order that, by all proper means,
we may, to the utmost of our power, discountenance the causes and
the practices of intemperance.”
It must be understood that Mr. Dunlop did not encour-
age his friend, Mr. Collins, to found any Societies in
England that made no provision for any invasion of the
use of beer and other malt liquors—the great source
of drunkenness in South Britain. But, perhaps, it was
best to confine the assault at first to the gin palaces;
and the primitive English temperance associations, that
emanated from the institutions of Messrs. Forbes and
Collins, certainly had the valuable effect of opening the
eyes of the English to the fearful state of national in-
temperance, and of ventilating the whole subject; and
that, under the influence and encouragement of lords
and gentlemen, and church dignitaries—a thing of no
JENGHAND. 49
mean importance at the period—a demonstration was
also, to some extent, hereby effected, to the fact that
confederacy and association could be most powerfully
and beneficially employed in favour of national sobriety
—a point utterly denied by most people at that period.
It must also be remarked that great and effective
good was done in Scotland (perhaps also in Ireland) by
the pledge of abstinence from whisky, as beer was little
drunk in North Britain before the commencement of
the movement. It is curious that by the initiative
efforts on behalf of temperance, ardent spirits began to
receive such a bad name, and to drop from their former
position of universal honour, that the consumption of
strong beer greatly increased among the commonalty
in Scotland after 1830; and this among other good
reasons, influenced the friends in Scotland to improve
the pledge, and include abstinence from all intoxicating
liquors. Mr. Dunlop, at first, in 1829, proposed absti-
nence from all wines; and the Greenock, Aberdeen,
and some other societies at first took his advice.
At the commencement of teetotalism in England, the
Preston friends, and other supporters of total abstinence,
had less to do in contending with the public at large
than to combat the old societies, that had already been
instituted up and down the country, who gave the most
obstinate resistance to the ameliorated pledge, and new
principle and practice.
The press was also doing its great work; and during
the period to which this chapter refers, the following
50 EARLY HISTORY :
works, among many others, were published on this
question :-
1804. Trotter's Enquiry, Philosophical, Chemical, and
Medical, on Drunkenness.
1814. Enquiries into the Effects of Fermented Liquors,
by a Water Drinker.
1829. Philosophical Enquiry into the Drinking Usages
of Society, by John Dunlop, Esq.
, On the Eatent and Remedy of National Intem-
perance, by John Dunlop, Esq.
1830. A Lecture on the Nature, Uses, and Effects of
Ardent Spirits, delivered at Bradford, De-
cember 7th, by Thomas Beaumont, Surgeon.
, Wotices respecting Drunkenness, and of the
various Means which have been employed in
Different Countries for restraining the Progress
of that Evil, by a Medical Practitioner.
1831. An Essay on the Wine System of Great Britain,
by John Dunlop, Esq. -
,, An Essay upon the Wines and Strong Drinks of
the Ancient Hebrews, and their reference to Diet-
etic and Religious Views on the Modern Use of
Spirituous Liquors, by Rev. Moses Stuart,
M.A.; with Preface, by John Pye Smith, D.D.
1832. The Principles of Temperance Societies stated
and recommended in Scripture; a Sermon
preached at Ayr, on January 24th, by George
Barclay.
JENGLAND. 51
And of temperance periodicals started at this time, we
may notice the following:—
Scottish Temperance Record.
Edinburgh Temperance Chronicle.
British and Foreign Temperance Herald.
T.emperance Magazine and Review.
Temperance Advocate (Belfast).
Some of these lived but for a short time, while others
continued for some years.
5
2
PRESTON SOCIETY.
CHAIPTER III.
THE PRESTON SOCIETY AND TEETOTALISMI :
1832 TO 1836.
Üül have already spoken of the existing societies as
being inefficient; and, indeed, it soon became
apparent that forbidding alcohol under one name and
allowing its use under another name, was not an effectual
way either to reclaim the drunkard, or to prevent the
moderate drinker from becoming intemperate. Before
the societies, therefore, had been very long at work, it was
discovered that large numbers of reclaimed drunkards
were continually relapsing into their former condition;
for being permitted to use beer and ale “in moderation,”
they either returned shortly to their old habits of spirit
drinking, or else became intoxicated on fermented
liquors. Dr. Trotter had long since borne his testimony
to the impossibility of continuing to use these drinks
in safety. “As far,” he writes, “as my experience of
mankind enables me to decide, I must give it as my
opinion, that there is no safety in trusting an habitual
drunkard with any limited portion of liquor. Wherever
I have seen the drunkard effectually reformed, he has
TEETOTATISM. 53
at once abandoned his potations.” And Mr. Thomas
Beaumont, a surgeon of Bradford, also writes to the
following effect: “Here the first moderation society
was formed, and here there was no want of zeal, talent,
or piety, in the working of that system ; and yet, in
nearly five years, we did not succeed in reforming
One solitary drunkard.” Similar language was also used
by G. B. Browne, Esq., of Halifax, who says, “In 1832
we formed a temperance society on the moderation
pledge; the effects were scarcely visible, no drunkards
were reclaimed, and not many reduced their daily con-
sumption of wine and porter. In 1835 the total absti-
nence pledge was introduced. The first society dwindled
away, and the teetotalers gained strength, and now
reckon 700 members, among whom about 100 are re-
claimed characters, several of whom are become truly
religious.” And Mr. John Cadbury, of Birmingham,
says, “On the moderation system, I never knew one
drunkard reclaimed; whilst, on the teetotal plan, we
have hundreds who were once drunkards, now, not only
sober men, good husbands, and kind fathers, but regular
frequenters of a place of worship.”* Similar testimonies
are borne from Leeds, Liverpool, and other places, and
serve to show the importance of some reviving and re-
forming process in the societies. This was now being
felt everywhere. The supporters of the movement were
becoming discouraged, and, says Mr. James Teare,
“All our advocates were declaring that nothing would
* See Grindrod's Bacchus, pp. 347, 348.
54 PRESTON SOCIETY.
save the country from intemperance but the belief and
practice of total abstinence” from all kinds of intoxi-
cating drinks.
It has been generally supposed that the total absti-
nence principle took its rise in Preston; such, however,
is not literally the fact, although Preston was undoubtedly
the place where the first thorough-going total-abstinence
pledge was adopted; and it is possible that the idea
may have originated with the Preston friends: but as we
have already seen, in September, 1830, a total absti.
nence society was formed and regularly constituted at
Dunfermline, in Scotland; and the Paisley Youths’
Society also declared for entire abstinence on the 14th
January, 1832. -
All honour, then, to the Dumfermline Society, and to
the Paisley young men; but, while cheerfully giving
“honour to whom honour is due,” we must not detract
from the glory of Preston, for “That man,” says Sydney
Smith, “is not the discoverer of any art who first says the
thing; but he who says it so long, and so loud, and so
clearly, that he compels mankind to hear him—the man
who is so deeply impressed with the importance of the
discovery that he will take no denial, but, at the risk of
fortune and fame, pushes through all opposition, and is
determined that what he thinks he has discovered shall
not perish for want of a fair trial.” To this honour the
men of Preston clearly lay claim ; nor must we forget
that it was certainly from Preston that the great im-
pulse was communicated which reformed the whole
movement.
TEETOTALISM, 55
The temperance principle began to be spoken of in
Preston towards the end of the year 1831, by Mr. John
Smith, a tradesman in that town, who actively employed
himself in distributing large numbers of tracts on the
subject, which had been sent to him by Mr. John Finch,
of Liverpool. On New Year's Day, 1832, Mr. Henry
Bradley, and several teachers belonging to an adult
school in Preston, established a temperance society, on
the old principle, in connection with their school. Soon
after which, Preston was visited by the Rev. Mr. Jack-
son, agent of the Bradford Temperance Society, who
delivered two powerful lectures, which did much good
in arousing public attention; and on the 22nd of March,
1832, a meeting was held in the Theatre for the purpose
of organizing a society. Moses Holden, Esq., presided,
and the meeting was addressed by Mr. William Pollard,
of Manchester, Mr. Isaac Grundy, the Rev. Mr. Skinner,
and Mr. George Edmondson; the two latter gentlemen
forming a deputation from the Bradford Temperance
Society. A society was now formed, and the following
pledge was adopted :—
“We, the undersigned, believe that the prevailing practice of using
intoxicating liquors is most injurious both to the temporal and spiri-
tual interests of the people, by producing crime, poverty, and distress.
We believe also that decisive means of reformation, including exam-
ple as well as precept, are loudly and imperatively called for. We
do, therefore, voluntarily agree that we will totally abstain from the
use of ardent spirits ourselves, and will not give nor offer them to
others, except as medicines; and if we use other liquors it shall be
at all times with great moderation, and we will, to the utmost of our
power, discountenance all the causes and practices of intemperance.”
56 BIRESTON SOCIETY.
The officers of the society, during 1832, were as
follows:–Treasurer, Isaac Grundy; Secretaries, James
Harrison and Robert Spencer; Committee, H. Beesley,
Thomas Copeland, J. Smith, T. Houlker, H. Sowerbutts,
F. R. Moore, — Smith, J. Fothergills, J. Livesey,
E. Alston, J. Amos, W. Cotterell, J. Hardman, James
Teare, G. Gratrix, E. Dickinson, J. Dearden, R. Jolly,
J. M. Brandreth, T. Swindlehurst, J. Grimshaw,
J. Webster, J. Bennett, W. Malley, J. Broadbelt,
W. Sowerbutts, J. Hamer, W. Nixon, J. Gratrix,
D. Anderton, H. Bradley, J. Coulson, J. Brade,
N. Higginbottom, J. Howarth, J. Walker, W. Gregory.
The next meeting was held on Good Friday, the 20th
of April, 1832, in the Wesleyan school-room, when about
200 persons were present. The Rev. Charles Radcliffe,
Wesleyan minister, presided, and, at the close of his
address, he stated that the meeting was open for any one
to speak who felt disposed to do so. There was a
considerable pause; and at length, no one else rising,
James Teare addressed the audience for about a quarter
of an hour, this being his first speech on the temperance
question. Several other meetings were held in suc-
cession, each being addressed by James Teare, and
each apparently increasing in interest. At the next
meeting, on the 8th of May, 1832, Richard Turner,
author of the word “Teetotal,” signed the moderation
pledge; but it appears that he did not keep it, for he
afterwards—according to Mr. Dearden—signed the
total abstinence pledge while in a state of intoxication,
TEETOTALISM. 57
in October, 1832. On the 15th of May the first meet-
ing was held in “The Cockpit,” a place built for the
purpose of cockfighting, and capable of holding eight
or nine hundred people. In the beginning of this
month, James Teare became a total abstainer, and
several others soon followed his example, though no
one as yet publicly advocated the principle—Mr. Teare
being the first to do this, on the 18th June, 1832, at a
meeting in the Independent Chapel in Grimshaw Street,
and for which he was called in question at the next
meeting of the committee; a charge being preferred
against him of having violated the rules of the society.
The public advocacy of total abstinence now, however,
became common, and on August 23rd, a private pledge
was drawn up in the shop of Mr. Joseph Livesey, and
signed by John King and Joseph Livesey. The ques-
tion began to be generally discussed, and the result was,
that on Saturday evening, September 1st, at the Cock-
pit, the following pledge was adopted and signed by
the following persons, and in the order stated:—
“We agree to abstain from all liquors of an intoxicating quality,
whether ale, porter, wine, or ardent spirits, except as medicines :-
John Gratrix, Edward Dickinson, John Broadbelt, John Smith,
Joseph Livesey, David Anderton, John King.”
In the Committee, total abstinence gained ground so
rapidly, that at one of its meetings, held January 22nd,
1833, the question of introducing the new pledge into
the constitution of the society was discussed, and several
adjournments took place; but on the 16th of March it
R.
58 PRESTON SOCIETY.
was resolved to adopt the new pledge in connection
with the old one. Mr. Livesey was appointed to revise
this pledge, and on the 23rd of March it was submitted
in the following form :—
“We do further voluntarily agree to abstain, for one year, from
ale, porter, wine, ardent spirits, and all intoxicating liquors, except
used as medicines, or in a...religious ordinance.”
At the annual public meeting, on the 26th of March,
this pledge was introduced and recommended, and was
signed by 34 persons—John King, clogger; Joseph
Livesey, cheesefactor; Thomas Swindlehurst, roller-
maker; Joseph Dearden, carder; Richard Turner,
plasterer; Joseph Richardson, shoemaker; and William
Gregory, tailor, being the first seven names appended.
During the year, the signatures to it were 598.
Anxious now to extend the abstinence principle, a
mission tour was projected, and on Monday, July 8th,
a band of six started, in a hired conveyance, to unfurl
the true temperance banner in more distant places.
They were (according to age) Messrs. T. Swindlehurst,
Joseph Livesey, Jonathan Howarth, Henry Anderton,
and Randel Swindlehurst. They were absent a week,
and pursued their object by part holding a meeting in
one town, and another part in the town in advance,
where they again met, and again separated as before.
In this way they visited Blackburn, Haslingden, Bury,
Heywood, Rochdale, Oldham, Stockport, Manchester,
Bolton, and Chorley. The tracts they took with them,
TEETOTALISMI. 59
9,000 in number, were either sold or given away before
their return.
It was in the month of September, in the present
year (1833) that the expressive word teetotal was applied
to the abstinence pledge. Richard Turner, or, as he
was more generally called “Dickey Turner,”—a plas-
terer's labourer, and a simple, eccentric, but honest
man, and a reclaimed drunkard, being in the habit of
speaking at some of the meetings, he is said, on one occa-
sion to have made use of the following provincialisms,
as a sort of phillipic against the moderation system :—
“I’ll hev nowt to do wi' this moderation—botheration—
pledge; I’ll be reet down tee—tee—total for ever and
ever.” “Well done,” exclaimed the audience. “Well
done, Dickey,” said Mr. Livesey, “that shall be the
name of our new pledge.”
It has, however, been said, that the term teetotal is
simply a Lancashire phrase for anything finally done :
when a man is discharged for want of work he is said
to be sacked; but when he is discharged from inability
to do his work, and therefore without hope of being
employed again, he is said to be teetotally (or finally)
sacked. Turner's saying would thus imply his deter-
mination finally to give up the drink, and whatever
may have been the origin of the term, it is certainly an
expressive one used in this connection, and having now,
from long use, become accustomed to it, we are not
disposed to cast it aside.
* Burne’s Teetotaler's Companion, p. 333.
60 FRESTON SOCIETY.
The year 1834 was commenced by the publication of
the Preston Temperance Advocate, a monthly periodical
edited by Mr. Joseph Livesey, and on the 16th of
January a meeting of Delegates was held at Bolton—
the first in a long line of teetotal conferences and con-
ventions. It having been reported that a member of the
committee was in the habit of giving liquor to his
customers, it was resolved, March 19th, to add “Neither
give nor offer” to the teetotal pledge, and this was
ratified at the annual meeting on the 25th of that month.
In the month of January a number of young men met
and deliberated on the propriety of forming a society
exclusively teetotal, and their plans came to maturity
at a meeting held on Friday, April 18th, when a Youth's
Temperance Society was formed, with the following
pledge:—
“I do voluntarily promise that I will abstain for one year from
ale, porter, wine, ardent spirits, and all intoxicating liquors, and will
not give nor offer them to others, except as medicines, or in a religious
ordinance ; and I will endeavour to discountenance all the causes
and practices of intemperance.”
The same evening 101 young persons, between the
ages of sixteen and twenty-five, signed this pledge.
This was the first temperance society in England,
established on purely teetotal principles; and during
the year it was joined by 998 persons.
“The committee of the Preston Temperance Society
agreed to celebrate the introduction of the teetotal
pledge by a festival, and invited, by circular, all other
societies, which had adopted their principles, to join
DRINE AND DIRINE ING. 61
them, by holding meetings at the same time. This
meeting, being the third anniversary of the Preston
Society, and the first from the introduction of the
teetotal pledge, was held on March 26th, 1835. On
this occasion the bells of the parish church rang several
merry peals; and as it was agreed to abandon the
moderation pledge, a resolution was passed that none
would be considered members but those who re-signed
the teetotal pledge, in three months from that date.
The following persons immediately re-signed, Joseph
Livesey, Thomas Swindlehurst, Henry Bradley, Joseph
Dearden, Richard Turner, George Cartwright, John
Barton, and about fifty others.”
In 1836, the cause continued to flourish in Preston,
and Mr. James Teare having received many urgent ap-
plications for his services, resolved to devote his whole
time to the movement. A resolution of cordial approval
was passed by the Preston committee on the 1st March,
signed “H. Bradley, secretary,” and on Monday, 4th of
April, he set forth on his missionary enterprise. Dur-
ing the year he visited twenty counties, travelled 8000
miles, and held nearly 400 meetings, often preaching
on the Sunday for different denominations. Among
his converts was the Rev. Benjamin Parsons, the justly
celebrated author of “Anti-Bacchus.”
* Dearden’s Brief Ristory of the Commencement and Success of
Teetotalism, p. 26. To this pamphlet, and also to Teare’s Origin and
Success of Teetotal Advocacy, the author has been chiefly indebted for
the facts thus far comprising the present chapter.
62 PRESTON SOCIETY.
Teetotalism being now fairly established at Preston,
we shall follow its advocates to a few other places, where
also they were desirous of forming societies on the new
plan. Manchester was visited on the 12th July, 1833,
and subsequently on 10th August, 1834. On this latter
occasion, Messrs. Swindlehurst, Teare, and Grubb, held
a, meeting in Every-street chapel, which was presided
over by the Rev. Francis Beardsall, Baptist minister,
who signed the pledge at the close of the meeting, and
who subsequently formed a society in Manchester. The
deputation then proceeded on to Birmingham, which had
been already visited by Mr. Joseph Livesey, in the
previous month of June. Messrs. Teare, Grubb, and
Swindlehurst met with a hearty reception, and four
meetings were held in Livery-street chapel, which were
addressed by the deputation, and also by Messrs. John
Cadbury and William Chapman. At the close of the
second meeting, the first public discussion on the sub-
ject of teetotalism took place. The following account
is from the Temperance Advocate:—“Just as the meet-
ing was about to separate on the first night, a medical
gentleman gave notice, that on Wednesday night he
would meet the Preston gentlemen, and shew them the
folly of total abstinence. He made his appearance
accordingly, and addressed the meeting; and it was
agreed that the Preston advocates should answer him
On Thursday night. The Thursday night meeting was
crowded to excess by eight o'clock. Mr. Teare com-
menced an argumentative speech, full of extracts from
TEETOTALISM, 63
medical writers, and adorned with the most impressive
warnings from Holy Writ, which occupied an hour and
twenty minutes, and called forth loud applause. This
reply was regarded as a decided victory over the medi-
cal gentleman.” A teetotal society was formed as the
result of these meetings, and the medical gentleman
subsequently expressed his willingness to sign the pledge.
In November a new society, consisting entirely of
abstainers, was formed in Lancaster, and made great
progress. At Garstang the teetotalers erected a wooden
building as a place to meet in, which was opened
November 24th, by Messrs. Swindlehurst, Howarth,
Broughton, and Teare. This was probably the first
building ever erected for the advocacy of teetotalism.
Mr. Teare designated it The Temperance Lighthouse.
In December, Messrs. Swindlehurst, Anderton, and
others, visited Colne, where they formed a society, and
where 550 signatures to the teetotal pledge were taken
within three months. At the end of the year 1835 a.
visit paid to the Isle of Man by Mr. Teare resulted in
much good. His first lecture was delivered in the
Wesleyan Chapel, Ramsey, November the 27th, and
he laboured in December till several societies were
established. It was computed that at the close of this
year 48,000 persons had signed the teetotal pledge, and
that at least 2000 drunkards had been reclaimed.
On the 15th of September 1835, a conference of Lanca-
shire and Yorkshire delegates was held at Manchester,
who formed a society under the title of “The BRITISH
64 PRESTON SOCIETY.
ASSOCIATION for the Promotion of Temperance, on the
principle of total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors.”
On the 6th of October, a second meeting was held at the
Temperance Hotel, Oldham-street, when the officers of
the British Association were elected, and the necessary
rules of management agreed upon.
On the 4th June, 1836, a great meeting of the Leeds
Society was held to discuss the abstinence question.
The names of the principal speakers were Mr. John
Andrew, Mr. John Crossley, Mr. D. Williamson, Mr.
F. R. Lees, Mr. Thomas Plint, Mr. Edward Baines, and
Rev. F. Beardsall, of Manchester. On the 5th of July
the first conference of the British Association was held
at Preston, when delegates from 27 societies were pre-
sent, and Mr. Ralph Grindrod, surgeon, of Manchester,
occupied the chair. Among its resolutions was one
that no society which, after three months from that date,
retained the old pledge should be considered a branch
of the association; and another, that the only pledge
of the association should be the following:—
“I do voluntarily declare that I will abstain from wine, ale, porter,
cider, ardent spirits, or any other intoxicating liquor; and that I will
not give or offer them to others, except as medicines, or in a religious
ordinance ; and that I will discountenance all the causes and practices
of intemperance.”
We must not omit to notice one very extraordinary
festival meeting which took place in April, 1835, at
Wilsden, in Yorkshire, and which occupied two entire
days. The scene, on this occasion, is described as
TEETOTALISMI. 65
being “imposing beyond description.” All the roads
and lanes leading to Wilsden were lined with long pro-
cessions, each procession being headed by a small white
banner. At twelve o’clock the doors of the church
were opened, and the multitudes entered and ranged
themselves in the pews. The Rev. Mr. Barber occu-
pied the chair, and opened the meeting with singing
and prayer ; and the meeting was addressed by Mr.
Thompson, of Halifax; Mr. Pollard, the agent for York-
shire, and the Rev. Edward Parsons, of Leeds. At a
short distance from the church a splendid tent had been
erected, 135 feet in length by 54 feet in width, sup-
ported by three rows of pillars, eight in each row, and
adorned with flags, evergreens, and artificial flowers.
At five o'clock, with the greatest order, each seat was
occupied, and 1,400 persons partook of tea and its
accompaniments. No sooner had this company re-
ceived sufficient than “with an orderly and simultaneous
movement,” they made way for 1,100 others, who had
been patiently waiting without. At the departure of
this second company, the conductors, officers, and others,
to the number of 200, regaled themselves. Thus 2,700
persons sat down to tea on this grand occasion.
After tea, proceedings were resumed in the church,
and addresses were delivered by the Rev. G. S. Bull,
Mr. Swindlehurst, and Mr. Anderton. On the second
day a temperance prayer meeting occupied the whole
of the morning; in the afternoon the public meeting
was resumed, and was addressed by Mr. Joseph Livesey,
66 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
who gave his Malt Lecture; and by James Silk
Buckingham, Esq. Another tea and an evening meeting
brought this demonstration to a close.
This society at Wilsden continued to prosper, and in
1836 the committee memorialized the British and
Foreign Temperance Society on the subject of the
total abstinence pledge. The Committee of the British
and Foreign Society, in their reply, said:—“That this
committee, while feeling a lively interest in the labours
of their Wilsden friends, and other societies, in the one
great work of endeavouring to abolish intemperance,
must in candour declare their firm persuasion, that the
present simple but comprehensive pledge of the British
and Foreign Temperance Society meets the exigency
of the evil that temperance societies propose to correct;
and, if acted upon, will accomplish the object they all
have in view. That this committee, while they declare
their decided conviction that distilled spirit, used as a
beverage or luxury, is an evil without any one redeem-
ing quality, are not prepared to say the same of all fer-
mented liquors; and, although highly approving of
total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors in the
cases of individuals under peculiar circumstances, or
even in masses of the people in certain districts, who
adopt the practice on the ground of expediency, they
cannot urge it as a principle of universal application.”
Ireland, during this period, had not been neglected.
Early in 1834, Mr. John Finch, of Liverpool, visited
the various towns in Ireland, and advocated teetotalism
SCOTLAND. (37
wherever he went ; and in June, 1835, he succeeded in
forming the first teetotal society in Ireland, at Strabane.
R. G. White, Esq., of Dublin, visited Preston purposely
to inquire into the principle and working of total absti-
nence, and afterwards signed the pledge and effected
much good in Dublin. Mr. White subsequently became
the first president of the British Association, which
office he continued to hold till his death in 1859. Mr.
Swindlehurst also paid a visit to Waterford, and spoke
with great success. Mr. Robert McCurdy from Halifax,
John Hocking, the Birmingham blacksmith, and Mr.
McKenna of Liverpool, also visited Ireland about this
time—successful results everywhere attending their
labours.
In Scotland the Old Temperance Society still con-
tinued its operations. In December, 1833, the Scottish
Temperance Society presented its fourth annual report,
in which it is regretted that “circumstances of an adverse
character have still operated in reducing the numbers
connected with many of the societies;” and it is stated
that “after purging their list of unfaithful and doubtful
members, it appears that the societies have rather de-
creased during the past year: the present number of
members is about 50,000.” The necessity for agents is
urged; and in order to enable them to employ two
agents, it is proposed, “That each society shall endea-
vour, as far as practicable, to collect from all their
members, who are willing to contribute, the trifling sum
* Fourth Annual Report, p. 7.
68 TEMEPERANCE MOVEMENT :
*
of sixpence per head, to be remitted as a contribution
to the Scottish Temperance Society for supporting
agents, on or before the 30th day of April, 1834.”
Their balance-sheet this year shows an income of
£176 0s. 11d., and an expenditure of £154. 14s. 4d.,
leaving a balance in the hands of the treasurer of
£21 6s. 7d.
In 1834 the Scottish Society organized a movement
in Glasgow, for the purpose of bringing the city more
directly under temperance influence. The city was
divided into forty districts, in each of which an asso-
ciation was formed. Each district was further divided
into sections, containing about fifty families in each
section, and for these sections visitors were appointed
to call on the inhabitants, converse with them, distribute
tracts, &c. According to this plan 28 associations were
Organized, embracing a population of 140,000 inha-
bitants. Upwards of 250 visitors were engaged, and
24,000 copies of An Address to the Inhabitants of
Glasgow, by the Committee of the Scottish Temperance
Society, besides 7,000 large tracts and 10,000 single
page tracts were circulated, and meetings were held in 12
districts quarterly.f Mr. Alexander Kennedy, a student
of divinity, was afterwards engaged as an agent, and
commenced his labours on 16th of May in this year.
A very important meeting of the committee and
friends of this society was held on the 14th August,
* Fourth Annual Report, p. 8.
# Temperance Society Record, vol. 5, p. 17.
SCOTLAND. 69
1834, in Glasgow. J. C. Colquhoun, Esq., M.P., took
the chair, and was supported by Mr. Collins of Glasgow,
and Mr. John Dunlop of Greenock. On this occasion
Mr. Dunlop urged the necessity of working for the abo-
lition of the usages and customs connected with intox-
icating drink.
In Edinburgh a village temperance society was formed
for the purpose of Organizing or re-organizing societies
in the surrounding villages.
By this time, however, teetotalism had reached Scot-
land. In January, 1832, Mr. James M'Nair, Dr. Rich-
mond, and others, formed in Oxford Street, Glasgow,
the TRADESTON TOTAL ABSTINENCE SOCIETY, and,
as we have already seen, the Paisley Youth's Society
was formed about the same time.
In October, 1834, at the monthly meeting of the
Anderston Temperance Society, Mr. Edward Morris
delivered a lecture in the Seaman's Chapel, Brown
Street, Anderston, Glasgow, urging the adoption of the
new or teetotal pledge, dwelling strongly on its vast
importance, and showing how effective it was to meet
the evils of intemperance. In September, 1836,
Mr. John Finch paid a visit to Glasgow, and delivered
a lecture in the Lyceum Rooms, Nelson Street, on the
16th of September, Mr. Edward Morris, being in the
chair; and at the close of the lecture he put the motion
that “The old society pledge be abandoned, and the
society meeting there adopt the clean pledge of the
Preston friends, namely,–not to take or give any
70
TEMPERAN CE MOVEMENT:
drinks, of whatever kind, that can cause intoxication.”
This motion was carried, and the following 37 names
were immediately appended to the pledge :—*
1.
2.
1.
John Finch, of Liverpool, honorary member.
Edward Morris, clerk, Canal swift-boat passenger
office, Port Dundas.
Edward Hughes Morris, teacher, Garscube-place.
William Scouller, 30, Kirk-street, Calton.
Peter Duncan, weaver, Camlachie.
John Bryce, weaver, 70, Tureen-street.
Mrs. John Bryce,
Marion Bryce,
Janet Bryce, 22 7;
Agnes Bryce, 22 27
W. P. Barron, 21, West-street, Tradeston.
Thomas Thomson, 59, Eglinton-street.
Murdoch Macleod, painter, High-street.
Archibald M*Leay, saddler, Argyle-street.
Anthony M*Gill, missionary, Laurieston.
James Donaldson, Port Dundas.
Francis Sumner, 20, Nelson-street, Tradeston.
John Connie, clerk, 293, High-street. -
Daniel Morrison, druggist, 4, Main-street.
James Callan, sail maker, 100, Broomielaw.
Robert M. Black, 4, Buchanan-street.
John Moses, mechanic, Catherine-street.
James Harkston, Rutherglen Loan.
Peter Anderson, West Milton-street.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
* Morris's History of Temperance Societies in Glasgow, pp. 54, 55.
SCOTLAND. 71
25. Elizabeth Dodds, 113, Stockwell-street.
26. John Carroll, 7, Stockwell-street.
27. John Gilmour, North-street, Anderston.
28. Thomas Mackenzie, 6, Gibson-street.
29. Archibald Stevenson, Taylor-street.
30. James Montgomery, Gallowgate-street.
21. David Milligan, Shuttle-street.
32. William Kay, 2, East Maxwell-place.
33. Andrew Oswald, 326, Gallowgate-street.
34. John Cameron, 16, Grammar School Wynd.
35. Alexander Russell, Greyfriar's Wynd.
36. John M'Andrew, 270, Old Wynd.
37. William Sherress, 20, Steel-street.
Mr. Morris claims this society as the foundation of
teetotalism in Glasgow, although the honour of being
the first formed pure and simple teetotal society in
Scotland must be awarded to Annan, a small town in
Dumfries, which was visited by Mr. John Finch in this
same month (September, 1836); since which time,
through the exertions of Mr. John Dunlop, Rev. Robert
Gray Mason, and many others, teetotalism has spread
throughout Scotland, although not without much oppo-
sition and some abuse. *
To return, however. In the month of October,
Mr. Morris was challenged to a public discussion on
the merits of teetotalism by a Mr. Benjamin Gray.
This discussion took place in the Lyceum Rooms, Nel-
son-street, and lasted six nights. The Glasgow Libe-
rator of the 8th of November, says:–
72 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT:
“Temperance Debate—Teetotalism versus Modera-
tion.—A debate has been going on these three last
Monday and Tuesday evenings, between the friends of
total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors, and the
moderation principle; when after a very able debate
betwixt Mr. Morris for teetotalism, and Mr. Gray, the
leader of the moderation school, the vote was taken,
and teetotalism was proclaimed victor by an immense
majority.” -
“Among those foremost in Scotland,” says the
Rev. W. Reid, “and particularly in Glasgow, in this
new movement, were--Mr. Edward Morris, well known
as the author of several poems, of a high order, bearing
on the question of temperance; John Dunlop, Esq., of
whom honourable mention has already been made ;
Mr. James Macnair, still in all the zeal of early enthu-
siasm; Alexander Morrison, student in divinity, whose
generous spirit and cultivated taste did much to advance
the new cause, and whose untiring labours soon brought
his manly form to the bed of death; and Dr. Richmond,
of Paisley, whose skill as a man of science, eminence as
a physician, and gentlemanly deportment, disarmed pre-
judice, and successfully met the most subtle objections;
Mr. William Melvin, whose independent mind and un-
swerving constancy is sufficient to secure success to any
good cause; and Mr. James Winning, whose homely
arguments, and ever ready wit, have given zest to
many a meeting. While these excellent men conducted
the movement in the west, it found in the east equally
T.ONDON. 73.
able and devoted supporters, in the Rev. Henry Wight,
Messrs. Alexander Cruickshanks, William Maclean, and
John Fraser, of Edinburgh.”
Our attention must now be turned to London. Some
little doubt appears to exist as to who had the honour of
holding the first teetotal meeting in the great metropolis.
Mr. Dearden says, “in June, 1834, the doctrine of total
abstinence was advocated for the first time in London,
by Mr. Livesey, of Preston, who delivered his popular
lecture on malt liquor, in the meeting-house of the Rev.
J. Campbell, Providence-row, Finsbury-square, and
much good resulted from it.”f Mr. Hart also says, “It
appears from memorandums in my possession, that Mr.
Livesey, of Preston, was the first person who publicly
brought the principles of teetotalism before the people
of London, in the month of June, 1834.”f Mr. Free-
man in his History of the Pledge Controversy, says, “It
is undoubtedly believed that John Giles, of Cambridge-
road, Mile End, was the first in the great total abstinence
movement in London. I find by a document dated
February 7th, 1833, that John Giles had adopted and
advocated total abstinence previous to that date. He
also, at his own expense, got up the first public meeting,
and at that meeting read a pledge which he had prepared,
as follows:—
* Temperance Memorials of the late Robert Kettle, Esq., by
Rev. W. Reid, pp. xxx, xxxi.
+ Dearden's Brief History, p. 25.
† Hart’s Truth. Unfolded, p. 9.
74. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
“ . We agree to abstain from ardent spirits, ale, wine, or porter,
and all other intoxicating liquors, except for medical purposes or in
a religious ordinance.’”
On the other hand, however, Mr. James Silk Buck-
ingham, claims to have held the first meeting in London,
he himself stating as follows:—“The first public meet-
ing held in London for the advocacy of teetotal societies
was in 1834, at the Mariners' Church, Wellclose-square.
It was my privilege to preside at this meeting.”* Mr.
Buckingham refers to this meeting as taking place in
1834, but his memory was certainly treacherous as to
the year. A Soldiers' and Seamen's Temperance Union
had been formed in the Mariners' Church, Wellclose-
square, of which Mr. Theophilus Smith and Mr. Fry
of Houndsditch, were secretaries; and the meeting
alluded to by Mr. Buckingham was one of which the
advertisement has been preserved. As a relic, and in
some sense a model, we give it entire :—“Water I versus
Poison Which is to be the drink of this country P
Water P giving health, strength, and vigour; or Poison?
in the shape of brandy, rum, gin, whisky, ale, &c., with
poverty, disgrace, ruin, and death in their train? On
Thursday evening, August 13th, 1835, a meeting of
the Soldiers’ and Sailors' Temperance Union will be held
in the Mariners' Church, Wellclose-square, when the
above question will be fairly considered, and the im-
portant subject of total abstinence from all intowicating
* Buckingham's Temperance Reformation, p. 15.
T.ONDON. 75
drinks will be advocated. J. S. Buckingham, Esq., M.P.,
has engaged to preside.”
We shall not further inquire whether Mr. Livesey, or
Mr. Giles, had the honour of holding the first meeting
in London; but in reference to the meeting in Wellclose-
square, Mr. Buckingham remarks:–“ During the dis-
course, I had observed a group of respectably attired
and sober working men, in their ordinary artizan's
apparel, who had planted themselves near the platform,
as if with the intention of taking some part in the
proceedings of the meeting; and, as I was about to leave
the chair, the spokesman of the party asked permission
to make a few remarks, which was, of course, readily
conceded. He began, therefore, by saying, that he and
his fellow-workmen, having seen by the anouncement
of the meeting that I intended to advocate the disuse even
of beer, thought that this was such an invasion of the
rights and privileges of the working classes, such an
ungenerous attempt to deprive them of the beyerage so
necessary to their comfort and support, that they deter.
mined to come to the meeting and oppose it, because
they regarded me as an enemy to the working men of
the kingdom. He stated, however, that having now
listened to all I had said, he was convinced that I was,
in reality, well disposed towards their body, and had
none but friendly feelings towards the labouring classes.
He agreed with me in all I had said about the deleterious
nature of ardent spirits, and believed it was a delusion
* Temperance Advocate, February 1st 1862.
76." TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT:
to think they imparted strength, or were in any degree
necessary to the preservation of health. But as to beer,
he regarded it, not only as the wholesome national
beverage, but one of the necessaries of life; and he,
therefore, in order that there might be no mistake On
the subject, declared his entire conviction—and his fel-
low-workmen agreed with him in this respect—that no
working-man could get through, such heavy labours as
they had daily to perform without it. He, therefore,
wished to ask one question only, in the face of the whole
meeting, and hoped I would answer it frankly in the
same open manner. The question was this: “Do you
assert that beer is unnecessary even for hard-working
men like us; and do you seriously advocate and recom-
mend that all working-men should give it up, and believe
that they would be able to get through their work better
without it º'
“To this question I replied in the affirmative, and cited
some remarkable proofs of its truth, in the testimonies
borne by working men themselves, such as coal-heavers,
furnace-men, steel-melters, stokers of steam-engines,
anchor-smiths, and some of the severest kinds of labour
known, to the benefits they had derived from aban-
doning the use of beer, and substituting for it soup,
oatmeal porridge, milk, coffee, tea, and even simple
water. I added many cases to show that, under every
variety of temperature—in heat, cold, dryness, or mois-
ture—the effect was the same ; of the facts of all which
they were previously ignorant. -
LONDON. 77
“I then asked permission to put to this group of
workmen through their speaker, a single question of my
own, and expressed a hope that this would be answered
as frankly as I had done myself. The question was
simply this, “You assert your belief that it is impossible
for artizans like yourself to go through their daily labour
without the use of beer. Now, did you ever try?"
“There was a short pause, after which they replied,
“We never did.”
“I then added, that they were, therefore, not in a con-
dition to say it was impossible, and if they were really
in earnest in the matter, they ought to be willing to
make the experiment, since, if they tried and failed,
they might then cite their personal experience as proof;
but till then it was mere opinion, which might be true
or might be false.
“I proposed, therefore, that if they would make the
experiment for a month—with full liberty to abandon it
at any period of the course if they found it disagreeable
or disadvantageous, but honestly proceeding with it so
long as it agreed with them—we would all meet here
again in the same building, that day month, to hear their
report, when I would attend in my place as chairman,
and willingly abide the result. The proposition was
accepted, and the meeting was adjourned in peace.
“On the day fixed for the second meeting, the Church
was crowded for two hours before the time fixed for
taking the chair; and on my arrival, at seven o'clock,
the whole of Wellclose-square, in the centre of which
78 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
the Church stands, was filled with so dense a mass, that
it was more than half-an-hour before I could reach the
door, and then only by a party of persons going before
me to clear the way. During the month that had elapsed
since the first meeting, the excitement among the pub-
licans and their customers in the neighbourhood had
gone on increasing day by day, and heavy bets, it was
said, had been laid—first, as to whether the workmen
would appear or not, and next, what would be the nature
of their answer if they did. This will account for the
immense crowds drawn together on this occasion.
“On reaching the interior of the Church, and taking my
place on the platform, I was glad to find the group of
workmen already in their place, waiting patiently for the
opening of the meeting; and as soon as the rush and
murmur occasioned by every one desiring to be near
enough to see and hear them was subsided, I called on
the workmen to ascend the platform, and give to the
meeting, through their spokesman, the result of the ex-
periment which they had undertaken to make, of ab-
staining entirely for a month from the use of beer and
every other kind of stimulating drink.
“A profound silence ensued, during which all eyes and
ears were open, and directed towards the men. They
ranged themselves along the front of the platform, and
the foreman, addressing himself to the audience, stated
in substance as follows:—
“‘We have faithfully kept the promise we made since
the last meeting held here a month ago, and from that
LONDON. - 79
time to this, not one of us has tasted any intoxicating
drink. For the first few days of the experiment, we
found the use of water as our ordinary beverage instead
of beer to be extremely flat and insipid, and were glad
of the relief of coffee at breakfast and tea in the after-
moon. But we confess that on the first Saturday night
we felt ourselves less wearied and exhausted by our or-
dinary week's labour, than on any previous Saturday
that we could remember; and on the Sabbath morning,
instead of being drowsy and lying in bed an hour or two
longer than on working days, which is a common cus-
tom, extending with some workmen even towards noon,
we were as fresh as on any previous day of the week,
arose as early, and had the forenoon for church or meet-
ing, and the afternoon for a country walk, and a cheerful
evening with our families and friends at home. During
the second week, the flatness and insipidity of the water
as drink was considerably abated; and we found our-
selves so much less thirsty than usual, that we took very
little liquid except at our meals. We found the next
Saturday and Sunday an improvement even on the for
mer ones; and remarked that our appetites were stronger,
our digestion better, our tempers less liable to irritation,
and our vigour and cheerfulness greatly increased. We
were therefore so satisfied with the experiment, that we
rejoiced at having made it, and continued it to the end,
improving sensibly as we proceeded; and as we had not
been a single day, or even an hour, absent from work;
during the usual periods, there were no deductions from
80 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
our wages for lost time; so that, besides being stronger,
healthier, and happier than before we commenced this
substitution of water-drinking for beer, we had each of
us, at the end of the fourth week, from thirty to forty
shillings more in our pockets than we were formerly ac-
customed to have for the same period. We rejoice,
therefore, that we attended the first Teetotal Meeting
held in London, though we came to oppose it ; and we
mean to persevere as we have begun, and recommend
all working-men to follow our example.’
“The effect of such a statement as this on such an ex-
cited crowd may be easily imagined. Some cheered,
others hissed, and some showed their rage and disap-
pointment by more violent modes of expression. But
as we received it all with patience and good humour,
the disapprovers began to retire ; the approvers chiefly
remained, and after an address of about an hour, on the
general question, the meeting dispersed in perfect Order
and tranquillity.
“I may add, that the chief of this group of working
men, who acted as their spokesman, was Mr. T. A. Smith,
who subsequently employed his leisure in the study of
anatomy, physiology, and chemistry, and who has now,
for many years past (for the meeting took place twenty
years ago), been one of the most able and successful
lecturers, in the metropolis and the provinces, on the
evils of intemperance, illustrated with anatomical and
physiological diagrams, to shew its deleterious effects
on the human frame, and by chemical experiments to
LONDON. 81
prove the existence of alcohol in all fermented drinks,
and exhibit its injurious properties in the effects pro-
duced by it on the human organs.” -
“In June, 1834, Mr. Livesey, of Preston, came to
London, and proceeded to the office of the ‘Moderation
Society,' where he offered his services upon the tempe-
rance question, but, as that gentleman's labours were
directed against every kind of intoxicating liquor, he
met with no encouragement from such a quarter. So
little, indeed, does Mr. Livesey seem to have been in-
debted to the then friends of temperance for assistance,
...that he hired, upon his own responsibility, a place in
which to deliver his celebrated “Malt Lecture,” and in
order to make the time and place of its delivery known,
took a bell, and rang it himself as he went through the
streets of Finsbury, announcing the meeting in the
fashion of a town crier. This lecture, the first delivered
in the metropolis, involving the principle of entire ab-
stinence, though given to an audience of not more than
thirty people, will continue to exist, by the weight and
solidity of its information, when more elaborate treatises
shall have glided on to forgetfulness.”f
The cause of temperance had been greatly aided, in
1834, by Mr. J. Silk Buckingham, at that time M.P.
for Sheffield, who, on the 3rd of June, submitted to
the House the following resolution :-‘‘That a select
committee be appointed to enquire into the extent,
* Buckingham’s Temperance Reformation, pp. 18–23.
# Machin's Moral Force of Teetotalism, p. 6.
82 EARLY HISTORY:
causes, and consequences of the prevailing vice of in-
toxication among the labouring classes of the United
Kingdom, in order to ascertain whether any legislative
measures can be devised to prevent the further spread
of so great a national evil.” This resolution he sup-
ported by a very powerful temperance speech, and on
a division taking place, the resolution was carried by
a majority of 17. The committee was then appointed,
before whom fifty witnesses were examined. The whole
of this evidence, together with the committee's report,
and Mr. Buckingham's speech, was afterwards printed
in a cheap form, and very widely circulated, and had a.
very beneficial influence in promoting the temperance
movement,
On the 10th of August, 1835, a meeting of a few
friends was held at the house of Mr. Grosjean, 99,
Regent-street, for the purpose of devising some plan of
operation in London; the persons present were—
Messrs. Grosjean, Nichols, Perkins, Pasco, Giles,
Corley, Busil, Yerbury, Boyd, Young, and Smith, of
Wellclose-quare; these formed themselves into a
Committee, adding also the name of William Morris, a
type-founder in Lambeth. At their next meeting they
agreed to invite Messrs. Livesey, Swindlehurst, and
Howarth to London, for the purpose of holding a public
meeting, and forming a society. These gentlemen
arrived in London on August 31st, and were met by
the committee and friends, amounting at this time to
fourteen in number. The first public meeting was held
TEETOTALISM. 83
on September 1st, 1835, in the lecture room, Theobald's-
road, and was attended by about 400 persons. At this
meeting the following pledge was adopted:—
“I voluntarily promise, that I will abstain from ale, porter, wine,
ardent spirits, and all intoxicating liquors, and will not give nor offer
them to others, except under medical prescription or in a religious
ordinance.”
A society was now formed which it was agreed to call
“The British Teetotal Temperance Society,” and which,
on the 17th of August, 1836, merged into the “New
British and Foreign Society for the Suppression of In-
temperance.” Great success attended this society, and
- in the short space of ten months from the first meeting,
3,000 signatures to the pledge had been received.
Several meetings immediately followed the one in
Theobald’s-road, and were addressed by Messrs. Livesey,
Swindlehurst, and Andrews, of Leeds; some of these
meetings being opposed by the Rev. Owen Clarke, the tº
secretary of the British and Foreign Society, which
still had its offices in Aldine-chambers, Paternoster-row.
The first committee meeting, after the formation of the
British Teetotal Society, was held at Mr. Grosjean's,
on September 11th, 1835, on which occasion, Mr. J. S.
Buckingham, M.P., was elected president; Basil Mon-
tagu, Esq., vice-president; Mr. Ashby of Regent-street,
treasurer and banker; Mr. Grosjean, sub-treasurer;
Mr. Richard Nichols, secretary; and Mr. Pasco, depo-
sitor. On October 5th, 1835, they commenced a weekly
meeting in Harp-alley, Farringdom-street, and another
in Honduras-street, St. Luke's; at both these meetings
84. EARLY HISTORY:
they met with much opposition, but great good resulted.
It was about this time that Mr. William Janson, of Tot-
tenham, who had previously been a member of the
Moderation Society, signed the total abstinence pledge.
In giving an account of this, Mr. Janson himself writes:—
“About this time I had become acquainted, through
Mr. Pascoe, whom I found at Bagster's shop in Pater-
noster-row, with the fact that there was a Total
Abstinence Society, with publications from Preston. He
produced the Preston pledge book, which I at once
signed. This was in the year 1835. It was very simple,
and included the clause neither to give nor offer. The
result was, that what little wine I had in the house I
sent to an infirmary, and the spirits I poured down the
sink. I mention this circumstance because many ex-
aggerated things were said of me in relation to this
matter—e.g., that I had thrown all my wine away, &c.
It is true that I sent a few bottles of Lachrymae Christi
after the spirits, but this was sour stuff, brought at some
cost, it is true, from Naples some few years before. To
return, however, to my story. The tug of war now be-
gan. I had put my shoulder to the wheel, and was not
going to be beaten, if I could help it. Something had
been said at the last moderation meeting that we had
held about barley-water being a much more useful drink,
after all, than beer, and about salt, too, being useful as a
condiment. This gave me, in the great unpopularity of
the cause amongst the working-classes, the soubriquet
of ‘Barley-water Billy, a name which was frequently
TEETOTALISM. 85
called after me in my walks through the village as well
as ‘Salt and Water;' and though I soon lived down all
this, yet the coldness of the upper and religious classes
to the movement seemed to paralyse our efforts. This
gave the enemy great occasion to blaspheme, and we
were challenged to a discussion, at the Boys' Lancas-
terian School-room, by a portrait-painter, who was then
living about at the different public-houses. I had invited
Mr. Frederick Grosjean from town, at that time an
earnest teetotaller, and, I believe, a Methodist local
preacher, with other helpers. It was, however, soon
evident that there was to be no fair discussion, Our
opponent arrived borne on the shoulders of brewers' dray-
men, who, as they entered the room, blasphemously
exclaimed, ‘Glory to God in the highest P He was
well up in his subject, had his Bible with him, and
quoted it about as glibly as a pro-slavery advocate can
at all times do in favour of slavery. The room was
crammed, but the greater part had come together for a
row. It was not very long before this broke out, when
the room became a scene of the greatest confusion.
Lights were put out, stove-piping pulled down, forms
pulled up, and ourselves saluted with brickbats and
rotten eggs. The parties were had before the magis-
trates for an assault upon the schoolmaster, and were
bound over to keep the peace. I have given the account
of this meeting as a specimen of what we were exposed
to at that time. Our meetings were afterwards held with
more quiet, and with varying success. It was at one
86 EAIRLY HISTORY :
of them, a tea meeting, that Mr. J. W. Green signed
the pledge; and I have a most lively recollection of
visits from Mr. T. A. Smith, James Teare, and others.
Amongst them, one from one Arthur Conlan, who, for
want of better material, we afterwards made in London
the editor of the Intelligencer.”
Early in 1836 the first Temperance Coffee-house and
Reading-room in London was opened at 44, Bunhill-row,
St. Luke's : and some time in April a Temperance
Boarding House was opened at 11, Salisbury-square,
Fleet-street,_an undertaking commenced by friends of
the Anti-Spirit Society.
On April the 4th, 1836, a Temperance Hotel was
opened in Aldersgate-street, by Michael Hart, Mr. Janson
having furnished the money for that purpose. About
eighty persons sat down to tea on "the occasion, and a
public meeting was afterwards held in Aldersgate-street
Chapel. The meetings of the committee were now held
at this Hotel,-a shorter pledge than the one previously
adopted was agreed upon; and Mr. Janson was elected
a member of the committee, and after mature delibera-
tion, it was deemed necessary to divide London into five
districts, and form an auxiliary in each district: these
were the North London Auxiliary (formed October 14th)
—the East London (formed October 19th)—the West
London (formed November 3rd)—the South London
(formed November 2nd), and the City, which was not
formed till a later period.
* Weekly Record, November 30th, 1861.
LONDON. 87
In reference to the South London Auxiliary it is in-
teresting to observe that Mr. William Morris, of whom
we have made previous mention, being informed that
, the parent committee looked to him for the formation of
this auxiliary, he immediately summoned his little band,
who met as a committee at his own residence, to carry
on the work South of the Thames. -
The following extract is taken from the first report of
that society:-‘‘This auxiliary originated in the zeal of
a few mechanics and labouring men residing in this
neighbourhood, who had themselves been benefitted by
adopting the principles of total abstinence from all in-
toxicating liquors, and were desirous of communicating
the happy results of their experience to others. They
accordingly met together with Mr. Morris, sen., by trade
a type-founder, and formed themselves into a provisional
committee.”
The Temperance Intelligencer, the property of Messrs.
Janson and Howard, was commenced as a fortnightly
publication on October 8th, 1836; and in November,
Mr. James Teare and Mr. T. A. Smith were engaged
as agents. In 1836, also, the Temperance Penny Magazine
was commenced by the Moderation Society.
“About this time,” again writes Mr. Janson, “my
dear and honoured friends Mr. John Dunlop, Mr. Green,
Mr. Meredith, Mr. Snow, afterwards Dr. Snow, the suc-
cessful administrator of chloroform ; Dr. Burns, Dr.
Lovell, Mr. Rickman the commercial traveller, and
others, had joined us, and we had taken an office in
88 EARLY HISTORY :
Tokenhouse-yard. The late Earl Stanhope had consent-
ed to become president of the society, at the instance of
the Rev. James Sherman of Surrey Chapel, Mr. Mere-
dith, and myself. Who had suggested his name I do not
recollect; probably Mr. J. S. Buckingham, who now
became interested.” -
Thus we have brought down the history of the move-
ment to the close of this period; and as we commenced
the present chapter with some testimonies declaring the
necessity of teetotalism, so we shall conclude by a
testimonial or two shewing the value of teetotalism
when tried.
The following is from three stone-masons employed
at Milbank—“We not only approve the principle of
total abstinence, but have ourselves adopted the practice;
since which, we not only feel better in health and im-
proved in circumstances, but we can work better, and
feel less fatigue in its performance, at the same time
that our general habits and moral characters are essen-
tially improved.” From Birmingham we have a very
important testimony:-‘‘During the past year a very
careful scrutiny has been made, as to the moral and re-
ligious condition of those who have become members of
the society, the result of which is truly gratifying and
encouraging. There are at the present time, registered
in the society's books, 177 individuals, once known as
dissolute drunkards, sabbath-breakers, terrors to their
families, now not only consistent members of teetotalism,
* Parson’s Anti-Bacchus, p. 122.
TEETOTALISM. 89.
but 170 of whom are regular frequenters of places of
worship.”
We have another statement from working men.
“We, the undersigned operative Smiths and cutlers,
members of the New British and Foreign Temperance
Society, having acted upon the principle of total absti-
nence from all intowicating drinks, willingly state, that
since we have done so, we have found ourselves much
more capable of performing our work, with less fatigue,
with our healths improved, and our domestic comforts
greatly increased.” This declaration was signed in
London by Three coach-spring makers, Two coach-
spring makers' hammermen, One tyre Smith, Two coach
Smiths, One Smith and farrier, One engineer's hammer-
man, Five blacksmiths, One scale-beam maker, and Two
cutlers. These men varied from the age of eighteen
to sixty; and some of them had adopted and practised
total abstinence for nearly Two years.f.
Similar testimonies could be readily multiplied.
May we not, therefore, thankfully exclaim, “What
hath God wrought 2"
* Annual Report of Birmingham Total Abstinence Society, 1838.
# Anti-Bacchus, p. 123.
G.
90 THE PLEDGE :
CHAPTER IV.
THE PLEDGE–DISRUPTION AND ATTEMPTED REUNION.
1836 TO 1840.
º this period teetotalism made steady but not
rapid progress. During the year 1837, J. Mere-
dith, Esq., was appointed secretary, and Mr. J. W. Green,
editor, to the New British and Foreign Society for the
Suppression of Intemperance, and a premium of £100
was offered by the committee for the best essay on the
principles of teetotalism. On the 12th of May, Earl
Stanhope signed the pledge, and became an annual
subscriber of £5 to the funds of the society. It was
during this year also that R. D. Alexander, Esq., of
Ipswich, signed the pledge at the close of a lecture
delivered by Mr. T. A. Smith. Mr. Alexander has
since done good service to the cause. In the year 1840
he built the Temperance Hall at Ipswich, at a cost of
£1,400, and commenced the monthly publication of the
Temperance Recorder. He afterwards commenced the
publication of the Ipswich Temperance Tracts, above
LONDON. 91.
fifty millions of pages of which have been circulated in
all parts of the United Kingdom.
On the 25th of May, 1837, the first anniversary of
the New British and Foreign Society for the Suppression
of Intemperance was celebrated at the Horns Tavern,
Kennington, on which occasion 368 persons sat down to
tea, under the presidency of J. S. Buckingham, Esq.,
M.P. A meeting of delegates had been held at Exeter
Hall on the previous day, when it was reported that the
number of persons enrolled by the societies represented
by the delegates present, was 110,427; 2,019 of whom
were reformed drunkards. The sum of £226 3s. 4d.
had been collected during the year in subscriptions and
donations, of which £70 12s. 8d. remained in the trea-
surer's hands.
“The reports of the four London Auxiliaries were
very encouraging; they showed that the North London
Auxiliary had held 119 meetings, and had 693 good
members on their books, who had stood firm more than
three months, and renewed their cards of membership,
thirty-three of whom were reclaimed characters. Three
branches had been formed in various parts of this
auxiliary. The East London had held sixty meetings;
the number of signatures exceeded 1,000, among whom
were many reformed drunkards, and who up to this day
bless the hour they ever heard of teetotalism. They
formed a Juvenile Society, from which much good re-
sulted. The Western Auxiliary was flourishing beyond
the most sanguine expectations of its warmest friends:
92 THE PLEDGE :
they had held from five to six meetings per week, and
had 968 members, with several very striking instances
of reformation. Two branches had been formed, one at
Chelsea, the other at King's Cross. The South had held
about 100 meetings since its formation: great interest
had been excited among the hatters and tanners, many
of whom signed the pledge, and a great number employed
as labourers, &c., amounting to 744, including nine
reformed drunkards. Much weight and influence had
been thrown into this auxiliary by the signatures of the
Revds. J. Sherman, R. Knill, J. Bridgman, and G.
Clayton; and a great amount of good was produced
by the support and countenance of these gentlemen.
Between fifty and sixty delegates were present at this
meeting, which was one of paramount interest, and much
good feeling existed.
The business being over for that day they adjourned
to the large room to hold the first anniversary of the
New British and Foreign Society for the Suppression
of Intemperance; here was congregated together a large
number of persons. The Earl Stanhope took the chair.
The speakers were Rev. J. Edwards of Brighton, Mr. T.
Whittaker, who had just come to London, Rev. J. Sher-
man, S. B. Beaumont, Esq., Messrs. J. Greenbank and
R.Webb of Reading, Rev. J. Chevers, Mr. Barlow Coach-
smith of Birmingham, Major Walsh, Robert Charlton of
Bristol, J. S. Buckingham, M.P., and W. Janson, Esq.
The name of the society was altered a second time at this
meeting to the NEW BRITISH AND FOREIGN TEMPERANCE
LONDON. 93
SOCIETY; the Earl of Stanhope was appointed president,
Mr. W. Janson treasurer, Messrs. Meredith and Howard
honorary secretaries. . At this meeting £44 12s. 4d.
was collected.* Mr. Thomas Whittaker was afterwards
engaged as an agent, and the Rev. W. R. Baker as
travelling secretary of this society.
On the 16th May, 1838, the second annual meeting
was held in the large room, Exeter Hall–Earl Stanhope
in the chair. The meeting was large and respectable,
and addresses were delivered by Rev. Dr. Pye Smith,
Rev. Hill Rowe, Messrs. Wiseman, J. Andrews, Beau-
mont, Higginbottom, Moore, W. R. Baker, Rev. J.
Edwards of Brighton, T. A. Smith, Rev. G. Moyle, and
Rev. J. Sherman. At this meeting some dissatisfaction
was expressed at the constitution of the committee, and
a baker of the name of Whiteman moved an amend-
ment to the effect that more working-men should have a
place on the committee. His amendment, however, was
not seconded. At the close of this meeting many
signatures were obtained, and the colleetion amounted
to 2936 12s. 6d.
On the previous evening a meeting of delegates from
various societies was held at the Guildhall Coffee-house,
and by adjournment at Surrey Chapel, on the 17th of
May—the Rev. J. Sherman in the chair—upon which
occassions the following resolutions were agreed
upon :-
* Hart's Truth. Unfolded, pp. 25, 26.
94. THE PLEDGE :
Moved by Mr. Jose,PH ANDREW, of Leeds; seconded
by Mr. MUMFORD, of Boston.
I. “That it appears desirable that there should be
a more efficient and systematic co-operation
of the societies established upon the principle
of total abstinence from all intoxicating drinks,
especially for the purpose of gaining statistical
and other information and the employment of
suitable agents, and that, therefore, there
should be a common and acknowledged centre.
for their operation.”
Moved by T. BEAUMONT, Esq., of Bradford; seconded
by the Rev. J. EDWARDS, of Brighton.
II. “That as the central operations of the New
British and Foreign Temperance Society are
carried on in London, it is expedient that that
society should be the centre of all other socie-
." ties acting on the same principles.”
Moved by J. HIGGINBOTTOM, Esq, of Nottingham;
seconded by Mr. THOMSON, of Louth.
III. “That all societies acting upon the principle of
total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors,
be respectfully invited to co-operate with the
New British and Foreign Temperance Society.
Moved by Mr. S. WISEMAN, of Norwich; seconded by
- Mr. S. FoEDUN, of Chelmsford.
IV. “That the formation of county or district societies
be recommended, as auxiliaries to the New
British and Foreign Temperance Society, as
LONDON. 95.
well calculated to carry on the great objects
contemplated.”
Moved by T. BEAUMONT, Esq., of Bradford; seconded
by Mr. F. MARRIAGE, of Chelmsford.
W. “That all members and friends of the New British
and Foreign Temperance Society be invited
to subscribe ONE PENNY per annum to its
funds, for carrying on its operations; to be
collected on the day of Her Majesty's Coro-
nation, and to be paid into the hands of the
treasurer of the central committee in London,
on or before September 1st.” -
Moved by Mr. EARLY, of Witney; seconded by J. HULL,
Esq., of Hillingdon. -
VI. “That as the employment of the Press will be
found one of the most effective auxiliaries to
the spread of temperance principles, it be re-
commended to the various societies to adopt a
systematic circulation of tracts and other pub-
lications, advocating those principles.”
Moved by the Rev. W. R. BAKER, of London; seconded
by the Rev. Mr. HUNT, of Fakenham.
VII. “That in order to prevent, as far as possible,
improper persons from going forth as public
advocates of the cause, the societies are
earnestly recommended to exercise the utmost
caution in the employment of travelling
agents.”
96 TEIE PLEDGE :
Moved by Mr. SMALL, of Boston; seconded by Mr. WALES,
wº of Horncastle.
VIII. “That it be recommended to the auxiliary
societies to send delegates to the annual
meeting of the British Association, to be
holden at Birmingham, on July 5th, 1838,
for the purpose of endeavouring to effect a
national union of effort, in accordance with
the resolutions passed at this meeting.”
In carrying out the last resolution many unhappy
differences arose between the parent committee and the
North London Auxiliary, both parties having resolved
to send delegates to Birmingham. Now commenced
the battle between the pledges; some members of the
central committee being in favour of the short pledge,
while the long pledge was advocated by others, and
also by the North London Auxiliary, who at this time
engaged Mr. Ralph Holkar as their agent. Everything
now began to wear the aspect of dissension, and many
of the auxiliaries were in open rebellion; and one of
the most riotous meetings, on this account, was held at
the formation of the City Auxiliary, in Devonshire-
square Chapel, when the Rev. J. H. Hinton, and
the Rev. C. Stovel, addressed the meeting.
On the 24th of May, the Metropolitan Welsh Total
Abstinence Society held its first annual meeting at the
Welsh Chapel, in Jewin-crescent, W. B. Hughes, Esq.,
M.P., President of the society, in the chair; when it
was stated that 40 public meetings had been held, and
LONDON. 97
200 addresses and lectures delivered in Welsh, during
the year; 4,000 tracts had also been distributed, and
270 members received. A meeting was also held about
this time at White Hart-court, Gracechurch-street, for
the purpose of bringing teetotalism under the notice of
the members of the Society of Friends; Joseph
Eaton, Esq., of Bristol, presided over this meeting.
A crowded meeting was also held in the School-room,
Harp-alley, Farringdon-street, on Wednesday Evening,
the 16th of May, for the purpose of forming the London
Temperance Institute and General Registry. John
Hull, Esq. presided. The meeting was addressed by
the Rev. J. Edwards, of Brighton; Mr. S. Wiseman, of
Norwich ; Mr. J. Cassell, of Manchester; R. R. Moore,
Esq., of Dublin; Mr. J. W. Green; T. Beaumont, Esq.,
of Bradford; Mr. Thompson, of Louth; Mr. T. A.
Smith; and Mr. Lovitt, of Nottingham.
Many of the meetings were much disturbed during
this year by riotous and drunken persons, and to such
an extent did this take place in some districts, that it
was found necessary to seek the aid of the law to restrain
such disorderly persons, and to deter others from follow-
ing their example, and accordingly three young men
were had up at Worship-street Police Court, charged
with disturbing a temperance meeting held in Hare-
court, Bethnal-green, on which occasion Mr. Broughton,
the magistrate, fined them, respectively, the sums of
forty shillings, twenty shillings, and ten shillings. At
Guildhall, also, two young men were taken before
98 TELE PLEDGE :
Alderman Venables, for disturbing a meeting in
Aldersgate-street, when they were both held to bail, to
keep the peace.
During this year we find the following gentlemen ac-
tively employed in promoting the cause as agents—Mr.
John Cassell, Mr. Thomas Whittaker, Rev. W. R.
Baker, and Mr. T. A. Smith, who, in August, was en-
gaged to advocate teetotalism along the line of the
Birmingham Railway; and everywhere great success
attended their labours, notwithstanding much rough
treatment with which they had to contend. And,
indeed, to such an extent had the cause triumphed, that
the committee of the New British and Foreign Society
state that, “In five years only, we have some hundred
thousand members. In North Wales alone, about one
hundred thousand; amongst whom there are thousands
of reclaimed drunkards.” And again, they say,
“Amongst the advocates we can now enumerate at least
400 ministers of religion, of all denominations, who have
espoused our cause.” At the close of this year it was
calculated that the number of teetotalers in England
amounted to 400,000; and it is certain that there was a
decrease in the consumption of malt used in the manu-
facture of beer and spirituous compounds, as compared
with 1836, of four million bushels.
We have already stated that a prize of £100 had been
offered for the best essay on teetotalism. On the 21st
of December in this year it was declared that the one
* Temperance Intelligencer, 1838, p. 1.
LONDON. 99
marked “Bacchus” had been selected by the adjudicators
as the best essay, which upon being opened was found
to be the production of R. B. Grindrod, Esq., then of
Manchester, and to whom the £100 was awarded. The
adjudicators were the Rev. Theodore Dury, M.A.,
Rector of Keighley; Rev. J. H. Hinton, M.A., and
J. E. Howard, Esq. It appears that two of these
gentlemen decided in favour of Bacchus, while the
Rev. J. H. Hinton gave his vote in favour of another
essay, “Anti-Bacchus,” by the Rev. Benjamin Parsons.
Both of these valuable essays were afterwards published
and have greatly aided the cause. In addition to these
works the following may be mentioned as issuing from
the press during this year:-Sermon Preached before the
Members of the Yarmouth Total Abstinence Society in the
Church of St. Mary, Southtown, by Rev. Thomas Clowes:
Essay on the Nature and Properties of Alcoholic Drinks,
by Thomas Beaumont: The Curse of Britain; an Essay
on the Evils, Causes and Cure of Intemperance, by W. R.
Baker: Principle of Total Abstinence from all Intovica-
ting Drinks calmly considered, by Rev. D. S. Wayland:
and in 1839 appeared the first number of a temperance
newspaper, the Teetotal Advocate, price fivepence.
Some of the results of the meetings held in London
about this time were of a very encouraging character.
Here is one such result given in the words of one from
whom we have already quoted : he is writing of a
gentleman well known to the author of this history, and
also to many of the London teetotalers. He was, says
100 THE PLEDGE :
Mr. Machin, “a mere labouring man when he associated
himself with teetotalism. His only concern, when
invited to take charge of an infant school, was the want
of education. He had received little schooling, had
made no serious business of learning, and his writing
and ciphering abilities had been picked up as a boy
picks blackberries by the roadside on his daily errands.
In the dirtiest, dustiest, noisomest, filthiest part of
Lambeth, John and his good-natured wife took charge
of as unpromising a little crew of urchins as could
possibly be collected from the river side, and the back
yards and unwholesome alleys. This spectacle of rags
and squalor might have been generated in the neigh-
bouring dust-heaps, for the very skins of the children
seemed to have taken their complexion from the refuse
of the contiguous stench factories. Here John's industry
and peculiar qualities in forming the habits of children
became conspicuously manifest, and he was next placed
in care of a number of boys under the patronage of
Miss Portal, a lady celebrated for works of benevolence.
His peculiar points of usefulness had now a more suit-
able field of employment, for most of his pupils had
graduated in a course of crime. Practised in oakum-
picking and on the tread-mill; familiar with the abodes
of the cell, the sewer, and the refuge; regarding society
as their rightful prey, and policemen as their natural
enemies, they had become masters in deceit and strata-
gem ; but, though they could boast of their dexterity
in picking a pocket or in tipping the peeler the double,
LONT)ON. 101
under John's management they gradually showed a
disposition for more hopeful and industrial pursuits.
The institution grew, and John is now the master of the
Boys' Home, Wandsworth, one of the best conducted
reformatories in the kingdom, containing nearly 100
boys from eight to eighteen, whom he says he controls
with less trouble than it gives many a mother to manage
her six children.”%
Another remarkable case is that of Mr. James
McCurrey, who, before he signed the pledge, lived, as
he himself describes it, “high up in the world then. A
miserable garret it was ; every puff of wind that found
its way through the chinks and crannies sent the ashes of
the miserable fire flying across the floor.” Mr. McCurrey
now has houses of his own, of some hundreds of
pounds value, and has retired from business. He is,
however, still active in the temperance cause.
Mr. George Howlett, of Vauxhall, so well known in
every part of the country as an earnest and successful
advocate of temperance, as an honorary deputation from
the National Temperance League, affords another very
remarkable instance of the success attending the labours
of temperance reformers about this time. About 1837,
Mr. Howlett “came to London, and soon gained
employment as a coal-porter. He became initiated into
London life; drinking and its accompaniments, as a
matter of course, forming the chief element. Though
never a drunkard, he was in all probability on the brink
* Moral Force of Teetotalism, p. 14.
102 ... THE PLEDGE :
of danger. On the road home from a place of worship
one Sunday, he met Mr. John P. Parker, who engaged
him in conversation, and talked to him on temperance.
The words of Mr. Parker made a great impression on
his mind; and when he was afterwards requested, for a
bribe of beer, to undertake to break up a temperance
meeting, the full force of the truth and common sense
of the advocate had its effect, for he refused to do the
bidding of his tempter. He signed the pledge instead,
and joined the society conducted by the late Mr. John
Meredith, at Rockingham Rooms, New Kent-road.
From that time (1839) he has remained firm to his
pledge.” He has since become an employer, and has
devoted much of his time to the advocacy of the cause
in almost every county in England; he has also visited
Scotland and Wales, and upon an average, one hundred
persons sign the pledge every week at his meetings.
We now arrive at an important period in the history
of the movement. Up to the year 1839, the New
British and Foreign Society had two pledges, the long
and the short, the one including the “neither give nor
offer clause,” and the other, without this. We have
already seen that Earl Stanhope had become the presi-
dent of the society. The following is an account of the
entrance of the Earl of Stanhope into the sphere of
Teetotalism :-
“Agreeable to his Lordship's suggestion, a deputa-
tion from the committee waited upon him at the hour
* Weekly Record, December 14th, 1861.
LONDON. * 103
appointed, consisting of the Rev. J. Sherman, Mr.
Blakely, the Treasurer, and the Secretary. They were
received in the most courteous manner, and, upon being
seated, his Lordship asked for the book, that he might
sign the declaration, and become a member of the
society: after signing his name, he wrote underneath,
£5 annually. The interview lasted nearly two hours,
and was highly interesting. The committee would
acknowledge with the deepest gratitude the hand that
has directed them to his Lordship at this very important
juncture of the affairs of this society, not only on ac-
count of the benefits that must necessarily result to the
cause generally, from one manifesting such decision of
character, but as an indication of the purifying principles
of the society, shortly pervading the whole of that class
of whom his Lordship is so distinguished a member.”
His Lordship had, it appears, signed the short pledge.
There had, however, already arisen dissension both in
and out of the committee in reference to this subject.
Mr. Pasco engaged Mr. J. W. Green as editor, and
published the Intelligencer on his own account, while
the committee, in January, 1839, removed their offices to
14, Tokenhouse-yard, and started the first number of a
new periodical called the Journal of the New British and
Foreign Temperance Society; Mr. Pasco immediately
commencing another publication called The Temperance
Fa'aminer. *
The subject of the pledges was first brought before
* Freeman's History of the Total Abstinence Pledge Question.
104. THE PLEDGE :
the public in the month of March, about which time
it appears that a majority of the committee had resolved
to adopt the American pledge, instead of the two
original ones. Before this could be done, however, it
had to be submitted to a meeting of members and
delegates. In the meantime, the different auxiliaries
were holding meetings, and ranging themselves on one
side or the other. The following resolutions were agreed
to at a meeting of the committee of the city of London
Auxiliary to the New British and Foreign Temperance
Society, held at 12, Liverpool-street, on the 19th of
April, 1839.
1. Resolved unanimously,–" That this committee have
heard with deep regret of what appears to them the
unwarrantable conduct of the Central Committee of
the New British and Foreign Temperance Society, in
passing a Resolution for recommending to the meeting of
Delegates to sanction the Abolition of the Short Pledge,
thereby endeavouring to destroy the fundamental prin-
ciples of the said Society.”
2. Resolved unanimously,–“That while to satisfy a
class of sincere and zealous Members, ADDITIONAL
Pledges are ALLOWED, (provided they embrace the
principle of Total Abstinence from all intoxicating
liquors), this Committee is deeply impressed with a
conviction that as A CONDITION OF MEMBERSHIP the
SHORT PLEDGE ONLY ought to be REQUIRED.”
3. Resolved unanimously.—“That while an adherence
to the principle involved in the short pledge must of
LONDON. 105
necessity annihilate the sin of drunkenness, it is of so
simple, definite, and perfectly moral a character, as to
be willingly embraced by many who entertain a con-
scientious objection to any other condition of member-
ship; and that it is not only injudicious, but, in the
opinion of this committee, perfectly arbitrary, to attempt
anything like coercion, or to sanction the substitution
of FORCE for SOUND ARGUMENT and MILD PERSUASION,
by denying the privileges of membership to such total
abstainers as feel themselves religiously restrained from
compelling their families to perform acts of self-denial
not directly commanded in the Holy Scriptures; and the
propriety of which they are notatpresent able to discern.”
4. Resolved unanimously,–" That after accepting the
trust reposed in them, with an understanding on the
part of the public, that the central committee would
conduct their operations according to the principle
recognized in the third printed rule of the society, and
after receiving the contributions of the benevolent,
ExPRESSLY FOR THIS PURPOSE, the committee of the
City of London Auxiliary deprecate, in the strongest
manner, any departure from the condition oh which the
funds of the Parent Society have been raised; and while
they feel compelled to enter their PROTEST against that
secession which, by a majority of ONE, is now unhappily
approved in the central committee, they “will (to use
the words of their enlightened president) gladly co-
operate with any, be they few or many, who adhere to the
original and fundamental principle.’”
** EI
106 THE PLEDGE.
5. Resolved unanimously,–" That these resolutions
be forwarded to the next meeting of the central com-
mittee, and for the clearing of this committee from any
suspicion of seceding from a principle to which it is
sincerely attached, that they be published in the Journal
of the New British and Foreign Temperance Society,
or through such other channels as may answer the end
in view.”
“THOMAS RAINE, Chairman.”
The following PROTEST “Against an intended recommend-
ation of the central committee of the New British
and Foreign Temperance Society, for the abolition of
what is designated “THE SHORT PLEDGE, was also
handed in.”
“Uninfluenced by any personal or party feeling, and
with sentiments of unfeigned regard for the private
character of those who, on the point in question, are
their opponents, the undersigned feel it to be a duty
which they owe to a numerous body of their country-
men and fellow members of the New British and Foreign
Temperance Society, boldly to declare their dissent
from the proposed abolition of the short pledge; a
measure which, if finally adopted, they conscientiously
believe will prove detrimental to the cause of tem-
perance, and consequently to the welfare of the com-
munity. And they hereby enter their protest against
the said intended measure,
“First,--Because the said pledge embraces the entire
LONDON. 107 g
principle of total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors,
with two exceptions, which exceptions cannot be anni-
hilated without causing a breach of the moral law : for
were there no reservation in favour of administering
fermented or distilled liquors for medical purposes, it is
evident, that following the dictates of nature, many,
under pressing circumstances, for the preservation of
life or health, would break their engagement, or
neglecting to do so, would be culpable for such
neglect: and were there no exception in favour of what
is termed the Sacrament of the Last Supper, as often
as this should be taken by members of the New British
and Foreign Temperance Society, their pledge would
inevitably be broken. &
“Secondly,–Because the said pledge, if adhered to,
must, as regards the parties so adhering, fully accom-
plish its intended purpose, viz., the perfect emancipa-
tion of those who have suffered by intoxicating liquors,
and the prevention of such suffering in others.
“Thirdly,–Because by its simple, definite, and
perfectly liberal character, it commends itself in a
remarkable manner to the understanding of those for
whom it is designed, and is less likely to be broken
than if it were of a more stringent nature.
“Fourthly,–Because it is characterized by pure
morality; while the longer pledge, hitherto allowed,
requiring in the absence of medical prescription that
no fermented or distilled liquors shall be used, even in
the greatest extremity, and at the risk of life itself, is
on this point essentially immoral.
108 TEIE PLEDGE :
“Fifthly,–Because many, to whom abstinence would
be an incalculable blessing, are willing to sign the short
pledge, while they entertain a conscientious objection
to bind themselves to more restrictive measures than it
proposes; and in the absence of what they would deem
a suitable pledge, will sign no pledge at all; thereby
augmenting the danger of speedily relinquishing their
intention to become total abstainers.
“Sixthly,–Because the short pledge, comprising all
that the New British and Foreign Temperance Society
has exhibited to the world, as the one efficient principle
which cements its several members together, and the
only essential condition of membership, the society can
neither honourably nor honestly retract its professions,
withdraw its offers, and reject its applicants, without
demonstrating a positive necessity for thus violating its
original principle ; such necessity, if made out, being
based on the non-efficiency of the short pledge to do
away intemperance; in which case, an additional society,
embracing a more perfect principle, ought to be formed,
which, differing from the older one, ought not to usurp
its name, inasmuch as the New British and Foreign
Temperance Society, not becoming defunct, may insist
On its right to retain its original designation.
“Seventhly,–Because no necessity for such a change
has hitherto been shewn, while on the contrary, the
most satisfactory evidence has, within a few days, been
received from Scotland, and various parts of England,
of the practical superiority of the pledge, now sought
DISRUPTION. 109
to be abolished, over any other which has hitherto been
tried ; and
“Lastly,–The undersigned protest against the pro-
posed measure, because they are satisfied that if they
who are its authors succeed in carrying it into effect,
they will also be the authors of a speedy disruption of
one of the most important societies that benevolence
has ever devised; and that they will grievously sepa-
rate brethren, and embarrass themselves to an extent
of which they have, at this moment, little or no con-
ception.
p “JOHN BURTT,
“JOHN GILES,
“JCondon, “HENRY FREEMAN,
“5th of 4th mo., 1839.” “WILLIAM BALL.”
The Tower Hamlets and Eastern Auxiliary also sent
in a similar protest. Earl Stanhope likewise protested
to the same effect. The Rev. Jabez Burns, however,
published reasons on the other side of the question, in
which he states,
“That the presence of these drinks on our tables
and in our dwellings, is giving unholy quarter to the
greatest curse that ever blighted the happiness of man,
from the time of the fall to the present hour. And that
we therefore cannot any more do this, than we would
allow the pestiferous atmosphere of plague or fever to
remain in our houses, when we have in our hands the
power of fumigation, and the means of producing a safe
and healthy atmosphere.
110 TEEE PLEDGE :
“That it is not desirable we should keep intoxicating
drinks in our houses as medicines, seeing it would be
much safer, in cases of real illness to have the advice
and prescription of a medical man, especially when we
remember there are some cases when the use of spirits
and wine as medicine would be extremely injudicious,
and might be productive of the most serious con-
sequences.”
The quarrel now evidently began to take a personal
turn, and we are sorry to find the following requisition
addressed—
“To the Meeting of Delegates, intended to be held in
London in May, 1839, as representing the various
Societies acting on the principle of Total Abstinence
from all intoxicating liquors in Great Britain and
Ireland.”
2nd May, 1839.
Gentlemen,_We, the undersigned treasurers, secre-
taries, and registrars of various societies in London
and its immediate vicinity, acting on the principle of
total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors, deeply
impressed with the necessity of a change in two of the
most important officers of the parent society, do earnestly
recommend the exercise of such constitutional measures
as will effectually relieve William Janson, Esq., from his
duties as treasurer, and John Meredith, Esq., from his
duties as secretary of the New British and Foreign
* Journal of New British and Foreign Temperance Society, 1839,
p. 204.
DISRUPTION. 111
Temperance Society. For this recommendation, which
the undersigned unanimously agree to forward to the
delegates, they purposely abstain from giving any other
reason than that they believe the resignation of the afore-
said gentlemen would be no less advantageous to the
cause of temperance than satisfactory to that portion of
the public who feel the most deeply interested in its
welfare. -
Wm. Oxley, M.D., President of the Hackney Society
S. M. Gilbert, Treasurer of the City Central and North
of London Association
William Best,
J. W. Green, } Secretaries of ditto
H. N. Rickman,
John Burtt, Secretary of the City of London Auxiliary
R. G. Ibbett, Registrar of ditto
John Perkins, Treasurer of the Bloomsbury Branch
George Aubrey, Treasurer of the Farringdon Branch
* Chivers, } Secretaries of the East London Auxiliary
as. Simons,
James Sholl, Registrar of the East London Auxiliary
Thomas Hockings, Secretary of the Southwark Branch
of the South London Association -
John Giles, Secretary of the East London Auxiliary
Richard Whitehouse, Treasurer of the Hackney Branch
William Hunt, Secretary of ditto
Thomas Munton, Registrar of ditto
Walter Watkins, Treasurer of the Spitalfields Society
Henry Quelch, Treasurer of South London Auxiliary
112 THE PLEDGE :
Robert Clarke, Secretary of South London Auxiliary
William Gould, Treasurer of the Vauxhall Branch
J. Chapman, Treasurer of the Walworth Branch
E. Pooley, Secretary of the Clapham Branch, and others.”
As the proposed adoption of the American pledge
gave rise to this unfriendly discussion, we shall here
ive a copy of it:-
“We, the undersigned, do agree, that we will not use intoxicating
liquors as a beverage, nor traffic in them ; that we will not provide
them as an article of entertainment, or for persons in our employment ;
| and that, in all suitable ways, we will discountenance their use \
/ throughout the community.” ... . ~~"
We have already seen that nothing could be dome to-
wards the adoption of this pledge alone, until the
delegates' meeting. Accordingly the following delegates
met at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, in the Strand, on
Friday and Saturday, May 17th and 18th, 1839.
Andrews, John, Leeds
Baker, Rev. W. R. Shep-
ton Mallet
Beman, Rev. N. S. S. D.D.,
America.
Bonamy, George, Arundel
Brown, George John
Brown, J. Newcastle Carville
Charlton,George, Newcastle
Christy, James, Chelmsford
Cluer, John, Cockermouth
Colman, Joseph, Fakenham
Delavan, E. C. America
Doeg, David, East London
Drewett, William, Luton
Dunlop, John, Scottish
|Union -
Dunn,Thomas, EastLondon
Early, John, Witney
Eaton, J. Bristol
Edwards, Rev. J. Brighton
Freeman, H. City of London
Fullagar, Thomas, Trow-
bridge *
Green, J. W. North London
Green, James, Chelmsford
DISRUPTION.
Greig, G., Northern Con-
vention -
Grubb, E. British Associa-
tion
Harding, J. Southampton
Harris, J. Falmouth
Harris, J. St. Alban's
Holker, Ralph, Liverpool
Inwards, William, West
London
Inwards, Jabez, Houghton
Regis
Leslie, Rev. J. R. Ireland
Marriage, F. Chelmsford
M“Curdy, Robert, Belfast
Meredith, J. B. Jun. South
London
MºLean, J. Edinburgh
113
Nunn, Samuel, Stratford
Patton, Rev. W.D.D. Amer.
J. Northern
Convention
Raine, T. City of London
Read,Charles, Southampton
Priestman,
Small, William, Boston
Stockman, J. Castle Carey
Straines, Stephen, Stratford
Townley, J. North London
Wales, John, Horncastle
Webb, Richard, Dublin
Whittaker, T. Blackburn
Williams, J. West London
Willis, J. Dunstable
Wilson, J. South London
Wood, John, Barnsley
The following members of the Committee of the
Parent Society being also present:—
Ball, William
Barrett, Richard
Best, William
Burtt, John
Gilbert, S. M.
Giles, John
Glass, Joseph
Grosjean, Frederick
Hudson, John
Janson, William, Jun.
Meredith, John
Oxley, William, M.D.
Perkins, J.
Sounes, William
Stevens, John
Stevenson, John
Taylor, Charles
114 TEIE PLEDGE :
Prayer having been offered by the Rev. J. Edwards,
John Dunlop, Esq., was called upon to preside; after
which the meeting was addressed by E. C. Delavan, Esq.,
Rev. Dr. Beman, and Rev. Dr. Patton, as a deputation
from America. The revised rules of the society Were
then taken into consideration. The Rev. W. R. Baker
moved the fourth rule, namely, that the American pledge
should henceforth be the pledge, by the signing of
which persons should become members of the society.
This gave rise to a very long and animated, not to say
angry, discussion.
Mr. Baker observed that the rule as to the American
Pledge, should it be adopted, would not affect existing
Societies. He, for one, was dissatisfied with the two
existing pledges of the New British and Foreign
Temperance Society, and preferred a form which should
more fully recognise the principles of that society. He
believed that many of the short-pledge men acted on
the principle of the long pledge. The short pledge did
not, in his opinion, go far enough ; the long pledge had
much that was objectionable in its form; the American
pledge, he conceived, to be free from all objection, and
he should therefore move that it be adopted. -
Mr. Meredith seconded the resolution, and a division
ultimately took place, when it appeared that there were
—for the short pledge and the American united, 33;
for the American pledge alone, 27.
This pledge, which united the short pledge and the
American in one, had been proposed by a member for
the sake of unity, and was as follows:—
DHSRUPTION. 115
« We agree not to traffic in any kinds of intoxicating liquors,
nor to give them to others, nor to use them ourselves as beverages,
exeept medicinally, and under medical advice (when it can be obtained)
—or in the case of sacramental wine; and that in all suitable ways
we will discountenance their use throughout the community.”
On the evening of the same day, a meeting of mem-
bers was held at the Crown and Anchor, upon which
occasion Dr. Oxley was called to the chair. In the
midst of a scene of indescribable confusion and tumult,
Mr. Grosjean moved “That the American pledge be
adopted, and henceforth used as the pledge of the New
British and Foreign Temperance Society.”
Mr. Meredith seconded the resolution, and said that
he and his “colleagues had determined to stand or fall
by the American pledge, but some acute friends had
tacked that pledge to the short pledge, in consequence
of which, those who approved of the American pledge
alone had been thrown out by a majority of six. He
believed that the object of the party was to get rid of
two of the officers of the society, the secretary and the
treasurer; in that they had succeeded, and he and the
treasurer, Mr. W. Janson, were no longer in office. This
announcement was received with repeated cheers.” The
question being put, there appeared for the two pledges
337; for the American pledge 256.
On Saturday morning the delegates re-assembled, and
Mr. Delavan requested them to re-consider their deci-
sion of the previous evening, but as many delegates had
left with the understanding that the question was deci-
* Intelligencer, 1839, p. 200.
116 THE PLEDGE :
ded, it was thought that it ought not to be re-considered.
The following account is given by one who was present:
—“After the delegates had decided the ‘pledge ques-
tion,’ that body recommended not to introduce the
pledge controversy into the meeting of members, to
which there was a general understanding of consent.
Soon after six o'clock, much excitement prevailed in
the members’ meeting which had then gathered. Mr.
F. Grosjean moved, and Mr. J. Meredith seconded,
‘That the American pledge be henceforth the pledge of
the society.” After much discussion it was proposed
that those who voted for the two pledges (as agreed in
the delegates’ meeting) should remove to another room,
and those who voted for the American pledge alone
should remain in the same room, each member having
two cards for voting. When they had separated,
tellers were appointed to take the cards, or votes, as
the members passed a door. The result was—for
the two pledges, 337; for the American pledge
alone, 256. On the following morning, contrary to
general agreement, it was again proposed to re-consider
the decision of yesterday, on the ground that some
might have arrived who were not then present, to
which it was replied that several delegates had left town,
under an impression that the pledge question was en-
tirely settled; it was, however, put to the vote, and the
decision of the previous day confirmed ; upon which,
W. Janson, J. Meredith, and others, who had advocated
the exclusive adoption of the American pledge, refused
DISRUPTION. & 117
to take any further part in the proceedings, and signified
their intention to form another society. The delegates
then proceeded with the business, and appointed the
officers and committee for the ensuing year.”
On Tuesday, May 21st, the annual meeting was held
in the large room of Exeter Hall, Earl Stanhope in the
chair; and perhaps this was the most extraordinary and
most tumultuous meeting ever held within the walls of
that building. The meeting was opened with prayer
by the Rev. Jabez Burns. The noble chairman, in his
opening speech, made some allusions to the pledge, and
stated that he would not adopt the American pledge
himself, and therefore he could not recommend it to
others; and if the meeting decided in favour of the
American pledge, he should retire from the office of
president, and join himself with those who took the
short pledge, be they many or few.
Dr. Patton, Dr. Beman, and E. C. Delavan, Esq.,
then addressed the meeting, after which the Rev. Mr.
Burns rose to move “That this meeting, viewing intem-
perance as inimical to the prosperity and the well-being of
men, and that its chief strength is derived through the
drinking customs and usages of society, express their
belief that nothing less than an unflinching and uncom-
promising course of action will prove efficacious in
exterminating the vice from our country and the world.”
This was the signal for a scene of disorder which baffles
all description. The noble earl called the speaker to
* Freeman’s History of the Pledge Question.
118 THE PLEDGE :
order; the secretary rose to explain. Dr. Oxley at-
tempted to speak; no one could be heard. At length
Mr. Edward Grubb was called for, who came forward
amidst loud cheers and much confusion. He said, “my
lord, I still insist upon my right to be heard. I shall
stand here to the close of this meeting, or till your
lordship vacates the chair, unless that right is conceded.
There shall be no more speaking in this hall until I have
had fair play.”
He was then heard at some length, concluding his
speech by moving the adoption of the American pledge
thus:—“And, my lord, I dare to move the following
resolution, in opposition to your lordship's threat. It
is, my lord, that the following be in future the pledge
of the parent society.” The motion was seconded by
Mr. Greig, of Leeds; Mr. Grosjean, Mr. Janson, and
others then followed, amid loud cries of “ Divide,
divide.”
“At this period the meeting presented an appear-
ance of vast confusion and anarchy—the mass of the
more eager disputants crowded densely around the
chair—they debated across the front of the president,
so that Lord Stanhope was concealed frequently from
the audience. Lady Sarah Somerset, who sat on his
lordship's left hand, was evidently alarmed, and a Quaker
female forced herself through the ring apparently with
an intent to render her ladyship any assistance that
might be necessary. The confusion increased, the
* Hart's Truth. Unfolded, p. 38.
DISRUPTION. 119
cross-fire of the debates became more fierce, and one
person from the body of the house shouted out some-
thing about the chairman vacating his place. In a few
seconds we saw the noble earl slowly rise from the
chair and retire, attended by several individuals. The
chairman having retired, a vote of thanks was put and
carried amidst the clapping of hands and waving of
handkerchiefs and hats.”
A scene of perfect anarchy ensued. It was absolutely
necessary to elect a new committee. The funds were
in danger of going into Chancery. Mr. Delavan de-
clined to be chairman. Mr. Heyworth accepted, but
failed. Mr. Dunlop then took possession of the vacated
chair, and succeeded in getting the meeting into order;
and, after putting the motion, declared that the American
pledge was adopted by a large majority. The following
committee and officers were then appointed. Committee
—Messrs. Richard Barrett, Jabez Burns, Ellis, Glass,
Grosjean. T. Hudson, J. Hull, Soane, Stevens, Stevenson,
Roe, Pulsford. W. Janson, Esq., Treasurer; and J.
Meredith, Esq., Secretary. The friends then retired to
the Crown and Anchor, where a grand soirée was held
in honour of the Earl of Stanhope and the American
deputation. -
The New British and Foreign Society now became
very active: several Temperance Tracts were issued
and widely circulated. In the month of March a pro-
posal had been made for raising £1,000 for additional
* Journal of New British and Foreign Temperance Society, 1839, p. 183.
120 THE PLEDGE :
agents. £520 was immediately raised, and the rest
having by this time been made up, Messrs. John Cassell,
T. A. Smith, Thomas Smeeton, Thomas Whittaker,
Scott, and Cluer were engaged as agents.
It was, however, determined by those who advocated
the short pledge that another society should be formed.
Accordingly, on June 10th, 1839, a meeting was held
at the Friends' Meeting House, Bishopsgate-street,
Earl Stanhope in the chair, when it was resolved to
form a society, to be called THE BRITISH AND FOREIGN
SOCIETY FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF INTEMPERANCE,
and the following officers and committee were chosen.
JPresident.—THE RIGHT HON. EARL STANHOPE.
Wice-President.—J. PyP, SMITH, I).D.
Treasurer.—Wrm. Oxley, Esq., M.D.
Płonorary Secretaries.—Rev. Wm. Ball; John Burtt.
Jºacecutive Committee.
W. Best. J. W. Green. J. Perkins.
B. Clarke. IRev. Mr. Gundrey. T. Raine.
J. P. Dodd. J. Hale. H. N. Rickman.
D. Doeg. C. Harry. C. Taylor.
T. Dunn. T. Hockings. — Whitehouse.
FI. Freeman. Rev. G. Moyll. Rev. J. Woodard.
S. M. Gilbert. *
The South London, the City and North London, and
other auxiliaries, immediately joined this new society.
The Intelligencer became their organ; and a code of
- regulations was issued, from which we take the follow-
ing as worthy of notice:– -
“9. That any member of the executive committee who
shall absent himself from the meetings, of the
DISRUPTION. 121
committee for three months consecutively, with
out giving previous notice, or adducing a satisfac-
tory reason for such absence, shall thereby vacate
his seat, which the committee shall fill up. And
should any officer or member of the executive
committee commit such a breach of the moral law
as, in the opinion of three-fourths of the entire
committee, may render his dismissal necessary,
it shall be lawful for them to dismiss him accord-
ingly, and to fill up the vacancy so occasioned.
“13. That every auxiliary of this society, containing
from one hundred to five hundred members, may
send to the delegates meeting one representative ;
if containing from five hundred to one thousand
members, two representatives; and if upwards
of one thousand members, three representatives.
The documents authorizing and appointing the
delegates to be duly signed on behalf of the
committee appointing them, and to be forwarded
to the secretaries of the society, at least fourteen
days before the delegates meeting.”
Mr. Hunt was appointed their agent.
On Whit Monday, May 20th, the first metropolitan
temperance procession took place. There were about
2,000 persons on foot, 50 on horseback, and also
about 200 carriages. Banners and music accompa-
nied them. They walked by a circuitous route from
Lincoln’s-inn-fields to Kennington-common. The pro-
I
122 THE PT, EDGE :
cession was a mile-and-a-half in length, and occupied an
hour in passing any given spot.
On the 7th December, 1839, the two honorary secre-
taries of the New British and Foreign Society, Messrs.
Meredith and Dunlop, resigned, and the Rev. W. R.
Baker, was appointed secretary; Mr. Janson, president,
and Messrs. Dunlop, Heyworth, Higginbottom, and
Walkden, vice-presidents.
During this year, it was proposed to form a “British
and Foreign School for Orphans of Members of Tem-
perance Societies,” the objects of which were, “1st, To
provide subsistence, abode, clothes, and education;
2nd, To apprentice them to some trade, or to procure
situations or employment, whereby they might be
enabled to obtain a livelihood; 3rd, To superintend and
protect, as much as possible, their interests, until they
arrive at the age of maturity.” This plan, however,
excellent as it was, does not seem to have met with any
SUICCéSS.
The year 1840 opens upon two general societies in
London, each adopting total abstinence, although with
different pledges. The old Moderation Society was
also still in existence, though now fast dwindling away.
On May 15th, the New British and Foreign Society
called a meeting of delegates at the Scientific Institu-
tion in Aldersgate-street, to revise the rules and elect
the officers for the ensuing year.
There were present on this important occasion, the
following gentlemen:—
* Journal, 1839, p. 216.
LONDON. 123
RXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
WILLIAM JANSON, Esq., President.
J. HULL, Esq., Vice-President.
Mr. R. BARRETT, Mr. J. MEREDITH.
Bev. J. BURNS. Rev. C. H. RoR.
Mr. J. DUNLOP. Mr. SouTES.
Mr. ELLIS. Mr. J. STEVENSON.
- IDELEGATES.
SOUTH LONDON AUXILIARY. BRISTON, NoFFOLK.
Mr. T. Connor—Mr. S. Meredith. Mr. J. Hill.
STRATFORD. PUCKINGHAM.
William Taylor—S. Catton. Mr. J. Inwards—Rev. W. Horsell.
NoFTH LONDON AUXIIIARY. FAKENHAM.
Mr. Jameson—Mr. Hart. Mr. J. Colman.
MARYLEBONE. CHELMSFORD. -
Mr. Grosjean—Mr. Bowron. Mr. Green—Mr. James Christy.
BRENTWOOD, WINDSOR.
I)r. Dovell. Mr. Robert Goodwin.
DUNSTABLE. SOUTH HANTS.
Mr. J. Potter. Mr. Jos. Clarke—Mr. Jas. Withers
EXETER. BATH.
Mr. T. A. Smith. Rev.T. Spencer—Mr. J.S. Cotterell
NoRTH BUCKs Associal ION. STOKE-UPON-TRENT.
Mr. G. Osborne—Mr.W.A. Harris. Mr. John Cassell.
EAST LONDON. LUTON.
Mr. J. Scott—Mr. J. Hinckley. Mr. R. Howe. .
TSLE OF THANET. MoRWICH.
IMr. W. H. Hobbs. Mr. Norton.
BioBNCASTLE. |UXBRIDGE.
Mr. J. Wales. Mr. Robins.
IPSWICH. WEST LONDON.
Mr.R.D.Alexander—Mr.G.R.Gill Mr. Balfour—Mr. Fullager.
WISITORS.
Rev. T. Matthews, Boston. Mr. Whittaker, Agent.
Rev. J. Spong, Yardley. , Scott, do.
Bev. F. Beardsall, Manchester, W.P. , Willis, Dunstable.
Mr. G. Greig, Leeds. ,, Grey.
,, J. Eaton, Bristol. , Harding.
, Head, Marylebone. , G. S. Kenrick, Warteg.
2, Smeeton, Agent. , W. Inwards, West London.
s, Cluer, do.
124 TEIE PLEDGE :
John Dunlop, Esq., having been unanimously voted
to the chair, he called upon the Rev. W. R. Baker, to
offer up prayer for the divine direction and blessing.
Great unanimity prevailed at this meeting, and some
important business was transacted. After the meeting
of delegates had concluded, the fourth anniversary of
the society was held in Exeter Hall. The speaking on
this occasion was unusually good, and the collection at
the close amounted to £44 6s. 8d. The receipts and
expenditure for the past year were stated to have been
£2,042 17s. 2%d. - -
During the same week the Suppression Society held
its first anniversary in the following order. On Sunday
evening May 10th, Sermon by Rev. Charles Stovel, in
Little Prescott-street Chapel: Monday, 11th, Public
meeting at Rev. Charles Hyatt's Chapel, High-street,
Shadwell, James Spence, Esq., in the chair: Tuesday,
12th, another public meeting in Zion Chapel, Waterloo-
road: Wednesday, 13th, another public meeting in
Finsbury Chapel, Moorfields, G. W. Alexander, Esq.
in the chair : Thursday, 14th, in the morning a meeting
of delegates at Anderton’s Hotel, Fleet-street, Rev.
Charles Stovel in the chair; and on the evening of the
same day the anniversary meeting in Exeter Hall, Earl
Stanhope in the chair; at this meeting Mr. J. W. Green
read an abstract of the report of the operations of the
society since its formation in June, 1839. Fifty-six
auxiliaries had become united to the society, interesting
accounts from most of which had been received.
I.O.NE)ON. 125
Several agents had been employed with much success,
as had also a large number of gratuitous agents. About
100,000 tracts had been put into circulation by the com-
mittee. The number of members in the various societies
amounted to about 20,000, of whom not fewer than
2,000 had been rescued from habits of gross intem-
perance; about 1,000 had been induced to attend places
of religious instruction, a goodly proportion of whom
had been accounted worthy of admission into religious
communions. Some important additions had been made
to the list of vice-presidents of the society; Sir Culling
Eardley Smith, Bart. ; James Spence, Esq.; G. W.
Alexander, Esq.; the Rev. T. Clowes, A.M., Minister
of St. Mary's, Great Yarmouth; the Rev. Theodore
Dury, A.M., Vicar of Keighley; the Rev. Theobald
Mathew, of Cork; and the Rev. J. F. Witty, Minister
of St. John's Episcopal Chapel, London-road.
Dr. Oxley, as treasurer, stated that the society was
in arrears #172 5s. 4d. The meeting was afterwards
addressed by the Rev. J. F. Witty, Rev. Ebenezer
Prout, Mr. William Biscombe, Rev. Charles Stovel,
Rev. Dr. Andrews of Walworth, Rev. George Evans,
and Mr. Robert M'Curdy of Belfast. The collection
amounted to £49 6s. 3d.
But the great meeting of this year was held by the
New British and Foreign Society in Exeter Hall, on
July 6th. On this occasion the hall was crammed in
every part, and hundreds went away unable to obtain
admission. Daniel O'Connell, Esq., M.P., was the chief
126 TEIE PLEDGE :
speaker on this occasion; but the meeting was also
addressed by the Rev. Elon Galusha of New York,
Rev. C. P. Grosvenor of Massachusetts, Rev. J. F. Witty,
Mr. Greig of Leeds, George Thompson, Esq., William
Lloyd Garrison, Esq., N. Rogers, Esq., of the United.
States, Rev. Jabez Burns, and Mr. Thomas Whittaker.
The chair was occupied by Mr. Walkden.
The great business, however, on which most of the
effort was spent this year, was a monster procession on
Whit Monday. In this, at least, the two parent
societies were united. A procession committee was
appointed, when, after much deliberation, it was agreed,
that the two societies white in one general procession, but
that as the arrangements of each society were nearly
completed, it was desirable that each society should
remain entire, at the same time uniting in one
general line;” and, also, “that the order of precedence,
as to the two societies, should be determined by ballot,
or that the procession committee of the New British
and Foreign Temperance Society, make its own choice
of situation, if that course should be preferred by them.”
The procession was then arranged to proceed in the
following order:-
“Three Military Trumpeters, on Horseback.
Large Banner of the Executive Committee.
Gentlemen on HORSEBACK, from all the Divisions.
Large Banner of the City and North of London
Auxiliary. -
Band of the Scots Fusilier Guards.
PROCESSION. 127
Members on Foot, from the Divisions, in the following
order:-
1. Northern Division. 4. Metropolitan Catholic
2. Rechabite Tents. Association.
3. Southern Division. 5. Western Division.
6. Eastern Division.
Each Auxiliary to be headed by their Banners and
Bands, with their Flags interspersed.
The various branches headed by their Banners.
The Youths' Societies in the Division, headed by
their Banners.
The General Directors on Horseback.
CARRIAGES.
Vice-Presidents of the Executive Committee
Society. of the Society.
Officers of the Society. Agents of the Society.
Carriages of the various Divisions, in the same order
as the Foot.
Van of Mr. J. Pasco, of 12, Paternoster-row, with a
PRINTING PRESS, and distributing tracts as it proceeds
through the route.
VANS of the various Divisions in the same order as
the Foot.”
It was stated, that this procession was full three miles
in length, and that it took nearly two hours in passing
Charing-cross; and that the number of members on
foot, in carriages, vans, and on horseback, amounted to
between ten and twelve thousand. This procession, no
doubt, had a beneficial effect upon the societies as far
128 TEIE PLEDGE :
as an increase of members was concerned; but it also
involved many of the local societies in heavy debt, from
which some of them never recovered. Several large
and important processions have since taken place; but
the general experience of most of the friends connected
with them has been, that in the end they have done
almost as much harm to the cause as they have done
good. Perhaps in country places they may tell better
upon the public than in London, but, in the great metro-
polis, nothing but the greatest wisdom and judgment
on the part of the leaders can prevent a failure; and a
failure here, or even a partial failure, would be worse
than no attempt at all.
Both the parent societies appear to be now in good
working order, and pretty successful in their labours.
The Suppression Society had the following agents in
their employment:-Mr. Henry Freeman, Mr. William
Biscombe, Mr. William Hunt, Mr. Thomas Dalton,
Mr. James Bowman, Rev. J. R. Balme, Mr. J. Kemp;
and Mr. John M'Carthy, who was engaged expressly
to assist in the advocacy of the principles of the society
among Irish Roman Catholics.
Still many persons felt dissatisfied and uncomfortable
at such a divided state of things, and they determined
to see what could be done to bring about a union
of effort among teetotalers generally. Accordingly a .
meeting was held at Hart's Hotel, in Aldersgate-street,
when a society was formed, called the LONDON UNITED
TEMPERANCE ASSOCIATION ; Messrs. Weston and
LONDON. 129
Donaldson were chosen secretaries, and Mr. Woodstock,
Treasurer. This society, however, existed but a very
short time.
It was in this year, also, that that important society,
the TEMPERANCE PROVIDENT INSTITUTION, was formed.
Mr. Baker was, at this time, as we have seen, the secre-
tary of the New British and Foreign Temperance
Society, and his attention appears to have turned to the
desirability of some institution, by means of which
abstainers should reap the pecuniary advantages which
their sobriety and economy might confer. During the
previous year, the Independent Order of Rechabites
had been established, and tents had been formed in
most of the principal towns in the kingdom; but though
they flourished for several years, yet it was soon dis-
covered that their principles were, in general, unsound,
and that something more was required. The idea of
forming such an institution as the Provident Life Office
seems to have originated with Mr. Robert Warner, who
called on Mr. Baker at the office of the New British
and Foreign Society, 12, Bull's Head-court, for the
express purpose of consulting him on the subject, and
it was to his ready appreciation of the idea, and to
Mr. Ellis's efforts in getting together a board of directors,
that this now flourishing society owes its existence. At
the private residence of Mr. Ellis the society was set in
motion, there being present Mr. Warner, Mr. Baker,
Mr. Ellis, and Mr. Compton, who was appointed secre-
tary. Mr. Robert Warner became chairman of the
130 TEIE PLEDGE :
board, and Mr. Baker subsequently became resident,
or managing, director; and so important has this insti-
tution become, that it has an accumulated capital of
£420,000, with an annual income, from life business
alone, of £122,000.
We shall now direct our attention for a short time to
the provinces.
The WEST OF ENGLAND Association was estab-
lished in 1837, and rendered good service to societies
in Gloucestershire, Devonshire, &c. The Western
Temperance Advocate became the organ of the associa-
tion. Mr. Mudge of Bodmin, also published a tract
entitled, What shall we do with the Barley? which was
very useful. In 1839 Mr. John Cassell visited Devon-
shire, and Mr. Thomas Whittaker in 1840 : both of
these gentlemen were very successful in introducing the
cause into many towns and villages. Ralph Holker
was employed in another direction with equal success,
and during 1837 he delivered 226 lectures and received
4,254 pledges.
The LEICESTER TOTAL ABSTINENCE SOCIETY was
formed in October, 1836, through the instrumentality
of John Hockings the Birmingham blacksmith, and soon
numbered upwards of 400 members, of whom about 50
were reclaimed drunkards, and 20 of whom had become
consistent members of Christian churches. At Burnley,
in Lancashire, a Temperance Hall was opened on Sun-
day, December 24th, 1837, by the Rev. Mr. Nightingale,
a large meeting being held in it the next day.
THE PROVINCES. 131
A Temperance Hall was also opened at Bradford in
Yorkshire, on February 27th, 1838. On this occasion
1,000 persons sat down to tea; and at the meeting held
afterwards, the Bishop of Ripon (Dr. Longley) presided,
and addresses were delivered by John Rand, Esq.,
Thomas Beaumont, Esq., Rev. S. Redhead, Rev. J.
Barber, Rev. T. Dury, Rev. J. Cheadle, and Rev. James
Sherman. The proceeds of the evening amounted to
£80. The society, it was stated, numbered 1,780 mem-
bers, of whom 200 were reclaimed. The hall was built
by eighty shareholders taking 800 shares of £1 each.
At Manchester it was stated, in the first quarterly
report of the MANCHESTER AND SALFORD TEMPERANCE
SoCIETY for 1836, that there were 7,640 members con-
nected with the various branches in Manchester. The
Rev. F. Beardsall was the secretary, and the Star of
Temperance was published as their organ, which had, a
weekly sale of about 4,000 copies. In the month of
January, this year, one of the main beams of the Taber-
nacle in Oldham-road gave way during a temperance
meeting. Two women were killed on the spot, and
several others fearfully injured.*
At the annual meeting of the NORWICH TEMPERANCE
SoCIETY in 1838, the Bishop of Norwich took the chair.
The report, containing some valuable statistics, was read
by Mr. Samuel Wiseman. By this document it appeared
that the new temperance cause, now in its sixth year of
operation, contained upwards of 2,000,000 of members;
* Star of Temperance, 1836, p. 39.
132 THE PLEDGE :
that 1,900 vessels were navigating the ocean on the
principles of the society; that in New York State,
America, out of 2,273 clergy, who constituted the entire
number in that district of all denominations, there were
1,952 members of this society, and that the cause had
rapidly spread, and was still moving onward in every
quarter of the globe. The number of members in Great
Britain was supposed to be about 500,000; and in the
Norfolk Auxiliary 1,400, 100 of whom were reformed
drunkards: of this number the Yarmouth Society con-
tained 320 members, with 29 reformed characters; the
Norwich Society contained 308 members, and 28 re-
formed characters, and the residue were scattered in the
towns of Fakenham, Lynn, Wells, Holt, Clay, Foulsham,
&c. The report gave some statistics of Norwich.
According to this document, there were 600 ale-houses
and beer-shops, and that 323 of that number were
licensed to sell spirituous liquors; and assuming the
population to be 66,000, this would give one shop for
vending intoxicating liquors to every 25 houses through-
out the city; that there were 110 brothels and 1,700
public prostitutes, and that the consequent ramification
of this state of things produced a most awful amount of
moral crime and wretchedness. Resolutions were then
severally moved and seconded by Mr. Clark of Fakenham,
Mr. Church from Yarmouth, the Rev. James Sherman
from London, the Rev. Prebendary Athill, the Rev. D.
Thompson from Fakenham, and Mr. Cassell.
In Cornwall, the friends were very active, as the
THE PROVINCES. 133
following letter from Mr. Henry Mudge will testify,
under date September 23rd, 1838.
“Sir, I was yesterday (the 24th ult.) at the first
teetotal delegate meeting ever held in Cornwall. The
sight gladdened my heart, and the intelligence commu-
nicated was peculiarly interesting. I should think fifty
gentlemen, whose habits of business were of a superior
order, sat in consultation. Scarcely a corner of the
land but sent a helpmate. The Cornish motto is “ONE
AND ALL,” and acting under it, the teetotalers already,
that is in nine months, muster more than 18,000, or
about 1-17th of our whole population; the largest
societies are Penzance, 5,000, St. Ives, 2,500. The
business of the meeting was as follows:—
“Resolution 1. That an association for the whole county
be formed, to be called the Cornwall Teetotal
Association.
“2. That the terms of union be the adoption of the
teetotal pledge, and a proportionate pecuniary
contribution: fixed for the first call at £1 per
1,000 members. -
“3. The committee (which were named).
“4. The publication of a monthly journal, to be called
the Journal of the Cornwall Teetotal Association.
“Here we were obliged to adjourn, leaving for discus-
sion the important point of the employment of agents.
Into this and other minor affairs, the delegates who
remain at Truro will enter, but I cannot immediately
send you the result. I think we have taken a right
134 TEIE PLEDGE :
course. Let every county form an association; let each
one publish its journal, of which let a copy be forwarded
to London, monthly, whence should issue a superior
work, and a weekly newspaper.
“As to agents, I shall be glad to get into a regular
mode of having one or more. Where there are large
and regularly organized societies, it is of the greatest
service to have good and regular notice of an efficient
advocate coming into the field, that the most may be
made of his services.
“Mr. Teare was at our meeting, and Mr. Cassell of
Manchester was to address the public meeting at night.
“October 4th, a public supper will be given at Bodmin
to the teetotal husbandmen who have maintained their
consistency during the harvest.
“For the present, I can only subscribe myself,
“Ut semper, HENRY MUDGE.”
James Teare spent three months in Cornwall during
this year, and above 5,000 persons joined the societies
during his visit.
Temperance halls were opened this year at Pock-
lington and Bolton. Much opposition, however, was
manifested in many places. At Dover, Liverpool, Bury
St.Edmunds, &c., the Rev. Owen Clarke, the secretary of
the Moderation Society, opposed the teetotal movement,
but invariably refused fairly and openly to discuss the
question. Sometimes drunken men were employed by
the publicans to disturb the meetings, and to annoy the
advocates. At other times, the opposition took another
* Intelligencer, 1838, p. 333.
THE PROVINCES. 135
form, and men were made to suffer pecuniarily for their
teetotalism. The following handbill, for example, was
issued at Oswestry :-
“SWEENY NEW COLLIERY.
“The proprietors of the above colliery have come to
the resolution not to employ any teetotaler; therefore,
none need apply.
“The proprietors conceive that this resolution is a
duty which they owe to the agricultural interests of
the country, as well as to the welfare of the public
in general.—February 19, 1838.”
In consequence of this resolution, 80 teetotalers who
were already employed in the colliery, received their
discharge after one week's notice.
Still the cause everywhere prospered. In Wales this
was particularly the case. In Anglesea, it was stated
that upwards of 800 signed in one month. In 1839 the
reclaimed drunkards were reported at 1,000, and the
total membership at 24,780, about one-half of the whole
population. There may have been some exaggeration
in these figures, but their approximate accuracy cannot
be impugned.
In Carnarvon, out of a population of 8,000, 2,500 were
teetotalers. A large meeting was held on Christmas
Day, 1838, when 400 signatures were taken. Thus
everywhere teetotalism shed its benign rays upon the
multitudes, and became a blessing to thousands, making
men sober, and homes happy; putting money in the
pocket, health in the body, and peace in the mind.
136 SCOTLANT).
CHAPTER V.
SCOTTLAND AND IRELAND.
1836 TO 1841.
ğlſº these unhappy disputes were going on in
London, the cause was taking deep root in
Scotland, where the pledge quarrel had not in any way
affected the temperance societies; indeed the Scotch
total abstaining societies had always strenuously and
unanimously declared for the long pledge, and were not
now, therefore, disposed to enter into a dispute as to
the merit of the two pledges adopted by the English
Societies.
In 1837, Mr. Robert Kettle, who had up to this time
been a member of the old Moderation Society, united
with a few other friends, who, like himself, began to see
the importance of total abstinence, and formed the WEST
OF SCOTLAND TEMPERANCE SOCIETY, which henceforth
neld its meetings weekly in the Independent Chapel,
Albion-street, Glasgow. There were now two societies
in Glasgow—the one formed by Mr. Morris, and meet-
ing at the Lyceum Rooms, and the one formed by Mr.
1836–1841. 137
Kettle. “Between the two societies,” however, says the
Rev. William Reid, “the kindest feelings prevailed; and
hence a few months were sufficient to restore confidence,
and unite the members of both societies in the most
cordial co-operation.” About this time the Rev. Robert
Gray Mason was very zealously employed in Edinburgh
and other parts of Scotland; and at Gorbals a society
was speedily formed, which was called The Barony of
Gorbals Branch of the Total Abstinence Society. Mr.
Edward Morris was elected president; Mr. James Hoey,
vice-president; Mr. Thomas Bishop, treasurer; Mr.
Thomas Thomson, secretary ; and Messrs. Peter Angus,
Peter M'Bryde, Ronald Wright, David Johnston,
William Morrison, W. Campbell, James Harries, William
Renton, James Allan, William Baron, George Smith,
and Robert Thomson, the committee. From Gorbals,
Mr. Gray Mason went to Glasgow, and held some very
effective meetings, indeed his tour in Glasgow, Paisley,
Greenock, Falkirk, Stirling, and other places, was
altogether very successful.
Towards the end of this year, the meetings were
transferred from the Lyceum, in Nelson-street, to the
Wesleyan Chapel, in Spreull's-court, Trongate, the
minister of which, the Rev. Mr. Roebuck, was an
earnest teetotaler. } -
In the beginning of the year 1838, much interest was
excited in Glasgow on behalf of the young, and great
efforts were made to establish juvenile temperance
societies; and many of these laudable efforts were
IX.
138 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
crowned with great success. Early in February, 1838,
the idea was conceived of uniting the societies in
Scotland in one association. Sub-committees were
therefore appointed to consider the subject, and Mr. W.
C. Moncrieff, a theological student, was appointed to
draw up a circular to be sent to the various societies in
Scotland. On the 5th and 6th of September, meetings
of delegates were held in the Chapel, Spreull's-court,
when forty-one delegates, from the various societies
assembled, John Dunlop, Esq., in the chair, and J. C.
Douglas, Esq., was appointed to record the minutes.
These meetings were of a very harmonious character; and
proceeded to deliberate with calmness and single heart-
edness for the good of the cause. The result of their
deliberations being the formation of the SCOTTISH
TEMPERANCE UNION, of which Mr. Robert Kettle was
appointed president; Mr. George Gallie, treasurer; and
Mr. Robert Reid, secretary. During the year, the com-
mittee of this newly-formed union, appear to have
worked with great energy; they started The Scottish
Temperance Journal, which was conducted with great
ability and spirit by Mr. Robert Kettle, as editor.
Messrs. James Teare and Edward Grubb, of Preston,
and Mr. John Law, from Fifeshire, were engaged upon
a lecturing tour throughout Scotland, and at the close of
1838, it was stated that there were in Scotland
70,000 pledged abstainers. The following extracts
from a letter written by the Rev. Robert Gray Mason,
under date, “Edinburgh, September 21st, 1838,” will
SCOTLAND. 139
speak for itself, as to the progress of the cause at this
time. He says,
“The cause is going on in Scotland as well, perhaps, as
in any part of Great Britain. We have, at this moment,
no fewer than 70,000 pledged to total abstinence, and
nearly double that number materially improved by the
influence of our principles. No fewer than 50,000 have
been added to our ranks during the last year, and the
good cause is daily making new accessions. In one
small county, commonly called the “Kingdom of Fife,’
we have fifty separate societies, averaging at about 300
each, and going on in a most flourishing manner. I
have recently made a tour in the north, where, during
the short space of nine days, I lectured in all the follow-
ing places:—Inverary, Huntly, Keith, Fochabers, Elgin,
Nairn, Campbelton, Cromarty, Fostrose, Inverness,
Farres, Cullen, Portroy, Banff, Aberdour, Fraserburgh,
Old Deer, Peterhead, and Aberdeen. In nearly all
these places I succeeded in forming societies, most of
which promise to do well. We have now 15,000 in
Edinburgh; 12,000 in Glasgow; 5,000 in Paisley;
3,000 in Dumfries; 2,000 in Greenock; 1,500 in Dun-
fermline; and 1,200 in Kircaldy; in addition to several
societies which average at 700. I have delivered nearly
one hundred and fifty public lectures during the past
two months, in upwards of eighty different places, and
have formed more than one hundred and twenty societies
in the past year. -
“During the last seven months, I have enrolled on
140 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT:
our list the names of nearly thirty respectable ministers,
and were we content to sacrifice purity at the shrine of
power (by making our pledge less rigid) we might have
had a greater host of influential individuals among us.
Our uniform declaration is this, “Being convinced that
the prevalent use of inebriating drink is awfully injurious
to the health and happiness, peace and prosperity of
the community, and feeling assured that TOTAL ABSTI-
NENCE is the best security of the temperate, and the only
deliverance for the intemperate, we RESOLVE to abstain
from all intowicating liquor, whether distilled or fermented,
and agree neither to give nor offer it to others, (except
medicinally or sacramentally) and to discountenance all
causes and practices of intemperance.”
Some dissensions, however, had taken place in refer-
ence to the chief seat of government—whether Edinburgh
or Glasgow should form the centre of the movement,
and it soon became manifest that the union would not
long exist without some alteration taking place. Accord-
ingly, on June 4th, 1839, a meeting of delegates was
held in the Freemason's Hall, Edinburgh, when it was
decided that the Scottish Union should be divided into
two distinct associations, to be called the Eastern Tem-
perance Union and, the Western Temperance Union;
the one having its seat in Edinburgh, and the other in
Glasgow. The first and last annual meeting of the
Scottish Temperance Union then took place, John
Dunlop, Esq., occupying the chair upon the occasion.
* Intelligencer, 1838.
SCOTLAND. - 141
Much party feeling was displayed, and some very warm
discussion took place at this meeting. These differences
of opinion, however, did not prevent the friends from
working as zealously as ever. On the first day after
this meeting, a procession of members of temperance
societies took place in Glasgow, and Mr. Joseph Livesey
of Preston held several out-door meetings. Meetings
were held regularly in the surrounding villages, and the
Rev. William Reid, who was then residing in Glasgow,
exerted himself greatly, and did much to arouse public
attention to the movement; while his two brothers, Mr.
Robert Reid and Mr. Thomas Reid, were unceasing in
their labours, both in lecturing and visiting. Messrs.
Maclean, Ferguson, Peter Mearns, E. Anderson, Wm.
Logan, and others, also rendered good service at this
time. Mr. James Stirling and Mr. John Law, the
agents of the Union, were also indefatigable in their
labours, and great success crowned their efforts. The
Glasgow Total Abstinence Society was also in active
operation, and in its second annual report, published
this year, it is said,
“The aggregate amount of good which has been
accomplished cannot be ascertained; yet your committee
has little hesitation in saying, that upwards of seven
hundred reclaimed drunkards have, since the commence-
ment of the society, been reformed. Marriages, births,
and funerals, are now frequently conducted on total
abstinence principles; and many individuals, though not
members of the society, yet act upon the principle.”
142 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT:
In Edinburgh, the same activity prevailed. In the
second annual report of the Edinburgh Total Abstinence
Society, the number of members is stated to be 16,000.
The Rev. R. G. Mason was the travelling agent, and his
labours are very highly spoken of, as also are the “untir-
ing labours of the Rev. Henry Wight.” In the month
of May, the Committee held a soirée, on a grand scale,
in the Assembly Rooms in George-street, “in order to
lay the principles of the society more fully before the
nobility, clergy, and gentry of the city.” William
Chambers, Esq., occupied the chair, and nearly 1,000
persons sat down to tea. The meeting was addressed
by the Rev. R. G. Mason and Mr. James Teare: the
attendance at this meeting included more than 200
of the most distinguished ladies and gentlemen of
Edinburgh.
Shortly after this, a great meeting was held in the
open air, on the space of ground in front of the County
Hall. This meeting continued, without any intermission,
from ten o'clock in the morning till ten o’clock at night,
a succession of speakers continuing, during that time, to
advocate the principles of the society. The meeting was
brought to a close by Mr. Joseph Livesey, who deliv-
vered his Malt Lecture; at which time the audience
amounted to about 2,000 people. Above 200 persons
signed the pledge during the day. -
In 1840, the annual meeting of the Western Union
was held, when it was stated, “ that during no former
period in the history of teetotalism had their operations
SCOTLAND. 143
been crowned with such marked success. In some
places, one-third, in others, one-fourth of the whole
population had enrolled themselves as members. A
decided victory had been gained over many old-
established and pernicious drinking customs, thereby
decreasing the strong temptations to intemperance.”
During this year, 110 societies joined the Union, fifty
public meetings were held every month, and there were
70,000 members, including forty-two ministers of the
gospel, among whom we may name the Rev. Alexander
Wallace and the Rev. J. Samson.
The Roman Catholic Society of Glasgow also num-
bered, at this time, 9,000 members, under the presi-
dency of the Rev. Mr. Enraght, who was popularly
called the “Father Mathew of Glasgow.”
In July, 1841, a grand procession of temperance
societies took place : the Rechabites appeared in the
insignia of their order; the executive of the Western
Union, and the delegates from the various societies
followed; next came the members of the town and
country societies, each headed by a band of music and
numerous flags. The Roman Catholic Society brought
up the rear.
In Dunfermline, a new plan was adopted for bringing
the cause under the notice of the inhabitants. The cause
of genuine sobriety received a new impetus in this
place, through the active exertions of a district visiting
committee, composed of a few zealous members of the
* Morris’s History of Teetotalism in Glasgow, p. 92.
144 TEMIPERANCE MOVEMENT :
society, who aroused Dunfermline from its centre to its
circumference. By their carrying the war into every
street—nay, every door—the good principles of total
abstinence were sounded in the ears of almost every
inhabitant, and nearly 200 members were added to the
society. The plan pursued was as follows:—The town
was divided into twelve districts, and a series of meet-
ings were held, in one or other of these districts, every
night for a fortnight. Two addresses, or sometimes
three, were delivered on the evil, cause, and cure of
intemperance; tracts were distributed, and a district
committee formed to look after the affairs of the society
in the immediate locality, and report to the central
|board.*
Notwithstanding, however, the advance made by
Scotland in the movement, it is to Ireland that we must
look for the achievement of the greatest victories.
During this period, the total abstinence movement had
been introduced into Cork by a few members of the
Society of Friends—Mr. William Martin, Mr. Richard
Dowden (Rd.), and others; weekly meetings had been
for some time conducted by these friends, but with very
little success. After a time, it was thought that if
Father Mathew—a Capuchin Friar and Roman Catholic
- priest at Cork—could but be induced to sign the pledge,
and give the weight of his influence to the cause, much
good would be the result. Accordingly a deputation
was appointed to lay the subject before him, and it was
* Teetotal Courant.
IRELAND. 145
chiefly through the kind and persuasive arguments of
Mr. William Martin that Father Mathew was at length
induced to sign the pledge, which he did at a small
meeting of friends, on the 10th April, 1838. He is at
this meeting to seek for information, and thus addresses
the friends present, “‘Gentlemen, I hope you will
aid and give me such information as may be necessary
for the formation of a new total abstinence society;’
and then taking the pen in hand, pausing, and saying
these remarkable words,-‘If only one poor soul can
be rescued from intemperance and destruction it will be
doing a noble act and adding to the glory of God; here
goes in the name of the Lord.’ He signs his name.
‘The Very Rev. Theobald Mathew, C.C., Cove-street,
No. 1.’ On the same evening he is elected president of
the new society, and we hear him commence the
advocacy of temperance in an old school-room in
Blackamore-lane.” To this final step Father Mathew
had been led, from the fact of having himself tried the
moderation pledge among his flock, and found its entire
inadequacy to meet the great evil of intemperance pre-
vailing amongst them. The great influence Father
Mathew possessed was immediately felt; the Horse
Bazaar in Cork was taken, and meetings were held
twice a week, two members of the Irish bar, Mr. Walsh
and Mr. J. F. Maguire, rendering him great assistance
by their advocacy; and great numbers now began to
come forward to sign the pledge, so that before the end
* Meliora, 1860, pp. 80, 81.
14.6 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
of this year—in eight months—156,000 persons had
taken the pledge in Cork.
It is no wonder that the fame of Father Mathew
began now to extend beyond Cork. It was believed
by the poor of the south that there was “virtue in
Father Mathew,” and accordinly they began to come in
hundreds from Kerry, from Galway, from Clare, and
from Waterford, and other places. It now, therefore,
seemed necessary that Father Mathew should visit these
and other towns. Accordingly, on the 2nd December,
1839, he paid a visit to Limerick. To this city the
people swarmed from neighbouring towns and villages
in dense crowds, extending for two miles along the
road. Lodgings, refreshments, and other necessaries
commanded exorbitant prices, and notwithstanding that
every room in almost every house was crammed, yet
upwards of 5,000 persons had to remain in the streets
all night. Father Mathew came, and for four days he
was almost incessantly engaged in taking pledges, not
fewer than 150,000 members being registered during
this time. The following account of this extraordinary
event is taken from the Morning Herald of that date:—
“The Rev. Mr. Mathew was expected in Limerick on
Saturday, as he was invited to preach a charity sermon
on the Sunday, and in order to prevent confusion, it
was announced that those who wished to take the pledge
should enrol their names beforehand. On Saturday
night, the number of names enrolled, I am told, was no
less than 20,000. After the sermon on Sunday the rev.
IRELAND. - 147
gentleman proceeded to the Court House to receive the
pledges, and remained there until ten o'clock at night,
the people taking the pledge by twenties at a time.
Notwithstanding the numbers thus disposed of, the state
of the city this morning beggars description. At an
early hour, the house of Mr. Dunbar, in Mallow-street,
where the priest took up his residence, was surrounded
by thousands of people from the country, until at length
the pressure became so great that the area railings gave
way, and a young woman was, unfortunately, killed
upon the spot. The rev. gentleman resumed his exer-
tions at the Court House, where he remained until the
afternoon, when matters assumed in its neighbourhood
an alarming appearance. The Court House fronts the
Shannon, and is surrounded by an iron railing, the
pressure upon which from within became so great that
boats were placed to pick the people up if it should
give way. The event thus foreseen soon afterwards
occurred, and the precaution was the means of saving
those who were precipitated into the river. Father
Mathew by this time got alarmed for the safety of the
people, and his alarm was fully justified by what soon
afterwards occurred. A woman was crushed to death
in the crowd, and several men, when the iron railing
towards the street was carried away to the extent of
many yards, were thrown down and trampled upon by
the crowd. Three are said to have been picked up
dead, and one with his arm broken, besides others more
or less severely injured. The dragoons were sent for,
148 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
and the rev. gentleman was escorted back to Mallow-
street. The numbers who by this time had thronged
into the town to take the pledge, have been estimated
as high as from 60,000 to 70,000; for comparatively
few of its inhabitants were amongst his disciples, many
of them having taken the pledge previously, and yet the
various vehicles and the steamboats were laden with new
converts to temperance, indeed the latter dangerously
so. In Mallow-street and Catherine-street the dragoons
kept a lane in the centre, sufficiently wide for two people
to walk abreast, and on each side of this lane the people
knelt in the mud, while the rev. gentleman passed
through, repeating after him, as nearly as I could catch
them, the following words:– “I solemnly promise to
abstain from all intoxicating liquors, and by my advice
and example to persuade others to abstain also.” Crowd
after crowd thus take the pledge and pass away, but to
make room for succeeding throngs rushing to become
his disciples. It is now dark, and yet still are the streets
I have named filled with suppliants kneeling to take
the pledge.”
Father Mathew now reached the zenith of his popu-
larity, and similar scenes to the one above described
immediately took place in rapid succession at Waterford,
Lismore, Ennis, Clonmel, Thurles, Cashel, Galway, and
many other places. At Parsonstown it is said that his
coming having been generally announced, “there was
an immense influx from the surrounding counties. A
troop of the 17th Lancers from Athlone, a detachment
IRELAND. 149
of the 60th Rifles from Birr, and a large police force
were in attendance. On entering the area on which
stands the chaste and beautiful chapel, a scene presented
itself highly calculated to arouse interest and inspire
awe. In front of the chapel was stationed a large body
of police, a fine and well-disciplined force; outside
these were the Rifles on bended knee, with bayonets
fixed and pointed, forming a barrier to oppose the rush-
ing multitudes; whilst within and without this barrier,
to keep the passages clear, the cavalry, ‘in all the pomp
and circumstance of glorious war,’ moved up and down
with slow and measured pace. Beyond, and as far along
the streets as the eye could reach, were the congregated
masses swaying to and fro with every impulse, and by
their united voices, producing a deep, indistinct sound
like the murmur of the sea.”
The movement had now evidently become a national
one. The country was everywhere affected, and brew-
eries and distilleries were fast disappearing. In 1840
we find Father Mathew at Tallow, county of Waterford,
where he administered the pledge to 6,000 persons.
Lord W. Hill with a party of Scots Greys, and a large
body of constabulary attended to preserve order on the
occasion; and Lord Morpeth remarked that the duties
of the military and police in Ireland, now entirely con-
sisted in keeping the ground clear for Father Mathew.
At Lismore 25,000 signed; at Gort, where he was inces-
Santly engaged from ten o'clock in the morning till five
f * Meliora, 1860, p. 85.
150 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
in the afternoon, and again for three hours and a half on
the second day, he administered the pledge to 40,000;
and at Ennis to at least 30,000. At Waterford the same
success attended his labours.
Many ludicrous scenes took place during the day,
exhibitive of the enthusiasm and devotion of the people.
A Carrick woman, on arriving at this side of the bridge
was heard to exclaim, after turning towards the west,
“Joy be with you, Carrick, and all the whisky I ever
drank : I’ll never drink more.” Nearly all the fisher-
men of Tramore, Islands O’Kane, and the coast around
to Bonmahon, took the pledge. The bathing men of
Tramore, were the foremost in enrolling themselves
under the standard. Hundreds were - present from
the farthest extremity of Wexford, Carlow, Wicklow,
Kildare, Queen and King's counties.
At Ardfry, Lord Wallscourt and many of the neigh-
bouring gentry took the pledge from Father Mathew.
Dublin was at length visited, where for two entire days
he administered the pledge. “The enthusiasm here
was very great,” writes Mr. Richard Allen, in a letter to
Mr. William Janson. “The account of the numbers who
joined was kept by the police, so that its accuracy may
be depended on. I think 60,000, including those who
took it on the first day, is about the number.” A few
months later Father Mathew paid a second visit to
Dublin, which visit is thus reported:—
“This zealous and indefatigable servant of the Most
High, and friend of the human race, without distinction
IIRELAND. 151
of sect or party, has had a most successful two days'
campaign at the Custom House in this city, on Monday
and Tuesday last; having administered the pledge to
about 72,000 individuals; and when he gave up on the
evening of the latter day there were thousands still
anxiously waiting to take the pledge, and it was with
the utmost difficulty, assisted by the horse and foot
police, and a large body of teetotalers, who attended
each day to aid in keeping order, that the rev. gentleman
was enabled to escape to his hotel, and even there, as
soon as he partook of a little refreshment, he received a
number of ladies who waited upon him to take the
pledge.”
A grand temperance procession took place in Dublin
on St. Patrick's day in this year. The procession was
headed by the Irish Total Abstinence Association: first
there was a carriage and its banner, then another carriage
drawn by four horses, in which sat the Rev. Dr. Spratt,
a Roman Catholic friar, and the Rev. Mr. M'Clure, a
Wesleyan Minister; then a third carriage containing a
band of musicians; then John Smyth, the king of the
reformed drunkards, on a white charger. The juvenile
branch of the Dublin Total Abstinence Society followed,
and the rear was brought up by a body of mounted police,
under the command of their superintendent, who himself
was a total abstainer. The shops through which the
procession passed were all closed, and every balcony, and
window was filled with spectators. In Dame-street the
* Dublin Weekly Herald, October 3, 1839.
152 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT:
Lord-Lieutenant, accompanied by his aid-de-camps, stood
admiring the scene. During this year Mr. Ralph Holker,
agent of the New British and Foreign Temperance
Society, visited Belfast, Antrim, and other places, and
held some meetings, receiving many pledges; and at
the close of the year a friend writes thus from Cork:-
“This society was founded on the 10th April, 1838.
ONE MILLION EIGHT HUNDRED THOUSAND men and
women have been received and enrolled on IRELAND’s
GREAT NATIONAL TOTAL ABSTINENCE SOCIETY, and
have, on bended knees, solemnly pledged themselves
never again to use the drunkard's drink. The people
crowd from all parts of the four provinces of Ireland in
countless thousands. It is impossible to calculate the
amount of the vast and awful host, who wish to escape
the frightful plague and evils of intemperance, under
which they have groaned for centuries. The spirit of
God seems to have taken possession of the hearts and
dispositions of the people of Ireland, en masse; a blessed
change has taken place all over the country; broils,
quarrels, and faction fair fights, have entirely ceased,
and peace, sobriety, industry, and good conduct, reigns
predominant.” -
What was the secret of Father Mathew's success?
It has been ascribed to his influence, as a priest, over
the people—to superstition, and various other causes;
but we think that the grand secret of his success is to
be found in his ardent faith in the cause itself. No
* Intelligencer, 1840, p. 91.
IRELAND. 153
exertion, or sacrifice was too great for him to make,
because he believed the cause was an instrument in the
hands of God of enlightening and blessing the people;
therefore he was willing to “spend and be spent,” so
that, like his Divine Master, he might be “going about
and doing good.”
But what was the ultimate result of all this labour as
far as the movement itself is concerned 2 That it had
an immediate result in lessening crime, and in decreasing
the consumption of intoxicating liquors is evident, ac-
cording to a Parliamentary return, moved for by Sir R.
Ferguson; where we find that, in 1838, the consumption
of whisky in Ireland was twelve and a quarter million
of gallons, while, in 1841, it was only six and a half
millions; and as might be expected from this, we find
that of the heaviest offences there were, in 1837, 12,096,
which, in 1840, had decreased to 773. Writing from
Belfast, Mr. John Hull says, “Teetotalism goes on
prosperously here; and at Lisburn—a small town con-
venient to it, containing about five or six thousand
inhabitants—a society was formed a few months since,
which now numbers more than 700 steady members.
Upwards of forty mechanics came to the house of one
of the committee the other evening and signed the
pledge. There are about 100 confirmed (reformed)
drunkards who are doing well.”
That much indirect good was done cannot be denied.
It may not be generally known that the late Pope was
so far influenced by the example of Father Mathew,
L
154. TEIE ELEDGE :
as himself to become an abstainer. This we learn on
the authority of the Belfast Vindicator, which says,
“The head of the Catholic Church on Earth, Gregory
XVI., is a teetotaler, and wears the medal of the Cork
Total Abstinence Society. A letter from his Holiness,
announcing this important fact, was received by Father
Mathew (who had sent the Holy Father a gold medal)
just as he was setting out for Moira.”
The fact that large numbers of those who took the
pledge from Father Mathew in course of time broke
their pledge, is to be attributed more to the want of
organization than to any defect in the advocacy of Father
Mathew. We are not now, however, about to discuss
this subject—it is sufficient for our purpose to know
that the labours of Father Mathew gave a fresh impetus
to the temperance cause, and that, at least, very large
numbers of men and women were rescued from intem-
perance. Ireland yet bears fruit from the seed sown by
Mr. Mathew, and this seed may even yet be springing
up and bringing forth fresh fruit, “in some thirty, in
some sixty, and in some a hundred fold.”
T.ONDON. 155
CHAPTER VI.
FROM 1840 TO THE WORLD'S CONVENTION IN 1846.
º this time the total abstinence movement had
(*! attracted much public attention, and had gained
many converts to its principles among the religious and
educated portion of the community. Many ministers
of the gospel were now associated with it, and were not
ashamed to advocate the cause in their pulpits, and on
the public platform. The movement itself had also
one much in an educational point of view. It had
created a literature of its own, and it had called into
exercise a great variety of talent. Its agents were men
of thought ; its leaders were men possessed with intelli.
gent zeal, and, therefore, the movement still went on—
not now as a “Question,” but as an “Enterprise.” The
question had become fact; the experiment had suc-
ceeded; and the “Reformation ” must go on. Accord-
ingly we find that progress is still making both in town
and country, throughout the United Kingdom.
156 THE PLEDGE :
In 1841, there were still two parent societies in
London advocating total abstinence from all alcoholic
drinks, and both of these societies were actively engaged
in endeavouring to further the cause of temperance
amongst the people. Many circumstances, however,
arose which clearly shewed that more united effort was
desirable, and that the cause in general would be greatly
benefited by a settlement of the differences which still
existed among the friends, and by uniting the two
societies together. This subject was, therefore, brought
forward at the annual meeting of the Suppression
Society, in Exeter Hall, on May 5th–Earl Stanhope in
the chair. Mr. J. W. Green read the report, which
stated that there were now about 40,000 members in
the society, more than 4,000 of whom had been
reclaimed from habits of intemperance. About 200
stated or occasional ministers were also in union with
the society. The receipts were stated to have amounted
to £818 17s. 4d., and the expenditure to £11650s. 9d.,
leaving a balance due to the treasurer of £346 3s. 5d.
The report then urged union and co-operation, referring
particularly to “a general union of all the total absti-
nence societies of the kingdom.” The following
speakers then addressed the meeting, most of them
urging the subject of union :-Rev. G. B. Macdonald
of Birmingham, Rev. James Sherman, J. S. Buckingham,
Esq., Rev. Charles Stovel, and R. Walkden, Esq. At
the meeting of delegates, a resolution, expressive of the
desirability of union, was passed; and at the meeting
LONDON. 157
of the committee specially called to consider this subject,
it was resolved unanimously,–
“That as the operations of the British and Foreign
Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, and of
the New British and Foreign Temperance Society, are
directed towards the entire abolition of the use of all
intoxicating liquors as a beverage, it is the deliberate
judgment of this committee, that great advantages
would arise from a union of the said societies, provided
the same can be effected without a compromise of that
liberal principle which allows every applicant to enjoy
the full privilege of membership, on the adoption of
any form of pledge whatsoever, which recognizes total
abstinence from all intoxicating drinks, except for
medicinal purposes or in a religious ordinance; and
provided, also, that the continuance of that principle be
as fully secured to the society, which this committee
represents, as it is at the present time.” In accordance
with this resolution, therefore, a meeting to promote
this union was held at the Parsonage of Surrey Chapel,
Blackfriars-road, on 23rd of May. The Rev. James
Sherman occupied the chair, and the following gentle-
men were present :—Rev. Thomas Spencer, M.A., of
Hinton Charter House, Bath; Rev. J. F. Witty, of
St. John's Episcopal Chapel, London-road; Rev. Charles
Stovel; John Dunlop, Esq.; R. D. Alexander, Esq.;
J. S. Buckingham, Esq.; W. Janson, Esq.; Dr. Lovell;
and W. Oxley, Esq. Business having commenced, it
was moved by the Rev. J. F. Witty, seconded by
W. Janson, Esq.,
158 THE Pf, EDGE :
“‘That this meeting, representing the New British
and Foreign Temperance Society, and the Society for
the Suppression of Intermperance, express their belief
that both societies are most anxious for union, and that
they determine to use every effort to accomplish so
desirable an object.' Carried unanimously.
“W. Janson, Esq., then submitted to the meeting the
following propositions as the basis of union :-
“1. That in order to effect an union between the
British and Foreign Society for the Suppression of In-
temperance, and the New British and Foreign Temper-
ance Society, it is desirable to raise a fund of at least
g1,000 (call it the union fund) to pay off the debt of
the former society, and to enable the united societies to
carry on the increased operations naturally resulting
from such an union.
“2. That Earl Stanhope be respectfully requested to
become the patron of the society.
“3. That the vice-presidents of the Society for the
Suppression of Intemperance, assume the rank of
patrons or vice-presidents of the New British and
Foreign Temperance Society, as they comply or not
with the rules of that society.
“4. That as four places may be made in the Execu-
tive Committee of the New British and Foreign Temper-
ance Society, by the withdrawal of Messrs. Barrett,
Walkden, Lovell, and Hull, Mr. Janson purposes that
the Rev. G. Evans, Messrs. J. Hale, Lidgett, and W.
Oxley, now members of the Committee of the Society
f
LONDON. 159
for the Suppression of Intemperance, should take their
places, if willing to sign the Long Pledge, for the pur-
pose of effecting union.
“5. That the Intelligencer of the Society for the
Suppression of Intemperance, and the Weekly Journal
of the New British and Foreign Temperance Society, be
conducted under the care of the United Society.
“6. That for the safety and permanency of this union,
at a public meeting held for the purpose, a formal recog-
nition of the fact of the dissolution of the Society for
the Suppression of Intemperance should be made.
“These propositions having been read, received the
full asent of the following gentlemen,
“R. D. ALEXANDER, ESQ.
“J. DUNLOP, ESQ.
“DR. LOVELL.”
After which the following minute was presented by
the gentlemen, whose signatures are appended.
“‘We should have preferred, that there should have
been no distinction of pledges between the members and
the Executive Committee; but if this cannot be obtained
we are so anxious to see the two societies united, that
we shall be ready to assent to these propositions being
adopted as the basis of a union—provided the executive
committee can be made to consist of an equal number
of the members of the two existing societies.’
“‘J. S. BUCKINGHAM.
“. . J. F. WITTY.’”
The Rev. C. Stovel, Rev. J. Sherman, and Dr. Oxley,
160 TEIF, PLEDGE :
also protested against the plan proposed, which, when
laid before the committee of the Suppression Society,
was also, dissented from. A basis of union was then
drawn up by the committee, and submitted to the
executive of the New British and Foreign Society.
Much correspondence and great delay took place;
but still the difference between the long pledge and the
short pledge would not allow the friends to unite, and this
year passed away without the union so much desired.
Still the work went on ; and, during the year, the
attention of the New British and Foreign Society was
specially directed to sailors. Many meetings were held
on board ship; and sailors' auxiliaries were formed.
The meetings in London were generally well attended,
and the results encouraging. Among other meetings
may be noticed one at the Royal Standard Theatre in
Shoreditch, which was taken by a few friends connected
with the Haggerston Branch Society, and opened as a
temperance hall; J. S. Buckingham, Esq., presided at
the opening meeting. Much good was done in this
place, and in the short space of seven months, upwards
of 1,200 persons had signed the pledge. Another large
meeting was held at the White Hart Tavern, Bishops-
gate-street, for the purpose of presenting an address to
Mr. J. S. Buckingham upon his return from America.
Another procession took place on Whit-Monday in
this year, respecting which, the Intelligencer says,
“Although the procession of this year was by no
means equal in uniformity or in general effect to that
LONDON. 161
of 1840, it was yet sufficient in length to cause hundreds
to exclaim, ‘Why they will never have done coming !’
while the expense evidently bestowed upon the dress of
individuals, and upon the numerous flags and banners
which rustled in the breeze and glittered in the sun,
must have convinced the gazing thousands that tee-
totalism was something more than mere theory. The
Associations of Irish Catholics, and of the Rechabites,
made the most numerous muster, and attracted the most
particular notice.”
During the procession several incidents occurred, and
one or two mélees took place between some who were
walking in the procession and others who were among
the spectators passing jeering remarks, &c.; “And,”
says a correspondent, “the scene, the crowd, and the
heat of the day, were sufficient to suggest the following
reflections —Of what use is all this? After all the
trouble, expense, and anxiety of getting it—the toil,
and, as in the above instance, the confusion attending
it, how many converts to total abstinence are made by
it? Are any benefits hoped for from its indirect effects?
What sort of moral feeling is produced by it either in
spectators or actors? To the former I fear it is pretty
generally a subject of derision and no way calculated to
promote the cause; to the latter I do not see how it
can be a means of furthering it with others, or of
strengthening the bond of union among themselves in
any degree more advantageous than others that might
be devised.”*
* Intelligencer, 1841, p. 182.
162 TEMEPERANCE MOVEMENT :
“On the 11th of September, 1841, the last number
of a weekly publication, called the Teetotaler, made its
appearance, and, on the same date, the first number of
the Anti-Teetotaler. The singularity of this coincidence
was heightened by the fact that the editor of both was
one and the same person (G. W. M. Reynolds.) The
Anti-Teetotaler professed to be the organ of a professed
society, entitled the ‘United Kingdom Anti-Teetotal
Society,' but the journal died, and with it the association,
OI’ pretended association, after a few weeks fluttering
existence.”
In the provinces the work went gloriously on. A
new society was formed at Salisbury, while from Nor-
wich, Birmingham, and many other places, the most
encouraging accounts were received. Mr. Biscombe,
Mr. Corkran, Mr. Crawford, Mr. D. G. Paine, and others,
may be mentioned as agents actively employed during
this year.
In 1842, great efforts were made to establish or revive
both Juvenile and Female Temperance Societies, and
not without some successful results. In Bath a Juvenile
Society was formed in 1838, and the secretary now
reports, that “Since that time, 1,300 youths have joined
the society, being an increase during the past year of
nearly 500. In the villages of Twerton and Corston,
near Bath, branch juvenile societies have been established.
In the former village, nearly all the youths in the cloth
manufactory have signed the pledge. A vast number of
* Temperance Dictionary, by Dawson Burns, p. 74.
TJNION. 163
meetings have been held and tracts distributed. The
practice of presenting intoxicating liquors to the children
in the different schools, has been discontinued, owing
partly to the refusal of the children to partake of them;
Sunday school teachers have adopted our principles, and
drunken parents have been reclaimed through the con-
sistent example of their children.” Female associations
also became very numerous, and were, mostly, in active
operation.
The two London Societies were now again preparing
for their annual meetings. The desire for union still
existed in the minds of many friends. Many letters
were passed between friends on both sides, and in all
these letters an earnest desire for the proposed union
was expressed, while several of the writers promised
liberal donations as soon as the union was effected.
The British Association had also been endeavouring to
effect a union with the New British and Foreign Society
for some years past, but without success. On July 3rd,
1838, at the fifth Annual Conference, held in Birmingham,
it was resolved, “That in order to promote more effect-
ually the temperance reformation on the principles of
total abstinence from all intoxicating drinks, it is in the
opinion of this Conference highly desirable that an union
of the British Association, and of the New British and
Foreign Temperance Societies should be effected.
“That the Revs. W. R. Baker and F. Beardsall, and
* Sixth Report of the New British and Foreign Temperance
Society, p. 7.
164: TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
Messrs. G. B. Browne, Meredith, Randall, Eaton, Tees,
Crossley, Moore, and Fargher, form a committee to con-
sult on the best mode of carrying such union into effect,
and report as early as possible to this conference the re-
sult of such consultation.” And conditions of union were
proposed. But at the next conference of the Association,
held in Liverpool, July 16th, 1839, we find it moved by
Mr. J. Andrew; seconded by Mr. Corkran –
“That from the statements submitted to the conference
by the sub-committee, of the impediments at present ex-
isting on the part of the Association, this conference is
of opinion, that the union of the New British and Foreign
Temperance Society and the British Association, cannot
be immediately effected.”
It was thought, however, by many that the time had
now arrived when these “impediments” should have
passed away, and therefore at the Delegates Meeting held
in London, at Anderton's Hotel in Fleet-street, May
17th, 1842, the subject of the union of the two London
Societies was again canvassed. Dr. Lovell and others
declared plainly that they did not think a union practic-
able, under present circumstances; and it was therefore
thought that it would be best at once to form a new
society, and after very considerable discussion, in which
the Rev. Charles Stovel, and Messrs. Samuel Bowly,
Joseph Eaton, Nathaniel Card, Robert Warner, W. R.
Baker and others took part, it was –
Moved by Mr. Josiah Hunt, of Almondsbury; and
seconded by Mr. Joseph Sturge, of Birmingham :—
TJNION. 165
“That it is the sense of this meeting that the best
mode of putting an end to the discussion that has
existed between the New British and Foreign Temper-
ance Society and the British and Foreign Society for
the Suppression of Intemperance, is to form a new
society, to be named THE BRITISH AND FOREIGN
UNITED TOTAL ABSTINENCE SoCIETY, the objects of
which shall be to support and extend the principle of
total abstinence from all intoxicating drinks, without
committing itself to any form of pledge, but recog-
nizing all total abstinence societies, whatever form of
pledge they may think proper to adopt.”
Moved by Mr. N. Card, of Manchester; and seconded
by Mr. J. Weblen, of Guildford:— -
“That Messrs. Bowly, Eaton, and Warner, (with
power to add to their number) be a provisional com-
mittee, to prepare a prospectus of the Society now pro-
posed, and to summon a general meeting of the friends
of total abstinence for the purpose of considering the
plan, and choosing an executive committee, in accord-
ance with the first resolution.”
Moved by Mr. R. Warner, of London; and seconded
by Mr. A. Wood, of Dublin:-
“That should the aforesaid executive body be formed,
and the two societies, or either of the two societies
named in the first resolution, agree to unite with the
new society, or dissolve themselves, in such case, the
members now present resolve to exert themselves to
166 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
discharge the existing debt of either, or of both such
societies.”
The two societies held their annual meetings. From
the balance-sheet we find that the New British and
Foreign Society was in debt to the treasurer, (W. Janson,
Esq.) #542 14s. 11d., and that the Suppression Society
was also in debt to its treasurer, (Dr. Oxley) fj9711s. 0d.
It was evidently time, therefore, that something should
be done. -
The first active step taken consequent upon the above-
named resolutions, was the immediate formation of the
METROPOLITAN TOTAL ABSTINENCE ASSOCIATION ;
which was intended to be an integral part of the pro-
posed united society. The Metropolitan Society was
formed at a meeting held in the Literary Institution,
Aldersgate-street, on June 22nd, 1842. Mr. F. Grosjean
in the chair. Its object was stated to be to “extend
the principle of total abstinence from all intoxicating
drinks as widely as possible throughout the metropolis
and vicinity.” In order to facilitate this object, London
was to be divided into five districts, each district to be
managed by a committee, with one representative to the
general committee. The association was to consist of
persons who signed a pledge of total abstinence, and
who contributed one penny per week to the furtherance
of the cause in the locality to which they belonged.
The formation of this association was recognized at
a public meeting held in the Mechanics’ Institution,
Southampton-buildings, Holborn, on July 11th, 1842,
UNION. 167
J. S. Buckingham, Esq., in the chair. Some opposition
was manifested at this meeting; Mr. T. A. Smith declar-
ing it to be “a hole-and-corner meeting.” The society,
however, progressed, and soon embraced as auxiliaries
many of the local societies in London.
The time had now arrived when the two London
societies should be dissolved, and accordingly plans for
a new society having been drawn up, and arrangements
made for the payment of the debts of the old societies,
the New British and Foreign Temperance Society was
dissolved on Friday, November 11th, at a meeting held
at the Provident Institution, in Moorgate-street; and
the British and Foreign Society for the Suppression of
Intemperance was dissolved at a public meeting held
in Aldersgate-street Chapel, on Wednesday evening,
November 23rd. THE NATIONAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY
was then immediately formed, with the following officers
and committee.
WICE-PRESIDENTS.
R. D. Alexander, Esq. G. S. Kenrick, Esq. -
Samuel Bowly, Esq. W. J. Morgan, Esq., A.M., M.D.
Bev. J. Brewster, D.D. John Meredith, Esq.
J. S. Buckingham, Esq. Richard Peek, Esq.
Thos. Beaumont, Esq., M.R.C.S. Rev. P. Penson. -
Robert Charleton, Esq. Rev. W. W. Robinson, M.A.
Joseph Eaton, Esq. Rev. Thomas Spencer, M.A.
Bhilip Frith, Esq. |Rev. W. H. Turner.
Lawrence Heyworth, Esq.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
Tichard Barrett, Esq. William Janson, Junior, Esq.
William Cabell, Esq. Rev. James Sherman.
William Cash, Esq. Rev. Charles Stovel.
Isaac Collins, Esq. Robert Warner, Esq.
James Day, Esq. Edward Webb, Esq.
168 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
TINANCIAL SECRETARY.
Theodore Compton.
TRAVELLING SECRETARY.
Courtenay T. Harry.
The third rule in the constitution stated that “the
society shall consist of annual subscribers of one guinea
and upwards, and of donors of not less than ten guineas,
and who shall have signed a declaration involving the
practice of total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors.”
The first public meeting of the society was held in
Exeter Hall, on January 23rd, 1843, when Benjamin
Rotch, Esq., presided, and Samuel Bowly, Esq., J. S.
Buckingham, Esq., Rev. James Sherman, Rev. G. B.
Macdonald, Rev. Charles Stovel, Rev. Thomas Spencer,
and others, addressed the meeting. Thus, as Mr. Janson
writes, “we succeeded in getting rid of both societies
in favour of a new one, by Mr. Samuel Bowly; and
though a large sum of money was raised, not enough,
to pay off Dr. Oxley and myself as treasurers.”
With this society, Earl Stanhope refused to have any
connection. Writing to Mr. Theodore Compton, the
Secretary, under date “Chevening, near Sevenoaks,
January 4th, 1843,” his lordship says, “Although I
continue to feel the strongest attachment to the cause
of temperance, which I consider of extreme importance
to the welfare and happiness of mankind, I must decline
to become a member of the National Temperance
Society, and I think it right, in justice to myself, to
state the reasons which have induced me to form that
TJNION. 169
determination.” He then states that he considers a
new society unnecessary, that he objects to its consti-
tution, and also that he is determined “not to be a
member of any temperance society, unless its patron or
its president should be the Rev. Theobald Mathew,
before whom, as the true apostle of temperance, all
other advocates of the cause whatever, must bow their
diminished heads.”
G. W. Alexander, Esq. became the Treasurer of this
society, which office he continued to hold, himself
also being a liberal contributor to its funds, till 1856.
The committee, in the month of April of this year, put
forth a very excellent address, in a pamphlet of 24
pages, which was sold at twopence, and of which nearly
50,000 copies were disposed of in three years. They
also reprinted the tracts of the New British and Foreign
Temperance Society, and circulated them to the extent
of about 450,000. The Temperance Recorder for
Domestic and Foreign Intelligence was also commenced
during this year; the Temperance Intelligencer having
become the property of the Metropolitan Association,
of which Mr. J. W. Green had become the secretary.
Every where in London the cause made good pro-
gress. Mingaye Syder, a medical man, had signed
the pledge in 1837, at the instance of Thomas
Hockings. During the next year, he commenced the
publication of The London Temperance Advocate and
Medical Adviser, which, however, only lived to complete
* Metropolitan Intelligencer, 1843, p. 18.
MI
170 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
its ninth number. He then commenced lecturing on
physiology and chemistry, and holding discussions in
different parts of the country. In 1841, he commenced
the publication of The Temperance Lancet, which con-
tinued to appear weekly till August 27th, 1842. Mr.
Syder being somewhat erratic in his proceedings, and
eccentric in his manner, was not the means of doing
that amount of good which otherwise might have been
expected from him.
On the 16th January, the friends who had hitherto held
their meetings in the Standard Theatre, met in Worship-
street, Finsbury, in a building which had been the
police court, and which they had now fitted up as a
Temperance Hall. Mr. J. W. Green, Mr. John Cassell,
Mr. Rickman, Mr. J. M’Currey, and Dr. Oxley addressed
this meeting. Other meetings were held on each night
during that week. Forty-three persons signed the
pledge.
The Metropolitan Association held an aggregate
meeting on February 14th, at the Literary Institution,
Aldersgate-street, when Mr. J. W. Green stated that
forty societies were in union with the Association, and
that fifty meetings were held weekly. It would appear
that our teetotal friends could never pass over Whit-
Monday, without a procession—accordingly, we have,
this year, a grand march out to Hampstead and back
again. The Morning Chronicle states that “the num-
ber of persons who took part in the cavalcade could
not have been less than 15,000; and the line extended
LONDON. 171
completely across the heath, a distance of more than a
mile and-a-half.”
In the month of March, 1843, the Metropolitan
Association united itself with the National Temperance
Society, and in pursuance of their rules the central
committee of the Metropolitan Association elected two
of their members (Messrs. Michael Hart and J. W.
Green) to sit on the committee of the National Society.
Thus it appears that something was being done in
London to promote the cause of total abstinence. The
old Moderation Society it is true still existed, but their
Report for this year, shewed a balance against them of
£2128s. 3%d. But although the society existed, and had
“a local habitation and a name” at Aldine Chambers,
yet few persons out of doors knew of its existence at all.
It had long been in a declining state, but “like a wounded
snake it dragged its slow length along,” until about 1848,
when Mr. Owen Clarke resigned his office of secretary;
and but little more was afterwards heard of it.
But a greater work was doing in London than any we
have yet noticed. We are not surprised that the total
abstainers of England should very early have desired the
presence among them of Father Mathew. So early as
1840, we find the committee of the British and Foreign
Suppression Society, opening up a correspondence with
him in reference, among other things, to his coming to
London. In a letter under date “Committee-room, 90,
Bartholomew-close, February 12, 1840,” it is said—
“There is yet another point respecting which also we
172 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
have been most unanimous. It is our intention to hold
our Anniversary Meeting in the great room, Exeter
Hall, in the month of May next. Could we hold out a
hope to our friends and the public that your presence
might be expected on that occasion, we feel assured that
the gratification would be mutual, and that great good
would be the result.”
This letter from the committee was accompanied by
one from Earl Stanhope, urging the same point.
The executive committee, having determined the time
and place for their annual meeting, passed the following
resolutions unanimously, at their meeting held March
13th. º
“1.—That the Rev. Theobald Mathew be respectfully
informed that the annual meeting of the society is fixed
for the evening of Thursday, May 14th, in the great
room, Exeter Hall, when his presence is confidently
expected.
“2.—That this Committee provide suitable apart-
ments for the occupation of the Rev. T. Mathew during
his stay in the Metropolis; and that he be requested
to honour them by complying with this arrangement.
“3.—That the Rev. T. Mathew be respectfully
requested to favour the committee with an early reply
to their recent address to him ; and also to inform them
as to the time when he will probably arrive in the
Metropolis, that a deputation may wait upon him for
the purpose of making various arrangements.”
These resolutions were duly forwarded to the Rev. T.
LONDON. 173
Mathew, and elicited a reply from him, in which he
states the utter impossibility of complying with this
request. In 1843, he was again invited, when he said:
—“Of the high privilege of attending your anniversary
meeting, I should gladly avail myself, but engagements
vitally affecting the progress of temperance in this
country compel me to postpone my visit to London,
until the latter end of July.”
Mr. Mathew was now able to devote some portion of
his valuable time to England. Several of the provinces
had the honour of his first visits; but on July 28th,
he came to London and took up is residence, at Hart's
Temperance Hotel in Aldersgate-street. In consequence,
however, of the suddenness of his arrival, no steps had
been taken to prepare for him suitable places in which to
hold meetings. Several zealous and influential friends
of the total abstinence cause, were desirous that he
should make his first public appearance in Exeter Hall;
and that spacious place was accordingly engaged for
the purpose. But the great aversion of Father Mathew
to public exhibitions, and his extreme anxiety to
commence his labours, caused every other consideration
to be overruled. The use of a commodious piece of
ground, free of expense, having been kindly offered by
the Rev. Mr. Moore, large placards were immediately
posted with the following announcement:-" GLORIOUS
NEws | FATHER MATHEw IN LONDON. The apostle
of temperance being now in the Metropolis, the public
are informed that he will commence administering the
174. T.ONDON.
pledge on Monday next, July 31st, at nine o'clock,
a.m. and following days, till further notice, in the large
area opposite the George Inn, Commercial-road, East.
Admission free.’”
To this meeting he was accompanied
by a procession. A large concourse of persons had
assembled and were addressed by Father Mathew, Rev.
Jabez Burns, Dr. Oxley, Mr. James Teare, and Mr.
Thomas Whittaker. Earl Stanhope on this occasion
took the pledge from the hands of Mr. Mathew, as also
did Dr. Lovell and others. Altogether about four
thousand persons took the pledge during this day. On
the following day the proceedings were resumed—
Mr. James Teare, Mr. Hopwood of York, Rev. J. T.
Messer of Hull, and others, having addressed the meeting,
Father Mathew came forward and said:—
“He had no sectarian object in view. Though a
Catholic priest, he had been received in the most cordial
manner by clergymen and lay members of the Estab-
lished Church, by Wesleyans, Dissenters, Quakers—
aye, and even Jews, and he had administered the pledge
to millions of all sects. He wished to elevate mankind,
and to promote the interests of religion, and the good of
the community, by that greatest of all blessings, sobriety.
The people of Yorkshire, where he had administered
the pledge to upwards of 100,000 persons, wished to
pay him for his services, and presents were offered to
him from persons of wealth and high standing in society,
but he refused to accept of a farthing. He had expended
* Metropolitan Intelligencer, 1843, p. 241.
FATHER MATHEW. 175
£300 of his own money since he had been in England,
but he did not regret it; and if he had been disposed
to favour himself and family, he should not have been
a temperance advocate, and converted millions of his
own countrymen from drunkenness to sobriety. A
brother he dearly loved was the proprietor of a large
distillery in Ireland, the bare walls of which cost £30,000;
and he was compelled to close it, and was almost ruined
by the temperance movement in that country; and
the pledge which the people had taken to abstain
from intoxicating drinks, and to leave off drinking
whisky, which had caused so much disorder and blood-
shed in his native land. The husband of his only sister,
whom he also dearly loved, was a distiller, and became
a bankrupt from the same cause. He was sorry to
speak of those things, but when he was accused of being
instigated to do what he had done to enrich himself, he
felt compelled to deny the charge. It had been also
intimated that he was making a large profit by the sale
of medals—he never profited a shilling, and never
would. There were 200 of them sold on Moñday for a
shilling each. The expenses of the day amounted to
£15, and the overplus, if any, would be devoted to the
furtherance of the cause of total abstinence. He con-
cluded by exhorting the people to come forward and
take the pledge.”
The meetings were continued every day, during the
week at this place; and it was computed that about
20,000 persons took the pledge during that time. We
176 . TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
next find him administering the pledge on Kennington
Common, where 5,000 signed the pledge on the first
day. Dr. Mingaye Syder, Mr. T. A. Smith, Mr. J. W.
Green and others addressed this meeting. Parson's-
green, Fulham, Albany-street, Regent's-park, Cumber-
land-market, Britannia-fields, Islington, Paddington-
green, St. Giles's, Westminster, Bermondsey, and several
other localities were visited in succession; and at the
close of his labours in London, extending over about
six weeks, it was estimated that 69,446 persons had taken
the pledge at his hands, while some thousands had also
taken the pledge at the regular meetings of the various
Metropolitan societies. At these meetings many
thousands heard the principles explained, who were
before in entire ignorance of them; and in many other
ways great good was done. *
In July, 1844, the National Temperance Society
commenced a Metropolitan Domestic Mission. In this
work of domiciliary visitation, ten agents were employed
up to the month of August, 1846—and during this time
the missionaries had addressed 12,000 groups of persons;
visited 40,000 families, and taken 7,000 pledges, besides
having distributed some thousands of tracts and temper-
ance publications. Two of these missionaries were in
1845, engaged for thirteen weeks at Rouen, in France,
labouring to promote the cause of abstinence among the
English workmen on the railways.
About this time another temperance organization
appeared in London, called the TRUE TEETOTAL
LONDON. - 177
UNION. It adopted the American pledge. The Tem-
perance Weekly Journal, conducted by the Rev. Jabez
Burns, was the organ of the society, and several agents
were either recognized or partially engaged. This
union lived, however, but for a short time.
In 1845, the committee of the Metropolitan Associa-
tion made arrangements with the managers of the
Eastern Counties Railway and with the teetotalers of
Essex, for an excursion to Chelmsford, on Monday,
June 16th. The excursion came off with great eclát.
The annual meeting of the National Temperance
Society was held in Exeter Hall on the 19th of May.
This was, in every sense of the word, a GREAT meeting.
Joseph Livesey, James Teare, J. Howarth, Dr. Oxley,
Lawrence Heyworth, Joseph Eaton, Samuel Bowly,
William Janson, and others, who had worked nobly in
the cause, were all there. The chair was occupied by
Joseph John Gurney, Esq.; and the meeting was ably
addressed by Samuel Bowly, Esq., Rev. Jabez Burns,
Mr. Henry Vincent, Rev. Mr. McKerrow, Mr. Joseph
Livesey, and several others. Upon this occasion, the
Morning Advertiser—the organ of the licensed victuallers
—favoured the meeting with the following notice —
“NATIONAL TEMPERANCE SoCIETY.—A meeting
of this society was held last evening at Exeter Hall;
Joseph John Gurney, Esq., in the chair. Although
the object of the society is stated to be the promotion of
temperance, the purpose of every one who addressed
the meeting was to inculcate the principle of teetotalism,
which is, of course, pure humbug.”
178 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
During this year, a scheme of temperance advertising
was originated by Mr. John Cassell, and set on foot in
the month of October, by the committee of the National
Temperance Society. The plan was to engage a page
in some widely-circulated journal, for an article, printed
in double columns; and from this time till February,
1846, fourteen such advertisements had appeared in
nine different periodicals, at a cost of £39 2s. 0d.
These advertisements would, of course, meet the eyes
of many persons who would not otherwise come
in contact with any kind of temperance literature.
In periodical literature, a new candidate for favour
appeared this year, in The Long Pledge Teetotaler and
Evangelical Reformer. -
The fourth annual report of the National Temperance
Society, for 1846, is of a very encouraging nature. Its
cash account shews a balance in favour of the society of
#300 14s. 0d. It employed nine missionaries during
this year; Mr. William Gawthorp was also engaged as
lecturing agent: its secretary was now Mr. Thomas
Beggs. The name of its organ was changed to the
National Temperance Chronicle and Temperance Recorder;
and the following brief abstract will shew the nature of
the work performed during the year :-
“Whilst the Metropolitan missionaries have visited
from family to family, in the most degraded parts of
London, and have sought out the victims of drunken-
ness in the streets and alleys of the Metropolis, other
visiting agents have been employed in the counties of
LONDON. 179
Bucks, Oxon, Hants, and Flintshire, who have both
visited families and given lectures in public.
“The hon, travelling agent has been zealously en-
gaged in re-organizing the northern counties, and the
system of visiting and tract lending has already been
extensively established. -
“A mission to France, which commenced in July and
terminated at the close of October, was productive of
great good. -
“Advertisements on the temperance question have
been repeatedly inserted in the principal religious
periodicals.
“The counties of Surrey and Sussex have been
thoroughly canvassed, and a temperance union formed
in connexion with this society.
“The agitation against the Sunday traffic in strong
drink has been aided by the committee, and one hun-
dred and thirty petitions have been supplied gratui-
tously to the temperance societies in London and its
vicinity. *
“The Chronicle (to which the Ipswich Recorder was
united at the commencement of the present year) has
been enlarged from sixteen to twenty-four pages, and
the sale considerably increased.”
Dr. Grindrod was also engaged by different societies
in London and the vicinity to lecture on the physio-
logical effects of alcohol on the human frame, during
* Fourth Report of National Temperance Society, 1846, p. 37.
18O TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
this year. His lectures were everywhere well received,
and were attended with great success.
In addition to the annual meeting of the National
Temperance Society there were several other large
meetings held in the Metropolis. One of these meet-
ings took place at Exeter Hall, on the 22nd of April,
having, for its special object, the liquidation of the
debt of the late British and Foreign Suppression
Society. Daniel O'Connell, Esq., M.P., presided on
this occasion; and the meeting was addressed by
Dr. Hobson, from China, Mr. Allen of Dublin, and
Messrs. Thomas Whittaker, James Teare, and T. A.
Smith. Another meeting of an important character
took place at the British Schoolroom, Cowper-street,
City-road, under the auspices of the Metropolitan
Association; Mr. John Cassell, in the chair. The great
speech of this evening was made by the Rev. Dr. Camp-
bell, of the Tabernacle, Moorfields; Mr. Thomas
Hudson, Mr. W. Gawthorp, and others, also addressed
the meeting, which was altogether of a very encou-
raging nature. A series of meetings in Exeter Hall was
also commenced in November, to be addressed exclu-
sively by working men.
During this year the publication of the Teetotal Times
was commenced, in which was published a series of
essays on the principles of temperance, which had been
called forth in consequence of an offer of various prizes
by Mr. John Cassell; but the National Temperance
Magazine, which had been very ably conducted by
LONDON. 181
Mr. Thomas Cook of Leicester, since 1844, and in
which many valuable papers, from the pens of
Dr. Grindrod, Thomas Beggs, Thomas Irving White
and others, appeared, now ceased to exist. The press,
however, during this year, gave birth to a somewhat
remarkable pamphlet against total abstinence, entitled,
“A Medical, Moral, and Christian Dissection of Tee-
totalism, by Democritus, with illustrations by Phiz.”
This brochure, which, it appears, passed through eleven
editions, was addressed “To the Anti-Christian Sect
’” We need hardly say
that this pamphlet did not pass without being replied to,
and among others by Dr. F. R. Lees. *
This year, the Whit-Monday procession proved to be
calling themselves ‘Teetotalers.
a failure;—perhaps the novelty of processions had
passed away, perhaps sufficient exertions had not been
put forth to ensure success, or men were becoming wiser;
—but, whatever the cause may have been, it appears
that the numbers joining the procession this year did
not exceed 2,500. The daily papers, though seldom
anxious to report success, were ever ready to report
apparent failure; hence, the Sun, in giving an account
of this affair, says, “From the numbers present, com-
pared with former processions, teetotalism seems to be
on the decline.” Other newspapers took a similar
view, and an unfavourable impression was made upon
the public mind.
But the great event of this year, however, was the
182 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
World's Temperance Convention, which we must now
notice. - -
At a meeting of the National Temperance Society,
held at the Hall of Commerce on 27th of June, 1843,
the following resolution was passed unanimously :—
“That with the view of promoting the abolition of
intermperance throughout the world, it is expedient that
a general convention be held in London, in the month
of June, 1844, or at as early a period after that date as
circumstances will allow; and that the following gen-
tlemen be respectfully requested to co-operate with the
committee of the National Temperance Society of Great
Britain in making the necessary arrangements, namely,
the presidents and secretaries of the Metropolitan Total
Abstinence Association, of the True Teetotal Union,
and of the British Temperance Association. Dr. Sewall
of Washington; J. C. Delavan, Esq., of New York;
Rev. J. Marsh, secretary of the American Temperance
Union, New York; Rev. Joshua Leavitt, Boston;
Rev. Nathaniel Colver, Boston; Rev. Jonathan Blan-
shard, Cincinnati; Rev. H. H. Kellogg, Gaylesburgh,
Illinois; Arnold Buffum, Esq., Cincinnati; John Tappan,
Esq., Boston; Louis Tappan, Esq., New York; The
Venerable Archdeacon Jeffries, Bombay; . The Very
Rev. Theobald Mathew, Cork; R. Allen, Esq., Dublin;
Rev. Dr. J. Ritchie, Edinburgh; Joseph Sturge, Esq.,
Birmingham ; and the presidents and secretaries of the
societies in different parts of the world, at the discre-
tion of the aforesaid committee.”
WORLD'S CONVENTION. 183
Other names were afterwards added; and at a meeting
held by this committe, at the office of the National Tem-
perance Society, July 13th, 1843, it was resolved:—
I. “That this committee be called ‘The Temperance
Convention Committee;’ and that the treasurer of the
National Temperance Society be treasurer; and John
Dunlop, Esq., Mr. J. W. Green, and Mr. C. T. Harry,
honorary secretaries.
II. “That, as a preliminary step to the accomplish-
ment of the proposed measure, the secretaries of this
committee be empowered to correspond with the secre-
taries of the several temperance societies in England
and other countries.”
The objects of this Convention were stated to be,
“1, To ascertain the state of the temperance cause in
all parts of the globe; 2, To receive suggestions as to
the most effectual method of extending the temperance
reformation; 3, To effect the formation of a temperance
union throughout the world.” It was thought that a
thousand pounds would be necessary to defray the ex-
penses of this convention. Accordingly, a special sub-
scription list was opened, and most of the money was
speedily raised. The convention was to commence its
sittings on Tuesday, 4th August, 1846, at ten o'clock in
the morning, and to continue to sit throughout the
week at ten o'clock each morning, and at three o'clock
each afternoon. Accordingly, on the 4th of August, the
delegates met in the lecture theatre of the Literary
Institution, Aldersgate-street. There were 302 delegates
184. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
present, twenty-five of whom were from North America.
On the motion of Dr. Lyman Beecher, Samuel Bowly,
Esq., was elected to preside over the deliberations of
the convention. $ - 8.
Joseph Sturge, Esq., of Birmingham, then moved
“That the following persons be desired to act as vice-
presidents to the convention :-Dr. Beecher, Dr. Cox,
Rev. W. Reid, James Haughton, Lawrence Heyworth,
and Dr. Mussey; and that the following gentlemen be
secretaries:–Thomas Beggs, Henry Clapp, James
Haughton, and Edward Chrimes.” And the Rev.
Thomas Spencer, A.M., perpetual curate of Hinton
Charterhouse, moved, “That the following gentlemen
form the committee for conducting the business of the
convention –John Rutter, Joseph Sturge, John Mere-
dith, John Dunlop, Rev. John Marsh, Joseph Eaton,
and the Rev. Dr. Beecher.”
The business of the convention now commenced, and
very many important resolutions were passed, and some
excellent papers read. Dr. Lyman Beecher, Rev. John
Marsh, Rev. Thomas Spencer, Rev. E. N. Kirk,
W. Lloyd Garrison, Dr. Grindrod, Rev. Dr. Patton,
Rev. Dr. Campbell, and many others, addressed the
several meetings. On the fourth day, a very long dis-
cussion ensued on the motion of the Rev. Dr. Patton
of New York,-‘That it is expedient to establish
a World's Temperance Union.” The plan proposed
by the Rev. John Marsh, secretary of the American
Temperance Union was as follows:–
WORLD'S CONVENTION. 185
“That there be organized by this convention a
general association under the following constitution:—
“Article 1. The name of the association shall be the
World's Temperance Union.
“Art. 2. The seat of the union shall be the city of
London.
“Art. 3. The basis of the union shall be total
abstinence from the manufacture, sale, and use of all
intoxicating drinks as a beverage.
“Art. 4. The officers of this convention shall be a
president, vice-presidents, an executive committee of
thirteen, recording secretary, corresponding secretary,
and treasurer. The committee, secretary, and treasurer,
to reside in London. The president, vice-presidents,
executive committee, recording secretary, and treasurer,
to be appointed by this convention. The corresponding
secretary shall be appointed by the committee at their
leisure. -
“Art. 5. The executive committee, with the treasurer,
shall constitute a finance committee, to carry out the
objects of the union, and shall annually report to the
public all receipts and expenditure.
“Art. 6. It shall be the duty of the recording secre-
tary to keep a record of all the proceedings of the
union, and of the corresponding secretary, whenever
funds are secured for his support, to maintain a corre-
spondence, as far as possible, with temperance organi-
zations, and friends of temperance throughout the
globe; to publish, under the direction of the committee,
N
186 - TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
a monthly periodical of a high order, and annual report
of the state and progress of the cause among all nations.
“Art. 7. All temperance associations throughout the
world, which adopt the total abstinence principle, and
send in their adhesion, with consent to correspond, shall
be considered auxiliaries of the union and entitled to
copies of its reports. -
“Art. 8. This union shall hold a triennial meeting, at
such time and place as shall be considered best by the
exective committee; the meeting to be composed of
delegates from the auxiliaries, not exceeding ten from
each auxiliary ; when the officers may be re-elected,
and the constitution altered by a vote of two-thirds
present.”* -
However desirable such a union might be, it was
evident that it was both inexpedient and impracticable,
and, therefore, after occupying the chief part of two
days in the discussion, the motion was withdrawn, as
was also an amendment which had been proposed by
Mr. Beggs. The whole of the proceedings of the
convention were afterwards published and extensively
circulated.
It is doubtful whether any practical good really resulted
from the deliberations of this convention; but that good
results did follow the large meetings called together
during the week for the advocacy of teetotalism, cannot
be denied. On the evening of the 4th of August, a
large meeting was held in Finsbury Chapel, presided
* Proceedings of the World's Temperance Convention, p. 41.
WORLD'S CONVENTION. 187
over by Mr. William Cash, and addressed by the
Rev. J. L. Pomeroy of Maine; Mr. Henry Clapp of
Massachusetts, and Rev. Dr. Beecher. On the 7th, a
soirée, was held in the Freemasons' Hall, Great Queen-
street, Lincoln’s-inn-fields. On the 8th, a great meeting
was held in Covent-garden Theatre, every part of which
was crowded to excess, although charges were made for
admission. G. W. Alexander, Esq., presided, and the fol-
lowing speakers addressed the meeting:—Mr. John Rutter
of Shaftesbury, Rev. Dr. Beecher, Mr. F. Hopwood of
York, Rev. E. N. Kirk of Boston, U.S., Rev. J. Marsh
of New York, Rev. W. Reid of Edinburgh, Rev. Dr.
Cox of Brooklyn, U.S., Mr. G. S. Kenrick of West
Bromwich, Dr. Caldwell of Pennsylvania, Rev. Dr.
Patton of New York, Mr. R. Allen of Dublin, Mr. J.
Andrews of Scarborough, Mr. Thomas Beaumont of
Bradford, Mr. Henry Clapp of Maine, Mr. Frederick
Douglas, and Mr. J. S. Buckingham. This was, in all
respects, a most effective meeting, and a very memorable
one, and called forth favourable notices from most of
the daily and weekly press. On Sunday the 9th, and
Sunday the 16th of August, sermons were preached by
many of the delegates in various places of worship;
and every evening during the week some of the dele-
gates were present at the various temperance meetings
in different parts of London; and on Monday evening,
August 24th, a great meeting was convened at Exeter
Hall to take farewell of the deputations from the United
States—Dr. Lyman Beecher in the chair.
188 TEMPERATNCE MOVEMENT:
In the PROVINCES also was the cause still progress-
ing. From Norfolk and Suffolk, Messrs. Holker and
Addleshaw sent very favourable reports. Joseph John
Gurney, Esq., of Norwich, having signed the pledge,
soon commenced to advocate the cause; and both in
Norwich, London, and elsewhere, proved an acceptable
speaker. He became president of the Norwich Tem-
perance Society, and both from his position in society,
and his unblemished character, was the means of
effecting much good.
At Rotherham, a Temperance Institute was formed,
having 1200 volumes of books, many maps, globes, &c.,
and received some considerable support. The various
unions were all in good working order. The British
Association exerted itself greatly, and by its means, in
1845, 889 petitions, with 198,803 signatures, were
presented to Parliament against the Sunday opening
of public-houses, while, in connection with these peti-
tions, there was a memorial to the Queen, which was
four hundred yards long, and to which was appended
the names of 80,000 of the “women of England,”
praying Her Majesty to direct the attention of her
ministers to this subject. -
In January, 1846, the CENTRAL TEMPERANCE AS-
sociation was formed, having been originated by
George Smith Kenrick, Esq., of West Bromwich, who
was its main stay and support, and, who for some length
of time, spent as much as £300 per annum in support
of the cause. This association employed four advocates
DICE EY TURNER. 189
and one town missionary; it also published, as its organ,
The Temperance Gazette, which had a circulation of about
6,000 copies.
The SOUTH MIDLAND TEMPERANCE Association,
which was formed in 1837, was carried on very suc-
cessfully till 1846. In January, 1844, Mr. Simeon
Smithard became the lecturer and agent of the asso-
ciation then under the able direction of the secretary,
Mr. Thomas Cook, of Leicester. Mr. Smithard found
the association in debt, but having worked it with great
zeal for nine months, he left it with funds in the
treasury.
At the commencement of 1840, Mr. Thomas Cook
commenced the publication of The Children's Temperance
Magazine: a Cabinet of Instruction and Amusement for
little Teetotalers, an illustrated penny monthly, well
adapted to excite in the minds of the young ardent
love to the cause of temperance, benevolence, and
piety. And also another penny monthly, entitled the
Temperance Messenger and Tract Magazine, containing
original essays, narratives, designed to illustrate temper-
ance and intemperance; intelligence, &c. ~~
Dickey Turner, the author of the word “teetotal,”
having a desire to be present at the World's Conven-
tion, walked all the way from Preston to London
for that purpose. He was detained some time on the
road by illness, but at length reached London, and
took his seat in the convention. On the evening of the
th of August, he gave an address at the Fitzroy Hall
190 - TEMTPERANCE MOVEMENT :
Little Portland-street, in company with Mr. Howarth
(or Slender Billy, as he was called on account of his
enormous bulk). Mr.Turner then returned to Preston but
only to die, his death taking place in November. At the
various temperance meetings which he attended he was
always very favourably heard. He usually remarked,
“If I make blunders you must eaſpect them.” We give
the following as a sketch of one of his speeches —
“I have need to rise to speak well of the glorious
cause of temperance, for the good it has done for me.
At one time I was a trouble to my parents; for I be-
lieve I was the worst lad that ever was born of a man;
(roars of laughter). Oh! you must not expect much
from me, because my education was at the ale-bench.
When I go through the streets on a Sunday, it does my
soul good to see so many reformed drunkards well
dressed, and going to their places of worship. What
fools you are to cover the landlords’ tables while you
yourselves must live on potatoes and salt, and your
children barefooted and bareheaded, your coats out at
elbows, and your trousers out at knees, as mine used to
be. I used to call these temperance people fools; but
after attending a meeting at the Moss-school, I found
I was the fool, and they were the wise men. If they
had got so much good, why may not I too? They
wanted me to come up and sign. I went up to the
table. They asked me how long I would sign for P I
said, a fortnight; for I thought it was quite as long as I
could keep it. I signed the moderation, but that would
THE PROVINCES. 191
not do. Afterwards I signed the teetotal, and, bless
God, I have kept it. I am strong and hearty, can do my
work better than ever I could, and am determined to go
about preaching temperance as long as I live.”*
In the early periods of the movement many of the
advocates were very uneducated men, but they, never-
theless, occasionally delivered some very pointed and
telling addresses. We have already given Dickey Turner's
speech, here is another example. At the second annual
meeting of the York Temperance Society, held on the
11th August, 1832, a labouring man, whose name is not
given, but who was a member of the Rev. Hugh Stowell's
congregation in Manchester, came forward, and after
standing for some length of time, looking very blank,
as though he was not accustomed to look so large an
assembly in the face, and seeming as though he would
not be able to speak a word, began his statement by
saying, “Ah’ve been one o’t t' greatest drunkards and
wickettest sinners at ivver God let live.” He then
detailed the means which were rendered efficacious in
his reformation, and went on to observe, “Fooaks says
temperance societies does no good, but let them come
to mah house, and they'll see whether or not. Ah, now
av as nice a cheer as ony mon need wish to sit down on.
Ah’ve plenty o' meat i' the house, and plenty o' brass i'
the pocket; and ah've a good pig i' the sty; an' what's
best of all, they're all paid for, and not a man in Salford
can come and ax me for a farthing. Fooaks says tem-
* London Teetotaler, 1846, p. 4.
192 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
perance societies does no good, but they should come
and ax mah wife, and she would tell them whether or
not. Ah used to be, ah hated awmost to see her, and
would ha’ killed her if ah durst; she could get nought
to put on ; ah nivver had any comfort o' her. Now,
there isn't a man i' all Salford loves his wife better nor
ah do, nor has more comfort o' her. Fooaks says tem-
perance societies does no good; but they should come
and see my children.” After describing the improve-
ment in their condition, the poor man concluded with
a recommendation to others to do as he had done.
We have already seen that some of the provincial
towns were favoured with the presence of Father Mathew
previous to his visit to London; some other towns he
visited after his London work was completed. On
Monday, July 10th, 1843, he visited the city of York,
where he remained till the Saturday following, during
which time 2,000 persons signed the pledge. From
York he proceeded to Leeds, from thence to Bradford,
then to Huddersfield, then to Halifax. To Liverpool
he paid two visits; Manchester, Birmingham, and Nor-
wich also had the benefit of his services. Everywhere
he met with the most enthusiastic reception ; had thou-
sands to listen to him; while persons of every shade of
political and religious opinion cordially welcomed him.
At Norwich, for example, the Bishop of the diocese, Dr.
Wiseman, and Joseph John Gurney, Esq., were on the
platform together, and taking part in the meeting. In
these provincial meetings it is thought that at least
IRELAND. 193
180,000 persons signed the pledge. In Manchester
alone, 84,000 signed in three days.
In IRELAND, upon his return there, Father Mathew,
still continued labouring with great success, administer-
ing the pledge to thousands,--and he thought it worth
while to notice, and to give a flat contradiction to the
statements which had been made in reference to the
numerous backsliders—and stated that there were more
than five million consistent teetotalers. Dr. Edgar very
unkindly writes of Father Mathew, as follows:—“Of
Father Mathew I have always spoken with respect. Of
course I have at present nothing to do with the mode
in which the hundreds of thousands of pounds, received
from his millions of teetotalers were applied; but as a
Papist, he carried his popery consistently out in
teetotalism. It is no more than justice to say that he
is the most temperate, and the least absurd and anti-
scriptural of all teetotalers.”
Dr. Edgar not having gone so far as teetotalism, per-
haps we need not wonder at the above; still there were
means by which the doctor might have ascertained that
Mr. Mathew, instead of making a trade of teetotalism,
was seriously in difficulties by the sacrifices he had made.
It affords us great pleasure in saying that a fund was
raised to relieve him from pressing emergencies, and
that Her Majesty was pleased to grant him a pension of
£300 per annum.
In the spring of 1842, SCOTLAND received a new ally
* Temperance Penny Magazine, vol. 12, p. 86.
194. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT:
in the SCOTTISH UNION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF
INTEMPERANCE, under the patronage of Earl Stanhope
and Sir Francis Mackenzie, Bart., of Gairloch. This
society consisted of all persons who signed either of the
following pledges: --
“1.—I agree to abstain from all intoxicating drinks.
“2.—I agree to abstain from all intoxicating drinks,
and will not give nor offer them to others.”
On the 13th of August, in this year, Father Mathew
visited Glasgow. His arrival was celebrated by a great
procession. Large numbers of persons came from
Edinburgh and other places. After the procession,
a meeting was held on the public green, where
Mr. Mathew administered the pledge to 10,000 persons,
and before he left Glasgow, at least 40,000 had taken
the pledge from his hand. In 1843, the Eastern Scot-
tish Temperance Union, having almost become extinct,
sought admittance into the Western Union. Mr. Robert
Reid proposed to raise £1,000, to be presented as a free-
will offering to the Western Union at its next anniver-
sary, in 1844; in the meantime, it was thought desirable
to draw up a new constituion for the union. This
occasioned some discussion and dissension, and resulted
in some of the friends withdrawing from the union,
which was at length dissolved in July, 1846. On the
5th of November, 1844, the SCOTTISH TEMPERANCE
LEAGUE was formed at Falkirk, and two years afterwards,
as we have just seen, it absorbed the Western Union.
A provisional committee having been appointed in
SCOTLAND. 195
November, and having arranged all the preliminaries,
the first general meeting of the Scottish Temperance
League was held on March 16th, 1845. The Rev.
William Reid was elected president, William Menzies,
Esq., M.D., of Edinburgh, treasurer; and Mr. W. J.
Templeton, secretary. The league consists of those
abstainers who have signed the long pledge, and who
subscribe not less than five shillings annually to its
funds. Mr. Robert Reid, Mr. A. H. Maclean, and
Mr. James Mitchell deserve especial notice in con-
nection with the formation of this league. In October,
1845, the Scottish Temperance Review, under the
superintendence of the Rev. William Reid, was com-
menced, and Messrs. Henry Vincent, Thomas Beggs
(then of Northampton), Edward Grubb, and T. A. Smith,
were engaged to lecture. In Edinburgh, also, the
work went on well. An increase of about one hundred
members took place weekly, and the total number of
registered members was about 8,000. In May, 1845, the
PERSONAL ABSTINENCE SOCIETY of the United Presby-
terian Church was formed; consisting of ministers,
elders, preachers, and students, connected with the United
Presbyterian body. The bond of union was personal
abstinence; and agreeing to the following resolution
constituted membership —“I hereby promise to abstain
from all intoxicating liquors, except in the ordinance of
the Lord's supper, or when required as a medicine.”
Thus the movement is still making onward progress;
and notwithstanding the opposition of many, and the
196 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
apathy of others; and notwithstanding the divisions
among its friends, yet “progress” and “success” is
everywhere written upon the enterprize. The finger
of God directs the movement, and His blessing every-
where accompanies it. And while its adherents, with a
single eye to His glory, endeavour stedfastly and truth-
fully to disseminate the principles of total abstinence,
they may always expect to receive His smile of appro-
bation, and may safely look for the protection and
favour of Him who “willeth not that any should perish.”
Let temperance reformers, therefore, never be weary of
well-doing, for in due season they shall reap, if they
faint not.
LONDON. 197
CHAPTER VII.
TROM THE world's ConvKNTION IN 1846,
TO THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN 1851.
Ǻ religion which emanated from the Divine Foun-
der of Christianity was in its nature perfect, and
in its adaptations to the wants of man, complete;—its
end was “glory to God in the highest, and on earth
peace and good-will to men.” A very little time,
however, elapsed after the first promulgation of the re-
ligion of Jesus before many corrupt doctrines began to
be taught. And there have not been wanting men who
have endeavoured to prove that there was a remarkable
analogy between the corruptions of early christianity,
and the corruptions of temperance societies. In the
British and Foreign Temperance Penny Magazine, for
1847, a writer endeavours to show wherein this analogy
may be seen. His arguments, however, are, notwith-
standing the ingenuity of them, clearly illogical; for he
should first have shewn that the moderation society (in
whose favour he writes) was analogous to pure christ-
198 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
ianity, before he attempted to shew that teetotalism was
one of the corruptions of temperance.
Notwithstanding this, however, teetotalism continued
to make rapid progress. The Metropolitan Mission was
still conducted by the National Temperance Society,
though on a more limited scale; one of the missionaries
was appointed to labour among seamen in the port of
London, and many important results attended his
labours. The young, also, were not overlooked, and
during the year the committee called in the aid of the
press, and the following short and cheap essays were
issued in a uniform series.
1. To Parents and Guardians of Youth, by Mrs. Ellis.
2. On the Importance of Temperance as a part of
Domestic Discipline, by Rev. W. Reid.
3. To Teachers in Sabbath-schools, by Rev. B.
Parsons.
4. To Children and Youth, by Mrs. C. L. Balfour.
With regard to the press it may be observed, that
during this year the following temperance periodicals
were published:— t
ENGLAND, MONTHLY.—National Temperance Chron-
âcle and Recorder, National Temperance Advocate, Bristol
Temperance Herald, Central Temperance Gazette, Teeto-
ta! Topic, Cornwall and Devon Temperance Journal,
JHull Temperance Pioneer, Long Pledge Teetotaler,
Northern Counties Temperance Journal, Rechabite Maga-
zine, Teetotal Times, Truth Tester, York Temperance
Visitor.
LONDON. 199
WEEKLY.—People's Weekly Temperance Journal.
MoWTHLY, JUVENILE.—Northern Counties Temper-
ance Magazine, Youths National Temperance Advocate.
SCOTLAND, MONTHLY.—The Scottish Temperance
Review, The British League.
Indeed it is satisfactory to find that our temperance
literature was now fast improving, both in its character
and tone. Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall contributed a volume
to our literature this year, entitled, Temperance Tales.
The years 1847 and 1848, were memorable as years
of human suffering. Famine and pestilence thinned many
families. In the House of Commons, it was stated that
in Ireland 5000 adults, and 10,000 children had perished
from sheer famine. Large meetings, therefore, of
temperance friends were everywhere held to direct
public attention to the fearful destruction of food in
producing intoxicating drinks. The National Temper-
ance Society issued an address to the British public on
the subject, and Mr. Jabez Inwards was engaged by the
committee to deliver lectures at various places on the
same topic, and Mr. Brotherton presented a petition to
the House, from the committee, praying the House to
“immediately arrest this fearful waste, by stopping the
manufacture of intoxicating drinks.” A similar petition
was also presented from a meeting of working-men at
Exeter Hall, on May 24th, when Dr. Oxley presided.
Up to this time public-houses in England had been
allowed to remain open on Sunday morning, with the
exception of about two hours during the time of divine
200 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
service. Scenes of great riot and drunkenness were
frequently witnessed in the streets of London, by people
passing homeward from their places of worship; this
state of things had frequently claimed the attention of
temperance societies, and as the result of numerous
petitions, and the altered state of public feeling on the
subject, in 1848 the legislature passed a bill, entitled,
“An Act for regulating the sale of beer and other
liquors on the Lord's Day.” By virtue of this Act all
houses for the sale of intoxicating drinks were closed
from twelve o’clock on Saturday night, till one o'clock on
Sunday afternoon. Great improvement in the appear-
ance of the streets, and much good to the public was
the immediate result of this useful Act of Parliament.
Much important good has been done at different
times by the offer of prizes for the best essays on parti-
cular branches of the temperance question. During
this year two prizes, of one hundred guineas each, were
offered by Joseph Eaton Esq., of Bristol. The first for
the best essay on the use of Alcoholic Liquors in Health
and Disease; and the other for the best essay on Juve-
nile Depravity. The prize for the first of these was
gained by Dr.W. B. Carpenter, F.R.S., and his essay was
afterwards published, being dedicated (by permission)
to H.R.H. Prince Albert. The prize for the best essay
on Juvenile Depravity was awarded to the Rev. Henry
Worsley, of Easton-rectory, Suffolk. This essay was
also published, as was also an essay on the same subject
by Thomas Beggs, who received a smaller prize. These
LONDON. 201
works were all very valuable, and rendered important
service to the cause, particularly the work by Dr.
Carpenter, which has since passed through several
editions. Two prizes of £20 and £10 were also offered
by the committee of the National Temperance Society
for the best essays by working-men, “shewing that the
general spread of temperance principles will tend to
the physical, mental, social, and religious elevation of
the working classes.” These prizes were gained by two
working-men of the names of Micheal Spears, and
Colin Hunt, the two essays were afterwards published
together in a cheap form.
Meetings of considerable interest were held in Lon-
don during the year 1848, and the attendance at most
of these was very large. On September 18th, a new
organization was formed, under the name of the Lon-
don Temperance League, which held its first meeting
in the Hall of Commerce, Threadneedle-street. Dr.
Gourlay in the chair; and the meeting was addressed by
IMr. J. Andrew of Leeds, Rev. R. G. Mason, Mr. Henry
Clapp, Junr., Mr. McCurrey, and the Rev. W. W.
Robinson; Mr. J. Buckle was appointed secretary. The
object of the league was stated to be “to promote the
cause of teetotalism in the metropolis, by means of
lectures, public meetings,” &c. This league, however,
made but little headway, and speedily declined. Mean-
while, the National Temperance Society was continuing
its work. The Rev. Isaac Doxsey, late of Thame, was
now appointed to the secretaryship, upon the retirement
O
202 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
of Mr. Thomas Hudson, who had held that office for
some time. Encouraging reports are given of the
labours of the Metropolitan Union; the Farringdon
Society in Harp-alley, who employed a missionary; the
South London, the Fitzroy, and others. The Medical
Circular, to which Mr. John Dunlop had devoted such
a large portion of his time and attention, and which
bore about 2,000 signatures of medical gentlemen to the
following testimony, was printed and very extensively
circulated this year.
“We, the undersigned, are of opinion,--
“1. That a very large portion of human misery,
including poverty, disease and crime, is induced
by the use of alcoholic or fermented liquors as
beverages.
“2. That the most perfect health is compatible with
total abstinence from all such intoxicating beve-
rages, whether in the form of ardent spirits, or
as wine, beer, ale, porter, cider, &c., &c. - -
“3. That persons accustomed to such drinks may,
with perfect safety, discontinue them entirely,
either at once, or gradually, after a short time.
“4. That total and universal abstinence from alco-
holic liquors and intoxicating beverages of all
sorts, would greatly contribute to the health,
the prosperity, the morality, and the happines
of the human race.”
As the physiological department of the temperance
movement is of such transcendant importance, we shall,
MEDICAL CIRCULAR. 203
perhaps, be excused from dwelling a few moments
longer on the subject.
In 1839, Mr. Julius Jeffreys conceived the idea of
procuring from eminent medical men in the Metropolis,
a certificate, vindicating the practice of total abstinence.
It was signed by eighty first-rate medical practitioners.
This document was of high importance, but was neces-
sarily limited in its operations, because total abstinence
was so unpopular that any medical man, who should be
known publicly to advocate the principle, was in great
danger of losing his practice; and, accordingly, from a
feeling of deference to those gentlemen who had signed
the certificate, the friends of temperance found them-
selves confined in the publication of it, to periodicals
exclusively of a temperance character.
In 1844,” Mr. Dunlop-supposing that the time had
arrived in the progress of the cause when a certificate
containing additional positions might be obtained and
freely circulated—put himself into correspondence with
a number of medical men; and having arranged their
various sentiments, he drew up a certificate which
received the concurrence of 160 of these.
He then entered into a close correspondence with
the late Sir John Forbes, Queen's physician, and with
Dr. Carpenter, Dr. Ferrier of Brixton, Dr. Pereira, and
several others, and having procured their attention to
the subject, they all came to the conclusion that, by
* See Proceedings of the World's Temperance Convention.
Appendix B, p. 73.
204. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT.
slightly altering Mr. Dunlop's certificate, one could
be constructed that would ensure a large number of
subscribers.
This document was accordingly made out, and
Mr. Dunlop received the signatures of the aforesaid
gentlemen; and also of Sir James Clarke, Dr. Latham,
Sir Henry Holland, and other distinguished practi-
tioners in London, together with Sir James McGrigor,
chief of the Army Medical Department, and Sir William
Barnett, the head of the Naval Medical Department.
Mr. Dunlop then put himself into correspondence
with the principal temperance committees in the country,
and itinerated himself several times up and down the
United Kingdom. He ultimately succeeded, with the
assistance of the committees, in obtaining the signatures
above mentioned, amounting now, as has been said, to
about 2,000; these were obtained in about 200 towns,
and include the subscriptions of many intelligent
physicians.
His principal assistants in obtaining signatures at the
first starting of this business, were Mr. James Balfour,
Drs. Eden and Burrows of Liverpool, Mr. William
Logan—then of Rochdale, now of Glasgow, Mr.
Mudge of Bodmin, and a variety of other friends to
the cause.
The general ignorance of the people has proved
always a chief obstacle to the advancement of our
principle. The great numerical majority of medical
practitioners throughout the land have been equally
uninformed.
Nº.
LONDON. 205
Mr. Dunlop spent the greater part of both the years
of 1845-6, and 1851-2, in Paris, and having procured
introductions to a number of scientific and medical
gentlemen there, he made reiterated visits to them
during his whole residence, and explained to them the
temperance movements in Great Britain and America;
and endeavoured to procure their adhesion to the
British medical certificate.
This, however, he did not achieve, having found the
French practitioners far behind the more intelligent
part of the Anglo-Saxon medical faculties, as regards
their knowledge of the nature and properties of alcohol.
There is reason, however, to conclude that the attention
of the French physicians was, at that period, very
seriously drawn to this subject. Since the dates we
have mentioned, the French medical men have made
a mighty start, and gone a-head of even British prac-
titioners in their inculpation of the fascinating poison.
Another testimony, also got up by Mr. Dunlop, and
signed by 1,600 employers, in opposition to drinking
usages among workmen, was very largely distributed.
The importance of these testimonies, particularly the
medical one, cannot be over-estimated, and great praise
is due to Mr. Dunlop for the arduous labour, and the
valuable time he devoted to them; and these two
departments he has never yet ceased to press on the
attention of the temperance committees throughout
the empire,
At this time a very important movement was com-
2O6 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
menced, at the suggestion of John Cassell, Esq., with a
view to bring the question more prominently before the
public in London, and which by commanding the atten-
tion of the daily press, should give an impetus and
encouragement to the friends of the cause generally,
throughout the country. A monthly meeting was held
in Exeter Hall, commencing with the month of October,
1849, and terminating with March, 1850. These were
sustained by a committee formed for the express object,
and carried out with great spirit and zeal. The expense
is stated to have been upwards of £250 for the six
meetings, but it was considered that the influence
exerted on the progress of the cause generally, fully
justified the outlay.
At the first of these meetings, Mr. John Cassell
presided, and the following gentlemen addressed the
meeting:—Rev. Benjamin Parsons, Mr. Thomas Beggs,
Mr. Robert Lowery, Mr. T. A. Smith, and the Rev. Dr.
Pennington of New York. -
In 1850, another series of important demonstrations
commenced, by the holding of a great meeting in Drury
Lane Theatre, on the 28th of November, Lawrence
Heyworth, Esq., M.P., in the chair. The Shapcott
family (Sax-horn band) performed select pieces during
the evening, and addresses were delivered by Mr. John
Cassell, Mr. George Cruikshank, Mr. J. P. Parker,
Rev. W. Forster, Rev. George Copway (the Ojib-
way Chief), Rev. G. W. McCree, and others. This
great meeting was followed by others held in Exeter
TIONIDO.N. 207
Hall, some of which were addressed exclusively by
working-men.
In 1851 the Great Exhibition of the Industry of All
Nations was opened in Hyde Park. As it was well
known that many thousands of teetotalers would visit
London on this occasion, it was thought by many
friends, both in town and country, that it would be a
very fitting opportunity to hold a series of demonstra-
tions of an extraordinary nature. Accordingly a con-
ference of London teetotalers was held in the lower-room
Exeter Hall, on March 7th, when a programme of
the proceedings was submitted, which had been drawn
up by the “demonstration committee” consisting of
Messrs. G. C. Campbell, W. Tweedie, John Phillips,
J. H. Esterbrooke, W. Spriggs, J. P. Draper, George
Miller, J. W. Green, J. Mathew, E. Tisdall, W. Sims,
G. L. Turney, W. West, R. Bannister, Passmore
Edwards, W. Horsell, and T. A. Binns. Messrs. Wm.
Janson and John Cassell, treasurers; Thomas Cook
of Leicester, travelling secretary, and T. C. Prebble,
I. Doxsey, and E. Griffiths, hon. Secretaries.
These demonstrations commenced by a conference
held on July 31st, and August 1st, in the Lecture-hall
of the City of London Literary and Scientific Institution, .
Aldersgate-street, when Samuel Bowly, Esq., presided,
and about two hundred gentlemen were present. On
the Sunday following about twenty temperance sermons
were preached in various places of worship in the
Metropolis. On the evening of August 4th, a crowded
208 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
meeting was held in Exeter Hall, to welcome to the
metropolis temperance friends from a distance. Lawrence
Heyworth, Esq., M.P., presided. An address of wel-
come was read by Mr. J. W. Green, and addresses were
afterwards delivered by Mr. J. S. Buckingham, Dr. F.
R. Lees, Rev. J. Thomas, Rev. Mr. Ballantyne, Messrs.
Sinclair, Andrew, Hockings, Lloyd, Elihu Burrett, and
others. Next day, many thousands of friends, con-
nected with the London and country societies, visited
the Great Exhibition in procession; various large meet-
ings being held on the evening of the same day. On
the morning of the 6th, a soirée was held at the London
Tavern, and in the afternoon a grand fête took place at
the Royal Surrey Zoological Gardens, which was attended
by above 20,000 persons. The following gratifying
letter was afterwards received from the proprietor of
these gardens:–
“Royal Surrey Zoological Gardens,
º “August 7th, 1851.
“Sir, It gives me infinite pleasure to bear my testi-
mony to the conduct of the vast assemblage of persons
who thronged this Establishment on Wednesday last.
In the first place I think I am right in stating, that so large
an assemblage was never before congregated in a place
of amusement; but this I am certainly right in, that a
more orderly and decorous one I never beheld. I did
not hear of a robbery or quarrel, or even anything that
was unpleasant, a profane word never reached my ear.
Now, Sir, when you take into account the vast number
LONDON. 209
(nearly 25,000), this will appear, (as it certainly is), a
most remarkable event, and One which reflects the
highest honor on the cause you advocate, as well as the
general public; for bear in mind, that at least 8000 per-
sons did not belong to the teetotal society.
“Sincerely congratulating you on the success of your
exertions,
“I am, Sir,
“Your obedient servant,
“W. TYLER (Proprietor).
“To Mr. W. TwPEDIE.”
In the gardens a loyal address to the Queen, and a
petition to the House of Commons were unanimously
adopted. Mr. Buckingham prepared a small volume of
144 pages, entitled, “An Earnest Plea for the Reign of
Temperance and Peace as conducive to the Prosperity
of Nations.” Of this work one thousand copies were,
with the approbation and permission of Prince Albert,
distributed gratuitously to one thousand exhibitors.
The National Temperance Society which had been
for some time declining, was now re-organized, and the
Rev. Thomas Spencer, late of Hinton Charter House,
was appointed secretary, and Mr. Cornelius Newcombe,
assistant secretary. The Temperance Gazette and the
Teetotal Times were incorporated with the National
Temperance Chronicle, and Mr. Spencer put forth great
efforts to increase its circulation, in which he suc-
ceeded to a very large extent.
Contemporaneously with the re-organization of the
210 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT:
National Temperance Society, the LONDON TEMPER-
ANCE LEAGUE was formed. The Committee who had
so successfully conducted the “demonstrations” having,
after paying all expenses, a surplus of nearly £500 in
hand, determined to persevere in the course which had
opened before them, and accordingly, in September
1851, they organized themselves into the London Tem-
perance League. The following officers and committee
were appointed :-
IPRESIDENT.
James Silk Buckingham, Esq.
WICE-PRESIDENTS.
Lawrence Heyworth, Esq., M.P. John Cassell, Esq.
George Cruikshank, Esq.
TREASURER.
Mr. G. C. Campbell.
TIONORARY SECRETARIES.
Messrs. T. C. Prebble and W. Tweedie.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
Messrs. R. Bannister. Messrs. T. J. Messer.
25 G. C. Campbell. 25 J. Phillips.
52 J. H. Esterbrooke. 22 T. C. Prebble.
55 J. W. Green. ,, T. Smith.
32 S. Geary. 33 E. Tisdall.
55 W. Horsell. 25 W. Tweedie.
The League was inaugurated by a meeting in Exeter
Hall in the following month : J. S. Buckingham, Esq.,
in the chair. This meeting was honoured by a long
leader article in the Times of October 11th.
Looking at the PROVINCEs again, we find the Con-
gregational Union assembling at York, in 1847, which
PROVINCES. . 211
is thought a favourable opportunity to call the attention
of the ministers assembled to the cause of temperance.
The York Temperance Society, therefore, presented
them an address, which, having been read, it was pro-
posed by the Rev. A. Blackburn, and seconded by the
Rev. Dr. Campbell, and unanimously adopted:—“That
this Union cordially acknowledges the respectful address
presented to them by the committee of the York Tem-
perance Society, and commends the very important sub-
ject to which it refers, to the attentive and prayerful
consideration of their members.”
In Hull, at this time, Dr. Gordon and the Rev. New-
man Hall, were both rendering great and essential
service to the local society, as well as to the cause in
general.
At Manchester a conference of ministers was held in
the second week in April, 1848, when about 200
ministers of different denominations assembled. This
conference was called by the British Association, and
the objects were stated to be, “1st, To devise means for
aiding the effort to obtain the prohibition of the Sunday
traffic; and 2nd, To adopt measures for securing the
co-operation of Christians generally, on behalf of the
temperance reformation.”
As introductory to the sittings of conference, fifteen
sermons were preached on Sunday, April 9th, in different
places of worship in Manchester, by the following
ministers:—Rev. Dr. Burns of London, Rev. Messrs.
Burder of Bristol, Mason of York, Shimwell of Monk-
212 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
wearmouth, Jones of Manchester, Ellery of Leicester,
Greener of Huddersfield, Martin of Saffron Walden,
Carpenter of Warrington, and Sibree of Birmingham.
The first meeting of the conference was held on Tuesday,
in the Lecture-room of the Athenaeum, when the Rev.
Walter Scott, president of Airedale College, Bradford,
was called upon to preside. A very interesting and
important letter was read from the Rev. William Jay of
Bath, and addresses were delivered by many of the
ministers present. It was stated by one of the secretaries,
Mr. F. Hopwood, “That in Great Britain and Wales,
there were nearly 2,000 abstaining ministers.” The
deliberations of the conference terminated on the Friday;
on the evening of which day, a soirée was held in the
Free Trade Hall, when 1500 sat down to tea. Several
important resolutions were passed during the sittings of
the conference, and an address to the ministers of the
United Kingdom was adopted; also the following
“ministerial certificate,” which received the signatures
of about 600, and was then published:—
“We, the undersigned ministers of religion, having become prac-
tical and pledged abstainers from the use of intoxicating drinks as a
beverage, feel it to be our solemn duty to urge upon all classes of the
community, but especially upon ministers and members of the Chris-
tian Church, the importance of giving this subject the weight of their
personal example and influence, and that for the following, among
other grave and weighty considerations, viz.:-
“ 1st. That chemical and medical science has now fully demonstrated
that intoxicating drinks are not necessary as a beverage to any class
of our fellow-creatures.
“ 2nd. That the use of these drinks is attended with a perversion
of pecuniary means, the waste of the bounties of divine providence,
IRELAND AND SCOTTLAND. 213
and is fraught with imminent peril to the health, mental improvement,
and moral safety of mankind.
“ 3rd. That the total abstinence principle is simple, practicable
and efficient, both for the restoration of the drunkard, and the
preservation of the sober members of society.
• 4th. That the universal success of the principle would tend, under
the divine blessing, to lessen human suffering, to stay the progress of
pollution, crime, and Sabbath profanation, and to promote the high
and lofty interests of national order, sound morality and true religion.”
In Ireland, the friends were still actively engaged.
Father Mathew, and the Rev. Dr. Spratt, continued to
labour in the cause ; also Mr. James Haughton, who by
his pen, is continually bringing the temperance topic
before the public. He has also done much good by the
reading of several valuable papers before the Statistical
Society of Dublin.
In Scotland, we find the Scottish Temperance League
in very active operation. Mr. Robert Rae had succeeded
Mr. Robert Reid in the secretaryship, while Messrs.
James Stirling, William Logan, Edward Grubb, and
Robert Lowery, were engaged as agents, and the
membership subscription was reduced to 2s. 6d. In
November, 1847, the first number of the Adviser, a half-
penny monthly periodical for the young, appeared.
The Edinburgh Total Abstinence Society, also made
gratifying progress, Mr. Moses, the secretary, reporting
in 1847 that 3,864 new members had joined the society
during the year. Mr. David Brown, was constantly
engaged in missionary labours in Edinburgh, under the
auspices of this society. The Commercial Travellers
of Glasgow had also formed a total abstinence society
214 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
among themselves, and which they worked with great
vigour and success. On October 30th, 1849, a Free
Church of Scotland Abstainers' Society was formed, Mr.
J. M. Douglas of Cupar Fife, being appointed secretary.
During this year, Her Majesty paid a visit to Glasgow,
and the occasion was thought to be a very fitting one
of shewing that total abstainers were not wanting in
loyalty to the Queen. In the month of September,
therefore, the Scottish Temperance League held a
banquet in the Trades' Hall, Glasgow, where an address
to Her Majesty was unanimously adopted. An aggre-
gate meeting of the Juvenile abstainers of Glasgow and
other places was held in the City Hall. Nearly 4,000
children assembled. Archibald Livingston, Esq., pre-
sided, and an address to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales
was adopted. - i
In 1850, another Church Temperance Society was
organized, called the CHURCH OF SCOTLAND ABSTI-
NENCE SOCIETY, with the Rev. T. C. Wilson of Dun-
keld as its secretary. The Scottish Temperance League,
during this year, issued 7,135,000 pages of various
publications; 650 lectures or sermons had also been
delivered; and the number of members amounted to
2000. The number of ministers in Scotland, supposed
to be abstainers, amounted to 360. During the next
year, the members increased 600, and the number of
agents employed, to five. On the 22nd of January,
1851, the different local Societies in Glasgow agreed to
unite in one association, under the name of CITY OF
SCOTLAND. 215
GLAsgow UNITED TOTAL ABSTINENCE ASSOCIATION.
To celebrate this union, a soirée was held in the City
Hall, on April 22nd, when Robert Kettle, Esq., pre-
sided, and the Rev. William Reid of Edinburgh,
Rev. William Hannay of Dundee, Rev. Fergus Ferguson
of Glasgow, and others, addressed the meeting. The
tea tables, on this occasion, were provided gratuitously
by one hundred ladies; and after paying all other
expenses, the sum of £32 4s. 1d. was handed to the
treasurer, as the proceeds of this soirée.
In the month of July, in this year, a most remarkable
gathering of juvenile abstainers took place in Edinburgh,
under the management and guidance of Mr. John Hope.
About 32,000 children gathered together on this grand
occasion, and were marched to see various objects of
interest in Edinburgh. Not a single accident occurred
to mar the proceedings of the day.
In other parts of Scotland the cause also progressed.
In Aberdeen, Stirling, Dumbarton, Dalkeith, Kirk-
caldy, &c., there were societies in good working order,
and their reports generally present an encouraging
aspect; and the movement has attained a better footing,
and stands on higher ground than it had ever previously
occupied. To God be all the glory !
216 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
CHAPTER VIIH.
FROM 1851. To 1856,
pº no previous period did the temperance move-
ment make more satisfactory progress than in
the years named at the head of this chapter. The
London Temperance League was particularly active
and zealous. The following abstract of the labours of
the first year, taken from a circular issued at the time
by the committee, will shew the nature and amount
of the work accomplished:—
“1. Ten Monthly meetings in Eveter Hall were held,
at which all the available talent (both local and
otherwise) in the movement was secured.
“2. Free Lectures have been delivered to nearly every
London society by Mr. George Lomax, who was
engaged for two months, and his services,
entirely paid by the League, extended over
seventy meetings. Five hundred lectures, all
free to the societies, have been delivered by
T.G.R&D301N. 217
the league's agents, at a cost over £300. The
league also had the honour and gratification of
retaining the services of the earnest and talented
American, Mr. F. W. Kellogg, who, through
the league, was enabled to protract his visit in
England from one to twelve months, and visited
nearly all parts of the country, producing a
marked effect wherever he was heard. And
in addition to the valuable services of their
agents, the committee have visited nearly every
society, both for the purpose of private con-
ference, and to assist at public meetings.
“3. Bands of Hope have been a subject of considera-
tion by the league. One member of the com-
mittee has devoted himself entirely to the
formation of fresh stations, and visiting, aiding,
and assisting those already formed, and very
much good has been the result. Mr. Peter
Sinclair of Edinburgh, was engaged to attend
every Band of Hope, and, as far as time would
allow, every ragged, infant, day, Sunday, and
national school, at which addresses were
delivered, and, in many places, a great interest
excited. One of the most important meetings
On this subject was held in Exeter Hall, on
February 16th, when at least 6,000 children
were present, besides many thousands who
were unable to obtain admission. A plate of
this meeting appeared in the Illustrated News.
IP
218 TEMTPERANCE MOVEMENT :
“Three Thousand Petitions to Parliament, praying for
an inquiry into the causes and practices of intem-
perance, were sent by post to the various societies
in the kingdom.
“Thirty Thousand Tracts, Appeals, and Letters have
been forwarded to noblemen, members of Parliament,
ministers of religion, literary men, public lecturers, and
the leaders of the benevolent and religious movements
of the day, calling attention to the claims of the tem-
perance movement upon this particular class.”
Sermons were also preached by Rev. James Sherman,
Surrey Chapel; Rev. G. Clayton, Walworth; Rev. J.
Stevenson, Borough-road; Rev. W. Forster, Kentish-
town; Rev. Dr. Burns, Church-street, Paddington;
Rev. Dr. Campbell, Tabernacle, Moorfields; Rev. Albert
Barnes, Surrey Chapel; and others.
On the 4th and 5th of August, the League engaged
the Royal Surrey Zoological Gardens, for the purposes
of a temperance bazaar, and a grand juvenile fête,
both of which were upon an unusually large scale, and
attracted great attention.
The year 1853, is rendered memorable in the annals
of temperance as being the year of Mr. John B. Gough's
first visit to England for the purpose of temperance
advocacy. The remarkable success which had for several
years followed his labours in America, induced the com-
mittee of the London League to indulge the desire of
extending his labours to this country ; and accordingly,
after some correspondence, Mr. Gough consented to
J. B. GOUGH. 219
visit England for a few weeks. Extraordinary efforts
were made to obtain a large meeting in Exeter Hall, on
the 2nd of August, and those who where present will
not soon forget either the appearance of the hall, or the
address of Mr. Gough, on that remarkable occasion.
The following account of this meeting is from the League
report of that year :- -
“It was a day anxiously looked forward to by thou-
sands throughout the kingdom. It was the day which
was to justify the committee, and to establish the
reputation of Mr. Gough in his native land. As
early as four o’clock p.m., persons were waiting to
obtain admission to the hall, though the time announced
for opening the doors was six o'clock; and no sooner
were the doors opened, than every spot commanding a
view of the speaker was immediately filled. Never did
that magnificent hall present a nobler sight; the benches
crowded with listening souls, showed how deep was the
interest created by the speaker and his theme; whilst
the various banners of different nations were placed
in the most conspicuous parts of the hall, as if to show
the universal applicability of the temperance cause. On
the platform the national flags of England and America
waved in harmony, as we trust they will continue to do
to the end of time. The united choirs of the temperance
singing societies of the metropolis, and the Shapcott
Band, occupied the centre of the vast platform in front
of the great organ, the use of which was kindly granted
by the Sacred Harmonic Society. The excitement
220 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
reached its height when Mr. Gough came on the platform,
leaning on the arm of the President of the League,
J. S. Buckingham, Esq., attended by the leaders of the
temperance cause, gathered from every corner of the
land. Description of the scene is impossible—
language fails—the enthusiasm was unbounded—many
wept for joy. At length it calmed down, and after a
brief but appropriate address from the chairman, Mr.
Gough for the first time spoke to an audience in his
native land. He had left these shores a boy—he had
come back to them a man. He had left unnoticed and
unknown—he had come back covered with fame. He had
gone out poor—he had returned rich with the blessings
of the thousands he had reclaimed from intemperance and
sin. It was a trying time for him, yet he was equal to
the task. Great as had been the expectations created,
Mr. Gough surpassed them all. The vast multitude
before him he swayed as with an enchanter's wand. As
he willed, it was moved to laughter or melted into tears.
All doubt vanished. It was felt that he had made good
his reputation here, that all that had been promised he
had redeemed.”
Mr. Gough afterwards lectured in the Whittington
Club, Strand ; Music Hall, Store-street; Sion Chapel,
Whitechapel, and other places, besides attending another
large demonstration in the Surrey Zoological Gardens,
to which place the London teetotalers went in procession
to the number of several thousands. During the follow-
* Report from December, 1852, to December, 1853, pp. 14, 15.
LONDON. 221
ing year several of the London theatres were engaged
by the League for Mr. Gough, and everywhere crowds
attended him, and much good resulted from his labours.
During this year, the Directors of the Crystal Palace
Company, at Sydenham, having allowed the introduction
of intoxicating drinks for sale within the building, the
National Temperance Society, and the London Temper-
ance League combined their efforts, and on June 8th,
held a large meeting in Exeter Hall, presided over by
the Right Hon. the Earl of Harrington. George
Cruikshank, Esq., moved a resolution condemnatory of
the directors in their departure from their first compact
with the public, and predicted that the place would be
disgraced with drunkenness in consequence thereof.
W. Janson, Esq., seconded the resolution, which before
being put to the meeting was feebly opposed by Mr. W.
Addiscot. The resolution was, however, carried amidst
much applause. J. S. Buckingham, Esq., moved the
adoption of a memorial to the Queen on the subject,
which was seconded by G. W. Harrison, Esq., of
Wakefield. John Guest, Esq., of Rotherham, moved a
resolution calling the attention of Her Majesty's ministers
to the subject; B. Wilson, Esq., of Mirfield, seconded
the same, and it was further supported by Dr. Burns.
A brochure from the pen and pencil of Mr. Cruikshank
was afterwards published, entitled “The Glass and the
Crystal Palace.”
Mr. Gough continued his valuable labours in con-
nection with the League till the end of August, 1855.
222 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
But the time having now arrived, when Mr. and Mrs.
Gough must take their departure, a farewell meeting
was held in Exeter Hall, on July 30th, when Mr.
George Cruikshank having been called to the chair,
addresses were delivered to Mr. Gough by Mr. Janson,
on behalf of the National Temperance Society; by Mr.
J. W. Green, on behalf of the London Temperance
League, and by Mr. J. H. Esterbrooke on behalf of the
Bands of Hope in London. -.
For a short time we must now turn our attention to
the operations of the NATIONAL TEMPERANCE SoCIETY.
In the month of January, 1852, the Rev. Thomas
Spencer, the secretary, passed away from this life, and
Mr. Cornelius P. Newcombe, the assistant secretary,
having resigned in consequence of entering into the
business of Temperance Emigration Shipping Agent,
the Rev. Dawson Burns was appointed to the secretary-
ship, and Mr. Samuel Couling succeeded Mr. Newcombe.
In 1853, a series of eight monthly meetings were held
in the large hall of the Whittington Club; during which
important addresses were delivered by Dr. Carpenter,
Sir John Forbes, M.D.; Rev. Dr. Burns, Dr. F. R.
Lees, Rev. G. W. McCree, Mr. Thomas Hudson, and
others. During this year, the society published a
select series of monthly temperance tracts, 1,000 copies
of which were each month circulated gratuitously
through the post. During this year also, a Ladies'
Temperance Association was formed in connection with
the National Society. The Misses Cash were appointed
T.ONDON. 223
secretaries, and an “Address to the Women of England,”
written for the occasion, by Mrs. Balfour, was printed,
and 3,000 immediately circulated. At the desire of the
committee, Mr. Samuel Couling undertook a tour in
Surrey and Sussex; and afterwards, in addition to his
duties in the office, spent much of his time in domi-
ciliary visitation in Whitechapel, where the number
of families visited or revisited up to October 12th, was
679; also 28 groups, and 11 lodging houses; 1,334
persons were addressed, and 854 tracts distributed.
Afterwards the neighbourhood of Clare-market and
Drury-lane was visited alternately with the Whitechapel
district, and the total number of families visited and re-
visited, was 1,199; of persons addressed, 2,230; and of
tracts distributed, 1,218. w
These operations were continued during the following
year. An important circular was forwarded to every
member of both houses of Parliament in reference to
Mr. Berkeley's Sunday Beer Bill; and much important
and valuable statistical information gained from every
part of the kingdom, on the evils resulting from the
Sunday opening of public houses and beer shops.
Early in the spring of 1856, it was thought desirable
that the two great temperance organizations in London,
the National Temperance Society and the London
Temperance League, should unite and form one body—
a basis of amalgamation having been drawn up and duly
considered, its proposals were agreed to ; and in the
month of May of this year, the last separate anniversary
224. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
meetings of each society were held in Exeter Hall.
After which the two societies amalgamated under the
name of the NATIONAL TEMPERANCE LEAGUE. The
committee was chosen by ballot from the committees of
the two previously existing societies, and the selection
fell upon the following:—Messrs. John Phillips, G. C.
Campbell, W. Cash, W. Tweedie, J. W. Green,
Thomas Cash, Edmund Fry, John Taylor, J. H.
Esterbrooke, Thomas Smith, T. B. Smithies, and Joseph
Taylor. Messrs. Smith Harrison, and G. C. Campbell,
were appointed treasurers, and Messrs. W. Tweedie and
John Phillips, honorary secretaries, and the agents now
employed by the League were the following:—Rev.
D. F. Sunderland, and Messrs. T. A. Smith, Thomas
Irving White, William Spriggs, Samuel Couling, and
Frederick Atkin. The National Temperance Chornicle
was discontinued at the end of this year, and the Weekly
Record of the Temperance Movement from that time
reported the proceedings of the League, although it
continued, as heretofore, an independent journal, under
the able management of Mr. William Tweedie. This
amalgamation was a source of great satisfaction among
the friends of temperance all over the country, and the
cause of total abstinence has been largely benefited
by it.
The London local societies deserve great praise for
their unwonted activity during this period. The societies
at Saffrom Hill, Albion Hall, Fitzroy Hall, Hawkstone
Hall, and elsewhere, were receiving large accessions to
UNITED KINGDOM ALLIANCE. 225
their numbers, and doing much good in reclaiming the
fallen. Some of these societies established classes,
libraries, and literary and scientific lectures, in con-
nection with their temperance operations, and were
thus the means of preserving many from the temptations
presented by the public house.
During this period, also, the movement had so far
risen in importance as to call forth articles, more or
less favourable or unfavourable, in Blackwood's Edin-
burgh Magazine, Edinburgh Review, North British
Review, and Westminster Review. These articles were
replied to in the different temperance periodicals, but
the article in the Westminster Review was deemed of
sufficient importance to warrant the taking of Exeter
Hall, where Dr. F. R. Lees delivered a masterly
address in reply, Dr. Carpenter occupying the chair.
Dr. Carpenter also penned another reply which was
published in the Scottish Review for 1855.
Another organization now sprang into existence,
principally through the exertions of Mr. Nathaniel Card
of Manchester. This was the “UNITED KINGDOM
ALLIANCE for the total and immediate legislative sup-
pression of the traffic in all intoxicating liquors as
beverages.” This alliance was formed on June 1st, 1853.
A general council of 200 was secured, and an inaugura-
tion meeting was held in Manchester, October 26th,
when Sir Walter Trevelyan was elected president, and
Messrs. W. Harvey, N. Card, S. Pope, J. Riley,
W. Rowe, H. Dixon, J. Banning, T. Inglis, J. E. Nelson,
226 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
Dr. Hudson, Rev. J. Bardsley, Rev. T. Hacking, and
Rev. Owen Jones, the executive committee. Mr. Na-
thaniel Card was appointed treasurer; Mr. Samuel Pope,
hon. Secretary; and T. H. Barker, secretary; and the
following was adopted as the “declaration” of its
general council :-
“1. That it is neither right nor politic for the State
to afford legal protection and sanction to any
traffic or system that tends to increase crime,
to waste the national resources, to corrupt the
social habits, and to destroy the health and
lives of the people.
“2. That the traffic in intoxicating liquors, as
common beverages, is inimical to the true
interests of individuals, and destructive of the
order and welfare of society, and ought, there-
fore, to be prohibited.
“3. That the history and results of all past legislation
in regard to the liquor traffic, abundantly prove,
that it is impossible to satifactorily limit or
regulate a system so essentially mischievous in
its tendencies.
“4. That no considerations of private gain, or public
revenue, can justify the upholding of a system
so utterly wrong in principle, suicidal in policy,
and disastrous in result, as the traffic in intoxi-
cating liquors. -
“5. That the legislative prohibition of the liquor
traffic is perfectly compatible with rational
TUNITED KINGDOM ALLIANCE. 227
liberty, and with all the claims of justice and
legitimate commerce.
“6. That the legislative suppression of the liquor
traffic would be highly conducive to the deve-
lopment of a progressive civilization.
“7. That, rising above class, sectarian, or party con-
siderations, all good citizens should combine to
procure an enactment, prohibiting the sale of
intoxicating beverages, as affording most effi-
cient aid in removing the appalling evil of
intemperance.”
On July 8th, 1854, they published the first number
of a weekly paper entitled The Alliance, which, on
July 28th, 1855, came out in an enlarged form under
the name of the Alliance Weekly News, A conference
of ministers of the gospel was afterwards held in
Manchester, and a prize of £100 having been offered
for the best essay on the principles set forth in the
“declaration,” it was awarded to Dr. F. R. Lees, whose
essay, when published, had a most extraordinary sale,
having run through three large editions within a few
months. “The Alliance was represented in London by
late Rev. John Hanson, whose indefatigable energy was
of remarkable service in extending information and
attaching men of influence to the movement. From
December, 1856, the Rev. Dawson Burns, who had
been secretary of the National Temperance Society up
to its amalgamation with the London Temperance
League, accepted the appointment of Metropolitan
228 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT.
superintendent of the London and Middlesex district.”
Dr. F. R. Lees, Rev. Dr. Perrey, and Messrs. Edward
Grubb, G. E. Lomax, and others, were also engaged to
deliver lectures in different parts of the country.
The young had long claimed the attention of total
abstainers. In 1847, Mr. T. B. Smithies published
some startling facts, called Voices from Prisons and
Penitentiaries, in which he shewed, that a very large
proportion of the inmates of the prison and the peniten-
tiary had once been teachers or scholars in Sunday
schools, but inducements to visit the public house, tea
garden, or saloon, had led to their downfall and ruin.
These facts becoming known led to the formation of
many juvenile abstinence societies, both in Scotland
and England. Mrs. Carlisle of Dublin, devoted a large
portion of her time to this work, visiting many places
in the United Kingdom for this purpose. At York, a
very large “Bond of Hope” was formed, and was main-
tained in a flourishing condition. At Leeds, in 1853,
an important conference of Sunday school teachers was
held on October 4th and 5th ; Mr. Edward Baines
occupying the chair; and after some discussion,
Mr. Cornelius Smith moved the following resolution :-
“That, in the opinion of this conference, the drinking
customs of society present a powerful barrier to the
efficiency and success of all efforts for the moral and
religious instruction of the young, and that it is the
duty of sabbath school teachers to avail themselves of
* Alliance Weekly News, January 11th, 1862.
BANDS OF HOPE. 229
all legitimate means to preserve their scholars from
intemperance and its attendant evils.” Mr. Briggs
seconded, and Mr. Dalby supported the motion, which,
after some remarks from the chairman, and Mr. Leathley
on Bands of Hope, was carried unanimously.
Mr. J. H. Esterbrooke formed the first London Band
of Hope in Westminster, about 1848. In January,
1851, Mr. T. B. Smithies commenced the publication of
the Band of Hope Review and Sunday Scholars' Friend,
which has attained a circulation of about 250,000 copies
monthly, and in the following year, the Band of Hope
Journal was issued by the British Temperance Associa-
tion, having previously been published under a different
title since 1848. It was not, however, till May, 1855,
that any general or national organization was formed
for Bands of Hope. In this month, principally through
the exertions of Messrs. Shirley, Haynes, and Dalrymple,
the BAND OF HOPE UNION was established; Mr. Tow-
good being appointed treasurer, Messrs. Shirley and
Haynes, secretaries, and Mr. Dalrymple, agent. On
September 9th, an important meeting of the mem-
bers and friends of this institution was held in the
Good Samaritan Hall, Little Saffron-hill. Upwards of
one hundred persons from all parts of the Metropolis,
many of them personally engaged in conducting Bands
of Hope, sat down to tea, after which, a public meeting
was held, presided over by the Rev. H. J. Betts of
Trinity Chapel, Southwark. Among those present
were the Rev. George Lamb, Mr. J. W. Green,
230 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
Mr. F. Towgood, Mr. W. Tweedie, Rev. G. W. McCree,
Mr. T. Hudson, Mr. W. Spriggs, Mr. S. Couling,
Mr. Samuel Catton, and other well-known friends of
the temperance cause. Important addresses were
delivered by Messrs. Towgood, Arthur Hall, W. J.
Haynes, William Harper, and Samuel Catton. At this
meeting, also, Mrs. Potton delivered an address on the
co-operation of ladies; and prizes were awarded to
three successful competitors for the best melodies
suitable for Bands of Hope.
Some time previous to this a number of English
navvies having been employed on the Paris and Rouen
Railway in France, their conduct, being freed from home
influences, became so offensive from drunkenness, that
the contractors requested the temperance authorities in
London to send over some assistance, and Mr. James
Balfour and another agent were deputed, and suc-
ceeded in turning the men greatly from their dissolute
courses. During Mr. Dunlop's visits to France before
referred to, he was informed by various respectable
Protestant ministers of the Gospel, that the Catholic
clergy were making very powerful and successful
appeals against Protestantism, and referred to the ex-
cesses of the English workmen, and of British resi-
dents in general, as evidences of the evil that arises
from want of the confessional in England, the Protestant
country par excellence. These remarks coincided with
what he had previously learnt from Mr. Balfour and his
companion. In short it was represented to him that
PARIS. 231
possibly the greatest obstruction to the advance of Pro-
testantism on the Continent at that moment, was the
habits of inebriation of the British.
He, therefore, procured introductions to a number of
respectable clergymen and religious laymen in Paris,
and visited them frequently from time to time, with a
view to their taking measures to bring the British re-
ligious authorities who seemed perfectly careless, to a
sense of the extent and virulence of British intemper-
ance, and its effects on the spiritual condition of other
countries. He proposed that regular addresses should
be made from time to time by Continental Protestant
Churches, to the convocation and bishops of England,
the general assemblies of the Church of Scotland and
other ecclesiastical bodies there, the Methodist con-
ference, Congregational Union and other ecclesiastical
communities on the British side of the Channel.
The chief difficulty in the proposal lay in this, that
the French friends felt that it might appear invidious
and officious for them to interfere with Great Britain in
matters of morals and religion. Mr. Dunlop, however,
persevered during most of the two periods he was
resident in Paris; and at last a meeting of the friends
to the plan was held in which it was agreed that the
proposals should be gone into, provided Mr. Dunlop
should succeed in procuring a suitable number of
ministers, influential laymen, and temperance societies
in Britain, to invite such an interference. A com-
mittee was appointed to resume operations when
.232 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
this condition should be fulfilled. The meeting was
held on the 19th February, 1852.
Although a number of ministers and temperance
committees on this side of the Channel agreed that the
general indifference and even ignorance of our religious
world here might be partly cured by such a measure,
yet the idea was dropped for want of help, and since
that date a great and favourable change among ministers
and clergy has taken place rendering such a step now
unnecessary.
A great deal more might be said as to the progress
of the anti-usage department, and especially as to Mr.
Dunlop's successful exertions in procuring the abolition
of compulsory fines, footings, and other usages up and
down the country, the plan of challenge meetings, and
other methods adopted towards this end: but the field is
so vast that our limits prevent us entering upon it, and we
have lately understood that this important, and specially
British department, will be very generally entered upon
by the committees throughout; and the matter become
a more stated a regular effort than has yet been the
C2S62. -
The BRITISH Association FOR THE PROMOTION
OF TEMPERANCE and the BRISTOL and WEST OF
ENGLAND TEMPERANCE Association continued to
labour on successfully in their different spheres of opera-
tion. The former institution (formed as we have seen in
1835) changed its title in 1854 to the BRITISH TEMPER-
ANCE LEAGUE. It published a monthly organ the
ADVOCATES ASSOCIATION. 233
British Temperance Advocate; had seven agents, whose
aggregate labours in 1856 amounted to the delivery of
1,288 lectures, of which 212 were free to the societies
visited, and extended over eighteen English counties
and the Isle of Man. The latter association published
the Bristol Temperance Herald as its organ.
In 1854 an Association of Temperance Advocates
was formed at Manchester in the month of October.
The objects of this association are thus stated in an
address which they issued at the time :-
“1st. To give mutual assistance to each other in
cases of accident and sickness, to which the nature of
their labours render them peculiarly liable; and to make
such provision for old age, that when their work is done,
they may be able to spend their few remaining days in
contentment and peace. 2nd. To make such provision
for their families, that when they themselves are called
away by death, their families should not be left destitute,
or dependent upon an uncertain charity, which, they
regret to state, is at this time the case with the families
of several of their former fellow-labourers, who went
worn out to their graves. 3rd. To establish such means
of direct communication between themselves and the
societies requiring their services, as shall be to the
advantage of both. 4th. To aid the cause of temper-
ance reform by their united action in such a manner
that in their individual capacity they find themselves
unable to do.” t
These objects they proposed to accomplish by raising
Q
234. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
an Income of £300 per annum in the following manner—
one hundred £1 subscribers, two hundred 10s. Sub-
scribers, and the rest in donations, public collections,
and smaller subscriptions. - -
This money was to be invested in the hands of
trustees, and upon the death or retirement from length
of service of any advocate, certain grants were to be
made according to the number of years they had been
engaged in the advocacy. Mr. Thomas Whittaker was
appointed president, Mr. John Meredith, treasurer, and
Mr. G. E. Lomax, secretary, and the Temperance
Advocates' Circular was published quarterly as their
organ. This association, however, we regret to say,
did not succeed, and the Circular was discontinued
after three numbers had been issued.
Everywhere in the provinces the labours of Mr.
Gough had been remarkably successful. At Leeds,
Darlington, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Chatham, Brighton,
Norwich, Ipswich, and many other places, his audiences
exceeded a thousand in number, while at Bradford,
York, and some other places, he addressed not fewer
than between five and six thousand persons. And it is
stated that during Mr. Gough's visits to the provinces
in 1853, he addressed the astonishing number of 104,600
persons; and that not fewer than 3,000 had taken the
pledge. - -
In Scotland he was also equally successful. In Glas-
gow he delivered two lectures, each lecture being
attended by about 7,000 persons. At Paisley he had
GTASG-OW. 235
about the same number of hearers; at Barrhead 1,000,
and 100 signatures to the pledge. In Edinburgh he
delivered two orations, each being attended by nearly
2,000 persons.
In Glasgow, in 1852, a Temperance City Mission had
been commenced on a limited scale, but some good was
affected. In May, 1853, Mr. John S. Marr became the
Secretary of the Scottish Temperance League, Mr.
Robert Rae having retired for the purpose of devoting
himself to the service of the public by the pub-
lication of the Commonwealth, a weekly newspaper
which he continued to manage with great ability and
judgment for several years. It was during this year
that the Forbes Mackenzie Bill became the law of
Scotland, by which all public-houses and inns were
closed during the whole of Sunday; and grocers and
confectioners were prohibited from giving or selling
wine or spirits to be consumed on the premises. The
results of this measure were most satisfactory. Within
tWO years, in Edinburgh, the number of prisoners in gaol
diminished more than one-half, while, according to returns
ordered by Provost M'Laren, it appeared that Sunday
drunkenness had been diminished to less than one-sivth
of what it was in 1851 under the old Act. In 1853,
The Glasgow United Abstinence Association appointed
five additional missionaries, Mr. James Mitchell being
appointed superintendent. On March 22nd, 1854, a new
organization was formed in Glasgow. Some dispute
having occurred between the United Association Com-
236 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT:
mittee, and some of the leading friends of the movement :
in Glasgow, a meeting was called at Welsh's Temperance
Hotel, when, after much deliberation, it was resolved to
form a new society under the designation of THE
GLAsgow ABSTAINERS’ UNION, Neil M’Neill, Esq., was
appointed president; Messrs. W. Melvin, and Ebenezer
Anderson, vice-presidents; Mr. John Lamb, treasurer,
and Mr. N. S. Kerr, secretary. This Union was inau-
gurated by a soirée, which took place in St. Enoch's Hall,
Dixon-street, on April 19th, Neil M’Neill, Esq., in the
chair. Mr. Melvin explained the nature and objects of
this union, from which it appeared that it was intended
to hold weekly meetings, to secure the advocacy of the
movement from the pulpit and the press, and in all
things cordially to co-operate with the Scottish League.
Addresses were afterwards delivered by the Rev. Mr
M’Rae, Rev. J. Williams, and Messrs. A. H. M'Lean,
James Stirling, and William Fulton. Three societies
and 1,200 members joined this union during one
month.
The Free Church Temperance Association now num-
bered 2,489 adult, and 1,993 juvenile members in their
registry book. The Edinburgh Free Church Temper-
ance Society also made rapid progress.
In Edinburgh also the work went on. Mr. Henry
Vincent, Mr. Robert Lowery, and other able lecturers,
being engaged to advocate the cause during this
period.
The Scottish Temperance League commenced the
IRELAND. 237
publication of the Abstainers' Journal, in 1853, and
continued it monthly, under the management of the
Rev. William Reid, till the close of 1856. The Scottish
Review, a quarterly publication at one shilling also
commenced in 1853; and the Adviser, a monthly publi-
-cation for the young appeared in an improved form in
1855. Of this work about 50,000 copies were circulated
monthly. A series of pictorial monthly tracts had also
been commenced which circulated to the number of
50,000 monthly. Several larger works were alsc
published. One of these Ten Nights in a Bar Room
had a circulation of 13,000 copies within six weeks.
The number of members in 1856 was 5,261 besides
333 societies.
In Ireland the temperance cause though not flourish-
ing, had certainly not died out; there were a few names
which yet kept it alive, and occasionally brought it
prominently before the people. The Rev. Dr. Spratt
was untiring in his labours among the Roman Catholic
population in Dublin. Mr. James Haughton still con-
tinued his valuable contributions on temperance to the
newspaper press; and Messrs. Atkinson, Allen and
Dowden were also active in their respective spheres and
localities. It must not by any means be imagined
either that the cause of temperance in Ireland, or the
good effects of Father Mathew's labours had totally dis-
appeared. On the contrary, though the excitement had
ceased, aud numbers had relapsed, yet the permanent
effects were everywhere obvious. The habits of the
238 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
people have become changed, and intemperance is but
rarely, in comparison with past times, to be seen among
them. Thus, says Dr. Forbes, who in visiting Ireland,
made this the special object of his inquiry, “in Gal-
way, as in every other place visited by me in Ireland, I
did not meet with a single person in a state of intoxica-
tion, nor could I discover any signs of this vice being
prevalent, or even at all in existence.”
Thus we close the present résume of the History of
the Temperance Movement in Great Britain and Ireland.
That the cause has been the means of blessing thousands
of human beings cannot be denied; and that it may still
go on in its mission of love, and be made a blessing to
thousands more, must be the earnest wish and prayer of
every philanthropic and christian mind. It demands
the sympathies of all who are actuated by love to God,
and benevolence to man ; but it demands more than
sympathies; it merits personal adhesion, and pecuniary
help. Let the religious, the philanthropic, and the
educated portion of the community, give it their coun-
tenance and support; let those who minister in the
sanctuary give their aid and encouragement, and the
monster evil of intemperance will be swept from our
midst, and Temperance, Peace, and Love shall reign
amongst TIS.
* Memorandums made in Ireland in the Autumn of 1852, by John
Borbes, M.D., F.R.S., &c., Vol. I., p. 224.
SUMMARY WIEW. 239
CHAPTER IX.
PROGRESS :-
A SUMMARY WIEW OF TEMPERANCE OPERATIONS TO
THIE IPRESENT TIME,
It'ſſuſ'; it seems expedient to close the connected
History of the Movement with the preceding
chapter, yet a general view of the operations of the
various existing Organizations to the present time, may,
perhaps, be considered necessary to the completion of
our scheme. The cause is still progressing; and,
notwithstanding the various opposing influences by
which it has been surrounded, it never occupied a better
position than it does at this day. The temperance
movement has changed the whole aspect of society, in
reference to the drinking customs. It cannot now be
said of any class of society, as was said by Lord
Macaulay of the upper classes, in the reign of Queen
Anne, “Such excess was in that age regarded, even by
grave men, as the most venial of all peccadilloes, and
was so far from being a mark of ill breeding, that it
was almost essential to the character of a fine gentle-
24.0 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
man;”* and, indeed, so accustomed were the aristocracy
of that time to intoxicating drinks, that Macaulay further
remarks, that “we should no more think of saying that
he sometimes took too much wine, than that he wore a
long wig and a sword.” These times have passed away,
and, as a general rule, society finds it necessary, to
apologize for the use of intoxicating liquors, and to
profess opinions in favour of abstinence.
How much the temperance movement has had to do
in effecting this change we cannot now stay to inquire;
doubtless it has had a considerable influence in pro-
moting this reformation, although some other agencies
may have been at work at the same time: and among
other causes which have tended to change public opinion
in reference to intoxicating drinks, we must certainly
not omit to specify the increased scientific knowledge of
the faculty in regard to the nature and properties of
alcohol. It is now no longer regarded as a necessary
article of diet; and the researches of Dr. Carpenter and
others have clearly shown that it is altogether unneces-
sary to men in health. Within the past year, these
discoveries have been pushed still further, and the heat-
producing theory of Leibig has been entirely overthrown
by the experiments of three distinguished Parisian phy-
siologists and chemists, MM. Lallemand, Perrin, and
Duroy, and by other experiments to the same effect by
Dr. Edward Smith of London. Professor Miller of
Edinburgh, has also done much good by his popular
* Macaulay’s Essays. Edition 1854. Vol. II., p. 337.
THE PRESS. 24.1
writings on this subject; his Alcohol, its Place and
Power, and his Nephalism, the True Temperance of
Scripture, Science, and Eaſperience, having had a large
circulation among the more intelligent portion of the
community.
Thus temperance has gone hand in hand with science,
and it is no wonder, therefore, that as the literature of
the movement advanced, and the advocacy improved,
that men of learning should give in their adhesion to
our principles, and that the people generally should
follow their example,
The press has done much to aid the cause. In this
department of labour, the Scottish Temperance League
has been pre-eminently successful. The Scottish Review
(quarterly), The Adviser (monthly), and The League
Journal (weekly), all have a large circulation. The
Monthly Pictorial Tract, written for the new year by
Dr. Guthrie, sold to the extent of 250,000 copies.
Many of the larger works issued by the Scottish League,
also circulate to the number of 30,000 or 40,000 copies.
In England, likewise, too much cannot be said of the
good done by The Band of Hope Review, The British
Workman, and The Children's Friend. A new class of
works has also been circulated, reaching many per-
sons not hitherto accessible to temperance literature.
Mrs. Bayly's Ragged Homes, and How to Mend them,
and her Workmen and their Difficulties, together with
Mrs. Wightman's Haste to the Rescue, and her Annals
of the Rescued, have largely contributed to bring about
24.2 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
an altered feeling in the minds of the religious and
influential classes on the subject of total abstinence;
many ministers having joined the movement through
reading the works of these christian and benevolent
ladies.
Taking these and other signs of progress into account,
Mr. Edward Baines, M.P., was quite justified in making
the following statement last year, in his place in the
House of Commons:—
“There still remains another class of institutions
indicative of virtuous aspirations, and which prevails
chiefly among the upper and better portion of the
working classes, namely, the temperance societies, the
members of which abstain wholly from intoxicating
liquors, either as a safeguard to their own morality, or
by way of example to others. There are no general
statistics of these societies; but I believe Mr. Tweedie,
the publisher, who has for many years been one of their
most active promoters, has more knowledge of them
than any other individual, and he writes to me as fol-
lows:—“I should say there are at least 4,000 temperance
societies in the United Kingdom, and not less than
3,000,000 teetotalers, including all ages, three-fourths
of whom are not likely to belong to any society.
During last year I sold pledge-books sufficient to take
270,000 names, and during the same time sold over
200,000 pledge-cards. In the United Kingdom, during
last year, there were thirteen large temperance associa-
tions, employing forty paid lecturers, with an united
STATISTICS. 243
annual income of £22,000. The movement sustains
three weekly newspapers, with an united circulation of
25,000 weekly; also six monthly magazines, with an
united circulation of over 20,000. The British Workman
may also be classed as a temperance monthly; and its
circulation is upwards of 250,000. Besides these there
are two periodicals for the young, viz., The Adviser,
whose circulation is over 50,000, and the Band of Hope
Review, with a circulation over 250,000. There are
also two Quarterly Reviews, with a joint circulation of
about 10,000. There are two societies on a large scale
supported by teetotalers—the first, the Temperance Pro-
vident Institution, with an annual income of £114,000,
and the second the Temperance Permanent Land and
Building Society, with an income of £77,000. As the
excessive use of strong drink is the greatest curse of the
country, so these societies must be reckoned among its
greatest blessings.”
But let us enter into a few particulars. In England,
the BRITISH TEMPERANCE LEAGUE is still actively and
usefully employed in promoting the cause of total
abstinence. The agents find constant employment in
lecturing to societies and in visiting among the people ;
and much new ground has been thus broken up. At
present they have eight agents employed. During the
past year the number of lectures delivered was 2,317,
of which 196 were delivered to Bands of Hope. The
Rev. S. A. Steinthal, of Liverpool, and the Rev. E. F.
Quant of Bolton, are the secretaries. The British
244. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
Advocate is the weekly organ of the League and is
under the editorial management of the Rev. Dawson
Burns. On the 3rd March of the present year a paper
was read before the Liverpool Association for the pro-
motion of social science, by the Rev. S. A. Steinthal on
the licensing system. The paper was afterwards pub-
lished. Great exertions have also been made by the
committee to promote the closing of public houses on
Sunday, and nearly 9,000 printed forms of petition were
sent out for signature, during the past year.
Turning now to the NATIONAL TEMPERANCE LEAGUE,
we find a large amount of temperance work being per-
formed. First we have a deputation to Ireland, consisting
of the Rev. Hugh Allen, M.A. (now D.D.), and the Rev.
D. F. Sunderland. Next, Mr. Thomas Beggs is the repre-
sentative of the committee at the Internationale Congrès
de Bienfaissance at Brussels, where he presented a
valuable paper on “Intemperance and British Temper-
ance Societies.” Then, in connection with the National
League, we have the re-engagement of John B. Gough,
who arrived in England, a second time, in July, 1857,
and was welcomed to London at a meeting of the
friends of temperance, assembled at the house of
Mr. George Cruikshank. Mr. Gough's engagement
terminated in August, 1860. Two years had been
spent under the direction of the National Temperance
League, and one year under that of the Scottish Tem-
perance League; during the three years he visited
almost every town in Scotland, and many of the more
NATIONAL LEAGUE. 245
important towns in Ireland, while in England he
delivered 399 addresses, to at least 500,000 hearers,
of whom about 12,000 signed the pledge of total
abstinence. The agents have all been constantly and
usefully employed; one being engaged in visiting the
military at Aldershott, another in visiting the sailors in
the port of London, another in lecturing on the chemistry
of intoxicating drinks, and another in visiting the clergy,
forming Bands of Hope, &c.
In addition to this regular work much good has been
accomplished by the lectures and drawing-room meet-
ings of Mr. Samuel Bowly and Mrs. William Fison;
also by the honorary services of Mr. G. C. Campbell,
Mr. George Howlett, Mr. James McCurrey, and many
other ministers and gentlemen who, under the direction
of the committee, devote a large portion of their time
to the visiting of London and provincial societies. No
organ of the National League is published, but the
Weekly Record of the Temperance Movement, first com-
menced in 1856 by Mr. Tweedie, one of the honorary
secretaries, contains full reports of the League's operations.
Samuel Gurney, Esq., M.P., and Mr. G. C. Campbell,
are the treasurers; Mr. William Tweedie and Mr. John
Phillips, honorary secretaries; and Mr. Robert Rae,
secretary. *
In August, 1861, the Social Science Congress was
held in Dublin, and the temperance movement was
largely and efficiently represented there—delegates
being present from the National, British, and Scottish
24.6 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
Leagues, and from the United Kingdom Alliance.
An important paper, on Intemperance and Pauperism, was
read by Benjamin Scott, Esq., F.R.A.S., Chamberlain
of London, who represented the National League, and
was afterwards published and extensively circulated.
The importance of the press in reference to the tem-
perance movement has been repeatedly acknowledged,
and cannot be over-estimated. Fully realizing this
fact, and believing that Mrs. Wightman's valuable work,
Płaste to the Rescue, was calculated to do much good
among the clergy, the committee of the National Tem-
perance League, at the commencement of the present
year, sent out, gratuitously, through the post, 10,000
copies of an edition of that work, specially prepared for
the occasion, to as many clergymen of the Church of
England; having also previously sent a large copy to
the library of each of the divinity colleges in the United
Ringdom. Much good resulted from this movement,
and many pleasing letters were received from clergymen
in all parts of the country.
At Bristol we have the WEST OF ENGLAND TEM-
PERANCE Association, and at Newcastle, the NORTH
OF ENGLAND TEMPERANCE LEAGUE, both working
well. The former (established June 19th, 1837) was
re-organized on August 10th, 1858, and is under the
able and efficient secretaryship of Mr. J. G. Thornton.
The Western Temperance Herald is the organ of the
association.
The North of England Temperance League has for
ASSOCIATIONS. 24.7
its secretaries Messrs. Daniel Oliver and James Rew-
castle. It sustains three agents, but its operations are
considerably extended by the gratuitous labours of
several honorary agents, and last year between 700 and
800 public meetings were held. One hundred and ten
societies are in affiliation with it. Its last annual
report shewed income for the year, £546—expenditure,
£466.
Several district associations carry on local operations
in various parts of the country with considerable success.
Among these are the Midland Union, the Northampton-
shire Union, the North Staffordshire Association, the
Birmingham and Wolverhampton Association, the Lan-
cashire Temperance Union, the South Yorkshire Union,
the Leeds Union, the East Cornwall Union, the West
Cornwall Union, the South Wales Temperance Associa-
tion, the Oxfordshire Temperance Association, and the
East of England Temperance League, which last was
formed at Ipswich, on November 14th, 1861, and which
is at present very successfully promoting the work in
the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex.
On the 9th November, 1860, a remarkable social
meeting of reclaimed drunkards was held in connection
with the Manchester and Salford Temperance League.
The company assembled numbered about 500, of whom
343 were reclaimed drunkards. Amongst others
present were the Rev. P. Thomson, M.A., Rev. T. G.
Lee, Rev. E. H. Weeks, Rev. D. F. Sunderland,
Thomas Bazley, Esq., M.P., Mr. Alderman Harvey,
248 TEMTPERANCE MOVEMENT: ;
Mr. Alderman Heywood, Mr. W. Morris, Mr. W.
Armitage, Mr. J. Hanson, Mr. G. Darling, and others.
Of the 343 men who had been reclaimed 2 had kept
their pledge for 27 years, 6 for 26 years, 9 for 25 years,
4 for 24 years, 3 for 23 years, 4 for 22 years, 6 for
21 years, 7 for 20 years, 5 for 19 years, 9 for 18 years,
11 for 17 years, 10 for 16 years, 5 for 15 years, 6 for
14 years, 3 for 13 years, 12 for 12 years, 17 for 11
years, 11 for 10 years, 6 for 9 years, 5 for 8 years,
4 for 7 years, 14 for 6 years, 14 for 5 years, 21 for
4 years, 28 for 3 years, 52 for 2 years, and 76 for
1 year, which was the shortest period received.* A
similar meeting was also held in St. George's Hall,
at Wolverhampton, in connection with the temperance
society there. Both of these meetings excited great
attention, and the testimonies borne to the advantages
of total abstinence were of a very striking character.
In London the cause is worked successfully by the
several local societies, and where all are working so
well, it would seem invidious to name any in particular;
and yet it would be impossible not to make special
mention of the efficiency and zeal of the societies
meeting at Albion Hall, Fitzroy Hall, Hawkstone Hall,
Portman Hall, the Sailors' Institute, Shadwell, &c., &c.
Among the various instrumentalities employed for
disseminating the principles of total abstinence, the
BAND OF HOPE UNION, having its offices in London,
deserves honourable mention. The Rev. G. W. McCree
* See Report—Manchester and Salford Temperance League, 1860.
IBANDS OF HOPE. 249
is its present secretary, and it has four agents in active
operation. The Band of Hope Record is the organ of
the Union, and is ably conducted. The objects of the
Band of Hope Union are to form new Bands of
Hope, and to assist, as far as means will allow,
such as are already in existence. To employ authors
of acknowledged talent in the production of works
adapted to the present state of the movement. To
circulate approved publications on the subject. To
employ agents qualified to interest the young, and to
organize on a right basis local Bands of Hope. These
objects it has steadily kept in view, and effectively
carried out. The agents deliver lectures, illustrated by
dissolving views, which have been found very useful in
awakening the attention of the young. A remarkable
meeting was held, during the past year, in the Metro-
politan Tabernacle, when the Rev. C. H. Spurgeon
delivered a lecture on “The Gorilla, and the Land he
Inhabits,” under the auspices of the Union, and in aid
of its funds. A. Layard, Esq., M.P., occupied the chair
on the occasion. -
The importance of Bands of Hope cannot be over-
estimated; hence juvenile meetings, and efforts put
forth among the young, form a valuable adjunct to the
operations of nearly all temperance societies. The
Rev. D. F. Sunderland one of the agents of the
National Temperance League, devotes a large portion
of his time and attention to this department of labour.
The Salisbury and Winchester Journal of April 16th,
R
250 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
1859, gives the following notice of one of these
meetings:–
“The Rev. D. F. Sunderland, who has been lecturing
here and in the neighbourhood during the past fort-
night, delivered an address, interspersed with religious
anecdotes, to the Sunday scholars of all the Noncon-
forming bodies in this city, in the Wesleyan Chapel,
Church-street, on Sunday afternoon last. It is com-
puted that there were 1,400 children present, besides
their teachers and friends, for the latter of whom there
was only standing room, the whole of the sittings of
this large chapel being occupied by the former, who
were very attentive, and left the place in a most orderly
manner. This gathering of the juveniles is the largest
that has taken place since the jubilee, kept some years
ago in commemoration of the establishment of Sabbath
schools by the venerable Robert Raikes, who is
generally acknowledged to be the founder of these
noble institutions.”
During the year some forty or fifty thousand juveniles
have thus been brought under the influence of temper-
ance principles, and there is good reason to hope that
the seed which has thus been sown broadcast will be
productive of a great and glorious harvest.
In 1856 the BRISTOL BAND OF HOPE LEAGUE was
formed; and in the November of that year Mr. Samuel
Sims was engaged as the travelling agent of the League;
and in the prosecution of his work he visited sixty
places in England and Wales, delivered about one
BAND'S OF HOPE. 251
hundred and twenty lectures to 30,000 persons, (princi-
pally children) and took about 3,000 pledges.
The LEICESTER BAND OF HOPE has also worked
well. Last year the committee feeling the importance
of bringing the Band of Hope movement before
teachers and others connected with Sabbath schools,
they invited the Revs. S. Ancliffe and S. Withington,
to deliver addresses upon the importance of the Band
of Hope movement as an auxiliary to Sunday schools.
These rev. gentlemen complied with this request, with
a willingness that showed at once that their hearts were
in the cause. The meeting was held in the large hall,
and notwithstanding the unfavourable state of the
weather, the room was crowded with an attentive
audience. When the speakers had concluded, the Rev.
R. W. McAll proposed, and Mr. Kellett seconded, the
following resolution:-‘‘That believing the drinking
system to be detrimental to Sabbath school success,
we commend the principles of the Band of Hope
society to the attention of the teachers of this town,
and suggest that societies be formed in connection
with the respective schools.” This motion was carried
unanimously.
Last year, also, the committee of the Leicester Band
of Hope, in conjunction with the committees of the
Nottingham and Sheffield Sunday School Band of Hope
Unions, made arrangements for a grand Band of Hope
gala, in the Nottingham Arboretum. Upon arriving at
Nottingham, the different societies met in the market
252 UNITED KINGDOM ALLIANCE
place, when, after a melody had been sung, a procession
was formed, at least a mile in length, consisting of
5,000 young teetotalers, who marched to the Arboretum
accompanied by five bands of music. Upon arriving
those beautiful grounds a meeting was held, when short
addresses were delivered by several ministers and gentle-
men from Sheffield, Derby, Nottingham, and Leicester.
THE UNITED KINGDOM ALLIANCE has recently
gained the commendation and patronage of Lord
Brougham, who said at the Social Science Congress at
Glasgow, that “the proposal of the Grand Alliance well
deserves a careful consideration—the plan of enabling
a certain proportion of the inhabitants in every district
—a proportion considerably above the commercial
majority—to give the magistrates authority for placing
the district under a general repressive Act, passed with
such modifications as, according to the Acts’ provisions,
may be allowed in the peculiar local circumstance.”
And it is this scheme which for the past few years the
Alliance has been endeavouring to promote. Their
Permissive Bill does not by enactment there and then
prohibit the traffic in intoxicating liquors, but simply
provides that on application of any district the votes of
the ratepayers shall be taken as to whether the traffic
shall exist in that district or not ; a majority of two-
thirds of the ratepayers being necessary to decide the
question. This Bill has not yet been introduced to
Parliament, but the Executive are not wanting in zeal
in their endeavours to place the subject well before the
PERMISSIVE BILL. - 253
country. The Permissive Bill is the authoritative em-
bodiment of the objects, principles, and policy of the
United Kingdom Alliance; and was formally adopted
at the annual meeting of that association held in Octo-
ber, 1857, since which time they have also adopted
the following “Alliance Test Question,” to be sub-
mitted to all candidates for Parliamentary election:
“Will you, if elected, support a measure to confer
upon a majority of two-thirds of the ratepayers of any
borough, parish, or township, the power to prohibit the
sale of intoxicating liquors within their respective
districts?” In London there is a London Auviliary
to the United Kingdom Alliance; and in Scotland there
is a Scottish Permissive Bill Association.
Some slight notice must be taken of a few other direct
or indirect influences upon the temperance movementin
England. Long and earnestly have total abstainers
laboured to promote the closing of public houses on
Sunday. Thousands of petitions have, session after
session, been presented to parliament; although with but
little success; an association has therefore been formed
in Hull for the purpose of “obtaining a legislative enact-
ment to prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors between
the hours of eleven on Saturday night, and six on
Monday morning.”
Another association was originated at Leeds in Octo-
ber, 1860, having for its object the promotion of union
among the various branches of the temperance move-
ment. On the 30th January, 1861, about thirty
254 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
influential promoters of the cause met at Andrew's
Temperance Hotel, Leeds;–Joseph Pease Esq., in the
chair, when the following resolution was passed unani-
mously after careful and thorough discussion.
“That, having read the resolutions passed at the
meeting of the 17th October last, and seriously
considered the whole subject, this meeting con-
cludes that, in order to promote as far as
possible the common object which its members
have in view, a UNITED TEMPERANCE COUNCIL
be constituted, consisting of influential men
connected with the temperance cause, to collect
statistics, to consult on matters bearing on the
temperance question, to give recommendations
and suggestions as may from time to time seem
advisable, and to concentrate their power and
influence for the promotion of the temperance
movement, it being understood that in carrying
out the foregoing object no executive action
shall be taken interfering with the principles or
operations of any existing organization.”
Fifty ministers and gentlemen were then nominated
members of the United Temperance Council. E. Pease,
Esq., and Rev. S. A. Steinthal were chosen secretaries.
This union professes to be based on such common
ground as is open to all friends of the temperance cause ;
but the council can only take up the position of recom-
mending and suggesting action, and is unable on its
own responsibility to initiate or conduct any public
agitation.
ADVOCATES. 255
The agents of the various associations are men of
intelligence and zeal, and are prosecuting their work in
their various spheres of labour with praiseworthy energy
and considerable success. Many of the old advocates
are still in the field. James Teare, Thomas Whittaker,
G. E. Lomax, R. Gray Mason, and many others, still
plead the cause of abstinence with power and effect;
some new advocates have more recently entered upon
the work, John De Fraine, and J. Lawrence Gane,
are everywhere received with pleasure, and are
effecting great good. Recently at Lampeter, South
Wales, Archdeacon North, and J. B. Harford, Esq., a
wealthy county magistrate, with many other influential
parties, signed the pledge after listening to a lecture by
Mr. Gane. So great indeed was the interest excited at
Lampeter, that the authorities of St. David's College
made an alteration in the class hours, to enable the
students to attend the meeting. Nearly all the young
gentlemen were present, and a large proportion signed
the pledge.
Mr. Thomas Irving White, is one of the old and tried
advocates, and to him belongs the honour of commencing
a vigorous movement amongst the soldiers at Warley
Barracks, which has been attended with the most gratify-
ing results. The first meeting was held on the 30th
September last, and since that time 599 have signed the
pledge; of whom not more than 60 are known to have
broken it. Amongst those who have become members
are 1 captain, 1 schoolmaster, 1 serjeant-major, 20
256 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
serjeants, 22 corporals, and 19 bombardiers; the remain-
ing 535 being gunners. -
In December last, a series of meetings, intended for
the commercial young men of London, was inaugurated;
the first meeting being held in the Egyptian Hall of the
Mansion House, which was kindly granted for the pur-
pose by the Lord Mayor, in compliance with a requisition
signed by nearly one hundred of the largest firms in
the city. “The meeting was a decided success; the
able speakers, Mr. Benjamin Scott, Dr. Carpenter, Mr.
Samuel Morley, Mr. Bowly, Mr. Samuel Gurney, M.P.,
and Mr. Charles J. Leaf, having enforced their views
with so many striking facts and unanswerable arguments,
that the large and singularly interesting audience
responded to the sentiments expressed with an intelligent
enthusiasm that was in the highest degree encouraging
to every temperance reformer who enjoyed the privilege
of being present.” Subsequent meetings held in other
places, were addressed by Lieut.-Colonel Wakefield,
Rev. Newman Hall, and others. In December, also,
the Rev. Robert Maguire, incumbent of Clerkenwell,
delivered his First Words on Temperance in Exeter
Hall, on the anniversay of his signing the pledge.
Mr. Maguire has since established a large and flourishing
temperance society in his own parish, and is using his
great influence in every possible way to promote the
CaliSe.
* National Temperance League : Sketch of Operations,
December, 1861.
SCOTLAND. 257
Scotland has not been behind in the great work of
promoting sobriety. In Scotland, the progress of
temperance has been most marked and unequivocal. In
that country there has been for some years past a steady
and most decided decrease in the number of licences,
and the steady progress of reformation was never more
manifest than during the year 1860. Thus in Glasgow,
in 1840, the public-houses amounted to 3,010; whereas
they were then only about one-half, being about the same
number that existed forty years ago, when the population
was much less. In Edinburgh, the licensed houses were
1,563 in 1831, but in 1857 they were only 753, or less
than half. The decrease in the country places has not
been quite so great; but, in extending the comparison
over the whole of Scotland, it is found that the decrease
is from 30 to 40 per cent. The decrease in the con-
sumption of spirits is not less striking. This decrease
amounts actually to 22% per cent. On the entire consump-
tion of spirits in Scotland, but, if the increase of popu-
lation be taken into account, the result shows a
decrease of 27 per cent. In Scotland the clergy have
very largely, espoused the temperance cause, and to
their moral support Scotland is greatly indebted
for the firm hold which it has taken among the ranks
of private virtue and piety. Thus the Commissioners
in their report on Forbes Mackenzie's Act, say,+
“We feel bound to advert to the important fact,
which was fully established in the evidence given before
us, that there has, of late years, been a marked improve-
258 POPULAR WETO :
ment in the habits of the people of Scotland, with
regard to sobriety.”
At the annual meeting of the Scottish Temperance
League, held in May, 1859, the following resolution,
proposing a popular veto in reference to licences, was
adopted:— W.
“Whilst believing that the traffic in intoxicating
drinks, as beverages, is essentially wrong, and however
stringently regulated, never can become safe to the
community, or entitled to the sanction of the State;
and whilst of opinion that the country should rest satis-
fied with no enactment which does not there and then,
and by the Imperial Legislature itself, prohibit the
whole traffic; yet, having regard to the present state of
public sentiment, and to the probability that, ere long,
the Licence Laws will be subjected to Legislative
revision, this meeting instruct the directors to take
measures to secure such an amendment of these laws as
will enable a majority of the inhabitants of any parish,
municipal ward, or other district, to veto any number
of licences in their respective localities.” Efforts are
being made to introduce this clause into a Bill now
before Parliament. .*
The press of the Scottish League still teems with
important publications—Alcohol, its Place and Power,
and Nephalism, both by Professor Miller; The City, its
Sins and Sorrows, by Dr. Guthrie ; The Temperance
Cyclopædia and Our National Vice, by the Rev.
William Reid; The Temperance Pulpit, The Scottish
ABSTAINERS’ UNION. 259
Review, &c., have all had a large circulation, and been
very useful. The membership of the Scottish League
is now 7,267 in number.
The GLASGow ABSTAINERS’ UNION is, as the name
implies, a union of temperance societies of Glasgow;
president, Mr. Neil McNeill; secretary, Mr. James
Lawson. The seventh anniversary was held on the 4th
May, 1861. This association is distinguished for its
exertions to blend popular recreation and amusement
with the more direct operations of the temperance
movement. For several years, during the winter sea-
son, it has provided, every Saturday night, popular
concerts in the large City Hall, and these have drawn a
large number of persons from the public-house. The
cost of these concerts during the last year was upwards
of £2,000, and among the more eminent of the artistes .
who appeared during the season were-Miss Dolby,
Mademoiselle Vaneri, Madame Weiss, Madame Louisa
Winning, Florence Lancia, Mr. Weiss, Mr. Augustus
Braham, Mr. Allan Irving, Mons. Sainton, Mr. Remenyi,
and the Brousil Family. Fourteen excursions were
also arranged during the summer season, and 9,625
tickets were sold; among them was an excursion to
London. The directors have also a number of coffee-
stands on the streets, from three to seven o’clock every
morning, and attach much importance to this part of
their operations.
In connection with the AYRSHIRE TEMPERANCE
UNION we notice that the agents have, during the year,
260 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
addressed 100 meetings, having an aggregate attendance
of about 10,000; they have also visited 3,500 houses,
distributed 6,000 tracts, and induced upwards of 1,000
persons to adopt the abstinence pledge. It appears
that there are about 40 societies connected, or in
co-operation with, the Union ; and it is estimated that
1,800 adults and 1,200 juveniles have joined the move-
ment in Ayrshire during the last twelve months, and
that there are at present about 7,000 adults and 4,500
juvenile abstainers in the county.
In Dundee a most successful series of fifty open-air
meetings was held during the months of May, June,
July, and August. At some of these, held on the
Sabbath evenings, there were audiences of more than
3,000 people. These were conducted by the agents
and other friends of the Scottish Temperance League.
The twenty-fifth annual report of the Edinburgh.
Total Abstinence Society for 1861 shows an income of
more than £420, of which nearly £190 arise from sub-
scriptions, and £126 is spent in salaries. No less than
£43 5s. 3d. is received from members' schedules and
cards, which indicates a considerable accession of
members during the year. Z
Ireland has been visited by a revival both in religion
and temperance. In short, the two movements have
gone hand-in-hand together. d
A temperance association exists in connection with
the Irish Presbyterian Church, and twenty-two of the
ministers have gone out as deputations to advocate
IRETAND. 261
temperance, giving their services gratuitously. Six
new tracts—12,000 of each have been issued by the
association—which, with other grants, amount to 80,000
published during the year. There are 169 members,
17 probationers, and 21 students—in all 207, connected
with the institution. In their last annual report, they
state that “nothing has tended so much to promote the
temperance cause as the revival of religion. In many
districts drinking and drunkenness have, to a large
extent, disappeared, public-houses have been abandoned,
and publicans, in many instances, have been led, by an
awakened conscience, to abandon the traffic.” In one
town it is said that as many as twenty-five drinking
places have been given up.
The Presbyterian Church in Ireland has been very
active in the cause of temperance. The first meeting
of friends “for the purpose of organizing an association
in connection with the General Assembly, to oppose the
spread of intemperance on total abstinence principles,”
was held in the School-room of May-street Church,
Belfast, on July 4th, 1850. At that meeting only
fifteen persons were present, but a committee was ap-
pointed “to draw up a statement of the definite course
of action which the association to be formed should adopt.”
This committee met in February, 1851, and drew up
the basis of the association, which was adopted by the
first general meeting held in May-street Session-room,
in July, 1851. To this constitution twenty-two members
gave in their adhesion. There are now 69 ministers
262 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT :
enrolled members, and the association has a balance in
hand of £57 7s. 4d. The Rev. Dr. Knox is treasurer,
and the Rev. W. Johnston, secretary. The Rev. J. N.
Harkness laboured most indefatigably as secretary till
1860, when he resigned from ill health. º
The first annual report of the County AND CITY OF *
CoRK TEMPERANCE ASSOCIATION has just been issued,
which says:–“Since the commencement of our opera-
tions, about 700 persons have joined the society, the ma-
jority of whom have remained faithful to their resolution.
Through the mistaken friendship of acquaintances and
others, some have violated their pledge; but at present
we have about 600 consistent abstainers exclusive of
those enrolled by the branch societies.”
The Irish Temperance League is also in active opera-
tion ; and we have now a teetotal Bishop who has re-
cently been raised to the Episcopal Bench The Rev.
John Gregg, Archdeacon of Kildare, is the new Bishop
of Cork. The new Bishop does not conceal his views on
the subject of the evils caused by drink, as is clearly
shown by the following extract from a speech delivered
by him in the Metropolitan Hall, Dublin:-
“I advocate,” says the Right Reverend the Lord
Bishop of Cork, “I advocate total abstinence upon the
christian principle of self-denial. I say to myself, ‘I
think I will help to create a more wholesome public
opinion, and my own opinion will be of more weight
when those who know me know I do that which I
recommend others to do.’ I do not indulge myself in a
WALES. 263
glass of wine, and, therefore, neither my servants nor
any one else will say, “If you take a glass of wine I will
take a glass of porter or of punch.' I have often been
applied to by drunken persons when I was a moderate
drinker. They said to me, ‘You take a glass of wine?”
I replied, ‘Yes; but I stop when I ought to stop.’ But
then they said, ‘Oh! we stop, too.” They pleaded cold,
fatigue, &c., for drinking. But now, as a teetotaler, I
will say, ‘If I abstain from drink, and go through cold
and labour—mental and physical—very well without
wine, much less ardent spirits; if I, an old man, can do
without it, I do not see what a young man wants
with it.’” |
Turning our attention to Wales, we find, in 1859 and
1860, that a remarkable temperance revival took place
in Glamorganshire, Monmouthshire, and other parts of
the principality. At Tredegar Iron Works, upwards of
7,000 men, women, and children, signed the pledge; at
Ebbw Vale, there were about 1,000, and in Dowlais,
between 3,000 and 4,000. This revival was chiefly
owing to the labours of Mr. Reece, commonly called
“Cheap Jack,” an itinerating cutler; and so much was
his influence dreaded, that he was not permitted to go
near the works at Rhymney, because the company have
a large and lucrative brewery there. But the teetotalers
came over from Tredegar, and paraded the streets, and,
as it were, took the place by storm ; and the result was,
that about 3,000 of the Rhymney people signed the
pledge. At one monster gathering it is calculated that
264. TEMPERANCE MOVMENT : .
upwards of 12,000 took part in the proceedings. The
Dowlais Iron Works were closed for the day, to allow
the workmen an opportunity to attend.
It is to be regretted, however, that this revival was
not of such a permanent nature as could have been de-
sired, yet much good was done and the SOUTH WALES
ToTAL ABSTINENCE ASSOCIATION is looking well to
the interests of the cause in the principality.
Thus we bring our summary to a conclusion. The
temperance cause is still progressing; and by and bye
sobriety will prevail. Captain Forbes says of the
Dahomans, “Drunkenness is not allowed; nor is there,
except in Whydah, much opportunity for it. As a
public example, the king kept a drunkard and fed him
on rum, and exhibited him at the Customs, that his
emaciated and disgusting appearance might shame his
people from making beasts of themselves: this terrible
example is dead.” Surely it shall not be worse with
us. The customs in relation to drink, the fashions
which uphold these customs, the prejudice against total
abstinence, must all give way before the truth. But
let us each do what we can, and do it now ; and
the blessings of those who were ready to perish shall
rest upon us, and “God, even our own God, shall bless
us; God shall bless us, and all the ends of the earth
- shall fear him.”
* Dahomey and the Dahomans, by F. E. Forbes, R.N., Wol. I., p. 30.
ADDLESHAW, JOHN. 265
CHAPTER X.
MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
A To L.
ADDLESHAW, John, born November 22nd, 1801,
in the town of Brigg, Lincolnshire; died, November
18th, 1859. He was steady and thoughtful in youth,
and very early became a member of the Wesleyan
Methodist Society; and before he had reached his
seventeenth year he became a local preacher. He
signed the pledge in the year 1836, and soon began to
teach the principles of total abstinence. In 1838, a
number of societies in Lincolnshire employed him for
three months, and in the following year he was em-
ployed for six months by a number of societies in York-
shire. In 1840, he became connected with the British
Temperance League as one of their lecturers, and con-
tinued to labour with them till the time of his death.
It is said that, in a lecturing career extending over
twenty years, he cannot have addressed fewer than
5,000 audiences, and travelled upwards of 60,000 miles.
On the 5th and 6th of November, 1859, he lectured at
Heywood, and this was his last public work. During
the following week, he was to have taken several ap-
pointments in Cheshire, but he was obliged to keep his
bed, and after suffering severe pains from an obstruction
of the bowels, he expired on Friday, November 18th,
at his house in Wood-street, Bolton. Provision for his
declining years, or, in the event of his death, for his
S
266 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
widow, had been previously made by the executive of
the British Temperance League.
AITKEN, JOHN, died in Edinburgh, on May 17th,
1855, aged forty-eight years. Mr. Aitken was born in
Edinburgh, and was one of the first who joined the
total abstinence movement, in which he was a per-
severing labourer ever after. Owing much to the
cause, he was no sooner embarked in it, than he felt a
desire to extend it, and for nearly twenty years he was
one of the most indefatigable men in the movement.
Impressed with the desirableness of having hotels es-
tablished where food and sleep could be obtained without
the proximity of intoxicating liquors, he opened, in the
High-street of Edinburgh, the first teetotal coffee-
house in Scotland. He took an active part in the cause
of reform, and along with such men as Mr. Robert
Lowery and Mr. Henry Vincent, he often advocated
the cause of the people. In the teetotal movement he
was, as we have said, indefatigable. He was earnest
and active in committees, and eloquent on the plat-
form. He was generous and warm-hearted, and was
ever ready to help the needy teetotaler. He was
interred in the Grange Cemetery, Edinburgh, his
remains being followed to the grave by one of the
largest and most respectable parties of mourners ever
seen at the funeral of a private citizen in Edinburgh.
ALEXANDER, PETER, died suddenly at Newing-
ton, Surrey, in 1858. For many years he was an
active member of the National Temperance League,
and a useful and unpaid missionary in the cause of
temperance. Always diligent in his self-imposed
duties, he literally died in his work, for having taken
an active interest in the preparation of a meeting for
Mr. Gough, at the “Horns,” Kennington, he was sud-
denly seized with a fatal illness, and died on the eve of
the meeting. -
ANDREW, JOHN. 267
ALLEN, JOHN. One of the early gratuitous advo-
cates of the total abstinence movement. He resided
at Portsea, in Hampshire. In one of his journals,
dated 1836, he mentions having walked through the
Isle of Wight, giving lectures in every town and village.
ANDERTON, HENRY, born at Walton-le-Dale,
near Preston, December 3rd, 1803; died June 21st,
1855. Mr. Anderton was formerly a member of a
political union in Preston, which held its meetings
on Sunday evenings in public-houses. Seeing much
drunkenness resulting from this course, he endeavoured
to do away with the custom of “drinking for the good
of the house" by proposing payment for the use of the
room. While on a visit to Eccles, near Manchester,
Mr. Anderton joined the Old Temperance, or Modera-
tion Society, and soon began to advocate the cause in
public. He afterwards became a total abstainer; and it
is said that “from the first day to the last appearance he
made upon our platform, he was the Supreme attraction
at all meetings of the early temperance reformers.”
His style of speaking was vehement, rapid, infinitely
diversified as to matter, and interspersed with the
productions of his muse, which delighted by their
humour, pathos, and freshness. At Hulme he was
presented with a silver medal and chain, August 6th,
1836. Of late years he was less seen on the temperance
platform. In 1848 he removed to Bury, as agent to
the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company.
ANDREW, JoHN, sen., born August 11th, 1764;
died, March 25th, 1860. At the time of his embracing
the temperance cause he was a corn miller and maltster
Leeds; he, however, immediately abandoned the
alting business, although it was an exceedingly pro-
table one. He presided over the first great temperance
estival in Leeds on Christmas Day, 1835.
268 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
ANDREW, Joseph, son of the above, born January
29th, 1812, at Micklehurst, in the parish of Mottram,
Cheshire, near to where Lancashire, Yorkshire, and
Cheshire meet. Began to abstain in 1835, and con-
tinued a strict teetotaler until his death (July, 1847)
from fever, after a short illness. Occasionally he wrote
for a temperance periodical, the National Temperance
Advocate, when published in the Isle of Man. But he
was best known and very popular as a speaker. A near
relative states, “He had considerable reasoning power,
a vivid imagination, and an intense love of the beautiful
and sublime in poetry and oratory. He was often
humorous and witty, and always displayed great earnest-
ness and energy on the platform. Generally, his
speeches were prepared with care. He hated every-
thing mean and dishonourable, and he had great con-
scientiousness. He was a warm friend and helper of
movements for the spread of education, international
peace, anti-slavery principles, and religious liberty.”

ANDREWS, Rev. EDWARD, LL.D, a justly celebra-
ted minister of Walworth, died suddenly at the close
of the year 1841. On the evening of his death he had
taken the chair at a temperance meeting, which he
left a little before nine o'clock in excellent health and
spirits. It appears that on his way home he called
upon a relation, who went home and supped with him.
He had complained that on leaving the school-room, he
felt a pain in his chest, which he attributed to the sudden
change of atmosphere. He had been liable to similar
attacks in his chest. His relation left him about eleven
o'clock, when he appeared quite well, and was very
cheerful. The female servant was called up by Mrs.
Andrews, between one and two o'clock in the morning,
when she found her master sitting up in bed; she pro-
cured some warm water, of which he partook, and some
water to bathe his feet. He was very sick. After a
* See Temperance Dictionary, by Rev. Dawson Burns.
AUBREY, GEORGE. - 269
short time the doctor desired her to go to bed, but she
was called up again by Mrs. Andrews almost immedi-
ately after. She then found him lying on the side of
the bed, moaning faintly. She assisted in lifting his
head on the pillow. His eyes were then closed, and he
never spoke or moved afterwards. Medical assistance
was immediately obtained, and an attempt was made to
bleed him, but without success; he was quite dead.
His death is attributed to some affection of the heart.
He left a widow and ten children to lament his loss.
He was fifty-five years of age. Dr. Andrews was, for
many years, a very popular preacher, and for the last
eighteen months a very zealous and able advocate of the
principle of total abstinence. He was the author of
several works which are held in much repute.
ARDERY, JAMES, was a humble and pious christian,
as well as a zealous teetotaler. He was for many years
a consistent member of the Wesleyan connection, and
was for some time employed as butler in the Theological
Institution. He took a very prominent part as leader
of teetotal musicians at festivals in London, and was
well known and greatly esteemed at Albion Hall, and
other societies. His last illness lasted but one week.
Hevdied at Hackney, January 26th, 1843.
AUBREY, GEORGE, joined the Temperance Society
in the spring of 1837, from which period he devoted
the whole of his leisure to the promotion of its objects.
He sustained the offices of Treasurer of the Farringdon
branch, member of the City and North of London Aux-
iliary Committee, &c., and up to the period of his
illness, about ten months since, he faithfully and suc-
cessfully discharged the duties of these various offices,
and was instrumental in raising the Farringdon branch
to a state of great prosperity. After a long and painful
illness, he departed this life in peace, on Monday morn-
ing September 27th, in the thirty-eighth year of his age.
270 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTIED.
BAKER, ISAAC, one of the early advocates of the
cause in Huddersfield, where he died, on Thursday,
October 6th, 1859, at the age of seventy-one. Few in
that locality served the cause with more zeal, or carried
out its principles with more consistency than he did.
DAKER, WILLIAM RICHARD, born at Waltham
Abbey, on September 3rd, 1798; died at his residence,
Down House, near Sutton, in Surrey, on the 28th
September, 1861, aged sixty-three years. At the age of
six years, he removed with his parents to Colchester,
where he was placed at school, and made rapid progressin
the rudiments of knowledge. Two years afterwards he
was sent to Ashburton, in Devonshire, where he was
placed under the care of a paternal aunt, and where he
attended the Latin and Grammar School. In 1812, he
was sent to the school of Dr. Dunn at Witham, in Essex,
to finish his education. After leaving Witham, he
expressed a wish to visit the shores of the Mediterranean,
and accordingly he was sent to Lisbon, Naples, &c. He
appears, however, soon to have tired of a seafaring life,
and became anxious to return home. At the age of
twenty-one he became a student of Wymondley Inde-
pendent College ; and at the close of 1821, he settled as
a minister over a Congregational Church at Ramsey in
the Isle of Man, where he remained till 1826, when he
became pastor of the Independent Church at Shepton
Mallet. In the month of September, 1836 (the year
before leaving Shepton Mallet,) after attending a lecture
on total abstinence, he, with thirteen others, signed the
pledge, which he faithfully kept to the end of his days.
He now threw himself heartily into the temperance
movement, and we find him visiting Bristol, Bath, Frome,
Wells, and other places in the West of England. He
was soon invited to become secretary of the New
British and Foreign Temperance Society. In 1838 he
ublished his well-known work, entitled “The Curse of
ritain,” and afterwards the “Idolatry of Britain.” In
|BARRETT, RICHARD. 271
addition to his labours in the temperance cause, he
continued for some years to preach on the Sabbath.
Soon after his arrival in London, being then resident
at Stratford-le-Bow, he gratuitously ministered to a
congregation at Leytonstone, and this he continued
to do for a year, preaching twice on the Lord's Day.
He afterwards did the same at a large chapel in
the Commercial-road. Towards the close of the year
1840, he removed to St. John's Wood, having pre-
viously regarded the population in that neighbourhood
as destitute, to a great extent, of church accommodation
and religious privileges. He procured a suitable site
for the erection of a Congregrational Chapel, and had
the satisfaction of seeing the building raised, and on its
completion he became the pastor of the Portland-town
Independent Church, over which he presided with great
acceptance until the year 1851. Soon after this time he
became “Resident Director” of the Temperance Provi-
dent Institution. In the active fulfilment of the duties
of this office, Mr. Baker continued till a very short time
previous to his death. His remains were interred in the
Cemetry, Lower Norwood, and were followed to their
resting place by many of the directors of the Temper-
ance Provident Institution, and of the committee of the
National Temperance League.
BALLANTYNE, Rev. JoHN, died in Edinburgh,
on October 3rd, 1860. He was long resident at
Emerald-hill, Melbourne, in Australia; and was an
earnest friend of the temperance cause.
BARRETT, RICHARD, died suddenly, on April 4th.
1855. He was among the earliest and warmest friends
of the temperance cause. For many years he sat on
the committee of the Bible Society; and was also a
judicious and generous supporter of the Anti-Slavery
Society, and other philanthropic institutions. He was
also an active member of the committee of the National
272 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
Temperance Society, until failing health compelled him
to relinguish this post. From the commencement he
was also a zealous friend to, and a warm supporter of
the United Kingdom. Alliance. -
BATCHELOR, WILLIAM. He was a surgeon in
Dunstable, and a valued member of the Independent
Order of Rechabites. He died somewhat suddenly, in
February, 1843. His hand and heart were both warm
in the temperance cause—and thousands had reason to
bless God for his exertions on their behalf. In his
private life he was a man greatly beloved, while as a
public man there was a strict and faithful determination
to walk fearlessly on in the path of integrity and up-
rightness. He was appointed medical officer of the
Luton Poor Law Union; but as he conscientiously ab-
stained from administering alcoholic liquors to the sick,
he underwent a bitter persecution, and in 1842 was
rejected at the re-election to that office. This induced
him to publish a pamphlet of sixty pages, entitled
“Trial and Persecution of a Teetotal Surgeon; with
important and conclusive testimonies from eminent
physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries, proving that all
curable diseases can be cured without the aid of
alcoholic fluids;” three editions of this pamphlet were
immediately disposed of.
BEARDSALL, Rev. F., was born September 6th, 1799,
in the Tontine Inn, Sheffield, then kept by his grand-
father. Becoming attached to the General Baptists,
and having studied in the Theological Academy of that
denomination, he accepted a charge at Oak-street,
Manchester, July 12th, 1834. There he became ac-
quainted with the advanced temperance principle which
had been advocated in Manchester by a Preston depu-
tation in the July of 1833, and the system of entire
abstinence meeting with his cordial approval, he signed
the teetotal pledge, September 6th, 1834. He forthwith
BEAUMONT, ALDERMAN THOMAS. 273
commenced a society in connexion with this place of
worship. Nothing could surpass Mr. Beardsall's devo-
tion to the temperance cause as a means of benefitting
the bodies, souls, and homes of the people. His attention
being drawn to the sacramental wine question, and to
the desirability of providing an unfermented species to
supersede the intoxicating wines in common use, he
manufactured an unfermented wine, of which 5,000
bottles were sold between 1837 and 1841. In 1837 he
published a New Temperance Hymn Book. In 1836,
The Star of Temperance, a weekly periodical, was com-
menced, of which, in conjunction with Joseph Barker,
then of Chester, he was the editor. In 1840, he pub-
lished a treatise on the wine question ; and in 1841 he
became founder and president of the “Manchester and
Salford Institution for propagating teetotalism on chris-
tian principles.” Desirous, however, of visiting America,
arrangements were made, and on May 13th, 1842, he
embarked for New York. On the 25th of June following,
while almost within sight of land, he died, and his body
was committed to the great deep.
BEAUMONT, ALDERMAN THOMAS, surgeon, of
Bradford, died on Sunday, October 16th, 1859, in the
sixty-fifth year of his age. In recording his death, the
Morning Star thus speaks of him, “Mr. Beaumont was
a man highly gifted by nature, and the faculties with
which he was endowed he had diligently cultivated by
study. In his profession as a surgeon he was eminent;
and in his position as a citizen and member of the town
council he was not less distinguished. He was connected
with most of the benevolent and philanthropic institutions
of the town, and the persuasive eloquence with which
he advocated their claims will long be remembered by
those who had the pleasure to listen to his appeals. He
was a warm and sincere advocate of the temperance
movement, and from his professional knowledge, and the
fact of his having been himself a total abstainer for up-
274 MEMORTALS OF THE DEPARTED.
wards of thirty years, he felt he could speak with some
degree of authority. His convictions, too, of the evils,
physical, mental, and moral, resulting from the use of
tobacco in all its forms was so deep that he could not let a
favourable opportunity for impressing these convictions
upon others escape unimproved; and arrangements were
made for his delivering a public lecture, on this impor-
tant subject, in the Temperance Hall, Bradford, on
Tuesday evening.” He did not live, however, long
enough to deliver this lecture.
BISCOMBE, WILLIAM. This zealous and success-
ful advocate of teetotalism died on Sunday, October
11th, 1846, after repeated attacks of paralysis. William
Biscombe is said to have been no ordinary or common
man. Few could sit for an hour in his company without
feeling their own inferiority. As a lecturer his speeches
were full of sound sense, solid argument, genuine patri-
otism, and manly piety. His principal forte was humour,
in which he was excelled by few. He was once a great
drunkard and an irreligious man, but for twelve years he
employed his talents in the service of God and man with
much acceptableness and usefulness.
BLAIR, GEORGE, president of Cluny Abstinence
Society, met an untimely end, while engaged in his
employment at the railway loading bank, near Cluny
Bridge. While stepping off a loaded waggon on to the
bank, his foot slipped, and he fell backwards, and struck
his shoulder against the buffer of the waggon, from which
injury he died the next day, March 7th, 1862. Ever
since the formation of a temperance society—before the
days of abstinence—Mr. George Blair had been a staunch
friend of sobriety. A society having been organized in
the year 1846, Mr. Blair became its active president,
and on all occasions was most zealous in promoting its
interests.
BONIFACE, CHARLES VALENTINE. 275
BONIFACE, CHARLEs VALENTINE, died 8th of
August, 1861, aged thirty-nine. While an apprentice
he became a teetotaler. At the early age of sixteen, his
master (a shipwright) failed, and he entered the Trinity
service, and was appointed with others to the “Sunk
Jight,” off Harwich. From thence he made a voyage
to the West India Islands. Returning to his native land
stern and uncompromising as a teetotaler, and imbued
with pure Christian principles, he sought an appointment,
and was accepted as chief carpenter, on board the John
Williams, Missionary ship. He returned again to
England after a three years' voyage, and commenced
with more energy than physical caution to address
public meetings in London, at Brighton, and along the
south coast, and ever since was among the devoted
unpaid lecturers to the London Temperance Societies.
He wrote much for the local press of his own parish,
and frequently addressed out-door as well as in-door
audiences. His strength was taxed and his energy
exhausted, and friends and medical men both alike
begged him to relinquish his self-imposed work. His
own business demanded a large share of attention, and
these efforts broke down his system, and he fell a
victim to injudicious mental and physical exertion at
the early age of thirty-nine. He rests from his labours,
and his work follows him. He was buried in the City
of London Cemetery, Ilford. We conclude our notice
by an extract from a long and able article in the Clerk-
enwell Wews :-‘‘It may sound like the usual tombstone
eulogy to say, that the deceased was most highly res-
pected amongst all who knew him; but this we can say,
that St. Luke's vestry and guardians (in which assemblage
the deceased had many opponents, but was without an
enemy) are loudest in the acknowledgments of his
talents and worth. It is true that Mr. Boniface may
have held only a local celebrity, but all who knew him
must have known the integrity of his heart in commercial,
religious, and moral bearing, and his opponents will be
276 IMEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
ready, with his dearest friends, to mourn his early loss,
though they may rejoice in the thought that he has
attained to the knowledge of ‘another and a better
world.’”
BOWLY, CHRISTOPHER, died after a few days
illness, at Cirencester, on October 14th, 1851, in the
seventy-ninth year of his age. He was a very liberal
supporter of the National Temperance Society, as also
of the temperance society in his own town, where he
erected, entirely at his own expense, a beautiful Tem-
perance Hall, at the cost of about £2,000; and at his
decease he left sufficient provision for its future repair
in the hands of trustees. His object in erecting this
hall cannot be better described than in his own words
at its opening, on the 15th December, 1846. “It has
afforded me,” he says, “great pleasure and satisfaction
to have had it in my power to erect this hall, which I
wish to be devoted primarily to the advancement of the
temperance cause, and also to the promotion of all
benevolent and philanthropic objects unconnected with
sectarian or political party; to the spread of useful
Knowledge by literary and scientific lectures, and, indeed,
to any purpose which is calculated to increase the wel-
fare and happiness of my...fellow-men.”
BROTHERTON, JosłPH, M.P. This philanthropist
and patriot was called to his rest early in the year 1857.
He was one of the oldest vice-presidents of the British
Temperance League, and was a consistent temperance
reformer of nearly fifty years standing. He died rather
suddenly, on the 7th of January, while proceeding
from his residence at Pendleton to Manchester in an
omnibus. He had long had a seat in the House of
Commons. His funeral was a public one, and was
attended by upwards of 100 carriages, representing
nearly every public body in the district, including
deputations from the Town Council, Chamber of Com-
BROWN, DAVID. 277
merce, and the temperance societies. The Bishop of
Manchester, the High Sheriff, and several members of
Parliament were also present. The Rev. Mr. Metcalfe
of Philadelphia, conducted the service. The remains
were interred in the New Cemetery, Eccles New Road,
Salford.
BROWN, DAVID, born at Slateford, in Scotland, in
1819; died of typhus fever, caught, it is believed, in
the discharge of the duties of his office, on January
31st, 1848. Being born of poor, but respectable
parents, and his father dying while he was very young,
he was early sent into the world to labour for his sup-
port, and for some years was engaged as a gentleman's
servant. He, however, managed, in some way or other,
to get himself bound to a tradesman, and acquired a
knowledge of business which was useful to him in after
life. From the commencement of the temperance
movement in Edinburgh, in 1837, Mr. Brown was its
steady, unflinching, and active promoter. In 1846, the
committee of the Edinburgh Total Abstinence Society
had agreed to advertise for a missionary, when Mr.
Brown, although his business prospects were of the
most cheering character, resolved to become a candidate
for the situation. No sooner did the committee hear of
this, than they laid aside all thoughts of advertising,
and unanimously elected him to the office; and he
afterwards discharged the duties of that office with a
zeal which never seemed to weary. The following is a
copy of a minute, unanimously approved of by the
committee of the Edinburgh Total Abstinence Society,
and recorded in their books, relative to his death :—
“4th Februury, 1848.
“The committee desire to record, with deep regret, the decease of
their late agent, Mr. David Brown, which took place on the 31st
January, from typhus fever, and the high respect they entertained
for his memory as a young man of promising talents and exemplary
piety, amiable and unostentatious manners, zealous and conscientious
278 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
in the discharge of his duties, and an efficient labourer in the cause
of total abstinence and other benevolent and religious institutions in
this city. The committee would further express their sincere sympa-
thy with his bereaved mother, of whom he was the chief, or only
support.” -
BROWN, JOHN, died at Millbrook, Southampton, on
October 7th, 1857. He was a humble, but zealous
teetotaler for sixteen years, and served as one of the
committee. During his illness his medical attendant
recommended him brandy and water, and having
inquired what it was to do for him, he refused to taste
it, preferring, as he said, to die sober. He lived until
he was seventy-two, and his end was peace.
BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK, born in 1786, died
June 30th, 1855. He first saw the light “in the pretty
little marine village of Flushing, within the harbour,
and just opposite the town of Falmouth, in Cornwall.”
His father was a seafaring man, but died when James
was about seven or eight years old. He had but little
schooling; but, as early as eight years of age, he
had a “strong love of reading.” At the age of nine he
went to sea. On his third voyage, in 1797, the vessel
in which he sailed was captured by a French corvette,
and he passed several months as a prisoner of war
at Corunna. On abandoning the sea he appears to
have tried his hand at various kinds of employment, as
bookseller, printer, &c., and seems to have led a some-
what gay life. He was, however, induced one evening
to enter a church in Plymouth Dock, and the truths he
there heard took deep root in his heart. He says, “My
repentance was sincere—I determined to begin a new
life.” Mr. Buckingham married early in life, laid out
his capital in merchandise, and embarked with it for
Malta. He afterwards visited Smyrna, Egypt, Arabia,
Palestine, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Persia, &c. We
cannot follow him through his numerous travels by land
*
BURNS, REW. W. H., D. D. 279
and by sea, the details and results of which he has pub-
lished in many volumes. There is scarcely a spot in
the wide world, of any public interest, which Mr.
Buckingham did not visit. The temperance movement
never had a more thoroughly devoted and able sup-
porter. He laboured, by his pen and his voice, to
promote the cause, both in season and out of season.
In 1834, being then M.P. for Sheffield, Mr. Buckingham
succeeded in obtaining a select committee of the House
of Commons “to inquire into the causes and extent of
the evils of intemperance, with a view of recommending
Some safe and efficient remedy.” The evidence taken
before the committee was afterwards published, and has
long formed a text-book on the subject. In 1851, Mr.
Buckingham became the president of the London Tem-
perance League, on its formation, and continued to
sustain that office till his death. His published works
are very numerous.
BULTITUDE, MARY ANN, died on 22nd of March,
1842, at Great Yarmouth, in the eighty-second year of
her age. For nearly the whole of her life she was a
practical abstainer from all intoxicating drinks; and
was a truly consistent member of the Yarmouth Total
Abstinence Society, since April, 1837.
BURNS, Rev. W. H., D.D. He was born at
Bo'ness, on the 15th of February, 1779, and died on
8th of May, 1859, in the eightieth year of his age, and
the fifty-ninth of his ministry. In 1791, when only
thirteen years of age, he was entered a student in the
University of Edinburgh, and in 1799 he was licensed
to preach by the Presbytery of Stranraer. He was
soon afterwards appointed minister of the parish of
Dun, where he continued for about twenty years labour-
ing quietly but assiduously among his people. In
1821, he was translated to Kilsyth. In this place he
280 TMEMORIATS OF THE DEPARTED.
found that “intemperance was fearfully prevalent: all
ranks or classes were more or less affected by it.” This
state of things deeply impressed his mind, and gave a
tone and direction to his views on this subject which
continued through life. He became the founder of the
Free Church Total Abstinence Society, and laboured
zealously in the cause to the end of his days.
BUSTARD, JoHN, died on Tuesday, the 26th of
February, 1861, aged sixty-three. He was for many
years a well-known advocate of the total abstinence
cause, and every other movement calculated to raise his
fellow-man from the degrading vice of intemperance,
and the evils springing therefrom. Being a son of toil
himself, a bricklayer by trade, and having been more
than twenty years ago reclaimed from drinking habits,
he on every occasion, as opportunity served, was most
zealous in the cottage, the parlour, the chapel, or the
open air, in persuading and prevailing upon all who
heard him to abandon for ever the use of intoxicating
drinks. His mode of advocacy was peculiar to himself;
although simple, he was earnest and truly sincere.
Hundreds of families once wretched and miserable will
long remember their pleasing and altered positions in
life through his persuasive and energetic appeals. He
not only embraced entire abstinence and perfect sobriety
as the safest stepping-stone to self-reform, but many
years ago united himself to a Christian Church, and
lived to the last a monument of God's mercy. For
twenty-six weeks he was painfuly afflicted with sick-
ness, yet, still patient and waiting for the coming of his
Lord, often expressing to his friends when they called
to see him, “Thank God, friends, I have not to look for
religion now, when sickness has come; it is well for me
that I sought the Lord in my strength, for now he is my
rock and my hope.” His remains were interred in the
new cemetery, Salford, on Sunday, March 3rd, followed
to the grave by several hundreds of mourning friends,
CARD, NATHANIEL. 281
most of whom had been rescued by the same means
from the evils of drunkenness and vice.
CADBURY, RICHARD TAPPER, was born at Exeter,
in 1768, and died at Edgbaston, Birmingham, in 1860,
being therefore in the ninety-second year of his age.
He was a highly-valued member of the Society of
Friends. He was one of the earliest members of the
Birmingham Auxiliary Bible Society, in which he evinced
a lively interest to the close of life. The societies for
the promotion of temperance, peace, and the abolition of
slavery, earnestly engaged his attention. For many
years he was a member of the Committee of the General
Hospital, dispensary, and other charitable institutions;
and his active and useful services as a town com-
missioner will be long remembered.
CARD, NATFIANIEL, was a native of Ireland, and
born in Dublin, in the year 1805, and died at Man-
chester, March 22nd, 1856. In early life he appears to
have evinced a serious, active, and benevolent turn of
mind, and while yet a very young man, he gave evidence
of his concern for the welfare of his fellow-creatures, by
cheerfully giving up his time in visiting and relieving
the poor in connection with various charitable institu-
tions which have long adorned his native city. One of
those institutions, in which he specially interested him-
self, was for the suppression of beggars, by supplying
them with various useful occupations, by which they
might earn their own living. About the age of four-
teen he was bound apprentice to his uncle, the late
George Birkett. Nathaniel Card was highly respected
by his master during his apprenticeship, and was
observed to be a diligent attender of the meetings for
worship of the Society of Friends, of which he was
a member to the time of his death. During the
ravages of cholera in Dublin in the year 1831 (or 32),
T
282 MEMORI.A.T.S OF THE DEPARTED,
Mr. Card visited, at great personal risk, the dwellings
of the afflicted, many of whom he was instrumental
in relieving, by various applications and remedies
which his energy and kindness of heart suggested.
But Mr. Card's name will be longest remembered from
his connection with the United Kingdom Alliance for
the legislative suppression of the liquor traffic—which
movement he was the means of Originating in the year
1852, and to which he consecrated the closing years of
his life. His forte was not the platform, but his busi-
ness-like habits and his zeal in the promotion of every
good work, enabled him to render good service to every
enterprise with which he was connected; and his
frequent visits to London, in furtherance of the Alliance
movement, will not soon be forgotton by any who had
the pleasure of his acquaintance. In the autumn of
1854, the citizens of Cheetham Ward, in Manchester,
sent a deputation, soliciting his consent to accept a seat
in the council chamber, which, upon public grounds, he
was induced to accept. About six months previous to
his death his health began gradually to sink, until
March 22nd, when, in the prime of life and in the
midst of usefulness, he quietly fell asleep.
CASH, WILLIAM, died in September, 1849, from
cholera. He was chairman of the committee of the
National Temperance Society, and a very estimable
man, both as a christian and a philanthropist. As a
total abstainer, he devoted much of his time and money
to the promotion of the cause.
CASTLEDEN, REv. MICHAEL, died suddenly in
London, on November 5th, 1848, in the seventy-ninth
year of his age. He had long been connected with the
Woburn and Apsley-Guise Total Abstinence Society,
and was a warm advocate of the cause. .
CLAY, REV. JOHN, B.D. 283
CHAPMAN, ELLEN, died on Tuesday, January 18th,
1859, aged nineteen years, after a painful affliction
which she was enabled to bear with christian fortitude.
She was the second daughter of Mr. Z. Chapman,
secretary of the temperance society at Lowestoft, and
had herself been an emergetic and most active member
of the temperance society for twelve years, having
signed the pledge in the seventh year of her age.
CLAY, REv. JoHN, B.D., born at Liverpool, in
May, 1796. In this town he received his early educa-
tion, and at the age of fifteen he was placed in a mer-
chant's office. At the age of twenty-one, however, he
left this mode of life, and entered into holy orders, and
was ordained as a “literate” to the assistant chaplain-
ship of the House of Correction at Preston; this was
in 1821; and in 1823, he was unanimously chosen as
sole chaplain. And now began the great work of his
life—the reformation of prisoners and of prison disci-
pline. He had a great aptitude for statistics, and the
preparation of his valuable annual reports was evidently
a work into which he threw his whole heart. During
the long period of thirty-six years that he held his
chaplaincy at Preston, he was associated with almost
every good work set on foot in that town. He formed
the Preston Charitable Society, the Soup Kitchen; the
Mechanics’ Institute, &c., were also indebted to him for
support; and of the temperance society at Preston, he
says, in his report for 1834,-" I write with circum-
spection and advisedly when I state my belief that no
society, instituted for the good of the operative classes,
has, within the same period, produced such cheering
and undoubted evidence of its value. I know of no
institution which has worked so great an amount of
unalloyed good; none which, with such apparently
humble means, has brought about such wonderful
changes for the better—carrying peace into households
from which habitual intoxication had long banished
284. MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
it; competence and comfort where poverty and wretch-
edness seemed irrevocably fixed; and converting the
ignorant and drunken infidel into a serious and sober
christian.” In reference to the effects of intoxicating
drinks, he writes, in 1848, as follows:—“The GREAT
SIN is still, even in these times of poverty and sorrow,
foremost in the ranks of iniquity, or rather foremost as
the leader of a host of crimes—heading on a disorderly
multitude of brutal passions and vile propensities which,
but for its inflaming influence, would remain dormant
and harmless. It still rises, in Savage hostility, against
everything allied to order and religion; it still barricades
every avenue by which truth and peace seek to enter
the poor man's home and heart.” In 1855, he says,
“In the last two years it has been my melancholy duty
to converse with 1,126 male prisoners, rendered such
by drink.” . Overwork and anxiety began, now, to
tell upon his frame. His duties at the gaol were too
heavy a tax upon his strength, and he was compelled
to resign his post. He now removed to Quorndon, in
Derbyshire, for the benefit of his health; from thence
he again removed to Leamington, and there he died, on
November 21st, 1858.
COLLINS, WILLIAM, sen., of Glasgow, died in April,
1858. He was born in the parish of Eastwood, and
received his education at the parish school. When
about twenty-three years of age he went to Glasgow,
and was soon ordained an elder in the Tron Church, and
from the year 1815, when Dr. Chalmers became the
minister, Mr. Collins was ever foremost in carrying out
the plans of that great reformer, and was probably his
most favourite elder. The temperance cause found in
Mr. Collins an able advocate as early as 1829, when he
attended a meeting held by Mr. John Dunlop, and
encouraged him to proceed in his labours. Mr. Collins
was the first enrolled member of the Glasgow and
West of Scotland Temperance Society, which was
COULBURN, JAMES. 285
formed in November, 1829. In June, 1830, he started
The Temperance Record, and acted, both as its editor
and publisher. His labours as a public advocate were
only limited by time and strength. He visited most of
the towns of Scotland and England; and by immense
labour founded the British and Foreign Temperance
Society in London, in 1831. He declined joining the
teetotal movement; but he afterwards, some years
before his death, became an entire abstainer, adopting
what is known, as the “long pledge.” . He was an
honorary director of the Glasgow Free Church Ab-
stainers' Society at the time of his death. In 1851 the
Directors of the Scottish Temperance League published
his Harmony between the Gospel and Temperance
Societies; and he continued interested in the proceed-
ings of that League till his death. Mr. Collins was a
a man of immense energy and power, and indomitable
perseverance.
COTTERILL, J. H., died July 11th, 1860, aged
sixty-nine years. He was a resident in Bath, and a
liberal and active supporter of the temperance move-
rment.
COULBURN, JAMES, died at Manchester, on July,
8th, 1861. James Coulburn was for many years a most
inveterate drunkard. But twenty-One years ago he was
prevailed upon to attend a temperance meeting, and
there he was convinced that hard as his case was it was
not hopeless; he therefore signed the pledge of total
abstinence, which he faithfully kept until death. On
the 9th of November last a meeting of reclaimed drunk-
ards was held in the Roby school-rooms. On that
occasion he was one of the speakers. The following
week James gave a graphic description of his condition
as a drunkard, and of the wonderful changes effected in
his person and circumstance by the adoption of the
pledge. The committee of the temperance society with
286 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
whom he had so long worked, met on the day following
his death, and resolved to give him a public funeral.
This took place July 14th, when about nine hundred
friends followed his remains to the grave.
COURTENAY, A., surgeon, died on January 3rd,
1855. He was a laborious and zealous friend to the
temperance cause, and did much good, both by his pen
and his voice. Among many other things, he published
in 1841 a pamphlet on The Moderate use of Intowicating
Drinks ; being the Substance of a Lecture, &c. *
COUSINS, SAMUEL. He departed this life June
2nd, 1842. He was secretary to the Kensington and
Bayswater Total Abstinence Society. He had been a
zealous and active member of this society since its
formation, and never spared himself time, or trouble, in
forwarding its interests. This feeling seemed strong in
death ; for when visited by some friends a few days
before, he earnestly inquired about the state of the
society, and expressed a wish that it might prosper.
Another friend he wished to be present at his funeral,
and to see that no intoxicating drinks were used on the
occasion. He was a member of the Independent
Chapel, Hornton-street, Kensington, under the ministry
of Dr. Vaughan. The grim monster death had lost all
terror to him, and he could meet him through faith
in Christ, as a welcome visitor. He made every
arrangement respecting his funeral, and then sweetly
fell asleep in Jesus without a groan. He was also
secretary to the Star of Freedom Tent of the Order of
Rechabites, and agent to the United Kingdom Total
Abstinence Life Association.
CRAWFORD, WILLIAM, a well-known temperance
agent, died early in 1852. He signed the pledge in
1837, when, to use his own words, he “was not at the
time possessed of half-a-crown's worth of property in
DENNINGTON, JAMES. 287
the world, but was in debt at every public-house where
they would trust” him. In June, 1840, he became a
regular advocate, and continued to promote the cause
of temperance, till his illness, in 1851. During this
time, he had lectured in twenty-eight counties, besides
the Isle of Man, and had travelled 25,853 miles, delivered
1,785 lectures, preached 188 sermons, addressed 120
schools, and received 11,000 signatures to the pledge.
CRUMP, CHARLEs, a “veteran in the cause” of
total abstinence, died on the platform of the Phoenix
Hall, Goldsmith's-row, Hackney-road, on the 8th of
May, 1859. His funeral took place on the 15th, at
Bow Cemetery, and the body was followed to its last
resting-place by a procession of upwards of five hundred
brothers of the Phoenix Order, and numbers of other
teetotalers.
DAVIES, Rev. JoHN, superintendent of the Welsh
Merthyr Tydvil Circuit, and chairman of the Second
South Wales District, died on Sunday, December 21st,
1845, in the sixty-first year of his age, and the fortieth
of his ministry. On the morning of the day on which
he died he preached an impressive sermon at the Welsh
Chapel, Merthyr. In the evening he left home in com-
pany with his son to go to his evening appointment at
Dowlais. He had not proceeded far, however, before
a blood vessel ruptured, and in less than a quarter of
an hour he expired. He was a firm advocate of the
cause of total abstinence, and himself a consistent
abstainer.
DAWSON, J. H., born April 2nd, 1806; died at
Kelso, June 12th, 1861. He was editor of the Kelso
Chronicle, and a cordial friend of the cause.
DENNINGTON, JAMEs, died at his house, No. 24,
Northampton-square, Clerkenwell, on the 18th of July,
283 MEMORIALS OF THE INDEPARTED.
1858, aged eighty-four. He was long a member of, and
subscriber to, the funds of the National Temperance
Society. His will was of a very peculiar character. The
personal property of the deceased was sworn under
294,000, and the following are some of the legacies con-
tained in the will –“To the Rev. Thomas Dale, vicar
of St. Pancras, 100 guineas in trust, to be used by him
in the promotion of church building on any land in his
F. which may be in mortmain, but not otherwise;
amenting, as I do most deeply, that he should have
been so ill requited for his most meritorious and inde-
fatigable zeal, by the opposition of many and the in-
difference of others; and to the said Thomas Dale, in
the event of his living on strict total abstinence prin-
ciples, 400 guineas in trust, to be applied to the same
purpose as the 100 guineas. To the Society for the
Suppression of Vice, £100; to the Associate Institution
for Improving and Enforcing the Laws for the Pro-
tection of Women, £100; to my executors, in trust for
such society as they shall deem best calculated to pro-
mote teetotalism, 4:100; to Mrs. Harriet Beecher
Stowe, in trust for the promotion, in the way she may
deem best, of the abolition of Negro Slavery, £50; to
the Indigent Blind Visiting Society, £50; to the
Hackney Female Penitent Refuge, if still carried on on
total abstinence principles, afā0; to the Royal Fire
Escape Society, £50; Chimney Climbing Boys' Mid-
land Association, g50; to the Cancer Hospital, Bromp-
ton, £50; St. Mark's Hospital, City-road, for diseases
of the rectum, #50; Islington Protestant Institute,
#50; Lord's Day Society, £50; Asylum for Idiots,
£50; Ladies' Association for Female Idiots, £50;
Indigent Blind Relief Society, £50; to the Rev. Robert
Maguire, Incumbent of St. James's, Clerkenwell, in the
event of his living on strict total abstinence principles,
4:100. All the legacies to be paid within six months,
and free of legacy duty.”
DOWDEN, RICHARD. 289
DICK, Rev. JoBN CRICHTON, M.A., died on his
voyage to Benares, on the 27th June, 1859, after a
short illness, aged twenty-five years. He was a pro-
mising young man, and from a boy had taken a lively
interest in the great cause of temperance, which ripened
with his years and terminated only with his death. He
was ordained on February 16th, 1859, at Bradford, as
a missionary to India, and looked forward with great
hope and enthusiasm to the time when he should be
engaged in preaching the gospel.
DICK, ALEXANDER, father of the above, was also a
devoted abstainer. He died about the year 1854. He
signed the pledge of total abstinence in Edinburgh at
the commencement of the movement, after which he
laboured with untiring zeal and perseverance as a home
missionary in Hull and Bradford for more than twelve
years. He also took a special interest in the young,
and was instrumental in rescuing not a few unfortunate
females from the paths of the destroyer.
DOWDEN (Rd.), RICHARD, died at Cork, on Mon-
day, August 12th, 1861. A gentleman whose liberal
hand was always distributing seeds of temperance.
Wherever his sound judgment directed, sustained by his
large-hearted benevolence, were his efforts ever visible
for the amelioration of existing social evils. He was
an untiring supporter of the temperance cause. When
Father Mathew commenced the movement, Mr. Dowden
immediately joined him, and materially assisted him in
propagating it by his eloquent appeals. He was a man
of great benevolence and public usefulness, was widely
Known in the paths of science and literature, and a
liberal and active politician. In the language of the
local papers, he was an active member of the town
council for many years, and filled the office of chief
magistrate of the city. Of late years, Mr. Dowden had
retired from the excitement of public life; but he still
290 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
busied himself in the furtherance of useful and chari-
table works. He punctually attended the meetings of
the Literary and Scientific Society, of which he was
censor; and he actively promoted the interest of the
Blind Asylum, with which he had been officially con-
nected for years. After a useful and well-spent life,
Richard Dowden (Rd.), expired in a hale old age,
universally regretted for his amiable and sterling
qualities by all classes of his fellow-citizens.
DUNN, DAVID, died March 18th, 1862, at Hutche-
sontown, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. For
upwards of a quarter of a century he took a very active
part in the advancement of the temperance reformation.
Twenty years ago he actively employed himself in
getting up temperance meetings at Dove-hill, and other
parts of Glasgow; but for the past ten years he was
chiefly employed as a temperance missionary in the
more destitute districts of that city. He was quiet,
plodding, and unostentatious in his manner, and was an
especial favourite with the people he visited, among
whom he was instrumental in doing much good. He
was confined to his bed for the last few months and at
length died, as, for upwards of forty years, he had
lived, a humble yet sincere believer in the truths of
christianity. His attachment to, and interest in the
temperance movement, also continued to the end. His
remains were interred on Saturday, March 22nd, when
the Rev. Dr. Paterson of Glasgow delivered an address
over the grave.
DUPE, WILLIAM, died on September 23rd, 1843,
aged ninety-five years. Mr. Dupe was born January
1st, 1749, at Stoney Stoke, near Wincanton, Somerset,
in which neighbourhood he served an apprenticeship
to a smith, and when a very young man he could,
by his superior vigour, and the weight of the hammer
he wielded, produce double the number of nails in a
EATON, JOSEPH. 291
given time than any competitor. Mr. Dupe went to
Oxford upwards of sixty years ago, and more than half
a century since fixed the copper globe on the Observa-
tory. For many years Mr. Dupe wrought as a gun-
Smith, and enjoyed a high reputation in his trade; but
he was essentially a projector; continually devising
some new thing; from the culture of the potato to some
of the most difficult tasks of the mechanic and engineer.
At different times he obtained no less than ten patents
for various useful inventions. In the summer of 1841
he made a discovery relative to the growth of trees, for
which Lord Abingdon gave him the sum of five pounds.
Several years ago he taught Sir Robert Peel, them a
member of Christ Church, the art of working in iron;
and many distinguished members of the University de-
lighted to witness his labours, and listen to his unaffected
and curious conversation. Mr. Dupe was three times
married, and had a family of thirteen children, the eldest
of whom, now surviving, is sixty years of age, the
youngest an infant of two years. Up to a very recent
period he exhibited no marked symptoms of either
mental or bodily decay; and at Christmas last he
addressed a large meeting at a temperance festival.
The most remarkable fact in connection with the long
life and great vigour of the patriarch is, that he was the
son and grandson of water-drinkers; and when his life
was drawing to a close he stedfastly refused to take
wine, ordered by his medical attendant, and made it one
of his last requests that there might be no drinking at
his funeral.
EATON, Joseph, died at Bristol, May 25th, 1858.
He was a vice-president of the National Temperance
League, and one of the most liberal supporters of the
temperance cause in general. Ready and liberal in
every good work, he was the means of doing a vast
amount of good. His house was always largely stocked
with supplies of temperance literature, which he dis-
292 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
tributed freely with an unsparing hand. During a long
life-time he devoted himself with equal zeal and sagacity
to the cause he had so heartily espoused, and shortly
before his death he bequeathed for the promotion of
temperance the richest legacy that has ever augmented
the funds of this great cause. He set aside £15,000,
the half of which is to be paid to the Committee of the
National Temperance League, under certain conditions.
Ever solicitous for the zeal and sincerity of the friends
of temperance, his will provided that for seven years
the interest of this large sum of £7,500 should be paid
to the National Temperance League, and that at the
close of that period the entire sum should become
absolutely the property of this association, if the trustees
of the testator were then satisfied that the bequest had
not injured the general funds of the temperance cause,
by lessening the liberality of old friends. The other half
was left in the same manner to the British Temperance
League. A considerable legacy was also left to the
United Kingdom Alliance. Mr. Eaton was never
married. The following resolution was unanimously
passed by the Committee of the National Temperance
League ; the British League, and other societies also
passing similar resolutions:–“ The Committee of the
National Temperance League, having been officially in-
formed of the death of one of their vice-presidents,
Joseph Eaton, Esq., of Bristol, which took place May
25th, 1858, desire to put upon record their deep sense
of the loss they have sustained by his removal. His
amiable character and Christian deportment secured for
him the esteem and affection of a large circle of ac-
quaintance; while his long connection with the temper-
ance movement, and his unremitting exertions to pro-
mote its progress, by his intelligent advocacy, both on
the platform and through the press, and by his large
and repeated pecuniary contributions, as it gained
for him the admiration of the entire temperance com-
munity, will occasion his removal by death to be deeply
ELIAS, REV. JOHN. 293
felt. The philanthropy of Mr. Eaton was as expansive
as it was generous: and while, in common with all
the leaders of the temperance movement he believed
intemperance to be the chief source of ignorance,
disease, crime, and misery, and total abstinence from in-
toxicating drinks to be the only rational and efficient
remedy, his munificent endowment of the Bristol New
Hospital, his liberal contributions to numerous elee-
mosynary and benevolent institutions, together with his
private charities, demonstrated his earnest desire to
ameliorate human suffering, in whatever form it pre-
sented itself. The memory of such men is blessed; and
while the committee rejoice to be assured that their
friend and coadjutor ‘passed peacefully away, in humble
reliance on the merits of the Redeemer,’ they earnestly
pray that Divine Providence may be pleased to raise up
many who shall emulate his bright example.” His
funeral was attended by deputations from various
societies.
ELIAS, Rev. JoBIN, a celebrated Welsh Calvinistic
minister, was born at a small village near Pwllheli in the
county of Carnarvon, on May 6th, 1774, and died June
8th, 1841, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. For the
long period of forty-seven years he laboured with singu-
lar diligence and success as a minister of the gospel.
His usefulness in reclaiming backsliders from religion,
and in the conversion of sinners was very great. He
took great interest in the Bible Society, and also in the
London Missionary Society. The cause of temperance
was always greatly encouraged by him. The vice of
drunkenness was most odious to him, and he would warn
the people against it in a very striking and forcible
manner. He became a member first of the old temper-
ance society, and subsequently of the Total Abstinence
Society; and the last public act of his life was attending
a meeting of this society in the winter of 1840, at
Llangefui Chapel, where he addressed the members,
294, MEMORIATS OF THE I) EPARTET).
giving them most useful directions, founded on gospel
principles. On coming out of the chapel, though very
weak, he joined in a procession and walked at the head
of the children, occasionally turning round to address
the bystanders.
ELLERTON, JOSEPH, the oldest teetotaler in Beverly,
and founder of the temperance society there, died on
the 22nd January, 1862, aged seventy-one years. He
was a hatter by trade, and formerly used malt liquor to
a considerable extent; but he signed the pledge at the
first temperance meeting held in the town, and was a
firm and consistent teetotaler for twenty-five years.
EVANS, Rev. CHRISTMAs, an extraordinary and
zealous Welsh Baptist minister, was born in Cardigan-
shire, on Christmas day, 1766, and died in Swansea,
July 19th, 1838. He had long been a consistent total
abstainer, and effected much good in Wales, by zeal-
ously advocating the cause wherever he went.
EVANS, EDWARD, died at Neath, Glamorganshire,
on the 13th of April, 1859, in the twenty-fifth year of
his age, being born at Birminghan, on the 27th of July,
1833. In 1838, he removed with his parents to Neath,
where his father died the following year. His desire
for the acquisition of knowledge was so great that he was
induced to visit Norway and Spitzbergen, in order that
he might be able to “contemplate the sublime scenery
of the frozen regions.” On his return home he com-
municated the result of his travels in three very
interesting lectures, in the Town-hall at Neath. He
was a truly consistent member of the Society of Friends,
and was a “quiet, earnest, and successful worker,” in
the management and support of various benevolent
institutions, especially the temperance society, in the
town and neighbourhood in which he resided. He was
secretary to the Neath and South Wales Temperance
FINDLAY, WILLIAM. 295
Association, one of the managers and assistant Secretary
of the British Schools, secretary to the Library, and an
active member of the committees of the Bible, Religious
Tract, Benevolent, and Peace Societies; and such was
the estimation in which he was held by his fellow towns-
men, that a month after his decease, a special meeting
was held, in the Town-hall, and largely attended, “to
commenorate his public and private worth.”
FARQUHARSON, ALEXANDER, of Burntisland,
Scotland, died early in 1855. His love for total absti-
nence, as a great personal and national regenerator,
was remarkable. He was the heart and soul of the
movement in his own town. His fund of anecdote and
humorous stories rendered him a great favourite alike
with adults and juveniles. He had a well-informed mind
and a fine literary taste, and besides gaining several
prizes for essays to John Cassell's Working Man's Friend,
he contributed some able papers to various leading
periodicals on both sides of the Atlantic.
FINDLAY, WILLIAM. He was born at the farm of
Benacres, in the parish of Symington, in the year 1783,
and died at Kilmarnock, on the afternoon of Sabbath,
the 23rd of June, 1850, under very serious and impres-
sive circumstances: while attending divine service he
was suddenly seized with an apopletic fit, and immedi-
ately expired. Mr. Findlay was a retired sergeant, and
rendered military service during the Peninsular War.
He was wounded at the battle of Talevera, and, being
thereby compelled to fall into the rear of the British
army, was subsequently taken prisoner by the French,
from whom, however, he soon made his escape. He after-
wards rejoined the army, and became one of the guards
of Napoleon at the island of St. Helena. At length he
was honourably discharged from the service, and settled
in the town of Kilmarnock. About twelve years ago
Mr. Findlay became a total abstainer, and in due time
296 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
a member of the Scottish Temperance League. He
was an ardent, enthusiastic friend of the cause, and
a constant attender of the weekly meetings of the
society. All his powers of body and mind were at
the command of the cause, Possessing a fund of
humour, and some poetical genius, he was capable of
pleasing and instructing juveniles as well as commend-
ing the cause to the sympathy and support of the
higher classes of society.
FORBES, Sir JoFIN, M.D., F.R.S., &c., died
November 13th, 1861, in the seventy-fourth year of
his age. Sir John was the fourth son of the late Mr.
Alexander Forbes, and was born at Cuttelbrae in 1787.
He was educated at the Endowed Grammar School and
at Marischal College, Aberdeen, but received his medical
education at the University of Edinburgh, and served
for several years in the medical department of the navy.
In 1814 and 1815 he was flag-surgeon to the Com-
mander-in-Chief in the West Indies, where he was
present in several naval engagements, and received the
naval war medal. In 1817 he graduated as M.D. at
Edinburgh University. In 1821 he introduced to the
English practitioners the great discovery of auscultation
by translating Laennec’s treatise, and wrote an original
work on the same subject in 1824. In 1830 he was
appointed physician in ordinary to the late Duke of
Cambridge, physician extraordinary to His Royal
Highness the Prince Consort in 1840, and physician to
the Queen's household in the following year. Sir John
was an honorary member of the principal medical
societies of Europe and America, one of the editors of
the Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine, and the author of
several professional and other works. He received the
honour of knighthood in 1853, was a Fellow of the
Royal College of Physicians, a Doctor of Civil Law,
Fellow of the Royal Society, and for several years
consulting physician to the Consumption Hospital. Sir
GORDON, WILLIAM, M.D., F.L.S. 297
John Forbes was an abstainer of several years standing,
and did good service to the cause at various times, both
by his own pen and by his admission of articles from
the pen of others in the British and Foreign Medical
Review, of which he was the editor.
GEARY, STEPHEN, died suddenly from cholera on
August 28th, 1854. He was an active member of the
committee of the London Temperance League. He
was also a vestryman of St. Pancras parish, in which
capacity he was ever foremost in supporting every mea-
sure favourable to temperance. For some years his
talents as an architect were employed in making the
London gin palace the magnificent building it appears.
But having become a teetotaler through the influence
of Mr. George Cruikshank, about the year 1850, he was
not slow in bringing his professional knowledge into the
service of the cause. Accordingly, in 1851, we find
him devising the Canvas Palace in the Surrey Gardens
for the London League Bazaar; and shortly before his
death he had issued a prospectus for a Temperance
Crystal Palace, to be erected in the same place.
GIBSON, MICHAEL, died at Bhurtpore Cottage,
Regent's Park, London, on October 26th, 1841, in the
ninety-first year of his age. The deceased and his son
both became teetotalers about the year 1838, from
reading an account of a temperance meeting in Exeter
Hall, in an Intelligencer which was given to them by
Some gentleman in an omnibus.
GORDON, WILLIAM, M.D., F.L.S. Dr. Gordon
was born in August, 1801, and took his degree of M.D.
in 1841. In 1845 he was elected president of the Hull
Christian Temperance Society, and in connection with
this society he laboured most indefatigably to promote
the cause ; and during seven years, delivered addresses
which did much good. He died February 7th, 1849.
TJ
298 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
His excellent son-in-law, the Rev. Newman Hall, has
written the life of Dr. Gordon—The Christian Philo-
sopher Triumphing over Death.
GOULD, JOSEPH, died on 28th of October, 1856, at
the age of seventy. During the earlier part of his life
he was given to great intemperance, but on hearing the
advocacy of one of the earlier reformers, about thirty
years ago, in Church-street, Islington, he signed the
pledge. Not many years after he became concerned
about his eternal welfare, and soon became a member
of a christian church. He constantly advocated the
cause of temperance, both in public and in private, and
was instrumental in doing much good.
GRANT, JoBN, departed this life December 30th,
1842, at the advanced age of ninety-three. He was a
highly esteemed member of the Society of Friends, and
was universally respected for his benevolence and
philanthropy, manifested in his liberal support of
numerous local and national institutions. He was a
warm friend of civil and religious freedom, scriptural
education, peace, and temperance.
GREEN, JOHN WILLIAM, died February 1st, 1860,
aged seventy-eight years. From the earliest period he
had been most intimately associated with temperance
associations and with temperance literature. Mr. J.
W. Green was one of the oldest temperance reformers
in London. He was editor of the Temperance Intelli.
gencer, and more recently of the Teetotal Times. In
early life he appears to have been engaged in home
missionary labours in Suffolk; he afterwards became
engaged in various educational schemes, and was a
zealous co-operator with Mr. John Cassell, with whom
Mr. Green was engaged from the very first. His
platform labours were immense; and his presence at
the various meetings was always acceptable. Among
GURNEY., JOSEPH JOHN. 299
the earliest disciples of temperance, for about twenty-
five years did Mr. Green sustain an honourable position
in our ranks as a consistent and high-minded abstainer,
and as an able and judicious exponent of our principles.
His personal acquaintance with the most prominent
friends and supporters of the cause, his well-known zeal,
and his judicious counsels, qualified him for a leading
part in the movement, and recommended him to a seat
in the committee of every successive Metropolitan
temperance association. He was a member of the
committee of the National Temperance League from its
formation, and was always at his post. The following
resolution was passed by the committee of the League
upon hearing of his death —“The committee of the
National Temperance League have heard with deep
regret of the death of Mr. J. W. Green, their veteran
and esteemed coadjutor, and they cannot separate
without formally recording their sense of the loss they
have sustained, and without paying a tribute to the
memory of the departed.”
GURNEY, Josep II JOHN, was born in Earlham Hall,
Norfolk, on August 2nd, 1788. His education was
completed at Oxford, where he had an excellent private
tutor in the Rev. John Rogers. Mr. Gurney had a
great thirst for knowledge, and his classical and mathe-
matical attainments were of a high order. He had also
an extensive acquaintance with the Hebrew and Syriac
languages; as also with rabbinical and patristic writings.
In 1818, he became a minister in the Society of Friends,
and subsequently visited, with Mrs. Fry, the prisons of
Scotland and Ireland. Mr. Gurney was associated with
Wilberforce and others in advocating the Abolition of
Slavery ; nor was there indeed any good cause, with
which his name was not more or less identified. About
the year 1842, he became a pledged abstainer, and de-
livered his first address on the subject in St. Andrew's
Hall, Norwich ; he also spoke at a temperance meeting
300 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
in Exeter Hall in 1845. He died greatly beloved and
lamented in 1847, in the fifty-ninth year of his age.
GUTTERIDGE, RICHARD, died at Dunstable, Beds,
on October 19th, 1860, at the advanced age of eighty
years. For many years he had been a consistent
teetotaler.
PIALL, JOHN VINE, father of the Rev. Newman
Hall, of Surrey Chapel, London, was born March 14th,
1774 ; died September 22nd, 1860, in the eighty-seventh
year of his age. He had been a total abstainer for
about forty years. In early life he was a lively, genial
companion, and became a ringleader among infidel and
dissipated young men. . . Paine's Age of Reason
became a favourite book with him. A friend, however,
once lent him Porteus' Evidences of Christianity; he
was convinced by its arguments, and indignant at having
been deceived. Pulling the Age of Reason from his
pocket, he threw it into the fire, saying, “Tom Paine,
you have cheated me; you are a liar, go to the flames.”
In early life he also became the victim of intemperate
habits; but being at length led to see the folly and
criminality of the indulgence, he entered on a fierce
and determined struggle with the dominant and destruc-
tive appetite. So bitter was the struggle that at one
time it is said he was tempted to commit suicide as the
only escape from his cruel enemy. At length a phy-
sician was consulted on the probability of medicine
being of use to control the disposition to intemperance.
The physician declared that if he would but follow his
prescription the very inclination for strong drink would
be subdued in a few months. The remedy was tried;
and every bottle of medicine was taken with earnest
prayer to God, that he would bless, the antidote pre-
scribed. In a private box, opened after his decease, a small
bottle containing a little sediment was found, with a paper
on which he had thus written:-“This phial is one of up
HALL, JOHN VINE. 301
wards of three hundred of those out of which J. V. H.
drank a preparation of steel in the year 1816. It is
preserved like the pot of manna, to show the way in
which the Lord delivered his servant out of the wilder-
ness—out of a horrible pit—out of his besetting sin.
This medicine was persevered in from 2nd March, 1816,
till about the end of September following—about seven
months—and from 19th September, 1816, till 22nd
November, 1836 (the present day of making this memo-
randum) not a drop of wine or spirituous liquor has ever
passed the surface of the tongue of J. V. H., and for the
last eighteen years, nothing stronger than tea, coffee, or
milk has ever entered his stomach.” The prescription
which had been given him by the medical man was as
follows:—Sulphate of iron, 5 grains; magnesia, 10
grains; peppermint water, 11 drachms; spirit of nutmeg,
1 drachm. Twice a day. The victory which Mr. Hall
thus obtained over himself was complete, and ever after
nothing could induce him, ill or well, to touch in-
toxicating drinks of any kind. Once when wine was
Ordered during a severe attack of typhus fever, he said,
“I would rather die.” And thus for forty-four years
Mr. Hall was faithful and firm on this point, for even on
his death-bed when the doctors recommended wine,
Mrs. Hall said the proposal was useless. Then beer
was suggested. Mr. Hall, who had been lying appa-
rently unconscious of the conversation, emphatically
groaned out, “Never ! Wever !” Mr. Hall was most
devotedly attached to the temperance cause. He fre-
quently advocated it in public, and till a few months
before his death he occasionally assisted at the meetings
of the Surrey Chapel Band of Hope. Mr. Hall was
known as the author of that admirable tract The
Sinner's Friend, which has been translated into thirty
different languages, and of which nearly two million
copies have been circulated. He retained the exercise
of his faculties till a day or two before his death, when
he gradually sunk into a state of unconsciousness.
302 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED,
HANSON, Rev. JoBIN, died at Chesterfield, December
31st, 1861. He was in a “quarterly meeting” of his church
the previous day until five o’clock. His health had been
seriously affected a short time back, and the meeting
had carried a resolution that Mr. Hanson should have
three months' leave of absence, and his salary be given
him. He rose in the meeting to thank them for their
kindness, but his feelings overcame him ; he staggered
back in his chair, went home a short time after in a cab,
and died in six hours. He was a hard-working man.
The temperance movement and the Alliance cause lost
a good advocate in him. He was for several years an
agent of the Alliance, at first in the metropolis, and
afterwards in the northern counties, and advocated the
cause with great energy and manly boldness. He
afterwards accepted a pastoral charge from a Methodist
congregation at Chesterfield.
HARRIS, Rev. GEORGE, died at Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, December 24th, 1859; at the age of sixty-five.
HARRISON, GEORGE WILLIAM, died at Wakefield
early in 1860. He was a man of active christian habits,
of generous and cordial sympathies; and the temperance,
and many other good causes profited by his vigorous
mind, and his liberal purse. He had attained a goodly
age, but for some time past his health had been failing.
He was an alderman of the borough of Wakefield, and
had sustained the office of mayor.
HARRISON, WILLIAM, died about the year 1840–1.
He was well known throughout London, but more par-
ticularly in the district of Bethnal Green, as a zealous
and successful advocate of teetotalism. He was brought
up in a Sunday school, and was a very steady youth,
till, by one of the Sunday school teachers, he was in-
duced to use small quantities of intoxicating drinks. He
soon became fond of these drinks, and for some years
HAVELOCK, SIR HENRY, K.C.B. 303
continued to be a slave of intemperance; until, in the
providence of God, he was brought to sign the pledge,
after which he was a consistent member of the society
till his death. In consequence of taking a violent cold,
inflammation and erysipelas ensued, which deprived him
of his reason, and in a few days terminated his existence.
He was buried in the cemetery of Brunswick Chapel,
Mile End Road. It is supposed that upwards of a
thousand teetotalers, and about the same number of
mere spectators, were present on the occasion ; a great
number of them forming a funeral procession, having
wands, batons, medals, &c., to which black crape rosettes
were attached.
HAVELOCK, Sir HENRY, K.C.B., was born in the
North of England on the 5th of April, 1795. At an
early age he appears to have been remarkable for
coolness and forethought. In 1804 he was at the
Charter-House School, and there became intimate with
Hare, Norris, Grote, Hall, Fox Maule, and others, who
were afterwards celebrated in their different stations
in life. In 1814 we find him a pupil of Chitty's, the
great special pleader: here he had the celebrated
author of ſon for his fellow clerk. But during the
next year Havelock appears to have yielded to his
military propensities, and obtained a commission in
the army. Shortly after the battle of Waterloo, he
was appointed second lieutenant of the Rifle Brigade.
In 1823 he embarked for India. The next year a
brother officer writes,—“When I first knew Havelock,
in 1824, he was only eight and twenty, but he was
conspicuous as an earnest student of his profession, a
chivalrous soldier, and a man of the highest integrity.”
Havelock took part in the Burmese War, and was sent
on a special mission to the Burman capital at Arva. In
1829 he married Hannah, third daughter of Dr. Marsh-
man, the Baptist missionary of Serampore. In 1838
he received his captaincy—was in the Cabool campaign,
304 IMEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
and at the battle of Sobraon, where he had a third horse
shot from under him. In 1849, having, during great
thirst after the battle of Moodkee, drank eagerly at a
well which the Sikhs had poisoned, he repaired to
England for the recovery of his health. In 1851 he
again returned to India; and in 1857 we find him with
a divisional command in the Persian Expedition. Then
came the terrible Revolt, which for a time threatened
destruction to British rule and government in India.
Havelock hastened to the scene. “Appointed,” writes
one, “Brigadier-General at Futtehpore, at Cawnpore
he held on his victorious way, till he had relieved the
besieged garrison at Lucknow, who would have been
blown into the air had he been a day longer, for the
place was already mined. And then, worn and weary,
he died, as alone christians die—died, while statesmen
were considering how best they could honour him, and
while all Europe was ringing with his fame.” Sir Henry
was not only a deeply religious man, but also an earnest
and zealous teetotaler. The Rev. W. Owen says of him,
that, “Observing the ruinous effects of intemperance in
the army in India, Havelock became very active in
promoting the temperance cause by his own example of
decided temperance, and the promotion of total absti-
nence from intoxicating liquors, and had the satisfaction
of Originating a temperance society, which began with
three members and increased to as many as three
hundred. As a rule, he drank neither wine, beer, nor
spirits; and when, at the commencement of the Affghan
War, he took a little wine at the recommendation of his
friends he experienced a slight attack of fever—he
ascribed it to his départure from his ordinary practice;
he immediately resumed his teetotal practice, stating
his conviction that water drinking was the best regimen
for the soldier.” That Havelock's men were all the
better for his example is evident. Whilst they were at
Burmah, the army was suddenly apprised of the near
approach of the enemy. Sir A. Campbell sent in haste
HEARN, ANN. 305
to order the men of a particular corps to occupy at once
the post. The men were so intoxicated that the order
could not be obeyed. “Then call out Havelock's
Saints,” said Sir Archibald, “they are never drunk, and
Havelock is always ready.” The bugle sounded, Have-
lock's men were equal to their duty, and the enemy
was repulsed.
HAWKINS, Mrs., of Colet-place, Commercial-road,
London, died, after a long illness, on January 22nd,
1858. For many years she was one of the most active
and devoted friends of the temperance cause in the East
of London. She was the centre of an extensive organi-
zation of ladies, who did much for the spread of tem-
perance principles among all classes. As one of the
secretaries of the ladies’ committee of the National Tem-
perance League she did valuable service. Her zeal
was always wisely directed, and most satisfactory were
the results of her varied exertions. The sabbath school,
the bed of sickness, and various other walks of christian
usefulness, largely shared her prayerful solicitude, and
self-denying efforts.
HAWKINS, Mrs., of Royal Mint-street, was an
earnest teetotaler for seventeen years. Her husband
was treasurer of the St. George's Temperance Society,
and of the Walter's Lodge of the Sons of Phoenix.
After enduring a long and painful affliction, she departed
this life on Thursday, October 7th, 1858. Her remains
were interred in Bow Cemetery, on October 17th, when
upwards of 3,000 persons followed the procession,
among whom were many reclaimed drunkards who had
been rescued from intemperance through her exertions.
HEARN, ANN, died at Farningham, on November
15th, 1839, in the seventy-first year of her age, having
been upwards of thirty years a member of the Baptist
Church at Eynsford in Kent, under the pastoral care of
306 MEMI.) RIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
the Rev. John Rogers. She was justly beloved, respected,
and very highly esteemed for her wisdom, consistency,
and piety. She was also a teetotaler, and that from the
best of motives, namely, for the benefit of others, as the
following brief extract from her diary will show :-
“1839, January 19th, evening, brought seriously to
reflect on this temperance society, or as it is technically
called, teetotal society. I ask myself the following
questions:—
“Do you wish well to your relations 2
“Do you wish well to your neighbours?
“Do you wish well to religion ?
“Do you wish well to your nation ?
“To these questions I could answer yes, no one
better or more. I thought I could not die happy, if I
did not countenance so noble an effort, designed to pull
down such a stronghold of sin and Satan, and by reading
the tract entitled Moderation is the Parent of Intowication,
made me come to a decided mind.
“‘Oh, that people were wise, that they would lay
these things to heart.’
“. Happy is that man in endeavouring to prevent
CIÉ'll Yle.
When she took up the pen to sign the pledge of total
abstinence, she said, “I hail with delight the dawn of
this institution on our beloved country, as a means de-
signed, with the blessing of God, to remove our national
sin. I have long seen the necessity of such a society.”
A few weeks before she died, an individual said to her,
“This day is the first anniversary of my being a teeto-
taler.” “Ah !” she said, “I wish you may live to see
many more. But I shall not live to see my first anni-
versary. But tell them all I remained firm and am
ashamed of them that have disgraced their colours, and
turned their backs upon the society.”
HENDERSON, JAMEs, died at Leith, on April 23rd,
1862, in the forty-third year of his age. For twenty-
HEXHAM, JOHN RIDLEY. 307
five years Mr. Henderson had taken the deepest interest
in temperance reform, and zealously contributed to its
progress by all the means in his power. For many
years past he discharged, with characteristic ability, the
duties of secretary to the Leith Total Abstinence Society.
Mr. Henderson was distinguished as well for his public
as his private virtues, and enjoyed the universal esteem
of his fellow-townsmen. He entered the Shore Dues
Office as an apprentice, about thirty years ago, and rose
to be cashier, in which capacity he officiated for several
years.
HENNESSEY, MICHAEL. On his reclamation from
habits of intemperance, he joined the Suppression
Society; and on the formation of the Metropolitan
Catholic Total Abstinence Society, he became a member
of its committee, and afterwards the treasurer of the
St. Mary Moorfields Branch. He had gradually risen
to comfort and respectability, and was in a fair way of
making ample provision for his family. His manners
were simple and unassuming. He was a ready contri-
butor to the funds of the society, whose prosperity he
was anxious on all occasions to promote. He died
suddenly in 1840.
HEXHAM, JoHN RIDLEY, died on April 1st, 1858,
in his sixty-eighth year. He was early put to work in
his father's glove manufactory, but in the year 1810, in
the heat of the French war, he accepted the Government
bounty, and went into the militia. After a few years'
service, he consented to being bought out by his friends,
and, to their great gratification, returned home. At
a later period of his life the great temperance reforma-
tion came under his consideration, and had his warm
support. His views of this question were not hastily
formed. He had heard, read, and maturely considered
the subject; and being at length convinced of the mani-
fold evils—physical, social, moral, and religious, ever
308 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
resulting from the drinking usages of the country and
the age, he esteemed it the solemn duty of every man,
on the ground of humanity, philanthropy, and religion,
setting aside various other grave considerations, practi-
cally to espouse, and honestly to advocate its claims. He
did so at once, abandoning the use of all intoxicating
drinks, though by him taken sparingly, and recom-
mended a similar course to all around. His labours
and liberality in the cause were remarkable and well
lºnown. It is only more remarkable that his valuable
life should have been sacrificed thereto, though, as he
meekly and resignedly remarked, “God had done it,
and designed it for good to himself and family.” He
had been requested to preside at a meeting held at
West Hartlepool, on Monday night, March 3rd. He
went at some inconvenience, still wishing to aid the
good cause. The meeting was protracted (as meetings,
perhaps, too often are), and it was getting about ten
o'clock. Thinking it prudent to retire, he left before it
broke up, and, partly from the darkness of the night
and his ignorance of the road to his lodgings, he fell
into one of the docks. The fall was considerable,
though the tide was out; and there he lay until aid was
induced by his moans. He was removed to a neigh-
bouring house. A fracture in the thigh was apprehended,
but from his intense suffering could never be operated
on. In the course of a fortnight he was removed home
by rail in an invalid carriage. He felt thankful to be
once more placed in the bosom of an affectionate family,
where every kind attention was afforded, but he gradu-
ally sank under the injuries sustained.
HOLKER, RALPH, one of the oldest of the temper-
ance advocates in Manchester, died under very painful
and peculiar circumstances, on Sunday evening, January
29th, 1854, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. He had
been addressing a temperance meeting at Staleybridge,
and had been very earnest in his warnings to the drunk-
HOLKER, RALPH. 309
ard to flee from the power of the tempting glass. It
would appear that he did not leave the meeting until
the latest moment, and then hurriedly ran to the railway
station, to be in time for the train to Manchester. After
securing his ticket, he went into the waiting-room, where
he was found vomiting by the station-master, who as-
sisted him to one of the carriages; but before the train
had started, he had expired, and was carried back again
to the temperance house which he had left only a few
minutes previously, in apparently his usual state of
health. Over-exertion, combined with disease of the
heart, were the causes of his death. He was born in
Manchester, in 1797, and very early in life gave way
to dissipated and drunken habits. The following account
of him is taken from the Commonwealth of February
4th, 1854 –“When thirteen years old he was a public-
house singer, and a drunkard; at fifteen he became a
soldier, and continued his drunken habits until he was
of the age of twenty-six years; at which period, when
confined in the Edinburgh barracks for drunkenness,
through reading a book which had been placed in his
hands, he became a sober and serious man. This con-
tinued for some time; but at length he gradually fell
into dissipated habits again, as he has often since said,
because he thought moderation was all right. In 1833
he was discharged from the army, and took up his abode
in Manchester with his family, and commenced serving
the soldiers in barracks with the articles required for
cleaning their accoutrements; his drunken habits still
continuing, however, he was at length forbidden admis-
sion to the barracks; and then sinking lower and lower
in the social grade, he was in time compelled to apply
for parish relief, and found employment as a street
scavenger, at the pauper wage of ten shillings per week.
While thus employed, he was induced one evening to
attend a temperance meeting, and there he signed the
temperance pledge—the old moderation form—deter-
mining that, with God's help, he would never drink
310 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
again. This resolution he faithfully kept ; his circum-
stances rapidly improved, as also did his shattered health.
He became a most devoted and successful advocate of
entire abstinence, for he could never believe in anything
short of that for suppressing intemperance. He became
one of the agents of the British Temperance Association,
and in that and other capacities induced thousands to
become teetotalers, travelling over most parts of the
United Kingdom for that purpose.”
HOLMES, SAMUEL, died September 7th, 1850, aged
forty-six years. Having been reclaimed himself from
habits of intemperance, he was very earnest in doing all
he could to persuade others to adopt the principle of
total abstinence. He was for some time registrar of the
Farringdon Temperance Society, in Harp-alley.
HOLT, JoHN, one of the most successful of the early
temperance advocates, died at Staleybridge, immediately
after having delivered a lecture there, in 1838 or 39.
HOPWOOD, FREDERICK, departed this life on the
1st September, 1852, aged forty-nine. His temperance
life divides itself into three epochs: the first, when
he was resident at Pocklington, and when in the flush
and vigour of manhood he served the cause frequently
on the platform in earnest and eloquent addresses; the
second, during the time he was secretary of the British
Association, when he devoted himself to the duties of
his office with a zeal and ability which secured general
approbation; the third and last epoch of his life com.
prises the period during which he was connected with
the Hull Temperance League. Under his management
and influence, the Hull Society acquired power, respect,
and considerable funds. He died at Bridlington, whither
he had repaired for the benefit of the invigorating sea
breezes. His remains were brought to Hull, and on
Monday morning, September 4th, were deposited in the
INWARDS, JAMES. 311.
beautiful cemetery near to the place where rests all that
was mortal of the late Dr. Gordon. The members of
the Hull Temperance League, with others of the inhab-
itants, testified their regard for the departed, by accom-
Fº his remains to their earthly destination. The
ev. Jas. Sibree and the Rev. Mr. Pulsford performed
the last rites of interment, and vast crowds, with sad
hearts and frequent sighs, told of the loss which the
town of Hull, and the temperance cause in particular,
had sustained by the event which had called them
together.
INWARDS, JAMEs. He was secretary to the
Houghton Branch of the New British and Foreign
Temperance Society; and died November 27th, 1838,
after a painful and lingering illness, which was borne
with exemplary christian meekness and patience. As
an officer of the total abstinence society, he was zealous
and indefatigable; SO long as his health permitted he
laboured hard in the cause, and was the instrument of
doing much good in that place, where he was nearly
the first to adopt the principles, the success of which he
was spared to witness. On the Saturday following his
decease, his mortal remains were deposited in the place
where other branches of the family are interred, in the
Baptist Burial ground, West-street, Dunstable. He
was carried to the grave by members of the society.
The corpse was preceded by a numerous and respectable
company of the Dunstable and Houghton Society, and
the minister and doctor, who are also teetotalers. This
was the first temperance funeral which had taken place
in the town of Dunstable; the sight was very imposing,
and respect and seriousness appeared to rest on the
countenances of the numerous spectators. Not one
drop of intoxicating liquor was used on the occasion.
The following day (Sunday) a funeral sermon was
preached at the Baptist Chapel, Houghton, to a very
crowded audience. The members of the society
312 TMEMORIATIS OF THE DEPARTIED,
occupied the gallery, wearing their medals. The Rev.
Mr. Smith, a teetotaler, preached an excellent sermon
from the words of St. Paul, “Thanks be unto God, who
giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ.”
He spoke of the patience and benevolence of the de-
ceased, as a christian; of his zeal and activity as a
member of the temperance society, and of the numbers
present in that congregation whom he had been the
means of restoring to the paths of sobriety and peace.
JAMES, Rev. JoBIN ANGELL. This eminent divine
was born at Blandford Forum, in Dorsetshire, on June
6th, 1785, and died October 1st, 1859. Like most men
who have been eminent and honoured in the church of
Christ, he had a godly mother, who was wont to take
her children to her chamber, and with each separately,
to pray for the salvation of their souls. He was early
apprenticed to a linendraper, at Poole, but becoming
seriously impressed with divine truths, it was suggested
that he might be useful in the ministry of the Gospel,
and he became, therefore, a pupil in the academy of
Dr. Bogue, at Gosport, in the year 1802. In 1804 he
went to Birmingham, and was ordained on May 18th,
1805. He continued faithfully to fulfil his ministry
till the end of his days, a period of fifty-four years.
Mr. James early devoted himself to authorship. In
1815 he prepared The Sunday School Teacher's Guide.
The Anarious Inquirer after Salvation was published in
1834, and has had a circulation of upwards of half-a-
million copies in the English language, and has been
translated into several other languages. His Pastoral
Addresses, originally intended for his congregation,
have been circulated to the extent of a million copies.
His Young Man from Home, a most admirable book to
put into the hand of a youth as he leaves for business,
has already reached 88,000 persons, each of whom may
have given several others a perusal. ... For young women,
too, he prepared an admirable Guide ; and parents,
JAMES, REv. JOHN ANGELL 313
teachers, church members, and ministers have each
received his counsels in a book. He has comforted the
widow by a seasonable work. He has expounded and
commended the graces, “Faith, Hope, and Charity,” in
separate volumes. At his death the following calcula-
tion was made of the number of copies of his smaller
works, which had been sold by the Religious Tract
Society :-
Ana’ious Inquirer - - - - 456,421
Royal Edition - - - 20,217
32mo - - - - - 101,227
Welsh - - - - - 7,710
Italian - - - - - 160
German - - - - - 429
French - - - - - 279 ^.
586,443
Pastoral Addresses - - - - - - - - 1,049,319
Young Man from Home - - - - - - 88,001
Christian Progress - - - - - - - - 37,817
Believe and be Saved, 32mo - - - - - 30,260
Path to the Bush - - - - - - - - 13,813
Elizabeth Bales - - - - - - - - - 8,262
Tracts:—Believe and be Saved - - - 450,900
Your Great Concern - - - 128,250
The Pious Collier - - - 121,575
The iſanthºlied his Neighbour Mičić
Total - - - , 2,930,950
Since his decease his works have been collected into
eleven volumes, edited by his son. “For six years
before his death, Mr. James had a colleague in his
ministry, with whom he continued to labour with great
happiness and peace. In 1855, he reached his jubilee,
when he received the congratulations of his congrega-
tion and the christian people of the country. All
denominations had an interest in him, and he was be-
loved by all. In 1859, he felt his strength failing, and
he bade farewell to most of the associations with which
X
314 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
he had been connected. In the autumn of the year he
was poorly; but rallied so much, that on the Sabbath
morning before his death he preached at Edgbaston
Chapel, and in the evening worshipped at Carr's Lane.
He had prepared a sermon for his people for the suc-
ceeding Sunday. On the Friday evening, however,
after correcting for the press his review of the life and
labours of the Rev. Richard Knill, he felt indisposed,
and was aided to bed by his medical adviser, Dr. Evans.
His night was restless, by reason of his coughing; but
his sleepless hours were happy by his holy meditation
and repetition of favourite passages of Scripture and of
hymns. As the morning of 1st October dawned, his
spirit fled, and he was ushered into the immediate pre-
sence of the Saviour, whom he loved so much and
served so long. When the tidings spread, Birmingham
was in tears, and the whole christian community
mourned. All denominations paid him honour as they
bore him to the grave.” Mr. James also belonged to
the temperance movement. He was himself a practical
abstainer, and although his medical advisers thought
that he injured his health by not drinking wine; “he
felt,” as his son remarks, “so strongly on the matter,
as an advocate of temperance society, that when
compelled to take it temporarily, he always left it off
too soon.”
JAY, Rev. WILLIAM, born May 6th, 1769; died
December 27th, 1853, at the venerable age of eighty-
four. For a very long series of years he was an attrac-
tive and popular minister in Bath, and his name was
as a “household word” with tens of thousands of
people in this and other countries. He early identified
himself with the temperance movement, and continued
its staunch supporter to the close of his life. The fol-
lowing letter was written by him in 1839 —
“To the Secretary of the Bath Temperance Association.
“My dear Sir, Circumstances will prevent me ac-
JEFFREYS, VEN. H. ARCHDEACON. 315
cepting your invitation to attend the Teetotal Christmas
Festival, on Friday evening. I am thankful that all
through life I have been a temperate man, and for more
than twenty-six years, generally, a teetotaler, but, for
the last six years, I have been one constantly and
entirely. To this (now I am past seventy) I ascribe,
under God, the glow of health, evenness of spirits,
freshness of feeling, ease of application, and compa-
rative inexhaustion by public labours, I now enjoy.
“The subject of teetotalism I have examined phy-
sically, morally, and christianly; and after all my read-
ing, reflection, observation, and experience, I have
reached a very firm and powerful conviction—I believe
that, newt to the glorious Gospel, God could not bless the
human race so much as by the abolition of intowicating
spirits.
“As every man has some influence, and as we ought
to employ usefully all our talents, and as I have been for
nearly half a century, endeavouring in this city to serve
my generation, by the will of God, I have no objection
to your using this testimony in any way you please. I
am willing that, both as a pledger and a subscriber, you
should put down the name of
* My dear sir, yours truly,
Percy-place, 24th December. W. JAY.”
JEFFREYS, The Venerable H. Archdeacon of
Bombay. He was, for many years, an earnest and
faithful teetotaler; and did much by his pen and other-
wise for the furtherance of the cause. In the Bombay
Temperance Advocate for May, 1849, there is the follow-
ing notice:—“Archdeacon Jeffreys, so well known for
his zeal and efforts in the cause of temperance, left
India for England on the 1st inst. It was the intention
of the Committee of the Temperance Union to express
to their venerable patron their sense of the value of his
labours in their cause, and their respect for him, in a
public way before his departure. The committee had
316 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
an interview with him, and were sorry to learn that his
engagements would not admit of any public meeting.
It was then determined to prepare an address to be
communicated to him in a private way some day before
his departure. But, unhappily, circumstances beyond
control prevented even this from being done. We
believe that when the history of our cause shall be
written, and those who have been honoured agents in
its origin, progress, and triumph, shall receive due ap-
preciation for their labours, few, if any, will stand
higher than the patron of the Bombay Temperance
Union—Archdeacon Jeffreys.” On the 8th of Septem-
ber, in the same year, he arrived at Exeter, and assisted
next day (Sunday) in the service of St. John’s Chapel.
About midnight he was decidedly under the influence
of Asiatic cholera in its worst form, but neglected to
summon the family with whom he was staying; and
they only knew at seven in the morning of his illness.
Valuable time for ministering to the disease was lost;
and he died about seven in the evening. The venerable
archdeacon was a vice-president of the National Tem-
perance Society.
JOLLIFFE, Rev. PETER WILLIAM, M.A., rector of
St. James's, Poole, died in March, 1861, in the ninety-
fifth year of his age. It is interesting to the Temper-
ance world to know that the deceased was, throughout
his whole life, almost entirely a water drinker, and,
during the last quarter of a century, a warm supporter
of the temperance cause. The Bournemouth Visitors'
Directory, in noticing the rev. gentleman's death, says:–
“He was no ordinary man. Meanness of spirit and nar-
rowness of sentiment had no place in his character.
He possessed a broad and comprehensive mind, which
disdained to dwell upon mere petty distinctions, recog-
nizing only the great object which each denomination
had in view. It may be truly said, that a good and
worthy man has passed from among us, bearing with
RERSHAw, JOHN, JUN. 317
him the recollections of nearly a century. It was his
lot to be permitted to far exceed the period of three
score and ten, and long after that time had passed he
was an active and earnest worker in the cause of the
Great Master; and up to the year 1854, when he was
literally unable to discharge his duties, he preached
regularly every sabbath. Even after that time he was
a punctual attendant at public worship, walking from
his residence at Sterte, a distance of more than a mile,
to the church. It was a most touching sight to notice
the venerable man, with ‘meek and unaffected grace,’
wending his way to the parish church, leaning upon his
staff, his aged appearance, snowy locks, and style of
dress of a past generation, combining to inspire reverence
and esteem in all beholders.”
KENRICK, GEORGE SMITH. This eminent philan-
thropist died at his residence in West Bromwich, on
December 12th, 1848. His time, his talent, and his
money were consecrated to the service of temperance.
He was the chief supporter of the Central Temperance
Association, and was also the projector and proprietor of
the Temperance Gazette; and for some years his contribu-
tions to the temperance cause averaged £300 per annum.
KERSHAW, JoHN, Jun. This promising young
man died at Armley, near Leeds, on Saturday, October
24th, 1857, at the early age of twenty-five years. For
some months he had been suffering from consumption,
and the best medical aid was at Once called in, but it
soon became painfully evident that all that human skill
could do would be in vain. From his childhood he was
a staunch adherent of the temperance cause. When
the Youth's Society was formed he was its active and
zealous secretary ; he was also on the committee of the
Band of Hope; and minute secretary of the Leeds
Temperance Society. . . He was connected with the
Leeds Auxiliary of the United Kingdom Alliance, and
with the Leeds Young Men's Christian Institute.
3.18 IMEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
KETTLE, ROBERT, born in the village of Kintillo, at
the foot of the Ochil hill, on December 18th, 1761;
died March 23rd, 1852. Having learned to weave, he
obtained a situation as clerk under a Mr. Kennedy, at
Perth, in whose employment he remained for five or six
years. In 1815 he removed to Glasgow, where he soon
obtained a situation, under Messrs. Kelly and Co., one
of the most extensive houses in the cotton trade. “At
the time of his coming to Glasgow, Chalmers was giving
utterance to those burning words and lofty sentiments,
which were breaking upon the Scottish Establishment,
like the voice of another Baptist. Attracted by the en-
thusiasm and genius of this great and good man, he was
often found, not the least delighted, among his overflow-
ing and admiring audiences. It was not long till the
Doctor discovered in Mr. Kettle one well adapted to aid
laim in his various schemes. He was, therefore, soon
chosen to the office of the deacon.” In 1828, John Dunlop,
Esq., of Greenock, a gentleman who had devoted his
life to measures connected with the religious, intellectual,
and social improvement of the working classes, com-
menced operations with the view of suppressing the evil
of intemperance. The question was discussed in public
newspapers and in private parties; it was abused and
defended, scorned and embraced, but it led Mr. Kettle
to think of the subject, and about three months after-
wards being on board a steam-boat with some friends,
and having partaken of some toddy, he afterwards met
with a slight accident, which deeply impressed him and
brought him instantly to decide in behalf of the temper-
ance cause. Relating the accident one day he observed:—
“Had I been killed, no one would have attributed it to
the drink, and yet I am firmly convinced it was the drink
which did it.” In December, 1831, he was elected the
president of the Glasgow Abstinence Society, and con-
tinued to fill that office till March, 1846. These eight
years may be regarded as the most busy period of his
Hºs life. Although possessed of a constitution
RETTLE, ROBERT. 319
far from robust, few of the adjacent towns did not re-
ceive the aid of his powerful advocacy. At the tables
of the rich, as well as in the dwellings of the poor, he
proved himself the samegood-natured and able expounder
of our principles. In September, 1838, at a meeting of
delegates from various societies throughout the country,
there was formed the Scottish Temperance Union, with
the view of consolidating and giving strength to the
cause throughout the country. As a proof of the esteem
in which Mr. Kettle was held, it may be stated that he
was at once elected its president. In connection with
this association the Scottish Temperance Journal was
started on the 1st of January, 1839. Shortly after its
commencement Mr. Kettle became its editor, and con-
tinued to act as such till the close of its career in 1847.
In July, 1848, Mr. Kettle was appointed president of
the Scottish Temperance League; and in this position
he lent the efficient aid of his name, talents, and
pecuniary means. He presided at the business meetings
of the association, and by the suavity of his manners, the
prudence of his counsel, and the weight of his experience,
guided the deliberations of the assembled members in the
path of practical wisdom. But the time came for him
to die. On Sabbath, the 7th of March, 1852, he attended
church as usual. In the evening he complained of what
he thought a slight cold. On Monday he was better,
but on Wednesday he returned from business some-
what earlier, and on the day following was confined to
his bed. That evening the symptoms of fever were plainl
manifest, which terminated its course in death on the
morning of the 23rd. His remains were followed to the
grave on the 29th by civic authorities, ministers of vari-
ous sects, leading temperance reformers, and friends of
other great movements, in all to the number of well nigh
two thousand. In 1853, a memoir of him was published
by the Rev. William Reid of Edinburgh, to which work
we are indebted for the above information.
320 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
RIRK, Dr., one of the earliest and most enthusiastic
pioneers of the temperance movement, died at Greenock
in June 1859. For many years he was an efficient
coadjutor with Mr. John Dunlop in promoting the cause;"
and continued to write, speak, and work on behalf of
the movement until laid aside by a severe stroke of
paralysis more than 20 years ago. “The last time we
saw him,” says the Commonwealth, “was at a temper-
ance gathering in the City Hall, Glasgow, about seven
or eight years ago; and although he was scarcely able
to walk or speak, his eye beamed with delight at the
scene before him, and, in a sentence or two, he ex-
pressed his gratification at witnessing the advancement
of a cause, that, at its commencement, entailed so much
obloquy on its promoters.”
LEACH, JAMEs. About one and twenty years ago
he went with a number of his fellow-workmen to the
Temperance Meeting in Peter-street, Manchester, for
the purpose of creating a disturbance. The truths he
there heard, however, told by a working man whom he
knew, were of such a forcible character that he was led
to sign the pledge; and, for twenty years afterwards he
was constantly engaged after his daily toil, almost every
night, advocating the cause of temperance in Manchester
and neighbouring towns. He was always acceptable,
and his simple experience told wherever he went. On
the evening before his death he addressed a large
meeting, and next day having gone to his work after
dinner, he was seen to fall backwards, and in one
hour he breathed his last, on Wednesday, October
20th, 1858. Such was the respect in which he was
held that it was determined to give him a public
funeral, and above 1,000 persons followed, while the
whole route to the cemetery, a distance of four miles,
was crowded with spectators, the numbers of which
were estimated at from sixty to seventy thousand
persons.
LIMMER, JOHN. 321
LIMMER, JoHN, for many years held various offices
in connection with the Ipswich Temperance Society, and
of late was one of its vice-presidents. His staunch, un-
tiring zeal in the great work of total abstinence was evi-
denced by his regular attendance at most of the meetings
held on the subject, and his willingness to undertake
any portion of the work he was able to perform. With
his staff in hand he would support the out-door speakers,
frequently accompanying them many miles into the
surrounding villages. He died at his residence in
Anglesea-road, Ipswich, on Monday, October 4th, 1858.
322 MEMORIALS OF TEIE DEPARTED.
CHAPTER XI.
MEMORIALS OF THE IDEPARTED.
M. To W.
MACFARLANE, MALCOLM, died at his house in
Anderston, Glasgow, on February 20th, 1862, in the
fifty-third year of his age. Mr. Macfarlane took an
active part for the last quarter of a century in advancing
the temperance movement, and was for several years an
acceptable and successful agent of the Scottish Temper-
ance League. He took part with the late Rev. Dr.
Bates in the first meeting held in Glasgow for securing
the Sabbath as a day of rest for cabmen, and was one of
the successful writers for the prizes given by John
Henderson, Esq., of Park, for the Sabbath essays. He
was twice invited to London to speak in Exeter Hall on
the Sabbath question, and his chaste and lucid addresses
were well received, not only by the vast assembly, but
called forth the special approval of the noble chairman,
Lord. Shaftesbury. He was also honoured with an invi-
tation to speak at the great working-men's demonstration
in the City Hall, in connection with the annual gathering
of the Social Science Association in Glasgow, presided
over by the Right Hon. Lord Brougham, and Mr. M.'s
pointed address was listened to with the closest attention.
The deceased was a friend of civil and religious freedom,
and an ardent pleader for the emancipation of the slave.
MACNICOL, DANIEL. 323
He felt deeply interested in the education of the people,
in the widest and highest sense of the term. Mr.
Macfarlane's funeral was attended by about two hundred
persons, including Mr. John McGavin, Mr. A. H.
Maclean, Mr. Robert Reid, Mr. William Logan, and
other leading temperance reformers.
MACKENZIE, Sir FRANCIS ALEXANDER, Bart., of
Gairloch, Rosshire, died about 1841–2, in consequence
of a severe attack of erysipelas, in the forty-fifth year of
his age. He was a zealous and successful promoter of
the total abstinence cause. He became a member of
the old temperance society soon after its formation; but
finding its principle to be inefficient for the accomplish-
ment of its professed objects, he joined the total absti-
nence society, and was instrumental in founding a society
in Scotland. His own healthy and robust appearance;
his great flow of spirits, and the general urbanity of
his manners, assisted him to recommend the principle
with much success, not only amongst his own tenantry,
but in the upper circles of society.
MACNICOL, DANIEL, died in Glasgow, on Saturday,
12th October, 1850. He was born at Drymen, in
Stirlingshire, in October, 1767, and resided there for the
long term of eighty years. When the temperance move-
ment was introduced into this country, he was among
the first who declared their adhesion to it, and for up-
wards of twenty years continued to be a consistent
abstainer from all intoxicating beverages. By industry
and frugality, he saved a small sum of money, part of
which was freely given for the support of the temperance
cause, and he also spent a considerable amount in cir-
culating temperance and religious tracts. He deeply
deplored the apathy of ministers and professing christians
toward the temperance movement, and wherever he went,
pointed out the inconsistency of those who supported
the drinking customs. Notwithstanding some eccentri-
324. tº)
MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTEDs
cities which marked his later years, it is believed by
those who knew him best, that his exertions to promote
the welfare of his fellow-men were productive of no
small amount of good.
MANLEY, WILLIAM, a member of the Society of
Friends, at Leighton Buzzard, died at the close of 1854,
aged forty years. He was treasurer of the Temperance
Society in that town, and was also devotedly attached to
both the Bible and the Peace Societies.
MARTIN, WILLIAM, died at Cork, in 1853. He was
a member of the Society of Friends, and an earnest and
zealous teetotaler. It was at his suggestion, and through
his persuasive influence, that Father Mathew was induced
to sign the pledge.
MATHEW, FRANCIS. After a brief illness, and in the
prime of life, Francis Mathew, Esq., the beloved brother
of the apostle of temperance, died in June, 1843, at
Rockview, county Tipperary. The poor, for many
miles round, found in him a benefactor, and through his
practical, but unostentatious benevolence, the great
season of general privation and distress was unfelt, and
almost unknown in the neighbourhood where he resided.
Of retiring habits, and extensively engaged in successful
commerce, he was little known in the world of politics;
but loving his country, his purse was never closed when
the cause of Ireland required support. The funeral
procession was the largest ever witnessed in the country.
From an early hour all the avenues leading to Rockview
were thronged, and about two o'clock the mournful pro-
cession moved slowly along towards Thomastown, the
seat of Mr. Mathew’s ancestors. At the front of the
procession walked the tenantry and servants, to the
number of 300, wearing scarfs, bands, and crapes, fol-
lowed by 70 women, wearing hoods, scarfs, &c. Immedi-
ately before the hearse, were the clergymen, numbering
MATHEW, VERY REV. THEOBAL.D. 325
75, dressed in scarfs, and bands. The remains were
followed by the relatives of the deceased in deep mourn-
ing, at the head of whom was the Very Rev. Theobald
Mathew, who appeared in the deepest affliction.
MATHEW, Very Rev. THEOBALD; called “the
great Apostle of temperance,” was born at Thomastown,
near Cashel, county Tipperary, on the 10th October,
1790; died 8th December, 1856. At the death of his
parents he became the adopted child of Lady Elizabeth
Mathew, and by her he was placed under the tuition of
the Rev. Denis O'Donnel, of Tullagh, Waterford. He
afterwards completed his education at the lay academy
of Kilkenny, and at the clerical establishment of May-
nooth, and was ordained in Dublin, in 1814, having
previously become a Capuchin friar, and was shortly
afterwards appointed to Cork, where by his zeal and
devotion, his humble chapel soon became too small, and
where he ultimately succeeded in erecting a large church.
In 1838, at a small meeting of friends in the city of Cork,
he signed the pledge of total abstinence, principally
through the influence of Mr. William Martin, a member
of the Society of Friends; upon that occasion he said,
“Gentlemen, if only one poor soul can be rescued from
intemperance and destruction, it will be doing a noble
act and adding to the glory of God: here goes in the
name of the Lord.” He then signed his name as follows
—“The Very Rev. Theobald Mathew, C.C., Cove-street,
No. 1.” “Mr. Mathew,” said one of the friends, "you
have the mission; do not reject it.” That call was
responded to, and the influence he exerted was immedi-
ately felt. Meetings were now held in Cork twice a
week, and between the 10th April, 1838, and the end
of the year, 156,000 persons took the pledge in that
city. His fame now began to spread, and people came
to him by hundreds from all parts. In 1839 he visited
Limerick, and duringfour days, during which time the most
ºntense excitement prevailed, he administered the pledge
326 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPATRTET).
to 150,000 persons. Everywhere the same remarkable.
success attended his labours. Waterford, Lismore, ,
Ennis, Clonmel, Cashel, Galway, and other places were
visited in rapid succession, and with similar results; in
some places the police and military, being called out to
keep back the vast crowds assembled. In 1843, he visited
England and Scotland, and again thousands signed the
pledge at his hands. In 1849, he went to the United
States. And during a stay of two years he visited
twenty-five states of the Union, travelling 37,000 miles,
and administering the pledge to over 600,000 persons.
It is not to be wondered at that this enormous amount
of labour caused his health to give way; and he deter-
mined to return to Ireland, where his physicians enjoined
upon him absolute repose; “Never,” said he, “will I
willingly sink into inglorious inactivity. My life cannot
be sacrificed in a better cause. If I am to die, I will die
in harness.” He was induced, however, to visit the
milder atmosphere of Madeira, but returned to Ireland
only more disabled; and for four years he continued a
sufferer from the malady which preyed upon his vital
strength. On the 2nd December, 1856, he was seized
with a sixth paralytic stroke, and lingered on till the 8th,
when he expired. In the prosecution of his good work
his disinterestedness had been great. No sacrifice was
too great for him to make. His own private fortune
was all expended on the movement; and it was a con-
solation to know that his last days were made free from
care, by a pension of £300 per annum from the Queen,
on Sir Robert Peel's recommendation.
MATHEWS, EDWARD HAZARD, died on the 18th
of November, 1853, after a painful illness, borne with
the most cheerful and patient fortitude. He was one
of the earliest adherents to the temperance cause in
Bristol, his name being the tenth registered, and from
that hour he never swerved from the cause. In 1838,
while on a visit to Swansea, his native town, he was
McNAUGHTON, REV. ALEXANDER. 327
the first to found a total abstinence society there. In
like manner when Band of Hope societies were first
formed he corresponded with their founders, and very
soon commenced the same work in Bristol. Here his
affectionate interest in the young, and his peculiar
talent in addressing them, found large scope. Carefully
organized Band of Hope societies were rapidly formed
in connection with various schools in the city, and
periodical meetings held. We may also mention that
his Temperance Tales, published in the Band of Hope
Journal and otherwise, were eagerly sought for by the
young.
McDOWELL, WILLIAM, died in January, 1849;
having been thrown out of a gig, and receiving such
injuries as resulted in death a few days after. He had
been a zealous teetotaler for upwards of ten years, and
was very useful in advocating the cause in Falmouth
and neighbourhood.
McNAUGHTON, Rev. ALEXANDER, died in July,
1861, aged seventy-four. For the long period of fifty-
two years, Mr. McNaughton was pastor of the United
Presbyterian Church at Milngavie, and during the whole
of that time he took an active part in all local move-
ments of a benevolent or philanthropic character. He
became a temperance reformer when the movement was
first introduced into Scotland, and his deep interest in
it increased with advancing years. “As a pastor,” says
a correspondent of the Glasgow Citizen, “he endeared
himself to all by his high moral worth, deep piety,
earnestness of purpose, and unflagging zeal in the
faithful discharge of all his duties. He was the humble,
earnest, heavenly-minded minister, whose saintly aspect
was a revelation in itself. He strove to imitate him
who “went about doing good,' in his tender sympathy
with others, and consideration for them. His unsectarian,
328 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED,
unwearied, and uncircumscribed labours of love, won
for him the respect and esteem of all classes and sects
in the neighbourhood.” Mr. McNaughton's remains
were interred in the churchyard of New Kilpatrick.
There was a lengthened funeral procession. Every shop
in the village was closed, and great respect was shewn
by all to his memory. The last sermon he preached
was in behalf of the Scottish Temperance League.
M'CURDY, ROBERT. He was a well-known and
zealous temperance advocate, and died at the Temper-
ance Hotel, London-lane, Hackney, on February 5th,
1842. He became a member of the temperance society
about 1835, at Halifax, in Yorkshire, where he soon
began to exert himself to promote the principle he had
adopted. In 1836 he visited Ireland, his native country,
as a temperance missionary; and was the first to advo-
cate total abstinence in Dublin, where he established a
society; likewise in Belfast, and in nearly all the towns
in Ulster. He also laboured very zealously, and with .
very great success, as a gratuitous advocate in various
parts of England. On the formation of the British and
Foreign Society for the Suppression of Intemperance,
in June, 1839, he became a member of the executive
committee of that society, and zealously laboured to
promote its objects, both by his advocacy and by
his pen. In 1841 he ruptured a blood-vessel; since
which period he gradually declined. His ardent desire
to do good led him, contrary to the advice of his
friends, occasionally to address meetings, but for some
months he was prevented from attending to any public
engagements. More recently he had repeated attacks
of his complaint; and early on Saturday morning,
February 5th, he breathed his last; having expressed
his lively hope that, through the merits of the Redeemer,
he should rejoice in the blessedness of heaven. His
remains were committed to the grave on Sunday
afternoon, in the burial ground adjoining Dr. Cox's
MEREDITH, JOHN. 329
Meeting House, Mare-street, Hackney. He was fol-
lowed by his son, by Dr. Oxley, the treasurer of the
society, by fourteen members of committee, and by a
long train of members of the various Metropolitan
societies. The executive committee of the British and
Foreign Society for the Suppression of Intemperance,
at their meeting, held on February 11th, unanimously
passed the following resolution :-‘‘That this committee
have heard, with regret and sorrow, of the decease of
their friend and fellow-labourer, Mr. Robert M’Curdy.
While they desire to bow to the Divine Providence
which has thus removed him from a sphere of extensive
usefulness, they cannot but record their grateful sense
of the integrity and success with which, for about seven
years, he discharged his duties as a member of the
total abstinence body, and as a public advocate of its
important and salutary principles. Deeply affected at
the miserable condition of his native country, Ireland,
and fully aware that intemperance was one prolific
cause of that misery, he determined to visit Ireland as a
temperance missionary, and, at the peril of his life,
founded many societies upon the total abstinence prin-
ciple, which are still in a flourishing condition, and by
which the way was prepared, to a considerable extent,
for the glorious reformation which has blessed FIVE
MILLIONs of the inhabitants of that interesting country.
His persevering and gratuitous labours have been
crowned with eminent success, also, in various parts of
Great Britain. He joined the British and Foreign
Society for the Suppression of Intemperance soon after
its formation, and became an active member of its
committee, and a diligent advocate of its liberal and
uncompromising principles.”
MEREDITH, JOHN, died at his residence in Dur-
ham-place, Lambeth-road, on January 22nd, 1859, in
the seventy-fifth year of his age. Few men laboured
more constantly, and none more sincerely, for the exten-
Y
330 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
sion of the temperance movement, than John Meredith.
In 1836 he became one of the secretaries of the New
British and Foreign Temperance Society, and, in that
capacity, for many years laboured almost day and night
in trying to effectuate a scheme by which he would
cover the whole country with temperance influence.
He has been well described as “the Napoleon of the
temperance warfare.” He had not, however, the gift of
speech, and could never, therefore, make his plans
attractive. He was, however, always a good worker,
and his labours were not permitted to pass without con-
siderable success attending them. It was through him
that the late Earl Stanhope took the pledge, and became
president of the society. He stood firmly in the cause
of temperance when the society was almost torn to
pieces on the subject of long and short pledges. He
established the London Temperance Mission, and became
the superintendent of the missionaries, and was the
means of collecting and publishing a large mass of
valuable and important statistics. He continued to act
as secretary of the New British and Foreign Temperance
Society until the formation of the National Temperance
Society, with which he became officially connected;
and continued a warm friend of the cause till his death.
METIVIER, JAMES, died at the house of Dr. Collo-
nette in Guernsey, whither he had gone for the purpose
of placing himself under the doctor's care, on March
25th, 1856. He was to the last moment of his life
employed in endeavours to spread the cause of temper-
ance in Jersey, of the temperance society of which
place he was the active secretary.
MILLER, ROGER, was born at Carlisle, September
19th, 1808, and died June 5th, 1847, having been killed
by a railway collision at Wolverton station, on his way
to Manchester to attend his mother's funeral. Being
early abandoned by his father, Roger was placed in the
MITCHELL, JAMES. 331
workhouse at Blackburn, where he continued until he
made his escape, and walked to Manchester, a journey
which took him two days and a half to accomplish.
Here he got “a place” at a cotton factory, at half-a-crown
a week. In 1837 we find him in London following the
business of a hairdresser. It was in this year that he
received serious impressions. He afterwards became a
member of Craven Chapel; and in 1840 was accepted
as one of the agents of the London City Mission, with
which society he continued to labour earnestly and use
fully till his death. Mr. Miller was a zealous teetotaler.
MILLS, JAMES, died on Tuesday, January 11th,
at Camberwell, aged twenty-nine. He was the founder
and leader of the Happy Barn Choral Society, and as
such was very much respected. His body was interred
at Forest-hill Cemetery, and was followed to the grave by
the Committee of the Happy Barn Society, and about
seventy other teetotalers.
MITCHELL, JAMES, died in Glasgow, at 184, Hos-
pital-street, on January 18th, 1862. Mr. Mitchell began
his temperance career more than a quarter of a century
ago, and by his exertions as an advocate and his talents
as a writer, he soon brought himself into notice. He
was present at the formation of the Scottish Temperance
League, and rendered good service to that institution.
For the last few years he was the agent of the United
Kingdom Alliance. His death was somewhat sudden,
for it was only on the Saturday morning previous to his
death that there was any thought of immediate danger.
And it will be gratifying to know that when Mrs. M.
asked him whether his faith in the Saviour continued
firm, he replied, with no little emphasis, “Yes, yes;
strong, strong.” Towards mid-day, rousing himself
from a slight slumber, and enquiring the time, as soon
as he was told, he laid himself to rest again, and was
heard, in a low voice, saying, “Let death come by night
332 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
or by day, I am ready.” These were among the last
words heard from his lips, and in a few hours after he
quietly fell asleep. Thé following interesting auto-
biographical account of Mr. Mitchell is from Mr. Lyth-
goe's Biographical Key to his picture of Temperance
Reformers:–“I became an abstainer in November,
1835, and have ever since been so, in sentiment and
practice. The peculiarity in my case was, perhaps, the
fact that, being an Excise Officer, and, as such, visiting
and coming in daily contact with the making and selling
of intoxicating drink, and thereby exposed to many of
the temptations of the traffic, yet I was able, through
the sought assistance of divine grace, not only to keep
my pledge, but in public and private to be a most ardent
advocate of the abstinence cause. It was also, perhaps,
to my peculiar situation giving me opportunities which
few other public advocates possessed of seeing the im-
mense power and manifold temptations of the liquor
traffic, which led me early to adopt the views of legis-
lative prohibition, in order to secure the triumph of the
temperance reform—views which, the longer I live and
the more I know of the frailty of human nature and the
power of alcohol, only deepen and extend. I have been
publicly advocating total abstinence from all intoxicating
liquors as a Christian duty for nearly a quarter of a
century, and have taken an active part in almost all the
more prominent movements for promoting that cause in
Scotland, from its beginning. I was for years vice-
president of the Western Scottish Temperance Union,
one of the three founders, and a gratuitous lecturer of
the Scottish Total Abstinence Society, as well as super-
intendent of the City of Glasgow Temperance Mission.
Although at first a believer in the policy and principle
of restriction, as right and proper, I am, and for years
have been, convinced, by studying the nature of intoxi-
cating liquor, the power of the liquor traffic, and the
condition of the people, that both principle and policy
demand that the temperance reformers should unitedly
MOFFAT, JOHN. 333
and fearlessly demand as a right the power to be con-
ferred upon a majority of the inhabitants of this country
—not to restrict, restrain, or licence, but to prohibit the
whole traffic in alcohol as a beverage. I am a teetotaler
because I see no other way of preserving the bulk of
mankind from becoming drunkards. I am a Permissive
Maine-law man, because I see no other way of suppress-
ing the liquor traffic, without the repression of which, I
conceive, we shall never be able to make or keep men
teetotalers. After being twenty years a gratuitous lec-
turer throughout the most of Scotland, I was engaged
in June, 1856, by the United Kingdom Alliance as their
agent for Scotland, in whose service I have had the
honour to make hundreds of teetotalers, while doing
my best to promote the interest of that great and noble
institution.”
MOFFAT, JoHN, died suddenly, December, 1860,
having attained to the age of sixty. Mr. Moffat was a
native of Scotland, and was early apprenticed to a tailor.
In the course of his business he had frequent occasion
to visit the manse, and it was here he received his first
lessons in drinking; the glass of “fine old whisky and
jelly” being always handed to him by the clergyman.
At the age of eighteen he removed to Manchester, and
became a member of a christian church in that city.
He appears for a time to have been very prosperous;
but the love of the whisky had got the mastery of him.
He began to visit the public-house, and became a mem-
ber of the Odd Fellows. The publican gave him drink
free, in order that he might frequent the house, and read
the newspapers aloud to his customers. This state of
things went on until he became a drunkard, and ruined
in circumstances. He took to the life of a tramp, while
his wife and children had to go to the workhouse. He
was, at length, induced to sign the pledge, and he after-
wards became very active in promoting the cause;
frequently going with John Bright, then a young man,
334. MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
and an earnest temperance reformer, to hold meetings
in the villages around Rochdale. Mr. Bright afterwards
employed John Moffat in connection with the Anti-Corn.
Law League. Of late years he was keeper of the
Town Hall in Rochdale.
MORLEY, WILLIAM, died at Hull, in May, 1857.
He was one of the few, in his station of life, to perceive
the true character of the temperance movement while it
was but in its infancy; and with a mind open to con-
viction, and having moral courage to follow the teachings
which both reason and religion imparted on so important.
a question, he became an early adherent of the cause.
He was for many years a vice-president of the British
Temperance League, and while health and opportunity
permitted, was a steady contributor to its funds. He
was for many years identified with the cause in Hull,
and his example and influence were serviceable in circles
and on occasions where they were truly valuable.
MORRIS, EDWARD, died in August, 1860. He was
one of the earliest and most enthusiastic advocates of
total abstinence in Scotland, and for many years he
continued to labour most perseveringly for the advance-
ment of the movement. He was the author of several
poetical effusions, and also published a very creditable
biographical sketch of Henry Bell, the father of steam
navigation. Mr. Morris's latest work is entitled, The
JHistory of Temperance and Teetotal Societies in Glasgow,
from their origin to the present time ; also, Sketches of
these Moral-Reforming Institutions in Great Britain,
Ireland, and other Lands, with a Defence of the same.
The volume contains much interesting and valuable
information, and was published in 1855.
MORRIS, WILLIAM, born at Plumpton, Sussex, on
May 14th, 1783; died November 5th, 1861, aged
seventy-eight. In 1806 he came to London and was
M’WHIRTER, GEORGE. 335
employed in a timber yard; after which he engaged
himself at a type-founder's. He now became a member
of a Political Union; but was not long in finding that
the evils under which the people suffered were more of
a social than of a political character. He therefore
became at once a member of the first temperance society
formed in London, and became very active in carrying
on the work, even writing a tract, and printing and
circulating it at his own expense. Morris soon after
became a total abstainer, and meeting in 1834 with the
first number of the Preston Temperance Advocate, he
learned that a teetotal society had been formed at Pres-
ton, and in August, 1835, the first teetotal committee in
London was formed : of this committee Morris became
a member, and at his suggestion the society was named
the British Teetotal Temperance Society. From this
time, Morris was active in working, in visiting, in
getting up meetings and forming Societies in Lambeth
and Southwark; and he continued faithful for upwards
of twenty-seven years. His remains were interred at
Ilford Cemetery.
M'WHIRTER, GEORGE. He died at Mossy Hill,
near Colinton, Scotland, on the 24th of June, 1850.
For nearly twelve months he had been ailing, but his
illness only assumed dangerous symptoms within the
last few months. His mind during the whole of his
illness retained all its characteristic clearness and com-
posure. He bade his family farewell, and after lying
down to sleep a little, at twelve o’clock in the day, he
never awoke. His death was much lamented by his
family and friends. Every abstainer who ever knew
him was proud to belong to the cause which enlisted
the sympathies and energies of so good a man. His
name has ever been a tower of strength. It signified
intelligence, devotedness, and benevolence. His advice
was ever the soundest regarding new operations, his
zeal ever the most sustained, and his generosity ever
336 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
the most princely and munificent. It is impossible to
say how long he had been an abstainer—indeed he was
one of the fathers of abstinence. Twenty years ago he
adopted the old temperance movement; not as an easy,
fashionable philanthropy for earning popularity, but as
a plan which he sincerely believed would rescue his
fellow-men, while sinking daily in the hopeless gulf of
drunkenness. When the experience of a few years opened
his eyes to the inefficiency and fruitfulness of such a
movement, he unhesitatingly accepted total abstinence
as the only alternative and remedy. Hence we find his
name constantly associated with all the leaders of the
Scottish Temperance League, of which he was one of
the founders.
NASMITH, DAVID, died at Guildford, in Surrey, on
November 17th, 1839. He was a large-hearted and
earnest Christian teetotaler. His efforts in establishing
city and town missions among the poor in England
and Scotland, will cause his name to go down with
respect to the latest posterity. His reasons for adopting
and recommending total abstinence, he stated at a great
meeting in the London Tavern, on Good Friday, 1839.
He said that he had heard of its progress in Wales, and
he determined to go and see whether these things were
so ; and if so, how far he could render it subservient to
the cause which lay near his heart. And having visited
Bala, among other places, and conversed with David
Charles and other pious ministers in the principality, he
found that half the truth had not been told him. He
found the churches which before had been deserted,
scarce capable of containing the multitudes who flocked
to hear the gospel of salvation: that the beer-shop fre-
Quenter, the swearer, and the Sabbath-breaker were now
sitting at the feet of the Redeemer; and he could no
longer doubt but it was his duty to aid a work which
presented itself in his view as the most powerful aux-
iliary to that kingdom, the extension of which was the
NORCLIFF, THOMAS. x 337
object of his whole life. He at once adopted the princi-
ple, and advocated it in public.
NEAVE, EDwARD, died at Gillingham, Dorset, No-
vember 1st, 1861; aged eighty-two years. He was a
member of the National Temperance League. At
Gillingham he built a commodious Temperance Hall at
his own expense.
NOEL, CHARLEs C., died early in 1857. He was
the principal supporter of the Hinckley Temperance
Hotel. “Of his personal and social character,” writes a
correspondent, “it is impossible to speak in terms of mere
respect. The pervading integrity of his mind, which
shone conspicuously in his conduct, the brightening in-
fluence of his habitual cheerfulness, his conversational
power to entertain and to instruct without any apparent
effort, will be long remembered by his numerous and
valued friends, for seldom has an individual numbered
among his attached friends so many possessing the high-
est claims to estimation. The charm of perfect truth and
sincerity, the unostentatious kindness and entire simpli-
city of his manners, secured for him a more heartfelt
esteem and regard than are usually gained by the most
studied endeavours to obtain them. To the young his
readiness to inform and amuse, aided by a very retentive
memory, made him particularly acceptable. Even
children loved him, and beyond his own immediate
circle, where his departure has created a dreary blank,
many young hearts will swell with tender recollection
of one whom, while they regarded him with affectionate
veneration, they yet felt to be as one of themselves, for
his was a character to be loved as well as honoured.”
NORCLIFF, THOMAs, was for more than twenty-five
years actively engaged in the temperance movement in
Manchester, and during the whole of that period, when
in health, was almost every night engaged in attending
338 MEMORIAIS OF THE DEPARTED.
and speaking as a local advocate. He filled, at different
times, the office of secretary of the Advocates Society,
of several local societies, of the Salford Temperance
Mission Board, and of the Salford Temperance Hall.
The day previous to his death he attended the mission
board, and was advertised to address a temperance meet-
ing on the following evening. In the morning, however,
he had occasion to attend to some business in the
Borough Court; and although but a few minutes had
elapsed since he left home in good health, yet he sud-
denly fell down insensible in the court, and in a few
minutes had ceased to live. He died in November,
1859.
OGILVIE, Rev. GEORGE. He was minister of the
Free Church, at Maryculter, Scotland, and died prema-
turely and unexpectedly, on July 10th, 1850. He
was a native of Dundee, and was one of the most dili-
gent and useful of the Free Church ministers. He was
also a leading advocate in the cause of temperance,
justly regarding the drinking usages of Scotland as the
chief cause of the degradation and crime of so many of
its people.
O’NIELL, JoBIN, author of “Drunkenness,” a poem ;
“The Triumphs of Temperance,” a poem, &c., was by
trade a shoemaker, and lived in great obscurity in London.
He was for many years a consistent teetotaler, and a
member of the Fitzroy Teetotal Society. Mr. O'Niell
was a noble spirit, and was worthy of a kinder fate than
that which the world awarded him. As a poet he had
acquired no small reputation by the works above named,
which were illustrated by George Cruikshank, and also
by his “ Handerahan,” a little work on fairy tales, with
an introduction, by Mr. S. C. Hall. He died from an
attack of bronchitis, on the 3rd of February, 1858, aged
eighty-two. A memorial stone was shortly afterwards
PARSONS, REV. BENJAMIN. 339.
laced over his grave, in St. Pancras Cemetry, Finchley,
with the following inscription.
“In Memory of John O'Neill, born at Waterford, in Ireland, died
in London, February 3rd, 1858, aged eighty-two years. In a humble
sphere of life he employed his talents as an author for the good of
his fellow men ; and not only by pen and precept, but by example,
laboured earnestly in the cause of total abstinence from all intoxicating
drinks for many years. Erected by a few members of the Fitzroy
Teetotal Association, and other friends, in rememberance of his dis-
interested labours.”
PARSONS, Rev. BENJAMIN. The name of this
eminent minister and temperance advocate is familiar to
almost every one. He was born at Nibley, a retired
solitude in the most beautiful part of Gloucestershire,
on the 16th of February, 1797, and died on the 10th of
January, 1855, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. His
father was a superior man for his station in life, and
both his parents were eminently pious people. His
father, however, died suddenly one morning when
Benjamin was but six years old; at this time also, Ben-
jamin himself was smitten by fever, and lost the use of
one his limbs, from which he always continued lame.
His early years were marked by sorrow. In his appren-
ticeship he was unhappy, and he had to struggle through
many difficulties. About the year 1815 we find him
entering into church fellowship with the Countess of
Huntingdon's connection at Rodborough Tabernacle,
near Stroud. In 1821 he became a student at Cheshunt
College, and in 1826 he accepted the pastoral office at
Ebley, where he remained for the rest of his life; and,
after an earnest and faithful ministry of upwards of five-
and-twenty years, he closed his useful life in the house
adjoining the chapel. Mr. Parsons devoted much
attention to politics, and insisted upon their claims to
the consideration of religious men. He was a promi-
ment mover in the agitation in reference to the Slavery
Emancipation Act in 1834, and frequently lectured
340 MEMORTALS OF THE DEPARTED.
to excited audiences upon the rights of the Negro to
enjoy English freedom. His active political life fre-
quently involved him in considerable controversy, and
caused him to publish many pamphlets in defence of
his views. His Tracts for Fustian Jackets and Smock
Frocks were very successful. His larger works com-
prise, Education, the Birthright of every Human Being;
The Mental and Moral Dignity of Woman; and Anti-
Bacchus, which has, perhaps, been more extensively read
than any other of his works. Total abstinence from all
that can intoxicate was always with him a favourite
theme, and to this movement he devoted much time and
energy. In 1854 his friends and admirers presented
him with a testimonial consisting of a purse of three
hundred sovereigns, in presenting which testimonial, it
was said—“The clergyman of the Church of England,
the member of the Society of Friends, the Tory of the
old school of politics, the Freetrader and the Radical, the
disciple of the most Puritanic Nonconformity, and the
Conservative Dissenter, have all contributed to do you
honour.” On October 24th, 1854, Mr. Parsons preached
for the last time, and from that date began to sink, but
he was reconciled and even anxious for the change.
PLINT, THOMAS EDwARD, died at Leeds, very sud.
denly, on July 11th, 1861. Mr. Plint was long and
warmly attached to the temperance cause, for though
he had never suffered personally from intemperance,
yet he saw the miseries drink entails upon his fellow-
creatures, and he determined, therefore, to withhold his
sanction from customs and practices fraught with certain
ruin to so many. Mr. Plint aided by his purse, his
influence, and his personal labour, other movements in
addition to the temperance cause ; and Mechanics’ Insti-
tutions, Sabbath Schools, and Sanitary Associations,
had few more zealous supporters than he was. He was
a deacon at East Parade Chapel, Leeds, and in that
capacity was also very useful. In 1851 he published a
PRENTICE, ARCHIBAL.D. 341.
work, entitled Crime in England; its Relation, Character,
and Eaſtent.
PRENTICE, ARCHIBALD, died in Manchester, in
December, 1857. He was a native of Scotland, but
settled in Manchester in 1812, soon after which he
commenced business in partnership with Mr. Edward
Baxter, and having a great taste for literature, he soon
found himself occupied as a contributor to Cowdroy's
Manchester Gazette, of which he became editor, and sub-
sequently proprietor. In 1828 he established the Man-
chester Tºmes newspaper, which he conducted up to the
year 1847, when he disposed of his interest in that
journal, which became incorporated, in the following
year, with the Manchester Ewaminer. After disposing
of his newspaper copyright, Mr. Prentice visited the
United States. Upon his return to England, we find
issuing from the press in 1851, Historical Sketches and
Personal Recollections of Manchester; intended to illus-
trate the Progress of Public Opinion from 1792 to 1832,
by Archibald Prentice. In the early part of his career
he took great interest in the establishment of infant
schools, &c. He now turns his attention to another
department of labour; and, in 1838, he, with six
others, like-minded with himself, becomes the originator
of what afterwards was known, the world over, as the
“Anti-Corn Law League.” Of this League he became
one of the executive, and his zeal in the cause may be
seen from the fact that he attended the meetings of the
council not fewer than 1,117 times. In 1853 he pub-
lished his History of the Anti-Corn Daw League, and
at the dissolution of the League, in accordance with a
resolution previously passed, Mr. Prentice received a
silver tea and coffee service of 240 ounces, valued at
#120. “During the last seven years,” says a writer in
the Manchester Jºraminer and Times, “Mr. Prentice
has been a warm supporter of the temperance move-
ment. At the time of his decease he held the post of
342 MEMORIALS OF TEHE DEPARTED.
treasurer to the Manchester and Salford Temperance
League, an association resuscitated recently through his
instrumentality and untiring perseverance. The organi-
zation had been out of existence for three years, in con-
sequence of the lack of funds, and the talent which
formerly maintained it being absorbed by the Alliance
movement. Regretting to observe this state of things,
and finding that intemperance was increasing, without
any direct effort on the part of a central temperance
society to check its progress, Mr. Prentice invited a
number of friends to tea at his house for the purpose of
taking the matter into serious consideration. The result
of this meeting, held in June last, was the formation of
the Manchester and Salford Temperance League, which
was speedily inaugurated, with Mr. William Morris, as
president; Mr. Alderman Heywood, vice-president;
and Mr. Prentice, treasurer. As an instance of the
remarkable activity of his mind, we may mention that,
notwithstanding his advanced age, he delivered within
the last few weeks an exceedingly interesting lecture,
in Mather-street Temperance Hall, on the poetry of
Burns, contrasting the Bacchanalian songs with the
purer efforts of that great bard. It had been arranged,
we understand, to elect Mr. Prentice to the office of
chairmain of the next monthly meeting of temperance
leaguers.”
PUGH, JoHN. He died January 20th, 1840, after a
very short illness. On New Year's Day he appeared, in
his usual health, at a temperance tea meeting, held at
the Welsh Chapel, Jewin-crescent, London. From the
establishment of the Welsh Temperance Auxiliary in
London he was the secretary, and fulfilled his duties
with much credit to himself, and with much advantage
to the cause. His remains were followed by several
relatives and friends, all members of the total abstinence
society, to Bunhill-fields Burial-ground, where a large
concourse of people had assembled to wait the mournful
RICKMAN, HENRY NEAVE. 343
procession, and to hear the address which was delivered
over the grave, in a very impressive manner, by the
Rev. Mr. Roberts of Merionethshire, a staunch advocate
of the temperance reformation.
PYER, Rev. JoHN, was long actively identified with
the temperance movement, and for twenty years occu-
pied a very prominent #". as an Independent
minister in Devonport. is death occurred suddenly
in April, 1859, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. It
appears that he had been slightly ailing but not seriously
unwell, and on the day of his death he seemed to be
in his usual health, taking his breakfast, and retiring
to his study. Some few hours afterwards, the servant,
having occasion to enter the room, was alarmed at
seeing her master sitting in his chair with a cap
which he wore fallen forward over his face. She imme-
diately gave an alarm ; and upon Miss Pyer going into
the room she immediately discovered that her father
was dead. He appears to have been a man of a stern
and rugged exterior, and was often abrupt in his man-
ner; yet those who knew him best loved him, for there
was a noble heart, full of kindness and affection, beneath
his outer man. His life was marked by unwavering
integrity, and an earnest, straightforward manliness that
won for him the respect of all who knew him.
RICKMAN, HENRY NEAVE, of London, but well-
known to a large number of temperance societies in the
provinces as the “commercial traveller.” He was a
very able advocate of the cause for more than twelve
years. He had been for sometime unwell, but was
gradually recovering and meditating new plans of use-
fulness when he was suddenly removed by death, on
the 22nd of August, 1849, in the sixty-third year of
his age. He early took a favourable view of the anti-
usage department. He was a great encouragement to
Mr. Dunlop in this part of the business. The late
344 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
efficient anti-usage movements among British commer-
cial travellers were commenced by him ; and to him
that useful and influential body of men are greatly
indebted. His mind was of a philosophical character,
and far reaching.
RIGG, SAMUEL, a member of the Society of Friends,
died at his residence in Bayswater, on Monday, Sep-
tember 20th, at the advanced aged of ninety-one years.
He retained his mental faculties and characteristic
shrewdness to the last. He had been a solicitor for forty
years, but had retired from that profession thirty years.
He was a zealous advocate and supporter of the temper-
ance cause, and was president of the Canterbury
Temperance Society. In his will he left donations to
eleven schools, and to four temperance societies. He
was also a member of the National Temperance Society.
FITCHIE, Rev. Dr., born June 24th, 1782; died in
May, 1861. He was one of the early temperance reformers
of Scotland, a powerful preacher, and a racy platform
speaker.
ROBERTS, ROBERT, for many years president of
the Chester Christian Temperance Society, was born in
Carnarvonshire, North Wales, in 1800. When about
twenty-three years of age, it become evident that both
himself and his parents were consumptive. The dis-
covery of this unpleasant fact, together with the early
death of both father and mother, appears to have led
him to give much of his attention to the study of the
laws of health, and to see the importance of temperance.
He therefore, at once, identified himself with the old
Moderation Society. Wines, however, of all sorts in
large quantities, with rest, &c., were prescribed by his
medical advisers, and taken by him under their advice,
without, however, any improvement to his health. By
chance at this time a tract on the water cure fell into
SAUNDERS, EDWARD. 345
his hands, and was read attentively by him. He at once
abandoned his wine, and tried water as a beverage, and
to use his own words, “the change was wonderful.” In
a few months he entirely regained his health, and was
able to resume his ordinary duties. From this time he
became a thorough teetotaler, and for the last twenty-
five years was a firm and uncompromising enemy of
drink, and the drink traffic. Mr. Roberts was well
grounded in the philosophy of teetotalism ; all the
writings of our best authors found their way into his
hands and were carefully studied by him. The last
meeting he was permitted to attend was on the occasion
of Mr. Gough's visit to Chester. Mr. Roberts was
borne to the meeting in a chair, and although he was at
the time suffering much, yet the sight of sucha glorious
meeting seemed to enkindle his zeal, and to light up his
countenance with joy. He was a teetotaler from a con-
viction that total abstinence was true in theory, correct
in practice, and the only panacea for the terrible evils of
drunkenness; yet ragged schools, town missions, tract
societies, and bible societies all found in him a warm
patron and a zealous friend. He died in July, 1858,
aged fifty-eight years.
ROTCH, BENJAMIN, a well-known friend to the
temperance cause,_died, after severe suffering from
skin gout, at Lowlands, near Harrow-on-the-Hill, Octo-
ber 31st, 1854. As a Justice of the Peace, in 1846 he
introduced the temperance agency into the Coldbath-
fields prison, with the best results. His memory will
long be cherished by many. +
SAUNDERS, EDWARD, died at Bath, November
20th, 1861, aged fifty-two years. He was highly re-
spected by all classes in Bath. His medical attendant
declared that temperance had prolonged his life for
years. For nearly thirty years Mr. Saunders was a resi-
dent in that city, and during the greater part of that time
Z
346 IMEMORIALS OF THE ICEPARTED,
was looked up to by all classes as a man whose sterling
integrity and shrewd common sense entitled his opinion
to no Ordinary weight. Ten years ago he was elected a
representative of St. James's Ward in the Town Coun-
cil, and since that time, with but short intervals, he con-
tinued to sit for the same ward. In this capacity, and
as a member of the City Act Committee, he rendered
good service to the city. In philanthropic and social
questions, Mr. Saunders' influence was greatly felt.
Himself for upwards of twenty years a total abstainer
from intoxicants, his advocacy of the temperance cause
was persistent and most successful. Peace principles
found in him a prudent and able supporter. Nine years
ago he took a trip to Australia and New Zealand, partly
with a view to the improvement of his health, and partly
to acquire information which might be useful to intend-
ing emigrants. His experience and views of the antipo-
des he subsequently embodied in lectures and in the
form of a tract. Two years since he also visited America.
SAUNDERS, Rev. JoEIN, born in London, in 1807,
died May 1st, 1859. At the early age of nineteen, he
set his mind on becoming a missionary to the Heathen;
but by the advice of his family he was induced to adhere
to the profession of the law, on which he had already
entered. Soon after, however, being called to minister
to a congregation in London, he felt it to be his duty to
give himself wholly to the ministry. His mind being
still directed to missionary work, he attended the winter
session of the Edinburgh University in 1832-3; and
shortly afterwards he went out to Sydney and took
charge of the Baptist church there, which he retained
for fourteen years. Here his staunch advocacy of total
abstinence earned for him the name of “the Apostle of
Temperance.” He afterwards returned to England, and
tranquilly passed away from earth. to heaven. His
remains are interred in Highgate cemetery.
SHAW, T. A. 347
SCOTT, Rev. WALTER, M.A., was formerly president
of Airdale Theological college, at Bradford, in Yorkshire.
Becoming enfeebled by age he resigned his professor-
ship, and accepted the pastorate of a small church at
Ventnor in the Isle of Wight. He was for many years,
and to the close of his life, a consistent teetotaler. He
died at the advanced age of eighty, in the year 1859.
Mr. Scott was author of several works, and among
others, one which formed a volume of the Congregational
lectures, on the Existence of Evil Spirits.
SCUTT, THOMAS BENJAMIN, died in London in Sep-
tember, 1849, suddenly, from cholera. He was a steady
and valuable friend of the temperance movement in
London, and was very active on the committee of the
National Temperance Society. He was a member of the
legal profession.
SHAW, T. A., died at Kensington, London, Novem-
ber 27th, 1855. He had been for more than a quarter
of a century an assistant magistrate and judge in the
Presidency of Bengal. On his return to England in
1854, he became a member of the National Temperance
Society. On this occasion he gave the following testi-
mony:—“I will state what cannot be too often repeated,
however trite the remark, namely, my perfect convic-
tion, that total abstinence is more conducive to health
than the most moderate use of wine, spirit, beer, or fer-
mented liquors. I have been all my life moderate in
the use of food; more particularly so in that of drink;
nevertheless I suffered, for a few years, some severe
attacks from (what was probably hereditary) gout. My
medical adviser—himself a total abstainer—recom-
mended total abstinence. Without taking any pledge, I
have followed his advice for nearly three years, during
which period I have had no further attack, and hardly
any symptom of the gout; and I can ascribe the cure to
no other cause whatever than to that of total abstinence.”
348 IMEMORIALS OF TEIE DEPARTET).
On his death-bed, however, Mr. Shaw resolved to testify
his attachment to the temperance cause, and he asked
for the pledge and then signed it, in which act he was
immediately followed by his lady, his six children, and
his entire household.
SHEPHERD, JoHN, born at Numrey, near Frome,
in Somersetshire, July 12th, 1784; died May 26th,
1853. He was for fifteen years president of the Derby
Temperance Society. He went to Derby, November
5th, 1810, and joined in church fellowship with the
Wesleyan Methodists, with whom he consistently con-
tinued till the day of his death. His first attendance at
a temperance meeting was in the year 1836, in the
Town-hall. He attended again in December of the same
year, at another meeting, held in Albion-street Chapel,
when Mr. John Chater made such a powerful speech,
that Mr. Shepherd resolved from that time to abstain
from intoxicating drinks. It was not, however, till the
7th of December, 1837, that he signed the pledge—
when he made the following important statement.—“I
now take the pledge, having tried the principle just
twelve months this 7th day of December, 1837. The
moderate use of these drinks found me all but a cripple,
so powerfully attacked with rheumatism that I could not
walk without the aid of a stick, could not ride on horse-
back, and was oblige to ride in a carriage; but, thank
God, by the principle of total abstinence, I can now
walk without a stick, can ride on horseback quite free
from all rheumatic pains, feel much better in health, and
also heavier in body than I was this time last year; and
I hope to keep this pledge to my dying day, and to do
all I can to further total abstinence.” He now became
an active worker in the cause, and continued to devote
his time and energies to its progress, until death put an
end to his life of usefulness.
SMITH, REV. JOHN PYE, D.D., F.R.S. 349
SIMPSON, JAMEs, born at Clitheroe, July 9th, 1812,
and died September 2nd, 1859, in the forty-eighth year
of his age. Soon after his birth his family removed to
Foxhill-bank, near Accrington, where they continued
to reside till his death. Mr. Simpson inherited an ample
fortune from his father, James Simpson, Esq., the pro-
prietor of the extensive print works near Church. THe
was educated at Highbrick, under the Rev. Mr. Wood,
but he afterwards pursued his studies in London and in
Berlin, being intended for the law. Conscientious
scruples, however, prevented him from adopting this
profession. In early life he became a magistrate, and
continued to sit in the court of justice at Accrington,
till within a short time of his death, which took place,
after an illness of many months. He was an abstainer
from intoxicating drinks the whole of his life, and
attached great importance to the temperance move-
ment in all its bearings; and at all times contributed
liberally to the support of the cause.
SMITH, Rev. JoHN PYE, D.D., F.R.S., died February
4th, 1851; aged seventy-seven years. This distinguished
philosopher and divine was a devoted advocate of the
temperance reformation. Soon after settling at Homerton
he became connected with the old temperance society,
and for some years he continued the moderate use of
wine. When, however, the subject came properly
before him, through the medium of the newly formed
temperance societies, he at once adopted the practice of
entire abstinence from all kinds of intoxicating bever-
ages ; and, says his biographer, “whenever medical
advice recommended a temporary relaxation of his rule,
if he complied in practice, it was with no small reluc-
tance and with a most undisguised want of faith in the
prescription, just as though he could not allow himself
to be benefited in any such way. Occasionally the
solicitude of his children sought the aid of a little artifice
in carrying into effect, for a few days, the administration
350 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
of some stimulant prescribed by a physician; but he
was so genuine an abstainer, that he could scarcely
endure, much less linger after that, under the name of
medicine, which he had given up as wine or malt liquor;
and thus, in so apparently slight a matter, the thorough- -
ness and deep sincerity of his nature rise up as things
worthy to be looked at. When these experiments were
being tried, it was very commonly feared, and not
uncommonly said, among his friends, that he was en-
dangering his life by the rigidness of his rule. Happily,
however, for himself and them, and for the credit of the
cause for which he was thought to be suffering, he lived
too long to justify any such misapprehensions. Indeed,
considering the great amount and variety of his mental
labours, and the peculiar difficulties which for many
years lay directly in his path, the demands on cerebral
energy were so great, that he might have been Snatched
away years before the hour of his tranquil departure,
had he not been led to avoid that sort of pressure on
the finer vessels of the brain which not unfrequently
arises from a long and regular, though moderate use of
stimulants.” So far from age and infirmity shaking the
hold which these views had upon his mind, an opposite
result appears to have been produced; for upon his
dying couch he became more resolute in his aversions
than when in health and vigour. His affectionate
partner, in describing the death scene, says:—“His
inflexible habit of abstinence yielded not. It might be
said to exemplify “the ruling passion strong in death.’
A medical friend, on perceiving a rapid diminution of
power, recommended a slight infusion of brandy into
the water beverage. This proposal was conveyed by
writing to the eye of the doctor. He turned to his wife
and emphatically said, ‘Never ! my dear, I charge you,
if such a remedy be proposed when I am incompetent
to refuse, let me die rather than swallow the liquid.’”
In 1831, Dr. Smith wrote a short, but valuable, preface
to a republication, in this country, of an essay, by
SPENCER, REV. THOMAS, M.A. 351
Professor Moses Stuart of Andover, on the Wines and
Strong Drinks of the Ancient Hebrews.
SPENCER, Rev. THOMAS, M.A., born October 14th,
1796, at Derby; and died in London, January 26th,
1853, in the fifty-seventh year of his age. In 1816 he
entered at St. John's College, Cambridge, and was
elected “Fellow” in 1823, which fellowship he main-
tained till his marriage in 1829. In 1826 he was pre-
sented to the perpetual curacy of Hinton Charterhouse,
near Bath, which he held for nearly twenty-two years,
His parish was small, containing about 700 inhabi-
tants. Here he showed the firmness and integrity of
his character, the benevolence of his disposition, and
the soundness of his judgment. Schools, libraries,
clothing-clubs, allotments, now sprung up, crime and
pauperism diminished, and where he found a wilderness
he left a garden. On the first introduction of the British
and Foreign Temperance Society into the City of Bath,
he signed the pledge, and became one of the secretaries
of the Bath Auxiliary. In September, 1839, he signed
the pledge of total abstinence, and formed a society in
his parish, and ever, active in the onward and upward
movements of the age, he promoted the cause of
peace, education, and temperance. In 1845 he visited
America for the benefit of his health, but upon
returning to England in 1846 his health was so little
improved that he resigned his benefice at Hinton
Charterhouse. Mr. Spencer now devoted himself to
writing and publishing numerous tracts on the Corn
Laws, on the Poor Laws, on Church Reform, and other
kindred topics. These were circulated by hundreds of
thousands, and many of them did much good. In
March, 1851, he was requested to become the secretary
of the National Temperance Society, which office, toge-
ther with the editorship of the National Temperance
Chronicle, he readily undertook. In addition to his
official duties, he was accustomed generally to lecture
352 IMEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
four or five times a week, and these exertions soon told
upon his strength. . He was ill for some time, but only
confined to his bed one day, and then he passed away.
His remains were taken to Hinton Charterhouse for
interment, and were followed by the teetotalers of Bath,
and by most of his former parishioners. *.
SPITTLEHOUSE, WILLIAM, died at his residence,
Pinfold, Loughborough, on Saturday morning, January
11th, 1862. He was long known as the secretary of
the Loughborough Temperance Society, and in former
years he was a zealous temperance reformer in Man-
chester. He took a lively interest in working the dis-
trict for many miles round, and temperance agents were
always heartily received at his house. His end was
peace.
STANHOPE, Right Hon. Earl, died early in 1855.
He was formerly president of the British and Foreign
Society for the Suppression of Intemperance. His
lordship was, from constitutional causes a water drinker,
and at one time greatly aided the temperance cause; but
for many years past he manifested no interest in the
ImOVerment.
STIRLING, JAMES, born at Strathblane, on March
6th, 1774; and died March 20th, 1856, at the advanced
age of eighty-four years. At the age of seven, being
obliged to contribute something towards the family
support, he was put to herding, and continued to follow
this occupation for some years. As he grew up he fell
into bad company, and became greatly addicted to in-
temperate habits. In 1830, through the influence of
the Rev. A. McNaughton, he became a member of a
temperance society at Millguy. On the 1st of January,
1831, he delivered his first temperance speech at Miln-
gavie, and it is somewhat remarkable that his very last
SWINDLEEIURST, THOMAS. 353
speech was delivered at the same place, on the 1st of
January, 1856. Mr. Stirling was one of the oldest,
most popular, and most successful advocates of the total
abstinence cause. For a long time he was well known
as “the scientific cobbler,” but in 1831 or 2, he gave
up his trade as a shoemaker, and devoted his whole time
to the temperance advocacy; and during his career he
had visited 466 towns and villages in England, Scotland,
and Ireland, and addressed 4,600 public meetings. In
the churchyard of New Kilpatrick a monument, in the
form of an obelisk, is erected to his memory ; and an
interesting memoir of him was afterwards published by
the Rev. Alexander Wallace, entitled The Gloaming of
Life.
STURGE, JosiºPH, one of the vice-presidents of the
National Temperance League, died at Birmingham, on
Saturday, May 14th, 1859. Ever foremost in the cause
of humanity, he laboured with untiring energy as the
friend of peace, of freedom, and of temperance, until
death abruptly closed his career of usefulness. He
very early became identified with the temperance move-
ment, and was always one of its most liberal supporters.
His funeral was certainly one without any parallel in
Birmingham. It was attended by deputations from
the Peace Society, the National Temperance League,
the Anti-Slavery Society, the Band of Hope Union, the
United Kingdom Alliance, the Baptist Missionary
Society, Sunday school teachers, members of Parliament,
clergymen and ministers of different denominations, &c.,
and the whole two miles of street through which the
cortégé had to pass was lined with crowds of spectators,
while nearly all the shops were closed and business en-
tirely suspended.
SWINDLEHURST, THOMAs, was born in 1784, and
died June 27th, 1861, having reached his seventy-seventh
year. He was one of the men of Preston who first signed
354. IMEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTET).
the revised pledge of total abstinence; and although
questions have been raised in relation to the birthplace
of teetotalism, Thomas Swindlehurst was undoubtedly
the first reclaimed character, and for many years was
extensively known as the king of the reclaimed drunk-
ards, and notwithstanding that he had to encounter every
kind of opposition, contempt, and ridicule, he held on
faithful to the end. As an active worker in the move-
ment, our friend had few equals. The cause by which
he had been delivered from the curse of intemperance
had peculiar claims upon him, and we are happy to state
that those claims were never disregarded. By night
and by day, at-home and abroad, in season and out of
season, in honour and in dishonour, Thomas Swindle-
hurst worked hard, worked long, worked efficiently, and
worked successfully. During the very last week of his
life he addressed several meetings at Bolton with his
accustomed energy and zeal; but his work was done,
his death very sudden, and his remains were carried to
the grave on the 30th of June, followed by some three
hundred of the temperance friends of Preston, while
thousands of spectators witnessed the solemn procession.
The funeral service was performed by the Rev. R. Slate,
and the mournful event was improved in the temper-
ance hall at night, Mr. Joseph Livesey presiding, and
addresses were delivered by several of the early coad-
jutors of the departed.
TACKLEY, EDwARD, signed the pledge in 1838,
and was well known to the earlier labourers in the
movement. In 1839 he, with five others, founded the
St. Pancras Temperance Society, and took upon himself
the chief responsibilities, by accepting the office of
treasurer, which office he held to the last. Through
his exertions principally, the society succeeded in build-
ing a neat temperance hall in Weir's-passage, where he
was always to be found at his post, and ready to under-
take any service in which he might be useful, whether
THOMPSON, EDMUND. 355
as chairman, advocate, or door-keeper. After a long
and painful illness, he died on Wednesday, September
28th, 1859. His funeral was attended by about one
thousand persons, including the committees and office-
bearers of several temperance societies, and also a depu-
tation from the National Temperance League.
TAYLOR, Joseph, sen., died at Middlesbro', on
August 26th, 1860, aged seventy-seven years. He
was a consistent abstainer.
THOMPSON, EDMUND, died at Armin, April 27th,
1854, aged seventy-two. His name long stood as one
of the vice-presidents of the British Association for
the Promotion of Temperance. Perceiving the good
effects of the temperance movement upon the spiritual
and temporal condition of the people, he connected
himself with the society early in its history, and to the
close of life continued one of its most enlightened,
earnest, and consistent advocates. He liberally sus-
tained the agents of the association ; he purchased and
distributed temperance publications to a large extent;
and, during the whole history of the society in this
country, delivered interesting and impressive public
addresses in favour of entire abstinence from intoxi-
cating drinks. His high christian character, his exten-
sive information, his position in society, and his evident
anxious concern for the well-being of his fellow-
creatures, constituted him one of the most successful
promoters of the temperance cause. He was, for full
fifty years, a distinguished Wesleyan local preacher.
Several of the ministers, and large numbers of the
members of his denomination, were induced by his
advocacy to embrace his temperance views, and unite
themselves with the association. The last address he
gave was on this subject; it was delivered with such
animation, humour, and pathos, that Smiles and tears
pervaded the little assembly.
356 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
THOMPSON, T. B., was, for a period of sixteen
years, one of the agents of the British Temperance
League. He was thoroughly devoted to his work as a
temperance lecturer, and loved it for its own sake. His
conscientiousness in the discharge of his duty was very
great, and led him often to fulfil engagements when he
was totally unfit to do so. This was the case during
his last illness. For it appears that he had, for some
time past, complained of rheumatic pains, and had been
told that he must take rest, but having to attend a fes-
tival in the Leeds town-hall on Christmas-day, he rose
from his bed in order to fulfil the engagement, and spoke
with remarkable power. During the whole of the week
he continued his work in the York District Union.
The first week in the new year he spent at Woodhouse
and Thirsk, at which latter place he was compelled to
yield to his increasing affliction. On Saturday, the
8th of January, he returned to his home in Leeds, and
took to his bed for the last time; and after four or five
days of severe suffering from rheumatic fever, the
disease appeared to yield to the means employed, and
he continued in a hopeful condition until the evening
of the 18th, when a relapse took place, and the disease
now taking the form of bilious fever, terminated fatally
on Thursday, January 20th, 1859.
TOWGOOD, FREDERICK, died in London, in 1861.
He had, for years, been an active teetotaler, and was
the president of the City of London Temperance
Society.
TOWNLEY, Rev. HENRY, born at Great Ealing,
October 7th, 1784. He was admitted a proctor in
Doctor's Commons in 1806. Many of his friends and
gay companions being infidels it is not surprising that
he imbibed their opinions. He became a disciple of
Hume. In the year 1810 he was led to a careful
examination into the evidences of christianity, which
TOWNLEY, REV. HENRY. 357
resulted in his conversion. He was afterwards led to
devote himself to the christian ministry, and, in 1812,
entered Hoxton academy, and subsequently pursued
his studies at Gosport with a view to missionary labour.
Joining the London Missionary Society, he went out as
one of their missionaries at his own expense. He sailed
for India on the 22nd of April, 1816, and arrived in
Calcutta, September 7th. There he laboured for
several years, and built Union Chapel, Calcutta. He
removed to Chinsurah in February, 1821, but chiefly in
consequence of Mrs. Townley's ill-health was obliged to
return to England, embarking on the 1st of December,
1822, and arriving in England on the 17th of April,
1823. Upon his return to England he spent about five
years in travelling for the London Missionary Society;
but seeing the destitute character of the district of
Spitalfields, he determined to devote himself to that
locality. Accordingly, on March 12th, 1828, he became
pastor of the Church at White's-row, and, by his earnest
labours, succeeded in raising the congregation from 30
or 40 to about 400, and afterwards erected the present
Bishopsgate Chapel, to which he liberally contributed.
After a pastorate of more than twenty-two years he
retired from the active labours of the ministry. But
he was one who could not live unemployed; and his
closing years were spent in efforts of a benevolent and
evangelistic character, frequently speaking in favour of
temperance and other great moral reforms. He pub-
lished an illustrated monthly paper for some years,
entitled Pictorial Pages, which attained a circulation of
from 36,000 to 40,000 monthly. Mr. Townley was a
consistent abstainer for more than twenty years. Upon
one occasion, a few years ago, his medical men ordered
him to take malt liquor; yielding to their strongly
expressed opinion, he reluctantly assented. A cask—
some eighteen gallons—of the best Romford or Burton
ale was procured, and the patient tried it, as advised,
for some days. One morning he ordered every drop of
358 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
the ale to be poured down the sink, saying, “I have
given it a fair trial; it is an imposture; it mars my
communion with God; and so injures my soul without
benefiting my body. I am an old man, and do not
mean to go half-fuddled into the presence of God.”
Mr. Townley died August 9th, 1861, and was interred,
August 14th, in Highgate cemetery.
TOWNLEY, JOHN, died at his residence, Dean-
street, Finsbury, on Sunday morning, December 18th,
1859. He was for a long period, actively identified
with the temperance movement in London. He was a
director of the Temperance Land and Building Society,
and a member of the National Temperance League;
his connection with both, dating from their first com-
Imerm Cement.
TURNER, HENRY, died in Manchester in October,
1859. He was an homoeopathic chemist, and did great
good among the poor by the advice and medicines with
which he gratuitously furnished them. To his active
co-operation with the clergy of Salford, the poor are
indebted for a comfortable building, to which they can
resort and spend their evenings free from the tempta-
tions of the public-house. He had been partially laid
aside for some time, but when he appeared in no imme-
diate danger, his frame suddenly gave way, and he
became unconscious. His end was peace. By his
death the temperance cause sustained a great loss.
TURNER, RICHARD, died October 27th, 1846, aged
fifty-six years. In the early part of his life he was
greatly addicted to intemperance, and while in a state
of intoxication he was induced to sign the pledge, at the
request of Mr. Swindlehurst and Mr. Dearden, in St.
Peter's school, Preston, in October, 1832. He soon
after become a very active member of the society, and
TURNER, RICHARD. 359
continued to be so for upwards of fourteen years. Dickey
Turner (as he was familiarly called) was the originator
of the term “teetotal” as applied to total abstinence
from intoxicating drinks. His speeches appear to have
been always characterised by an equal mixture of wit
and blunders, and it was in one of these speeches that,
finding himself at a loss for a word to express the idea
that he was a thorough abstinence man, he stammered
out, “I have signed the tee-tee-teetotal pledge.” This
speech was delivered at the close of 1833, and the word
“teetotal” was immediately adopted by the abstainers
of Lancashire; and now the word is in general use through-
out the world. Mr. Turner walked the whole way from
Preston to London in 1846, in order to be present at the
World's Temperance Convention. On his journey he
was attacked by illness, and remained at Nottingham
about three weeks. His entrance into the meeting place
of the convention was greeted with cheers. After a
long course of usefulness, he sank down into his grave,
whither his remains were conveyed by about four hun-
dred friends, with whom he had laboured in the cause of
temperance and religion. A stone was afterwards
erected over the grave, and as it contains a record of
several names of whom no particulars are to be obtained,
the inscription is here inserted,—“Beneath this stone
are deposited the remains of Richard Turner, author of
the word teetotal, as applied to abstinence from all
intoxicating liquors, who departed this life on the 27th
day of October, 1846, aged fifty-six years. Also Robert
Rhodes, who died March 19th, 1851, aged sixty-one
years. For the last eighteen years of his life he was a
faithful and consistent teetotaler. Samuel Smalley, died
October 24th, 1851, aged seventy years. For the last
nineteen years of his life he was a consistent teetotaler,
and in every respect his conduct was most exemplary.
Thomas Clitheroe, died January 31st, 1855, aged sixty-
one years. For the last twenty-two years of his life he
was an active, zealous teetotaler.”
36O MEMORTALS OF THE DEPARTED.
TINDERWOOD, WILLIAM, Sen., died at his resid-
ence in Luton, October 17th, 185-, aged seventy-two.
The deceased was well known and highly respected in
the town and neighbourhood. He had been for forty
years a local preacher, and was also a class leader in
connection with the Wesleyan body, and his labours
have been blessed and owned of God in the conversion
of many. His first sermon was delivered at the village
station, Cockernhoe, and his last, at an interval of forty
years, was preached at the same place. The deceased
was also an abstainer of twenty-years’ standing.
WALKER, THOMAS, a lace merchant in Ripon, died
on Sunday, January 10th, 1858, in the sixty-seventh year
of his age. His disease was pulmonary consumption, which
he suffered from with much patience for many months.
He was a truly christian and benevolent man, giving
away some hundreds of pounds in charity, and one of
the last acts of his life was the signing of a cheque for
£100 towards building a new Temperance Hall in Ripon.
He was a guardian of the poor and a town councillor, in
both of which capacities his unflinching, though courteous
consistency invariably secured him respect. He was
for many years a member of, and a liberal subscriber to
the funds of, the British Temperance League.
WALLACE, Rev. DAVID, born in Edinburgh, April
3rd, 1824; died at Paisley February 3rd, 1860,
in the thirty-sixth year of his age. He was baptized
by Mr. Gardner, in March, 1842, in Largo, Fifeshire.
Though young, he here began to exercise those
gifts he possessed in leading others to know the truth.
From Largo we follow him to Edinburgh, and thence
to Glasgow. Afterwards removing to Gallashiels we
find him chosen, on the death of the pastor, to assist
as leader of the small church there. Here he met with
Mr. Johnston, who encouraged his desires to devote
himself to the ministry; and in August, 1847, he was
WASHINGTON, HENRY. 361
received as a student in the Theological Institution of
the Baptist Association of Scotland. The report of his
tutor respecting his four years' studies was, “He was
diligently and earnestly bent on one grand object, namely,
those attainments which would best fit him to be a good
soldier and minister of Jesus Christ.” Upon finishing
his term of study he went to labour in Paisley in April,
1851, where he was ordained to the pastorate of the
church meeting in Storie-street. Mr. Wallace was an
abstainer himself, and a warm and active friend to the
Cà, UIS®,
WARWICK, FREDERICK, departed this life on
September the 7th, 1842. It is said that the christian
fortitude and patience which he manifested during his
illness, astonished all those by whom he was surrounded.
He had long been a most consistent member of the
Kensington and Bayswater Temperance Society; but
being a man of few words, he was a worker rather than
a talker. His remains were conveyed to the grave on
the 11th of September followed by about 200 of
the brethren of the Southern Counties Brotherhood
who were addressed by the Rev. D. Katterns of
Hammersmith.
WASHINGTON, HENRY, an early friend of the
cause at Huddersfield. Mr. Washington came early
into the field, and gave promise of more than ordinary
usefulness as an advocate of the cause, at one time being
frequently called upon to urge the claims of temperance
on festival and other public occasions. Failing health
compelled him to withdraw from that active sphere
in which he delighted, and for which he possessed a
respectable measure of ability. When the executive
committee of the British Association was located in
Huddersfield, he was one of its most active members,
and by his counsel and judgment rendered important
service in the management of its affairs. With a spirit
2 A
362 MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
in harmony with all the progressive and philanthropic
movements of the age, and a heart under the influence
of the light and grace of the gospel of Jesus Christ, he
served his day and generation with the great purpose
of benefiting his fellow-men and glorifying his Maker.
He departed from this life December 6th, 1854, in the
thirty-ninth year of his age.
WATSON, WILLIAM MAxwell, an active member
of the Fitzroy Teetotal Association, died on Thursday,
March 24th, 1859. On the evening afterwards the com-
mittee passed the following minute:–“This committee,
with deep regret, record the decease of their fellow-
laborer in the cause of temperance, Mr. William
Maxwell Watson, which took place yesterday morning
at half-past two o'clock; and bear testimony to his un-
wearied exertions and devotion in the furtherance of its
objects for a period of upwards of eleven years, as an
abstainer from all intoxicating drinks, and ten years a
member of this committee.” His mortal remains were
interred at Kensal Green cemetery, and were followed
to the grave by many friends connected with the Fitzroy
Society and the National Temperance League, of which
Mr. Watson was also a member.
WHITE, ROBERT GUEST. He was president of the
British Association for the Promotion of Temperance,
and died at Liverpool on the 18th of April, 1839. He
was a man of much simple-heartedness, benevolence,
integrity and zeal. His remains were followed to the
grave (St. James's Cemetery, Liverpool,) by a number of
the Parent Committee of the Total Abstinence Societies
of that town, of which he was secretary; also by the
gentlemen of the Howard Association, and members of
the other various societies, followed by the Church of
England and Roman Catholic Total Abstinence Musical
Bands, in their splendid uniforms, with their instruments
reversed and bound with crape. On the following Mon-
WILLIAMS, MARTHA. 363
day evening, a few of his total abstinence friends had his
remains removed to a private grave, which they had
purchased for the purpose, and afterwards erected a
monument to his memory.
WHITEHEAD, Rev. W. B. He was Prebendary
of Wells, Rural Dean, Vicar of Chard, and for many
years a magistrate for the county of Somerset. He was
long connected with the temperance cause, and always
shewed a lively zeal in promoting its interests. Mr.
Whitehead usually presided over the public meetings of
the temperance society in the Town Hall. His long
experience as a magistrate, and his pastoral visits amongst
the poor, gave him many opportunities of witnessing the
sad effects of strong drink, and the drinking usages of
society, of which he would often speak with the deepest
emotion. His decease took place on the 22nd of August,
1853, after along illness; and on the following Saturday
he was interred at Timberscombe, near Chard. A pro-
cession of clergymen, professional men, tradesmen,
members of the Working-men's Improvement Associa-
tion, and members of the Temperance Society, attended
his remains out of the town.
WILLIAMS, EBENEZER, died early in April, 1858,
aged sixty-seven. He was one of the fathers of teeto-
talism in the district of Rotherhithe, and, for many
years took a very active part in the operations of the
County of Surrey Temperance Association, in Fair-
street, Horsleydown. He died during the week in
which it had been arranged, by the friends of this
society, to present him with a token of their respect.
WILLIAMS, MARTHA, died at the residence of her
husband, Mr. Thomas Williams, chemist, Haverford-
west, on January 8th, 1853. Mrs. Williams was a
warm and uncompromising friend of the temperance
reformation. Impressed with the importance of a careful
364. MEMORIALS OF THE DEPARTED.
education of the young in connection with temperance
principles, the Band of Hope movement found in her a
zealous and pious supporter. -
WILSON, Rev. CARUs, died in 1859. He was a
bright ornament to the Church of England, of which
he was a clergyman. In his temperance labours he was
best known for his devotion to the cause of the British
soldier, in whose interest he was unwearying. Holding
correspondence with the army in every part of the
world, liberally supplying it with religious and temper-
ance literature, he was instrumental in reclaiming many
a wanderer to the ranks of temperance and religion.
He held the living of Ventnor, in the Isle of Wight;
but the garrison of Portsmouth shared much of his
labours, and his stirring tract, Portsmouth in Flames,
was the means of doing much good.
WILSON, WILLIAM, born at Esholt, in the parish
of Otley, on the 28th of October, 1767, and died
November 23rd, 1849, in the eighty-third year of his
age. Such was the characteristic modesty of Mr. Wilson
that, as he ever shrunk from praise and popularity, so
he as carefully avoided every position which could
expose him to public notoriety. Mr. Wilson was a
member of the Society of Friends. He commenced
business on his own account, in Bradford, as a grocer
and draper. In about ten years he abandoned the
retail business, and embarked his capital in the whole-
sale business, as a stuff merchant. In this business he
was so successful that, at the age of fifty, he retired,
having realized the sum of twenty thousand pounds.
For more than thirty years after this it became the
essential and exclusive business of his life to explore
and to relieve cases of poverty and distress; for this
purpose he put the whole of Bradford, and the sur-
rounding villages, under a regular system of domiciliary
visitation, employing two persons regularly to visit, to
WILSON, WILLIAM. 365
take notes, and to dispense his bounty; and in this
manner it is said, that he distributed considerably more
than a thousand pounds a year, and one of his executors
states that, since his retirement from business, he must
have given away FORTY THOUSAND POUNDs. In 1829
he originated a temperance society, and heartily identi-
fied himself with the cause. He had tracts printed by
tens of thousands, and supplied them liberally to his
friends for gratuitous distribution. His time and his
money were cheerfully devoted to the cause of total
abstinence, and its advocates were always sure of a
hearty and encouraging welcome from him. Mr. Wilson
was greatly beloved by all who knew him, and his
counsel was much sought after, and the advice given
generally followed. He lived to do good, and he had
evidently adopted as his motto the words of Holy Writ,
“Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with all thy
might;" but while thus zealous in every good work he
was also careful to observe another Scriptural injunction,
“Let not thy right hand know what thy left hand
doeth.” The consciousness of having done good was
all the reward he sought. But at length he was called
away from this sphere of usefulness to inherit the king-
dom prepared above for those who love God. *
With Mr. Wilson we close our account of departed
temperance worthies; let us who are alone and remain,
“Work while it is day, for the night cometh when no
man can work.”
I N D
Abstainers' Journal, commenced, 237
Abstinence and anti-usage Societies, 41
Addleshaw, John, obituary notice of,
5
26
Address of Father Mathew in London,
174; of the Ulster Temperance
Society, 30
Addrésses to the Queen and Prince of
Wales by Scottish League, 212; to
Mr. Gough on leaving England, 222
Aºing, temperance, Scheme of,
7 t
Advocates' Association, objects of, 233
Aitken, John, obituary notice of, 266
Alcohol, its nature and properties, 20
Ale-houses described by Lord Keeper
tºniº, 18; in reign of James II.,
Ale, its price in 1256, 12
Alexander, G. W., becomes Treasurer
of National Temperance Society,
169; R. D., signs the pledge, 90;
builds temperance hall at Ipswich,
90; Peter, obituary notice of, 266
Allen, Miss, formed first female society,
35; John, obituary of, 267
Alliance, first published, 227; test
question at elections, 253
Amalgalnation of National Temperance
Society and London Temperance
League, 224 -
America, first society at Moreau, 25
American Temperance Society formed,
27; pledge, the, 1.12; adopted, and
new committee formed, 119
Amusement provided by Abstainers'
Union of Glasgow, 259
An Act to avoyd excess in Wynes, 16
E X.
Anderston Society's
pledge, 69
Anderton, Henry, obituary of, 267
Andrew, John, sen., obituary of, 267;
Joseph, obituary of 268
Andrews, Rev. Dr., notice of, 268
Annan Temperance Society, 39, 71
Anniversary, first, of Suppression
society, 124
Anti-Bacchus, by Rev. B. Parsons, pub-
lished, 99
Anti-usage societies, 42
Ardery, James, notice of, 269
A Solemne Joviall Disputation
Drinking, 18
Attempts to compromise, 115
Aubrey, George, memento of, 269
Ayrshire Temperance Union, progress
of, 260
Temperance
OIt
Bacchus, by Dr. Grindrod, gains prize
of £100, 99
Baines Edward, statement in House
of Commons, 242
Baker, Isaac, notice of 270; W. R.,
appointed secretary, 93; Curse of
Britain, published, 99; his opinion
on long and short pledges, 114;
memoir of, 270
Balfour, James, visits navvies on Paris
and Rouen Railway, 230; Logan
and others assist Mr. Dunlop, 202
Ballantyne, Rev. John, notice of 271
Band of Hope Review, published, 229;
Union formed, 229; its objects,
249; their importance, 249
Barony of Gorbal's Society formed, 137
Barrett, Richard, notice of, 271

368
INDEX.
Basil Montagu, a water drinker, 42
Basis of union between the two London
societies, proposed, 158
Batchelor, Wm., the persecuted sur-
geon, 272
Bath Juvenile Society, important re-
sults, 162
Battle of the pledges, 96
Beardsall, Rev. F., signs the pledge,
62; life of, 272
Beaumont, Thomas, quoted, 53; death
of, 273
Beecher, Dr., and others preach on in-
temperance, 26
Birmingham, public discussion on
teetotalism, 62; careful scrutiny of
members there, 88
Biscombe, Wm., death of, 274
Blackburn Society, its fundamental
principle, 48
Blackwood's and other magazines,
notice temperance, 225
Blair, George, death of, 274
Boniface, C. W., obituary, 275
Bowly, Christopher, erects a hall, 276
Bradford, a society formed there in
1839, 43
Brande's analysis, 21
Bristol Band of Hope League formed,
250
British and Foreign Society for the
Suppression of Intemperance formed,
120; first list of officers, 45; its
pledge, 44; work done in London,
46; United Total Abstinence Society
proposed, 165
British Association formed, 63; its
pledge, 64; attempt to promote
union, 163; changes its name, 232
British residents in France, intemper-
ance of 231; Teetotal Temperance
Society formed, 83; Temperance
League, operations of 243
Brotherton, Joseph, M.P., his death, 276
Brougham, Lord, and the Grand Alli-
ance, 252
Brown, David, missionary in Edin-
burgh, 277; John, death of, 278
, Buckingham, J. S., a mistake cor-
rected, 74; Parliamentary enquiry,
81; his earnest plea for the reign of
temperance and peace, 207; life of,
278
Bultitude, Mary Ann, death of 279
Burns, Dr., reasons for the long pledge,
109; Rev. Dawson, becomes secre-
tary of the National Temperance
Society, 222; W. H., D.D., obituary
of, 279 *
Bustard, John, notice of, 280
Cadbury, R. T., notice of 281
Campbell, Rev. Dr., meeting in Cowper-
street, 180
Card, Nathaniel, life of, 281 .
Carlisle's, Mrs., efforts on behalf of the
young, 228
Carpenter, Dr., publishes Essay on
Alcoholic Liquors, 198; replies to
|Westminster Review, 225
Cash, William, death of 282
Cassell's, John, scheme of temperance
advertising, 178; promotes monthly
meetings in Exeter Hall, 204
Castleden, Rev. M., notice of 282
Central Temperance Association, 188
Chadwick, Dr., on how much will in-
toxicate, 22
Chapman, Ellen, death of 283 :
Cheap Jack induces thousands to sign
the pledge, 263
Children's Temperance Magazine, start-
ed by Thomas Cook, 189
City of London Auxiliary, on the pledge
question, 104
Clarke, Dr. J. B., saying of his, 26;
Rev. Owen opposes the movement,134
Clay, Rev. John, memoir of 283
cº-house, first teetotal in Scotland,
Collins, William, greatly assists Mr.
Dunlop, 35 ; obituary of, 284
Commonwealth, the, conducted by
Robert Rae, 235 -
Congregational and Church Temperance
S.cieties, 212
cº de Beinfaissance at Brussels,
Couk's, Thomas, National Temperance
Magazine, 181
Cork, Bishop of, a teetotaler, 262;
speech on temperance, 263, large
numbers sign the pledge in, 146
Cornwall and its motto, “one and all,”
133
Corruptions of Christianity and of
Temperance Societies analogous, 195
Cotterill, J. H., death of 285
Coulburn, James, notice of, 285
Couling, Samuel, succeeds C. P. New-
combe, 222; missionary work in
Lºndon, 223 -
INDEX.
Courtenay, A., notice of 286
Cousins, Samuel, obituary, 286
Covent Garden Theatre, great temper-
ance meeting there, 187
Crawford, William, his labours, 286
Crown and Anchor, great meeting of
delegates at, 112
Cruikshank's, Glass and the Crystal
Palace, 221
Crump, Charles, death of 287
Crystal Palace, great meeting in Exeter
. . Hall, in reference to the sale of intoxi-
cating drinks, 221
Dahomey, singular custom in, 264
. Davies, Rev. John, death of 287
Dawson, J.H., notice of, 287
Dearden, Joseph, quoted, 61
Debt of the British and Foreign, and of
the Suppression Societies, 166
Declaration of General Council of the
Alliance, 226
Decreased consumption of spirits in
Scotland, 257 -
Delavan, E. C., renders great pecuniary
assistance, 27
Delegate meeting at Guildhall coffee-
house, 93 -
Democritus dissects teetotalism, 181
Dennington, James, his singular will,
287
Pevil, the maker of laws of drinking,
18
Dick, Alexander, notice of, 289; Rev.
J. C., death of 289 .
“Dickey Turner,” and “teetotal,” 59;
a speech of his, 190; his journey to
London and death, 190
“Did you ever try P’’ 77
Discussion, first public in Birmingham,
62 *
Distilleries, any person might set up, 15
Division in Scotland, 140
Drinking in the reign of Edgar, 12; in
the reign of Henry III. 12; song in
1551, 14; usages, 10, 11
“Drunk for a penny,” 16
Drunkenness in the reigns of James I,
and Charles I, 14; not allowed in
Dahomey, 264
Drury Lane Theatre, temperance meet-
ing there, 204
Dublin visited by Father Mathew, 150
Dunfermline Society's pledge, 40;
temperance visiting committee, 143
369
Dunlop, John, artificial drinking usages
referred to, 10; attempts to combine
anti-usage and abstinence, 41; cor-
respondence with medical men, 201;
first address at Glasgow, 34; forms
first society at Greenock, 35; glance
at Paris, 34; his labours in France,
231 ; interviews with French medical
men, 203; the Father of temperance
societies in Great Britain, 35
Dunn, David, obituary of 290
Pº, William, an abstaining patriarch,
Early attempts to promote temperance,
24; efforts to suppress intemperance,
26, 27; publications on temperance,
50, 51
Eaton, Joseph, and the Society of
Friends, 97 ; offers prizes of two
hundred guineas, 198; "death of 291;
his extraordinary legacy, 292
Edgar, Dr., his first address, 29 ; un-
charitable remärks on Father
Mathew, 191
Bºrd VI., Act of Parliament recited,
2
Edwards, Justin, labours of 27
Effects of fermented liquors referred to,
42; of moderation and total absti-
mence Societies contrasted, 53
Elias, Rev. John, notice of 293
Elizabeth at Kenilworth Castle, 13
Ellerton, Joseph, the oldest teetotaler
in Beverley, 294
Employers' certificate promoted by Mr.
Dunlop, 203
England a hundred years ago, 10
Esterbrooke, J. H., forms first London
Band of Hope, 229
Evans, Rev. Christmas, death of 294;
Edward, obituary of 294
Exeter Hall,an extraordinary and tumul-
tous meeting there, 117; first appear-
ance of Mr. Gough there, 219
Extraordinary festival at Wilsden, 64;
success of the agents, 98
Famine in Ireland caused by destruction
of grain, 197
Farquharson, Alexander, notice of, 295
Fearful calamity at a temperance meet-
ing, 131
Festival at Preston to celebrate the
introduction of teetotalism, 60
2 B
370
INDEX.
Findlay, William, memoir of 295
Fine gentlemen in the reign of Queen
Anne, 239
First building erected for teetotal pur-
poses, 63; meeting of delegates at
Bolton, 60; society in Ireland, 28;
temperance missionary tour, 58
Forbes, Henry, of Bradford, his early
exertions, 42; Mackenzie Bill, and its
effects, 235; Sir John, Memorandums
made in Ireland,238; memoir of, 296
French chemists, discoveries of 240
Gº J. Lawrence, in South Wales,
5
Garstang, building erected for temper-
ance advocacy, 63
Geary, Stephen, obituary of 297
Gibson, Michael, death of, 297
Giles, John, claim to priority in London,
73
Gin sixpence a quart, 15
Glasgow, Abstainer's Union formed,
236; provides recreation and amuse-
ment, 259; and West of Scotland
Society's constitution, 36; district
associations formed, 68; Mr. Dum-
lop's first attempt, 35 ; temperance
societies unite, 213
* Good old times,” 10
Gordon, Dr., notice of 297
Gough, John B., addresses to him on
leaving England, 222; first appear-
ance in Exeter Hall, 219; first visit
to England, 218; in the provinces,
234 ; re-engagement, 244
Gould, Joseph, death of 298
Grand Soireé of influential persons in
Edinburgh, 142
Grant, John, notice of 298
Great Exhibition demonstrations in
connection with, 205; meetings in
connection with the World’s Conven-
tion, 187
Green, J. W., signs the pledge, 86;
becomes editor of Intelligencer, 103;
memoir of 298
Greenock, first society formed there, 35
Gregory, XVI., a teetotaler, 153
Grindrod, Dr., lectures, 179
Grosjean, Mr., meeting of friends at his
house, 82
Grubb, Edward, in Exeter Hall, 118
Gurney, Joseph John, effects great
good, 188; obituary of 299
Guthrie's, Dr., New Year's Tract, 241
Gutteridge, Richard, death of 300
Hall, John Wine, memoir of 300; Mrs.
S. C., Temperance Tales, 197
Hanson, Rev. John, labours in London,
227; death of 302
Harp Alley, first meeting there, 83
Harris, Rev. G., death ; 302
Harrison, G. W., notice of 302; Wil-
liam, death of 302
Hart's Temperance hotel opened, 86
Haste to the Rescue, 241, 246
Havelock, Sir Henry, memoir of 303
Hawkins, Mrs. of Colet-place, death
of 305; of Mint-street, death of 305
Hearn, Ann, her diary, 305
Henderson, James, death of 306
Henessey, Michael, notice of 307
Hexham, J. R., obituary of 307
Hibernian Temperance Society, list of
officers, 33
Holker, Ralph, memoir of 308
Holmes, Samuel, death of, 310
Holt, John, death of, 310
Hopwood, Fred., obituary of 310
Howlett, George, becomes a teetotaler,
101; his success as an advocate, 102
Ignorance of all classes on the nature
of alcohol, 46
Inwards, James, obituary of 311
Irish temperance tracts commenced,
0
Ireland, fearful results of drink, 16,
17; in 1834, 66; first teetotal
society, 67; labours of R. G. White
and others, 67; Great National Total
Abstinence Society, 152
Irish Presbyterian Church, and the
temperance movement, 260
Isle of Man, successful results of Teare's
labours there, 63
Jackson, Rev. John, first agent in
Bradford, 43
James, II., Act recited, 11.; Rev. John
Angell, memoir of, 312
Janson, William, signs the pledge, 84;
what he did with his wine, 84
meets with much opposition, 85
Jay, Rev. Wm., his teetotalism, 314
Jeffreys, Archdeacon, notice of, 815;
Julius, commences the medical cer–
tificate, 201
&
3
INEDEX.
371
Jolliffe, Rev., P., W., a venerable Lords' day, Act for regulating the sale
water drinker, 316
Journal of New British and Foreign
Society commenced, 103
“Joy be with you, Carrick,” 150
Juvenile Depravity, essays by Worsley
and Beggs, published, 198
Juveniles, great gathering of 32,000 in
Edinburgh, 213
Kellogg’s, F. W., visit to England, 217
Kenrick, G. S., his liberality, 188;
death of, 317
Kershaw, John, jun., noticé of, 317
Kettle, Robert, forms West of Scotland
Society, 136; memoir of, 318
Kirk, Dr., notice of 320
Ladies’ Temperance Association formed,
Lampeter, great interest excited by Mr.
Game, 255
Lancashire, working-man's speech, 190
Leach, James, obituary of 320
Leeds, conference of Sunday school
teachers, 228 ; great meeting in
1836, 64
Lees, Dr. F. R., obtains £100 for
Prize Essay, 227; replies to
Democritus, 181; to Westminster
Review, 225
Legal enactments inadequate to cure
drunkenness, 12
Leicester and Nottingham Bands of
Hope, 251; Total Abstinence Society
formed, 130
“Licensed Victualler,” import of the
term, 11
Limerick, extraordinary excitement on
the visit of Father Mathew, 146
Limmer, John, notice of, 321
Literature of temperance, 241
Livesey, Joseph, signs the abstinence
pledge, 57; malt lecture, delivered
in London, 81
London, arrival of Father Mathew,
173; Auxiliaries formed, 86; report
progress, 91; British and Foreign
Temperance Society formed in 1831,
44; Temperance Institute and
General Registry formed, 97; Tem-
erance League anticipated, 199;
ormed, 208; extensive operations,
215; who introduced teetotalism 2
73
of beer, passed, 198
Loss of life at Limerick, on Father
Mathew's visit, 147
Lydians, the first to open taverns, 11
Macaulay, Lord, quoted, 239
Macfarlane, Malcolm, obituary of 322
Machin's Moral Force of Teetotalism,
quoted, 101
Mackenzie, Sir F. A., notice of 323
Macnicol, D., notice of 323
Macnish on Drunkenness, quoted, 21
Maguire, Rev. Robt., and First Words
on temperance, 256
Manchester, Liverpool, &c., Societies
formed there, 43
Manley, Wm., notice of 324
Mansion House, great temperance
meeting in the Egyptian Hall, 256
Marr, J. S., becomes secretary of
Scottish League, 235
Martin, William, persuades Father
Mathew to join, 144; death of 324
Mºghill, a female society formed at,
{) *
Mason, Rev. Robert Gray, success in
Scotland, 137, 139
Mathew, Father, signs the pledge, 145;
visit to London, 173; success in the
#. 191; in Glasgow, 192;
is labours and success, 148, 153;
ºir of, 325; Francis, memoir of,
4
Mathews, E. H., notice of 326
McCree, Rev. G. W., becomes secretary
of Band of Hope Union, 248
M’Curdy, Robert, memoir of 328
McCurrey, James, his reclamation,
101
McDowell, Wm., notice of 327
McNaughton, Rev. A., obituary of,
327
Medical circular, published, 200; world
acquiring increased knowledge, 47
Meredith, John, memoir of 329
Metivier, James, notice of 330
Metropolitan Domestic Mission com-
menced, 176; Total Abstinence Asso-
ciation formed, 166; Welsh Temper-
ance Society in London, 96
Midland Association and Mr. Smithard,
189
Military Temperance Sceiety formed at
Glasgow, 88
372
INDEX.
Miller, Professor, works popular and
useful, 240; Roger, death of, 330
Mills, James, notice of, 331
Mingaye Syder, signs the pledge, 169;
publishes Temperance Lancet, 170
Ministerial Conference at Manchester,
209 ; certificate, 210
Ministers of the Gospel in Scotland, 41
Mitchell, James, memoir of, 331
Moderation societies proved to be fail-
ures, 52, 53; useful in their day,
48 ; society memorialized on the
pledge, 66; its last days, 171
Moffat, John, notice of 333
Moreau, the first society in 1808, 25
Morley, Wm., notice of 334
Morning Advertiser's opinion of teeto-
talism, 177
Morris, Edward, lectures in Glasgow,
69; obituary of 334; Wm., and the
South London Auxiliary, 87; obit-
uary of 334
Mudge, Henry, letter from, 133
M'Whirter, George, obituary of, 335
Nasmith, David, becomes a teetotaler,
336
National Temperance Magazine ceases,
181; Society formed, 167; extract
from Fourth Annual Report, 178;
and London League Amalgamate,
224 ; League, operations of, 224;
Union of effort recommended, 96
Neave, Edward, death of 337
“Neither give nor offer,” 60
New British and Foreign Temperance
Society originated, 92
Newcombe, C. P., resigns his position
in National Temperance Society, 222
New life in the movement, 119
New York State Temperance Society
formed, 27
Noel, Chas. C., notice of 337
Norcliff, Thos., death of 337
Norwich, important statistics, 131
Number of houses for the sale of drink,
19
Objects of the World's Convention, 183
O'Connell, Daniel, in Exeter Hall, 125,
180
Ogilvie, Rev. G., death of 338
“One penny per annum,” 95
O'Niell, John, obituary of 338
“On the decline,” 181
Open air meetings in Edinburgh, 142
Orphans, proposed school for, 122
Paisley Youth's Association, 40
Parker, John P., his usefulness, 102
Parsons, Rev. Benj., a convert of James
Teare's, 61; memoir of 339
Pascoe, Mr., commences Temperance
JEacaminer, 103
Permissive Bill, nature of the, 252
Persecution of workmen, 135
Petitions against Sunday Public-house
opening, 188 -
Pledge of New Ross Society, 29; quarrel
takes a personal turn, 110
Pledges, number of, taken by Father
Mathew in London, 176; the Short
and the American, 104
Plint, Thomas Edward, obituary of 340
Popular veto on the Licence laws, 258
“Porter,” origin of the term, 13
Prentice, Archibald, memoir of 341
Presbyterian Church in Ireland Tem-
perance Association, 261
Present times, an improvement upon
the old, 10
Preston, introduction of temperance
there, 54, 55; Society; its first pledge,
55; first list of officers, 56; the first
abstinence pledge, 57; Temperance
Advocate first started, 60; “the
revised pledge,” 58; total abstinence
gains ground in the committee, 58
Prize Essays by working-men, 199
Processions, Metropolitan, 121, 126
results of them, 127
Prosecutions,for disturbing meetings, 97
Protest against the short pledge, 106
Public opinion changed in reference to
drink, 240
Pugh, John, death of 342
Pyer, Rev. John, obituary of 343
Quantity of drink manufactured, 20
Question and enterprise, 155
Rae, Robert, publishes the Common-
wealth, 235
Ragged Homes, and How to Mend
them, 241
Recipe for the Cure of Drunkenness, 301
Reece, Richard, effects much good in
Wales, 263
Reformed Drunkards,
meetings of 247
extraordinary
INDEX.
Reid, Rev. William, quoted, 72
Remarkable conversions to teetotalism,
100, 101
Remarks on Processions, 161
Reply of Moderation society to teetotal
memorial, 66
Revivals and temperance hand-in-hand,
1.
26
Reynold's G. W. M., Teetotaler and
Anti-Teetotaler, 162
Rickman, H. N., obituary of, 343
Rigg, Samuel, death of 344
Ritchie, Rev. Dr., notice of, 344
Roberts, Robert, obituary of, 344
Roman Catholic Society of Glasgow, 143
Rotch, Benjamin, notice of, 345
Rotherham, a library and institute
formed, 188
Royal Standard Theatre opened as a
temperance hall, 160
Rush, Dr. publishes an Inquiry into the
Effects of Ardent Spirits, 25
Sailors' Auxiliaries formed, 160
Saunders, Edward, obituary of, 345;
Rev. John, obituary of, 346
Scotland not affected by the pledge
gºl 136; temperance worthies,
7
Scott, Benjamin, on Intemperance and
Pauperism,246; Rev. Walter, notice
of 347
Scottish Temperance Society, number
of members, 41; fourth annual re-
port, 67; Union formed, 138; League
formed, 193; Review commenced,
193 ; Union formed under Sir F.
Mackenzie, 192
Scutt, Thomas Benjamin, notice of 347
Seven men of Preston, their pledge, 57
Shaw, T. A., valuable testimony, 347
Shepherd, John, a wonderful cure, 348
Short pledge, arguments in favor of, 107
Simpson, James, notice of 349
Sims, Samuel, agent for Band of Hope
League, 250
Smith, Dr. Edward, his experiments,
240; Sydney quoted, 20; on new
discoveries, 54; T. A., his adoption
of teetotalism, 78; his experience of
the first month of abstinence, 79;
Buckingham's opinion of him, 80 ;
Dr. John Pye, memoir of, 348
Smithard, Simeon, at Leicester, 189
373
Smithies, T. B., obtains facts from
prisons, &c., 228
Social Science Congress at Dublin, 245
Societies formed in rapid succession in
Warrington, Manchester, Liverpool,
Leeds, &c., 43
Soldiers and police called out to pre-
serve order at Father Mathew’s
meeting, 149; Sailors' Temperance
Union, model of advertisement, 74
Spencer, Rev. Thomas, appointed
secretary to National Temperance
Society, 207; his death, 222; memoir
of 351
Spittlehouse, William, notice of 352
Spratt, Rev.Dr., exertions in Dublin, 237
Spurgaon, Rev. C. H., lectures for Band
of Hope Union, 249
Stanhope, Earl, signs the pledge, 90,
103; elected president, 88; his op-
position to the American pledge, 117
obituary of 352
Statistics of Temperance, 242
St. Basil, a saying of his, 17
Steinthal, Rev. S. A., reads paper be-
fore Social Science Association, 244
Stirling, James, obituary of, 352
St. Patrick's Day in Dublin, 151
Strabane, first teetotal society there,
67
Stubbs’ Anatomie of Abuse, 14
Sturge, Joseph, death of 353
Success of teetotalism in London, 83
Sunday Closing Association at Hull,
253; School teachers’ conference at
Leeds, 228; Schools, importance of
Bands of Hope in connection with,
Sunderland, Rev. D. F., and the young,
249, 250
Suppression Society, its first anniver-
sary, 91
Surrey Zoological Garden, great gather-
ing and pleasing testimony to the
order, &c., 207 *
Swindlehurst, Thos., obituary of 353
Tackley, Edward, notice of 354
Taverns, first opened by the Lydians,
11; in the reign of Edward VI., 12
Taylor, Joseph, Sen., death of 355
Teare, James, quoted, 53; his first
temperance address, 56; becomes a
total abstainer, 57; resolves to de-
374.
INDEX.
vote his life to temperance advocacy,
61
“Teetotal,” first applied to temper-
ance, 59 ; signification of the word,
59; Advocate published, 99 : Times
commenced, 180
Teetotalism adapted to working-men,
76; first step towards, 39
Temperance, not a new idea, 9; adopted
by Nazarites and Rechabites, 9 ;
practised by Milton, Locke, Newton,
&c., 9; Advocates' Association form-
ed, 233; City Mission established in
Glasgow, 235; Coffee House, the
first opened, 86; Debate in Glasgow,
71 ; halls erected, 130, 131; Intel-
ligencer and Temperance Penny Ma-
gazine commenced, 87 : literature,
196; Provident Institution, origin
of, 129 : Recorder started, 169;
worthies in Scotland, 72
Ten Nights in a Bar-room, 237
Testimony of stonemasons in favour
of abstinence, 88; cutlers, &c., 89
“The Cock Pit” at Preston opened
for temperance meetings, 57; “Ring
of Gold,” 25 ; Temperance Light-
house, 63
Thompson, Edmund, notice of, 355;
T. B., obituary of 356
Tippling-houses in 1552, 17
Total Abstainers in moderation socie–
ties, 47
Towgood, Frederick, death of, 356
Townley, Rev. Henry, memoir of, 356;
John, death of 358
Tracts distributed in Scotland, 38
Tradeston Total Abstinence Society,
40. 69
Trotter's, Dr., Essay on Drunkenness,
25; quoted, 52; and Rush, their
medical works referred to, 25
True Teetotal Union started, 176
Turner, Henry, notice of, 358; Richard
signs the pledge, 56; memoir of 358
Tweedie, W., conducts Weekly Record,
224, 245
Tyler, W., testifies to the order ob-
served by teetotalers in great gather-
ings, 207
Ulster Temperance Society, 30
Underwood, Wm., Sen, notice of 360
Unfermented wine, 273
Union, attempts to promote, 156, 163
United Kingdom Alliance formed, 225;
Anti-Teetotal Society, 162; Tem-
perance Association formed in Lon—
don, 128 ; Council formed at Leeds,
254
Voices from Prisons and Penitentiaries
published, 228
Wales, great revival of Temperance,
263; rapid progress of the cause, 135
Walker, Thomas, obituary of 360
Wallace, Rev. David, obituary of, 360
Warley-barracks, movement amongst
the soldiers, 255.
Warwick, Frederick, notice of 361
Washington, Henry, notice of, 361
Watson, William M., death of 362
Weekly Record, reports temperance
proceedings, 224, 245
Wellclose-square, extraordinary meet-
ing there, 75, 77
Westminster Review, replied to by Dr.
Lees and Dr. Carpenter, 225
West of England, progress of the cause,
130 : North, West, and East of
England Leagues, 246, 247
What shall we do with the Barley?
130; was the secret of Father
Mathew's success 2 152
White, Thomas Irving, at Warley-bar-
racks, 255 ; Robert Guest, death of
362
Whitehead, Rev. W. B., notice of 363
Whiteman, W., the baker, his amend-
ment, 93
Whittaker, Thomas, in London, 93
Whittington Club, eight monthly meet-
ings held there, 222
Wightman's, Mrs., Haste to the Rescue,
10,000 copies sent to the clergy, 246
Williams, Ebenezer, notice of, 363;
Martha, death of 363
Wilsden, extraordinary festival there, 64
Wilson, Rev. Carus, notice of 364;
Dr. Charles,on Alcohol, 21; William,
obituary of 364
Wine, abundance of, in 1392, 14; un-
fermented, 273
World's Convention proposed, 182; sit-
tings of, 184: Temperance Union,
plan for, 185
“Women of England,” pray the Queen .
to close public-houses, 188
Worship-street Police court opened as
a temperance hall, 170
The following Works by the same Author.
THE TRAFFIC IN INTOXICATING DRINKs;
ITS EWIIS AND ITS REMEDY.
18mo Cloth, 13. 6d.
“A clever little book written in an earnest Spirit, and in a good plain and prac-
tical style.”—Tait's Magazine
“Well worthy of perusal”—Christian News.
“Mr. Couling has produced a creditable work,+and the amount of historical
and statistical information which he has collected will be of great value to those
interested in Maine Law opinions.”—British Temperance Advocate.
“Mr. Couling has already deserved well by his former useful works. His
present work is one of considerable interest.”—British Banner.
“One thousand copies should be circulated among the magistrates of the king-
dom, and the leading members of both Houses of Parliament. It would be money
well laid out.”—J. S. Buckingham, Esq.
OUR LABOURING CLASSES :
THEIR CONDITION CONSIDERED WITH STUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR
IIMIPROVEMENT.
“It is a well informed, judicious, and well written performance, indicating the
author to be a superior man. The subjects are well discussed ; while the volume
is interspersed with a multitude of interesting statistics, and useful facts, and
manly strokes of common sense.”—British Banner. º:
“It is difficult to convey an adequate idea of the real value of the work. It
should have an extensive circulation among all classes.—Wesley Banner.
DIVINE PROVIDENCE VIEWED IN TRELATION TO THE
CHURCH AND THE WORLD. ~~
LoNDoN:
BURNS AND Co., STEAM PRINTERs, I, GAMBRIDGE TERRACE, AND
94, GRAND JUNGTION TERRAGE, EDGwaRE, RoAD.

º
'rº. ſº º 'º
* * * * * : A &
tº wº sº a ºr -º, sº I - sº ºse tº * * * > *.S. - ºr * g º sº." -*
º C - º, Ts'º,
F. :-...º-º-º-º:
º tº º S. ***
Lº º
tº . º. At a A. º
ºa º sº sº. - …, , , s ºr 4 - e.
* * *... a. º. ºr *
*...*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*