EAST ENGIN.
LIBRARY
TP
936
G227
SPECIAL BULLETIN
for Engineers, Architects and Master Painters
A 568680
S
-
سر
-ARA, MD, MOREa" SabrdCOPAL
SPAAA a pro kan
SCIENTIFICALLY
PREPARED PAINTS
AND LAWS GOVERNING
THEIR MANUFACTURE
By HENRY A. GARDNER
Presented before the International Association
of Master - House Painters and Decorators of
the United States and Canada, at Detroit,
Mich., February 9, 1910.
Presented before the American Chemical So-
ciety, Pittsburg, Pa., February 17, 1910.
SCIENTIFIC SECTION-EDUCATIONAL BUREAU
HENRY A. GARDNER, Director
PAINT MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION
OF THE UNITED STATES
3500 Grays Ferry Road, Philadelphia, Pa.
Copyright, 1910, by Paint Manufacturers' Association of U. S.
NEGARA
#bl
****
744
S
"
+4

1
I
!
I

}
!
ARTES
1837
VERITAS
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
PLURIBUS UMUN
TCEBOR
CIRCUMSPICE
SCIENTIA
SI QUÆRIS PENINSULAM-AMŒNAM
JKYYSINENKOLONJAJO TI
OF THE
SKORTE OROKI UKIRIMI
LIBRARY
EAST ENGINEERING
Scientifically Prepared
Paints
and Laws Governing
Their Manufacture
By HENRY A. GARDNER
SCIENTIFIC SECTION-EDUCATIONAL BUREAU
HENRY A. GARDNER, Director
PAINT MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION
OF THE UNITED STATES
3500 Grays Ferry Road, Philadelphia
940

CONSULTING BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC SECTION
ALLERTON S. CUSHMAN, Ph.D.
Assistant Director
Office of Public Roads
In Charge of Chemical and Physical
Investigations
Agricultural Department
Washington, D. C.
CLIFFORD RICHARDSON
M. Am. Soc. C. E.
Proprietor
N. Y. Testing Laboratory
New York, N. Y.``·
East Engin.
Library
TP
730
W. H. WALKER, Ph.D.
Director Research Laboratory of
Applied Chemistry
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Boston, Mass.
S. S. VOORHEES
Technologic Branch
United States Geological Survey
Department of the Interior
Washington, D. C.
2 JL JY EM ke
M
If M
नै
PREFACE
T
HIS
paper was presented at the Twenty-sixth
Annual Convention of the International Asso-
ciation of Master House Painters and Decora-
tors of the United States and Canada, held at Detroit,
Michigan, February 8th to 10th, 1910. This paper
was again presented before the Pittsburg Chapter of the
American Chemical Society on February 17, 1910.
Preliminary to the reading of this paper, nearly
200 lantern slides, showing the laboratories of the
Scientific Section, the various test fences at Atlantic
City, Pittsburg and North Dakota, and other tests, in-
cluding microphotographs of each formula applied to
the fences, were presented. As the slides were thrown
on the screen, a general outline and description of the
tests and methods used in field and laboratory inspec-
tion was given by the writer.
HENRY A. GARDNER
Director Scientific Section
3

Microphotographs of three Corroded White Leads showing checking and chalking after fifteen months'
exposure on Atlantic City Test Fence.
FORMULAS 36, 37 AND 38
100% WHITE LEAD

CH
Microphotographs illustrating the general good condition of the scientifically prepared combination type formulas
on the Atlantic City Test Fence. All microphotographs were taken at the same magnification
from the painted panels. Panels had been exposed on fence fifteen months.
OF
UNIK
FORMULAS 8, 17 AND 35
Made of White Lead, Zinc Oxide and Reinforcing Pigments.

ATLANTIC CITY TEST FENCE
PITTSBURG TEST FENCE
NORTH DAKOTA TEST FENCE
For reports on these Test Fences see Bulletins 16, 17 and 25, issued by
Scientific Section, Paint Manufacturers' Association.
6
SCIENTIFICALLY PREPARED PAINTS
AND LAWS GOVERNING THEIR
MANUFACTURE
By HENRY A. GARDNER
It has been said by a noted authority that all
knowledge is within the scope of scientists and that
every piece of information that is obtainable should
be utilized. The same authority states that a classi-
fied accumulation of facts, properly considered, allows
the formation of conclusions. It is in this way that
laws are formulated, upon which are based the manu-
facturing processes of modern industries.
Had the great pioneers of scientific thought been
deterred by lack of complete knowledge from formu-
lating laws, the science of today would have been
poverty-stricken where it is now rich. The benefac-
tors of science have been those who, from intimate
knowledge of relatively few concurrent facts, have
been able, by the bold use of a trained imagination, to
grasp the governing principle. Marsh from a thigh
bone and a tooth will reconstruct the Dinosaur. Van't
Hoff from observation of electrical conductivities and
osmotic pressures will leap to the identity in proper-
ties of substances in solution and gases.
Law after law propounded by the great heroes of
science has been amended, modified and replaced by
the discovery of fresh facts; but their work lives, their
laws have served their turn by explaining the facts
known to them, and when additional facts required a
broader generalization, their successors, standing
7
upon their shoulders, have described the wider
horizon.
Perry's formulation of the Law of Minimum
Voids in a paint coating, and the analogy which has
been drawn between a scientifically-prepared paint
and a well-proportioned concrete, was the result of
genuine scientific thought following observation and
experimentation.
The geologist who observes the fin of a fish em-
bedded in a mountain rock forms a hypothesis from
his observation. If his hypothesis will stand close
examination, and is in agreement with other observed
facts, he is in a position to form a conclusion. Verifi-
cation of the accumulated observation leads him to
formulate laws. In this way the great physicists and
chemists have given us many important laws, such as
the law of specific gravity, the law of chemical equiva-
lents, etc.
From a series of accumulated facts and observa-
tions, it is possible by deductive reasoning to formu-
late laws. For instance, it has been found that in the
mixing of paint and in the mixing of concrete, a
number of particles of different size and composition
give the greatest impermeability and the lowest per-
centage of voids. It has also developed that such
mixtures give the greatest strength. From these and
other observations it is possible to formulate laws
governing the voids and strength of these two ma-
terials.
By deductive reasoning, laws are utilized to infer
what will take place in certain cases. Thus, if we
have a law stating that in the setting of concrete a
disturbance after the initial set causes a loss of
strength, by utilizing this law we can predict a loss of
strength in a paint coating that is drying by oxidation
if the surface is subject to disturbance after the linseed
oil is partly converted to semi-solid linoxyn.
It is admitted that analogies are not always safe
8
to draw conclusions from, but it surely is no fallacy
in reasoning to draw analogies between these two
materials, when they resemble each other in nearly
all their characteristics. When the analogy is very
close, we should then carry on our processes of rea-
soning and endeavor to formulate laws so that our
observations may be made more useful.
The testing engineer makes a briquet of neat
cement and puts it under his physical testing ap-
paratus, where he finds it to possess a certain definite
tensile and compressive strength, a certain amount of
elasticity and other properties. The cement engineer
knows that this neat cement briquet is to some extent
impervious. He does not stop, however, at this point,
but proceeds further in his investigations. He adds a
proportion of sand or stone to the cement, and if the
proportion be suitably adjusted, he obtains a briquet
showing still greater strength and one that is less
permeable, or, in other words, that has fewer and
smaller voids. He experiments with the relative
water tightness of cements and finds that the addition
of a definite proportion of hydrated lime* gives still
greater impermeability. His results with magnesia
and other minerals, fineness of grinding of the cement,
proper grading of the sand for sharpness of particle,
and the quality of the stone that he is using, all give
him information from which he draws his hypothesis
regarding that certain, well-defined composition that
is most valuable.
The ceramic or pottery engineer recognizes laws
which govern his use of materials, in a like way. For
instance, Parr, Ernest and Williams, from their ex-
periments in the use of finely-divided silica, have
* The action of hydrated lime in concrete may be somewhat like
the action of gum in paint vehicles. In both cases greater imperme-
ability is given.
† Jour. Indus. and Engineer. Chem., Vol. 1, No. 10, Oct., 1909, p.
692.
UM
9
ascertained what are the most satisfactory propor-
tions of lime and silica to use together. They have
found that when magnesia is added to the mixture.
of lime and finely-divided silica, in the right propor-
tion, even better results were obtained in some cases.
Further experiments demonstrated to these engineers
that the introduction of sharp sand in certain per-
centage into the mixture of lime and silica gave much
higher tensile strength. Experiments with fibrous
materials like asbestos showed these materials to be
beneficial up to about 12%. Here again in another
branch of technology we have the call for difference
in constitution as well as difference in particle size of
the raw material used.
In a like way, the paint chemist makes a paint
film of one pigment and he finds that it shows, when
tested on the physical testing apparatus, a certain
elasticity and abrasion resistance. He tests it for
excluding value and finds the extent of its resistance
to moisture and gases. He now makes a film of the
same pigment reinforced with two or three other
pigments of different chemical characteristics, as well
as of different particle size, and finds that greater
elasticity, strength, and excluding properties have
been obtained.
The resemblance between a
or straight
cement and a paint made of one pigment, on the one
hand, and between concrete and the two or more pig-
ment paints, on the other hand, is vividly brought
forth at this point, and justifies a hypothesis. Before
forming laws, however, or hasty conclusions, the
paint chemist goes into the field with the two paints.
that he has prepared, and he places each upon test
boards or upon buildings, making a fair and careful
test. After sufficient time has elapsed, he examines
the two surfaces and finds that the paint made of one
pigment has seriously failed in those properties which
are requisite, while the paint made of more than one.
MU
10
pigment is justifying the hypothesis which he has
formed. Thus from observation and experimenta-
tion, a classified accumulation of facts is obtained as
a basis for conclusions.
Truly, if such methods are followed in the manu-
facture of paint, the manufacturer is justified in using
the term "Scientifically Prepared Paints," or "En-
gineering Paints."
It is true that concrete voids may be defined as
spaces filled with air or water throughout a mass of
concrete. It is generally acknowledged that true
paint voids are voids between the pigments in the
paint coating, filled with dried linseed oil. It has been
stated that pigments of heavy specific gravity would
naturally possess smaller voids than lighter pigments.
This might be true of dry pigments where accidental
voids would be present, but with a paint where the
pigments are ground thoroughly in oil and afterward
spread on a surface and properly brushed in, it is
clearly evident that the lighter pigments have their
proper place and function to form in making a paint
coating as voidless as possible. With lubrication
(brushing in) accidental voids are destroyed and only
those voids remain that are a result of improper
grading of the pigments.
The coarse particles of a paint pigment have been
compared to the spawl or rock in concrete, the sharp-
toothed particles with the broken stone, and the very
fine or fume pigments to the sand.
The vehicle of the paint, that is, the linseed oil
and thinners, may be compared to the vehicle or
cementing material of the concrete; that is, the water
and the Portland cement.
sale
-
The percentage of spawl or large rock in concrete
is subiect to the thickness of the work and not very
great excepting where the concrete is very thick.
With a paint coating which is only one-thousandth
of an inch thick, it is also necessary to limit the per-
11
centage of coarse pigments. In fact, it has been
stated by Thompson that the relatively small particles
should predominate in a paint and that if corroded
white lead could be improved it would be by increas-
ing the percentage of fine particles. The paint en-
gineer agrees with both these conclusions and forth-
with adds to corroded white lead a percentage of very
fine pigments such as zinc oxide, or sublimed white
lead, obtaining a more perfect paint.
Perry has conceived of a paint coating as a flat
arch in which the piers or supports are composed of
the larger sized pigments. White lead has the requi-
site sized particles to act as these supports, but not
always in the proper percentage. Furthermore, be-
cause of the chemically active nature of the white lead
particles, saponification of the oil in which they are
ground, causes early decay and destruction of the
arches. Now, to prevent this action, the manufac-
turers add an inert pigment containing particles of
relatively large size, thus breaking up the mass action
of the lead. The piers and supports for the arches are
now stable and preservation of the arches is obtained.
Let us leave the subject of concrete now and its
analogy to properly-prepared paint and take up a few
of the properties of painting materials.
There is a consensus of opinion among paint
scientists, including the defenders of corroded white
lead in oil, that this material should not be used with
pigments containing sulphur, because of the blackness
that would result through the formation of sulphide
of lead. It is even said that white lead is a good indi-
cator of sulphuretted hydrogen and should be used
where putrefaction and unhealthful conditions obtain.
The smell emanating from boiling cabbage which we
are all familiar with, and the odors from the kitchen
and stable, are generally caused by hydrogen sulphide.
The odor is so evident that a delicate paint pigment
12
such as corroded white lead is not required for detec-
tion.
It has been said by a noted white lead chemist
that sufficient hardness to prevent chalking may be
obtained with corroded white lead, when desired, by
giving the top coating a flat finish probably with a
high turpentine reduction. It has also been stated
that the surface of such a paint coating will chalk
early, leaving a rough surface which will probably be
checked, and that this surface is of a kind suitable for
repainting. Can we accept this statement, after look-
ing at the microphotographs of a white lead coating,
one year old, on which the crests and checks on this
soft pigment are so deep that the bare wood is ex-
posed?
-
The apparent turning in of the edges in the
checking of corroded white lead may be partly ac-
counted for by Heckel's theory of the causes of disin-
tegration. He assumes that certain pigments in the
paint film, either by reaction with the vehicle or with
the gases of the atmosphere, undergo changes of
chemical composition resulting in an increase of vol-
ume, which causes strains in the coating. If the coat-
ing is brittle at the time this expansion occurs, it will
not only rupture, but the edges of the ruptures will
break away; if the film be still tough, the edges of the
rupture will turn outward.
G
Regarding the adjusting of paint to suit various
conditions, the writer wants to agree with *Dewar
where he states that "The meeting of good, fair or
bad conditions in new or old work is not to be regu-
lated by the changes in the pigments, as conditions
can only be met and overcome by the discriminating
use of the vehicle, the proportioning of oil and turpen-
tine to meet requirements. This statement of
,,
*The Best Materials in Combination and Otherwise to Produce
the Best Practical Results Possible in Exterior and Interior Painting.
13
Dewar's is one of the most important ones to the
painting craft that has ever been announced, and de-
serves a place with the statements of the late Dr. Dud-
ley regarding the theory and pratical use of inert pig-
ments. Therefore, after the proper pigment formula
has been decided upon, and, as Mr. Dewar states, “A
mixture of lead and zinc is materially benefited by 8
to 10% of inert material," we obtain a base upon
which we can make our paint to suit various condi-
tions. Such a blend of pigments might be called a
composite type of paint.
It has been stated that white leads are surely.
the basis of all good paints, and that the man who
recognizes this fact is conducting his business upon
lines where purity is synonymous with excellence.
The reputable manufacturers agree with this state-
ment to a great extent and for exterior use nearly
every proper composite type of paint is based on the
use of white lead and zinc oxide, and until more per-
fect white opaque pigments are discovered, they will
be used for this purpose.
You have heard that copper is added to gold, and
zinc and tin are added to copper to form alloys that
are harder, more resistant to wear and possessed of
physical qualities not obtainable from the gold or
copper alone. You have read that carbon, vanadium
and other products are added to iron to produce a
metal which has greater strength. You know that
the rubber manufacturers add zinc oxide, white lead,
barytes, silica, magnesia and whiting to rubber to
obtain a product for the making of automobile tires.
that will wear longer than pure rubber. In the same
way, the paint manufacturers add a percentage of
zinc, barytes, silica, asbestine, or other pigment, to
the white lead which is the basis of their paints, and
thereby strengthen and lengthen the life of the
product.
14
CATALOGUE
Library of the Scientific Section
Petroleum and Its Products-2 Vols.
A Treatise on its Distribution, Occurrence, Physical and Chemical Prop-
erties, Refining and Uses
Handbook on Petroleum
A Treatise on the Industrial Use of its Products.
Simple Methods for Testing Painters' Materials.
Letters to a Painter
-Sir Boverton Redwood
-Thomson Redwood
-.4. C. Wright
-Ostwald-Morse
On the Theory and Practise of Painting
Iron Corrosion and Anti-Corrosive Paints
Dictionary of Chemicals and Raw Products
Used in the Manufacture of Paints, Colors, Varnishes and Allied Preparations
Oil Colors and Printers' Inks
Chemistry and Technology of Mixed Paints
Chemistry of Paint and Paint Vehicles
-L. E. Andes
-G. H. Hurst
A Practical Handbook Treating of Linseed Oil, Boiled Oil, Paints, Artists'
Colors, Lamp Black, and Printers Inks
Manufacture of Mineral and Lake Pigments.
-L. E. Andes
Containing Directions for the Manufacture of All Artificial Artists' and
Painters' Colors, Enamel Colors. Soot and Metallic Pigments
Chemistry of Paints and Painting
Painters' Laboratory Guide
A Handbook on Paints, Colors and Varnishes
Pigments. Paints and Painting
-A. H. Church
-G. H. Hurst
—A. T. Terry
A Practical Book for Practical Men
Rustless Coatings, Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and Steel
-J. Bersch
Mixed Paints, Color Pigments and Varnishes
Chemical Technology and Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes.
Vols. I and 2
-M. P. Wood
--Holley and Ladd
-J. Lewkowitsch
-M. Toch
-Hall
Testing and Valuation of Raw Materials Used in Paint and
Color Manufacture
Painters' Colors, Oils and Varnishes
The Manufacture of Varnishes and Kindred Industries-
2 Vols.
The Manufacture of Lake Pigments from Artificial Colors
-M. W. Jones
-G. H. Hurst
-Livache and McIntosh
-F. H. Jennisor
Drying Oils, Boiled Oil and Solid and Liquid Driers
-L. E. Andes
A Practical Work for Manufacturers of Paints. Oils. Varnishes, etc.
Students' Handbook of Paints, Colors, Oils and Varnishes—John Furnell
House Painting
The Microscope
A Treatise on Color Manufacture
-A. H. Sabin
—S. H. Gage
-Zerr & Rubencamp
-Gooch & Browning
-J. Cruikshank Smith
Outlines of Qualitative Chemical Analysis
Manufacture of Paint
A Practical Handbook for Paint Manufacturers
The Chemistry of Pigments
House Decorating and Painting
A History of Decorative Art
Notes on Lead Ores
Their Distribution and Properties
Technology of Paint and Varnish
Oil Chemists' Handbook
—A. H. Sabin
-Hopkins
Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials-11th Annual
Meeting.
Chemiker-Kalendar-1908.
Principles of Reinforced Concrete Construction -Turneaure & Maurer
-Wm. Kent
Mechanical Engineer's Handbook
Outlines of Inorganic Chemistry
-Gooch & Walker
-Samuel Lewis Penfield
Table of Minerals
-Parry & Coste
-W. Norman Brown
-W. Norman Brown
-Jos. Fairie
Including the Uses of Minerals and Statistics of the Domestic Production
Food Inspection and Analysis
Enzymes and Their Applications
Determinative Mineralogy and Blowpipe Analysis
Physics
Analytical Chemistry-Volumes 1 and 2
Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis
Text-book of Chemical Arithmetic
Elements of Physical Chemistry
Manual of Quantitative Chemical Analysis
Techno-Chemical Analysis.
Tests and Reagents, Chemical and Microscopical
Spectrum Analysis
Microscopy of Technical Products
Manipulation of the Microscope
Micro-Chemical Analysis
-A. E. Leach
-Effront-Prescott
-Brush-Penfield
Ganot
-Treadwell-Hall
-Classen-Boltwood
-H. L. Wells
-J. L. R. Morgan
-E. F. Ladd
-Lunge-Cohn
-A. L. Cohn
-Laudauer-Tingle
-Hanausek-Winton
-Edward Bausch
-Behren
-Heinrich Ries
-Alfred Stansfield
-Augustus H. Gill
-J. A. H. Hatt
-A. S. Jennings
Paint and Color Mixing
An Outline of the Theory of Solution and Its Results -J. L. R. Morgan
Notes on the Structure of Paint Films
-L. S. Hughes
The Lead and Zinc Pigments
-C. D. Holley
Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society, 1909.
Report of Tariff Committee, Paint Manufacturers' Association of
the United States, 1909.
Bulletins of the Census Bureau.
Clays, Their Occurrence, Properties and Uses
The Electric Furnace
Oil Analysis
The Colorist
Paints for Steel Structures
The Chemistry of Photography
One Thousand More Paint Questions Answered.
Pamphlets
Periodicals:
The Corrosion of Iron
Corrosion of Fence Wire
Some Technical Methods of Testing
Miscellaneous Supplies
-Houston Lowe
-Raphael Meldola
The Analysis of Turpentine by Fractional
Distillation with Steam
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter
The Decorator
-A. S. Cushman
-A. S. Cushman
-P. H. Walker
-Wm. C. Geer
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Chemical Abstracts
Drugs, Oils and Paints
The Painters' Magazine
The American Paint and Oil Dealer
Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry
Publications of the Scientific Section
BUREAU OF PROMOTION AND DEVELOPMENT
PAINT MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES
Bulletin
Number
Preliminary Booklet-Addresses on Paint, Delivered
Before the Michigan Chapter, American Institute
of Architects, 1907. (Out of print.)
1-Tables of White Pigments and Vehicle-Standard
Nomenclature.
2-Standard Can Sizes Recommended to Paint Manu-
facturers.
3--First Report on the
Test Fences Erected by the
Scientific Section. (Out of print. )
4-Methods for the Analysis of the Vehicle Constituents
of Paint. (Out of print. )
5-Tests Upon the Corrosion of Iron to be Conducted by
the Scientific Section. (Out of print.)
6-First Annual Report of the Scientific Section.
7-Preliminary Report on Steel Test Fences.
8-Report of Committee "E" on Preservative Coatings
for Iron and Steel. (Out of print.)
Developments in Paint Manu-
9--Recent Technical
facture.
10-Protective Coatings for Conservation of Structural
Material.
11-The Corrosion of Iron and Steel. By Alfred Sang.
(Out of print.)
Bulletin
Number
12-The Function of Oxygen in the Corrosion of Metals.
By William H. Walker.
13-Protective Coatings for Steel and Iron. By Robert
S. Perry. (Out of print.)
14-Coatings for the Conservation of Structural Material.
(Out of print. )
15-Protective Coatings for Structural Material. By R. S.
Perry.
16-First Annual Report on Wearing of Paints Applied
to Atlantic City Test Fence.
17-First Annual Report on Wearing of Paints Applied
to Pittsburg Test Fence.
18-First Annual Report on Atlantic City Steel Test
Fence.
19—Laboratory Study of Panels on Atlantic City and
Pittsburg Test Fences. (Out of print.
20-Concrete Coatings. By H.
21-A Brief Talk on Paints.
(Out of print.)
22-Annual Report for 1909.
)
A. Gardner.
By Henry A. Gardner.
Preliminary Bulletin-Second Edition-Physical Char-
acteristics of a Paint Coating. By R. S. Perry.
23-The Theory of Driers, Etc.
24-Some Iron Oxides and Their Values.
25-Report on Examination of North Dakota Test Fences.
Special Bulletin -Scientifically Prepared Paints and
Laws Governing Their Manufacture. By Henry A.
Gardner. (In press.)
BOUND
JAN 6 1830
UNIV. OF WICH,
LIBRARY
sukkan man ska vara tanah pun kamura Tata, de
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
3 9015 01138 5989


PLANTS BATHSENEMOSÉ CLARA HAS SEVILLE MÁMINNATI CASA Partite dé
ފ
1

2 =
I
4.
!
...
ri
!.
1
{י
1
2547
A