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ESTABLISHED IN THE YEAR
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CHIRSFORS
ROBAR
US
VOL. LXXX.
FOR THE YEAR M.DCCC.LXXXV.
RIPON:
PRINTED BY WILLIAM HARRISON,
MARKET-PLACE.
THE FAMILY MEMOIRS
OF THE
REV. WILLIAM STUKELEY, M.D.
AND THE
Antiquarian and other Correspondence
OF
WILLIAM STUKELEY, ROGER & SAMUEL GALE,
ETC.
VOL. III.
Published for the Society
BY ANDREWS & CO., SADLER STREET, DURHAM,
LONDON: WHITTAKER & CO., 13, AVE MARIA LANE;
BERNARD QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY.
EDINBURGH WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.
1887.
At a Meeting of THE SURTEES SOCIETY, held in Durham
Castle, on Tuesday, December 4th, 1877, MR. GREENWELL in
the Chair, it was
ORDERED, "that a Selection from the GALE AND STUKELEY
CORRESPONDENCE should be edited for the Society by the REV.
W. C. LUKIS.”
JAMES RAINE,
Secretary.
CONTENTS.
*
MIDDLESEX
MONMOUTHSHIRE
NORFOLK
NORTHANTS
NORTHUMBERLAND
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
OXFORDSHIRE
RUTLANDSHIRE
SHROPSHIRE
SOMERSETSHIRE
STAFFORDSHIRE
SUFFOLK
SURREY
1
-
page 1 to 22
J
22 to
27
""
27 to
31
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1
32 to
74
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1
74 to 143
""
1
144 to 152
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1
153 to 166
""
167 to 175
""
175 to 180
""
181 to 195
""
195 & 196
1
1
""
196 to 201
""
201 to 212
""
SUSSEX
1
212 to 235
""
WESTMORELAND
WILTSHIRE
WORCESTERSHIRE
YORKSHIRE
SCOTLAND
236 to 242
""
242 to 278
""
278 to 281
281 to 386
386 to 440
99
WALES
JERSEY
""
440 to 443
443
""
IRELAND
443 & 444
""
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES
445 to 483
""
LIST OF PORTRAITS
DRAWINGS BY DR. STUKELEY
484 to 492
""
1
493 to 507
""
PREFACE.
THIS Volume brings to a close the active correspondence
carried on between Dr. Stukeley and his learned anti-
quarian friends, and also the extracts from his Diaries.
The contents show that I have been justified in editing
a third Volume. It must not be concluded that it con-
tains all that has come into my hands. I have found it
necessary to exclude a large quantity of entries in his
Diaries, which would otherwise have rendered the
Volume too bulky.
These entries relate principally to meteorological,
astronomical, and other scientific observations, which,
however valuable in themselves, would have interested a
limited number of the Society's members.
It will be noticed in the foot notes that I have on
several occasions been compelled to dissent from the
views expressed by Stukeley, with regard to prehistoric
remains, architecture, &c., and this diversity of opinion
is due to the more accurate information which has been
obtained from discoveries made since the days in which
he lived.
In strict justice to the learned Doctor, it must be
admitted that in spite of hasty guesses and precipitate
conclusions, his mistakes are comparatively few. He
had many opponents on divers topics during his life-
ii.
PREFACE.
time, and some of them gave vent to their feelings in
unmeasured language: to wit, querulous Thomas Hearne
of Oxford (see vol. i., 169); Rev John Whitaker (Hist.
of Manchester, vol. i., 290); Rev. Charles Parkin, of
Oxborough; Mr Pegge, and others; the first of whom,
however, subsequently, and after a personal acquaintance
with him, assumed a more respectful and moderate tone.
One assailant, the Rev. W. Cole, Vicar of Burnham,
amply apologized, but it was too late, for by this time
Stukeley was in his grave. In a short account of such
antiquaries as have been educated in Corpus Christi
Coll., Camb., Cole wrote thus :
"In a tract expressly founded on the labours of Dr.
Stukeley, it would be absurd to pass him by without a
particular compliment, so justly due to him for his sin-
gular merits and talents as a scholar and antiquary. I
have another reason to place him high in this list, was
it only to apologize for my impotent, feeble, and ungene-
rous attack upon him, when he could say nothing for
himself, in some silly strictures upon his explanation of
the Ely tablet in Mr. Bentham's history of that church.
Indeed I made an excuse in another article in that book
for having dared to attack a character so respectable and
eminent as is Dr. Stukeley's; and I shall ever look upon.
myself in a worse light for that piece of petulance, which
I am ashamed of.
“In extenuation of that piece of folly, I will beg leave
to produce an instance or two of other persons who have
been of my way of thinking; and at the same time tran-
scribe a censure of Mr. Whitaker, which I apply to
myself, for I absolutely agree with that ingenious
PREFACE.
iii.
gentleman in his opinion of Dr. Stukeley, in whose
school he seems to have had his education, and is more
visionary and dogmatical than ever his master was.
This is what Mr. Whitaker says in vol. i., p. 290, of his
History of Manchester, Lond., 4to, 1773: I am sorry
to observe that Mr. Pegge has sullied his useful treatise
on the coins of Cunobeline, with a rude stricture on
the late Dr. Stukeley. Let the extravagancies of Dr.
Stukeley be all corrected. They ought to be. But let
not his character be held up to the public as the mere
fantastical enthusiast of antiquities. This, justice, grati-
tude, and politeness, equally concur to forbid.
strong intellect, his enterprising spirit, and his extensive
learning, must ever be remembered with respect and
reverence. And even his extravagancies, great as they
are, must be considered as the occasionally wild colour-
ing of that bright ray of genius which has not been yet
too frequently the portion of our English antiquarians,
and which never seduces the dull critic either into
excellencies or into extravagances.'
66
His
Quere, whether Mr. Whitaker is not here making his
own apology. However that may be, I sincerely and
heartily concur with all he has said about the excel-
lencies of Dr. Stukeley.'
"Mr. Pennant, in his Welsh Tour, vol. i., p. 114,
has the following passage relating to him: 'Having
had occasion to mention the name of a departed anti-
quary, I think fit to acknowledge my obligations for
the many hints I have benefited by from the travels of
that great and lively genius; but at the same time
lament that I must say I often find him plus beau que la
iv.
PREFACE.
verité. His rapid fancy led him too frequently to paint
things as he thought they ought to be, not what they
really were.'"-Cole MSS., Brit. Mus.
Before closing this Preface, it is desirable to intro-
duce a controversy which Stukeley entered into soon after
he became the incumbent of his Stamford parish, in his
eagerness to maintain and uphold what he considered
his legal rights as Vicar. The following outline and
correspondence has been kindly communicated to me by
Jos. Phillips, Esq., of that town, for which, as well as
for several corrections of errors into which I have fallen
in the two preceding volumes, I beg to return him my
very cordial thanks.
་
Stukeley, upon his appointment in 1729 to the vicarage of All
Saints, Stamford, became, as Vicar, joint Governor with the Dean of
Stamford of the Hospital of William Browne, in Stamford, a charity
founded in the reign of Edward IV., for the maintenance of two
clergymen, one being the Warden of the Hospital, the other, his
Confrater, and twelve Bedesfolk. The appointment of the Warden,
Confrater, and Bedesfolk was by the statutes of the founder vested
in the Dean and the Vicar for fourteen days after a vacancy occur-
ring, and, failing their joint appointment, in the heir of the founder
for fourteen days, and failing appointment by him, in the Mayor of
Stamford for fourteen days, and in default of his appointment, in the
Bishop of Lincoln, who was the visitor of the Charity. Stukeley at
once entered upon his duties in connection with the Hospital, and
proposed amendments in the management of the large estates of the
Charity, which were under the immediate control of the Warden,
but being unable to obtain the adoption of the alterations he sugges-
ted, he applied to the Bishop of Lincoln (Bishop Reynolds), to visit
the Hospital and enquire into his complaints as to the mismanagement
of the Estates, and particularly as to the assessment of Fines upon
the renewal of Leases, and he asked that the Warden and Confrater
PREFACE.
V.
should, according to his reading of the Statutes of the Founder, be
assigned to assist him in his parish, and that a larger payment should
be made to him out of the revenues of the Charity for his superinten-
dence of its affairs, and that it should be declared that the appoint-
ment of all the officers of the Charity was vested in him. Bishop
Reynolds, who was a friend of Stukeley's, and had offered him the
living of Holbeach,' visited the Hospital in 1730 and 1731, and
issued enquiries to be answered by the Warden and Confrater touch-
ing the matters complained of and the requirements made by Stukeley.
Stukeley appears to have acted independently of his Co-Governor,
the Dean of Stamford, in his application to the Bishop. The Dean,
the Rev. Gregory Henson, was Rector of Somerby, in Leicestershire;
he had, on a vacancy occurring in May, 1727, appointed himself to
be the Confrater of the Hospital. The Mayor of Stamford disputed
the legality of such appointment by the Dean of himself, and on 7
June, 1727, appointed Mr. Dodd as Confrater. This questionable
transaction on the part of the Dean may have influenced Stukeley in
acting without the Dean in his application to the Bishop, who,
though his enquiries were answered by the Warden and Confrater,
had made no alteration in the Statutes up to July, 1731, when Mr.
Zeaman, the Warden, against whom Stukeley's complaints were
mainly directed, died, and thereupon Stukeley wrote the following
letter to Dean Henson. This letter undoubtedly shows Stukeley's
opinion of the Dean's morality, induced probably by the Dean's illegal
attempt to obtain the emoluments of the Confratership.
WILLIAM STUKELEY, TO THE REV. GREGORY HENSON, DEAN OF
STAMFORD.
Good Mr. Dean,
Stamford, 5 July, 1731.
I received a very friendly letter from the Bishop to-day, by
which I perceive he has our affairs at heart, and will take it very
kindly if you use your endeavors to set the Hospital in such a state
1
See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., p. 53, Surtees Soc. The living
was vacant by the cession of the Rev. George Arnet, who became Vicar of
Wakefield, and whose last signature in Holbeach Register is 'Geo. Arnet,
Eboracensis, Vicarius.'
vi.
PREFACE.
as that he may have it in his power to doe us good. This must be
by chusing a Warden that will concur with his Lordship. I assure
you I likewise have the good of the house too very much at heart.
I was glad to hear from your brother that you had made no absolute
promise. That was my way. I said I could not make an absolute
promise till I spoke to Mr. Dean. There are many candidates, and
good ones too. Our interest will be to chuse whom we think best,
and by no means to bring up so ill a precedent as to lapse the election
from us.
If you please to concur with me, I am confident I can
promise and can perform it, and will to the utmost of my power:
That you have a man of figure, very acceptable to my Lord Bishop
and the great ones, and such a man as will be your true friend, and
have the most grateful sense of your favor as long as he lives; and
I will engage for him that your family's interest will always be his
view, as particularly I am sure I can engage him so far, as that your
brother shall have the business of the house entirely, as far as lyes
in his way. Your interest and mine in this affair is both the same.
I dare promise you it will be a thing so acceptable to the Bishop,
that he will do all he can to get a salary for you, and if that be
impracticable, I can promise that you shall have a very handsome
gratuity every time you come to doe business, and that in such a
manner as you direct yourself, and for your trouble in this and the
like, you shall be well considered. Good Mr. Dean, I promise you,
on my part, that you will doe the most obliging thing in the world,
in concurring with me, and there is no favor that I can serve you in
but you shall freely command it, in any future views or interests you
may have. If I can make any interest for anything you have to ask
of the Bishop or Chancellor, or of our neighboring Dukes of Ancaster
or Rutland, I will endeavor to serve you to the utmost of my power.
I shall reckon it a very great obligation, and shall ever be sensible
of it, and endeavor to return it upon all occasions.
2
2
I am, good Mr. Dean, your most affectionate Brother,
And most obedient Servant to command,
WM. STUKELEY.
Mr. Robert Henson, the brother of the Dean, was a mercer in Stamford,
carrying on his business next door to Browne's Hospital.
PREFACE.
vii.
P.S.-Because we have no time to lose I will meet you at the Inn,
at Burley-on-the-Hill, by 12 o'clock on Wednesday next.
What passed between Stukeley and the Dean at their meeting at
Burley does not appear; they did not agree upon the appointment
of a Warden; it is evident that Henson, was meditating resignation
of his office as Dean, and that Stukeley, in his attempt to reform the
management of the Hospital, had the support of another eminent
archæologist, the Rev. Francis Peck, the historian of Stamford, as
the following letter was sent to Mr. Edward Curtis, the steward
of the Hospital, by Stukeley and Peck.
3
WM. STUKELEY AND FRANCIS PECK TO MR. EDWARD CURTIs, of
STAMFORD.
Mr. Curtis,
9 July, 1731.
I don't know whether Mr. Dean fully executed the commission
to you which I gave him, and acquainted you with the overtures I
made for a perfect reconciliation between us, because I have heard
nothing from him, nor of any appointment for me to wait on you, as
I told him I was ready to doe upon the least intimation. I find that
if a new Dean is to be made, you are to be a sacrifice; but I assure
you that if we succeed in our intentions, whether by your concur-
rence or no, you shall meet with all generous usage, nor have we the
least design to displace you or any of your family, or make any
attempts that way. I shall be glad to meet you where you please;
and to show our sincerity, we subscribe ourselves,
Your humble Servants,
WM. STUKELEY.
FR. PECK.
On the Dean and Vicar failing to make a joint appointment,
Mr. Cawdron was appointed Warden in the room of Zeaman, on the
19th July, 1731, by Mr. Wm. Spinckes, who claimed to be the heir
of the founder as the descendant of the only daughter and child of
William Browne, and shortly after his appointment Cawdron, and
3
See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters,, vol. i., p. 87, Surtees Soc.
viii.
PREFACE.
Stukeley, and Dean Henson, and the Confrater, agreed to certain
rules for the renewal of Leases and the fixing of renewal fines, and
arranged for quarterly meetings being held by them which, as the
Records of the Hospital show, were punctually attended by Stukeley
so long as he continued vicar of All Saints, Stamford.
He appears however to have got into an angry dispute with the
Warden as to the disposition of the Fines received by him upon the
renewal of Leases, for early in 1737 he sends the Warden the follow-
ing letter:
WILLIAM STUKELEY TO THE REV. JOHN CAWDRON, WARDEN OF
BROWNE'S HOSPITAL, STAMFORD.
Sir,
23 Jan., 1736-7.
I am sorry you overlooked Bishop Fuller's XXV. Statute, which
informs both you and me of our duty as to Fines. Therefore I still
insist on the two particulars before insisted on.
I shall wait on you
tomorrow to take the Inventory.
Your humble Servant,
W. STUKELEY.
P.S.-I don't think it worth while to answer your insolence or
your threats.
In April, 1737, Stukeley complained to the Bishop that marriages
were celebrated in the chapel of the Hospital, and the Warden
received a letter from the Bishop forbidding such celebrations.
In October, 1737, Mr. Dodd, the Confrater of the Hospital, was
in a dying state. Stukeley could not agree with Dean Henson as to
the appointment of a successor to the Confratership, on Dodd's
death, and he entered into negociations with Mr. Wm. Spinckes,
who, as heir of the founder, had appointed Cawdron as Warden in
1731, to secure the appointment of the Rev. William Ross, as Con-
frater, but finding that Mr. Spinckes was inclined to appoint the
Rev. Henry Ridlington to the office when vacant, he raised questions
whether Mr. Spinckes was the heir of the founder, and whether, as
he was a Roman Catholic, he could exercise any power of appoint-
PREFACE.
ix.
ment, and he set up one Mr. Francis Browne, of Greatford Hall, as
heir of the founder, he being the direct descendant of the founder's
elder brother, John Browne.
Dodd died on 11th November, and 14 days having elapsed with-
out a joint appointment having been made by Stukeley and the
Dean, Stukeley got Mr. Browne to sign an appointment of Ross as
Confrater on the 26th November; Mr. Spinckes also claiming as
heir of the founder, signed an appointment of Mr. Ridlington as
Confrater on 29th November. The Confrater was required by the
Statutes to read himself in in the Chapel of the Hospital, in the
presence of the Dean and Vicar and the Bedesfolk, and Ross immedi-
ately read himself in in the presence of Stukeley and the Warden,
and on Ridlington presenting himself for institution on 6th Dec.,
the Warden refused him admission into the Chapel, on the ground
that he had a Confrater already in Mr. Ross, and on the following
day Ridlington, accompanied by the Dean and his brother, Robert
Henson, and others, again presented himself at the Hospital, and
found that Stukeley had locked the Bedesfolk up in their common
room, and had locked himself in the Chapel, and he refused to admit
Ridlington into the Chapel, but Ridlington got through the open
rails separating the chapel from the Hospital, and duly read himself
in. On 5th December, Stukeley wrote to Elmes Spinckes, Esq., of
Aldwinkle, the cousin of Mr. Wm. Spinckes, the following letter:
WM. STUKELEY, TO ELMES SPINCKES, ESQ., OF ALDWINKLE.
Good Sir,
Stamford, 5 Dec., 1737.
After I found Mr. Spinckes, of London, so fickle as to hesitate
at the generous proposal I readily made at your house, and which
you transmitted to him, and rather chose to commence a new bargain
with me than stand to the old; I was induced to take a new turn,
which the Bishop, to whom I gave my interest, agreed to; that was
to admit another gentleman, Mr. Ross, on the nomination of Mr.
Browne, of Greatford, who is affirmed to be the heir of the founder
on as good a title as any other. I was the rather induced to do this
from the absolute slight put upon me by the Dean, his brother, Hurst,
X.
PREFACE.
Blackwell, &c., who thought not worth while to ask me, and further,
that by this means the real title might be tryed and made good, till
then my contract would be incertain altogether; when that is made
out I am ready to enter into the first convention made either at
London or Aldwinkle. By what I did I could no ways prejudice
Mr. Spinckes' real claim, but left it valeat quantum valere potest,
after the affair was over. On sight of an account of your answer to
me, Mr. Spinckes receded from his stricktness, but then it was too
late, the business was done. This Mr. Spinckes did not consider,
that, as there was but a fortnight allowed to each claim, the case
was too precipitate to be dallyed with.
I wrote this lest you should think I had done anything in this
matter which should look dishonourable, which I should be sorry for,
and which I am not conscious of. Can the thing be set upon a good
bottom? I am still ready to concur in anything proposed by Mr.
Spinckes or by you in his absence.
I had a real pleasure in commencing an acquaintance with you,
and shall desire by all means to cultivate it, and for that purpose
will omit nothing in my power. My most humble respects wait on
your good family, and when they come to Stamford I shall be glad
to wait on them at my house.
I am, Sir,
Your most obliged and most humble Servant,
W. STUKELEY.
On 16th December the Mayor of Stamford signed an appointment
of Ridlington as Confrater, the Mayor contending that neither Mr.
F. Browne nor Mr. Spinckes was heir of the founder. After this
appointment Ridlington again presented himself at the Hospital for
institution, but was again refused admittance to the Chapel, and
read himself in in the court yard. On the 24th December the
Bishop, at the solicitation of Stukeley, signed an appointment of
Ross as Confrater. Ross having been instituted by Stukeley, and
refusing to give up possession to Ridlington, proceedings in Chancery
were, at the instance of the Mayor, instituted by Ridlington, and
were continued for two or three years, when they were abandoned
PREFACE.
xi.
through the interference of Mr. Wm. Noel, M.P. for Stamford, and
Ross was left in possession. On Cawdron's death, Ross was appoin-
ted Warden by the Dean and Stukeley, and the latter obtained the
Dean's concurrence in the appointment to the Confratership of his
friend William Gale, and Stukeley, on 24 June, 1744, writes to
Sam. Gale: "I this day admitted William Gale Confrater of our
Bede-house, 'tis a donation worth £40 p. annum.
I could not get
the Wardenship for him."
Four plates are contained in the present volume. The
first two, at page 300, represent Roman stone coffins,
found in York, to which great interest is attached. It
is believed that they were sculptured at one and the
same time, by the same mason, and during the lifetime
of the husband and wife for whom they were intended.
One of these coffins is preserved in the museum in the
grounds of St. Mary's Abbey, and was made for the wife
of Marcus Verecundus Diogenes. It was discovered in
1877, about a quarter of a mile from the city walls, in
the course of the excavation for the North Eastern Rail-
way; and is in excellent preservation. The inscription
is as follows: IVL. FORTVNATE. DOMO. SARDINIA. VEREC.
DIOGENI. FIDA. CONIVNCTA. MARITO. Julia Fortunata
was a native of Sardinia. Her skeleton, in a perfect
state, was found in the coffin, and her skull is preserved
in the Museum.
In 1579-80, the coffin of her husband was found not
far to the west of the city walls, and in the following
century was carried to Hull, and used as a horse trough
at an inn called the "Coach and Horses," in Beverleygate,
where it was seen by the Rev. Abraham de la Pryme,
4 See Stukeley's Memoirs, vol. ii., 204, Surtees Soc,
xii.
PREFACE.
in 1699. By whom it was removed from York is not
known. Mr. De la Pryme could only ascertain that the
father of Alderman Grey, of Hull, possessed it, and that
the Alderman sold it. A drawing of the coffin is in a
volume of Stukeley's Diaries, and shows that it had suf
fered much injury from exposure and ill-usage. The
stone is now lost. The inscription has been given as
follows: M. VERECVNDVS. DIOGENES. SEVIR. COL. EBOR.
IBIDEMQ. MORT. CIVES. BITVRIX. CVBVS. HAEC. SIBI .
VIVVS. FECIT., which may be translated "Marcus Vere-
cundus Diogenes, sevir of the colonia of Eburacum, and
who died there, a citizen of Biturix Cubus, caused these
to be made for him during his lifetime." The Bituriges
Cubi, of which district Diogenes was a citizen, lived in
Celtic Gaul. Their chief town, Avaricum or Bourges, was
stormed by Caesar, who regarded it as one of the fairest
cities in the country. Diogenes was a Sevir, or Sexvir,
of York. The Seviri formed a college or legal corpor-
ation, the duties of which are imperfectly known. They
seem to have been taken from the more wealthy trades-
men, and to have had much to do with public works of
various kinds. This was the first inscription from which
it became known that York was a colonia.-See Hand-
book to the York Museum, p. 50; and Wright's Celt, Rom.
and Saxon, p. 316.
Plate given at page 350, is that of a pedestal on which
a statue had rested. The inscription shows that it was
a votive statue to the genius of Britain, set up by Publius
Nicomedes, a freedman of the emperors, probably Severus
and Caracalla. The stone was found within Micklegate
Bar, York, in 1740, and is now lost.-Sce Gent.'s Mag.,
PREFACE.
xiii.
1740, x., 189; also Wright's Celt, Rom. and Saxon, p. 276.
At page 328 is the drawing of an inscribed tile, which
is likewise lost. Mr. Drake's Letter to Roger Gale relat-
ing to the tile, alludes also to the large monumental stone
on which is the figure of a standard bearer, of which
Stukeley has given a drawing. The right hand of the
figure holds the standard of the Cohort, and in his left
hand is what appears to be a box. This stone was found
about the year 1686, in Trinity Gardens, Micklegate;
and was removed to Ribston Hall, where it continued in
the garden wall, exposed to the weather, until 1847.
Dr. Hübner thinks that it is a monument of the first
century. The following is the inscription: L. DVCCIVS.
L. VOL. RVFINVS. VIEN SIGNIF. LEG. VIIII. AN. XXIIX.
H. S. E., which may be read: "Lucius Duccius, Lucii
(filius) Voltinia (tribu) Rufinus, Viennensis, signifer
Legionis nonae, annorum Viginti octo, hic situs est.”—
See Handbook to the York Museum, p. 44.
A similar monument was found in Camomile Street,
London, and has been described by Mr Price in Trans.
of the London and Middlesex Archaeol. Society.
Nothing now remains but to return my cordial thanks
to those gentlemen who have kindly supplied me with
information which is embodied in the footnotes of the
two preceding volumes, as well as in the notes of the
present volume; and I am in duty bound to add the
names of Robert Blair, Esq., of Harton Lodge, near
South Shields; and the Rev. Dacre Craven, rector of
St. George the Martyr, Holborn.
Wath Rectory, Ripon, February, 1887.
W. C. LUKIS.
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES
OF WILLIAM STUKELEY, ROGER GALE,
AND OTHER EMINENT MEN OF THE
EARLY PART OF THE EIGHTEENTH
CENTURY. (Arranged under Counties).
MIDDLESEX.
May 3, 1643. They pulled down Cheapside Cross,' with great
pomp and triumph, music, and the most publick solemnity of
mayor and alderman.-Diary, vol. vi., 8.
1647, June, July, and Augt. They pulled down Charing
Cross. Part of the stones were used in paving before Whitehall,
they were of Sussex marble, and some made knife-hafts of bits
of 'em.
29 Jan., 1740-1. At the Royal Society. Sir Hans Sloan
brought the most part of a huge oxe's head, with the bony
nucleus of the horns, found lately in digging a gravel pit at
Brentford. The creature is not known to exist at present. 'Tis
much larger than the largest of our oxen. He brought likewise
some very large drawings of a like oxe's head, of exactly the
same dimensions, found some years agoe near Dantzick, of which
he has given an account in the Phil. Trans., together with the
drawings. Discoursing on these remarkable appearances, and
of the elephants' bones frequently found in England and else-
1
By votes of both Houses of the long Parliament, for the abolishing of
Bishops, Deans, and Chapters, in Sep., 1642, the famous Paul's Cross was, with
the rest of the crosses about London and Westminster, and by a further order
of the said Parliament in 1643, pulled down.-Dugdale's History of Paul's
Cathedral, p. 109, edit. of 1818.
B
2
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
where, he says Count Marsigli, who was the emperor's commis-
sary to settle the limits between the imperial and Turkish domi-
nions, observed they are often found in higher Hungary. They
think there that the creatures were brought thither by the
Romans; so some people have thought here. But Sir Hans
observed against that opinion that no one would be so ridiculous
as to bury their ivory teeth, which are of high price with all
nations, and ever were. Sir Hans has a tooth found near Pan-
cras, and I gave him one several years agoe, thought to have
been a giant's by the country people, found near Newark, near
where the stone came from that I gave to the Royal Society,
containing the entire sceleton of a crocodile incrusted in the
stone. In the whole there can be no doubt but these appear-
ances are the effects of the deluge, equally as those trappings in
the strata of coal, plainly showing there has been a convulsive
disorder in the bowels of the earth, brought about at that time,
though nothing like what Woodward and Whiston would have.
-Diary, vol. iv., 27.
11 Feby., 1740-1. I saw at Mr. Theobald's, Arundel street,
a drawing of a cup which belonged to Thomas á Becket, as it
seems; 'tis in ivory, edged with silver; several decorations and
sentences upon it, in letters of that time, with T. B. Likewise a
drawing of the last High Steward's staff, having the Stafford's
arms upon it.—Diary, vol. iv., 35.
Westminster Bridge.2
Mr. Graham³
19 Feb., 1740-1. At the Royal Society.
brought abundance of curiositys found in the bottom of the
Thames in digging for the foundation of the 5th pier, a long
broad sword, a short sword which I take to be Roman, many
2
The architect of the bridge was Labelye, a Swiss, and the first stone was
laid by the Earl of Pembroke, January, 1739. In excavating the foundation
for the second pier, a copper medal of the Emperor Domitian was found. The
original intention of the commissioners was to erect a timber bridge upon the
stone piers, but after the great frost of 1739, it was thought that such a struc-
ture might be greatly injured by heaps of ice, and it was decided that the
entire bridge should be of stone. The work was finally completed in 1750. The
total cost was £218,000.-C. Knight's London, vol. iii., 88.
Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 71 n, Surtees Society.
MIDDLESEX.
3
horns of deer, a forehead of the scull of a sheep, a horn, or rather
the nucleus of a horn, of the great antidiluvian ox, a piece of
antidiluvian oak from a large tree which they dug up, several
odd-formed stones, shells, and minerals, several Roman, English,
and tradesmen coyns, Easterling farthings, &c., and what is
very remarkable, a Cheshire cheese, found 2 foot deep, it tasted
perfectly good.-Diary, vol. iv., 36.
4
5
25 Mar., 1741. I viewed Lord Walpole's house, east of
Westminster hall, the antient canonry of S. Stephen's; the cloy-
sters a most beautiful piece of work: two little chapels exceed-
ingly pretty; the dining room under the parliament house, a
stately place; some golden Chinese fishes, in a fine china bowl,
and a most beautiful pheasant cock from China.—Diary, vol.
iv., 53.
At
་
Apr. 5, 1741. Chelsea, with Mr. Eyre, who has a good
collection of pictures. His father had Oliver Cromwell's sword
which he used in his wars. Mr. Eyre gave it to General
Churchill. At Mr. Pawlet's, who has a very large collection of
pictures, some bustos, bronzes, &c., a cabinet which was king
James's the II., another which was Queen Mary's, and the
inauguration sword of state of Oliver Cromwell, his name upon
it, and Protector. I saw at James West's, Esq., Lincoln's Inn,
Harry VIIIths. picture of Jane Shore naked to the breast. It
came from Nonsuch palace. He has two bustos raised very
high, chased work, of King Charles I. and his Queen, in silver,
all the Duke of Tuscany's intaglias, cameos, &c., in sulphur.—
Diary, vol. iv., 56.
20 Nov., 1741. At the Antiquarian Society. A sketch of
Mr. Vertue's of the old painting lately found on a wall at the
4
The proportion for the alloy of silver coin was first fixed in England
temp. Richard I., by certain persons from the eastern parts of Germany, called
Easterlings, and hence, by contraction, is said to have arisen our word sterling,
to imply of proper standard value. It was also the name originally given to
the silver penny.-Encycl. Metropol., vol. viii., 610.
5
Sir Robert Walpole, created Baron Walpole and Earl of Orford, was
Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1715 and 1721. In the time of Edward I., the
exchequer was lodged in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey.
}
4
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Rose tavern, Temple bar, 14 feet long, 5 high, very well done,
about 200 years agoe, representing some siege between the
Hungarians and Turks. This house was Serjeant Maynard's,
and was originally the Tufton's.-Diary, vol. iv., 73.
4 Jan., 1741-2. At Dr. Hampff's. He showed me an old
view of London in a ground-plot, a print made in king James I.
time, much fairer and intire than that printed by Mr. Vertue.
Blomesbury, a farm ditched about like that of Tottenham Court.
-Diary, vol. iv., 87.
Mr. Jelf, the architect of the
He says the last arch of the
3 Sept., 1746. My old friend
bridg at Westminster, visited me.
bridg is covered.-Diary, vol. vi., 39.
Nov., 1746. My wife told me the city of London presented
her father, Dr. Gale, with a handsome piece of plate, for the
inscriptions put upon the Monument.-Diary, vol. vi., 47.
Nov., 1746. The incomparable collection of Glover's' MSS.
(Somerset Herald) being very large, was burnt two years ago in
the Duke of Kingston's library.-Diary, vol. vi., 47.
8
3 May, 1748. I viewed that wretched mass the Mansion
House, whereby the cits have deformed a beautiful area of the
city. I viewed with grief that deplorable ruin in Change Ally.
They are rebuilding it in the same miserable and close manner
as before. I visited the house in Watlin street where my mother
lodged,' when a maiden, the corner of [Bush Lane] by London
Stone, but the cits have taken away that noblest remain of Roman
Probably the battle of Mohatz, in lower Hungary, between Louis, King
of Hungary, who was defeated by the Turks under Solyman II., with the loss
of 22,000 men, in 1526.
7
Robert Glover was succeeded by his nephew, Thomas Milles, in the office
of Somerset Herald.
8 The Mansion House was built by Dance the elder; commenced in 1739,
completed in 1753.
9 Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 77 n, Surtees Society.
MIDDLESEX.
5
antiquity, London Stone,10 which Sir Christopher Wren had taken
care to preserve by casing it. They have removed it to the oppo-
site side of the way under the church. The old lapis milliaris
from whence all distances were reckoned was inclosed in another
stone. This it was that Wat Tyler struck his sword upon. Now,
says he, I am master of London. My mother, Frances Bullen,
lodged here, being boarded with Mrs. Vanderspret, a milliner,
in the year of the great frost, and my father used to visit her
when he came up in term time, 1684.-Diary, vol. vii., 26.
4 May, 1748. Dr. Milward¹¹ carryed me to Cock's auction
room, where is a most magnificent show of paintings to be sold
by auction. The room was full of company, and in a little time
I made this reflection: when I used to frequent this place I was
well known there, now, in less than 22 years, there is not one
face here that I am acquainted withal, except the Doctor, so that
I have overlived a whole generation of connoiseurs. They are
the pictures of Sir Robert Walpole under the fictitious name of
Mr. Robert Bragge. I have seen 'em at Sir Robert's house.
Thus fares it with power and grandeur without any regard to
religion. How have I seen at his sight the great, the noble, the
fair, the learned, bow and court his favourable regard, and in 7
years' time his house, garden, grotto, green-house, pictures, &c.
sold at a public auction.-Diary, vol. vii., 27.
March, 1748-9. I visited the Cotton. Library, in the old
dormitory of Westminster Abby, a building made in Lushing-
ton's time, at least the roof new done. This Library, consisting
of the Cottonian and Royal, and a private donation, is a most
immense treasury of curiosity in antiquity; the Alexandrian MS.
of the Bible, very many whole, and parts, 1000 years old; a vast
10 London Stone stood anciently on the south side of Cannon Street, “fixed
in the ground very deep, fastened with bars of iron," to protect it against cart
wheels (Stow). It is now reduced to a fragment. Its preservation is due to
Mr. Thomas Maiden, of Sherbourn Lane, Printer, who in 1798 prevailed on the
parish officers to consent to remove it to the spot where it still remains, after
it had been doomed to destruction as a nuisance. It was removed from its
original position on the opposite side in December, 1742.-C. Knight's London,
vol. i., 155; also see Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 5, Surtees Society.
See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 97 n.
11
6
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
collection of old Saxon charters, one wrote by S. Dunstan; the
Magna Charta; King Richard II.'s Mass-book; a book wrote
by Queen Elizabeth; many by King James I.; a vast collection
of original letters by kings and queens, &c. A copy of the Vul-
gate, or S. Jerome's translation, 1000 years old, the famous text
in S. John's Epistle wanting "there be three that bear witness.
in heaven," &c., but in S. Jerom's prologue he complains of some
wicked hereticks that leave out that passage, still in this copy
'tis left out, and the word of antithesis is rubbed out; so that I
cannot believe otherwise than that the passage is genuine; the
tenor of the discourse requires it. A vast book of drawings of
H. Holben's for Henry VIII.'s turnaments, his magnificent tents
in colors, for reception of the emperor. Original writing of
Venerable Bede; of Matth. Paris, a drawing by him of the
Virgin Mary, and a map of Brittain. An infinity of learning
and antiquitys. A picture of Camden there, with others.-
Diary, vol. viii., 31.
1 Apr., 1749. I went to view the sale of Sir Christopher
Wren's collection; an infinity of his drawings and designs for
London, &c., after the fire, of the churches and public buildings.
The finished drawing of S. Paul's first design, which the Duke
of York put a stop to,12 least it should out doe S. Peter's. A vast
design for Whitehall; an excellent model of the moon; an infi-
nite collection of Roman and Greek coins; intaglias; many urns
and marble repositorys for urns; some statues and bustos.-
Diary, vol. viii., 38.
15 May, 1749. I went with Dr. Mortimer¹³ and Mr. Gifford
to visit a place of antiquity west of Islington, upon the high
12
The narrow-minded section of the commissioners opposed Wren's de-
signs at every turn. They recommended a restoration and reparation of the
old building, which he declared was impossible, in consequence of the injuries
the walls had received in the great fire, and the Duke of York headed the
opposition. "They pestered Wren by incessant attempts to force him to deviate
from his own plan, and introduce alterations, a suggestion of crude ignorance."
The royal mandate of 14 May, 1675, was Wren's warrant for laying the foun-
dation stone, and in 35 years the work was completed.-C. Knight's London,
vol. ii., 8. See also Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., 320, Surtees Society.
Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 233 n; and 373.
MIDDLESEX.
7
ground, having a fine prospect westward, over the valley of
Kentish-town. A spring arises at the place running westward,
and that seems to be the reason of setting it there. I conjecture
it was made by our British ancestors for the purpose of sacrific-
ing, much like that at Caxton. [In Sept., 1750, some work-
men dug up some urns here with bones in them, I suppose 'em
British.14] [At] the spring the level of the ground declines, the
highest end of the ground is on the opposite side, and it com-
mands the view of the whole, particularly the lesser square
entrenchment [at the angle near the spring] where the priests
were that sacrificed. Outside the ditch [on the side of the
spring] is a bank raised by the earth taken out of the ditch of
the lesser square, and is carried round to the other side of the
entrenchment, thrown up there for the sake of spectators. The
most elevated point of the whole place [is] where the king and
court probably assisted at the solemnity. In the way to this
antiquity, is the conduit belonging to the charter house. This
was Cowley the poet's walk.- Diary, vol. viii., 52.
17 May, 1749. At the Cotton. Library. I copyed the map
of Britain drawn by Matth. Paris in his book of his own hand-
writing, the oldest map we have. In this book of his, the origi-
nal, which he gave to the library of S. Albans, are the pictures,
finely drawn, of William Conqueror, Rufus, Henry I., Stephen,
Henry II., Richard, John, and Henry III. They are designed
sitting, with crown and scepter, each holding an abby church in
their hands, of which they were founders. There is likewise
Henry II.'ds son, the young king. They are all unshaved, but
the Conqueror has longish whiskers.-Diary, vol. viii., 54.
15 July, 1749. Mr. Folkes and I walked in the morning to
Pancras. I showed him there what I take to be a camp¹5 of
Julius Cæsar's; he is of the same opinion. It was his nocturnal
14 The sentence within brackets was added later, by Stukeley.
15
"It was the Roman practice to make a procestria, or little camp, to place
their provision and forage in upon an expedition."-Note by Stukeley.
It required the enthusiasm and ingenuity of a Stukeley to make this dis-
covery, and invent its history. For a description of the supposed camp, see his
Itinerarium Curiosum, 2nd cent.
8
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
station after he had beaten Cassibelan, who lived about Edgware.
Here the Roman general made Cassibelan and Immanuentius
friends, prescribed what tribute Brittain should pay to the Roman
state, passed the Thames on boats, and returned home.-Diary,
vol. viii., 73.
18 July, 1479. Mr. Martin Folkes and I walked by 5 a
clock in the morning to the Castle, Kentish-town, to pay our
last respects to the illustrious remains of the Duke of Montagu.
59 minute guns at the tower went off during his passage through
the city. Soon after 6 the herse came by, on which I threw
some honey-suckle flowers I had got out of the hedges.
Manibus date lilia plenis ;
Purpureos spargam flores, animamque nitentem [nepotis]
His saltem accumulem donis, et fungar inani
Munere.
[Virg. Æn. vi., 883.]
This melancholy sight happened in less than a year after I went
this same road to Boughton sitting on his left hand. At my
return home I wrote a meditation on the subject, and carryed it
to be printed in the Whitehall Evening Post that morning.-
Diary, vol. viii., 73.
Aug. 19, 1749. I showed to Dr. Parsons, Mr. Hill, of
Blomesbury, and Mr. Sherwood, Surgeon, Cæsar's camp, by
Pancras.-Diary, vol. viii., 76.
10 Nov., 1749. I rode to Kingsbury to view an estate of
£72 p. ann., to be sold, of the Duke of Chandois's. I went to
the church, and was agreably surprised to find the intire church
yard was one of Cæsar's nocturnal camps in his way to attack
Cassibelan in his own city. 'Tis comprehended within the bounds
of the church yard, which is exactly conformed to it, the church
being in the center. The camp is exactly east and west. The
ditch was not above 10 or 12 foot wide, a gravelly soil. The
earth within the vallum raised a foot or two by the church-yard,
as may be seen by the level of the church, now under ground.
This church-yard is a pretty elevation, and near the river Brent,
which was one necessary precaution in a camp. The north side
of the camp is very fair, and the track conspicuous enough with
MIDDLESEX.
9
the angular turns, 'tis 150 foot long. The ends seem not so long,
but that on the west end between the church and the vicarage
house is nearly obliterated. The south side being next the street
in much the same case; the eastern ditch nearly filled up with
rubbish. The clark told me they knew very well that it had
been a camp, and that there was formerly a great battle there.
The church16 seems to have been built of flint and Roman bricks,
probably brought from the walls of Verolam.—Diary, vol. viii.,
92.
4 Feb., 1749-50. The bishop of Lincoln preached the charity
sermon in my church for me. We collected about £35. In the
evening I baptized a child of Sir Samuel de la Pryme's in Red
Lion Square,¹ the Bishop and Lord Chief Justice Willes, spon-
The next day, on waiting on the bishop to return thanks,
he was pleased to make me an extravagant compliment for my
performing the ceremony with [the] greatest gravity and dis-
tinction, as he expressed it.—Diary, vol. viii., 126.
sors.
17 Feb., 1749-50. Hawksmore18 made the portico of Blomes-
bury church in imitation, and of the size, of that at Balkeck, the
pillars there are white marble, of a single stone.-Diary, vol. ix., 4.
1 May, 1750. An infinite croud of coaches at our end of the
town to hear Handel's music at the opening of the Chapel of the
Foundlings.-Diary, vol. ix., 31.
16 Aug., 1750. This day I walked to Cæsar's camp at Pan-
cras, where he pitched his tent 1804 years agoe, on this day,
where he made King Cassivelan and King Mandubrace friends,
assigned what tribute Cassivelan should pay to the Roman state,
forbid him injuring Mandubrace or his subjects who were his allys.
20 Aug., 1750. I rode to Kingsbury to take the measures of
Cæsar's camp there. From thence, passing through Edgware,
which was Cassivelan's residence, I saw the carcase of Canon
16 Note to Letter of 10 Nov., 1749: "The church belongs to St. Albans."
Stukeley.
17 "The most disconsolate square in London," "a bare and sterile desert.”
There was once an obelisc in the centre.-C. Knight's London, vol. vi., 200.
18 Hawksmoor, the architect, was a pupil of Sir C. Wren..
10
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
house,19 a most melancholy lesson of the vanity of human gran-
deur. I went to Watford, Cassivelan's oppidum which Cæsar
stormed.-Diary, vol. ix., 57.
20
28 Aug., 1750. I rode to Sheperton and returned by Twick-
enham. I saw the house where Pope lived, the spot of my friend
Warburton's elevation, that of my old friend Dr. Broxholm,'
where for want of religion he grew weary of life (a common case),
and by his skill in anatomy knew how to touch the jugular vein
with a razor.
At Teddington I met on horseback my old friend
Dr. Hale. We passed through Hampton Court park, and by the
Palace, a place exceedingly grand. We saw the new wooden
bridge at Coway stakes, where I took formerly the prospect from
Walton. 'Tis near the flat tumulus. At Sheperton I viewed
Cæsar's camp after 27 years' recess, with the print I then made
of it, and found it just in the old state.-Diary, vol. ix., 58.
1 Sept., 1750. Walked in the king's gardens, Kensington.
The pretty amphitheater made out of the gravel pit, they would
originally have filled it up and levelled it, but my old friend
Switzer contrived to make it in its present form. Likewise, they
are ignorant of his being the first promoter of the making gar-
dens in the present rural taste a mixture of art and nature, with-
out too much formality of parterres. This he first practised in
the Duke of Ancaster's garden at Grimsthorp.-Diary, vol. ix., 59.
31 Oct., 1750. I was examined in Chancery, as one of the
witnesses to the Duke of Montagu's will. We sat in the dining
room of the Rolls tavern, Chancery lane, an old country house
of the Lord Carey's. His arms over the chimney and supporters
3 lyons passant, with many quarterings, motto, "felice chi puo."
They have a notion of Cardinal Wolsey living there whilst mas-
ter of the Rolls. Carey street was the garden.-Diary, vol. ix., 67.
Nov. 1, 1750. With Mr. Widmore I was in the record room
of Westminster Abby, above Camden's grave. An immense
20
Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 389 n, Surtees Society.
Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 96, Surtees Society.
MIDDLESEX.
11
quantity of most venerable parchments and seals of great curi-
osity and value.—Diary, vol. ix., 68.
Nov., 1750. I went to Mr. Smith's, who dug all the foun-
dations for the piers of Westminster bridg, where he found very
many antiquitys; a british coyn of electrum, a fine large sword,
too heavy and long for use, in my apprehension, with silver cheap
and scabbard handle and point, on which ingraved a buck's head,
with a motto in German letters Wilti Buck's creilti, or some-
what like it. Many other swords, which by their shortness I
take to have been Roman, many Scotch durks and knives, a brass
spear-head, brittish, sacrificing knife,
times the ferry of the Watlin street.
bridg we see the Roman road upon
length exactly.-Diary, vol. ix., 74.
for this was in Roman
Whilst we are upon the
Shooter's hill answers its
14 Novr., 1750. The anniversary of my receiving the Duke
of Montagu's letter which brought me hither. I went to survey
the old church at Westminster, called the Sanctuary, which they
are pulling down for the new market. I found that it has been
two churches, one over the other, as that north of Hereford
Cathedral. The ground plot is a square of 75 foot. A solid of
25 foot square at each corner leaves a cross in the middle with a
wall between which renders the cross double; 'tis arched over
head, the whole rough and plain. Above is a church of the same
dimensions without the cross wall between; this upper church
being an exact cross, has 2 windows likewise of each side and
each of the solids (as I call them) at the corner has one window.
They are really rooms belonging to the church, a belfry, a reves-
try, a treasury, and an apartment for the sacristan to keep the
place. It has been long demolished as to the roof, and turned
into many sorry tenements. Likewise they have dug lower in
the earth under the lowermost church, and turned an arch to
make vaults. We see some painted glass, being chiefly arms of
King James I. and his Queen. The south east corner was a
belfry tower, and there, I suppose, hung Tom of Westminster,
the famous great bell; a circular staircase within it. At the east
end is another circular staircase built on the outside of the square
for ascending into the uppermost church. The door of the lower-
12
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
most church was covered with iron plate. There are other little
rooms, as before observed, in the other 3 corner squares. The
turn of the arches is particular, and very antient. I take it to
be the first Christian church of the first Christian kings living at
Westminster. I scarce think Saxon, perhaps older, or British.
John Stow, edit. 1, p. 392. Edward III., about 1347, builded
to the use of S. Stephen's chapel (though out of the Palace Court)
some distance west in the little Sanctuary, a strong clochard
(clochere) of stone and timber, covered with lead, and placed
therein three bells. About the biggest of which was thus
written :
King Edward made me,
Thirty thousand and three,
Take me down and wey me
And more shall ye find me.
Thus Stow. 'Tis called the belfry, which I take to have been
over against Westminster Hall gate, not the Sanctuary. That
was convenient for the canons, as being between their church
and their dwellings.-Diary, vol. ix., 73.
9 Jan., 1750-1. I got many old coyns, found in taking away
the houses for building Parliament street; one with the head of
John Baptist in a charger; one Roman of Constantine Mag.;
several traders, 1650, 1655.-Diary, vol. x., 9.
28 Feb., 1751. I visited the ruins of the antient building in
the Sanctuary, Westminster. They have been long pulling it
down; but the walls are so immensly thick and strong that they
find the greatest difficulty imaginable in doing it. It consists
mostly of rag-stone, from Sussex, the mortar of lime from the
same stone. They are obliged to blow it up with gunpowder.
The 3 angles are all built solid, the 4th, being the south east, is
the bellfry, and had the 4 bells made by Edward III. I am still
of opinion that this was the first Christian church founded here,
before Westminster Abby, by some of the Saxon kings, if not
British, perhaps by King Lucius, of which Bede speaks. Stow's
account of it is so absurd as plainly indicates error.
King Edward founded it for the use of his canonry of S.
Stephen's, but it is far enough distant, either from S. Stephen's
He says
MIDDLESEX.
13
Chapel or the canons' houses in Canon Row. I believe King
Edward put the 4 bells in the tower or clochard, as they called
it in the old time; probably he repaired the roof of it and of the
whole building with timber and lead, as Stow mentions, but that
he built it purely for a bell tower is altogether ridiculous. There
is another such very antient double chapel, one over the other,
on the north side of Hereford Cathedral, which I drew out when
there, and take to have been a Christian church built in the
earliest times of the Gospel, much before the Cathedral, by the
Romano-british Christians about Constantine's time or soon after.
The like I believe of this at Westminster.-Diary, vol. x., 30.
16 April, 1751. I went to view a stone found in the old
clocher, Westminster, thus cut, MCCCXXIV. It was within side,
in the north-west corner toward the floor of the lower chapel.
The 3 angles are 16 foot square of solid work, excessively hard
mortar. This was at the end of the reign of Edward II.
Diary, vol. x., 42.
10 May, 1751. At the chapter house, Westminster. I had
the sight of Domesday book, the black book as called, and many
other most venerable records: Henry VII. will; Henry VIII.
will; his bull from Pope Clement giving him the title of Defen-
der of the faith, with a golden bulla of S. Peter and S. Paul's
heads; a treaty between him and King Francis of France,
incomparably written, and illuminated with a golden of high
embossed work of the king sitting. In one of the old books I
saw a pretty drawing of S. Thomas Becket. We saw some tallys
of the Jews and Lombards. I was grieved to see that noble
fabric of the chapter house, an octagon, with the fine chalk roof
and stone rib work supported with a scaffolding. The dean and
chapter some time agoe, with a stupidity peculiar to such bodys,
took away one of the buttresses with two flying arches, and con-
sequently that side of the building gave way.
We saw many old
iron dyes for stamping of money. There is a record of an agree-
ment between Edward Confessor and Malcolm, king of Scotland,
wherein he submits the crown of Scotland to king Edward. I
saw several illuminations of Edward Confessor in color, the habit
of the time; one particularly of the pilgrim bringing S. John's
ring to the king. He wears a sort of cap or gold crown. The
14
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
tenant of Dr. Friend's prebend is building a chimney and a
wooden shed just under the window of the record room, or
entrance into the chapter house; whence great danger from fire.
We read a sign manual of Henry VIII. to Lady Lucy, to have
roast beef and ale for breakfast out of the king's kitchen and cel-
lar, and a loaf of bread from his pantry, and so for dinner, after-
nooning and supper, &c.-Diary, vol. x., 55.
Kentish Town.
28 Aug., 1751. We celebrated the dedication of my library.
Present, the president, Mr. Folks, Mr. Fleetwood, Dr. Parsons,
Mr. Pond, Mr. de la Costa, Mr. Baker, Mr. Sherwood, senr. and
junr. At the little window, which I called the sideboard, began
the entertainment with 3 sorts of plumb-pudding stone, and
others, both natural and antique curiositys. The great window
was spread o'er intirely with fossils of all kinds, which were
extremely admired; the great lump of corallium tubulatum found
in the river Ribel, Lancashire; another lesser lump, white;
another filled full with juice of black flint, which I picked up
from the pavement of pebbles before my neighbor Curtis's door,
Stamford; two black flints I picked up the other day in a bank
in our fields, one has a white shell in it, the other a piece of bone.
I showed the bone I took out of the stratum of brickearth in dig-
ging at Blomesbury; many periwinkles, and all kinds of shells
I took up in Somersetshire; echinus flat from Swafield, many
very rare; spars; flints; fluors; petrifactions; incrustations;
mineral, metallic, &c. I showed many sorts of cornu ammonis;
a model of Stonehenge, as in its present state, some of the stone,
the common sort, polished, the granite of the lesser obeliscs; a
busto which I cut of Julius Cæsar's head in clunch; an orrery
which I made at Stamford; a Roman cup and saucer intire, of
fine red earth, dug up at Trumpington; Bishop Cumberland's
clock, the first long pendulum. After this dry entertainment we
broached a barrel-of fossils, from the isle of Portland. Lastly,
to render it a compleat rout, I produced a pack of cards made in
Richard II. time; and showed the British bridle dug up in Sil-
bury hill, probably the greatest antiquity now in the world.—
Diary, vol. x., 72.
MIDDLESEX,
15
Oct. 11, 1751. Sir Isaac Newton's papers and MSS. are in
the hands of Mr. Saunderson, of Sheer lane, for Lord Lyming-
ton.
When the Almighty with complacent sight
Again surveyed the mundane frame :
He said a second time, let there be light,
And lo! a Newton came.
Again,
Siste Viator, oro.
H. S. E.
Quicquid interire poterat
ISAACI NEWTONI.
Si nescis qualis, quantusque fuit
Abi.
Alias, mortale PHILOSOPHIÆ numen
Gratâ mente venerare.
Diary, vol. x., 74.
18 Nov., 1751. I observed the stone inscription on the house
in Pudding lane, by the Monument, taken away, the commem-
oration of the firing of the city by the papists: In this place, by
the permission of heaven, hell broke loose on this protestant city,
&c. On inquiry I found the owner of the house at the time of
the late rebellion took it down, fearing, if the Pretender had
come to London, his throat might have been cut for it. I obser-
ved at the same time that the copper gilt flames on the top of the
Monument, which some years agoe were stolen, not yet repaired,
to the scandal of the city and disgrace to this most august pillar
and excellent ornament of the city, herein an egregious example
of private cowardice and public indolence, to the joy of the pap-
ists, every day hoping to devour you.-Diary, vol. xi., 1.
Tyburn.
23 Mar., 1752. Saw 16 wretches go to Tyburn, most for
murder, 14 of 'em papists. Scarce an assize in the kingdom
without some condemned for murder, the fruit of irreligion. Six-
teen condemned at Maidston, half of 'em for murder, Capt.
21
Tyburn. This village was in the parish of Mary-le-bone; and Tyburn-
tree, as the gallows was called, was at the end of Park Lane. Tyburn was the
place of execution for malefactors from about the middle of the XIIth. century.
-C. Knight's London, vol. vi., 263.
16
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Lowry, Miss Blandy, Miss Jefferys, Swan, &c.-Diary, vol.
xiii., 6.
London.
19 Apr., 1752. Dr. Mead has a printed pamphlet, being the
report of the Committee of the House of Commons appointed to
inquire into the occasion of the fire of London, wherein it most
evidently appears that the papists22 were the perpetrators of that
horrid fact.-Diary, vol. xiii., 7.
28 July, 1752. I recovered a drawing of the original plan
of S. George's church,23 Queen Square, with Dr. Marshall's hand-
writing on it. The first intent was to build a steeple where now
is the vestry room; underneath, a vestry room opening into the
church, together with a room and chamber for the clark. The
steeple was to be 100 feet high in the tower. I likewise reco-
vored Dr. Marshal's original scheme or plan of the seats in the
church and gallerys; likewise two original drawings of the bury-
ing ground, with Dr. Marshal's writeing on it.—Diary, vol.
xiii., 16.
Nov. 4, 1752. Dined at the annual feast at the Foundling
Hospital.24 Present, Judge Taylor White, treasurer; Haman,
Wills, Hogarth,25 Hudson, Scot, Brown, Dalton, painters; Rou-
billiac, statuary; Pine, ingraver; Houbroken; Mr. Jacobson
22
There were strong suspicions of treason in the matter. At the time of
the occurrence there was great talk of the French having had a hand in it.-
See Pepys's Diary.
23
In this church, the architect Hawksmoor, a pupil of Sir C. Wren, erected
a canopy or baldachino over the altar.-See Proceedings of Soc. of Antiq., Jan.
20. 1881, p. 439.
24
Foundling Hospital, founded by Capt. Coram, a seaman and master of
a trading vessel to the colonies, by charter granted by George II., Oct. 17, 1739.
The house was opened in Hatton Garden in October, 1740, and given up in
1745, when the western wing of the present Hospital was opened. In 1747 the
chapel was begun. Here Coram was buried in 1751. C. Knight's London,
vol. iii., 343.
25
Hogarth, Haman, Wills, and Highmore, contributed the four great pic-
tures which are on the walls of the committee-room of this institution, viz.,
"The Adoption of Moses by Pharaoh's Daughter; "The Finding of Moses;
Christ showing a Child as the Emblem of Heaven;
and Ishmael.”—C. Knight's London, vol. iii., 341.
">
"The Angel of the Lord
MIDDLESEX.
17.
the architect of the house, &c., a cozen of my late friend Coun-
cellor Stukeley.—Diary, vol. xiii., 44.
5 April, 1753. This day the Parliament took Sir Hans
Sloan's museum; agreed to purchase Lord Oxford's MSS.,
60,000 volumes, an infinity of charters, &c. These and the Cot-
ton Library are to compose one grand treasure of learning and
curiosity; a lottery is to raise the money.-Diary, vol. xii., 69.
6 Oct., 1753. Rode along the Roman road Via Trinobantica
by Bethnal green and Bishop Bonner's' to old Ford. I saw an
old castellate house by the ford, an admirable piece of brickwork,
they said it was a palace of Henry VIII.-Diary, vol. xiv., 1.
10 Nov., 1753. Visited the speaker. He is projecting to
take Montagu house for Sir Hans Sloan's library, the Cottonian
and Harleyan MSS., and to bring thither the Royal and Anti-
quarian Societys.-Diary, vol. xiv., 5.
29 Nov., 1753. My ticket in Sir Hans Sloan's lottery, No.
6,435, came up a prize of £10.-Diary, vol. xiv., 14.
6 Dec., 1753. At the Royal Society. Mr. Hogarth presen-
ted his book, the line of beauty, a discourse on taste, together
with the two prints accompanying.—Diary, vol. xiv., 16.
Aug., 1754. Mr. Williams had it from Serjeant Wyn, that
the well before the banquetting house, where now is the pump,
was opened not many years agoe, being filled up with rubbish.
But some antient people remembering it, and its use required in
watering the street, it was cleared. Among the rubbish they
found a human scull. This revived some antiquated reports and
conceits that it was the head of king Charles I., thrown in there
to defeat the cavaleers from making a saint of him. Mr. Frederic,
In Lambeth Marsh, stood, until 1823, when it was taken down, an ancient
fragment of a building called Bonner's house, though much mutilated and
altered. It is traditionally said to have been part of a residence of Bishop
Bonner. There is nothing to prove that it belonged to any of the Bishops of
London, except an entrance. Strype's Memorials of Cranmer mentious an
ordination to have taken place "in the chapel of my Lord the Bishop of London
in the lower Marsh, Lambeth."—Allen's Survey of Surrey and Sussex, vol. i., 381.
C
18
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
an apothecary in king street, bought it of the workmen, and kept
it with great respect, but now 'tis not known what is become of
it; but 'tis not unlikely that the bloody rebels, after the phy-
sicians had examined the king's dead body, according to Crom-
well's order, in his bedchamber, Whitehall, that they might thus
put it into ignominious obscurity. Add this consideration, that
when after the Restoration it was intended to have removed the
king's body to a sumptuous mausoleum in Westminster Abby,
that design was unaccountably dropt, and some suspected the
king's body could not be found where it had been deposited.—
Diary, vol. xv., 11.
12 Dec., 1754. At the Antiquarian Society. I gave a draw-
ing of the outside of the old fabric of the Sanctuary, Westmin-
ster, also the plan and the section.-Diary, vol. xv., 39.
14 Nov., 1758. I walked to Pancras with the Rev. Mr.
Lawrence, Mr. Jackson and his lady, and Mrs. Meekam. I
showed to them the whole affair of Cæsar's camp.-Diary, vol.
xviii., 14.
21 Dec., 1758. At the Antiquarian Society. I read the
remainder of my description of Cæsar's camp at Pancras, with
which the Society was highly pleased.-Diary, vol. xviii., 20.
11 Jany., 1759. At the Antiquarian Society. I read the
third part of my account of Cæsar's camp, the Brill, at Pancras,
to show what was the state of the city of Trinobantum or London
at that time. I gave a plan of it.
plan of it. I gave an account of the
temple here frequented by the antient Britons, now Knaves acre,
an alate temple, as also of the Cursus thereto belonging, now
Long acre.2-Diary, vol. xviii., 22.
2
1759, 20 April. I agreed with Mr. Denman, by means of
In Long Acre, the ingenious doctor saw as plainly as if it had been a
recollection of his boyhood, the long Agger of the ancient metropolis,-“ the
magnificent circus or race course founded by Eli, father of Casvelhan." Accord-
ing to his easy method of derivation, Piccadilly is' Peak Cad Eli,' i.e., tumulus
ducis Eli; and Kneph Agger, i.e., the Mount of the Divinity, from Canaph, to
fly, has been transformed by modern ignorance into Knaves' Acre.—C. Knight's
London, vol. i., 281.
MIDDLESEX.
19
Mr. Benzik, the ingraver, for Mr. Hogin's house, garden, and
pasture, at Kentish town.-Diary, vol. i., 63.
4 May, 1759. Rode to Kentish-town with Lord Chief Jus-
tice Willes. Showed him Cæsar's camp at Pancras.-Diary,
vol. xviii., 49.
June, 1759. The original manor house or seat of the Cante-
lupes, owner of Cantlowes, corrupted into Kentish-town, was
where the Castle Inn now is, and that is the remain of the house.
It was moted about, had a gate house, much like Tottenham
Court house. They say Queen Elizabeth has lived there, and
that an emperor has lodged there. 6 June. Revisited Cæsar's
camp at Sheparton, and that on Greenfield common. 7 June.
Saw some Druid works on Sunbury common. Diary, vol.
xviii., 56.
7 Aug., 1759. With regret I saw 'em pulling down the fine
old gateway by Whitehall, built by Henry VIII. for the Emperor.
H. Holben, architect. It was a reproach to the poor gateway
of the horse guards.-Diary, vol. xviii., 63
5 May, 1760. Lord Ferrers,3 hanged at Tyburn for murder,
dissected at Surgeons' hall. Lectures on him for 3 days.—
Diary, vol. xix., 23.
4
11 July, 1760. I went to visit the bridg [old London bridge]
They are pulling down the curious old chapel. Half a score
graves well secured from water, bones in all; the founder; all
at the west end or entrance. It is thought the water rises higher
than formerly. It was quite needless to pull it down, as much
as to build a new bridg at Blackfriars.-Diary, vol. xix., 32.
July, 1670. Visited the old subterraneous chapel in Leaden-
hall street, facing Aldgate.—Diary, vol. xix., 32.
21 Oct., 1760. Saw the fine painted window at the east end
of S. Margaret's church made by an abbot of Waltham, for his
chapel at
With indignation I saw a wooden tablet to
3
1
Earl Ferrers was hanged for the murder of his steward, 5 May. 1760.
Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 72 a, Surtees Society.
20
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the memory of Sir Walter Ralegh buryed by the vestry, who
ought to have had a magnificent monument in the adjacent Abby,
preferable to innumerable obscure there interred.-Diary, vol.
xix., 38.
26 Jan., 1761. Left with the Princess of Wales to present
to the king a large map of London, wherein I have drawn the
plan of the palace I have projected, and a large drawing of the
plan, and its situation, behind Buckingham house; with a pam-
phlet MS. giving an account of the commodious, elegant, and
magnificent situation proposed, with some lesser drawings of the
palace.-Diary, vol. xix., 47.
After 9 years assiduous inquiry I found a most agreable rural
retreat at Kentish-town, 2 miles and distant, extremely con-
venient for keeping my horses, and for my own amusement, the
hither end of the village, between the castle inn and the chapel,
an half-hour's walk over sweet fields. 'Tis absolutely and clearly
out of the influence of the London smoak, a dry gravelly soil,
and air remarkably wholsom.
The house is new built
for the most part; pretty, little, and elegant. In the year 1760
I bought the whole estate, a lease from St. Bartholomew's hos-
pital, for £600, and rendered the whole perfectly agreable to my
mind, both useful and delightful. I built a new bed chamber to
the south, with a view over the estate. I inclosed two acres of
medow out of the great pasture, added to my garden, reduced it
to a circular form, made a retired place like a hermitage, a kit-
chen garden, &c. In the front of my new bedchamber, I put
up this inscription in stone:
ME DVLCIS SATVRET QVIES
OBSCVRO POSITVS LOCO
LENI PERFRVAR OTIO.
CHYNDONAX DRVIDA.
1760.
MIDDLESEX.
21
Thus Englished:
Me may the rural solitude receive,
And contemplation all its pleasures give,
Where I in gentle ease, unnoticed live.
This inscription put into the paper called the Public Ledger,
of Monday, June 22, 1761.-Diary, vol. i., 96-99.
June, 1762. On Twickenham church wall:
To the memory of Mary Beach, who dyed Apr. 5, 1725, aged 78.
Alex. Pope, whom she nursed in his infancy, and constantly
attended for 38 years, in gratitude to a faithful old servant
erected this stone.
Written underneath by a schoolboy :
"The body of Mary Beach lyes here,
Who nursed Alex. Pope full 38 year,
No wonder he proved a genius so strong
When he lugged and he tugged at the bubby so long."
Diary, vol. xx., 6.
Sept. 24, 1762. At Twickenham. Took a drawing of the
chair from Kingston choir," where some of our Saxon kings were
crowned.-Diary, vol. xx., 12.
March, 1764. Mr. Holden, of Teddington, showed me a gold
ring with an episcopal figure, found in rubbish at Hampton
Court, Cardinal Wolsey's.-Diary, vol. xx., 44.
April, 1764.
- Owen, Esq., of Red Lyon Square, has a
small alabaster altar carved with our Saviour's Resurrection,
found in digging at the Foundling hospital. I have a brass
suspensorium found there, with latin Ave Maria, which held the
flag carryed about in processions. These were buryed in Lord
Cromwell's time, when churches were cleared of superstitious
ornaments.-Diary, vol. xx., 46.
7 May, 1764. At Mr. White's, Newgate Street, I saw an
immense quantity of original letters of Henry VII., Henry VIII.,
5
It is said that on the south side stood the chapel of St. Mary, where
some of the Saxon monarchs were crowned.-Allen's Survey of Surrey and
Sussex, vol. ii., 356,
22
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
King Edward VI., Queen Elizabeth, James I., Charles I.,
Charles II., Princess Sophia, and very many other antient writ-
ings of great persons concerned in matters of state, many letters
of Cromwell, before and after Protector, of the Princes of Orange,
King William, Queen Anne, &c. I advised Mr. White to give
them to the Public Library at Cambridge.—Diary, vol. xx, 51.
A piece of a stone crosse dug up in the field near Sr. John
Oldcastle's head, on the north side of London.
ANVRE : SEYENT : TVZ ICEVS: KE
LA : CROYS : AOV[E]RVNT: AMEN.
25 Oct., 1764. Dingley is now preparing to disanul the road
by Pancras brook, and make a new one, which will pass over
Cæsar's prætorium.-Diary, vol. xx., 56.
15 Feb., 1765. I procured of Mr. Battie, executor to Mr.
Harrison, my curate, the picture of Lord Cardigan, a student in
Queen's College, Oxon, a gift to our vestry room. I had before
put up the pictures of Dr. Marshall, Dr. Green, and my own,
being of all the rectors, at my own expense.-Diary, vol. xx., 59.
[This was the last entry in his volumes of Memoirs].
6
The good Doctor's earthly labours probably ceased here, as he
died in the following month of March, 1765, in his 78th year,
and was buried at East Ham, in Essex. J. F. S.-Diary, vol.
xx., 60.
MONMOUTHSHIRE.
WILLIAM HARRIS TO REV. DR. STUKELEY.-H. F. ST. J.
Reverend Sir,
*
Llandaff, May 6, 1751.
*
I have an inclination to throw together what observations I am
able to make on the Julia strata, and have begun at the old pas-
sage over Severn, at Awst, in Gloucestershire, à trajectu ad
Ventam, and so shall trace it as well as I can by the several
These four portraits still hang in the vestry-room,
MONMOUTHSHIRE.
23
stations to Maridunum. I shall place the Magnis in the land of
Brecknock, with Mr. Camden's leave, and be very glad to see
your new Itinerary, which I hope to do in November next. I
have last month drawn a strait line over the mouth of a deep
hole in a field at Caerleon, which they term king Arthur's round
table; perhaps he might have dined his knights there, but it was
originally supposed to have been a Roman amphitheatre. It is
now even with the ground on the north and west side, but above
the surface of the field to the east and south, about 2 yards in
perpendicular. The edge of that side is a bank of earth; the
bottom, sides, and all are covered with good turf. The proprietor
says he remembers to have seen part of the sides opened, and
there was a sort of a stone seat cemented with lime. As near as
we could measure with a line and rule, it is from north to south
64 yards over, 74 yards over from east to west, and about 7
yards deep. There is a Roman bagnio or two in the next field,
but the proprietor will not permit them to be opened.
I am, upon all occasions, Reverend Sir,
Your most obedient and most humble Servant,
WILLIAM HARRIS.
REV. W. WATKINS TO THE REV. Dr. STUKELEY.-H. F. ST. J.
Reverend Sir,
Gethly, near Abergavenny, Dec. 18, 1755.
I think I promised to trouble you with a letter, and indeed
this will be little less than a trouble to you, having neither time
nor weather to search for curiosities since I came home.
I must beg leave to repeat my obligations to you for the
honour and pleasure of your company when I was in town; and
the happiness I had in waiting on you to that Society, the loss
of which I reckon amongst my greatest misfortunes of a retired
life. I could live very contentedly here among the modern
Druids, though they have not that spirit the ancient Druids had,
were it not for the loss of such company as Dr. Stukely. Oh!
Sir, we breathe here in great obscurity. It is true here is pro-
vision enough for the body; but with regard to the soul, this
country is a dearth of science, and blank of arts. Yet for all
that, every farmer's desire is to make his son a scholard, as they
24
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
call it, get him to be a parson, though his shoulders might be far
fitter to bear a pulpit than his head to adorn it.
Oh! dreadful trade, I was going to say not so dreadful as the
samphire one, nor yet so profitable! For, if these druids stay
here, they must labour for five or ten pounds a year, while his
father's plowman gets perhaps so much and his maintenance into
the bargain. Then, if they take it into their heads to foot it to
the Trinobantes, they immediately succeed so well, as to convince
them where they came from. Though this is a deplorable case,
yet it is a true one, and likely to continue so; while cures are so
small, none but dunces will [or] can, labour in them.
I am sorry to acquaint you that in most of our churches, the
Welch tongue is still read and preached; the inconvenience of
which I could make appear in several instances. I think it is
allowed that diversity of languages is an inconvenience. Here
it is manifestly so, for while the natives are bigots to their lan-
guage, they do not chuse the English should come amongst them;
nor will they on any condition go to them, but had rather barter
their commodities at home, or rather, over-reach and cheat one
another. We have little or no trade on that account. The little
money we have is called for to London, by those very persons
who ought to study the welfare of this plentiful but forsaken
country. In my humble opinion the Welch charity schools
would have done much greater service to this country and to its
religion, had they been English. And had there been as many
English Bibles given away instead of the Welch ones, I will ven-
ture to say the manners of the people would have been thereby
more civilized. For, where the Welch tongue is mostly spoken,
there barbarity mostly prevails. The masters of these W. schools
were low, canting fellows, who as soon as school was over led
their scholars to the meeting or to methodism. This I once took
the liberty to mention to that good and worthy divine Dr. Hales.
He wrote me word he had been instrumental to the designs I
have mentioned, but with a good intention. I am sure who
knows that excellent man must know he never acts but with the
best intention. He is at a distance; did he but see the method
here, he would, I make no doubt, be of my opinion.
Were some of my countrymen to see this, I presume they
would think me a traitor to it, that I had a mind to abolish one
MONMOUTHSHIRE.
25
of the grandest languages in the world. I must confess I should
be one of the first to abolish it in conversation and in public wor-
ship; but the last man for rooting out the remembrance of it.
I think it not only a noble, but so far an useful language, which
would give much light into history. I shall therefore beg leave
to propose the following scheme.
That there should be a professorship founded at the University,
with an annual stipend of fifty pounds to the professor. The
qualification necessary for this should appear by manuscripts layed
before the Royal and Antiquarian Societies by each candidate.
The Societies' determination to be final, the professorship bestowed
on the best manuscript, and an order to publish it. At whose
expence is all this to be done, may be asked? I answer, that if
booksellers would be honester, it would be worth while the
author's publishing it. However, I dare say, many members of
your learned Society, as well as others out of it, would contribute
towards it. I presume his majesty, according to his wonted
goodness, would. please to give the yearly stipend, perhaps in
both Universities, at the solicitation of your noble president. I
could, had I time and place, point out to you the great usefulness
of such a foundation. It would raise an emulation in the young
students of this country, as might produce laudable consequences.
It might be worth while to study this ancient dialect, since the
stipend would be worth half a dozen Welch cures. I have tired
you.
I have sent you some sort of a design of a flew or tunnel
brick dug up at Caerleon, i.e., Isca Legionis, it measures in length
15 inch and half; breadth, 6 inch and half; thick, 5 inch and
half; the depth of the bore, 5 inch 3 quarters; width, 3 inch
and half; the mortice hole 3 inch.
This tunnel has two mortice holes alike, one on each side,
which were, I guess, to convey the warm air into the bath. The
holes are diamond like. The holes I see in other tunnels are such
as marked A. and B. found at Uriconium. This I presume is a
tunnel taken out of those baths mentioned by Giraldus at Carleon,
and quoted by Cambden, page 636, of Monmouthshire. I wish
I had been there at the digging it. There were at the same time
found a tesserated pavement, and several brick pillars, one of the
bricks I have by me, with the LEG II AVG stamped on it. I find
26
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
it was done by a stamp. Perhaps it is the greatest curiosity in
the world, as it has the print of a dog's feet (perhaps the maker's
dog), or for what I know Julius Frontinus's dog. I have sent
you something like it. I have not room to tell you how much
I am, Rev. Sir, your most obedient Servant,
W. WATKINS.
REV. W. WATKINS TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY.-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Sir,
*
:
Gathely, Abergavanny, Aug. 24, 1756.
*
*
*
I must beg leave to observe to you a custom which prevails here;
that is, burying the dead in churches; where very often they
cannot dig into a sufficient depth to prevent the exhalation of
malignant vapours. And if such arise, churches are places where
they cannot be dispersed. For they have (I mean old churches)
very few windows, and those so very small, that the pure air
seldom enters to carry off with it the damp air. The doors are
always shut but on Sundays, so that churches are always damp.
They would be in some measure unhealthy of themselves, but
much more so when the noxious effluvia of perishing bodies mix
with the damp air. I admire the ancient custom of burning the
dead, especially with aromatic woods; it was a safe way; or,
where that could not be conveniently done, to dig the puticuli
deep enough, as the Romans did. You will say I am an Hera-
clitan, as I prefer fire.
8
The ancients buried their dead in the day time, deeming the
night ominous, as evil spirits then wandered. I really think the
day the properest, for if the dead die of a malignant distemper,
and any noxions effluvia arise, they are easier dispersed in the
day; whereas at night the air is more condensed, and will pre-
7
Saul was burned, I. Sam., xxxi., 12. Burning was not the usual mode of
sepulture among the Hebrews. In this case, from a pious desire to disguise the
mutilation of the headless corpses, and exempt them from any possible future
insult, the men of Jabesh burnt the bodies, yet so as to preserve the bones. In
verse 13, it is mentioned that the bones of Saul and his sons were buried, which
implies that the bodies had been burnt.-See Speaker's Commentary, vol. ii.,
366 n.
8 Potter's Archæol.
:
NORFOLK.
27
vent their mounting above our atmosphere. Decency, as well
as religion, require our bodies should be committed to the ground,
earth to earth, but neither require the dead should be a nusance
to the living, which must be so while this custom prevails. Here
the friends of the deceased following him into the church kneel
over the body while the minister is doing his last office; surely
such a close inclination over the dead (let him die of any dis-
temper, be it small-pox or plague, it must be done), must subject
them to the same distemper. I have smelled a cadaverous mat-
ter as I have read the service, while the dead lay in church.
am satisfyed this must have occasioned the death of many. If
these few imperfect observations will be of service I should be
glad; or if they serve only to amuse you I shall be well satisfyed.
Yours, &c.,
I
W. WATKINS.
NORFOLK.
PART OF A LETTER FROM E. CONEY, ESQ., TO ROGER GALE, GIV-
ING AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ROMAN ANTIQUITIES FOUND NEAR
WALPOLE, IN MARSHLAND.-H. C.
Nov. 8th, 1727.
I am now at the place above, which gives name and title to
Lord Walpole. It lyes near the sea, and was fenced from it by
the Romans with a strong bank. We have footsteps of their
being there by many tumuli over the countrey, but I don't know
of any coins that have been found nearer than March, in the
Isle of Ely, about 12 miles distant, at which place I know of one
who some years since dug up a large pott of copper, but they are
all gone.
I have a tenant who lives under the bank, and upon
digging in his garden, about 3 foot under ground, found many
Roman bricks, and an acquæduct made with earthen pipes," we
took up about 26, most whole, though not without difficulty, they
9
2
"These pipes were made of palish red earth, which grew hard again upon
their being exposed some time to the air. The length of them was 20 inches,
the bore 3 inches, the thicknesse of their sides an inch. One of the ends
much smaller than the other, so as to be inserted into the wider end of the pipe
it followed."-R. G.-See also Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., 23,
Surtees Society.
28
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
being as tender allmost as the earth itself. Sir Andrew Foun-
tain tells me they are truly Roman, and made of the same earth
as the urns, and turned, which was the custom of those days. I
think them fine of the kind, which has induced me to send one
of them to the curious Mr. Gale, which you will find at Dr.
Massey's, to whom I sent four last Satturday. He has orders
to deliver or send you one of them, the rest are for Lord Cole-
rain, Mr. Ellis, and himself. I have allso sent one of them to
Dr. Stukeley, and Mr. Johnson, of Spallding, whose thoughts of
them I have desired, and hope you will oblige me with yours, &c.
Wrote on the wall in one long line under the windows in the
inside of the north isle of St. Margarette's, or the great church
at Lynn Regis, com. Norfolk, seen by me, but scarce legible,
March 30, 173.-R. G.
10
"Orate pro animabus Edmundi Pepys Burgensis et Piscenarii
(fish)¹º Lenn, et Johanne Uxoris ejus, et pro omnibus benefac-
toribus suis. Qui quidem Edmundus dedit ad fabricam istius
lxxx. libras. Idemque obiit in festo Sti Edmundi Regis et Mar-
tyris Anno Dñi м.CCCC.LXXXII.”—H. C.
SAMUEL SALTER TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, AT STAMFORD.-
H. F. ST. J.
Sir,
Byrton, May 27th, 1745.
I thank you for the obliging loan of your adversary's book,
which I have run over with as little entertainment as I bestowed
care upon it.
it. As far as I can see, it is a battle between Bene-
dict the Abbat and the Golden Legend; and not between Dr.
Stukeley and Mr. Parkin. A 3d person may find, from a 3d book,
a new solution, and they may all 3 be plausible, yet not one true.
And therefore ill manners and ill language are unpardonable in
a brother-ghesser.
My father writes me word that the carving on St. Lawrence's
steeple¹¹ represents his martyrdom, on a gridiron, and the officers
10 A fish is represented here in the inscription.
11
A drawing of the west door, showing the sculptures in the spandrels, is
given in a volume of Stukeley's drawings in the possession of the Rev. H. F.
St. John. In the one representing the martyrdom of S. Lawrence, the emperor
Decian is seen falling under the stroke of a sword given by the Deity who is
NORFOLK.
29
of execution tending the fire underneath, with the emperor above
giving orders, but falling from his seat on the occasion. On
another side of the same steeple is St. Edmund the King, it
seems, shot at by the Danes. Parkin has his account of this
from Blomefield, who is ingaged in writing the antiquities of the
county of Norfolk, and has made a considerable progress in his
work; but with what degree of reputation I know not; nor have
I his book which comes out in numbers. I hope to see Norwich
this week, and to be back in Lincolnshire in less than a fortnight.
Meantime I am, for myself and all with me, yours, and
Your most obedient humble Servant,
SAMUEL SALTER.
2 Sept., 1741. I visited Sir Robt. Walpole at Houghton.
We eat a pine apple, a most delicious mixture of a pomegranate,
a melon, a quince, and most other fine fruits. I returned home
through Lynn and Marshland. On Tuesday the 8th following,
a violent hurricane blew down S. Margaret's fine leaden spire,
upon the body of the church, and S. Nicholas's spire,¹² and dis-
persed all the stacks of hay in Marshland; many mills blown
down; stript Wisbech of the tiling; proceeded to Cambridge and
blew down all the booths at Sturbridg fair, and infinite more
damage. It passed over London, and so the southern coast,
Canterbury, Chichester, where it did great damage.-Diary,
36.
vol. V.,
12 Nov., 1741. At the Royal Society. Mr. Folks, vice-
president, said the leaden spire of S. Margaret's, Lynn, fell its
whole length upon the body of the church, being of lead and tim-
ber. It made a deep hole in the pavement of the church, forced
the corpses out of their graves, mounted the font higher than the
level, and made an universal havoc throughout that most spacious
church. The spire of S. Nicholas, being of lead and timber too,
figured as a king crowned. In the other spandrel the head of King Edmund
is represented lying in some bushes, agreeably to the legend. The old church
was pulled down in 1460, and the new one completed in 1472.—Journal of
British Association, xiv., 77.
12
This was a chapel of ease to St. Margaret's, in the borough; the spire,
which was blown down, was 170 feet high.
་་
30
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
fell in the churchyard, and made itself, as it were, a great grave
of an isosceles triangular form.—Diary, vol. iv., 70.
Apr. 20, 1745. Mr. Hayes, governor of Landguard fort, in
Norfolk, visited me. He showed me a great number of Roman
coyns¹³ found there, it having been a Roman castrum; great num-
bers of silver ones; a silver Alectus among 'em, and that with
the lupa lactans pueros. He gave me a Carausius, reverse, a
genius holding 2 military standards.-Diary, vol. vii., 60.
me.
26 Aug., 1746. The Rev. Mr. Shipley, of Downham, visited
He says the White Swan Inn remains there, and they have
a perfect memory of King Charles I. lying there in 1646. There
is some of the king's hand-writing on a quarry of glass remain-
ing in a window, and a walk by the town side, called the king's
walk, from his walking there whilst waiting for Dr. Hudson's
return from Southwell, where he went to make a bargain for the
king's coming to the Scots.-Diary, vol. vi., 37.
15 Feb., 1749-50. At the Royal Society. Some fine brass
celts, lately found in Norfolk,¹ with spear heads, one of the form
I call received. The spear heads, as called, are always found
with these celts. They are really sacred instruments as the other,
being the sacrificing knives.-Diary, vol. ix., 3.
10 May, 1759. At the Antiquarian Society. A parcel of
British celts found near Norwich, and a sacrificing knife, sharp
on both edges. There had been an handle fastened to it. Many
bits of old brass, to be cast again, as those of Kew. The brass
of a particular kind which we have not at present.-Diary, vol.
xviii., 51.
2 Nov., 1749. At the Royal Society. Mr. Arderon, of Nor-
wich, sent his account of the Roman city called Castor15 by Nor-
Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 475, Surtees Society.
14 A broken socketed celt found, with 30 more bronze implements, near
Reepham, in a deep clay, in 1747.—Archæologia, vol. v.,
15
114.
William Arderon, F.R.S. Mr. Dawson Turner entertained the opinion
that Caister Castle was an encampment of the description called æstiva, com-
posed principally, if not altogether of earthworks.--Sketch of the History of
Caister Castle, p. 15; but Arderon's account disproves this.
NORFOLK.
31
wich. It stands on the river Wantsom; it was doubtless the
Venta Icenorum. Wantsom is but a corruption of Venta unda.
He says the river was navigable thus high in Roman times, for
he remembers a ring and staple in one of the towers by the water
side, to fasten vessels to, though now the water is much declined.
The length of the city within the walls is 1350 feet, the breadth
1080. It contains 32 acres. The wall is made of Roman bricks
and flints, with very strong mortar. The bricks are a Roman
foot and half long, a foot broad. The ditch very broad. There
are the ruins of some towers. Infinite number of Roman coyns
found there perpetually. He observes fossil shells frequent there-
abouts, which he fancys owing to the river formerly coming
higher up; but, says he, what then shall we say to the whole
country of Norfolk, which abounds with fossils, shells, and all
kinds of marine bodys? I answer, 'tis not peculiar to Norfolk,
but to the whole globe; even the highest hills, the tops of the
Alpes. And I am sorry this gentleman is not acquainted with
the history of the deluge, which only and effectually solves this
appearance. Let me ask another question. The Roman coyns
he much wonders at, being found in immense numbers at Castor,
in Norfolk, and all England over, but why should we wonder,
seeing history tells us of there having been such a people as the
Romans? I doubt not but had Moses told us such a piece of
history, some people would have doubted of it.-Diary, vol.
viii., 85.
17 May, 1759. At the Antiquarian Society. Mr. Baker
showed the brass celts found near Norwich of various sorts,
recipient and received, together with one odd thing¹6 whose use I
know not.-Diary, vol. xvii., 53.
11 Dec., 1760. At the Antiquarian Society. Mr. Baker
showed a Roman lamp, in figure of a human foot, found on the
north side of Norwich, by Austin gate; and thereabouts many
more Roman antiquitys are found.—Diary, vol. xix., 42.
16
This instrument was a bronze gouge, a drawing of which Stukeley has
given in his Diary.
32
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
NORTHANTS.
PART OF TWO LETTERS FROM DR. STUKELEY ABOUT A ROMAN
BURIAL PLACE BETWEEN BERNACK AND WALLCOT IN
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, AND A ROMAN TOWN BETWEEN
STANFORD AND GRANTHAM.-H. C.
Sir,
May 26, 1733.
Mr. Lethieulier has been in our neighborhood and gott some
urns from Mr. Payn; they were dug up in a buriall place by
the Roman road between Bernack and Wallcott. I suppose it
belonged to the villa of some Roman at the latter. I walked
this day two miles upon the Roman road in my parish with
great pleasure, save that I wanted company: and yesterday I
heard of a Roman town between here and Grantham, near the
road where they find many coyns.
Sir,
May 30th, 1733.
Mr. Baron Clerk called on me yesterday; to day I showed
him Tickencote church,¹7 and went with him as farr as the Roman
villa I wrote to you of in my last. 'Tis upon a fine common
between Market Overton and Thistleton, 18 having a good prospect.
We saw the foundations of the wall of the court. There is an
ancient well new scoured up, they call it the Holmes. In the
corn fields there, after plowing, and a shower of rain, they find
pints¹9 of Roman coins called by them Holme pennys. It seems
to have been a village for shepherds to depasture the large com-
mon round it, which is a very delightfull plain. -
17
In one of Dr. Stukeley's Volumes of Drawings, there are the following
pen and ink sketches of this church: 1. South side of church and chancel,
drawn 30th July, 1731. 2. North side of chancel. 3. North-east view of
church and chancel. 4. Elevation of east gable end of chancel, 16 July, 1731.
5. Chancel arch. 6. Interior view of chancel. 7. Ground plan of chancel.
8. Section of chancel, looking west. This parish is in the county of Rutland.
18 These parishes are in Rutlandshire.
19
"This great quantity of money found there indicates it to have been
something more than a village of shepherds."-R. G.
NORTHANTS.
33
AN ACCOUNT OF A ROMAN PAVEMENT AND SOME OTHER REMARK-
1
ABLE PARTICULARS, LATELY DISCOVERED IN AN OPEN
FIELD BELONGING TO A LITTLE VILLAGE NEAR OUNDLE,
IN THE COUNTY OF NORTHAMPTON.— H. C.
2
About the beginning of July, 1736, a servant to one Mr.
Campion, a gentleman farmer living at a little village called
Coddlestock, in the County of Northampton, at the distance of
about a mile from Oundle, a market-town in the said county,
being at plow in an open field belonging to the said village, and
at the edge of that Lordship adjoining to Glapthorn field, on a
headland commonly called the Guild Acre, discovered in a fur-
row (the ground colshing up, as the plowmen term it) several
little stones which made a very uncommon appearance, and with
which having acquainted his master, he with an intimate neigh-
bour or two went privately to the place and caused so much of
the earth to be cleared from it, as to give them a view of a small
part of a very elegant piece of work, to which they were unable
to assign any name. This remained not long a secret, as they
intended; for a certain gentleman or two, who lived at a little
distance from the place, and were great lovers of antiquity, hav-
ing by some accident heard of this remarkable discovery, came
and had the whole work uncovered and swept clean, when there
appeared a surprisingly beautiful Roman pavement³ 20 foot square
and very little defaced by time. The verge or margin of the
work was 7 foot wide on each side, and consisted of red, light
blue, and grey stones, all of them about an inch and quarter
square.
1 "From the Daily Gazetteer,' Friday, April 1, 1737."-R.G.
"Cotterstock is the right name."-R. G. The pavement was engraved
by Vertue, for the Society of Antiquaries. In 1798, another pavement was dis-
covered in the same field.-See Britton and Brayley's Topographical and
Historical Description of Northants, p. 216.
3 A coloured drawing by Stukeley is found in one of his volumes of sketches
in the possession of the Rev. H. F. St. John. It is there described as "the
middle compartment of the south-eastern square of the Roman pavement found
at Cotherstock, Northtonshire, Aug. 1736, done in proportion of 2 inches to an
English foot." A second drawing, embracing the entire pavement, on a scale
of one inch to one foot, is placed on the opposite page of the same volume.
D
34
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
The work within the margin was 10 foot square exactly, and
consisted of lesser stones and bricks, each about the bigness of
dice, or 6 tenths of an inch square, of 3 different colours (viz.),
white, red, and blue, and set in various and most beautiful figures,
as chain-work, maze-work, &c., in the midst whereof were placed,
in a circular order, the figures of 4 hearts, beautifully wrought,
and pointing with their vertices towards the center.
The white and red stones were found, upon examination, to be
made of a different kind of clay. The blue was a hard stone or
slat that had been dug out of a quarry. They appeared all of
them a little rugged, and seem to have been all cut by some
instrument into that unpolished form we now behold them.
This remarkable piece of antiquity remained whole and intire
but a very little time after its discovery; for the people of the
country having heard of it, came to the place in great numbers,
and for want of sufficient care and watchfulness in the owner of
the ground, so defaced it, as to deprive the curious, in a great
measure, of the elegant satisfaction of beholding the most beauti-
ful and perfect thing of the kind that, perhaps, remains undis-
covered in our kingdom.
Most people imagine this extraordinary work to have been the
pavement of a tent belonging to some Roman General, and think
that there hath formerly been some remarkable battle fought near
the place.
On Monday the 27th of September, 1736, some ingenious
workmen were employed by a certain person of great distinction
(with the leave of the owner) to take up about a yard square of
this admirable work, that a specimen of it might be preserved;
when the remaining part, which is very imperfect, and hath, I
am told, but a shallow covering of earth over it, may be destroyed.
In order to this undertaking (which was pretty difficult by
reason the cement, which once held the parts together, was
decayed, and of little use to keep the work in its proper order)
they thought it expedient to dig a pretty wide and deep hole
through a corner of the pavement, where we observed the ground
to be not like the natural soil thereabouts, which is a kind of
clay, but to be made ground to the depth of near two foot, one
half whereof consisted of a very light, loose earth, the other of
sand, gravel, and brick dust, mingled together.
NORTHANTS.
35
In the stratum of light earth which lay next to the pavement,
we discovered several pieces of urns, in which the Romans did
formerly bury the bones and ashes of their dead, 3 or 4 oyster-
shells, and as many nails of the larger size, one of which was
observed to be very little destroyed by rust.
We saw nothing in the bed of sand, &c., which lay next to
the natural clay that was worth our notice, unless some small
chalk stones, which lay in a right line, and seemed to have been
placed designedly in that order.
But that which did most of all excite the curiosity of the
beholders, was a thin bed of ashes lying betwixt the light earth
and the gravel, upon a thin and whitish crust of earth more
compact than the rest, and not so easily to be crumbled to pieces;
in and by the side of these ashes were found the tip of a horn,
the jaw bone and other bones of a beast, which we knew nothing
of.
It would have been a singular pleasure to have seen the utmost
extent of these curiosities, but this the owner of the land would
by no means agree to, lest the remaining part of the pavement
should be destroyed, which he intended (so far as it was in his
power) to preserve, that it might give the same agreeable sur-
prize, as it hath so lately done, by a second discovery, to some
remote generation.
Most persons, who had either seen or heard of these things,
were very ready to give their opinions about them. Some think
the light earth, bones, ashes, and pieces of urns, to be a certain
indication of a burying place, and that the body of some noted
heathen had been burned and interred here.
The bones of the beast lying in and by the side of the ashes,
are indeed no exception to this supposition; for with the pagans
it was a custom, especially if the person deceased was an emperor
or renowned general, to bury the body with company; for,
because they fancied that the ghosts delighted in blood, they
therefore killed beasts and threw them on the pile.
Multa boum circà mactantur corpora Morti ;
Setigerosque sues, raptasque ex omnibus agris
In flammam jugulant pecudes.-VIR., Æn. [xi., 197.]
But as no human bones have been discovered either in or near
36
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the aforesaid ashes, there is not evidence sufficient to support
this opinion, and all that can be inferred from the above-men-
tioned circumstances is, that some sacrifice hath been here offered
to some heathen deity.
After having made these observations, I proceeded in the
next place to examine the surface of the adjoining plowed lands,
whereon small stones and pieces of tile lay so thick as to change
the colour of the natural soil, not only by the sides of the pave-
ment, but a great way over the field, especially on the east side
of the pavement, where I had not walked above 20 yards, when
I took up a fragment of a Roman urn, which I was told was not
the only thing of that sort that had been found there; and that
Mr. Campion, a little further eastward, took out of the lands a
very large, square freestone, which he converted into a watering-
trough for cattle, and that several stones, like foundation-stones,
had been plowed up, which could never naturally have belonged
to that kind of ground; from which circumstances, I did con-
clude that some very remarkable buildings had been formerly
erected here, and that the particular edifice, which the pavement
did formerly adorn, was most probably an Ædes Sacra, or holy
house, wherein sacrifices, prayers, and other religious exercises
had been performed by the heathens.
The edifice adjoining to this holy place was most probably a
large and magnificent dwelling house, and the wood at some
little distance, commonly known by the name of the Hall Wood,
might have taken its name from it; though neither history nor
tradition make mention of anything of this nature.
I examined that part of the field that lies next to the wood,
and could neither see nor hear of the ruins of any edifice nearer
to the wood, from whence it might more properly take its deno-
mination.
That the edifice whose ruins do so plainly appear was some
famous dwelling house, I am still more inclined to believe, when
I consider the pleasantness and commodiousness of the place
where it appears to have been erected, which is a rising ground,
from whence, eastward, there is a fine open prospect over a large
river, of several ancient villages. Towards the south, there is
a view of some part of the north side of Oundle, whose stately
spire doth greatly over-top everything else, and though of a more
NORTHANTS,
37
modern date than anything we have been taking notice of, yet
is deservedly to be admired for its beight, strength, and beauty.
If from hence we turn our eyes northward to the brow of the
hill, we are presented with the prospect of a pleasant wood, stand-
ing most commodiously to defend the ancient inhabitants from
the cold winds in the winter, as well as to refresh them by its
cooling and pleasant shade in the summer season.
At the bottom of the hill southward, and at the distance of
about 2 or 3 furlongs, there is a green pasture, through which
runs a little brook, which was not, I presume, of much service to
the inhabitants, who might much more easily be supplied with
water on all occasions from a spring that rises within the distance
of about 100 yards, a little above the place where the supposed
fabrick stood.
There have been, I am told, 5 or 6 Roman medals found
amongst the rubbish that was thrown from off the pavement at
its first discovery; with much difficulty I got the sight of 3 of
them, they were of brass, and all seemed to bear the same image,
the superscription upon one of them was not legible, but the
other two might be pretty easily made out on both sides; on the
right sides of them both were these following letters and names,
viz. :
D. N. VALENTINIANVS, P. F. AVG., i.e., Dominus Noster Valen-
tinianus Pius, Fælix, Augustus.
On their contrary sides were these different images and mottos.
On the one was the image of Victory, stepping from the left to
the right hand, and in her right hand holding a coronet of laurel,
and a palm branch in her left.
On the reverse of the other was to be seen the figure of an
emperor in an erect posture, leaning with his right hand on the
head of a captive kneeling upon a knee, with his hands tied
behind him. His left hand was supported by a staff with a cruci-
fix on the top of it, denoting him to be a Christian, as this emperor
was known to be. Both these medals were struck at different
places, one at Constantinople, and the other at Siscia, as appears
by the letters at the bottom of them.
This emperor bears a good character in history. He began
his reign in the year of our Lord 364, and was a great benefactor
38
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
to this nation, which was at that time a part of the Roman empire,
in putting a stop to the incursions of its barbarous enemies, the
Picts, the Saxons, the Scots, and the Attocotti, against whom
he dispatched the active and hardy General Theodosius, and
relieved the island from the great distress it was in, and laid the
foundation of a lasting peace.
The pieces of coin I have been speaking of, can hardly be
supposed to have been laid designedly in the rubbish, amongst
which they were found, but most probably were a part of some
money that had been hoarded up, and were scattered in the
separate manner they were found when the edifice was destroyed,
which very probably was done in or about the time of the emperor,
whose image they bear, when very many heathens became con-
verted to Christianity, and an almost general dislike had obtained,
not only of their idolatrous rites and ceremonies, but of the places
too in which they were exercised. Hence therefore we may con-
clude, with great probability, that the curious mosaick work I
have been giving an account of, is of a very ancient standing,
and was in being near 1400 years ago, i.e., at the time when
Valentinian the first was emperor, but how much earlier, as there
is no room for conjecture, I shall not presume to determine, but
leave every one to judge as he pleases. Whether this work did
belong to any particular part of an Edes Sacra, more holy than
the rest, answering to our choirs and chancels, or was the pave-
ment of a holy place not larger than its own dimensions, will be
best known by tracing the foundations; but whatever uncertainty
we are under as yet as to this particular, we may be assured that
this place of heathen worship was no mean place, if we may judge
of the whole from that beautiful part we have lately had the
pleasure of beholding, but was more magnificent and more finely
adorned than very many of our christian churches, though the
object we adore is not any inferior creature, but the great Creator
of all things.
GEORGE LYNN TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, AT STAMFORD.-
H. F. ST. J.
Good Sir,
Southwick, 20th Aug., 1736.
Having lately discovered a curious tessellated pavement in
NORTHANTS.
39
our neighbourhood (which I suppose to be a Roman work), I was
willing to give you the first notice of it. 'Tis within a mile of
my house, in a peice of tillage ground, where there has (it seems)
from time to time been thrown up by the plow great quantitys
of red pottery, a specimen of which I here send you, as also of
the 3 sorts of tesseræ, vizt., of blew, red, and white, of which
the middle or finest part of the pavement consists. The outer-
most (the dimensions of which is not yet known), is formed of
rows of the 3 bigger sort of stones (likewise inclosed). The
finest part is in trailage and other figures, a rough draught of
part of which I have taken upon the place, but much want
your curious hand to perfect it. There has been a great deal of
it destroyed by the country people; but the remainder I have
taken what care I could, with the assistance of the owner of the
ground, to preserve, by burying it again and discharging all
comers from medling with it. The owner will not let the ground
be opened again but once for all, which I am desirous by all
means should be when my son is at home, who is now on the
circuit, but I expect him here on Thursday night next; so if you
think the thing be really antique, and worth further inquiry, I
shall expect you here to go to work on it Fryday or Saturday
next, and am, Your obliged and most humble Servant,
GEO. LYNN.
I don't know whether Mr. Laurence be curious in this way
or not, but please to give my humble service to, and let him
know of it. I shall hope a line in answer by bearer.
Sir,
GEORGE LYNN, TO [NO ADDRESS].-H. F. ST. J.
Southwick, 2d Sept., 1736.
Upon my son's and my revisiting the Roman pavement and
The lordship of Southwick passed from the family of Knyvet to that of
Lynne. William Lynne possessed it in the 3rd year of Hen. VIII.
He was
2nd son of John Lynne, of London, by Johanna, daughter of Knyvet, of
Southwick, who in 1486 gave the property to this William. By Margaret his
wife, daughter and co-heir to William Laxham, of Burneham, Norfolk, he had
a son, Guy, who succeeded to this manor. From him it descended to George
Lynn, Esq.-Bridges' Hist. of Northants, edit. of Rev. P. Whalley, Oxford,
1791, vol. ii., 469.
40
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
clearing away the earth which was trampled down near the
middle of it, wee have discovered a part which was not seen
before, and which will better explain and perfect the draught of
the neighbouring part next the hearts, and their position, than
could be done while the Doctr. was here, 'tis a very pretty part,
and being desirous that the Doctr.'s draught should have it, I
wish he would leave that part unfinished till wee can send it him,
which shall be as soon as he returns home, and being very desir-
ous likewise that it should agree with the originall it would be
well to mention it if you or Mrs. Stewkley write to him before
he comes home.
*
*
*
Your most humble Servant,
GEO. LYNN.
DR. STUKELEY, TO ROGER GALE, CONCERNING A ROMAN PAVE-
MENT AT WELDON," AND COINS FOUND THERE.-H. C.
6
Stamford, Apr. 3rd, 1739.
We have lately discovered another Roman pavement in our
neighborhood, besides that last year in Dr. Rogers's yard at
Castor, and a third at Cotterstock, all in Northamptonshire.
This is at Weldon, in a corn field of Lord Hatton's, near
the town. The workmen, by my lord's order, are building a
high wall round it that it may be covered at top. It is a gallery
90 foot long, beside many square rooms about it of different
dimensions. They find very great numbers of Roman coins
5 The villa was found in 1738. A plate, representing four fragments of
the pavement, with several of the coins, was engraved by J. Cole, of Hatton
Garden, from a drawing by J. Lens, at the expense of Lord Hatton. The manor
of Weldon then belonged to his lordship, whose seat was at Kirby, in the
vicinity.-Bridges' Hist. of Northants, vol. ii., 6.
6 Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., 280. Surtees Society. In digging
up part of the camp at Castor, a small bronze statue was found, representing,
in the Thracian manner, Jupiter Terminales, as a man without arms, lessening
gradually from the centre, and standing upon a square pyramid. Numerous
fragments of tessellated pavements have been discovered in different places ;
urns, &c., and great quantities of coins, of most of the Emperors from Trajan
to Valens.-Britton and Brayley's Topog. and Hist. description of Northants,
p. 223.
NORTHANTS.
41
about it of the very lowest empire; they have brought me 4 of
them; a very
fair but common Magnentius, reverse, a horseman
trampling upon an enemy, GLORIA ROMANORVM, exergue S.L.C. A
Constantine Junr., reverse, two Victorys facing one another, VIC-
TORIA. Another of the same; a 4th very minute and illegible,
but on the reverse a [turreted] building. The name obliterate.
There are foundations of a wall of rough stone, but the building
was of timber, and burnt down, pavement being burnt in some
places, and tyles lying on it, much in the manner of that at Cotter-
stock. They cover it up with sand, till my lord comes down.
This confirms my notion that these pavements belonged to villas
or countrey houses, and not to camps as our countrey scholars
fancy.
Yours,
W. STUKELEY.
ROGER GALE TO DR. STUKELEY, CONCERNING ROMAN PAVE-
MENTS.-H. C.
Dear Doctor,
*
Scruton, May the 4th, 1739.
*
I had much the same account, a post or two after, of the Weldon
pavement as you sent me, which I am glad has found a patron
to preserve the original, the first I believe England has produced,
and perhaps will be called a crazy one for his payns; and another
that will be at the expence of preserving it in copper, which is
my Lord Wilmington. He sent several curious draughts of the
whole to the Antiquarian Society for their view, but desired they
might be returned, because he intended to be at the charge of
engraving them after the best manner.
I have been long of opinion that these tesselated pavements
were floors of banqueting rooms, or some of the chiefest and most
elegant appartments in the Roman dwelling houses, and not the
bottoms onely of the general's pavilion in a camp. They might
indeed have such there, but that does not exclude the use of them
in private buildings, and as none of these found in England, to
the best of my memory, seem to have been discovered within the
limits of any camp, it is much more probable they belonged to
domestic ædifices. But to put the matter out of dispute, in an
42
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
ancient town 14 or 15 miles from this place, called Aldborough,
(Isurium), are a dozen or more of these pavements, some for
greater, some for lesser rooms, remaining to this day, but dis-
persed at such a distance from one another that they could never
have belonged to one tent or house. Besides, the different man-
ner of work shows them plainly to have been designed and layd
at diverse times in a long series of years. I believe they were
the floorings of the grand apartment, chief rooms, or baths in the
private houses of the better sort of people, even down to the
lowest times when the Romans were forced to abandon Britain
to the incursions of the barbarians, who destroyed these beautifull
buildings, most of them shewing the marks of fire, which is not
a little confirmed by the appearance of this at Weldon, and the
finding such numbers of coins of the lowest empire about it.
That which you have sketcht out belongs to Constantine M., his
head has been on one side of it without any legend, the reverse
is Pons duabus turribus munitus, in relation, as is supposed, to
some famous bridge built by him, at present unknown; what
remains between the two turrets are the reliques of the letters
KONST.
R. GALE.
DR. STUKELEY TO ROGER GALE, CONCERNING THE ROMAN PAVE-
MENT AND VILLA at WELDON, AND SOME ROMAN COINS.
-H. C.
Dearest Sir,
7
Stamford, 11 Oct., 1739.
A fortnight ago I went to visit a relation at Burton Latimer,
two miles from Kettering. From Burton I sallyed out one day
to see my old acquaintance, Dr. Mayne, of Northampton; he
has a large collection of coins. I gott a Carausius of him that
has been guilt with gold. In my road I passed through Weldon,
and viewed the Roman pavement. I have given you a drawing
of the plan of it, as well as I can do it by eye and memory, for
they would not let me measure it. 'Tis a beautifull remnant of
antiquity, and gives us a notion of an intire villa, or pleasure
house. It stands on a delicate plain fronting the south, and on
7 "Otherwise a very common one."-R. G.
NORTHANTS.
43
an eminence half way up that plain which declines gently south-
ward to the meadow of the river Willy, that rises here.
The little eminence on which the villa stands is a kind of knoll
or promontory, the ground on both sides declining, as well as in
front. The front is a gallery a 100 Roman feet long; the whole
house was a double square, 100 foot long, 50 broad. They have
covered over the gallery, but not the entire length, some of the
pavement being excluded, and likewise most of the two largest
rooms are covered, so that what is preserved is of the form as
they call it, of an half H thus:
The two apartments, and the hall in the middle, are intirely
excluded and left open to the weather, so that this winter will
finish their appearance. The pavement has been very pretty,
but is at present imperfect, and of that which remains, we many-
festly see it has been mended, bunglingly patcht up even in the
Roman times, so that it has been destroyed more than once, and
some places have evident marks of fire upon it, in spots and
broad plots.
This house being of stud work, as I suppose
Roman houses here generally were, was burnt down lastly in the
time of Constantine, the son of Constantine the Great; this I
inferr from the many coins of that emperor found here, and are
the last found.
8
There it was, says Ammianus Marcellinus, that the inroads of
the barbarous nations, Scots and Picts, disturbed the peace of
Britain, the more so, we may add, because of the removall of
the chief power of the empire eastward to Constantinople.
Higher up the hill, in the plowed field, appear many more
foundations, so that they affirm a whole town stood there, I sup-
pose it was Roman, and we may venture to call it Carvilium, as
our great friend's town Wilton, therefore the present town is
truly called Wilton or Willydon, not Weldon.
9
Doubtlesse this villa was a most delightfull place, before the
beautiful turf was plowed up, and the meadow added much to its
elegance. The foundations are of Stanyon stone, a quarry a
mile off, and before Weldon quarries were wrought.
8 "See abridgement of the Philos. Trans., by Jones, vol. v., pt. 2, p. 68."-
R. G.
9 The Earl of Pembroke.
44
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
They found lately at Northampton a silver CLAVDIVS, on the
reverse Agrippina; Dr. Mayn has it; and at Houghton, a mile
or two off, a gold CAIVS and LVCIVS.
I remain, &c.,
W. STUKELEY.
SAMUEL GALE "TO THE REV. DR. STEUKELEY, AT STAMFORD."
-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Sir,
Loudon, Novr. 3, 1739.
Some time since I had your acceptable letter, with the
accurate plan and etymologie of the villa, which I should have
answered sooner, but waited for my shewing it to the Antiquarian
Society, where I have not been till last Thursday, when I pre-
sented it to Mr. Secretary Gordon, Mr. Folks being in the chair,
before whom it was read to the assembly; and mett with universal
approbation; only it was observed that my Lord Hatton's plan
did not agree with yours, it not being so regular representing
the salloon terminating in an octangular projection opposite to
the entrance, and two rooms on one side of it, and one on the
other, the gallery rangeing the whole length of the palazzo. The
pavement is now engraveing by Mr. Tommns, in Fetter-lane, at
my Lord Hatton's expence.
*
*
*
Your loving Brother and humble Servant,
*
S. GALE.
ROGER GALE "TO THE REVND. DR. STUKELEY, AT MR. HER-
BERT'S, IN BEDFORD STREET, BEDFORD ROW, LONDON."
-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
*
*
Scruton, Mar. 13, 1739-40.
*
Brother Sam told me formerly that Lord Wilmington had shown
him draughts of Lord Hatton's pavement, and had ordered them
to be engraved; by what you say it looks as if Lord Hatton pub-
lisht them himself. I should be glad to know how this affair
stands; if Lord Wilmington is at the expence I can easily pro-
NORTHANTS.
45
cure them there; if Lord Hatton, I shall find it more difficult,
except he gives them to some printseller; therefore desire you
to let me know how I may obtain them, vel prece vel precio.
*
*
*
I am, dear Doctor,
Your most faithfully, &c.,
R. GALE.
SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE, CONCERNING THE ROMAN
BUILDINGS AND PAVEMENT AT WELDON, ECLIPSE OF THE
SUN AND OF THE MOON, AND COAL WORKS.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Edenbr., 8 Decbr., 1739.
I received in due time yours, with the draught of the Roman
villa, which was as acceptable as it was indeed curious. I'le be
mighty glad to see a print of the pavement when it comes out:
that it has suffered by fire, and has been repaired even in the
time of the Romans is a very curious observation of Dr. Stukeley's.
It is not improbable that the square in the middle has been with
a cupola roof, and given light from above. I wanted much to
have found a fire-place in it, because among all the ruins I have
ever seen about Rome, I never observed any except in some of
the thermæ.
I have seen the Transactions of the Royal Society for Jan.,
Febr., March, April, 1738, and amongst them a letter of mine
to you about the eclipse of the sun. I a am glad to find so well of
it, it having never been intended for that learned Society.
On the 2d of Janr. next you will see a fine eclipse of the moon :
the penumbra begins at 7 in the evening, 2 minutes 55". The
beginning of the eclipse is at 8 hours, 15 minutes, 19″; the
middle at 10 hours, 12 minutes, 56"; end of total darknesse
11 hours, 5 minutes, 15″; end of the eclipse, 12 hours, 10 minutes,
33″. The penumbra ends 1 hour, 2 minutes, 57″; quantity of
the eclipse 21 digits, 6 minutes, 23". The above hours, minutes,
and seconds will, I judge, answer your situation, with no great
variation.
I being a coal master of near 40 years experience, our Philo-
46
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
sophical Society expects a dissertation from me on coal, with the
best methods of carrying up levels, setting down sinks, convey-
ing air, rectifying damps, and bad aire, with other such things
as are commonly observed about coal. This I am preparing, but
may be helped by you in the following particulars.
1º.
As to the antiquity of digging coals about Newcastle.
2º. What countys in England do most abound with it.
3º. If you think the strata of coal were as antient as the
world, or if the strata of soft earth by length of time imbibed a
sulphureous combustible quality.
4º. If these strata are confined to certain latitudes of our
globe.
5º. If it is not coal which the Chinese missionarys mention
as the common fuel in China.
6º. If there are any places near London under discourage-
ments about working coal, for the benefit of the Newcastle trade
in coal.
7°. Is there any act or ordinance of Parliament in England,
about working coal before Henry the 5th's days.
You will see that Dr. Stukeley, in his Itinerary, says that
the strata of coal lye east and west from sea to sea; so far indeed
I believe that the strata of coal at Whitehaven are the same with
those at Newcastle, &c. With my very best respects,
I am, &c.,
JOHN CLERK.
CHARLES GRAY [TO REV. DR. STUKELEY.-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Sir,
*
Colchester, 11 July, 1751.
*
*
I had yesterday a present made me by a friend of a purse taken
out of a stone coffin at the cathedral of Peterborough; it is made
of silk, and very much adorned with bossings and tassels of gold
thread. There was in it a little piece of ragged yellow silk,
about as big as your hand, which I suppose was a wrapper to a
little white glass viol, shaped like a round decanter, which was
also in the purse, and has a label of fine vellom on its neck, with
NORTHANTS.
47
this inscription, de oleo sce Kať'ine. I am not antiquary enough
to know what this oyl of St. Catharine was, and should be obliged
to you if you would tell me. The writing on the label is plainly
that of Edwd. 2d or Edwd. 3rd's time; and I dare say, whoever
it was that had this purse buried with him in his coffin, thought
there was some efficacy in the matter, and placed it there in
superstitious piety.
I heartily wish Dr. Stack good success in Jamaica. He has
always shewn me very obliging civilities, and I desire you'll
make my very grateful compliments to him.
I am, most heartily, dear Sir,
Your obedient humble Servant,
Castor.
CHA. GRAY.
Mr. Rhee, of Willowhall,
He has a gold Roman coin.
May 21, 1736. Went to Cotenham to visit Mr. Gale. They
are plowing the city of Durobrivis.
by Peterborow, owns the ground.
found there.-Diary, vol. i., 126.
Peterborough.
July 10, 1736. W. Stukeley brought [to the Brazen-nose
Society, Stamford], some drawings he made at Peterborough
this week. On the wall of the south aisle of the choir there are
these verses :
Hos tres Abbates, quibus est prior Abba Johannes,
Alter Martinus, Andreas ultimus, unus
Hic claudit tumulus. Pro clausis ergo rogemus.
Underneath lyes the effigies of an abbot, in English black marble,
which he doubts not to be Abbot John; the next effigies east-
ward, Martin; the next Andrew, as mentioned in the inscrip-
tion.
He took drawings of these three, being chiefly the portrait
of their faces. The first, Abbot John de Sais, 10 dyed 1125; in
10 John of Salisbury, or de Calceto [de Caux or de Sais], became abbot in
1114. He was a monk in the convent of Sais, in Normandy, where he was
born. During his abbacy the abbey church and the greatest part of the town
were consumed by fire. He begun to rebuild, but died of a dropsy before its
completion in 1125.-Bridges' Hist. of Northants, vol. ii., 553.
48
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
his time, viz., 4 Aug., 1116, the whole monastery was burnt,
and the town along with it. On the 8 March, 1118, St. Felix's
day, he began to rebuild it, which is the major part of the present
magnificent church.
The second is Martin de Bec," who founded our St. Martin's
church at Stamford. He finished Peterborough minster, and
opened it again with great solemnity on St. Peter's day, 1140,
the 23d year after burning. He was an honest and virtuous man,
of an active spirit, went to Rome once, proposed to goe thither
again, and travelled a second time. He dyed 2 Jan., 1154-5.
It must be understood that he finished the church only from the
choir to the cross tower and transepts, for Abbot Benedict, a
successor, built all the body of the church, to the west front, who
dyed 1193.
The 3d drawing was of Abbot Andrew,12 who died 1199.
Another drawing of the abbot who built the Infirmary (probably)
from a good sculpture of him in the remains of that building.
Likewise a drawing of Abbot Robert de Lindsey,13 from his statue
upon the gatehouse of the episcopal palace, which he built. He
dyed 1222. Another drawing of St. Kyniburga, Abbess of
Caster, from her statue upon the same gatehouse. She was
daughter of Penda, King of Mercia, wife to Prince Alkfrid the
Northumbrian, who lived in Stamford Castle, viceroy of Mercia.
Likewise a drawing of King Wulfhere, brother of King Penda
and Kyniburga, all founders of Peterborough monastery.-
Diary, vol. ii., 18.
11
Martin de Bec or de Vecti, took his name from the Isle of Wight. He
was prior of St. Neots. The original bull of Pope Eugenius, confirming the
possessions and liberties of the abbey, was found in the 17th century, under a
board in the upper ceiling of the church, fast nailed down, over the high altar.
-Bridges' Hist. of Northants, vol. ii., 553.
12
Andreas was first a monk, and afterwards prior. He was a benefactor to
the monks' kitchen, giving them Alwalton and Fletton for the augmentation of
their commons. He is said to have been the first abbot who established the
observance of anniversaries. He was buried at the back of the choir, in the
south aisle of the church, in the same grave where John and Martin had been
interred.-Bridges' Hist. of Northants, vol. ii., 553.
He covered the abbot's hall
church, which before were
He assisted at the fourth
13 Robert de Lindesey became abbot in 1214.
with lead; glazed above thirty of the windows of the
stuffed with straw; and built the chancel at Oxney.
Lateran council held under pope Innocent IV., in 1215.-Bridges' Hist. of
Northants, vol. ii., 555.
NORTHANTS.
49
Southwick.
28 Aug., 1736. W. Stukeley communicated [to the Brazen-
nose Soc.], a letter to him from Mr. Lynn,' giving an account.
of a curious Roman tesselated pavement lately found near South-
wick, together with some of the dyes of different colors and
magnitudes which he sent him.-Diary, vol. ii., 28.
Cotterstock.
11 Sept., 1736. Mr. Laurence and W. Stukeley reported to
the [Brazen-nose] Society that they went over to Mr. Lynn's,
at Southwic, pursuant to his invitation; and that on 28th of last
month, they got workmen, and cleared the Roman pavement
above mentioned, and took an exact drawing of it, with all its
dimensions and colours. 'Tis scituate in the parish of Coter-
stock,² between it and Glapthorn, near Oundle, in the open fields
finely declining southwards. On the hill top to the north-east is
a great wood, called Hall-wood. A stone's cast above the pave-
ment is a large, old, boggy spring, now neglected and overgrown
with rushes, which no doubt originally was as a fair bason, and
gave occasion to the placing of the pavement in this spot of
ground, which is a little elevated above the rest of the plain, and
commands a very good prospect toward the river Nyne, to
Foderinghay, Perryhoe, Coterstock, Oundle. The place of the
pavement has been plowed over, time beyond memory, and one
end of it, which lay towards the furrow, being nearer the sur-
face, is intirely plowed up. The bits of stones colored that com-
posed it, are sprinkled over the whole land. We found two-
thirds of the work intire, and so much of the remainder as enabled
us by symmetry to draw out the whole, except the central part
of the upper compartment. Therefore to prevent deformity, we
judged proper to fill it up by the same central work as the other,
turning it the contrary way, particularly the heart-like work.
The whole (as usual) is made with a great deal of art and curi-
osity; the colors are well introduced, and it has a very pretty
2
1 See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., 300 n.
This parish is east from Weldon, in the adjacent hundred. The pave-
ment was engraved by Vertue, for the Society of Antiquaries.
E
50
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
effect. The outward measure is 30 Roman foot by 20. Its
length is extended from south-east to north-west, and the middle
line thereof passes through the above-mentioned bason or spring;
in regard to which, as we observed, the pavement seems to have
been placed. We conjecture this was
We conjecture this was a villa of some noble
Roman in the neighborhood upon the river. This bason is a
little above the level of the pavement, and would have a pretty
effect in the garden behind the house, as we may reasonably
imagin was the case originally, and being bordered with mossy
turf, would appear sweet and natural. Up hitherward, in the
river Nyne, the Roman corn-boats might reach to fetch the
tribute of Northamptonshire and carry it to Peterborough. Pro-
bably about Perryhoe, which carrys antiquity in its name, was a
great building upon the edg of the water, a granary to lay the
corn up in; and the villa belonged to the chief officer thereof,
the rei frumentariæ Præfectus. Hence the corn was conveyed to
the Cardike at Peterborough, and by that means as far north-
wards as York, all by inland navigation. York was the seat of
the emperor, and of his lieutenant in Brittan, that he might be
near the Scottish frontiers, and the numerous garrisons upon
the Vallum Pictum which wanted great supplys of corn from
the southern parts of the island. Therefore they formed the
admirable contrivance of the artificial canal in our county
canal called the Carsdike (not hitherto sufficiently attended to
by writers), upon which so much of Roman antiquity depends.
This opens at Peterborough, from the river Nyne, and goes all
along the edg of our fenny level, between the high and low
ground to Washenborough, 3 miles below Lincoln. Hitherto
'tis an artificial cut, and there enters Lincoln river. A mile
above Lincoln begins the continuation (as it may be called) of
the artificial cut, the Foss-dike. This continues upon a like
marshy level, and enters the river Trent a little above Torksey,
as W. Stukeley traced it last year. Entering the Trent, the
Roman corn-boats fell down the river, crossed the Humber, and
went with the tide up the river Ouse as far as York. 'Tis evident
hence to any one that looks over a map of England how the corn
of Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Bedford-
shire, Northamptonshire, Rutland, Lincolnshire, Nottingham-
shire, were by this means conveyed by water carriage to York;
NORTHANTS.
51 -
and particularly that all the corn of the upper part of North-
amptonshire would center in this point about Perryhoe, for so
high the river was then navigable. People have had a continued
tradition that there had been a great building on this spot of
ground, and they called it the Gildenhall acre; and the adjacent
wood is called Hall-wood, as we said before. All the plowed
fields quite around it for a good way are full of fragments of
Roman tiles and the like; more especially of a large, strong, and
well baked tile, with the edg of one end turned up square. They
are of very red earth, and so hard as to strike fire. They appear
to us to be the tiles that covered the house. We apprehend the
villa was of stud work in timber, which being burnt down or
destroyed in the wars of the Picts or Saxons, &c., this beautiful
pavement was buried under the rubbish for ages, and the cover-
ing tiles dispersed. By some obscure traces on the grass-ground
we might imagin the whole villa and gardens somewhat like the
following draught. The beautiful part of the work within is a
small matter less than 10 of our English feet, being 10 compleat
Roman feet. In the drawing of the pavement laid before the
Society, the Roman and English measure is set in their true pro-
portion; which drawing was ordered to be engraven.—Diary,
vol. ii. 28-34.
3
4
Sept. 14. Mr. Lynn, Mr. Laurence, and W. Stukeley, took
an observation of the country upon the side of the river Nyne,
towards the Roman pavement. At Cotherstock, where the church
stands, and the religious house or chantry, it may well be pre-
sumed was antiently a great stone building or Roman granary,
upon the edg of the river. The religious house was built upon
its ruins. As they viewed it carefully they discovered one door-
stead facing the water, which is really an original part of the
building, and truly Roman. It was part of the granary and
prefect's house. Between this and the water side are vast foun-
dations, and all around the house, the like. Hither the corn
An imaginary view of the villa accompanies the description.
4 The provostship or Chantry was founded in the church by John Giffard,
in 1339, and the rectory appropriated to it.--Bridges' Hist. of Northants, vol.
ii., 439; see also Leland, Itin., iv., 49.
52
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
from all parts of Northamptonshire was brought, as we mentioned
before, and it was in Roman times a populous place.
Cotherstock church is a very old building. The chancel has
been since rebuilt by the religious, and in a sumptuous manner.
There is a door into it from the house, for the provost, and another
for the fraternity on the north side. The windows have been
finely painted with apostles and saints. A fine brass, very per-
fect, of Robert Wintringham,5 master, canon of Lincoln cathe-
dral, prebendary of Lydington, provost of Cotherstock chantry.
He dyed 1420. In the church are twice the arms of [?]
painted in the north windows, argent, a chevron between 3
squirrels gules. The porch of the church new built, with a
pretty arch over it. A foot of the cross' remains in the church-
yard, with this inscription:
JOHS LEEK ET KATH
LEN VXOR EIVS HAC
FECERUNT FIERI
Mr. Bainbrig, minister of Cotherstock, informed me that in
digging the vault in the quire, 2 yards below the present surface,
they found a large Roman jar. It was not intire. I suppose it
was a wine or oyl jar, and in the cellar of the Roman governor
here.
We observed the chief line of the length of the Roman pave-
ment is drawn from the spring above it regarding Cotherstock
church, a beautiful descent all the way. A Corinthian brass coyn
of the middle size was found at the pavement. They had battered
it with hammers, and cut it in half in trying whether it was gold.
5 This brass still exists. Robert Wyntryngham is represented in a cope,
on a bracket, under a canopy.-Haines' Man. of Monum. Brasses, p. 156.
Or, according to Bridges. The ancient arms of Twemlow, Alsager, Buer-
ton, and Northwich, co. Chester, were Arg. a chev. or, betw. 3 squirrels sejant
gu.-Papworth's Dict. of Armorials, p. 390.
7
According to Bridges, the stone is on the south side of the church, near
the porch, and bears the inscription, "Johes Leef et [?] uxor ejus hanc fecerunt
eclam."
NORTHANTS.
53
It seemed to be either Vespasian or Domitian, and was laid pro-
bably to mark out the era of the building.—Diary, vol. ii., 35-38.
Oundle.
Sept. 15. The next day we visited the monastery of St.
Andrew at Oundle, famous for being founded by, and the place
of the obit of, the great St. Wilfrid, who was so considerable an
instrument in propagating the christian faith among our Saxon
ancestors. He built St. Leonard's monastery at Stamford; he
was concerned in founding Peterborough Abby, Castor nunnery,
Peterborough, Ely monastery, and many more. He built the
cathedral church of Rippon, of York, of Hexham, of Leicester,
of Selsey or Chichester, at all which places he sat as Bishop.
The present remains of this church of St. Andrew (now a wheel-
wright's shop) is not so old as his time. It is a good building,
yet there seems to be some part of the original structure, as the
door and window on the south, next the dwelling house. The
dwelling house there on the south side was part of the church, as
it were a southern transept or chapel; for in the present chamber
the arch is visible, and the two pillars that support it; one by
the stairs, the other by the present chimney. The like is observ-
able of that part opposite to it, or the northern transept, now
likewise a dwelling house. This was a chapel, and I suppose
called S. Wilfrid's, and had an altar on the east side. By it is
now a nich in the wall for the holy water. There was a great
window on the north, of mullioned work, where now is the
chimney; it was altered in repairing about 10 years agoe. The
pillars that support the arch above in this place are still visible.
This is thought to be originally the chamber where the great
prelate dyed; where Bacula, the abbot at that time, wound his
body in fine linen. The western part of the church and monastery
(which was but small) is intirely demolished. On the plain by
it that market was kept in old times, fronting the bridg, and this
8 Heddius, who wrote the life of S. Wilfrid, says that he built a monastery
here to the honour of St. Andrew, destroyed by fire after his death, except the
house he lived in, over which the flames are said miraculously to have had no
power. What is called his monastery was probably no other than a mansion
on the possessions of the monastery of Medeshamstede, or Burgh.-Bridges's
Hist. of Northants, vol. ii., 404.
54
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
is the old part of Oundle. There were figured stones as usual for
the springing stones of the arches over the windows of the church
on the outside. One on the south is left, though misplaced. It
resembles St. Wilfrid as in an old print of him. On the north
side, one is carved into St. Anthony's pig, with a bell about his
neck. A street in Oundle, now called New street.⁹—Diary,
vol. ii., 39-41.
Collyweston.
The
10 Feb., 1736-7. I examined the Roman camp, on Colli-
weston10 hill, north of the town. It is 200 foot square. The
southern rampart is very intire. The northern partly so.
east and western thrown down, and plowed over. There never
were any ditches, because 'tis rock. It commands a fine pros-
pect. It was made very probably by P. Ostorius Avg. The
year after he garrisoned the Antona and Sabrina rivers, as he
advanced further up the country.—Diary, vol. iii., 9.
Siberton.
11 Feb. I went to Silberton, in Wansford" parish, hearing
much din about some stone coffins lately taken up there. Sib-
berton lodg (as now called) is the only house in this once con-
siderable town, now a farm house belonging to the Duke of
Bedford. It was originally the seat of the lord of the town, Silbere,
in remotest Saxon times, and so of his successors; a most pleasant
and wholsom place. The reason of setting it there was for sake
of the fine spring or well there (as commonly called). It was
a large castellated house, and very strongly walled about. There
9
The principal streets are New Street, North End, and Chapel End, where
was formerly a chapel, now a private house, of which there are several remains.
The stone work of the eastern window is almost entire.-Bridges's Hist. of
Northants, ii., 404.
10
Collyweston, written simply Weston in Domesday, is a village situated
on a descent to the Welland.
Walmesford, commonly pronounced Wandsford. The south side of it is
in Hunts, the north in Northants, separated by the river Nyne. A Roman kiln
was discovered at Sibson, near Wansford, by Mr. Artis, in 1844.- Godwin's
Engl. Archæol. Hand-book, p. 60.
NORTHANTS.
55
is a chapel¹² remaining in it, a stone cross upon the gable end
above, and, underneath, a fine arch of stone. Some of the out-
houses too are finely arched in like manner. All about here, for
many acres of ground, lyes the extended carcase of a large town,
houses and streets very visible. This is one of those unfortunate
places that stood in the way of that barbarous northern rout of
Scots in the year 1461, who burnt Pickworth, Horn, many of
our churches at Stamford, &c. They were digging up the foun-
dations of the church here. The ground plot of the whole very
apparent. Great quantity of good hewn stone of Bernack quarry;
many bases and capitals of pillars and other carved stones of the
most antient manner. This was a very old church, very small
in proportion to churches now a days. From the south side of
the choir or chancel without, they took up the fine stone coffin
carryed to Wansford, and I saw several more lye there in the
ground where the first was taken up. The bones lye in the
coffins in situ. They are covered with great and elegant cover-
stones, carved with a great flowered cross a top; and upon that
carryed to Wansford was a large parcel of glass ornaments
fastened with cement upon the flowered crosses (I suppose). I
saw several pieces of the glass, and got one piece of it; perhaps
the glass of the windows.-Diary, vol. iii., 10.
Collyweston.
9 Sept., 1737. I rode out of town (Stamford) with Mr. Saml.
Gale, crossed the Steanford, went along the most delightful med-
ows under Easton hill to Colliweston. We viewed the Roman
camp there.
He agrees with me in judging it to be such. We
saw Mr. Tryon's house,¹³ the Royal palace of Harry the VII.'s
mother, Margaret, Countess of Richmond. We traversed the
12 It is traditionally said that there was a chapel here, but no proof is found
of it in any ancient writings.-Bridges's Hist. of Northants, ii., 599.
13 The manor is in the hands of John Tryon, Esq., whose ancestors have
been many years possessed of it, and are said to have bought it of Judge Heath,
or his heirs. (Nicholas Heath was Lord Chancellor in 1555, see Chronica Juri-
dicilia, Lond., printed for H. Sawbridge at the Bible on Ludgate Hill, 1685,
p. 165). The palace stood where Mr. Tryon's stack-yard is. A great hall, tower,
dungeon, and kitchen with four chimneys, were standing within the memory of
a person still living, but now the very ruins are themselves destroyed.—Bridges's
Hist. of Northants, vol. ii., p. 433.
56
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
skirts of Rockingham forest, and returned home by Whitewater.
-Diary, vol. iii., 21.
Castor.
10 Sept., 1737. I went to Castor, to view the antiquitys
there. I found the shrine of S. Kyniburg in the north-east
corner of the church. The steeple is of the original building,
except the spire. Some parts of the church likewise. The scite
of the nunnery was on the east, where now the bishop of Peter-
borough's farm house. All this was destroyed by the barbarous
Danes. Now they are pulling down many of the buildings, the
old stately hall, selling the slate, timber, and stone. The church
itself in a rude condition, the east window of the chancel out of
repair, the pigeons build all over the side, inside. The church
was originally of a cross form, the steeple in the center, the model
of a cathedral, this was of Kyniburga's building. A good deal
of the old walls of the church remain, with new windows put in.
A Greek sculpture of our Saviour's protome, over the south porch.
A fine stump of an old cross in the churchyard, of Danish christian
work, probably erected by them in memory of the holy persons
there murdered about A.D. 1016. They now dig up the stone
coffins of the old lady abbesses, &c., and sell them. Several
square Roman wells about the place. The scite of the monastery
was extremely delightful. The Roman castrum went quite round
the church. They lately dug up tesselated pavements in the
churchyard. 14 I rode thither all along the Roman road, the
Hermen street, and followed it to the water side of the Nen,
where was a bridge, over against the Roman city Durobrivis.
Much daneweed still grows upon the Roman road in Castor fields.
They have still a memorial at Castor of S. Kyniburga, whom the
vulgar call Lady Ketilborough, and of her coming in a coach and
six, and riding over the field along the Roman road, some few
nights before Michaelmas. This is the remains of her festival
celebrated here, on the day of her obit, 15 Sept., till the abbot of
Peterborough took away her body and carryed it into the Cathe-
dral together with S. Tibba, 600 years agoe.-Diary, vol. iii.,
21-23.
14 See Britton and Brayley's Descr. of Northants, p. 224.
NORTHANTS.
57
23 Jan., 1737-8. At Castor. I heard of a picture of Lady
Kyniburga, at the ferry house. I visited the house where my
ancestor David Stukeley lived, west of the church, a good way,
Lord Fitzwilliam's. The seat at church belonging to it is that
near the reading pew belonging to the seat belonging to Upton
house. 15
I observed the tower of the steeple, the upper window
of the west end of the church, and several other pieces of the old
church built by Kyniburga are remaining. After it was demo-
lished by the Danes they rebuilt it on the old foundations. A
very antient protome of our Saviour's effigies over the south
porch. The wooden south door of that porch has this inscription on
it : RICHARÐVS. RABY 16 RECTOR. ECLESIA. ƉE. CASTRA.
The rest is cut away. The tower of the steeple is a most beauti-
ful specimen of the first christian architecture. It was built
A.D. 660 and 670.
Dr. Rogers repairing his tenement, an ale-house, south of
the church where the fragment of Roman pavement was, we found
it to be a bit of a whole floor of like Roman pavement, seemingly
of a hypocaust. We propose to build a room over it.-Diary,
vol. iii., 35.
The stone inscription of the dedication of Castor church, over
the quire door, was originally 1100," the 14 is added since.
(Arnulf now abbot of Peterborough 18). There is a stump of a
very old cross at the east end of the churchyard, probably set up
15 About 2 miles west of Northampton, the seat of Thomas Samwell Watson
Samwell, Esq., a large irregular building of brick and stone, partly ancient.
The manor, with other estates in the county, has belonged to the family of
Samwell ever since the reign of Henry VII. They are descended from the
Samwells of Restormal Castle, Cornwall. In Upton House was born, in 1611,
the celebrated James Harrington, son of Sir Sapcott Harrington and Jane his
wife, daughter of Sir William Samwell.--Britton and Brayley's Description of
Northants, p. 154.
16 According to Bridges the inscription is + Ricardus Beby Rector
ecclesiæ de Castre fecit fieri ;" and he adds that there is no mention of this
Rector in any record.—Vol. ii., 502.
17 Bridges reads the inscription thus: "XV° Kl. Mai dedicatio hujus ecclesiæ
æd. MCXXIIII." The figures XXIIII., he says, are not so deeply impressed as
the other, and seem more modern.-Vol. ii., 501.
19 The words within brackets are in a marginal note.
58
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
in the place where the Danes murdered the abbess and nuns.
Diary, vol. iii., 36.
1 Apr., 1738. Mr. Inet gave me an old seal, CAPVD IOHIS.
10 Apr. I bought one of Marc Antony's legions, LEG. XVII.
CLASSICAE, found at Castor by Peterboro'.-Diary, vol. iii., 38.
Polebrook.
13 July, 1738. I saw at the Rev. Mr. Soan's, at Barnwell, 19
a Roman urn dug up at Polebrook, south of Oundale. He gave
another to the Duke of Montague.-Diary, vol. iii., 43.
Weldon.
1 Apr., 1739. A most noble tesselated pavement lately found
at Weldon, in Northtonshire, in the plowed fields. Mr. Wyng
gave me a small brass Constantine, Junr., reverse 2 victorys
VICTORIA . . . exergue P.C.L. I got 3 more found there, a com-
mon Magnentius, rev. an horseman trampling an enemy, GLORIA
ROMANORUM, exergue S.C.L. Another lesser Constantine, Junr.,
defaced. Another minute coyn, obliterated, on rev. a castellated
building. It seems to mean the peer of a harbor. The place con-
sisted of a gallery of mosaic work, 100 Roman foot long, with
many square rooms; foundations all around of rough stone, at
bottom sett edgewise. The building consisted of wood, and was
burnt down, some of the pavement being burnt, and tiles lying
upon it. This confirms my opinion that these places were villas,
burnt down in war-time, probably by the Picts after the Romans
left the island, or by our Saxon ancestors. The ground here has
been plowed over a long time, as at Coterstock.-Diary, vol. iii. 43.
19
Barnwell St. Andrew, said to have derived its name from a superstitious
custom of dipping in the wells of the village weakly infants called berns. At
this place a castle was erected in 1132 by Reginald le Moine. It became a
baronial residence of the Montacute and Montague families, and is now a ruin.
In the church there is an altar-piece, given by Mrs. Creed, with this inscrip-
tion: "These tables of the Law were presented to this church by Elizabeth
Creed, painted by her own hand, Anno Domini 1714, in the 70th year of her
age. She was the daughter of Sir Gilbert Pickering, Bart., and Elizabeth
Mountague his wife.”—Britton and Brayley's Description of Northants, p. 209 ;
Bridges's Hist. of Northants, vol. ii., 393.
NORTHANTS.
59
Castor.
16 April, 1739. Mr. Collector Collins and I went to see the
Roman antiquitys dug up at Durobrivis, the old Roman city
south of the Nyne, in Chesterton parish. They are now carrying
on the turnpike road to Wansford bridg. In plowing up the road
as their method is, with a plow drawn by 12 horses, all along the
south side of the city, the road being carryed over a burying
ground of the city, they throw up innumerable corpses, and break
urns, &c., and find many coyns. We saw the ground strowed
over with sculls, human bones, pieces of urns. They showed us
where they found a stone coffin. When they took off the cover-
ing, there was a fair sceleton, which we saw at Kett's cabbin,
together with many urns, but broke. 20 One had a woman's face
affixed to it, made in colored clay. The coyns were chiefly about
the time of Constantine the Great, and after. Along the Hermen
street road as it enters the city they dug up the stone foundations
of houses. The pasture on the south side of the city has been
likewise the burying place, and the pasture west of the city by
the river side, as Mr. Edwards tells me, who lives at Water
Newton hard by. He says there are foundations of houses and
streets in both those pastures, and in the other pasture by the
road going up the hill to Stilton. He saw the ruins of the
Roman bridg that went over the river in the Hermen street road;
it was made of stone and timber, and that they used the materials
in the new navigation works.
A day or two after they dug up more stone coffins, and in one
of them a sceleton; on each side stood the urns, here drawn,
which Mr. shaw gave to me, who bought them on the spot. 21
April. I visited the place again. On the gravelly hill, on this
side the bridg, toward Water Newton, has been another Roman
burying ground, where they took up two fine coffins, now in Mr.
Edwards's yard. In one of them the urns above drawn, and a
gold earring, as said, now in possession of a gentlewoman of
Chesterton. I saw another stone coffin in the ground south
of Durobrivis, and the lid lying by, and all the road strowed with
20 In margin: "Dr. Wallis saw the sceleton of the woman and of the child
in situ, the bones not perished." The drawings of two urns made by Stukeley
in his Diary exhibit the prevailing forms of Durobrivian pottery.
60
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
bits of urns, on the first mentioned gravelly hill. Now they are
plowing it up with 2 plows, 16 horses to each; and every time
the plow goes by they turn up urns, which are broke with plow-
ing up, full of bones. The urns of several sorts of clay, some
blue, some white, like that of the isle of Ely. They showed me
several coyns, but of no value; one of Hadrian, tolerably fair;
one of Antoninus, in one of the coffins; and a great many are
found by the workmen every day. The stone coffins are well
wrought, of an equal breadth throughout, of the white stone of
our country, thought to be from Southorp quarrys, and a broad
flat covering stone of the same materials and form. They gene-
rally lay north and south, the head sometime one way, sometime
the other; yet I am inclined to think they were in times of
christianity. The two little urns found in one of them, seem to
have contained the remains of two little children, interred with
their mother. In the southern gate of the city Durobrivis, some
time agoe, digging a trench to let the water out of one ditch into
the other, they found the foundation of the gate, of squared stone,
and many great iron bars 9 foot long, sharp at one end, which I
judg to have been a portcullis. The ditch is very broad, 50 feet,
and there was a wall upon the inner vallum. The Hermen street
road enters the eastern gate of the city and traverses the whole
length of it obliquely, northward, in the direction of that in Castor
fields, by Upton. It appears still quite through the city in an elev-
ated crest, and goes out of it northward very near a corner toward
the river where the bridg was. Whilst the corn is growing up
we discern here and there a square plot, where the corn comes
up thin.
Here we may suppose some public building stood. One
round elevated plot in the eastern part is particularly taken notice
of, and said to have been the castle. The earth thereabouts is
remarkably red. The city is very fertile, and produces corn
plentifully, though so long plowed, without much manuring; and
though they carry off every year many loads of stone, tiles, bricks,
&c., yet every plowing raises as many more, especially about the
high road, which we may judg to be the principal street.
26 Apr. They had plowed up the road to Wansford bridg,
in order for casting it into a ridg, they found that dry gravelly
hill on this side Sibston, by the river side and along Stibbington
NORTHANTS.
61
hedg, to have been a Roman burying place. We raked up some
places that appeared very black and full of bits of urns, which
probably had been the ustrina or burning places; a vast quantity
of fragments of urns of different clay, and flat dishes, I suppose
for covering them. We took up a small coyn among them,
Valentinian, rev., a victory, VICTORIA. They found a fair silver
Nerva 2 days agoe, rev., LIBERTAS PVBLICA, which Mr. Edwards
gave me, and a large Severus Alexander, rev., Mars Ultor; and
many more. I bought a little brass coyne, the same as I for-
merly got at Icklingham, Icianus, in Suffolk, which I gave to
Mr. Roger Gale, POP. ROMAN, a head with head-piece, rev., a
garland, within it a star, like the escarbuncle of the heralds,
under, these letters, CONSH. Likewise a Victorinus, rev., PIETAS
AVG.; a brass Constantine Max., vailed, rev., his consecration
or ascension into heaven in a quadriga; a Quintillus.
Mr.
,
minister of Chesterton, has a large urn, whole,
and a smaller one.-Diary, vol. iii., 43-50.
26 July, 1739. An iron key, I believe Roman, found in
plowing by the Hermen street way, in Castor fields, over against
Durobrivis, given me by Miss Rogers, by St. Kyniburga's walk.
30 July, 1739. At Castor. In the church is an old chest.
On the inside of the lid, 3 antique Saxon paintings. A crucifix,
St. Kyniburga, and Kyniswitha. A most antient protome of
our Savior over the church porch, of S. Kyniburga's time. I
saw the place in the river where the old Roman bridg was. It
is in the point of the river cut by the Hermen street road, visible
on both sides. The wooden work of the bridg was carryed away
by some flood, for it was found lower down. The chest above-
mentioned seems to have been the coffin or shrine of S. Kyni-
burga. By the Roman road on the south side the river between
the city Durobrivis and the bridg, they found some time agoe a
subterraneous canal.-Diary, vol. iii.. 53.
Weldon.
25 Sept., 1739. I visited the Roman mosaic pavement at
Weldon. A great part of it is covered with a roof, in order to
preserve it. I find it has been an intire house or villa, a pleasure
62
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
house of some great Roman. 'Tis on the south side of a plain
gently declining southward to the medow of the river Willy.
Further, it stands on a little eminence upon that plain with a
gentle declivity on each side. The situation was very pretty,
when this was a heathy plain, before plowed up. I am told,
higher up in the corn field are many foundations of houses, so
that here has been a Roman town; and as it was upon the river
Willy it may rightly be called Carvilium as Wilton. The true
name of this town is Wildon, not Weldon. In the Roman
times here they had not dug up the quarrys at Weldon, for the
foundations of the villa are of Stanyon stone, a mile off. This
villa being of stud-work, as all the Roman houses here generally
were, was burnt down in the time of Constantius, son of Con-
stantinus Mag., as I infer from the many coyns of that emperor
here found about it, and the latest of those found. Then it was,
says Ammian Marcellinus, that the inroads of the barbarous
nations, Picts and Scots, disturbed the peace of Brittan. The
chief power of the empire being removed so much further to the
east at Constantinople. There are several marks of fire in the
pavement. Besides, this villa has suffered some prior calamity,
as is evident from many parts of the pavement having been men-
ded in a bungling mauner, different from its first scheme. The
villa consisted of an agregate of rooms cast into an oblong form,
100 Roman feet long, and those bounded on the south side by
a long gallery. The scheme of the pavements in the gallery and
in the apartments is various, and not the original one intire, hav-
ing been much mended, as I said before. There was a large room
or hall in the middle, on the north side.-Diary, vol. iii.,
54-57.
Northampton.
At Dr. Mayn's, at Northampton, I saw a silver Cladius, rev.,
Agrippina, found there. At Houghton near, was found a gold
Caius and Lucius, c.c.-Diary, vol. iii., 57.
Liveden.
8 July, 1741. I set out to visit aunt Dickenson, at Burton
NORTHANTS.
63
Latimer, by the way visited Lifden House,21 beyond Benefield.
There I met Mr. Ward, of Stoke, the Dean of Norwich, Dr.
Bullock. Here has been a most famous old castle, on rising
ground, with deep ditches full of water, and great circular mounds
like the keep of a castle, made out of the earth thrown up. The
antient family of the Treshams built here near it, in Queen
Elizabeth's time, a very elegant small mansion house. They
were a popish family, and 'tis said the gunpowder plot was here
hatcht; but the family after that time dwindled away. The
house is built in form of a cross, of good workmanship, for that
time, admirable cement. The floors are all demolished, and the
roof. The rest is dayly pillaged where the strength of the stuff
is not too great for rapacious hands. The door was to the north
with a flight of steps. Around the upper part of the building,
in a kind of attic above the cornish, is cut in very large letters,
much legendary popish trumpery in Latin, chiefly of the Virgin
Mary; and along the frize are many carvings of the instruments
of our Saviour's passion. It stands in a most melancholy place,
incompassed with woods. I called on Mr. Goodfellow at Lowick.22
At Weekly, beyond Geddington, is a fair Roman camp, which
takes in the church, on rising ground; 'tis square. I saw another
on this side the town of Kettering, close by.-Diary, vol. v., 30.
Weekly and Boughton.
6 Sept., 1742. I paid a visit to the Duke of Montague at
Boughton, in obedience to his Grace's command. We traced out
the Roman camp at Wickley; the church stands within it. One
corner of it is inclosed in the Duke's park; 'tis square. Its
bredth north and south 500 foot; its length 700. The road
goes on the west and south; a hedgrow next the fields on the
north. I believe this to be a camp of P. Ostorius's, proprætor
in Britain under Claudius. Tacitus tells us he reduced the
21
In the parish of Clapton are the ruins of this house, which was built after
a plan of Sir Thomas Tresham. One of the wings is nearly entire. The exterior
wall of the present remains is decorated with religious emblems, inscriptions,
and various architectural devices, in the Elizabethan style. Over a western
window are the arms of Tresham, Vaux, and two other escutcheons.-Bridges's
Hist. of Northants, vol. ii., 373.
22 Luffwick, commonly called Lowick.
64
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Britons again under obedience when they were desirous of throw-
ing off the Roman yoke, and posted his forces so upon the rivers
Antona and Sabrina as to check them upon all occasions. This
was A.D. 50, A.V.C. 803. Tacit. Annal. xii., 31. It was a mas-
ter stroke of policy in the General to keep the Britons in awe by
drawing a line of garrisons across the island and along these two
rivers, like a yoke upon their necks. Whence he could curb all
disorders on both sides as they offered, separate one half from
the assistance of the other, and provide for the security of the
whole. In the church of Wickley are many tombs of the ances-
tors of the Duke; a very antient monument by the steeple door
of a VAVASOR, in Norman. Wickley is as a vicus or wick to
Warkton and Newton, 23 built upon the destruction of Warkton
under some ravage of war, in Saxon times. I am persuaded
Warkton hard by was a Roman town. Roman coyns found in
digging the great water in the front of the house of Boughton.
I saw some of them; one a fine Trajan, reverse, the Emperor
lifting up a captive, SPQR. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. The Duke has a very
fine Roman urn, taken up at Polebrook by Oundle, with the
bones in it. Boughton house is a very fine seat; a noble hall;
the ceiling painted by Cheron, the marriage of Hercules and
Hebe; a noble suite of chambers painted by Verrio; two excel-
lent original cartons by Raphael; the holy family and Ezekiel's
vision. Many family pictures in the hall and gallery. The gar-
dens are large and well planted. A good command of water
falling from distant springs into basons of an elevation sufficient
for the upper rooms of the house; others for fountains in the
garden. A river runs for a mile in length through the garden,
and at last terminates in a magnificent cascade. When the Duke
made the great water fronting the house, he carryed the earth
into a square pyramidal mount of great bredth and height, encom-
passed with water. 'Tis planted at top with ewe trees, first in a
square, then in a circle; this I admired, and called the temple
of Hades. The Duke's vistos and ridings are extraordinary fine,
very numerous, and of great extent. We rode to Geddington,
where is the beautiful cross24 to Queen Elenor, wife of Ed. I.
23
Called also Newton-Willows.
24 In the middle of the town, where the three principal streets centre, is a
neat triangular cross, built in honour of the Queen. There was anciently a
NORTHANTS.
65
The Duke has ordered the steps to be new done, and the whole
repaired in an elegant manner. Here was an old castle belong-
ing to the crown, which was the reason the royal corpse was
carryed this way. It lay on the north side of the church; some
part of the old building remains. In Newton church are some
good old monuments of the Treshams and Mulsos. In the
churchyard a tomb of a rector, ROBART KLYFTVN, near the Nor-
man conquest. The church is dedicated to S. Faith. The
Mulsoes are my relations. One of them marryed a Stukeley,
daughter to- Styvecle, of Huntingdonshire. Gladon way, in
Kettering fields, seems to have been a Roman way from Warkton
to Harborough.—Diary, vol. V., 42-44.
Peterborough.
Aug. 10, 1743. At Peterborough. I saw some remains of
Abbot de Caux, lately taken up in the minster, kept in the
Literary Society's repository.-Diary, vol. vii., 7.
Southorp and Torpel.
10 Apr., 1744. Mr. Ross and I called on Archdeacon Payn,
and rode to see the Abbot of Peterborough's country house,25
at Southorp. Thence along the new Hermen street way to
Langley Bush, on the old Hermen street way. We saw the
ruins of Torpall house,26 the seat of Margaret, Countess of Rich-
mond.-Diary, vol. vii., 18.
royal seat in a close to the north-east of the church, called the Castle, or Hall-
close. The surface of the ground is very uneven, and many foundations are
still visible. At this castle was held a council or parliament, in 1188, by Henry
II,, to raise money for an expedition to the Holy Land.-Bridges' Hist. of'
Northants, ii., 209.
25
The abbots had a mansion here called Southorp Hall, which used to be
a retirement for them in the summer. It went to decay after the dissolution,
and does not appear to have been a large house. A cottage has been built out
of the ruins, and is called the manor-house. All that remains of the ancient
building is a dove-cot, converted into a barn, and part of the garden wall. In a
small close, walled round, was the old hall.-Bridges' Hist. of Northants, ii., 496.
26 Took its name from the family of Torpel. Camden says it belonged to
the Barons of Wake; but Bridges questions this. The manor, on the death of
John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, who was created Duke of Somerset, 21st
Henry VI., came to his only daughter Margaret, Countess of Richmond.—
Bridges' Hist. of Northants, ii., 522.
F
66
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Burton Latimer.
Sept., 1744. My aunt Dickenson's estate at Burton Latimer
was bought of the Mulsos, a great family at Thingdon. One of
them married a Stucley, of Great Stucley, by Huntendon. She
lyes buryed in Thingdon church.-Diary, vol. vii., 45.
Boughton.
11 Sept., 1844. By the Duke of Montagu's command I
waited on his Grace on his arrival at Boughton. I presented
him with a fine Croyland knife adorned with gold, of the best
sort of those found in large quantitys in the river before the Abby
garden by Mr. Butler's house. I gave the Duke a Croyland
halfpenny with the arms of the town, three whips and 3 knives.
I gave the Duke a manuscript account of the chain of
fortifications drawn across the island by Ostorius along the river
Avon and Severn. A great number of these are to be found
now in Northamptonshire. Mr. Camden judges Guildsborough
to be one of them. I judg Weekly camp, which runs round the
church, and is part of it in the Duke's park, to be another, and
probably Ostorius had his residence at Warkton, 27 which took
its name from some Roman building. This was a very commo-
dious situation for the Roman general, in the very centre of
England, and on very high ground, for from Warkton hill you
have one of the most extensive prospects in Northamptonshire.
You may see from thence 42 steeples.
I took some
prospects in the garden, especially about the mausoleum, where
27
There is here a long deep trench, not improbably the remains of some
Roman work. A coin of Nerva, well preserved, has been found in some neigh-
bouring grounds. The church is noted for the very sumptuous monuments in
memory of John, Duke of Montague, who died in 1749; the Duchess, &c.
by Roubiliac. Another, in memory of Mary, Duchess of Montague, was designed
and executed by Peter Matthias Vangelder, of London, and finished in 1781.
Weekly church, situated about half a mile north-east of Warkton, contains a
few old monuments to the Montagues of Boughton, which is in the parish.
(Britton and Brayley's Topog. and Hist. Description of Northants, p. 198).
At the lower end of the nave is an old marble, removed out of the chancel, on
which was the portraiture of a woman, in brass; on each side of her head a
coat of arms, now torn off. The inscription is, "Icy gist Dame Anneys le
Vavasour fille de sire Mauger le Vavasour qy pour sa alme priera ccc jours de
pardon avera.”—Bridges, vol. ii., 347.
NORTHANTS.
67
the Duke designs to be buryed in the plain earth above. 17 Sept.
We rode through Weekly wood, and along the Duke's avenues,
till we fell into Lord Cardigan's territorys. Thence we went
along his ridings and woods to the great circle on Shire common.
There is a visto to Corby steeple, and another to Dean steeple,
which last is a riding between woods to Dean park 5 miles long.
We went through the park to Dean house,28 a stately old seat
full of coats of arms in stone and painted glass, the intermarriages
of the Brudenel family. There is a good library, many good
pictures and furniture; a large command of water; at the end
of the canal is a pretty summer-house, where a piece of the
Coterstock Roman pavement is handsomely introduced into the
floor. 20 Sept., I returned home.— Diary, vol. vii., 38.
Geddington.
25 Sept., 1744. I went across Huntingdonshire to Thrap-
ston, and so to Boughton. Lord Cardigan showed me some
Roman coyns found at Stanyon. My Lord says at Dean Thorp
is a stone whereon is cut this old inscription: HERE IS THE
PARLIAMENT STEERES. The Duke of Montagu says there was a
Parliament held formerly in Geddington, and this stone probably
came from thence.-Diary, vol. vii., 45.
Boughton.
Sept., 1744. I sent to his Grace the picture of the Wing-
28 Dene is on the confines of Rockingham forest. At the time of the Domes-
day, the monks of St. Peter's Abbey, Westminster, were lords of Dene. In the
6th of Henry VIII., William Litton and Audrye his wife covenanted with
Robert Brudenell, one of the king's justices, to convey the manor to the said
Robert, with remainder to the heirs of Edmund Brudenell his father. In the
20th of Henry VII., Robert was made king's serjeant; in the 1st of Henry VIII.
he was appointed Justice of the Common Pleas; and in the 12th of the same
reign, Chief Justice of the same court.-Bridges' Hist. of Northants, vol. ii., 299.
In the south aisle of the church there is a recumbent figure of Sir Robert
Brudenell in a judge's robes, between his two wives, Margaret and Phyllype.
Dene House is a low embattled structure, with a turret terminating each
wing. In the library is a good collection of foreign books, and many topo-
graphical and other manuscripts, chiefly relating to Northants, collected out of
records preserved in the Tower by the first Lord Brudenell, during his confine-
ment there on account of his attachment to the cause of Charles I.-Britton
and Brayley's Descr. of Northants, p. 202.
68
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
field29 family. The principal lady there is Elizabeth, daughter
of the Earl of Salisbury, married to Fitz-Lewis. She is a direct
ancestor of the Duke's. He was infinitely pleased with it, and
hung it up in his gallery of family pictures. He spends much
of his time in studying it, and is become master of the whole
history of it. It was painted in the time of that knight of the
Wingfield family that was speaker to the House of Commons in
Henry VIII. time. The picture is thought to have been done
by Holbein.-Diary, vol. vii., 43, 46.
Barnack.
11 June, 1745. At Bernack church. The steeple (the lower
part) the most antient perhaps in England. An antient knight,
cross-legged, and his lady, in the north quire: Radulfus de
Bernake,30 Roass uxor sua. Petr. Blessens. Many altars, a
grand rood loft.-Diary, vol. vii., 76.
Dene Thorpe.
9 July, 1745. The Duke of Montagu sent for me to Boughton.
I called at Dean Thorp to look at the inscription my Lord
Cardigan had formerly told me of: "This is the Parliament
stairs." It seems to be the sign of an alehouse. One would
judg it to be the copy of some antient stone relating to the Par-
liament held at Geddington by Henry II.-Diary, vol. vii., 78.
me.
2 July, 1746. I went to Boughton on the Duke's letter to
Lord Tyrawley came at dinner-time, and the next morning
Mr. Edward Young, of the Treasury, whom I had formerly
visited with the old Earl of Pembroke. He lives at Dornford by
Sarum. 4 July. We went along the Duke's magnificent rid-
ings to dine at Deen, Lord Cardigan's. In the library I found
a MS. heraldic book of S. George's a (herald), Walter de Styve-
kley releases, as parson of Southwic, the tythes of Peryhoe to the
Abbot of Peterborough. We visited the fine mosaic pavement
at Weldon. A roof made over it.-Diary, vol. vi., 27.
29
See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., 329, Surtees Soc.
Ralph de Bernak and Roesia his wife gave to Croyland two labourers to
assist in hewing stone for the term of four years.-Bridges' Hist. of Northants,
ii., 491.
NORTHANTS.
69
31
Maxey.
14 Oct., 1746. I viewed Maxey church. The town is an
island between the watery meadows of our river, whence its
name Makesege, as Elege, Elyige, Ely. Many great familys
have lived here. The church is extremely old, before the con-
quest, and the lower part of the steeple. A new west window
has been put in since, and since that a new buttress. These
arms³¹ are carved on that window on the outside, and in the glass
of that window, and other windows of the church. Likewise in
the north window the coat (2),32 and many others defaced, and
many saints and historys of painted glass, mostly demolished,
and but lately, by the wicked glaziers who clear it all off to
make a bill of their own pernicious work. There is wainscot on
each side of the cancelli of the choir painted, with rhiming verses.
Two pretty stone staircases up to the rood loft. The choir has
been well attended with priests, their stalls on the south side in
handsom stone-work. Sir John de Bykar34 interred under a
large stone. On the south side of the choir a strong stone build-
ing arched with stone, with double doors and old-fashioned locks,
little narrow windows, and those well guarded with iron. This
33
91 In the lower window of the north aisle are these arms: "Gules, a fess
between six fleurs de lis Arg."; "Arg., a bend Az. and chief Gu." In the west
window of the tower: "Gu., a fess between 3 water-bougets Arg." In the east
window of the north chancel aisle is the salutation of the Blessed Virgin, with
a label bearing "Ave Maria gracia plena, ecce ancilla"; and in the tracery,
the portraits of St. Peter, and of another saint.-Bridges' Hist. of Northants
ii., 523.
32 The second coat in note 31.
99 A screen that covered the back of the rood loft has been taken down and
placed half on each side of the nave. Upon the part placed on the north side
is this inscription :
"O Dives, Dives, non omnia tempore vives
Fac bene dum vivis, post mortem vivere si vis,
Da tua, dum tua sunt, post mortem tunc tua non sunt."
Upon the part placed on the south side is :
"Est homo res fragilis, durans sub tempore parvo.
Nunc est, nunc non est, quasi flos qui crescit in arvo."
Bridges' Hist. of Northants, vol. ii., 523.
91 On a large square stone with a cross flory on it, near the north rails of
the altar which hide part of the inscription round the verge : "Hic jacet domi-
nus Johes de Bykyr r[ector]
Bridges, vol. ii., 523.
•
·
•
•
[cujus anime] propicietur deus. Amen."
70
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
has been to lay up the plate and costly ornaments of the altar;
and over it is a little chamber for a watchman to lodg in, having
a small window outwardly, and a square hole inwardly to get
into it with a ladder of ropes, I suppose. On the north side the
church is a large and stately chapel, built since the church, the
windows adorned with painted glass of the Virgin Mary's history,
on the east. On a north window a bishop, and St. George, and
others imperfect. I apprehend this chapel is dedicated to the
Virgin Mary. There has been a stately altar, and before it 5
great gravestones of the family that built this chapel. On two
of them French inscriptions, which shows they were early after
the conquest. On the outside of this window, under the arches.
of the window, two heads in stone, the heads of the king and
queen then reigning.3
35
'Tis an abominable sight to observe the great number of finely
carved and large stones laid upon the outer stone wall of the
church, taken from the graves in the churchyard; several of
these gravestones still remain in situ.-Diary, vol. vi., 43.
Peterborough.
17 Aug., 1747. I went to Peterborough. They are new
whitewashing, or rather dawbing the cathedral, and new paint-
ing the roof in ridiculous filigree work, party-coloured, that has
no meaning in it; and above all they have, for greater orna-
ment, as they fancy, painted the ceiling over the high altar in
imitation of marble. They have made a new quire of paltry fir,
painted over, in a most tastless and mean manner, and after lay-
ing out a great sum of money have really deformed this most
august and venerable structure.—Diary, vol. vi., 72.
Easton.
36
13 Sept., 1747. I preached at Easton church for Mr. Guest.
In the chapel on the south-east, in a stone in the wall, under the
window, this inscription: LES: CORS: SIRE : RICÞÆRÐ : ƉE
L'INDONE + € : ƉAME: IVETE: SA : FEME: GISENT: CI:
PRIES + PVR: LES: AMES: LE: ƉIEU : EP : EIT : MERCI.
-Diary, vol. vi., 90.
35 Apparently of Edward III. and his queen.
36 Easton or Eston, sometimes called from its situation, Easton on the Hill,
NORTHANTS.
71
"
Stamford (Linc.)
Oct. 24, 1747. I went to S. Leonard's [Stamford]. They
have pulled the old farm house down and built another out of
the religious ruins, and levelled the heap of ruins upon the choir
of this famous monastery of S. Wilfrid's founding, the first in
the kingdom of Mercia, and which was highly instrumental in
converting the people to the christian faith. They dug up two
stone coffiins, of Bernake stone, with their covers. They were
close together, without the north wall of the choir, and close by
the wall. They belonged to some great men buryed there, in
oldest times, before they buryed in churches commonly. In one,
when they took off the cover, the sceleton fairly appeared. The
other was filled with earth, but the scull was wrapped in lead,
probably of some great man beheaded at a distance, and brought
hither to be interred. I saw the south wall of the choir. I
observe here was an outward isle to this church, on the north
side only, and that very narrow, exactly like the old church at
Ely, now the prebendal houses, built by S. Audry, under the
direction of our S. Wilfrid. The south side of this church was
a blank wall only, with the cloisters along it, except the narrow
upper windows. 2 Nov. I saw at S. Leonard's priory the base
of one of the pillasters of the north wall of the outer isle. The
two stone coffins were found within the north isle.-Diary, vol.
vi., 99, 101.
Boughton.
Sept. 9, 1748. We set out for Boughton, Duke of Montagu,
myself, Colonel Brudenel, Mr. Barton, Captain Stephenson.
Boughton was a commandery of the knights of S. Thomas, as I
conjecture, erected by Henry II. The house and church stood
above the present house by the great reservoir. In digging it
they took up foundations, bones, and armor. The river that runs
through the garden is the Ise brook, it passes by Iseham. Isis,
which runs into the Tame, at Thame, is the same. Yssel in
Flanders. Grafton, from a grave or tumulus in the highest part
of the field. Cranford, from a cairn or tumulus. At Newton,
two tumuli. They have a report that in digging into one of
them they found a lamp burning. At Islip, two fine barrows on
72
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the medow, and more thereabouts. I conjecture they regard
an alate temple of the Druids thereabouts, in Navisford hundred,
called from it, Cnave at the ford. Gadington is Wath, the ford, so
Wadeings. Wikely vicus, a fair Roman camp there, made by
Ostorius Scapula, the first day of his march over the Avon.
Warkton has had a Roman stone building there, called Wark
and Work, by our Saxon ancestors. Tichmarsh from the goats,
called tikes. We visited Lifden house, built by the Treshams, a
most antient and great family in Northamptonshire, who owned
Gedington, Newton, Rowell, Rushton, and many more towns.
They say the powder plot was hatcht there. A garden inclosed
with a great mote, with mounts at the 4 corners. I saw the
remains of an urn, which I believe to be British, dug up with
old armor in a great barrow by Lady Betty Germain, at Lou-
wick. Drayton house, a fine old seat; paintings there of the
Druids sacrificing men in a great wickar image. The Vavasors
were owners of Boughton and Wickley before the Montagus,
who came originally from Montacute in Somersetshire. We
dined one day at Barnwell castle. The Duke very much laments
that his father pulled it down.
We went to view the
petrifying spring in Warkton field, which is remarkable enough,
and Moses in the spring by the cold bath. I went to my aunt
Dickenson's old seat at Burton. Some coats of arms in the
windows, marriages of the old family of the Bacons, of which
she and my mamma Williamson were co-heiresses.-Diary,
vol. vii., 79.
June, 1749. Mr. King, who has bought that pretty estate
at Fineshade, Northamptonshire, has pulled it down intirely, the
old Abby,37 cloisters, chappel. The last wall fell down upon the
workmen, and killed two men outright. My old friend Peck
often observed these fatal accidents in pulling down abbys near
Stamford, as he told me.-Diary, vol. viii., 64.
24 Jan., 1754. At the Royal Society. An account that in
37 Fineshed or Fineshade, originally styled St. Mary-Castle-Hymel Priory,
occupied the site of an ancient fortress which was dismantled in the reign of
king John. This priory of the Augustine order was founded by Richard Engayne
the elder, who died in 1208.—Bridges' Hist. of Northants, vol. ii., 307; Britton
and Brayley, p. 203.
NORTHANTS.
73
digging for the new road between Thrapston and Oundale, about
Ivenhoe, they found some old British corpses, intire sceletons,
with their teeth firm in their sculs, and wreathed brass about
their necks. Near them a burning place or ustrinum, as I sup-
pose, by the description; a hollow made of stones, with burnt
ashes, bones, deer's horn, and the like.-Diary, vol. xiv., 32.
Castor.
18 June, 1759. 500 more Saxon coins, extremely fair as
new minted, found at Castor by Peterborough, lately. Mr.
John White has bought some, some halfpennys very rare.-
Diary, vol. xviii., 58.
17 Sept., 1762. I saw an almanac in 8vo., on vellum, well
wrote, finely illuminated, of the time of Henry VI. In it a long
account of the births, christning, marriages of the family of
Fairfax,38 of Depyngate by Maxey, near Stamford; Margaret,
wife of William Brown, an eminent merchant of the staple, there
mentioned, and many religious and secular persons thereabouts.
"Margareta primogenita filia Willi Fairfax armigeri et elene
primæ uxoris ejus nata fuit, apud Stamford 21 die mensis Aug.
A.D. 1445, litera Dom. C. circa horam nonam. Comatres sue
fuerunt Editha S. John, filia Ducisse de Somerset, et Elizabeth
Zouche filia dñi de Grey de Codnor, uxor Johis Zouche. Et
compats' ejus fuit Abba de Burgo S. Petri, et ipsemet baptizavit
eam in ecclia S. Georgii in Stamford, et comatres ejus coram
Episc. fuit Margareta uxor Browne de Stamford, nobilis merca-
toris de le Staple;" and so this account goes on for a long way.
The kalendar is much antienter than the numerals. Sol in
Ariete, 17 March.
This family of the Fairfaxes lived at Depingate in the parish
of Maxsey. Mr. Richard Dykelon³⁹ was rector of Depyng and
Narborough; church of S. James, in the priory of E. Depyng,
38 In 13th year of Henry VII., died William Fairfax, seized of divers lands,
&c., in Deeping-gate and Maxey, held of Margaret, Countess of Richmond,
which he left to William Fairfax, his son and heir. On his death they came
to Margaret his daughter, the wife of Myles Worseley, Esq.—Bridges' Hist. of
Northants, vol. ii., 523.
39 Richard Dekelun was incumbent of Norborough in 1439.
74
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Thomas Tanfield, S.T.B.; William Borrow, presbiter, monk and
sacristan of the abbey of Peterborrow, S. Peter's church of
Maksey; Thomas Parker, S.T.B., rector of Etton; Nicholas
Croyland prior of E. Depy ng; William Wyttlesey, prior of East
Depyng, 1462; John Dykelon, rector of Peykirk; Sir John
Russeton, vicar of E. Depyng; Master William Wytham, decre-
torum doctor, Archdeacon of Leicester; Margaret, Duchess of
Somerset ; Thomas, Abbas de Bourn; William Maxsey, rector
of West Depyng; Robert Edleham, priest, chaplain of S. Mary
in Depyngate; John Gregory, of Stamford, merchant; John
Martyn, priest of Narborough; Robert Littlebury, knt.; Master
Richard Barton, in legibus baccalaureus, rector de Uffington;
Sir William Leycestre, rector de Potbroke, late prior of Peter-
borough; William Beaumonde, priest of S. Guthlac's, East
Deeping, Market Deeping, 1463.-Diary, vol. xx., 10.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
MR. JOHN WARBURTON [SOMERSET HERALD], TO ROGER GALE,
ABOUT ROMAN WAYS.-H. C.
Bedale, Aug. 14, 1717.
I cannot possibly recover your essay upon the four great
Roman roads, unlesse you think fitt to favor me with it. It is
strange there should be but four recorded when there are such
numbers of them, and more, that the greatest of them all should
want a name,40 viz., that which comes from the Roman wall near
Dunbritton Fryth, in Scottland, to Rochester, in Northumber-
land, where Antoninus begins his first journey, and from thence
continues its course by Corbridge, Ebchester, Langchester, Bin-
chester, Piercebridge, Catterick, Aldborough, and I believe
might be thence traced directly forward through London to
Dover; and this without interfering with any of the four great
roads mentioned, except where they crosse, or accompany it for
a few miles.
40 "This is the Erming street.” —R. G.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
75
It is well if Higden,¹¹ or whoever was the first describer of
these ways, was not mistaken in his placing the Watling street.
The course he hath taken for it seems too short and out of the
way, and I rather agree with Talbott, who thinks that Antoninus's
second journey was along it, viz., from the west end of the Picts
wall to Southampton, which I think much more probable, as it
enters this county on Gatherley moor.
I was surprised to see so visible a Roman station in the York-
shire dales as that of Ethelburgh hill,42 near Ascrigg, and for
some time could not imagin what it had been, but now begin to
have hopes of proving it to be the fourth station of Antoninus's
10th Iter, Bremetonacis,43 and that it stands on the military way
I discovered in Northumberland, called the Devil's Causeway.
44
I have observed a military way to range along the road from
Thirsk to Easingwold, but where it should come from or lead to
am yett at a losse, but look upon it to have been the direct road
from Cataractonium to Eburacum, without going by Isurium,
and seems to be more entire, and of a newer form than the others
I have observed in the north, as if it had been erected nearer the
declension of the empire.
I have below given you the sketch of an altar¹5 which some
41 Ralph Higden, author of the Polychronicon, in which he has preserved
several documents relative to the times of the ancient Britons, &c., from
chronicles now lost. This work, translated into English from the Latin by
John de Trevisa, was printed by Caxton. Higden died in 1377.-Rees's Cyclo-
pædia, vol. xviii.
42
The station here alluded to may be the same as that of Borough Hill,
near the village of Bainbridge, on the opposite side of the river Ure, about a
mile from Askrigg. It is the site of the Roman military station of Bracchium,
the name having been ascertained from an inscription discovered here, and
preserved by Camden. The rampart of the camp incloses an area of about five
acres.--See Black's Guide to Yorkshire, p. 351.
43
41
Bremetonacæ is considered by some to be Overborough in Lancashire.
"It comes from Cataractonium, and leads through Thirsk, Easingwold,
Aldby (Derventio), and Wighton (Delgovitia), to Brough, over against Win-
tringham upon the Humber.”—R. G.
45 “Found at Chester-in-the-Wood, A.D. 1717.”—R. G. The inscription is
FORTVNÆ P[OPVLI] R[OMANI] C[AIVS] IVL[IUS] RAET[ICVS] (CENTURIO) LE
[GIONIS] VI VIC[TRICIS]. Warburton found it in the military way from Car-
voran to Newburgh, and it is now preserved in Durham chapter library. See
Hübner, p. 129, No. 702; Gordon's Iter. Septentr.; where it is stated that it
76
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
workmen found in a vault as they were lately digging by my
order in the platform of a Roman castrum by the Picts' wall,
which as it is the beautifullest and most entire I have ever seen,
am thinking to present it to the king, to be sett up in St. James's
gardens. Mr. Wanley, my Lord Oxford's library-keeper, was
treating with me about it, and severall others in my possession,
in order to have them placed in the new library at Wimple, but
we could not agree about the price.
MR. WARBURTON TO ROGER GALE.-H. C.
Bedale, Nov. 21, 1717.
I am well assured the 3rd word in the last line is RAT, but as
it is in Northumberland, I have not had an opportunity of a strict
examination as you desired me to make. The place where I
dugg it up is by Mr. Camden called Magna,16 but by the vulgar,
Chester-in-the-Wood; its situation is on a very entire raised mili-
tary way, that runs from Caer Vorran to Newbrugh on the inside
of the Picts' wall, but for the most part at two miles distance
from it. My workmen had not dugg above two yards in the area
of the platform before they struck into a vault of a very irregular
figure, of a yard in higth, and 3 or 4 in breadth and length, all
blacked on the inside with smoak, and at the first opening smelt
like burnt straw. This great altar lay with its face downwards,
and by it another of the same size, but broke in pieces, and the
inscription imperfect.
3
4
"The vault wherein the afore-mentioned altar was found seems
to have been made originally for receiving the offall of the sacri-
fices, and sweepings of the altar; the smoke with which it was
blackt proceeding from the hot ashes that had been thrown into
it, as did allso the smell like that of burnt straw. I was told
was found at the station of Procolitia (Carabruch), and that he saw it and
copied the inscription at Hexham ; see also Horsley's Antiq. of Brit. Northumb.
lv.; and Warburton's Vallum Rom. (ed. 1753) p. 69. Warburton's sketch is
unlike the reality.
16
This station (the modern Carvoran) enclosed an area of 4½ acres. It has
been brought under tillage, and its outline may not be traced now without
difficulty.-See Bruce's Rom. Wall, p. 233.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
77
when I was at Cirencester of much such another vault with ashes
and burnt bones in it. When the Romans were forced to quitt
this country they might very probably throw these two altars
into the vault and cover them up to preserve them from being
profaned by the barbarians that possessed themselves of it, upon
their retreat, and they were effectually concealed from them by
their lying hid so many hundred years as they did.
47
There is nothing difficult in the inscription, the word Rationalis¹7
is not very common, it being more usuall to style an accomptant
(the officer here denoted), a Rationibus. It proves allso by the
VI. V. V. that the Legio Sexta was called Valens Victrix, as
well as the Vicessima."
ROGER GALE.
Mr. Gale's answer to the letter is printed in Warburton's
Vallum Romanum, p. 160.
MR. J. WARBURTON, TO ROGER GALE, ABOUT SOME ROMAN
WAYS.-H. C.
48
Bedale, Nov. 21, 1717.
I have read your essay towards recovery of the four great
Roman ways over and over with greater pleasure than I ever
read anything in my life, and am fully convinced that the courses
you have taken for those ancient roads are perfectly right, except-
ing that you loose the stemme of the Erming street upon Gather-
ley-more, and follow onely 2 branches of it that go directly to
Tinmouth and Boulnesse, the two extreams of the Picts' Wall,
whilst the main street proceeds northward allmost in a streight
line and uninterrupted ridge from Piercebridge close by a small
village called Denton, where there are many remains of antiquity,
and from thence continues its course by Bolham, Houghton, St.
Helen's, Auckland, and soon after crosses the Wear to Binchester
(Vinovium) where are to be seen the vestigia of a Roman fort,49
48
47 This conjecture arose from the wrong reading of RAT. for RAET.
"Printed in the VIth. vol. [3rd edit., 1769, p. 116] of Leland's Itin.,
published by Mr. Thomas Hearn, at Oxford, in 1711, p. 93.”—R. G.
19
The station stands upon a bold promontory, formed by the windings of
the river Wear. No traces of Watling street appear in the immediate vicinity
of the station, but a little to the north of it it is very satisfactorily developed.
-See Bruce's Rom. Wall, p. 320.
78
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
severall broken alltars,50 and in the possession of Farrer Wren,
Esq., the lord of the soil, a great number of Roman coins, dugg
up there. From this place its course is generally over moorish
grounds to Langchester, where most of those altars and inscrip-
tions now in Durham library were found,5¹ and at 6 miles further
to Ebchester, where it crosses the river Darwent and enters
Northumberland, from which place my map will show its course
into Scottland.
But before I leave Ebchester, which is inferior to no place I
have mentioned for antiquitys; I cannot but acquaint you that
I look upon it to have been the Vindomora52 of Antoninus, and
not Wallsend, where that station hath hitherto been fixt; since
it exactly answers the distances between Corstopitum and Vino-
vium, the 2nd and 4th stations in the first Iter, viz., nine miles.
from the first of them, and nineteen from the latter, and this in
a direct line along one of the most intire, regular, and large ways
I ever saw, the ridge being for the most part two yards in hight,
full 8 yards broad, and all paved with stone, that it is at present
as even as if new layd; whereas, from Corstopitum or Corbridge
to Wallsend (the 3d station in the first Iter), it is 20 miles
directly east, and from thence back to Vinovium, the 4th station,
25 miles to the westward, so that we are carryed 18 miles about,
along a road that hath no appearance of a military way, except
just where it touches the Picts' Wall, and hath the river Tine to
passe in a parte where it never could be crossed without boats,
which are difficultys, I think, the Romans would never subject
themselves to.
I have your edition of Antoninus, which I frequently read,
and value beyond anything of that nature, but cannot yett abso-
lutely agree with you in placing Alone at Whitley Castle, not
50
A mutilated altar is in Durham Chapt. library.-See Lapid. Septentr.,
part iv., p. 371,
51
"See Philos. Transact., N. 357."-R. G. Also Lapid. Septentr., part iv.,
pp. 355-357; 360-363; 365-368.
Although Horsley and Warburton agree in regarding Ebchester as the
Vindomora of Antoninus, this decision is not universally acquiesced in.-See
Bruce's Rom. Wall, 317. For altars found here, see Lapid. Septentr., part iv.,
pp. 351–353.
53 Alone has been identified with Ambleside; but Alionis is probably the
ancient designation of the camp at Whitley Castle.-Bruce's Rom. Wall, 325.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
79
55
but that it appears plainly to have been a Roman station, from
the greatnesse of its ruins, and it having the Roman road called
the Maiden Way running through its center. And from the
inscription left by the Cohors Tertia Nerviorum, that Mr. Cam-
den gives us, it is not to be doubted that they were quartered
thereabouts. But when I consider that the distance which the
Itinerary gives betwixt Gallana,54 Portgate, and Alone, if at
Whitley Castle, is but twelve miles, and the real distance is
twenty, and on the other hand that Old Town, in Alondale,5
exactly answers the distance allotted it by Antoninus hath a port-
way 7 yards broad, all paved with stones, ranging between them,
its situation on an eminence on the very brink of the river Alon,
and of a square figure intrenched, and if we may give credit to
the author of the addition to Camden's Britannia, hath produced
severall Roman antiquitys, I am perswaded that station is to be
placed here. Besides, I begin to think myself wrong in joyning
this Roman road, which I am speaking of with that called the
Maiden Way at Whitley Castle, and am partley of opinion that
it did not go so farr west, but rather struck over by the head
of the river Teys to Ethelburgh in Yorkshire, and from thence
went by Coccium 56 to Mancunium, and that Whelp Castle and
Overburrough (if Roman stations) are either on the military way
that comes from Ambleside towards Kendall, which perhaps
unites with it at Coccium (Ribblechester) or on that called the
Maiden Way, which goes by Whitley Castle. This opinion is
very much strengthened by a new discovered Military Way of
the very same dimensions and work with that on which Glano-
venta stands, and Galana, and which runs from Ethelburgh full
north over a more called Windgate, and at a small village
called Crackpott crosses the river Swale, and soon after enters
54
Galava is supposed to have occupied the site of the modern town of
Keswick.- Wright's Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p. 139.
55 Old Town is on the north brink of East Allen, 2 miles N.W. from Allen-
dale town. It is supposed by Horsley to have been a Roman station, and
retains many marks of antiquity. A Roman way from Corbridge to this place
joined the maiden way at Whitley Castle.-Mackenzie's Northumberland, vol.
ii., 304.
56
Coccium, according to Mr. W. Thompson Watkin, is Wigan.-See
Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., 144 n, Surtees Soc.
80
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
another named Feetham, where I must leave it at present on
account of the season. At my parting with it, it seemed to point
at Bernard Castle, and if so, probably Stratford, near that place,
was where it crossed the river Teys,57 both on account of its
name, and being in a direct line to Old Town, in Alondale, where
I have chosen to place Alone. As a further proof of Old Town's
being Alone, it may not be improper to acquaint you that Mr.
Camden is wrong in placing Whitley Castle upon the river Alon,
for it is six miles distant from any part of it. There is indeed
about a mile from it a small stream called Yal, which emptys
itself into Tine, but I think this argues but little for it; neither
can I believe that the inscription left by the Cohors III. Nervi-
orum is a certain proof of its being Alone, for I have often
observed altars sett up by one and the same Cohors in places
severall miles distant, as for instance at the Housesteads, where
I place Borcovicus at Willeford, and other places along the Picts'
Wall I find altars erected by the Cohors I. Tungrorum; and as
Old Town on the river Alon in Alondale is but 8 miles distant
from Whitley Castle, I do not see but they may both have been
the habitation of the Cohors III. Nerviorum.
The military way that comes from Easingwold to Thornaldby
shows itself very plainly in the village of Romanby, from which
place it goes to Yafford, Langton, Bolton-upon-Swale, Brunton,
and by the north side of the Fryery wall, in Richmond, to the
top of Richmond More, where I loose it, but believe it shoots
north-west and meets with that which goes north from Ethel-
burgh somewhere about Bernard Castle.5
58
The observation you make upon such places as bear the name
57 "See Mr. Warburton's Map of Yorkshire, which shows it to have gone to
Bernard Castle northward, and to Overburrough south-westward."-R. G.
58 "This Roman road comes from Brough-upon-Humber, perhaps the
Prætorium of Antoninus, to Delgovitia (Wigton), Derventio (Aldby), and so to
Easingwold, Thirsk, Romanby, Bolton-upon-Swale, the north-east of Cattarick
Bridge, and so to Richmond. &c."-R. G. The positions of Prætorium, Delgo-
vitia, and Derventio, have been variously fixed, and much uncertainty still
exists with respect to them, perhaps because the Roman antiquities of East
Yorkshire have as yet been imperfectly explored. It is not improbable that
Flamborough Head is the ancient Prætorium, and that Derventio is Old Malton.
But no site has been satisfactorily assigned to Delgovitia.-See Wright's Celt,
Roman, and Saxon, p. 128.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
81
of Thornton' is very good, and daily proves serviceable to me.
I have traced the Roman way that comes from Ethelburgh into
Leeming lane, and find that it passes through Thornton, Asgarth,
Bolton park, Middleham, to Ulshaw bridge, where it crosses the
Ure, and continues its course by Danby, Thornton Steward,
Watlasse church, and over Watlasse-more to where there are
several tumuli of different sizes, to the west side of Canswick park;
thence it goes by Thornborough, to Middleton Quernhow, and
enters Leeming lane about half a mile south-east of the last place.2
MR. WARBURTON, TO ROGER GALE, RELATING TO ROMAN WAYS
AND STATIONS IN THE NORTH.-H. C.
Bedale, Jan. 5, 1717-18.
As I was well assured from the authority of Mr. Camden (for
I want languages to derive words) that Glanoventa³ was on the
banks of the Went, or Went's-beck, in Northumberland; I care-
fully examined all places from its source till it falls into the sea
that had the least appearance of antiquity, as likewise those upon
the river Glen, Bowent, and Alne, viz.,. Anterchester, Yevrin
(which is Bede's ad Gebrim), Milfield (Bede's Melmin), Bramp-
ton, where Mr. Camden in his first edition of the Britannia placed
Bremenium, but could never satisfy myself until I discovered
4
"The observation above mentioned was, that such towns as have the
word Thorn in their names, as Thornton and Thornborough, are not so called
from thorn, spina, but from the Saxon thorn, turris, Castellum, and are generally
seated near some old Roman station as Thornborough, near Cattarick bridge,
and another near Romanby, Thornbury, near Oldbury, in Gloucestershire, the
Trajectus of Antoninus, Thornton Rust, not far from Ethelburgh, &c."-R. G.
2 Mr. Gale's answer to this letter is printed in Warburton's Vallum Roman.
p. 163.
3 The site of Glanovanta is doubtful. Horsley pronounces Lanchester to
be the Glannibanta of the Itinerary. It is several miles removed from the
wall, but its position upon the Watling street would render it useful as a sup-
porting station.—See Bruce's Rom. Wall, p. 318.
4 Brememium is High Rochester; Bremetenracum is Brampton, where the
intrenched area of the station may be still traced in the park.-Wright's Celt.
Roman, and Saxon, p. 133. In the Archæologia Eliana, vol. iv.. 109, there is
an ingenious paper by Mr. J. Hodgson Hinde, in which he contends, on the
authority of an inscription first noticed by Camden, that the Bremetenracum of
the Notitia, and the Bremetoriacum of the Itinerary are identical, and are
Ribchester.-See Bruce's Rom. Wall, 329 n.
G
82
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
The Devil's Causeway, and found Thornton standing thereon,
which though at present but an inconsiderable village shews the
vestigia in it of a remarkable town in former times. A high
ridged military way runns through the middle of it, and a square
platform joyns to it, both which are evidently Roman. I had
once made choice of Bolham for the ancient Glanoventa, which
is situated upon an eminence opposite to Thornton, on the other
side of the Went's-beck, where there are likewise considerable
remains of antiquity; but on better consideration found that to
have been of the Saxons' foundation."
About two miles south of this Thornton (near Bolham) close
by the military way lately mentioned, are two large stones, stand-
ing on their end like those at Burrow-bridge, but not so bigg,
and betwixt them a tumulus, which I was at the expense of
opening, and in it found a stone coffin, about 3 foot in length, 2
in breadth, and 2 in depth, which was black on the inside with
smoak, and had in it several lumps of glutinous matter, which
my workmen would needs have to be pieces of the dead hero's
flesh. It was covered over with 2 flat stones, and not above a
yard in depth from the summit of the tumulus, but had neither
inscription, bones, coins, or urns, or other remarkable thing about
it. I opened another, larger than this, near Chester in the Wood,
and found it much the same.
6
Upon your first mentioning the military way that goes through
Romanby, I immediately went to view it, and the castle hills
near to it, which with you I believe to have been Roman, from
its situation: yet must inform you that both the platform and
trenches are of a much greater size, and a different form from
any that I ever saw, but that may be occasioned by the Saxons
or Danes having been possessed of it in after ages. Why may
not the castle built here by William Comyn, and which was
5
Quaere, why of the Saxon foundation? Bolham might have been the
town of Glanoventa, and Thornton, a turris or castrum to it. Thornton, by
Mr. Warburton's map, is at least 2 miles north from Bolham."-R. G.
6 It is said that indubitable traces of the VIth. Legion, consisting of a
circular wall, floor, coins, &c., have been discovered in the Castle Hill, North-
allerton, by railway excavators. Romanby is situated near the town.-Black's
Guide to Yorkshire, p. 243.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
83
afterwards, by King Stephen's command, demolished, have stood
in this place."
I can say nothing of its name, if a Roman station, till I have
compleated the street it stands upon, especially south-east from
Easingwold, for as yett I don't know whether it went to York
or directly to Aldby, where your edition of Antoninus places
Derventio,8 What you say of the ancient name of North
Allerton is very probable, and is increased by the name of a town
which king Alfred built in Derbyshire, called Alfreton ; but
whether Allerton by the Water, Allerton Chappel, by Leeds,
Allerton Mauleverer, between Burrougbridge and Weatherby,
and another Allerton, in the West Riding, had the same originall
I will not attempt to determin.
MR. JOHN WARBURTON, SOMERSET HERALD, TO ROGER GALE.
-H. C.
Sir,
Wimbledon, Decr. 13th, 1723.
Having been abroad for some time past, I received not yours
till late last night, or had sooner answered it. The Scotts' dike⁹
which you desire to have an account of, much resembles that
called the Divel's ditch, over Newmarkett heath, consisting onely
of a high raised bank of earth, with a trench running parallel
thereunto, and without walls or other materialls to support the
sides. It enters Northumberland at a place called the Wheelfell,
from Scotland, between the heads of the rivers North Tine and
7
"The castle, demolished by king Stephen's command, stood more to the
eastward, as was lately apparent by its ruins.”—R. G.
$ "Northallerton seems to have taken its name from king Alfred, who
perhaps built it out of the ruins of the Roman town at Romanby, the old name
of it being wrote Alvertune and Ealvertune, i.e., Alvred's or Ealvred's tune.
The other Allertons, above mentioned, particularly Allerton by the water,
might be so called from the Allers, as they call Alder-trees in the north, which
love a low watry soil."-R. G.
9
"Shortly after leaving Busy-Gap, two narrow steep gaps are passed.
Through the first of these the Black Dike, or Scots' Dike, has probably run.
This is an earthwork of unknown antiquity, supposed to have stretched, in a
nearly straight line, from the borders of Scotland. near Peel Fell, through
Northumberland and Durham, to the south of Yorkshire."-Bruce's Roman
Wall, p. 177.
84
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
10
Read, and cutting the Roman wall at Busy gap,
soon after
crosses South Tine and falls in with the river Alon, the banks of
which being very steep answer the end for which the said trench
was made, and supplye the want of it to the head of that valley.
Soon after, it appears again, and at a place called Shorngate
Crosse the Agger is very conspicuous, and is now called the Scots'
Nick. Here it enters the Bishoprick of Durham, and points
towards the head of the river Teys, which I believe is the boun-
dary and course of it to Winston, and that the trench and bank
which comes there from Gatherley More, and which your reverend
and learned father took to be the Ermin street, is the continu-
ation of this stupendous work, and probably it runs much further
into Yorkshire, if not quite through it, which opinion I am the
more confirmed in from the examination of my survey books and
journalls of that county, which show such a like bank and trench
to break out in a line to the river Aire, and thence to Rotherham,
and I very well remember that the countreyman which first.
shewed me it in Northumberland told me as much, and was very
desirous to know the time and use for which it was made, wherein
I could give him no farther satisfaction than to acquaint him that
I took it to have been a boundary betwixt the Britains and the
Picts, before the entrance of the Romans, for that it plainly
appears from the foundations of the walls built by the emperors
Hadrian and Severus being cutt through it, to be of greater
antiquity than either of them. Which opinion I am still more
and more confirmed in, from the rudenesse of the work, and
whatever beautys Mr. Gordon¹¹ hath discovered in it, I can find
nothing more than I have before described, viz., a rampart of
earth about 12 yards wide, and a graft or ditch running before it
of the same dimensions.
Neither do I understand what Mr. Gordon means by calling
this piece of antiquity a wall, nor can I think that the Scots'
Dike after so long and streight a course as I have described it to
have, would make such an acute turn, and at once change its
10
Busy-Gap, a broad, basin-like recess in the mountain ridge, about a
mile from Sewingshields. In the middle ages this was a place of much noto-
riety, being the pass frequented by the moss-troopers and reavers of the
debateable country."-Bruce's Rom. Wall, p. 174.
11
Alexander Gordon.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
85
course from south-west to south-east, which it must have done
to have gone from the head of North Tine to within 4 miles of
Edenborough. From the consideration of these particulars, I
am apt to think that this wall of Mr. Gordon's discovering is
onely the continuation of the Ermin street way which I myself
have rode upon from Spittup Nick, near the head of the river
Read, in Northumberland, by Jedburgh, Mailrosse, Lauder,
Ginglekirk, and Dalkeith, which is within 4 miles of Edenbrough,
and from thence by the Queen's ferry to the east end of the wall
which the Romans in Scotland now called Graham's Dike.¹2 In
which course the pavement is very intire, and the stones large,
so that some unskillful persons may perhaps take it for the foun-
dation of a wall,13 but that any one versed in antiquitys should
do it is strange and surprizing to
Sir, your humble Servant,
JOHN WARBURTON.
STONE ALTAR FOUND IN NORTHUMBERLAND, SEPTR. 3RD, 1725.
-H.C.
This Altar was found in the wall of a vault under the church
of Hexham, and bore the following inscription: [DEO INVICTO
MITHRÆ (?) SVB CVRA......] LEGATI AVGVSTI [PROPRÆTORE (?)
Q[VINTVS] CALPVRNIVS CONCESSINIVS PRÆFECTVS EQVITVM CÆSA
CORIONOTOTARVM MANV PRÆSENTISSIMI NVMINIS DEO VOTUM
SOLVIT.
The Altar and inscription are imperfect, a portion of the stone
has been broken off at the top. On the chief difficulty in the
reading, see Hübner, p. 98, No. 481; and McCaul's Britanno-
Roman Inscriptions, p. 142.
12
"Graham's Dike, so denominated probably from the Celtic words grym,
strength, and diog, a ditch, is a barrier which fortified the upper Isthmus of
Britain. It extended from Borrowstones. on the Firth of Forth, to West Kil-
patrick, on the river Clyde,-27 wiles. It was constructed by Lollius Urbicus
in the reign of Antoninus Pius."-Bruce's Rom. Wall, p. 77; see also Stuart's
Caledon. Rom., p.
p. 281.
13
"See Mr. Gordon's map in his Itin. Septent., where it appears that the
work here referred to is called the Catrail, and the Picts' work ditch, and seems
to be distinct both from the Scotts' Dike and Ermine street. See also his
account of it in pp. 102, 103, of his Itin. Septent."-R. G.
86
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
The following paragraph relating to the Altar is in the Gale
MSS. "See a full account of this inscription (discovered by me
and Dr. Stukeley), in Mr. Gordon's Itin. Septen., p. 176, where
four letters in the Appendix, relating to the ancient manner of
burying, and other antiquitys, wrote by Sir John Clerk, one of
the Barons of the Exchequer in Scotland, and myself, are printed.
The following letters¹¹ are a sequel of that correspondence."-R.G.
Dear Sir,
ROGER GALE TO SIR JOHN CLERK.-H. C.
London, June 24th, 1726.
Though there is nobody more ambitious of maintaining a
correspondence with Sir John Clerk than myself, yet I cannot
but confesse no one has lesse reason to complain that the returns
you make are too slow, since I am convinced they are as frequent
as the weighty affairs you are ingaged in will permit, and that I
cannot help being as tardy myself, the nature of my employment
requiring a constant attendance without vacation or absence from
it, except when we are now and then favored with a holyday,
which is all the time I have to enjoy my friends and my studys;
and were it not for the very same reasons you give Dr. Stukeley,
why you cannot enjoy and indulge yourself in that otium hones-
tum we all so much desire, I should long ago, as I believe, have
retired from the noise and hurry of this town, as he has done
now the second time, and I fancy have continued in it with a
stronger resolution than I expect to find he will do.
He never
favored me with a sight of his translation of Sappho's Ode, there-
fore I can say nothing to it; but by comparing the originall with
the short critique that you sent him upon his version of it, your
observations seem to be extreamly just. He was retreated to his
cell at Grantham before the receit of yours for him, so I sent
it after him by the first post.
By what Mr. Gordon had said to me I concluded he had your
free leave to publish your letters, otherwise should by no means
have parted with them to him, much lesse have suffered my crude
14
These letters are printed in Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 171—
183. Surtees Soc,
NORTHUMBERLAND.
87
and hasty answers to have attended them into the world, had not
the printing of yours indispensibly required it. The errors you
complain of must be wholy imputed to the stupidity and per-
versenesse of the printers; I corrected the sheets myself, with all
the care I could, and finding when the book was finisht most of
their faults still left, I persuaded Mr. Gordon to stop the publi-
cation of it for a week, whilst those sheets might be once more
corrected and reprinted, which he did; but their returning from
the presse with some of the old errata sett right and new ones
added in their room, stop them again he could not, having
engaged a second time in the publick prints to deliver them at a
certain day to his subscribers; which promise having once
broke, upon pretence the map was not ready (though the delay
in reality was onely to reprint the aforementioned sheets) he
thought he could by no means excuse another non-performance
of his engagements. I offered him to peruse every sheet of the
whole book as it came out of the presse, for which he seemed
very thankfull, but never sent me, except those of the Appendix
containing our Letters. I wish it was not his being persuaded
that he was perfectly right in all his notions, which occasioned
it, though you see as well as myself that he is not clear of mis-
takes; to which I must add an impatience of getting the book
abroad, upon a prospect of getting a little money by it, his
circumstances as I believe requiring and prompting him to it.
I hope allso that it has been a recommendation of him to some of
our great men here who, as he tells me, have given him some
reason to expect they will do something for him. He may urge
in his defence that strong plea of res angusta domi for his hasty
publication, as he may that other of vincit amor patria, where his
zeal for the honor of his countrey has sometimes caused him to
enforce his arguments too far. I cannot think it not a scandall
for any nation to have been conquered by the Romans, but a
great misfortune not to have submitted to their arms, since their
conquests were so far from enslaving those they vanquisht, that
they tended onely to the civilizing and improving their manners,
reducing them under the Roman laws and government from their
wild and savage way of life, instructing them in arts and sciences,
and looking upon them as fellow-citizens and freemen of Rome,
88
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the common mother of all that had the happynesse to fall under
her subjection, and every nation that was subdued by her might
truly say she was
Felix adversis, et sorte oppressa secundâ.
I have nothing more to add in relation to your observation of
the Roman alphabets being mixt with the letters used by their
auxiliarys, submitting intirely to the justnesse of that curious
discovery. The intent of your old clergyman is not so monstrous
in my mind as may at first sight appear to a great many, not
that I think the Latin is directly derived from the old highland
language, though it may be of some kin to it. I believe nobody
questions the highland languages being a dialect of the old
British, as that was of the Celtick. We have authors that find
a great many words in the British to be very near the same
in the Hebrew or Phoenician, others discover them in the Greek
and the Latin, and are presently for deriving them from that
language which they fancy is most for the honor of their countrey,
or they chance to have most skill in. The Welsh have that
opinion of the antiquity of their language that some of them will
have it to be the mother tongue of the universe, and spoke by
Adam and Eve in Paradice, for which they have as much to say
as Goropius Becanus has in behalf of his high Dutch. There are
indeed severall words common in a great many languages, the
best way of accounting for these agreements is in my mind that
they have been retained and preserved from some one primitive
language generally spoke before the migrations of the severall
people now spread over the face of the whole earth; and as it is
probable that the colony which came out of the east into Europe
spoke all the same tongue at their setting forward and first
arrivall, it is no wonder that so many originall words are still to
be found in the various dialects proceeding from that primitive.
language, whatever it was, nearly agreeing in sound and signifi-
cation. And as there is no denying, by the small scraps we can
still pick up of the old Celtick, that it was the language spoke
through France, Italy, Britain, &c., we must allow it to have
had a great opportunity of intruding itself into the Latin; if it
was not the genuin mother of it. The Romans were certainly a
great medley of severall distinct people at their first coalescence
NORTHUMBERLAND.
89
under Romulus, their language which seems to have proceeded
more immediately from the Æolick Greek, would of consequence
take in abundance of new words from the new comers to Rome;
commerce and intercourse with other nations would in processe
of time bring in more. So it must have been in the old British,
in which I think it is easy to discern what words bearing a
resemblance of the Latin they have had from the originall
language they brought together into Europe, and what words
they acquired afterwards from their subjection and living so many
years, as they did, in common here with the Romans, which are
those chiefly relating to arts and improvements, and a better way
of life under their kind and instructive conquerors; but the Irish
or Highland language must have kept itself free from foreign
additions. I hope this gentleman's book will make its way to
some of our booksellers at London, for though it should not pro-
duce great matter of edification, it may prove to be of some
amusement, and must be very bad indeed if nothing can be
learned from its contents.
I had lately an account from Alnwick, in Northumberland,
of soine brasse weapons found there by a mason as he was clear-
ing the earth from a rock about a mile N.W. from that place
within the old park,15 to gett up some stone. After having dug
about half a yard deep in the ground, he came to 20 sword blades
and 16 spear heads, lying close to the top of the rock, without
any case or cover than the soil. The swords were exactly of the
same shape as those in the 41st plate of Mr. Gordon's book
[Itin. Sept.], Nos. 2 and 3, and 17 or 18 inches long. Some of
the spears resembled [Nos.] 4 and 5 in the same, but others were
broader and cut through.16 Digging about a foot lower on the
hill side he found 42 brasse wedges or chissels¹ with a ring near
their thicker end, of which I doubt not but you have seen many,
and so need not give you any description of them, but that they
are not unlike No. 4 in Mr. Gordon's 4th plate. How and for
what they were used I will not take upon me to determine abso-
15 In Hulne Park.
16
Ornamental oval holes in the blade of spear head, one on each side of
mid-rib.
17
See Archæologia, vol. v., pp. 106–118, by Rev. Mr. Lort,—“ Observations
on Celts,"
90
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
lutely; but by their edges, which are much broken and battered,
they seem to have been imployed as chissels for cutting stone.
I believe they put a wooden shaft in the hollow end of them, and
so drove them with a mallet18 If the softnesse of the metall, and
consequently its unfittnesse for such work is objected, I answer
that when they had not a harder, necessity would compell them
to use such as they had; besides, most sorts of stone are so soft
when they lye bedded in, and at their first coming out of the
quarry, that they might make a very good shift to cut it and
cleave it with these tools, while it was under those easy circum-
stances; to which I may add that these brasse chissels are of a
much harder temper than we know how to give that metal, as
are also their swords which are made of it, and other weapons.
The shaft when not imployed might be drawn out of the chissels,
and by running a string through the ring on their sides, severall
of them might be tyed together, and conveniently carryed by
the workman at his girdle, or otherwise, and one shaft serve
them all. About 8 years ago, near a bushel of these were found
at Cave, upon the banks of the Humber in Yorkshire, under a
little Tumulus by the highway side; and what is very remarke-
able every one of them was inclosed in a matrix¹9 of the same
metall or case, fitting it so exactly that it seemed to be cast in
it; and so fresh and whole were the edges of them all as if they
had never been used.
A little above the place where the swords and spears were
buryed at Alnwick, was deeply and rudely cut in the rock 1115,
but I cannot think these figures had any relation to what was
found below. I have had the good fortune to gett a sword and
spear and 3 chissels 20 for a crown piece, the rest were seized by
the Duke of Somerset's Steward upon pretence of securing them
for his Grace, but were never sent to him.
18 "See Laurence's systeme of agriculture and gardening, p. 192, where he
mentions some of these found in the small joints and crevices of the stones in
a quarry near Bishops Wearmouth, which is no weak confirmation of my con-
jecture. Others were found in a quarry in Montgomeryshire. V. Camd. Brit.
in the additions to Carnarvonshire."-R. G.
19 Their moulds.
20
"The sword, spear-head, and two of the chissels, I presented to my lord
Hertford."-R. G.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
91
So many of these brasse chissels have been found in this
island, and so few anywhere else, and those only in France, that
they seem allmost to have been the peculiar tools of the Britains;
theyr near alliance and intercourse with the Gauls easily account-
ing why they have been sometimes discovered in the ancient seat
of the latter.
The swords and spear heads afore-mentioned being found so
near these chissels, and of the very same metal, is an argument
that they belonged to the same people, which I cannot think to
have been Romans, who, as I formerly ventured to give you my
opinion, seem to have left off the use of brasse in their weapons,
before their arrival in this island. The word ferrum, much
earlyer than that time, denoted in their authors all manner of
military weapons, and was a generall name for them, which I
think is some additionall strength to my former arguments upon
that subject; but it is high time to assure you that I am, with
the greatest respect and sincerity,
Dear Sir, your most obedient humble Servant,
R. GALE.
Dear Sir,
SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE.-H. C.
Edenb'., 29 August, 1726.
Though I had the honor above six weeks ago to receive yours
of the 24th of June, yet by some accident, and the ordinary
busynesse of the Court of Exchecquer here, I have had no oppor-
tunity till now to acknowledge it. I return you thanks for the
account you sent me of the antiquitys found at Alnwick; their
number surprised me much. Some of the same kind have been
found here in cairns. Nothing in antiquitys is more mysterious
than the use of these instruments of brasse, which resemble small
hatchets or chisels. I incline to think them warlike instruments,
as we generally take the stone hatchets to be; I have 3 or 4 of
both kinds. When they came first into my hands I sett about
reading such accounts as had been given of them, and found that
one Mr. Hearn had taken a good deal of pains to prove they were
Roman. His dissertation is printed in Mott's collection of the
92
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Transactions of the Royall Society, vol. 2nd, pt. 4, p. 70; but I
cannot be of that gentleman's opinion. The Romans understood
better the expeditious ways of doing things than to make use of
such slight and brittle tools. We must then ascribe them to the
ancient Britains, who used instruments of brasse before iron came
to take place. What makes me judge they were not chissels is
that the Britains made very little use of hewen stone,21 and for
that reason little or nothing of their stone monuments does remain.
It is indeed probable they made use of them for repairing their
highways, for all such instruments found here were in cairns, 22
situated near those ways; and those in my possession have
induced me to think that our great highways in Britain were not
Roman, but British. I am glad you have got one of the swords.
I wish I knew how to gett one of the same kind from the Duke
of Somerset.
Believe that I am always, Sir,
Your most obedient humble Servant,
* * * * *
J. CLERK.
Dear Sir,
ROGER GALE TO SIR JOHN CLERK.-H. C.
London, Sept. 6, 1726.
I lately made a ten days' excursion to wait upon my Lord
Pembroke at Wilton, where I found a large addition of statues,
bustos, and basse relievos, to what I had seen there 2 years ago;
and his whole collection is without doubt not to be paralelled on
this side of the Alps. In my return I made a trip to Marl-
borough, where I spent a day with Lord Hertford and Lord
Winchelsea; the former assured me that he had made all the
enquiry he could after the brasse instruments and weapons found
at Alnwick, and pretended to have been sent to his father, the
Duke of Somersett, but his grace had never so much as heard
of them; so that in all probability those careful servants of his,
that were so solicitous to secure them for their master, used his
21 "The stones at Stonehenge are hewen."-R. G.
22
"Cairns are burying places, and therefore usually situated near high-
ways, so that the finding these tools near highways is merely accidentall.”—R. G.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
93
name onely to procure them for themselves, and have since sold
and squandered them away into unknown hands.
I must own I am more at a losse as to the use of these brasse
chissels we so often find in this island than in most other things,
but have this comfort in my ignorance that it has not been possible
to clear it up from anything I have mett with upon that subject.
Mr. Hearn, who has wrote ex professo upon it, is not at all satis-
factory to me. He is an author of a strong imagination in all
his writings, and much too positive in all his assertions, drawing
very strong conclusions from weak premises. I dont know if it
is in the abridgement you have of his discourse on this subject
by Motte, but in the originall, publisht by himself in one of his
volumes of Leland's Itinerary, he tells you that the soldiers upon
the Columna Trajana are represented polishing the stones for the
Roman Camps, in the Dacian warrs, with such sort of chisels
made of brasse. How he could discover these chisels were made
of brasse from the prints he had seen of that column, or even
from the column itself, had he seen that, which I am sure he
never did, is not very perspicuous; I have carefully viewed the
prints myself, and cannot find any ring belonging to them he
refers to there, which I look upon to be an essential and character-
istick distinction. My Lord Winchelsea tells me that one of these
instruments was lately found at Rome, but as the proverbs say,
one swallow makes no summer, so but one of these tools having
been found there after so many ages is no strong proof that they
were used by the Romans for polishing stone, or any other pur-
pose; but may seem rather to have been brought to that place
by some of the people that had no better, or by some Roman
that had been in these parts, as a curiosity. I still therefore
conclude them to have been British, and tho' I will not positively
determine them to have been used for the cutting and cleaving
of stone when it was soft, yet I must say that nothing appears
to me more probable at present. I wish you had been so kind as
to have informed me to what ends you suppose they served in
making their highways; what were they to cutt? what office
were they to perform? That those highways were works in a
great measure of the Britains I think is highly probable, but
then it must have been after they were subject to, and under the
direction of the Romans.
*
*
*
94
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
I told Mr. Gordon my thoughts of his project to cutt through
the northern Isthmus, very freely. I could not see what manner
of commerce could be so promoted by this, new passage, as to
repay the immense expence it would require to perfect it; at the
same time the publick is so poor here, and so many necessary
demands upon it, that I am sure it will be impossible to obtain
the least summe for such experiments, and I believe your treasury
in Scotland is not much richer. He has, however, communicated
it to some great men ; my Lord Isla treated it, as I hear, with
great contempt; and if Sir Robert Walpole gave it a more favor-
able reception, it proceeded from the recommendation of Sec-
retary Johnson, and from his usual affability and desire to dis-
misse everybody that applys to him, as well pleased as he can.
I am, your obedient humble Servant,
ROGER GALE.
MR. HORSELEY, TO ROGER GALE, RELATING TO SOME OLD ROMAN
WAYS AND STATIONS.-H. C.
Mar. 24th, 1728-9.
Had we an accurate map of England, and a faithfull and
impartiall account of matter of fact, where there are stations and
military ways, and where there [are] none, I am fully convinced
that many difficultys might be removed, and the time and situ-
ation of severall ancient places be determined with a good deal
of certainty, about which at present we are much at a losse.
This was the method I took in the northern countys; first, to
be well assured from ocular demonstration where there were any
visible remains or certain proofs of Roman settlements, and then
to compare this account with that in the Itinerary, and Notitia
Imperii. The successe of this method was not onely answerable
to my expectation, but vastly beyond it. After this manner I
have settled, I humbly think beyond exception, the stations per
Lineam Valli, and the Xth, and part of the IInd, Iters in Anton-
inus, and at the same time perfectly reconciled that Itinerary and
the Notitia Imperii to one another.
On the other hand, when I was travelling last summer in the
western parts of England, I quitted a certain and very visible
NORTHUMBERLAND.
95
track of a military way to go in quest of imaginary stations and
ways, and so missed an opportunity of settling more to my satis-
faction the latter part of the XIIth, Iter. However, as I am
positive that Old Radnor never has been a station, and could
neither see nor hear of any military ways thereabout, so I see
no occasion we have for any in those parts at all; for Magna I
think must be Kenchester, and Bravinium 23 somewhere about
Ludlow, thus the distances will answer with much exactnesse,
especially if an error be corrected in our modern maps, which if
I am not mistaken has spread itself from Dee to Severn. I rode
mostly upon the military way from Wroxceter for about 10 or
11 miles, till I was past the three Strettons, which no doubt
borrow their name from it. I then left it and went into Wales,
but take it for granted that it has gone directly for Kenchester.
I am allso of opinion that the ancient place described by Camden,
near Wem, has been Rutunium.24 It stands beside the river
Rodan, but I shall pursue these matters no farther at pre-
sent.
I am, &c.,
JOHN HORSELEY.
JOHN HORSELEY, TO ROGER GALE, ON THE GREEK INSCRIPTION
LYING IN THE CHURCHYARD AT CORBRIDGE, IN NORTHUM-
BERLAND, AND ANOTHER AT LANCHESTER, IN THE BISHOP-
RICK OF DURHAM.-H. C.
Sir,
7 Apr., 1729.
I am honoured with yours of the 3d instant, which this
morning came safe to hand. I was not willing to loose the first
opportunity of returning an answer, and though I am upon this
account obliged to write the more hastily, yett I hope you will
excuse it, and attribute it to the true cause, my zeal to serve you
in everything that lyes in my power.
There is no inscription in Britain which I can better answer
23 Leintwardine, Herefordshire.
24
Rowton, Salop.
96
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
for than the Greek one at Corbridge.25 I have severall times
seen and examined it myself with all the nicety and care I could.
At first sight I discerned a manifest difference in some things
between the originall and copys that had been published in the
Philosophicall Transactions [No. 330, p. 291] and was more and
more confirmed in my opinion when I re-examined it with a par-
ticular view to this difference. However, being very diffident
of myself when I happen to differ from others, I prevailed with
a curious gentleman to go on purpose to take an impartiall
account of it, I gott allso another to do the same, and all our
three copys agreed with a surprising exactnesse. I have turned
over all my papers this morning in quest of the first copy, but
can by no means find it, the other I have mett with and sent you
inclosed. My own is in the hands of the engraver at London,
and the plate containing this inscription is ready, and I believe
wrought off. I take the plain meaning of this inscription to be
no more than that this Alltar was erected to Hercules by
Diodora the Archpriestesse. If it be to the Tyrian Hercules,
the 3rd letter in the 2d line must have been a double Rho, thus,
P, so as that it is Tirrio for Tyrio. There is a flaw in the stone
at the head of this letter, so as that it may have been closed at
the top; but by that part of the letter left in the breach, I am
very certain that there was no Y in the inscription. The word
in the 2d line may be Tirrio, Tiphio, or Tipsio, probably a
topicall name, but Tyrio I am sure it is not.
I discovered another Greek inscription at Lanchester, which by
the way I believe to be Glanoventa [Glannibanta], and Old-town26
25
ΗΡΑΚΛΕΙ ΤΥΡΙΩ ΔΙΟΔΩΡΑ
ΔΙΟΔΩΡΑ ΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΙΑ.
i.e., To Hercules the Tyrian, Diodora the high priestess.
This inscription forms a line in hexameter verse. A second Greek inscrip-
tion on a Roman altar has been found at Corbridge, and this also is in the
same metre.
ΑΣΤΑΡΤΗΣ ΒΩΜΟΝ Μ' ΕΣΟΡΑΣ ΠΟΥΛΧΕΡ Μ' ANEOHKEN.
“Of Astarte the Altar me you see, Pulcher me dedicated."
The Phoenician Astarte is the Ashtaroth of Scripture, so there appears to
have been a Græco-Syriac population at Corbridge.-See Wright's Celt, Roman,
and Saxon, p. 286; Dr. Mc Caul's Brit. Rom. Inscriptions, p. 165; Bruce's
Rom. Wall, p. 313; Horsley, p. 246; Northumb., 106; and Archæologia, vol.
iii., 324. and vol. v., 183.
26
Horsley supposed he had found the remains of a Roman camp at Old
Town, in Allendale, about a mile west of Catton Beacon, but there is nothing
to declare decisively that it was a Roman station.-Bruce's Rom. Wall, p. 327
NORTHUMBERLAND.
97
1
Galana, but it is so imperfect that I could scarce be sure it
was Greek; if it will be acceptable I shall transmitt a copy of it
to you. The last time I saw the Alltar erected by Diodora, it
was in the churchyard of Corbridge; the church of Durham had
formed a design to remove it thither, but failed in their attempt.
I should be glad if they had made a second with better successe.
Dr. Hunter told me pleasantly he would threaten the people of
Corbridge with a prosecution from the spirituall court for keep-
ing a pagan alltar in their churchyard. I asked him then what
he would have done to those of Bowes, who according to Camden
had used a heathen stone for their communion table.
I am, &c.,
JOHN HORSELEY.
MR. HORSELEY, TO ROGER GALE, ON TWO INSCRIPTIONS FOUND
AT RIECHESTER, IN NORTHUMBERLAND.-H. C.
11th Apr., 1729.
Sir,
They have lately converted a part of the station at Riechester
[High Rochester] the ancient Bremenium, into a garden, in digg-
ing which severall coins and inscriptions have been discovered.
There is one that is curious on an alltar, SILVANO PANTHEO,'
2 and
another very lately thrown up, DEO HERCVLENTI.3 I would have
had it HERCVLI, but the letters are plain, and there is no offering
any violence to them. It is but a small alltar, and this the whole
of the inscription. If it be not some topicall deity, I know not
what to make of it.
I am, &c.,
1
JOHN HORSELEY.
Hutchinson says (A.D. 1778) the altar to Hercules is in the possession of
the Duke of Northumberland; it is not now at Alnwick Castle. The altar to
Astarte is at Netherby.-Bruce's Roman Wall, p. 314.
2
The inscription expanded runs thus, according to Hübner, p. 179, No.
1038 :—SILVANO PANTHEO PRO SALVTE RVFINI TRIBVNI ET LVCILLÆ EIVS
EVTYCH VS LIBRARIVS CONSVLARIS VOTVM SOLVIT LIBENS MERITO. The
Librarius was a book-keeper, who had charge of the accounts, and is mentioned
in many inscriptions in connection with the officer or body in whose service he
was. This altar is preserved in Durham chapter library.-See McCaul's Brit.
Rom. Inscriptions, p. 140.
3
Altars dedicated to Hercules are not very uncommon.-Wright's Celt,
Roman, and Saxon, p. 268.
H
$
98
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
ROGER GALE, TO MR. HORSELEY, ABOUT THE GREEK INSCRIPTION
IN CORBRIDGE CHURCHYARD, AND THAT DEO HERCVLENTI.
-H. C.
April 19, 1729.
Sir,
I am much obliged to you for the quick return you made to
my first letter, and the most accurate copy of the Greek inscrip-
tion that you sent with it. It was at the desire of Mr. Mattaire
that I wrote to you, and both he [is] and I am, of your opinion,
that the second word could never have been TYPIQ, but then it
is very difficult to unriddle the meaning of TYPIQ. That gentle-
man has been very busy for some time in giving us a new edition
of Dr. Prideaux's Marmora Arundeliana; 170 sheets are
already printed off, and as he is a person of the greatest learning
and industry and accuracy, we may expect a performance equall
to all those qualifications.
Since the other Greek inscription at Lanchester is so much
obliterated that you can scarcely discern whether it is in that
language or not, you may excuse yourself the trouble of sending
it to me: but I make no doubt of your taking notice of it in your
great work, if it is onely to show us that there have been more
than one inscription in that tongue found in this island, where
indeed it is very strange that we should have any at all.
As for the inscription DEO HERCULENTI, lately discovered at
Riechester, I take it to be the very same as if it had been DEO
HERCVLI, and the termination ENTI to be onely a metaplasmus
after the Greek manner; as in the words Τιμής Γιμήντος, Κλήμης
Κλήμεντος, Πούδης Πούδεντος, &c. Something like it you may
see in other inscripsions, as Chryseti for Chrysae, in Reinesius's
Syntagma Inscr., p. 909.
I am, &c.,
R. GALE.
4 Humphrey Prideaux in 1676 published, under the title of "Marmora
Oxoniensia,” an account of the Arundel marbles, with a comment on them,
which gained him great reputation.-Beeton's Dict. of Biog., p. 861.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
99
MR. HORSELEY, TO ROGER GALE, RELATING TO AN INSCRIPTION
DISCOVERED AT RIECHESTER, AND ANOTHER IN THE LIBRARY
AT EDENBOROUGH, AND A THIRD AT LANGCHESTER, IN THE
BISHOPRICK OF DURHAM.-H. C.
Sir,
June 13, 1727.
Since my last to you another inscription has been found at
our Riechester; the stone and letters are coarse, and a part at
the bottome broken off, but what remains is very distinct, and I
believe there has not been much, if anything, more at first.
runs DIS MANIBVS HERMACORA ALVMNO HONORATVS TRIBVNVS.
5
It
I
think that alumno shews Hermacora to be designed for the dative
case after the Greek manner. This favors your opinion concern-
ing Herculenti, but it is much more favored and confirmed by
what I neglected to acquaint you with in my last, that is a figure
of a club in relievo, on the side of the alltar.
6
The engraver has sent me a proof of your drawing of my
Lord Hartford's inscription and alltar, for which I am extreamly
obliged to you. I observe Mr. Gordon makes SANTO what you
have SANG.
Can this be a c, or a G for a c, and so the word be
still read Sancto? The change of these letters is not unusuall.
There is an inscription upon a piece of a rude pillar in the
Library at Edenborough to the emperor Antoninus Pius, which,
according to Mr. Gordon, was erected by the Legio V German-
orum, according to Sir Rob. Sibbald,' in Camden's Britannia,
it is quite another inscription, though I have convincing proofs
of its being the same stone as that represented by him. Upon a
very close, impartiall, and repeated view of the letters in the
5
7
See under Wilts respecting HERCVLENTI.
6 Found near Carlisle. MARTI SANCTO.
Sir Robert Sibbald, physician and naturalist, born about 1643, near
Leslie, Fifeshire, was geographer to Charles II. He contributed to the foun-
dation of the Coll. of Physicians, Edinburgh, and was its first president. He
wrote "Scotia Illustrata," and "The Liberty and Independency of the Kingdom
and Church of Scotland." Died 1712.-Beeton's Dict., p. 946. The two pieces
of pillars were found near to the manor of Inglistown, and were dug out of the
wall. They were presented by Sibbald to the College Library, Edinborough.
The inscription upon one is [IMPERATORI CAESARI M. AVRELIO ANTONINO
AVG[VSTO] PIO P[ATRI] P[ATRIÆ] CO[N]S[VLI] III COH [ORS] I CVGERNOR
[VM SVB CVRA] MONTI M. .-See Caledon. Rom., pl. xv., fig. 7; also Brit.
Rom., xxv.; Hübner, p. 191, No. 1085.
•
Uor M
100
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
originall, I read it COH. I. CVGERNORVM.8 I am the more
assured of this reading because I did not then remember the
name of the Cugerui, and so was led to this reading onely
by a carefull inspection of the originall. I had read the name
in Tacitus [Hist. lib. v. cap. 16 and 18] again and again, but
yet it did not occur to me at that time, till an ingenious friend
of that university suggested to me that the Cohorts of the Batavi
and Cugerni⁹ were oftener than once joyntly mentioned by
Tacitus, which I then recollected and found to be true.
VARDİOR
There is an inscription I discovered at Langchester, in the
county of Durham, that seems by the letters to read coH.
R. EQ. Cohors Vardiorum10 Equitum, but of the
Vardii I must still say, as I was at first ready to say of the
Cugerni,
•
Dic quibus in terris,
[Virg. Bucol. Ecl. iii., 106].
I am, &c.,
JOHN HORSELY.
MR. J. HORSELEY, TO ROGER GALE, CONCERNING THE STATIONS
ad Lineam ValLI, AND AN INSCRIPTION AT LANGCHESTER.
-H. C.
Sir,
Morpeth, June 23d, 1729.
I acknowledge the receit of another most agreeable letter
from you, which came last night, and return you my hearty
thanks for it. I am sorry that you, who have so many affairs
8 The corps of the Cugerni is named in Trajan's diploma of A.D. 104. If
the stone is faithfully represented in Caledon. Rom., Horsley's reading of the
last line is erroneous. There the letters resemble CIT, the ending of FECIT,
followed by IMP. This was probably a mile-stone, and the work recorded on
it was done, not on the vallum, but on the via militaris.—See McCaul, p. 233,
note.
((
Cugerni were the people about Cleves, sometimes wrote Gugerni and
Guberni by Pliny, lib. iv., c. xvii."-R. G.
10
"The Vardii seem to me the same as the Vardai mentioned by Pliny
[lib. iii., c. 22] a people of Dalmatia, who calls them Populatores olim Italiæ.
The Notitia Imperii has the Præpositus Equitum Dalmatarum Brannoduno
Brannodunensis, and at Præsidium; and the Tribunus Cohortis II Dalmatarum
Magnis ad lineam Valli."-R. G.
Maou
NORTHUMBERLAND.
101
upon your hands, should give yourself the least concerne to make
a speedy return to mine. I onely begg leave to communicate to
you anything that occurs, and that you would at any time honour
me with a line or two at your convenience and leisure.
I have nothing more to add with relation to the antique cup,
unlesse it be to begg leave to ask whether the size, and shape,
and loose bottome, if any, at all favor its being a common patera ?
If it be admitted a patera, I despair of seeing any conjecture
more plausible and ingenious than your own.
I have sent you inclosed a hasty sketch of my scheme con-
cerning the stations ad Lineam Valli, that you may better under-
stand what I have said with respect to the places mentioned on
this cup.
Your great candour will excuse any marks of haste
and inadvertence. I take the stations rigorously upon the line
of the Wall to end with Tunocellum, and the other five to have
been a kind of secondary series proceeding regularly from east
to west, viz., Glanoventa Lanchester, Alone Whitley Castle,
(confirmed by an old inscription), Brementuracum Brampton,
if not old Perith, Olenacum, old Carlile and Virosidum Elen-
borough, or if we suppose a transposition of the 2 last places,
then Virosidum may be old Carlile upon the river Wiza, and
Olenacum Elenborough upon the river Elen.
I hope to gett all the stones that have been discovered at
Riechester into my possession, and then I shall re-examin them
all with the greatest care and attention I can, and if I discover
anything more, I shall be sure to acquaint you with it.
You must be right with respect to the Vardii, and therefore
I thank you again for having been my Apollo. The Alltar with
the inscription DEAE SYRIAE¹¹ is yett at Conington, but the latter
part of the inscription, together with the upper stratum of the
stone, is quite gone. I guessed it might have been Gallorum,
but Vardiorum will suit the vacant intervall better, if that can
be relyed on as exactly represented.
REQ
My representation of the inscription at Lanchester was not
in my last so just as it ought to be. I cannot VARDIOR find the
copy, though I have sought for it, and therefore may not be
exact in the position of the letters; but the upper line which
11 Found at Little Chesters. Dea Syria is one of the titles of Ceres,
102
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
goes before in the inscription is upon one piece of an alltar, and
the lower line, with the following part of the inscription, on
another piece, that was lying separate from the other. When I
putt them together they tallyed with so much seeming exact-
nesse that I concluded they had made one and the same alltar ;
but if we suppose them to have been fragments of two different
alltars, the difficulty you mention will intirely vanish.
I am much obliged to you for your account of the Military
Ways; if I can make any improvements upon it I shall presume
to communicate them to you. Salmon I have, but found it was
not safe to follow, or trust him too farr.
I think it was in the Monthly Atlas that I read of a Roman
inscription at St. John's chapple at Shaftsbury, in the wall; but
though I use that author as having made a collection or abstract
of some principall matters, yett he has no great authority or
esteem with Sir,
Yours, &c.,
JOHN HORSELEY.
Stations ad Lineam Valli.
Segedunum.-Station at the east end of the Wall, near Cosins's
House. [Wall's End].
Pons Aelii.-Newcastle, where there must have been a consider-
able bridge over the river Tine, upon the bank of which
the ancient station has been, and here Hadrian's Vallum.
has terminated.
Condercum.-Station on Benwell hill, confirmed now by an
inscription.
Vindobala.-Rutchester.
Hunnum.-Chesters, near Hallton and Aydon Castle, confirmed
by several inscriptions.
Cilurnum.-Chesters, near Wallwick and Cholerton, favored by
a sculpture.
Procolitia.—Carrowbrugh, proved by an inscription.
Borcovicus.-Housesteeds, proved by many inscriptions.
l'indolana.-Little Chesters [Chesterholm], confirmed by an
inscription.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
103
Esica.-Great Chesters.
Magna.-Caer Vorran.
Amboglanna.-Bird-Oswald, proved by a vast number and great
variety of inscriptions.
Petriana.-Cambech Fort, called Castlesteeds.
Aballaba.-Watch Cross, near Old Wall and Bleatarn.
Congavata.-Stanwix.
Axelodunum.-Burgh on the Sands (?) [Bowness ?]
Gabrosentum.—Drumburgh (?) [Burgh-on-Sands?]
Tunocellum.-Boulnesse (?) which is in fact Promontoriolum
Itunæ impendens. [Drumburgh ?]
MR. HORSELEY, TO ROGER GALE, CONCERNING SOME INSCRIPTIONS
DISCOVERED NEAR THE ROMAN WALL, ONE FOUND AT
CHESTER, AND A MILITARY WAY IN THAT COUNTY.-H. C.
Morpeth, July 21, 1729.
Sir,
stations on the Wall, viz.,
Two of them are of the
Since my last to you I have received some inscriptions
lately discovered in one or two of the
Great Chesters and Caer Vorran.
common sepulchrall kind, the other would I believe have been
curious had it not been imperfect. The inscription is on the face
of an alltar under a human figure sacrificing, but the arms of
the figure are broken off, and there remains no more of the
inscription than MATRI, which must have been Matribus, the rest
is lost, with part of the alltar which has been fractured.
I find the alltar with the Greek inscription still remaining at
Corbridge, exposed to the injurys of the weather and the mob;
though a gentleman that has a considerable interest there promist
me it should be taken more care of. If I am not mistaken, that
town and parish has a great dependance upon the Duke of
Somersett; perhaps my Lord Hertford may find out some way
or other to gett it into his possession, which every body should
wish for, that wishes well to Antiquity.
They have lately discovered an imperfect inscription at
Chester, which it is very likely you may have had an account of
from some other hand. I have gott a very exact account and
104
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
copy of it, which I shall transmitt to you, if you have not had it
allready.. My friend at Chester is in hopes of theyr making
farther discoverys, and if they do he has promised to acquaint
me with it.
He has allso sent me an account of certain remains
of a Roman way near Altringham and Downham Park, the seat
of my Lord Warrington. I did not see it when I was in that
countrey, but it would scarce escape you and Dr. Stukeley. As
it pointed directly from Manchester to Chester, I think the Iter
must have proceeded that way, and Condate must have been
upon the river that runs by Northwick, if not that very place.
I am allso much of opinion that the Military way from Chester
has gone near Beeston, between Nantwich and Whitchurch, at
both which places coins have been found, and to fall in nearly
perpendicular upon the road from Kenchester continued to
Taunton towards Wem, but on the east side of it. 12 This I think
will preserve the beauty and consistency of the generall scheme,
and will also preserve the numbers in the Itinerary, and recon-
cile the 2d and 10th Iters, as farr as concerns Cheshire; I have
begged the favor of my friends, Mr. Prebendary Prescott and
Dr. Tilson, to look out sharp for vestiges of a military way, and
some better evidences of a station or two, at due distances from
Bovium and Mediolanum; a discovery of this nature I think
must be decisive. I take the liberty to mention some hasty
thoughts because I did not know one who has so much skill and
capacity to improve any hint, if there should happen to be
any-
thing in it; and at the same time candour enough to forgive any
inadvertence in, Sir, &c.,
J. HORSELEY.
PART OF A LETTER FROM MR. HORSELEY, RELATING TO MR.
SALMON.-H. C.
Morpeth, 21 Febr., 1729-30.
Sir,
I am much obliged to you for yours of the 12th instant. I
have not yet discovered anything new with relation to the cairn
at Otterburn, if I do I shall be sure to communicate it to you.
12
"No proof of this.”—R. G.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
105
Nor have I yet seen Mr. Salmon's last Treatise relating to the
north. I saw him much at a losse, and found it out of my power
to retrieve him according to the scheme in which he was
embarked, and which I suppose he thought himself obliged to go
through, &c.
SIR JOHN CLERK, TO ROGER GALE, RELATING TO THE SILVER
TABLE FOUND NEAR CORBRIDGE.—H. C.
Dear Sir,
Pennycuick, 30th May, 1735.
I had yours of the 1st instant in due time, but since you
was to go down to Cambridge I delayed giving you any trouble
till now.
I am very much obliged to you for the particular
account you have been pleased to send me of the silver table. I
am sorry that you think it not ancient, and yett by the figures
it should seem so still. I humbly think that if these figures
relate to any known piece of history among the ancients, they
may be modern; but if they relate to nothing of this kind, they
may be ancient still, at least of the lower empire; or the Greek.
In Father Mabillon's Diplomata there are several engravings
which one would believe to be modern, and yet are of the 5, 6,
7, 8, and 9th centurys. The argument I now would draw from
these is only this, that in the 3d and 4th centurys there might
have been some heathen engravings much of the same kind, but
you can best make the comparison who have seen the table.
I am surprised with what you write me about the reception
Mr. Blackwell's note book13 had with my good friend my Lord
Islay. Something or other has disobliged him, for I know his
respect for all men who are lovers of learning onely, as well as
the Literati themselves. He had a particular reguard for Mr.
Horseley, who printed the Britannia Romana, and was positively
resolved to have done him service about the time when he died.
I am, &c.,
13
JOHN CLERK.
Essay or Enquiry into Homer's Life and Writings," printed in London
in the year 1735.
106
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
ROGER GALE TO DR. HUNTER, ON INSCRIPTIONS FOUND AT
LANCHESTER.14-H.C.
London, June 7th, 1735.
Sir,
After a months absence I returned to town the 3rd instante,
where I found yours of May the 17th, which should not have
layn so long unanswered had it come sooner to my hands; I
shall not pretend to make any observations upon your discovery
of the Roman Station at South Shields,15 and the Roman way in
its neighborhood, since nobody can be so good a judge of those
curiositys as a gentleman that has made it his buisyness to view
and consider them so carefully as you have done.
But as for the two inscriptions you sent me, I will venture to
give you my thoughts upon them, not doubting but you will
excuse me where I differ from you, since what I offer proceeds
onely from a love of truth, and no spirit of altercation.
The first of them is very curious, as it gives us the name of a
Legatus Augustalis and Proprætor, hitherto unknown in Britain,
and which ought as I think to be read as follows.
NVMINI AVGVSTI ET GENIO COHORTIS SECVNDE VARDVL-
LORUM EQVITATÆ MILLIARIE SVB ANTISTIO AD-
VENTO LEGATO AVGVSTI PROPRÆTORE F.
TIRANVS TRIBVNVS DAT DEDICATQVE RITE.
To read G.R.16 in the 4th line Gregalium is not a little doubtfull.
It cannot well be supposed that the tribune of the Cohort would
dedicate an alltar to the deity of the emperor, and at the same
time to the genius of the common souldiers, exclusive of the
genius of the officers, of which he himself was one: and how
to read it otherwise is as uncertain, if the letters are GR, as in
your copy. But if they are CR, as on the alltar given us by
14 See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., 139, Surtees Soc.
15
A camp, comprehending several acres, stood upon the slightly elevated
headland at South Shields called the Lawe. As some coins of the reign of
Valentinian (A.D. 380) have been found here, it has been supposed that the
station was in use only a short time before the desertion of Britain by the
Romans.-Bruce's Rom. Wall, p. 293.
16
The letters G.R. refer to those in the second line of the next paragraph.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
107
Mr. Horsley, Durham, No. 26 in his Brit. Rom., and which you
say has a very apparent instead of G, they may denote Civium
Romanorum, and those Varduli, a people of Spain, admitted to
the freedome of the City of Rome for some extraordinary merit,
or by some emperor's favor, perhaps their countryman's Trajans.
This was a privilege frequently conferred upon foreigners, even
whole towns and nations, and at last communicated by Antoninus
Pius, omnibus in commune subjectis¹7; by which it seems as if
this alltar had been erected before this general grant of that
emperor, for it is no great honor or advantage for these Varduli
to value themselves upon, if they had enjoyed it only in common
with all the rest of the world. Monsr. Spanheim observes Exercit.
Ima ad Constitution. Imp. Antonini de Civ. Rom. 18 Quod sub M.
Antonino Imp. Civitate donati essent, quicunque in Romani orbis
Provinciis aut oppidis delecti essent Milites ut Præsidiarii in
Imperii limitibus constituerentur. This seems contraditory to
the first mentioned grant, since it onely conferrs the freedom of
the city upon the soldiers in garrison on the frontiers of the
empire, and the other gives it to all the subjects of the Roman
Empire without exception: perhaps the soldiers had this advan-
tage given them at first, and upon finding the encouragement it
gave them to defend the countreys where they were quartered,
it was thought adviseable to admitt all the subjects of the empire
to the same privilege, to interest them the more in preserving
the whole from the attacks of the barbarians. But there has
been no small uncertainty among the learned to which of the
Antonini this constitution is owing, some attributing it to Anto-
ninus Pius, others to Marcus Aurelius, and Mr. Spanheim, with
great reason, to Antoninus Caracalla,19 from Dion Cassius chiefly,
who tells us this privilege was granted by him omnibus qui in
orbe Romano erant, not so much for the honor and advantage of
it to the people, as for the filling his treasury; since it made
them lyable to the payment of severall taxes, from which they
were before exempted; so that the soldiers had this benefitt con-
17
"V. Spanh. Exercit. de Civ. Rom. apud Gravii Thes., tom. xi., p. 64.
B. C."-R. G.
18
"Exercit. i., p. 14 B."-R. G.
19 "Exercit. ii., 76, 77, &c."-R. G.
108
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
ferred upon them for their services, and the rest of the people.
afterwards, most likely, to drayn their purses.
In Gruter's Thesaur., p. cccclv., 6, is mentioned T. ANTISTIVS
Præfectus Alæ Sulpiciæ CR. i.e. Civium Romanorum; and in p.
cccclix., 8, L. PRAESENTIVS Præfectus Coh. I. AFR C. R. E., which
is read Præfectus Cohortis primæ Afrorum Civium Romanorum
Equitatæ, just the same as this at Langchester, onely changing
Afrorum into Vardulorum.
A Cohors Equitata was composed partly of horse, partly of
foot, as Vegetius informs us.20 Prima Cohors habet pedites mille
centum et quinque: equites loricatos centum triginta duos et
appellatur milliaria. I must own the Cohors in this inscription
is called Secunda Vardulorum, but that is onely in respect to the
Cohors prima Vardulorum, of which an inscription was found at
Riechester, in Northumberland.21 This second Cohors of the
Varduli might however be the Prima Auxiliaria of some legion,
perhaps the VIth, and in more esteem for some eminent service or
fortunate accident than the first, not dignifyed with the honorable
title and privileges Civium Romanorum, and perhaps allso inde-
pendent of any legion. And after all, the sole reason why one of
these Cohorts was called the first and the other the second, might
have been from the priority of time when they were first raised.
This Antistius Adventus seems allso to have been Legatus
Augusti, and Proprætor in Belgium from an alltar found near
Utrecht, upon which he is called Caius Antistius.22
IOVI O. M. SUM[MANO]
EXSVPERANTISSIMO
SOLI INVICTO APOLLINI
LVNAE DIANAE FORTUNAE
MARTI VICTORIAE PACI
C. ANTISTIUS ADVENTVS
[L]EG. AVG. PR.
PR. PR.
DAT.
Iovi opt Maximo summano
Exsuperantissimo
Soli invicto apollini
Lunæ, Dianæ, Fortunæ
Marti Victoria Paci
Caius Antistius Adventus
Legatus Augusti Pro Prætore
Dat.
And this justifyes my reading of his titles here, Legatus Augusti,
Proprætore, and not Legionis Augustæ Proprætore, there being
20 Veget. 1. ii., cap. ii.
21 V. Horsley's Brit. Rom. Northumb. xciv.
222
V. Reinesii Syntagm. Inscript., class i., ccxliv.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
109
no mention of a military body in the Belgic inscription; besides
we never mett with a legion stiled Augusta singly without some
other adjunctive distinction, as the Legio II., VI., or Antoni-
niana Augusta; nor could there be any such officer as a Prætor
or Proprætore Legionis, that magistrate being intirely civil.
The R in the last line denotes as I think RITE, and not REVER-
ENTER, a word not used by the ancients for this purpose upon
any alltars or antique monuments. The L. A. in the last line of
the other inscription I believe stands for Lubenti Animo, and
not Libertus Augusti, there being nothing in it leading us to
such a person. There is nothing else in it of curiosity to be
satisfyed, or difficulty to be cleared. I am, Sir, yours, &c.,
ROGER GALE.
SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE, ABOUT THE SILVER TABLE
FOUND NEAR CORBRIDGE.-H.C.
Dear Sir,
Aug. 6, 1735.
I am glad that upon viewing the silver table you think it
ancient. This was allways the notion I conceived of it, for I
could not imagine any modern sculptor could gett into his head
so much ancient imagery without any foundation from ancient
history or fable. I am indifferent who getts the better in the
lawsuit, 23 but hope it will be preserved and kept in the countrey.
I fancy with myself you will be able to discover some piece of
our history from it; for I make not the least question but it has
been a present from some of the Roman Emperors, and alludes
to some memorable affaires at the time. The table has served, I
believe, for an oblation of fruits or corn on some remarkable
alltar near the wall, erected to the honor of perhaps Diana,
Ceres, or Bacchus, and that it has afterwards been hung up in
the temple dedicated to one of those deitys. An Irishman would
perhaps discover the antiquity of Ireland from the harp, and I
believe you will be inclined to think one of the figures is a rep-
resentation of Britain.
23
I am, ever, your most faithfull humble Servant,
J. CLERK.
This arose upon the claim of the Duke of Somerset, as lord of the manor,
to the silver lanx.
110
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
ROGER GALE TO MR. ROB. CAY, UPON THE SILVER TABLE,
SAID TO BE FOUND NEAR CORBRIDGE.-H. C.
Lond., Aug. the 23rd, 1735.
Sir,
When I wrote last I had only time to return you my thanks
for the favor you had procured me from Mr. Cookson,24 of taking
a draught of his most curious silver table25, being to go out of
town the next morning. Since I came back, upon perusing the
letters I received from you on that occasion, I find in one of
them a desire of knowing my thoughts upon that subject, which
I cannot refuse to a gentleman who has layn me under so many
obligations, and to whom the pleasure and entertainment I have
received from the frequent views of that uncommon and valu-
able piece of antiquity are entirely due; and the lesse because the
accounts hitherto published of it seem to me not a little erroneous.
I shall begin to describe it from the right hand to the left as
you look upon the face of the plate, where Apollo, the principal
figure in the whole piece, is placed in a fanum or small temple,
the roof of which is supported by two wreathed columns with
flowered capitals, allmost naked, having onely a pallium hanging
down from his left shoulder over his back: in the same hand is
his bow which he holds up towards the top of the column on
the same side; his right hand is extended downwards with a
branch in it, perhaps of laurell, crosse that pillar, against which,
allmost to the middle of it, rises a pyramidal pile of 12 pieces, in
this manner, for what it is intended I must confesse my ignorance.
Against the basis of the left hand column rests a lyre, whose
form is truly antique, and beneath it grows a plant with three
spreading flowers at its three extremitys, designed as I suppose
for a heliotrope. Close by it couches a griffin with its wings
elevated over its back. The ancients had so high an opinion of
the sagacity of this fictitious animal that they consecrated it to
the god of wisdom.26 Begerus27 gives us a medal of Commodus,
24 A goldsmith in Newcastle, to whom the silver plate was sold.
25
For an engraving of the plate. see Bruce's Rom. Wall, p. 311. There is
an accurate cast of it in the Newcastle Museum of Antiquities.
26
"The Egyptians made the griffin a hieroglyphic of the sun; the forepart
of him, which is an eagle, denoting his swiftness, and the hinder part, which is
a lion, his great power."-R. G.
27 "In Thes, Palatino."--R. G.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
111
the reverse whereof is Apollo in a chariot drawn by two griffins,
and the poet Claudian alludes to this manner of his riding in the
following distich:28
At si Phoebus adest, et fronis Grypha jugalem
Riphæo, tripodas repetens, detorsit ab axe, &c.
Against the right side column, and this pyramidal pile, sitts
a woman upon a square four-footed stool, though no more than
two of its legs are visible. She looks backward over her left
shoulder towards Apollo, and is wrapt up in a long garment or
stola, from head to foot, and veiled: by this attire, and the alltar
which was brought from Troy, with the æternall fire burning
upon it just by her, I take her to be Vesta.
Manibus vittas Vestamque potentem
Eternumque adytis effert penetralibus Ignem.
Et vos Virginea lucentes semper in ara
Laomedonteæ Trojana altaria flammæ.-[ Virg.]
Her left hand is reposed upon her breast, and in her right,
which rests upon the same thigh, she holds a little bundle, bound
about with a ribbon, perhaps of wool. Below her lyes a buck,
dead, on one side, turning up his belly; and behind her rises a
tall pillar with a globe upon it, probably to denote the earth, of
which she was goddesse.
The next is a woman erect, her hair gathered up and tyed
with a knot behind, upon her forehead rises a tutulus, and she is
habited in a stola from her shoulders to the ground. Her right
arm is wrapped up crosse her breast in her garb, onely the hand
appearing out of it; in her left she holds a spear, the shaft
twisted, the iron of it something obtuse. This seems to be the
onely human figure in the company, but a very learned gentle-
man26 of my acquaintance thinks it may be designed for Juno,
who is often thus accoutred with a spear. If so it must be the
effigies of Juno Curis, or Juno hastata, we have it from Ovid:
Quod hasta Curis priscis est dicta Sabinis.
29 "V. etiam Spon's Recherches cur. p. 69."-R. G.
Jacob Spon, of Lyons
was an eminent French writer, born in 1647; died in 1685. He was the author
of several curious works, and among them was "Recherches des Antiquités de
Lyon."-Beeton's Dict. of Biog., p. 969.
29 Mr. Blackwell.
112
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
She was the same with Juno pronuba: Calibari hastâ nubentis
caput comebatur velo via Junonis Curitis in tutelâ esset, vel ut
fortes viros ominaretur; but as there is no peacock nor any other
attribute of her divinity attending her, and her appearance no
ways majestic or adæquate to the
Divûm Regina, Jovisque
Et soror et conjux.
I cannot be entirely of his opinion, especially as she seems by
her posture and attitude to be a follower and attendant of the
next figure, which is plainly Pallas,-Galeâ effulgens et Gorgone
sævâ, the head of that monster, as usually, being fixt upon her
breast. In her left hand she holds a sharp-pointed spear, her
right is extended towards Diana, with whom she seems engaged
in a very earnest discourse, to which allso that goddesse seems
very attentive; she is the last figure in the group, though called
a man in all the accounts I have seen of this table, and repre-
sented here as the Diana Venatrix by the coifure and feminine
dress of her head, tuckt up with a knot behind, like the hair of
the third figure, as well as by the bow in her left, and arrow in
her right hand. Her short tunica, which reaches down little
more than to the middle of her thighs, and her buskins that come
up no higher than the calf of her legs, has occasioned this mis-
take of her sex, but Ovid tells us
Talia succinctæ pinguntur crura Dianæ
Cum sequitur fortes, fortior ipsa, feras.
Between the two figures of Pallas and Diana rises a tall slen-
der tree, with a crooked waving stemme, the branches of which
are displayed allmost over of the top of the plate. On the
main branch is pearcht an eagle with one wing expanded as if
going to take a flight. This is of raised solid work, like the rest
of the figures, but there are severall small birds sitting among
the boughs, that are onely puncht, or cutt in with a tool, as are
allso severall festoons hanging down from the tree, and many
other little shrubs and flowers interspersed all over the area of
the table. The great bird sitting directly over the head of
Pallas, made me conclude at first that it was her owl, till I had
NORTHUMBERLAND.
113
seen the original, which convinced me that it can be designed
for nothing but an eagle.
-
Under this tree stands an alltar, and so close to Diana that
she holds her left hand and bow over it. It is but little, and has
nothing upon it except a small globular body, perhaps a masse
of the Libamina, ex farre, melle, et oleo.
I should have told you that below the feet of Pallas grows a
plant which seems to bear two ears of corn upon the same stalk,
but cannot say what it is, or how it belongs to her. Beneath
the tree and the little alltar stands a thin-gutted dog, like a grey-
hound, his nose turned up in a howling or barking posture, as
often exhibited with this goddesse on medals, and in other represen-
tations of her; some
Acutæ vocis Hylactor
Aut substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon.-[Ovid, Met. iii., 224.]
Under her, in the very corner of the plate, rises a rock upon
which she setts her left foot, and against the side of it lyes an
urn, with the mouth downwards, discharging a plentiful stream
of water; as she stands upon this rock or hill, and so near to
this spreading tree, I cannot but think of Horace's addresse to
her:
Montium custos, nemorumque Virgo.
The whole table is encompassed with a border raised near an
inch high, and ornamented with a creeping vine, whose grapes
and leaves are in relievo, but the stalk onely tooled.
The work of this curious piece is neither of the best or worst
of times: the figure of Vesta, particularly is extreamly well
executed, the posture free, the drapery soft and easy, and what
is very remarkable, the instita or border, an ornament of the
stola appropriated to the Roman ladies of quality,
Quarum subsuta talos tegit instita veste,-[Horat.]
Is neatly workt all round this of our Vesta, and those of the other
female Deitys. Nor is the next figure much inferior. I cannot,
nor has any body else who has seen it, discover that the plan has
relation to any story in the heathen mythology, but seems onely
an assemblage of the Deitys it represents; this may be some
I
114
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
argument of its antiquity,' for had a modern workman had the
designing of it he would in all probability have taken some known
piece of history for his subject; to which I may add all the sym-
bols are genuin and truly adapted to their owners.
I was once of opinion that it might have been the cover of an
Acerra, but the foot which supported it puts an end to that sur-
mise. We don't well know what the Anclabris was; the defi-
nition of it is in Festus as follows: Anclabris, mensa divinis
ministeriis apta: dicebantur autem Anclabria, et Anclabris ab
anculare, quod erat ministrare. This is big enough to contain
the exta of a sheep, or other small victims, which seems to me
to be the likelyest employment for it, and that it was one of those
sacrificing utensills that Virgil more than once calls Lances,
Lancibus et pandis fumantia reddimus exta
Lances et Liba feremus.
Dona ferunt, cumulantque oneratis Lancibus aras.
These lances were both round and square, but the discus used
for the same purpose seems to have been allways round.
If you have the patience to read this over you will have reason
to think me not a little impertinent in giving you so minute a
description of what you had seen so often and so long before it
came under my view, but as I chance to have some notions
different from what appeared to you, and as I could not well
explain my thoughts upon it without entering upon all the par-
ticulars, I hope you will excuse me. My service to Mr. Cookson;
if he is desirous of seeing this, he may command it, but pray let
no copy be taken of it.
I am, Sir,
Your most obliged humble Servant,
ROGER GALE.
2
N.B.-Letters to the same purport, though not so full, were
wrote to Mr. Maurice Johnson, Dr. Stukeley, and Sir John
Clerk, by me.-R. G.
2
V. Sir John Clerk's letter of Augt. 6, 1735.
Dr. Bruce (Rom. Wall, p. 312), is of opinion that Gale's conjecture as to
its use is probably the correct one.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
115
MR. HORSELEY TO ROGER GALE, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF A
LARGE CAIRN, NEAR OTTERBURN, AND A SEPULCHRE
UNDER IT.³-H. C.
Sir,
3
Morpeth, Decemb. 13, 1729.
I was obliged to be from home 2 or three days after the
receit of yours, which has occasioned the delay for a post or two
in my communicating to you a discovery that has lately been
made in the grounds of Otterburn, in this county.
There was a large cairn of stones, computed to about 60
tun, which they had occasion to lead off; when the stones were
removed, they discovered at the bottome a large stone, rough
and undressed, layd upon the ground in form of a gravestone,
with smaller stones wedged in between it and the ground, where-
ever there were any interstices. When this was taken off there
appeared in the ground a cavity in form of a grave, above 2
yards long, and 4 foot broad. At the top, about a foot and
deep, was some very fine mould, next to that some ashes laid in
fine white sand, the sand was above two foot thick; the whole
depth of the cavity or grave being near four foot. There were
mixt with ashes what they took for small pieces of burnt bones,
very black, but no entire bones. There were severall pieces of
burnt wood, like charcoal. I have not yet seen the place myself,
but I have this account from an eye witnesse, who examined
everything very carefully. I design to go thither myself in a
few days, and if there be anything which you think proper for
me to attend to more particularly, I should be glad to know it.
I don't remember that I hinted anything to Mr. Salmon in
relation to Ptolemy and Greata bridge, but I did assure him that
in fact the military way did not part at Greata bridge, but at
Catterick; and that consequently the argument drawn from the
Itinerary, and grounded upon this topick, is intirely in favor of
Catterick; and this argument in my humble opinion is a very
strong one. I am intirely of your mind that Catterick is as
certain as any place whatever in the Itinerary.
3 An abstract of this letter is printed in Mackenzie's Northumb., p. 100.
A number of barrows exist in the locality.-Mackenzie's Northumb.,
p. 100.
116
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
I remember when I had the happinesse to see you in York-
shire, you told me that the military way leading towards Angle-
sea was very visible in severall parts of Wales. I should be very
glad to know certainly in what parts it is to be seen, and whether
the course of it may not by this means be ascertained from occular
demonstration? But I must renew my request to you, by all
means to consult your own convenience, and return an answer
at your own leisure, to
Yours,
J. HORSELEY.
MR. HORSELEY TO ROGER GALE, RELATING TO THE INSCRIPTION5
AT RIECHESTER, WITH THE WORD CONSECRANDIS, &C.-
H. C.
Morpeth, Janr. 22d, 1730-31.
Sir,
My absence from home was longer than I designed, and
since my return I have been prevented examining originalls till
this morning. This has occasioned a delay of the fuller answer
I intended and promised. I received the Riechester inscription.
just before the presse came to the other inscriptions belonging to
the same place, and having no great fondnesse for an appendix,
I dispatched immediately to London some short observations on
it in order to their being printed, and inserted in their proper
place; so that before I received your first letter it was too late
to make any alteration there. However, I must beg leave to
take notice of your conjecture, either in the preface or some
other proper place. Mr. Ward intends a letter to me by way of
review of all the observations, and there is a proper space left
for that letter, in order to its being inserted at the end of the
observations on the 2nd Book of the Britannia Romana. This
letter will be instead of an appendix, and any new discoverys
and thoughts will, I believe, be there inserted. I shall communi-
cate yours to him on this occasion, unlesse you rather choose to
6
5
V. Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., 135, Surtees Soc.
6 There is no notice taken of this in Mr. Ward's Letter, but Mr. Horsley
in all probability reprinted his observations on this inscription.-See his Brit.
Rom., pp. 241, 242.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
117
speak to him yourself, or to draw up your own thoughts in any
other form yourself. Though I have not wholly abandoned my
first conjecture, yet I have a good opinion of yours, and no
doubt considering how naturall it is to have a partial reguard
for our own offspring, yours will have the preference much more.
in the esteem of others. I have carefully and impartially re-
examined all the letters on the stone, and am convinced that the
last visible, though imperfect, letter in the 6th line has been an
N, which favors your opinion. I have with my compasses com-
pared the breadth of this letter with that of all the Ms and Ns on
the stone, and find that it agrees pretty well with the stated or
usuall breadth of the N, but allways falls sencibly short of the
breadth of the M. This ought to have been reguarded in the
copy, though whether it be or not, with sufficient accuracy, is
more than I am sure of. The addition of SE at the end of the
line would bring it to an equal length with most of the rest.
Nor have I in this review observed anything on the stone which is
in the least unfavorable to your opinion, on the whole I strongly
incline to think you must be in the right, and that my own con-
jecture must have the honor to be overthrown by so good a hand
as your own, and the Lanchester inscription reduced to its primi-
tive state of confusion and darknesse.
7
The remains of the letter at the end of the last line but one
may be those of a C, but are likest those of an 0.
The shape
and position will by no means allow it to be the top of an s: it
is thus DEC, but more perfectly round than I have here drawn it.
I have compared it carefully with the s, the c, and the o, in the
inscription, and find that it suits the last best, may do for the
second, but not at all for the first. To save the seeming unneces‐
sary repetition of the word DEO, I was at first sight thinking of
DECVRIONES, and believe have mentioned that conjecture in my
observations, but how it may answer or please I know not. The
stone is onely regular and dressed on the face, and no doubt has
been inserted in the wall of the Ædes votiva. The difficultys
you hint at with respect to the Lanchester inscription are antici-
pated in my observations, at least most of them are so. But if
7
"It is not drawn so round in the original as here.”—R. G.
8 "Not mentioned in the printed observations."—R. G.
118
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
my explication be deprived of the support it had from the Rie-
chester inscription, I confesse it must be but in a very weak and
tottering state. I return you hearty thanks for your favor of
the Bath head, and all other instances of your respect and friend-
ship undeserved to,
Sir, yours, &c.,
JOHN HORSELEY.
MR. ROBERT CAY TO ROGER GALE, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF AN
ANCIENT PIECE OF PLATE FOUND NEAR CORBRIDGE.—
H. C.
Sir,
Newcastle, March 4, 1734.
My fondnesse to antiquity is revived, and with it the memory
of my obligations to you, by a silver table that has lately fallen
into the hands of Mr. Isaac Cookson, a goldsmith in this town.
It was found near Corbridge, by some ignorant poor people, who
have cutt off the feet in such a vile barbarous manner that they
have broke 2 holes through the table, and a small piece off one
of the corners too. It is 19 inches and long and 15 broad,
the foot 7 long and 5 broad, and about 1 inch high; it weighs
about 150 ounces. I imagin it to have been cast all in one piece;
most of the work is in basse relief, the rest ingraved. It repre-
sents a Sacrifice to Apollo, whose image stands in a small temple
supported by 2 Corinthian pillars, against one of them seems to
be a pile of some square blocks, and close to it sitts a priestesse⁹
upon a stool that shows but 2 feet. Behind her is a column with
a globe upon it, I suppose to represent the sun, though had
it been alone I should not have thought so. Near her stands
another,10 in the same habit, and a third¹¹ that seems to have the
attributes of Pallas, particularly the headpiece. Near the last
is a man¹² with a bow in his left hand, and an arrow in his right.
Before him is an alltar, and a dog, I think a greyhound, near
him; behind him is a large spreading tree with an eagle pearcht
upon it, there are allso severall small birds about it, but these
12
9 Vesta.
Supposed to be Juno.
10
11
Minerva.
12
"This figure is of Diana, not a man.”—R, G,
NORTHUMBERLAND.
119
are onely engraved. In the lower corner next the man, on the
left hand as you look at it, there is a rocky hill, and on the side
of it lyes an urn, with a stream of water running out, perhaps
designed to represent the river Tyne. The two standing women
hold each of them a staff of their own hight; afore the temple
is another alltar, on one side of which lyes a griffin, and on the
other side, next to the man, a buck, which seems to be killed for
a sacrifice. Near the buck grow two ears of corn tyed together,
and near the griffin a shrub of 3 or 4 branches that has at the
end of each branch somewhat formed like a fan. There is a
border raised round the whole higher than the plain, which is
adorned with a vine, the branch is engraved, but the grapes and
leaves are in basse relief.
I am, Sir, yours, &c.,
ROBT. CAY.
I heartily wish this table was in the hands of some curious
gentleman, well able to make such purchases, for I find Mr.
Cookson will expect profit, though I hope he will not be unreason-
able. I should have taken notice that the workmanship appears.
in all respects to be of the Lower Empire.
ANOTHER LETTER FROM THE SAME, UPON THE SAME.-H. C.
Newcastle, March 19th, 1735.
Sir,
Soon after the post was gone from hence I received yours
of the 11th. This morning I went to the goldsmith, who soon
convinced me of my error in saying the birds, &c., were engraved;
and that all which I thought to be engraved was struck with the
chizel and punch, so that I must own your suspicions were well
grounded. Mr. Cookson's father happens to be here now; I take
him to be well versed in the art of casting of metalls. He showed
me several marks near one end, in the middle of which end there
is a crack, which marks and crack, he says, are proofs that it
was cast in one piece.
I enquired again about the price, but Mr. Cookson waved
saying anything different from what I mentioned yesterday to
120
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES
you, which was that he hoped it would produce him about 200
guineas. As to the place where it was found, he says he can tell
me no more than that it was somewhere near Corbridge. He
apprehends the person who sold it to him was afraid to name the
particular place, or to confesse in whose mannor it was discovered,
as fearing a claim from the lord of the mannor.
Since writing the above I am told a kind of a claim has been
made on behalf of the Duke of Somerset; though neither his
grace's officer nor the goldsmith know in whose mannor it was
found. On the back of the table there is a kind of inscription,
which I cannot pretend to read.
I am, Sir, yours, &c.,
ROBT. CAY.
P.S.-I am told two other pieces of antique plate have been
since found in the same place. One of them was sold to a gentle-
man in Cumberland, and the other to a goldsmith in this town,
who thinking it much damaged, had melted it down before I
heard of it.-R. G.
SIR JOHN CLERK, IN ANSWER TO ONE FROM ROGER GALE TO
HIM, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF THE SILVER TABLE FOUND
AT CORBRIDGE, MUCH TO THE SAME PURPOSE AS IT IS
DESCRIBED IN THE FOREGOING LETTERS TO R. G. FROM
MR. ROBT. CAY.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Pennycuik, 28th March, 1735.
The account you have sent me of the silver table found near
Corbridge is vastly surprising. How happy had Mr. Gordon
and I been, when we were hunting for Roman antiquitys in that
countrie, if this valuable curiosity had fallen into our hands?
As to the use of it, I make no question of its being a tabula
votiva, and that it has been hung up or kept in a temple at
Corbridge, dedicated perhaps to Apollo or Ceres. No doubt the
Roman officer who commanded in these northern parts of Brittain
thought himself very happy to find good meat and drink in a
country where he expected nothing but famine and barbarity,
?
NORTHUMBERLAND.
121
and therefore in gratitude made this present to the God of the
place.
I cannot help, since I am in this way of thinking, to reflect
a little upon what I observed in a church called Notre Dame de
Halle, about 12 miles from Brussels. The walls were hung round
with silver legs and arms, cups, and several other things in silver,
as tokens of gratitude to the Blessed Virgin for having, by her
means and intercession, been recovered from infirmitys and dis-
tempers.
Among other things I could not but take notice of a silver
pen, which old doating Justus Lipsius had sent thither some
years before, out of gratitude, as an inscription told us, for that
by the assistance of the V. Mary, he had been enabled with so
much eloquence, &c., to write a Treatise De Miraculis B. Virginis
Hallensis. I called to mind upon that occasion passages very
agreeable to your silver table, and applicable.
Hic steterat, nautis olim venerabile Lignum,
Servati ex undis ubi figere dona solebant
Laurenti Divo, et votas suspendere vestes.~[ Virg., Æn. xii., 767.]
Me Tabula Sacer
Votiva paries indicat uvida
Suspendisse potenti
Vestimenta maris Deo.—[Hor. i., Carm. Od. 5.]
You are pleased to expresse some doubt as to the engraving,
and I think you have reason. The Romans, I believe, never
practised our way of engraving, and yet they did what was next
to it; for they were used to cutt some remarkable laws and edicts
in brasse tables, as they used to make inscriptions in marble or
stone. I have seen some of these, particularly at Lyons, which
at that time made me reflect on the dulnesse of the Romans, and
all mankind besides, that by means of these brasse plates they
had not fallen upon the art of printing; for if these had been
daubed over with any sort of colour, and clapt upon paper or
parchment, they would soon have introduced that art; but there
are many plain things that mankind cannot see into all of a
sudden, and which are reserved for posterity. I'le be glad to
hear from you after you have seen this fine plate; 'tis well the
122
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
goldsmith did not melt it down, as some modern Goths of this
trade have frequently done.
I am, ever, Sir,
Your most faithfull humble Servant,
JOHN CLERK.
By way of corollary, I must add to what I have said above,
that if search was made in the very same place where this plate
was found, many fine things may probably be discovered.
THE REVD. MR. HENRY WASTELL, 13 VICAR OF SIMONDBourn,
IN NORTHUMBERLAND, TO ROGER GALE, WITH An account
OF TWO INSCRIPTIONS FOUND IN THAT COUNTRY.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Simondbourn,¹4 Apr. 10, 1735.
I here send you by way of amusement, till I can gett those
of Thirlwall¹5 exactly copyed, two inscriptions found since Mr.
13
The Rev. Henry Wastell preceded Dr. Scott in the rectory of Simonburn,
which at that time was the most valuable living in Northumberland. Wastell
was so totally negligent of his temporal affairs, that although he held the
living 52 years, it produced less to him at his decease than it did at his induc-
tion. For more than 20 years he carried on a litigation with his parishioners
for the recovery of tithes, at the expense of about £10,000. The result of this
litigation was that Dr. Scott's life was in danger, and he removed to London."
-Mackenzie's Hist. of Northumb., ii., 238 n.
14 This was the largest, wildest, and most unproductive parish in North-
umberland. It extended from the Roman wall northward to Liddlesdale in
Scotland, a distance of 33 miles, and its breadth was about 14 miles. In 1811
an Act was passed for erecting five distinct parishes within it, and for restrain-
ing the Governors of Greenwich Hospital, from presenting to Simonburn or the
said new Rectories, any other persons than chaplains in the royal navy. In
the 17th century the inhabitants were bold, warlike, and predatory, and exer-
cised a lawless independence. In 1681 the rector and churchwardens presented
Thomas Ridley, of Parkend, "for running horse-races on the Lord's day publicly,
and Margaret Heron, of Nunwick, for entertaining them on that day, having
music in her house, whereby several were kept from the church."-Mackenzie's
Northumberland, vol. ii., 233.
15 There is a Roman altar, writes Mackenzie, in the garden wall of the inn,
where also is a colossal head, which Hutchinson saw at Thirlwall Castle.
Thirl, in the north country, signifies an opening left in moor fences for sheep
to pass through; but it has been thought by some writers that Thirlwall is
named from the sluice or bridge where the river passed through the wall, and
not from the Scots piercing it here.-See Mackenzie's Northumberland, vol. ii.,
308, 309,
NORTHUMBERLAND.
123
Horseley's book was published; one at Wallwick Grange, within
a mile of the Roman wall, the other in my own custody, which
I espyed as the workmen were pulling down my old kitchen.
The former16 was given me by a stone cutter, taken by himself, so
cannot answer for its exactnesse, but shall take the first oppor-
tunity of going to Wallwick Grainge, and if upon examination
can find out any material difference shall give you an account.
The latter is in my custody, if valuable, is at your service. The
stone is square, about 9 or 10 inches every way, but there seems
to be something wanting at one end, occasioned, I suppose, by
the workman's tools, either when they built or pulled down the
kitchen; but you will be the better able to judge by what you'l
see on the other side. The letters are 3 inches long.
Horseley takes notice of VLPIVS and SABINVS, two Roman lieu-
tenants sent against the Britains, but says he never heard of
any inscriptions found relating to either of them. I shall be glad
to have your [opinion] relating to either of them, and am,
Your obliged and obedient Servant,
Mr.
H. WASTELL.
MAURICE JOHNSON, ESQ., TO ROGER GALE, IN ANSWER TO ONE
GIVING HIM AN ACCOUNT OF THE SILVER PLATE FOUND
AT CORBRIDGE.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Spallding, May 3rd, 1735.
'Twas with much pleasure I received and communicated to
our little fraternity your very obliging and ingenious account
of the Corbridge silver table, which honor I am commanded to
return you thanks for, and for your very kind promise of con-
tinuing to us the most valuable favor of your ever entertaining,
judicious, and improving correspondence.
On reading your
account of that massey piece, some of us thought it might have
been part of an Acerra or sacred coffer, wherein incense and
odours were preserved for the service of the altar, or salt, &c.,
16
The inscription expanded is [COH]ORS V [CENTVRIA] CAECILI [I] PROCVL
[1]. It was found in a wall at Walwick Grange, and is preserved in Alnwick
Castle. See Hutchinson's Northumberland, i., 83; and Hübner, 119, No. 598.
17
—
This inscription was simply VLPI......SABIN………….. It has perished.-See
Hübner, 119, No. 591; also Hutchinson's Northumberland, i., p. 213,
124
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
for some sorts of sacrifices. Others have, perhaps with more
reason, conceived it to be a stand, salver, or sort of waiter to
sett such things on, or even the Acerra, or perhaps for domestick
uses; for we are too apt to apply every relique of antiquity as
being venerable, to sacred purposes. The society next succeeding
(which was the 1st of last month), we had much the like account,
but the dimensions a little different, and the figures or characters
on the back, said to be I. P. X., with the unintelligible traces of
more; to us they are so.
Our friend and brother member, Mr. Bogdoni,18 in a letter I
lately received from him, tells me you now seem to think this a
piece cast or wrought in the Saxon times,¹º of which people, as
we have fewer remains in the arts of designing, when they are
said to have been in a great measure lost, I should be glad if
this rather showed us somewhat of their ceremonys or customes,
than of the Roman, of which we have many, and under whom,
from the Græcia Capta to the utter declension [of] their empire,
we have in allmost every part of the world most splendid remains.
But from what I remember to have read in Verstegan, or else-
where, of the Saxons, I cannot apply any part of this design
peculiarly to any piece of their sacred or civil history; from the
coins even of their latest princes, they seem to me to have had
lesse notions of designing after nature, and to have done their
work in a much worse tast than our old British ancestors, of
whom, I ain satisfyed, I have seen severall coins or medals, in
every one of the 3 metalls, not imitating or borrowed from the
Romans, or made by Roman workmen; and of these, some by
the extraordinary boldnesse of the relief, and all by their con-
vexity, more in the manner of some of the eastern people than
the Romans, to whom the manner of chariot fighting seemed
strange, though very customary with the eastern nations, whose
strength for the battle was frequently calculated or estimated by
the number of their chariots and horsemen. And I can't say
I ever saw a fair piece of old convex compound in England,
18 Mr. Bogdoni was F.R.S. and F.S.A., and had a considerable office in the
Ordnance Office at the Tower. He died at Hitchin, in Herts, in 1771.-See
Nichols' Biblio. Topog., No. ii., pt. 2, p. 57, n.
19
"This is a mistake in Mr. Bogdoni, for I never told him so, or ever had
the least surmise of its being Saxon."-R. G,
NORTHUMBERLAND.
125
but had on it some design of a horse, horseman, chariot, or
wheels, and sometimes with more things with them. Notwith-
standing what has been advanced20 against the judgement of Sir
Rob. Cotton, Selden, Speed, Camden, &c., I cannot but think
that in the main they give us rational conjectures about the
British coins or medalls, if we should not allow them to be
currant coin, for which yett I see not any reason, unlesse we
are bound to take all for truth and fact which the Romans relate,
and admit allso, that they told the whole truth, and all that was
really fact, of those brave, polite, and honest people, whom they
so gloried in annoying and distressing. Sed manum de tabulâ.
Only give me leave by you, Sir, to present our thanks to your
good brother for his ingenious dissertation on Cæsar's landing,
which gave our society much pleasure, particularly our worthy
president, and another member, who having some years resided
in those parts, well knew all the places therein mentioned.
What we have had of late communicated," has been chiefly
poems, and some philosophical experiments, schemes of drain-
ing, and several petrifactions presented to our petty musæum,
where we continue to amuse ourselves every Thursday, and
remember with pleasure our friends at the mitre. On the 17th
ult., the Reverend Mr. Ray, V.P., showed the society a sculp-
ture, in ivory, of a skeleton sitting on a monument with a wind-
ing sheet thrown over him, like a loose robe, resting his right
hand on an hour glasse, and his left on his scyth, with sculls and
bones in basse relief, on the sides of the monument. The blade
of the scyth had teeth like a sickle. The work seemed of some
age, but, as a physician said, not accurate.
He allso showed a paper manuscript in 24, of the whole book
of Psalms, in number 150, written in French most elegantly, in
all the hands in use throughout Europe, by Mrs. Esther Anglois,
a French lady at Lislebrough en Escosse, 1599; dedicated to
Prince Maurice of Nassau, with a complimentary copy of Latin
verses to his highnesse, by B. K., her husband, and several on
the lady's elegant writing, by Andrew Melvin, John Johnston,
Robert Rolloe; and on her person and great abilitys under her pic-
20 By N. Salmon."-R. G.
21
To the Spalding Society.
126
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
ture, neatly drawn by herself with a pen, as are allso the Arms of
the Prince, and a head and tail piece to each psalm. This curious.
little MS. is bound in velvet, embroidered with gold, the leaves
finely guilded and painted, with a running foliage stamped
thereon. The said Prince of Orange's cognisance or device, is
embroydered on the corners in silk of proper colours, and drawn
with a pen at the end of the book, within a laurell wreath, a
branch of palm, with this motto, VIRESCIT, on escrol, wrapped
round it, and a coronet over it. It was, by tradition, given by
the prince to a French refugee gentleman, who was his surgeon,
and from him came into the hands of a lady who now owns it,
and sets a very high value upon it. The prince and poets we
know are eminent enough, though their compliments are puns,
and their witt low, but who B. K. called dictæ Estheræ Maritus
should be, we know not. I wish, good Sir, I had any thing
better to divert you with; I write now, however, as soon as I
could, rather than be rude in neglecting, by answer, to acknow-
ledge the receipt of yours, and the great pleasure and honor you
have done to us all, and more particularly to, Dear Sir,
Your most obedient humble Servant,
MAURICE JOHNSON.
SIR JOHN CLERK, TO ROGER GALE, ABOUT AN INSCRIPTION FOUND
AT LANGCHESTER, AND THE PLATE AT CORBRIDGE.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Pennycuik, 26 June, 1735.
Yours of the 17th I received with the usual pleasure and
satisfaction. I return you many thanks for the two inscriptions.
That of Dr. Hunter's is extreamly new and curious. There were
many barbaritys in the language of the lower empire, and there-
fore it is hard to determin with any certainty about letters. I
cannot approve of the Doctor's Gregalium, though I believe he
would be vastly fond of it, and pleased with the invention. Your
Civium Romanorum is certainly right if the letters be not G. R.
for Germanicorum, for I have seen, if I remember right, some
such inscription, though I cannot tell where. You will be sur-
prised at my notion of Germanicorum, if I do not explain to you
NORTHUMBERLAND.
127
the reading of the alltar so as to comprehend such a word. If
then the letters are G. R. in the sense I take them, the reading
must relate to the Cohors Milliaria as dedicating an alltar to the
genius of the Cohors Vardulorum upon some signal services done.2
F. must be fecit, and the last letter R. restituit.
22
I am sorry you could not gett a copy of the silver table, how-
ever, a little time will produce one from a copper-plate, whoever
be the proprietor. I have still a strong suspicion that it is
Roman, and a Tabula Votiva rather cast than hammered up and
engraven.
I am, dear Sir,
Your most affectionate humble Servant,
J. CLERK.
MAURICE JOHNSON, ESQ., TO ROGER GALE, ABOUT THE SILVER
TABLE FOUND AT CORBRIDGE, WITH AN EXTRACT FROM
THE MINUTES OF THE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY AT SPALL-
DING.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Spallding, 25th Aug., 1735.
Your most ingenious and obliging account of the Corbridge
silver table, and dissertation upon it, I received and read to our
Society last Thursday, the 21st inst., at which were present our
Revrd. President and 13 other members and 2 honorary, and
return you their and my thanks for that excellent entertainment.
As you give leave to conjecture at the female figure, erect, her
hair tyed up with a knot behind, with a small oval, perhaps a
British pearl (for which our coast was in the Roman times
famous) her right arm wrapped up, a spear with an obtuse point
in her left, permit me to opine this may be in honor to our isle,
and to represent Britannia, as on a coin of Hadrian in my col-
lection, or the genius of Great Britain still retained on the reverse
of our copper coin, but in a sedentary posture; sometimes by
the ancients with an hasta pura, sometimes armed with an iron
22 "It is hard to conceive how a Cohors Milliaria Germanicorum should
dedicate an alltar Genio Coh. II Vardulorum; besides, if it was so, the read-
ing upon it would have been Cohors Mill. German., and not Germ. Coh. Mill.”
-R. G.
128
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
sharp-headed one; here, as between both, with one obtuse flint-
headed one as worn with use in warr, se defendendo, against the
Romans. I know not what else to think it, and as found amongst
us, whom so likely? The pyramidal figure I take onely to denote
Stabilitas Æterna, and was, though in a lesse elegant form, the
device of representing the Deity in the earliest times of art,
before statuarys had taught marbles to assume limbs and allmost
to breathe. Whatever this noble piece of plate was designed for,
I take it to have been a grand compliment to our native countrey,
and am therefore the more desirous of being possessed of a draw-
ing of it.
That I may somewhat account for our proceedings [in the
Antiquarian Society of Spalding] and show you it might be in
some measure worth while to bestow so much pains upon us,
give me leave to send you a brief extract of our late minutes.
[The minutes of the Spalding Antiquarian Society are prin-
ted in Nichols' Biblio. Topog. Brit., vol. ii., pt. II., Reliq. Galean.
p. 57.7
ANSWER TO THE PRECEDING LETTER, BY ROGER GALE, TO
MAURICE JOHNSON, ESQ.-H. C.
I am much pleased that the last account I sent of the Cor-
bridge plate mett with so good a reception from the gentlemen
for whose entertainment I designed it. We must yett call it the
Corbridge plate, since at present it is said to have been found
near that town, though I am inclined to think it is onely given
out so, to conceal the true place where it was discovered. When
the bill that the Duke of Somerset has filed in Chancery against
the present possessor of it, for treasor trove in his royalty comes
to be argued, we may come to the truth. This contest with his
grace made the owner very shy of letting it be seen by anybody,
and it was not without great importunity that a gentleman to
whom he was under the strongest obligations procured me the
favor of taking a draught of it, and upon condition that I should
not permitt any one to copy it, nor know where the original,
which has been shifted into 2 or 3 hands, is now deposited. My
promise to comply with these terms must plead my excuse for not
NORTHUMBERLAND.
129
permitting anybody to take a copy of mine till the dispute is
determined, or I have leave to impart it to my friends, among
whom you may then command it with the first. I had some
weeks ago given a very short account of the figures on this table
to Sir John Clerk, at Elenborough, a gentleman whose learn-
ing and judgement are of a superior degree. He had, from
what I said to him, the very same opinion as yourself about the
unknown figure, viz., that it might represent Britannia; but I
believe both you and he would change your thoughts upon
inspection of it; it is entirely Roman by the habit, and not the
least circumstance attending it that may honor our country with
being in so cælestial a rendezvous of deitys.
Your conjecture upon the pyramidal pile I like well. I was
once of opinion that it might have been some sort of an alltar
dedicated to Apollo, and that the 12 pieces of which it consists,
might have some relation to the XII. months of the year. Tellus
Stabilis we have upon the coins of Hadrian, Sabina, Faustina,
Pii, and Commodus, but without this pyramis in our table it is
erected as near to Vesta as to Apollo, and so may be an attribute
belonging as well to her the goddesse of the earth, as to him the
god of the year.
The extract of your minutes surprises me, for who could have
expected such a learned correspondence and so many curious
observations to have been communicated to, and made by a sett
of virtuosi allmost out of the world, and which would never have
been known but by the emanations of their own light? You have
infinitely the advantage of our Antiquarian Society at London,
which confines itself to that study and knowledge onely, whereas
you take in, and very rightly too, the whole compasse of learn-
ing and philosophy, and so comprehend at once the ends and
institution of both our London Societys.
*
*
What you write concerning the vast number of ducks taken
the 21st and 22d of August last is prodigious. I suppose what
you call your ducking is an annual ceremony of beginning that
sport like the opening of the hunt upon St. Hubert's day.
* *
The inscriptions upon Mr. Spruston's ring at Cambridge I
dare say are erroneously copyed; when I go next thither, which
I believe will be in about 6 weeks, I will endeavor to see it if
J
130
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
possible, and I do not forget it.
*
*
I have putt you upp in this letter a fairer impression of T.
Driffield's seal' than what was upon my last, but can tell you no
more of it and him than that it was found at a place called
Driffield, in Gloucestershire, where formerly resided a good
family of that name. My best services attend your flourishing
Society, and
I am, dear Sir, yours, &c.,
R. GALE.
J. WALTON [TO DR. STUKELEY].—H. F. ST. J.
Revd. Sir,
Corbridge, Feb. 5th, 1754.
I am very much obliged to Mr. Duane for having procured
me the honour of a correspondence with you.
*
*
The letters
I send you inclosed the drawing of the alltar.2
are so fair that not one will give way to any conjecture. How
these Greek altars came hither will I doubt still remain difficult
to be accounted for.
At this time of the year little is done at the new road. The
goodness of the foundation will render it one of the firmest roads.
in the nation, that the wall must suffer by: yet there will be
still considerable remains of the wall left, where the road goes
off from it. There are not so many peices of antiquity found as
you would perhaps expect in making the road. As there is
plenty of stone in the wall, &c., they leave most of the castle and
tower foundations unwrought up; and when they work only for
stones, the area of the places in which most remains of antiquity
might be expected (and not in the walls themselves), are left
unsought. Probably more will be discovered when it comes to
those parts of the country which are less inhabited and culti-
vated.
1
I have got some legionary and centurial stones. I believe
The seal bore the legend "S'. Thomae De Driffield."-See Minutes of the
Spalding Soc., Augt. 21, 1735, printed in Nichols' Biblioth. Topog. Reliq. Galean.,
No. ii., Pt. ii., 65.
2
Reference is here made to the altar bearing the dedication to Astarte.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
131
·
one altar has been found at Benwell,3 which I have not yet seen.
Some inscriptions at first were broke in peices. Not many coins
have been found, except about 3000, mostly Magnentius and
Decentius's, about a mile from the wall, in digging up gravel.
I have got a Roman counter, found in the wall, Vespasianus
ROM IMP AUG.; reverse Judæa Capta and the palm tree.
If you would favour me so far as to send me your thoughts
upon the altar and upon No. 1, &c., it will greatly oblige,
Your most obedient humble Servant,
JOHN WALTON.
J. WALTON [TO DR. STUKELEY].-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Sir,
Corbridge, Feb. 24th, 1755.
It is very good and kind in you to give me a second letter
when I had really delayed so long to answer your former that I
was ashamed to write to you; though I owed you my best thanks
for the present of your two books, &c., which I read with great
pleasure and information. The only excuse I have for my not
paying my acknowledgements for your first favour (I own not a
sufficient one), was my expecting some inscriptions which were
promised me from Walwick, which I have not yet got. They
are only of the centurial sort, many of them, though not all,
before published. Now I doubt whether you would chuse to
have any
of that small kind, as no great matter of information or
elucidation is to be expected from them. I was in hopes too
that some remains of antiquity might be found in the making of
the road along the wall west of Walwick.* Nothing has been
3 Benwell is the Condercum of the Notitia, and was probably the first place
where coals were dug in Great Britain. Several inscribed slabs and small
altars have been found here. The most important is preserved in the rectory
house at Ryton. The Notitia records that the prefect alæ primæ Asturum was
stationed at Condercum; and the slab furnishes the information that it was
garrisoned by a Spanish cavalry regiment, styled, probably on account of some
illustrious achievement, Gordiana; also that Titus Agrippa rebuilt a temple
which had become dilapidated. Two small altars found in this station are in
the possession of the Society of Antiquaries, London.-Bruce's Rom. Wall, 109.
A small village, built on the Roman Wall, at a short distance west from
Walwick Chesters.
132
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
found more than some centurial inscriptions, except a small
broken image of Minerva, I think, from the sheild which the
left hand rests upon, of which I send you a rough sketch (I am
a poor drawer). It is a composition, and by the cavity within,
and discernable to the broken extremities, seems to have had the
fore part and back part first formed separate, and then to have
been pressed and joined together. There is an hole in the left
side, by which it has been fixed to some other figure. It was
found near Walwick Chesters. I have got no coins found upon
the road making westward but a Burcred5 found at Carrawburgh.
That name is very like your favourite emperor's, and as he did
a great deal to the wall I am tempted to think Carraw and
Carrawbrugh had their names from him.
In digging up an old causeway here at Corbridge the other
day, there was a stone found with a broad coarse head cut upon
it. The lower end had stood in a socket, and near to it another
stone, with LEG. II. AVG. COH. III. F.
AVG. COH. III. F.6 Near Bywel' there was
lately discovered in the centre of a currick of stones or barrow
something like a tomb, being a cavity made with stones set
edgeways, and covered with a flat stone at top, but no bones, nor
discernable ashes in it. I should be glad to know whether Cor-
bridge would any way agree with the situation of Cohors Elia
or Pons Ælia of Antonine's Itinerary or the Liber Notitiarum.
There are great remains of a (Roman) bridge a little above Cor-
bridge, opposite to the ruins, at the place called Colchester, and
near the line of the Roman way called here Watling street. As
Pont Eland plainly can mean no more than an island in the
rivulet Pont (a rivulet one may stride over), and there are no
remains of such a bridge, it is very unlikely Hadrian's name
should be given to a bridge there, I should therefore be glad to
5
King of Mercia. The coins of Mercia gradually declined from the
reign of Offa, and Burgred's are the most rude of the series. On the expulsion
of this king, his minister Ciolwf seized the reins of government, but held them
for a short time only, when his expulsion terminated the independence of
Mercia. The coins of Ciolwf must not be confounded with those of C'eolwlf.-
Humphrey's Coin Collectors' Manual, vol. ii., 413.
LEG[IONIS] II AVG[VSTÆ] COH[ORS] IV F[ECIT].-Vid. Hübner, p. 98,
No. 474; also Horsley, p. 245; Northumberland, 101.
7
Bywell parish adjoins Corbridge.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
133
!
have your opinion whether the Pons Elia can have been here,
or at Chesterford (Cilurnum) on the wall where there are great
and likely remains.
I am not quite satisfied with your conjecture about the Greek
altar. MESORAS is smooth, and like enough a Greek proper
name; as there is the ivy leaf at the end of it, and room for the
T had it belonged to it, the workman would I think have placed
it there, and not in the following line. The letter which you
would read an A is too fair and distinctly cut to give way to any
conjecture. Therefore I must think POULCHER M are letters or
parts of words standing to signifie whole words.
Please to let me know in your next whether your Carausius
is yet published, that I may make my bookseller order it for me.
Mr. Wastal I have not seen since I had your letter, but I was
with him at Simonburne two or three days before.
He was very
well, and expects to see you in town this spring. Pardon the
length of this, and believe me to be,
Your obliged and humble Servant,
JOHN WALTON.
J. WALTON [TO DR. STUKELEY?]—H. F. ST. J.
Good Sir,
Corbridge, March 23d, 1754.
I have received yours, and according to your request send
you casts of what more Carausius's I have tolerably fair.
I should be very glad to have your thoughts on the fourth
line of the inscription of Astarte, POULCHER M; and on the legend
VXIAMXX on the reverse of a former Carausius.
The names of Herks and Hertness or Heartness in old writers
for what is now Hart and Hartley pool, seem to add strength to
your conjecture of its having been formerly Heracleopolis, and
the more so as Herculis's promontory in Devonshire is called
Herty Point, Herty and Hertland.
I am conscious to myself that I have no right to ask such a
favour as a small extract out of Richard the Monk's Itinerary
For the true reading see a previous letter,
134
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
(only so far as may relate to the principal stations per Lineam
Valli and in the two northern countys) but if you should be so
very good as to grant it, it would greatly oblige,
Your most humble, &c.,
J. WALTON.
My compliments to Mr. Duane; I should be glad to know
whether he intends to be in the north this summer or no.
J. WALTON, "TO THE REVD. MR. PEELE, IN HEXHAM."-
C. K. PROBERT.
Dear Sir,
Corbridge, March 23, 1757.
I am obliged to you for the loan of your inscriptions, which
I thought to have returned you in person, but as the weather is
so coarse, I doubt I shall not have the pleasure of meeting you
at the club. I hope when you get any more inscriptions you
will be so kind as to let me have them.
I am, your, &c.,
J. WALTON.
P.S.—What came of the silver buckles ?
S. CURRIE "TO THE REVD. MR. PEILE, AT HEXHAM.”—C. K.
PROBERT.
Dear Sir,
Hull, May 13, 1757.
No. 1. Below you have an inscription which perhaps you
have not seen, though I believe you have been at the place (not
Bank). It was found at a statio per Vallum, nigh the east end
of the Craig-Loch.
IMP. CAES. TRAIAN
HADRIANI AVG.
LEG. II. AVG.
APLATORIO NEPOTE LEG. PRPR.
NORTHUMBERLAND.
135
Whether the D. M. is wanting at top I shall not say, but shall be
extremely glad to have the reading of it by your means."
I am, yours sincerely,
S. CURRIE.
"I desired Currie to revise this inscription, but I have yet
had no account from him. Neither Platorio nor Platorion, I
am told, is to be found in Gruter.'
B. PEILE.
J. WALTON "TO THE REVD. MR. PEILE, IN HEXHAM."-C. K.
PROBERT.
Dear Sir,
Corbridge, May 18, 1757.
·
I have just now received yours, with the inscription, for
which I am obliged to you. I am glad you have such a corres-
pondent in that part of the country. HADRIANI AVGVSTI LEGIO
SECVNDA AVGVST. Though I believe in general the power and
authority of the proprætor was higher than that of the legate, I
doubt whether the last line in your letter is right taken, as it
contains double the quantity of letters in the foregoing lines.
Are not two lines put into one? I do not remember the name
Platorio or Platorion in the history of Britain. I am, in haste
for fear of the post,
Yours,
J. WALTON.
J. WALTON, "TO THE REVD. MR. PEILE, AT HEXHAM."-C. K.
PROBERT.
Dear Sir,
Corbridge, Sept. 17, 1757.
I had forgot your inscriptions or you had had an answer
ere now.
9
This slab was found at Milking-gap.
"Of all the inscriptions discovered
in Britain, Hodgson pronounces this to be of the greatest historical importance,
inasmuch as it leads to the true reading of several fragments of similar inscrip-
tions throwing light upon the authorship of the wall. It and other fragments
which have been found in different mile-castles, tend to show that these castles
(which are on the line of the wall, ascribed to Severus), were built by
Hadrian." The true reading of the inscription is: IMPERATORIS] CAES[ARIS]
TRAIAN[I] HADRIANI AUG[VSTI] LEG[IO] SECVNDA AVG[VSTI] AVLO PLATORIO
NEPOTE LEG[ATO] PR[0]PR[ÆTORE]. Aulus Platorius Nepos was both Legate
and Proprætor under Hadrian.-V. Bruce's Rom. Wall, 203; Hübner, p. 126,
No. 660; Mc Caul, 146 n.
136
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
I. O. M.
COH. AELIA.
DACORVM.
QVB PRESIT.
MAMONIVS.
TRIB.
VICTORIVS.
Jovi Optimo Maximo.
Cohors Elia.
Dacorum.
Quibus Præsit.
M. Amonius.
Tribunus.
Victorius.
[The Votive Præsit not
common].
I. O. M.
COH. AELIA.
C. P. EL. MA
XIMUS
TRIB FIL
LPR. MI.
Jovi Optimo Maximo.
Cohors Elia.
Cui præsit Elius Ma-
ximus
Tribunus Filius
Lucii Primi.
I apprehend there is a mistake in the taking of COH I AELIA.
It should be only Cohors Aelia. Cohors Aelia you know is from
Aelius Hadrianus.
I am, yours,
J. WALTON.
THE REVD. B. PEILE, "FOR JAMES JURIN, 10 ESQ., AT THE
HERMITAGE."-C. K. PROBERT.
Nov. 12, 1757.
Sir,
With the 4 volumes of Amelia," for which I thank you, I
do myself the honour to send you enclosed the inscriptions I
spoke of. I send the letters themselves that I may have no
mistakes to answer for in transcribing them. They are some of
10
The Hermitage, in the parish of West Acomb, Northumb., formerly
belonged to the priory of Hexham. On the dissolution of the monastery it
came to the crown. In 1724, it was in the possession of John Coatsworth, Esq.,
whose son Edward left it to his brother Michael, and failing heirs, to James
Jurin, Esq. (son and heir of Dr. James Jurin), who was educated at Trin. Coll.
Camb.. and at the end of 1756, became fellow of the Royal Society. He died
in 1762.-Mackenzie's Hist. of Northumberland, vol. ii., 297.
11 In 1751 appeared "Amelia," the last work of fiction that Henry Fielding
gave to the world. "It is, perhaps, the only book," writes Dr. Johnson, “of
which being printed off betimes one morning, a new edition was called for
before night." Johnson read the book through without stopping, and he adds
that ""
Fielding's 'Amelia' is the most pleasing heroine of all the romances,"
For this work Fielding received £1,000.—See Beeton, p. 397,
NORTHUMBERLAND.
137
\
them a little ragged; but that I hope you will excuse on account
of the family they belong to. My correspondent in the west is
no antiquarian, but I believe very exact in copying, and as I
desired him to send me none but those that are lately discovered,
I presume these are all of such. That one marked * I saw my-
self soon after it was found and built up into a wall. As to Mr.
Walton, to whom I only act as caterer, I take a liberty in send-
ing his letters, which he knows nothing of; but, Sir, I can put
confidence in you, and I am, Sir, with most respectful compli-
ments to Mrs. Jurin and family,
Your most humble Servant,
B. PEILE.
DEO
VETIRIV.
COH BARVORVM
X X I
AVRIL
MATIRL
RISSIMEP†
. RI. TE
ORIP
Found at Carvaron.
DEO. VETIRI. SANCTO
ANDIATIS
This seemed to have been an altar
stone, from the double moulding.
The last letter on this stone is much
obliterated, the whole being much
spoiled in taking up.
This had been a very large stone, as
appears from the left hand side, which
is entire; I could not say when on
the spot whether the last letters here
marked † should be P or R, but have.
marked it as on the remains of the
stone.
This stone was so broken in the rub-
bish, nothing more was visible.
This is the remains of another.
This has a double moulding. A little
stone was carried off by the work
people, being the only entire one thạt
138
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
V. S. L. M. F.
COH III C-L: AVG.
VSTAVI.
COH : III
O. SOCELUANA.
*MARTI VICTORI
COH. IIIII. NERVIORVM.
C: I
PRAEFECT I. CANINIVS
•
M.
was found. I never saw any other
have any other letter after v. S. L.M.
but this F.12
This stone was carried to London, as
I understand, being found some 2
years ago.
This was found near a Turris
per Val-
lum, north, or rather north-west from
Wall-town. When on the spot I
could not determine whether the last
word should be SOCELLVANA or as it is,
u being seldom found in those inscrip-
tions; but that letter is spoiled.
About 2 feet over, with a moulding,
hight not known. This stone is built
up in the end of a house at Causey,
west from Codly gate. I was as
exact in taking down the characters
as possible I could. This word, line
3d, is the last word of line 2d in the stone: it stands thus, c I.
I thought when on the spot it might have been cIVI or CNI. But
nothing is legible except C 1. I am perswaded neither half the
stone nor inscription is yonder. There was another stone which
began I . O . M. I took both down, and for want of paper could
not save one for myself. The latter is all broken since. But
the farmer tells me he gave them to Mr. Dawson of Wall.
12
Corbridge.
Jan. 23, 1736. Mr. Routh called on me going to engrave
The inscription in Peile's letter to Jas. Jurin, is thus given in Hübner,
No. 960, at Netherby.
DEO VE
TERI. SAN
CTO. AN
DIA'I IS
V.S.L M.
•
The little leaf at the end of last line was mistaken for the letter F or P.-See
Hübner's Inscr. Brit. Lat., p 167
NORTHUMBERLAND.
139
a drawing of the Roman silver salver basso relievo found near
Hexham. 'Tis the family of Augustus deifyed.--Diary, vol. i.,
126.
24 July, 1740. Mr. Roger Gale visited me, and showed me
a new inscription found at Antoninus's vallum.-Diary, vol. v.,
13, 14.
26 Jan., 1758. At the Antiquarian Society. Two Roman
altars from Severus's wall in Northumberland, in possession of
Mr. Baron Legg, one to DEO SANCO. I explained it a day in the
Roman Kalendar Deo trinonio FIDIO SEMONI SANCO, a great
mystery couched under those names in the opinion of the Romans
themselves, but really 'tis an obscure notion of the Trinity.-
Diary, vol. xvii., 68.
Colchester by Corbridge.
7 Feb., 1754. Mr. Yarrow, of York, sent me for a present
by Mr. Davis 8 coins of Carausius. He sold a silver one, Con-
cordia Militum, to Mr. Carteret Webb, all found at Colchester
by Corbridg, Northumberland.-Diary, vol. xiv., 36.
Roman Wall.
8 Dec., 1753. At Mr. Warburton's, Herald's Office. I saw
a vast treasure of remains of the Druids and of the Romans,
which he has collected from about the Roman wall, Northumber-
land, coins, fibulas, pins of brass, celts, with their cases in brass
in which they were cast, glass beads, rings, balls of the Druids,
&c. He has too a great collection of curious fossils.-Diary,
vol. xiv., 18.
me.
15 July, 1754. Revd. Mr. Wastal, of Yorkshire, dined with
He says they have destroyed the Roman wall intirely for
many miles. They take all the stones of the wall, beat them to
pieces, to make a foundation for their new road. He says he
spoke to a shepherd to look diligently for inscriptions on the
wall some years agoe, and he presently found a dozen. Having
no great knowledg in these matters he did not take pains to read
'em, being pretty much decayed with time. He has many of
140
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
them in his house at Simonburn, upon the wall by Hexham. I
advised him to give them to the library at Durham.-Diary,
vol. xv., 6.
19 Oct., 1754. Visited Bishop Kildare at Kensington gravel
pits. I waited on the Princess of Wales at five, at Carlton
House. Was introduced directly to her royal highness at dinner,
by her express direction. She was pleased to apologise for her
not being in town last Saturday when I waited on her. I pre-
sented my discourse on ORIVNA, finely bound in gold and purple.
She expressed a good deal of regret at Dr. Mead's presenting
the medal to the king of France. 13 I discoursed with her royal
highness all the time she was at dinner, chiefly on the Romans,
on the Northumbrian wall, on Herculaneum. She wondered I
never travelled abroad. I answered that I loved my own coun-
try, and that there was curiosity and antiquity enough at home
to entertain any genius; that I had travelled pretty much through
England, but resisted the sollicitation of the Duke of Rutland
and others to goe a foreign tour; that the Northumbrian wall
was the greatest work the Romans ever did anywhere; that I
had travelled the whole length of it, and taken drawings of
innumerable inscriptions, altars, basso relievos, milliary pillars,
and the like, found thereabouts, and now lying neglected. Her
royal highness asked concerning the length, the dimensions of
the fabric, and the nature of it. I took occasion likewise to
express my concern at the havoc now making of this most noble
antiquity by the surveyors of the new road carrying on by act of
Parliament, who pull the cut and squared stones of the wall
down, and beat 'em in pieces with sledg hammers to lay the
foundation of the road with 'em, and in a country abounding
with stone, and where the Roman road still remains, if they take
the pains to seek for it, which would much shorten their labor.
We discoursed on the first preaching of the gospel in Brittain,
by S. Paul, at Chichester, where resided Pudens and Claudia,
his disciples, mentioned in his Epistle; of Constantin the Great
and his mother, both natives of Brittain. Empress Helena built
those inagnificent temples at Nazareth, Bethlehem, Jerusalem,
13
V. Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., p. 80, Surtees Soc,
NORTHUMBERLAND.
141
and other places in the Holy land where our Saviour's nativity,
crucifixion, &c.-Diary, vol. xv., 19.
23 Oct., 1754. I wrote the following letter to the Princess
of Wales, copying that I gave in July to Dr. Hill:
"The honor your royal highness has indulged me, and the
discorse in particular which we had on the Roman wall in Cum-
berland, imboldens me [to] address the present paper to answer
your royal highness's questions to me more particularly, and to
engage your powerful patronage to protect this most noble, most
magnificent work, from further ruin, not from enemys, but from
more than Gothic workmen, quite thoughtless and regardless of
this greatest wonder, not of Brittain only, but of Europe.
A friend of mine who lives at the Roman wall, dining with
me lately, we had some discorse about it. They are now busy in
making a new turnpike road, pursuant to Act of Parliament,
quite across the kingdom there from Newcastle to Carlisle. He
tells me he gave a shepherd, who keeps sheep in the open fields
adjacent, orders to pick up all the inscriptions he could find about
the wall, and he would give him 6d. a piece. The man presently
found him a dozen, some pretty much decayed, others very
legible. He purposes to give them to the library at Durham,
where already is a very fine collection of Roman antiquitys,
which I coppyed in the year 1725. I observe they are very
elegantly cut, both as to letters and sculpture of figures, but the
prints of 'em in Horseley and Gordon and others are very far
from doing justice to them, they having not the art of drawing.
He tells me, now they are making this new road, they have
destroyed the old Roman wall for many miles. Their method is
to take cut and squared stones of the wall, beat them to pieces,
to make a foundation to this new road, and this in a country
where stone is every where under their feet, for the country is
chiefly a rock of stone.
Besides, there is a road made the whole length of the wall by
the Romans. It was the business of the surveyors of the work
to trace out this road. They would have found it pretty strait,
well laid out in regard to ground, and it would have been a foun-
dation sufficient for their new road. The late learned Roger
Gale and myself rode the whole length of it in the year 1725,
142
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
so I speak as an eye witness, and I write with grief to see so
little taste, so little judgement shown by the public in this other-
wise laudable undertaking.
Surely it well became the wisdom of the legislature to act
with great deliberation in so important an affair, especially in
regard to the preservation of this greatest wonder of Roman
magnificence, not only what is now left whole or in ruins, but
that ever was.
This mighty wall of four score miles in length is only exceeded
by the Chinese wall, which makes a considerable figure upon
the terrestrial globe, and may be discerned at the moon. The
Emperor Hadrian, who travelled bare-headed over the whole
Roman Empire on foot, visited our island. His chief rendezvous
at his arrival was at a place in Oxfordshire called Alcester, near
Biceter. This being about the middle of the island, the Roman
legions and Brittish troops from all parts met him there, and
thence he marched to the north, and projected the great work of
drawing a vallum and ditch across the island, in Northumber-
land and Cumberland.
Alcester became a city as usual, and had the name of Ælia
Castra from the emperor, as I learn from a most valuable manu-
script wrote by a monk of Westminster, who has preserved to us
innumerable names of Roman places yet unknown. At the same
time Jerusalem was rebuilt and called Elia by the emperor's
order and from his name, so Pons Elius at Newcastle.
This vallum of Hadrian's in Northumberland was well palli-
saded, and was a tolerable security, whilst a compleat garrison
was kept to defend it; but alas that was seldom the case. The
soldiers were too often called off to the continent.
Severus, the emperor who resided for some time and dyed at
York, was a great, wise, and valiant person. He, seeing how
little the north Britons regarded Hadrian's vallum, with a true
greatness of mind, projected and executed the mighty work of
the wall, built chiefly on the ground of Hadrian's vallum. This
work is worthily called the greatest glory of his reign, I add, of
the Roman Empire. And is it not to be regretted, in an age
of building and architecture, that this Brittish boast and glory
should be destroyed ?
Would it be misbecoming a monarch to visit it where so many
NORTHUMBERLAND.
143
great emperors have been in person, more than those that I have
named? How carefully do the Popes support and repair the
ruins of Roman magnificence, well aware of the benefit accruing
from the resort of travellers to see them?
Must we send our nobility and young folks innumerable to
spend immense sums of money yearly in foreign countrys for
that purpose, and leave our own unvisited, but what is worse,
doomed to be destroyed, and that under a public sanction ?
When Mr. Gale and I were there, we tired ourselves day by
day in copying and drawing inscriptions, altars, milliary columns,
basso relievos, plans of forts, &c., which I have still by me.
Numberless we left behind, not thinking they were to be broken
in pieces to make a road; that so little sense of antient grandeur
and learning should be left among us, to take away even the
temptation of inviting the curious to travel thither!
Well said my Lord Chancellor in Lord Lovat's tryal, 'a love
of our country includes in itself all virtues,' an observation from
Cicero, and a very just one. It ought to be well considered by
those that goe abroad to foreign universitys for education, and
leave our own to languish. If anything there wants to be reformed
let us bestow our time, our pains, our treasure, in that business.
Omit no opportunity of inviting travellers to come among us, at
least of our viewing our own country, and if we fall short of
some others in some things, yet what we have is most truly valu-
able to us, because our own.-Diary, vol. xv., 19-26.
He is going to
13 Sept., 1747. Dr. Pocock visited me.
travel the length of the Roman wall, so to Whitehaven, the Isle
of Man, and thence to Ireland. I showed him an immense parcel
of drawings which I made in that tour with Mr. Roger Gale,
and gave him directions about the journey.-Diary, vol. vi., 90.
16 Nov., 1754. At five I waited on the Princess of Wales,
at Leicester house; was received whilst she was at dinner. Pre-
sented Warburton's book on the Picts' wall, and a letter magnifi-
cently bound in gilt paper, acquainting Her Royal Highness
with the havoc made of it by the surveyors of the new road.
She promised her interest to put a stop to it. On my going out
I met my old friend Dr. Stephen Hales. He wondered at my
admission whilst the Princess was at dinner.-Diary, vol. xv., 32.
144
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
THE REV. WILLIAM ELLA," TO DR. WM. STUKLEY, CONCERNING
Sir,
AGELOCUM OR LITTLEBOROUGH, IN NOTTS. [Printed in
Biblioth. Topog. Brit., No. ii., Pt. 2, Keliq. Galean.,
p. 126].—H. C.
Rampton, Apr. 3d, 1723.
The honor of yours I received the other day, and am not a
little pleased with the hopes of seeing our accounts of the Roman
Antiquitys in Britain further improved by proper draughts of
the places of theyr stations and remains, and what recent obser-
vations may be added to those of the great Camden and Gale,
and to have this work fall into so able an hand; and I could
wish it was in my power to contribute anything of moment to so
entertaining a piece of learning,; but though my inclinations
have allways leaned strongly that way, yet the circumstances of
my life and my affairs would never allow me liberty of satisfying
my curiosity.
This station, indeed, of Agelocum, I have been in the neigh-
bourhood of these 8 or 9 years, and the desire of procuring some
of the Roman coyns has sometimes lead me thither, and this
place has afforded no small quantitys of them about 40 or 50
years ago, when the present enclosures betwixt the town and the
bridge were tilled; and coyns are frequently found at this time,
but most of them in considerable pieces of the basse empire, and
generally so corroded with rust as to be of little use for the cabinet,
for I have never heard of any thecæ nummariæ being met with,
where one might hope to have found them better preserved.
Now and then appears a coyn of the upper empire, and the
larger size as Nero, Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian, and I have a
very fair medalion of Trajan's found here, struck upon that
emperor's building the famous mole at Ancona in Italy, of which
it carrys the ectype on its reverse. Another of Hadrian's, with
BRITANNIA upon the reverse, sitting with a shield at her foot, a
spear in her left hand, and a lawrell in her right, 'tis the coyn
No. 323 in Thoresby's Ducatus Leodiensis. These two are the
most valuable coyns which have fallen into my hands; others
H Vicar of Rampton.
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
145
I have seen of Vespasian, Domitian,¹ Marcus Aurelius, &c., and
great numbers of Constantine, Constantius, Crispus, the Tetrici,
of Carausius, and Allectus of the small copper. There are found,
but very rarely, Roman signets of agate and cornelian, one of
the fairest and largest I ever saw was found at this place. I
thought it so valuable as to bestow the setting upon it, but the
workman did it so slightly that to my great regrett it dropt out
I know not when, and was lost. The engraving was well per-
formed, and the polish, though it must have layn 1300 years at
least in the soyl, much exceeded anything I have seen of English
workmanship.
Fragments of the finest coral-coloured urns² are frequently
discovered, and some with curious work in basso relievo upon
them, and the workman's name generally impressed with extant
letters at the inside of the bottome. I have the fragments of
some urns and vessels in my hands, and one, which is the largest,
part of a Roman discus or sacrificing platter; another which
seems to be a cover; but I never had the good fortune to meet
with any urn or vessel entire, nor heard of any, except one of a
singular make with an emperor's head imbossed upon it, of the
same with that which Dr. Gale has given us the figure of found
at York. Gale's It. Anton., p. 23. The urns or vessels are
most of them of this corall colour, and but few of the coarse grey
sort which are mett with in other places, though we might have
expected great numbers of this coarse sort, this station being
within a few miles of one of the most noted Roman potterys in
this island, viz., Santon, near Brigg, in Lincolnshire, where these
were made. Philos. Coll., N. 4, p. 88. Tesseraick work, such
as is frequently discovered in Roman stations, as Isurium in
particular, I have mett with none, nor is there any traditionary
account of any such among the inhabitants. Inscription I have
seen none, for those on the two Roman altars which were found
here in 1718, and now placed on each side the steps as you ascend
1 "I have a coin of Domitian's, of the large copper, found here."-R. G.
2 "A.D. 1701, as I was ferrying over the Trent at Littlebury into Notting-
hamshire, I observed in the opposite bank, washed away by the water, one of
these coralline urns. 1 pulled it out; it was broke in pieces as it stood; it
had bones in it, and the coin of Domitian before mentioned."-R. G.
K
146
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
you
to the inn from the ferry, are not visible; I don't doubt but
made some remarks upon 'em.
'em. The one appears to be a sacri-
ficing altar, from the discus on the top; the mouldings are all
entire and clean, as if new cutt, yet no inscription in the field,
though 'tis very smooth and plain. I was in great hopes, when
I first heard of their being discovered, to have mett with some-
thing instructive from 'em, but found myself disappointed, and
could not forbear exclaiming against the malicious hand that cutt
and polished out the inscription, for I cannot but think it was
erazed upon some revolution of the Roman affairs in this part
of Brittain, because the place where the inscription was is very
smooth, and there are still these letters very legible…….LIS. ARAM. DD.
The other I take to be monumentall, they were both found
together in digging of a sand pitt, the stone is of that coarse
gritt which Dr. Lister has observed to be made use of for all the
Roman alltars he had mett with. These and other remains of
the Romans are sufficient evidence of its being a considerable
station of theyrs, and made use of as a ferry to convey theyr
forces over to theyr northern garrisons at Danum, Legiolium,
Calcarea, &c., probably as early as the times of Nero, if his coyns
which are found here can be any evidence, and continued so down
as low as Gratian, without interruption, for I have seen here a
great many imperiall coyns between Nero and Gratian, and if
we don't allow the meeting with Nero's coyns to be a sufficient
proof of its being a Roman station at that time, yet what Mr.
Gale has told us of bis finding an urn here with a coyn of Domi-
tian inclosed, A.D. 1701,³ will prove it to have been in the Roman
hands at that time, and a station not above 27 years after Nero's
time; for I think it is the opinion of the antiquarys that where
a coyn is found inclosed in an urn with the ashes, 'tis of the
emperor reigning at the death of the person, as severall urns
found in Spittlefields, London, A.D. 1576, had each a coyn of the
emperor then in being, inclosed with the ashes. However, we
must allow it as old as the Antonines, the number of urns will
justifye us in this opinion, since urn buriall was laid aside and
prohibited in the time of Antoninus Philosophus, and I cannot
but look upon the former evidence of coyns to be sufficient to raise
3 "Comment. in Anton. Itin., p. 96."-R. G.
1
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
147
its antiquity considerably higher, and near the time of Nero;
but these considerations I leave to persons more versed in the
study of antiquity than myself; I onely take that liberty of con-
jecture which I observe most authors make use of upon the same
subject. The Romans seem to have had a summer camp on
the hill upon the east side of the river, as Dr. Gale observes,
Anton. It. p. 96, and I have had accounts of theyr coyns being
frequently found there; though time and tilling the soil has des-
troyed all the remains of such a camp, yett the commodiousnesse
of so advanced a situation for their exploratores would be an
inducement to believe they could not well neglect that advantage.
'Tis a notion still amongst the inhabitants that the town of the
Romans extended farther east than the present does, and possest
some part of the channel of the river, and theyr coyns are often
found upon the very edge of the river after its lowest retreat in
the dryest seasons, and upon the withdrawing of the tyde. I
have here given you the legends or inscriptions of what coyns I
have at present in my hands found at this place. As to the
honor you design to do me by inscribing the plate you intend to
engrave of this town, if you please it will not be disagreeable;
arms I have none. This performance of yours will be very
acceptable to the curious antiquary who has a mind to entertain
himself with surveying Roman stations, and will be of singular
use in the perusall of Dr. Gale's comment upon Antoninus.
I am, Sir, with the greatest respect,
Your very humble Servant,
WM. ELLA.
1.
IMP. CAESAR. VESPASIAN. AVG. COS. IIII.
Reverse, an
eagle standing upon a globe. A consecration medall, of the
middle copper.
2. IMP.
TRP. COS. V. PP. Reverse, the mole of Ancona, SPQR. OPTIMO .
PRINCIPI. Large copper.
CAES. NERVAE. TRAIANO. AVG. GERMAN. DAC. PM.
3. AVG.GERM
IMP.CAES.NER.TRAIANO. OPTIMO.AVG. GERM. D. Reverse,
Fortune, sitting with a cornucopia in one hand, and a rudder in
t'other. SENATVS POPVLVSQVE. ROMAN VS. Exergue FORT.
RED. SC.
•
4. IMP CAES., &c., as the 2nd. Reverse, an image sitting
148
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
upon armour, a spear in its left, and a Victoriola in its right
hand. SPQR. The 2 last of the large copper.
5. IMP
IMP. CAES
TRAIANVS HA.
•
Reverse, Britannia
sitting with a shield at her left foot, a spear in her left hand, and
right foot upon a rock. Exergue, BRITANNIA. SC.
6. AVRELIVS
AVRELIVS. CAESAR. AVG. Reverse, cos. II.
mixt metall, resembling silver.
7. DIVA FAUSTINA.
Reverse, PIETAS.
This is of
8.
The same.
VESTA.
""
9.
GALLIENVS . AVG.
IOVI. STATORI.
""
10.
IMP. TETRICVS. AVG. FIDES. MILITVM.
Tetricus Senior.
11. IMP. PIVESV. TETRICVS. CAES. Rev., SPES. AVG. Tetricus
Junior.
12.
IMP. C. VICTORINVS. PF . AVG.
13.
Rev., SALVS. AVG.
IMP. CARAVSIVS. PF. AVG. Rev., MARS. VICTOR.
•
14. IMP ALLECTVS. PF . AVG. Reverse, Navis Prætoria
VIRTVS. AVG. On the exergue 2, 4.
15.
CONSTANTINVS. AVG. Rev., SOLI. INVICTO. COMITI.
16. The same. Rev., ALEMANNIA. DEVICTA.
17.
CONSTANTINVS. IVN. NOB. CAES. Reverse, the front of a
castle, PROVIDENTIAE
Treviris pecunia.
18. The same.
TEMP. REPARATIO.
CAESS. On the exergue, S. T. P., Signata
Reverse, a Roman killing an enemy. FELIX
19 to 23. Five more, the same. Reverse, a soldier betwixt
2 ensigns, sometimes one ensign, and sometimes the pearl diadem
betwixt the two ensigns, GLORIA . EXERCITVS.
More of this emperor when called AVGVSTVS.
Another, reverse, BEATA. TRANQVILLITAS, an altar, inscribed
VOTIS. XX.
24. Another of Constantine the Great, with the same reverse.
25. Another with a Corona Civica ; in it vor . XX.
26.
•
CRISPVS NOB CAES. Reverse, a labarum, inscribed
VOT. XX., with 2 captives on the ground.
Severall coyns struck about Constantine's time, with a juvenile
head having a helmet on, and inscribed VRBS
Romulus and Remus and the wolf.
•
ROMA, with
Others of the same age with a juvenile head, and round it
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE,
149
CONSTANTINOPOLIS, with a winged genius on the reverse, having
a spear in one hand, and a shield resting at its foot in the other.
Littleborough.
A Roman altar found about a year [1718] agoe at Agelocum
[Littleborough], is now set up with another as two piers in a
wall on each side the steps that lead from the water side to the
inn. The other is utterly obliterated. The Trent washes away
part of the south-east corner of the town where foundations and
pavement are visible in the bank. Mr. Roger Gale once [in
1701] found an urn there with a coyn of [Domitian] in it. I
saw a few coyns here, but the people don't take care to save one.
Many urns are dug up, but every antiquity is wholly neglected
by the inhabitants. It seems to have been only ditched about,
and of a square form. This enclosed ground is higher than any
round it. The Trent, when flouded, comes up very near to its
surface. The church is the highest spot. Cornelians, agates,
and the like frequently found, one with impression of Mercury.
The town reached into the present river. These altars were found
near White-bridg, where many foundations are by the road side.
Many coyns found in one field towards that bridg. They call
'em swinepennys. The road hither from Lincoln abutts almost
with a right angle from the Hermen street, 3 miles north from
Lincoln, and so comes over the heath till it falls into Tilbridg-lane,
passing along in a most straight line to the Trent side. Several
very little coyns found here like flat peas, called mites. Human
bones found in digging a ditch next the church close. The spring
upon the hill at the entrance into Tilbury-lane rises and falls (as
they say) with the Trent.¹
Newark.
1731, Oct. 7. I discovered Newark to be the Sidnacester,
the Saxon bishoprick.—Diary, vol. i., 35.
28 Feb., 1737-8. Going to Newark with Mr. Roger Gale,
in his journey of retirement, I observed on a capital of a pillar of
+ This communication is apparently by Mr. Ella.
150
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Newark church, by my aunt Dickenson's seat at the s.w. corner
of the gallery, the king's arms as blazoned in the time when the
church was built, semé de fleurs-de-lis. Mr. Simson, of Lincoln,
says the cross ragulé on the north door belongs to bishop?
-Diary, vol. iii., 36.
1 May, 1739. Mr. Herring, of Newark, showed me many
fine Roman coyns found there, silver and brass. The ground by
Mr. Holden's house was their burying place. Urns often found
there.-Diary, vol. iii., 50.
East Markham, a mile beyond Tuxford, once the seat of the
Williamson's, and sepulture; whence the family came to Alling-
ton. The Roman road from Agelocum goes by Gringley-on-the-
Hill, and passes the river Idle, east of Bawtry, so by Austerly,
and Rossington bridge, it goes to Doncaster.-Diary, vol. iii., 59.
In the church porch of Newark, I saw two coats of arms, one
over the other; at Mrs. Taylor's I saw an old print by Stent, of
the plan of the works at the siege of Newark, in 1646, done by
Clamp, an engineer. The print is copyed by Buck, but not
accurately. Directly on this side Averham bridg or Kellum
bridg, over the Trent, I saw the large fort called Edenburgh,
being Lord Levins's residence, the Scotch general at the siege.
Here king Charles I. unfortunately delivered himself into the
hands of the Scots. I saw a very fine Trajan, large brass, found
under the banks of the Trent, by the water side, rev., a captive
sitting by a trophy, SPQR: OPTIMO: PRINCIPI.-Diary, vol. v., 19.
Southwell.
July 17, 1744. At Southwell, dined in the room where king
Charles I. lay, the night after he lay at my house, Barnhill. 'Tis
the long room next the street at the King's Arms below, the
north end of the room.
5
July 18. At Newark.-Diary, vol. vii.,
25.
One is of Oliver Sutton, Dean of Lincoln, who in 1280 was made Bishop
of Lincoln. His tomb has perished. The other coat, as given by Stukeley, is
a plain cross, but in neither case does he give the tinctures.
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE,
151
23 Apr., 1745. I went through Balderton. I find that
church was built by the bishops of Sidnacester or Newark. Two
heads of bishops carved in stone on the south side the church,
under the arches of the windows on the outside, and many other
curious heads, where the head dress is preserved-two women's
heads, like those in Lady Roisia's cave. A head of a king,
Henry II., well cutt. The whole porch on the north side is a
most antient arch, like Southwell and Tickencote, indented with
storks's heads. Over it an image in basso-relievo of the Virgin.
The opening door of the porch has the Virgin and child carved
on it, and 3 words in old Saxon letters. The south door of the
church is like a most antient arch. Robert de Chesney, bishop
of Lincoln about 1150, founded the priory of S. Catherin, at
Lincoln, to which he gave, among other lands, 3 bovats of land
in Balderton, with the dwelling houses, which king Henry II.
confirmed. Now this church and berew belonged to the bishops
of Lincoln, as formerly to the bishops of Sidnacester adjacent;
and the church, as I gather from the architecture, was re-edifyed
in Henry II. time, by this Rob. de Chesney; and the old bishop's
head is his. The king's head is that of Henry II. The young
bishop's head is Geffrey Plantagenet, the king's son, successor
in the see of Lincoln, who finished the works of his predecessor,
as history informs us. The females' heads are probably the
Dives's, who had lands here at that time.—Diary, vol. vii., 61.
Gu. a fess dancette O. bet. 3 escalops ermin. DIVE.6 A
Stamford family in antiquity.—Diary, vol. vii.,
69.
May, 1746. When I was last at Newark I observed a great
blew stone across the south porch, where I doubt not but one of
the old bishops of Sidnacester lyes. A Roman camp at Stoke,
opposite to the church.—Diary, vol. vi., 17.
27 July, 1747. Dined with my brother Williamson at
Allington. At Newark they have lately rebuilt some houses at
the bridg there, so called, the entrance into the market-place,
by the fine old arched gate of Roman work. The town's people
6
Gu., a fess dancetty betw. 3 escallops erm.
Dive of Bromham, co. Bed-
ford; Brompton, Harleston, Holwell, Quinton, and Wyke, co. Northants.-See
Papworth's Dict of Arm., 749.
Dor M
152
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
wonder at the name of bridg, not discerning that it was really a
bridg over the ditch without side the wall that inclosed this town
in Roman times, quite to the river, the Foss road running
through it; one gate is left upon the Foss. In rebuilding the
houses above-mentioned, upon the bridg, they discovered the
arches of the bridg. I show in a particular discourse that this
town was called by the Romans Eltabona, Supercilium Avonæ
or D'avonæ. Newark really stands on the river Davon, arising
by Belvoir Castle; it goes now by that name. It runs under
the castle wall of Newark, erroneously called Newark-upon-
Trent. The other river that joins the Davon is called by the
Saxons the Snite,' from the abundance of the birds so called.
Sniden-ea, the water of Snite. Hence the Saxons rebuilding
the old Roman city, called it Sidna-cester. Here was a Saxon
bishoprick.—Diary, vol. vi., 68.
29 May, 1743. I presented to the archbishop [Herring] an
abstract of my discourse proving Newark to have been ELTAVONA
of the Romans, and SIDNACESTER of the Saxons, an episcopal see,
and showed them [the archbishop and bishop of Chichester], the
pillasters remaining in the church, part of the antient cathedral.
-Diary, vol. vii., 2.
Newark.
28 May, 1743. I learnt from a surgeon in Newark that
vervain drunk as thea is a specific for the scrophula.
I saw many Roman coyns newly dug up at Newark.
30 May. I went to Southwell. Coming home I saw part of
the Roman road from Newark to Stamford, going off on the
right hand a little on this side Balderton turnpike, where it
mounts the high ground, being corn fields, to come to the
Stennitt, in Allington parish.
3 June. I saw at Mr. Reid's, at the school house, a fine
original of Hobbs, by Cowper, in miniature.
7 The common snipe. "A snipe or snite, a bird lesse than a woodcocke."
-Baret, 1580.
"Al oon to the ffaucion and a knyghte,
As goode an howle as a popingaye,
A downghille doke as deynté as a snyghte."
Lydgate's Minor Poems, p. 192.
OXFORDSHIRE.
153
OXFORDSHIRE.
ROGER GALE, "FOR DR. STUKELEY, TO BE LEFT
BE LEFT AT THE
GRECIAN COFFEE HOUSE IN DEVEREUX COURT, NEAR
TEMPLE BARR, LONDON."-H. C. [This MS. Letter is
in the possession of the Rev. H. F. St. John].
Worcester, Augt. 19, 1719.
Sir,
Last Satturday morning I had the satisfaction to see the
stones called Rollrick, which are but a molehill to a mountain
in comparison of those we saw at Stonehenge and at Abury,
and seem to have been intirely of another nature and design, as
I doubt not but you will agree, upon my giving you the best
description that I can of them. They are pitcht upon the top
of a hill about half a mile south west of a village called Long
Compton, just within a hedge that now parts a ploughed field
from a heath, and no doubt when these stones were placed there
it was all heath. They compose a ring, not exactly circular,8
the diameter of it from north to south being 35 yards," and that
from east to west but 33. The stones are of unequall dimensions
both as to highth, breadth, and thicknesse, few of them exceed-
ing 4 foot in altitude, and some of them reaching scarce two ;10
and the breadth so various that I must have measured every
stone to have given it you; neither can I tell you the number,
some being thrown down and broken, and others carryed away,
but there are yet 22 standing, and some of them pitcht so close
together, edge by edge, that it is evident they were intended to
form a close wall.12 The thicknesse of them is not above 14 or 16
11
8 Not far from being a true circle.
9 The diameter from north to south is 101 feet, and not 105.
10 The tallest stone is on the north boundary of the circle, and is 7 feet 4
inches high, and 3 feet wide at the ground level; seven of the standing stones
exceed 4 feet, and one only is less than 2 feet.
11 In 1840, Sir Henry Dryden and the editor of these Diaries and Letters,
made a careful ground plan of the circle, with elevations of the standing stones.
At that date 22 stones were standing, the same number as stated by Roger
Gale. About 30 were prostrate, and several must have been removed since 1719.
Most probably this was the intention, for where two or more stones are
still erect and near each other, they are as close as their irregular outlines will
allow.
12
154
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
inches. Where the entrance of it was is hard to say positively,
since there are many smooth gaps now in the ring, but as there
is one directly north-east¹³ in a line to the King, as they call it,
I am perswaded it was there. This King is a great stone which
the countrey fancys represents a man on horseback, standing 84
yards¹ N.E. of the circle, 8 foot high, 7 broad in the broadest
part, and about 12 inches thick, and has, as appears by the gritt
of the stone, been taken out of a quarry (as well as those atten-
dants he has in the circle) within a hundred yards of his majesty,
which observation of mine much displeased my landlord that
came from Chipping Norton with me to show me this petrifyed
court, which is the creed of the countrey, and he that contradicts
it is lookt upon as most audacious free thinker.
I had like to have forgott observing that just in the north
point of the circle is allso standing one stone much larger than
the rest, being 7 foot high and 5 broad. I could observe no
trench running round it, which, if there ever had been one, must
still have shown itself upon the heath; nor any marks of an
avenue leading to it, nor any barrows or tumuli within view of
it, only a bank about 10 yards north of the King, in length about
20 yards, breadth 7, flatt and uneven on the top, as if made out
of the rubbish of the neighbouring quarry.
The losse of your company in this journey I am every day
more sensible of than the last, having many a heavy hour hang-
ing upon my hands which your conversation would have made
not onely to passe much easyer but profitably; 6 long days more
have I to lugg through in this city, where the highest antiquity
I can meet with rises no higher than the dusty traditionall tombs
of a Saxon bishop or two. Which way I shall steer next I can-
not determine yet, but if you will favour me with a line how
matters go in both Societys, or with anything else you may think
worth writing, by Satturday's post, it will be here on Monday
morning; if I cannot be so happy as to hear from you till after
that time, be pleased to send your letter to my house, and it
13. There is no trace whatever of an avenue, or of any distinctly marked
entrance.
14 The distance from the circle to the king stone is 75 yards. The stone is
8 feet 2 inches high, 5 feet wide at the ground level, and 15 inches thick.
OXFORDSHIRE.
155
will be forwarded thence to me. My service to all friends, and
believe me, dear Sir,
Your most faithfull Friend, and humble Servant,
R. GALE.
P.S. In all probability it [the bank] is as ancient as the King
himself, I mean cast up at the same time he was sett there, the
countrey tradition joyning them together in a rhyme they all
have.
If Long Compton thou canʼst see,
Then King of England thou shalt be.
You cannot see Long Compton where this King stands, but if
you step a yard to the north of him it discovers itself over the
top of this bank which intercepts it from his view.15
[On the last page of the letter, and probably in Dr. Stukeley's
hand writing, is the following paragraph].
Mr. Ed. Lloyd says the 5 stones are placed on a square area,
gently rising so as to make a small kind of tumulus. The circle.
is not oval; of the 3 highest which are erect 2 are placed one
before the other, and the 3d, which is not quite so high but much
broader, perpendicular to them (or at right angles). 'Tis about
300 paces distant from Kistvaen, 23 paces diameter. On that
side which looks towards Enstone, two stones placed at right
angles and a single stone which stands a yard within the circle
opposite to the next. The avenue seems to have been on the east,
about 4 yards wide. The stones are in number about 3 score.
REVD. FR. WISE TO ROGER GALE, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF
THE REMAINS OF A ROMAN TOWN NEAR SWACLIFFE, IN
OXFORDSHIRE.-H. C.
Oxon, Septbr. 13, 1732.
Sir,
The Roman town I mentioned to you lyes in the parish of
Swacliffe, but nearer to the village of Tadmarton; it seems to
have extended itself for above half a mile round the bottome of
a single hill, upon which there is a double entrenchment, called
Madmarston Castle, containing as near as I can guess five or six
15 This letter is referred to in Stukeley's Hist. of Abury, p. 11.
156
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
acres of very plain ground. At the bottom of this hill, on the
west side, is a field, part of which is called Money Acre, from a
pott of money found there near a hundred years since, and which,
by the broken pieces of Roman earthenware, and the richnesse
of the soil, was certainley part of the old town; this end points
to Swacliffe, but the people who live in the farms think it did
not extend farther than some out closes of the farm called the
Ley, somewhat nearer on this side toward Tadmarton, where
considerable ruins are dug up to mend the highways, but I never
could hear of any stone or inscription found there; nor is there
any such among the walls of the closes, which seem to be built
out of the ruins, for I carefully lookt round them. From this
farm house the town seems to have extended to another, which,
I think, is called the Ley, too, about a quarter of a mile from it
on the north-east side of the hill, and between these two it seems
to have stretched a good way eastward into Tadmarton field, for
in that is a sign of a Roman bank; and on the south side, beyond
the brook in Swacliffe field, is a barrow called Rowbarrows, not
a very small one, which I suppose stood just without the town.
The people have a notion the town was burnt, and it appears to
have been so by proving the ground, which appears black for
about three foot under the surface.
I am, Sir, yours, &c.,
FR. WISE.
[N.B. This town is not taken notice of by Camden, Plott,
or any other writer but see Britan. Antiq., ed. Nov. in Oxford-
shire, p. 391.]
WILLIAM PARRY [TO DR. STUKELEY].-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Sir,
Shipton, Dec. 24, 1742.
As I understand Mr. Middleton designs to write to you to-
morrow, I take the opportunity of conveying a few lines under
his frank to acquaint you that I went on purpose to see the
King's Stones, on Low Compton Hill, but had not the good
fortune to meet with Mr. Brown. However, I went up to the
stones with a substantial farmer of that town, and found the
OXFORDSHIRE.
157
King-stone standing by himself (in Warwickshire) at about 30
yards from a circle of upright stones standing within the limits
of Oxfordshire, just 40 feet diameter; this circle is distant 100
yards from the 5 Knights, 16 which are likewise in the limits of
Oxfordshire, and standing crowded together, and at about 150
yards distant from the King. The stones are of a rough gritty
kind, and are very much corroded, so that some pits are wide
enough to thrust one's fist in. The King-stone is now about
the height or something higher than a man on horseback; the
circle-stones are some of 'em only breast high, and broken down,
as if they had been split; others are about 8 foot high; I could
count but 50 of them to make up the circle, but 'tis said there
have been many more round and near them; they are about 8
or 9 inches thick, and many are a yard and half wide. The
Knight-stones are near a foot thick, and 2 yards and a half long,
as I guessed by one that lay on the surface of the ground, which
seems to be the stone that the grandfather of the present tenant
at Rowlright took away to make a foot-bridge over a current,
but could have no rest till he removed it back again. The shepherds
have been always very uncivil to the King and his circle of
soldiers by throwing stones at them and lowering their height.
There was, in the memory of man, an elder-tree growing in the
ditch betwixt the King and his soldiers, which the shepherd boys
would be often cutting to please their curiosity of seeing a juice
springing up from the wound as red as blood. I heard nothing
of any annual festival held there; nor of any other remarkable
barrows in the neighbourhood. There is a quarry of stones near
the King, that seem to be of the same grit; and the highest part
of Rowlright lane is a ridge of large stone. Sir Wm. Dugdale's
religion taught him to be too credulous in believing a metamor-
phosis of the King and his Knights, &c. Dr. Plot is the most
likely to give a tolerable account of it in his History of Oxford-
shire. Had I been so fortunate as to have picked up a more
satisfactory account, it would have been a pleasure to me to have
taken more pains and been more exact in the description of it;
16 The ruins of a large Kistvaen; 4 of the walling stones are erect, and the
capstone is lying upon the ground, The tallest of these upright stones is 8 feet
3 inches. This structure is 220 yards to the S. E. of the circle.
158
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
if I should succeed better hereafter in procuring more solid infor-
mation about it, you shall hear further from me.
Believe me to be, good Sir,
Your very much obliged and humble Servant,
WILL. PARRY.
P.S. I have, as hundreds have done before me, carried off a
bit from the King, his knights, and soldiers, which I intend to
send or keep for you. I have paid Mr. Hart for Dr. Sanderson's
Algebra. I leave all news, if there be any, to Mr. Middleton.
JOHN SMITH [TO REVD. DR. STUKELEY].-H. F. ST. J.
Dorchester, Oxon, Sept. 25, 1755.
Reverend Sir,
Agreable to your order I have taken all the care imaginable
to send you a true measurement of Dicke Hills;17 I have learnt
lately that at the turn next to Thame stream is the remains of a
hill, formerly called Princes's hill, part of which has been removed
in the memory of some of my neighbours now living, wherefore
it may be supposed the intrenchment was continued to that place.
In respect of coins I have not been able to collect any that may
be of service in your grand undertaking; if I should meet with
any I shall take care to preserve them. I return you thanks for
your favours received; and am, with due submission, Sir,
Your most humble and obedient Servant,
JOHN SMITH.
17 On the occasion of the visit of some of the members of the Archæological
Institute in 1850 to Dyke Hills, an excavation was made by the permission of
Mr. Latham, the proprietor, and some Roman pottery and other ancient relics,
were disinterred. In 1736, Stukeley made a sketch of the Hills, which is in
one of his volumes of sketches in the possession of the Rev. H. F. St. John.
The sketch shows them to consist of two parallel banks, running in a straight
course along the middle, with a slight curvature in opposite directions towards
their extremities. In May, 1870, the secretary of the Society of Antiquaries
stated that various representations had reached the Society, calling attention
to the proposed destruction of the Hills, and a letter bearing the signature of
Earl Stanhope, the president, was ordered to be sent to Mr. Latham, urging
him to preserve them uninjured.-See Proceedings of the Society, vol. iv., 2nd
Series, p. 496.
OXFORDSHIRË.
159
Length of the intrenchment commonly called Dycke Hills,
from the end near the brink of the Isis to Princes's Hill, 5 fur-
longs, 17 poles; mean breadth (taken from the summits on each
side) 8 poles.
Nearest distance between the Isis and the Thame stream, 5
furlongs.
In May, 1710, Stukeley was one of a party with Mr. Kelsall,
Vicar of Boston, Mr. Pacey, and many others, gentlemen of
the town, who took a journey to Oxford. On this occasion he
saw the Rolright circle—" Nought pleased me better."—Diary,
vol. i., 17.
Burford.
[Minutes of the Brazen-nose Society, Stamford].
18 Sept., 1736. Going to Burford I [W. Stukeley] passed
over Battle Edge, by the downs where Ethelbald, our Mercian
King, and Cuthred of the west Saxons, engaged in a bloody
battle, 18 to the disadvantage of the former, who lost his chief
standard of a golden dragon. In memory of it there was, within
these few years, an annual procession, with pomp and pageants,
particularly a dragon carryed about on midsummer eve.
was A.D. 752. Burford was a Roman town. They often find
coyns under old foundations. I got one of Tiberius found here.
The emperor's head, TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F. AVGVSTVS IMP. VIII.
Reverse, s. c., a winged caduceus, PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST.
This was struck in the year of the city 788.-Diary,
XXXVII.
vol. ii., 42.
This
At Mr. Lenthall's, at Burford, is the celebrated picture of
Sir Thomas More's Family, by Holben.-Diary, vol. ii., 43.
Dorchester.
[Minutes of the Brazen-nose Society, Stamford].
1 Sept., 1736. I visited Dorchester, the antient episcopal see
18 "A.D. 750 Cudred, king of the west Saxons, rose up against king Edil-
wald; and in 757, Edilbald, king of the Mercians, was miserably murdered in
the night by his own tutors."-Bede's Eccles. Hist., p. 341.
160
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
among our Saxon ancestors. They that love to see the earliest
of our church antiquitys will be highly entertained here. The
episcopal palace in part remaining to the west and north of the
church. When the see was removed to Lincoln [by Remigius]19
it became an abbey. The religious rebuilt the church for the
most part. There is very little of the original cathedral, built
by Birinus,20 now visible. Onely two great semi-circular arches,
which may be called the cross isle of the church, and a door on
the north-west side without, now walled up, can certainly be
pronounced as such.21 That door is a curious monument of the
manner of architecture of those days. I took a drawing of it.
It was originally within the cloisters on the north of the church,
and that whereby the bishop usually entered. The present church
is a large and venerable structure composed (as it were) of two;
that on the south-west, with a western door, the more antient
part, and the remainder, which is newer and more magnificent.
To the older part spoken of is an altar to the east, very much
elevated, for under it is a subterraneous chapel, like the limina
apostolorum of St. Peter's, at Rome; that of Hexham and Ripon
Cathedrals, built by St. Wilfrid; like that under Grantham
church, and others. To the new part are 3 large isles. The
east end is a square, projecting beyond the end of the isles. At
19
A monk of Fescamp, who translated the see A.D. 1067. He also enlarged
the monastery of Stow, and founded that of Bardney; and died in 1092, on the
day before that appointed for the consecration of Lincoln cathedral. His tomb
is destroyed.
"No trace remains of the original cathedral, or of the buildings commenced
by Remigius before the removal of the see to Lincoln. No part is older than
its re-foundation as a monastic establishment by Bishop Alexander in 1140,
perhaps none of the work is earlier than about 1180. Some part of the old
cathedral may have been allowed to stand, until the new one had advanced
towards completion,"-See E. A. Freeman's description of this church in the
Oxford Vol. of Proceedings of Archæological Inst., 1850, p. 242.
20
A priest of Rome, who obtained leave from Pope Honorius to preach the
Gospel to the idolaters of Britain, and was consecrated bishop for this purpose.
He converted and baptized Cynegil, or Kingil, king of Wessex, and fixed his
see at Dorchester, A.D. 635, where he died, and was buried about the year 650.
The baptism of Cynegil is represented on an old font in Winchester cathedral.
From the see of Dorchester arose afterwards the sees of Winchester, Leicester,
and Sidnacester, probably now called Stow.
21
Semicircular arches of Norman work were commonly pronounced to be
Saxon by Stukeley, and the antiquaries of his day.
OXFORDSHIRE.
161
the west end of the church is the most curious and antient font
I ever saw; probably the only one of the sort in the Christian
world. I took a drawing of it. 'Tis a large one, and cast in
lead. Round it are eleven figures of saints sitting in comparti-
ments made by pillars and arches; the whole in the olden Saxon
style of drawing, such as we see in the oldest manuscripts, and
pretty elegant. There are many antient monuments in the
church, and much painted glass of Saxon's times. A few of
each sort I took the pains to transcribe and draw out; but many
of the brasses are taken away, much of the glass demolished and
dayly falling down for want of care and repairing.
One monumental stone, flat on the ground, a crosier on it,
and this inscription: ABBATIS : GESSIT : VIRES : ÞIC : QVI
REQVIESCIT: IOHANNES: ƉE: ÞVтTONE: DICTVS : QVEM
CRISTE : CORONES.
Another, with a crosier on it, in the same words and manner,
very much worn: IOрÄNNES : ƉE : ÞVT.
A monumental effigies of a judg with his coif on, this coat of
arms.¹
'Tis judg Sir Jacob Stonar.
Another monumental stone of a cross-legged knight: another
of some nobleman in armor. All by the high altar. The floor
of the high altar has been laid with mosaic work of small colored
tyles, painted with figures, as was the most antient manner in
our churches. The quire was originally paved with the same.
Some parcels of it remain intire, particularly within the com-
munion rails. Borders of it made with triangular little bits,
somewhat of Roman fashion. In the window south of the high
altar, St. Peter crucifyed with his head downward, in glass:
St. Paul beheaded a curious compartiment of Birinus with his
episcopal staff in his hand; and an archbishop. This I drew out
carefully. There was another, now partly demolished, of King
Cynigils and his queen, converted by Birinus, their names in
the old Saxon character. In the east window, many coats of
arms, very antient. What remained I thus drew out,2 and 23
more coats, viz.: England; Warren; John Lord Fitzwalter ;
:
1 Stukeley gives a drawing of the coat, which is not easy to describe. It
seems to be 2 bars dancetty, and a chief.
2 AZ., 3 cinq-foils Or. Bardolf, see Papworth's Dict. of Arms., p. 872.
L
162
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Hastings; Ferrers; Earl of Derby; Constance, dau. of Peter,
king of Castile, wife of John of Gaunt, ob. 1394; Grey of Rother-
field; Devereux; Villiers; Wake, &c.
In the great chapel on the south east are some old monu-
ments on the pavement. A knight, in brass,³ with a collar of
ss, and this coat armour, under his head the crest a Saracen's
head. Some more of this family. The coat impaled with Wake.
Some brasses of priests in a praying posture, demolished. Many
coats of arms in the windows. [Eight are drawn in the Minute
book. One is assigned to Thos. Plantagenet, earl of Lancaster,
ob. 1322; and another to De Bohun, earl of Hereford]. Several
stones with crosses on them, with old French legends, obliterated.
Some covered by the pews. The window on the north side of
the high altar is the most curious and particular I ever saw.
The mullioned work of stone is branched out into a genealogical
scheme or tree, being the whole patriarchal family from Terah
(as I take it) to our Savior. Terah, father of Abraham, lyes at
the root of the tree, as asleep. All the rest either in statues
within niches in carved wood upon the mullions, or in painted
glass in compartiments between, are represented in effigie; and
each with such symbols annexed as denote the person; David
with his harp, for instance; Solomon with a temple in his hand.
Those in painted glass have their names on labels, thus: ABRAM
& YSAAC. AMINAÐAB & NASON. And so of the rest. This
beautiful piece is in a ruinous condition.
3
A brass before the altar of a priest with this inscription :
Here lyeth Sir Richard Bewforest,
Pray IHU give his soul good rest.
4
Supposed to be that of Sir John Drayton (1411), with SS. collar, belt
ornamented with trefoils slipped, part of the arms of Drayton, and Isabella
[St. Amand?] his wife. The brass is lost, except part of the male effigy, whose
legs are gone.-Haines' Man. Brasses, p. 165.
4
Sir Rich. Bewfforeste [Abbot] c. 1510, is represented in a cope. Adding-
ton's Dorchester Ch., p. 15. The outer habit is probably a monk's cloak or
cope; it has a hood, but no ornamented facing or orphrey. In the last of
Archbishop Hubert Walter's canons, made at Westminster, A.D. 1200, this order
occurs: "Let not black monks, or canons, or nuns, use coloured copes, but
black only; nor any facings but black or white, made of the skins of lambs.
cats, or foxes." See Haines' Man, of Brasses (1861), Introd. lxxiv., n. Another
brass of a Rich. Beweforest, with his wife Margaret [1513], and a mutilated
OXFORDSHIRE.
163
I
In the east window over the high altar beside the very antient
coats of arms afore mentioned, are several remains of saints in
painted glass, as St. Edmund the martyr with an arrow in his
hand, SANTVS EÃÐMVNÐVS. Another, I doubt not, was of
St. Edwold, his brother, who refusing the kingdom of the east
angles after the murder of his brother by the Danes, spent his
life in a retired profession of religion in this place, and here
found a sepulture. He dyed 28 Nov., about A.D. 871. Another
of John Baptist, underneath is his name, IOPANNES BAPTISTA.
In a window in a chapel north of the high altar is the effigies of
a monk or canon praying, over his head ✈ RÁÐVLFVS ƉE STWE.
got a ladder and drew it out correctly. In the south window
of the first chapel or more antient part of the church on the
south-west, are 3 very antient coats of arms, belonging, as it
seems, to 3 abbys. One is of the Trinity, Pater, Filius, Spiritus
Sanctus, Deus. Another a castle; another a flower pot; another
imperfect, a fish, perhaps Bardney abby. On one of the pillars
near the font, an odd projection of a pedestal for a couple of
statues. 'Tis composed of monks and perhaps nuns, 5 in number.
They are asleep under trees. On one end a devil blowing a horn
to awake 'em. I suppose it an allusion to a parable of our
Saviour's, a banter upon the religious. I took the pains to climb
up the steeple to see the famous bell of St. Birinus, with this
inscription: PROTELE BIRINE QVOS CONVOCO TV SINE
FINE RAFE RASTOWOLÐ. They have a common rime here
about this bell:
Within the sound of Birins bell,
Ne snake, ne adder ere shall dwell.
And the inhabitants are persuaded of the truth of the fact.
The chief part of the buildings of the abby were on the north
side of the church, and in digging the gardens there they find
great foundations, and stone coffins. A brass seal was found,
now in the Ashmolean repository at Oxford. The great yards
inscription is in this church. Man. Brasses, p. 165. The choir, &c.. of the
church was purchased for £140, by Richard Beauforest, of Dorchester, gent.
(a relation most probably of Abbot Rich. Beauforest, who put stalls in the
choir, where his brass remains), and by him bequeathed to the parish by his
will, dated 1554, with the curious proviso "that the said parishioners shall not
alter or alienate the said church, implements, or any part or parcell thereof
without the consent of my heirs and executors."-Freeman, p. 259.
164
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES
5
and barns behind here still retain the name of the Bishop's court,
and the corn fields called the Bishop's field. One Mr. Clark
bought the church at the dissolution for the use of the town;
a great and most noble benefaction! So much for the religious
antiquitys of the place. In Roman times this was a great city,
walled about. The circuit of it may still be traced without great
difficulty; that part toward the river is still called Castle hill.
Behind the Red Lyon Inn was the heart of the Roman city,
and there 2 years agoe they dug up the Roman altar with this.
inscription; 'tis now at Sir George Oxendon's, at Wittenham,
hard by.
7
Ι Ο Μ
ET NVMINB AVG
M . ET VAR
•
SEVERVS
COS . B
ARAM CVM
CANCELLIS
D. S. P.
5
The fate of this parochialized abbey church has been deplorable. Its
size exceeding the means of a poor agricultural parish to maintain, the whole
building was suffered to fall into a general state of decay. The part now in
use consists of the choir and aisles, and a small portion of the nave, completely
blocked off to the west and south, from the remainder. The two eastern bays
of the choir are also screened to form a secondary chancel.-Freeman, p. 260.
Found in 1730 in digging a sawpit behind the Lion Inn, on the west side
of Dorchester. Height of stone 3 feet, breadth 2 feet 9 inches. Preserved by
Sir George Oxenden, Bart., at Little Wittenham, at that time, but its present
existence is unknown. Vid. Horsley, p. 339, Oxfordshire. Gough's Camden, ii.,
28, and i., tab. 17, fig. 11. Hübner, Corp. Inscrip. Lat., vol. vii., p. 33, No. 83.
Henzen, 5786 and 6774.
6
7
Born 1694; was 5th baronet, M.P. for Sandwich, a lord of the admiralty
in 1723, a lord of the treasury ten years. In 1729 he married Elizabeth, eldest
daughter and co-heir of Edmund Dunch, of Little Wittenham, Berks, then
master of the household to George II. Died 1775.-Foster's Baronetage
479.
OXFORDSHIRE.
165
I fancy the governor's name here mentioned might have a
villa at Warborough, in the neighborhood, which took its name
from them. They often find Roman coyns at Dorchester.
Higher than Roman times I found a most noble antiquity
here of the Brittons, at Dorchester. This city lyes in the angle
of union, between the river Thame, coming from the town of
that name, and the Isis, coming from Oxford. This has been a
copious argument to the poets of our island, Drayton and others;
and hence this celebrated stream assumes the name of Tamisis.
Tame, to me, in the old British, signifys a full, pouring water:
a common name of rivers. Temsford, Tamworth, &c. Hence a
teeming woman; and in my country, Holland, we say, to teem
out of a vessel, i.e. to pour out. At this angle of the rivers is a
most beautiful meadow, bounded by the even brink of the water
on 2 or 3 sides; the other side is formed by that antiquity I
hinted at. There are 2 vast banks of earth thrown up parallel,
as high as the banks of camps and castles. They form as it were
a string to the bow of the river inclosing the meadow. These
2 banks are half a mile in length, and leave a broad plain of
about 50 foot between all the way. The banks are not perfectly
straight, nor much winding. They pretty much resemble those
at Leicester, by the like meadow, upon the river called Rawdikes.
Ours are called Dike hills. Many years ago I satisfyed myself
as to the use of these odd places. They are cursuses of the antient
Britons, long before the Romans came hither. I mean the first
aborigines Brittons in heroic ages, when the Druids first began;
before the Gaulish nations came over, somewhat above Cæsar's
time; those Brittons that made the mighty works of Abury,
Stonehenge, &c. I took a drawing of this place. I have
formerly engraved the ground plot, and two prospects of Raw-
dikes, yet unpublished. I suppose the foot races were performed
on the level between these banks. Innumerable spectators might
conveniently sit on the declivity of the banks; and from the great
annual sports, and probably religious festivals here celebrated,
the notion of the wedding of Tame and Isis was derived. The
opposite bank of the river, which is a steep cliff, is covered with
oaks, and presents a most august scene, a theatrical appearance
of wood. 'Tis in Wittenham parish. That view is crowned by
166
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
two lofty, copped hills of like bulk and shape; as a double-headed
Parnassus. 'Tis a noble eminence of chalk, wholly detached, at
two or three miles distance from the great chalk downs that run
across the kingdom, hence into Wiltshire. This parcel of them
here is a curious instance of the proof of the rotation of the
earth, which I take notice of in all my travels. It is steep to
the north and west, gently descending into a plain to the east
and south for 2 or 3 miles; as must necessarily be the case if
the globe was put into motion, whilst the surface of it was in a
somewhat fluid state. On the eastermost of these copped hills
is a strong Roman camp. A fine prospect to Oxford and all
around. Juniper grows plentifully here.
On one of the banks of Dike hills, whilst I took a drawing
of it, I observed in a breach of the bank a corpse buryed. It
lay east and west, with the head to the east. It was probably
the body of a Britton. They told me that near Dorches-
ter they dig up bodys laid in the same manner, particularly to
the east of the cathedral. They found, not long since, an iron
pickax, at Dike hills, probably Brittish.-Diary, vol. ii.,
44-61.
8
24 May, 1758. At the Royal Society. An account of that
most terrible disaster called the Black Assize, which happened at
Oxford, 1577, when some gaol distemper broke forth, killed the
judges, jury, country folks, townsmen, scholars in the colleges.
A description of it.-Diary, vol. xviii, 4.
15 Jan., 1755. Sent to the vice-chancellor of Oxford, two
copyes of Mr. S. Amand's will,' 2 catalogues of his library, for the
Bodleyan and Lincoln college, one of each.-Diary, vol. xv.,
41.
8 The fatal Oxford Assizes, when the High Sheriff and 300 persons died
suddenly of an infection caught from the prisoners, 20, Eliz., 1577. Stow.
The distemper was supposed to arise from the stench that came from the
prisoners, who were so much crowded within close and narrow walls.-Chron.
Brit.
? See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., 6 n., Surtees Soc,
RUTLANDSHIRE.
167
RUTLANDSHIRE.
REV. G. BURTON "TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, RECTOR OF
ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR'S, IN QUEEN SQUARE, NEAR
HOLBURN, LONDON."-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
urn.
*
*
*
While I was at
Oakham, there were a number of silver coins found buried in an
The urn was broke all to pieces. I procured one of each
sort of coins, viz., Ethelred, Edmund, and Edgar. They were
all very fair and perfect. I got likewise, with much difficulty,
a silver chain-ring, well preserved. There were likewise a great
number of pieces of brass or golden wires, about an inch long;
they were about the thickness of a common bird cage wire, and
a little curved. They answered upon the touch stone for gold,
but were not, I think, heavy enough. There were as many of
them as a goldsmith of Leicester said he wou'd have given £60
for them had they been gold. They were first discovered by a
millar, in the common pathway to his mill, and it being rainy
weather they stuck to his shoes. They found about 900 of the
coins; some of them were cut asunder, others into 4 parts. I
have made great additions to my coins of which I intend in
next to send you particulars.
*
Yours very sincerely,
Ryhall.
*
my
*
G. BURTON.
26 June, 1736. Wm. Stukeley brought some drawings [to
Brazen-nose Society], and an account of some antiquitys he had
found last summer at Ryehall. 'Tis now above 700 years since
St. Tibba, the celebrated saint of Ryhall, was taken out of her
grave there and carryed to Peterborough church by abbot Elfin.
The inhabitants there have still an obscure memorial of her, but
have lost her name. They call her Queen, and say she used to
walk up to Tibbal's hill, and wash herself in a spring there. This
is all they know of her. The truth is, on Tibbal's hill is the
spring which gave name to the hill, Tibb's-well hill. 'Tis upon
168
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the hill going from Tolethorp to Belmsford bridg. On the brow
of the hill, near the spring, is Hale-green, as it is still called,
taking its name from the anniversary meetings held here in
former times, in memory of Saint Tibba, whose day is Dec. 16.
Hale is the name our Saxon ancestors gave to the solemnitys
they practised in the fields to the honor of saints, as I showed
in my Itinerarium, speaking of Martinshal hill, in Wiltshire.
On the north-west side or end of Ryehall church, behind the
steeple, was S. Tibba's cell, or chapel, where she lived a recluse
life, where she dyed, and was buryed; there was in those old
times a great concourse of people to pay their devotions to her,
at least to beg her intercession. This is a very venerable piece of
antiquity, and worthy of regard. When her body was carryed
away from here, about A.D. 1110, to Peterborough, this chapel or
oratory was neglected and fell to decay. The east end of it is
the west end of the present north isle of the church. But in
building or rebuilding the church they partly introduced this
east end of the old chapel into the new work, and left an aperture
through the solid of the wall for the priest of this chapel, or who-
ever else were there, to see the celebration at the altar in the
choir of the church. This aperture is very apparent on the
inside of the church. In the east end of this chapel is a square
which was over the altar, for the picture (I suppose), and by the
side of it is a niche in stone,¹º very small, for the reception of
some little statue, rather some relique. Six little holes still
visible for fastening some pieces of chrystal or door before it.
The two sides and west end of this chapel are gone; it should
seem they were built of timber. If of stone, I fancy one of
the old windows belonging to it, all of one stone, remains in the
wall of a cottage in the west end of the town, on this side of
the river.
The manor house is on the north side of the church, that
beyond Mr. Serjeant Toller's. 'Tis Lord Exeter's, now lord of
the manor, which I take to have formerly belonged to the famous
Harding of Ryehall, who dyed valiantly fighting for his country
and religion against the pagan Danes, A.D. 870, Sep. 23. Along
10 In Stukeley's Vol. of Sketches there is a drawing of the niche or small
canopy, and 22 holes are drilled in the ashlar composing it, apparently for the
purpose of fixing candles at the saint's anniversary.
RUTLANDSHIRE.
169
L
with him fell his neighbour, the brave Toly of Tolethorp, Morcar
of Brun, Count Algar, Earl Osgot, sheriff of Lincolnshire, and
many more. An account of the battle in Ingulfus. This manor
house is very old, and the remains of a much older seat. They
keep the court in the chamber where is a door made of a fine
piece of very old painting, a crucifix, our Savior and the thief
on the right hand remaining. They pretend a right too of keep-
ing court in Mr. Serjeant Toller's house, whence it should seem
that house was part of the manor house. I am apt to think it
was the rectory house, given away by some of the lords long
since to the church, now alienated. In the entry of this manor
house we see where the buttery hatch was of old. On the right
hand was the hall. A very antient little window, of one stone,
in the staircase to the south. The cellar is a curious piece of
masonry, made of rib-work arches, well executed. In the yard
we see an antient large arch in the wall of the house, and other
marks of antiquity. This place gave denomination to the town,
being the hall by the river.
Just above Ryhall is Stableford bridg, which being an odd
name upon the river Guash, this opinion is proposed to the society
about it. When we read of S. Tibba, we find S. Eabba, her
cozen, along with her, another devout, retired person, who com-
monly lived with her. Hence I conjecture that the spring just
above this bridg, northward, on the brow of the hill as it were,
opposite to S. Tibba's well, was consecrated by our pious ancestors
to St. Eabba. Then this ford over the river, before the bridg
was built, would be called St. Eabba's-well-ford, corrupted into
Stablesford. This same spring now is called by the shepherds
Jacob's well, and that probably is but a corruption of St. Eabba's
well. This hill originally was a fine beautiful turf, the place of
exercise for the youth of the town. Here were the butts where
in old times our ancestors practised archery. The top of the hill
is high ground; you see Peterborough minster thence. Here-
abouts grows much ebulus¹¹ or wild elder, fancyed to spring from
the Danes' blood. More likely 'tis, the Danes sowed it in places
where they long resided, as in this neighborhood.
11
Sambucus Ebulus, the dwarf elder, derives its name from sambuke, a
musical instrument (kind of harp), perhaps made from the wood of this plant.
170
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
The drawings [exhibited] were a prospect of S. Tibba's well;
of St. Eabba's well; St. Tibba's chapel or oratory; some parts
of the manor house of Ryehall, formerly Harding of Ryehalls; an
old window, seemingly of S. Tibba's cell.-Diary, vol. ii., 10-15.
Sept. 20. The hill beyond Ryhal bridg, now called Staple-
ford bridg, was originally a fine down; part of the neighboring
Awnby heath. There is a spring in it called Jacob's well. This
savors of some former sanctity. Tibba and Eabba, of the royal
Mercian blood, owned Ryhal. They were at first wild hunting
girls, at last saints. This well was S. Eabba's; another, nearer
Stamford, S. Tibba's. Before the bridge was built, here was
S. Eappa's-hill-ford, corrupted into Stapleford; and when the
bridg was built, into Stapleford bridg. So S. Tibba's well is now
corrupted into Stibbal's-hill well.-Diary. vol. i., 121.
Great Casterton.
19 June, 1737. W. Stukeley showed [at Brazen-nose Society]
a Roman coyn of Constantine the Great, found lately at Brig
Castreton, rev. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS.—Diary, vol. iii., 15.
24 July, 1744. Mr. W. Gale, Mr. Palmentier, and I visited
Mrs. Wingfield at Market Overton. I found a Roman camp
there, on the north side of the church. The manor house stands
on the eastern verge of it. It has a most extensive view over
Leicestershire, in sight of Burrogh-hill camp. The manor house,
belonging to the Wingfields, has had great buildings. At Mrs.
Martin's, the inn, I saw Queen Elizabeth's apron, of cambrick,
worked like lace, in stripes. Mr. Palmentier says the Greek
women in the Archipelago use such to this day, so that probably
it came from thence, and was a present to the queen from some
Venetian, who in her time were the great traders here.-Diary,
vol. vii., 26.
Dec. 21, 1745. Mr. Wyng, surveyor of the turnpike road,
acquainted William Stukeley that digging at the cliff by the
road side leading from Stamford to Brig Casterton, they found
some carved stones of the Bernake quarry. This is at the
tumulus hanging on the apex or tip of the high ground over-
RUTLANDSHIRE.
171
looking the road to Stamford from Brig Casterton. 'Tis on the
left hand going from Stamford, about half a mile. W. S[tukeley]
pronounced it to be the remnant of Queen's Cross, demolished
by the fanatics in the beginning of the rebellion, just 100 years
agoe. W. S. immediately went to view the place, and found it
according to his conjecture, seeing the workmen had then cleared
one side of the steps made of squared Bernake stone, and took
up a carved stone belonging to the pinnacle-work at top, adorned
with roses.
[This stone I left in my garden, Barn-hill, when
Mr. Noel bought it, on my leaving Stamford, 1748, with many
other fragments of Queen's cross.]12
On 23 Dec., 1745, I went again when the workmen bared
the steps quite round. 'Tis of an octagonal form, as all the
other crosses of this sort. The lowest flight of steps is left intire.
The side is 13 foot in length, so that the diameter was 30 foot.
The fragment with roses was the top of the pyramidal stone, set
on the upper part of the cross. 'Tis of Sussex marble, and was
12 foot or more in height. Queen Eleanor, wife to Edward I.,
dyed at Hardeby, by Lincolnshire. In Nottinghamshire they
pulled down the house lately which retained her name. Her
heart was deposited in the east end of Lincoln cathedral; the
monument for it still remains. She was buryed at Westminster
abby, and her effigies in gilt brass set upon her tomb. Where-
ever her hearse rested the king built one of these sumptuous
crosses to her memory. The cavalcade that attended the funeral
contrived to rest every night where the king had an estate, or
where there was a royal abby capable of entertaining them. At
Lincoln; Newark; Grantham, which was the king's; Stam-
ford, which was the king's; Geddington, which was the king's,
Henry II. called a parliament here; Northampton, the king had
the castle there, Henry II. called parliaments there; at Woburn,
says Jo. Stow; Stony Stratford; Dunstable, Henry I. built the
priory and town; St. Albans; Waltham abby, re-founded by
Henry II.; Cheapside; Charing Cross. Here the king built
crosses, most of them pulled down by the reforming rabble of
the civil wars, merely on account of the name of cross. Thus
their wretched folly robbed the nation of these beautiful monu-
12 This is a later entry in the Diary.
172
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
ments. Geddington cross¹3 was repaired by that magnanimous
prince, the Duke of Montague, two years agoe [1742], who has
a proper sense of the value of these antiquitys. Northampton
cross was repaired some few years agoe by the gentlemen of
that country.
Waltham cross was in much danger of being
quite pulled down by carriages running against it. About the
year 1720, I caused two oaken posts to be set down to keep off
carriages. These edifices were most elegantly performed, orna-
mented with the arms of the king, her husband, and her own,
Castile, Leon, Ponthieu, and with images of the queen. This
of ours stood on a delicate eminence called Anemone hill, from
a curious and rare flower of that name, blowing early in the
spring. The grassy ground all about here still goes by the name
of Queen's cross, among the people that tether their horses here
in summer time.
In July, 1641, the house of Commons voted all crosses and
pictures to be taken down in churches, and Sir Robert Harlow
took down the cross at Cheapside, Charing Cross, and the like,
i.e. the images of the cross at top, elegantly carved, perhaps a
crucifix on some.-Diary, vol. vi., 7.
Market Overton.
24 July, 1744. I observed a Roman camp on the brow of
the hill on the north side of the church at Market Overton. I
believe the church stands in part of it. The manor house stands
on the east side of it. Aug. 10. Mr. Martin there, brought me
some fair Roman coyns found there lately. They find great
quantitys thereabouts.-Diary, vol. v., 53.
May, 1745.
Mr. Wingfield gave me some Roman coyns
found at Market Overton, where there is a fine Roman camp;
a silver serrate, one of the Julian family, consular; some brass
of Constantine Mag.—Diary, vol. vii., 74.
13 In the centre of the village of Geddington (Northants), stands one of
these elegant crosses. It is the most perfect of the remaining crosses erected
by Edward I., unencumbered with modern additions, like the one near North-
ampton, and not so much injured by mutilation as that at Waltham.
consists of a triangular pedestal of eight steps. -- Britton and Brayley's
Northants., p. 203.
The base
RUTLANDSHIRE.
173
Oakham.
1 Sep., 1746. At Okeham. In the north west window on
the outside, by the steeple, I saw a head supporting the arch of
the window, with the name. This confirms me strongly in the
notion I have long had, that these heads are commonly real
persons who built that part of the church. This has belonged to
the original church before the conquest, and put into this later
work. 'Tis now somewhat loose in the work, and there was
another in the opposite side, I suppose his wife, fallen out, and
the hole plaistered ore. His name was John Oakham, as now
spelled: IO: ƉE : OKHAM : ME: GA. On the west end of
the steeple is the image of S. Edward the Confessor, sitting on
a tower, holding up both hands. Another image of S. Peter,
with one key only. Another of S. Bartholomew, to whom the
church is dedicated.—Diary, vol. vi., 38.
14
Thistleton.
1744. I visited Mr. Digby, at Thistleton. This town was
inhabited by the Romans, as standing on the Roman road from
Newark to Stamford. The Roman money found here in great
abundance; they call them Holm-pennys. Mrs. Digby gave me
a silver Julia moesa,¹¹ well preserved, the reverse Venus genitrix,
fairly preserved. Lord Cardigan's family, the Brundenels, came
from this town. The old family seat destroyed. They had a
south isle chapel in the church. Hence they removed to Dean,
I suppose on marriage of a Tresham. They cover the turnpike
road with the cinders of the Roman work iron forge, by the
water mill above Exton park; great heaps of it there.
29 Oct., 1746. I got a great number of ordinary Roman
coyns at Thistleton, found on the Grange-holm; and Mrs. Eris-
kine showed me a silver IVL. SOEMIA,15 found there.-Diary,
vol. vi., 46.
14
Julia Maesa, sister of Julia Domna, and great-aunt to Heliogabalus.—
Humphreys' Man., vol. i., 350.
15 Julia Soemias, mother of Heliogabalus, or Elagabalus, killed A.D. 222.
The reverse of some coins of her son represents a triumphal car on which s
the famous stone god, called El. Gabal (the stone), a conical stone worshipped
in Syria, for which he built a temple, and established a public worship at Rome.
Hence the emperor's name.-Humphreys' Manual, vol. i., 349.
174
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Tickencote and Ketton.
June, 1745. I visited Tickencote church, 16 and Ketton. The
oldest windows in both are of this form [E. E. triplets] and very
old. The west end of Ketton extremely antient, and the tower
like that of our S. Mary's. The spire built since.-Diary, vol.
vii., 75.
Uppingham.
3 Aug., 1744. Mr. Jones, rector of Uppingham, editor of
Horace, visited me; was exceedingly pleased with my garden.
He thinks our friend Dr. Douglas's life was shortened by Pope
putting him into his Dunciad."-Diary, vol. vii., 30.
16 See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., p. 272 n. The west window
of Tickencote, according to Stukeley's sketch, has E.E. tracery inserted in the
Norman arch, and is probably the one he refers to.
17
This extract from Stukeley's Diaries is given in vol. ii., p. 352, and is re-
introduced here for the purpose of adding the following note which was inad-
vertently omitted.
"True he had wit, to make their value rise;
From foolish Greeks to steal them, was as wise;
More glorious yet, from barb'rous hands to keep,
When Sallee Rovers chas'd him on the deep.
Then taught by Hermes, and divinely bold,
Down his own throat he risq'd the Grecian gold,
Receiv'd each Demi-God, with a pious care,
Deep in his entrails-I rever'd them there,
I bought them, shrouded in that living shrine.
And, at their second birth, they issue mine.
To prove me, Goddess! clear of all design,
Bid me with Pollio sup, as well as dine;
There all the Learn'd shall at the labour stand,
And Douglas lend his soft, obstetric hand."
Dunciad, Book iv., 1. 377.
"There is a ludicrous story of a man, called Vaillant, who was captured by
a Sallee Rover, who to conceal his money, swallowed twenty gold medals which
he had collected. On his escape he met two physicians, whose assistance he
asked. One advised purgations, another emetics. In his uncertainty he took
neither, but consulted a celebrated physician of Lyons, who bargained with
him on the spot." So says the joint note of Pope and Warburton. Pope
evidently had read the story which he refers to in these lines of the Dunciad.
The note of Pope and Warburton adds:-"A physician (Douglas) of great
learning, and no less taste, above all curious in what related to Horace, of
whom he collected every edition, translation, and comment, to the number of
several hundred volumes."
In the Preface to Francis's Translation, he acknowledges his obligation to
"the learned and reverend Mr. Jones, who lately published a very valuable
edition of Horace."
RUTLANDSHIRE.
175
2 Mar., 1748-9.
At the Royal Society. Dr. Short, of
Sheffield, sent us a little account of the virtues of Holt Nevil
water, by Uppingham, of which I drank a bottle or two at
Stamford; it is strongly alumenous. He says there is not such
another water in the western part of the world; but some years
since I tasted of such another from Wales, and it was carryed to
the Royal Society. He says it is good in all hæmorrhages,
scrophulous, scorbutic cases, old gleets, broken constitutions, &c.
He designs to publish a larger account of it, inscribed to the
Society.—Diary, vol. viii., 28.
15 June, 1749. A parcel of Saxon coyns found lately in
Rutland, in custody of Sherman, brazier in High Holborn.
That fine Edward Confessor was found in Rutland, which Tycho
Wyng gave me, and I gave to the Duke of Montagu. I gave
the duke a print of the gardens at Wilton as in former times,
when thought to be the most elegant in England.-Diary, vol.
viii., 70.
SHROPSHIRE.
ROGER GALE, "TO DR. HARWOOD,18 AT HIS HOUSE IN ÅLDER-
MANBURY, BRIDGENORTH," RELATING TO
Sir,
THE WALLS,
A CAMP NEAR BRIDGENORTH. [Printed in Reliq. Galeano,
p. 123].-H. C.
Sept. 17, 1719.
I could not forbear one post to return you my thanks for
the pleasure you have given me in directing me to the strangest
ancient works I ever saw, and so much the stranger that nobody,
as I know of, has ever given the least hint or intimation of them,
and indeed I could meet with no one in this country that had ever
heard of the place till I came upon the very spott, which I attri-
bute to its lying in such a retired corner, and out of all roads.
I found it as you had told me, about four miles east of Bridge-
north, in the parish of Worvill,19 close by a little village called
18
19
See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., 123 m, Surtees Soc.
Worfield.
176
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Chesterton, that joyns it on the north side, and is called The
Walls20 there, though I mett with two or three people in that
town who knew nothing of it by that name.21 The form of it is
nearest to a square; there have been four gates or entrances into
it, one from Chesterton in the middle of the north front, a second
in the middle of the west front, a third in the south east, and a
fourth in the north east corner. The odd position of the two
last at the corners, has been for taking the advantage of decli-
vitys there of the rock; that in the south east carrying you over
a little hill by an easy descent into the countrey on that side, the
whole face of which is everywhere else a precipice of 50 or 60
yards perpendicular hight; as is allso the east side, except at the
forementioned passage which leads down to the rivulet running
below. There is, besides these, a sloping way cutt through the
bank, and down the rock, in the middle of the south face, to the
water which surrounds part of the west, all the south and east,
with part of the north sides of the camp, rendering it prodigiously
strong, and with the precipice it stands on inaccessible there.
On the west side, where it wants water, and where the bank is
nothing neere so steep and high as on the south and east, it has
been doubly fortifyed, having a deep trench cut out of the solid
rock, betwixt two rampires, which would be thought very great
works, were it not for those on the other sides. To the north it
has now onely one single bank or rampire, much about the hight
of the innermost of those on the west, perhaps it might have been
double too, but now levelled to make room for the yards of the
adjoyning farms at Chesterton. I had the good fortune to meet
within this camp an old gentleman, the present commander of it,
he told me it contained 24 acres within the Walls, and was as
sure it was Roman as if he had had a commission from one of
the Cæsars to fortifye it, though he owned he never had seen or
heard of any coins or antiquitys relating to them or any other
20 On the Fosse, six miles S.E. of Leamington. The name of Chesterton
betokens Roman occupation; but the nature of the fortifications bespeaks a
British origin. The evidence in support of either supposition is pretty equally
balanced, inclining more, perhaps, to the aborigines than the invaders. It is
singular that no antiquities appertaining to either people should ever have been
discovered here.-See Hartshorne's Salopia Antiqua, p. 156; and Journ. of
Brit. Archæol. Assocn., vol. xxix., p. 224.
21 Probably it was better known as the camp at that time.
SHROPSHIRE.
177
people found there. However, I am of his opinion that it is
Roman, but a camp and no town, since not the least of any build-
ings were ever found there, and the walls themselves seem onely
to have been banks cast up from the soil of the place.
The name of the adjacent Chesterton, the square figure, and
the great care taken to secure the water, are all arguments of its
belonging to that nation; and it might have been the æstiva of
their garrisons lying at Uriconium and Pennocrucium,' neither
of them being above a day's march from it. The rivulet which
runs below it, is there called Stratford, and consequently implyes
a street to have lead over it to this camp, which I suppose came
up to the passage, or gate into it, at the south-east angle, where
the declivity before mentioned carrys you down to the water,
and over against which a hollow way, a little to the right hand,
but now overgrown with grasse, leads you up between 2 hills
into the countrey. If it had not been a camp designed and con-
tinued for many years' service, the makers of it would never [have]
been at the expense and pains of throwing up such prodigious
works, nor have had time to perfect them, I mean on the west
and north sides, the east and south being chiefly formed and
fortifyed by nature, nor to have cutt the way down to the rivulet,
a work not effected without immense labor and difficulty. All
that sticks with me is, that notwithstanding the long ploughing,
hedging, and ditching in it, it being now all parcelled into small
fields, there have no Roman antiquities of any sort ever been turned
up within its circumference or neighborhood, though those gentle-
men, wherever they came, left large memorialls behind them of
their residence.
You will pardon the length and trouble of this, since it was
principally wrote to show what a regard I have to any thing
recommended by you. It will yet be above a fortnight before I
see London, and by that time a great many things and circum-
stances which are now fresh in my memory might give me the
slip, and I am sure you would demand a particular account of it
when I told you I had been there.
I am, Sir, your most humble Servant, R. GALE.
Penkridge, Staffordshire, Hartshorne, Sal. Antiq.; on the Peak, Godwin's
Engl. Arch. Handbook, f. 28.
1
M
178
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
REV. FRANCIS WISE TO [REV. DR. STUKELEY].-H. F. ST. J.
Good Sir,
*
*
Holywell, in Oxford, Nov. 6, 1753.
*
I am very glad to find that the study of our English antiquities
is still countenanced by so great a master of it as yourself; and
I hope one day or other to see Richard of Cirencester illustrated
with your notes. I should be glad to know what rout that author
took, and if he took any; (I suppose it was chiefly northward),
and whether it appears from the work that he had seen the
Itinerary. The foss seems to me to have been the most consider-
able of all the Roman roads, and yet I think we find the fewest
towns upon it. I think I have discovered one city,2 and a very
large one too, in the heart of England, contiguous to that road,
and about six miles from Warwick; and I would gladly know
whether Richard of Cirencester gives us any Roman names of
towns in that district.
As to Medgley's fold,³ I must refer you to my friend and
fellow collegian Dr. Ducarrell, at the commons, to whom I sent
it, keeping no copy myself. It was not taken by regular measure
(as Mr. Hawkins I suppose told you) and in very tempestuous
Mr.
weather, as my friend who made the draught assured me.
Hawkins sent me afterwards a rude sketch of it, with the dis-
tances between the stones, as I remember, and if I can find that
among my papers I will be sure to send it to you.
I am, good Sir, yours, &c.,
*
*
*
FRAN. WISE.
Nov., 1753. Midgel's Fold, a druid temple upon the hills
near Cherbury, in Shropshire, near Welshpool and Montgomery.
This temple, situate near Cornæden forest, Shropshire, is of an
oval form, its lesser diameter is 86 feet, which makes 50 cubits
of the druids, the longer diameter exceeds it by 5 cubits, which
makes it 93 feet. The interval between stone and stone is 5
cubits and, almost 9 feet, measured within side of the stones.
2 Alauna, now Alcester, on the river Alne.
3
A drawing, representing this stone circle (14 stones), was made by
Stukeley in 1754, and is found in one of his volumes of plans and sketches in
the possession of the Rev. H. F. St. John.
SHROPSHIRE.
179
But in this and all other works of this kind they varied the
intervals in proportion to the bredth of their stones, thereby
providing for the beauty of the work. It consists of 30 stones;
the entrance is upon the longest diameter, and toward the east.
A proverb in this country, Medgley's cow, for one that gives
a deal of milk. The report of this temple is that a cow in this
place gave milk to all the honest and good folks of the neighbor-
hood, but one of evil life milked her into a sieve, whereupon the
cow disappeared, and never came more.
There is commonly some odd name and story annexed to these
places of the most remote antiquity. I have several times met
with them called a fold, which is taken from their being a circle
inclosed with stones, for in several countrys, where flat stones
are more plentiful than timber, the common pinfolds are thus
made of upright flat stones set close together, with a bank of
earth on the outside. When I reflect on this story of the cow
called Medgley, which gave milk sufficiently for the use of all the
good people, but only of the neighborhood, of her disappearing
when abused by an ill man; when I consider the name Medgley,
and that of another temple of this sort in Cumberland, called
vulgarly Long Meg and her daughters, I conjecture that origi-
nally is meant thereby the word Magus, the name given to the
first oriental patriarchal priests. From these our Druids are
beyond controversy derived, and had the same appellation, from
whence the storys and notions of their exercising the magical art,
and from which the very name of magic. No doubt their won-
derful skill in carrying the great stones whereof they built these
temples from a great distance, and setting them upright, and even
placing others upon the top of them, as at Stonehenge, which I
call imposts, added to the vulgar opinion of their being magicians.
The British Merlin was one of these in later and Christian times.
-Diary, xiv., 10.
11 Dec., 1753. Mr. Grey gave me some sepulchral inscrip-
tions,¹ Roman, found at Wroxeter, desiring my opinion of them.
4
Numbers (2) and (4) are upon the same slab, side by side, in panels. A
third panel is blank. Mr. Scarth is of opinion that the vacant panel was left
by the father of Deuccus and the husband of Placida "for his own name and
180
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
1 C[AIVS] MANNIVS, C[AII] F[ILIVS] POL[LIA] SECVNDVS,
POLLEN[TIA] MIL[ES] LEG[IONIS] XX AN[N]ORV[M] LII, STIP[EN-
DIORVM] XXXI, BEN[EFICIARIVS] LEG[ATI] PR[INCIPALIS] H[IC]
S[ITVS] E[ST].
2
D[IIS] M[ANIBVS] PLACIDA, AN[NORVM] LV, CVR[am] ag-
[ENTE] CON[JVGE].
3 M[ARCVS] PETRONIVS L[VCII] F[ILIVS] MEN [ENIA] VIC[SIT]
ANN[OS] XXXVIII, MIL[ES] LEG[IONIS] XIV GEM [INAE] MILITAVIT
ANN[IS] XVIII SIGN[IFER] FVIT H[IC] S[ITVS] E[ST].
4
D[IIS] M[ANIBVS] DEVCCVS AN[NORVM] XV, CVR[Am] AG-
[ENTE] PATRE.-Diary, vol. xiv., 18.
Red Hill, or Oaken Gates.
4 Aug., 1754. Mr. Perry, of Crondall, visited me, a very
ingenious person; [he] has furnished Mr. D'acosta with much
valuable materials for his natural history. He gave me a sketch of
a Roman hypocaust by VSOCONA [UXACONIVM, Red Hill, or] Oaken
gates [Salop], at the Watling street. He has taken many
sections of the coal works at Crondale, they all verge to the east.
Diary, vol. xv., 7.
Hen-Dinas.
The dean of
29 Jan., 1761. At the Antiquarian Society.
Exeter exhibited an old Roman or British target or shield found
in the old British oppidum, Hen-dinas, Shropshire, made of iron
and leather, much studded with nails. The inside central handle
of iron.-Diary, vol. xix., 49.
age at his decease. This stone was dug up in 1752, near Wroxeter. -Journ. of
Archæolog. Inst.: Mc Caul, p. 167.
In number (1) inscription, McCaul, p. 170, prefers the name of Pollentia
rather than that of Pollentum, as recommended by some, because there were
three ancient towns so called, one in Liguria, another in Picenum, and a third
in the Balearic isles; and he adds that there is no authority for Pollentum.
The word "principalis" means that the person so styled was a sub-officer or
official, in contra-distinction to the "munifices" or "gregarii" who were com-
mon soldiers or privates. The XIVth. Legion on slab number (3) is mentioned
upon another stone found in Lincoln.-McCaul, p. 172.
SOMERSETSHIRE.
181
SOMERSETSHIRE.
SIR JOHN CLERK, TO ROGER GALE, CONCERNING AN ANCIENT
HEAD, IN BRASS, FOUND AT BATH, 1727.-H. C. [Printed
in Reliquiæ Galean., p. 146].
Dear Sir,
Edenborough, Aug. 1, 1728.
I return you many thanks for the draught you sent me.
I take it to be the head of a man, and not of a woman, for the
nasus quadratus, a beauty in men much commended and followed
by statuary, especially the Grecian, is here very remarkable.
The forehead is likewise much too short for a female deity, where
the perfectissimum naturæ was allways observed. I take it
therefore to be the head of some court favorite or officer among
the Romans in Britain, for heads, bustos, and statues were so
common that every family possest some hundreds of them both
in metall and stone.
J. CLERK.
MAURICE JOHNSON, TO ROGER GALE, ON A BRASS HEAD FOUND
AT BATH.-H. C. [Printed in Reliq. Galean., p. 146].
Spalding, 23 Apr., 1729.
I hope the Antiquarian Society have determined upon
engraving the Bath head of Apollo,5 which I can't but imagin is
part of the very image of that deity, represented upon that coyn
of Constantine so very frequently found in England, naked, et
radiato capite, with this circumscription, SOLI INVICTO COMITI.
MAURICE JOHNSON.
J. PETTINGAL "TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, QUEEN SQUARE,
BLOOMSBURY."-H. F. ST. J.
Rev. Sir,
Petty France, Westmr., Jan. 1, 1754.
On the other side you will find the inscriptions I promised
to send you. They were dug up about a month ago, at Bath,
5
This head was engraved by Vertue, at the expense of the Society of Anti-
quaries, London, and a latin inscription placed under it,
182
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
"
near the place where the former inscription (Locum religiosum)
I am, your most humble Servant,
was found.
PEREGRINVS.
SECVNDI FIL.
CIVIS TREVR
IOVC ET 106
MARTI ET
NEME TONA
V. S. L. M.
SULEVIS
SVLINVS7
SCVLTOR
B. V. ETI. F
SACRVM. F. L. M.
J. PETTINGAL.
MR. WILLIAM BOWYER, PRINTER, AT LONDON, TO ROGER
GALE, CONCERNING AN INSCRIPTION FOUND AT BATH;
AND THE OMISSION OF THE LETTER N IN SEVERAL LATIN
WORDS.-H. C.
Sir,
March the 4th, 1738.
I have herewith sent you my thoughts upon the Bath
6 The inscription upon this altar is as follows: PEREGRINVS SECVNDI FIL
CIVIS TREVER IOV CETIO MARTI ET NEMETONA. V. S. L. M. Mr. Gough,
Camden's Brit., i., 118, observes that the altar "was erected by Peregrinus to
two new local deities. Jupiter Cetius may be the Ceaicus or Ceatius on an
inscription given by Horsley, 278, in Cumberland, and takes his name from
Mount Cetius in Noricum, under whieh was the town of Cetium, and Nemetona,
one of the many local deities mentioned only in these inscriptions." Nemetona
seems to be derived from Nemates, the name of a people in the neighbourhood
of the Treveri. Mr. Scarth, Somers. Archaeol. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1852, p. 99
mentions the opinions relative to Jupiter Cetius and Nemetona, without express-
ing approval of them, or offering any other explanation.-Mc Caul, p. 184.
7 "In the name of the dedicator is an instance of the name of an individual
derived from the presiding deity of the waters [i.e. Sul.]" Scarth. That there
was a goddess worshipped at Bath under the name of Sul, there can be no
doubt. She is named in inscriptions on four altars, and two of them prove that
she was identified with Minerva, Mc Caul, p. 188,
SOMERSETSHIRE.
183
8
do
inscription, and am much obliged to you for the honor you
me in giving them a reading. I have gott them translated by
no very skilfull hand, on which account you'l pardon any unaccu-
racys in the copy, though I know I have more reason to apolo-
gise for the imperfections of the original.
If what I have sent should occasion you to turn over Schelius
again de Castramet. Roman. you'l perhaps with pleasure observe
an emendation in Manilius, which it is twenty to one Dr. Bentley
takes, and if we may judge from the accusations against him,
will scarcely own. I am, Sir,
Your most obedient humble Servant,
S. W. BowYER.
When we were favored with Mr. Ward's reading of the Bath
inscription of Vitellius at the Antiquarian Society, I presumed
to suggest an inscription in Rheinesius to confirm his conjecture
of Alæ Tettonum CVRATOR, where the same officer, I said, was
more determinately expressed. I said so indeed upon no lesse
authority than the great name I cited, which having since found
reasons to dissent from, I am obliged both in justice to you and
myself to lay them before you.
1. The inscription in Rheinesius runs thus. Class ii., 77.
L. AMEILIVS L.F. LATINVS
·
AR PRISCVS. EQVIT ROM. CVI
•
IOVI. CONSERVATORI
STODI . LVD. FECIT
TI . CLAVDIO. CAES
SERGIO CORNELIO
•
•
•
•
•
CV
AVGVSTO . V
ORPHITO
COS.
i.e., Lucius Amelius Lucii Filius Latinus Arniensis Priscus
Equitum Romanorum Curator, Iovi Conservatori, Custodi Ludos
fecit, Tiberio Claudio Augusto quintum, Sergio Cornelio Orphito
8
'This inscription commemorates the restoration by Caius Severus, a Cen-
turion (who had either the additional name of Emeritus, or was discharged
from his legion), of some place consecrated to religious purposes, and had fallen
to decay. Under the stone several coins of Carausius were found." The stone
is in good preservation.-Phelps' Hist. Somers., vol. ii., 160.
9
"Professor of Rhetoric at Gresham College."-R. G.
184
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Consulibus. This officer, he says, is otherwise called Curio
Equitum Romanorum in Legione, and to prove it refers to
Gruter, p. DXLIIX, 8.
DIS . MANIBVS
M. IVNIO . CVRIONE
EQ. R. LEG
R. LEG. XXII
XXII. VIC
TVR VERISSIMI VIXIT.,
•
•
&c.
Now this last inscription is at first view ambiguous, since CVRIO
may possibly be the name of a family, not of an office; and I
think from the reasons I shall probably offer, it must necessarily
be so, and that Rheinesius by reading this inscription wrong is
mistaken in his interpretation of both. I don't say there was
no such office as Curio Equitum Romanorum, though this at
best is an uncertain proof of it, we need not go out of the
Emilian family for a better, v. Gruter, cccxlviii., 1.
L.
AEMILIO L. F. PAP ARCANO
•
•
TRIB. MIL LEG XI. GEM ET TRIB
•
•
•
MIL. LEG II. AVG. OMNIBVS
OMNIBVS . HO
•
NORIBVS IN
•
•
AMPLISSIMVM
ORDINEM AB IMP . CAES
•
•
HADRIANO AVG. IIIII . VIR
•
EQVITUM ROMANORVM CVRIONI
•
•
QVAESTORI. VRBANO, &c.
From comparing the inscriptions on the two Emilii it is
natural to supply the one from the other; to read therefore in
the first, CVRIO Equitum Rom., not with Rheinesius CVRATOR, we
shall soon find that this was a civil officer, not a military one,
not as Rheinesius would have it, Equitum Roman. IN LEGIONE.
The proof of this depends upon some discoverys in the history
of the Roman army first made by Schelius in his admirable com-
ment upon Huginus de Castrametatione Romanorum, which,
though publisht six or seven years before the death of Rheinesius, 10
'tis probable from this and other circumstances I shall hereafter
mention, that great critic and antiquary had not the happynesse
of seeing. Schelius had been seconded by Grævius in his preface
10 Viz., A.D. 1660, Rheinesius,
SOMERSETSHIRE.
185
to the first vol. of his Thesaurus, from both whom I will just lay
before you as much as may serve for our present purpose.
From Romulus to the time of Marius the Roman horse con-
sisted onely of those who were of the Ordo equestris, called so
in distinction to the Senatorian order in the city, and the infantry
in the field; where again we find them expressly distinguisht
from the auxiliary horse which, with the auxiliary foot, made up
the Alæ. Thus Livy, lib. xl. Alarii equites postquam tam
memorabile facinus Equitum Romanorum videre, &c. After the
social warr, the allies of Italy, being incorporated with the city,
jointly with the original citizens, made up the legionary foot,
and joyntly with the externi made up the cavalry of the Ala.
The Legions still consisted of citizens old and new, but the stated
Legionary Horse were laid aside. We hear no more of justus.
Legionis Equitatus, and it is not likely that the Equites Romani
who before made a distinct body in the army should be indiscri-
minately reckoned among the Alæ, since the privilege of knight-
hood (if I may so term it) was not enlarged to other nations,
though that of citizenship was. This farther appears from the
regulation made by Augustus, who, as Herodian observes," eased
Italy from the burthen of warr, from which time, though the
Prætorian and city cohorts were raised near home, the legions
were collected chiefly from the provinces; the former called by
Otho, in Tacitus,12 Italiæ alumnos et verè Romanam juventutem;
the latter, by Huginus, Militiæ Provincialis fidelissima; but
these Equites Prætoriani, though a more honorable militia than
the Alæ, did not consist of Roman knights, these were still of
a higher distinction, and instead of serving, as Pliny¹³ says, in
turmis equorum, was either dignifyed at home with civil officers,
or else with posts of command in the army, which for that reason
are styled Equestres Militiæ, by Suetonius. 14
13
It must be owned there is some difficulty in accounting for
those passages in inscriptions and historians that mention Equites
Legionis in these latter times. Thus Tacitus, l. i., 57, Fabius
11
"Lib. ii., c. ii. V. Grut., DXXI. DXXIII. 2, DXXXVIII. 7, et Robertell. de
Leg. Romanis."-R. G.
12
Hist. lib. i., 84.”—R. G.
13 "Nat. Hist. xxxiii. 1.-R. G.
14
“In Claud. c. 25.”—R. G.
186
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
i
A
ގ
Valens postero die cum Equitibus Legionis I. Auxiliorumque
Coloniam Agrippinensem ingressus, Imperatorem Vitellium con-
salutavit. So again, 1. ii., Dextrâ fronte prima Legio incessit
cum duabus Vexillaribus Cohortibus et quingentis Equitibus;
super hos e Prætorio, Auxiliisque mille Equites. It is probable
that as the legions still consisted of citizens (Civitate donati),
any party of horse that were citizens likewise, were on that
account and relation styled Equites Legionis, to give them some-
what of an honorable distinction from the auxiliarys. But what-
ever they were it is enough for my purpose that they were not
the ancient legionary horse; their number here is different, as
well as their quality; they are never styled Equites Romani, that
title being appropriated to the Roman knights onely. Allowing
therefore Marcus Junius to be Eques Romanus in Legione, there
could not be a body of that rank in the legion with a stated
officer presiding over them. There was not CVRIO Equitum
Romanorum in Legione here as Rheinesius imagined, who has
consequently, as I said, mistaken the name of a family for that
of an office; and from this false proof found out a military office
in the other inscription, instead of a civil emploiment.
But to do farther justice still to this Marcus Junius Curio, as
I may now call him, I would observe that as this is the onely
from
inscription in Gruter, perhaps the onely instance in history,
the time of the emperors, of a Roman knight serving as a common
trooper, I should much suspect that this has been ill copyed,
especially since it has other marks of incorrectnesse. The letter
P for præfectus, or a T included in the letter L for Tribunus,
would restore our knight to one of the Equestres Militiæ due to
him and his order.
To conclude then as I began, what I have offered is not to
lessen the probability of Mr. Ward's ingenious reading of the
Bath inscription, but onely to reinove from it a false support.
We have in one inscription in Gruter, CVRATOR VETERANORVM;
and CVR. MIL. in another; which are foundation enough for read-
ing in ours, Equitum alæ Vettonum CVRATOR.
II. But Rheinesius still suggests to us another reading which
may seem to deserve the more reguard, as he supports it from an
inscription found in the neighborhood of this before us, and yet
his interpretation of it has not, so far as I have seen, been taken
SOMERSETSHIRE.
187
•
notice of by any of our antiquarys, though the inscription has
past through the hands of several. The abbreviation c R may
as well signifye Centurio as Curator, 15 and what objection is there
to it, since according to this author there was a centurion of
horse as well as of foot? This he endeavors to prove against
Hermannus Hugo from various inscriptions, and from one which
seems the most full to his purpose, found at Bath, which I will
lay before you, from Mr. Horsely's copy. Mr. Camden, who
first publisht it, reads Cohortis Equi-
tum Miles Legionis vigessima, which
Dr. Musgrave¹6 changes, I know not
why, into Cohors Equitum, Miles
Legionis, &c., but as all the cohorts
were denominated¹7 either from their
order in the legion, or if they were
independent of it, from the nation.
DIS MANIBUS
M. VALERIUS
•
M.
FIL LATINVS . ŒQ
•
MILES. LEG. XX AN
•
XXXV. STIPEND XX.
H. S. E.
·
they consisted of, or from the person that collected them, all
which are omitted here, both Mr. Camden's and Dr. Musgrave's
readings must be rejected.
We come then to Rheinesius, who will have it Centurio Equi-
tum, Miles Legionis ;18 Mr. Horseley reads it to the same purpose,
onely somewhat worse, Centurio, Eques, Miles Legionis, thus
making a three-fold inverted kind of gradation, the like to which,
he says, appears in other inscriptions, but has not produced one.
However, another observation of Schelius will overthrow both
these readings effectually. The equestrian cohorts, he proves
from Huginus and Vegetius, consisted both of horse and foot in
one company of about 24 to 76, or 3 to one; a proportion that
is observed in the Acts of Apostles [chapt. xxiii., 3], where the
Tribunus Militum orders two centurions to make ready 200
souldiers to go to Cæsarea, and horsemen three score and ten.
15
"Syntag. Inscript., p. 16."-R. G.
16 "Dr. Musgrave, Belg. Britan., p. 70.”—R. G.
17
"Cohortes singulæ nationum ex quibus conscriptæ vocabula, item aucto-
rum qui scripsissent, et si plures erant, ut cohortes legionariæ, etiam numero
distinguebantur. Schel. p. 1095, apud. Grævium in Thes., tom. x.
p. 1092.”—R. G.
18
The true reading seems to me, Cohortis equitatæ miles, &c.
pp. 155, 156. Also vol. vi., p. 1.”—R. G,
V. etiam,
V. vol. v.
188
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
It is no wonder then these companys retained the name of cohorts
since they consisted of foot chiefly, or that, as they were divided
into centuriæ, they were commanded by a centurion. Though
therefore we have frequent instances of a Centurio Cohortis
Equestris, they are of no authority to prove, as Rheinesius
supposes, that there was a Centurio Equitum.
The inscription on Valerius Latinus had remained still in the
dark had not the preface to Mr. Horseley's book struck out a
better conjecture than any hitherto produced, by reading the
united letters & Decurio Equitum. The point of honor, indeed,
remains still inverted, as well as the letter D, and one would have
naturally expected Miles Legionis xx, Decurio Equitum, as in
Gruter, p. ccclxv., 5.
C. ARRIO C. F. COR. CLEMENTI. MILITI. COH. IX. PR.
•
•
EQVITI. COHORTIS EIVSDEM. But whether this decorum was
allways observed in inscriptions I must leave to others more
versed in them to determine.
III. Our inscription on Vitellius is as follows:
L. VITELLIVS MA.
NIAI . F . TANCINVS
CIVES
HISPCAVRIESIS
It has recorded his countrey, as
usuall, in inscriptions on soul-
diers; 19 he was Cives Cauriesis ;
EQALAE VETTONVM. CR the change of E for I is easily to
ANN. XXXXVI. STIP. XXVI
21
H.S. E.
be imagined the effect of the
lapidary's pronunciation, and the
omission of N before s in Cauriesis was observed before the
Society20 to be owing to the same cause. This has been else-
where so learnedly proved that it needs no further evidence;
but still I hope I shall not be thought too officious if I add one
or 2 observations, which can onely, I think, lay claim to your
attention from their minutenesse.
In the first place, I would observe that it is probable the old
Romans in the infancy of their language preserved the sound of
the letter N before s, because it occurs so regularly in all the
participles of their present tense, and is inserted in many words
which want it in the language from whence they were borrowed.
19
20
21
"Rheinesius, class viii., 44, &c."-R. G.
By R. G.
“Dr. Musgrave in Jul. Vital. Mr. Gale in Philos. Trans., No. 357." R. G.
SOMERSETSHIRE.
189
That afterwards, however, the Romans dropped or softened this
sound as they grew acquainted with the Grecians; and the
several nations, which by degrees composed the Roman empire
fell more or lesse into this pronunciation as it was more or lesse
agreeable to their respective languages. I will not pretend to
trace out the various tongues that were spoke through Europe
and Asia before the Roman conquerors introduced theirs: it is
sufficient to observe that this pronunciation prevails among many
of them to this day.
The Germans abound with N, and therefore retained it in the
words they borrowed from the Romans; but the Italians, the
French, and Spaniards, very frequently omit it. Thus, agree-
ably to our inscription, we learn from the Italians to say Milanese,
Genouese, and the like, for Milanenses, Genouenses, &c. The
French for Burgenses, Nivernenses, say Burgeois (whence our
Burgesse) and Nivernois; and in Spain (the countrey of the
Alæ Vettonum, as well as of their Curator Vitellius) they say
seso for sensus, esposa for sponsa; thus mensis is mese in Italy,
mes in Spain, and mois in France. But this is too large a field
to enter farther into.
I said we might carry up the original of this pronunciation
still higher, and trace it from the Greeks, who are known to
have been the masters of speech to the Romans; Cicero himself
affected it, as appears from a passage cited by Dr. Musgrave
from Velius,22 who lived before Hadrian, he ascribes it levitatis
cause, but why not to his Greek tast? That the Græcians
omitted the N as above appears from proper names, (1) where
the Romans inserted it, as ὁρτήσιος for Hortensius; Κλήμης,
Téons, Kρnóкns, for Clemens, Pudens, 23 and Crescens (2) from
the nominatives of various words of the fifth declension which
originally ended in NS, for what the nominatives were originally,
appears (as Mr. Ainsworth24 has observed), from the oblique
Sequenda est nonnunquam elegantia eruditorum, qui quasdam litteras
levitatis causâ omiserunt, sicut Cicero qui Foresia et Hortesia sine N literâ
dicebat. Gramm. Vet. per Putschium, p. 2237. The Welsh allso, though greatly
delighting in consonants, omit the N in latin names turned into British, as
Kusteint for Constantius, which probably they learnt from the Romans.”—R. G.
Pudes, Grut. Inscript., xlvi., 9, Dxlvii., 2. Clemes, ib. Dxxxiii., 5.
Delxxiii., 10. Clemeti, dcl. 7. Cresces, xliii., 3., Deciv., 7, Dcclx., 9."-R. G.
22 ((
23
21
"In Mr. Chishul's Antiq. Asiat., p. 22."-R. G.
190
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
cases. Thus Μέλας μέλανος was originaly Μέλανς; Στὰς
Στάντος, as in Latin stans; Οδὲς, Ὀδόντος, Οδονς ; whence the
Latin dens ; Χὴν Χηνος, ΧΗΝΣ or XΑΝΣ, in Dutch gans, and by
leaving out the N our goose; and by adding the masculine ter-
mination comes the Latin anser, and our gander.25 So as voç,
εις
vs or ivs, whence the Latin unus is not derived from the oblique
as has hither been supposed, but from the nominative case.
(3) This omission of the N before s appears again in the
datives plural, from μéλavi in the singular μéλası in the plural,
not μέλανσι; στὰντι στάσι, ὀδοντι ὀδέσι, &c. (4) in some verbs
indeed of the second person singular of the præterite passive N
should be placed before s regularly, as from φαίνω, πέφαμμαι,
πépαivσaι,26 but this Attic ears could not hear, they therefore
softned it into πέφασμαι, πέφασσαι, whence φάσμα, retained with
us to this day.
In short, except in some compound words, where the præpo-
sition EN comes before Σ, as ἐνσέιω, ἐνσημαίνω, the N is allmost
universally dropped, and perhaps was here admitted to preserve
a difference between the præposition and the augment. It is a
certain vv in the like composition is allways melted into ovs,
as Συστολή Συστασις, Συστημα, &e
It must further be owned in the famous Cretan league among
the Oxford marbles, the word ПPIANZIOI, denoting one of the
partys in that league, occurs very frequently. I should ill bear
to have my observation overthrown by Cretans, who are noted
for their aversion to soft sounds by suppressing Timotheus the
musician, and have left a specimen of it not onely in the spirit,
but in the very letter of their decree against him; and in this
respect have veryfied Epimenedes and St. Paul's character of
them, that they were of slow bellys, which to a proverb are noted
to have no ears. But it happens very luckily for us, that these
very people are called by Stephanus Byzantinus Пpiatoiot more
than once, and Strabo is thought to mean them by the name of
Πράσιοι, and F. Hardouin produces a coin of Πραισίων and
25
"Armeniis, qui hodie veteri Scytharum linguâ loquuntur, "Ap est vir, quæ
vox hæret in Græcarum vocum terminationibus, ut 'Ap, Пarhp et similibus,
Latinis integra vox est, Saxonibus peR, Britannis Our. Baxteri Antiq. Rom.,
p. 239."-R. G.
26
"Vid. Gretfer's Gr. Gram., p. 122, and Mattaire's Dialog."-R. G.
SOMERSETSHIRE.
191
Πριαισιέων. The critics indeed have unanimously agreed to
correct both books and coins by the stone; but I submit it to
you whether they are not authentic proofs of the different ways
of writing the same name; and of the maxim I have been advanc-
ing that the omission of N before s was agreeable to the general
idiom of the Greek tongue.27
From what I have observed above in relation to the primitive
Greek nominatives of the fifth declension, I think we may account
for one grammatical observation more, viz., that the terminations
in as are long if they make avros in the genitive, but otherwise
are short. The nominatives in avros ended in avrç or with a long
s sounded like our z, so that when the N was cutt out by more
modern pronunciation, the sound of the double consonant still
remained. Thus the nominative of τυψάντος was τυψανς, by
dropping the v it became rufars, with the double consonant long;
whereas by dropping of the v in μέλανς we have μέλας μέλανος
short, with a single one.
ν
These nicetys I fear are below your reguard, I have nothing
to plead for them but that they are offered you with the greatest
[diffidence]? If I have fallen into any mistakes you will pardon
them in a novice in antiquitys, who shall esteem your corrections
the next honor to your approbation.
REV. DR. STUKELEY "TO DR. DAVIS, DEVIZES."-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Sir,
Queen Square, 2d April, 1754.
I thank you for the drawing you was so good as to send me.
'Tis a fine altar. The true reading is CIVIS TREVER[ensis]. As
for Jupiter Catius and Nemetona, they were local deitys, which
every one named at his pleasure, nor does it import any thing to
be elaborate in inquirys after them. 'Tis for the honor of our
country that so many of these inscriptions are found among us.
It shows how well the Romans had settled themselves here, and
how much they valued the settlement, though now our shittle-
cock heads think of nothing but France.
27 "No doubt of it, for the word upon the stone has been wrote according
to the antient spelling of it, and in Steph. Byzantinus, &c., according to the
pronunciation, of which the critics have not been apprized."—R. G.
192
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
This late severe weather has retarded ingraving, but now we
begin again upon plate xix. of coins of Carausius. I have a vast
number by me, and shall dispatch 'em with all convenient hast
without hurry, for I propose my plesure only in return for my
pains. The booksellers take care to hinder authors from any
profit of their works.
I have got half a dozen silver ones of Carausius; and Count
Caylus, from Paris, has been so obliging as voluntary to send me
two copper plates ingraven, which belonged to Genebrier's work.
I shall make the history short but to the purpose, and in
chronology, and on the coins, I shal be generally concise, except
where necessary to be a little more explicit. I meet with some
very odd ones, which require some thought and pains to elucidate
them; for instance two right hands joined, the legend VXIAY.
Another the emperor on horseback, a spear in his right hand,
his left hand held up, as in those coins of ADVENTVS all the legend
IOX.
These I have interpreted, and somewhat long, but very little
need be said on common topics.
Pray give my hearty respects to Mr. Geo. Hungerford when
you see him.
And I am,
Your much obliged and obedient Servant,
WM. STUKELEY.
I take the greatest care of your and his coins of Carausius,
and shal send them to you again as soon as ingraven.
Bath.
[Brazen-nose Minutes.]
1 Sept., 1736. In the publick news I met with the following
Roman inscription,2% found in August, near the abby at Bath.
29
On June 30, 1748, Stukeley produced a copy of this inscription at a meet-
ing of the Royal Society. The stone was found in the foundations of a house
opposite the Town Hall, on the site of the present market place," and is pre-
served in the museum. Its true reading, according to Scarth, Hübner, and
other authorities is: L VITELLIVS. MANTAI. F. TANCIN VS. CIVES. HISP .
CAVRIESIS. EQ. ALAE. VETTONVM. C. R. ANN. XXXXVI. STIP. XXVI. H.S.E.
Tancinus, when ill, probably went to Bath for the benefit of the waters, and
died there. Dr. Hoopell is inclined to the opinion that the Vettonians came
•
SOMERSETSHIRE.
193
L. VITELLIVS
•
MA
5 July, 1753.
NIAL
•
L. F
CIVES
HISP
ANCINVS
CAVRIESIS
EQ ALAE VETTONVM C. R
ANN
•
XXXXVI
STIP
•
XXVI
•
Diary, vol. ii., 57.
H . S . E.
An altar dug up at Bath.
LOCVM RELIGIOSVM PER INSOLENTIAM
ERVTVM VIRTVTI ET
NVMINI AVG. RE-
PVRGATVM REDDIDIT C. SEVERVS
EMERITVS . E. S. PEC.
Diary, vol. xiii., 71.
6 Dec., 1753. At the Royal Society. Dr. Ward gave in a
very long discourse upon the Roman inscription lately found in
Stall street, at Bath, 5 foot underground. LOCVM RELIGIOSVM
means a burying ground; PER INSOLENTIAM ERVTVM, destroyed
in some uproar, is restored and secured from such future violence
by sanction of the NVMEN and authority of the emperor, who is
not named, but Mr. Professor thinks, by the cut of the letters
and other circumstances, to be Severus. The cast in plaister of
Paris from the inscription he gave to the repository.-Diary,
vol. xiv., 15.
a copy of an altar
29 Mar., 1754. Designed a coat of arms for the Antiquarian
Society. 1 Apr. Met the committee on that affair. Received
lately found at Bath, from Dr. Davis.
The Bath altar is 3 Roman feet high. 'Tis much for the
honor of our country that so many of these learned remains are
found among us.
It shows how well the Romans had settled
themselves here, and how much they valued the settlement.
Civis Treverensis is not to be confined to the city of Trevers,
but may mean the country or district around it. Jupiter Cetius,
and Nemetona are local deities of the particular place, perhaps of
Peregrinus's nativity. These everyone named at their plesure,
into Britain with Hadrian, and that an Ala of the regiment was located at
Vinovium (Binchester), or at Bowes, which is not far from Binchester.— V.
Hübner, p. 27, No. 52; Philos. Trans. for the year 1748; Mc Caul, p. 182;
Proceedings of Somerset Archæol. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1852, p. 102.
N
194
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
nor does it import anything to be elaborate in our inquirys con
cerning them. I find there was a city in Italy called Cetia,
mentioned in Dionysius Halicarn. one of those taken by Cari-
olanus. Nemetona may belong to the Nemetes, a people by the
Rhine, where now is Spiers.-Diary, vol. xiv., 61.
10 May, 1759. At the Antiquarian Society. Mr. Hewet
showed a drawing of the sudatory of the Romans at Bath.—
Diary, vol. xviii., 51.
At the Antiquarian Society.
I read my
28 May, 1761.
account of the Roman bath at Bath. Mr. Duane says a wooden
box of Saxon coins was found upon the rubbish of the Roman
bath.-Diary, vol. xix., 63.
Charterhouse Hinton.
July 30, 1752. In the Whitehal Evening Post, July 28.
As some workmen were digging for some stone to mend the high-
ways between Charterhouse Hinton and Philip's Norton, near
Bath, they found bones of various sizes with part of a jaw-bone,
and several teeth in it, one of which weighs near a pound. They
were beneath a rock, nine feet under the surface of the earth,
but of what animal is not known, say they. I doubt not but
that it was an antidiluvian elephant.-Diary, vol. xiii., 17.
Glastonbury.
[Gale's MSS.-H. C.]
Upon an alabaster tomb' in St. John's Church at Glastonbury
is an effigies of a man in a gown, with a purse on his right side;
it is adorned with two scucheons on each side, and one at the
head, in every one of which is a camel carved, the person's name,
I suppose, about the two first is wrote:
as
1 Near the chancel door is an altar tomb, bearing a recumbent figure of an
ecclesiastic in alabaster, a large purse at his girdle, perhaps a purse-bearer to
the abbot. The sides are in panels, filled with representations of camels and
angels alternately; on the breasts of the angels are shields bearing a cross, and
on one the arms of the abbey. A scroll round each camel has an inscription
now illegible.-Phelps' Hist. Somers., vol. i., 503.
1
STAFFORDSHIRE.
195
1.
2.
& A ∞ ∞ 1
3.
4.
Me nunc saxa tegunt, nomen trahit ex animali.
Est ex more meo genibus curvare Magistro.
Et me plus brutis pedibus sum currere mutis (at the head).
Me quia morosus guerris fruitur generosus.
5. Vita ducens manus centum michi perfruor annis.
STAFFORDSHIRE.
ROGER GALE "TO MR. SAMUEL GALE, BEDFORD ROW, LONDON."
-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Brother,
Stafford, July 17th, 1727.
This morning we all got safe and sound to this place except
the Doctor, who parted with us about 10 a'clock in quest of
Pennocrucium, but we expect his joyning us again every
moment. He has had great successe in his investigations, hav-
ing discovered the exact situation and remains of Manduessedum²
in company with, and to the great admiration of, the author of
the Lady's Almanack, and who has been [in] pursuit of it several
years, but to no purpose, till the Doctor pickt him up and led
him directly to it. We were allso this morning in our way
hither from Lichfield to view the small remains of Evocetum,3
within a mile of that city, and from that place travelled about ten
miles by the side of the Watling street, for the Doctor had such a
veneration for the old bank of it, that he would not suffer any of
us to ride upon it to save it as much as possible from being worn
out. I dare say, now you have gott alive to London again, that
you don't repent your travells under the conduct of Mr. Degg.*
Next Monday I purpose for Derby, and if I can manage my
affairs as I propose, hope to see Chatsworth, and the Devil's arse
in the peak, before I leave that countrey. I am sorry I have
mist cosin Raper at London, but comfort myself with the h[ope
of] seeing him in Yorkshire before Michaelmasse, since [he]
2
4
Manduessedum, Manceter, co. Warwick, occupies the slope of a hill over
the river Anker, surrounded by high grounds. The entrenchments of the station
are still visible.-Wright's Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p. 124.
3
Evocetum, rather Eteocetum, Wall station; traces of its buildings have
long since disappeared.
4
→ Died in 1729; he was grandson of Sir Simon Degg.-V. Stukeley's
Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 134., Surtees Soc.
196
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
intends to leave the town so soon; my best service to him. As
for writing an account of our travells, to the Society at the
Mitre, I am afraid I shall not have time to do it, and I can pro-
mise nothing for the Doctor, who I believe will reserve all his
discoverys for another vol. of Iter Curiosum. If you have occa-
sion to write to me at any time, give your note to Ned Willson.
If you ever have any news from Eaton, I should be glad to hear it.
And am, dear Brother,
Your most affect. Brother and humble Servant,
R. GALE.
Pray forward the enclosed as directed. I mett with your
episcopall seal at Lichfield.
Free, R. Swynfen.
[On the back of the letter].
For Mr. Skelton, Merchant,
At Beedale.
To be left at his warehouse in Stockton.
1 Hhhd. Smooth Cider.
1 Frail of Raisins.
1 Cagg of Sturgeon.
For Mr. Jno. Jernigan,' at Dr. Jarnigan's, in King street,
near St. James' Square.
SUFFOLK.
REV. G. BURTON 66 TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, RECTOR OF ST.
GEORGE'S, QUEEN SQUARE, LONDON."-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
Thetford, Jan. 12th, 1754.
I should have answered your kind letter of 8th ult., but the
continued illness that has been in our family has hitherto pre-
vented me. I have made enquiry about the coins at Landguard
7
5 Frail, i.e. about 75 lbs.
6 Cagg, contains 4 or 5 gallons.
Mr. Jernegan, of Jermyn street, made a magnificent cistern for Mr.
Mennell, which was afterwards sold by lottery.
SUFFOLK.
197
fort, but there is no such thing as coming at the coins themselves.
The legends of them I have formerly sent you. 8 Dr. Symond's
I will endeavour to get the first opportunity. I have the promise
of others, but I find people very averse to lending the coins them-
selves, though hope to procure some. The silver Carausius you
mention was IMP. CARAVSIVS P. F. AVG. Caput Carausii Laureat.
RSR. Navis Prætoria.
Rev., FELICIT. . . AVG.
9
Upon revisal of my letters I find the account of the above
with ten other brass coins of Carausius was sent to me June 22d,
1751, from W. Myers, of Walton, near Landguard fort. I
have the legends of the rest now before me, of which, if you
have not my account by you, I will send you particulars. I can-
not get Tom Martin's coins: nothing but fair promises from that
quarter. I have heard a great character of the ruins of Palmyra.
I am promised the perusal of them from a neighbour.
I have lately been highly entertained with a discovery that
has been made by a gentleman in this neighbourhood who was
heightening a meadow of his, in order to which he was carrying
on some sand from a sand-pit that was sunk in the side of a hill,
and when they had entered the hill a little way they found a num-
ber of broken fragments of Roman urns, they say in the whole
to the amount of above an hundred already, and they have by
computation above three thousand loads of the hill to remove
still; but through the carelessness of the workmen they have not
preserved above thirteen entire, every one of which are differently
wrought. I took draughts of the thirteen whole ones, and have
a promise of all those that they shall find (for they continue dis-
covering them daily). There is one among them, a very small
one; we examined it, but found nothing in it but pure sand. The
rest of them had only sand at bottom and top, and the ashes and
bones near the centre of the urn. When they have finished
their enquiries I will send you draughts of the urns, and further
particulars. The spot where they were found is between Rush-
forth and Brettenham, in Suffolk, and about a furlong east of the
great Roman road, and within a stone's cast of the river. In one
of the urns was found part of a Roman lady's comb made of box,
8
See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 474, 477, Surtees Soc.
9 See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 483, Surtees Soc,
198
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
and a piece of iron. The comb is broken and very brittle. No
coins have as yet been found in any of the urns. In a close some
distance off was found a very fine medal of the emperor Vespasian,
the reverse Judæa Capta, and another of the empress Justina, a
medal but of middle size and whitish metal. You see I am not
inattentive to affairs of this kind when chance directs me to them.
I shall be extreamly glad if I can procure you any further dis-
coveries from this fragment of arabia deserta, and that it will
raise your opinion of our barren lands as a nursery of antiquity
if not fertility.
Believe me, dear Doctor, as ever,
Your affectionate Friend and obliged humble Servant,
G. BURTON.
Soham.
Sept., 1745. We returned [from Elveden, in Suffolk] by
Mildenhall and Soham, where I visited the venerable remains of
my grandmother's progenitors the Dowmans, an antient and
flourishing family who lived at a place there called the Mote.
They or their predecessors built the southern transept or cross-
isle in the church of Soham. It was a chapel, as well as that of
the north isle, and there was intended, at least, a tower in the
middle, cathedral-like. The church was built by Felix, the
Burgundian, bishop of Thetford,¹º and he was buryed there in the
10 Sigebert, son of Redwald, King of the East Angles, being suspected by
his brother of aspiring to the kingdom, was banished soon after his father's
death, into France, where he placed himself as a student under Felix, a Bur-
gundian, who fully instructed him in the Christian faith. When Sigebert
became king, on the death of his brother, he brought Felix with him from
France, and encouraged him to teach his subjects, which he did with great
success. Felix was consecrated by Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, and
became the first bishop of the East Angles. He placed his see at Dunwich
[afterwards subdivided], in Suffolk, A.D. 636. Herfast, chaplain to William
the Conqueror, who was made bishop in 1070, removed the see from North
Elmham, Norfolk, to Thetford, in 1075. The cathedral church in Thetford was
St. Mary's, on the site where the Free School now stands. V. Le Neve's Fasti.
The see of Thetford was translated to Norwich in 1094, by Herbert Lozinga,
whose tomb, before the high altar, was destroyed in the great rebellion.—
Pitsæus, De illustribus Angliæ Scriptoribus.
SUFFOLK.
199
quire. He founded Cambridg university."
In the southern
chapel of the transept is the seat of the family of Dowman, or
pew, and their grave-stones. In an arch where the holy water
originally used to be is the following inscription: "In memorie
of Mrs. Mary Dowman, daughter and heir of Isaac Lukyn and
Lydia his wife, the daughter of Sir Roger Thornton, Knt., wife
to Mildmay Dowman, Esq., by whom she had issue 2 sons, Isaac
and William, and 3 daughters, Ann, Mary, and Lydia. She
dyed Feb. 9, in the 22 year of her age, and lyeth interred in
this isle, 1676." On another stone is this inscription: "Here-
under lyeth the body of John Thornton, gent., who marryed
Ann, the eldest daughter of Robert Drury, Esq., and by her had
issue Roger, which said John dyed the 13th day of September,
1598." The family of Dowman lived at the house in Soham
called the Mote, from its being moted about, probably the oldest
seat in the town. Captain Smyth, of London, marryed the
heiress, with an estate of £300 per ann. He belongs to the
court.-Diary, vol. v., 67.
Elveden.
Jan. 10, 1748-9. A pebble was found by my friend Mr.
Burton, rector of Elveden, Suffolk, in that place; a sandy
country. It presents an effigies aptly done in pure nature, and
is extraordinarily remarkable.—Diary, vol. viii., 1.
Heveningham.
Feb., 1748-9. + εν κενρ λοια. This inscription on the
inside of a gold ring, weighing to the value of £3 12s. Od. It
has been pretty much worn; was chased on the outside. Found
in plowing in July last, in a field near Heveningham castle, the
old seat of the Veres, earl of Oxford. I presume this was the
ring of Aubrey de Vere III., of that name, the first earl of
Oxford, brother of lady ROISIA, foundress of Roiston. In the
11 Sigebert was the first that introduced the custom of France to have public
schools, but it has been doubted if Cambridge was the place he selected. Bede
does not mention the place where the school was fixed. Holinshed, vol. i., fo.
172, seems positive for Cambridge.
200
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
year 1147 he went on the croisade expedition into the holy land,
and there or thereabouts he had this ring made. I gather this
from the letters being Greek, no less than 7 in this short inscrip-
tion. The meaning of it is 'loyal in heart,' en coeur loial in
modern French. We may well assign it to the first of the family
that went croisader, because in French, and can't assign anyone
that had a better title to the motto than the most loyal family of
the Veres. Mr. Folks says, 'tis a small ring, and may be nuptial.
Diary, vol. viii., 14.
me.
12 May, 1758.
Dunwich.
Mr. Martin, of Norfolk, antiquary, visited
Showed me many antiquitys in brass found daily in the sea.
at Dunwich. I believe Roman. [A small double pointed pin]
for women's hair; a small flat bottle; a little basso relievo of
young Hercules.-Diary, vol. xviii., 2.
4 Aug., 1764. My old friend Tom Martin visited me. They
found 12 celts near him in Suffolk lately. He examined the
place, a loamy chalk earth of which the old druids made the
molds to cast 'em in. They are all different, made in different
molds. In a stony bank hard by he found the cavity wherein
they melted the brass for 'em.-Diary, vol. xx., 53.
Burrough Castle, 12 west from Yarmouth 3 mile.
The face of the wall built with faced flint and Roman brick.
First, 4 courses of flint, from the bottom to the Roman brick;
12 Burgh-Castle, was raised by Publius Ostorius Scapula, a celebrated
Roman general. It is on the brow of a hill near the confluence of the Yare and
Waveney, and occupies more than five acres of ground. A large portion of the
walls, formed of flint, rubble, and layers of Roman tiles, still remains. They
are 14 feet in height, 9 feet in thickness. There were four pear-shaped towers,
on the east, north, and south corners, not built into the wall, but cemented with
it by masonry at the top. At one time, when a railway was projected, the
demolition of the walls was contemplated, but Sir John P. Boileau happily
stepped in, purchased the property, and prevented the intended desecration.—
Journ.of Brit. Assocn., xiv., 165. At Gariononum, or Burgh-Castle, was stationed
the captain of the Stablesian horse, styled Gariononensis, under the command
of the Comes Litoris Saxonici, who had under him 9 maritime towns and 200
horse, and 2000 foot in garrison.— Godwin's Archæol. Handbook, p. 28 n.
SURREY.
201
then 3 courses of Roman brick ;
4 courses of flint ;
3 courses of Roman brick ;
5 courses of flint
;
3 courses of brick ;
5 courses of flint;
3 courses of brick;
4 courses of large flint;
The length of the brick generally, 15 inches; breadth, 9 inches;
thicknesse, some one inch, some two inches thick. Breadth of
the east wall, on the top, 7 foot; the breadth below, 9 foot. Six
bastions in all: 5 remaining, and one at the south end fallen
down with the wall. The dimensions near the same.
The join-
ing of the bastion to the wall, 7 foot. The longest diameter from
the wall outwards, 15 foot; the shortest diameter paralell to the
wall, 12 foot. All of the same figure and pear fashion.
Taken upon the place the 21 Augst., 1722.
H. F. ST. J.
H. HARE.-
SURREY.
Lambeth.
25 May, 1749. At the Royal Society. Mr. Watson¹³ gave
us an account how he visited the garden¹ of the famous John
Tredescant, at South Lambeth, now lying uncultivated; the
house ruinous and uninhabited, where that great genius dwelt
110 years ago, who first introduced a spirit of collecting natural
curiositys among us. This garden, and that of John Gerard,15
13 William Watson, an eminent physician and botanist. F.R.S. in 1741;
knighted in 1786. Born about 1720, in London, and died there in 1787.-
Beeton, p. 1076.
14 John Tradescant, an eminent naturalist, and great traveller, was gardener
to Charles I., in 1629, and had a large garden of his own at Lambeth, well
stocked with rare plants, died 1638. His son John was a collector of curiosities,
of which an account was printed, called "Museum Tradescantium." He died
in 1662.-Beeton, p. 1036. The monument of the Tradescants in the church-
yard was erected in 1662, and repaired by subscription in 1773.
15 John Gerard, a surgeon, settled in London, and became gardener to Lord
Burleigh. He wrote several botanical works. Born at Nantwich, Cheshire, in
1545; died 1607.-Beeton, Dict. of Biogr., p. 445.
202
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the great botanist, were the first and most famous ones of this
sort in England. Mr. Watson was agreably surprised to find,
after so long a neglect and utter disreguard, many curious plants
of Tredescant's growing among the weeds, and still struggling
to maintain the honor of their planter, which he recited. He
found some trees, too, in the orchard, of great age and stature, two
arbutuses, a rhus obseniorum, and some more. After Tredescant's
son dyed, who had the same taste as his father, Mr. Ashmole
bought the curiositys for the repository at Oxford.-Diary, vol.
viii., 56.
30 Apr., 1750. Dined with the archbishop at Lambeth alone.
We walked into the gardens, where is the vastest appearance of
the finest tulips I ever saw. His grace observed that it is thought
by many that the lily, which Solomon is compared to, is the
tulip, the eastern bravery consists in variety of colors in their
garments.-Diary, vol. ix., 31.
Guildford and other places.
I set out for Guildford.
I set out for Guildford.
All that part of
18 June, 1750.
Surrey I travelled through, from Kingston till within a mile or
two of Guilford, is a barren heath, sandy gravel, full of furze,
ling, fox gloves. Then chalk begins, on which Guilford stands.
The major part of the old church 16 near the castle is of Saxon
antiquity. The castle is too of Saxon antiquity, now in vast
ruins, but chiefly destroyed by violence for the sake of a little
stone, and that bad; the rest chalk and flint and rag stone. The
16
St. Mary's must be alluded to here (supposed to have been erected by
one of the Testard family), because Trinity Church, which, it is said, was also
built by one of the same family, was so decayed and dilapidated that it was
taken down, and the foundation stone of the present brick building was laid in
1749, a year before Stukeley's visit. St. Mary's stands on the declivity of the
hill, a little to the southward of the high street.
17 The castle is situated about 300 yards to the southward of the High street.
The keep is the principal relic of this edifice. The founder and the date of the
construction are unknown. Mr. King, in the sequel to his observations on
ancient castles, seems inclined to consider the keep as a Saxon fortress.-See
Shoberl's Topog.and Hist. Description of Surrey, p. 255.
SURREY.
203
Fryery 18 has a good deal of the old building remaining, the hall,
parlors, bedchambers, rooms of state, &c. The old chair is
curious. From Guilford I rode to Croydon, seats of nobility and
gentry, and inclosure, all along on my left hand; Lord Onslow, 19
William Nicolas, Fox, Howard,20 &c. On the right the delight-
ful downs, the beautiful cornfields. Leatherhead ought to be
liever, the coney. It emerges out of the chalky cliff, which it
enters at Dorking. The river is now called the Mole, all from
the same idea. The country is intirely chalk from Guilford to
Croydon, but near Croydon sandy gravel. I had the pleasure
to pursue a good deal of Cæsar's steps this day. He entred this
fine down by Westram [Westerham, Kent], and seems to have
lodged a night at Wallington, above Croydon. It was necessary
to descend from the down for his nocturnal camp, on account of
the spring and rivulet there; and the name of the village arises
from Vallum, his camp. From hence, travelling ore the down,
he had a very commodious march over Leatherhead. Thence he
went down to the right over the lower country. At Effingham,
where the border between 3 hundreds runs, is a very fine large
and flat old barrow, though plowed over. I believe it to be the
point where the 3 hundreds meet, and they meet upon it because
that barrow was there when hundreds were made. Cæsar's road
was between the Mole and the Wye, and I conjecture his next.
night's lodg was at Hersom [Herschain] nigh Walton; for the
name retains memory of somewhat military. From Leatherhead
he had a very indifferent country to travel over, full of ling and
impediment. The Britons did not think fit to stand with him at
S. George's hill camp, but passed the river and staked it to ren
der it impassable for him. I imagine he turned aside a little,
went over the Wye, and passed the Thames at Chertsey, for
18
This is probably what is now the Spittal or Hospital in the angle formed
by the roads leading to Kingston and Epsom. Speed speaks of a house of
Crutched Friars here, and is the only historian by whom it is mentioned.—
Shoberl's Surrey, p. 267.
19 The seat of the Earl of Onslow is Clandon Place or Park, 3 miles from
Guildford. The manor was purchased of the Duncomb family, in 1716, by Sir
Richard Onslow, 2nd baronet, who was created Baron Onslow in the same
year, and the mansion was erected in 1731, from the designs of Leoni, by his
son.-Shoberl's Surrey, p. 274.
20 Bookham Grove,
204
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Chertsey may well be said to be Cæsar's insula or trajectus.
Then he drave the Britons from the Thames side at Sheparton,
and lay that night at the camp there. I have not the least doubt
of Croydon being the Noviomagus2¹ of the Romans. Here the
two great Roman roads meet coming from the south. That
which runs to Grinsted is the Armen street coming from Anderida.
At Stan street,22 as it passes ore the clay country, 'tis paved with
stone, and yet very perfect, whence the name and that of the
hundred of Tanridg, it ought to be Stanridg. The other comes
from Regnum, Chichester, by Dorking, over Bansted-down to
Croydon. A mile or two below Dorking is Nudigate, which is
plainly via ad Noviomagum. Croydon is a large town built on
a hill hanging over a great carr, marsh, or springy moor, whence
its name; as Crowland in our country. I spent the afternoon
with the Archbishop, Bishops of Chichester and Exeter, all my
old acquaintance, and came home by Stretham, the road I went
in July, 1729, when I was ordained by Archbishop Wake.—
Diary, vol. ix., 43.
Lambeth Palace.
20 May, 1751. Dined at Lambeth. In the MS. Library;
abundance of MSS. there; a work of Richard of Cirencester.
The very old map of London. The archbishop has put up a good
deal of painted glass in the windows of his gallery, and some old
pourtraits lately hung up there. A fine one of Elizabeth of
York, Henry VII. queen.-Diary, vol. x., 60.
21 Noviomagus is Holwood Hill, near Bromley.— Godwin. Mr. Somner,
and Bishop Stillingfleet, placed this station at Crayford [Orig. Brit., 63] in
Kent, not considering that Ptolemy would hardly make it the capital of the
Regni, if it belonged to Cantium.
22 The Stane Street, or Stone Street Causeway, a branch of the Ermine
Street, commences at Dorking, and passing through the churchyard may be
traced through Ockley, till it enters Sussex in its progress to Chichester.
Another Roman military way, beginning at the metropolis, and also known by
the name of the Stane Street, intersected the county near its eastern border
from north to south, and has been traced through Stretham, Croydon, Coulsdon,
Caterham, and Godstone.-Shoberl's Surrey, p. 29.
SURREY.
205
Chertsey Abbey.
16 Oct., 1752. I rode to Chertsey by Feltham and Littleton.
I viewed the abby, 23 rather the site of the abby, so total a dis-
solution scarce to be seen. Of that noble and splendid pile
which took up 4 acres of ground and looked like a town, nothing
remains, scarce a little of the walls of the precinctus. The gar-
dener carried me through a court on the right hand, the south
side of the house, where at the entrance of the kitchin garden
stood the church, the west front and tower steeple by the door
and outward wall, the east end reached up to an artificial mount.
That mount and all the terraces of the pleasure garden on the
back front of the house are intirely made of the rudera and sacred
rubbish. Human bones of the abbots, monks, and great person-
ages lay in great abundance all over the kitchen garden, which
was the cloister, so that you may pick up handfuls of bits at a
time; it put me in mind of what the Psalmist says, cxli., 8, "Our
bones lye scattered before the pit, like as when one breaketh and
heweth wood upon the earth." Foundations of the religious build-
ings every where, even beyond the terraces of the pleasure garden.
The domains of the Abby extend all along upon the side of
the river; a fine meadow; they made a cut above and brought
a channel through it, which taking in the water of the river gains
a fall sufficient for a mill, for the use of the Abby and town. A
very large orchard, with many and long canals, which together
with the great mote around the Abby, and deriving its water from
the river, was well stocked with fish; notwithstanding in the 9th
century it was sacked by the Danes, the abbot and 90 monks
murdered.
I left the ruined ruins of this place, which had been conse-
crated to religion ever since the year 666, with a sigh for the
23 Of Chertsey Abbey very few remains are visible. An edifice was erected
on its site by Sir Nicholas Carew, master of the buckhounds to Charles II.,
which was built out of the ruins. This building was afterwards pulled down.
The monastery was founded in 666, by Frithwold, governor of Surrey under
Wulphar, king of Mercia. It was destroyed by the Danes, and the abbey was
rebuilt in the 10th century by king Edgar. Henry VI was at first buried in
the church of the Abbey, but his remains were afterwards removed by Henry
VII. to Windsor. Shoberl's Surrey, p. 175. In Bede's time, Chertsey monastery
was famous. It was built by Earconwald, before he became Bishop of London
which occurred about 675.-Journ. of Brit. Arch. Assocn., vol. xxiv., p. 365.
206
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
loss of so much national magnificence and national history. But
must mention one, lately recovered by our friend the Rev. Mr.
Widmore, that the body of that murdered monarch Henry VI.
was here at first deposited, but Henry VII. intending he should
be beatifyed into a saint, removed it to Windsor, thence to
Westminster, where it still rests, but where, in particular, is
unknown. The court of Rome demanding too high a price for
the favor, the king dropt his design.
I now resumed my former ardor to pursue the footsteps of the
great Cæsar, who passed the Thames near here. When I lived
first in London, I bad many excursions in quest of his mansions,
and what could be made out of his two expeditions, and very
largely have I treated on that subject in MS. There is no great
prospect of publishing it and many like works, for more reasons
than one.
The spirit of solid learning is visibly sunk in my own
time, since I prosecuted these studys. With no national reguard
to religion, all true knowledge falls to the ground; no patrons
of that which is really noble and praiseworthy; nor can authors
hope for any return for their labors, through the booksellers'
craft.
They that have wrote on Cæsar's journys hither had very
slender notions of it, and of his passing the Thames in particular.
That we may come at a proper knowledg of this matter, the
great author tells us in cap xvii. of lib. v. de bello Gallico, that
the Britons at noon day attacked with the utmost vigor his for-
agers, horsemen, and the legionary troops sent to protect them ;
but in the end received such a defeat that all the auxiliary forces
left the General Casvellan; nor did the Britons after this attempt
to fight the Romans in a pitcht battle. This was in Kent, on
this side Barham-down. Cæsar found out then that their inten-
tion was to retreat over the river Thames into Casvellan's own
country, thinking he would not pursue them so high into the
midland. The river Thames was fordable onely at one place,
which most undoubtedly is our Coway Stakes,24 between Wey-
24
Samuel Gale [Archæologia, vol. i., 188] learnedly supported Camden's
opinion, that Cæsar crossed the Thames near Oatlands; but as Cæsar describes
the passage as being ten miles from the sea cost where he landed, the position
of Coway Stakes could not be the place. Dr. Owen [Archæol., vol. ii., 159]
concludes that Cæsar's Tamesis was the river Medway.-Gough's Cam., i. 174.
14
SURREY.
207
bridg and Walton, over against Sheparton, and between this
ægre transire potest, in his words. The river here, at this very
place, is wider than elsewhere, any where near it of some miles,
and that is the reason of its being fordable. At this place,
Casvellan was determined to make a stand against the Roman
arms. Here he had gathered all his own troops, and those not
a few. Moreover he had fortfyed the bank-side with sharp
palisades, and besides, the like stakes were placed in the bed of
the river, under water.
Cæsar would not have merited his consummate character had
he not taken care to have the best of intelligence. Mandubra-
tius, king of the Trinobantes, who inhabited London, Middlesex,
and some part of the country about Southwark, was with him.
He had been driven out of his country by Casvelhan, and fled
to Cæsar. From him, from captives, and deserters, Cæsar learnt
all this, but it was in vain to hesitate. He leads his army to
Walton, over against the place. It consisted of full 30,000
effective men. I many years agoe visited this place for the
purpose we are writing on. There was reason to judg that his
nocturnal camp was in the present town, and where then
stood, which house stands in his camp; the ditch of the camp
having been converted into canals in his garden, the dimensions
properly corresponding, which gave me a notion of it.
Authors generally mistake in fancying the great and operose
camp on S. George's hill,25 hard by, to have been Cæsar's. That
was a stationary camp, by whom made I have no concern at this
time to inquire; but far otherwise was the Roman method on
expeditions and marches. 'Tis true they made a camp every
night, such was their discipline, and with reason, but this camp
was of very small dimensions, 2 or 300 foot only on a side,
which was chiefly for state and regularity. It was as a prætorium,
the head quarters of the general and a few chief officers, and,
perhaps, the spoil was there lodged. The Roman army lay
incamped around this prætorium. They did not trust their
25
Some Roman works are to be seen on St. George's Hill, in the parish of
Walton-on-Thames. Cæsar's camp, on the hill, is an oblong, with a trench
running down to Oatlands, where was a great camp. The Rev. Owen Manning,
who collected materials for a county history, thought the former was but an
outpost to the latter.-Shoberl's Surrey, p. 182.
208
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
safety to a few drowsy sentinels, but a third part of their army
lay under arms, and they always incamped upon plains and open
heaths, free from woods, to prevent surprise. I have met with
many of these, his nocturnal camps, and had them ingraven 30
years agoe, and unpublished for the reasons above mentioned.
It would have been an injudicious rashness in Cæsar to have
pushed his passage in this place, though it was absolutely neces-
sary to accomplish it; therefore he resolved to attempt it some-
what higher up the stream. For this purpose he leaves a part
of his army at Walton, to make a show of staying there. The
rest he leads over the river Wye, and finds a very convenient
place for his purpose, in the meadow a little below Chertsey
bridg. Asserius, in his Chronicon fani S. Neoti, writes thus of
Cæsar's expedition and the river Thames being stuck with stakes:
quod ubi à Romanis deprehensum ac vitatum est, barbari legionum
impetum non ferentes silvis sese abdidere. I viewed the place with
great attention, and maturely considered all circumstances, and
durst pronounce with assurance that it was at this very place of
which the great hero thus writes: "He ordered the horse to
enter the water, and the legionary troops to follow them closely.
The soldiers went with so much quickness and force, though
they were only head above water, that the enemy could not with-
stand the power of the legions and of the cavalry, but left the
bank and betook themselves to flight."
Now let us consider this matter step by step. We cannot
doubt of his camp being at Walton,26 the name of the town
proves it, Vallum; 'tis a common name of towns where camps
are found.
There must be much wood about the river Wye
which would favour his private march; the river comes from
Guilford, has been made navigable not many years agoe, and
that by means of locks, which raises the water sufficiently for
that purpose, but in its natural state is very fordable anywhere.
Further, there is another little brook which runs into the Wye,
about Waybridg, but not the least impediment to the march of
26
Roman bricks and tiles have been found towards the south end of
Walton-Heath. An account of these relics, and also of a small brass figure of
Esculapius, dug up here in 1772, is given in the Archæologia, vol. ix., 108, by
Mr. Barnes, who in 1808 traced the foundations of some ancient buildings on
the same site.-Shoberl's Surrey, p. 180.
SURREY.
209
an army. Descending some high ground they came to a very
large, dry meadow, being that below Chertsey bridg. On the
opposite open shore is another very large, dry meadow, both of
gravel; the bed of the river is gravel; both the shores plain,
flat, and level with the water edg.
All these are circumstances extremely favorable; but further,
this very place is actually fordable in dry summers at this day;
and to crown all, there is a fine flexure of the river which must
afford the most desireable assistance to the Romans inlarging
their front, contracting that of the Britons, and giving the former
an opportunity of making an attack, to great advantage, on the
flat edg of the water; many opposing the few, and imcompassing
them on two sides as well as front. In a word, we may compare
it to the operation of a pair of shears.
Though the Britons, without controversie, awaited Cæsar's
motions at Sheparton, yet we have not the least room to think
they did not watch him higher up the river, but a mile off, and
oppose him with part of their forces. But Cæsar's good fortune
and Roman valor overcame all difficulties, and gained the shore.
They drove the Britons back to their main body at Sheparton,
and there, too, they totally discomfited them, and took up their
station for that night at the very place. One more advantage
gained by his passage at this place is that the quantity of water
is somewhat lessened by all that the Wye furnishes, that other
lesser, and the brook that runs by Cowleys house at Chertsey,
all emptying themselves into the Thames below this place.
Lastly, we must observe that this year of Cæsar's 2nd invasion
was remarkably dry, a circumstance of admirable advantage in
facilitating his fording the river at this place; as under the like
circumstance 'tis now fordable.
I have been informed that the stakes at Coway which Casvel-
han placed in the river were very thick pieces of ewe-tree. The
memorial of this passage of Cæsar's is kept up in the name of
the town of Chertsey, a word made of Cæsar and the British,
ridh, ritus, a passage or ford. They here pronounce Cæsar soft,
after the Italian manner; so Cherbourg in France is Casaris
burgus; so the Latins pronounced cerasus a cherry, which the
Turks now call kerry, from the old inhabitants of Mithridates
210
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
his time, the tree coming from Pontus, and was brought into
Europe by Lucullus.
I viewed the house' in Chertsey where Mr. Cowley, the poet,
lived. 'Tis a good old timber house and garden by the brook
south of the town. They talk of a pretty summer-house he
built, which was demolished not long since, and of a seat under
a sycamore by the brook mentioned in his poems. There are
very good fish ponds, too, of his making.
Near Chertsey is a very remarkable high hill, called S. Ann's
hill,2 much higher than anything near it, yet has a very fine
spring on the top, never dry, a large prospect, and a chapel dedi-
cated to S. Ann the Blessed Virgin's mother. There is a camp
likewise on this hill. This hill gives us a noble proof of the
rotation of the earth, according to what I have everywhere
observed and long since given notice in print. I wonder as
much that it never was observed, as that since so little notice is
taken of so very remarkable a matter.-Diary, vol. xiii., 28, 36.
Kew.
3 Nov., 1753. Mr. Perry informed me, this summer, in
digging at Kew to make canals for the Princess of Wales,
they found brass celts, handles of swords, &c., the fortunate
commencement of my being introduced to that princess.-Diary,
vol. xiv., 3.
14 Dec., 1753. At Mr. Perry's I saw some of the Druid
celts and other matters lately dug up in clay at the Princess of
Wales's garden at Kew. They are all of brass, some celts
receivers, as I call 'em; some received, some whole, others
1 Called Porch House, in the street leading to the south; part of the old
structure is carefully preserved. It became the residence of Richard Clarke,
Esq., chamberlain of the city of London.-Shoberl's Surrey, p. 286.
2 About a mile westward of Chertsey, described by Skrine in his Rivers of
Great Britain, p. 353.
3 Kew House and land belonged, about the middle of the 17th century, to
Richard Bennett, Esq., from whom they passed by marriage to the Capes
family. About 1730, Frederick, Prince of Wales, obtained a long lease of them,
and began to lay out the gardens, which were finished by the Princess Dowager
who made this her place of residence.-Shoberl's Surrey, p. 190.
SURREY.
211
battered in order for fresh casting, some lumps of metal from
the bottom of the melting vessel, some bits of rings, hollow, and
other ornamental utensils; so that I imagine this clayy ground
where they were found was the furnace for casting them. There
was a fragment of a spear head, which I take for a sacrificing
knife.-Diary, vol. xiv., 23.
17 June, 1754. I rode to Kew. Mr. Thornton, who lives in
Stephen Duck's house, where I dined many years agoe, showed
me the princess's garden, and the celts found in digging the
canal or bason.
The garden is a most noble, spacious,
and beautiful place.—Diary, vol. xiv., 80.
21 June, 1754. I wrote my account of the Druid celts found
in Kew garden, for the Princess of Wales.-Diary, vol. xv., 1.
5 Oct., 1754. At Kew, to wait on the Princess of Wales.
Lord Bathurst, her highness, and Princess Augusta were in the
garden. I awaited their coming in at the garden door, and
stepping forward to present myself, the gentleman usher called
me back; on my retreating, the princess called out to me by
name, and after many kind expressions of thanks for my letter,
conducted me into her apartment, where she pulled off her bonnet,
and we conversed face to face for about half an hour. The topic
was the Druids, &c. We discoursed on the instruments being
found in the garden, in a dry sand bank, carefully inclosed in
clay. The Druids frequented the neighboring woods at this par-
ticular season of the year, and on becoming Christians diligently
deposited these instruments as matters sacred. She approved of
the use I assigned to the instruments,
and that they
could serve no other purpose. Her highness was pleased at my
assertion that from a long consideration of the particulars of the
patriarchal religion, I was able to pronounce that the church of
England is exactly parallel to it, and in every particular. Her
highness discoursed about Stonehenge, having read my book.
She spoke likewise of the Royal Society. We discoursed of
astronomy. The Princess Augusta and I discoursed together.
I told her Dr. Hale and I were concerned together many years.
agoe, at college, in making an orrery or machine to show the
212
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
celestial motions, and this long before the orrery, so called; that
I had by me the original drawing of that machine which I then
made at college; that Dr. Hale was the first author of such a
machine, &c. The Princess of Wales desired I would come to
her at 5 o'clock on Saturday evenings, when she is in town.
Then Dr. Hales is with her, and we may have some discourse
together.—Diary, xv., 14.
SUSSEX.
DR. JOHN TABOR,3 TO DR. THORPE, FELLOW OF THE ROYAL
SOCIETY.-H. C.
Part of a discourse read before the Royal Society, proving
that Anderida was at East Bourn, in Sussex. The former part
of the discourse, relating to a Roman pavement found there, is
printed in the Philosophical Transactions, No. 351, 1716-17;
since printed in Philos. Trans., No. 356.
Lewes, Jan. 26, 1716-7.
When Tacitus speaks of Britain and its affairs, his descrip-
tions are so lively delivered that one would think himselfe was
here with his wive's father, Agricola, and where he mentions the
Irish Prince, the expression by him used seems to give strength
to such a supposition.
4
The gaining the southern part of this isle was the greatest,
if not the onely acquisition made to the Roman Empire from the
death of Tiberius to the 6th year of Claudius, which we may
well suppose was not passed over in silence by that excellent
historian, Tacitus; but his four books of Annalls, which con-
tained the transactions of those nine years, we have reason
enough to fear are irretrievably lost. From the mention Sue-
tonius makes of Claudius's expedition hither, 'tis commonly
insinuated that his conquest here cost no blood; our countrey-
3 A physician of Lewes.
5
4 "Tacit. Agric. c. xxiv.”—R. G.
5 Sueton. Claud. c.xvii. Ac sine ullo prælio aut sanguine intra paucis-
simos dies parte insulæ in deditionem accepta, sexto quam profectus erat mense
Romam rediit."-R. G.
SUSSEX.
213
6
7
man, Bede, we may see, was of that opinion, because in the
account given by him of Claudius, the words of Suetonius are
copyed; but Dio Cassius, from whom we have the most particular
information of the warr, gives a different relation of the matter.
He takes notice of at least four battles fought with the Britains
before Claudius came over, by Aulus Plautius, who had Flavius
Vespasianus, Flavius Sabinus, and Sidius Geta, that commanded
under him. In the first conflict, Cataratacus was defeated, in
the second, Togodumnus, and as may be inferred from his words,
afterwards slain; from the manner of his delivering the story,
all these battles seem to have been fought south of the river
Thames, and north of the Sylva Anderida, except the last; and
that in the first campaigne, the conquests of Plautius could not
have extended beyond Kent and Surrey; for it is likely the two
first actions happened about the skirts of the Sylva Anderida,
eastward of the river Medway; and the third, which held two
days on the bank of that river, because from the river where
they were routed two days successively, the Britains, retiring,
assembled their strength again, before their fourth overthrow, in
that part of Kent which borders on the Thames not farr from
its entrance into the sea, and having past it were followed by
Plautius's Germans, and on the other side put to flight, which
was the fourth action mentioned by Dio. Claudius having been
sent for, comes the second year with powerfull succours to the
assistance of Plautius, who with his forces waited his arrivall
near the Thames, not unlikely still where he quartered in the
winter, which perhaps was in that large strong camp as yet to
be seen,10 not far from Bromley in Kent, on the river Ravens-
bourn. The emperor joining him, immediately¹¹ crossed the river
Thames, overthrew the Britains posted on the other side to resist
him, advanced to Cunobelin's chief residence, Camalodunum,
and took it; then receiving homage from some states, returned
9
G "Beda Eccles. Hist. Gentis Angl. lib. i., c. iii.”—R. G.
7 "Dio Cass. Hist. Rom. lib. lx. v. p. 678.”—R. G.
((
'Ibid. p. 678.”—R. G.
8
9 "How was it possible for the Germans to swim over the mouth of the
Thames? or the Britains to ford it there, as Dio Cass. says they did?”—R. G.
10 "Camd. Britan., edit. 1695, col. 213 c."-R. G.
11 "Dion Cass. Hist. lib. lx. p. 679.”—R, G.
214
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
to Rome. Considering therefore that Claudius staid but sixteen
days¹² in this island, we must conclude his dispatch was great,
and that his progresse could not have been through more parts
than Kent, Essex, Hertfordshire, Middlesex, and Surrey. As
to what else relates to the British warr in the time of Claudius,
save that three years after, Titus rescued his father, Vespasian,
when in great danger, we have no account from Dio; but where¹³
Suetonius treats of Vespasian's life, we are told, when that
emperour commanded in Britain for Claudius, that he fought
thirty battles, subdued two of the most powerfull nations, won
twenty towns, and brought the Isle of Wight under the Roman
obedience; of which actions, beside what might be said in the
lost books of Tacitus, he largely hints in his other pieces, that
when Claudius ruled, Vespasian's behaviour and successe in this
island shewed to the world his conduct and courage in the affairs
of warr.14
The same allso is taken notice of by Dio.15 From
his conquest of the Isle of Wight, it may be implyed the stage
of his actions here was in those countreys which border on the
south Channell, rather than in the north, since, therefore, the
clime, the soil, and the more ready conveniencys for foreign
trade and correspondence, might intitle this part of the land to
sustain as numerous, as stout, and as experienced a people as
any other, because Cæsar¹ takes notice that they not onely sent
aids to the Veneti in their revolt, but were wont to assist the
Gauls in most of their warrs against the Romans;17 and whereas
no historian afterwards mentions any disturbance given to the
Romans from the southern parts, we may conclude Vespasian
entirely subdued them, and that, before he left the isle, the
12
Ibid., lib. lx., p. 680."—R. G.
13 "Sueton. in Vespas., cap. iv.”—R. G.
14
"Tacit. Agric., cap. xiii. Divus Claudius auctor operis
Divus Claudius auctor operis . . . . fatis
Vespasianus." "Tacit. Hist., lib. iii., cap. Ixiv. Et Britanniam inclytas erga
·
•
15
. . adjunxit cæterarum."-R. G.
"Dion Cass., lib. lxv."--R. G.
16 "De Bello Gall., lib. iii. [ix.]
Socios sibi ad id bellum Osismios, Lexo-
vios, Nannetes, Ambiliatos, Morinos, Diablintes, Menapios adsciscunt; auxilia
ex Britanniâ, quæ contra eas regiones posita est, arcessunt.”—R. G.
17
"Ibid., lib. iv. [xx.] Tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, quod
omnibus fere Gallicis bellis hostibus nostris inde subministrata auxilia intel-
ligebat."-R. G.
SUSSEX.
215
methods he established for securing peace, were no way inferior
to those he had shown in making warr.
The Romans well knew that those who were strangers to
civility could not, without great difficulty, be kept in obedience ;
as soon therefore as the countreys they had conquered were
reduced to some degree of quiett, they endeavored to make the
people in love with their government by introducing their arts
and customes among them. From that inconsiderable instance
recorded by Pliny, 18 we may see how ready they were to oblige
the people under their power, with any curiosity that might
entertain their sences, in order to endear them to the authority
they had over them. He tells us cherrys were not known in
Italy till the 680th year of Rome, when L. Lucullus brought
them first thither from Pontus, and that in a hundred and twenty
years they were so increased that not only many other countreys
but Britain itself was supplyed with them, which must have been
about three years after Claudius himself had been here. The
usual landing place from Rome being then in your county of
Kent, that fruit, without question, was there first planted, and
the soil well agreeing with it may be the reason that the best
and greatest quantity of it is yet there to be had.
19
Agricola, in the second year of his lievtenancy here, when in
winter quarters, pursued the same maxims, which Tacitus calls
Saluberrima concilia, as may be inferred from an expression of
Cæsar¹⁹ conducive to the same end, to gain the Britains by mak-
ing them acquainted with the Roman manners. He not onely
in private perswaded, but publicly helpt and incouraged them to
build temples, places for common assemblys, and private houses,
after the Roman mode; but took care to have the principal youth
instructed in the liberall arts; he allured them to affect the habit
of the Romans; and last of all, to ingage them the more firmly,
helpt them to a tast of the Roman luxury and good fellowship,
by introducing the use of shady piazzas, baths, and their ways
18 “Plin., lib. xv., cap. 25."--R. G.
19
"De Bell. Gell., lib. i. [i.] Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgæ, prop-
terea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciæ longissime absunt, minimeque
ad eos mercatores sæpe commeant, atque ea, quæ ad effeminandos animos per-
tinent, important."-R. G.
216
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
of banquetting;20 but here Tacitus may be understood to speak
of what was done in the northern parts of this nation in order
to civilize them, where Agricola's presence was required; the
southern we may suppose was softened and quieted by the same
methods near fourty years before, when reduced by Vespasian.
From hence it may be inferred that should never any other
tokens of the antiquity of these works be found, yet would the
bath denote the age of the pavement, and set it near as high as
the most early time that the Romans had any real authority in
this island. 21
As by the losse of some of the Annalls of Tacitus we may
have been deprived of the most early history of this countrey,
so likewise for want of religious houses anciently founded in it,
there have been few or no accounts left of its circumstances in
the times next after the Roman authority expired here. Malms-
bury22 says that in his time there were onely the abbys of Battle
and Lewis here, and those not long erected. The earlyest mention
made of it, by Bede, 23 who informe us that Bishop Wilfrid, in
the year 678, being thrust out of his province of Northumbria
by King Ecgfrid, settled at Selsey in 680, and stayed five years
laboring in the conversion of the neighboring parts; but of what
else relates to this county, save the miserable ignorance of the
inhabitants, and the number of familys, he has left no account.
Bede spent the most of his time in the monasterys of Were-
mouth and Jarrow, and travelled little, so that considering the
distance thence to this countrey, and the different governments
and interests that lay between, he may be well excused for the
few particulars he has left us of it.
The next records we have to view are those of Ethelwerd, the
Chronicon Saxonicum, and Henry, archdeacon of Huntington.
But that you may the more clearly apprehend the ancient state
of this county, look into the best map of it you can gett; at the
west end of it you will find West Harting and Stansted, distant
from each other 6 or 7 miles. Imagin a straight line to be drawn
from a point at Harting to Bourn, near Pevensey, and another
220
21
"Tacit. Agricol., cap. xxi."—R. G.
"No consequence from this."-R. G.
22 "G. Malms, de Gestis Pontif. Ang, lib. ii."-R. G.
23
"Bedæ Hist. Eccles., lib., iv., cap. xiii."-R. G.
SUSSEX.
217
from a point which must be a little south of Stansted to Bright-
helmston; what lyes north of these lines24 is the Weald or Low-
land, formerly the Sylva Anderida; that which is comprehended
between these lines, and bounded by the sea from Brighthelmston
to Bourne, is the downs, so famous for their pleasant situation
and fruitfulnesse; the part south of these lines is a flatt champion
[sic.] ground ending like a wedge at Brighthelmston. These
two last parts were those onely that were inhabited in Bede's
time, they contained not more than two fifths of the whole county,
which must be the reason that Bede said Sussex25 consisted not
of more than 7000 familys or farms, whereas in another place
he computes Kent to have 15000 familys.
In these accounts above mentioned, 'tis agreed 26 that in the
year 477, Ella, with his three sons, Cymen, Wlencing, and Cissa,
landed his forces at Cymenes Ora (which from a charter of King
Cedwallas to the church of Selsey, the learned Camden27 proves
to be about Wittering, near Selsey), not farr from which he
routed the Britains, and drove them into the Weald, Andreds-
leige; their farther progresse is most distinctly and naturally
delivered by the archdeacon of Huntington, in these words:
'Saxones autem occuparunt littora maris in Sudsexe, magis
magisque sibi regionis spatia capessentes, usque ad nonum
annum adventus zoni, hinc verò cum audacius regionem in
longinquum capesserent, convenerunt reges et tyranni Britonum
apud Mecredesburne, et pugnaverunt contra Alle et filios suos
et ferè dubia fuit victoria. Uterque enim exercitus valdè læsus
et minoratus, alterius congressum devovens, ad propria remear-
Missit Elle ad compatriotas suos auxilium flagitans.'
unt.
This county having been invaded in the most western parts
of it by the Saxons, if what they did afterwards was to possesse
themselves of it, their progresse must have been from west to
east, and so much Henry of Huntington's words imply. He says,
farther, they were eight years about it, which, if we consider the
24 "N.B. These lines seem to confine the Downs too much, and extend the
Weald accordingly, about Lewes, and so on to the end."
25 "Bedæ Eccles. Hist., lib. iv., cap, xiii."-R. G.
26
"Ethelwerd Hist., lib. i., cap. 5. Chron. Sax. 477, Hen. Huntingdon
Hist., lib. ii."-R. G.
27
"Camd. Brit. in Sussex."-R. G.
218
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
circumstances of the countrey, 'twill be no great wonder it should
take up, unlesse their forces had been very great, which we have
no warrant from any history to suppose; for the Weald, then
uncultivated, must have been most difficult to passe even in the
dryest summers; the downs, like a wall with a terrace walk on
the top, have a very steep descent into it, their whole length,
excepting that every ten miles or thereabouts they have deep
channels through them to afford the rivers a passage into the sea.
Therefore what was then habitable being thus cantoned out into
so many parcells by the rivers, nothing could be more difficult
to gain than those cantonments, were there any forces to defend
the passes that should have been attempted, the rivers being deep
and muddy, and the morasses on each side broad and boggy,
hence we may conceive it was no very difficult task for the
Britains to defend, nor an easy one for the Saxons to gain the
countrey, and, indeed, the many old camps still to be seen on
the downs are an evidence that scarce any part escaped being a
scene of warr. Mr. Camden mentions but two, viz., Cissabury
and Chenebury; in the new edition of his works, Dr. Harris has
added three more, a Roman camp at the Brile, near Chichester,
St. Rooks, and Gonshill, near the western limitts of the county.
It may not be improper here to insert an account of the rest, in
which I shall first take notice of those which are on the north
edge of the downs, and overlook the Weald.
First, Chenebury, mentioned by Mr. Camden, 2 miles west
of Steyning, and about three north of Cissabury; 'tis circular,
its circumference is about two furlongs.
From Chenebury, eight miles east, over Poynings, is a very
large one, an ovall, not lesse than a mile round, accessible at one
narrow neck of land onely, and that fortifyed with a deep broad
ditch and a very high bank. I could never learn any other name
it has gone by than Poor Man's Wall, perhaps from its having
been a security to the distressed Britains.
About three miles east from thence is Woolsenbury, on a hill
projected beyond the rest of the downs, like a bastion, it comes
near a circle in shape, its diameter is a little more than a furlong.
Near three mile east of Woolsenbury, on the highest part of
the downs in that quarter, is a camp, near square, about 60
rods long and 50 broad, much like a Roman camp. The side
SUSSEX.
219
next the north is secured by the præcipice of the hill, which is
both very deep and steep; the other three sides have each their
portæ, after the Roman manner, still very visible. The ditch
seems to have been not less than eleven foot broad, but the ground
having been ploughed, the bank is but low; this is called Ditch-
ling, as is the old town under it.
Near 7 miles farther east, and a mile and a half from Lewes,
is the last on the north edge of the downs; it goes by the name
of Caburn, which perhaps is but a corruption of the British word
Cadir (the parish below still retains its British name of Glynd28);
this is a round camp, scarce three furlongs in circuit, its ditch
very broad and deep, and the rampart within very high. The
places where the tents were pitched are yet visible, which from
the strength of the outworks, intimates those within held it no
small time.
Near a quarter of a mile west of it, there is a strong work,
much larger but not so perfect, yett enough to show it was made
to secure a power that might be there to bridle those in the strong
camp, and prevent their making excursions toward Lewes.
The camps on the southern edge of the downs are St. Rooks,
near Chichester; Highdown, a small square, four miles east of
Arundell, in the parish of Goring; Cissabury, four miles south-
west of Steyning. Hollingbury is the onely one in the middle
of the downs, two miles north of Brighthelmston, and 3 miles
south of Ditchling, 'tis a square, the portæ still remaining, and
contains about 5 acres. A mile east of Brighthelmston, on the
top of a hill, half a mile from the sea, is a camp which has a
triple ditch and bank, this allso is square, onely the corners are
rounding, the outmost trench measures about 3 quarters of a
mile. In the parish of Telscomb, about 5 miles east of the last,
are two, but both imperfect; the cliffe is a south fence to one;
the other is a mile distant from it; their west sides are both
finished with able works; they were designed for squares, and to
contain ten or fifteen acres each.
At Meeching or Newhaven, on the point of the hills which
overlook the harbor's mouth from the west, is a fortification which
28
Glyn, a valley."-R. G. Glyn, Welsh; Glen, Gaelic, a narrow valley.—
Taylor's Words and Places, p. 502.
220
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
they call the Castle. Its banks are very high, the shape near
half ovall, containing about six acres ; formerly it might be much
more, because the cliffe, which forms the diameter, every year,
more or lesse, moulders away, and falls into the sea. Near a mile
eastward of Seaford is another, called allso the Castle, bounded
by the cliffe on the south, its figure is allmost semicircular, the
trench and rampire large, inclosing twelve acres. Three miles
east of Cuckmere Haven is the last, near a narrow passe coming
up from the sea called Burling Gap; it incloseth a hill named
Beltont, of a half ovall shape. The works have the same figure,
and measure about 3 quarters of a mile; the cliffe here allso
makes the diameter.
Though neither history or tradition has handed to us any
relation when any of these works were made, or by whom used,
except Cissabury by Cissa, yet from this view we may conceive
the calamity of warr once raged in all these parts, that the ground
was disputed inch by inch, that in the attack as well as defence of
it, the pickaxe and spade were as much made use of as the sword;
and lastly, that unlesse the aggressors were very numerous, eight
years was no long time taken up in dispossessing the antient
inhabitants of this fast countrey.
Some may imagin many of these camps were made by the
Danes, but by what may be observed from the history of those
times, that people seemed not to be so formidable an enemy as to
prolong warr by encampments. Their refuge was in their fleets
that allways attended them; so that when likely to be vigorously
opposed, they betook themselves to their ships, and suddenly
invaded another part where was lesse opposition; and what they
could not carry with them they consumed with fire and sword;
thus continually harrassing the nation by their rapacious and
hasty visitts, exhausted it of its riches and strength, and as it
were, imitating the quality of the faulcon, their ensign, flew the
prey to a stand and seized it.
The Archdeacon of Huntington, in the prologue or dedication
of his Annalls to Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, assures his
diocesan that he compiled his history from chronicles reserved in
ancient librarys; no question, therefore, when speaking of the
Saxons here, he had good authority to say as above cited, 'Magis
magisque regionis spatia capessentes,' and that no other mean-
SUSSEX.
221
ing could belong to it than that they carryed their conquest from
west to east, in longinquum, lengthways. Had they intirely
made themselves masters of the countrey, 'twould have been too
late, but before they had wholy gained it the Britains assembled
themselves against them; the Saxon chronicle has it prope;
Ethelwerd, justa; and Huntington, apud Mecredesburn, where
a battle was so hard fought that each side had enough on't and
retired. The Saxons were so diminished that Ella was obliged
to send for more forces. This action was in the ninth year of
Ella's reign, three years before Hengist's death, A.D. 485. It so
weakened Ella that we hear no more of him till he received his
supplys from Germany, which came not, according to Henry of
Huntington, till the first year of the Emperour Anastatius, three
years after Hengist's death, and six years after the battle, i.e.
A.D. 491. Being thus strengthened, Ella moved again, beseiged
Anderida, Urbem munitissimam,' in Huntington's words, at
last forced the place; by reason of the stout resistance the defen-
dants made, savage like, left not a soul alive, and razed the city,
which in Huntington's time remained desolate.
6
As to the field where the battle was fought, the Saxons extend-
ing their conquests eastward, it must in all probability have been
where they pusht on their victorys that the check was given;
and it being near Mercredsburn, this Burn near Pevensey may
be the place meant, since it sounds like the latter part of the
name, for there not being any Westburn 29 that it relates to, the
name of it may be rather Esbourn than Eastbourn; and likewise
that Anderida, the Britains last stake and support, was not farr
from it. 'Tis probable, therefore, that the battle was fought on
the downs between the camp last mentioned, at Burling Gap,
and East Bourn, for there are nowhere on the downs that I have
seen (and there are few parts of them that I have not viewed),
marks of a greater battle than there; because from the top of
that very high cliffe, by the inhabitants called the Three Charles,
and by mariners Beachyhead to Willington hill, which is four
miles, the ground is full of tumuli, or places of buriall, and in
many parts within that tract, where the position of the ground
seems to offer there. The learned and judicious Mr. Somner30
29
30
"There are two Westbourn's in Chichester Rape."-R. G.
"Somner's Roman Ports and Forts in Kent, p. 106."—R. G.
222
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
dislikes the site of Anderida should be fixt at Newenden, and is
inclined to fix some other place in Sussex for it, but from a
modest deference to the opinions of the learned Camden and
Selden, drops it. But let us see what our more elder historians
say of it. Henry of Huntington's words are, 'Et quia tot ibi
damna toleraverant extranei, ita urbem destruxerunt quod nun-
quam posteà re-ædificata est. Locus tantum quasi nobilissimæ
urbis transeuntibus ostenditur desolatus.'
3
Matthew of Westminster says, Locus autem civitatis usque
hodiè transeuntibus ostenditur desolatus. Mansit ergo ibidem
Ella cum tribus filiis suis et regionem illam, quæ usque hodiè
Anglicè Suthsex, Latinè autem Regio Australium Saxonum
dicitur colere cœpit.'
From the expressions above cited, it may be supposed the
ground where that city stood was not quite forgott in either of
those historians' time; Henry of Huntington, being the elder
by 200 years, had Newenden been the place, his words might
have been true in saying it was desolate; but it is very improb-
able Matthew of Westminster should have said so likewise, or at
least not have taken notice of the act of piety and charity of Sir
Thomas Abuger, who in his life time had newly erected a monas-
tery at Newenden³¹ for the Carmelites who came from Palestine.
But let that passe, what authority Mr. Camden had for saying
Hengist sent for Ella out of Germany to help him reduce Ander-
ida is not to be found. From the accounts above stated, and
others that might be produced, it is clear that Hengist was dead
three years before the siege was laid to Anderida. In the time
of Hengist's life we find for eight years Ella had enough to do
in Sussex, and the blow he had given him the ninth year, at
Mecredsburn, obliged him to be quiet the other two years of
Hengist, and till his succours, as above mentioned, came to him
from Germany. Besides, we have not the least. hint from any of
our historians that Anderida was an eye sore either to Hengist,
or his son Esk after him, or that Ella ever assisted the Kentish
Saxons, or the Kentish Saxons, Ella, in reducing it. Therefore
this must be onely a supposition of Mr. Camden, in order to
strengthen the notion of Anderida's being Newenden. Tak-
31 "Camd. Brit, in Kent, edid. 1695, col. 211."-R. G.
SUSSEX.
223
ing no notice therefore of that supposition, we may consider
Newenden is on the Kentish side of the river Limen, for so is
the Rother called in the Saxon Annalls, 32 and by Matthew of
Westminster, and the mouth of it named Portus Limeneus and
Limene by the Ethelwerd³3 and Henry of Huntington; and that
Kent having been subdued by Hengist and his sons near fourty
years before, the town at the mouth of the river Limen, and the
rest, if any, up the stream on the Kentish side, were allso part
of their conquest.
Furthermore, after it had cost Ella so much time, and pains
too, in reducing the plain ground of Sussex, 'tis not likely he
should call more forces out of Germany that he might lead them
30 miles through the difficultys of the great wood, which he
must have done if Newenden was the place, to besiege a city so
farr from his own residence, and in the Kentish Saxon limits,
especially if there is any heed to be given to the words of Matthew
of Westminster, afore cited, who after relating the sad fate of the
inhabitants and city of Anderida, immediately subjoyns · Mansit
ergo, &c.'
Ella and his sons resided there, i.e. in that part of
Sussex where Anderida was, and began to improve and cultivate
the countrey.
In the last place, from the use of Anderida made by the
Romans, it is not likely, as Mr. Somner³ judiciously observes,
that its place was at Newenden; for being one of the stations
under the lievtenant of the Saxon shore where forces were quar-
tered to have an eye on the sea whenever those pyrates came to
infest the coast, we may suppose it, like the rest of the garrisons
under that officer, conveniently situated for that purpose, as were
Brannodunum 35 Brancaster, at the north point of Norfolk, Gario-
nonum at North Yarmouth, or very near it, Othona, Ithancester
in Dengy hundred in Essex, some ages since swallowed up by
the sea; Regulbium Reculver in Kent; Rutupis Richburrow;
32 66 Chron. Sax., A.D. DCCCXCIII. Matt. Westm. Flores Hist., A.D. DCCCXCII.”
—R. G.
33 "Ethelwerd, lib. iii., c. 4. A.D. DCCCXCIII.
Reg. Ano. xix."—R. G.
34
Henr. Hunt., lib. v.
"Somner's Rom. Ports and Forts, p. 103.”—R. G.
35 "Not. Imper. Pancirol., cap. lxxiii."-R. G.
Alf.
224
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
E.
Dubris Dover; Lemannis, which from the Saxon chronicle36 we
must look for four miles east of Appledore, probably New Romney;
all near the sea, on ground which had a prospect full on the sea,
whereas Newenden lyes low, at least eight miles within Apple-
dore, on the turning of the river, where the land eastward must
have cutt off any prospect of the sea. To all this may be added,
that the Romans having a numerous cohort or batallion of the
Turnacenses in the garrison at Portus Lemannis, on the mouth
of the haven, we may suppose they knew how to husband their
strength to better purpose than to place another garrison to watch
the motions of the Saxon rovers, twelve miles up the river, quite
out of sight of the sea, where they could be of no service.
Those who would have the seat of Anderida to be at Hastings,
let them look on the words of Henry of Huntington, 37 Haraldus
Rex Anglorum eadem die reversus ad eorwic cum summa lætitia
dum pranderet audivit nuncium dicentem sibi, Willielmus dux
Normanniæ littora Australia occupavit et castellum construxit
apud Hastings,' and they will conclude Hastings was not a deso-
late place in the ages of the historians who affirm Anderida was.
If at Pevensey, that place was so farr from being razed by Ella,
that soon after the Norman conquest it remained a strong castle,
where Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and his forces sustained a six
weeks siege, and for want of provision were obliged to surrender
to King William the Second. At this time there is so much of
Pevensey standing, that perhaps it is the greatest and most entire
remain of Roman building anywhere to be seen in Great Britain.
From the arguments on the foregoing authoritys, Anderida
must have been some where in Sussex, not in the west but east
part of it, and not farr from the east end of the downs, near the
sea. From the bath, pavement, coins, and bricks, 'tis sure the
Romans had once an abode, and not a short one, at this place
near East Bourn.
From the large extent of the foundations about the place
36 "Chron. Sax., A.D. DCCCXCIII. Tum appulerunt [Dani] in Limeni ostium
cum ccc navibus; super eum fluvium traxerunt naves suas usque ad sylvam
quatuor miliariis ab exteriore parte æstuarii ibique expugnarunt quoddam
munimentum [scil. Apuldre]. It does not follow that Lemannis was at the
mouth of the river east of Appledore."-R. G.
37 "Henr. Huntin. Hist., lib. vi."-R. G.
SUSSEX.
225
where these were discovered, that there was a large town or city
there; from the common highth these foundations bear under
ground, that the buildings they supported were effectually razed;
and from the coals dugg up among the rubbish, 'tis evident part
of it was burnt, all which circumstances agree well enough with
the account given us of Anderida.
3
The situation likewise of a town here gives reason to suppose
it was a place of importance, and whence it had its name, no
part hereabout being any ways so convenient for a secure settle-
ment, or for such a use as the Romans might have occasion to
make of it. We are informed by Cæsar that the maritine parts
of Britain (speaking of what he saw, which was the south east)
were inhabited by people from Belgium, and that they called
their settlements by the names of the places whence they came.'
It was the opinion allso of Tacitus,2 that those who inhabited
next to Gaul, came from Gaul. And Bede says the tradition of
his time was, that the southern part of the island was peopled
from Bretagne. In the third and seventh books of Cæsar's
commentarys, mention is made of the Andes, a city, and people
belong to it among the Celta, inhabiting the sea coast.
varying the names of things, near 200 years after Cæsar, Ptolemy
calls that city Anderida, and near 250 years after him, when the
Notitia Imperii was in use, the classis Anderetiorum is regis-
tered, and the residence of their admirall fixed at Paris. From
whence it is to be inferred that though the capitall of the Andes
might have been Angers on the Loire, yet their countrey on
the north had the British Channell, and on the east the Seine, for
its bounds. The British coast about East Bourn is the nearest
of any to the mouth of the Seine, therefore, according to the
4
Time
1 De Bell. Gall., lib. v. [xii.] Qui omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum
appellantur, quibus orti ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt."-R. G.
2 "Tacit. Agric., cap. xi. In universum tamen æstimanti, Gallos vicinum
solum occupasse credibile est."—R. G.
3 Bedæ. Hist. Eccl. Gent. Angl., lib. i., cap. i. In primis hæc insula
Britones solum, a quibus nomen accepit, incolas habuit, qui de tractu Armori-
cano, ut fertur. Britanniam advecti, australes sibi partes illius vendicarunt."
-R. G.
5
4 "Urbs Acquitani aliter mimatum hodiè Mende. V. Baudr."-R. G.
"Pancirol. Comm. in Notit. Imp., cap. xc., pp. 179, 180.”--R. G.
P
226
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
usage before Cæsar's time, the name of Anderida is readily there
accounted for. Moreover this place seems most naturally seated
for giving an appellation to the great wood on which it joyned,
for as itself is on the shore, so allso the Sylva Anderida here
came very near the shore, and a large part of it might be seen
from the sea before it; indeed on the sea of Romney it might
be discovered, but then the distance was great; at all other parts
of the coast the sight of it from sea is hindered by hills or high
cliffes. Setting aside the want of a navigable river, the spott of
ground where this old town stood yields to none in the county
for importance and pleasure, for here, like a wedge, ends the
firm soil of the downs. Nature has shaped it like an equilaterall
triangle, having each side half a mile in length; towards the
sea, on the southern side, 'tis fenced by a low cliffe of 12, 15,
and in some places 20 foot high; in which cliffe is now to be
seen a strong foundation that has acute angles, which shows it
to have been for a fort rather than a dwelling house. On the
northern side is a morasse, with a large rivulet of very good
water; between the west side and the downs lies a small valley,
by which advantage there was formerly a harbour, capable of a
small fleet; the banks on each side are an evidence it was sunk
by industry; but by weeds and gravell from the sea, and by mold
annually added, as is observable" in valleys, it is now so raised
that it is never fludded but at high spring tides, when a strong
wind forces the waves into it. This harbor must have been a
good security to part of the west side, what other works might
have been, to guard it from the end of the harbor to the morasse,
cannot be said, by reason the ground between has for many ages
been in tillage. It is easy to imagin of what importance a town
fortifyed at this place must have been in those ages, when the
onely passe by land from the west to the east end of the county
was through it; for other there could not be for many miles
north, unlesse the lands in that tract, which are still very owzy,
had been well drained.
As the situation described rendered this place very strong, it
is withall very pleasant, for the ground is high enough for a good
prospect over the low lands adjoyning, and the countrey towards
6 "Philos. Trans., A.D. 1701, No. 274, p. 926.”—R. G.
SUSSEX.
227
Battle; besides, it has a commanding view over that bay which
is between Beachyhead and Hastings. If the use made of it by
the Romans was to guard the coast, there was this advantage to
be gained by it, that a centinelle on the top of Beachyhead, not
two miles from it, in a clear day, without turning his head, might
see the Isle of Wight, the hills in France, near Bulloigne, and
the Nesse in Kent, so that from the Nesse to Selsey it must have
been a very small sail that could escape his eye. It was my pur-
pose to have added a description of Pevensey Castle, together
with an account of some remains of antiquity discovered last
summer, towards the west end of this county; but having been
too tedious allready, must deferr that for the present, and sub-
scribe myself,7
Your most humble Servant,
Lanchester.
JNO. TABOR.
Longovicus or Lanchester, vide a discourse occasioned by
inscriptions found there, in the Philos. Trans., No. 357.
L. TIBBINS, TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY.-H. F. ST. J.
Norton, near Chichester, Augt. 23, 1740.
Dear Sir,
As I want words to express my sense of the obligation you
laid me under, when you enriched my little study with your most
ingenious and, as I think, most just restoration of Stone-Henge
to the Druids; so I hold myself bound to make use of every
opportunity that presents, to do anything that, I imagine, may
give you pleasure. Such an one, I dare say, has offered itself,
as will make further preface, or any apology, unnecessary.
7 Anderida was a city of great importance, and its exact location has been
much disputed. In this article Dr. Tabor has argued strongly in favour of
Eastbourn; but Somner was for placing it at Pevensey, which is remarkable
for its imposing remains of Roman buildings, and his opinion has been sup-
ported by more recent writers. Camden placed it at Newenden, in Kent;
Gibson at Hastings; and Baxter at Chichester. Mr. Elliott, of Lewes, was
inclined to place it at Seaford, and Mr. Ch. Verral, of Seaford, is also of this
opinion. The strongest argument against Dr. Tabor's view is that the Roman
city was called Portus Anderida, and Eastbourne is not a port.-See Horsfield's
Sussex, vol. i., pp. 48, 54, where the subject is discussed.
228
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
1
8
The world is already obliged to your very learned friend and
brother, Roger Gale, Esq., for writing, and to you, for publish-
ing in your Itinerarium Curiosum an account of a Roman inscrip-
tion, dug up at Chichester in April 23. They will be yet further
so, when you shall think fit to take notice of that above deline-
ated, which was discovered in the present year, 1740. I have
copied it very exactly, both in regard to the places and propor-
tions of the letters; but being a very bad drawer, I could not do
justice to the beauty and elegance of their construction. For I
think I never saw any so exactly formed and neatly cut.
the figure of the stone, it also might have been better drawn;
but the places where it was broken being truly represented by
black strokes, I hope you will accept it as it is.
As to
An old house in the East street, on the eastern corner of St.
Martin's Lane, being pulled down some days ago, in order to be
rebuilt; as the workmen were sinking the cellar, they found this
stone. It was broken into three pieces, I suppose, when the
edifice it belonged to was destroyed; but through good fortune
the 2 great pieces fell together with the legendary sides inner-
most, so that the letters are excellently well preserved. There
has been some barbarity used to part of it since it was dug up,
which I have awkwardly expressed by scratches of my pen; and
I am very sure the upper part was now broken through the O's
in Neroni and Claudio, as well as the little piece that divides the
I in Divi.
The stone is of a bluishe gray colour, and is of that sort Mr.
Gale calls "Sussex marble." It. Cur., p. 188. The workmen
will have it to be Purbeck stone; but no great regard is to be
had to their surmises. It was, when perfect, about 3 Roman
8
Found at Chichester, "in a cellar in East-street, at the corner of S.
Martin's lane." It appears to have been lost or destroyed.
NERONI
CLAVDIO. DIVI
[CLAVDI. F. GJERMAN [ICI]
[CAESARIS] NEPOTI. TIB.
[AVGVSTI PRONEPOTI DIVI
·
[AVG. ABNEP] CAESARI. AVG
[PM. PP. TR] PIV. IMP. PIV. COS.IV
[M . A . L.] S.c.v. M.
Hübner, p. 19, No. 12; see also Horsfield's Hist. of Sussex, vol. i., p. 43, edit. 1835.
SUSSEX.
229
feet one way, and 2 the other; and its thickness about one-
third of a foot, of the same measure. The face of it well smoothed;
and the letters, as before observed, exquisitely formed and cut;
but the back side was unhewn and rough, as fitter to hold with
the cement in the building.
As there were very large remains of antient foundations that
went under other houses, as well as this, I am inclined to think
they were those of some temple, according to the superstition of
those times, dedicated to the emperor Nero. And as Mr. Gale
very judiciously observes, so this will serve to confirm his opinion
that "Chichester, by these inscriptions found at it, must have
been a town of eminence, very soon after the Romans settled
here." It. Cur., 192.
I will not pretend (especially in a letter to a gentleman of
your great skill in antiquitys), to supply the lost parts of this
inscription, but I cannot help observing that if history had not
been so explicit as it is in the intermarriages, adoptions, and
descents of the Roman emperors, this stone had been a good table
of Nero's genealogy upwards to Tiberius. For that emperor was
his great grandfather, thus: Tiberius adopted Germanicus, son
of Drusus, his brother. Germanicus married Agrippina, daugh-
ter of Julia, by whom he had Agrippina, the mother of Nero, by
Domitius Enobarbus. And though his proper name was Domi-
tius Nero, yet when Claudius, his predecessor, had married his
mother, he adopted him into the Claudian family, and caused
him, by a decree, to be called Claudius Nero. These particulars
the Roman historians assure us of; but this inscription, in a very
concise manner, authenticates them. That Nepos is used for
grandson, and pro nepos for great grandson, we have the autho-
rity of Tully; but that you know much better than I do.
Now I am upon this subject, I must send you a copy of a
coin in brass, of the emperor Faustina. It was dug up as they
were sinking a cellar under a house that was pulled down and
rebuilt last summer, near the house aforementioned, and in the
same street.
This medal is of the younger Faustina, the empress of M.
Aurelius Antoninus, her hair being tyed up behind; whereas
her mother Faustina's hair is said to be wreathed on the top of
her head. O. Walker on Medals, p. 219. I never saw one of
230
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the elder Faustina's; but this seems to me to be the medal
described by the abovementioned author, p. 223. For though
the reverse is much decayed, it looks as if she were set in a divine
magnitude between 2 lesser heroines. And the S which is plain
on one side of her no doubt had a C, though effaced, on the other.
In respect whereof, and because not only the senate decreed the
highest honours to her, but Antonine himself built a temple for
her, in the town wherein she dyed, and founded a society of
young virgins, whom he maintained, and called Faustinians. I
shall not be surprised if in some future re-edification at Chichester
we find, as the effect of British adulation, temples and inscrip-
tions to her memory there.
I shall hereafter, more carefully than I have done, attend
the pulling down of all houses, &c., in that city; and I shall be
sure to give you information of everything worthy of observation;
as the best method I know of demonstrating myself,
Dear Doctor,
Your most assured humble Servant,
L. TIBBINS.
P.S.-I perceive the NI in Germanici is ill expressed in my
draught. This is more proportionable, N, for the last stroke was
much taller than the first. I must communicate to you a phancy
that is just come into my head, since I wrote this letter-that if
in the last line the broken letter was part of an M, instead of an
IV, the V. M. might stand for Nobis Mutuantonis, or Votis
Mutuantonensium; and so confirms your ingenious conjecture
of the Roman name of Chichester. It. Cur., 194. But “
fumo dare lucem" is your prerogative, not mine.
ex
ROGER GALE, TO SIR JOHN CLERK, UPON THE CHICHESTER
INSCRIPTION.-H. C.
While I was lately at London I received a copy of an inscrip-
tion, or rather of its fragments, very lately found at Chichester,
dug up in East street, in a cellar at the corner of S. Martin's
lane, and very near the spott where the former was disinterred
that is published in Philos. Transactions, No. 379. The stone
of the same sort of Sussex marble, and the letters of the same
SUSSEX.
231
cutt and size as those, very beautifull, and coeval apparently to
them, or at least but a very few years after. You will see by
the inclosed draught how miserably it has suffered, and how I
have endeavored to supply the defects which, I think, I may
safely say, I have done very exactly and truly by the help of an
inscription in Gruter [p. cxviii. 2]. The lines and prickt letters
will show you how much of the stone is lost, but the greatest want
in it is of the dedicator's name, were it either of a person or a colle-
gium, and seems to me as if it was never expresst on this stone by
the compleatnesse of the letters and the want of room for more,
except it lyes latent under the s. c. V. M., and then it will be very
difficult, if not impossible, to uuriddle them. I rather think those
letters denote no more than Solvi curavit votum merito, and that
the dedicator's name might be cutt upon some adjoyning stone,
still lost. The most remarkable passage in it is IMP V. Nero
having never been stiled, as I can find, more than IMP. III., but
this perhaps may have been occasioned either by the flattery or
ignorance of the erector or sculptor so remote from Rome.
ROGER GALE.
P.S.-The finding of the OTHO you mention is a little surpriz-
ing, that specifick coin having allways been deemed supposititious;
but its having been discovered with others of various sorts under
ground, without any suspicious circumstances, as I suppose, must
plead in its favor.
SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE.-H. C.
Upon an overly view of the inscription from Chichester you
have sent me, I cannot well see that it can admit of any allter-
ations or additions than what you have given it, however at
another time I shall send you anything I can remark about it.
As to my OTHO, I am really persuaded that if it be a false one,
it is at least as old as the time of Valentinian, being found with
some of his other coins; besides, it appears most demonstratively
that the draught of a Paduan I have, is copyed from it, or one of
the same kind. This appears plainly from the distance of the
letters. That medall with sc in a laurell is certainly the most
authentick, but Monsr. Patin acknowledges one smaller of bronze,
232
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
with the adlocutio, to be ancient likewise; this is no doubt the
very coin I have gott.⁹
JOHN CLERK.
9
30 Aug., 1740. I received from Mr. Tibbins, of Norton, by
Chichester, the inscription lately dug up there (at Chichester),
at taking down an old house in East street, the eastern corner of
S. Martin's lane. They dug it up in the cellar in a broken con-
dition.
This is as Mr. Roger Gale supplyed it in a letter to me, to
whom I communicated it. I sent my thoughts upon it, together
with his, to my friend and patron the Lord Bishop of Chichester.
I observe the imperial titles TR. P. IX. IMP. IV. cos. IV., fix the
date of the inscription to the Varronian year of the city, 815,
beginning 13 Oct., and taking in the major part of the next year,
the 63d of the Christian era. The title IMP. IV. not elsewhere
observed is peculiar to our island, because the preceding year
Suetonius Paulinus, the emperor's lieutenant in Brittan, obtained
a signal victory over the famous Boadicia, the British heroin.
Again, I observe, as to the time of setting up this inscription, it
was full two years after S. Paul had been set at liberty from his
first imprisonment at Rome, when he executed his resolution
mentioned Rom. xv., 24, of coming into the western world.
Epiphanius, Chrysostom, Cyril, and Theodoret, expressly say
that he did preach in Spain. The latter adds that he brought
the Gospel to the isles of the ocean. S. Clemens, who was his
cotemporary and fellow laborer, says he went to the utmost
bounds of the west. Sophronius and Venantius Fortunatus
mention Brittan by name; so that by considering this evidence
and the chronology of his life, there is all the reason in the
world to believe he might preach in Brittan this very year of the
city, 816, when this inscription was set up.
Further, by reflecting on this inscription and that other found
here at Chichester, which Mr. Roger Gale and myself transcribed
anno 1724, it appears that the Roman city here at this time was
in a most flourishing and stately condition, situate near the sea,
on the southern shore of the island, commodious for landing
9 There are no senatorial bronze coins of Otho. The second bronze coin
in the Florentine collection is a restitution by Titus.-Humphreys' Coin Collec-
tor's Man., vol. i., 324.
SUSSEX.
233
from the southern parts of the world. If we add to this con-
sideration the names mentioned in that first inscription, there
may be the highest probability that S. Paul preached in this
very
city of Chichester, and that the Roman governor's family were
some of the first fruits of the Gospel he here gathered.
Ussher, Stillingfleet, Fuller, and our other writers in ecclesi-
astical history in Brittan, have long since spoke of Aulus Pudens
and of Claudia Rufina, a British lady, St. Paul's converts, both
thought to be those mentioned by our Apostle in his II. Epistle
to Timothy, iv., 21. "Eubulus greeteth thee, with Pudens and
Linus and Claudia." This Pudens is by our writers, Camden
and others, called Aulus Pudens, the same person, or perhaps
his son, who in the former Chichester inscription is said to be
the son of Pudentinus, and to have given the ground here whereon
they built the temple to Neptune and Minerva. Claudia is his
wife. She is celebrated (or perhaps her daughter) by Martial
for an elegant and polite Roman lady of British birth, in the
verses I quoted in my Itinerarium, p. 193.
193. Linus is he that was
consecrated first bishop of Rome. Claudia most likely was
daughter to Cogidubnus, rex Legatus Augusti in Britannia, men-
tioned in the first inscription, and we may well suppose that these
illustrious persons carryed S. Paul with them from Chichester to
Rome, from whence he wrote this Epistle to Timothy which men-
tions them. The learned in the evangelical chronology agree this
epistle was wrote the second and last time of his being at Rome,
and not long before his passion.
This inscription10 is on a pedestal which had a statue of the
goddess upon it. Mr. Roger Gale and I viewed it in York last
July. It was discovered the 4 Apr. preceding, as some work-
men were digging a cellar just within Micklegate bar. In July,
1731, at Middleby, in Scotland, an inscription was dug up,
BRIGANTIAE . S . AMANDVS, &c., in Horsley's Britan. Rom. p. 192,
where s probably denotes sanctæ, as in our inscription. 'Tis
likewise in the appendix to Gordon's Itinerar. Septent. I take
Brigantia and Britannia to be the same word, only the former is
in a more northern dialect.—Diary, vol. iv., 8.
10
BRITANNIAE SANCTAE P. NICOMEDES AVGG. N. N. LIBERTVS.
emperors were no doubt Severus and Caracalla.
The two
234
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
L. TIBBINS TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY.-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
*
*
Norton, nr. Chichester, 9 April, 1741.
*
*
*
In perusing some old deeds, to make a title to an estate on
the banks of the Lavant, I perceive that the villes of Hampnet
and Streetington, as they are commonly written, are mispelt in
mapps and other public charts. For the former, especially East
Hampnet,¹¹ is, in old deeds, written Antonet, and Hantonet; but
oftenest Antonet. And the West Hampnet, generally Hantonet.
So that they being, the one upon the banks of, and the other near
to, the Lavant, are strong evidences that that rivulet was one of
the antient Antona's. But that which best pleases me in the
observation is that Streetington, which is both on the Stan-street,
Roman way, and on the banks of Lavant, is in these old deeds.
written Streetanton; to be sure the orthography. Its in vain
then to look for Mutuantonis anywhere but at Chichester. 12
I forgot to tell you that at East Antonet there are remains of
an old fort, called Oldbury. If your dissertation on the inscrip-
tion I sent you is not published, this may be of some use.
I am, dear Sir, your most humble Servant,
L. TIBBINS.
P.S. On what authority does the author of the new map of
Sussex call Shoreham river R. Adur? Was the Portus Adurni¹³
thought to be there? I wish there were as strong evidence of
the name of that, as our river; then Portus Adurni would not
be to be sought.
11 East Hapnett, a tithing appended to the parish of Boxgrove, purchased
during temp. Elizabeth, by Edward Peckham, Esq., descended from the Peck-
hams of Talden, Kent. In 1674 the manor and estate were sold by John
Peckham, to Sir George, afterwards Lord Chancellor, Jefferys. The property
afterwards passed to the Turnours (Earl Winterton).-Horsfield's Sussex, vol.
ii., 58.
12
Chichester is indisputably Regnum. Mutuantonis is said by other writers
to have been Lewes.
13 Alderton, opposite to the old mouth of the Adur, is thought to have been
the Roman station of Portus Adurni. The source of the Adur is in the parish
of Nuthurst. The river passes through Beeding and Bramber, and thence to
Shoreham harbour and the sea.-Horsfield's Sussex, vol. i., 7.
SUSSEX.
235
DR. STUKELEY, RELATING TO SOME COINS IN LORD SANDWICH'S
POSSESSION, AND LORD PEMBROKE'S COLLECTION.-H. C.
I dined on Thursday with Mr. M. Folks; Lord Sandwich
was there, whom I had visited before, and made a small acquain-
tance withall; he is a keen lover of antiquitys, and has brought
a great collection of coins from Cairo, &c., among them two
Neros with Poppæa, Claudius, Messalina, &c. At Mr. Folks's
we looked over our old friend Lord Pembroke's collection of
large brasse, now in his keeping, in order to putt them in due
scite, and rectifye the prints made by Haym. I took notice of
the OTHо.
'Tis Antiochene s. c. on the rev. in a laurel. Mr.
Folks thinks it dubious as to the genuinenesse, and says Star-
bini, from whom my lord had it, was a great rogue.14 Mr. Folks
has made a pretty model of Stonehenge in wood; he and Mr.
Ward have each of them wrote something upon the Chichester
inscription, but I have not yett seen it.
WM. STUKELEY.
22 Jan., 1740-1. At the Royal Society. Lord Petre gave
a paper wherein is an account from Burton,15 in Sussex, of the
bones of an elephant, lately found there in digging, under the
natural earth, 8 or 9 feet deep. Most of the bones were found.
The animal was full grown, and of an enormous size. The two
tusks were found about 9 foot long each; two lesser tusks, the
grinding teeth, &c. The bones were not much in situ, but dis-
jointed. The two tusks were 20 foot asunder from each other;
both tusks and bones were rotten and fryable through long age.
Sir Hans Sloan recited a like case of an elephant's entire sceleton
found in a sand hill in Germany. Part of the scull was sent to
him, full of cellular apartments in the outward part to render it
light, as is observed in the scull of that animal. The sand hill
was dug away for the use of the neighborhood, and discovered
this antediluvian curiosity.-Diary, vol. iv., 26.
14
"This model of Otho was also sent to me; the head upon it was plainly
a Nero's, though the legend about was of Otho. The rev. of it had been pur-
posely battered, and so defaced that nothing could be made of the figure or
letters upon it. All connoisseurs that saw it were of the same mind."—R. G.
15 Burton, 6 miles east by south from Midhurst. Were found in 1730, teeth
and bones of an elephant, which were given to Dr. Langwith, rector of Pet-
worth.-Gough's Camden, i., 198.
236
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
WESTMORELAND.
MAURICE JOHNSON, ESQ., TO ROGER GALE, OF URNS FOUND AT
ELMHAM, IN NORFOLK; AND SWORDS, &C., OF BRASSE,
FOUND AT AMBLESIDE, IN WESTMORELAND.-H. C.
Spallding, Decbr. 28th, 1741.
I thank you, good Sir, for the inscription of the altar found
at Boulnesse, as do our Society, with their reguards to you. This
museum has been enricht lately with a small embossed and figured
urn, with burnt bones and ashes therein, of some young person
of distinction, sent us by a member from Elmham, in Norfolk,
whence we had a larger but ordinary one before. My friend
Mr. Bertie, who has an estate in Westmorland, and is a member
of our Society here [Spalding Soc.], sent an account of 2 broad
swords, one sharp-pointed sword, a spear point, a staff bottom,
with Celt or chissel, all of fine, tough brasse, found in a
bundle together, at Ambleside, 16 last summer, which he takes
to be Roman, but I conceive to be all British, chiefly because
I believe the Romans had the use of iron long before their
first descent into this island, and had disused that other metall
for such sort of arms; and likewise because I believe the
tribunes' swords or parazonia were the onely broad swords used
by the Roman soldiery, the rest being all mucrones, strong, stiff,
sharp-pointed, stabbing or thrusting swords. I remember some
such line as [sed] prior æris erat quam ferri cognitus usus;
[Lucretius, lib. v., 1285], and that the brazen præceded the iron
age; but when the Romans had the general use of the latter
metal I know not, though I conceive from the marbles, and other
designs of theirs left us, that the swords I have, which were dugg
up between Stamford and us, and are short, stiff, stabbing
weapons of good steel, are Roman, and belonged either to the
forces quartered here under Lollius Urbicus or D. Catus,¹ who
16 See Archæologia, vol. v., p. 115.
17
Tacitus tells us that the Trinobantes, having been goaded into rebellion
by the insolence of their Roman masters, who occupied Camulodunum, attacked
that town. The inhabitants applied to Catus Decianus, the procurator, who
commanded in the absence of Suetonius, to help them, but he gave them such
inadequate aid, that the Britons captured the town, and destroyed the temple
dedicated to Claudius. Catus deserted his post and fled into Gaul.
WESTMORELAND.
237
both left their names to bridges, channels, and places where they
built forts in these parts.
THOMAS ROUTH TO REV. DR. STUKELEY.-H. F. ST. J.
Revd. Sir,
Carlisle, May 7th, 1743.
18
Agreeable to your request to my father, I have endeavoured
at something of the situation of the great stones at Shapp.
Beginning at the place they make their remarkable turn, I
measured their respective distances, greatest heights, and largest
circumference (which I have set opposite to each stone), except-
ing the very last, which appeared to be between 3 or 400 yards
from my last station, and about the same distance from the abbey.
The numbers added together make near a mile and half, which
perhaps may have been the original length. The stones are of
a very particular sparking grit,19 with large veins of a reddish
colour, and 'tis said will take a very beautiful polish. The neigh-
bouring fells or moors, I am told, abound with such, and I
observed great numbers of them, though small, scattered up and
down throughout the fields adjoining to the row of stones,
which probably may have remained after the work was fini-
shed.
Beyond where the stones make their turn, there are 4 ovals
or circles of small stones, and seemingly an appearance of the
double row having been continued to them, but the stones are
only small, so that they are not to be depended on; there is like-
wise a small circle of them a little beyond the brook. Several
of the stones have been broke and removed to furnish materials
for the walls along their course, and one of the largest I saw was
shattered all to pieces with gunpowder about a year ago, which
is the reason they stand much more regular before they reach
the town and enclosures than after. There remains not the least
tradition for what purpose or use these stones have been erected;
nor seems to have been any for an age or two ago, for in an old
18 For a careful examination of the monument as it exists, see Proceedings
of the Society of Antiquaries, Second Series, vol. x., 313.
19
Shap-Fell granite.
238
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
description of the counties of England, and which a person at
Shapp obliged me with a sight of, I met with the following
account in Westmorland: "It is thought that some notable act
of atchievement hath been performed here, for that there be huge
stones in form of pyramides, some nine foot high, and fourteen
foot thick, ranged for a mile in length, directly in a row, and
equally distant, which might seem to have been there pur-
posely pitched in memory thereof; but what that act was is
not now known, but quite worn out of remembrance by time's
injury."
I took notice of one or two that were fallen, that their lower
parts have been smoothed for a base to stand on.
There are
several stones, though of no great bigness, of this same grit,
which is very particular, for a considerable way on the road
towards Penreth, seemingly lineal, but whether placed with
design or natural, I am not able to determine.
I am informed that near a moss, between Kirkoswald and
Brampton, there is a similar circle of stones20 to these at Salkeld,
but less in proportion.
I shall be extreamly glad if what I have done should in the
least answer the expectations of your reverence, but am much
affraid, it being the first thing of the kind I have attempted, it
will be scarce possible not to have fallen into numberless faults
and errors, but I hope as it will come into so eminent a hand,
they will easily be rectified so as to become intelligible. I shall
be glad to be favoured with your commands in whatever alter-
ations or re-examinations you chuse to have made, which I shall
execute with the greatest pleasure, as well as any other command
you will please to lay upon,
Rev. Sir,
Your most obedient and most humble Servant,
THO. ROUTH.
P.S.--The interval between the opposite rows was about 24
yards, which I have doubled at the turn of the stones, fearing it
would otherwise have appeared too much crouded.
20
Probably no longer existing.
WESTMORELAND.
239
THOMAS ROUTH, "TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, AT STAMFORD,
LINCOLNSHIRE."-H. F. Sr. J.
Revd. Sir,
Carlisle, Jany. 19th, 1742.
Last post I received this enclosed, not without great surprise,
as I expected it had reached Stamford long before. I left it
when in Yorkshire, to be sent to the post house, and am informed
by the gent I left it with that it had been mislaid by accident,
and forgot so long that he thought it would be better to transmit
it to me than to forward it to your reverence, as it had laid so
long, as he imagined you would wonder at the oldness of the
date, without you were acquainted with the reason of it. This
is the letter my father took notice of in one he wrote to you some
time ago, and which we imagined you had then received. He
presents his most humble service, and would be glad to hear you
and your lady are well.
I am,
Your Reverence's most obedient humble Servant,
THO. ROUTH.
THOMAS ROUTH, TO REV. DR. STUKELEY.-H. F. ST. J.
Rev. Sir,
Thirsk, Oct. 17th, 1743.
Agreeable to your commands I went and reviewed the great
stones at Shap, which appear almost exactly conformable to the
sketch you were pleased to give us of Abury.
The southern Avenue, where the smaller circles are, termi-
nates, according to your opinion, on high ground, and the
northern on lower, towards the abbey. Near the middle of the
town of Shapp, the ground rises with a considerable ascent,
which on the S. and W. sides seems somewhat circular, but not
the least appearance of a ditch and vallum on the outside of it,
that I could discover; nay, even here the large stones preserve
their paralelism, crossing the highish ground near the western
limits, and directing their course towards the abbey, nigh which
they make a gentle turn to the east, where probably the tail of
the snake may have been; two large stones which yet remain,
f
240
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
and are at a considerable distance from the rest, seem much to
favour such a supposition, from their having the appearance of
a circular situation; though even nigh a mile beyond where the
inhabitants imagine the row of stones ended, I found several of
the same sort of stones standing paralel, and still declining to
the N.E. (particularly on one side, there were 3 very large ones
placed triangularly) pointing to a piece of high ground, which
seemed to have been surrounded with somewhat like a ditch and
vallum, but its distance is so far from the rest that I was not
able to make anything of it.
I could neither find nor hear of such a thing as a tumulus on
the west side. The Force-beck rises about a mile to the east-
ward of the avenue, which it crosses, and falls into the river
Lowther about the same distance to the westward. The spring
of this brook is called by the country people Anny (or St. Agnes')
well, and is the same that is particularized for its ebbing and
flowing by Mr. Gordon in his Geographical Grammar, though I
am credibly informed by some that have attended it frequently
out of curiosity, that this report is without the least foundation.
If one may presume to judge from appearances, there seems to
have been several other avenues, of lesser stones, of the same
grit, besides the great one.
One is to be traced a considerable way towards Penreth;
tradition reports it reached as far as Arthur's Round Table; and
Maberg, you know Sir, is in that neighbourhood. Your curious
account has given great pleasure to those of our acquaintance
whom we have obliged with the perusal of it (of several of whom
I had made enquiry concerning it, agreeable to your request) for
tradition was become so weak and uncertain, as it needs must in
so long a series of time, that your learned conjecture is the first
rational account any has hitherto been able to obtain, to point
out the real design and use of this noble antiquity. There are
a great number of large stones of the very same grit at a town
called Beamont, upon the wall of Severus, about 4 miles to the
westward of Carlisle, from which there is a very extensive pros-
pect, it standing upon exceeding high ground.
My father desires his most humble service to your lady and
self, and bid me acquaint you that you can't do him greater
pleasure than in obliging him with your commands in whatever
WESTMORELAND.
241
he can be of the least service. He begs your acceptance of his
best thanks for the obliging present of your manufacture you are
so kind as to offer to send him; if you please to direct it to Mr.
Turnbull, merchant, at the foot of the Side, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, it will not fail to come safe to hand.
I should have been glad that my experience would have
enabled me to have answered your expectations more agreeable
to my wishes, but as I had never seen anything of this kind till
the other day that I had the pleasure of inspecting your curious
draughts of Abury and Stonehenge at his honour Gale's, I am
affraid the best account I shall be able to give will scarce bear a
perusal without very great indulgence to,
Rev. Sir,
Your most obedient and most humble Servant,
THO. ROUTH.
DR. STUKELEY, ON THE FAMILY OF GALE; THE STONES AT SHAP,
IN WESTMORELAND; ARTHUR'S OVEN, COIN AND URNS
FOUND AT STANFORD; AND ACIDULE AT HOLT.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Stanford, Sept. 24, 1743.
Mr. Gale, parson of Linton-in-Craven, was here t'other day.
I have a MS. of his father's before me relating to your family,
and many other matters serious and comical, accompanyed with
drawings. He speaks of your father's illnesse and death. I find
there the Mary Gale that marryed to one of my ancestors; her
brother marryed a sister of the antient family of the Thorold's,
of Hough, by Grantham, from whence probably the acquaint-
ance began.
I have gott a vast drawing and admeasurement from Mr.
Routh, of Carlisle, of the stones at Shap, in Westmoreland, which
I desired from him. They give me so much satisfaction that
verily I shall call on you next year to take another religious
pilgrimage¹ with me thither. I find it to be, what I allways
supposed, another huge serpentine temple, like that of ABVRY.
The measure of what are left extends a mile and a half, but with-
1
Never accomplished in consequence of Gale's death.
Q
242
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
out doubt a great deal of it has been demolished by the town,
abby, and by everything else thereabouts.
The demolition of Arthur's Oven2 is a most grievous thing
to think on. I would propose, in order to make his name
execrable to all posterity, that he should have an iron collar put
about his neck like a yorke.
3 At each extremity a stone of
Arthur's Oon, to be suspended by the lewis in the hole of them.
Thus accoutred let him wander on the banks of Styx, perpetually
agitated by angry dæmons with ox goads, "Sir Michael Bruce
wrote on his back in large letters of burning phosphorus.
""
The coin found by the workmen in my yard was a small
copper one of Constantinus Mag., rev. VOTIS XX., on a shield sup-
ported by two Genii. It is very fair, lay 7 or 8 foot deep, by an
urn or two inclosed in hewn stone.
We have lately found out a new water at Holt by Upping-
ham, which Dr. Short says is preferable to Scarborough. It is
of the true acidulæ of the ancients, being acid and aluminous
very strongly.
Ambleside.
23 Sept., 1747. Mr. Bertie, of Essex, says he has several
brass swords of different lengths, and a Celt of the received kind
and loopt, all found in a moor at Ambleside.-Diary, vol. vi., 94.
WILTSHIRE.
ROGER GALE, "TO DR. STUKELEY, TO BE LEFT AT WM. SKRYNE'S,
ESQ., AT THE BATH, IN SOMERSETSHIRE."-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
London, July the 11th, 1723.
The letter I received from you last Monday has made me
wish myself a partner in your discoverys, and the good company
you have enjoyed, and that you had been a little more particular
2
See postea, under Scotland.
3
Yoke. This term is frequently used in old churchwardens' accounts for
the wooden stock to which bells are attached, e.g., "paid to George Smith for
iron bands to the bell yoakes."—Kirkby Malzeard, Yorks., 1604.
'Agreed with
John Addinall for wood for a york, and for yorking and hanging the great
bell."-Doncaster Par. Accts., 1692.
WILTSHIRE.
243
in severall things you mention in it, for the tast you have there
given me of your observations and improvements of what we saw
when together in that countrey, that continues to open such new
scenes of antiquitys, has given me the utmost impatience-I will
not say for your return to town, because the longer you stay
abroad, the more will my curiosity and that of your friends be
gratified-but to be satisfyed in allmost every thing mentioned,
especially your new observations from the top of Stonehenge, and
that which you promise me; and you may depend upon my call-
ing upon you, the first time I meet with you, to explain allmost
your whole epistle. I am glad you have purchased a nag, since
I don't doubt your making the best use of him, and we shall have
you come home like another Columbus from the discovery of a
new world. I hope your course back will lye through Chiches-
ter, that we may be at some certainty as to the reading the noble
inscription lately found there; you may not onely take Win-
chester in the way, but make a visit to Carvilius,* who told me
he should be at Wilton about this day fortnight, when I was with
him last sunday night. There has nothing of moment happened
at your lodgings, except the coming thither of two of your ten-
ants with money for you, out of Lincolnshire, which they would
not leave in your absence. Last night I examined the lottery
books, and cannot find the tickets you had of me are yet come
up, so that you have certainly escaped the 10,000l., and your
good fortune is yet in embryo. My humble service to Mrs.
Skryne, and wishing you all successe in the lottery that still is
left for the fortunate, as allso in your searches after the rites and
buildings of our ancestors, Celts, Britains, Romans, and other
composers of the true born Englishman,
I am, dear Doctor,
Your most obliged friend and humble Servant,
R. GALE.
Nobody here has yet seen Mr. Twining's book, nor have I
much impatience for it, from the account Mr. Nicholas gives of
it, who says the author derives the name Cunetio from Cuneus, a
wedge, and to prove his etymology, has given a draught of Abury
in that form. I leave you to judge what is to be expected from
4
See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, Surtees Soc., vol. ii., 229 n.
244
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
5
this. I saw t'other day a draught of a kistvaen, in Cornwall,
called Trevetheig, ¿.e., The Giant's House, a perfect figure of
what Kits Coty House must have been.
EARL OF WINCHELSEA, "FOR DR. STUKELEY, AT THE CATHERINE
WHEEL, AT ABURY."-H. F. ST. J.
From Cunetio,6 July the 12, 1723.
Dear Brother and venerable Druid,
I prevent our brother Segonax's writing, but with his com-
pliments I must pay his thanks for your letter and design of the
famous camp on Oldbury Hill, with your description of it. I
have put a copy of your drawing into my Journal.
I have a favour to desire of you if you have an oportunity of
sending me a letter, and time to write it before we leave this
place, which will be on Tewsday next. I would desire of you
to draw me the two cercles, one the great one which surrounds
the village of Abury, the other the outward cercle of the temple
of earth at Overton hill, without any of the other cercles, and
these only scratched out without compasses or any measure
in single lines, with the avenues which go both ways, and these
each with a single line (without any mark of the stones). I
desire this because I cannot perfectly recollect how they lye to
the grand work, particularly how that runs which goes to Beck-
hampton. Excuse this trouble. I have services from Lady
Hartford and all friends there to send you. We all wish, if you
cannot come sooner, that you would come heither on Monday
evening, and you may from hence as easily go by the Bath coach
next morning as from Abury.
We mett at a gentleman's where we dined to-day two Mr.
Nicholas's, one a brother of Mr. William Nicholas, the latter his
cosen, who intends to call upon you at Abury, next Sunday, after
5 Trethevy Cist, Parish of St. Cleer.
Folly Farm, near Marlborough, which Sir R. Colt Hoare, in his Hist. of
Ancient Wiltshire, part ii., p. 90, distinguished by the name of Upper Cunetio.
At the foot of the hill there is another camp, which he called Lower Cunetio,
in the parish of Mildenhall, and regarded as the Cunetio described by Antonine
in his Iter between Bath and London. In Upper Cunetio a bronze figure of
Venus, and pavements, were found.
WILTSHIRE.
245
I
dinner. We all congratulate your pleasure at the camp;
should have told you before that Boadicia's service was sent to
the Druid; but I must add, not the Boadicia that was ravished.
I am, your very affectionate brother and humble Servant,
Excuse a thousand hasty blots.
DR. STUKELY TO ROGER GALE.-H. C.
CINGETORIX.
Bath, July 22, 1723.
Not before last Satturday I arrived at this strange place. I
staid a whole fortnight, lacking two days, at Abury, all alone,
and with great pleasure, having by great diligence at last gott a
full understanding of that most amazing work, of which before
I had but a faint glimpse. I have purchased 3 Brittish beads
and 3 teeth of a Brittish lady dug up in a barrow near Overton
hill; but what I am wonderfully delighted with, in making a
way up Silbury hill, by Mr. Holford's order, they found a strange
iron chain of an unusual bulk, make, and unaccountable use, on
which we must summon a cabinet councill of antiquarys to deli-
berate. In digging at the top of it to sett some trees, they took
up the bones of the great king buryed there, and a Roman coyn
or two, which I doubt not were dropt by accident, as many more
all about this countrey, for I have discovered the whole Roman
road from Marlborough to the Bath; it runs close by Silbury
hill, and I think the settlement of Verlucio is undoubtedly at
Heddington, for severall reasons I will show you at my return,'
where all the distances may be cleared up naturally. I have
luckily met with a most uncontestable proof that these Barrows
were upon the spot when the Romans made the road, and conse-
quently the Temple of Abury and its appurtenances, but to think
7
"Not at all satisfactory."-R.G. Verlucio has been placed by Gale at
Westbury; by Horseley at Lackham; by Reynolds at Spye Park; by Dr.
Beke at Lackham; and others have supposed it to have been situated near
Warminster. It is said, with more probability, to have been at High Field, in
Sandy Lane, near Heddington.
8
"The Roman road runs with a raised ridge over one of these barrows."
-R. G.
246
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
9
that a work of theirs, with Mr. Twining, deserves no answer; to
give you one instance, I will onely tell you he thinks Silbury
erected in honor of Titus the emperor, and that a stile leading up
to it is called by his name; I enquired about this stile in Abury
town, and found it called 'Coiter's Stile,' and a lane so denom-
inated from a blacksmith who came and lived there from Salis-
bury, as I am informed by those that knew him. I went to
Heddington and Devizes, and saw Wm. Cadby's gods found
there, which are miserably represented in Dr. Musgrave's plates
of them. I traced, too, a great deal of the Wansdike. My
Lord Winchelsea and I were again at Great Bedwin, which I
think I once told you was Leucomagus,10 according to my notion.
The Devizes I take to have been Punctuobice, the latter part of
the word is still retained, and Pottern town and hundred still
retain the former. Lord Winchelsea, Lord Hartford, and the
ladys came one day to visitt the Druid as they called me; I
treated them on the top of Silbury with a bowl of punch. Lord
Winchelsea was with me the whole day, and helpt me to measure
till he was tired to the last degree. I have found out innumer-
able kistvaens, coves, and the Lord knows what besides. I dis-
tinguished 7 or 8 sorts of Barrows about this work, and immense
numbers of them everywhere 3 miles round this place. In short
a fortnight was not a quarter enough to see everything, and I
know I visited Oldbery Castle" of the Romans, and another castle,
upon the Downs, of theirs, and severall other works, but expect
not to see Chichester this bout, my stay has been allready so long
9
10
See his Belgium Britannicum.
"Bedwyn," said Aubrey in his Wiltshire Topog. Collections, "hath its
denomination from the great barrow there, which is of chalk, as much as to say,
the white barrow or sepulchre," but there is no large barrow to be seen.
Stukeley's name, Leucomagus, as an equivalent, is unmeaning. See Canon
Jackson's Edit. of Aubrey, p. 372; also Guide to the Brit. and Roman Antiqui-
ties of North Wilts, by Rev. A. C. Smith, 1884, p. 200. "Leucomagus and
Punctuobice, being placed by Ravennas just before Venta Silurum, seem rather
to have been Loghor and Cowbridge, in Wales, and that there are any remains
of their names as above, is mere fancy.-R. G.
11
One of the finest earth fortifications in Wiltshire. Originally it was a
British camp, much strengthened by those who occupied it subsequently. It
contains an area of 25 acres.—See Hoare's Ancient Wilts; and A. C. Smith's
Guide, p. 94.
WILTSHIRE.
247
that I propose onely to reach Stanton Drue and take an account
of the Celtick Temple there, call on Carvilius Magnus, and so
home; but to Chichester I should like to go directly from Lon-
don. As for Stonehenge, I was but hurryed there, as ever before.
I design next year to go by myself, when I expect to ripen the
notions I have just conceived of it, but not fully made out for
that reason; Abury I am perfectly satisfyed about, though every
morning it afforded me a new pleasure, both from contemplation
of its vast extent and magnitude, and from finding every minute
that I had hitt upon the founder's whole intent as I really believe,
and have little more to do there, so that I shall finish it in another
year. The discoverys I mentioned to you in my former, made
by me at Stonehenge, are that the whole work is an oval, and
no part of a circle; that the compages or sides of the cell are of
different higths rising gradually towards the upper end or alltar,
as likewise the small obelisks accompanying them. That the
second range of lesser stones does not consist of pyramids, but
flatt stones, and several other particularitys of this nature which
I can onely hint at present.
I heard this day of a great amphitheatre¹² in Cornwall, and a
great Roman road, different from the fosse in Devonshire, which
I shant have time now to see, no more than severall other Roman
works in this neighbourhood. There are severall stones demo-
lished at Abury since I was here last year, and this winter the
remainder of Kennet Avenue is threatned. The parsons about
this countrey have a fortnight's meeting here at our landlord's;
I was their chaplain one day, and they design to subscribe to
my work. I have taken a world of drawings about it, in order
to preserve it that way as much as possible, and with much pains
have found out the Avenue¹³ from Beckhampton, though allmost
totally extirpated by that horrid depopulator Richard Fowler,
and other sacrilegious wretches. If the Lords of the mannors
hereabouts were but a little advised of the matter, a stop might
easily be put to this vile, and no ways advantageous practice,
even to themselves. They all own the stones are cheaper fetcht
12 This amphitheatre is no doubt that which still exists at St. Just.
13
The avenue from Beckhampton existed only in the fertile imagination of
Stukeley.
248
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
off the Downs, and when they have made houses of them, they
are so damp as to rott all furniture near them, though they have
a foolish notion that burning them [in order to break them in
pieces], in part cures their sweating, which I endeavoured to
refute. Indeed I am in hopes that when I have printed an
account of them the world will be tempted to take more notice
of them, and so for profitt sake spare the remains of this most
memorable and most magnificent structure, which in the whole,
for greatnesse of design, exactnesse of execution, curious inven-
tion, and good proportion, comes not short of any works of anti-
quity I have read of in any nation.
I am ravisht at this amazing phoenomenon of nature, the
Bath waters, which I believe will often tempt me down this way,
together with the great store of curiositys of all sorts, which raise
my notions of our countrey to such a highth, as not to wonder
at the immense pains the Romans took to adorn it, and improve
this island, which they seemed to have reckoned another Italy.
My Lord Hertford and Winchelsea are mighty eager to meet
you at a prætorium, where several knights and squires are to be
nominated for companions.
I don't know whether I told you I have found a bit of the old
Roman castrum¹¹ of Cunetio, at Marborough, but from thence
the Roman road runs in a very streight line to Heddington, and
so to the Bath, and the Fosse there, which I saw again with great
satisfaction, having parted with it last year at High Crosse, or
Benonis, in Leicestershire. I think from the top of Heddington
hill the Way is the sweetest prospect I ever saw; the Roman
Way and Wansdike come this way partly together. The mean-
ing of Wansdike I find to be derived from the Welsh Gwahan,
Separatio, Limes, and not from any fancyed Woden ;15 it is
undoubtedly a British work of very early date; was it not
thrown up by the Belge against the ancient inhabitants, or was
it not made even before their coming into the island, since the
materialls of Stonehenge are all fetched north of it, and conse-
quently out of an enemy's countrey, if this was a line of partition
"Lord Hertford assured me this was nothing but a bank that ran at the
end of the gardens belonging to some houses lately demolisht, and it appeared
so to me when I was there in August, 1725.”—R. G.
14
15
Wansdike, in Wilts, was Wodnes dic. Taylor's Words and Places, p. 341.
WILTSHIRE.
249
1
between the first inhabitants and the Belge? I should be glad
if
you would think of these matters, whose judgement will be
allways of the greatest weight with me; indeed we must all club
our heads together to do some-what in this affair worthy of the
subject, and when I come home we must contrive to gett sub-
scriptions, for the plates will be an extravagant charge. I have
taken a drawing of the Bath, I mean the king's and queen's, with
all the stewed figures in them, and design to steal brother
Cheyne's phyz, which I think are the onely modern raritys I
shall find. I chopt upon Julius Vitalis, all the rest of the anti-
quitys are destroyed. 16 Pray excuse this farrago, and remember
me to all friends. I am just drinking your health in a swinger
of limestone thea,17 and am,
Yr., &c.
DR. STUKELEY, AT MARLBOROUGH, TO ROGER GALE.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
July 26, 1723.
You won't wonder I am still in this place when I enjoy the
pleasures of Marlborrow Castle, and your brother knight's com-
pany, the noble Segonax¹8 and Cingetorix, 19 with others; the 2
first desire their service to you, one to renew, the other to begin
an acquaintance with you.
However, I have not been idle, for we rode by Cæsar's camp
again. I took a drawing of Spinæ Cunetio, and a famous kest-
vaen20 I found near this place, exactly like that of Kits Coty
house, and which explains what is there ruined; likewise a dozen
great stones, as big as those at Stonehenge, in the Roman road
between Marlborough and Devizes, which seem to have been a
circle. We took the measure of a famous Roman camp, called
16 "A mistake."-R. G.
17 "Bath Water.”—R. G.
18
Lord Hertford.
19 Lord Winchelsea.
20 In Clatford bottom, on the right hand, not far from the road leading
from Marlborough to Devizes. It is now in a dilapidated condition, and never
resembled Kits Coty House in construction.
250
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
1
Barbury,21 upon a hill overlooking the wide extended plains (as
they seem of the Dobuni), and this day we measured a vast camp
on Martinsall Hill,22 of great compasse, and lovely prospect. I
have found here an angle of the Roman camp, properly called
Cunetio, on which my Lord Hertford's house stands, out of the
circuit of the present castle. But all this while I have not told
you that Lord Winchelsea and I went to Stonehenge, and spent
there compleatly two days and a half with great pleasure. My
lord, who was sufficiently prepossest in favour of a hexagon, upon
first sight pronounced the cell oval; we had much help, and took
I believe among us 2000 measures,23 so that I have fully settled.
the ground plot upon its true basis. We went both upon the
architraves of the cell with a ladder, and till then I knew not
half the wonder of that stupendous pile; from thence I made a
sketch of the work that few will examin again; but I observed
severall and curious particularitys about it more than ever, and
especially one thing extraordinary which will surprise you. We
visited Mr. Haward, the owner, and I stole his picture, which I
will have engraven for a head piece. I saw the barrow Lord
Pembroke opened. They open barrows thereabouts every day,
and find severall curious things. On Monday I sett forward for
Abury, by myself, and hitherto Lord Winchelsea has been so
extreamly good as not to let me club with him. We visited
Great Bedwin agen. I took away a drawing of it and Wans-
dike, and some more monuments there. We rode over Temple
Downs, where I guesse, by the many stones and the name, was
21
A grand fortification, in a very strong position, defended by nature on
three sides, and must have been very secure from attack, when strengthened by
its last occupants. Originally British, it was probably occupied by the Romans,
and later by the Saxons. Area upwards of 12 acres. Here it is thought was
the scene of action between Cynric and Ceawlin on the one side, and the Britons
on the other, A.D. 556, recorded in the Saxon chronicle: " Hoc anno, Cynricus
et Ceawlinus acrè dimicabant contrá Britannos ad Beranbyrig."-See Hoare's
Ancient Wilts, Northern District, pt. i., p. 41; and A. C. Smith's Guide, &c.,
p. 190. According to others, the battle is supposed to have been fought at
Banbury, in Oxfordshire.-See Scarth's Rom. Brit., Append., p. 228.
22
A large camp, inclosing an area of 31 acres, upon a lofty hill overlooking
the Pewsey vale.
23
Stukeley has given the result of these measures in a well executed plan
to scale, in a volume of his sketches, &c.
WILTSHIRE.
251
one of your monuments,24 but I was in a coach, and could not
hunt it out. There are indeed so many curiositys of all sorts
hereabouts, and which I hear of every day, that one might spend
a year very well to take an account of them, yett how few take
notice of those things, though they live upon the spott. Lord
Winchelsea has workt very hard, and was ravisht with Stone-
henge, it was a great strife between us, which should talk of
leaving it first.
I am, your most humble Servant,
WM. STUKELEY.
ROGER GALE, "FOR DR. STUKELEY, AT THE RIGHT HONBLE.
THE EARL OF PEMBROKE'S, AT WILTON, NEAR SALISBURY."
-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
London, July the 30th, 1723.
This I hope will meet you at the glorious palace of the great
Carvilius, where the curiositys you will be entertained with will
crown the diversions of your instructive journey, and where I
heartily wish I could have had the happinesse of paying my
respects to the most worthy possessor of them, while you are
enjoying the noble entertainments of the place; but as matters
go with me at present I can onely desire you to make the tender
of my best services acceptable to his lordship, and wish you all
the satisfaction the person, the house, and your own hopes can
propose to you. I hope however that your stay will not be very
long there, your letter from Bath having raised a great impatience
in me for your return there, being severall particulars in it that
I want to discourse you of. I once saw a strange sort of a chain
dug up near a barrow in Yorkshire, I fancy not unlike that you
mention. By a collar of iron at one end of it, we guest it to
have been used for the punishment or detention of some male-
factor, it being of an exact dimension for a human neck. I wave,
as you do, saying anything about the situation of Verlucio till
24
In Temple Bottom may be seen the remains of a megalithic monument.
It occupies the corner of a field, near some farm buildings on the estate of
Rockley. In 1861, the Revs. A. C. Smith, rector of Yatesbury, and N. J. Spicer,
rector of Byfleet, together with the editor of Stukeley's Diaries, &c., excavated
the spot, and found calcined and unburnt human bones, a bone chisel, &c.—See
Proceedings of Society of Antiquaries, Jan. 11, 1866.
252
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
your return, but cannot forbear giving you my opinion that
Punctuobice was in another countrey, it standing in Anonymus
Ravennas (the onely author that names it), immediately before
Venta Silurum. Caer Gwent, in Monmouthshire, and in the
next county of Glamorgan, is a market town and hundred called
Cowbridge, which being put into Welsh will be Pont-y-bwch,
literally Pentuobice; and to prove Cowbridge a Roman town I
will give you an observation of Leland's: "Inter Cowbridge et
Cornton sternitur via quæ Britannis mitter ouer audit," ie.,
milliare aureum, and was no doubt a Roman way leading through
Cornton to Neath, Nidum, and so to Logher, the Leucarum of
Antoninus, and Leucomagus of Ravennas. I own Cimetzone,
that immediately precedes Pentuobice, has a great resemblance
of Cunetione, but so many other circumstances concurrring make
me believe this to have been a different town, perhaps Swanzey,
and as the word Cunetium must, in the ablative, form Cunetio,
not Cunetione, that is a farther confirmation of the distinction.
The vast number of barrows you have found about Abury, in my
mind prove it undeniably to have been a religious place, and of
the same nature as Stonehenge, the ancient Britons having been
desirous of being buried in such numbers round them both. I
suppose there is but one body in each tumulus about Abury, as
at Stonehenge, since you speak as if there was but one skeleton
dug up when the tree was planted upon Silbury hill. The proof
you mention of these tumuli being cast up before the Roman road
was laid, will be a great step towards asserting them to their true
authors, the old inhabitants. I find by the farther account you
give of Mr. Twining's book, that it will be a ridiculous perfor-
mance. Your derivation of Wansdike from Guahan is certainly
right. What you tell me of the oval figure of Stonehenge, and
the shape of the stones, with their gradual rising, is truely sur-
prising. I very well remember the two stones in the second
circle, opposite to the N. east, are flatt broad stones, and no ways
pyramidall, and stand a little within the line of the circle, which
I took to be so designed as some distinction of the chief entrance.
I am afraid you wanted a proper guide at the Bath to show you
the antiquitys, since you onely saw Julius Vitalis; those men-
tioned in Cainden were all preserved, though a little dirty, in the
town wall, when I was there; Julius Vitalis, as all other anti-
WILTSHIRE.
253
quitys of late, was found at Walltown, a little town half a mile
on this side of Bath, and your enquirys there would have pro-
duced you the most satisfaction. I don't remember whether the
ditch or hollow at Wodensdike is towards the Belge or the adver-
sary, the placing of that will discover which of them threw up
the bank to protect them from the other. The materialls of
Stonehenge being fetcht north of it are a good argument for that
work being erected before the coming of the Belgæ, but none
that this dyke was made before their arrivall, for it is not prob-
able it was done when you had nobody here but the original
Britains themselves, who were the builders of Stonehenge, and
the countrey then all open, without any division or enemy in it.
I am, dear Doctor,
Your most obliged friend and humble servant,
R. GALE.
You will see by the beginning of this that it was wrote before
I received yours from Wilton. When I mentioned meeting you
at Winton to my lord, I did not think your return this way
would have been so soon. I am sorry I cannot wait upon his
lordship and yourself at Wilton so soon as desired, nor indeed
while you can stay there as I believe; for affairs now are so
ordered that I cannot purpose leaving this place for many reasons,
both publick and private, before the 24th of next month. I beg
once more my most humble service to his lordship.
Your other ticket is come up a blank.
ROGER GALE, "FOR DR. STUKELEY, AT THE RIGHT HONBLE. THE
EARL OF PEMBROKE'S, AT WILTON, NEAR SALISBURY."
FREE. L. SMELT.-H. F. Sr. J.
Dear Doctor,
Augt. the 15th, 1723.
I should have wrote to you by this post had I not heard from
you by the last, to know what was become of you, and if my
coming to Wilton was indispensible, as I now find it is. I will
therefore prepare all matters for my journey, but find as things
fall out that it must be the 29th before I can wait upon his lord-
ship, then I hope not to fail, and in the meantime beg you will
make my best services acceptable to him. I cannot but envy the
254
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
entertainment you must allready have had both at Willton and
in the neighboring countrey, but as they are inexhaustible mines
of curiosity, I promise myself still a great deal of pleasure, and
that as you are now master of everything that is curious there,
that I shall be readily let into the whole, and by your instruc-
tions soon recover my lost time. I hope your reviewing Stone-
henge will save you another year's pilgrimage to those sacred
remains, and that you will now be able to give us that and Abury
together, soon after your return to town. I gave you an account
before my last that the other ticket you had of me was come up
blank, if you had more than two I am ignorant of the numbers ;
I have inclosed all the letters that have been left at your lodgings
except two from the College of Physicians. I suppose they are
now of no great importance, so shall bring them with me, and
am, dear Doctor,
Your most humble Servant,
R. GALE.
MR. WM. GEORGE TO THE EARL OF HERTFORD, CONCERNING A
ROMAN PAVEMENT FOUND IN LITTLECOTT PARK, 2 MILES
WEST FROM HUNGERFORD, IN WILTSHIRE, BELONGING TO
MR. POPHAM.-H. C.
My Lord,
1730.
I most humbly beg leave to acquaint your lordship of a
noble Roman pavement now layd open in Littlecott park; I have
not yet cleared off all the earth to the outsides. I guesse the
entrance to be at the west end, where is a large figure about
5 foot radius, something representing a scollop shell, with an
antick head for its centre. Next to this is a large square above
12 foot on a side, bordered with plaited wreath-work, within
which is a circle as large as the square will contain. On the
centre of this circle is a small circle about 4 foot in diameter.
The large circle is quartered down to the periphery of this small
circle; these quarters and both the circles are encompassed with
the same plaited wreath-work. The quarters of the large circle
are filled up with different figures; in the first quarter is a
WILTSHIRE.
255
man riding on a leopard;25 in the next is a woman riding on a
bull; in the 3rd is a woman riding on a goat; and in the 4th,
one riding on a hind: in the small circle, in the middle, is repre-
sented one playing on the harp.26 The next partition to the afore-
said great square is a piece of plaited work, about 2 foot and ½
wide, representing matting, which reaches quite crosse the floor.
Next to this is another partition, about a yard wide, wherein.
are represented 2 leopards pawing at each other, with a branch
hanging between them. Next to this is another large partition,
encompassed with plaited wreath-work and a sort of double
chain work, much like the border of the pavement found at
Stunsfield27 near Woodstock; and this partition is quartered with
the like double chain work, and the quarters encompassed with
plaited wreath-work. In these quarters is a round figure, some-
thing like roses; the corners are filled up with triangles and
diamonds, and small checquered squares. This partition is about
10 foot wide and 12 foot long. Next to this is a small border of
triangular work; after this another partition, about 2 foot wide,
bordered with plaited wreath-work: this partition, as do all the
others, runs acrosse the floor, and is about 12 foot long, and has,
in the middle, a large bowl with 2 handles, represented to be
finely enameled, and full of a deep red liquor; on each side of
the bowl is a fish, not unlike a dog-fish, gaping and pawing with
his two feet at the bowl, and waving his tail; behind these is a
shark fish, gaping and waving his tail. The next and last par-
tition is a fine checquer of brown, red, and white dice, as are
likewise the borders on both sides of the floor, except the border
over against the large circle, which consists of circles interwoven
within each other. The whole pavement28 is above 40 foot long,
25 Bacchus seated on a leopard was a popular subject, and perhaps indicates
a love of conviviality. It is found on the pavements of Leadenhall Street,
London; Thruxton, Hants; Stonesfield, Oxfordshire; and Frampton, Dorset.
The Littlecot pavement was discovered by Mr. W. George, steward to Edward
Popham, Esq., two feet under the surface. It is now unhappily destroyed, but
an exact drawing of it was taken by the steward at the time of its discovery.-
See Hoare's Ancient Wilts, part ii., p. 117; and Wright's Celt, Roman, and
Saxon, p. 203.
26
27
Orpheus playing on the lyre.
Stonesfield.
Engraved by Mr. W. Fowler, of Winterton, and included in Mr. Lysons's
Britannia Romana.
256
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
1
and above 20 foot wide. I am preparing to delineate the work,
but the weather is so cold that I can hardly use my compasses.
ROGER GALE "TO DR. WILLIAM STUKELEY, AT GRANTHAM, IN
LINCOLNSHIRE." FREE.
FREE. L. SMELT.-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
London, April the 19th, 1729.
I must own myself to have been long indebted to you for
the favor of yours of Febr. 4th, but if ever hurry of busynesse
and no time to enjoy himself, and the conversation of his friends,
have been a just plea, I have it now to make for my silence.
Besides the plague of a chancery suit about my estate at Cotten-
ham, wherein I have had all the pitifull little tricks, that the
chicanery of that court will admitt of, played upon me; at the
same instant that I received yours, I had the sollicitation for a
good living for my brother, in Yorkshire, devolved upon me,
which employed all my time as well as thoughts in running from
one place to another after my own and his affairs, that I have
been allmost jaded to death; but at last have brought all to a
happy conclusion, this being the day of his induction, and of my
adversarys signing me a release of all their pretensions.
I have not in the least forgott your old client, the ædituus
Bremetonaci, whose turn now stands the first in my book, and
he shall be sure of the first vacancy that falls to my disposall. I
like your correction extreamly of Tunnocelum into Itunocenum,
and am very impatient to see Mr. Horseley's performance, which
I hear is in good forwardnesse, above half the plates being
engraved. From the conversation I have had with him, and the
character he bears, I promise myself the pleasure of severall
discoverys, though I find he has his fancys as well as others of
our fraternity. There has been the finest pavement discovered
lately in Mr. Popham's park, at Littlecott, near Hungerford,
that the sun ever shone upon in England; it is about 40ft. long
and 20 broad, the figures most beautifull and well preserved.
The ground is now clearing from it by the care and expence of
Lord Hertford; and if you are impatient for a description of it
before the whole is layd open to view, I will send you that which
WILTSHIRE.
257
his lordship received at the first discovery of this curiosity. I
hope to see you at Grantham about the end of August, and if
you will then take t'other trip along the Picts wall, or even to
Edenbrough, it shall go hard but I will attend you thither, I
dare say the good baron will make us wellcome. I beg the
favour of you to search your church at Grantham, and if there
is any epitaph upon Samuel Burnett, lately vicar there, to send
it to me by the first opportunity; as allso the like of Joshua
Clerk, if there is any memoriall of him at Somerby, about a
mile or 2 from Grantham, and so little more than a walk to you.
Lord Pembroke has been much out of order with an ague and
feavor, though he will not own that he has been out of order in
the least. He has not been abroad since you saw him, and I
think he visibly declines; you must make hast if you intend he
should leave a Herbert in your family, to which I wish all health
and prosperity, and am, dear Sir,
Your most faithfull friend and humble Servant,
R. GALE.
Is it not an objection to Juliocenous being Imnocellum, Boul-
nesse, that it stands in Ravennas, immediately before Gabro-
centium and Alauna, Gateshead and Alnwick ?
MR. HORSELEY TO ROGER GALE, CONCERNING AN ANCIENT CUP
OF COPPER, FOUND IN CLEARING A WELL, NEAR FROX-
FIELD, IN WILTSHIRE, A.D. 1726, AND SOME ANTIQUITIES
IN NORTHUMBERLAND.-H. C.
May 1, 1729.
I am honoured with yours the 29th ult., and am obliged
above measure both to my Lord Hertford and yourself, and shall
not fail to make a due acknowledgement of the favor. I thank
you allso for your offer of sending the other draught you have
of the antique cup' to Mr. Ward, and beg you will be so kind as
1 This bronze cup is described in McCaul's Brit. Rom. Inscr., p. 203;
figured in Horseley's Brit. Rom., No. 74; Bruce's Roman Wall, 2nd Edit.,
p. 252; and Hoare's Ancient Wilts., pt. ii., p. 121. It was discovered in a
well, on the site of a Roman villa at Rudge, between Marlborough and Hunger-
ford, and is in the possession of the Duke of Northumberland.
R
258
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
to do it at your own convenience, and that you would name the
dimensions of this cup, if you know them. It may be justly
called mysterious; instead of divining by it, it will require, I
think, a diviner to explain it. The three first words are certainly
designed for Aballaba, Axellodunum, and Amboglanna, though
the writing and spelling these names on these cups be different
from that in the Notitia Imperii, I look upon to be the most
doubtfull of any in the whole series of those stations that are
rigorously upon the line of the wall, which series I believe ends
with Tunocellum (probably Itunocellum), the Promontoriolum
Itunæ impending, as your incomparable father2 justly and truly
describes Boulnesse to be.
Aballaba, according to my scheme, is somewhere between
Cambeck fort and Stanwix, in Cumberland. I at present most
incline to fix it at a small Roman fort near the villages of Old
Wall and Bleatern, the smallnesse of the fort being the onely
objection that I am aware of. Axellodunum happens, accord-
ing to the series, to be Burgh-on-the-Sands, which is seated
upon a high ground, and where I saw some remains of the
ramparts, and mett with other undeniable proofs of a station.
The fort at Drumburgh (Gabrosentum) is yett all of it visible
and distinct.
Amboglanna, you know, is proved by numerous inscriptions
to be Burdoswald.
There is a station near Aydon Castle ana Halton, about half
a mile from Portgate, that has been to my great surprise univer-
sally neglected, though the remains and other evidences of this
station are beyond exception; and Camden himself has given
us an inscription (the originall of which is yett remaining at
Conington) that plainly proves this very station to have been
the ancient Hunnum, as it comes to be according to the course
of my scheme. I know not what to make of the last words
in the inscription on the cup. Can all these be the names of
severall forts which the owner of the cup commanded, or where
he had performed some notable exploits?
I am glad my copy of the Greek inscription at Corbridge was
acceptable to you and Mr. Mattair. I have not the happynesse
2 "In comment. in Antonini Itin., p. 34."-R. G.
WILTSHIRE.
259
to be personally acquainted with that gentleman, but I am not a
stranger to his character, nor the publick proofs he has given of
his learning and industry. The remaining letters in the inscrip-
tion upon the alltar at Lanchester are pretty distinct, but through
some unlucky situation of the stone there is not the least vestige
of a letter upon part of it; and the capitalls that remain are
common both to Greek and Latin, excepting an Q, which is the
onely decisive letter left. There is allso a p, but this might be
for I 0, as I have seen it in more inscriptions than one, par-
ticularly on a stone now in a library at Edenborow. The inscrip-
tion will be in my collection, in which every fragment I could
meet with is to be inserted. I thank you for your ingenious
hint concerning the DEO HERCVLENTI; the stone was not found at
Ribchester in Lancashire, but at Riechester in Northumberland.
I hope in a little time to have all the stones in my own possession
that have been lately discovered there. I am, &c.,
JOHN HORSLEY.
R. GALE TO MR. HORSELEY, CONCERNING THE ANTIQUE CUP
FOUND IN A WELL NEAR FROXFIELD.-H. C.
June 12, 1729.
I was out of town upon some busynesse, in Cambridgeshire,
when the favor of your last came to this place for me, and did
not return home till last week, which is the onely reason yours
has layn thus long unanswered, and for which I hope you will
excuse my silence. I have, as you desired, sent a draught of
the cup found in the well near Froxfield, now in my Lord
Hertford's possession, to Mr. Ward, at Gresham college, with
the dimensions of it, which are exactly the same as those given
in the print of it. The smallnesse of this vessell added much at
first to my uncertainty of what could be the design of it, but
now I fancy it might have been used as a common patera for
libations by the towns whose names are expressed round the top
of it, when they mett together upon any solemn or emergent
occasions; or, as they sometimes did, for mirth onely and feast-
ing, as was customary among the ancients, as well as the moderns
from neighboring towns. Why might not there be a fœdus,
allyance, or society formed among these five neighboring places,
260
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
and perhaps a festivall observed annually, or more frequently
among them, when they joyntly made a libation out of this com-
mon patera, in token of their friendship and unanimity, and for
their generall prosperity? Give me leave to observe to you
that besides the names of Aballaba, Uxelodum, and Amboglanna,
you have allso Banna and Mais expressed upon the edge of this
cup, and you will allso find the 2 last in company with Uxelo-
diano and Avalaria in the Anonymus Ravennas, p. 147, post
Antonini Itiner. Avalaria, in the French Kings' and Vatican
MS., is wrote Avalana; you know how minute the difference is
in MSS. between the n, the u, and ri, so that the same word
may have been easily wrote Avalana, Avalava, and Avalaria,
the second of which I take to be the true reading from the
Notitia Imperii, confirmed by the inscription on this patera.
I believe, therefore, that it ought to be read in the following
manner, all the names being putt into the oblative case:
A MAIS ABALLAVA VXALODVMO AMBOGLANS BANNA.
Mais and Amboglans for Amboglanis are pluralls, severall
names of towns being onely used in that number. What passes
for the c before AMBOGLANS I take to have been an o at the end
of VXELODVMO, by which means it will be so read; and the sence
of the whole inscription, that this patera was consecrated to their
common use by the severall towns mentioned round the edge
of it. The pateræ were made of metall, as well as a fine earth,
though the latter are more usually mett with.
You need not give yourself any trouble about the Greek
inscription found at Lanchester, since it is so much obliterated
that you can scarcely discern whether it is in that language or
not, you may excuse yourself the trouble of sending it to me :
but I make no doubt of your taking notice of it in your great
work, if it is onely to show us that there have been more than
one inscription in that tongue found in this island, where indeed
it is very strange that we should have any at all.
As for the inscription, DEO HERCVLENTI,³ lately discovered at
Riechester, I take it to be the very same as if it had been DEO
HERCVLI, and the termination ENTI to be onely a metaplasmus,
See pages 97, 98.
WILTSHIRE.
261
after the Greek manner, as in the words Τιμῆς Τιμῆντος, Κλήμης
Κλήμεντα, Πέδης Πέδεντα, &c. Something like it you may see
in other inscriptions, as Chryseti for Chrysæ, in Reinesius's
Syntagma Inscr., p. 909.
R. GALE.
MR. HORSELEY, TO R. GALE, CONCERNING THE ANTIQUE CUP
Found near FROXFIELD, AND THE GEOGRAPHUS Ravennas.
-H. C.
Sir,
Morpeth, 19 June, 1729.
I received yours of the 12th instant, and thank you for the
trouble you have taken in sending the print of my Lord Hert-
ford's cup to Mr. Ward. I thank you allso for your conjecture
about the inscription on that cup; I much admire it, and think
it more promising by much than anything that has yett occurred
to myself. But since the receit of yours I have thought of some-
thing that will perhaps add some farther strength and beauty to
your conjecture. I confesse I could never yett obtain of myself
to pay any great reguard to the namelesse geographer of Ravenna;
your learned father's opinion and your own was the onely induce-
ment with me to have any for him at all. But this antique cup
may procure him some more favor and esteem; for no doubt
Banna in him is the same with Banna on the cup, and both I
believe to be the same as Petriana in the Notitia Imperii.
Ravennas, in p. 147 of your edition, is manifestly setting
down the stations per lineam valli, or as he expresses it in his
barbarous language Civitates quæ recto tramite de unâ parte in
alia, id est de oceano in oceano. The series in this geographer
must, I think, be designed for the same with the series in the
Notitia Imp., and in the same order. Onely Vindolande, Mag-
nis, and Babaglanda must be fetched from p. 146 to answer
Vindolana, Magna, and Amboglanna in the Notitia; and Gabro-
centio and Juliocenon from p. 145 for Gabrocentum and Tuno-
celum in the same.
Pons Ælii I cannot fish out in Ravennas, perhaps the author
took it onely to be a bridge, and not a station or town. I think
other instances may be produced of such like omissions, and per-
haps for much the same reason. Neither do I see Congavata in
262
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
in this author, or any other name that I can well suppose to have
been designed for it. Lugubalum he mentions, and I have else-
where given it as my opinion that these 2 stations of Luguballium
and Congavata were not in being together, or at least were not
garrisoned at the same time, but that the former was abandoned
when the other was built and garrisoned, for which reason we
have the former in the Itinerary, and the latter in the Notitia
Imperii.*
Volurtion is a strange corruption of Borcovicus, and yett I
humbly conceive this is the name intended by it. I suspect Maia
for Arbeia, and Fanocedum for Virosidum, though Fanocedi
sounds like the Temple of Cocis. Cantaventis, p. 145, I imagin
may have been Glanoventa and Dexio and Coganges, p. 146,
Dieti and Concangios in the Notitia.
But to return to the cup 5 if we suppose Mais to be the same
place as Magnis, or a contraction of the same name, and Banna
to be the same place as Petriana, and allso suppose Congavata
either to have not been a station at this time, or for some par-
ticular reason omitted, then the 5 places mentioned in the inscrip-
tion are such as have stood upon the wall next to each other, in
a part which was most in danger of being attacked, if tradition
and some circumstantiall evidence can be relyed on.
I am, &c.,
JOHN HORSELEY.
SIR JOHN CLERK, TO ROGER GALE, RELATING TO THE CUP FOUND
IN WILTSHIRE; BRUNSWICK HILL; MIDDLEBY; AND SUB-
TERRANEOUS OAKS IN SCOTTLAND.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
I have the favour of yours of the
of the last, and am
extreamly sorry to find you have been ill of a feavor. I pray
4 "If this was so, Ravennas, who lived long after the Notitia was wrote,
should have had Congavata, and not Lugubalum."-R. G.
5 McCaul is of opinion that the order of the places is not according to
their geographical positions, and that they may form an Hexameter line, thus :
BANNA CAMBOGLANS UXELODUM ABALLAVA MAIS; and regards A not as a
preposition, but as standing for amicitiæ, conjecturing that the cup was a
token of the friendship subsisting between the four towns and MAIA,
WILTSHIRE.
263
God to continue your health, which is not onely valuable to all
your friends, but to all lovers of learning. The method you are
following for confirming your health will have no doubt its effect,
for nothing will contribute more to it than exercise, and, as Celsus.
says, Mutatio loci et aeris. When you are in Yorkshire, and so
near Scottland, may you not think of making us a visit? I shall
not onely make you most wellcome at my house, but as easy in
it as at home, if the being master of it can make you so.
I live
onely about 58 miles from Hexham ; you may come to Jedburgh
the first night, or to my house, or to Edenbrough the next.
you come to the last 'tis onely getting a boy to find me, and shall
wait upon you a few hours after; your visit will make me
extreamly happy.
If
As for what you are pleased to write to me about my seal,
you are in the right of it, for the annulus was more common than
the sigillum. As for the antiquity of the enamelling, 'tiş a
French notion that they were the inventors of that art, but with-
out any ground.
I return you thanks for the print you sent me of my Lord
Hertford's cup. The reading is the same you make it; but being
made in the lower empire there are no doubt faults in the letters.
I believe Magnis may be the word for A Mais, for some of the
northern auxiliarys may have pronounced Mais for Magnis, and
perhaps it may really have been Mais, for I observe Maia in the
Geographus Ravennas.
As for the reason of the cup's being brought to Wiltshire, and
found in a well, I doubt not but it has been a solemn donation to
that well after a libation. You know that many wells were
esteemed sacred, and that the ancients used to sacrifice to them,
hence Seneca says Coluntur aquarum calentium fontes, et stagna
quædam vel opacitas vel altitudo sacravit. [Epist. xli.]
[Epist. xli.] Mind
likewise Horace, lib. iii., Od. 13.
O fons Bandusiæ splendidior vitro,
Dulci digne mero, non sine floribus,
Cras donaberis hædo
A great many passages in the classics to the same purpose. The
custome of leaving guifts at Wells is practiced at this day even
in the highlands of Scottland, no doubt borrowed from the
pagans.
264
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
This cup may have been a patera sent thither by those con-
federated towns, or perhaps may have been obtained by some
victor at a horse or chariot match; 'tis not easy to conceive it
brought thither upon any other account.
I am just returned from a small estate of mine that lyes
within 28 miles of Carlisle, and had the pleasure to observe
severall things, an account of which I hope will not be unaccept-
able to you. The first place I went to see was a high hill with
2 Roman camps on it, called by the people of Anandale, Bruns-
work.6 I had seen this place before, but was resolved to consider
it more particularly because I took it to be the Castra Explora-
torum from whence the 2d Iter of Antoninus begins. The hill
is of this shape, and may be seen 20 miles on the south side of
Carlile, and 30 or 40 miles on the north side of Solway Frith.
7
The squares A and B are the two Roman camps which I need
not describe, being to be seen in Mr. Gordon's book, page 16.
These camps lye on the side of the hill, and not on the top of it.
though even there we find some military marks. They lye about
12 miles from Carlile, as they are stated in the Itinerarium, and
the great highway of the Romans, between the Vallum Hadriani
and Scotch Vallum Antonini Pii, runs by the west side of the
hill, for I traced it distinctly. Near this hill is a very remark-
able Roman station, called by Mr. Gordon the camp of Middleby,
in p. 18. This is the most remarkable station I ever saw, for
besides what is described by Mr. Gordon, there is a fortifyed
little city adjoyning to it, and all the houses have been ex lapide
quadrato. I observed the foundations of many houses, and took
notice that there are above 50 little houses in the neighbourhood
of this place built of the stones taken from it. There are severall
stones of different figures and for various uses, particularly aquæ-
ducts, there is one with these words upon it.8
6 Burnswark, or Birrenswork. Burwens, or Burrans, is a common term
in Scotland and the north of England for a Roman station.-Arch. Eliana,
vol. iv., p. 50.
7 Sir John Clerk gives an outline of the hill in his letter, and shows the
position of the two camps. See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., 88,
88 n, Surtees Soc. Bruce, Roman Wall, p. 335, says: "It is probable that
both these camps have been the summer quarters, castra æstiva, of the garrison
at Middleby."
8 AXSAN CONIS. Horseley says that this broken stone was built up in one
WILTSHIRE.
265
AXAN
CONIS
I observed here the true Roman mortar or cement,
and doubt not but I shall gett the countrey people
to dig up some of the ruins where 'tis probable that tesselated
pavements will be found; for it is evident that this has not been
a transitory camp, but a fixed station for many years. Forgive
me, notwithstanding the authority of Camden and many learned
men, to call this the Blatum Bulgium mentioned in the same
second Iter, and joyned with the Castra Exploratorum, though
at a mile's distance, for the reasons following:
1. The place is called by the common people the Byrennes,
which bears as great an affinity to Blatum Bulgium as Boulnesse,
and I may joyn to this, the hill called Brounswork.
2. The distance from Carlile being 12 miles makes much for
this conjecture.
3. The joyning of the Castra Exploratorum and Blatum
Bulgium together in the Itinerarium seems to import they were
near each other.
4. Blatum Bulgium was not per lineam valli, or it had been
mentioned in the Notitia Imperii.
5. The Castra Exploratorum must have been on the north
side of the vallum, and placed on a very conspicuous situation,
which is the case here, for Brunswork hill may be seen from
many hills above the vallum Hadriani or Severi.
6. It is more probable that the Iter began at this hill than
at Boulnesse, where at this day there is scarce any remarkable
thing to be seen.
7. This camp of Middleby appears, as I have said, to have
been a station of long continuance, otherwise so many works,
ex lapide quadrato, had never been made there.
These reasons putt together, though they are not demon-
strative, make exceedingly for my conjecture, and nothing stands
so much in my way as the authority of your father, in the book
published by you, but this opposition you will forgive. I spoke
a little of this to Mr. Horseley, but what opinion he has of it,
since he has been there, I cannot tell. I might add that Roman
of the houses at Middleby, and that Baron Clerk intended to remove it to
his own seat. Pennant states that it was preserved in Hoddam Castle.
seems to have been of the centurial kind, and that is all I have to say of it."
-See Horseley, p. 207, Scotl., 32; Hübner, p. 189, No. 1077.
"It
266
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
coins of all hands have been found here, particularly a curious
piece of Gold, mentioned by Mr. Gordon, and which I presented
to my Lord Pembroke.
Yours, &c., JOHN CLERK.
P.S. I believe the word Aballava on the cup may be better
than Avallava or Avallana, for the Notitia Imperii has it Abal-
laba, where the Mauri Aureliani had their station.
REV. DR. STUKELEY [TO R. GALE] RELATING TO ABURY, AND
THE PROOF OF THE ANCIENT NOTION OF THE TRINITY
FROM THE FORM OF THAT WORK.-H. C、
Dear Sir,
Stamford, 25th June, 1730.
I am very much obliged to you for mentioning me and my
design to Mr. Vernon. I purpose to let you both see all my
papers about it when I come to town, and know I shall receive
many good hints and corrections from you. As you are a Druid
and fellow labourer at Abury, I shall open to you part of the
secrett of it, desiring you not to communicate it to any but
Druids. The form of that stupendous work is the picture of
the Deity, more particularly of the Trinity, but most particularly
what they anciently called the Father and the Word, who created
all things; this figure you find on the tops of all the obelisks,
&c., being equivalent to the Hebrew Tetragrammaton. A snake
proceeding from a circle is the eternal procession of the Son,
from the first cause. The Egyptians frequently added wings
to it, then it was the Trinity properly, but our ancestors judged,
I suppose, that they could not well represent the wings in stone-
work, so omitted them. The Ægyptians call this figure Hemptha;
the Greeks, in abbreviated writing, used it for Daimon, or the
good genius; the Brachmans, in the East Indias, use it; the
Chinese; the ancient Persians, with whom it still remains at
Persepolis; the Americans; our Britons. This shows it was
extreamly ancient. But of all nations our ancestors have had the
greatest veneration for it, that have expanded it in so laborious
a picture, above 3 miles long. Now the ancients did not onely
intend by it to picture out the infinite power, wisdom, the inex-
haustible fund of ideas, and the like, in the Divine mind; but
WILTSHIRE.
267
they actually meant by it the three essences or existences of the
Supreme, which we call the Trinity: 3 personalitys, two deri-
vative from the first, and self-originated, but all eternal, infinite,
&c., consequently God.
This is very easy to be proved, for instance, from Plato's call-
ing the second person Aóyos, Word, Son, as much as St. John
does: and no doubt but St. John uses the same expression as
Plato did. Now the word when it is gone forth is as much
distinct from the person whence it proceeded as a son is distinct
from his father. Both equally proceed from the originall, but
after procession are equally distinct. So again, the Spirit, by
which we mean the Holy Ghost, which the Egyptians intended
by the wings, and which Virgil means by his 'Spiritus intus
alit, &c.' [Æn., vi., 726], is a thing distinct from the person
that sends it; 'tis a substance, a personality, not an accident, or
quality, for Virgil confesses it returns after death:
Scilicet huc reddi deinde, ac resoluta referri
Omnia;
[Georg. iv., 225].
Now that which goes and returns must needs be somewhat dis-
tinct from that which sends it forth and recalls it. My main
motive in pursuing this subject is to combat the deists from an
unexpected quarter, and to preserve so noble a monument of
our ancestors' piety, I may add, orthodoxy. I am, dear Sir,
with a thousand thanks for as many obligations,
Your most obedient and devoted Servant,
W. STUKELEY.
MATTHEW PERRY "TO THE REV. DR. WM. STUKELEY, AT
HIS HOUSE IN STAMFORD, LINCOLNSHIRE.-H. F. ST. J.
Reverend and honoured Sir,
*
*
*
Sarum, Aug. the 13th, 1738.
*
I have flattered myself with the expectation of being so
happy as to have seen you in this countey which abounds almost
in every part with admirable antiquities, especially about War-
minster, where there is a hill called Clea-hill, which is very high
copped, and somewhat oval, and I am credibly informed hath a
268
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
stone cistern on it very strange to behold, which contains severall
tuns of water, said to be erected there, and the whole dedicated
to a goddess of that name. The next thing I would mention is
Bradley Knolls, over which there appears a Roman highway
which seems to direct itself east and west, and is visible in many
parts of Wiltshire, and thereon have several times been Roman
coynes found, but I could not procure any of value. If I should
meet with any remarkable portable antiquities I will not fail of
sending them to you.
I have an officer who lately came from Brecknock, in Wales,
who assures me that in a field near that town there were five
large stones erected, somewhat like Stonehenge in this county,
about 14 or 15 feet round, and about 8 feet high, and about 20
inches set into the earth; that the gentleman who owned the
field, observing there was an echo from the place, thought by
taking them up to make some remarkable discovery, and caused
them to be taken up, and underneath each stone he found the
bones of a man standing upright only.
I beg leave to subscribe, Sir,
*
*
Your most obliged, humble, and obedient Servant,
*
MATTHEW PERRY.
ROGER GALE "TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, AT STAMFORD,
IN LINCOLNSHIRE."-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
Scruton, May the 20th, 1740.
Last Wednesday I received your most delightfull account
of Stonehenge, and have twice read it over. Decies repetita
placebit. Without flattery I think it a masterpiece, and that
for the future no one will dare to dispute the true founders of
that stupendous work. I think you have omitted one remark-
able particular, which is that the avenue up to the chief entrance
was formerly planted with great stones, opposite to each other,
upon the side banks of it, for I very well remember we observed
the holes where they had been fixt, when you and I surveyed
the place, such as you have at Abury, and it seems absolute
necessary that an avenue should have such a distinction of stones
or trees to point it out. What you have layd down about the
WILTSHIRE.
269
9
measures I think is undeniable; I wish what you have asserted
about the brasse chizzles was as little liable to objections. You
have made a small mistake about the coin of Nemausus, the
heads are of Augustus and Agrippa, not Julius, struck after the
battle of Actium, and the conquest of Egypt. Genebriere, I
have not yet had time to peruse, but I think it promises well.
I thank you most heartily for your literary news, of which there
must be an end till you gett to your house in town, which I
suppose will not be this summer.
I have been in expectation every post these ten days to have
heard of your safe arrival at Stamford, but hope the account of
it has been onely deferred till you can apprize me of the time
when you will sett forward for Scruton. I have great hopes it
will be soon, and desire you will inform me of it as soon as your
journey is fixt, that I may meet you at York, for I suppose your
rout will lye that way, and if my chaise will be of any service
to you or my sister, it shall meet you there, or anywhere else as
desired. I am, dear Doctor,
Your most affectionate, hnmble Servant,
R. GALE.
GEORGE HUNGERFORD TO DR. STUKELEY.-H. F. ST. J.
Revd. Sir,
At Wm. Hungerford's, Esq.,
At Studley House, Calne, Wilts.,
Octbr. 27, 1753.
The receipt of your obliging letter must be acknowledged,
the substance of which, by my servant, was communicated to
Dr. Davis, who sends me word he shall soon write to you with
a tender of his service. The Carausius, mentioned by Dr. Gene-
brier to be singular, exactly corresponded with that which Dr.
Davis was in possession of, and I remember it was found att
Studley: Dr. Davis had the same from me, the rev. of it was
military ensigns, with COH. MIL. or MILIT. Exergue, MLXXI, as
near as I can recollect. My Lord Portsmouth shewed me Dr.
Genebrier's book. I think it is pretty near the last of his col-
lection, and is the same.
9 Nismes.
270
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
With gratitude I accept your Oriuna, and will request my
cozen, Geo. Keate, of the temple, who goes for London soon, to
call for it. It must be very agreable to all lovers of antiquities,
who are sensible of the many useful discoverys in points of
chronology and history made by a curious search into them,
that you are again engaged in supplying some defects in Diocle-
tian's reign. You will excuse my saying thus much.
The hypocaust which was discovered on my unkle Mr. Walter
Hungerford's estate, who is owner of Studley house,¹º and with
whom I reside, came to light in the following manner. The
tenant of a considerable farm, called Berrill's farm, within half
a mile from Calne, was digging for stone in one of his fields,
half a mile still nearer to Studly, called Clotley; one of the
workmen, after he had broke from a solid rock of great extent
several load of stones, struck his pick-axe into a parcel of rubbish,
which he was removing to come att his rock, mixed with broken
tiles, mortar, and bricks: adjoining to which, and I saw it, was
a wall, which stood N.E.; and against that wall, which was built
of rough stone, a little hewn, and a foot thick, was a fine polished
mortar of an inch thick, with some remains of a seat projecting
from the same, which I take formerly to have been a cistern for
bathing; the wall was about eight foot high. About three foot
from the said wall s.w. stood the hypocaust, of which I have one
draught, entire and perfect, with a curious tun att the top, as
likewise all the requisites as described in Abridgment of the
Philosop. Transact., as found in Shropshire.
The dimensions (which is surprizing) were not exact in this,
for the distances of the fire holes were, 1st, 14 inches; 2nd,
12in.; 3rd, 12in.; 4th, 8in.; and 5th, 8in. ; which made five
channels towards the west and N. This, with the pillars composed
of tiles, and measured together, made the front measure together
10 "Mr. Bowles [Bremhill, p. 77] maintains that there was a Roman
station (?) here, on the evidence of coins and pottery, &c., plentifully found,
chiefly in a field called Red hill. Studley House never belonged to the older
branch of the Hungerford family, but was a late acquisition by the youngest
branch. In 1611 it had belonged to John Norborne, Esq. Sir George Hunger-
ford, of Cadenham, died owner in 1712. His grandson, George, the last of the
Cadenham line, had it for life. He died S. P. in 1764. The estate then passed
to his cousin, Mr. Keate, who took the name of Hungerford."--See Jackson's
Aubrey, p. 38.
WILTSHIRE.
271
72 inches, or 6 feet, and stood N.W. The other fire holes towards.
the s. were not measured singly, but were altogether 5 feet and
upwards. The pillars consisted of Roman tiles, or bricks, 14
inch thick, and 10 inches over, not of exact height with each
other, some 12 inches high, some 10, nor the same number,
because of the declivity of the solid rock on which this hypocaust
stood. On some of the tiles, not all, was the following inscrip-
tion, IVC . DIGNI, which now lies before Mr. Ward for his explan-
ation, carried him, I believe, by Mr. Letheleiur. The tiles were
laid in fine sand. Over all this work was a covering of different
sized tiles, about 2 inches thick, and the east corner was dignified
with the before mentioned tun.
My cozen, Geo. Keate, will bring you the draught, which he
will leave for your perusal. Now comes a melancholy descrip-
tion. The weather was wet, and the workmen alone, when more
to the s., adjoining to the hypocaust, they beat down a fine wall,
lined with polished mortar, and an entire cistern, of five foot
square every way, lined with the same; the wall of the same
dimensions as the former; the bed where it lay, I saw, but the
materials beat to pieces. Through length of time the hypocaust
and rock were covered by above five feet of earth; a hundred
yards below it ran a little channell of water, which communicates
with the river. A Diocletian, very fair, was found there, rev.,
GENIO. POP. ROMANI. Dr. Davis has it, as likewise half a brass
fibula, brown polish, and a leaden handle to a vessell.
My description of it is not so well as a better judge may give
you; as you are desirous of any accounts of antiquities, I was
determined to do this; if more Carausius's can be procured you
may depend on their being sent. Your opinion on the hypocaust,
&c., and inscription, will oblige, dear Sir,
Your most obliged and obedient Servant,
GEO. HUNGERFORD.
For some
What I've omitted in the description of the hypocaust shall
be recollected if any such omission should occur.
parts of your letter another time.
P.S. Since the writing the above, being apprehensive I had
omitted something material, which was a leaden pipe, which is
now brought hither, about an inch bore, and three feet long,
which was found att the bottom of the cistern above mentioned,
272
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
lieing towards the declivity of the hill on which the hypocaust
stands. The field whereon it was found is a high ground, and
where the hypocaust was discovered lies s.w.; about one part in
six down the said hill stood the hypocaust. I leave to you, Sir,
all suppositions as Studly was a Roman station.
Black ascen, or straw ashes, oister shells and bones, perhaps
human, were found in, near, and under the stones, rubbish, and
fire holes. The hypocaust is brought hither and set up in a green
house, not of the same dimensions as before.
STUKELEY,
FRANK,
T. WHICHCOT, “FOR THE REV. Dr. Stukeley, AT HIS HOUSE IN
QUEEN SQUARE, LONDON."-H. F. ST. J.
T. WHICHCOT.
Sir,
*
*
Melchet Park, near Rumsey, Hants,
7ber 27th, 1755.
*
*
At the time of the earthquake, which you speak of, I was with
Lord Scarboro' in Yorkshire, where it was not felt. At my
return home 2 days after it happened, my servants told me of it,
and since I've heard that all our parts were very sensible of it
both by the eyes and ears, from its motion and the explosion or
noise that it finisht with, and I have, by all the accounts I had,
the strongest reason to think it quite aerial.
I am at present, and shall remain here till toward the begin-
ning of 9bre with my wife's brother, Mr. Tregagle. In my way
hither I past through Northampton and visited the curious places
in that county, and Lord Temple's in the adjoining one; I spent
three days in viewing Oxford and Blenheim, from thence I pro-
ceeded to Ludgarshall, and lodged with a relation for 7 days,
whose house and gardens stand upon part of the site of the castle¹¹
]] The ancient name was Lutegar's Hall, the residence of some Saxon owner.
Governors were often appointed to this and Marlborough Castle together. The
Empress Maud took shelter in it A.D. 1141. King John was here in 1212.
Henry III dates a Deed at Lutegarshall 26 Nov. 1249. At the time of Leland's
visit in 1540, the Castle, he says was "Clene down." Some portions of the
wall, are still standing, and from fragments of round-headed windows, and
herring-bone masonry, may be assigned to the Norman period. The silver seal
of Milo of Gloucester, Earl of Hereford and Constable of England, the
Empress Maud's great partizan was found near Ludgershall, towards the end
of the XVIII Century, and was then in the possession of the Revd. Mr. Selwyn,
Minister of the parish. See Jackson's Edit. of Aubery's Collections for Wilts,
p. 358 n; and Archæologia, vol. xiv. p. 276.
WILTSHIRE.
273
and entrenchment, which was formerly there; a great part of
the latter is very plain to be traced; and a small part of ruin
still remains of the castle. From this place I and my fellow-
travellers drove one morning to see that surprising piece of
antiquity, Stonehenge, with which I am greatly astonisht, and
cannot but think it must have been a place of worship for the
antient Britons; now I am in Wilts, I shall endeavour to see
all I can in it. I am, Sir, your most obedient Servant,
Stonehenge and Avebury.
T. WHICHCOT.
In 1718, Mr. Roger and Sam. Gale and I took a journey,
through my eager desire, to view Abury, an antiquity altogether
unknown; but of which I had conceived an high notion. Then
we went to Stonehenge,' which surprized me beyond measure.
We visited Wilton.- Diary, vol. i., 23.
6 July, 1723. Lord and Lady Hartford, Lord Winchelsea,
and I, at Abury, Silbury hill, &c.—Diary, vol. i., 26.
11 June, 1743. Spencer de legib. hebreorum² mentions
Stonehenge, and the like as great antiquitys, of stones untoucht
of tool.-Diary, vol. vii., 4.
1
In May, 1719, Stukeley and R. Gale again visited Stonehenge, and in
August, 1721, they went to Avebury. On the 23rd July, 1722, Stukeley, Gerome
Vandergught, and John Pine, set out for Avebury and Stonehenge. In April,
1740, Stonehenge was published, and Stukeley presented a copy to the Duke of
Ancaster, and to the Duke of Grafton. The bargain he made with Mr. Innys
the printer, was half charge and half profit. Lord Pembroke advised him to
publish his account of Avebury by subscription; and when Stukeley did so, in
1741, and presented a copy to the Duke of Montague, his Grace gave him ten
guineas.
2 "Britonas antiquiores ejusdem idololatriæ reos peragunt eorum monu-
menta, passim obvia, quæ vetustas edax nondum abolere potuit. Nam plurimæ
illæ columnæ pyramidales quas Ignatius Jones, seculi sui Vitruvius, in templo
illo idolatrico Stonehang dicto, passim [in opere inclyt. cui tit. Stoneheng
restored] observavit, indicio sunt incolas antiquiores hujus insulæ celestes ignes
in Deorum ordine collocasse, et pyramides illas in ignium eorum honorem et
memoriam possuisse. Nec absurde, columnæ illæ, forma pyramidali factæ, et
dæmonis sagittæ vulgo dictæ, simili consilio positæ fuisse et non tam victoriæ
ibi partæ (ut vulgi fert opinio) quam superstitionis antiquæ monumenta cense-
antur."-Spencer De Leg. Hebræor rit., lib. ii., c.xxv.
John Spencer was of Corpus College, Camb., and Dean of Ely.
S
274
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Stonehenge.
18 Dec., 1740. I visited Mr. Folks, who showed me his
model of Stonehenge, which he made in mahogany wood from
my ground plot. 'Tis very correctly done. Lord Sandwich
dined with us. We looked over part of Lord Pembroke's fine
collection of Roman coyns, the large brass. Mr. Folks is reduc-
ing them to proper order, and correcting the prints of them,
made by Seignr. Haym, in my lord's lifetime. The brass Otho
which my lord bought of Seignr. Starbini³ is an Antiochene, s. c.
in a civic garland, on the reverse.-Diary, vol. iv., 17.
Avebury.
Sept., 1747. Mr. Gale told me he lent my book of Abury to
Mr. Plaxton, an unbeliever, and upon reading my metaphysical
chapter on the nature of the Deity, he professed himself extremely
well satisfyed about that article of our faith, and highly pleased.
-Diary, vol. vi., 84.
4
Bedwyn Parva.
13 April, 1749. At the Royal Society. An account from
Little Bedwin, Wiltshire, of digging into a barrow for stone to
mend the highways. They took up an urn of baked earth of this
form, turned upside down, with calcined ashes and bones in it.
The person who sent it gives a long account of urn buryal. I
took up such an urn, of the same shape exactly, so ornamented,
out of a very antient large flat tumulus, on that hill near Abury,
called Windmill hill, so that there is no room to doubt of their
being Brittish.-Diary, vol. viii., 41.
Stonehenge.
12 Dec., 1750. At the Prince's Court. The Duke of Queens-
bury presented me to the prince. The duke and I had conver-
sation about Stonehenge. He says he has taken great pains to
destroy the rabbits which Mr. Hayward, the former possessor,
had planted there, on purpose to preserve this most noble anti-
quity.-Diary, vol. x., 4.
3
Vid. Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i. 470. Surtees Soc.
4 The form of this vessel resembled the cinerary urn on page 67 of Green-
well's British Barrows, the only difference being in the ornamentation.
WILTSHIRE.
275
Overton East.
27 May, 1752. At Councellor Stanesby's in the Temple, I
saw an antient Saxon image of the Virgin's mother teaching her
to read, found 50 foot deep, at East Overton, by Salisbury. S.
Ann. 'Tis well enough cut-Diary, vol. xiii., 12.
Studley.
16 Oct., 1753. Received from Mr. Hungerford, of Studley
by Calne, in Wiltshire, 11 coins in a post letter.-Diary, vol.
xiv., 1.
Silbury Hill.
Feb., 1759. At the Antiquarian Society. I exhibited a
drawing of the Brittish bridle dug up with the king's body at
Silbury hill, in March, 1723. I exhibited the bridle itself, and
many prints of Silbury hill, the largest tumulus we know of,
being that of the founder of the wonderful temple of Abury,
made for a sacred prophylactic of his body. Mr. Halford ordered
a tree to be planted on the top, which discovered the king's bones,
bridle, and knife with a bone handle. I gave a large discourse
upon it, and the curious contrivance in the bridle, of throwing
the reins more outward than in our modern way, which gives
a much greater power in governing the horse, according to
Cæsar's account of the admirable dexterity of the Britons in guid-
ing their chariots upon steep precipices. As the use of chariots
was not in Gaul, 'tis the strongest proof in the world that the
Britons came from the east, where the Egyptians, the Canaan-
ites, the Syrians, were famous for having them in war; large
quotations concerning that matter out of the Scripture.-Diary,
vol. xviii., 33.
Stonehenge.
3 Aug., 1763. This day I read over Wood the architect's
account of Stonehenge, written to contradict me. 'Tis such a
heap, a ruin of trifling, nonsensical, impertinent and needless,
mesuring of the stones, designed to be rude, as if they were the
most nice and curious Grecian pillars in any of their capital
temples; a tedious parade of twenty pages of feet, inches, halfs,
and quarters.
276
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
The very best things in his book, he has pillaged from me--
the design and nature of the work, the avenue, the ditch around,
the 2 odd stones and cavitys thereon, even the word trilithon, all
that is in any wise valuable, he takes from me, without the least
acknowledgment; never uses my name but with a studyed intent
to contradict. The whole performance he stuffs with fabulous
whimsys of his own crackt imaginations, wild extravagancys
concerning Druids, without the least true foundation and know-
ledge concerning them.
Nor is there, as I can find, one single article, or particular
observation, to add to, or improve, the knowledg we had before
of this wonderful fabric, but infinite flaunting abuses towards
me; not one in any good natured way; the whole as a diabolic
work, quite needless and useless, as to torture without seeming
to intend it, without any wit, jest or humor, to tempt one to read
over such a hodgpotch of conceit and ignorance, and impudent
malice; the whole to any person of judgment the greatest pane-
gyric upon my book that ever was written upon any. Whilst
the Bishop of Gloucester tells me my book is the best treatise of
antiquity he ever read, and that every 4 or 5 years he reads it
over now with new pleasure, I cannot but smile on this quack in
antiquity, with a head stuffed with an indigested farrago chipped
out of all antient and modern authors, and huddled up into a
ridiculous fabric, not stronger than the children's house of cards;
and it would be a mere childish work to pretend to answer it.
Lastly, this petty medler, to goe off bravely in his last chapter
concerning the name of Stonehenge, takes it from the fantastic
rocking-stone, which is a casual affair that of late has amused the
vulgar, fond of giving in to a magical notion in everything
belonging to the Druids. That stone was originally one of the
uprights of the upper trilithon of the cell, now fallen, never had
equal poize when I was there; 'tis a late and casual affair.
To conclude, the whole of this wooden performance is no more
than the fermented dregs and settlement of the dullest, and most
inveterate mixture of ignorance, malice, and malevolence. His
entrance into this sacred enclosure, seems to me like Satan break-
ing over the hallowed mound of Paradise with no other than a
murderous intent.-Diary, vol. xx., 27.
WILTSHIRE.
277
Stonehenge.
66
8 Aug., 1763. Returning home [from Sunbury, where his
second daur., Mrs. Fairchild, resided], I met a letter from the
Bishop of Gloucester in answer to one from me. On mention of
my having read Wood on Stonehenge, he writes :-" Prior Park,
Aug. 6, 1763. I am glad you are again obliging the public.
Your account of the subjects promises me much pleasure and
instruction.
The Wood you speak of has been dead, I think, about ten
years. He was a great fool, and not less a knave, to my know-
ledg. He wrote a most ridiculous book of Architecture; but
this book on Stonehenge, which you mention, I never saw nor
heard of. Indeed I had little curiosity to enquire after anything
on that subject, since I was in possession of yours, whose disco-
very of the original and use of that famous remain of early
antiquity will, I predict, be esteemed by posterity as certain, and
continue as uncontroverted as Harvey's discovery of the circu-
lation.
You see, by this long letter, the reason I have to be thankful
that I, whose life is one warfare upon earth (I mean against
infidelity and fanaticism), have escaped with my sword arm,
which, however, is not less devoted to the service of my friend
than of my religion.
I am, dear Sir, with the warmest affection,
Your most faithful Brother and obedient Servant,
W. GLOUCESTER."-Diary, vol. xx., 30.
Lake.
21 Oct., 1763. He [Mr. Collins, bookseller at Sarum], gave
me a drawing of the spear head found in the upper part of a
barrow5 in Lake field, by Stonehenge, with an iron head-peice
of the most antient form; there was no sword, but a dagger. I
suppose the sword was given to the hero's son, as in Fingal.
The size of the helmet and the verge around it is 8 inches by
6 inches. There are sculptures of such a one on the head of
5
Probably a Saxon interment.
6 This is not unlikely to have been the boss of a shield.
278
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the most antient heroes, such as commonly called Ulysses,
Diomedes, and the like. This had near 4 inches perpendicular
depth. To the boss at top they tyed a horse-tail. This body
was buryed near the surface of the tumulus. The new turnpike
from the Devizes to Salisbury has dug through another tumulus
in the same group of Lake field. In the center at bottom, upon
the ground, were the bones, ashes, charcole of the burnt body,
over which the barrow was raised.-Diary, vol. xx., 33.
Salisbury Cathedral.
Upon a flat marble stone at the upper end of the north aisle
in Salisbury minster, round the edges.-H. C.
Richardus tumulo Pagus sepelitur in isto
Præses cænobii qui fuit Edrosii,7
Hunc Rex
Exp
ena
Henricus quadrupla bis celebris.
vobis quicunq. benignè
Defunctum precibus commemorate piis.
WORCESTERSHIRE.
A.D. 1540, Jan. 12.
DR. STUKELEY, TO SAMUEL GALE, ESQ.-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Mr. Samuel,
Worcester, 4 Sept., 1721.
8
We pilgrims have been this ten days at this place, and have
met with a very commodious commandery, formerly belonging
to St. John's of Jerusalem, but now kept by the hospitable Mr.
Wyld, member for this city, who marryd Lord Chief Justice
7 Ivy church.
8 In the suburb, without Sidburygate, was Wolstan's hospital, for a master,
priests, and poor men, founded by the Queen, renewed by one Carter, a mer-
chant of Worcester, for poor merchants, now suppressed. Some call it a com-
mandery. It is now a private house. A fine hall and great part of the ancient
building still remains intire.—Gough's Camden's Brit., ii., 366.
WORCESTERSHIRE.
279
Tracey's daughter, a celebrated toast. This fine old house has a
venerable hall, roofed with Irish oak, and painted glass in the
windows, and was built originally for the reception of such
itinerants as ourselves. It stands just without the south gate of
the city, in the London road, where the heat of the famous battle
happened between king Charles II. and Cromwell. They can't dig
in his garden, but they find the bones of the slain. Above, in
the park, is to be seen a great work of 4 bastions, called the
Royal Mount, and half a mile higher, at the top of the hill, is
the celebrated Perry Wood, where Cromwell's army lay, and
where they tell us he consulted the devil, and made a septennial
bargain with him just before the battle. The royalists were
driven back into the city with great slaughter, and the king
retired to the opposite side of the city, to an old house called
Whiteladys, being formerly a nunnery, in the possession of the
family of the Cookseys, where he left his gloves and garters,
which they now show. The collegiate church here is stately
enough. In it is buryed King John, not where now his monu-
ment stands in the choir before the high altar, but under a little
stone before the altar on the eastermost wall of the church. On
each side him, upon the ground, lye the effigies of the two holy
bishops, and his chief saints Wolstan and Oswald. The image
of the king formerly lay here too. There is a large and handsom
chappel of Prince Arthur. The cloysters are very perfect, and
the chapter-house is very large, supported as to its arched roof
with one pillar in the middle. 'Tis now become a library well
furnished, and has a good many old MSS. There is a very old
and large gatehouse standing, and near it the castle, with a very
high artificial mount, near the river. Here are a great many
churches, and in good repair. One steeple is octangular, another
is remarkeable for its lofty spire. A large bridge of six great
arches over the beautiful Severn, enriched on both sides with
large meadows. This is a very large city, very populous and
busy. We can find nothing Roman but one part of the town
called Sidbury, which possibly may have been somewhat of that
kind. We had the good fortune to meet our friend Brown
Willis coming from Bangor, &c. I made one excursion to Great
Malvern, at the bottom of the prodigious hill of that name, 'twas
280
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
1
9
a priory. The gate house and church only left very fine, admir-
able painted glass in all the windows. Whilst I have been here
I have made fair drawings of Abury and Stonehenge, so that I
shall be able to give you a perfect view of these immense works,
but at the first place 3 or 4 more stones have suffered prophan-
ation and dissolution since we were last there; and all the rest
are in terrible danger of villanous hands, that have stood so
many ages, too bulky a morsel for the throat of time itself. At
my Lord Pembroke's I took an account of the picture of Richard
II., for Mr. Anstis, and as I remember, Mr. Vertue was desirous
of knowing it, which acquaint him with from me, if you please.
Underneath it is engraven, by my lord's order: "Invention of
painting in oyl, 1410. This was painted before, in the beginning of
Rich. II., 1377. Hollar graved and dedicated it to King Charles I.,
and calls it Tabula Antiqua of Richard II., with his 3 saints,
patrons, St. John Baptist, 2 kings, St. Edmund, and Edward
Confessor." On the back of it is the scotcheon of the king, the
cross flore with 5 martlets empaled with the arms of England, a
lyon passant guardant on a cap for the crest. A white hart
gorged and chained or, in a field which was his cognisance.
Another time I shall give you somewhat of our journey else-
where. We are not so fond of antiquitys but we went to the
assembly last week. Pray give our service to all friends at the
Miter and elsewhere. I will thank you if you could step to our
house and see how all things are, and if nothing extraordinary
has happened.
I am, dear Sir,
Your most obedient,
WM. STUKELEY.
It will be two months yett before we see London.
Oct., 1743. Sir Charles Dalton visited me. He was with
Mr. Gale and me at Mr. Wyld's, the commandery at Worcester,
many years agoe, when I had been in Perry wood, and brought
Endowed by the Confessor, made a Benedictine priory 1083, by Aldwin,
chief of the place, and afterwards a cell to Westminster. The priory church
was bought by the parish at the dissolution, and except the Lady Chapel at the
east end, and one on the north side, is intire. The handsome gate is also intirę,
-Gough's Camden's Brit., ii., 368.
YORKSHIRE.
281
6
some nuts I had gathered there. Laying 'em upon the table
before the company, 'Here,' says I, are some of the devil's
nuts, make haste and crack away, the owner is a coming.'-
Diary, vol. vii., 12.
30 Sept., 1754.
Mr. James West [architect] put up the
painted glass which I gave him in a new chapel he has built in
Worcestershire.-Diary, vol. xv., 13.
YORKSHIRE.
NOAH HODGSON TO REV. DR. GALE.-H. C.
Sir,
I must beg your pardon for delaying so long to return you
an answer, the reason of it was, the death of my uncle Moses,
which hindred me from making any stay at York in the holy-
days, as I designed, to inquire after your business. As I went
to Masham I called at Old Aldburgh, where Mr. Morrice¹º
received me very kindly, and was very willing, for your sake,
to shew me what antiquitys the town afforded, or he had collected.
There is not much to be seen in the town, only I took the
portraiture of an old figure, without any inscription, which
is on the west side of the wall of the vestry, and north
side of the church, which I will describe hereafter. The
second thing which he shewed me was the Roman pavement,'
which consisteth all of little stones (whether natural or artificial
I cannot tell, I have 6 of them), each of them is about the length
of a man's nail, the breadth is often less, but all imitate a square,
and are about the third part of an inch thick. The stones are
painted with several colours, some white, some blew, some red,
&c. The pavement, where I saw it, was very intire, and plain,
11
10 The Rev. E. Morris was vicar of Aldborough from 1677 to 1720, and a
correspondent of Bishop Gibson. It was he who in 1709 had a trench 9 feet wide
opened about the middle stone of the Devil's Arrows, which he found to be
sunk about 6 feet in the ground, and had upon its protected sides the marks of
a first dressing.
11 Drawing of this pavement is given in one of Dr. Stukeley's vols. of
sketches, &c., probably the work of Noah Hodgson. It is also represented in
plate xiii. of H. E. Smith's Reliq. Isurianæ.
282
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
though it lieth perhaps in many places a quarter of a yard under-
ground, the common pavement or causey of the town-gate lieth
upon it. It beginneth in a barn on the west side of the street as
you go to Burrough-Briggs, where it is bare, and every stone is
about an inch square, and no part of it broken up there; from
whence it reacheth under-ground eastward cross the street, I
think to the east row of that street, and perhaps further. I
imagine it has been the floor of some teinple or palace.
The third thing was the place where all the coins are found.
It is on the north side of the town, in the middest of a corn field.
The colour of the earth there is much blacker than in the rest of
the field. In that place he told me was an old wall, which exten-
ded itself a great way, squarewise. This, it's thought, was some
castle or palace wall.
The last thing he did not shew me, but discoursed of, was the
Devil's Arrows. 12 He says they are not natural stone, but arti-
ficial; he says that the Earl of Tanet came to see the town one
time, and that he said, that when he was at Rome, he found in
the Vatican an old book which gave an account of those pillars,
and that was, that upon the emperor Severus's death, his sons,
Geta and Caracalla, contending for the empire, the army divided
into two parts, each declaring for him they favoured the most.
Upon which the armys were drawn out, and ready to give battle
where the pillars now stand, and that by the intercession of the
empress, their mother, an agreement was made between them,
before any hurt was done; that the soldiers were so overjoyed
thereat (as being unwilling to fight against their own friends and
countrey-men) that they erected these pillars in memory of that
agreement. The same account I had also from lawyer Hildyard
12 These monoliths are situated at a distance of a few hundred yards to the
west of Boroughbridge, and are placed in a nearly straight line running north
and south. At the present time there are but three; a few years ago a fourth
was destroyed, and a portion of it is in the garden of Aldborough Manor.
Stukeley mentions a fifth, but it was probably recumbent, and escaped general
observation, for Leland and Camden speak of four only. The central stone,
22 feet 6 inches high, is 198 feet 6 inches from the northern one, which is placed
with its long diameter at a right angle to the direction of the line, and is 18
feet high. The southern stone is 565 feet from the northern, and is 22 feet 6
inches high, and 5 feet buried in the ground. They are composed of millstone
grit, and have been artificially squared, the marks of the tool being visible on
the sides below the surface,
YORKSHIRE.
283
of York. There is one thing more which he told me, and that is
that the bridge¹³ did not stand at Burrough-Bridge (as it does
now) but at the east side of Old Aldburgh, where, he says, there
are some piles of wood and other remains of a bridge to be seen.
What he had collected himself consisted chiefly of coins or
medalls, they are some great, some small, some of silver, some
of brass, and some of copper, most of them fair, being the heads
of the Cesars, and some of the Augustas. He promised to write
me the inscriptions of them in such a manner as I shewed, against
my return; but when I called, he told me he had been hindred
by some visiters, but that he would do it very shortly, and send
it in a letter to you, with a full account of all that he had learned
or observed upon this subject. I hope ere this that you have
received his letter. He told me that if you thought his coins
would be more serviceable to you than his description of them,
you might command them. I could find nothing in Burrough-
Bridge but one stone, which lieth in a free-stone wall near the
post-house. The stone is free-stone, three quarters of a yard
long, and a foot broad, but so broken that the beginnings of the
line only appear, but not one perfect word, though the letters are
the largest and the most exactly cut of any that I have seen of
that sort. I shall give you that among the rest in the end of my
letter. They are all in a profound ignorance about Tanfield and
those places about their antiquitys ; they have some confused
traditions of the Danes, but none of the Romanes, nor doe the
most inquisitive men thereabouts know of any figures or inscrip-
tions, but they believe that if any should dig in some parts of
Nosterfield (or Thornbrough) moor, that some such thing might
be found. I have recovered the figure and inscription on North
street church. There is nothing of moment that is to be seen
about York (except coins) which I have not given you an account
of. There were two Roman figures which were set in the wall
on each side of the gate as you go into the court before Bucking-
ham house, in York, which were placed there by the Lord
.14
18 The bridge, which was on the line of the Roman road from Isurium
(Aldborough) to Cataractonium (Catterick), was constructed of wood, and
crossed the river Ure opposite the village of Milby, a short distance below the
present stone bridge of Boroughbridge.
14 An allusion probably to the remarkable circular earthworks there,
284
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Fairfax, that built that house; but I viewed all the walls of the
court, on both sides, and could find none. I heard since that
Dr. Lister, a physician who lived formerly at York, but now
somewhere about White-hall, stole away those figures, and what-
soever was moveable that he could lye his hands on, and sent
them to Oxford, a little before he took his degree. There have
been several urns digged up at the brick-kilns a little without
Bowtham bar, not far from the river, where I judge the Romans'
burying place was. Some urns I hear had inscriptions upon
them, very legible, which, because they were not understood by
some pretenders, were broken, which I am sorry for. There
were also found some glass ampullæ, which the mourners put
their tears in, several of which Dr. Lister sent to Oxford. This
I take to be one reason why many things are awanting, the
ignorance of those which found them, and the coveteousness of
this Dr. Lister, who was not content to see things where he
found them, without taking of them away.
The ensign (whose figure I sent you) was digged up in
Trinity yard, near Micklegate, where it now is; and the coins
which I formerly described, were found without Bowtham bar.
There is a hill without Micklegate, in the fields near Askham,
which is called Severus's hill, where tradition says the Emperour
Severus was buried. I grant his corps might be burned there,
but as I remember, Herodian saith that he was interred at Rome,
and maketh a long description of his funeral pomp.
This is the figure and inscription which is upon North Street
Church¹5 [York]; upon a second view I think it represents a man
naked. That which I took to be his helmet may be his hair, and
that which I took to be his spear may be the line on his right
hand, to which he seems to stretch it. The extremitys of his
hands and feet, and the lineaments of his face are not distinct.
You may judge of it as you please.
15 Found in south wall of All Saints church, North street, York, and now
preserved in the museum.
[Figure of a winged genius].
M
AE. AN
S. SEC.
EN TEM
I. ANTO
CO NJVGI,
Vide Mr. Lister, Philos. Trans., 13, 1682, p. 73. Hübner, p. 65, No. 254.
YORKSHIRE.
285
This is the figure which is upon the wall of the vestry of the
church of old Aldburgh. Mr. Morrice thinks it is the image of
Pan, 16 because his head seems to have horns, and yet he holds a
censer in his right hand. The face and extremitys of his hands
and feet are not distinct.
This stone lyeth with the broken side
upwards, and the beginnings of the lines
are downwards. This is the inscription
upon the stone in Burrow-bridge.
17
A VR
VIX
7. A N
NO
A N. I
I believe nobody can give any account who they were who
first built Owse-bridge; only this is recorded, that in queen
Elizabeth's days it was broken down, and after a few years
rebuilded.
I was lately with Sir James Brook, who shewed me his col-
lection of coins and medalls. It is a very great and curious col-
lection of antient and modern, of Greek, Hebrew, and Egyptian,
as well as Roman coins. He saith that his Roman coins were
most of them digged up at Old Aldburgh, which are either silver,
copper, or brass. A great many are not legible by reason of the
rust that sticketh to them, but such as I could read are as
followeth :
1. A head armed with a helmet, with this inscription: Urbs
Roma; reverse, a wolf, with Romulus and Renius sucking her.
Copper.
2. A head armed with a helmet, with Constantinopolis :
reverse, an angel with wings, holding a shield in his left hand,
leaning upon the ground. Copper.
16 The figure is that of Mercury.
17
Boroughbridge, upon a stone in the outside of a garden wall, facing one
of the streets. Horsley. In the garden wall of the old family mansion of the
Tancreds postea the Crown Inn; it has perished, washed out of the wall on the
occurrence of a high flood, in 1882. Smith, Rel. Isur., p. 46, tab. 21, fig. 8.
Horsl. p. 307, Yorksh. 6. Hübner, p. 66, No. 262.
AVR
VIX
NO
. AN
AN V.
286
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
3. C. Caesar Divi Aug. mon Aug. PM.; reverse, an emperour
standing upon a high place, and 3 soldiers below, and under-
neath coN. Brass, large.
4. Augustus, a face; rev., a garland of laurel, the inscription
not legible. Copper.
5. A face, Divus Augustus; rev., Deg³s.
6. A face, Divus Augustus pater; reverse, the same with
number 5.
7. A face, Aurelius Germanicus Imp. Aug.; reverse, two
ensigns.
8. A face, Imp. Caes. Domit. Aug. Germ. Cos. 12; reverse,
an ensign with a pair of scales in his right hand, on his right
hand s, on his left c, with Moneta Augusti. Copper, large.
9. A face, with Imp. Ser. Sulp. Galba Caes. Aug. Tr. pot. ;
reverse, a general upon a stage, speaking to 3 soldjers below,
underneath Adlocut. Brass, large.
11. A face, Imp. Otho Caesar Aug. Tr. pot.; reverse, an
altar having a sacrifice upon it, ou the one side a priest, on the
other 3 others. Brass, large.
12. A face, Imp. Caes. Vespasian. Aug. Mir.; reverse,
something like a cap, and a scepter on the right side. Brass,
large.
13. A face, Domitianus
Cos. vi., Vacenscei (?) Silver.
Germ. P. Mir. P. Imp. xxi.,
14. A face, Imperator Caesar Nerva; reverse, a man having
on his right hand s, on his left c. Optimo Principi. Brass,
large.
15. A face, Imp. Caes. Nerva Trajan. Aug. Germ.; reverse,
Hercules with a club pendant in his right hand, and a garment
in his left, PMTR Cos. III., silver.
of
NOAH HODGSON, "FOR THE REVEREND DR. GALE, MASTER OF
ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL, LONDON."-H. C.
Sir,
Shipton, Apr. 21, 1692.
I cannot sufficiently express with what joy I received your
letter in which I am certified of your health, who have been so
good a benefactor to me, and that you still have the same inclin-
YORKSHIRE.
287
ations of doing me good. I return you my most humble thanks
for recommending to so good a preferment as that of Newcastle
school, which, though that worthy gentleman, Mr. Brian Fairfax,
gave me notice of in a letter to Alderman Edward Thompson,
about Michaelmas, 1690; yet I never knew, before the receipt
of your late letter, that you had been any ways consulted with
about it, or had any ways mentioned me. I had some reasons
to decline it, one of which was this: I heard that it is a very
numerous school, and considering I and my usher had a hard
task to teach between 60 and 70 scholars at York, I thought I
should be worse put to it to teach 200 at Newcastle, though I
should have had an usher, and an assistant beside. And having
at the same time a prospect of some other things, which, though
they were not so profitable, were yet more easy and convenient,
I choosed rather to incline to the latter. I am infinitely obliged
to you and Mr. Fairfax for designing to recommend me to the
archbishop. Mr. Fairfax, I thank him, was pleased of his own
accord to do the like for me to the late archbishop, though it
proved unsuccessful, by reason of the iniquity of the times, for
which I shall nevertheless acknowledge myself always indebted
to him. I am very glad I am any ways able to serve you. I
have made it my business to enquire after Roman coins, medals,
and inscriptions which have been found about York or Aldbury.
I have got above 100 copper coins which were digged up near
York, of which there are 75 of Constantine, and 16 several
designs on the reverse. There are 4 of Constantius, 3 of Maxi-
mianus, 1 of Magnentius, 5 of Maximinus, 1 of Maxentius, and
6 of Licinius; besides 2 which I cannot read. I have taken 16
of the fairest of Constantine, which contain all the several varietys
on the reverse, and 1 a piece of the fairest of the rest, so that I
have 24 fair coins, all several, which if you think convenient I
can send you. I have a promise from lawyer Hildyard (the
only antiquary about York) to see what he has collected, which
I shall do when I go next to York. Sir James Brook¹8 has a con-
18
Of Ellenthorpe Hall, in the township of Ellenthorpe, north of Aldborough,
and near Myton. Its ancient name was Edelingthorpe. The hall was at one
time the residence of the Aldburgh family, afterwards of the Brooke's. Sir
James was the son of James Brooke, who was twice Lord Mayor of York, and
died in 1675, aged 82 years.
288
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
siderable number of coins of gold, silver, and copper, which were
digged up about old Aldbury, which he has given me a sight of ;
only I desire your directions, whether you would have me to take
the impression of them in wax, or otherwise describe them to you,
seeing that he will be scarce prevailed with to part with any of
them. I intend to go to Masham at Whitsuntide, and to take
old Aldbury in my way, and to enquire if there be anything
there for your purpose, and if you please, I will give you an
account of the matter, form, and dimensions of those 2 pillars
called the Devil's Arrows. What else I can hear of, I shall give
you an account of in my next. I have an old book whose title
is: Epitome du Thresor dez Antiquetez, c'est à dire, Pourtraits
des Vrayes Medailles des Empp. tant d'Orient que d'Occidant.
De l'estude de Jaques de Strada Mantuan. Antiquaire, Traduit
par Jean Louneau d'Orleans. If this may be any ways usefull
to you, it is at your service. There are but few inscriptions
about York. I am of opinion that many have been broken and
lost by those that understood them not. Here are some urns
that were taken up without Bowtham bar. The best inscription
about York is that of a Roman ensign set up in a wall in Trinity
yard in Micklegate. It is an ell high, of which I took a draught
as well as I could. It is short and broad, the legs are broken,
and joined with lime, and the face disfigured. It is not unlike
this draught, and almost as rude. I have set down the inscrip-
tion with the same number of letters in each line, as I found it
in the original. I expressed everything which seemed like a
point, or anything designed by the workman. The letters are
all very fair, only those letters in the lowest line, H S E T, are
not so fair, especially the last letter, which whether it is a T or no
I cannot tell. I have not expressed the number in the penulti-
mate exactly, it is AN. XXIIX. The rest is all as well as I could
do it. There is an inscription in an old wall, on the left hand as
one goes to the Mount, without Micklegate bar. It seems to
have been an altar, most of the inscription is broken off, but it
beginneth thus.
There is an old figure on the south side of
North Street Church, on the east side of the porch, of a man in
armour, and a spear in his right hand, about half a yard high,
with an inscription, but so broken that there is not one perfect
YORKSHIRE.
289
word. The letters are fair enough, of a Roman character, and
I took them in paper, but have lost them. If you please I shall
go again, if you think you can make anything of it.
The coins which I have are all much of the same size, about
the breadth and thickness of a guinea.
1.
Constantine.
Of Constantine there are 75, with his face on one side, with
LFAL CONSTANTINVS NOB C, but sometimes it is IMP. CONSTANTINVS
SPE AVG., and sometimes other [words]. Upon the reverse you
have some variety.
1. The figure of Apollo with rays about his head; in his
right hand a circle or serpent, the hieroglyphick of a year, and
in his left a bow and arrows, with this inscription: Soli invicto
comiti.
2. The figure of an ensign, with a spear in each hand, and
Principi Juventutis.
3. The same figure, and Concord. Milit.
4. The figure of Apollo as aforesaid, and Genio Pop. Rom.
5. The figure of Mars in a defensive posture, with a helmet
on his head, a lance in his right hand, and a buckler in his left,
and MARTI Patri Propugnatori; another, Marti Conservatori.
6. The figure of a man with his right hand upon his head,
and his left leaning upon a pillar, with Securitas Aug. C.
2.
Constantius.
On one side is his face, with DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO. On the
reverse, an altar, with an eagle on each side, and MEMORIA FELIX.
3.
Maximianus.
On the one side is his face, with DN. MAXIMIANO PFS AVG. On
the reverse, Mars, with a javlin in his right hand, and a shield
in his left, with Marti patri Conservatori.
4. Magnentius.
On the one side is his
On the reverse this figure
face, with DN. MAGNENTIVS PF AVG.
P
ΑΧΩ
with SALVS DD. NN. AVG ET CAES.
T
290
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
5. Maximinus.
On the one side is his face, with GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS NC.
On the reverse, the image of Apollo, as before described, with
P.L.C. under his feet, and Genio populi Romani.
6. Maxentius.
On
On the one side is his face, with IMP. C. MAXENTIVS AVG.
the reverse seems to be a triumphal arch, with the figure of two
men in the middest, the one sitting and armed, with a globe in
his hand, the other holdeth a scepter. The inscription is not
fair, but seems to be, Conserv.
7. Licinius.
On the one side is his face, with IMP LICINIVS SPR AVG. On
the reverse the image of Apollo, as before, with T on one side of
him, and F on the other, PTR under his feet, and Genio Pop. Rom.
about the side.
8.
Valerianus.
On the one side is his face, with a helmet, and CAL VALERI-
ANVS; or Valeria Aug. I cannot tell whether. On the reverse,
the figure of Venus, with Veneri Victrici.
There are 2 more, which whether they are Constantius or
Constantines I cannot well tell. This is what I have at present
to offer to you. I shall use my endeavour to collect as many
more as I can. In the mean time, if you will please to take the
pains to write to me before Whitsuntide, and let me know your
pleasure, what method you would have me to take in describing
those coins or medals which I may see, but [paper torn] ·
ure to send you, I shall, to the best of my power, shew myself,
Sir,
Your most affectionate and humble Servant,
NOAH HODGSON.
Be pleased to direct your letter for me, writing my christian
name at large, to be left at the post-house in York.
YORKSHIRE.
291
REVEREND EDWARD MORRIS, "TO THE REVEREND DR. GALE,
AT ST. PAUL'S SCHOOL, LONDON.”—H. C.
Reverend Doctor,
[Aldborough], July 5th, 1692.
I am well pleased I can serve you in any capacity to your
satisfaction, especially in such matters as conduce to my pleasure
and improvement in antiquities; though my last had such good
successe as to merit your acceptance, I fear my imperfections in
these queries will need your pardon.
1st. Your Roman way from York to this place admits of
conjectures only; I will trouble you with three. 1st, that great
way from Standford Grantham, lost till nere Doncaster, very
visibly leads thence to Legiolium, Abberford, from whence with a
turn to the east (leaving Calcaria east, about one mile, Wetherby
west, nere two), it passes Wharfe at St. Ellen's ffoard, the way
visibly on both sides the river; nere a mile south of Wharfe two
great forced ways crosse each other, this which comes north, and
that which leads to Calcaria, and thence doubtlesse to the Elm-
rowes (?) at York; where these ways meet is on Bramham Moar,
now the way from York to Leeds, perhaps formerly to Olicana,
and thence to Cambodunum, and so to Devana. But to proceed.
If Antonine says 'tis twenty miles between York and this place,
thence I may reasonably beleive the way from Eboracum lay by
Calcaria to Isurium; if this seem too wide a reach, let me 2dly
conjecture that the way lay through Marston, up to Tockwith,
and so near Catall, where there seems yet a great way (though
not much used) to slanck the great Watling [Rud gate] street;
and this way we now use when the waters are impassible over
Nid at Skip Bridge; and this way may suit with Antonine's, 16
miles distant, if that be his computation, and not improbably
with my last supposal, which perhaps might be out of Boutham
Barr, and so through the fforest of Gautree, to the passage of
Ure, at Aldwork (which is your last quere) from thence leads a
cast up way, and strikes upon the great road near Ouseburn;
and there doubtlesse the Romans had some little statio, as the
grounds about the banks on each side testifie (though there be
now no other memorials of them there); from Ousburn the way
is visible within a little mile of this place. The passage over the
292
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
river (I conjecture) might be about 100 yards above the present
passage at Burrowbridge, and so the way on this side leads near
the present three, the late 4, but anciently five monuïnents, or arrows
(as now called), and fully to the way that leads north on the
other side (as is presently visible at Kirkby Moor), towards
Cataract. The way I thought lost, between Grantham and
Doncaster; upon second thoughts, I beleive it lay by Lindum,
thence to Agelocum, and so by Bawtry to Danum; but this is
beyond my commission. I passe therefore to, 2nd, the statue
in the vestry wall, of one entire stone, very rough and decayed
with weather, so much as there is no appearance of eys or nose;
'tis 3 foot 6 inches long, two foot broad, nyched; the figure,
two foot 6 inches, what he holds in his right, is upon the skirts
of the nyche; what is over his left shoulder is within; some-
thing seems to strike quite through both the circles, from the
shoulder; whether the left be brought down to the belly or not
I cannot discern, or it is directed upward, as you see. The
knees are prominent, and not unlike Pan, and the sleeves are
visible in bredth and a sharp joyning to the ancle; as to hair,
there is nothing like it, whatsoever there might be 1500 since.
'Tis now a deformed thing, and placed here with other rubbish,
such as peices of old crosses, and the like, to make up the wall,
[so it would] be lost labour to seek for an inscription.
3rd. The number of the arrows I have already answered,
but why you conjecture them natural stones from Knaresbrough
I know not, I never saw any greet like them there; we generally
say they are artificial, made of greet and cement; though a
ffree-mason of late conffirms your assertion. They are about
8 yards in compasse, and about that height.
*
4th. In the musive work, which being so many, and so
placed one to another, at such uncertain distance, as there is
room for all conjecture that some was for baths, others for
religious uses, not united in one temple; and some of the
Romans perhaps might be so curious as to have them for comon
uses; in my last I begged the ffavour to know why they was
called mosaick, now I add why musive, at your best leisure.
5th. Stutforth' I believe is what you say, Roman, and worth
Studforth hill is an eminence about a hundred yards from the S. E. corner
of the city wall. A Roman altar, found here, is preserved in the Manor grounds.
1
YORKSHIRE.
293
examining; but that cannot without Mr. Tanckred's' leive, 'tis in
his possession, and I'me sure a word from the Dean of Rippon³
would procure it; there is not that right understanding betwixt
him and myself at this time that I think it convenient to ask
him; but when this is granted I shal take care his tenant be not
damnified, and shall observe all I shall find there worth your
knowledge.
6th. Roman brick is now reduced to such shreds, as I never
saw one whole; one was casually broken before my face by a
step of a horse; upon examining it at that time, we found it
laid over an aquæ-duct; 'twas about two feet long, somewhat
more than one broad, near an inch and one half thick, of very
fine clay, with a ledge to fold over the next.
4
I never heard of any Roman coins found at Ellenthorp, nor
any other antiquities there; but of the old Lady Brook, lately
de[ceased]. I have kept this by me for some time for some
further enquirie, but these things are so far out of comon obser-
vance that I found nothing worth delay, yet perhaps 'twill be
worth your notice that the great old Roman way is called Rud
Gate, and the way from York by the fforest (which is my last
conjecture) over the river nere Aldwork, is at this day called
Ruddford Walk, about a mile from the great Roman street, and
that three from this place; I never read of more than 4 great
streets of Roman work crossing each other about [here], and I
think it reasonable to believe their ways from one colonie to
another was not made with such infinite pains, which makes
them notorious at this day. I conjecture 'tis called Ruddforth,
or Rudd Gate, quasi Rodegate, but the ancient Roman name of
this No [?]
I desire from you upon a vacant minute, if you please to
give me the ffavour of a line, that you have received this from,
Revd. Doctor,
Your most obedient Servant,
EDW. MORRIS.
2 What is now the Crown Inn, in Boroughbridge, was formerly the mansion
of the Tancred family, who were proprietors in the parish as early as A.D.
1200. Their lands in Aldborough, Roecliffe, and Boroughbridge, passed into
the Wilkinson family, and afterwards into that of Lawson, the present owners.
³ Christopher Wyvill, D.D., who was dean from 1686 to 1710.
He was
buried at Ripon.
4 Priscilla Brooke died in 1692, aged 78.
294
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
MR. EDMUND GIBSON TO RALPH THORESBY.-[Printed in R.
Thoresby's Correspondence, vol. ii., 156].
Worthy Sir,
Ap. 13, 1694.
The exactness you have shown in the west riding tempted
us to desire more of your assistance, and it is the misfortune of
this work that your good inclination to be farther assisting to it,
should be unluckily cut off by other business. You refer us to
Dr. Gale, and add, that he is excellently qualified to help us;
for my part, I could heartily wish he were either less qualified,
or more ready to serve the world with his abilities. How it
comes to pass, I know not, that these men should be so much
wedded to their nostrums; and that learning, one of the most
sociable, best-natured things in the world, should beget in their
tempers a sort of morose reservedness. But so it is; and nothing
must be expected from that quarter. No; Mr. Churchill had a
flat denial; and, for some reasons, I cannot think fit to court
him into a compliance."
DR. GALE (AFTERWARDS DEAN OF YORK), TO R. THORESBY, IN
ANSWER TO HIS OF 26 JUNE, 1695.-[Printed in R.
Thoresby's Correspondence, vol. i., p. 208].
Sir,
I give you many thanks for your very kind and very instruc-
tive letter. I showed it also to Mr. Perry, who gives you his
humble service. The account which you give of Catarick is cer-
tainly true; after the burning of the Roman town, the new town
was set lower. I have been told by a man of that town many
stories, which induce me to believe that many Roman antiquities
are there buried; time will, I hope, discover them. Your
account of the Ripon coins is more particular than what I have
received, with some old pieces brought me thence. I expect yet
from thence a further account.
5
I am sorry I cannot answer your desires about Domesday
The North Riding, history of which had been sent to Dr. Gale for perusal,
but being "out of humour," and not to be depended upon for assistance, Mr.
Churchill requested him to return it.
YORKSHIRE.
295
1
Book; I did not tell you that I had a copy; I told you I had
perused Domesday Book, partly at the exchequer, and partly in
a copy which was lent me. I took excerpta only out of them,
but no copy.
I have been reflecting upon that Winwed field,
and battle fought there. I conclude with Speed, in his maps
(whence had he it?) that the fight was at or near Kirkstal
Abbey. My inducement is that Monasticon Anglicanum, vol.
i., mentions a piece of ground given to that abbey by the name
of Winnet, at the west end of the bridge. I take it, that there
is a valley thereabout, which then might be overflown, and so
many flying to the Wath (Winwath) or bridge, were drowned.
The river Aire seemeth otherwise to have been called Wint,
or Winet; it springs at the foot of Pen-y-Givent, i.e., the head of
Went. Nennius, in his fragment (which I printed), calls that field
Campus Guenti; so one manuscript. The same Nennius, by his
urbs Judeu, meaneth Lyodis, or Loydis. In page 135,6 Nennius
and others call it Caer-Loid-Coit, which Coit may well be under-
stood of Elmetum. The same Nennius there speaks of Campus
Cai, as another fought-field, perhaps at Gayford, near Blith.
Cama, or Camu-lodunum, I do not take to be Almondbury,
but rather Camelesbury, somewhere about Elland and Liversedge.
That sixth Legion had several camps up and down that river;
Almondbury was one. In this, I guess, some of the Germans
(as auxiliaries) might station. Their camps were commonly
round; such was this, if I remember well the designation of it
which you made. If this be sooth, then I would call it Almane-
Bury, so the Monasticon calls it; and Claudian mentions the
Alemania, where he speaks of soldiers placed here in Britain.
There are other towns in the west riding which take their names
from that Legion and its auxiliaries. Such are Barneburgh,
Deusburgh, Barwick (or rather Buric) in Elmet, Mexburgh, &c.;
but what to make of Bede's Campo-Dono, I know not.
The anonymous geographer Ravennas (of whom I spoke when
I was so happy as to see you), mentions Pampocalia in these
parts. I find Cayly, Coly, Ilkaly, all about this river of Aire.
I find also that the river which joins Aire, near Castleford, is
called Cale; and after that, joining with Aire, that it is called
6 Dr. Gale refers to his own Scriptores XV.
296
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Caldare; but where to place Pampocalia I know not; my hopes
are, that you will prove so happy as to find it, and so kind as to
communicate your discovery to me. I know that my author is
very corruptly printed, and I have sent into France for variæ
lectiones; if I might venture to alter Pampocalia into Campocalia,
I should fancy it might prove Camsale, a place in that quarter,
mentioned also in the Monasticon, vol. i.
As for Lagecium, in Antoninus and Camden, I dare say it is
the Lagentium of that Anonymous. They were some troops of
auxiliaries mentioned in Notitia Imperii under the name Lagense.
I think it will be hard to find a Roman way from Tadcaster
or York to Leeds. Mr. Kirk, perhaps, may enlighten us as to
that way which passed up Wharf to Ilkely; I think he told me
some observations he had made about it. Now, dear Sir, I beg
your pardon for not answering sooner, and also for making now
so long an answer to yours, especially being able to offer nothing
but conjectures. I shall pray for your health and life, and farther
success in your inquiries, and crave leave to be in the list of those
that may honour themselves by your friendship.
Sir, I am your very humble Servant,
THOMAS GALE.
DR. THOMAS GALE TO R. THORESBY.-[Printed in R. Thoresby's
Correspondence, vol. i., p. 231].
Lady-day, Mar. 25, 1696.
Sir,
I return you many thanks for your last. I am sorry to
find that you have so little time to pursue those studies to which
your genius so potently and successfully draws you. I know,
by experience, how uneasy your mind must be by being hindered
from these pursuits. By your next I hope for a farther account
of the via vicinalis. But, to be free with you, I believe you will
find it passed over at Kirkstal-bridge, and not at Leeds; for it
seemeth so to point to Halifax and Mancunium from York.
Cair-Luid-Coit, or Loijd-Coit in Nennius and Alph. Beverl.
and Hygden. I find nowhere else of such antiquity. I conjec-
tured that it might be Leeds. It was a conjecture from the
motions and actions of the Saxons and Britons in the parts about
YORKSHIRE.
297
Doncaster. The Britons, as I suppose, drove the Saxons out of
Lincolnshire northward. Hereupon we have mention of Cair-
Loyd-Coit, as farther northward than Lincoln, and Cair-Coil,
Coledon, in Hygden, sub anno 544 (though, by Hygden, taken
for Lincoln), must rather be some town farther north. Coledon,
in British, signifieth hasels. The Latin writers seem to call every
great wood in this land, of what kind soever, Sylva Caledonia.
Florus, saith Julins Cæsar, beat the Britons in Sylvas Caledonias."
We have a town, not far from Tadcaster, called Haselwood; all
the country thereabout was woody; you have Outwood and Sow-
wood, &c., thereabout, and Cane-wood, and the forest of Gaul-
trees, Sylva Calateria, and in both of them something sounds like
Caledon. Camden saith Leeds was built after Camulodunum
was burnt; I cannot think Leeds was ever a Roman station; it
stands on the wrong side of the river; all their garrisons were
on the south side of your waters. Castleford is not the right
name of that place, but rather Calesford. The river was anciently
Cale (so Holinshed, I think), and Cale-air made Caldair: some
towns on its banks favour this conjecture, and an old Latin
geographer placeth Pampo-calia hereabout. A Latin Ptolemy
hath Calagrona, for Halifax, as I guess. I follow your letter;
Leon or Legion, could never produce Leeds; and the Legion
which was once quartered in these parts lay at Cambodunum.
The Castra Exploratorum we never find in the middle of the
conquered country, but in or near the enemy's frontiers.
Legeolium³ quasi Lede-olium, compounded of Leed, the river
or town hard by; and Olium, Olton, or Ollerton, both very near.
So Isurium, from yse and youre. Search if the name of that
river Aire may not have been several times changed betwixt its
head and mouth; at Kirkstal, I think, it was called Winet.º
The Saxons had an ill way of perverting names of places and
rivers. Loyd is near akin to these. *
*
*
I have sent you a few bones out of that urn which I gave to
7
Perhaps the woods in Kent and Sussex, or the Chiltern in Oxfordshire,
for he never went much farther, except, perhaps, to St. Albans.-T. G.
8 Lagetium, Antoninus; Lagentium, Anon. Geog.-T. G.
9
⁹ Beda, anno 655, in regione Leedis, juxta flumen Winwed. V. Hygden eod.
anno. Provincia Loidis; Flor meaning Louthairie, in Scotland. Ledbury in
Herefordshire, from Lede, the river.-T. G.
298
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the Royal Society; the urn was found near Peckham, beyond
the Thames, with many others, in a gravel pit.
When you see Mr. Kirk, I pray you give my service to him.
I am sure he will be very ready to assist you in searching out
that Roman way, south of Wharfe. I spoke with him formerly
about it.
*
*
I am, Sir,
Your affectionate friend,
THOMAS GALE.
P.S.-Nennius mentions one Cerdicselmet (Cereticelmet) pre-
sent at the interview betwixt Vortigern and Hengist. He also
mentions Certic, king of Elmet, driven out by Edwin, son of
Alla. I guess that Ceratec (or Caratoc) might give the name
to Castle Cary (now so called), in Elmet, near Aberford. We
find in Florilegus, p. 92, Caer Carec for Caer Caratoc.
Consider well whether Bede do mean by Villa regia, Dews-
bury, or Conangburg on Don, or Berwick in Elmet; I have
not Bede before me.
Caer-pensavel-coit, Pen-uchel-coit, is Mons Editus in Sylvâ.
Cair-luid-coit, is Civitas ad Luid (Loid, Leed, &c.), in Sylvâ, or
civ. Ulmeti in Sylvâ, or civitas in ulmeti Sylvâ. Lwit in ulmus,
which Lwit the Britons sound Looit; perhaps your town; by no
means Lincoln; as Alphred of Bev. would, misleading H. Hun-
tington and Hygden and others.
The Britons call Glocester, cair Loyw (which is as much as
the city on the water). So, perhaps, Cair Loid-coit may be the
city at the water in the wood, for I find that w and d are often
equivalent.
But in the map of S. Wales, in the very border of N. Wales,
you find Loyd R., and in the map of N. Wales you find Loyd-
yerd upon the R. Murway; and Mayn Loyd upon the R.
Clowedoc. I conceive this is the true British name of the town
Loydis, Leeds; you have also Loyderis near Pulhelly; you have
Ve-Loyd R., in Caernarvonshire, and others, which plainly
argue Bede's Loydis to be an old British wood (as are those
above); but the particular signification of Loyd, which I think
is grey,
I know not how to accommodate to your town. All
these conjectures (for they are no more) I venture to cast before
YORKSHIRE.
299
you, not so much to guide you, as to show you that I am desirous
to obey you, and comply with your desire, though with peril and
hazard of discretion.
DR. THOMAS GALE TO RALPH THORESBY.-[Printed in R.
Thoresby's Correspondence, vol. i., p. 298].
July 21, 1697.
The
Sir,
Last night, at the Royal Society, a letter of yours to Dr.
Lister was read. It concerned two altars, one found at Blenken-
sop, the other near Colurton. I take this Colurton not to be
Procolitia, as you guess; for in the Anonymous Ravennas
Geogr., and in the Notitia Dign., we find Hunno, Celurno,
Procolitiæ, where Celurno will bid fairest for Colurton.
Anonymous, moreover, placeth these towns north of the wall,
which confuteth Mr. Camden's opinion for Bridhow. Upon the
reading your letter, I moved the President and the Society that
they would please to admit you a Fellow of the Society. This
was readily granted. The first step is thus made; the rest Dr.
Sloane, Secretary of the Society, will in order and time take
care of.
*
*
*
*
*
From Cateric, I lately have received some Roman coins; an
account of a Roman altar, nothing found but stones and bones,
and a piece of stag's horn. An inscription was found also there-
abouts, but it is concealed by some that stole it from the farmer
of Thornborough-grounds, near Cateric. Sir, be pleased still
to oblige the Society, and me in particular.
Your very loving friend,
T. GALE.
REV. DR. THOMAS GALE, TO RALPH THORESBY, ESQ.-[Printed
in the Letters of Eminent Men, Lond., 1832, vol. i., 235].
Sir,
*
*
[St. Paul's School], Ap. 6, 1696.
*
*
Sir J. Cotton is now in town, and you may have the use of
that manuscript of Kirkstal (of which you made mention) if
you
300
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
come before Whitsuntide. I cannot give you any grounds to
believe that he will let it travel so far as Leeds. I therefore
importune you to come up, and if that book of Scala Chronica
be not very great, that you would let it come up at the same
time, that I may look into it, and you have it at your return.
6
*
*
*
Your very assured friend and Servant,
10
*
T. GALE.
I fancy that Pyo' Sovvovlo in Ptolemy and Antoninus, I
think, may be Rhigton, near Bramham.
REV. A. DE LA PRYME, “THIS TO THE VERY REV. DR. GALE,
DEAN OF YORK.”—H. C.
Very Reverend Sir,
Hull, May the 15, 1699.
Haveing formerly had the honour to acquaint you with a
monument in this town which I looked upon as somewhat observ-
able to witt an old trough, in which some famous Roman had
formerly been buryed, I lately (upon this good weather and happy
season), went to the place where it was, to witt, the sign of the
Coach and Horses, a publick house in this town, where I found
it applyed to use of watering horses in. I asked how they came
by it, they sayd they bought it of Alderman Grey, I then went
to him, and asked how he came to it, he answered his father had
it before him. The trough is of a very hard milstone-greet, 8
foot long, 3 foot broad, and 3 foot deep, and the bottom and sides
are half a foot thick; the cavity is of an equal bredth, both at
head and feet, and hath been so as long as can be remembred ;
and hath no inscription but on the fore syde, which is exactly
and literaly thus:
MVER
VIR COL
10
EBORIIEMO MORT CIVES BITVRIX
CVBVS HAEC SIBI VIVVS FECIT.
The rest of the letters in the upper line are so worn out, that
Rigodunum is believed to be Ribchester, the place subsequently called
Coccium, in Lancashire.

VLEORTVNATEDOM
SARDINIAVERECDIO
CENIFIDACONIVNCA
MARITO
6 FT. 9 IN.
STONE COFFIN NOW IN THE YORK MUSEUM.-SEE PREFACE,
P. XI.
2.FT 1.IN--
1
M-VER
VIR-COL
EBOR
CIVES BITVRIXI
CVBVS
C
STONE COFFIN FOUND AT HULL.-SEE PREFACE,
P. XI.
4117
}

YORKSHIRE.
301
11
I cannot send you as much as the vestigia thereof. However,
you may boldly and safely depend upon those that I have sent
you, and the figure of the trough as described and delineated,
which any body will find to be exact that does but view and
understand the same. I shall say nothing of the meaning thereof,
or of the word Cubus here met with, because that I doubt not
but you have met with the like in Gruter and others.
I have several accounts of great inscriptions on stones from
my correspondents (particularly of a great one at Upper Catton,
in the Yorkshire] Woulds, &c.), but they send me such (letter
here torn) lame accounts of them that I dare not trust to them,
and I cannot get the time to go see them at present, which
perhaps I may hereafter some time or [other] have the oppor-
tunity to do, which I shall most gladly send you.
I have for about this half year been collecting all that I can
find memorable relating to this town, which I have just finished,
in a hundred and odd sheets in folio, and am daily collecting
other things. Begging hearty pardon for giveing you this trouble,
I am, very Reverend Sir,
Your most obedient humble Servant,
A. PRYME.
Post Scr.-Chanceing just now to look into Cambden, the
last edit., p. 718, I find either the same, or an inscription very
like that which I have here sent you in the former page, and to
the best of my memory there are several great I's or numeral
letters, though scarce in the least perceptible line there is not a
letter of Diogenes, this may be some other soldier that belonged
to Petuaria or Pretorium, and not the same whose epitaph Mr.
Cambden gives, both because that Cubus is not mentioned in
his, and that nobody would give themselves the trouble to con-
vey such a great monument as this is from York hither, seeing
that it is so little good to. Pardon, good sir, my suddain
thoughts herein. If I have erred it is but like a man.
1)
A letter on the same coffin was written by Pryme to the Dean, which
may be compared with the above. It is printed in the Surtees Society's vol.
containing "The Diary of Abraham de la Pryme," 1870.-See Horseley's Britan.
Rom. Fork., Pl. 192, No. 64; also Hübner's Inscriptions Brit. Lat., p. 65, No.
248; Gough's Camden, vol. iii., p. 242; Wright's Celt, Roman, and Saxon,
p. 316.
302
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
April 21, 1703. After supper we walked to Aldborough, the
ancient Isurium Brigantum, where Mr. Morris, the minister,
showed us a cornelian signet lately found (for which he gave
3s. 6d.), with a ball of stone found in the Roman wall, part of
a white wrought glass vessel, which he kindly presented to me.
Mr. Gilbert, related to the late master of the free school at Leeds,
and one of our authors (whose father was vicar¹² of Aldborough),
showed us a tesselated pavement of small stones not an inch
square; this is composed of dark coloured chequered stones,
partly circular; there have been found of these wrought in
flowers, &c., eight yards long. I met with one old Mr. Thoresby,
who gave me two of the red chequered stones; some of the town
brought of the old coins and one signet, but meanly engraved
and preserved, yet at excessive rates, that I bought none.
After return to Burrowbridge, looking for the inscription Dr.
Lister mentions, Phil. Col., No. 4, p. 91, which I read somewhat
differently, but whether way soever we read it, it seems to be
the remains of a funeral monument; it is now laid sideways in
the garden wall; there are also at the same place different sorts
of bricks or pavements, rather more than three inches square,
exactly like those I had from Kirkstal Abbey, save that these
are a quarter of an inch thicker, and a hollow in the lower side
to fix more tightly in the cement or plaster in which they were
laid.
Ap. 22. Walked into the fields at Burrow-bridge to see the
celebrated Roman obelisks, commonly called the Devil's Arrows;
that which I measured was about three fathoms round, rather
more, and perhaps 8 or 9 yards high; a second is about the same
dimensions; the third not so tall, but much thicker; the fourth
is broke, and removed for a foot-bridge, somewhere about the
town; the greatness of the stones might surprise Mr. Camden,
and make him conclude them artificial, yet upon the strictest.
observations I was able to make, they seem to me to be natural,
and such as the far greatest part of the Roman monuments in
these parts are evidently, &c.—Diary of R. Thoresby, vol. i.
p. 431.
12
Michael Gilbert was vicar from 1622 to 1629.
YORKSHIRE.
303
Part of a LETTER WRITTEN BY CHAS. TOWNLEY, ESQ., TO R.
THORESBY, JUNE 1, 1707.
"But now to what I found at my return here at York. Mr.
Smith,¹³ our ingenious bell-founder, purchased and brought from
Newcastle, a large part of that equestrian statue of king James,
set up, and afterwards thrown down by the mob at that time.
Here is his face very well wrought and very entire, besides
several other parts of his body. Had I money and a house and
place, none should hinder me from purchasing such a great orna-
ment for a garden. There is nothing of Jacobitism in this;
were it of that great r[ascal] Cromwell I should think it of great
value; and I hope Mr. Smith will look upon it, and conserve it
as such, till some noble purchaser comes that has money, and
will think a good round sum well laid out on what in time to
come, if not now, may prove a curiosity of the first magnitude.
-Letters to R. Thoresby, vol. ii., p. 55.
14
PART OF A LETTER WRITTEN BY HENRY GYLES¹4 (A GLASS STAINER)
OF YORK, Nov. 25, 1707.
My nephew S. S[mith] bought the remains of K. James's
statue, in brass, at Newcastle, which will be melted down ere
long; but I have advised them to save a buste of his head to the
paps, &c.-Letters to R. Thoresby, vol. ii., 79.
ROGER GALE TO R. THORESBY.-[Printed in Letters to Eminent
Men, Lond., 1832, vol. ii., 159].
Sir,
Scruton, Ap. 25, 1709.
Yours that you favoured me with the 20th instant, came
safe to hand, and I am not a little glad to find you have some
satisfaction now concerning the name of the Roman station upon
13 Samuel Smith was one of the Sheriffs of York in 1723. His bells are
very abundant.
14 Gyles died in 1709.
304
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Addle-moor. I think by the placing Burgdunum¹5 so near Adele
in Domesday-book, there can be no doubt but that was the name
of it, at least, to the Saxons; the first syllable appropriating it
to that people; but in my opinion we want the true Roman name
yet, this being only the Saxon in a Latin dress. I have the
Professor Haley's letter by me, and design it for you, with
Antoninus, in a little time. I have sometimes had occasion to
write into your part of the country, and find letters from hence
thither often miscarry, which is the reason I have hitherto
deferred sending it to you by the post. I am much rejoiced to
hear of the speedy publication of your papers, and heartily wish
you soon and well out of the press, with better luck than I have
had; for though I used all care imaginable, yet Antoninus must
show his face with too many faults, occasioned by the printer's
perverseness and negligence. I have enclosed you an inscription
found last summer within a mile of the Bath, on the Fosse-way,
sent me by Mr. Haley. I hear one Mr. Hearne, of Oxford, has
published a dissertation upon it, at the end of Alfred's life, just
now come out in English; and that Mr. Dodwell is writing
another upon it, in Latin. 16
I am, Sir,
Your most humble Servant,
R. GALE.
PART OF A LETTER FROM ROGER GALE TO RALPH THORESBY.
[Printed in Letters of Eminent Men, vol. ii., 255].
Sir,
*
*
Scruton, June 13, 1710.
*
*
The cylindrical vessel, whereof I sent you the figure, can be
nothing else than an urn, though a very odd-fashioned one. I
had the same thought when I first saw it, that I find you to have
had; but that it was no part of an aqueduct is evident from its
being entirely closed at the small end, so that no water could
15
Burgadunum is Adel, near Leeds, where a Roman inscribed stone, with
figures supposed to represent the Dex Matres, was found in 1702.
16
The inscription on the tomb of Julius Vitalis, the Belgic soldier. This
stone is preserved in the museum of the Bath Literary and Scientific Insti-
tution.
YORKSHIRE.
305
possibly pass through it; and, to put it beyond all dispute that
it was an urn, it was full of bones and ashes when found, and is
so still. I forgot to tell you that last Christmas, at the same
place, was dug up a very fair bust of a Jupiter, in copper, about
three inches long, and a coin of Nero with it; so that in all
probability it was buried there when Boadicea sacked Verulanium
that emperor's reign; both which I have now here.
I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,
R. GALE.
RALPH THORESBY, "FOR MR. SAMUEL GALE, AT HIS BROTHER'S,
ROGER GALE, ESQ., IN SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, IN
LONDON."-H. F. ST. J.
Worthy Sir,
Leedes, 17 Jany., 1718-9.
return you thanks for it;
I was favoured with yours, and
the contents were very agreeable, yet would, I own, have been
more so, if they had confirmed what a gentleman (who some
days agoe came from a nobleman's house to see the curiositys
here), told me, that your History of York Minster was actually
in the press, or at least going to it. I wish it were true, because
I am confident it would tend both to the honour of this country
and the deserved reputation of the author. Pray let us have
printed proposals that we may serve you in these parts. As to
your curious dissertation upon Ulphus's horn,' what your modesty
seems to have been surprized with, might justly be expected
from that learned and ingenious Society, which I hope will oblige
you to publish it; and at the same time to advertise that your
history of one of the noblest cathedralls in Europe is perfected.
My service pray to your learned brother, and both your sisters.
Cosen Cookson designs shortly to take London in his way to the
Bath for his health, and will doubtless visit the good family, and
by him the print you so kindly design me may be most safely
transmitted to,
Sir,
1
Your affectionate humble Servant,
RALPH THORESBY.
Presented by Dr. Stukeley to the Society of Antiq.. London, in 1755, and
printed in Archæologia, vol. i., 187.
U
306
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
MR. JOHN TODD, MASTER OF THE FREE SCHOOL AT ALLERTON,
CONCERNING ITS ENDOWMENT, TO ROGER GALE.-H. C.
Printed in Reliq. Galean., No. ii., pt. 2, 211].
Northallerton, March 4, 1715-16.
4
Sir,
Upon receipt of your letter, being wholly myself in the
dark as to the time when, or who was the founder of our school,
I made immediate application to one Mr. Luke Smelt, rector of
Welbury, son of my predecessor and master,2 who promised the
first opportunity to inspect his father's papers, and give me an
account if he had anything relating thereto; but after all this
delay, for which I humbly crave pardon, he has met with nothing
but a copy of Eshold's³ will. He thinks, if no account be met
with among the king's records, Durham offers the fairest. I
have formerly enquired of Mr. Thomas Lascells, Mr. George
Metcalfe, and William Harrison, long before their decease, but
never could obtain any certain information of them, or any other.
James Whitton, indeed, of Bedale, about two years ago, told me,
that they had found the schools of Northallerton, Bedale, and
Malton, were all upon one and the same bottom. But as to its
endowment, there is the house and garth, with one common
right lying upon the North Moor, £5 1s. 8d. salary from the
crown, paid by the king's collectors, out of which they annually
deduct 5s. for poundage, 2s. 6d. for debenture money, as they
please to phrase it, and 8d. for the acquittance. One James
Coates, a grocer, informs me, that the borough houses, paying
king's rent, were formerly chargeable with the said salary, as he
had frequently seen expressed in their receipts; and the lands
of John Eshold are by will charged with 20s. a year, for teach-
ing four poor boys.
2
5
Thomas Smelt, was buried Nov. 19, 1686, "vir eruditus." Parish Register.
He was a strong loyalist. Dr. Hickes, Dean of Worcester, who was one of his
pupils, relates (in his Life of Kettlewell), that when General Lambert was
passing through Northallerton, some of the boys petitioned the General to
request a holiday for them, and that Smelt, "chastised them in a most severe
manner, and had like to have turned them out of the School."
John Eshall, among the bequests, left by Will, dated 1612, 20s. per an. to
the Master of the Grammar School.
4 Of Sowerby, born in 1634, died 1706.
5 "All refounded by Queen Elizabeth."-R. G.
YORKSHIRE.
307
I saw a sheet of paper in the hands of Mr. Hallywell (collec-
tor of excise), said to have been Mr. Wheatley's, lately in com-
mission to inspect hawkers' and pedlars' licenses, wherein he had
set down the salary paid by the king, six pounds and upwards;
but never had the happiness, though I greatly desired it, to
speak with him, in order to know how he came by that infor-
mation, as also of the endowments of several other schools and
benefices in that paper; but, lest I should be too troublesome in
recounting these uncertainties, I shall not add more, but beg
leave to subscribe myself,
Sir, &c.,
JOHN TODD.
THOMAS ROBINSON, ESQ., OF PICKERING, IN YORKSHIRE [TO
ROGER GALE].—H. C.
Octobr. 10th, 1724.
Sir,
I hope the criticising upon the learned doctor's way of writ-
ing will be soon over. 'Tis agreeable news that he has made so
good progresse north of Trent, and designs allso a review. We
build upon many visits of yours into these parts, countrey ones
too in our phrase, when we shall not loose you so soon, and then
the Antonine roads to have new honors done them.
I have applyed to my friend, and 'tis owned that the road
from York to Sinus Dunus does not lead to any Antonine station,
but as your curiosity continues, the following hints perhaps may
not be too tedious.
The most distinguishable remains of Mr. Warburton's mili-
tary road' here that I have met with is now commonly called
Wade's Causeway, and the tradition is that Duke Wada, of
whom the Britannia is not silent, was the erector: but this seems
not to need a confutation. I was surprised when I first mett
with it distant about 2 miles from any town or dwelling, of the
common stone of the countrey, fitt enough for the purpose in a
black springy rotten moor, which continues about six miles to
near the Sinus.
The disposition of the stone is to the best advantage imagin-
6 "Dr. Stukeley in his Itin. Curiosum.”—R. G.
7
"Vid. his Map of Yorkshire.”—R. G.
308
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
able in it. In view of it are many tumuli, probably the burying
places of the great, in the British or following ages. One in
view is called Blakay topping, on this More commonly of that
prænomen, which according to the learned doctor's description
in his Itin. Curios., p. 128, may well be called King's barrow
here.
Among many traces of camps near this remain, very many
for the compasse of ground, one is near to its entrance of the
More from York called Cauthorn Burroughs, not unlike the
camp at Ardoch (under the title Thule in Camden's Britannia).
Within a few miles upon the edge of this More are two tracks
of trenches which may well be titled vast, as p. 155 of the doc-
tor's Itinerarium. These camps are near one another too, and a
third allso not above 2 miles distant, strangely large. We have
indeed no name of Castle near them, but as they are in the finest
site of our sheep walks next Blakaymore-mere, Dorsetshire downs.
next their Blackmore forest, the doctor's quotation suits them not
ill: Hinc auræ dulces, hinc suavis spiritus agri ; these are about
the like distance from the sea too as the other, have no names
but that of Dikes heard of, and chiefly lye above Swainton in
this hundred.
But now, though the sound of Castle is not heard of near
here, nearer to the Causeway's remain is a Castlegarth sited
sufficiently well for strength, at Cropton, near Cauthorn, named
before. It and its large barrows are mentioned in the Forest
Iters of Pickering, but when its erection was is not found, though
those of others which are of note at present between the York-
shire coasts and its city are known, unlesse that of Pickering,
lying in the midway from York to Whitby, and about 4 miles
from this Causeway's remain; onely another Castlegarth, about
9 miles from the remain in the same road has its ruins left from
the soil and name of it, of which Camden's Vouchers in the
Cotton Library make mention before the Conquest, however
near this Blakay-more we have remains of Roman gates and
walls, according to the doctor, p. 78.
A little within Blakay-more, about 3 miles from the Cause-
way's remain are 2 stones about 7 yards distant from each other,
of about 20 foot high, and half the breadth each way, and must
have been fetcht some miles, and are of the gritty mill-stone
YORKSHIRE.
309
sort.
They must have come through wett rotten roads, but they
have a softer name than those you note near Burrowbridge and
between Cunetio and Spinæ in the Itinerary, vzt., the Bride-
stones, the rationale is recommended to yourself.
If you would please to have any of these points explained,
your commands would be the highest pleasure, &c.
Yours at command,
THO. ROBINSON.
Whitby had a Pharos p. Bede, and Camden guesses the like
at Flamborough, nor is it corrected in the new edition. Præto-
rium, according to the doctor, p. 118, must probably have been
another, the burgh of Scarburgh was granted by charter in Hen.
II. reign, by him.
REV. ROBERT DANNYE "TO DR. STUKELEY, IN ORMONDE STREET,
NEAR RED LION SQUARE, LONDON."-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Sir,
Spofforth, Feb. the 23d, 1724-5.
I have neither tried nor condemned you; but, to proceed
in a regular way, do hereby summon you to appear before me at
Spofforth, and if you disregard the citation, I shall order you to
be recorded as a contemner of my authority. When you come
into these parts, pray bring along with you Mr. Gale's Itiner-
arium Antonini, that I may know where I am placed according
to the Roman geography, which may put me into the road of
hunting after some antiquities, which I have overlooked in my
neighbourhood. I shall gratefully pay the price of the book, and
afford you and your Roman knights the best accommodations I
give you, although not such as you deserve, or they formerly
met with when they usurped an arbitrary power which they had
no right to.
I have, ever since I left London, lamented my misfortune,
that Lord Hartford was abroad, when I endeavoured to pay my
duty to him, and now I am still more uneasy, since I am informed
that the honour of seeing him again would have been attended
with the satisfaction of your good company.
It's impossible for me to judge what you have been doing by
310
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the cut you were so kind as to send me. That side-face upon
the pedestal of the broken pillar, I sometimes think is designed
to represent you, but if it is, I must freely own that it bears no
resemblance of what you were, when last I saw you. Pray set
me right and correct my ignorance, if I am out in my conjecture.
You must know that here is nothing to be met with in our book-
sellers' shops, but trifling pamphlets, and therefore you must not
wonder, if I have heard nothing of your late performances. Tell
me where they are to be purchased, and I shall endeavour to
have them sent me, such I mean as related to antiquity; for as
for spleen and elephants I durst not meddle with them. They
are terrible things, and I could for ever have been contented to
have been a perfect stranger to the latter, provided that I had
never been tormented with the former.
When happiness is to be acquired by nonsense and super-
stition, I may possibly turn Carthusian; but in the meantime.
you must, if you would have a true notion of your old friend,
look upon me as a lover of learning, destitute of some of the
principal means of improvement, and consequently rusting in a
desert, and retrograde in everything commendable, except integ-
rity and sincerity. That Mr. Hales has obliged the curious, is a
matter of great joy to me; and I wish that I was capable of
doing anything which might either increase knowledge, or receive
your approbation.
Have you a mind to enlarge your observations upon the
spleen? Come your way, and I shall shew you such a whim-
sical couple as are scarce to be paralleled in either ancient or
modern story. Or if you have entirely turned your thoughts to
antiquity, bring down your pencils, and I will undertake that
you shall find employment enough to give you a sufficient sur-
feit. As for curiosities in art, I make no promises; but as to
antiquities and natural curiosities, I believe you will find as many
in this part of the world as may be sufficient for your diversion.
The entertainment you will meet with here, will be plain and
friendly, and such (I hope) as may testifie how sincerely,
I am, yours, &c.,
ROB. DANNYE.8
See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. i., 134, Surtees Soc.
YORKSHIRE.
311
PART OF AN ANONYMOUS LETTER RECEIVED BY ME [R. GALE]
RELATING TO THE INSCRIPTION WHICH FOLLOWS, MARKED
C, BUT, BY THE HAND, I TAKE IT TO BE OF MR. ELIHU
JACKSON'S WRITING.-H. C.
June 6th, 1726.
"In the account of Richmondshire printed in the last
edition of Camden's Britannia, I was much surprised to see the
inscription upon the alltar found above 20 years ago at Greata-
bridge so very lame and unintelligible. Whoever sent up the
account of it seems to have been little conversant in matters of
that nature, or he has offended with his eyes open, and put a
grosse abuse upon all mankind, but more impertinently injured
the editor of that noble work. I am sure I never saw characters
remaining more perfect and legible. The stone is of a roughish
gritt, hard and durable, and often mett with in that country.
It has the patera and urceolus on the sides, but no focus on the
top. The characters are tall and streight, not so much as one
disjoyning through the whole inscription, which is observable,
for the o in VoTo still subsisting, and is the last office of two
daughters to the memory of their dead mother.9
It is now
neglected among the weeds and rubbish in Mr. Robinson's
garden at Rookby, reduced by a strange reverse of things to
the vile function of a whetstone for iron tools. There I saw it
2 years since; unworthy the station where it lyes as it were
buryed again and forgotten. The inclosed is a true transcript
from the stone itself, the letters are ranged exactly in the same
order they are cut upon the alltar, and in a proportionate highth
to them.'
""
N.B.-The copy inclosed is fixt into my last edition of Cam-
den's Britan. in Richmondshire.-R. G.
Found in 1702, and now lost. The inscription, as given by Horsley, was
DEAE NYMPHAE NEINE
•
BRICA ET IANVARIA FIL. LIBENTES EX VOTO
SOLVERVNT.-Hübner, p. 70, No. 278. See Roger Gale's reply to Mr. Goodman's
letter, given below.
312
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
MR. RICHARD GOODMAN TO ROGER GALE, CONCERNING SOME
ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS DUG UP NEAR GREATA BRIDGE, IN
YORKSHIRE.-H. C. [Printed in Reliq. Galean., No. II.,
Pt. II., 142].
Sir,
Carlile, Aug. 17, 1727.
The hurry I have been in since I came home has prevented
me from sending you hitherto the inclosed. The stone was
found in a very lonely situation about 500 yards beyond Rookby
eastward. The buildings stood on the south side of the river
Tees, and seem to me to have been a sacellum; there is yet.
visible a foundation of a small oblong structure; another that
lies betwixt it and the river, and is, for the sake of the stones, and
by the rapidity of the river, allmost quite gone. It was in the
ruins and the river's course this was found; to me it seems to
have been an alltar, fully finished, 10 but for some reasons since to
have been cutt away, so that now the body of it onely remains.
The upper part of the inscription from the crosse line has been
cutt off, yett some part of the letters are visible, but so faint
that I could not draw them; it is now in my Lord Carlile's old
hall or farm house (Mortham ?), the estate in which it was found.
The river Greata parts this estate and Rookby; on the north
side of both, Teys and Greata joyn; and on the west side of
Rookby, the Roman street, very near, makes a right angle, the
onely one I have seen betwixt Stamford and Netherby. The
severall walls and buildings here have taken up the Roman
town, and some faint remains of it appear onely now and then,
but I am apt to believe it has been very large.
The figure (B) was found under ground about 20 yards from
the street, and in or very near the south rampart of the old
town, near the west corner.
The figure (c) was found near the middle of the town; the
lines and letters are as exactly drawn as I could do them, and
10 See Gale's reply to this letter, stone marked (A). It was found at the
confluence of the Tees and Greta, about a short mile below Greta-bridge, at the
Tees side, and just below where Greta joins it; and is preserved by Sir William
Eden, of Windeston.-Bruce. See Hübner, p. 70, No. 280, whose inscription
varies slightly from that given by Goodman. ...NI ...RS... SEI ELLINVS BF
COS PROVINCIE SVPERIOR V.S.L.L.M. Mr. Goodman gives a drawing of the
stone (fig. A.) which is 3 feet 2 inches high, 13 inches broad, 11 inches thick,
YORKSHIRE.
313
have their severall turns at top and bottome. I drew them twice
over least I should mistake any of them. I begg at your leisure
that you would be pleased to send me some account of them.
The river of Kirk Santon and the ground lost by the sand
is in the parish of Millum, an estate long in the family of the
Huddlestones," in the south west part of the county of Cumber-
land. Mr. Senhouse, of Netherhall, tells me the river lyes upon
a levell, so that the water has no force in its descent, and is easily
stopt; and that it was very true there was so much ground lost
as was sett forth in the brief.¹
12
Near Brampton, at the Caststeads on the Roman wall, there
have been lately found some stones¹3 with letters and figures on
them, the draughts of which I shall send you in the best manner
I can; Mr. Gordon will give you an account where the Cast-
steads stand, which I take to be onely a corruption of Castle-
steads. Be pleased to give my respects to Mr. Gordon; and
when you have time, favor me with a line, and believe me to be,
Yours, &c.,
RICHARD GOODMAN,
ROGER GALE TO RICHARD GOODMAN, IN REPLY TO THE PRECED-
Ing LETTER.-H. C. [Printed in Reliq. Galean., No. II.,
Pt. II., p. 144].
Sir,
London, Aug. 26, 1727.
I look upon myself as much indebted to you for the favor
11 In the parish church of Millom are several monuments to the family of
Huddlestone. In the reign of Henry III., Joan, daughter and heir of Adam de
Millom, brought the manor to Sir John Huddlestone, lord of Anneys in Millom,
descended from a Yorkshire family. The more modern of the monuments are
those of Jos. Huddlestone, Esq., 1702. and Sir F. Huddlestone, 1720.-Magna
Brit. Lysons', vol. iv., Cumb., 136. See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii.,
113 n, Surtees Society.
12
By a brief obtained in 1685, it appears that, in the year 1668, a certain
river, called Kirk-Santon Water, was stopt from running in its ancient channel
by the violent and frequent blowing of sand from the sea-coast, and had thereby
overflowed 300 acres of land belonging to the townships and villages of Kirk-
Santon, Haverigge, Langthwaites, Layrigges, Southfield, and Hestholme; and
also that the sands blown from the sea coast had covered 600 acres more of
good lands belonging to the said towns and villages, so that they had been lost
for 15 years.
13 Mr. Goodman afterwards sent these drawings to Mr. Gale.
314
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
of your last, and the pains you have taken to procure me the
inscriptions that came in it. I had the first sent me a little
while ago from a neighboring clergyman, but as it came from
one that was not much used to these things, his copy was really
more imperfect than the writing upon the stone; what is left of
that is to be read:
The first, marked (a),
ELLINUS.
BE. COS. PRO.
VINCI F.
SVPERIOR.
V.S.L.L. M.
14
(The latter end of a name, as MARCELLINUS).
BENEFICIARIVS CONSVLIS PROVINCIÆ, perhaps
L. M. or P., LYDIÆ, MÆSIÆ, PANNONIA).
(SVPERIORIS).
(VOTVM SOLVIT LVBENS LÆTVS MERITO).
The second, markt (B), seems to have been a piece of a
column, as you have represented it, and the letters to be read
as follows:
IMP DD
NN. GALLO
E. VOLV
SIANO
AVGG
(IMPERATORIBVS DOMINIS).
(NOSTRIS GALLO)
(ET VOLV-
SIANO).
(AVGVSTIS).
The third, markt (c), I had seen a great many years ago, and
the Bishop of London has publisht it in his last edition of Cam-
den's Britannia twice over, as two distinct inscriptions, both
very faulty. A copy that I have of it is a little more expresse
than yours is in the letters, but agrees perfectly well with it, as
you will see underneath :
DEAE NYMPELA
NEIAE BRICA ET
IANVARIA FIL
LIBENTES EX VO
TO SOLVERVNT.
DEÆ NYMPHÆ ELA-)
(NEIÆ BRICA ET)
(IANVARIA FILIA)
(LIBENTES EX VO-
TO SOLVERVNT).
There is no manner of difficulty in finding out the sence of
this, except what may arise from the word ELANEIÆ, which I take
to be the name of some locall deity or goddesse worshipped in
these parts, and was perhaps no other than the ancient name of
14 6 feet 5 inches high, by 14 inches wide.
YORKSHIRE.
315
the river¹5 that runs under Greata-bridge; an instance of the like
nature we have in Camden's West Riding of Yorkshire, where
we have an alltar shown VERBEIAE SACRVM, which was nothing
else than the river Wharf, upon whose banks it was found. I
return you many thanks for your account of Kirksanton, as I
shall do for the figures and letters you inform me were lately
found at the Caststeads, near Brampton, &c.
I am, Sir,
Your most obliged humble servant,
R. GALE.
SAMUEL GALE [TO DR. STUKELEY ?.-H. F. ST. J.
Worthy Sir,
London, Oct. 27, 1728.
Enclosed in a small box I have sent you, by the Oxford
carrier, directed for you, the two ancient writeings upon velom,
one of which I formerly told you off. They were communicated
to me by my very good friend and learned antiquary, Francis
Boteler, of Norfolk, Esq., who has several curious charters, par-
ticularly relateing to the burrough of Lynn. You will observe
at the beginning of the old roll belonging to the guild of Lynn,
mention made of St. Peter of Mylan which I take to signifie
this guild, founded to the honour of St. Peter, in a certain street
or lane in Lynn, which is called to this day Mile-lane (as I am
informed by some who know that town) and can have no manner
of reference to the citty of Milan in Italy. You will find in
this roll a petition for the mayor of Lynn, whose antiquity is
vindicated from being instituted first by King Henry 8, as some
would suggest, this roll without doubt being much older than
his time, when our reformation from these obsolete usages com-
menced. I am perswaded several other curious matters will
occur herein that may give you some satisfaction.
The writeing, with the seal appendant, is an indulgence to
encourage and excite benefactions to the fabrick of the church
of the Augustins, granted by Thomas Cobham, bishop of Wor-
cester, of an antient date, and finely writt. I take the inscrip-
15
Lune or Laune.
316
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
tion on the verge of the seal to have been this, as appears by the
vestiges of the letters:
SIGILLUM THOME DEI GRATIA EPISCOPI WIGORNIÆ.
This might have better been placed in the chartulary of Wor-
cester had it come at that time to my hands.
As to what you desire about the burial of archbishop Thomas
Scott, alias Rotheram, I find in my MSS. collections that this
great and munificent prelate died Anno Dom. 1500, and was
intered on the north side of the chapel of the B. Virgin, situated
at the east end of the cathedral church of York, under the great
window that reaches up to the roof of the church, being all of
fine painted glass, and the biggest in England. He lies under
a fair marble tomb, elevated upon steps in form of an altar,
covered with a pendant drapery, upon which were several escot-
cheons, one at each corner, and at the upper end the sepulchral
inscription, which was but short, but have been long since all
torn off. 'Tis said he built this monument in his life time.
There is another memorial of this archbishop in the same church,
which is his effigies painted in glass, at full length, in pontifi-
calibus, in the west window of the great south cross, with the
arms of the Archiepiscopal See empaled with those of his family,
viz., Port Or an archbishop's pall, and Vert 3 Bucks Argt.
attired Or, 16 empaled with Pali az, and under his feet with Strensall,
and a little lower, at the bottom of the window, in the same letter,
Orate pro anima Magistri
Iohannis
nuper de Kilvington.
Strensall is the name of the golden prebend belonging to this
church; but who this Iohannes
de Kilvington was I
cannot find; the antient family of the Meinhills have resided
there time out of mind.
I hope you will excuse the trouble of this, and give me leave
to subscribe myself, Sir, your very humble servant,
16
S. GALE.
Thomas Scott, or Rotherham, Bishop of Lincoln, was Archbishop of
York in 1480. He built much in the archiepiscopal palaces, the kitchen at
Whitehall, the pantry at Southwell, and offices at Thorpe. Rebuilt great part
of the church of Rotherham, and founded a school there. His arms were, Vert,
3 stags, trippant, arg.-Table of Bishops, printed in Reports and Papers of
Architectural Societies, Counties of York, Lincoln, &c., 1852, p. 54.
YORKSHIRE.
317
1
P.S.
Be pleased when you have done with the two old
writeings to transmitt them again to your humble servant.
W. SMITH "TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, AT STAMFORD IN
LINCOLNSHIRE."-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Sir,
Spofforth, March 18, 1729.
Just before I received your last, we lost our valuable friend
(Dr. Danny), he left us with very little pain of body, and with
great cheerfullness of mind; all his MSS. are in his will ordered
to the flames; there is, among many others, a collection and
short explanation of the sense and pertinency of all the texts
out of the Old Test. quoted or alluded to in the New; a disser-
tation on the canon of SS.; a chronology of the first century;
a Harmonia Evangel., &c.
I know you'll grieve with me, not only that we have lost so
valuable a man, but that his works can't survive him; though
he was one of the best preachers and writers I ever knew, yet
his insuperable diffidence made him dislike his performances, so
that he was almost always sure to be the only person who was
uneasy at the most agreable entertainment.
But all is past
remedy; Dr. Dannye and his works have left us, and we may
be long enough before we meet with another of his wit and
sense, learning and good breeding, affability and integrity, with
a most agreable manner, which shewed his good qualitys in the
most gracefull light; and to all this he had a resolution which
nothing could daunt or mislead where his own character was out
of the question, but if ever that was concerned, he was sure to
be wrong through an excess of modesty, the only circumstance
of life in which he wanted a gentleman-like assurance.
While I am thinking of my lost friend I forget I am trouble-
some to you, so that after I have delivered Mrs. Danny's service,
and desired my own may be acceptable to Mrs. Stukeley, I shall
conclude.
I am, Sir,
Your sincere friend and humble servant,
W. SMITH.
318
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Row,
FRANCIS DRAKE "TO SAMUEL GALE, ESQ., IN BEDFORD ROW,
NEAR GRAY'S INN, LONDON."-H. F. ST. J.
Sir,
York, Sep. 22nd, 1729.
I take the liberty to accquaint you that there is a MS.
history of our cathedral, dedicated to Mr. S. Thompson, and
said to be drawn up either by you or your brother, fallen into
the hands of an ignorant printer in this city, who is about to
publish it with some foolish additions of his own. The MS.
itself is so incorrect that I dare say a man of your character
would not suffer the publication of it in that condition, as you
may see by a copy that Mr. Isaac Mansfield, the famous plais-
terer, has now in his hands, in London.
I have too great a value for the name of Gayle to let this
account come out without giving you notice of it. But herein
you may use your pleasure; the printer's name is Gent, in
Coffee yard.
I should not care to be mentioned in this affair, but should,
however, be proud if anything would conduce to a correspon-
dence betwixt us, who am, Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Mr. Mansfield lives in Great Poultney Street.
Sir,
FRANCIS DRAKE.
SAMUEL GALE TO FRANCIS DRAKE.
[London], Sept. 30, 1729.
I am very much obliged to you for your kind letter, but
must own I was somewhat surprized to think that anyone should
pretend to print a MS. in any person's name without his know-
ledge or consent, or even any name to it, for I know of no such
MS. signed by me or dedicated to Mr. S. Thompson; all that
I can recollect is that Mr. Thompson was a person belonging to
the church, for whom I had a respect, upon which account I
gave him some few historical notes for his better information in
his business, but without any authentic quotations, it being only
a loose jejune narrative, and what I scribbled when I was a
YORKSHIRE.
319
school boy at Mr. Jackson's in the minster yard, above twenty
years since, but that such a poor business should ever be thought
worth the printing is very ridiculous. If it be mine, as 'tis said,
I should rather desire it might be committed to the flames; all
that I can say further is that if any person putts my name to
any such MS. without my consent, I shall proceed in that case
as the law directs. So Mr. Gent had best take care what he
does. Sir, since you have been so civil in this affair, I should
be glad to have your further opinion and advice in this matter.
If he should print it he will be a great looser by it. I shall not
in the least mention your name in this affair if I should write
to Mr. Gent about it. I should be very glad of the favour of a
line or two when you judge it convenient, which will be very
acceptable to,
Sir, your very obliged humble servant,
SAML. GALE.
MR. HORSELEY, CONCERNING PTOLEMY'S PLACING OF CATTARICK,
AND MR. SALMON'S.-H. C.
Sir,
Morpeth, Novb. 1, 1729.
I hope this will find you safe at London. Mr. Stephenson
and I had a pleasant journey home, and our frequent remem-
brance of you rendered it more agreeable to us both.
Te diximus integro
Sicci mane die, dicimus uvidi,
Quum sol oceano subest.
[Hor. Carm., lib. iv., carm v., 38].
Onely our moisture was of a different nature from Horace's.
We gott safe that evening we left you to Pierce-bridge, but
somewhat late, and wett with the rain.
Mr. Salmon" has changed his mind as to the places in this
countrey, but still adheres to Greata-bridge for Cataractonium.
17
Nathaniel, son of Rev. Thomas Salmon, of Mepsall, Beds. His mother
was a daughter of the notorious Serjeant Bradshaw. He was of Benet Coll.,
Camb., in 1690, and on leaving college went into holy orders, and became curate
of Westmill, Herts. He resigned the clerical profession, having scruples
against taking the oaths to Q. Anne; and applied himself to the study of
physic, which he practised at St. Ives, Hunts., and afterwards at Bishop Stort-
ford, Herts. Died in 1742.—Gen. Biog. Dict., vol. xxvii., 79.
320
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
I was, chiefly for diversion, trying your argument drawn from
Ptolemy's latitude in favor of Catarick for Cataractonium. I
found that because of Ptolemy's generall error in 2 or 3 degrees
of latitude, the argument must be grounded upon the relative
situation of latitude; therefore I compared the difference of
degrees in our modern maps between London and Cattarick,
with the same difference of degrees of latitude, by Ptolemy, to
Londinium and Cataractonium. I own the result was rather
in favor of Greata-bridge; but it is not to be imagined that any
observations made at or before Ptolemy's time could be so exact
as that one can argue from them with any probability, when a
few miles on the earth, or a few minutes in the heavens, is all
the difference in contest. Britain was out of the way; this and
generall errors in Ptolemy are sufficient to convince us that no
observations had been made with any great accuracy. I have
nothing more at present to add, but that I am, Sir, yours, &c.,
J. HORSELEY.
MAURICE JOHNSON, ESQ. [TO ROGER GALE], CONCERNING
A
CURIOUS SMALL BUSTO OF A WOMAN FOUND AT YORK;
THE BODY OF A VENUS FOUND AT SPALLDING; AND A
PLAN OF THAT PLACE TAKEN BY MR. GRUNDY.-H. C.
[Printed in Reliq. Galean., No. II., Pt. II., p. 52, by
J. Nichols].
Dear Sir,
Spallding, 22 July, 1732.
Gratitude demands it from me to acknowledge your kind
invitation of me to your house, and of your so readily accom-
modating me with your fine antique Brigantian copper busto, 18
18
"It is impossible to say who this fine busto represents. Abbot Starbini
called it Berenice, from its beautiful hair and head-dress; others from the
passion exprest in the face, would have it to be Lucretia."-R. G.
"This bust was found in digging a cellar in the manor or ruins of St.
Mary's Abbey, York, about 1716, and given to Roger Gale, Esq., who supposed
it Lucretia, there being no goddess in all the Roman theology to ascribe it to.
It was drawn and engraven by that very ingenious artist, Mr. Vertue, F.A.S.,
and the plate given by Mr. Gale to Mr. Drake's Hist. of York, which see p. 65.
It may have been the ornament of a standard, like that bronze bust found in
rebuilding the great bridge at Cambridge, which Dr. Stukeley fancied to repre-
sent Oriuna, the wife of Carausius, and which is now in the hands of the Rev.
Dr. Lort."-J. Nichols.
YORKSHIRE.
321
of which I produced an excellent cast in the same metall, by the
best hand in London; and my friend and kinsman, Mr. Lynn,
has another taken from mine, of which treasures we are very
fond, for like the Lacedæmonians, let my home be never so
homely, I conceive it best worth cultivating; 'tis more than
enough for my leisure and enquirys; and Britain, through its
various ages, affords as much as I can wish, though fewest
instances in the sculptile way, or arts of designing in generall.
To draw from you, Sir, who must have considerably juster
thoughts about that molle spirans bronze than we can pretend
to, I cannot forbear telling you, I conceited (as you told me, I
think, that it was found among some ruins near Boutham-barr,
at York) it to be intended for Cartismandona by the artist; but
from the melancholy air of the countenance, having a little
further considered it, I am now more inclined to think it her
contemporary, the unfortunate wife of the brave Caratac, when
under the distresse of the Roman captivity, and doomed to adorn
the triumph of Claudius, or rather of Ostorius, whose name, I
think, Tacitus gives us not, but says her husband's noble, manly
carriage, and oration at the Imperial tribunal, gained him, her,
and his brothers, their liberty. Methinks this face seems to be
taken when that great man's wife was kneeling before the throne
of their imperious Conqueror, and to have all that grandeur in
misery as might move Agrippinam signis Romanis præsidentem,
and all that grand gusto of the Græcian sculptors who then
flourished in most parts of the western world, especially at Rome
(where probably this was made), and had there done many
admirable works, and so continued to do, down to the end of
the Antonine family. Horace, who shews himself a connoisseur
sufficient whenever he but occasionally hints at the arts of design-
ing, tells us, Græcia capta ferum victorem cepit, et artes Intulit
agresti Latio, so long before as his and Augustus's time, who
marmoream reliquit Romam, as he himself did testifye; and I
cannot perceive but the heads on his and his successors' coins
to Nero, when they commonly fix the standard for elegancy, in
re metallicâ, are as bold and just as after, but the reverses have
rarely so many figures on them, and I believe their medaglions
are rarer; yet some of the few brasse family pieces which I
V
322
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
have seen in my Lord Coleraine's collection, the Agrippina in
brasse, with Neptune on the rev.; the Augustus, of the same
size, with an eagle on the rev. ; in my own few specimens of
such remains of antiquity, and the Civitatibus Asia restitutis
there allso, a compliment to Tiberius, which Mr. Secretary
Addison, under Naples, takes so much notice of as to give a
print of it, are proofs, in my judgement, sufficient to fix the
standard of the grand gusto in re metallicâ higher than Nero,
and why we may admitt this most elegant busto of the age, as
I imagine it. In Nero's age, they became more drest, affected
neatnesse, and a finenesse not to be found, nor to be so agree-
able as the simple grandeur that appears from the conclusion of
the Punick warrs to Nero's time. There was some adulation,
but nothing like what I have seen of him in a rev. of a mezzo-
bronzo, a complex figure of that prince, both as the god Phæbus
and the fiddler Nero, as he appeared on the stage; when the
poet says, it was a happy piece of prudence in his competitors,
brothers of the string, to play so, that he might have the præfer-
ence and the prize.
I cannot boast of the exquisite beauty of the workmanship;
but (considering it is cutt out of a wragg-stone, coarse et ex
quolibet Saxo non fiat Venus nitidissima), we have lately had
reposited in our museum of the Antiquarian Society (which
has the greatest honor for you, Sir) an alto-relievo trunk, from
the neck to the navel, with one arm left of Venus, the old tutelar
patronesse of this place, in a sort of recumbent posture. It was
lately found buryed, very deep, under the foundation of a stack
of chimneys of our society-house, which were pinned up and
repaired, the foundation having given way. Perhaps there
might have been, long agone, a temple consecrated to her in
that very place; afterwards demolished, and thereon a Christian
church erected, as is not uncommon; for the old conventual
church stood thereabouts, and facing the high bridge, I believe,
extended so farr as to cover the ground our society-house now
stands upon. This, however, is the most remarkable sculpture
I've ever seen found in these parts; and appearing never to have
been cloathed, and being in such a posture, makes me conclude
is no remains of any Christian monument, or Scripture history.
The Saxon Friga, of both sexes, say some, was represented
YORKSHIRE.
323
sitting, the body naked, but muscled more like a man, with short
hair; this has long locks, large breasts, and tender muscling.
Mr. Grundy,' an accurate land surveyor, teacher of the
mathematicks, and member of our society, who has surveyed
this large lordship lately for the Duke of Buccleugh, lord of
this mannor, having drawn the plan of this town, as a donation
to our musæum, proposes to add the perspective views of the
publick buildings as decorations at the sides of it; and for one,
seeing we have no other authority that I know of, the form of
our old conventual church (taken down and sold by Charles
Brandon, duke of Suffolk, to whom Henry VIII. gave all the
buildings and personalls), I propose he shall give a drawing of
an old velome mapp² I have, made before the dissolution; which
is of the better authority, because Croyland abby-church, therein
allso depicted, is not unlike the remains of it, or what from the
remains we may well judge it to have been. To this, his plan,
I have subjʊyned a short historicall account³ of the town, at his
request, and the instance of our society, whom I labor to serve
all I can, and truly my labor is not in vain, for I have the
pleasure of good company there once a week for my pains; and
what is to me the most valuable consideration, my sons may
have, as my eldest has for some time past had, the advantage of
an early introduction into the conversation of sober, learned,
and ingenious men, and of well-knowing such of their neighbors
whose acquaintance will be best worth cultivating; seeing what
new things come out in literature at a light expense, and exert-
ing themselves without that immoderate awe and restraint which
grave faces of unknown personages putt upon youths, when they
might speak to the purpose. I intreat you, good Sir, to believe
me, &c., yours,
MAUR. JOHNSON, JUNR.
P.S.-Breval observes in his remarks on several parts of
1 "Mr. J. Grundy was much employed in draining and in improving the
navigations in Cheshire and Lancashire."-See Brit. Topog., i., 260, 266, 530,
531.
2
“Quere if that called the Abbot's old map.”—See Brit. Top., i., 537.
See an extract from this account in Itin. Cur., p. 18; see also Brit. Top.
i., 528, 536.
324
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
1
4
Europe, that the Celtic coins of Princes of the Sequani are
much the best work; that many of them have a Greek-like
character; and I think all agree with our great Camden that
Caligula built the Arx Britannica in Dutch Holland; from
whence, and the Burgh castle at Leyden, according to Breval's
judgement, a work of that age, and not Hengist's, it may seme
there were Roman artificers, architects at least, early in these
parts of the world; and the other arts of designing, which Sir
Harry Wotton says are subservient to that, usually attend upon
it; sculpture and painting being of chief use to adorn building.
5
FRANCIS DRAKE, "TO SAMUEL GALE, ESQ., IN BEDFORD Row,
HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON."-H. F. ST. J.
York, Aug. 7, 1732.
Sir,
I have at length ventured to lay before the world proposals
for publishing my EBORACVM, as the publick prints advertise. I
hope I shall meet with encouragement in the subscriptions, my
expences already are very great, in collecting materials, and I
am not willing to risque any more upon it till I see how the
design is favoured. The number of plates, necessary for illumin
ating the work, are many and chargeable, for which reason 2
guineas can never be thought too much for 500 pages in folio,
which will bind very well into two volumes, and divide the civil
and ecclesiastical history of York.
I have one thing to beg pardon of you, which is, for insert-
ing in the chapter designed for the Appendix De Cornu Ulphi,
&c. I did it purely to lend a lustre to the whole. A disserta-
tion upon soe valuable a piece of antiquity, with the name of
Gale annexed, must give a credit to the work; and I am not
out of hopes, as you seemed to hint to me, that when you see
the design goe forward you will oblige me, and the world, with
that treatise. I return your brother many thanks for his MS.,
and should be glad to know if it may be sent him again by the
same hands that brought it.
I know noe way to be out of your debt, the obligations are
4 Page 27.
5
Remarks. vol. i., p. 23.
YORKSHIRE.
325
too strong upon me; as a small acknowledgement I must beg of
you to accept one copy of the book when it comes out, royal
paper, ex dono Authoris, and I have set you down accordingly.
I should be glad to know that you are not offended at my pre-
sumption in printing the title of the dissertation without your
leave; and it would exceedingly add to my satisfaction if you
would assure me that the world should not be deceived in that
particular.
I am, Sir,
Your much obliged humble servant,
[Answered 12 Augst., 1732.]
F. DRAKE.
SAMUEL GALE "TO MR. FRANCIS DRAKE."-H. F. ST. J.
London, Augst. 12, 1732.
Sir,
I received the favour of yours of the 7th inst., and am glad
to hear you goe on with your great and ingenious designe to doe
honour to your antient citty. I hope you will meet with just
encouragement, which I shall not fail to promote. I have not
yet seen the advertizement you mention, but could have wished
you had not putt my dissertation in it, haveing had a designe of
publishing it myself, which, if I doe not, 'tis very probable that
trouble may devolve to you, but there is time enough to think
further of that matter. I have mislaid the copy somewhere, and
have been upon the hunt these two or three days, but I believe
I shall find it. We have lately had a fine book printed here,
writt by Mr. Horseley, viz., Britannia Romana, in which is a
collection of everything in antiquity relateing to Brittan, and in
which you will find an accurate account of York, which I pre-
sume you have not seen. Burton and Gale's Antonins Itiner-
aries may afford you some light in the Roman affairs, but you
will pardon me for advizeing you to what you may have already
perused. I return you a great many thanks for your kind pre-
sent, and wish you all success in your plates, which must be
done by our London gravers. My brother gives his service to
you, and desires you to leave his MS. with Mr. Johnson, col-
lector of the excise at York, who will take care to send it him.
326
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
I find by some of our newspapers several sepulchral stones have
been removed in paveing the nave of the church, the memory of
which and what was discovered in the ground, I hope you will
take care to transmitt to posterity. There was a vast blew stone.
neare the choir entrance, for Geo. Gale, Lord Mayor of York,
one of my ancestors, formerly adorned with brass plates, a draw-
ing of which I have before they were torne off, the engraveing
of which I shall give you if you think it proper, and
Remaine, Sir,
Your very humble servant,
SAML. GALE.
Sir,
LETTER FROM BEAUPRE BELL UPON THE SAME SUBJECT.
Decr. 11th, 1736.
6
You will find among the inclosed papers not onely the Dis-
sertation upon your curious medal, but my whole Preface, which
I hope you will please to read over with your usual candor to the
author, and inform me of any particulars that are not just, or
not exprest with sufficient clearnesse. I thought when I tran-
scribed it that 'twas tolerably compleat, but doubt not that several
objections will arise to you, since some have occurred to myself
in giving it a slight perusall, which I beg leave to mention for
information.
Page 3d. I say that the gold and silver coins of the R. Pub.,
with those of the first emperors, are of a very fine allay; in which
I follow Savot, yet have doubts that the rule is not universal,
having seen some, particularly one of Nero, that seemed to be of
a base metal, yet without any marks of modern forgery. Is his
salvo of their being counterfeits of the time sufficient, or should
I not add plerumque, or somewhat to that effect?
Though my book begins only at the ruin of the Commonwealth,
after which the moneys cannot be easily reduced to the parts of
the As, would it not be proper to insert (p. 4) some short account
of the As, and its divisions? If you think it necessary, will
read over Arbuthnot's piece on weights, which has laid very
6 "A medal that I have of Faustina, Junr."-—R. G.
YORKSHIRE.
327
quiet on my table some months, though if I should find as many
blunders in his calculations as in the first few chapters I have
examined, it shall be the last time I will ever disturb him.
Tho' the medal I cite of Gallienus (p. 6) ALACRITATI' has some
appearance of ivory, yet it is not manifestly of .that kind, and
might have been struck in his younger years, for Eutropius says
Imperium primum feliciter gessit. I have a quarto volum of
Antique Gemms prettily designed 4 years ago at Paris, wherein
are several of Mars and Venus in the same attitude with
Faustina's coin VENERI VICTRICI. I have not thought it worth
while to refer to this author, but as you may not possibly have
seen the book, I shall transcribe his judgement on them.
Nous avons une medaille presque semblable a cette pierre:
elle represente sur les Revers Marc-Aurele et Faustine, autour
est cette Legende VENERI VICTRICI. Ou veut que ce soit Faus-
tine sous la figure de Venus, qui retient Mars sous celle de Marc-
Aurele prêt a partir pour la guerre. Quelques uns lui out voulu
donner une interpretation Satirique, et l'idée des amours de
Faustine et du Gladiateur en etait le fondement: mais il y a nulle
apparence que le senat d'ailleurs si sage, eut songé a donner cette
mortification à un Prince qui avoit pour lui le cœur de tout le
monde. Addison has much the same remark in his travels in
the Isle of Caprea.
I am, &c., yours,
BEAUPRE BELL.
FROM MR. FRANCIS DRAKE, OF YORK, CONCERNING A LARGE
BRICK WITH ROMAN LETTERS UPON IT, FOUND THERE.
York, June 1, 1737.
Sir,
According to my promise, when anything occurred to me
worth communicating to so great a connoisseur in antiquitys as
yourself, I send you the inclosed inscription, which fell into my
hands the other day, in the following manner.
I took a walk to our Brickhills this week, in order to purchase
2 small urns which were lately dug up there intire, which very
rarely happens, either thro' the carelessnesse of the laborers or
7
The coin of Gallienus, with the legend ALACRITATI, is very rare. Cohen
cites an example from the Vienna cabinet.-John Evans, F.R.S.
328
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
their own brittlenesse. Upon enquiry of the master if anything
else remarkable had been discovered, it put him in mind of a
large piece of brick, as he said, which was dug up last winter,
with letters upon it. I desired to see it, and with some difficulty
it was found lying neglected amongst the long grasse of the place.
It is a piece of burnt clay, about two foot long, and near a foot
wide, with 2 ledges running parallel on each side, but none at
the ends, which makes me conjecture that it was designed, with
others, for a drain, or conveyance of water from the bottom of
some sepulchre.
POLIO
COLECIO
FELICPR
The letters were made with a finger when the clay was moist,
and are about 3 inches in hight. I will not take upon me to
read the inscription, but shall offer a conjecture to your superior
judgement about it. POLIO, not POLLIO, is a name that occurs
several times in Gruter's inscriptions, and once in Consular.
COLEGIOⓇ I take for COLEGIONIBVS, and the last word for FELICITER.
There is no difficulty in the letters at all, except in the first
of the last word, which is more like a Runick character than a
Roman; yet I think it can stand in this place for nothing else
than an F. If you allow me this reading, then Polio Colegioni-
bus feliciter signifys, in my sence, that Polio to the united
Legions wishes happinesse. The Legions are the VI. and IX.,
which are supposed, both by Mr. Horseley and myself, to have
been united at York; for there the IXth Legion was as well as
the VIth, as appears by the inscription upon the standard bearer,9
and probably both incorporated at this place. Feliciter was one
of the Verba solennia, and was often used alone, to wish pros-
perity and good successe upon any remarkable occasion.
8
"There is no such word as Colegio in Latin; it is plain that this inscrip-
tion is imperfect at both ends. Had it been intire, I do not doubt but we
should have found Colegio to have referred to some college, or company of
artificers, to whom either the aqueduct or brickmaker belonged."—R. G.
"Lucius Duccius."-See Horsley's Brit. Rom.-R. G.

POLIO
COLEGIO
i
"
FELICTER
Mme
INSCRIBED TILE.-See Preface, p. XIII.
YORKSHIRE.
329
ROGER GALE, TO MAURICE JOHNSON, ESQ. AN ACCOUNT OF
NORTHALLERTON.-H. C.-[Printed in Nichols' Reliq.
Galean., No. ii., Pt. ii., p. 200].
Dear Sir,
Decembr. 23d, 1739.
I have been hindred from answering your desires of sending
you an account of the burrough of Northallerton, by the short
days, and some other things upon my hands, that would not give
me time to look over some notes I had taken occasionally upon
that subject many years ago, but I now send you what I have
collected from them, and hope it may give some entertainment
to you and the gentlemen of the Society of Spalding, and am,
Yours and their most humble Servant,
R. GALE.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE BOROUGH OF NORTHALLERTON, IN
THE NORTH RIDING OF THE COUNTY OF YORK, BY ROGER
GALE.-H. C.-[Printed in Reliq. Galean., No. ii., Part
ii., 1781, p. 200].
10
The first mention I find of Northallerton is in Domesday
Book, which was composed between the 14th and 20th of William
the Conqueror, though Simeon Dunelmensis, who lived in the
year 1164, speaks of it in the third year of that king's reign,
when he sent an army to Durham to punish the murderers of
Robert Cumin, whom he had created Earl of Northumberland,
and was slain there by the people of the place and country.
In the former it is wrote Alluertune, and styled Terra Regis,
being then in the king's own demesne; and Alverton in the
latter, as well as in all our antient historians and records that
mentioned it. This gives us reason to believe that it took its
name from the great king Alfred, and was originally called
Aluredtune, and afterwards softened into Alvertun and Allerton.
It is highly probable that it rose out of the ashes of an old Roman
station, whose name we have lost, there being still in the parish,
and not half a mile distant, a hamlet at this day called Romanby,
through which runs an old Roman way from Thirsk to Cattarick,
10
P. 182.
330
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
where it joins the great Ermin-street; and the great banks and
intrenchments yet remaining between the two towns are thought
by the judicious to have been Roman works.¹¹
In the year 769, Beornredus or Earnredus, a tyrant in North-
umberland, burnt down Catterick,12 the Roman Cateractonium,
but six miles distant from Northallerton, which latter therefore
might very well be destroyed by him at the same time, and con-
tinued to lie waste till after the death of the two Danish kings,
Inguar and Hubba, A.D. 883, when king Alfred caused the deso-
late part of Northumberland (as all the country between the
Humber and the Tweed was then called) to be re-inhabited.
No sooner had this wise and good king any respite from his
wars, than he began to repair the losses sustained from the
enemy, by raising up towns demolished, and castles out of their
ruins, and erecting new ones where necessary for the defence of
his territories, or convenient for the habitation of his subjects.
Among others Alvretene, now called Offerton, in Derbyshire, is
believed to have been one; but since no antient author gives us
their names it is merely conjecture, and then why will not the
same conjecture hold as good for Northallerton that still retains
more of his name? And though he first bestowed the kingdom
of Northumberland upon Guthrun the Dane at his baptism, as
well as that of the East Angles, and afterwards upon one Guth-
red, a young man redeemed from captivity¹³ to be placed upon a
throne, they were only feudatories to him; and when the latter
died, he reunited both these kingdoms to his other dominions.
·
This town, before the Conquest, was held by Siward, Earl of
Northumberland, with the shire belonging to it, and was in all
probability destroyed again, when the Conqueror, enraged by
the rebellion against him in these parts, laid waste all the country
between York and Durham, in the third year of his reign, for
we find at the end of the account of it in Domesday Book M°.
wast' est. It seems, however, to have been soon re-edified, for
William Rufus¹ gave the manor of Alvertun to the church of
11
They lye on the W. of Northallerton and N.E. of Romanby.
12 Sim. Dunelm., p. 106.
!
Registr. Hon. Rich., Append., pp. 173-175, No. 125.
13
Sim. Dun., 1. ii., 14.
14
YORKSHIRE.
331
Durham; and that bishop holds it to this day, with ecclesiastical
jurisdiction over all the shire, and keeps a court-leet and court-
baron there after Easter and Michaelmas every year, the latter
of which has a great number of copyholders depending upon it,
who pay but a certain moderate rent upon renewal of their
leases.
The next mention we find of Northallerton is occasioned in
all our historians by the famous battle of the standard, in the
third year of king Stephen, A.D. 1138, and fought near this town;
wherein David, king of Scotland, was entirely routed by the
inhabitants of Yorkshire, with some assistance from the counties
of Nottingham and Derby, and people of these parts, under the
command of Thurstan, Archbishop of York, Ralph, Bishop of
Orkney, William, Earl of Albemarle, and other nobles; but the
Archbishop was not in the field, falling sick, and staying behind
at Thursk: above 10,000 Scots were killed or taken prisoners,
with little loss to the English. The scene of this action was on
a plain about two miles north, between Cowton and North-
allerton;15 and the holes where the Scots were buried are still
visible, and called the Scots' Pits.
By an inquisition¹6 taken 7 Edward III. it was found that the
Homines de Northallerton were liberi et libera conditionis, only
paying 40 marks yearly to the bishop of Durham, who had also
the royalties of the manor then allowed him; and it thereby
appears the town had then two præpositi villa, that sat in court
with the bishop's steward or bailiff, to hear and determine what
disputes might arise among the inhabitants; but when they lost
these officers or the bishop his annual rent, is unknown; for
neither of them are now in being. The burgage houses, how-
ever, seem to have continued always in the crown, from their
electing members of parliament; and most of them pay a small
fee-farm rent to this day.
15
There was a large Soc belonging to this manor; for not only
Mr. Gale seems to have made a slight mistake in the MS. when he says
that the plain where the battle was fought is about two miles from North-
allerton; whereas, if the map of the county of Richmond and Allertonshire in
the Registrum and the scale of miles on it are to be depended upon, it is full 5
miles distant. Perhaps the engraver is in fault, as is most likely.
16 V. Reg. Hon. Rich. Append., p. 173, No. 123.
332
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the whole district now called Allertonshire appertained to it,
which at present is bounded by the little river Wiske on the
west, but all the rest of that country from the said rivulet to the
river Swale was included it, till William the Conqueror added it
to the earldom of Richmond; and it now makes part of Gilling
East Wapentake; and several other towns that are laid to it in
Domesday Book lie at present in the Wapentake of Burdforth,
and so must have been taken from it. The town was a third
time destroyed by the Scots in the 12th of Edward II., when
they made an inroad to the very gates of York, as appears by a
mandate of that king's, directed the year following to the collec-
tors of the taxes, to exempt it and several others from payment
thereof, in consideration that they had been ruined by those his
enemies and rebels.17
The castle was built near the town, on the west side, by
bishop Galfridus Rufus,18 in the time of Henry I., but much
nearer to it than the old Roman castrum. This bishop gave it
to a nephew of his who had married a niece of the Earl of Albe-
marle's, as Godwin 19 says; but the continuator of Simeon Dunel-
mensis tells exactly the same story of William Cumin, Chancellor
of Scotland, who had made himself master of the bishoprick,
upon the death of the bishop, A.D. 1140, the 5th of king Stephen,
and, in those troublesome times, detained it by force for three
years, when he gave it up to the new bishop by composition.
Hugh Pudsey,20 the bishop, either rebuilt or fortified it (firmavit)
in 1173; but Henry II. made him demolish it again within four
years after, though he offered a great sum to redeem it. I
believe it was never rebuilt, though Leland," from Scalæ Chroni-
con says, one Gotselyn Daivel fortified the manor of Allerton in
17
18
Rymer's Fæd., vol. iii., p. 801.
Outside the east wall of the present chapter house at Durham, the gravə
of this prelate was found a few years ago, and in it his episcopal ring of gold
set with a sapphire, now preserved in the chapter library.
19
De Præsul. Angl.
20
Lel. Itin. V. viii., p. 2, 43. Hugo de Puteaco fecit oppidum apud Alverton.
Hugh Pudsey was the nephew of king Stephen, and son of the count of
Bar. He was Archdeacon of Winchester, and Chancellor of York. He built
the Galilee at Durham; Darlington church; and founded Finchale Priory and
Sherborne Hospital.
21 Collect., p. 540.
YORKSHIRE.
333
the time of Edward II., which Gotselyn Daivel was a partisan
of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, and afterwards executed for
robbery.
Whether by the word Manor the Castle is to be understood,
or only a manor-house, or the town itself, I shall not take upon
me to determine, though I believe the latter is intended by it:
I remember a good piece of the gate-house standing, but now
there is not a stone left, several houses in the town having of late
years been built and repaired out of these ruins.
I find but one religious house here, which was of Carmelites;
the scite thereof was on the east side of the town, on the bank of
the little brook called Sunbeck, and still retains the name of the
Freerage; nothing remains of it but some obscure foundations
of the out-walls that encompassed it. It was founded by Thomas
Hatfield,22 bishop of Durham, who died in 1381, after he had sat
in that see almost thirty-six years. Being of a mendicant order,
it had no possessions besides the house and gardens, which now
belong to Robert Raikes [Fulthorpe], Esq., and lie on the back
side of his house. Walter Kellaw, prior of the convent, who
was provincial of the Carmelites in England, died and was buried
here, A.D. 1367; so perhaps was the first prior.
About the middle of the town, in the east row, stands a brick
building, called Maison Dieu, an hospital founded by Richard de
Moore,23 a draper in Northallerton, about the year 1476, for 13
poor people, men or women, though now it only maintains four.
There were many lands and houses formerly belonging to it, now
lost; at present it only enjoys two fields, called Maison Dieu and
Castle-hill Closes, the rents of which are divided among the poor
of the hospital, and may now amount to about 40s. to each of
them. Some have said it was founded by one Sir James Strange-
ways; but this Sir James and his son were only trustees to see
the hospital kept in good repair, and the pensions duly paid to
the poor. The persons herein to be maintained were obliged by
22
Thomas Hatfield was keeper of the
the bishop's throne, and of his own tomb.
Privy Seal. He was the builder of
During his episcopate, which com-
menced in 1343, and lasted until 1381, a period of 38 years, many architectural
works were undertaken in his cathedral.
23
Moore also founded a chantry in the church of Northallerton, and pro-
vided a chantry priest, with a salary of 47. 13s. 4d. per annum.
334
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
the founder every morning and evening at six o'clock precisely
to repeat 15 Pater-Nosters, as many Ave Marias, and the three
Creeds in honour of our Lord's Passion, as also to pray for the
soul of Richard de Moore, the founder, Michael de Langbain,
and others their benefactors; they had at first allowed them 20s.
a year, to buy sea-coals, and were to find two beds for destitute
and distressed travellers one night; and in the 20th of Henry
VIII. this allowance was increased to 17. 6s. 8d. The Earl of
Carlisle at present nominates the poor persons to be received into
this hospital, as a descendant of Leonard, son to the Lord Dacres
of Gilsland, who married the heiress of the Strangeways' family.
This account was had from Mr. Charles Neal, then vicar of
Northallerton, who extracted as much as relates to the foun-
dation of this hospital, and its endowment, from an original deed24
at that time in the possession of Mr. James Wasse, of Romanby;
but both of them being now dead, I am ignorant where it is at
present lodged.
There was another hospital at the south end of the town, [in
Romanby] dedicated to St. James, now called the Spittle, and
belonging with the estate of it to Christ Church College, Oxford.
It was founded by the before-mentioned bishop Pudsey. The
churches of Thornton-in-the-Street and North Otterington were
appropriated to it; it was also endowed with the town of Ellerbeck
and the mill, half a plough-land at Romanby, and eight oxgangs
of land at Otterington,25 all towns in the neighbourhood thereof;
and when suppressed, it was valued at 56l. a year.
There was a grammar and singing school here in 1327,26 when
the prior of Durham presented John Podesay to be master of it.
There is now a grammar school, to which that dean and chapter
nominate the master, and is therefore probably the same. The
salary is but 67. 6s. 8d. per ann., with an house and a small close,
worth about 50s a year more; the house is an antient borough-
house, and gives the master a right to vote for members of
parliament for the borough. Bishop Cosins founded some scholar-
ships at Peterhouse, in Cambridge, of 10l. a year each, and gave
24 The original deed is in the possession of the Earl of Carlisle.
25
Rymer's Fæd., V. i.,
p. 358.
223
Regist. Hon. de Rich., p. 176. The school was built anew in 1776.
YORKSHIRE.
335
such scholars as should be educated in this school a right to them.
next and immediately after the scholars of Durham school.
Though the school has been in no great reputation of late years,
the six following eminent men were all bred up in it while Mr.
Smelt was master thereof:
Dr. W. Palliser, archbishop of Cashel, in Ireland, born at
Kirby Wiske.
Dr. George Hickes, dean of Worcester, born at the same
place.
Dr. John Ratcliffe, the famous physician.
Mr. John Kettlewell, born at Brompton, in the parish of N.
Allerton.
Mr. Thomas Rymer, editor of the Fædera, &c.
Dr. Thomas Burnet, master of the Charter-house, in London.
The church, dedicated to All Saints, is a large handsome
edifice, built in the form of a cross, the western end or nave con-
sisting of three aisles; the whole covered with lead. It stands
in a spacious church-yard, with a wide area about it, a good dis-
tance from the houses on every side, more than half way up the
street from the south end, and was probably re-edified soon after
its destruction by the Scots in the time of Edward II. Most of
our churches here seem to be about the same date.
The steeple is a square tower rising from the middle of the
church, with four pinnacles upon it, has five bells, and a good
clock therein, given by their present members of parliament,
1714.
There are a few modern monuments of the dead in the church;
none of them remarkable for anything extraordinary. The oldest
is a raised tomb of free-stone at the west end of the north aile,
with this epitaph cut round the edges:
Hic jacet in hoc tumulo Marcus Metcalfe filius [Luce]
Metcalfe de Bedale, frater quoque et hæres Nicolai
Metcalfe armigeri, unius ex sex Clericorum eximiæ Can-
cellariæ defuncti. Qui quidem Marcus Vicarius fuit
huius Ecclesiæ omnium Sanctorum de Northallerton,
incumbens ibidem xxxii. annos. Vixit liv. ann. tandem
sepultus xxiv. mensis Maii anno Dñi MDXCIII.
336
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
There was formerly a chantery here, the priest of which was
appointed by the bishops of Durham, therefore likely to be foun-
ded by one of them, though at present unknown. It was dedi-
cated to St. Lawrence, and valued at the suppression at 41. 3s. 4d.
The founder was perhaps bishop Lawrence Booth.
The vicarage, which is worth 2001. a year, is in the gift of
the Dean and Chapter of Durham. The impropriator is Mr.
George Pressick, of. in Cleveland, whose elder brother,
William, purchased it of the Earl of Aylesbury, in whose family
it had been long vested. He sold it to Mrs. Rayn,27 of Allerton,
and she or her executors sold it to Mr. George Pressick. It is
held of the crown.
There are three chapels of ease in this parish, viz., Brompton,
Dighton, and Worsal; and formerly there were two more, one
at Romanby, the other at Lasynby, but both now disused: the
reliques of the latter are turned into a stable or barn, but no
marks of the former are left at Romanby.
In the year 1298, 26th Edward I., this borough sent mem-
bers to parliament, which were John le Clerk and Stephen
Mansell; but none afterwards till the year 1640, when by order
of the House of Commons, December 11, it was restored, and
admitted to its antient privilege of sending members to parlia-
ment, as are the words of the order; and the two first elected
were,
12 Charles II.
13
""
29
30
27
""
22
Sir Henry Cholmley, Knt.
Thomas Hebblethwaite, Esq.
George Smithson, Esq.
James Danby, Esq.
Sir Gilbert Gerrard, Knt.
Roger Talbot, Esq.
Sir Gilbert Gerrard, Bart.
Sir Henry Calverley, Knt.
The same.
Elizabeth Raine, widow, in 1737 conveyed two closes called "Yarn
Acres," to George Pressick and others, upon trust, the rents thereof to be laid
out in various specified ways. An inscription upon her tombstone in the church
directs that certain loaves of bread should be distributed upon her gravestone
and that of her husband, every Sunday, and upon the eves of Christmas, Easter,
and Whitsundy, for ever.
YORKSHIRE.
337
31 at Oxon.
James II.
The same.
Sir David Foulis, Bart.
Sir Henry Marwood, Bart.
William and Mary. William Robinson, Esq.
2
""
7
29
10
12
13
1 Anne.
99
22
29
4
""
7
"?
9
Thomas Lascells, Esq.
Sir William Robinson, Bart.
Thomas Lascells, Esq.
Sir William Hustler, Knt.
Thomas Lascells, Esq.
Sir William Hustler, Knt.
Ralph Milbanke, Esq.
Sir William Hustler, Knt.
Daniel Lascells, Esq.
Sir William Hustler, Knt.
Robert Dormer, Esq.
Robert Dormer, Esq.
John Aislaby, Esq.
Sir William Hustler, Knt.
Robert Dormer, Esq., in his room, chosen
also for the county of Bucks.
Roger Gale, Esq.
Sir William Hustler, Knt.
Roger Gale, Esq.
Roger Gale, Esq.
Robert Raikes, Esq.
Henry Peirse, Esq.
1 George.
2
""
Leonard Smelt, Esq.
Cholmley Turner, Esq.
Leonard Smelt, Esq.
Leonard Smelt, Esq.
Henry Peirse, Esq.
Which have been
chosen ever since.
The right of election is in the owners of the burgage-houses,
which are [A.D. 1739] truly in number but 194, and a half, and
are distinguished from other houses in the town by their having
had right of common on the North Moor, as appears by the deed
of partition of that moor still extant; and if any of the burgage-
houses have not some parcel of ground formerly part of that
W
338
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
inclosed, it is because the
The houses that now claim
common before it was divided and
owners have since sold their share.
votes are increased indeed to about 204; and as it is not well
known which of them have crept clandestinely into this privilege
they are likely to retain it, but the number is now so settled,
that it will not be possible for the future to admit any more of
those usurpations. The bishop of Durham's bailiff is the return-
ing officer.
-
The present town, which may have been called Northallerton,
in distinction from another stiled Allerton Maulyverer, from an
antient family of that name residing there many generations, but
now extinct, consists of one wide street above half a mile in
length, but, as it is not everywhere of the same breadth, I can
only say it is very open and spacious from one end to the other,
and as it is now almost new paved, and will be so in a little time
from side to side, and several good houses of stone and brick
erected in it, that it will be much more commodious than for-
merly. About one-third of its length from the south end stands
the tolbooth, where the July sessions of the north riding and the
bishop's court are held. A little farther stands the cross, erected
upon four ascents of stone, the same as itself; and then still far-
ther on the shambles, all belonging to the bishop of Durham, who
leases them out with the tolls at the reserved rent of 81. per anñ,
besides the fine on renewal. Their annual value is about 401.
per annum.
On Wednesday in every week is a very plentiful market for
corn and all other provisions; and from Christmas to St. George's
day, a fortnight day, as it is called, every 2nd Wednesday, on
which is a great market for all sorts of live cattle. It has,
besides these, four annual fairs, to which there is great resort,
viz., on Candlemas day, St. George's, St. Bartholomew's, and
St. Matthew's day, for all manner of cattle and horses. Leland
says, its fairs were granted by King John to Philippus Pictavi-
ensis,¹ bishop of Durham, A.D. 1200, which must be understood
of those on Candlemas and Bartholomew days, the only fairs in
being when he lived; for that upon St. George's day, to com-
The chapter-house was built by Philip de Pictavia. He was bishop from
1195 to 1214.
YORKSHIRE.
339
mence upon the eve, and continue the day after the festival, with
a fortnight day every other Wednesday till Lammas, for buying
and selling all manner of cattle, was granted to Cuthbert Tunstall,
bishop of Durham, by Philip and Mary; and that on St.
Matthew's day, for the like time and purpose, with a fortnight
day from Lammas till Christmas, by James I. to William James,
then bishop of Durham,2 as appears by his charter, of which they
have an attested copy. As the fortnight day is now only used
from Christmas to St. George's day, it is probable the town
enjoys that in consequence of King John's grant, when he gave
them the two first fairs, and that by the new grants of Philip and
Mary, and that of James I. They attempted to continue them
throughout the year, though without success.
It is no corporation, neither is there any particular manufac-
ture carried on here; it is a great thorough-fare to the north,
with good inns for the accommodation of travellers. There is
a small brook runs through it a little beyond the shambles, and
over it two handsome stone bridges for foot passengers and
horses, which is Sunbeck afore-mentioned.
In the year 1736, by authority of parliament, for registering
of deeds for the north riding, a handsome house and office was
built here.
то
SIR REGINALD GRAHAM, OF NORTON CONYERS, BART., To
R. GALE; WITH ANOTHER INCLOSED FROM MRS. ANNE
SAVILLE, ABOUT OLD HENRY JENKINS, OF ELLERTON-
UPON-SWALE, TO SIR RICHARD GRAHAM.-H. C.
Sir,
Norton, Aug. 26, 1739-40.
I have sent you an account of Henry Jenkins as I find it
in my grandfather's book. The time of his death is mentioned
under the letter, as I have sett it down; it seems not to have
been the same hand; he must live sometime after Mrs. Saville³
sent this account to Sir Richard. I have heard Sir Richard
2 Collect., vol. i., 293.
Anne Savile was the daughter of John Savile, Esq., of Methley, an ances-
tor of John, Earl of Mexborough.
340
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
6
was sherif¹ when Jenkins gave evidence to six score years in
a cause betwixt Mr. How5 and Mrs. Wastell, of Ellerton; the
judge askt him how he gott his living, he said by thatching and
fishing.
I am, Sir, your most humble Servant,
R. GRAHAM.
Sir,
MRS. SAVILLE'S LETTER TO SIR R. GRAHAM.
7
When I came first to live at Bolton, it was told me a man
lived in the parish 150 years old, that he had sworn (as witnesse
in a cause at York) to 120 years, which the judge reproving
him for, he said he was butler at that time to Lord Conyers.
They told me it was reported that his name was found in some
old register of the Lord Conyers's servants; but truly it never
was in my thoughts to enquire of my Lord Darcy whether this
last particular was true or not; for I believed little of the story
for a great many years, till one day, being in my sister's kitchen,
Henry Jenkins come in to beg an alms, I had a mind to examine
him. I told him he was an old man, who must shortly expect
to give an account to God for all he did or sayd, and desired
him to tell me very truly how old he was. He paused a little,
and then said that, to the best of his knowledge, he was about
an hundred and sixty two or three. I asked him what kings he
remembered, he said 'Henry the Eighth'; I asked him what
publick thing he could longest remember, he said 'Floyden
Richard Graham was sheriff for the first time in 1670, ten years after the
death of Jenkins.
5
John Grubham Howe, Esq., brother to the first Viscount Howe, was M.P.
for Gloucestershire, temp. William and Mary, and also of Queen Anne, who
made him a privy councillor. He died in 1722, and his Yorkshire estates,
including the manor of Ellerton, were sold to Mr. Christopher Crowe.
6 Elizabeth Savile, sister of Anne, was the widow of Leonard Wastell, Esq.,
of Bolton-on-Swale, who died in 1671.
7 "Bolton is about a mile from Ellerton."-R. G.
8
"Lord Conyers lived at Hornby Castle, and upon his heiresse descended
the Lord Darcy, who lived at Hornby Castle when this letter was wrote. The
last Lord Conyers dyed without heirs male, the 3rd and 4th of Phil. and Mary,
A.D. 1557."-R. G.
YORKSHIRE.
341
field'; I asked if the king was there, he said 'No, he was in
France, and that the Earl of Surrey was generall'; I asked
how old he might be then, he said 'between ten and twelve,
for,' says he, 'I was sent to Northallerton with a horse load of
arrows, but they sent a bigger boy from thence to the army
with them.'
I thought by these marks I might find something in history.
I lookt into an old book that was in the house, and did find that
Flodden-field was 152 years before, so that if he was then eleven
years old, he must be 162 or 163 years, as he said when I
examined him. I found by the book that bows and arrows were
then used, and that the earl he named was generall at that time,
and that King Henry the Eighth was then at Tournay in France,
so that I don't know what to answer to the consistency of these
things, for Henry Jenkins is a poor man, can neither write nor
read. Here are allso four or five people in the same parish that
are reputed, all of them, to be 100 years old, or within 2 or 3
years of it, and they all say he was an elderley man ever since
they knew him, for he was born in another parish, and before
any registers were in churches, as it's said. He told me when
he was butler to Lord Conyers, that he remembered the abbot of
Fountains, who used to drink with his lord a glass heartily; and
the dissolution of the monasterys he said he well remembered.
ANN SAVILL.
This Henry Jenkins departed this life the 8th day of Decem-
ber, 1670, at Ellerton-upon-Swale. The battle of Flodden-field
was fought the 10th day of September, in the year 1513. If
he was 12 years old when that battle was fought, he lived 169
years.
R. GRAHAM,
This letter is without date, but appears to have been wrote
by Mrs. Saville in the year 1661 or 1662, by what she says of
the time when she examined the old man, compared with that of
Flodden-field, and was 8 or 9 years before he dyed, for I found
his burial in the register of Bolton church, thus: December
the 9th, 1670. Henry Jenkins, a very old, poor man'; and
was allso showed his grave.
9 "A.D. 1536."-R. G.
6
342
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
MAURICE JOHNSON, JUNR., "TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, AT
HIS HOUSE IN STAMFORD.”—H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
Spalding, 21 August, 1741.
*
*
*
I had last post but one a long letter from your brother
Gale, with the author of Eboracum, F. Drake's account of the
antiquities lately discovered without Micklegate, and his own
judicious remarks thereon; and Dr. Drake's account of the
remains of the once sumptuous abbey of Mailross, built by
St. David, king of Scots.
Amongst the peices of antiquities found near York, Mr.
Drake mentions a lamp of red earth, impressed with the image
of an human body with a swine's head, a scymetar in the right,
and globe in the left hand. This I take was a representation of
Hecate, not always Tergemina, but hog-headed, the daughter or
Energy of Nox, ruling half the globe. This was one of those
strange deities borrowed from Egypt, as I believe, which aboun-
ded in images of human bodys with heads of all kinds of animals.
Picart, in his religious customs, &c., exhibits the like both from
the eastern and western Indies, in very elegant sculptures. The
Abbé Pluche and P. Montfalcon, as well as Natalis Cimes, give
us many like of Egyptian contrivance, &c., derived from thence.
*
*
I am, dear Doctor,
*
*
Your affectionate friend and obliged Servant,
MAUR. JOHNSON, JUNIOR.
REVD. MR. KNIGHT, OF HARWOOD, TO ROGER GALE, CONCERN-
ING SOME ROMAN COINS FOUND AT ECCUP, NEAR LEEDS.
-H. C. [Printed in Reliq. Galean., No. II., Pt. II.,
p. 191].
Sir,
Harwood, Oct. 11, 1742.
The Roman coins found this spring near Eccup, and on the
supposed site of Burgodunum, were contained in a pot, that
was accidentally broken by a paring spade, and scattered in the
circumjacent soil, and there found, in several parcels, to the
YORKSHIRE.
343
number of 500, which were put into the hands of Mrs. Arthing-
ton, mother of the present lord of that soil, who was pleased to
favour me with a permission of taking from thence what I found
for my purpose, after I had cleaned them.
These were all of the small copper, and consisted of the coins
of the following emperors: Valerianus Sen., whereof there was
only one, the reverse, APOLONI CONSERVAT., not very fair; Gallie-
nus; Salonina, his empress, of whom also there was no more
than one, whose reverse was the figure of Pudicitia, the legend
was mostly defaced; Posthumus Sen. ; a single one of Lælianus,
with VICTORIA AVG., which being somewhat different in figure
from one I had before, I took myself; Victorinus Sen., and one
of his son, as I suppose, from the name PI before VICTORINVS,
with salvs avg. on the reverse, which name of PI other coins of
his father are without,¹º that have that reverse. Those of Tetricus
Sen. and Jun., whose coins most abounded here, and next to
theirs those of Victorinus Sen. With these were some of
Claudius Gothicus, and two or three of his brother Quintillus,
which I reserved for my own use.
These coins throw in some light on the Roman station of
Burgodunum, where none have been found before, that I have
had any knowledge of, except a silver one of Trajan, and another
of large brass of the same emperor, very much defaced, that fell
into my hands some years ago; for as to the silver coins found at
Cookridge in Mr. Thoresby's time, though they seem to confirm
the Roman vicinal way, yet they are not so authentic an evidence
for the station of Burgodunum, from which Cookridge is at least
a mile distant, as the small coins before mentioned; from the
lowest of which it appears that the Roman Burgodunum flourished
considerably longer (viz., about 80 years) than Mr. Thoresby
imagined; for he assigns the reign of Severus for the latest date
thereof, from the remarks he makes on the form of the letter A,
found on a funeral monument near that place; and it is further
observable, from the coins of Trajan aforesaid, that the antiquity
of that station rises at least as high as that emperor's reign; and
if the silver coin of Vitellius, found at Cookridge, and mentioned
10
See Bandur, T. i., p. 332, where he places these coins with PI to Victorinus
Sen., with the reverse SALVS AVG., but without the PI."-R. G.
344
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
by Thoresby, be allowed any authority in behalf of its antiquity,
it rises yet higher.
The rest of the coins found near that station, except some
few which I picked out for my own use, were returned to Mrs.
Arthington; and if my honoured friend, Mr. Gale, desires a list
of the reverses of such coins as continue still in her hands, I will
draw up one for him; and if afterward he shall like to have any
of them, I will endeavour to procure them for him, and do not
doubt to do it.
I am, &c., Yours,
S. KNIGHT.
DR. RAWLINSON TO ROGER GALE, CONCERNING A MS. REGISTER,
FORMERLY BELONGING TO ST. LEONARD'S, ALIAS ST.
PETER'S HOSPITAL, YORK.-H. C. [Printed in Reliq.
Galean, No. II., Pt. II., p. 193].
*
*
*
April 7, 1744.
I have lately purchased a manuscript folio, Liber qui dicitur
Sancti Leonardi, alias Sancti Petri Hospitalis. This is a very fair
old register, and large, of many deeds relating to that religious
foundation in York, all written in Latin, upon velom, with the
initials illuminated, and titles in red ink. By these deeds of
donation, lease, &c., from Henry the Third's time to King
Richard the Second, and lower, it appears that hospital had very
numerous and extensive possessions throughout the east and
west ridings of Yorkshire. There is an useful index let in at
the beginning, containing all the places mentioned in the said
deeds; but this is written upon paper, and in a more modern
hand. Some vile hand has for some vile end cut out several
leaves.
R. RAWLINSON.
ROGER GALE "TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, AT MR. HERBERT'S,
IN BEDFORD STREET, NEAR BEDFORD ROW, LONDON."-
H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
Scruton, April 25th, 1743.
You are extreamly obliging in so frequently giving me an
account of the philosophical proceedings in Crane court, which
YORKSHIRE.
345
is one of the great wants that I feel in my absence from London,
the source and seat of all literary amusements. The account
of the hypocaust, there read, seems to have been very full and
accurately given. I hope we shall have it publisht, with a
draught of the buildings, in the Transactions, or some other
paper.
I had an account of the stone found lately at York, in 2 or 3
days after the discovery, from Mr. Drake, with a most strange
guesse at the reading of it, though at first view it most plainly
appeared to be as I sent it to my brother. This occasioned my
writing to him about it, and yesterday I received the York
Courant of Tuesday last, with a wooden cut of the pedestal, and
an account of it taken from what I had wrote to him, with some
small additions of his own, at the latter end. I have not sent it
to you, because you have seen as much as is necessary in the
letter to brother Samuel, and I doubt not of its being copyed
into some of the newspapers as soon as it getts to town. I
suspected, at first, that as they had read some other parts of the
inscription wrong at York, so they might also have been mistaken
in reading BRITANNIA for BRIGANTIA, but having quæryed that to
Mr. Drake, he assures me it is very plainly Britannia, at the
same time I desired him to send me the dimensions of the stone,
by which one may guesse at the magnitude of the statue, but have
had no notice of that from him, nor are they expresst in the York
Courant. I took notice of the E at the end of the two first
words conjoined, and not wrote AE as usually; this he says is
truly represented after the first manner, though very uncommon.
As the Romans had no character for the dipthong E, but allways
wrote the 2 letters seperately, we must not take them for a
dipthong, but onely a nexus literarum, as in the two NN in
Britannia and DE in the Nicomedes, both in this same inscription.
I suppose Dr. Genebrier's book is not published by subscrip-
tion; the doctor left some receits formerly with me for subscrip-
tions. I had gott him 9 or 10, but despairing of ever seeing his
work, restored the subscription money to the owners 3 years ago;
but none of them can make any demand upon him, having given
me up their receits. If you see the doctor again, pray make him
my compliments, and let him know I am very much chagrined
that I shall not have an opportunity of paying them personally
346
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
to him, while he stays in England. I could have helpt him to a
curiouse medal of Carausius, the reverse, Neptuno Conservatori,
which I believe is an unique, and in no hands but my own.
Nothing could be more proper to that emperor's life and actions
than such an acknowledgement to his tutelar deity. I gave you
a description of it last year, and am glad you think the subject
is not yet exhausted. I shall be impatient till I see both the
Carausius and Stonehenge, for which I return you my best
thanks, and desire you will therefore gett Roger to send them
by the next return of Laycock, without fail, as allso the Weldon
pavement.
I shall allso think the 5th of May very slow, but hope nothing
will then procrastinate your return northward, since the soon-
nesse of my seeing you here with my sister depends so much
upon your leaving the town; and hope you will give me timely
notice of your journey that I may meet you at York, supposing
your rout will lye that way.
I am, in the mean time, dear doctor,
Your most faithfull friend and humble servant,
R. GALE.
I should be glad to hear who it is that has left the 100l. to
the R[oyal] S[ociety], and for what purposes.
Upon a review of the York Courant, I find the stone was
just 2 foot high and 10 inches broad, so that it has been the base
of a small statue.
[REV. A. DE LA PRYME]?" TO THE VERY REV. DR. GALE,
DEAN OF YORK." This letter is without any heading or
date, but it was probably written about the year 1700.-
H. C.
Being gone the last week about some very earnest business out
of town unto Bautry, I had not the happiness to meet with your
most kind and acceptable letter (for which I most heartily thank
you) untill Saturday last that I got back.
It being my vanity or curiosity to take a strict view of all
places that I come at, I think that I have discovered something
that may be acceptable unto you, or which perhaps may be a
YORKSHIRE.
347
hint to some other of your noble discoverys. That the Romans
cut down and destroyed the vast forrest that grew upon the levels
of Hatfield Chase, which contains about 90,000 acres, is pretty cer-
tain; upon the borders of the sayd levels, I found the last week
an antient town (as I take it to be) called Osterfield,¹¹ on this side
Bautry, and hard by it a great four-square Roman fortification.
When I saw this I begun to consider and conjecture that this
town might take its name from Ostorius Scapula; that he might
have fought a field or battel here, and that the Roman camp there
found might have been raised by him; that the enemy he fought
against might have been the old Brittains of the great levels,
morasses, boggs, and woods adjoyning; and that when he had
vanquished them he might be the man that caused to be burnt,
cut down, and destroyed the vast forrest that spread itself over
all the sayd levels and low grounds.
I shall say no more, but submitt this conjecture to your
most pierceing and happy judgment, onely adding that to the
best of my memory the Roman way from Agelocum to Danum
runs not farr off from the aforesayd place
(remainder torn away).
*
*
MR. F. DRAKE, CONCERNING A GOLD COIN FOUND AT YORK.
H. C.
*
York, Apr. 21st, 1739.
Sir,
Two days ago there was found in digging a cellar very near
Ouse bridge, on the west side, a gold coin in very high preser-
vation, an emperor's head, full faced, with a helmet on, the bust
in the armor, and a spear, or rather a missive dart, in his right
hand, the legend FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PERP AVG.
On the reverse
a priest and priestesse12 sitting, holding betwixt them a votive
tablet inscribed as usual, VOT XXX мVLT XXXX, under the tablet
a star, and round it GLORIA REIP PVBLICAE, on the exergue KONST.
This coin I was in hopes of being master of for a small mat-
ter above its weight, but Mr. Selby was beforehand with me. I
Austerfield is a short distance to the north-east of Bawtry, and just within
the county of York.
11
12
"Roma et Constantinopolis sedentes clypeum tenent inscriptum VOT, &c,"
-R, G,
348
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
suppose it must be a coin of Constantius, the son of Constantine
the Great, struck at Constantinople, as appears by the exergue.
F. DRAKE.
REV. DR. STUKELEY, TO SAMUEL GALE, ESQ., ON THE SUMMIT OF
MOUNT HÆMUS.-H. F. Sr. J.
Dear Sir,
De la ripa del piu famose fiume della pymmo,
16 June, 1740.
We
I received the last you favored me with to Stamford.
took the opportunity of coming hither with Mr. Roger, but in
such celerity that I cannot give you much account of my
journey, but I observed, en volant, an ash tree seemingly with
great tufts of white flowers like the hawthorn now blooming;
I wondered at it till I found it to be the wicken tree¹³ as com-
monly called. This was on Barnsly moor; viola tricolor grows
here in the highway; foxgloves, a favorite plant of mine, plenti-
fully in this country. I went round Pomfret castle, and in that
town I descended near 80 steps in a winding staircase cut ele-
gantly out of a rock, at bottom a bason of water in the live rock
never deficient nor overflowing. Ore the door that goes into the
cavern before you come to the staircase is this inscription, in
seeming Roman characters: DITIS I take it to mean Ditis Sac-
ellum, and that it was a place of mystery, performed in old time
by baptizing and other ceremonys: which they called going down
into hell.
I was highly entertained in viewing again those stupendous
obelisks at Burrough-bridg, they were set up by the Druids for
a place of sports and races. Two of the stones are exactly 100
cubits asunder, two more 200 cubits asunder; another, now car-
ryed off, was 100 cubits more, in the whole making 400 cubits
distance.
We travelled abundance of miles on the Roman road made of
hard cobble stones never to be worn out. Mr. Kitchingman gave
me a brass celt found on Knavesmire, by York, where I appre-
hend the Britons had a temple.
19 The mountain ash, called also witchen, or wicken, in allusion to the
power it was once supposed to possess of counteracting witchcraft,
YORKSHIRE.
349
Your brother is in very good health; I am in hopes he and I
shall come up to town in the latter end of August. In the mean-
while enjoy the serene delights of Mount Hæmus; and with my
wife's love to you,
I rest your faithful humble Servant,
W. STUKELEY.
O quis me gelidis in montibus Hæmi.
Sistat, et ingenti ramorum protegat umbra ?¹4
[The letter has no
REV. DR. STUKELEY TO SAMUEL GALE, ESQ.
address or date, but it probably may be assigned to about
the year 1740].
Dear Sir,
I received your kind letter dated from the agreeable recesses
of Mount Homus. I condole with you in our disappointment
at Carthago Nova, your brother's passages relating to that expe-
dition were but too just. I think the war¹5 was wantonly plunged
into, and wish we were well out of it. Having bought Mr.
Butler's premises on Barn hill I divert myself some time every
day there. 'Tis about 2 acres of ground in the finest part of
Stamford, with a very good old house on it, a large orchard, gar-
den, pasture, &c.; at other times I divert myself with reviewing
my books of Abury, which I have begun to transcribe and fit up
for publication. It recalls to my mind the great pleasure I
enjoyed there formerly. I shall make a noble work of it, with
abundance of new and very remarkable things in it. There will
likewise be some religious matter in it, not less curious; some
further advances towards discovering the first and patriarchal
religion, as also the first inhabiting of Brittain. 'Tis well I can
amuse myself thus where we have not the least conversation in
my taste, not so much as to talk the
14
(The remainder of the letter is torn away).
O qui me gelidis in vallibus Hæmi Sistat, et ingenti
ramorum protegat umbrâ. [Virg. Georgica, lib. ii., 488].
15 An allusion probably to the war between the Prussians and Austrians in
alliance with Great Britain. In 1741 a great battle was fought at Molwitz, in
which the Austrians were signally defeated, with immense loss.
350
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNT IS PRINTED IN THE YORK COURANT, No.
758, TUESDAY, APR. 22D, 1740, AND IS MOSTLY EXTRACTED
FROM 2 LETTERS THAT I WROTE TO MR. FRANCIS DRAKE,
UPON HIS COMMUNICATING THIS INSCRIPTION TO ME; WHAT
IS INCLUDED THUS [] IS OF MR. DRAKE'S ADDITION.
H. C.
[The stone which was lately found near Micklegate barr, in
this city, is of the grit kind, and is just two foot high, and ten
inches broad, and proves [upon second thoughts] not to have been
an alltar stone, but the base or pedestall of a statue [the lead
where both the feet were fixed being still to be seen on the top of
it. The stone with the inscription is thus, as well as a wooden
print can exhibit it.]
16
There is no difficulty in the reading, except in the third line,
where P and the long strokes [may puzzle a little, appearing like
numerals] but must be read POSVIT NIKOMEDES, K and c being
often used one for the other. The whole inscription will then
run: BRITANNIÆ SANCTÆ POSVIT NICOMEDES AVGVSTORVM NOS-
TRORVM LIBERTVS, that is, Nicomedes, a freedman of the two
emperors, erected this statue to the sacred deity of Britannia.
The attribute of Sancta is very frequently bestowed upon the
heathen deitys, as appears by innumerable instances in Gruter
and other lapidarian authors, as Jovi Sancto, Marti Sancto,
Fortunæ Sanctæ, Cereri Sanctæ, &c., and there is one in the for-
mer even to Febri Sanctæ ; but this inscription must be allowed
very curious, since it is the onely one extant that deifyes our
Britannia. There are severall¹7 instances of the deification of
other nations and provinces, particularly an inscription under a
statue in basse relievo, dug up in July, 1731, at Middleby, in
Scottland, about 16 miles north from Carlile, an account and
draught of which is given in the Append. to Gordon's Itin. Sep-
tentrionale, and Horseley's Britan. Romana, p. 192, under that
image are these words: BRIGANTIÆ S. AMANDVS. You will often
meet with E for A in inscriptions, and the s here may as well be
designed for SANCTE as SACRVM, and then it will be just the same
16 See picture opposite.
17 "Rather few, for I know of no more than that under the statue of
BRIGANTIA."—R. G.

BRITANIA
SANCTE
P. NIKOMED
AVGG M·
LIBERTVS
PEDESTAL OF A STATUE.
See Preface, p. XII.
**
YORKSHIRE.
351
as our inscription, onely mutatis nominibus, except in the dignity
of the dedication, which though the last does great honor to our
Brigantine part of this island, yet the word Britanniæ has the
preference to that of Brigantiæ as much as the whole nation
exceeds a province of it. It is great pity the statue was not
found with the pedestall, we then might have seen in what
accoutrements the Romans dressed this strange goddesse, those
of Brigantia being very curious, making her a sort of Panthea,
as may be seen in the cutts of it in the recited authoritys.
It is not easy to guesse which of the Augusti these were upon
the Micklegate stone from anything else upon it, and conse-
quently we must be strangers to the time of its erection. The
letters AE conjoined are not very usual [there being but one
instance of it in all Horseley's inscriptions, but few in Gruter,
and none of them in the earliest times. 18 We can only conjec-
ture that the emperors meant here were Severus and his son
Caracalla, by their long residence at York, or in the island,19 and
that this Nicomedes, a manumitted slave of theirs, out of grati-
tude for receiving his freedome, here erected this statue to the
sacred genius of Britain.20 If this is allowed, and it cannot be
farr otherwise, then this stone bears the age of 1500 years and
upwards, and is another argument of the pristine glory of the
ancient EBORACVM, in those days the capital city of the island of
Britain].
F. DRAKE "TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, AT STAMFORD, LIN-
COLNSHIRE.”—H. F. ST. J. FREE, N. BLACKETT.
Dear Sir,
York, June 19, 1742.
I send you the inclosed for your sentiments on it, well know-
ing that no antiquary can better account for this surprising acci-
dent than yourself. You may remember you viewed this ground
called the Mount at my request, and I think you said you could
18
"We must not suppose the A and E are conjoined to form the dipthong
, which appears to have been unknown to the Romans in all their manners of
writing, but onely have been a nexus literarum, as in the two NN in the word
BRITANNIA, and in the ŒS of NIKOMEDES on this stone."-R. G.
"Their residence here was about 3 years."-R. G.
19
20
"To the goddesse Britannia."-R. G.
352
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
not declare it Roman. Pray what people, custom or accident
could bring so many human bones together? They cannot be
christian, unless they died of the plague, and then I think they
would not have been buried on a hill, and so near the surface.
The camp you mentioned I have had measured and planned,
but there are many of them near one another on the same More;
I counted no less than seven or eight, of different sizes. The
country people on the forest have a tradition that they were only
thrown up to keep their cattle in at night to guard them against
wolves and other ravenous wild beasts; and were fenced off by
pails for that purpose.
All our country will not produce a man with the least tast to
antiquitys; for which I have hitherto been unsuccessfull with
receipts you sent me. I beg however you would put me down
for one, and I will order the guinea to be paid you by some friend
on his journey through your town.
I had the pleasure to see Mr. Gale at Scruton last week, who
is very hearty, as is his family.
I am, Sir, your most faithfull humble Servant,
66
F. DRAKE.
MAURICE JOHNson, Junr., TO DR. STUKELEY.”—H. F. ST. J.
Spalding, 14 July, 1744.
Dear Doctor,
*
*
On our return wee found my son Green likewise, from his
uncle's Red Mershal,21 in Durham, who last Thursday entertained
us with a journal thither, and sketches of a cross22 near Doncaster,
21 Red Marshal, about 3 miles from Stockton.
22
Hall Cross, Doncaster. At the entrance to the town; the cross, 18 feet
high above the pedestal, stood near the centre of the road, before entering
Hall-gate. The borough authorities in 1792 pulled it down, and rebuilt the
materials in the following year on the summit of what has since been called
Hall Cross Hill, but not exactly in its original form. Vertue engraved it for
the Society of Antiquaries, and the engraving was published in Vetusta
Monumenta, vol. ii., pl. 10, in 1752, inscribed with the name of its founder,
temp. Stephen, Ote de Tilli, land steward of the De Warrene family.
Annals of Smith of Cantley, Balby, and Doncaster, &c., by H. Ecroyd Smith,
P. 44.
Mill Bridge Cross, Doncaster, erected c. 1250, at the northern entrance
to the town, mischievously thrown down in 1764. Ibid., p. 46. For best
description of the Hall Cross and inscription, see Hunter's South Yorkshire,
vol. i., p. ii.
See
YORKSHIRE.
353
:
built (I believe), by Otewel, son of Hugh Egr. Chester, about
1110, Castellain of Tickhill, and lord of that honor hard by:
XI CESTES: LA CRVICE : OTE : ƉE : TILLIA : KI : ALME :
ƉEV: ENFIACE: MERCI : AM and description of the great
church of St. George, in Doncaster, with its panelled roofe,
painted with Scripture histories, as Boston once was; York
Cathedral, Castle, and Assembly Room; a vine at Northallerton
extending itself 47 yards. The parish church, parsonage, rector's
house, and an antient monument in marble of Sir Jeremy Clax-
ton, and his lady in a vast head-dress, her hair set up on each
side and confined in a caul of network; his defaced; of her
and the church, and a chancel wherein they lye, called Claxton's
porch, about 1270, and the parsonage house; he made sketches
also of the south view of the church of Tuxford in the Clays,
in Notts., antiently written Tokesford, wherein, as appears by
Pat. 31, Ed. iii., p. 1, m. 25, John, a descendant of Thomas
Lord Longvillers (about An. Dni. 1356), founded a cell in his,
the parsonage house, for 3 chantry priests to celebrate mass in
this church, and 2 in Newsted priory in Shirewood. Dudg. 2,
Bar., fo. 144. 3 Mon. Angl., fo. 90. Tanner's Notit., fo. 412.
*
*
*
*
*
1 know there was a family of the name of Tilliol, of Scaleby
castle, in Cumberland, but know of no town or seat of that
name; presume they might be descended from this Otewel or
Otho, who being a natural son of Loup could not properly take
his syrname, but might that of this honour and honourable office
which he held. He was shipwrecked, says the Saxon Chron.,
with 2 of the king's sons, and other persons of great quality,
A.D. 1120.
I understand the inscription of the cross by Doncaster thus:
Hanc Crucem Otho de Ticilliâ f. f. Cujus animam Deus desponset
miā. Amen. The Normans could not pronounce, therefore
detested and altered the harsh spelling of many Saxon words
where several consonants came together. As in our Lincoln,
by them, as Mr. Baxter notes, Perridicule mutatum in Nicol.
So here, I presume, for like reason, Tickhill into Tillia, if my
conjecture be right.
There is the river Till in Northumberland, whence our antient
X
354
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
family of Tillneys, Tilleneaus, took their name, as I apprehend.
Dear friend, your much obliged and obedient Servant,
M. JOHNSON, JUNR.
MAURICE JOHNSON, JUNR., "TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, AT
STAMFORD."-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
*
*
Spalding, June 20th, 1747.
*
*
By a letter communicated to us at our meeting on Thurs-
day last, by order of the Soc. of Antiq., our friend Vertue has
engraved a compleat hypocaust and bath discovered lately at
Hovingham,' in the Wapentake of Ridall, in the North Rideing
of Yorkshire, with a pavement, tesselated, and some few Roman
coines found near it. Also another discovery of Roman roades
and the station of Delgovitia, with an elaborate discourse thereon,
which were shewn and read at the Mitre, attended with an
accurate draught of the town as when Roman, their buildings,
and other works there; and that Robert Fenwick, Esq., has
been at the expence of publishing an historical account of Over-
bury, Brementonensis, compiled in quarto by the late Rev. and
learned Mr. Rauthmell, with some plates. Mr. Professor Warde,
of the court of Wards and Liverys, whereof Mr. Vertue has
engraved a plate. This Overbury should be called Over Burrow,
in Lancashire, I presume, said by Camden to have been a city;
and not Overbury, which the Index Villaris places in Worcester-
shire. Two posts agone, Mr. Professor Ward (inter alia) advised
us of Mr. Folks having, through his diligence in searching the
Cottonian library, been so fortunate as to discover the coines
published by Speed, supposed, in the report of the Committee of
House of Commons, to have been lost in the fire at Ashburnham
house in 1731; whereof that judicious Gent will make good use
in the types he is publishing to his accurate tables.
*
*
*
Dear Doctor,
*
Your most obliged and affectionate Friend and Servant,
M. JOHNSON, JUNR.
A copy is in York Minster.
YORKSHIRE.
355
F. DRAKE [TO REVD. DR. STUKELEY].-H. F. ST. J.
Worthy Sir,
*
*
*
York, July 27, 1747.
*
Inclosed with this you have an accurate drawing of an antient
piece of sculpture lately found, pretty deep in the earth, in
digging a cellar in Micklegate. I confess I know not what to
make of it; whether it be Saxon or Roman, Pagan or Christian ;
and therefore submit it to your more judicious examination.
The figures are cut upon a kind of free-stone, and not of the
millstone gritt as our Roman monuments usually are; but are
much defaced by time. The sculpture is bad, and I think rather
worse than the drawing. Pray favour me with your thoughts
about it.
I have at last made out, beyond contradiction, the situation
of the long lost DELGOVITIA2; and which absolutely sets aside
all other places which Mr. Camden or any other author, down to
myself, hath hitherto said about it. I have sent up an accurate
survey of the Roman roads leading to and from this place, with
the stupendous remains of the fortifications by earthern ramparts,
for some thousands of acres, to the Lord Burlington. His lord-
ship has put this map into the hands of Mr. Vertue to contract
and make a plate of, at his own expense. When it is finished I
will send you a print of it, as also of the platform of a Roman
hypocaust lately discovered in this neighbourhood, which is
engraving also, at the charge of the same worthy nobleman.
My time will not allow me to say more at present than to
assure that I am, ever truly yours,
F. DRAKE.
F. DRAKE [TO REV. DR. STUKELEY].-H. F. ST. J.
York, June 7th, 1749.
Dear Sir,
The interruption in our correspondence has been occasioned
2 Site uncertain. Many roads branched off from Eburacum, in different
directions. Several of these ran towards the coast, and communicated, no
doubt, with trading ports. Of these the principal was a military road, leading
by two towns, named Derventio (old Malton), and Delgovitia, to an apparently
important town on the coast, called Praetorium, which is supposed to be Flam-
borough Head.-Wright's Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p. 128.
356
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
C
by some mistake; it is near a year ago since I wrote to you to
Stamford, and sent by the York carrier, at the same time, a
duzzon of prints from a plate of a Roman bagnio and pavement
found lately at Hovingham, near us, and published at the expence
of Lord Burlington. I believe this was some time before your
remove to London, for I saw an account of that in the news-
papers afterwards. I am affraid both my letter and the prints
miscarried; for I have never heard one word from you since
about them. If this be so, as the plate is in town, along with
the other of the Roman roads about Londesburgh, you may have
as many prints taken off, from both or either of them, as you
desire for yourself and friends.
I am glad to hear that you have recovered so valuable a
treasure of antiquity from oblivion. But if you do not print it,
as 'tis a MS., and very probably an unique, it may have a chance
to fall again into the same state. But pray! as this Richard of
Westminster seems to have been some monk in that abby, where
got he this uncommon kind of learning for the priests of that
age? I should be glad to know, also, where he places our
DELGOVITIA; we little thought that when we made the progress
with our dead friend into that country, we passed over this very
station unregarded, as well as the stupendous works about it.
If you have seen the account of both these published in the
Transactions, No. 483, by Dr. Burton, of this place, and myself,
I make no doubt but you are of the same opinion with us about
the real scite of Delgovitia.
You may remember that I sent you, some time ago, a draught
of an antique stone with figures, found ten foot deep, in York.
You was so kind as to send me your thoughts upon it, by way of
explanation, which I take to be very just, and full of uncommon
learning. As this, I believe, has not yet been exhibited to the
Society, I will send you up an accurate drawing of it, with your
explanation, and some small remarks of my own upon it, if you
please to present them. It would be a pity to have this very
antient piece of heathen mythology kept from the world, or
stopped till another edition of my Eboracum; which I shall
never live to see published. I have now filled my paper, and
shall add no more than that I am, your faithful Friend,
F. DRAKE.
YORKSHIRE.
357
REVD. W. PENDLEBURY "TO THE REVD. DR. STUKELEY,
RECTOR OF ST. GEORGE'S, LONDON."-H. F. ST. J.
Reverend and worthy Sir,
Acklam, Jan. 26, 1753.
I am extremely pleased with your derivation of Acklam,
which I think may be thus formed. Agger amnis, by throwing
away the nis, aggeram, and by an easy transmutation of the
letter r into 1, agreeable to the genius of our language, Agglam
or Acklam.
of
4
I believe I forgot to mention in my last, that within 40 yards
my church-yard, near the bottom of the hill, rises a consider-
able spring of fine water, which supplies the town and neigh-
bouring fields, and in a mile turns a mill by an underfall, this
it does even in the greatest drought; there is likewise a deep
trench and a wall brought from the camp, of a mile off, by
which a communication is secured with this plentiful stream. I
have lately been informed that several old writings mention an
hill (which plainly, indeed, appears to be a work of art) in a
pasture adjoining to Acklam, under the name of Severus's hill,
others call it Severus's road; and there is still a by-road, though
the publick road, for conveniency, has been removed about two
furlongs from it. As Derventio was undoubtedly a Roman
station of some note, it is not at all improbable they might chuse
a camp near it of a situation whence they might command a
most extensive view, I believe I may say, near the half of this
large county.
I am, Reverend and worthy Sir,
Your obliged humble Servant,
W. PENDLEBURY.
SAMUEL PEELE [TO THE REVD. DR. STUKELEY].-H. F. ST. J.
Honoured and Rev. Sir,
Lancaster, July 27th, 1753.
By a person of the Excise office, who will be in London
from hence by the time this arrives, your honour will receive a
A Yorkshire clergyman.
358
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
very little black purse, and therein seven old Roman coyns,
with three others I send for the oddity of their discovery, being
found several feet deep in a bed of marl; and also an old seal
found in the ruins of Knaresburrough castle.
It will be pleasing to me to know these things come safe to
hand; and I will use my best endeavours to collect everything
of antiquity I can.
I am, honoured and Revd. Sir,
Your truly obliged and thankfull Servant,
SAML. PEELE.
N.B.-The person's name is Daltary, and one of the examiners.
DR. STUKELEY [TO
?], CONCERNING ISURIUM, AND THE
LEEMING LANE, IN YORKSHIRE.-H. C. [Printed in
Reliq. Galean., No. II., Pt. II., p. 197].
April 9, 1757.
I lately received a drawing of a pretty mosaic pavement found
some time since at Aldborough, in Yorkshire. This was a famous.
Roman city, called Isurium, situated on the confluence of the
rivers Swale, Ure, and Ouse. Hither came the corn-boats, for
maintenance of the Prætentura's, by water, as far as from Cam-
bridge, being about 250 miles; for which purpose our Carsdike
in Lincolnshire was made, which being scoured, repaired, and
lengthened by Carausius, his name was affixed to it.
Isurium was the metropolis of the Brigantes in British times,
before York was built; therefore Isurium Brigantum, or some-
times, by way of eminence, Brigantium. I visited this place
with Mr. Roger Gale in 1740; saw, and drew out another
mosaic pavement there. The Roman city was an oblong square,
walled and ditched about; it consisted chiefly of granaries to
lay up the corn out of the fleet of boats; hence it was carried
in waggons along the great Roman road called Leeming-lane,
directly northward to the Prætenturas.
Here was in British times the great panegyre of the Druids,
the midsummer meeting of all the country round, to celebrate
the great quarterley sacrifice, accompanied with sports, races,
and all kind of exercises, with universal festivity.
YORKSHIRE.
359
This was like the Panathenea, the Olympian, Isthmian,
Nemean meetings and games among the Grecians.
The place where all this was performed is a little to the west,
at Burroughbridge, where, on a plain meadow by the river, are
the famous obelisks of the Druids, which were as the meta of
the races; the remembrance hereof is transmitted in the present
great fair held at Burroughbridge on St. Barnabas's day.
Infinite are the number of coins daily found at Aldborough,
especially of Carausius, Allectus, and Constantine the Great,
whereof a good many have been sent me. These same coins
are frequently found on the whole length of the Carsdike, and
at all places near it, consequent to the use made of it by these
emperors in conveying the coin to the Prætenturas. No less
than four of Constantine, with the title of Maximus, came hence
to my hands.
I take Leeming-lane to have had its last repair from the
Empress Helena, while she remained in Britain as her son's
substitute; therefore, I apprehend, it took her name, Via Helena,
now corrupted into Lemin-lane.
Lane is an English word for a track, a path, a narrow lane,
but by no means applicable to so great and broad a street as this
is, being the Hermen-street, which went northward as far as
Inverness. The Romans generally pronounced them in the
accusative, HELENIANAM. Now if we throw off the aspirate HE,
the remainder, aptly enough among the vulgar, became Leeming-
lane.
Our mosaic pavement here is now sixteen feet and a half
long, and thirteen and three-quarters broad; there is a room of
entertainment built over it. How commendable would be our
boasted taste, did we imitate this Roman elegance!
W. STUKELEY.
MR. F. DRAKE, CONCERNING THE ROMAN HIGHWAY RUNNING
THROUGH LONDSBOROUGH PARK.-H. C. [No date].
Being at Londsborough last week, I prevailed with Lord Bur-
lington to dig for the Roman causeway in his park, mentioned
p. 32 of my York. At about 19 inches deep, through a very
360
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
fine soil, by the side of the canal, the workmen came to the
stratum, and bared the whole breadth of it, which measures 24
foot. This is the broadest Roman road I ever mett with, and
on it is plainly to be seen the impressions of wheel carriages.
Most certainly this was the great military way, mentioned in the
first Iter, from York to Prætorium, one way, and crosse the
Humber to Lincoln the other; but more of this when we meet.
My lord proposes to lay bare as much of this road as is in his
territorys, and then it may tempt so curious a person as your-
self to go from hence to see it; I will do myself the pleasure to
accompany you.
And am, &c.,
F. DRAKE.
F. DRAKE TO REVD. DR. STUKELEY.-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Sir,
my
York, Dec. 24, 1760.
In travels into the district of Holderness this last summer,
I happened to go into the parish church of a village called Ald.
burgh, within a mile of our eastern sea-coast. In the south isle
of which church I observed a circle, cut on the wall, with some
Saxon characters round it, and some strange lines, &c., within;
an exact drawing of which I have sent you. For my part I
can make neither a hog nor a dog of it; but if any man in
England can, it must be yourself, and therefore I submit it to
your judgement.
This city, you very well know, is always discovering evident
marks of its great antiquity; some stone coffins have been late
dug up, extra muros, where the bodies were laid in lime, the
skeletons of which were firm and entire. But I think a greater
curiosity is in finding a treasure of Saxon coins; they were dis-
covered in digging a cellar, but not a yard deep in the ground,
wrapped up in a bag, in building a new house in Konyng-street.
There were above 100 silver coins, all very fresh and fair; and
a large lump of the small brass coins called Sticas, so stuck
together by erugo that very few could be separated. Both
silver and brass were all coins of the Heptarchy, the latter, I
think, were particular to our Northumbrian kingdom. Amongst
YORKSHIRE.
361
the silver coins are a few with this inscription, LOTHARIVS REX,
without a head; on the reverse, a fair portico to a Roman temple,
superscribed CHRISTIANA RELIGIO. Now this Lotharius, I find
by Dr. Hicks's Saxon Tables, was King of Kent about the year
670, at a time when some of the Roman temples were yet stand-
ing in this island, which the Saxon Christians, like those at
Rome, converted to their own worship; and to sanctify it the
more, stamped it on their coins. But this I leave to your better
judgement; and if you have a mind to see an Icon or two of
this coin, I will send it to you; who am Sir,
Your faithfull Friend and Brother,
FR. DRAKE.
Ripon.
June 17, 1695. "All day writing and accounting, and por-
ing upon some old Saxon coins lately found at Ripon.
4
June 20. Poring on the Saxon coins sent me by the Arch-
bishop to unriddle."-Thoresby's Diary.
Keighley.
Aug. 31, 1702. We lodged with the modest, good parson,
Mr. Gale, who has made some curious mathematical instruments,
and drawn some good figures with Indian ink, being an ingenious
and obliging person.—Diary of R. Thoresby, vol. i., 384.
Naburn, York.
April, 1753. In making a cut in Naburn-ings, near York,
in order to fix the new lock to be built on the river Ouse, they
found, at 10 or 12 feet deep, the intire sceleton of a man, laid
in a solid bed of stiff clay, which never had been moved. They
found, likewise, two small Saxon coyns, called Sticas, Ethilred
rex, the other not understood. We must not imagine these
coyns had any relation to the sceleton, which, most undoubtedly,
was antidiluvian. They were found in the river, where they
were dropt. The other in the bank.-Diary, vol. xii., 73.
4 Found in Ailey Hill, Ripon. They were coins of Osbright and Alla, dug
up in 1695. Also several coins found on Ripon Common by Sir Edward Blacket.
362
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
York.
July, 1747. Mr. Francis Drake sent me a drawing from
York of a bas relief, lately found there, desiring my opinion
about it. I sent him an account of it. 'Tis the figure of Mithras,
sacrificing a bull. I sent him, too, a drawing of the statue of
Mithras, dug up at Chester.5-Diary, vol. vi., 69.
Bishopthorpe.
11 Mar., 1748-9. I went to Kensington to dine with the
Archbishop of Canterbury. A good picture of Bishopthorp,
over the chimney. His grace told me he was apt to regret his
leaving it; but, says he, as you and I advance in years, 'tis
more agreable to have it in one's power to enjoy the conversation
only to be had in London. We discoursed about the great event
of quashing the rebellion by means of raising troops by associa-
tion and subscription, which his grace began in Yorkshire, and
we followed next in Lincolnshire, and so round the kingdom.
He said he never thought nor expected that it would have taken so
happy and so extensive a turn, as it proved.-Diary, vol. viii., 33.
Newby Wiske.
21 Dec., 1749. At the Royal Society. I took the oppor-
tunity of communicating the following: "My friend Councellor
Reveley, of Bedford Row, had occasion to dig a pond in his
estate in Yorkshire this summer. At the depth of 3 feet, when
the common earth was removed, they came to a bed of gravel so
excessively hard that they broke through it with their pickaxes,
not without difficulty. They discovered therein what the work-
men at first sight took for a blacksmith's sledge-hammer. Mr.
Reveley, being present, took up with his own hands the antiquity
here drawn," from its seat where it had lain, as I verily believe,
ever since that great catastrophe of the Noarchian deluge. 'Tis
a stone axe or hatchet, of a foot in length, of a dark color, being
iron-stone, very ponderous and hard. The edg of it now very
sharp, with marks of the grind stone which sharpened it visible.
5
A portion of a sculptured entablature of Mithras and the bull, was found.
One end sharpened, and the other rounded-the perforation is near the
rounded end.
YORKSHIRE.
363
The hole for the handle artificially made wider on one side than
the other, for putting in a wedg, as we doe now, to hold in the
handle.
I have no sort of doubt that this is an antidiluvian instrument
of the inhabitants of our island, not having the use of iron; that
such were chiefly serviceable in forming their canoos, made by
burning out of great trunks of trees, as the Indians doe at this
day, under like circumstances; for when the fire had done its
part this axe would commodiously smooth and perfect it. They
made these axes with great labor and patience by grinding upon
hard moor-stones and flints.
Near the place where this axe was found is a great carr or
bog full of oak-trees and antidiluvian timber. 'Tis near the
conflux of the Wisk and the Swale. I have ingaged Mr. Reveley
to send for the stone axe up to town, in order to gratify the
Society with the sight of so extraordinary a curiosity.—Diary,
vol. viii., 106, 110.
Newby Wiske.
25 Jan., 1749-50. At the Royal Society. W. Stukeley
brought the antidiluvian stone axe found by Mr. Reveley at
Newby, in Yorkshire, not far from the conflux of the rivers
Wisk and Swale. He took notice there is another axe of this
kind and shape pictured in Montfaucon's Antiq. Expl., to. v.,
plate 36, No. 8. I look upon this axe to be a strong proof that
our island was inhabited before the flood.—Diary, vol. viii., 119.
Womersley.
10 May, 1750. At the Royal Society. I gave a drawing
of Mr. Drake's stone axe found under fresh ground in digging
a new fish pond at Womersley, near Doncaster. It has no per-
foration; was a hand axe, and did its share in clearing off the
charcole in making canoos by fire. It confirms my former senti-
ments about Mr. Reveley's stone axe, and that they are anti-
diluvian antiquitys, and prove that our island was inhabited
before the flood; and antiquitys that prove some truth are the
most worthy our notice. This is its form. Many of these kind
7
Of a simple flat form, which was afterwards imitated in the earliest
bronze implements.
兼
​364
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
of antiquitys are found in Germany, Gaul, Brittain, Ireland,
and belonged confessedly to post-diluvians. But human nature
being always the same, this does not hinder, but that in the
circumstances here related, ours may be antidiluvian; and there
is no doubt of it.—Diary, vol. ix., 34.
Hull.
Oct. 11., 1751. Mr. Vertue showed me a drawing of a gold
Saxon coyn of Sithric, lately found near Hull; a great curiosity.
-Diary, vol. x., 74.
20 March, 1755.
Malton.
At the Royal Society. A sepulchral
inscription, from Malton, of one Macrinus eques singularis Aug.
These horsemen were prætorian guards to the emperors.-Diary,
vol. xv., 57.
Aldborough.
29 Nov., 1756. Received from Mr. Peel, 12 Roman coins,
found at Aldborough, Isurium, chiefly of Constantine Mag., one
Max, one with Consular Scepter.-Diary, vol. xvii., 3.
4 April, 1757. Received from my friend Mrs. Peel, officer of
excise, a correct drawing of a mosaic pavement at Aldborough,
in its proper colors. 'Tis 16 feet long, 132 broad, and there is
now a room of entertainment built over it. This must needs
have been a very splendid and rich city, because of the many
pavements of this sort found there. I saw one long since, and
took a drawing of it on the spot.-Diary, vol. xvii., 29.
Aldburgh-in-Holderness.
18 Dec., 1760. At the Antiquarian Society. I received a
letter from Dr. Drake. This inscription in a circles on the south
wall of Aldborough church, in Holderness:
VLFHRTARIERANCVRICEFORHÄNVMLFORGVNPARTIS
AVLA.
8 The inscription is upon a circular stone, 15½ inches in diameter, fixed
over a pillar, and is in the form of a dial. The following may be read thus:
VLF HET ARÆRAN CVRICE FOR HAN VM T (AND) FOR GVNTHARD SAVLA, i.e.,
"Ulf commanded this church to be erected for the souls of Hanum and Gunt-
YORKSHIRE.
365
H in
A mixture of Druid, Roman, and Saxon character.
Wlpher is Greek e longa. v is Druid, oriental; lamda, Hebr.
Wlpher was lord of the manor; Nicephorus the priest, who built
the church. He came from Kent with Paulinus to preach the
gospel in the kingdom of Northumberland.-Diary, vol. xix., 43.
8 Jan., 1761. At the Antiquarian Society. My interpre-
tation of the writing in Aldbury church, Holderness, in Mr.
Drake's letter to me; and about some Saxon coins found at
York.-Diary, vol. xix., 44.
Ecclesfield.
10 Dec., 1761. At the Antiquarian Society. A brass plate
found at Ecclesfield, in Yorkshire, or near there, being inscribed
with a law of Hadrian's, in the original writing, whilst he was
at York.-Diary, vol. xix., 72.
Stannington.
9
19 March, 1763. The Duke of Norfolk, by Mrs. Butler,
sent me the famous brass plate, being a rescript of Hadrian's
when at York, found on plowing, April, 1761, in the chapelry
of Broomhead, near Stannington, Yorkshire. This Stannington
was a villa of some noble Roman, where the emperor was enter-
tained in his jorney to York. This is at the heads of the river
Don going to Doncaster, and near the Ricnil-way coming directly
from Elia Castra, Aulcester, by Biceter, where his principal
camp was at his first coming to Brittain. Broomhead is near
hard." The internal space of the circular stone is divided into eight angles by
equi-distant lines meeting in the centre, in one of which, near the base, is a
rude figure composed of six lines crossing each other at right angles. Ulf or
Ulph was the lord of the manor of Aldborough, temp. Edward the Confessor,
and the same who enfeoffed the church of York with his lands and revenues by
means of his drinking horn, still preserved in York.—See Archæologia, vol. vi.,
p. 39.
9
Grants of citizenship were registered at Rome, and copies of the grant,
inscribed on plates of copper or bronze, appear to have been sent to the place
where these new citizens resided. Several have been discovered in Britain.
They are decrees of the emperor in favour of veterans serving in the troops in
Britain, and conferring upon them the rights of citizenship and marriage. The
most perfect of these inscriptions was found at Malpas, in Cheshire, in 1812.-
Wright's Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p. 362.
366
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Sheffield.
The Ricnil-way goes through the whole length of
Derbyshire to Sheffield.—Diary, vol. xx., 17.
Scruton.
A description of Scruton, transcribed from the margin of a copy
of Registrum Honoris de Richmond, in the hand-writing of
Mr. Roger Gale, now in the possession of John Watson
Reed, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn. [Printed in Reliq. Galean.,
No. II., Pt. II., p. 215].
Scruton is a village situated about half a mile from the western
banks of the river Swale, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, and
about a mile north from that point where a brook or beck that
comes from Bedale, and so to Leeming, falls into it, which has
no proper name that I could ever discover, but takes its denomi-
nation from several towns as it passes through them; being at
Crakehall, called Crakehall beck; at Bedale, Bedale beck; at
Leeming, Leeming beck; at Grimescar mill, Grimescar beck,
just at its confluence with Swale. Beck, in this country lan-
guage, importing a brook or rivulet.
I could never find this town of Scruton, though a rectory and
a manor, remarked in any of our maps, except in the great one
of the county of York, published by Mr. Warburton, and that
of the diocese of Chester, in both of which it is rightly placed.
In some of the other maps you will find Moreton standing just
where Scruton should be seated, but erroneously; Moreton being
a hamlet that lies on the east side of Swale, and in the parish of
Anderby Steeple. If you will correct the word Moreton by
turning it into Scruton, where you will find it in those charts,
as I have done, the mistake will be rectified.
In Domesday-Book it is called Scurveton and Scurutum.
Cnut and Torsin held two manors in it, and Gervaise Picot,
homo comitis Alani, held it then in demesne. It seems to have
recovered itself soon from the great devastation, made all over
this country from York to Durham, by William the Conqueror,
in the third year of his reign, for that it is not said at the end of
this survey that modo vastum est, though that remark is entered
upon most of the towns hereabout.
Whence it took its name I cannot determine; about a mile
!
YORKSHIRE.
367
I
and a half westward runs a small, slow water, stilled called the
Scurf; but as no part of it touches this parish of Scruton, I can
hardly think that it had its name from so remote a source.
must own I have some reason to believe that our ancestors in
these parts called all such little waters Scurfs; if so, we have
sufficient ground for giving the name of Scurueton to this place,
there being no less than three such small streams running
through it.
Picot, above named, was in all probability a Breton, and a
follower of Earl Alan, who had the honor of Richmond bestowed.
upon him for his good services by the Conqueror, the rear of
whose army he commanded in the great and decisive battle of
Hastings. He had in Scruton, as appears by later inquisitions,
two knights fees and a half, besides other lands at Thirtoft and
Magneby, within the said honor. [Charta Picoti de Scurveton
de terra in eadem S. Mariæ Ebor. concessa. Ex registro cœnobii
in Museo Harleyano. Picotus filius Ranulphi Venatoris de
Scurveton omnibus videntibus et audientibus literas has, Francis
et Anglis, salutem. Sciatis me dedisse Deo et S. Mariæ in
puram et perpetuam elemosinam, super altare in ecclesia S.
Mariæ Eborum, quandam terram in Fornescroft (hodie Thorns-
croft) solutam quietam ab omni terreno servitio, habentem viginti
perticatas longitudinis et decem latitudinis; nominatim ad emen-
dum (forte vinum), ad missarum celebrationem in eadem ecclesia.
Quod si forte ego vel heredes mei prædictam terram prænominatæ
ecclesiæ warrantizare non poterimus, eidem ecclesiæ dabimus
excambium. Hanc autem donationem feci præfatæ Abbatiæ pro
salute animæ meæ, et pro salute animarum patris et matris meæ,
et omnium parentum et amicorum meorum. Hiis testibus:
Gostcelino Capellano, Galfrido Piccario, Roberto filio Ulfis,
Thurgisio de Cellario, Ketello Mysoto Seneseallo de Aldeburno,
Radulfo filio Sywardi, Thoma fratre ejus, Rogero nepote
Sacristæ, Galfrido Puddings, Radulfo Armigero de Scurveton,
Willielmo de Lascelles, Roberto nepote Sywardi, Gilberto nepote
Sacristæ, et multis aliis]. Soon after the conquest we find all
his lands in the possession of Picot Lascelles. 10 And several of
them bearing the name of Picot, as appears from ancient char-
10 Temp. Hen. II. V. Regist. Hon. de Rich., p. 230.
368
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
ters, it inclines me to conclude that ancient family, which still
continues in this country, though much docked in their estate,
to have been descendants from this Picot. I find they have
sometimes wrote themselves De Sigillo, as Baldricus de Sigillo,
in the time of Henry III.," and perhaps Robertus de Sigillo,
bishop of London in 1140, may have been one of them and
there is a tradition still in the family, that one of their ancestors
was keeper of the seal to William Rufus, and that thence they
had their surname. Amicia de Lascelles obtained a grant of
free warren here in the 37th of Henry III.
It appears by Kirby's Inquest, taken the 15th of Edward I.,
that Roger Lascelles was then possessed of Scruton, but in the
13th of Edward II. it had changed its lord; Andrew de Mark-
ingfield then obtaining that king's mandate to the collectors of
the taxes to be excused, with his men of the town of Scruton,
from paying an eighteenth of their estates, as being disabled by
the burning and plundering they had suffered from the Scotts.12
In the Merkingfields it continued till Thomas Merkingfield¹³
forfeited it, with the appurtenances, for high treason, in the 11th
of Queen Elizabeth, being one of the rebels under the earls of
Westmorland and Northumberland, and executed for the same.
The queen, in the 14th year, granted it by patent to Sir
Thomas Bowes, who, within three years after, conveyed the
manor and the appurtenances, by which I understand the domain
lands, and advowson of the rectory, with some free rents, to
Thomas Danby, Esq., and my father purchased it in the year
1688, of Sir Abstrupus Danby, then owner of it, together with
the advowson. But the Earl of Carlisle, having laid claim to
both, and presented to the rectory in the 1665,¹4 and the dispute
being compromised with the Lady Danby, then in possession of
the estate, he sold the perpetual advowson afterwards to Charles
11 V. Regist. Hon. de Rich.
12
A.D. 1319. De villis per Scotos combustis, et taxatione non levandâ.
Item, eisdem taxatoribus et collectoribus dictæ decimæ octavæ in Northrithing,
&c., pro Andrea de Merkingfeld, et hominibus ville de Scurveton.-Rymer's
Fæd., T. iii., 802.
13
He married Isabel, daughter of Sir William Ingilby, of Ripley, and took
part in "the Rising of the North."
14 In this year he presented Ralph Dowson, M.A., and in 1670 he presented
John Wetherilt.
YORKSHIRE.
369
Tancred, of Arden, Esq., of whom my father purchased the first
turn, and I, after his decease, the whole of it, and so put an
end to the contest, and have presented twice¹ to it without any
opposition. The earl had not such good success in his preten-
father
sions to the manor, for having filed his bill against my
for it in chancery, his claim was judged frivolous, and he was
ordered to pay costs; and had the Danbys tried their title to the
advowson with his lordship, it is probable he could have made
nothing of it, both of them being upon the same bottom, viz.,
as descending from Sir James Strangeways to him (who never
was possessed of either of them), by Leonard, lord Dacres, who
married one of Sir James's daughters.
The church, dedicated to St. Radegund, is a good stone build-
ing, consisting of three isles and a chancel, all covered with lead.
There is only one scucheon of painted glass left in the windows,
which is of the Piercys, Or, a lion rampant Azure. It stood in
the east window of the south isle, but was removed last year
for security into the same window of the north isle, where was
formerly a chantry dedicated to the Virgin Mary, founded by
William de Scruton, A.D. 1335, 11th of Edward III., and sepa-
rated from the rest of the church by a handsome partition of
wainscott, still remaining. In the north corner of it lies a black
marble upon the ground, and under that a stone coffin with bones
in it, perhaps of the founder; but as the brass which carried the
inscription round the verge of the marble is torn off and lost,
there can be no certainty whom it belongs to; there appears also
to have been the heads of a man and a woman on the stone, in
brass ; and there are several more flat stones in the church and
chancel, but no letters on them, except on that which lies under
the communion table for Mr. Watkinson, the rector, who was
buried there in 1665.
2
This chapel or chantery, which is wider than the other part
of the north isle, is all of the same materials and architecture
as the rest of the church, by which they appear to have been
built at the same time, under Edward III., a few years after it
1
M.A.
2
In 1705, Roger Gale presented Charles Gale; and in 1738, Thomas Gale,
Presented to the living by Christopher Danby, Esq., the patron, in 1624.
Y
370
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
had been burnt by the Scots, as mentioned before. The chantry,
at the dissolution under Henry VIII., was valued at £3 6s. 8d.
per ann.
The two heads of women in painted glass there were
put in by me, when the Percy arms were removed into it.
The present town contains about 40 houses, besides seven
more in the outparts. It has a pretty green before the church,
planted round with trees. It is situated four miles from North-
allerton, and three from Bedale, both good market towns. The
extent of the parish is about a mile and a half from east to west,
and much the same from north to south; in Domesday-book it
is said to be dimid. Leuc. long. et dimid. Leuc. lat.
21 Apr., 1755. With what grief did I see my old friend
Roger Gale's pictures exposed to sale at Langford's! Among
them the fine Holben of Henry VIII.; Cardinal Wolsey's,
bought at Ipswich.-Diary, vol. xv., 64.
Part of an old Song used TO BE SUNG AT WAKES AND CHRIST-
MASSE, IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.-H. C.
This ean night, this ean night,
Every night and awle,
4
Fire and fleet, and candle light,
And Christ receive thy saule.
When thou from hence dost passe away,
Every night and awle,
To Whinny-moor thou³ com'st at last,
And Christ receive thy saule.
Outside of the east window lie interred part of the patron's family, and
among them sleeps the incomparable Roger Gale, without even a mound of
earth to mark a human interment, in a grave of unusual depth, but by his own
order, and in the genuine spirit of an antiquary, with an inscription immedi-
ately above his remains, which future industry or accident may discover.—
Whittaker's Richmondshire.
4 ((
Fleet, in Saxon, is cremer lactis, hence flett, or flit-milk.”—R. G. It
also signifies water.
3
The belief in Yorkshire was, amongst the vulgar, that after a person's
death, the soul went over Whinny Moor; and it is said by Aubrey, that this
old song was sung till about 1624.—Aubrey's Old Yorkshire Lyke-wake Dirge.
YORKSHIRE.
371
6
If ever thou gav'st either hosen or shune,
Every night and awle,
Sitt thee downe, and putt them on,
And Christ receive thy saule.
But if hosen nor shune thou never gave nean,
Every night and awle,
The whinnes shall prick thee to the bare beane,
And Christ receive thy sawle.
From Whinny-Moore then thou may'st passe,
Every night and awle,
To brigg of Dread thou com'st at last,
And Christ receive thy sawle.
From brigg of Dread that thou may'st passe,'
Every night and awle,
To purgatory fire thou com'st at last,
And Christ receive thy sawle.
If ever thou gav'st either meat or drink,
Every night and awle,
The fire shall never make thee shrink,
And Christ receive thy sawle.
7
But if meat and drink thou never gav'st nean,
Every night and awle,
The fire shall burn thee to the bare beane,
And Christ receive thy sawle.
"Northern mythology supposed departed spirits encountered great diffi-
culties and inconveniences in their way to the spirit-land. It was befitting to
furnish shoes for so disagreeable a journey. In Germany they were called
"dead men's shoes;" in Scandinavia, "shoes for Hela," i.e., Hell or Hades.-
Archæologia, vol. xxxvi., 152; see also Grimm. Deut. Myth., p. 795; W.
Müller's Geschichte, p. 408; Keysler's Antiq. Sept., p. 170; and Müller's
Sagabibliothek.
There is another variation of this ancient dirge in Scott's Minstrelsy
of the Scottish Border." It is probably a remnant of the German "dead men's
shoes" superstition, introduced into Yorkshire by the Saxons or Danes. The
clergy would readily dove-tail it with the doctrine of almsgiving and purgatory.
-Archæologia, vol. xxxvi., 152.
7 Another version of this line is, "From Brig of Dread, na brader than a
thread.”—See also Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border.
372
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
West Tanfield.
9
29 Sept., 1729. On an ancient tombs on the north side of
the church [are the arms of Courtnay, Marmion, Grey of Rother-
field, and Despencer]. On another in the same place, a knight
in armour, cross-legged; and two more ancient tombs, on the
same north side, without arms or inscription. In the same isle,
a fine alabaster tomb,10 with the effigies of a large man in armour,
and a woman lying by him upon it, with ironwork over it, no
arms or inscription; all these belonging to the family of the
Marmions. In a south window, the arms of Marmion and St.
Quintin [in painted glass]. In another south window, a man
kneeling, in a surcoat, with the arms of Marmion, and over his
head, "Prie pour Johan Marmyon Chival."11
In one of the chancel windows, the arms of Fitz Hugh. In
the east window, the arms of Marmion.
On a brasse plate on an ancient gravestone in the chancell:
Dum vixit Rector de Tanfield, nomine Thomas.
Sutton, en jacet hic, Graduatus et ille Magister
Artibus, ac etiam Canonicus hicque Westchester.
Sic Norton victor, fundite voco precor. 12
York.
April, 1740. (At the R. Society ?) A curious pedestal of
a Roman statue to Britannia, as a deity, found at Micklegate,
York, sent by Mr. Roger Gale, with his observations on it.—
Diary, vol. iii., 59.
8 "This was probably the tomb of John Grey, of Rotherfield, who married
the heiress of Marmion."—R. G.
9
In a vol. of Gale's MSS., relating to this monument, a mistake has been
made in this coat, by representing it as vaire, for Marmyon, whereas it should
have been chequy for Clifford.
10 "Probably of John, Lord Marmion, who built the castle of Tanfield in
the reign of Edward II., or of his son John, Lord Marmion, whose widow,
Maud, daughter of the Lord Furnival, founded a chantry in this church."-R. G.
Whittaker assigned this tomb to Robert (brother of John) de Marmion, who
married Lora, daughter of Herbert de St. Quintin, whose daughter Elizabeth
conveyed the Marmion estates to the Fitz Hughs of Ravenswath.
11 Now in the north-east window of the north aisle.
12 Approximate date of this inscription, A.D. 1480.
YORKSHIRE.
373
Doncaster.
At Doncaster. A chapel, and a bridg with a gate over it.
A man in armour, over the gate, in a threatening posture, look-
ing over the battlements, cut in stone. Danum, Daunum, Caer
Daun, by Neunius, was the station of the Equites Crispiani;
the name is British, Davon the river, now Don. On this side
Robin Hood's well, the Roman road appears in a very elevated
ridg, composed of a huge body of stone, for miles together.
Robin Hood's well¹³ a pretty ornament to the road; Sir John
Vanbrugh the architect.
13
Pontefract.
The road of old passed above Went bridg to the west of Pom-
fret, called antiently Tanshale,¹³ which signifys Aula Ditis, from
Tanodh infera, and hail sacra, or hale anglicè hall. θανατος,
isle of Thanet, infera insula. I found the place with a Roman
inscription over it, thus: DITIS.14 At Tænarus, near Lacedæmon,
was said to be a passage to hell, where Pysche is advised to goe
down in Apuleius's famous story. 'Tis often mentioned by poets
and historians.
9.
Orpheus says, in the Argonautics, that he went down by this
way. Thus, Virgil Geor. iv., 467 :
19
Tænarias etiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis,
Et caligantem nigrâ formidine lucum
Ingressus, Manesque adiit, Regemque tremendum.
Epigram on Robin Hood's Well, "a fine spring on the road, ornamented
by Sir John Vanbrugh, the architect;" by Roger Gale, Esq.-Bibl. Topo. Brit.,
No. ii., pt. iii., p. 427.
"Nympha fui quondem latronibus hospita sylvæ
Heu nimium sociis nota, Robine tuis,
Me pudet innocuos latices fudisse scelestis,
Iamque viatori pocula tuta fero,
En pietatis honos! Comes hanc mihi Carliolensis
Aedem sacravit quâ bibis, hospes, aques."
"Over a spring called Robin Hood's Well, 3 or 4 miles on this side (north)
of Doncaster, and but a quarter of a mile only from two towns called Skel-
brough and Bourwallis, is a very handsome stone arch, erected by the Lord
Carlisle, where passengers from the coach frequently drink of the fair water,
and give their charity to two people who attend there."-Gent's History of
York, 1730, p. 234.
13
The softened name of Taddenscylf, a township of Pontefract, received its
name from Tada, sister of Eadbald, king of Kent, and wife of Edwin, king of
Northumbria.
14 The inscription is simply Deo in Trinitate Jesu Christo.
374
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
By all this is meant the initiation into the antient mysterys.
Hercules went down to hell this way. ALH, in Gothic, is
Templum. Thus it means Ditis sacellum. This very remark-
able antiquity was discovered but a few years ago.15 The door
was walled up, as a common wall, till a gardener fastening the
trees against it perceived it hollow and opened it. I first took
notice of the inscription over the door. The situation of it is a
wall of a garden, by the side of the hill fronting the great valley,
east of the town; which, I believe, gave name to the town
Pantfret. For I take it as a vulgar error that it means Ponte-
fract, from a broken bridg, there being no river here; rather
Pant, in British, a valley.
The wall of this chapel of Hades is built before the face of
the rock whereon the town stands. There is a sacellum cut out
of the rock which we first enter. Then a door opposite to the
outer door leads us down a step or two into a gallery, leading
forwards for a little space, all cut out of the solid rock. Then a
winding stone staircase leads down about 80 steps, perpendicular,
all cut very artificially out of the rock. The central newill upon
which the steps turn is well contrived; first it is octagonal, lower
down it becomes quadrangular, and thicker in substance. At
bottom, in the floor, is a bason with clear water, always full and
no more ;16 nor does there appear to be any conveyance from it;
but probably there is a passage for the superfluity into some
natural cleft in the rock, for I saw such clefts in the passing up
and down. If this be a real antiquity, (as I think it is) I take
it to have been a place of lustration, or mystical baptism, to
purge from crimes: a custom which the heathen learnt from
patriarchal usage, where likewise the baptised had a susceptor or
sponsor, as we Christians, this being only the patriarchal rite
revived. The castle of Pomfret,17 founded on the same rock, has
15
It was visited in 1703 by Thoresby, and again in 1712; and was founded
in the year 1386, by Adam de Laythorpe and Robert his son. In 1405 John
Queyks obtained license to construct the Hermitage Cell.
16 The water has been known, in very wet seasons, as in 1882, to rise above
the last four steps of the stairs.
17 Founded by Ilbert de Lacy, about A.D. 1080. In 1310 the castle and
estates came by marriage into the possesion of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, who
was beheaded in the neighbourhood for his rising against Edward II. The
castle was the scene of the cruel death of Richard II., in 1399.
YORKSHIRE.
375
been immensely strong: infamous for the barbarous murder of
K. Richard II. 'Tis now a heap of ruins. I saw, hard by, a
large scutcheon18 of the arms of England, with 3 labels, carved
in stone, and a knight in armor19 set up against a wall. This
town is famous for the growth of liquorice20 (a corrupt pronun-
ciation of the Latin word); the expresst juice is condensated into
cakes, and sealed with a castle, the arms of the town, taken as
lozenges for colds. Mrs. Kitchinman here made me a present
of a brass celt found on Knavesmire, by York; one of those I
call recipient.
Castleford.
LEGEOLIVM, Casterford, on the river Ayre, immediately after
its union with the Calder.
Aldborough and Boroughbridge.
ISVRIVM Brigantum, perhaps the city was called BRIGANTIVM
by way of eminence; 'tis Aldborow on the river Ure, just before
its influx into the Ouse. I viewed that most wonderful monu-
ment of the Druids, called the Devil's arrows, at Burrowbridg.21
This was a stadium or place of running on solemn days in the
time of the antient Britons, made of obelisks, as was (in great
measure) the custom of the Romans in their circuses.
It was
composed of 4 most admirable obeliscs, each a single stone,
fetched from the wild country westward from hence,22 where such
kind still lye on the surface of the earth. The kind of stone is
very much like that of Stonehenge,23 and the chizeling has been
much like too. They are set 5 or 6 foot in the ground, upon a
solid bed of clay, and rammed round with a double course of
cobble stones of this country in clay, as Mr. Gale found on
digging to the bottom of one of them. There is a pretty brook
19 This escutcheon still exists.
19
The effigy is gone.
20 Liquorice was first introduced here in 1562. The plant grows nowhere,
except upon the line of division between the red sandstone and magnesian
limestone, and requires deep vegetable soil.
21
22
29 Another like stone at Rudston, near Bridlington.-R. G.
14 Sept., 1725, at Boroughbridg; again 9 June, 1740.-R. G.
Knaresborough Moors.-R. G.
376
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
arising at a very high torr called Micklehow hill, to the west
from hence, it falls through the town of Burrowbridg into the
river a little below the bridg. In the angle between the brook
and the river stands this most amazing monument we are speak-
ing of. Thus they stand in a line nearly north and south, but I
have not regarded a proportion in the distances compared to the
height of the stones. There were 4 of these stones in Camden's
time, and he says one was displaced in hopes of finding money,
viz., one of the middlemost, which stood near to each other,
which I do not understand, unless they had an impost above,
like Stonehenge. The stone No. 4 was taken away, within
memory, for making a bridg over the above said brook. By
measure, I found the interval between 2 and 4 to be double of
that between 1 and 2. This last interval is 170 foot,24 which is
100 Druid cubits. When the work was in perfection, it was
680 foot from one extremity to the other, which makes 400
Druid cubits.25 The northerly stone is 8 foot broad, 18 foot
high above ground. The middle stone is 5 broad, 21 foot high
above the ground. The south stone is 4 foot and a 1 by 21, 23 foot
high above ground. This circus of ours is a third part of the
length of the circus Maximus at Rome, which Dionysius of
Halicarn. writes was 3 stadia and, or 2187 foot. Pliny says it
was 3 stadia, but he might mean the carina round which they
ran, whereas the former author might reckon the whole exterior
length of the work.
Boroughbridg fair is now on S. Barnabas, the summer solstice,
which I take to have succeeded the old British games here cele-
brated in times of the Druids.
Mr. Gale showed me this inscription in the
wall of an inn in Boroughbridg. The inn has
been a religious house, and stands by the great
bridg. The inscription is in the garden wall
toward the little bridge, and in very large letters.
A V R
VIX
.T. AN
NOS
K M I
I suppose it came from Isurium. The great arch of the bridg
here is a fine work, seemingly the catenarian curve.
From
24
34 of my paces.-W. S.
25
The druid staff of 6 cubits is 10 foot 4 inch long. 174 foot is 100 druid
cubits.-W. S.
YORKSHIRE.
377
Burrowbridg the Roman road goes straight to Cateric, Catarac-
tonium. It is made of the cobble stones of the country. Fox-
gloves in plenty, in flower at the end of June. Leming is from
Lim, the British word, fluentum. At Northallerton, in Decr.,
1646, the first £100,000 was paid to the Scots, part of their
infamous sale of the king. 'Twas carried in 36 carts.
Romanby.
21 June, 1740. Mr. Gale and myself visited the Roman
camp, or rather city, at Northallerton, in the village of Romanby.
It stands on high ground; a good prospect; a spring and rivulet
underneath. This is upon that Roman road drawn from Cateric,
in a very strait line by this place we are upon, through Thirsk
(Tre-esk), Easingwold, Aldby DERVENTIO, above York, Wighton
DELGOVITIA, So through Beverley to PRAETORIVM, by Patrington,
Spurnhead Ravensb, or thereabouts. This city of Romanby
has at the upper end a strong castle, like that of old Sarum, a
keep in later language. Mrs. Westal, at Anderby, I visited.
She was neice to my grandmother, Helen Stukeley (Crossland),
Mrs. Warwick, of Ascough, by Bedall, another relation of hers.
Old Mrs. Page, of York, knew her well (my god-mother).
Richmond.
23 June. Mr. Gale and myself passed through Cateric to
Richmond, a very grand and romantic scene. The castle has
been exceedingly strong, about 200 foot perpendicular from the
river, which here runs over a solid pavement of stone, as if
artificially laid. A great quantity of silver Roman coyn found
by accident in the bank side, under the castle wall, in a pot,
about 15 years ago. The market place lyes in a fine square,
before the castle. The great tower is immensely strong. Many
monasterys all around it, S. Agatha's, S. Tronion's, a nunnery;
S. Martin's, a cell to S. Mary's at York; a friery steeple still
left in the town.
York.
26 June. We set out for York from Burrowbridg. We
passed by Isurium, and took the Roman road leading to Tad-
caster, till we turned off on the left by Marston moor, where the
378
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
famous battle was fought in the civil wars, wherein my grand-
mother's first husband, Prideaux, was slain; he had a diamond
buckle in his hat, as her relations in Yorkshire told me. We
stayed four days in York. The York antiquary, Mr. Drake,
accompanyed us. We saw all the York antiquitys of every
kind. We passed by Severs' hill, near the town, a pretty theat-
rical elevation of nature, where the act of consecration of the
Emperor Severus was performed. About Cnavesmire, I have
a notion that there has been an antient Templum alatum of the
Britons. The original Roman city of York was placed altogether
on the east side of the river; one of the side walls being drawn
along the river. The foundations of it have often been found;
the workmen complaining of the hardness of the cement and
fabric thereof. This city was placed in this very spot on account
of the corn of the southern countys, which was brought hither
by the artificial cuts called Carsdike and Fossdike, in Lincoln-
shire. The last time Mr. Gale and I were in Cotenham together,
we discovered the continuation of that dike across Cotenham
fen, which introduced the corn of Cambridgshire, from Cam-
bridg town to the old Ouse by Audry Cawsey, so on the bog of
Whittlesea fen to Peterborough, where the Carsdike begins.
But to this spot of the city of York, the river is navigable for
great vessels, even by the tide, and the brook called the Foss
falling into the river here, was made the haven for the corn
boats to draw up in ; a basin being cut in it for that purpose,
along the whole southern side of the city. The castle and
ground thereabouts was the granarys to lay the corn in, for the
use of the emperor's court, and of the legions then guarding
the barbaric vallums. The water of that brook very opportunely
washed out the sand which the tide carryed up into it continually.
In process of time, the city enlarging, they took in that other
part on the west of the river, and built a bridg. I saw part of
an old Roman arch of the bridg on the eastern side. Mickle-
gate is intirely a Roman arch, the like I observed of Boutham-
gate, and of Walmgate.
I saw an inscription in the town house, taken out of the first
mentioned wall, where they finished it, by S. Leonard's hospital,26
26
S. Leonard's was founded by W. Rufus.-W. S.
YORKSHIRE.
379
GENIO LOCI
FELICITER.
thus here I supposed they finished that wall.
At Mr. Drake's I saw a bit of a large flat
gutter tile, as it seemed, thus inscribed as
with the workman's finger in the moist clay before dryed. We
went to view the famous pedestal of a statue found the beginning
of this year.
I was in the fryery garden, S. Trinity, where the monumental
stone of L. Duccius was found. In this same quarter of the
town I saw a fragment of a monumental carving in the steeple
of S. John's church; another or two in a wall in Trinity lane;
in the yard of S. Leonard's hospital I saw the angled Roman
tower, at the corner of the wall. We were in the garden by
the town wall, near the court which is supposed to have been
the Roman palace. A church dedicated to S. Helen was once
there, over the tomb of Constantius Cæsar, father of Constantin
the Great. Mr. Gale has a coyn, Constantius veiled on the
observe, on the reverse the gate of hades represented. I con-
jecture such a mausoleum was originally built over his tomb.
The two doors have brasse knockers, a ring in a dog's jaw,
whence the fable of Cerberus, janitor of hell. It was customary
to give three knocks at the mystical initiations of old, which
became the 3 headed dog. The bedern is hard by, where, not
improbably, Constantine the Great was born. The word signifys
the house of prayer; bede, prayer, hirn, house.27 So candida
casa, Whitehern. This was either a Christian temple, built in
the Roman palace, or the church built in the palace of the first
Christian queen here, Ethelburga, wife of Edwin, king of North-
umberland, daughter of Ethelbert, king of Kent. Paulinus, the
apostle of this country, was her chaplain; and this leads us to
discourse of religious antiquitys; but first let us add that Hadrian
the emperor brought the Legio VI, Victrix, hither, who probably
built the city, or enlarged it at least. At L. Duccius's monu-
ment they found bricks with LEG. IX. VIC.
The cathedral is an astonishing beauty, and produces an effect
superior (in my opinion) to any building upon earth. I cannot
persuade myself to except even S. Peter's at Rome. Beside the
general proportions, wherein I think it exceeds all other cathe-
Guy hirn, cow hirn, holbech hirn, &c., in Lincolnshire.-W. S.
380
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
drals, the delicate whiteness and fine texture of the stone con-
tributes much to its elegance. Add the painting of the windows,
which is very intire, a little excepted. But after you have seen
and contemplated this most magnificent structure, nothing can
give you a new pleasure but going into the chapter house; grand
and beautiful beyond imagination. I must needs prefer it to the
Pantheon itself; assuredly, in regard to the effect it produces,
superior. The vastness and elegance of the building, and the
perfection of the painted glass, well deserve that encomium wrote
on the wall: Ut rosa flos florum, sic est domus ista domorum.
The quarry whence these buildings were raised is near Tadcaster;
'tis like Rock abby stone, or that of King's college chapel. Mr.
Drake28 gave me a very large print of the east window of the
cathedral, painted. He likewise gave me his book of the anti-
quitys of York, and a brass celt, found with a great number
more, half a bushel, upon the wild forest ground, Ersely-more,
under the Hambledown hill. This is of the recipient kind. He
has a great many Roman antiquitys dayly found at York. Mr.
Selby has a fine collection of Roman coyns in silver, but a better
of English, both in gold and silver. The Assembly room is a
very splendid edifice, an Egyptian hall taken from Vitruvius.
Lord Burlington was the architect.
29
I
28 June. We visited Mrs. Prince, at Molxby nunnery, by
Easingwold, a most melancholy retirement by a wood side, at
the head of the Foss river. A mile and off York we crosst
a Roman camp upon the common. We went by S. John of
Beverly's well, a pretty spring upon a vast level common, which
renders it remarkable. 'Tis used for a cold bath.
1 July, 1740. Mr. Gale, Mr. Drake, and self, set out from
York. We past over the river Derventio, where a Roman
station of that name was fixt. There was an old Roman pottery
on a sandy common, Barnby-moor; a clay lyes in veins among
it, good for fusion. We turned out of the Roman road to goe
28 Mr. Drake has an antient MS. on vellum, a lieger book of Fountains
Abbey. The Rev. Mr. Noble, reader of Gray's Inn, has an antient MS. on vellnm,
a lieger book of Malmsbury Abby.
29 Sheriff Hutton Castle, near us.-W. S.
YORKSHIRE.
381
Tis
to Lonsburrow, a seat of Lord Burlington's; the house much
improved by my lord. The park elegant, the greenhouse very
curious in innumerable, rare, and exotic plants. Cross the canal
at bottom of the park, they lately discovered a Roman road run-
ning north and south, from Malton to Delgovicia, at Wighton,
or Godmundham, where it crosses the other Roman road we
lately left, and geos to Brough on the the Humber, over against
Winteringham, where the Roman ferry was. The workmen
opened us a view of the road by the side of the canal.
overgrown with the turf a foot and deep. Hence it passes up
the hill southward, so between Wighton and Godmundham,
where DELGOVICIA stood. We visited Godmundham, on account
of the old British and afterwards Saxon temple there, where
Coyfi, a heathen priest, presided. The great Paulinus converted
him to the Christian faith. I observed much of this church is
of the original fabric built by Paulinus; the bottom part of the
steeple, the south door, the arches in the church, the great arch
between the church and quire, much like that in our Tickencote
church. There is a new font stone, elegantly carved and orna-
mented, of the fine quarry from Tadcaster; but with how little
judgment was this done, when I found the antient font thrown
carelessly in the dark under the steeple; the font where Coyfi
was baptized in! It seemed to us that this steeple was originally
designed for a baptistery, through the singularity of its fabric.
There was a door at the west end, but the steeple being decayed
they were obliged to build a buttress there, which has filled the
door up. There is a semi-circular arch within, on each side,
northern and southern, not in the middle of the side as usual,
but nearer the church; a window in the upper part of the arch h;
below, in one of them, I believe the font was set, wherein King
Edwin, his high priest Coyfi, and lords of his court were baptized
by Paulinus. I have made a sketch of it on the other page.
This great event is mentioned by Bede II., 13, and happened
A.D. 627.
I conceive the old British temple here, which retained such
a notion of sanctity that the Saxons cultivated it in their time,
was one of that most antient form, hitherto unknown among
antiquarys, called templum alatum, a winged temple, like that
which I shall describe by and by at Barrow in Lincolnshire,
382
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
made of banks of earth thrown up. There are several concuring
probabilitys that induce me to think so. It was the pontifical
see (if I may so speak) of Coyfi; its being near that other of
the same kind at Barrow; the high regard to it; the name
Godmundham, thus in Latin precisely, divini aggeris mansio,
the holy mounds; Bede's dwelling so much upon the septa of
it; when the king debated with his pontiff about changing his
religion, he asks him who shall profane the temple, cum septis?
afterward jussit sociis destruere ac succendere fanum cum omnibus
septis suis. The word succendere might relate to some particular
work of the Saxons upon the old British; but the lax way of
writing, where Bede was not an eye witness, is taken notice of
by Camden, the editor of Bede; Smith agrees there was a temple
of the Britons here. The annotator on Camden
The annotator on Camden says it was an
open temple. The original temple was, perhaps, on the spot
where the church yard now is, and extended into the town,
which has obliterated it; and Coyfi might command the very
banks to be thrown into the ditches, so as wholly to deface it.
Here I parted with Mr. Gale, who returned homeward, toward
Scruton. I proceeded farther northward, on a still religious
pilgrimage, to visit the monument of King Alkfrid of North-
umberland, at Driffield.
Great and Little Driffield.
Over a fine open country,30 I came to Great Driffield, where
much of the original church, built in Paulinus's time, remains.
The two inner walls of the arches and windows over them, the
south and north doors, the quire door; at the east end of the
south isle without, a figure of a bishop, probably Paulinus, cut
in stone, at full length, and rude enough. It might have been
on the original church, and set by the workmen into the new
work. A A very noble and well built tower, later than any other
part of the church, with several coats of arms, said to have been
built by one Gee.
I walked half a mile to Little Driffield, where has been a
large church with 2 rows of arches, but the side walls are now
30 "Much of a chalky soil hereabouts, and an agreable down, whence I see
many barrows on the hill tops."-W. S.
YORKSHIRE.
383
removed, and built under those arches. The font is the original
one; the arch of the bellfry made of capitals with human faces ;
the south door of the quire, and much of the walls, is of the
antient structure. In the north door of the church, which is of
later make, is the head of King Alkfryd on one side, carved
in stone; his queen, Kyniburga, abbess of Castor, veiled and
crowned, on the other. In the quire on the north side, against
the wall, and below the rails of the communion table, is the tomb
of King Alkfryd, who was viceroy to his father Oswy over the
Mercian kingdom. . He lived in our castle at Stamford, probably
built my St. Peter's church. He propagated Christianity here;
entertained S. Wilfrid, then in deacon's orders, for his chaplain,
being just arrived from Rome; gave him the lands whereon he
built S. Leonard's priory. The tomb is built of smaller stones,
old and squallid, but covered with a large blue stone, which, I
believe, is much later than the tomb. There has been a narrow
and short plate of brass upon the stone, now torn off. The tomb
is but knee high. Over the south door of the quire, almost
opposite to the tomb, is the inscription, which has been renewed
from time to time, thus: Alfred (instead of Alkfryd), the king
of Northumberland, deceased the nineteeth day of January, at
Dryfield, and was buryed in this place anno domini seven hundred
and five, in the twentyeth year of his reign.
The two towns of Dryffield³¹ are thought to have had their
names from being the habitations of the Druids, the number of
barrows hereabouts, and on the chalky downs near it, favour the
opinion.
The north east part of the town is called Sunderland-wick,
which I take to have been the royal villa where the king dyed.
To him the inhabitants attribute their 4 great fairs, much cele-
brated, and frequented from all parts: on Easter Munday, Whit
Munday, the 15 August, and 3 weeks after. There are some
antient tumuli hereabouts, and at every village butts to shoot at,
used in times of archery.
Beverley.
From hence I went southward, to Beverley. The minster
31 Dyrys, dumosus. Welsh.-W. S.
384
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
here is an admirable fabric, built of the same stone, in the same
manner, as York, and in all respects (except the painted glass)
as beautiful, though not quite so large. A very antient piece of
painting,32 in the south cross isle, of Athelstan granting his charter
of immunity of the Archbishop John of Beverley. The shrine
of the founder was on the north side of the quire, in the outer
isle, where steps lead up from the east and from the west; but
'tis now demolished. Sir Michael Wharton gave £5000 to the
fabric of this cathedral, which is carefully laid out (I mean the
produce of it) in repairing and ornamenting it. The north wall
of the transept or front that way hung over 3 or 4 foot, through
some defect in the foundation. An architect of this country,
Thornton, a man of great genius, undertook for £200 to
restore it to the perpendicular; and to the surprise of all the
world he happily accomplished it.33 He braced the wall, both
within and without, with upright and cross piecec of timber
fastned to each other by pieces transmitted through the windows.
Then he made four great buttresses of timber with screws under-
neath, which forced it into its original situation, and perpen-
dicular. He is now representing the whole operation on copper
plates, which I saw last winter at Foudrinier's, London.
Hull.
Thence, ore a marshy country, I came to Hull, which is a
very rich, improving town, walled about strongly ; 3 block
houses or forts of brick on the other side the river Hull, toward
the sea, built by Harry VIII. A man of war building here.
Barrow-upon-Humber. [Lincolnshire bank].
3 July, 1740. I had the satisfaction again to view that most
remarkable British temple at Barrow, on the banke of the
"Tis called
Humber, by Barrow water-mill, on the marshes.
Humber's castle. I first discovered it 25 July, 1724, made 2
prints of it, but did not rightly understand it till last Christmas,
when preparing to print my discourse on Stonehenge. Then I
32
333
93
Still existing in the church, painted on a panel.
Mr. Hawksmoor, the architect, assisted.—W. S.
YORKSHIRE.
385
found it to be a templum alatum' of the old Druids, formed on
a most antient and probably antidiluvian hieroglyph, circulus
alatus anima mundi. The more I consider this thing, the more
I admire it, and look upon it as one of the oldest works upon
earth, which we know of. This temple is not made with stones
set upright, as commonly was the method of the Druids, but
made by casting up mounds or banks of earth, which, I suppose,
was the case at Godmundham, above said. The figure is a circle
between two wings, as we often see it on the top of Egyptian
obeliscs. Sometime the circle has a serpent transmitted through
it, as in that most wonderful work of Abury, composed of great
stones, which figure likewise often occurs on Egyptian obeliscs.
On the same obeliscs, and other Egyptian works, the circle has
both the serpent and wings together. Then Kircher calls it
Ophio, pterygo, cyclomorphus, and rightly judges it decyphers
the divine triad of personalitys in the deity. The circle means
the supreme fountain, ens entium, pater; the serpent means mens
seu filius, creator; the wings, spiritus omnia vivificans fovens.
This noble temple of ours at Barrow is placed on the marshes
of the Humber, close by a brook descending from the higher
ground of the town of Barrow. 'Tis just between the high
ground and the edge of the marsh. It seems mysterious that
they should place it here, when there is the open, downy, high
country all before 'em. I guess it was for the sake of this brook,
and the level of the adjacent marshes fit for their races and
sports; the cool breezes from the ocean favouring their mid-
summer solemnitys here. The water-mill has pent up the water
near the temple, and renders the ground boggy there; but it
was not so originally. The circular hill, which I take to have
been the principal part of the temple, is 120 cubits in diameter,
twice the diameter of Stonehenge. The principal line of the
work is to the north-east. There is a vallum beyond the work,
making a sort of area to it, where probably the beasts were slain
for sacrifices; and perhaps it was made to keep out the high
tides, which sometime come up to the foot of the temple, and
that renders the turf of the salt marsh delicately fine.
1 See Stukeley's Diaries and Letters, vol. ii., pp. 280, 298 n, Surtees Soc.
Ꮓ
386
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Londesborough.
15 Jan., 1741-2. At the Royal Society. A letter from Mr.
Knowlton, gardener to Lord Burlington, at Lonsborough, in
Yorkshire, giving an account of a Roman brass gallon, with a
lid, lately found near York; of an early blossoming thorn he
observed near Stilton; and some other matters.-Diary, vol. iv.,
91.
25 May, 1749. At the Royal Society. Mr. Drake of York,
his map of the Roman road through Lord Burlington's park at
Lonsburgh, Yorkshire, which he and Mr. Gale and myself sur-
veyed together in the year 1740; presented to the Society.-
Diary, vol. viii., 55.
Osmotherley.
Apr., 1747. At Osmotherley, in Yorkshire, near the top of
Hambledon hill, on midsummer tide, is an immense concourse
of people; called Osmotherley summer games, a remain of the
old Druid custom.-Diary, vol. vi., 52.
York.
1 Feb., 1753. At the Royal Society. A drawing of a
Roman altar, MATRIBVS ITALICIS GALLICIS, &c., found lately at
Micklegate, York, sent by Mr. Drake, with an explication by
Dr. Ward.-Diary, vol. xii., 26.
SCOTLAND.
DR. JAMES GARDEN, S.T.P., AT ABERDEEN, TO JOHN AUBREY,
ESQ., REFERRED TO IN Camden's Britannia, PRINTED LOND.,
1695.-H. C.
66
Aberdeen, June 15, 1692.
Agreeable to Lord Yester and Sir Robert Morray's relation,
there are found in the north of Scotland tall, bigg, unpolished
stones, sett up ou end, placed circularly, but not contiguous.
The obscurer sort, which are the more numerous, have but one
circle of stones, standing at equall distances; others, towards the
SCOTLAND.
387
south or south-east, have a large broad stone, standing on edge,
which fills all betwixt two of those stones on end, and is called
by the vulgar the altar stone. A third sort most remarkable,
besides all other before mentioned have another circle of smaller
stones standing within the circle of great ones. The area of all
the three sorts is commonly filled up with stones of sundry sizes,
confusedly heapt together. The two largest and most remark-
able of these monuments are to be seen at Auchincorthie,2 in the
shire of Mernis, five miles from Aberdeen. One of them hath
two circles of stones, whereof the exterior consists of 13 great
stones (besides two that are fallen, and the broad stone toward
the south) above three yards high above ground, and 7 or 8 paces
distant from one another: the diameter being 24 large paces;
the interior circle is distant 3 paces from the other; the stones
thereof are 3 foot high above ground. Towards the east, 26
paces from this monument, there is a bigg stone, fast in, and
levell with the ground, in which there is a cavity, partly naturall,
and partly made, that will hold a Scotch gallon of water, designed
perhaps for washing the heathen holy things. The other monu-
ment, larger than this, and distant a bow-shott from it, consists
of 3 circles having the same common center. The stones of the
greatest circle are about 3 yards, those of the 2 lesser 3 foot high,
above ground; the innermost circle 3 paces diameter, and the
stones close together. One of the stones of the greatest circle on
the west of the monument hath a cavity on the top of it, con-
siderably lower on one side, which will hold an English pint, and
seems designed for a lamp. Another stone of the same circle,
on the east side, hath upon the top of it (which is but narrow,
and longer one way than another), a cavity of 3 fingers deep, in
the midst of whose bottome is cutt out a trough, one inch deep
and two broad (with another of the same depth and breadth cross-
ing it) that runs along the whole length of the cavity and down
the side of the stone a good way, so that what is poured down
into the cavity, presently runns down the side of it by this trough.
Upon this stone probably they poured their libamina.
The generall tradition concerning these monuments is that
These monuments, and many more in Scotland, have been described in
the Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries, vol. x., 2nd Series; and the
erroneous views of Dr. Garden and of others pointed out.
388
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
they were places of worship in heathen times. They call them
here Standing Stones, and the highlanders, in their Irish, caer,
which signifyes a throne, an oracle, or place of addresse. The
people still pay them an awfull respect.
Some of them are called chappels; in the shire of Aberdeen
and parish of Ellon, there is a place called Fochel, i.e., below the
chappell, from one of these monuments near by on higher ground.
From another of them, in the shire of Bamffe and parish of
Aberlowe, a place is called Leachell Beandick, i.e., the blessed
chappell. A 3d monument, in the parish of Peter-culter, 5 milest
from Aberdeen, is called the old chappell; and from a fourth near
it, a place is called chappell Dena, in the shire of Bamff, and
parish of Gamrie. Others are called Temples: in the parish of
Strathawen, 14 miles from Aberdeen, there is a place called
Templetown, from two or three of these monuments near it; and
the two above described are called Lawstones, and Templestones.
They say the pagan priests dwelt in Auchincorthie, and there are
yet seen foundations of an old house said to have been their Teind
barn.
One of these monuments in the shire of Bamff and parish of
Abercheirder is called Cairneduin, or Cair ne dewin, corrupted
possibly from Cairndrewin, and so relating to the Druids.
There is a parcel of land six miles from Aberdeen called
Cairndraidlane, or Cairndraidland, perhaps formerly part of the
revenue belonging to the Druids. Some persons now living saw
ashes of some burnt matter digged out of the bottom of a little
circle sett about with stones standing close together, in the center
of one of these monunients, near the church of Izeig, in the shire
of Aberdeen.
JAMES GARDEN.
EXTRACT FROM NEWSPAPER.-H. C.
"Edinburgh, May 25 [1727]. We have an account from
Airth, 18 miles west of this city, near to the influx of the river
Carron, of a very rare piece of antiquity, found in the south bank
of the Forth, viz., a canoe of 36 foot long, 4 foot broad in the
middle, 4 foot 4 inches deep, 4 inches thick in the sides, all of
one piece of solid oak, sharp at the stem, and square at the stern,
SCOTLAND.
389
The river's washing away the banks discovered a part of her;
she was ordered to be dug up by Mr. Graham, judge admiral,
and proprietor of the place. What was discovered of her was
found to be above 15 foot underground. 'Tis remarkable that
she is finely polished, being perfectly smooth on the outside and
inside, and the wood of an extraordinary hardness, and not one
knot in the whole."
LETTER FROM SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
*
*
Edenb., June 11, 1727.
*
*
I stayed a day with Dr. Stukeley, at Grantham. I had not seen
him before. You will easily believe I was surprised at his figure.
He had been at work in his garden, and never rurall god
appeared so rough and dirty. We soon grew acquainted, and I
must own his company was very entertaining. It is a pity he
does not meet with some publick encouragement, he would make
an excellent geographer.
Since I am giving you this trouble, I shall acquaint you with
a very ancient curiosity found about 18 miles from this place.
The washings of the river Caron discovered a boat, 13 or 14 feet
under ground. It is 36 foot in length, and 4 in breadth, all of
one piece of oak. There were severall strata above it, such as
loam, clay, shells, mosse, sand, and gravell; these strata demon-
strate it to have been an antediluvian boat. The tree of which
it was made, was no doubt very big, but still no bigger than one
which is still alive not farr from that place; it is about 12 or 13
foot in diameter, and we have a pretty good document from an
old author who wrote the life of Sir Wm. Wallace, a Scotch
captain in the time of king Edward the 1st, that it was an old
decayed tree at that time.
3
Some fancy that this boat is Roman, because it was found
not far from Arthur's Oven, or Templum Termini, but there seems
3
"When Marton Mere, in Lancashire, was drained by Mr. Fleetwood, no
lesse than 8 canoes, like those of America, were found in it, which it is like,
were sunk in that lake by the Britains, &c."—Vid. Brit. Ant. et Nov. in Lanc.,
p. 1284."-R. G.
390
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
to me no great probability of this. Please to give my service to
your brother and Mr. Lethieulier. If Sir Hans Sloan, Dr.
Mead, or Doctor Woodward want an account of this boat, let me
give you the trouble of remembering me to them.
I am allways, dear Sir,
Your most affectionate humble Servant,
JOHN CLERK.
SIR JOHN CLERK [TO ROGER GALE] CONCERNING SOME ANTI-
QUITYS FOUND NEAR THE ROMAN WALL, IN SCOTLAND,
AND MR. JOHN HORSELEY.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Edenbr., Feb. 15th, 1729.
I am allmost ashamed to write to you after so long a silence,
but am hopefull you will not impnte this to any want of respect
or friendship. As there is nobody I honor and value more than
you, so there is no correspondence I would so ardently desire, if
this corner of the world could afford sufficient matter for your
entertainment. This is chiefly to beg the favor to know how you
are; the continuance of your health will at all times be the most
agreeable news I can receive from London. In our antiquarian
inquirys nothing has occurred here. I now and then gett a
Roman coin of silver or brasse, but of no great singularity.
I heard of some brasse daggers found near our wall, and of a
large oaken club studded with brasse, but have not seen any of
them. Mr. Horseley has been in this countrey, and did me the
favor of a visitt. He was, it seems, very well known to some of
our university professors some years ago, and acquired a great
reputation for the mathematics, and his knowledge in all parts
of philosophy. In discoursing with him I found him to be much
acquainted with the Greek and Roman learning, and very ready
in his notions about inscriptions and the Roman stations. He
told me his design was to print an entire collection of the Roman-
British antiquitys, and I hear from some of our masters in this
university that he is just now setting about [it] in London. I
shall wonder much if he has not made his acquaintance with
some of your Society. He affects now and then a singularity
in his readings and opinions, but this I did not wonder at, for
SCOTLAND.
391
the poor man writes for bread, and must have something new to
entertain his readers. He lived at Morpeth for many years,
and taught there in a private academy, with the benefitt of a
meeting-house for his support. This is all I know about him.
Pray what is become of Dr. Stukeley? I never hear from Mr.
Alexr. Gordon. Be so kind as to favor me at your leisure with
some account of what the Antiquarian Society is doing. I am
glad to find that the Royall Society keeps up the figure and
character it allways had.
I am, yrs., &c.,
J. CLERK.
SIR JOHN CLERK [TO ROGER GALE] CONCERNING DR. WOOD-
WARD'S SHIELD, THE SITUATION OF BLATUM BULGIUM,
WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS UPON PAINTING UPON WALLS
AND LATHS.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Edenburgh, Decr. 22, 1729.
I had the honor of yours last week, and though I have very
little to trouble you with, yett I could not delay making my
acknowledgements to you for the honor you procured me to be
elected a member of the Royal Society. I shall prove but a
very uselesse brother, yet shall be glad at all times to receive
their commands, and show what value I putt upon so distinguish-
ing a mark of their favor. I wish you would make my compli-
ments to the president, Sir Hans Sloan, and let me know what
will be expected of me.
I thank you for the criticall dissertation you sent me, it con-
tains abundance of learning, yet I fancy the plainest criticism of
all has been overlookt, this is, that the shield is of iron, and not
brasse. I may be mistaken in this opinion, but I took it to be
of iron, and was on the point of making this observation to Dr.
Woodward when you and I were to see his curiositys, that since
it was of iron it could not be genuine : for there is no Roman
piece of antiquity in that metall which is not so much corroded
with rust, as that all the finer parts are quite defaced. I would
be glad to know from you if my observation of its being made of
iron was right?
As for my Blatum Bulgium, I acknowledge it to be but guesse
392
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
work, and has its foundation simply in a kind of a negative
proof, that it is not mentioned in the Notitia Imperii to be ad
lineam valli. In the Itinerarium it would seem, that by the
names as they are placed, the Castra Exploratorum, and Blatum
Bulgium, were near to one another, but by the numbers of the
miles one would think that there were 12 miles between the first
and last, and other 12 between it and Luguballium. If this be
the case we must look out for another station to be the Castra
Exploratorum, and yett I can find none so proper as Brunswark.
Mr. Horseley seems to be of my opinion as to Middleby's being
Blatum Bulgium, but says that a place called Netherby was the
Castra Exploratorum. This gentleman I find is a good way
advanced in his inscriptions, so I shall be glad to know your
opinion about them.
Forgive me before I end this letter to give you a philosophi-
call observation, and submitt my sentiments to you. About ten
days ago, when the barometer fell under the line of much rain,
I went to a house of mine, which is built on a very drye and
warm soil. Here I was surprised to see a staircase I had made,
in a very dismall plight. This piece of work is done for the
most part in stucko or plaister, and is all painted in oyl, and
some of it on laths where the regularity of the staircase required
it. I had observed that some of the painting was much sunk
before, and spoiled in some places, but could not well understand
the reason of it till then that I found the dampnesse of the day
had covered the plaister which was on the solid wall to such a
degree that I could have washt my hands upon it. Here the
painting was much spoiled, but on the plaistered laths it was
perfectly fresh and sound. I thought at first that this moisture
might have come through the walls, driven by the force of the
wind, but then I observed that some glasses in the staircase were
just in the same condition, hence I concluded that plaister and
painting on the solid walls became of the nature of glasse, but
that the plaister on the laths was more porous, and suckt up the
moisture, and for the future I resolved never to make use of any
plaister but upon lath, for in that way I saw evidently that any
kind of painting will succeed, and last as long as if done upon
wood. As this I hope will prove an usefull observation in this
countrey, so I believe it may be the same to some of
your coun-
SCOTLAND.
393
trey people, for I am satisfyed the house I have mentioned stands
as dry and warm as any on this side Trent, but no doubt what I
have mentioned has been observed by yourself and others. For-
give me for troubling you with this trifle, and believe me to be
allways, with the greatest esteem and affection,
Dear Sir, yrs., &c.,
J. CLERK.
SIR JOHN CLERK [TO ROGER GALE], CONCERNING AN ANCIENT
SEAL SETT IN A SOCKETT OF GOLD, ENAMELLED, AND SOME
OBSERVATIONS OF HIS COAL WORK.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Edenb., July 17, 1729.
I have the favor of two of yours since my last, and must
give over making excuses to you for not acknowledging it in due
time. I receive no letter so acceptable to me, but am often not
so much master of my time as I could wish. The endeavors you
have shewn to gett me made a Fellow of the Royall Society putt
me under the greatest obligations to you, but I am afraid if you
be successfull the world will think me a very unworthy member.
I return you many thanks for transmitting to me the prints of
the Antiquarian Society. I think there is no great matter in
that of the ancient monastry ; but the military farce" of Henry
the VIIIth is very curious.
4
I send you here inclosed for your opinion the impression of
a seal which is no doubt ancient, being found actually in the
rubbish of our vallum, at a place called Caerin. But that which
may render it suspected is a sort of enameling on the gold
sockett in which it is fixed. Enameling is commonly thought a
modern invention, but this seal demonstrates the contrary, if
alltogether ancient; and the Romans had an Opus Encaustum,
which if it was not enameling I know not what it was; besides,
in one of my styli or fibulæ there is the very same thing in blew
and white minerall colours, incorporated and fixed by the fire.
The foliages of the setting of the seal are a little clumsey and
4 Holm, in Norfolk."-R. G.
5
•
Tournament at his marriage with Queen Katherine."-R. G.
394
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
indistinct, but no ways defaced; the white is likewise touched
with a little red. The [laureated] head, as you see by the
impression, is but ordinary.
Since I am to be a brother with you in the Philosophic
Society, allow me to trouble you with a naturall piece of curiosity
which I lately discovered in my grounds. I have fourteen coal
veins, most of them above 4 foot thick, and some of them 8 or 9.
They have been in working above 100 years, but as my colliers.
were going on with their work they were stopt all of a sudden
by a vein of clay 3 foot thick, which cutt off all the coal veins
obliquely, and threw them 80 fathoms to the northward.
(a)6 represents the coal veins running parallel to one another,
and thrown off by the vein of clay at b to c, which is 80 fathoms
to the northward. I know something of this has been already
observed in the Philosophicall Transactions of the Royal Society,
but nothing so remarkable. Here is another odd turn in the
same veins: (d) is a seam of coal or vein which sincks with the
surface, and ascends on the other side from e to f. These, I
fancy, are strong indications of some terrible convulsions of our
globe, which we may suppose to have happened at the deluge, as
Dr. Woodward and others have described it; or might have been
occasioned by one of Mr. Whiston's comets, on Sir Isaac Newton's
principles. If such like observations be agreeable to you, I shall
not fail to trouble you sometimes with them.
*
I am, with the greatest esteem, &c.,
SIR JOHN CLERK TO R. GALE.-H. C.
*
JOHN CLERK.
Edenburgh, 10 Sept., 1729.
"I shall onely mention a naturall curiosity
in the same countrey; that is at a mosse near Moffat, called the
Mosse of Drumcrief; there lyes under the surface an incredible
number of huge oaks, which never could have grown in the placc.
I observed the like in a mosse in the north of Scotland, from
which circumstance one cannot but think they were brought
6 These letters refer to diagrams in the MS., which it has been considered
needless to reproduce here.
SCOTLAND.
395
there by the deluge: and as all mosses are plainly of rotten
wood, so may we believe that they were originally large floats of
timber tossed together by the waters, and left at certain places
as the flood abated: so farr I believe I could please Dr. Wood-
ward, if he was alive. I'le mention one circumstance more to
you with relation to these mosses, which is that in one of them,
belonging to myselfe, and about a mile from where I live, there
are severall quantitys of nutt shells found, whole and entire, after
great rains, though there is not the least vestige of wood or hazle
bushes to be found in the neighbourhood. This proceeds, no
doubt, from the same cause, for all things whatsoever preserve
their shape and consistence wonderfully in mosse.
7
Please to give my humble respects to Sir Hans Sloan, whose
kind remembrance of me is most acceptable. Your account of
Dr. Stukeley surprises me; there is more contrivance in it than
I thought; a benefice may be in view, and the doctor's trade go
on however, though in a charitable way. I must now end my
letter with my paper, but cannot cease from being ever,
Dear Sir, yrs., &c.,
8
JOHN CLERK.
P.S.-I believe the word Aballava on the cup may be better
than Avallava or Avallana, for the Notitia Imperii has it Aballaba
where the Mauri Aureliani had their station.
A LETTER FROM SIR JOHN CLERK [TO ROGER GALE] CONCERN-
ING A ROMAN STATUE OF DEA BRIGANTIA, AND 2 INSCRIP-
TIONS FOUND AT MIDDLEBY IN ANANDALE, IN JULY, 1731.
-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Edenbr., Octob. 10th, 1731.
I had written to you sooner but that you told me you was
to go into Yorkshire for 6 weeks. I hope this will find you
safely returned, and the inclosed will divert you a little. These
stones are in my possession, so you may believe the draught I
have sent you is exact. They were found in July last in camp,
which Mr. Gordon mentions in his Itinerary ;9 I have sent my
7 Pennycuick.
8 The Rudge Cup.
9
P. 18.
396
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Lord Pembroke a draught of them, but if he hears, perhaps,
that anybody but himself has them, he will not be pleased; in
the mean while you make what use you please of the inclosed
description, that is, if you think proper you may give it either
to the Secretary of the Royall or Antiquarian Society, but first
I beg it of you to correct everything you think amisse in it.
A description of three ancient Roman stones¹º found at Middleby
in Annandale, July, 1731.
The stone number 1 has on it the representation of a human
figure in basse relief, which is drest in a long robe, with a crown
or diadem on its head, a globe in the left hand, and a spear in
the right. A head or medal, hands at the breast, and below, at
the left foot, is a shield, at the right foot a round cap, and under
the feet is this inscription:
BRIGANTIÆ. S. AMANDVS
ARCITECTVS. EX. IMPERIO. IMP.
11
The reading of which I take to be Brigantiæ Sacrum or perhaps.
Sacellum, Amandus Architectus ex Imperio Imperatoris. Aman-
dus is a name common in inscriptions, vid. Gruter; and there is
mention of one of this name in Ammianus Marcellinus, much
about the time of Julian. In the word Architectus the letter A
is defaced, and an H is wanting, but it seems to denote the trade
of Amandus, to witt, an architect, such being common in those
days, vid. Notitia Imper., toward the end, de Corporibus
Artificum. The last word IMP. may be Imperatoris, or possibly
Impensis, but the first is most probable.
The crown or diadem may be attributed to Julian, for with
such the Roman emperors of the lower empire used to be orna-
mented, wherefore Basilius Seleucia Episcopus in Sermone Iº de
Adam describes their diadem in this manner, τοις φέγγεσι τῶν
λίθων ἄσγαπτον. And many of the emperors are represented in
10
"See the prints of them in Gordon's Appendix to his Itin. Septent., p.
27; and Horsley's Brit. Rom. Pl. Scotland, xxxiv., xxxv., xxxvi.
11 Found at Birrens, near Middleby, now in Edinburgh Museum, read thus
by Hübner, p. 187, No. 1062: BRIGANTIÆ S[ACRVM] AMANDVS ARCITECTVS EX
IMPERIO IMP[ERATVM] F[ECIT].—See Gordon's It. Sept. Append., p. 28, pl. 58,
fig. 1; also Hutchinson's Durham.
SCOTLAND.
397
their coins Capitibus radiatis. The globe and spear may like-
wise be attributed to him, for there is a coin of one of his pre-
decessors, Caracalla, in which, according to Vaillant, p. 264,
there is a "figura virilis nuda stans, dextrâ globum, lævâ hastam
gerens" and he adds "nulla est certior principis effigies quam
periti gubernatoris, ut refert Plato in politico, ideò Did. Julianus
in nummis globum gerit, et rector orbis perhibetur." From this
account of Vaillant as to Didius Julianus, one might conjecture
that this is a figure of Flavius Julianus, and the rather because
his name seems to be mentioned on the alltar No. 2, and the
aforsaid Basilius in the same place takes notice of this ornament
in the hands of emperors χεῖρα δέ τῷ σφαιροειδει σχήματι τοῦ
κόσμου τ' κύκλον, &c.
Another conjecture may be that this is a figure of Mercury,
the favorite god of Fl. Julianus, to whom he used sometimes to
sacrifice privately, though at that time by profession a christian.
This appears from Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. 16, cap. 5, "Occultè
Mercurio supplicabat quem mundi velociorem sensum esse motum
mentium suscitantem Theologicæ prodidere doctrinæ ;" and
because he is mentioned on both the stones, No. 2 and 3; but
here there is no petasus, no wings, no caduceus, no purse, no
cock, nor other genuine marks by which Mercury is commonly
represented.
A third conjecture may be that this is a figure of the countrey
of the Brigantes in Britain, under the name of Brigantia, which
Tacitus thus describes in Vita Agric., cap. 17, "Brigantum civi-
tatem quæ numerosissima provinciæ totius perhibetur." This is
the more probable because the diadem seems rather to be a Corona
Muralis, as some of the Roman provinces are represented in the
Notitia Imperii, and because the breasts are larger than they are
commonly made in a male figure. Or it may be a representation
of Rome because of the globe, a mark of power and authority,
which could not be so properly ascribed to the Civitas Brigantum.
A very learned gentleman, Mr. Horseley, takes this figure to
be a Pallas, and that the ornament hanging at her neck is the
Gorgon taken notice of by Virgil in his description of this god-
desse, Æneid., lib. viii., 437.
•
ipsamque in pectore Divæ
Gorgona, desecto vertentem lumina collo,
398
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
This, I confesse, is so probable a conjecture that there is no way
to evade it, except by supposing it may be one of those orna-
ments which was found about 8 years ago in this very place, to
witt, a gold medal of Constantine, coined on one side, the other
being plain, with a hole in the edge, by which it appeared to have
been a certain badge or ornament which was usually worn in
those days by way of a Bulla, for the Imagines Principum,
which were annext to publick papers, were of another kind.
This medal is mentioned by Mr. Gordon in his Itin. Septent.,
p. 18, and is now in the possession of the Earl of Pembroke.
One might likewise suppose this figure to be one of those
Hermathenæ mentioned in Cicero's Epist. prim. ad Atticum:
"Tua valdè me delectat et posita ita bellè est ad totum gym-
nasium Hermathena. 'Hλis áváОnua esse videatur." Herma-
thena is a goddesse composed of Mercury and Minerva.
The stone No. 2 is an alltar, and the inscription is in large
letters, very clear and distinct, but there are some words in it
which give some difficulty. The first are IVL CHRS, which I take
to be Juliani Cæsaris. The E, indeed, is single and inverted,
whereas in those days it was commonly written CAESARIS, as we
see in many coins; but it is evident, from other instances in these
stones, that the sculptor has not been very correct, else there had
been fewer difficultys in this inscription. There are instances in
Gruter where Cæsar is written with a vowel E, as particularly in
a fine inscription, on p. cclxxxiii., 3.
These words may likewise be taken for a private man's name,
as Julius Cerealis, or the like; but the first may be the more
probable, because all the 3 stones were found together, and there
is more solemnity hinted at in the first stone than could well be
attributed to a private man; for it is reasonable to suppose that
when Julianus came to the empire, and turned apostate from the
christian faith, or even when he was yett but Cæsar, and had
sent Lupicinus into Britain to quell the commotions there, accord-
ing to Amm. Marcellinus [lib. xx., c. 10], that he gave privat
encouragement to the pagan worship, and among other things
ordered that one Amandus, an architect, should erect a small
temple in the country of the Brigantes, and place in it an alltar
to his favorite god Mercury.
The next word, CENSSIGILL, I take to be Censores or Censuales
SCOTLAND.
399
}
Sigillariorum, for in the Roman empire, about the time of Julia-
nus, there were probably officers under the name of Censores or
Censuales who did take care of the Sigillaria, which were certain
little images of the gods, and other things that went under this
generall name, and were probably made and sold in a certain
street in Rome, called thence the Sigillaria, whence Suetonius in
Vita Neronis, cap. 28, says, "Ac mox Romæ circa Sigillaria
comitatus est:" there is likewise mention made of the Festa
Sigillaria in Ausonius, as allso in Macrobius. 12 The word COLLIGN,
on the same stone is either the name of this Roman station in
ancient times, or stands for Collegiati Lignatores, or perhaps for
Collegium Lignariorum; we find frequent mention of the Ligna-
tores and Pabulatores in the Roman garrisons and armys.
;
The word CVLT and the letters D. S. D. and V. S. L. M. have no
difficulty in them; on the right side of this alltar is the figure
of the Roman eagle, or the Signum Militare, and on the left two
common vessels for sacrifice, the patera and præferculum.
On the stone No. 3, in the first and 2nd lines, are these words,
NVM AVG DEO MERCVRIO, which in some measure do explain the
two first lines on the alltar; for the god Mercury seems here to
be called Numen Augusti, and he was more properly called the
Numen Juliani than of any other emperor, as is before observed
from Ammianus Marcellinus. The next words are SIG POSVER-
VNT, and seem to refer to the statue; statues and pictures being
often called Signa. Or they may referr to the placing of the
Roman standard here, as seems to be hinted at by the figure of
the Roman eagle, or top of the Signum Militare, or, which is
probable, the Signarii posuerunt; the Signarii being persons
who were imployed in making statues for the gods: wherefore
we have in a law in the Pandects de Auro et Argento Signato,
which begins T., ff. 2: "Jubeoque Signum Dei ex libris centum
in illa sacra Æde et in patriâ statui, subscriptione nominis mei.”
The next word, CVIIORES, though very clear and distinct in the
letters, is putt for cultores, which is likewise on the alltar. The
words which follow I take to be EIVSDEM. DEI CVRANTE INGENVO.
or INGENVO. RVFO, these last names being common in Inscriptions,
vid. Gruter.
12 “Idyl. 26, lib. i., cap. 10 Saturnal.—R. G.
400
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
These stones were found among the ruins of a building, which
may be supposed to have been a temple. By the foundation it
appears to have been 36 feet in length, and 12 in breadth; it
stands without the walls of the Roman station, which have been
ex lapide quadrato. Temples have been found so situated in
many other places, as for instance the templum termini on the
north side of the Vallum Antonini Pii, because it seems that the
Romans judged their gods were sufficient to defend their own
temples. However, on the north side of this temple, about the
distance of a mile, on a very high conspicuous eminence called
Burns hill, are two small Roman camps, which either are the true
Castra Exploratorum mentioned in the Itinerarium Antonini, or
have been of this kind in the time [of] Julianus the Emperor.
The Roman station is called at this day the Birns or Bearns,
which probably comes from the word Brigantes.
J. CLERK.
SIR JOHN CLERK [TO ROGER GALE], UPON THE SAME SUBJECT.
-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Edenbr., 31st Octob., 1731.
I had this day a letter from Mr. Gordon, which gives me
the satisfaction to know that you received mine, so that I am in
hopes to have animadversions very soon on what I sent you.
That which makes me trouble you this post is to give you the
following three observations on my antient stones, which I before
neglected, but chiefly to beg the favor of you not to give my
paper to Mr. Gordon to be printed, about which he presses me
very hard. As the things I there advanced were but matters of
mere conjecture, I take them to be for no other use than to be
read over amongst friends by way of amusement, &c.
Now to come to the observations I intended to give you: the
first is, I observe there are such things as local gods and god-
desses, which the Romans were not much acquainted with in the
days of Augustus; there's your Deo Belatucadro in England,
and our Matribus Alatervis in Scottland, wherefore this Brigantia
may be a goddesse, and the statue a figure designed to represent
her. The second observation is, that from the words on the 3rd
SCOTLAND.
401
stone, DEO MERCVRIO SIG POSVERVNT, I am much inclined to think
that the statue of Mercury lyes still buryed near this place; and
that which chiefly confirms me in this opinion is that this stone
is not an alltar, but plainly the pedestal of a statue; and that it
is not the pedestal of the statue No. 1 is plain, because it had
been thicker and broader than that statue. I have therefore
given orders to some countrey people to dig for this statue of
Mercury amongst the rubbish, and am pretty confident I shall
find it, if it was not of brasse, or any other metal, for in this case
it has probably been melted down. The 3d observation is very
singular, this statue No. 1 has been guilded all over, for upon
picking out some of the earth about it, I perceived the gold leaf,
and since that time I have mett with a gentleman who told me
that when this statue was first found a great part of it was still
guilded, but that the countrey people brought allmost all off by
washing it with sand and water.
I leave off now where I began my paper, which, though it be
very safe in your hands, and that you may dispose of it as you
please, yet pray let it not go into Mr. Gordon's Supplement,
except it be merely the figures of the stones and inscriptions,
with some short account of the conjectures about them; you will
forgive, I hope, this anxiety, and believe me to be, with the
greatest tendernesse and respect, Sir,
Yrs., &c.,
J. CLERK.
SIR JOHN CLERK [TO ROGER GALE], UPON THE SAME SUBJECT.
Novbr. 5th, 1731.
Dear Sir,
I have the happynesse of yours of the 25th of the last, and
am glad to be confirmed in some of my conjectures by your
opinions which are so well founded. That of the statue's being a
goddesse under the name of Brigantia is certainly right. I took
notice of this in the first words of my paper, and since that time,
about a week ago, I acquainted you with my being a little better
satisfyed in that notion; but since your last to me, and the
reasons you give, I have no manner of doubt about this figure,
AA
402
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
and therefore I chearfully give up all manner of conjectures
that differ with this. Besides the inscription you mention, there
is another in England to the DEAE. NYMPH. BRIG., which is taken
notice of in your father's book upon Antoninus's Itinerary,'
publisht by you; and there are a vast number of other inscrip-
tions to these local gods everywhere to be mett with abroad. As
for the lady Brigantia, I confesse I never mett with her name,
for hitherto I took the Nympha Brigantum to be something like
the inscription St. Paul takes notice of at Ephesus, 'To the
unknown God.' As to the reading of the second stone I don't
know but you may be right allso, for I did suspect that my
emperor might turn a private man, and Julius Cerealis did occur
to me. But I was willing, and am still, to keep up the credit of
my stone, and indeed the sculptor gives me abundance of latitude
when he has putt down CVIIORES for cultores, and has clapt in no
distinction between the words of CENSIGIL and COLLIGNI, and
yett has been so formal as to use the in all the rest, except in
the EIVSDEM DEI CVR ING RVFO. If age and decay in the stones.
could have brought about this confusion I had had less to object,
but the letters are two inches and long, and as fine and deep as
if they had been cutt by a modern sculptor but a few months ago.
I no lesse approve of your reading the third stone, but there are
some men of letters in this countrey who take COLLIGNI to be
collectores, but their opinion is onely grounded on fancy.
I wrote to you some days ago that I had received a letter
from Mr. Gordon, pressing me to let him have my paper. I am
very hopeful you will not consent to this, but if he pleases to
mention some of the conjectures in a short way, he may, though
not without your approbation.
As to your reading it in publick at either of the Societys,2
'tis a matter of indifferency, since it may be onely an amuse-
ment, but I think without adding a few words with regard to the
figure's being the goddesse Brigantia, it may seem very lame
and imperfect; as to its being a Julianus it is very improbable.
The crown on her head is visibly now a corona muralis, some of
the pinnæ being still square, and those which look pointed in the
2
1 P.
P. 53.
"It was read at the Antiquarian Society."—R. G.
SCOTLAND.
403
drawing which was sent you, gott that shape onely by the decay
of that part of the stone.
This is the true figure of the crown, and as distinct as you see
it here, with a kind of a porch in the wall.
In my last I told you that this fine lady had been guilded,
and most of the gold leaf was upon her when first found, which
by the way, shows the excellency of that metall. I told you in
the last place that the stone Num° 3 was truly the pedestal for
the statue of Mercury. The words SIGNVM POSVERVNT seem to
import this, and I am still in hopes of finding his godship near
the same place, unlesse he had the misfortune to be made of
brasse, and so melted down many years ago.
I shall send you
the three basse relieves which were found this summer at our
Roman wall;³ I have them by me, and am causing them to be
copyed for you; they are in the main indifferently well, but
much defaced.
If you please to divert any of your friends in the Societys to
read my paper, be pleased to add what is here mentioned. I
was lately in Cumberland seeing a son of mine at Lowther
school, and in a little tour I made about the countrey I observed
3 curiositys in Whinfield park, belonging to the Earl of Thanet.
The first was a huge high oak of at least 64 feet, and 4 feet in
diameter, where the last great thunder made a very odd impres-
sion, for a piece was by it cutt out of the tree about 3 inches
broad and 2 inches thick, in a streight line from the top to
the bottom. The second was that in another tree of the same
hight, the thunder had cutt out a piece of the same breadth and
thicknesse, from top to bottom, in a spirall line, making 3 turns
about the tree, and entering the ground about 6 foot deep. The
3rd was the horn of a large deer, found in the heart of an oak.
This was discovered upon cutting down the tree. It was found
fixt in the timber with large iron crampets, for it seems the tree
was then growing, and had afterwards inclosed the horn. In
the same park I saw a tree of 13 feet diameter, this tree is about
3 mile from Perith. I saw likewise an inscription at old Perith,
which was sent to Mr. Horseley. I am ever, dear Sir,
Your most faithfull humble Servant,
JOHN CLERK.
8 Append. to Gordon's It. Sept., pl. lxix.
404
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
i
MR. JOHN WARD, PROFESSOR OF RHETORICK AT GRESHAM
COLLEGE [TO ROGER GALE], RELATING TO THE SAME
IMAGE AND INSCRIPTIONS.-H. C.
Sir,
Gresham College, Nov. 12, 1731.
Since I was last to wait upon you, I received the inclosed
from Mr. Horseley, which I take leave to send you, in order to
beg the favor of you to inform me whether the copy you had
from Baron Clerk differs in any respect from the reading of this.
And as some doubts have occurred to my thoughts in relation
both to the inscriptions and figure, you will permitt me to take
this opportunity of laying them before you.
No. 1. I have some suspicion about the first word BRIGANTIE,
and if there was room for conjecture, should imagine it might
somehow be designed for BRIGANT. DEAE or DIVAE. In the
London edition of Camden, 1695, p. 896, there is an inscription
that begins DEAE. NYMPHAE. BRIG., which part of it Mr. Selden
has inserted in his edition of Marm. Arundeliana, vol. ii., p. 1477.
And there is likewise in the last edition of Camden, p. 851,
another inscription, DVI. CI. BRIG., and is there read Dvi Civitas
Brigantum. But if what appears now like DVI may be supposed
to have been at first DIVAE, I should fancy both those inscrip-
tions, as allso this new one, may possibly all referr to the same
deity, without any particular name given to her. I am the more
suspicious that some of the last letters in the word Brigantie are
obscure, because a friend of mine shewed me the other day a copy
of these inscriptions without the figure, which he borrowed of a
gentleman who lately brought it out of Scottland, and told him
it agreed with the first draught which the baron took of them.
Now in that copy this word is written BRIGANTIÆ.* If therefore
what looks like a small I be onely the remaining stroke of a D,
it may originally have been D for DEVE, or DÆ for DIVÆ; or if
the last letter be a single E, as in this new copy, DE for DEAE
Deæ, for I find DS for DEVS in Ursatus.
As to the figure, the wings, as you was pleased to observe to
me, plainly show it to be a Victory: and both the helmet and
4 "It is plainly TIE upon the stone, and therefore nothing in all this sup-
position."-R. G.
SCOTLAND.
405
shield at the feet, with the murall crown and laurells on the head,
as allso the globe in the left hand, seem all to agree in represent-
ing the happy effects of a victory. But the spear in the right
hand, with the small face at the breast look to me like the sym-
bols of Pallas, as they do to Mr. Horseley, for there are some
gorgons upon the breast of her images in Montfaucon much like
this. I imagin, therefore, that it may be a sort of compound
image containing the symbols of both of those deitys not unlike
perhaps to the Pallas Victrix, mentioned in Gruter, who has an
inscription, Pallad. Victrici sacrum, p. mlxvii., 6. And this
image is pretended to be sett up ex imperio, by a divine com-
mand, a thing not uncommon with the Romans, which might be
fancied in a dream, and the form of it was very probably made
according to the imaginary appearance of the Dea Brigantum at
that time, which might be that of a Pallas Victrix, with these
symbols. The most naturall sence of the last letters, IMP. seems
to be Impensa, but this would be more certain if S followed for
Sua, as usuall.
No. 2.
I am doubtfull whether the 3rd and 4th lines should
not be read Censitor Sigillariorum Collegii. I am sensible that
Censitor usually signifyes a publick officer imployed by the
government for assessing the inhabitants in the provinces and
other purposes; but as the words dictator and prætor are some-
times used in a lower sence, so perhaps might be the word Cen-
sitor. And as every collegium must doublesse have had its clerk,
or one to keep their accompts, like our companys, censitor may
stand for such an officer. The sigillarii are well known, but I
am at a losse what to make of Sigillariorum Collegii Lignari-
orum. Besides, Collegium Lignariorum appears nowhere else,
and I am suspicious there was in reality no such collegium.
Lignum, according to Varro, signifyes wood for firing, not for
building. And in the Pandect it is said: "Ligni appellatio
nomen generale est; sed sic separatur ut sit aliquid materia,
aliquid Lignum. Materies est quæ ad ædificandum, fulciendum,
necessaria est: Lignum quicquid comburendi causa paratum
Indeed, faber lignarius is commonly supposed to be
Latin for a carpenter, but in all the writers of any considerable
authority, the places referred to for this have tignarius, in the
best copys as Cicer. de claris orator., c. 73; Gaius de v. s. leg.
est."
406
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
235; Paul lib. 3, Sent. Tit. 6, and this agrees with the distinc-
tion of Tignum as it is laid down by Gaius in the Pandects, when
he says: "Tigni appellatione in lege xii. tabularum, omne genus
materiæ, ex quâ ædificia constant, significatur," lib. 62, v. s.
Hence we meet with Corpus Tignariorum in Gruter, p. cxxxvii.
6, and Collegium Tignariorum in Spon's Miscellan. erud. Antiq.
p. 59. I am inclined therefore to suspect that COLLIGN, as 'tis
now read in the 4th line might be intended for collegii, the trans-
verse strokes of the E being either wore out by time, or I putt for
an N being onely a small double II, which, if the stone be a little
broken, may appear like an N.5
No. 3. I suppose numini Augusti and Deo Mercurio do both
referr to the same deity, from the words ejusdem Dei that follow.
And as Mercury might be probably the tutelar deity of the
Collegium Sigillariorum I am inclined to read the letters SIG
in the third line Sigillarii rather than Signum, which seems to
render the two inscriptions somewhat more agreeable to each
other, by supposing one of them to have been erected by the
whole body, and the other by a single officer of the same Society.
In the other copy of these inscriptions which I saw, the word
COLLIGNI® is added in this inscription after Cultores.
I have not the honor to be known to Baron Clerk, and know
not whether you think any thing here offered worth your trouble
to consult him about, but however that may happen, your favor-
able reguard, and encouragement to all inquirys of this nature,
leave no room to doubt but that it will find a candid reception,
though it should not meet with your approbation.
I am, Sir, yrs., &c.,
JNO. WARD.
N.B.-This letter is fully answered, as well as all the rest I
received upon this occasion, by the short dissertation (printed
6
5 "See Baron Clerk's account of the fairness of the letters."-R. G.
"It was omitted by mistake in the copy sent to Mr. Horsley, and by him
to Mr. Ward."-R. G. The two inscriptions are read thus by Hübner, p. 188,
No. 1069 DEO MERCVRIO IVLIVS CRESCENS SIGILLVM COLVMNAM LIGNEAM
CVLTORIBVS EIVS DE SVO DEDIT VOTVM SOLVIT LIBENS MERITO; and NVMINI
AVGVSTI DEO MERCVRIO SIGNVM POSVERVNT CVLTORES COLVMNAE LIGNIAE
EIVSDEM DEI CVRANTE INGENVIO RVFO. VOTVM SOLVERVNT LIBENTES MERITO.
A different reading is given by Mr. Wright in his Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p.
265.
SCOTLAND.
407
in the appendix to Gordon's Itin.), and Mr. Ward, in a great
measure, came afterwards into my sentiments. See his letter
in Mr. Horseley's Britan. Romana., p. 353, &c.-R. G.
ANTIQUE PIECE OF GOLD FOUND IN THE NORTH OF SCOTLAND
A.D. 1731, MENTIONED IN A LETTER FROM SIR JOHN
CLERK TO ROGER GALE.-H. C.
This piece of antiquity was found in an urn, and is of the
exact shape and bignesse as it is here represented. Whether it
be Roman, or Danish, or Pictish, is very doubtfull, and it will
be as difficult to guess at the use for which it was intended.
7
The parts A and B are hollow like little cups or socketts, and
the sides are very thin. There is a small circle within the verge,
which has had a red substance adhering to it like cement, as if
it had served to fix some kind of body within the socketts. The
part c is solid, and the whole piece may be of the weight of
seven or eight guinneas, and the gold is thought to be of the
finest kind.
MR. WARD [TO ROGER GALE] ABOUT MR. HORSELEY'S DEATH,
AND BRITANNIA ROMANA, AND AN ALLTAR FOUND AT
DORCHESTER IN OXFORDSHIRE.-H. C.
Jan. 18, 1731-2.
8
Sir,
I am very much concerned at the death of Mr. Horseley,
which you was pleased to acquaint me with in your letter; and I
can't but think it not only a deplorable calainity to his numerous
family, but allso, as you observe, to the publick. He had some
other designs in view, which, if he had lived to effect, would, I
believe, have been of service to the world. Everything was
finished that he had to do in the present work before his death,
7
9
This form of personal ornament is described by the late Sir Wm. Wilde
as a fibula. Several varieties, with cupped extremities, are in the Museum of
the Royal Irish Academy.
8 This occurred Jan. 6, 1731-2.
9 Brit. Romana.
408
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
and the whole is printed except the Indexes and Preface, so that
I think it can't justly be esteemed a posthumous work.
I take this opportunity to return your draught of the Dor-
chester alltar,10 with many thanks for the use of it; and am, Sir,
Yours, &c.,
J. WARD.
SIR JOHN CLERK [TO ROGER GALE], CONCERNING SOME PIECES
OF GOLD FOUND IN A LAKE IN GALLOWAY.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Edenb., 4 May, 1732.
In your last, you were pleased to give me an account of a
curious statue found in the west of England (Cirencester). I
begin to think that there are treasures of all kinds in Britain ;
for lately, in a lock or lake in Galloway, over against the Isle of
Man, there have been 3 very curious pieces of gold found, being
part of the Aurum Votivum, which it seems used to be thrown
into that lake. I have not seen any of them, but may see them
when I will. One of these pieces is a bracelet of gold, consist-
ing of 2 circles, very artificially folding or twisting into one
another. This is in the hands of the Countesse of Stairs, to
whose husband the lake belongs. The other 2 pieces are exactly
of the kind I sent you a drawing of some months ago, and of
this form. Each of these pieces is about the weight of 8 or 10
guinneas, and, no doubt, are all three ornaments. I have seen
this lake, which is vastly delightfull, there being an island with
an orchard in the middle of it, and the water full of very large
trouts. The Earl of Stairs took a conceit to drain off 3 or 4
foot of it, for gaining about 100 acres of meadow ground, so
that these gimcracks happened to be found amongst the mud,
&c.
11
I am, yrs., &c.,
J. CLERK.
10
Dorchester, Oxon., vid. p. 164 of the present Volume.
11 "The draught of this altar was sent to me from Mr. Wise, of Oxford.-—
Vid. Brit. Rom., pp. 339, 352; and Fabretti Inscript., cap. x., 83.”—R. G.
SCOTLAND.
409
SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE.-H. C.
Edenbrough, Aug. 6, 1732.
66 Since my last to you I have seen two other, bracelets of
gold and a large ring found on the drayning of a lake, or part
of it. There are no letters or inscription, and the make is very
clumsy. Each bracelet is in weight 6 or 7 guinneas, and their
shape of 2 pieces of gold twisted.
The ring is large and about a guinea in weight. It seems
our ancestors have had more gold than silver, and indeed there
are severall places in Scotland where there has been much dig-
ging for gold.
""
SIR JOHN CLERK "TO DOCTOR STUKELEY, AT STAMFORD.".
FREE, CH. ARESKINE.-H. F. ST. J.
Sir,
Edinbrugh, 7 August, 1733.
*
*
There is one with him (our Lord Chief Baron), Mr. Boules, an
officer of our court, to whom I gave a letter to you with some
observations on a statue of the goddesse Brigantia in my pos-
session.
I forgot to tell you that I incline to read the inscription on
the altare DEO MERCVRIO IVLIANI CAESARIS, &c. These last
words were read by Mr. Gale and Mr. Horseley Julius Cerealis,
because of the vowel E. I acknowledge that Cæsar is for the
most part written CAES., but the bad spelling in the rest of the
inscription will be an excuse for writing the word with a
vowel E. 12
I am always,
*
Your most obedient humble Servant,
JOHN CLERK.
12
The inscription is follows: DEO MERCVRIO IVL CRS CENS SIGILL COL LIGN
CVLT EIVS D S D V. S. L. M. Mercury oppears to have been the favourite deity
of the collcge of ligniferi.—See Wright's Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p. 265.
410
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
SIR JOHN CLERK, CONCERNING A STATUE FOUND AT MIDDLEBY,
AND AN ANCIENT BAGNIO DISCOVERED AT NETHERBY IN
CUMBERLAND.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Edenb., 24 Sep., 1733.
Since I had the pleasure of writing to you last, I hapned to
be in the south parts of this countrey, and in the old Roman
station at Middleby, or Blatum Bulgium as the late Mr. Horseley
called it, I found this broken statue discovered. It was found
in the very place where my pedestall was gott two year ago, and
is most certainly all I can have for the Mercury wanted: you
may remember the inscription on the pedestall is DEO MERCURIO
SIGNVM POSVERvnt, &c.
SIR JOHN CLERK, ABOUT A COIN OF GERMANICUS FOUND NEAR
THE CAMP OF MIDDLEBY.-H. C.
Edb., 23 Feb., 1737.
Near the camp of Middleby, where my statue of Brigantia
was found, some silver and brasse coins have been dug up, but
they are either defaced or common, except one of Germanicus
in bronze. It is of the biggest size, and on one side has the
figure of this great man, with his right hand extended, and on
the left that [of] a legionary standard, which had been taken at
the Clades Variana; above this figure are the words Germanicus
Cæsar. 13 On the rev. is a representation of Germanicus triumph-
ing in a chariot, with 4 horses abreast, finely shaped, with this
inscription, DEVICTA GERMANIA, and underneath s c. Suetonius,
in v. Calig., speaks very slightly of this triumph, "Hostem solito
more triumphavit." This coin, no doubt, was struck under
Tiberius, but how he suffered all this honor to be done to the
person he hated, 14 and by an order from the Senate, is what one
would not expect. I doubt not but you have, or seen this fine
medal,¹5 for I apprehend it is not very rare.
J. CLERK.
13 Son of Drusus (brother of Tiberius), and Antonia, daughter of Marcus
Antonius, and his wife Octavia.
14
"Vid. Sueton, Vit. Tib. c. 52."-R. G.
15 "I have this medall."-R. G.
SCOTLAND.
411
FROM SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE, ON AN ANCIENT
SHIELD FROM SPAIN, AND AN OLD SEAL FOUND IN A
MOSSE NEAR MIDDLEBY, IN SCOTLAND.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Pennycuik, May 9th, 1737.
One of our physicians at Glasgow has lately gott a present
from a friend of his in Spain, which is a shield of the size and
metal with that which Dr. Woodward had. It has a good deal
of raised work upon it, representing a concert in a field, by 7 or
8 figures, all females, with different instruments. There is a
circle of flowers round it, but I shall not say positively that it is
Roman, though certainly of great antiquity. I took notice of
an organ with one sett of pipes amongst the instruments, and
there are two figures much like Violins, which I never observed
on any Roman monument; I shall send you a drawing of it as
soon as it can be made, in order to be communicated to the society.
I have one piece of antiquity more to acquaint you with,
which is a seal found in a mosse near Middleby, the impression
whereof is on this letter; it is sett in gold, ennamelled, but in a
coarse way; this is the figure of it, viz., the figure of a woman,
clothed, in a dancing posture, moving to the right, her left hand
elevated, and holding a serpent in her right hand.
AN ACCOUNT OF AN INSCRIPTION FOUND AT BARHILL, NEAR
KILSYTH, IN SCOTLAND, FROM THE DAILY GAZETTEER,
SEPT. 7, 1736.—H. C.
About 3 years ago, Mr. Robb, minister at Kilsyth, found in
the wall of a countrey house, hard by the Roman fort on Barhill,
near Kilsyth, a Roman alltar, 16 which had been dug out of the
ruins of the famous wall built there in the reign of Antoninus
Pius, with the following inscription upon the front:
DEO MARTI
CAMILLVS C.
16 The stone is preserved in the Hunter Museum at Glasgow, presented by
Thomas Calder. The inscription is thus read by Hubner, p. 197, No. 1103.
DEO MARTI CAMVLO…..HI...C...ORI…..IRC... It is the upper part of an altar.
412
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
The rest of the inscription is not legible. Upon one side of the
altar is a sacrificing knife, and upon the opposite a patella with-
out a handle, which contradicts an observation of Mr. Horseley's
in his Roman antiquitys in Britain, p. 191, that the Roman
altars found here have the patellas cut upon them, with a handle,
and those in Italy have their patellas without a handle. The
place for the focus is pretty evident upon the top, and it hath
not an unhandsome corona. Mr. Robb gave this altar to the
university at Glasgow, where it is preserved with other monu-
ments of that kind. He conjectures that Camillus, a centurion,
commanded the garrison upon Barhill. The stone is the more
valuable and curious, that for ought appears, it is the first of the
kind to Mars in Scotland.
SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF
THE AFORESAID ALTAR AND INSCRIPTION FOUND NEAR
KILSYTH, MAY 9TH, 1737.
The above is a rude draught of a Roman altar sent to the
university of Glasgow by Mr. James Rob, minister at Kilsyth,
not farr from which it was found. It is much more gashed and
broken, both upon the top and sides, than is here represented.
The place at N is hollow for the fire, that at M is raised a little
more [than] the 10th of an inch above the face of the side upon
which it is cutt, and is exactly circular; there appears nothing
like an handle to it now, but the face upon which it is, as well
as its own surface, seems to be much impaired, that if there was
once an handle to it, the figure of it may have been worn out by
length of time. The letters are as near as I could make them
of the shape of those upon the stone, and are very faint and
shallow in respect of those upon other stones found in the
Roman wall here. Upon the side opposite to that upon which
is the O (M), there is a little raised piece of the shape of P. This
is all I can observe about it.
The foregoing seems to be part of a letter from somebody
that had viewed the alltar, to Sir John Clarke, neither was it
SCOTLAND.
413
wrote in Sir John's own hand. I should have thought it had
come from Mr. Rob, the minister of the place, had he not in his
printed account of it read it otherwise than here represented,
and made CAMILLVS out of CAMVLO, which latter is undoubtedly
the genuin reading, there being in Gruter, p. xl., 9, an inscrip-
tion, CAMVLO, with the figure of Mars armed with a spear and
shield, under his name; and the intire stone represented in
Father Martius Religion des Gaulois, vol. i., p. 486, as allso two
inscriptions more in Gruter, p. lvi., 11, 12, one of them CAMVLO
SANC. FORTISS., the other MARTI CAMVLO. Camulus was the name
of Mars with the Gauls, v. Martius Religion des Gaulois, as
above cited.
R. G.
SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE, GIVING TRAVELLING INSTRUC-
TIONS FROM Edenborough TO GLASGOW.-H. C.
Aug. 7th, 1739.
From Edenborough, set out by 7 or 8 in the morning, and
go directly to Queen's ferry, which is seven miles. This place
is called Reginæ Trajectus, being on the sea side, and com-
modious for a passage to our old Queen's from Drumferling,
where there is a royal palace, to Edenborongh. It is at this
day the chief passage to Perth and the highlands. The island
in the middle of the Frith is remarkable, being within cannon
shot from both sides; it is called Inchgarvie. From the Queen's
ferry, about 3 miles by the sea, go to Hopton house. This is a
house worth looking at on the outside, but little above half of it
is finisht. You may give yourself no farther trouble in seeing
anything here but the fine terrace above the sea, which is indeed
very beautifull. From it you have a view of all the Frith from
Stirling to the Isle of May. From Hopton house you may go
either to Borrowston-nesse, a large seaport town, or to Lithgow,
but this last may be two miles out of the way. On the west
side of Hopton parks, by the sea, is the castle of Abercorn,
called by ancient writers Abercurnith; and here began the
Roman wall of Antoninus Pius, which reacheth to the west seas,
at least to the Frith of Clyde, near the castle of Dunbarton.
The castle of Black-nesse is near by, on the sea side,
414
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Dine, if you can reach it, at Falkirk, which is 18 miles from
Edenborough, and 6 from Stirling; on the south side of this
town you will see the Roman vallum; about 2 miles north west
from Falkirk, upon the side of the river Carron, you will see
Arthur's oven, or the Templum Termini, as some think it, nobody
doubts of its being Roman, though a very plain piece of work.
On the way to Stirling, in the forewood, at some distance
from the road, you may see the remains of an old oak, yet alive,
which, as we have certain documents, was a decayed tree 300
years ago; it is commonly called Sir William Wallace's tree,
and was in diameter, when I saw it first, 35 years ago, about
14 feet; but this you may take on trust, for you would have
difficulty to come at it.
Lye all night at Stirling, and next morning you may look at
the castle, which has some singularitys about it, and some very
good rooms. From thence take the way to Glasgow, and on the
south side of Kilsyth, at half a mile's distance, you may see the
Roman vallum, stretching westward. You passe it about two
miles west of Kilsyth, at a village called Kirkintilloch now, but,
if I remember right, by ancient writers, Kirpentilloc. Here is
a Roman prætorium, but much defaced, the village being built
out of it.
At Glasgow, see the great church, and the church under
ground, which is a part of it, called the Baronic Kirk. The
bishop's house you will see in a very bad state; the college is a
tolerable building of two courts. The library is but indifferent,
but you may call for one of Mr. Zachariah Boyd's MSS., where
you will see a serious burlesque upon the Bible, which, to print,
the college had a large summe of money left to them, but thought
it more for the honor of the author not to pay any obedience to
his will. In the college you will see a good many Roman stones
and inscriptions from the Vallum Antonini.
The town will not displease you, and the bridge and river
deserve to be seen. The people are tolerably industrious, and
rich, and diligent in most manufactures, particularly the linnen.
Theyr salmon and herrings are good, and their wines tolerable,
particularly the Canary and Malvasie.
From Glasgow go to Hamilton, at 7 or 8 miles distance.
You will, I believe, passe Clyde at the famous Bothwell-bridge;
SCOTLAND.
415
lye at Hamilton all night. The duke's house has no great
matters within, except a few good pictures in the gallery, par-
ticularly one by Rubens, representing Daniel in the den of lions.
The gardens are very agreeable, and the duke's dog-house is
among the best of the place. The park of Hamilton is very
noble.
From Hamilton sett out next morning for Moffat; stop not
till you come to a single house or inn on the side of Clyde, called
Ellenand; Willison, the landlord of the house, will wait upon
you for 6 or 7 miles, after dinner, till I meet with you at the
head of Clyde, about 5 or 6 in the afternoon, at a place called
Erick Stane, five miles from Moffat. The mountain where this
is, is remarkable for being the source of three rivers, Tweed,
Clyde, and Anan; before you come to Ellenand foot, you will
see,
in old time, where both gold and silver mines were wrought
in the moor of Crawford.
R. GALE, TO MAURICE JOHNSON, ESQ. [GIVING] SOME PARTICU-
LARS OF A JOURNEY INTO SCOTTLAND.-H. C.
Scruton, Aug. 18, 1739.
I had Dr. Knight and his son's company with me to Eden-
borough, we went through the bishopric of Durham, and North-
umberland, into Scotland, and travelled through a very fine coun-
trey after the first 4 miles beyond Berwick. The city is very
well built for the most part with lofty stone houses, but the
streets, besides their dirtynesse, being very much up hill and
down hill, are very troublesome to walk. Nothing can exceed
them in nastynesse, but their churches and houses within doors,
and a great face of poverty and pride reigns through the whole;
though we were not much acquainted with the worst part of it,
having been most elegantly entertained, all the while we were
there, by persons of distinction, with the utmost generosity and
politenesse.
Their university, or rather college, is but a poor thing, mean
as any of the halls at Oxford. The principal has a tolerable
house, the rest of the lodgings look as if they were deserted both
by students and professors, who take up their quarters for the
416
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
+
most part in the town. The library is large, and contains a
good collection, above it is a room for curiositys: among the
natural is George Buchanan's" scull, as they say, remarkable for
its thinnesse, in some spotts allmost diaphanous; there is another
attending it, notable as much for its density, being, as appears
by several holes drilled through it near half an inch thick. The
advocates' library however is much better, being more numerous
in books chose with good judgement; I saw but one ancient MS.
in it, which was Martial's epigrams, 600 years old or more. It
has allso a numerous collection of Roman coins, particularly
consular. We were twice at Mavis Bank, 4 miles to the south
of Edenborough, built by Sir John Clerk, in a true Palladio tast,
one of the most elegant I ever saw for situation, wood, and
water, though the house is but small. We went 4 mile farther,
to another seat of Sir John's that is called Pennycuik (Mons
Cuculi) built in the ancient style, but not without its naturall
beautys, particularly a vast pond or lake with 2 islands in it, and
full of fish. In the way to it we saw Roslin chapple, a most noble
Gothic structure, exceeded by few; founded, as appears by an
inscription cut the whole leugth of it over the windows, by
William Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and Zetland, A.D. 1453. It
has laid open to the weather ever since the Reformation, but has
withstood all its efforts by the goodnesse of its materials, and
excellency of its work, to a miracle, however, the rains pene-
trating now through its roof, which is vaulted with stone, would
in few years have dissolved it entirely, had not that true lover of
antiquitys and all the liberal arts, Sir John Clerk, persuaded the
present Lord Sinclair to put it into compleat repair. The work-
men have been upon it all this summer, and as Sir John has the
whole direction of it, in a year more it will not be onely secured
from ruin, but be made as beautifull and stately as most of that
sort of edifices in the kingdome, though it is likely to be used
onely as burying place for that noble family, of whom there is
onely one tomb now in it, and that in the same wretched con-
dition as the rest of the fabric, which recalls to my mind the
forlorn state of Holyrood house chapple, in the palace at Eden-
borough, a most magnificent building, having been the east end
17
Soc.
See Stukeley's Letters and Diaries, vol. i., p. 316, and p. 417 n, Surtees
SCOTLAND.
417
of the abby church, the burying place of their kings and nobility,
but now much liker a dog kennel, the tombs layd open or des-
troyed, the whole full of dirt and rubbish.
From Pennycuik we had a long day's journey to Moffat
waters, a stinking sulphureous spaw, but not so strong to the
nose, or salt to the palate, as that at Harrogate, near Knars-
borough, and is much resorted to in summer. As a physician
told me, it was but a slow alterative, requiring a long course of
drinking it to have effect. Our journey lay through a moun-
tainous countrey, thinly peopled, and poor accomodations, except
at Moffat, where we lay and supt well enough. About 9 or 10
miles to the west of Pennycuik, we saw no lesse than 14 intrench-
ments, one above another, upon the side of a hill on our left
hand, not lesse than half a mile in length, and a large camp on
another hill at the farther end of them. Behind them, is a little
town called Romana to this day, I suppose from the Roman
castra there. It was probably an incampment of Julius Agri-
cola, when he invaded Scottland. A gentleman who lives there
has wrote an historical account of the countrey, but has not one
word of the mighty work that presents itself to his view.
The next day brought us to Carlile; just before we came to
a place, poor enough, called Ecclefacchyn,¹ where we dined. We
went a little out of our way to the left to view the 2 famous
camps at Brunswork, so called, I believe, from the Bourn or
spring, which rises in the southermost. The high hill betwixt
them, from whence you have a prospect 20 miles round, makes
me think, with the Baron, that here were the Castra Explora-
torum. About 3 miles from these camps we came to Middleby,
the ruins of a Roman town, where the Baron gott three fine
alltars and the Brigantia, mentioned in Mr. Horseley's book
Britannia Romana, and in a letter, p. 9, &c., of this to which I
referr.
From Carlile we travelled along a Roman road, till within
two miles of this place; first to Perith, then to Appleby in
Westmoreland, where we saw several Roman inscriptions, placed
and preserved in the walls about the free school; but as they
have all been published by Camden, Gibson, and Horseley, it
1 i.e.."the little church" in British.-R. G.
BB
418
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
was needlesse to transcribe any of them de novo. This road
runs from Appleby over the Saxetum of Stainmore, a most
dismal countrey, rocky, mountainous, and desert, for about 10
miles, except one house called the Spittle, now a sorry inn;
about a mile before you come to it from Appleby, appear the
vestigia of a small square camp, at present named Maiden castle ;
I suppose it was designed at first for no more than a specula, and
for a small detachment from some of the nearest garrisons to
guard the passage, the road running directly through it. We
have in Britain severall Maiden castles, Maiden bowers, Maiden
ways, all reliques of antiquity, but why so named I could never
devise had this title been onely given to castles, I should have
taken it onely for a gasconnade for castrum inexpugnatum, but
this will not reconcile it to bowers and ways. In Welsh they
are called Caer Vorwyn, &c., which is Castrum Virginum or
Virgineum.
I
am, yours, &c.,
R. GALE.
SIR JOHN CLERK [TO ROGER GALE] ABOUT A COIN OF OTHO,
AND AN INSCRIPTION FOUND NEAR THE ROMAN WALL
IN SCOTLAND.-H. C.
Pennycuick, 16 July, 1740.
Your discovery of a Roman town near Northallerton will, I
hope, be sometime or other as agreeable to me as it was to Dr.
Stukeley, for old age, I hope, does not tread so fast upon our
heels as to make us despair of meeting together again. What I
have to acquaint you with, in matter of antiquity, is, first, that
an OTHO, amongst other coins, was found here² and sent to me.
I compared it with a Paduan copy I have, and found it plainly
to be the original. The letters are roundish and decayed, and
stand at greater distances than on the Paduan. On one side is
the head of Otho, with these words: IMP OTHO CAESAR AVG TRI
POT. On the other side is the emperor taking a soldier by the hand
over an altar, and 2 other soldiers standing by with these words:
SECVRITAS PR, and under the altar s. c. I know this medal is
reckoned rare, but at the same time I know that the coin of Otho
2 "At Edenborough."-R. G.
SCOTLAND.
419
in great bronze,³ with a corona circa on the reverse, is the most
valuable, yett it is very certain that none of these coins were done
in his days.
The next curiosity I must acquaint you of is a stone five foot
long, found near our Roman wall, with this inscription. I have
not sent a drawing to you very nice, for want of time, and the
person who took it I believe had not copyed it right about the
end, and the number of paces is defaced.
MR. THOMAS ROUTH [TO ROGER GALE], ON AN INSCRIPTION FOUND
AT KIRKINTILLOCH, NEAR THE ROMAN WALL, IN SCOTT-
LAND, AND ANOTHER NEAR HEXHAM.-H. C.
1
Febr. 28, 1741.
I yesterday received the following inscription from an acquain-
tance to whom I had communicated your curious remarks on
the Casteeds alltar; he had it sent him from Glasgow; the stone
was lately found at Kirkintilloch, one of the stations upon the
wall of Antoninus. His correspondent assures him that there
are no numeralls after M.P., having observed that particularly,
so that he concludes it to have been onely one mile.
I have allso a face of a centurial stone, which I mett with in
a loose piled up wall nigh St. Oswald's chapple, about 2 miles
to the north of Hexham. Mr. Horseley says the LEGIO II AVG.
does not occur in all this quarter, in any inscription or at least
not any stone that can be relyed on. There is, however, another
inscription of the same century, belonging to this II Legion, in
the gardens at Naworth which, besides the name of the Legion,
has allso that of this century, and were both probably taken from
the wall. The inscriptions are as follows: [see notes 4 and 5]
3
4
5
See Stukeley's Letters and Diaries, vol. i., 469 n, Surtees Soc.
Preserved in the Hunter Museum at Glasgow, and is thus read by Hübner,
p. 200, No. 1121: IMP. CAESARI. T. AELIO. HADRIANO. ANTONINO . AVG.
PIO. P.P. VEXILLA. LEG. VI. VIC. P.F. PER. M. P.
5
At Naworth Castle, in the garden wall.-Gibson, "Over the back door."
Horsley. Bruce says it has perished. Hübner, p. 148, No. 841, reads it thus :
L[EGIONIS] II AVG[VSTAE] >[CENTVRIA] VOLVSIANA.
420
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
SIR JOHN CLERK, TO ROGER GALE, RELATING TO THE GODDESSES
BRIGANTIA AND BRITANNIA; A ROMAN ARCH DISCOVERED
AT EDENBOROUGH; WITH A COIN OF FAUSTINA; AND
SPOTS IN THE BODY OF THE SUN.—H. C.
Dear Sir,
Pennycuick, May 5, 1741.
I received the favor of yours 2 weeks ago, but being to go
into the west countrey, I could not thank you till now for it. I
am extreamly obliged to you for the saintship of my Brigantia ;
your conjecture about the letter s can meet with no objection,
since it happens to be so well explained on the pedestall lately
found at York. I own to you I allways thought it strange that
the Romans should make a statue sacred to the deity it repre-
sents, but this inconsistency I was willing to attribute to the
barbarity of the times. A church, an altar, or temple may be
consecrated to a deity, or a saint, but not a statue. We may
now see how the Roman catholics came by the word Sancta,
since their religious people had a better title to it than any pagan
goddesse.
:
Just about the same time that your structure at York was
pulled down, we had one at Edenborough, which mett with the
same fate it was an old arch that nobody ever imagined to be
Roman, and yet it seems it was, by an urn discovered in it with
a good many silver coins, all of them common, except one of
Faustina minor, which I had not. It represents her bust on one
side, and on the reverse a Lectisternium with this inscription:
SAECVLI FELICITAS.
I have seen, and believe I have one of brasse, with two chil-
dren standing at this lady's feet, and I have seen likewise one
with 4 children, and another with 6, for as she was a very fruit-
full lady, the senate ordered them to be struck for her, without
troubling themselves whether the honest philosopher was father
of the children or not. All these 3 coins in brasse bear the s. c.
but not silver, as indeed none in that metall do.“
6
We have very sad weather here, for at this moment it snows,
and yesterday being Sunday the 4th instant, there fell near a
foot thick of snow, but it was gone before night. The cold
6 "All these coins I have."-R. G.
SCOTLAND.
421
weather we have had for almost a year tempts me to a thought
a little uncommon, which nevertheless may be true, namely, that
there is lesse heat in the sun's body at one time than another. I
have discovered by a telescope vast spaces in the sun's body,
larger than our world, of different shapes, some triangular, some
quadrangular, which, being very dark, demonstrated, as I appre-
hend, that they were void of flame, and consequently contained
lesse heat than other parts of this great luminar. I observed
distinctly that the figures of these spotts varyed, and that the
variation was not owing to the sun's motion round its own axis,
for that on a due revolution the same spots appeared, and made
no variation till after severall of these rotations. The first that
I observed was on the annular eclipse, as it came on and went
off. I wrote it to you, and found it inserted in the Philosophical
Transactions for that quarter of the year; but as this is onely
guesse work, I wish it could be tryed by a concave speculum,
and other instruments, if there were any degrees of heat that
depended on the maculæ of the sun's body; all astronomers have
observed them, but as far as I know, never thought of making
right experiments of what influence they bad on the heat of the
I am, &c.,
sun.
J. CLERK.
SIR JOHN CLERK, TO ROGER GALE, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF HIS
JOURNEY TO DALGUISE, IN THE HIGHLANDS, WITH A
DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTREY AND INHABITANTS.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Dalguise, May 17, 1742.
I had the favor of yours at Pennycuick in due time, but
delayed writing to you till I came here. I thank you for your
observations on the goddesse Nehalennia; I knew it was a kind
of Greek name for the new moon, but thought that the curious
Hollanders would have taken more care of statues than to let
them lye for 90 years in the corner of a countrey chapple. I
believe I told you that some of those statues were of stone, and
some of stucco; some of this was sent to me, and was very white
and hard.
I am here attending my wife at the goat whey till the first
422
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
of June it is perhaps the most beautifull place in the world, as
you will find by the description I shall afterwards give of it.
We left Edenborough on the 13th instant, and in two days gott
here. As our way lay by a large village called Kinrosse, and
the town of Perth, I found something diverting in considering
them both. The first is famous for a house built by a private
person, one Sir Wm. Bruce, whose grandson, Sir John Bruce,
is one of our members of parliament. This house, beyond dis-
pute, is one of the finest in Britain; the length of the body of it
is about 150 feet, and the breadth 50, all of freestone, and well
contrived within. The office houses will be at least 300 feet. It
fronts a loch of about 5 or 6 miles round, in the middle of which
is a castle, with a garden, wherein Queen Mary of Scots was
kept a prisoner by her own people, Moreton, and others. No-
thing can be imagined more beantifull than this loch and castle,
from the center of the house; the enclosures and plantations
belonging to it are proportionable, and laid out with a fine taste
both of beauty and magnificence.
Perth is famous for the seat of the Rebellion under my Lord
Marr, in 1715. It is a fine place, but not quite so big as Dur-
ham. It has no fortifications, except an old citadel, raised by
Cromwell, and demolished foolishly by King Charles the 2d.
From Perth, about 14 miles, lyes this place, the entrance into
old Caledonia, and the people just the very same as they are
described by Tacitus in Agricola, his speech at the Grampian
hills. If they be not the fugacissimi omnium Brit. annorum they
are at least the nimblest, being used, like goats, to climb inac-
cessible mountains. Their habits, swords, and targetts are the
same as described by that author, but I am sure there never were,
till of late, chariots in their countrey. These must have belonged
to the Picts, who lived in the north parts of Great Britain, along
the coasts, for both the Scots and Picts joyned against the Roman
power. Thus it seems, that even at that time the people of this
countrey abhorred the name of slavery and an arbitrary power;
so that you see your people of England have gott very faithfull
and constant allies of us against ministerial influence. Lord
help Sir Robert and all prime ministers that fall in our way.
We are situated here upon the south side of the river Tay,
the ancient Taus, as some think, though others apply this name
SCOTLAND.
423
to the river Tweed. This river affords most charming views on
every side, high rocks and mountains covered with oak woods,
and innumerable cascades. In one place a large water runs into
it under a natural bridge formed by a vast stone falling from a
mountain, and lying acrosse; 'tis perfectly romantick. Four
miles under where we stay is the fine cathedral and bishop's seat
of Dunkell, but much decayed. This place shews itself to have
been the choice of the clergy, for though it be the entrance into
the highlands, it is vastly warm, which you may guesse at when
I tell you the inhabitants have allready green pease, and will
have ripe strawberrys this week.
The river Tay is amongst the largest of Britain, and so
abounding with salmon that few care to eat of them: but as they
are large and excellent in their kind, many are sent abroad in
barrels, many to London and Edenborough.
The countrey, as I have hinted allready, is very mountainous,
but on all sides of the river there are very large and fertile plains,
so that the highlanders are farr from living on mountains, but
have all their habitations on the sides of rivers, not much
higher from the level of the sea than Oxford or Cambridge.
I was yesterday at a countrey church to see the people, where
there were 4 or 500 men and women. The gentlemen and half
gentlefolks are large and tall in stature, and as Tacitus says of
them, Magni artus Germanicam originem demonstrant: but the
common people resemble much their black cattle which come into
England, low in stature, but strongly built. All of them wear
party-coloured garments, jackets, breeches, and hose, with blew
bonnets, just as you see them come into England. Since they
were disarmed, in 1717 or 1718, they wear no arms, and so
loose their manly look and courage. The minister preached 2
sermons, one in the highland, and one in the lowland language,
and very well; the people were very attentive.
This place is called Dalguise, where we drink goat whey, not
goat milk, and my wife finds benefitt by it allready. The goats
feed on the rocks, where they find great quantitys of wild gar-
lick, wild thyme, and the Capilli Veneris; so that their milk is
the quintessence of medicinal herbs, but too heavy for the
stomach, if not reduced to whey. The people speak both lan-
guages, but mostly the highland, which is a dialect of the Irish, as
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
424
3
that of Wales and Cornwall, but, as I wrote to Mr. Johnson,
none of them have the least pretence to be the Lingua Britannica,
as Mr. Lluyd and Davis would have the Welch. 'Tis certain all
the Picts spoke the Saxon, as did likewise of all the English,
some centurys before the invasion by the last race of Saxons in
the 5th century, as I hope I shall have an occasion to demonstrate
to you.
There are here no Roman camps or forts; the reason is
evident, for the passes are so streight, that a few men with stones
from the heights can destroy an army. And now with my paper
I end, and am ever,
Sir, yrs., &c.,
JOHN CLERK.
SIR JOHN CLERK, TO ROGER Gale, giving a FURTHER ACCOUNT
OF THE HIGHLANDERS AND THEYR LANGUAGE.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Edenbr., June 17th, 1742.
This, with my very kind respects to you and your family,
acknowledges the receit of yours two posts ago. I am glad the
account I sent you of the Highlands was any way agreeable to
you. I am so great a stranger to this part of Scotland, that I
confesse severall things surprised me. I thought that the people
for most part lived on wild mountains, but found this quite other-
wise, which you will easyly guesse at when I tell you that the
river Tay, one of the largest in Britain, has but a small descent
of about 11 miles when the tide meets it, and that it runs deep
and slow for the whole way, except in one place about 2 yards
high so that I am positively sure that Oxford has a higher situ-
ation than the inhabited places of the Duke of Athol's countrey,
and I take Dunkeld, which was of old called Duni Caledoniæ, to
be no higher above the levell of the sea than Cambridge, as I
told you in my last.
As for other things, I confesse I wrote to you with the air
of a traveller, but you may be very well assured of all the
accounts I send you: I forgot to tell you one very odd circum-
stance in the agriculture of the Highlanders, to show you how
farr bad habits will prevail. They plough uniformly with four
·
SCOTLAND.
425
horses abreast, one man holds the plough, and he who leads the
horses goes backwards the whole day; all precepts and examples
to the contrary are lost on them, though the Duke of Athol has
severall managers, from Yorkshire, and the bishoprick of Durham.
Their habits are another instance of their tenaciousnesse, for
they would no more make allterations in their dresse than the
Spaniards. I said, therefore, on very good grounds, that the
Highlanders are just the same people which Agricola left them,
so that on my return here, I was tempted to read the speech
which Tacitus puts in his mouth, and found it a very just picture
of the Caledonians.
I am more and more convinced still that the people who
inhabit the Lowlands of Scottland spoke the Saxon language,
the mother of that very language which the people of England
and we speak at this day. My reasons for so thinking will, I
believe, convince you I am in the right, and that the Welch,
Irish, and Highland language was not spoken anciently in
Britain with more extension than at this day, which I believe
may be about 1 to 5. I have drawn up my reasons in writing
of 5 or 6 sheets, and am to depositate them with our Society for
encouraging learning, and afterwards a copy shall be sent you.
In that, I shew by severall authoritys what was the language
of the greatest part of the Britains afore the time of the Romans,
and that no variations have been made but in mere dialect. I
show that the Saxon language was what the Picts spoke, and all
those who inhabited the coasts of England, and that the gener-
ality of the words we use at this day, are the very same which
take place in Germany, with no more allterations than we find
between the dialect of the Hollanders and the generality of the
German nations. Lastly, I show the true ancient Scotch Saxon
language continues in the Orkeneys to this day.
I am, ever, dear Sir, yours, &c.,
JOHN CLERK.
FRANCIS DRAKE, TO ROGER GALE, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF THE
RUINS OF THE ABBEY OF MAILROSSE.-H. C.
Norham, July 14th, 1742.
I could heartily wish that some judicious brother of your
426
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
Antiquarian Society was but to see a Gothic rarity that is in this
neighborhood, viz., the beauteous ruins of the abby of Mailrosse,
which I shall take upon me to say has been the most exquisite
structure of its kind in either kingdom. I won't say but other
abbys have been larger, such as St. Albans; and some conven-
tual churches, more august, as Beverley: but this of Mailrosse
is extravagantly rich in its imagery, niches, and all sorts of carv-
ing by the best hands that Europe could produce at that time;
nay, there is such a profusion of nice chisel work in foliage and
flowers at the very top of the steeple, that it cannot be seen from
the ground without the help of a glasse. The capital of every
pillar that supports the arches of the church, and the doors, are
all hollowed with a small tool, being wreathed work of all sorts
of flowers, such as you have at the entrance of your chapter
house at York. Every brother has had a stall in the cloister
(now much demolished) which have been variously adorned
with the leaves of fern, oak, palm, holly, or some other kind
of trees. The building from the steeple to the east end is
entire in the walls, but the roof (which has been of stone, and
carved) is much decayed. The quire is but small, but has a
noble east window, the glasse all out. In the quire lies a marble
stone without any inscription, half a hexagon, tapering smaller
at the foot, of a bright green colour, and powdered full of white
feathers. The whole structure is in the form of a St. John of
Jerusalem's crosse ; the north and south iles pretty compleat, at
the north side of which is a stair that has led into the prior's
house. From the steeple westward remain six arches of the
nave, in which is the present kirk, that takes up about 3 of them,
but how much further the ancient church has extended, I believe
will be hard to know. In every arch of the nave, both north
and south, has run a cross wall, into the two side iles, making so
many sacella each, with an altar and holy water pott. The win-
dows are of an equall dimension, but variously figured and carved.
The cloister has been on the north side of the church, which
opened into a garden that led to the Tweed that is there of a
good breadth, and there was another garden on the opposite side
of the river. Our neighbors are not wanting in the faculty of
7 "The steeple stood in the middle of the church."-R. G.
SCOTLAND.
427
amplifying, but this thing does really exceed all their exagger-
ations of praise; by this time you'l sneer and say I have lived
too long here, and am become as vain as they, however I stand
to my assertion.
There is printed an upright of this abby, that is all done.
I could wish there was not onely an exact whole plate, but allso
a view of the east end, with a distinct draught of the doors,
columns, capitals, and some of the finest images, which are so
well finisht to the life that Dr. King, of Oxford, who has been
lately to see it, wisht they were taken down and preserved from
the weather. The whole building is of a fine stone: I could
wish allso there was an exact ichnography drawn of the whole.
The minister is a good sencible man, a lover of this kind of anti-
quity, and is dayly studying the walls of this church. He
showed me some of the glasse of the windows, which is of an
uncommon thicknesse, not stained through, but painted upon.
If, by this mean effort, your Society could be prevailed upon
to take this structure into theyr consideration (I know not how
farr the Scotch gentlemen are engaged in their Monasticon
Scoticum), I have gained my end, especially if you will vouch-
safe me the favor of an answer to this, who am, dear Cosen,
Yrs. affectionately,
F. DRAKE.
You know our St. Cuthbert was educated at this abby. Over
a door is a date of the work and the name of the architect. Mr.
Brown Willis has had an account sent him of this abby.
ROGER GALE "TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, AT STAMFORD IN
LINCOLNSHIRE." FREE, J. C. YORKE.-H. F. ST. J.
Scruton, July 1st, 1743.
Dear Doctor,
Since the receit of a letter from my sister, wherein she
desired me to mention Peterborough to my Lord Wilmington, I
have taken occasion to do it; but by the answer I have received
I cannot tell whether he is willing to engage himself for that;
but I believe the next Prebend of Southwell, for which I perceive
you applyed to him, will be yours; I wish you had then askt
him for something better, and not spent your interest with him
428
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
for so small a thing as I suppose that must be. You will best
know his sentiments from his own words, which I shall therefore
exactly transcribe, and are as follows:
((
((
“I am sure if Dr. Stukeley does me justice, he will acquaint
you that I endeavored to serve him with the utmost zeal and
cordiality, though without successe, the Duke of Newcastle
"being previously engaged; but his Grace has most solemnly
"promised me that he would insist with the new Archbishop
"that he should bestow the first Prebend of Southwell that
"should fall in his disposall on Dr. Stukeley."
There is not any mention of Peterborough; I hear, indeed,
from very good hands, that Dr. Newcome is, without fail, to
succeed Dr. Thomas whenever he is to be removed, but that is
not like to be so soon as imagined.
What I am now going to acquaint you with, I know will be
so ungratefull to you, as that I was once determined never to
have informed you of it; but as I thought it must soon come
to your knowledge some other way, and that you will have an
inward pleasure in having preserved a most noble monument of
antiquity from oblivion, though you could not secure it from
destruction. I have here sent you part of a letter that came to
me yesterday from Baron Clerk.
8
"I believe you have heard of a heavy stroke that the anti-
"quarians of this countrey have lately received by one Sir
“Michael Bruce [alias BRUTE], proprietor of the grounds
“about Arthur's Oven, which he has pulled down and made
use of all the stones for a mill dam, and yet without any
"intention of preserving his fame to posterity, as the destroyer
"of the Temple of Diana had: no other motive had this Gothic
knight than to procure as many stones as he could have pur-
"chased in his own adjoining quarrys for five shillings. There
66
66
was no cement in the work, so he found it easy to demolish
"and carry off the stones. We all curse him with bell, book,
“and candle, but there is no remedy but what we have from
some accurate descriptions of it by our friend Dr. Stukeley
"and others,"
See Stukeley's Letters and Diaries, vol. i., pp. 362, 439 n, 440. Surtees
Soc. A pen and ink sketch of this monument is in one of Stukeley's volumes
of drawings,
SCOTLAND.
429
9
I don't doubt but you will lay him under the same anathemas
as Thomas Robinson, and other such sacrilegious rascalls; and
if there is a pitt deeper than ordinary destined for the reception
of such villains and sordid rascalls, condemn him to the bottome
of it. This passage putt me upon reading over, once more, your
account of this noble monument, but upon search I cannot find
it in my study; being a pamphlet, I suppose it may have been
lost in my removall, therefore beg the favor of you, if you have
one by you, or can procure me one, that you will let me have it.
I do assure you I have not been so negligent in respect to any
other of your pieces, but have gott them all safely and hand-
somely bound up. I shall be very glad to hear from you as
often as your leisure will permit; and am, dear Doctor,
Your most faithfull, humble Servant,
R. GALE.
I have had the bad news this morning that my Lord Wilmington
has been ill of a feavor all the week, and little hopes of his recovery.
SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE, ON THE DEMOLISHING OF
ARTHUR'S OVEN BY SIR MICHAEL BRUCE.-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Edenbr., 22nd June, 1743.
I believe you may have heard of a heavy shock that the
antiquarians in this countrey have received by one Sir Michael
Bruce, proprietor of the grounds about Arthur's Oven, for he
has pulled it down, and made use of all its stones for a miln
dam, and yet without any intention of preserving his fame to
posterity, as the destroyer of the Temple of Diana had. No
other motive had this Gothick knight but to procure as many
stones as he could have purchased in his own quarrys for 5 shil-
lings. There was no cement in the work, so he found it easy to
pull down and carry off the stones. We all curse him with bell,
book, and candle, but there is no remedy, except what we have
from some accurate descriptions we have of it by Dr. Stukeley
and others.
9
(C
Alburiae depopulator," and
Of Avebury, described by Dr. Stukeley as
'the Herostratus of Abury," a man "particularly eminent" for destroying the
stones of this great monument, "and he very much glories in it." A profile of
Robinson is given on page 53 of Stukeley's Abury.
430
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE, UPON THE SAME SUBJECT.
—H. C.
Pennycuic, Aug. 5, 1743.
I think it would be much to the purpose if the Antiquarian
Society at London would order a fine print to be made of Arthur's
Oven, demolished lately here by Sir Michael Bruce of Stone-
house, near Falkirk, for thus a Goth's memory may be preserved
as well as the figure of that ancient fabric. I am told that some
gentlemen offered to assist him if he would repair it, and when
it was pulling down they offered to redeem it, and give him the
use of their quarrys for his miln dam, but to no purpose. In
pulling these stones asunder, it appeared there never had been
any cement between them, though there is lime stone and coal
in abundance very near it. Another thing very remarkable is
that each stone had a hole in it, which appeared to have been
made for the better raising them to a highth by a kind of forceps
of iron, and bringing them so much the easyer to their several
beds and courses. First it was given out that a tempest had
overturned this fabrick, but in a week or two after, the very
foundation stones were raised, and thus ended, as far as I can
conjecture, the best and most entire old building in Britain.
REV. W. STUKELEY [TO ROGER GALE].-H. F. ST. J.
Dearest Sir,
Stamford, 6 Aug., 1743.
I was meditating to write to you this morning when I
received your letter. I have been very busy, attended by a
dozen workmen and more, since I have been here. We have
been fixed for some time in our new house on Barnhill, which I
shall make very neat and pleasant. I most heartily condole with
you in the loss of good Lord Wilmington. I lament the death
of a powerful friend, and so do you. Arthur's O'on I extremely
regret, and from the bottom of my heart detest so abominable
a stonekiller as that impious wretch, that demolisher of temples,
Sir Michael Bruce. May his name be as odious to posterity as
Herostratus's; and may he be condemned to lye 10,000 years in
the sorry mildam, where he buryed those sacred stones, and still
SCOTLAND.
431
thirst on, Tantalus-like.10 Had I been ever so happy as personally
to have seen it, I might perhaps have done some justice to so
noble a monument of the Romans, and probably the most northern
work of theirs upon the globe.
I likewise take this first opportunity to congratulate you on
the glorious victory of Dettingen. Last Sunday we sung Te
Deum for it in my church, both to vocal and instrumental mus-
ick. The mayor and corporation attended, and a most numerous
assembly, and I preached suitably to the occasion, for which I
was much complimented.
I congratulate you too on the birth of the heir of Scruton,
and wish he may live to keep up at least the dignity of his family.
Your sister has fitted up an elegant closet with pictures of your
father, of yours, Roger the middle-most, squire Henry Gale, and
others of the family.
I think with you that a Yorkshire journy takes up all the
time upon the road; but I think a Stamford expedition is but
just worthy of the name of a journey, because you lye out but
one night. So pray come and see our house, and we will take
our tour to Croyland, Peakirk, Peterborough, Thorney. Never
fear but you may have opportunity enough of returning, though
once it happened a little cross.
Mr. Barnes lodges upon our hill, and presents his service to
you. Your sister and my little family desire their compliments
to you, and would be extremely glad to see you here; as also
Your sincere humble Servant and Brother,
WM. STUKELEY.
Poor Peck is dead, and made a sad exit, being not quite
compos mentis. When you come we will endeavor to get Abbot
Wells's chair, and make a solemn translation of the sedes episco-
palis into my hall, with suitable ceremony. The Nealian tribe
stayed with us half a day and a night. Consul Crow, too, called
on us, and your nephew Sam, who happily got his businsss done
in time. As for you and I at this time of life, we may make
10 As an illustration we give the following: a tenant having broken and
partially destroyed the Roman sculpture known by the name of "Rob of
Risingham," Northumberland, Sir Walter Scott prayed "that he may be visited
with such a fit of the stone, as if he had all the fragments of poor Robin in that
region of his viscera where the disease holds its seat."
432
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
ourselves content, and enjoy the remainder of it in gentle ease
and tranquility. 'Tis that which I have been providing for, in
this my silent retreat; and that my family, upon my demise,
may not be driven out and separated on a sudden, till they find
a proper opportunity, for dispersion. In the meantime I shall
study "Ducere sollicitæ jucunda oblivia vitæ.”
CORNEWALL TATHWELL "TO THE REV. DR. STUKELEY, IN
QUEEN'S SQUARE, LONDON."-H. F. Sr. J.
Revd. Doctor,
*
*
*
Edinburgh, May 14, 1748.
I shall always be ready to send you any account of old
customs or curiosities this place affords, and I wish I may pitch
upon such as deserve your notice. Till I hear what the Baron
says about the draught of Arthur's Oon, I hope the following
account of it will not be unacceptable which I had from a gentle-
man of Falkirk, who had often played in it when a boy. It
stood about a mile west of that town of Falkirk, in a bottom
near the river Carran, being a round stone building, something
like the windmills in this country, but it bellied out in the middle,
was open at the top, and the walls so thick that two persons might
easily walk abreast upon them. About 3 years ago, Sir Michael
Bruce, not being able to get any such good stone so near (though
as some say the neighbouring gentlemen offered to lead him other
stones at their own expence) demolished it to make a mill dam in
the neighbourhood, so that at present there are no remains of it.
*
*
**
*
*
*
As to present news, the General Assembly of the Kirk are
sitting at present, which consist of 2 clergymen to one lay elder,
sent more or less in proportion from every presbytery. The
Earl of Leven, the king's commissioner, has £2000 to sit under
a canopy of state, and be a witness of their proceedings. Prin-
cipal Wishart often speaks in their debates; his brother was last
year made their clerk, which is a place for life of £100 per ann.,
and is at present chosen their moderator, and presides over their
debates, about which they are sometimes so eager, that it is a
common saying here among the wags, that they have a law
SCOTLAND.
433
among them for not above 15 to speak at once.
*
They pay no regard to May-day in this countrey, but instead
of that the 3rd of this month is a high day with them, on which
are chose the deacons of the trades (much the same as the masters
of the companies in London), and this day goes by the name of
Belton, which is so common a title for this quarter or season that
it is mentioned in several of their proverbs, as "you'll ha' mony
a war' day (or war' bode) e'er Belton." What this name means
or takes its rise from I have not been able to learn; my barber
tells me of an etymologist that derives it from Bel, a god to
whom they sacrificed at this time while pagans. I need'nt put
you in mind that Bel signifies Lord in the oriental languages,
and was a common eastern name for their idols; but I should be
apt to suspect this might be as easily derived from BeλTwv, i.e.,
a better day than ordinary, as their Hugmenay, which is the 1st
day of Jany., from ȧyia unun.
Believe me,
Your much obliged
*
*
*
And most obedient humble Servant,
*
CORNEWALL TATHWELL.
Aug., 1748. I received a letter from Mr. Baron Clerk at
Edenburgh, with some curious observations of the late solar
eclipse. He says, too, that a storm of thunder and lightning
has demolished Sir Michael Bruce's mill, which the impious
wretch repaired out of that noble monument of antiquity, Arthur's
Oon, in a country abounding with stone; nay, the gentlemen of
the country offered to lead him as much stone as he wanted, to
save it, but in vain.-Diary, vol. (2) vii., 73.
Beltan. The first of May. Kennett, MS. Lansd. 1033, gives the proverb,
"You'l have wor bodes ere Belton." The ceremonies of the Beltan were kept
up in Cumberland in the last century, but are now discontinued. A full
account of them will be found in Jamieson.- Halliwell's Archaic Dict.,
p. 163.
2
Pennant, in his Tour in Scotland,' 1772, second edition, p. 224, says that
"Within less than a year, the Naiades, in resentment of the sacrilege, came
down in a flood, and entirely swept it [the mill-dam] away." He gives a plate
of it, copied from Gordon's Itin. Septent., p. 24, tab. iv.
CC
434
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
SIR JOHN CLERK [TO REV. DR. STUKELEY].-H. F. ST. J.
Dear Doctor,
Edenburgh, 3 July, 1753.
*
*
*
*
*
As to the monument of antiquity, Arthur's Oven, which we
once had, we who are lovers of antiquities have great reason to
regret its ruina, but there is now no help for it, though the stones
are still to be seen at a river near it, where they were, by some
Goths, made use of for a dam to a mill.
I cannot, in the meantime, conceive how you ask of me so
many questions about it, since the dissertation you wrote in the
year 1726 gives the best and most exact account of it which we
have. This you seem entirely to have forgotten, since you men-
tion not one word about it.
I am, always, dear Doctor,
*
*
Your faithful friend and servant,
*
JOHN CLERK.
Our old friend Mr. Gordon lives still at Charlestown in Caro-
lina. Some years ago I wrote 2 dissertations, one concerning
the statue of Brigantia found near Carlyle, on our borders, the
other is de diversis chartarum generibus et de Stylis Veterum,
both in Latine. If you have not these I shall send them.
66
SAMUEL CURRIE TO THE REV. MR. PEILE, AT HEXHAM.'
-C. K. PROBERT.
Revd. dear Sir,
March 7th, 1757.
I am extremely sorry should have been so long of sending
you what inscriptions I have picked up. They are a parcel of
invalids, owing to the inadvertency of the workmen who wrought
stones for the highway. They found a human skull, vastly thick,
and teeth very large, with some silver buckles very massy. I
was as carefull as possible I could to mark everything visible.
I have some fragments which I did not send, but if these please,
I shall endeavour to get more. Please offer my respectfull com-
pliments to your sister; and believe that I am, Rev. dear Sir,
Yours sincerely,
SAM. CURRIE.
SCOTLAND.
435
SAMUEL CURRIE "TO THE REV. MR. PEILE, AT HEXHAM."
C. K. PROBERT.
Dear Sir,
June 6, 1757.
Herewith I send you an inscription which I got in Scotland
last week, when over to see my friends at a place called Middle-
bie, which I think has been an old station, or rather camp.
When I was a boy at school there, there were several stones
found, and carried to Edinburgh, with some gold medal, &c.
"Fortunæ coh[ors] I Nervana German-
or[um][miliaria]eq[uitata] v[otum]1[ibens]
m[erito] (doubtful).-Hübner, p. 187, No.
1063.

FORTUNAE
COH I
NERVANA
GERMANOR
∞ EQ.
These letters v. S. L. M. were not in the
copy I saw, and yet the gentleman is a scholar who took it.
N.B. The stone was removed as soon as found.
I have some hopes of recovering one of the fibulae (?), and to
get the stone with that inscription, Deo Vetiri Sancto, &c.
I am, dear Sir, yours sincerely, S. CURRIE.
Inverness.
5 June, 1757. General Layton informs me that there are
many Druid temples near Inverness, of upright stones, in circles,
commonly one circle within another.-Diary, vol. xviii, 40.
•
Alloa.
22 March, 1759. At the Royal Society. A Brittish burying
place discovered near Alloa, in Scotland, many urns, in manner
and shape like those at Abury. I assured the Society they were
Brittish, though the writer, as usual, fancyed them Roman.
Diary, vol. xviii., 40.
SIR JOHN CLERK TO ROGER GALE, ON THE STATUE OF NEHA-
LENNIA, AND SOME INSCRIPTIONS.-H. C.
Apr. 8, 1742.
I received yours of the 1st instant, and am glad you saw the
comet; it was just as you have represented it, and I suppose is
now gone. I conveyed it with my observations 16 degrees west
of the Polar star, I mean as the star stood about 10 or 11 at
night. I judge, by the calculations Drs. Halley and Gregory
436
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
taught me, that it past the perihelion about the 12 or 15 of
February, at a vast distance from the sun's body, for its tail was
not very luminous, and scarcely above 6 degrees in length when
it was first seen here, near the Lucida Lyræ. The path of it has
been exactly observed by Mr. Mac Lauren, our mathematician
at Edenborough, but I have endeavored to persuade him that
though in a stated time it might return, yet it was in vain for
our astrologers ever to expect its return by the same path, among
the fixed stars; for as the moon makes 19 years to go through
all her motions, and to return to the same place, so a comet,
with its prodigious excentricity, may have stated and certain
returns, but some of them not in 19,000 years, though their
returns within our observation may be in periods of 60, 70, 80,
or 500 years, as Mr. Whiston says about that of 1680 and 1681.
These statues and inscriptions were sent to me by Mr. Yare,
minister in the dissenting church at Camphire: most of the
statues and altars were of stone, but some of them of stuco, of
which he sent me a piece. I suppose the creta, which was sold
by the Negociator Cretarius under-mentioned, was used for this
purpose; it is extreamly white, but hard like stone. I am to
write to him to send me some of them which lye at present in
an old church in the neighborhood; the drawings he sent me
are not very correct, and I have not made any alteration. You
may observe the good, honest goddesse Nehalennia³ is drest in a
short cloak, like some of our women going to travel in a stage
coach. My correspondent tells me that she is the same way
dressed on all her stones, and that she never wants a little dog,
or a basket of fruit. They were discovered above 90 years ago,
and so long, my correspondent says, they have lyen in the old
church without any curious eye to take care of them, so that
the discovery, as he says, is as new as ever. Nehalennia seems
to be derived from the Greek Nɛɑ Zɛλŋŋ, the new moon, or the
goddesse Luna. The following, also, I received from him.
9
1. DEAE NEHALENIAE
IANVARIVS
AMBACTHIVS PRO
SE ET SUIS.
2.
NEHALENNIAE
L. IVSTVS SALTO ET
L. SECVNDINVS MODE
RATVS FRATRES V.S.L.M.
Several of the sculptured stones dedicated to this goddess are in the Leyden
museum.
SCOTLAND.
437
3.
Ι Ο Μ
TEXTOVISIVS
FACTI V.S.L.M.
(On the pedestal of a
statue of Jupiter).
4.
DEAE NEHALENNIAE
OB MERCES RECTE CONSER
VATAS M. SECVND. SILVA
NVS NEGOTOR CRETARIVS
BRITANICIANVS V SL M.
5.
DIIS DEABVSQ
PRAESIDIBVS
PROVINCIARVM
CONCORDIAE ET
FORTVNAE
CONSILIORVM.
Negotor in the 4th inscription is Negotiator Cretarius, to a
trade then drove in chalk or clay, or what we call fuller's earth.
Britanicianus is not a common word. The 5th inscription is
allso remarkable.
I am, &c.,
J. CLERK.
ROGER GALE TO SIR JOHN CLERK, IN ANSWER TO THE LAST.
-H. C.
Dear Sir,
Scruton, April the 17th.
I have often lookt again for the comet since I had the sight
of it, though to no purpose, and suppose it has now finisht its
transit through our latitude, or at least is so remote from us as
not to be discerned by the naked eye. Though you and I shall
scarcely live to see the return of this, we may chance to be
entertained with the view of others, their accession to our orb
seeming to be pretty regular; though our astronomers cannot
yett calculate the appearances of them, yet some have traced
them backwards, and consequently have ventured to foretell
when we may expect them again, as you may see in Whiston's
Theory of the Earth [Ed. 1737, p. 187, &c.], and others may
descend that have never shewn themselves before.
Among all the disasters brought down upon us by the influence
of this last, none affects me more than the bad health of Lady
Clerk, which deprives me of the pleasure of your long expected
company this month; but we must submit to the stars, and I
438
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
hope more propitious phænomena will then preside over us, not-
withstanding the dire conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in Leo
next August.
I am very much obliged to you for the Zealand inscriptions,
but your correspondent was a little mistaken when he informed
you that they have layn 90 years in an old church without any
curious eye to take notice of them, so that the discovery is as
new as ever; perhaps no inscriptions that time has left us have
been oftner reprinted and commented upon. Nine of them were
discovered in the year 1647, and were soon after published by
Olivarius Vredius, in his Antiquitates Flandriæ; and Boxhor-
nius, in Dutch; next, by Reinesius, in his Syntagma; and then
by Spon, in his Miscellan. Erud. Antiquitatis, who made them up
ten. After that, you have an account of them in Altingius's
Notitia Bataviæ Antiquæ, but none of the inscriptions inserted,
because, it may be supposed, they had so often been allready
published. That of Negotiator Cretarius, or rather NEGOTTOR
CRETARIVS (for so it is upon the stone) was taken notice of in
my father's comment upon Antoninus's Itinerary, A.D. 1709,
p. 43. Then comes Mr. Keysler, who has been very copious,
and given several draughts of them, but not having the book by
me I cannot be particular. Last of all comes a Benedictin of
the congregation of St. Maur, and in his "Religion des Gaulois
tirée de plus rares sources de l' Antiquité," printed at Paris,
1727, p. 78. He gives you a description of no lesse than 17 of
these monuments, without any inscription, except upon 3, whose
figures he has engraved, one of which is that of the goddesse
in her short cloak; dog at her right foot; at her left, DEN, upon
the prow of a ship; and underneath her the letters MASSOM
That which I received from you has SALVS. He
tells you he will not subject himself to explain any of the inscrip-
tions, since they give no light to the matter. All these authors
concur in making Nehallennia the new moon, and have attempted
severall derivations of the name, particularly the Benedictin who
has twisted and turned it several ways to make it speak his mind ;
but the simplest and most probable, in my opinion, is that of
Altingius, as being formed from the old German language NIE
HEL, Novum lumen, Néu Zeλvn, very near the same both in
sound and signification.
SAEVS Q. B.
SCOTLAND.
439
The Negotiator Cretarius Britanicianus was, as you observed,
a dealer in chalk or fuller's earth, or marle; but Britanicianus
does not denote the countrey where he was born, for then he
would have been called Brito, or Britannus, but the place to
which he traded; he was a British trader, as at this day we say
a Holland's trader for any of our island that trade to Holland.
You have, however, the Britaniciani, as well as the Britones,
mentioned in the Notitia Imperii; a word, perhaps, crept into
the language of this low empire, and framed from Bretansche,
the countrey word, bearing a near resemblance to it.
I must confess the statue erected to Nehalennia by M. TARINVS
PRIMVS is not taken notice of by any of these authors, no more
than that of IANVARIVS AMBACTHIVS, so these are likely to be
new, as well as that I. O. M. TEXTOVICIVS. That of DIIS DEABVSQ
PRAESID., &c., is in Spon [Miscel. Erud. Ant.] with a line betwixt
the 4th and 5th of yours, but so much defaced that onely the
letters NA can be read in it, yet the sence in yours seems com-
pleat. The Hercules found with them is Hercules Magusanus,
and commented upon by Keisler and the Benedictin.
The latter of these has shown in a second work of his, pub-
lished A.D. 1739, that the short cloak of the Nehalennia was the
usual wear of the Gaulish women, and not the Gaulish sagum,
in opposition to one Deslandes, who says it was; in which he is
certainly right, the sagum being a long garment. Yet he will
not allow Deslandes' image that wears it to be of a woman or
girl, so blind is the spirit of contradiction.
•
This whole book, indeed, which he entitles "Explication de
divers monumens singuliers qui ont rapport a la Religion des
plus anciens peuples," seems to be chiefly composed for abusing
others, particularly the Marquis Scipio Maffei, for presuming to
be concerned in printing a new edition of St. Jerom's works at
Verona, which would be more compleat than that published at
Paris by the Benedictins.
Tantæ sunt animis cælestibus iræ !
I dare say I have tired you sufficiently with reading this long
scroll, therefore shall not add one word more, but that I am,
Dear Sir, yrs., &c.
ROGER GALE.
440
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
24 Aug., 1750. Dr. Pocock, archdeacon of Dublin, visited
me. He says the soldiers in the rebellion [in 1745] at Edenburgh
broke open the mausoleum royal of Scotland, where the kings'
bodys, dryed, lay piled upon one another.-Diary, vol. ix., 58.
WALES.
THE REVND. WM. HARRIS, AT BARWELL, NEAR BOSWORTH, IN
LEICESTERSHIRE, CONCERNING ROMAN COINS FOUND IN
WALES.-H. C.
Sir,
Barwell, Sept. 11, 1736.
I acknowledge the favor of yours, and am sorry none of my
small collection are worth your acceptance, no gentleman being
more welcome to anything of that nature in my possession than
Mr. Gale. It is a matter of surprise to me, what you were
pleased to mention to me about Greek coins of the imperial sort
being found in such quantitys in Wales, it is an observation I
never mett with or heard of, and should be glad to know if
authors assign any particular reasons for it. Our inscriptions
run alltogether in the Roman language, as far as I apprehend,
though Gibson's Camden never blessed my hands.
The Greek coins, mentioned in my last, were given me by a
Welsh clergyman, who, though no conoisseur, yet cares not for
parting with any medal, whose inscription he can make anything
of: by which unlucky means I lost one of the fairest small silver
coins of Claudius I ever saw. The reverse, 3 women at length,
with IVLIA. DRVSILLA. AGRIPPINA, over them as far as I remem-
ber. He has several medals by him, given him in that countrey,
but whether found there or elsewhere he cannot tell.
ΓΟΓΑΙ
Happening the other day to look over some Welsh accounts
I met with another small thick copper coin of Gordian AVTOPK
MANT FOгAI; reverse, ABгAPOC BACIAEYC. The good
man in half length, such as it is, with a cap on his head, not
unlike honest Dick Baxter, of Kidderminster, I suppose the same
that assisted Gordian with his archers against the Persians, for
I find he made such an expedition; you may freely command it.
The 4 consular medals, and that of Claudius's apotheosis, I lately
purchased for a guinea. When you please to send me word how
WALES.
441
you would have them returned, the greatest care shall be taken
so to, by,
Yrs., &c.,
WM. HARRIS.
12 Nov., 1741. At the Royal Society. Dr. Jones gave me
an account of some British urns being dug up in Wales, in a
place called still in Welsh the burying place.-Diary, vol. iv., 71.
28 Jan., 1741-2. At the Royal Society. An account of a
golden torques found lately in Wales. There was another, made
of a flat bar of gold, twisted, found some time since near Borough-
bridg. I observed 'em to be ornaments of the antient Brittish
kings, after the Phoenician times, and in imitation of them. The
wild Arabs to this day wear such in pewter, round their necks,
wrists, and the small of their legs. This found at Boroughbridg
was most probably one of the prizes given at the races there held,
at the great midsummer games in Brittish times, round the won-
derful obeliscs which were the metas. This was at the public
quarterly sacrifices then solemnized.-Diary, vol. iv., 102.
June, 1748. Mr. Davis, the bookseller, showed me a little
urn lately found in the library of one Mr. Jones, of Wales, with
an account where dug up. He supposes it British, and truly, I
believe, in Druid times. The place is called Carrêg, a name
commonly annexed to old Celtic buryal places. This is the form.4
It seems to be cut out in stone, aud had bones in it. Carrêg
Druidion is the Druids' buryal place. Carrêg Fergus is Fergus's
burying place.-Diary, vol. (2) vii., 46.
2 Feb., 1748-9. At the R. S. A letter sealed to the presi-
dent from one of the Academy Royal, desiring him to keep it as
a record till he calls for it to be opened. He has demonstrated
a problem of the three bodys, but not yet finished it to his satis-
faction, and lest some from his hints should deprive him of the
credit of it, he uses this precaution.-Diary, vol. viii., 13.
4
Somewhat resembling fig. 62 in Greenwell's Brit. Barrows.
5 "A French gentleman of the Academy Royal sent a sheet of paper, wrote
with his own hand, desiring it may be laid up among the records of the Society,
to be referred to if there be occasion. 'Tis a matter relating to the measuring
a degree of the earth at the Equator and at the Pole."-Diary, vol. (2) vii., 114.
442
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
27 Jan., 1752. The Rev. Mr. Harris, of Landaff, an old
acquaintance, visited me, and gave me 9 coyns of Carausius,
found in Wales. He says the remains of the city Benonis are
visible a little out of the Watlin street, the track of the wall and
of the very streets are plain.-Diary, vol. xi., 17.
17 Nov., 1756. At a conference at Dr. Parsons's, who showed
us a coin of Tetricus found in a quarry of stone [Flintshire] in
Wales. I suppose 'tis made a quarry by time, which inclosed
the coin. I know many like instances, whence we may conclude
in time the whole globe will become solid stone.-Diary, vol.
xvii., 1.
19 May, 1757. At the Antiquarian Society. Mr. Faring-
don, a gentleman from Wales, discorsed to me on the numerous
Druid temples, cairns, altars, tombs, rocking stones, &c., in
Wales, still very fair and perfect.-Diary, vol. xvii., 38.
9 Nov., 1758. At the Royal Society. Mr. Thomas Wright
sent a letter with a description of a sepulchral monument at
Margan, in Wales, an upright stone let into a socket, an inscrip-
tion downwards. It stands between two tumuli, 'tis in Camden,
p. 614, Glamorganshire.—Diary, vol. xviii., 13.
8 Jan., 1761. At the Antiquarian Society. A Roman silver
ring, found in a pond in Wales, with an intaglia on it.—Diary,
vol. xix., 45.
26 Feb., 1761. At the Antiquarian Society. A statute by
king
? dated at Rutland, meaning not the county, but a
country in Wales, so called, where he was fighting.—Diary. vol.
xix., 55.
12 March, 1761. At the Antiquarian Society. Mr. Hanbury
exhibited two Druid beads, of glass, found in an iron mine, in
Montgomeryshire. The Society inquired how the Britons came
to the knowledge of glass. I answered glass was invented at
Tyre, from thence came the aboriginal Britons, under conduct of
the Tyrian Hercules.-Diary, vol. xix., 56.
6 Benonæ is High Cross, Leicestershire.
IRELAND.
443
my
24 Feb., 1763. At the Antiquary Society. I left there
friend the Rev. Mr. Wm. Harris's MS. on the Roman roads and
citys in Wales.-Diary, vol. xx., 16.
23 Dec., 1763. A brass Celt given to me by Mr. Fleming,
62 inches long. A dozen together found under a great stone.-
Diary, vol. xx., 37.
JERSEY.
30 April, 1761. At the Antiquarian Society. I, being
senior member, took the chair. A letter of Mr. Morant's to
Mr. D'Acosta, on some Druid antiquitys in the island of Jersey.
-Diary, vol. xix., 61.
8
IRELAND.
23 March, 1748-9. Mr. Wright, the astronomer, tells me
that in Ireland, near Dundalk, is a Druid temple, like Stone-
henge, made of stones as large, two circles, the outermost a
circle, the innermost an oval. There were architraves. "Tis
more ruinous than Stonehenge, not so durable a stone; a ditch
around it; opens toward the east. The country about London-
derry is open downs. He went into the cavern in the great
barrow at Grange,⁹ made like the chamber work of the pyramid
of Egypt. He dug under a kistvaen, and found a stone coffin
made of great flat stones, and a body in it. Urns are often found
in lesser barrows.-Diary, vol. viii., 36.
4 July, 1754. At the Royal Society. Two volumes of some
history of part of Ireland, the county of Down; some Druid
temples, barrows, and antiquitys, a great funeral monument, a
stone above 40 foot long uppermost.-Diary, vol. xv., 3.
7 It is a palstave, and was probably found in Merionethshire.
8 The Revd. Philip Morant became Rector of Aldham, Essex, and edited
several works. He wrote a History of Colchester; History of Essex; and some
lives in the Biographia Britannica. Born in Jersey in 1710, and died in 1770.
The letter here alluded to related to a number of megalithic chambers existing
in Jersey, but not to the remarkable monument found on the Castle hill, near
the town of Helier, which was not discovered until after his death.
9
The chambered tumulus of New Grange, Co. Meath.
444
LETTERS AND EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
12 Dec., 1754. At the Antiquarian Society. Dr. Pocock
brought some Druid fibulas of gold, which they fastened their
mantles withal; many such are found in Ireland. The Irish call
the old stone towers there cloghers, and thence the name of the
episcopal see.-Diary, vol. xv., 40.
20 Feb., 1755. At the Antiquarian Society. Dr. Pocock
brought a drawing of a gold bracelet, found in a tumulus or
stone cairn, in an urn, in Ireland, among burnt bones and ashes.
–Diary, vol. xv., 51.
APPENDIX.
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
DR. STUKELEY, TO NOAH CURTIS, OF WOLSTHORP, Esq. [Cole
MSS., No. 5886, Brit. Museum].
An Account of the Escape of King Charles I. into the Scottish
Army before Newark; with his reception and stay at Stam-
ford, in Lincolnshire, 1646.
Sed contra audentior ito
Quam tua te fortuna sinit.
To my worthy friend and next neighbor Noah Curtis, Esq.,
Lord of the Manor of Wulsthorp.
Stamford, May 3, 1746.
'Tis this day, just one hundred years, since King Charles I.
lodged in Stamford, in his journey to the Scots army before
Newark. I took a pleasure in addressing to you this account
of that memorable event, which is more exact and particular
than any other; and it likewise takes in somewhat of the anti-
quities of Wulsthorp, your elegant retreat; where, like other
genius's, you spend many agreable hours in the culture of trees
and flowers, in contemplation, and rural delights.
A proper degree of solitude, and in the country, is one of the
most refined pleasures of human nature, which all regular minds
find out and admire; and then to review the scenes of former
times, especially what relates to the place we are in, is one con-
siderable part of the entertainment, equally pleasant and useful.
If these sheets give you any small share of it there, I shall
answer my purpose.
446
APPENDIX.
In the beginning of the year 1646, King Charles's affairs
were in a sinking condition. He was cooped up in Oxford, the
enemy drawing round him on all sides: the French deluding
him with false hopes of succor. Sometime he had thoughts of
drawing together a body of 5000 men and making a bold push :
more desirous to have lost his life in some signal attempt upon
the foe, than to enjoy such hard conditions as he found he must
obtain by treaty.
Monsieur Montrevile, sent by Cardinal Mazarin to London,
was an honester man than his master designed him. He
endeavored zealously to have extricated the king out of his diffi-
cultys. But finding the English Parliament and army not very
tractable, he tried the Scotch Commissioners at London. Though
he could not intirely work them up to his purpose, yet he made
a bargain with them provisionally: that they should send a party
of 500 horse to Harborough, to meet the king on that day sen'-
night, and conduct him to the Scotch camp, in case his Majesty
thought fit to commit himself into their hands.
So, April 1st, Montrevile set out from London to goe to the
Committee of State, which was with the Scotch army, to try if
he could not better mold them to his mind. But it was neces-
sary to take Oxford in his way to confer personally with his
Majesty, know his mind and resolution.
Accordingly, on April 2d, he waited on the King. The
King's resolution was, to come into any tolerable conditions with
the Scots, except altering the form of church government by
episcopacy. In this he was absolutely inflexible, and determined
to suffer the last extremity rather than to submit to it.
On Friday, April 3d, Montrevile left Oxford and came to
Southwell, where the Scotch Commissioners sat, in the episcopal
palace there.
On Tuesday, April 7th, the King sent for Dr. Hudson, his
chaplain, in the morning, and bid him prepare himself for a
journy expressed dissatisfaction that there should be a rumor
in town (Oxford), of his design to goe to the Scotch army that
he had acquainted only his nephew, Prince Rupert, with it, and
the Duke of Richmond; and did not think they would have
imparted it to any other; commanded him to prepare to goe the
next morning to Harborough, and so, if need be, to Southwell,
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
447
to the Scots; and that Mr. Ashburnham¹º and Mr. Secretary
Nicholas should furnish him with instructions that night for his
journy.
Now the doctor had learnt the King's intentions: for the
Duke of Richmond was weak enough to discover the secret to
his wife, and she to her maid, who told it to the doctor.
About 8 o'clock that night, Dr. Hudson, waiting on Mr.
Ashburnham and Mr. Secretary, they told him he must of neces-
sity be at Harborough the next night, where he would find
Monsieur Montrevile, and 500 Scottish horse, waiting to conduct
the King. They ordered him to tell Montrevile that the King
did not come himself in person, because he had never received a
letter from him since he left Oxford; whereby he might be
assured of the Scotch horse waiting for him. But that if the
Scots were there, the King would instantly come to Harborough,
upon the first notice from Montrevile by the doctor.
They ordered that if the Scots were not at Harborough, he
should go to Montrevile to Southwell.
Dr. Michael Hudson was born in Westmoreland; brought
up at Queen's College, Oxford; afterward Fellow there. About
1630, he entered into Holy Orders, and by the gift of the Duke
of Buckingham became the Rector of Uffington by Stamford.
Being of a martial disposition, he followed King Charles's fortune
in war, and was made scout-master-general to the army under
the command of William, Marquis of Newcastle, whereby he got
knowledge of all roads in the northern parts. After Edghill
battle he retired to Oxford. In February, 1642, he was created
D.D., and made one of his Majesty's chaplains. The King used
to call him his plain-dealing chaplain. An honest, undesigning
man, though of great penetration, unwearied diligence, and
untainted loyalty, he told his mind freely to the King, when
others would not, or durst not, as is the common case with princes.
Dr. Hudson set out from Oxford on Wednesday, April 8, and
went to Harborough, above 40 miles-a long journey at this
10
John Ashburnham, a staunch supporter of the king. He passed through
many vicissitudes, and was able at last to re-purchase the family estates, which
his father had squandered. His grandson was made a peer in the time of
William III.; and the Earls of Ashburnham are now in the enjoyment of the
recovered estates.-Beeton, p. 93.
448
APPENDIX.
season of the year, and across the country, where the roads must
be bad. When he came thither he found neither Montrevile nor
the Scots.
The next day, April 9, he went to Southwell to Montrevile,
who had divers times conferred with the Scottish commissioners,
in the Archbishop of York's palace there: a noble fabric, on the
south side of that most ancient and venerable cathedral. This
palace, at length, the rebels demolished for sake of the profit in
selling the materials.
Montrevile lodged in the King's Arms Inn, at the upper end
of the chief street. He had found the Scots ready enough to
receive the King, but afraid of being suspected to have made
any compact with him, for fear of offending the English. So,
after much cavil between them, they made a sort of bargain, but
refused to give it under their hands. Montrevile drew it up in
their presence, and agreable to their words on April 10. They
consented he should set his hand and seal, and that it should be
valid as if they had done the like. Montrevile sent it to the
King by Dr. Hudson. We read it at large in the noble His-
torian.
But after this, Montrevile found in the Scots so much chicane¹¹
and tergiversation that he advertised his Majesty of it immedi-
ately, and disswaded him from venturing his person in the power
of such men ; but the letter miscarried.
After this, when Montrevile had talked with them in a remon-
strating way, and informed them that he had disswaded the King
from coming among them, they altered their tone and appeared
desirous of his Majesty's presence; of which he gave the King a
plain account in another letter, 15 April, concluding that if his
Majesty had any better prospect of being reconciled to his English
subjects, he wished him to take it.
He wrote again on 16 April, and again on the 20th, but with
much diffidence, leaving the King to judge of things and persons
who, he said, knew the Scots better than he did.
In the meantime, the Prince of Wales, on April 17, left Scilly
and went to the Isle of Jersey. But the Queen, his mother,
now in France, by Cardinal Mazarin's instigation, never left
11 So it ought to be read in Clarendon, instead of Chagrin.
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
449
teizing him till she got him into France against the advice of his
best friends, and when there the Court took no notice of him;
and it laid the foundation of that tincture of popery, now imbibed
by that family, which has proved their utter ruin.
The King was all this while in great perplexity. Every day
brought news of the loss of some garrison. Oxford was blocked
up at a distance by Fairfax's Horse. The King had sent to two
eminent commanders there, that if they would pass their words
immediately to conduct his Majesty to the Parliament, he would
put himself into their hands, and they refused it. Sometime he
had thoughts of going privately to London, having still a good
opinion of the inclination of the City towards him. At all events
he was resolved to avoyd being inclosed in Oxford, which must
end in being given up, or taken, when the city should be surren-
dered, as prisoner to the independent army: for he was adver-
tized from all hands they would treat him very barbarously.
The King therefore determined to go out of Oxford in a pri-
vate manner. He pitched upon Mr. John Ashburnham, a groom
of the bed-chamber, and Dr. Hudson, his chaplain, for his com-
panions and guides.
The doctor was come back from Southwell, and had given the
King but a discouraging prospect from the Scots, who, in his
opinion, only intended to make a profit of the King's person.
But the army's drawing round Oxford, and no hope of its being
relieved, made it necessary for him to depart.
His counsel were divided in their opinions about it. Secre-
tary Nicholas and some of them conceived it best for him to
stay, and if he did perish he would perish honorably; that his
going away in a private manner was dangerous, for the Indepen-
dents had made a severe vote against him in Parliament that he
should never reign again.
Mr. Ashburnham and others thought differently, and the King
followed their sentiments. Dr. Hudson had got an old pass from
a captain that was to go to London about his composition, and
this they made serve them. Dr. Hudson was ordered to come
to Mr. Ashburnham's chamber about 11 o'clock on Sunday
night, April 26, and bring all things thither necessary for their
journy, and the King would meet them.
DD
450
APPENDIX.
About 12 the King came with the Duke of Richmond. There
Mr. Ashburnham cut off the King's lock, it being the fashion to
wear a long lock of hair on the left side: he cut off some part
of his beard too. In the mean while, they sent Dr. Hudson to
call the governor, Sir Thomas Glemham, who came about 2. The
King acquainted him with his intentions to go out of Oxford. He
went back for the keys, and then they set forward. As the clock
struck three, they passed over the Magdalen bridge. After they
had gone through the east port a little, the governor returned, hav-
ing orders from the King not to let any port be opened for 5 days.
The governor took his leave of the King with a "Farewell
Harry! for by that name he went. And thus this distressed
Monarch quitted Oxford in the habit of a servant, with a moun-
tero cap¹ and a hat upon it, carrying a cloak-bag. He was as
servant to Mr. Ashburnham. Dr. Hudson was like a captain,
in a scarlet coat. They both had pistols before them.
As the King judged it absolutely necessary to leave Oxford,
we are to conceive that he had really formed no settled resolu-
tion what to pursue. But there were three objects in his mind
out of which he was to chuse, as intelligence on the road might
encourage him; or a careful consideration of things.
1. One of his purposes was to go into the City of London,
hoping they still preserved some notion of their allegiance and
respect to him, and would endeavor to reconcile the Parliament
to him.
2. Was to find means to get to sea into Scottland, to the
Marquis of Montrose, who had almost reduced that kingdom to
his Majesty's obedience; or, if he found it necessary to goe into
Scottish army, it were most advisable to land about Newcastle,
and the Scots themselves thought so.
3. Was to goe into the Scottish camp before Newark.
So these three travellers passed by Marsh-Balden before sun-
rise, and then Dorchester, the ancient episcopal see, where was
a guard of dragoons; but they did not examin our travellers.
At Bensington, a little further, a small party of horse met them,
and asked to whom they belonged? They answered, "to the
House of Commons," and so were unmolested.
At Henley-upon-Thames no question was asked. They
1 Montero, a sort of cap used by seamen and hunters.
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
451
showed their pass to the corporal, and gave a shilling to the
guards. One of the Colonel Ireton's men rode in their company
from Nettlebed to Slough, in Bucks. Seeing the doctor (or
captain) always give money to the guards [he] asked the King
(or servant) if his master was not one of the Lords of Parlia-
ment? He answered, "No, my master is one of the lower
House." They went through Madenhead to Slough, and then
turned through Uxbridge. They came to Hillingdon about 10
or 11 o'clock in the forenoon: this is a little beyond Uxbridge.
The king was always accustomed to dine. There they baited
at one Teasdale's, a tavern, and staid 2 or 3 hours.
:
At this place the King was in the greatest perplexity imagin-
able they debated very seriously what course was to be taken.
For here was the critical point, whether to goe to or from Lon-
don. Their design in coming thus far was manifestly to go
thither, and they made the best inquiry they could about the
matter, and read all the newspapers, then called books, but found
that the Parliament, having some notice of such a scheme, had
ordered all the avenues to the City to be well watched, and had
passed some ill-natured votes. And it was currently reported
about this time that the King was in London. In the result the
King was afraid of venturing himself there.
They resolved to, goe northward, and by Norfolk, which per-
haps would favor his Majesty sailing into Scotland, or there he
would stay, being least known, till he had sent Dr. Hudson to
Montrevile to know what, at last, he had done with the Scots,
resolving absolutely that if the Scots would not send him an
assurance under their bands of such conditions as he expected,
he would rather cast himself upon his English subjects than trust
them; and he wished the doctor to bring their hands to him; or,
if that could not safely be done, for fear of being caught on the
road, he was to see all their hands set to such propositions as
they agreed to.
About 2 o'clock they took a guide toward Barnet, resolving
to cross the roads through Enfield-Chase toward Waltham Abby,
and so into Essex. After they had passed Harrow-on-the-Hill,
the doctor told the King, if he were not much known on St.
Alban's road, it was the nearer way a great deal, and so toward
Royston, which he consented to. Passing through St. Alban's,
452
APPENDIX.
:
an old man with a halberd asked them whence they came. The
doctor told him, "From the Parliament," threw him 6 pence,
and so they went on.
About a mile beyond St. Alban's, near Sandrig, a gentleman,
riding on a good horse, came full speed after them, which put
them all into a panic, thinking they were discovered. The King
and Mr. Ashburnham turned out of the road, whilst the doctor
turned back to meet him and see if all was well, otherwise they
were to fly for it as well as they could. The doctor spoke to
him, and found him very drunk, so, to avoyd his company, he
turned up another way, till the gentleman was passed. It being
now evening, they went a little further to Wheathamsted, and
there lodged that night at an inn.
At 5 next morning, Tuesday 28th, they took horse and pro-
ceeded toward Baldock. As they rode on the way it was
resolved that the doctor should goe forthwith to Southwell,
whilst the King and Mr. Ashburnham went to Downham in
Norfolk, to try their fortune to get a vessel to carry them into
Scotland, or toward it, and they were to stay at the White Swan,
in Downham, till Dr. Hudson returned.
At Graveley, a little beyond Stevenage, they parted. The
King gave the doctor a little note to the French resident, Mon-
trevile, at Southwell, wherein he notifyed his departure from
Oxford, desired him to make an absolute conclusion with the
Scots, and if they would give such for honorable conditions as
should satisfy Montrevile, then he would come to them. The
King gave him likewise a warrant directed to Lord Belasis,
governor of Newark, to Montrevile, which he was to give to the
Scots in case they would declare openly for the King. The war-
rant was for surrender of Newark.
The King gave the doctor too, by word of mouth, the terms
which he judged proper to require of the Scots. If these terms
could not be had, the King resolved to dispose of himself other-
wise, upon the doctor's coming to Downham.
And thus there were yet left three methods of acting in this
forlorn state of the King's affairs. 1. Making good conditions
with the Scots. 2. Getting into Scotland by sea. 3. Going to
the Parliament.
Dr. Hudson lay at Melton that night, Tuesday, 28th, at his
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
453
relation's, Sir Henry Hudson, where now lives; and there
his servant, John Brown, met him from Oxford by accident.
The doctor ordered him to goe to Coppingford, in Huntingdon-
shire, to a friend's house, and stay for him till he came thither;
and then the doctor, with his usual diligence, came to Southwell.
Next morning, Wednesday 29th, he acquainted Montrevile with
the affair, who immediately conferred again with the Scotch
commissioners.
On Thursday night, April 30th, Hudson took down in writ-
ing the articles agreed on, which were these, though the Scots
refused setting their hands to them, pretending to avoyd giving
umbrage to the English :
1. That they should secure the King in his person and honor.
2. That they should not press the King to do anything con-
trary to his conscience.
3. That Mr. Ashburnham and Dr. Hudson should be pro-
tected.
4. That if the Parliament of England, upon a message from
the King, refused to restore the King, they should declare for
him, and take all the King's friends into their protection; but if
the Parliament did restore the King, then the Scots should
insist that not above four of the King's friends should be banished,
and none at all should be condemned to dye.
Monsieur Montrevile was sanguine enough to believe the Scots
were sincere in all this, and wrote a little note for the doctor to
carry to the King, perswading him to accept of these terms, and
that, to appearance, the King's affairs promised a happy turn.
But Dr. Hudson was not so easy as to credit their words with-
out their hands, and told Montrevile he believed the King would
not venture himself among them without stronger assurances,
especially considering they failed meeting him at Harborough.
Montrevile asked the doctor what other course the King
would take. He answered that the King should stay in some
privacy, and he would adventure into London and try by what
means the King might be received there honorably. But Mon-
trevile absolutely disapproved that scheme as fatal to the King,
but he thought, if the King chose to come to the Scots, it would
be the most prudent way (and what the Scots themselves would
like) that he should goe by sea to Newcastle, and that my Lord
454
APPENDIX.
Dumferlin and himself would go directly to Newcastle to meet
the King.
The doctor desired Montrevile not to go, before he knew the
King's resolution, and desired his servant might goe along with
him, by whom he could advise him of the King's resolution.
All this being done on Thursday evening, this diligent envoy
Dr. Hudson rode from Southwell with Montrevile's servant to
Stamford, and there left him. He continued his journy to Down-
ham, in Norfolk, to the King, where he arrived by Fryday night,
which is 70 miles. At Stamford, probably, be called on his
friend Mr. Wolph, who then lived in my house on Barnhill.
We left his Majesty at Graveley by Stevenage, where Dr.
Hudson parted with him for Southwell. From Graveley the
King and Mr. Ashburnham went by Baldock to Royston, and so
along the Ikenil street road towards Newmarket. This was on
Tuesday, 28th April. That night they lodged in some little vil-
lage, 17 miles off Newmarket, in a common inn, probably W.
Wickham.2
The next day, Wednesday, 29th April, they went by Brandon
to Downham. They staid there all Thursday and Friday, being
May-day, when Dr. Hudson returned and gave the King an
account of his journy, and the disposition of the Scots. This day
Fairfax inclosed the city of Oxford, thinking they had hemmed
in the King.
But it was known by this time that the King had quitted
Oxford in the habit of a servant, therefore it was necessary for
him to change it; and they pitched upon that of a clergyman.
They got him a black coat and cassock, and the King bought a
new hat proper at Downham.
Here the King, going to be trimmed, the barber found great
fault with the cutting of his hair, having been done uneven, in
a hurry, by Ashburnham.
2 West Wickham seems to have been too much to the right hand from Roys-
ton to Newmarket. Baberham, my native place, in the direct road from Wittles-
ford bridge from Royston, and about the same distance mentioned, though now
called 10 measured miles to Newmarket, seems to bid fairer to have been the
village in question, though neither of them considerable enough to maintain an
inn. It is much more probable that Linton, if they went so far to the right,
was the place.-W. C.
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
455
-
On Saturday morning, May 2nd, they left Downham, and
went to a little village a mile off, called Crimplesham. This was
done as most convenient for the King to change his habit in,
which was perfected in a little ale-house there.
Dr. Hudson left the King and Mr. Ashburnham, and rode
back to Downham, to try if he could find a vessel that would
carry them by sea northwards, but none were to be met with.
He found an old acquaintance of his, Mr. Ralph Skipwith (who
I suppose was a Grantham man), a friend of the same loyal senti-
ments as himself. He exchanged his horse, which had gone
through so much fatigue, with Mr. Skipwith.
Then Dr. Hudson and Mr. Skipwith rode back to Crimples-
ham to the King and Mr. Ashburnham. He informed his Majesty
that it was not practicable for them to goe by sea.
For if they
had a vessel ready to carry them, they had no warrant from any
of the Parliament to go by water, which was necessary. He
likewise had perswaded Mr. Skipwith to let him have a gray
horseman's coat for the doctor as he called the King.
Upon considering all things, the King was determined to go
to the Scots army, having a better opinion of his countrymen
than they merited from him. And as they could not goe by sea
to Newcastle, it was necessary they should goe by land, and the
sooner the better. For by this time it was known he had left
Oxford, and the publick papers would soon show it.
Therefore Dr. Hudson desired his friend Mr. Skipwith to
shew him the nearest way cross the fens by Ely, and went with
him to Southry Ferry, which leads thither. Then Dr. Hudson
came to Crimplesham, and with the King and Ashburnham
returned to Suthry, and so by Ely, Erith, Stukeley near Hun-
tingdon, to a village called Coppingford, in Huntingdonshire.
Coppingford lies behind the great woods, on the west side of
Stangate Hole, as commonly called, south of Sawtrey chapel.
Here the King on Saturday arrived about 10 o'clock at night,
lay there and rested all the Sabbath. Here they found Dr.
Hudson's man, John Brown, whom he had left at Melton on
Tuesday last. This was some gentleman's house, a friend of the
King's.
About 6 o'clock on Sunday evening, May 3rd, they went to
Stamford, I suppose to advertise Mr. Wolph there of their com-
456
APPENDIX.
ing. But Brown was ordered to go to the Falcon to lodge, which
was not far off from Mr. Wolph's, being what is now called the
Red Lyon.
At Mr. Wolph's house they arrived after 9 at night, where
they rested in private, and all the next day, being 4th May,
Munday.
Mr. Richard Wolph had been an alderman (then the chief
magistrate) of Stamford, in 1630, again in 1638. He lived in
my house on Barn Hill. In the upper end of the hall were 2
iron hooks where the most ancient mace, given by Edward IV.,
was set up during the year of aldermanship. My workmen,
when they new painted the wainscote, pulled them down without
my knowledge, and against my will.
Two years ago dyed Mr. Richard Wolph, grandson to the
alderman, in my parish, and was buryed in the south isle of the
church, where his ancestors were buryed. He was above 80
years of age, a very honest good man. I had been acquainted
with him ever since the year 1710, and often heard him say that
King Charles I. lay at his grand-father's house, and that his
grand-father introduced his father (my friend's father), who was
then a young man, into the King's presence; that he had fre-
quently heard his father relate this, and he has told me this both
before and after that I bought this house.
This family has been great Royalists, frequently had their
house searched and plundered. Whence a report has ever con-
tinued about it of great treasure somewhere hid. I bought this
house of Beverley Butler, Esq., whose mother was sister to
Serjeant Wyngfield, who bought it of alderman Wolph's son,
and gave it to Madam Butler. The serjeant built the new par-
lor and chamber over it out of part of the old barn, A° 1670.
That barn denominated the Place, Barn Hill, which formerly
was called Klip's Hill, or Kilpis Hill, the head of an honor or
under-manor in Stamford. This was the town habitation of a
noble Saxon called Kilpis, who likewise gave name to Clipsham,
his country seat.
Alderman Wolph occupied that Barn, being a gentleman
farmer, and much the greatest farmer in these parts. He occu-
pied his own estate, which was a very considerable part of Stam-
ford field and meadow; all that called Weaver's farm; all the
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
457
estate of the late Mr. Lynthwait, a descendant of his; all that
now Mr. Turner's, another descendant of his, which was given
him by my friend Wolph's sister; my bowling-green close, out
of Petergate, &c.
That ground, which is now my garden, was a great farm-
yard upon the bare rock. It was incompassed with large and
costly buildings; another great barn; a double dove-cote; a
very spatious malting office; chamber and garrets; a small kiln.
These I pulled down 1744. The great gate in the town wall for
passage of waggons with corn, I built up in the present form,
leaving only a door; this opens into the fields. By it is a pond,
in part of the town ditch, to this day called Wolph's pond.
By this gate the King and his 2 companions entered on the
night of Sunday, 3rd May. By this means they avoyded the
bridg and town. Here the King rested that night. He lay in
that chamber over the hall, then the best chamber, having one
window looking toward the garden, another into the street. As
the great parlor, and chamber over it, was not then built, the
passage lay open into the room. His most faithful guard, Dr.
Hudson, lay in the little chamber next it, with a stucco floor, a
closet opening into the bed-chamber, but then opening into the
passage.
The family of Wolph has been of long continuation in Lincoln-
shire, descended from Wulph, or Ulfus, the 4th son of king
Harold, the last Saxon king of England. His mother was
Agatha, sister to Edwyn and Morcar, earls and sons of Algar,
the great Mercian duke. Both Edwyn and Morcar had very
great estates about Stamford, and in the Holland marches. They
were a branch of the Saxon kings of Mercia, descended from
Hengist, the first Saxon king, who conquered the Scots and Picts
at Stamford, and then built the castle here which was the seat of
the Mercian kings.
Wulph or Ulf lived at your town of Wulsthorp, to which he
gave name; a pleasant village lying under the south-west decli-
vity of a great hill. Before it, runs the river that passes Cates-
brig.
Earl Edwyn's vast estate was given by the Conqueror to his
nephew Alan, Earl of Britany, founder of the Honor of Rich-
mond. Edwyn's seat in our country was at a place called
458
APPENDIX.
Drayton, between Donington and Swineshed, whence that is said
to be the head of the Honor of Richmond, and afterward the
head of the soke of Kirkton. I take it to have been the origin
of the Mercian kingdom, which antiquarys are much to seek
about.
Morcar, among many others, owned Great Casterton by us.
A wood of his beyond Horn Lane still retains his name Morcar's
wood. Near it an estate, late your sisters's is called Wulfox, or
Ulf's oaks.
Ulf, being a son of king Harold, was, for that reason, kept
prisoner in Normandy, together with all his relations, and
Duncan, son to the king of Scotland. The Conqueror thought
Harold's sons had some pretence to the crown. Rufus set him
at liberty, being a quiet honest man, gave him his estate, and
honored him with knighthood.
And here, at his own town, he spent the remainder of his days
in great honor and contentment, enjoying that sweet tranquility
in retirement which you, his successor, so well know how to
value.
King Harold had a vast estate in this country; Stamford;
Grantham; all that the Conqueror gave to Robert de Todeney,
founder of Belvoir; near us Uffington; Burley-on-the-Hill;
Greetham, &c.
Thus much concerning the family of Mr. Wolph, at whose
house the King lay May 3rd, this day 100 years ago. He staid
there privately all Munday, the next day. Hence Lord Claren-
don, in his account of this matter, says: The King was some-
time in gentlemen's houses where he was not unknown, though
untaken notice of. John Brown, Dr. Hudson's man, in his
examination (Peck's Desider. Cur., p. ii.), who lodged now at
the Falcon, says: The King and his 2 fellow travellers lodged
at a gentleman's house in Stamford, whose name he had forgot.
Most probably 'twas a political forgetfulness. Now the King lay
at common inns all the time of this pilgrimage, as we have above
specifyed, except here, and the night preceding at Coppingford,
which was, I suppose, at a gentleman's house.
Both John Brown and Monsieur Montrevile's servant, who
was left here by Dr. Hudson on Fryday morning last, were
ordered to follow them to Southwell the next day; and about 10
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
459
or 11 o'clock on Munday night, the King, Dr. Hudson, and Mr.
Ashburnham, set out through Mr. Wolph's back gate for South-
well. They went by the Sustem road, as most private, so through
the Stennit, an old Roman way by Allington. Then they passed
over the Snite and Trent by Gotham, and came to Southwell
early in the morning to the French ambassador's lodging at the
King's Arms Inn.
The long room there below, next the gateway, on the south
side of it, was Montrevile's apartment, but the north end of
that room next the gateway was at that time parted off into a
bed-chamber. And the inhabitants have a notion still of that
being the King's bed-chamber.
Whether the King went to bed that morning, or whether he
lay there the next night, is not very clear. But this day, Tues-
day, 5th May, he sent for the Scots' Commissioners before dinner
to come to him, and after dinner the King went to Edenburgh
over Kellam bridge. This was a fort in that part of the lines of
circumvallation round Newark, which were made in the meadow
between the Trent and the river Devon, which runs under the
castle walls. 'Tis a vulgar error to say Newark-upon-Trent.
This Edenburgh was General Leven's head quarters, just on
the north of Kellam bridg. One Clamp, an engineer, in these
times made a print of the whole works, quite round the town,
which is a curious piece, now in the infancy of fortification. I
saw one of these prints at Mr. Alderman Taylor's, probably the
only one left. I perswaded my friend Mr. Samuel Buck to make
a copy of it, but in too small a scale. This work of Edenburgh
still remains by the Trent side, between the 2 bridges over the
river; and most part of the lines and forts round Newark, on
both sides, may now be traced.
When the King went to the general and discovered himself
to him, with great hypocrisy he pretended to be much surprized
at it. However, his Majesty was then lodged at Kelham House,
under a notion of his greater security. But from this time they
kept him no otherwise than as a prisoner, till they perfidiously
sold him to the Parliament for 400,000l.
'Tis out of my purpose to pursue those particulars. The last
time he may be said to have slept a free man was at Stamford.
460
APPENDIX.
Both Montrevile and Ashburnham and Hudson, who were
conscious of the perfidious treatment of this monarch, were in a
manner forced to fly abroad. And Montrevile, for his zeal
toward him, fell under the cardinal's displeasure, which soon put
a period to his life.
But Dr. Hudson³ persisted in his attachment to the King,
and after he had observed his unjust treatment from the Scots,
with a surprizing quickness of thought and diligence, had formed
a scheme most likely to succeed of getting the King away from
them.
After various adventures, imprisonments, and escapes, the
year after this he raised a body of men in this country on the
King's part, and garrisoned Woodcroft House, between here and
Peterborough, a small unfinished castle moted about. He was
joyned in it by Colonel Styles, who was Warden of Brown's
Hospital here, and rector of Croyland.
The forces employed against them burnt down the gate,
entered the house, and took most of the Royalists. Hudson,
with some few men, went to the top of a tower, and defended
themselves courageously. At length, upon promise of quarter,
they surrendered. But they were determined to murder the
doctor, so threw him over the battlement. He caught hold of a
spout, till a soldier with his halberd cut off his hands and the
skin of a side of his face. So he fell into the mote and paddled
across with his stumps, and the skin hanging over his face,
begging they would let him dye on land. But the soldiers below
knocked him on the head with their muskets. After which one
Walker, of my parish, cut out his tongue and carryed it about
with him as a trophy, but lived and dyed very poor, and detested
of every one for his inhuman action. This was done 6 June,
1648.
The enemy would not suffer the doctor's body to be buryed
whilst they staid there; but afterward it was interred at the
neighboring church of Benington.
3
WILLIAM STUKELEY.
See a long and curious account of the death of Dr. Hudson in Mr. Peck's
Desider. Cur., vol. ii., lib. ix., p. 43, taken from Lloyd, Wood, and Bishop
Kennet.-W. C., 1774.
1
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
461
In the memorable South Sea year, 1720, I traded in the Ally,
and used to get 30 or 40 pound in a morning. This increased
my distast to business. Nor could I bear the loss of time, which
it necessarily brings upon us, even when we have nothing to do.
For the same circle must be observed every day of one's life, like
a horse in a mill, and one's head must be constantly filled with
the empty nonsense of coffee house chit-chat, and public com-
pany.-Diary, vol. i., 22.
I saw my brethren of the college (medical) inriching them-
selves with the spoils of the living. I coveted only those of the
dead. I despised their gaudy life and sumptuous entertainments.
The meaner the fare, the more wholsom; and I soon found it by
experience, for in 7 years time we had buryed well nigh the
whole College, and not one that made any commendable family.
-Diary, vol. i., 24.
On June 30 [1736], it began to rain in an extraordinary
manner, and continued with little intermission 4 days and nights,
the wind being N. and NE. The quantity would have covered
the surface of the earth 7 inches 77, supposing none had run
off, or sunk in.
The area of a circle half a mile semi-diameter,
or 2648 feet, contains 54185-42 tuns of water, wine measure, an
inch high. This being multiplyed by the depth 7 in. 77 pro-
duces 421,020-7134 tuns of water fallen in that place. This pro-
duced a most extraordinary flood in our river, the Welland, in
the Nyne, the Trent, and all the kingdom over, as the newspapers
inform us. An incredible damage done in hay, cattle, &c. 'Tis
remarkable that a fortnight before, Mr. Wyng told to Mr.
Laurence and W. Stukeley, with the greatest confidence, that
there would be a deluge (as he expressed it) that week.
3 in. ·76 of rain fell on July 3 in 24 hours. Mr. Laurence
observed the barometer fall gradually for 5 days together pre-
ceding the great rain, from 30 in. 2 to 29 in. 41; long experi-
ence shows the falling half an inch gradually in such a space of
5 days betokens much rain.-Diary, vol. ii., 15, 18.
N.B.-
30 Apr., 1741. At the Royal Society. Sir Hans Sloan
showed two large silver medals of about 10s. weight each, lately
struck in Holland, cut by Rotier, the one of Sir Isaac Newton
462
APPENDIX.
(a good likeness, but too old), the other of Mr. Lock, with suit-
able reverses.-Diary, vol. iv., 61.
15 Aug., 1744. Dr. Coleby informed me that 30 years agoe
a friend of his at Oxford had some verses of Hudibras, never
printed, because too satirical. When Dr. Grey was putting out
Hudibras, Dr. Coleby endeavored to procure him those verses,
but his friend dyed two years before.-Diary, vol. vii., 33.
13 Apr., 1748. I rode to visit the Duke of Montagu at
Ditton
There is a great deal of magnificence in Ditton
house, agreable to all the duke's father's works; a fine command
of water; the ceilings painted by Cheron. Then present the
Duke of Richmond, Lord Cardigan, Edgcomb, Leicester, Coke,
Tyrawley, Sir Thomas Robinson, Mr. Edgcomb, Hill, Colburn,
Bodin, Brudenel, the Rev. Mr. Barton, and myself . a good
library.-Diary, vol. (2) vii., 21.
16 April, 1748. The day of Culloden victory; I returned.
Ditton was Cardinal Wolsey's house when Bishop of Lincoln.
He planted the two fine cypress trees.-Diary, vol. (2) vii., 22.
5 May, 1748. At the Royal Society. Mr. Arderon, from
Norwich, writes word that the distemper among the cattle rages
there exceedingly, and the country people are such miscreants
as to send the milk to Norwich to sell, saying that they must
make the most of what they have.-Diary, vol. (2) vii., 29.
26 Dec., 1748. I rode to Ditton. The Earl of Pembroke
there, and Lord Edgcomb, Sir Thomas Robinson, and others.
The duke and I rode out every day. We went to Eaton College,
that noble foundation of the pious King Edward VI., whose
effigies in brass in the court was cast by my old friend Mr.
Bird, which would have been worse than it is had I not given it
some correction in the modelling. This was 25 years ago.
had vast pleasure in looking over that curious and magnificent
collection of Roman paintings and drawings in the library, which
was Mr. Topham's. Another day his grace and I rode about
Langley Park, the Duke of Marlborough's.—Diary, vol. (2)
vii., 123.
We
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
463
I take this opportunity as pertinent to our purpose to mention
that about the year 1705, whilst I resided in Bennet College,
where Dr. Hale was then Fellow, at his request I made a draw-
ing, which I have still by me, of a planetarium made by Dr.
Hale. It was a machine to show the motion of the earth, moon,
and planets, in the nature of what they have since made in
London by the name of Orrerys. Dr. Hale proposed to me that
we should make another upon an improved design, but my father
dying whilst I was undergraduate, which making my stay in
college somewhat uncertain, the design was dropped.
In justice likewise to the memory of my predecessor in my
living at Stamford, 'tis necessary I should relate that bishop
Cumberland was an excellent mechanic, philosopher, mathema-
tician, and astronomer. He, in the last century, whilst he lived
in the rectory house on Peterhill, made a Planetarium, perhaps
whilst he lived in Magdalen College, Cambridg. This plane-
tarium was in the house of his son, Archdeacon Cumberland,
rector of Peakirk by Peterborough. His children used to play
with it till it dropped to pieces and was lost. This might have
been made in the middle of the last century. Bishop Cumber-
land projected and executed an astronomical clock, which I have
now in my library. It has but 3 wheels, and shows hour,
minutes, and seconds, and goes extremely well. The late Mr.
Sisson, mathematical instrument maker, and Mr. Shelton, an
ingenious clock-maker in Shoe lane, having seen and examined
it, were much delighted with the excellency and simplicity of it.
It has a long pendulum, and a screw at top to shorten or lengthen
it upon occasion, which is a pretty contrivance of the bishop's,
without stopping its motion. The whole shows the bishop's
excellent genius, his skill in avoyding friction, and if he did not
find out the long pendulum himself, he was the first probably
in England that made it. 'Tis to be wondered at that this
method of astronomical clocks has never been practised. Whilst
Bishop Cumberland lived at Stamford he busyed himself much
in making a meridian line, and at the same [time] lived there
one Mr. Gilbert Clark. His dwelling was the first house on the
right hand going hence. He was a good mathematician, and
was the inventor of that curious and useful instrument called the
spot dyal. This shows the hour of the day within a room, and
464
APPENDIX.
1
The con-
may be occasionally set in any window to the sun.
trivance is that the sun's ray is transmitted through a small hole
in a bit of brass placed on the back of the dyal, which hole is put
in a point of the axis. A bright spot by this means falls on the
hour lines drawn on a rough glass plane somewhat darkened. I
have a couple of his dyals, one whereof is here exhibited before
the Society. On this same principle I projected a curious dyal
on an horizontal plane, which now remains in my garden on
Barnhill, Stamford. I set an upright iron on the plane, 'tis
about 5 inches high, formed in the shape of an obelisc, with a
small globe at top of the bigness of a pea. This globe by its
shade gives the time of the day, for it is placed in one point of
the axis, and therefore answers the purpose of a whole axis,
which is the edg of the gnomon. For want of knowing this
principle, at least not attending to it, we may observe in Kircher
how awkward a projection he has made in a dyal of this nature,
being that of Augustus, formed in the Campus Martius, with a
globe placed on the top of that immense obelisc which he brought
from Egypt. This dyal of mine has hour lines drawn in a like
manner with common horizontal dyals, and shows the sun's
entring into signs of the Zodiac commodiously. I thought it fit
to commit these matters to writing as being under my own
cognizance.—Diary, vol. xi., 70.
5 July, 1750. At the Royal Society. Dr. Knight brought
a compass box of his construction, and a discourse showing the
monstrous absurdity and villany of the common ones used on
board, made of two needles placed lozenge-wise. These must
needs hinder one another's operation, if they were made with
any care.
The passage of the magnetic effluvia must be irregular,
and when drawn aside from the north point will not readily
return to it again, because when 2 opposite but parallel sides are
in the magnetic direction they will act more strongly than in the
position the workman intended. Besides, they spoil the texture
of the needles by heating them and suddenly quenching the ends
in water to harden them, which makes the ends of a harder
temper than the rest, and unequal, which is a great irregularity
in transmission of the magnetic effluvia. And to render all these
inconveniences still greater, they make their needles of absurd
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
465
figures, broad at the ends, narrow in the middle, and with a hole
in the middle to introduce the cap. By this means the doctor
demonstrates that some of them have no less than 6 poles. The
doctor's compass is of a needle of an uniform shape placed at top
of the card, by which means 'tis easier to be retouched upon
occasion, and the cap is fastened to the needle by a piece of brass
that embraces it without a hole made through it, whence all the
inconveniences are avoyded. Mr. Smeaton, the doctor's operator,
had added an ingenious contrivance to make it occasionally an
azimuth compass, by fixing a brass like a staple upon the rim of
the box, so that the sun, or any star, is easily observed either
through the two perpendicular slits, or by the horizontal hair
above.—Diary, vol. ix., 53.
5 March, 1752. At the Royal Society. A very good dis-
course on the use and improvement of the machine called per-
ambulator, or way-wiser, which measures the road. The wheel
is half a pole, and has indexes that mark the distance gone, but
all this while that it measures up hill and down hill, it amounts
to more than the true horizontal line in geography which gives
great trouble in laying down the situation of places in maps.
Several contrivances have been thought on to remedy this incon-
venience, but none to very good purpose. The artist here
enumerates them, and at last proposes his own, which does it
much [more] effectually than any preceding.-Diary, vol. xi., 27.
16th Apr., 1752. At the Royal Society. Mr. Smeaton read
a discourse on his improvement of the air pump. He sets forth
the two great impediments of its being perfect, the difficulty of
making proper valves, and that the piston necessarily leaves a
space at bottom with air which prevents a sufficient vacuum.
These he has remedyed. An air pump of this construction was
produced before the Society which renders a vacuum incompar-
ably more rare than the former ones.-Diary, vol. xi., 40.
23 April, 1752. At the Royal Society. A discourse on the
method of killing whales. They use a barbed iron dart called a
harpon, which a man strikes into a whale with both hands, and
with all his force. A line is tyed to it, which the wounded whale
EE
466
APPENDIX.
draws after him to the bottom of the sea. After languishing
some time he comes up again, and they kill him with spears.
But all this is extremely hazardous, because 'tis necessary for the
harponer's boat to come very near the animal. Therefore many
attempts have been made to shoot the harpon at some reason-
able distance. Gunpowder will not do because our author affirms
fishes can hear, at least in some degree. Cross-bows will not
last in that cold moist air. Our author exhibited a machine he
has invented, somewhat like the balista of the antients, made of
twisted ropes of hair, that will carry the harpon in an horizontal
line properly, with due force, and at due distance. This very
matter was debated in the Royal Society in 1663. Mr. Hook
and Dr. Wilkins were ordered to try how far invention would
reach in the case, and they proceeded to some lengths in the
affair.-Diary, vol. xi., 40.
9 Nov., 1752. At the Royal Society. A letter of Mr.
Short's, giving a history of the invention of long pendulums in
clocks, and the method of curing the inequality of motion owing
to their lengthening and shortening by heat and cold, from Hygens
to Graham, and Harrison, and Mr. Frotheringham, of my native
town of Holbeck. I question whether Bishop Cumberland was
not the inventor of the long pendulum, and the pretty method of
lengthening or shortening it by a screw at top which does not stop
it. But Mr. Harrison, my countryman, of Lincolnshire, carrys
the bell as the top genius in this art of clock-making upon all
accounts, many of which he enumerates.-Diary, vol. xi., 64.
7 Dec., 1752. At the Royal Society. A smart
A smart paper read
against Mr. Short's paper of the inventor's of remedying the
lengthening and shortening of pendulums of clocks, and improve-
ments of those machines here and abroad. Herein Mr. Short is
upbraided with great partiality and misrepresentation of facts,
especially in regard to Mr. Ellicot's invention. He gives us a
much more correct history of these matters.-Diary, vol. xi., 69.
21 Dec., 1752. At the Royal Society. Mr. Franklin, of
Philadelphia, sent a pretty account of his extracting fire from
the clouds, as singular in the invention as less operose and costly
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
467
than those of the French astronomers.
He makes a cross of two
bits of cedar wood, tyes a silk handkerchief to the points by its
corners, sets up a small iron half a foot long on that point which
is the head of the kite, applys tail and wings to it as usual, a
bunch of ribbands is to be between the end of the string and your
hand, and then you fly it as ordinary kites when a cloud passes
by loaden with the electric fire, and then you thus draw it down.
-Diary, vol. xii., 2.
18 Jan., 1753. Sir Hans Sloan interred this day, thought
to be near 100. He was born at Killaloo, in Ireland, was
admitted Fellow of the Royal Society in 1684; of the College
Physicians, 1687. 5 Ap., the parliament accepted his museum.
11 Apr., 1748, visiting him, he told [me] on 16th of that month
he enters the 87th year of his age. I was one of his oldest
acquaintance.-Diary, vol. xii., 13.
23 April, 1754. Dined with the Antiquarys. I was chap-
lain. A great contest about the council. I had 24 votes, though
I desired it not.-Diary, vol. xiv., 65.
[At the Royal Society, 1754]. An ordinary countryman was
introduced who can neither read nor write, yet has a most won-
derful strength of mind and memory. We gave him 4 figures
to be multiplyed by 4 figures; he told the quotient of many
millions very exactly, in a little time, to a single figure. He
sat down in the meanwhile in a chair by me, I observed he laid
his left hand on his knee, and used his fingers, as by way of
counting, on his knee, in some particular method of his own.—
Diary, vol. xiv., 67.
1741. The Royal Society. We may always observe God
Almighty produces good out of evil. This fine entertainment
and improvement of knowledg owing to the Royal Society was
the effect of the great civil war which began just 100 year agoe.
Many great geniuses and noblemen living then, especially of the
Royal party, who were out of employ during the usurpation,
diverted themselves in philosophical experiments and inquirys, first
at Wadham College, in Oxford, next in Gresham College; and
at the Restoration they projected the Royal Society, which to me
468
APPENDIX.
seems likely to beat down superstitious religion, by which I mean
Popery, all the learned of Europe crowding to be admitted
Fellows.-Diary, vol. iv., 68.
10 Nov., 1741. I saw at my patron Sir Richard Ellys's the
original gilt plate which was put on Oliver Cromwell's coffin;
on one side his coat of arms engraven as Protector, on the other
his name, title, day of birth and death. Dr. Mortimer has some
prints made from it, and an account of digging up the body.—
Diary, vol. iv., 69.
1741. Mr. Beaupré Bell lately deceased, an ingenious gentle-
man, of learning and curiosity, great knowledge in medals, cast
in glass the head of Lady Cleypole, Cromwell's daughter, which
was cut in a block of gold, and left it, as a legacy, to Mr. Roger
Gale.-Diary, vol. v., 38.
2 Oct., 1744. [Stukeley] took the oaths [as county magis-
trate] at Stamford sessions.-Diary, vol. vii., 49.
1745.
At Bluntesham [Hunts]. My friend Dr. Knight,
the rector, among other curious things, has an old tablet, painted,
of the 40 knights which William Conqueror placed in the monas-
tery of Ely, after he had reduced it from the rebels. They staid
there 7 years [and] were maintained by the abby. Each soldier
was quartered upon a monk. When they went away, 1087, the
abby was so fond of their memory, being polite men, that they
painted them and their arms in the common hall, whence this
tablet was taken. Fuller mentions it in his Ecclesiastical history.
I copyed the names and arms of the soldiers as well as I could,
for the painter has made many blunders, not understanding what
he wrote, and through time and ill usage the painting is some-
what defaced, and the colors of the coats of arms not very exactly
to be defined.
1
1. Ursatus,' miles, balistarum dux.-Arg., cross sa.
2. Walter de Lacy, scutifer conquestoris.-O., a lyon
rampt. g.
Urse, or Fitz-Urse. One of this name was the founder of a family known
to later Irish history as the Mac-Mahons, the Irish equivalent of "the son of
the bear."-Froude's Short Studies, &c., vol. iv., 218.
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
469
3. Pezrelus,2 trecentum peditum dux.-G., a cross flory
4.
arg.
Guido desto leodegario.—Arg., a fret az., chief ().
5. Hastingus, miles, navitum.-O., a maunch G.
6.
Hugo de Monteforti, equitum dux.-Bendy az. and 0.3
7. Adamus, exercitus capitalis mariscalus.-G., a bend of
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
mascles, 0.4
Blundus5 . . . . dux.-Barry nebuly, Sa. and O.
Brian de Clare
-0., 3 chevrons G.
6
Duchet, dux architectorum.-Ermine, a chevron G.
Fiden de Furnivallo lombardo.-Arg., a bend betw. 6
martlets G.
8
Ricardus de ponte falconio.'—Arg., a lyon rampt. az.
Beaumondus equorum magister conquestoris.—Az., semé
de fleurs de lis a lyon rampt. O.
14. Eneas de Novo burgo.—Lozengy O. and Az., a bord G.
bezanty.
15.
16.
Robertus Normanus,10 mariscalus.-O., a lyon rampt. sa.
Mali¹¹ ducentorum peditum dux.—O., a bend sa.
17. Pigotus tertius filius bodet.-Party per pale O. and sa.
upon a lyon rampt. G. a bendlet Az.
18.
19.
20.
Lucey 12 Normanus admiralus.-G., 3 lucy fishes O.
Alexander de Monte.¹³
.-G., 3 chevrons O.
Lurginellus, dux centum bipenniferorum.-O., a chief az.
2 Peverel ?
3 Query, Bendy of ten Az. and Or.
4 Adam Marshall. Query, Gu. Bend of five fusils conjoined Or.
5 Blund, or Le Blound. Barry nebuly of Six Or and Sa (?)
6 Touchet. Ermine a fret Gu (?)
7 Richard de Falconbridge.
8 Roger de Bellomonte was Earl of Mellent, and was created Earl of
Warwick. See Lower's Patron. Brit., p. 236. (Arms of Mellent, Lozengy Or
and Az. within a bordure Gu.)
9
According to Dugdale, the family of Newburgh came from Neubourg,
near Louviers.
10 Many of the tenants in the Domesday Survey are called Norman and
Normannus, from Northman.-See Lower's Patr. Brit., p. 238.
11 De Mauley or Mawley.
12 De Lucy. Gu. 3 lucies hauriant Or.
19
De Mount- [Fichet].
· 470
APPENDIX.
14
21. Aumarus de longa spata. ¹4—()., 3 chevrons G in chief 2
lioncels Sa.
22. Joannes Malmanus,15 peditum signifer.-G., 3 sinist.
hands couped pp.
23. Joannes de Eboraco, a malo.16—Az., 3 greyhounds currt.
Arg.
24. Ranulfus, miles, Germanicus.-G., 3 cranes Arg.
26.
25. Eustachius le blanche.-O., a bend of mascles sa.
Eustachius le Nothus.-Az., a bend of mascles, Arg.
Nigellus de la Fontana.-Erm., 3 lunets Sa.
27.
28. Dunstanus le Gros.-Sa., on a fesse and Canton Arg. a
hatchet G.
29. Pigotus, equitum 300 dux.-Per pale O. and Sa. a lyon
rampt. G.
30. Sewardus¹7 Anglus
flory Sa.
•
prefectus.—Arg., a cross
31. Paganus le Lorain, equitum signifer.-Barry of 8, Arg.
and Az.18
32. Bardolfus,19 operatoribus
pierced.
-Az. 3 cinqfoils O.
33.
Abraham de Pecam² 20
-G., a fess betw. 2 chevrons
Arg.
34. Aimundus fil. Alani.-Barry of 10, O. and G.
35. Talbotus 6 fa legatione missus.-G., a lyon rampt. and a
bord. 0.21
36. [Le Boteler, or Butler] (?) Scutatorum laxatorum.-
G., 3 salts 0.22
37. Gerardus de longo champo.-G., a fess O.
38. Pigotus, missilium curator.-Sa., 3 picks Arg.
39. Bevalius dux militum versus Elye.—Arg., a pale Sa.
Aylmer de Longespee. Or, 3 chevrons Gu. in chief 2 lions ramp. Sa.
15 De Malemeyns, or de Malmaine. Gu. 3 sinister hands couped Arg.
Mauleverer (?)
De Syward. Arg. a cross flory fitched at the foot Sa.
16
17
18
19
Bardolf. Az. 3 cinquefoils Or.
Lorraine. Barry of eight Arg, and Gu.
20 Peccam or Peckham.
21
22
Talbot. Gu. a lion rampant within a bordure engrailed Or.
Gu. 3 covered cups Or.
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
471
40. Willelmus Comitis Warren23 frater.-Chequy O. and Az.
a bend Arg.-- Diary, vol. v., 69.
9 Sept., 1745. I set out on my journey to visit the Revd.
Mr. Burton, rector of Elveden, in Suffolk. At Thorney I saw
much antidiluvian oak
I viewed the numerous old
family pictures of the Duke of Bedford, at his house there; some
very curious. A fine Sir Walter Ralegh; King James I., his
Queen; Queen Elizabeth, and many noblemen of her time. I
sighed at the sight of Beaupré Hall, at Well, for the loss of my
friend Beaupré Bell, a young gent of excellent parts and learn-
ing; drew well; good knowledg in all parts of antiquity; a great
medalist. He hurryed himself early out of life, to the great
regret of all his acquaintance. We went by Downham and
Crimplesham, not without reflection on King Charles Ist journey
thither from my house in Stamford, probably the same way we
travelled. I went to Oxburgh to view the church there, and
examine the figures which Mr. Parkins opposes to my hypothesis
about Lady Roisia's cave or sepulchral chapel at Roiston. I
found his argument about it exceedingly weak and trifling. The
church here is a large and handsome fabric, chiefly of flints.
The steeple is a lofty spire of the same materials. The approach
to the church very grand, for the street is as an avenue to the
west end. The papists increase here much from the Bedingfield
family. 'Tis the rule to give all converts £10 a piece. The
town takes its name from the Aux or rivulets encompassing it.
Hence going toward Brandon we passed through an ocean of
sand. Scarce a tree to be seen in miles, or a house, except here
and there a warren house on eminences. This country abounds
with rabbits of an excellent sort. When you come to an emin-
ence you have a boundless prospect, but it looks at the horizon
like a sea prospect. I observed many barrows, and now and
then some antient boundary ditches, which I suppose to have
been of the Britons. We crossed the river Ouse at Brandon,
and over a continuation of the same sort of country came to
Elveden, in Suffolk, a valley in the midst of this vast Arabian
sandy desert. Mr. Burton is nephew to Mr. Hill, the painter,
who flourished in London when I lived there. He has his col-
lection of heads, prints, &c.—Diary, vol. v., 64.
Conte de Garenne, or Warren. Chequy Or and Az.
472
APPENDIX.
9 May, 1754. At the Royal Society. A long dissertation
from a gentleman in the West Indies on flying the electrical
kite, invented by Mr. Franklin, to discharge a cloud of its fire.
He thinks the kite commonly rises 250 feet high, so that the iron
point on the end of one of the cross-sticks of the kite reaches the
atmosphere of the electrical cloud, it discharges a quantity of its
fire, and runs down the string, and will electrify any man upon
the earth standing on a cake of wax, and perhaps to a degree
fatal.-Diary, vol. xiv., 71.
16 May, 1754. At the Royal Society. Mr. Baker received
from a friend of his at Turin an account of an extraordinary
invention and experiment lately made there. An ounce of gun-
powder is put into a close hollow brass cylinder, about 11 inches
long, and fired by a particular contrivance of a lighted thread,
while it is close stopt. A gun barrel is screwed on one end, and
a bullet put into it. When the brass cylinder is cool, by means
of a turncock a quantity of the included air is let out, which dis-
charges the bullet 30 yards through an inch deal, and so for a
dozen times together successively. The last discharges are faint,
the force of the new generated air being spent. They find 3
quarters of the ounce of powder unfired, and it has a very dis-
agreeable smell. The experiment was tryed before the king of
Sardinia. -Diary, vol. xiv., 73.
27 June, 1754. At the Royal Society. A letter from Mr.
Franklin, of Philadelphia, to Mr. Collinson, being farther experi-
ments on thunder gusts, by means of an upright sharp-pointed
iron, with two bells fastned to it. This iron rod receives the
electricity from the clouds passing over it, and the bells give
notice of it. Abundance of remarkable appearances and experi-
ments therefrom he recites.-Diary, vol. xv., 2.
28 June, 1754. This morn about 4, dyed Martyn Folkes of
a repeated paralytic stroke. He had just finished his new house
adjoining to his own in a most elegant manner, though altogether
incapable of having the least enjoyment from it. He has remained
for this 3 or 4 year a most miserable object of dereliction from
that Deity which he supposed took no account of our actions
[and] had not provided for our immortal part.-Diary, vol.xv., 2.
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
473
4 July, 1754. A letter from Mr. Franklin, pursuing his
former inquirys in electricity with a wonderful sagacity. The
sharp iron rods on the top of houses or ships, communicating
with the ground or sea by an iron wire or any metallic substance,
prevents the ill effects of lightning. He gives us his hypothesis
of the general distribution of electrical matter through the globe,
earth, air, and water, and discourses very pertinently on positive
and negative electricity, its passage from one body to another,
and the effect when the equilibrium is changed. Mr. Watson's
answer to some queries on electricity from a gentleman in the
West Indies, and a particular account of the death of Professor
Richman, of Petersburg, killed by a blue ball of fire from his
machine whilst trying his experiments. It flew upon his fore-
head, and went off with the crack of a pistol.-Diary, vol. xv., 4.
23 Oct., 1754. Lord Drumlanrig, eldest son of the Duke of
Queensbury, coming to town with his lady, father, and mother,
shot himself with a horse pistol on the road beyond Newark.
Last winter a great riot at the duke's house, on a Sunday night,
the mob broke the windows, the duchess holding then a great
card rout, to the shame of a christian nation.-Diary, vol. xv., 27.
7 Nov., 1754. My birthday. The Antiquarian Society chose
me again Fellow unanimously. 14 Nov. I was formally admit-
ted by Dr. Ward, vice-president, and signed their book. I made
this short speech: Sir, 'tis with pleasure I return my thanks
to the Society for the particular honor shown me. They will
readily believe I have the honor of the Society at heart, and wish
its prosperity, having had a great share in the founding it in
June, 1717. I shall never be wanting in whatever is in my
power to assist in promoting its interest and entertainment.-
Diary, vol. xv., 31.
18 Nov., 1754.
At the Antiquarian Society, to regulate
Lord Coleraine's prints, 24 presented by Madame de Plessis.-
Diary, vol. xv., 32.
21 Nov., 1754. At Christ's Hospital. A court summoned
24 See Archæologia. vol. i., Introduction.
474
APPENDIX.
on purpose. Mr. Salt and I appeared. I acquainted Sir John
Bernard, president, of the purpose as executors to Mr. St.
Amand's will.25 We proposed to lay out 2000l. in our hands in
stock for their benefit. We were used with great distinction
and honor, and elected governors.-Diary, vol. xv., 32.
[21 Nov., 1754. At the Royal Society.] Dr. Brakenridg
gave a paper, being a calculation of the number of inhabitants,
houses, births and buryals, of London and Westminster, for 50
years past. He shows for ten or 20 years past there has been a
great decrease of inhabitants and births. He suggests the reason.
1. The drinking of gin. 2. The fashionable method of living
single among the men. 3. The increase of commerce in Scot-
land, which keeps thousands there which otherwise would come
southward.-Diary, vol. xv., 33.
Preferment declined by Dr. Stukeley.-Two months after he
was ordained deacon by Abp. Wake, Dr. Mead asked Lord
Winchelsea to sollicit for Stamford All Saints, of Lord Chancellor
King. Lord Winchelsea offered an Essex living, but Dr. Mead
said "it was an unwholesome place to live in."
"The fitter,"
said my lord, "for a physician to live in." Stukeley refused it.
6 Mar., 1755. At the Royal Society. Part of Monsr. le
Cat's history of the epidemic diseases of Roan. 26 He mentions a
famous cordial called eau de quatre voleurs, which Dr. Parsons
explained. In the great plague of Marseilles,27 4 persons used
to goe into infected houses and rob them. They were at last
apprehended, tryed, and hanged. Being asked how they defen-
ded themselves from the infection, they gave the receipt, a parcel
of aromatics infused in vinegar, of which they drank a glass or
two every day.—Diary, vol. xv., 53.
25 Mr. St. Amand bequeathed his valuable library of philosophical and
classical books to Oxford. He died in Sept., 1754. In May, 1755, Dr. Stukeley
carried the books to Oxford in 27 cases, and subsequently sent to the same
University Mr. St. Amand's old coins and medals.
26
27
Rouen.
In the great plague at Marseilles, in 1720, 60,000 persons are said to have
perished there and in the neighbourhood,
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
475
12 Mar., 1755. At the Royal Society. A precise and long
account of the lamentable death of the Petersburgh professor
[Richman], killed by the stroke of electricity from a thunder
cloud which he was observing in an instrument which he inven-
ted, called the expositor, intended to show the different degrees
of the force of electricity. To this the electrical power was
brought into his room from a spiked rod of iron set up on the
top of the house, whence a chain conducted it to his expositor.
The stroke knocked down and stunned the engraver who was
present, but killed the professor instantly. It was from a very
loud peal of thunder, accompanyed with a smart shower of rain,
as often is the case; the rain being unelectrifyed, caused the
shock, as in earthquakes.-Diary, vol. xv., 55.
9 Dec., 1756. At the Royal Society. Dr. Brackenridge
gave a curious dissertation on the number of inhabitants in
England, Scotland, and Ireland; of the annual increase and
diminution, by good calculations; wherein we have an unpleas-
ing view of the thinness of our inhabitants, and their continual
decrease by our extensive commerce, wars, migrations, refrain-
ing marriage, migrations to colonys and foreign parts, the per-
nicious use of drams and strong liquors. England, indeed, would
be very thin, were not continual supplys from Scotland and
Ireland, and some few foreigners. The doctor observes our
enemys, the French, are not in a better state than we in these
regards.--Diary, vol. xvii., 4.
Jan., 1757. Mr. Serjeant Eyre told me he had authority to
offer me to exchange for Queen Square a most excellent living
in Dublin, which after all charges paid yields more than 500l.
per annum clear; but I refused it, and should have done had it
been the primacy of that kingdom.—Diary, vol. xvii., 9.
12 May, 1757. At the Antiquarian Society. Mr. Tibbald,
vice-president, gave a folio book of paper, wherein he has begun
to draw out some churches, tombs, coats of arms, and observa-
tions made in the country last summer.-Diary, vol. xvii., 34.
24 Nov., 1757. At the Royal Society. A person desired to
show his instrument invented for finding the longitude. Word
476
APPENDIX.
was sent him that the Society took no cognizance of such mat
ters. Stupidity indeed!-Diary, vol. xvii., 51.
8 Dec., 1757. At the Royal Society. Sir Godfrey Copley's
gold prize medal given to Lord Charles Cavendish for finding
out a method of construction in the quicksilver thermometer of
knowing all the changes of heat in the weather between the
times of observation.-Diary, vol. xvii., 52.
24 Dec., 1757. I went to tea at Mr. Hunter's, Russell
Square; 2 most magnificent musical clocks, richly ornamented
with gold and jewels of all kinds. Each plays 3 tunes. They
come to 700 guineas each; [and] are to be sent on Munday
next to the grand seignior.-Diary, vol. xvii., 61.
6 Jan., 1758. Saw the great musical clock at Dr. Camp-
bell's, 800 guineas price, going to East Indies.—Diary, vol.
xvii., 61.
12 Jan., 1758. At the Royal Society. Mr. Smeton's account
of his observations of the weather, the hurricanes, and the like,
observed at Eddyston lighthouse, at the times whereon Dr.
Huxam writes concerning them last summer at Plymouth, in
June. He found the weather extremely cold, at the same time
it was extremely hot at Plymouth.-Diary, vol. xvii.,
62.
25 May, 1758. At the Royal Society. A long letter from
my old friend Alexander Gordon, secretary to Governor Glyn,
in S. Carolina, giving some account of the natural history of
that country, its admirable fertility and wonderful produce of
innumerable curious and useful things-the vine, wine, sesamum,
oil for soap, cotton, mulberry, silkworms, cochinel, opuntium a
yellow dye, hemp, flax, potash, &c., &c. But after all this pro-
fusion of nature's bounty, the inhabitants, through stupidity or
laziness, made no profit or improvement in any one article for
commerce, employing themselves wholly in the culture of rice.
Nor will they admit of any machinery for the easy working of
that commodity, but depend wholly on the labor of their slaves,
whom they use in the [most] cruel and barbarous manner, far
beyond the worst treatment of our carmen to their horses.-
Diary, vol. xviii., 4.
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
477
1 June, 1758. At the Royal Society. A fine map or plan
of Pekin, the capital of China, in a noble print of vast dimension.
A large explication and description of it, the grandeur and mag-
nificence of the temples, palaces, courts, gates, halls, gallerys,
mountains artificial, gardens, &c., is beyond imagination.
I was pleased particularly to observe the most antient cus-
toms here preserved. They have tabernacles of the deceased
progenitors of the emperor, where he goes on certain days to do
honor to their memory. This is agreable to the frequenting the
tumuli of the antients on the anniversary of their obit.
Our writer, a Jesuit, observes the walls of this immense square
city are set to the 4 quarters of heaven, intended to be precise,
but varys 2º and a little more; whence he conjectures that the
builder used a compass which at that time varyed such a quantity.
The like, Kircher observes of a vast Egyptian obelisc, as I did in
the antient works of our Druids. Again, the emperor of China
goes in great pomp and ceremony on the day of the equinoxes
and solstices to perform a public sacrifice, which is derived from
the creation and patriarchal usage. Once in the year the
emperor, and all his court, goes a plowing in the habit of plow-
men, and sow corn, which I suppose likewise to be derived from
highest antiquity.-Diary, vol. xviii., 5.
8 June, 1758. At the Royal Society. A discourse on the
refrangibility of the rays of light and difficulty of vision in teles-
copes, by reason of the colors. But this writer28 has got a patent
for a new invention he has of correcting this different refrangi-
bility by different glasses which severally discharge them and
prevent colors.-Diary, vol. xviii., 6.
15 June, 1758. At the Royal Society. Mr. Wolf's discourse
on air and fire, electricity, the elemental fire pervading all things.
He judges it to be a mistake when we think the sun sends forth
material rays from its own body, quaqua versum, the cause of
heat; for then it would have been exhausted ages agoe; but if
the elemental fire or subtle fluid pervading all things be extended
through space quite to the body of the sun, his body, by means
25
On 7 Dec., 1758, the gold medal was given to the inventor, whose name
is not mentioned.
478
APPENDIX.
of its vibration, acts upon the subtle elemental fire in right lines,
and makes what we call the solar rays.-Diary, vol. xviii., 7.
6 Septr., 1758. Saw eleven French standards, taken at Cape
Breton,29 carryed in procession to St. Paul's.-Diary, vol.
xviii., 11.
66
16 Sept., 1758. Saw the great brass guns brought from
Cherburg, finely ornamented with curious workmanship, mottoes
nec pluribus impar et ratio ultima regum." 21 guns, 2 mor-
tars a foot diameter bore. They were drawn from Hyde park to
the Tower by 20 horses apiece.-Diary, vol. xviii., 11.
7 Dec., 1758. At the Antiquarian Society. An intaglia seal
produced. A quadriga and winged figure, inscribed MARTA
MARIO, with a dissertation reciting the opinion of the French
antiquarys and others concerning it. I mentioned my notion,
which was approved of, that it was a love seal, the winged figure
a cupid, not Victory. She shows the celerity of the post with
her epistle, and her own triumph. It was similar to that found
at York, POPPEA OTHONI.-Diary, vol. xviii., 18.
21 Dec., 1758. At the Antiquarian Society. The fancyed
earthquake of the 20th inst. proves to be the blowing up of the
powder mills at Hounslow, but as all the appearances of a real
earthquake are here observable, 'tis the plainest proof of my
hypothesis, and that the cause of all earthquakes is from the
atmosphere.—Diary, vol. xviii., 20.
6 Feb., 1759. I bought at a broker's the picture of Jane,
Duchess of Ancaster, my great patroness, an unfinished piece of
Sir Godfrey Kneller's.-Diary, vol. xviii., 30.
19 March, 1759. I viewed at Mr. Sisson's a new invented
machine for viewing the satellites of Jupiter at sea, from the
motion of the ship. 'Tis a chair and reflecting telescope that
may be always kept to the eye; under it, a long pendulum 10
29
Cape Breton, taken by the English under Amherst and Boscawen, 4 April.
This capture was facilitated by Sir Edwd. Hawke driving ashore off the isle of
Aix the French squadron and transports containing troops intended for Cape
Breton.
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
479
feet, swinging in a tub of water, which regulates all agitation to
10 minutes.-Diary, vol. xviii., 40.
April, 1759. Our ancestors use ground-ivy, chiefly to put
into their ale, and they used it soon. In Henry VIII. time
hops came in use, and then they kept it for beer.-Diary, vol.
xviii., 45.
30 Nov., 1759. Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society.
The gold medal given to Mr. Smeeton for his accounts and cal-
culations about water mills, wind mills, and his works at Eddy-
ston lighthouse. I was a scrutator in choice of officers.-Diary,
vol. xviii., 69.
27 Oct., 1760. Last Saturday evening several of the foreign
ambassadors and other persons of distinction and science were
at Mr. Sisson's, mathematical instrument maker, in the Strand,
to examine Mr. Irwin's marine chair, and expressed the highest
approbation of it.30-Diary, vol. xviii., 41.
17 Jan., 1760. At the Royal Society. Dr. Brackenridge
gave a calculation from the printed bills of mortality of all the
numbers of persons dying of the small pox, from 1700 to this
year. He thinks, from the increase, though inoculation saves
many, yet that it helps to spread it.-Diary, vol. xix., 4.
5 Feb., 1761. At the Antiquarian Society. Dr. Chandler
presented an exact copy, on vellum, of the original protest in
the library of Edenburgh, where the Hungarian and other pro-
testant powers remonstrate against the popish breach of faith in
burning John Huss³¹ and Jerome of Prague, after a safe con-
duct given.-Diary, vol. xix., 50.
31
1760. A gentleman, named Letuce, desired Mr. Pope to
give him an epitaph for his daughter Letitia, of 3 years old.
He gave him this:
"See here, nice Death, to please his palate,
Takes a young lettuce for a sallad."
20
30
This is a cutting from a newspaper.
Diary, vol. xix., 1.
31 For biogr. of Huss see Beeton, p. 531; and of Jerome, p. 560.
480
APPENDIX.
May 12, 1761. I preached the vegetable sermon32 at St.
Leonard's [Shoreditch], the 2nd time.-Diary, vol. xix., 62.
22 May, 1761. Visited Dr. Franklyn," the electric genius.
He has made a dulcimer of wooden sticks, very sweet; another
of glass bells, that warble like the sound of an organ.-Diary,
vol. xix., 62.
15 July, 1762. At the Antiquarian Society. We are now
in a committee to examine the minute books of the Society to
see what papers are fit to be printed. It is a pleasure to me to
read the first minute book which I wrote myself, secretary for 9
I am the chairman as oldest member.-Diary, vol. xx., 7.
years.
13 Apr., 1763. Went with the Cambridge address on the
peace.34 Presented to the king the ornament in gold of Henry
of Monmouth, first Prince of Wales, for the Prince of Wales.-
Diary, vol. xx., 18.
9 June, 1763. At the Antiquarian. I exhibited my pack
of cards of Richard II. time, and read upon them.—Diary, vol.
XX., 21.
25 March, 1725. At the Royal Society. Stukeley took the
delineation of a Roman stone altar found at Manchester, from
Dr. Byrom. 35-Byrom's Remains, vol. i., 101.
32 Founded by Mr. Fairchild, on the Beauties of the Vegetable World.
Anna, second daughter of Dr. Stukeley, married the Rev. Mr. Fairchild, of
Sunbury. In the Whitehall Evening Post of 14 May, 1760, there is the following
announcement: We hear the anniversary sermon, founded by Mr. Fairchild,
of Hoxton, gardener, on the subject of the Beauties of the Vegetable World,
will be preached by the Rev. Dr. Stukeley, on Whit Tuesday next, as usual, at
the church of St. Leonard's, Shoreditch." A similar announcement was made
in 1761, with the addition, Prayers to begin at half-an-hour after eleven
exactly." Again the same in 1763.
((
33 Biography of Benj. Franklin.-See Beeton, p. 419.
31
Peace of Paris between France, Spain, and England, by which France
ceded Canada, the West India Islands, Minorca, &c., to England.
35 John Byrom seems to have become acquainted with Stukeley about the
year 1724, when the former was teaching his method of stenography in London.
Stukeley is first mentioned in Byrom's Remains (Chetham Soc. Publications),
i., 78, under date of 23 April, 1724. When writing to his wife Byrom says :
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
481
15 April, 1725. At the Royal Society. Dr. Stukeley spoke
"To-day, at the Royal Society, Dr. Stukeley gave me a subscription [to become
a shorthand pupil] from Lord Pembroke, who, he says, is very curious [i.e. an
ardent curioso].
Shortly afterwards, at Hulme Hall, near Manchester, Byrom took a draw-
ing of a Roman altar to Fortune [this altar was dedicated to FORTVNAE
CONSERVATRICI. This goddess was a popular deity among the Roman towns
in Britain], then recently discovered there. (Whitaker's Hist. of Manchr., i.,
47). The inscription interested Byrom's London friends, and Byrom had a
copy of it sent to Montfaucon. On 25th March, 1725, Byrom showed it to
Martin Ffoulkes, at the Royal Society, and the latter said the Society ought to
inspect it. I gave it to him to shew them. Sir Hans was rising, but made the
secretary to take notice of it, which he did, and took it with him; and Dr.
Stukeley took a delineation of it. I brought the Philosophical Transactions.
When Dr. Lyster [Dr. Martin Lister] had taken it, and shewed the difference,
I thought of writing a little account of it against next meeting, which was to
be next Thursday but one, because of the holidays (i., 101). On 8 April, the
night of meeting, Dr. Stukeley spoke to me to advertise my shorthand, for there
were several that would subscribe, but did not know where (i., 111). At the
meeting the following week, Dr. Stukeley spoke to me for some "proposals "
[shorthand prospectuses], and I gave him two or three, which he read, and
shewed them to others; and he asked me for the Altar to Fortune, which I
told him I would give him another time (i., 118). At the meeting on 10 June,
Sir Isaac Newton in the chair, Dr. Stukeley told Byrom that he was going
into my country this summer (i., 153). [He did go, accompanied by Roger
Gale]. There was a meeting of some of the members of the Society at the Sun,
in St. Paul's Churchyard, 29 June, when Mr. Foulkes said that Dr. Stukeley
had said that he could read the Egyptian hieroglyphics as well as English. I
shewed them Dr. Patrick's shorthand (i., 165). On 13 Jan., 1726, Byrom gave
Dr. Stukeley at the meeting his nephew's letter. He asked about my book [on
shorthand], and I told him I would call on him some day (i., 190). 10 Feb.:
"Gave Dr. Stukeley my Lord Pembroke's half guinea at the Society" (i., 201).
was
On 11 March, 1736, Byrom at Dr. Hartley's was reading in Dr. Stukeley's
Palaeographia Sacra (just published), that the Bacchus of the heathens was
the Jehovah of the Jews (vol. ii., 11). On 1st April, at the Royal Society, there
"dull entertainment." Dr. Stukeley there; he said the coins of David and
Solomon were genuine he thought; that the Samaritan was the character which
the Jews learned in Babylon (he thought God gave writing, but before Moses,
not before the flood); that the Chinese writing was antediluvian; that he
knew nothing of the Persepolis writing. He looked very ill, had had the gout."
(ii., 29).
In 1743, Byrom, on his way from Cambridge to Manchester, left Cliffe,
where he visited William Law, on 31 June. He came to the Angel Inn,
Stamford, where I dined; it was a very hot day. I came thence about four
o'clock, and Dr. Stukeley was just walking to his house as I rode by; so I spoke
to him, and drank a glass of mead with him at his door, and came to Waltham
that night” (ii., 366). Writing to his wife from London on Saturday night,
FF
482
APPENDIX.
A
to me for some proposals (about shorthand), and he asked me for
the Altar to Fortune, which I told him I would give him another
time.—Byrom's Remains, vol. i., 118.
7 June, 1743. Mr. Vyner visited me, afterward Mr. Byrom,
of Manchester, Began to fitt up Barnhill house.-Diary, vol.
vii., p. 4.
28 Apr., 1748. I read Dr. Stukeley Teddy's [Byrom's son n]
matter in my way to Mr. Foulkes's, who had sent for me to
dinner.—Byrom's Remains, vol. ii., 438.
July, 1848. A dinner at the Duke of Montagu's, where was
Dr. Stukeley. Ib., vol. ii., 450.
Dec., 1748. St. Andrew, being the feast of us royal philo-
sophers, we had near our hundred at dinner. I told Dr. Stukeley
there of Mr. Trafford's being in town; he had seen him that day,
but they could not agree matters.-Ib., vol. ii., 474.
23 June, 1748. At the Royal Society. Dr. Byrom gave us
a handsom detail of the nature of shorthand. He thinks the
English language the most capable of practising it to advantage.
There are but a few simple characters to form an alphabet from,
not reaching to the number of letters, but four straight lines,
| /\ the perpendicular, horizontal, acute, grave; of crooked
ones, twelve in the whole. The five vowels may
)(~
be formed by points placed differently, as usual. The new inven-
tions of shorthands have not improved the art at all. Every
kind of shorthand from arbitrary marks may have some advan-
tage, in one part, of ready joining; but other disadvantages else-
where, and all so perplexed that you easily forget to read what
you wrote some time ago.
The business, therefore, is to find out one that has most
advantages, least of the contrary, and that suits the genius of
16 April, 1748, he says: "Dr. Stukeley I find has just called here and left a
note to take it as a great favour if I would call upon him for a quarter of an
hour to-morrow; so I shall take him in my way. He is the rector of the church
in Queen's Square, where Martin Folkes lives, by the Duke of Montague's gift”
(ii., 437; and cf. p. 438).
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS FROM DIARIES.
483
our language best, is fair, easy, and not liable to perplexity, but
is legible at any distance of time afterward.
The doctor has all his life long employed his thoughts in find-
ing out and improving his alphabet and method, which he thinks
now very perfect. He shall some time hence give us a further
account of it.-Diary, vol. vii., 44.
Dr. Byrom, on 30 June, according to promise, gave [the
Society] an accurate description of the principles of shorthand
writing; the true number of letters necessary to describe sounds;
he observes, the vowels, though multiplied by some, are really
but seven, equivalent to the notes in music, variable into acutes
and graves, as they into flats and sharps, so commonly called.
The consonants may be comprised in the number of 18, at least
for our language. He has many very judicious reflections and
observations in this curious and most useful branch of science,
which he has made it the business of his life to improve, and now
teaches it.-Diary, vol. vii., 48.
Last Tuesday se'nnight came on in the vestry of St. George
the Martyr, Queen Square, the election of a Lecturer in the
room of the late Mr. Harris; the candidates were the Rev. Mr.
Hollingbury, of the Charter House, and the Rev. Mr. Floyd.
The latter had at first a majority of one vote, till Mr. Serjeant
Eyre, who had been indisposed for some days, was brought in a
chair, and voting for Mr. Hollingbury, the votes were even;
when the late Dr. Stukeley, as rector of the parish, having a
second vote, gave it in favour of the latter gentleman, who was
therefore declared duly elected. It is thought the doctor caught
cold in the vestry, which occasioned his death in a few days by
a paralytic stroke; and Serjeant Eyre dropped down in a fit as
he was entering the vestry; he gave, however, his vote as above,
but was carried home very ill, and on Sunday departed this life.
-London Chronicle, March 9-12, 1765, p. 247. See also Gent's
Mag., Dec., 1853, p. 596.
484
APPENDIX.
[VOL. XVI. OF THE DIARIES CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING
PORTRAITS, AND A FEW SHORT BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES].
1.
2.
MINIATURE OF DR. STUKELEY.
PHILIP BALL, of Holbech, gent. 4 July, 1721. ["My
schoolfellow and most intimate friend from my youth.
A person of ready wit, good sense, and apt at anything
but learning, having no genius for Latin, though at
school all the time I was, in our native town of Holbech,
Linc. He was very sprightly in behavior, very coura-
geous and undaunted; a head well turned for mercantile
affairs. Dyed young, 1723, æt. 34, 27 Oct."] A half
length portrait, face, in ink, copied by Dr. S. from a
painting by R. Collins.
4
3. PROFILE OF AMBROSE PIMLOW, M.A. ["Born at Holbech, son
to the vicar, my schoolfellow, of good parts, educated in
the school there, afterwards at Queen's College, Camb.
Rector of Great Dunham, Norfolk, where he is buried.
He was the last of my schoolfellows living. A sound
divine, truly pious, of good learning, good natured, and
of pleasant conversation."
4. MAURICE JOHNSON, 1723. A pencil sketch in profile by
G. Vandergucht. ["My countryman and old acquain-
tance, unwearyed in his endeavors to establish the
Literary Soc. at Spalding, which he erected in and
supported with credit to the time of his death. So
great a lover of learned leisure and antiquitys, that he
chose it before the lucrative pursuits of pleading at the
Bar, in which he was well versed, being a good orator,
and skilful in the business of law. A great lover of a
garden, which he had in fine perfection; an admirable
collection of flowers and plants, and of all kinds of
antiquitys, fossils, medals, &c."]
5. PROFILE OF R. M. MASSEY, M.D.
2 a cr
6. PROFILE OF ANSELM BEAUMONT, by Dr. S., Sep. 23, 1723.
PROFILE OF NEWTONUS MAGNUS,' by Dr. S., from a
marble bust.
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
485
8.
"
Half-length, face, PORTRAIT OF NEWTONUS Magnus,'
4
by Dr. S., from the same bust.
9. Half-length, face, PORTRAIT OF SIR ISAAC NEWTON,
copied from a painting by Sir G. Kneller, by Dr. S.,
2 Aug., 1720.
10. PROFILE OF SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN, by Dr. S.
6
11. PROFILE OF MAGNUS CARVILIUS.'
12.
13.
14.
PROFILE OF CARVILIUS, "The great Earl of Pembroke."
PROFILE OF LADY BETTY HERBERT.
PROFILE OF SEGONAX (Lord Hertford), ob. 1749-50, by
Dr. S.
15. PROFILE OF LORD HERTFORD, 4 Dec., 1722.
16. PROFILE OF LADY HERTFORD, July, 1723.
17. PROFILE OF W. WAKE, archbishop of Canterbury, by
Dr. S., 17 July, 1729.
4
18. Half-length, face, of SIR JOHN ELWILL, of Langley,
Kent.["Sir John, father to this person, had a country
house at Egham, beyond Staines; having an estate at
Holbech, my native town, I was acquainted with him.
He dyed at Egham. Sir John, his son, lett the house
to Francis Foote, Esq., of Gray's Inn, father to the lady
whose effigies I have drawn (No. 41). Mr. Foote dyed
in the same house at Egham; the place is called Mount
Lee, a very old house, pleasantly situate, in view of
Cooper's hill and S. Ann's hill. At Sir Samuel Lennard's
in the neighborhood, lived Anna Bullen, her father's
house, when the King from Greenwich courted her.
The King's and her arms impaled in painted glass there."]
1
Paragraph (printed) from a newspaper: "When Queen Anne placed her
Royal Consort, George, Prince of Denmark, at the head of the Admiralty, in
1702, it was found necessary to remove the Earl of Pembroke, then Lord High
Admiral, who was actually preparing to go to sea. A large pension was offered
him; but his Lordship answered, with great generosity and public spirit, that
however convenient it might be for his private interest, yet the accepting such
a pension was inconsistent with his principles; and therefore, since he could
not have the honour of serving his country in person, he would endeavour to
do it by his example."
486
APPENDIX.
19. ["Sir Nicholas Cary, too, a neighbor of Elizabeth (Lady
Elwill), PROFILE; of the old and opulent Kentish family
of the Styles, a lady of an excellent character, a lover
of flowers, admirer of the beautys of nature. Whilst
marryed, and at Langley, I often visited, and was well
received by her, through a certain similitude of disposition.
Archbishop Wake was her godfather. July, 1729, the
day after I was ordained deacon at Croydon by that
Prelate, I visited her at Langley, her husband being
lately dead. She afterwards marryed again, but did not
live long, and was buryed in the same vault with Sir
John Elwill in Beckenham church."]
20. PROFILE OF WM. JOHNSON, Customer, of Boston, by Dr. S.
PROFILE OF HUMPHRY WANLEY, taken from life, by Dr. S.,
26 Oct., 1723. He died July, 1726.
21.
22.
PROFILE OF MR. BAXTER, taken from life, by Dr. S., 27
Jan., 1722-3.
23. Another PROFILE SKETCH of the same.
24. PROFILE OF ED. ASHURST, 6 Aug., 1721.
["Dear youth, whose part so soon, so well is played;
Untimely to thy friends alone expiring.
If sighs are vain, to thy departed shade,
Permit at least a song, whose notes aspiring,
May reach the chiming orbs by sympathy.
Joined with thy chorus, we still sing together,
If souls and music are one harmony:
Or here is heaven, or 'tis the way, sure, thither."]
W. S., Amicissimo Juveni.
25. PROFILE OF C. CHRISTIERN, by Dr. S., ob. Dec., 1725.
26. PROFILE OF HERMAN MOLL, geographer, 17 Apr., 1723.
27. PROFILE OF RALPH THORESBY, by Dr. S., 23 May, 1723.
Ob. Oct., 1725.
28. PROFILE OF J. HAWYS, M.D., Fellow of the College of
Physicians, 25 Oct., 1722.
29.
PROFILE OF JOHN MURRAY, Philobiblus, by Dr. S., 1 Mar.,
1726, ob. Sep., 1748. Apud Sacomb.
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
487
30. PROFILE OF ANDREW JELF,2 6 Jan., 1722.
31. PROFILE OF WILLIAM BECKET, Surgeon, by Dr. S., 2 Jan.,
1722. "Obiit Abingdoniæ."
32. Pen and ink SKETCH, upon an hotel bill,³ of MR. HOLLAND,
of Amesbury, Wilts., full face, by G. Vandergucht, 1722.
33. PROFILE, in pencil, of MR. STALLARD, at Amesbury, by
G. Vandergucht, 31 July, 1722.
34. Tinted PROFILE OF REUBEN HORSALL, clerk of Abury, and
antiquarian (“as dubbed by the Bishop of Gloucester,”)
by G. Vandergucht, 29 July, 1722.
35. face of RICHD. FOWLER, of Beckhampton, "Stone killer
of Beckhampton Avenue," by Dr. S.
36.
37.
PROFILE OF THOMAS ROBINSON, "Alburiæ Depopulator."
Pen and ink SKETCH (full face) of "THE STONE KILLER'S
WIFE OF ABURY," by G. Vandergucht, 30 July, 1722.
38. Copper-plate ENGRAVING OF A MEDAL OF ABRAHAM DE
MOIVRE, in profile, engraved by Ja. Dassier.
39. PROFILE OF MRS. EYLES, of Ferry Bridge, by Dr. S.,
6 Aug., 1728.
2 Architect to Westminster Bridge.
Amesbury Inn Bill,
For a breast of moten
s. d.
2 0
...
For wine
2 0
For bread, bear, and tobacko...
5 0
For pigeons
20
For tea and suger
4 0
15 0
The Rev. Thomas Holland was buried in the chancel, under the communion
table, under a flat stone, on which was his coat of arms and the following
inscription: "In memory of the Rev. Thomas Holland, who for half a century
was minister of this parish, a small living, yet he never solicited for a greater,
nor improved to his own advantage his marvellous talents in applying the
powers of nature to the useful purposes of life; the most curious and complete
engine, which the world now enjoys, for raising water, being invented by him.
He departed the 11th day of May, in the year of our Lord 1730, aged 84 years."
This inscription was printed in the Gent's. Mag., September, 1789.
Sir R. Colt Hoare, in his survey of the church, makes no allusion to this
stone, which was probably covered with matting, and being under the table,
escaped his observation.
488
APPENDIX.
40.
41.
42.
3
Pencil SKETCH, face, of a man out of whose mouth an
evil spirit is issuing, drawn by the Duke of Montague,
19 June, 1749. "Obiit vir magnus." 5 July, 1749.
“MIRIAM,” prophetess, Chyndonax (Dr. S.) fecit memor.
5 Jan., 1754.
PROFILE OF MRS. PEIRSON. ["A lady who may deservedly
be called a philosopher, a lover of science, whose least
excellence is an amiable and elegant person. She has
a fine understanding, urged by a thirst after knowledg;
but her chief passion lyes in sacred matters, sacred
antiquitys; of these she has a most elegant taste and
discerning judgment, a lively apprehension that imme-
diately finds out the connexion between the heathen
mythology and the persons and historys in the Bible
from whence they are derived; infinitely delighted in
this track of learning in which I had for many years
entertained myself, and by her prompted to carry to a
perfection."]
PROFILE (pencil) OF ANNA BOLEN, Queen, by Frances
Stukeley, 1739.
43. Half-length, face, of JANE DOWMAN, grandmother to
Dr. S.; drawing in pencil.
44. Ink SKETCH OF "JOHANNES FOXUS BOSTONIENSIS, ex Agro
Lincoln; from the original picture at Mr. Tooley's of
Boston, now at Mr. Nevil's, Grantham. He was born
at the corner house overlooking the river, going from
the cross to the bridg."
45.
4
Ink SKETCH OF SAMUEL PURCHAS, æt. 48.
"Gaudeat irriguus Ptolomæi nomine Nilus
Ast Anglis primus sum Ptolomæus ego."
4 Rev. Samuel Purchas, a learned English divine and writer, educated at
Cambridge; obtained the vicarage of Eastwood, Essex, in 1604; and subse-
quently the living of St. Martin, Ludgate, aud made chaplain to Archbishop
Abbot. His works are: "Purchas, his Pilgrimage," the materials for which
he derived from upwards of 1300 authors; "Purchas, his Pilgrims;" Micro-
cosmos; or, the History of Man;" &c. Born in Essex, in 1577; died 1629.—
Beeton, p. 866.
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
489
4
46. Outline copy, in ink, face, of PORTRAIT OF THOMAS
SUTTONS LINCOLNIENSIS, founder of the charter-house.
47. Ink SKETCH OF "INIGO JONES, ARCHITECTUS, SUMMUS
BRYTT."
48. ENGRAVING OF THOMAS WADSWORTH, M.A., by R. White.
49. Tinted PORTRAIT, face, of BEN JOHNSON, from the original
by J. Oliver.
4
50. ENGRAVING OF CHARLES I., King of England, &c., by
M. Vandergucht.
"His sufferings and his death with truth proclaim :
For he got glory, but the nation shame."
51. ENGRAVING OF MILTON, by T. R[ichardson], Sen.
52. Etching of the same, by Richardson.
53. ENGRAVING OF JOHN MURRAY, by G. Vertue; portrait
painted 1738, engraved 1752,
"Hoh Maister John Murray of Sacomb.
The works of old time to collect was his pride,
Till oblivion dreaded his care:
Regardless of friends, intestate he dyed,
So the rooks and the crows were his heir."-G. N.
Nat. Jan 24, 1670. Ob. 13 Sep., 1748.
54. ENGRAVING OF PROFILE OF JOHN GRAM, of Copenhagen,
by Sysang.
56.
6
55. Ink PROFILE OF HIERON. FRASCATORIUS, MEDICUs.
ENGRAVING OF PORTRAIT OF LAZARUS RIVERIUS, Professor
of Medecine in University of Montpellier, 1653; æt. 63.
57. Medallion ENGRAVING OF ALBERT DURER, in profile (1514).
"Ex museo, R. M. Massey, M.D.”
58. Tinted PORTRAIT, face, of JOHANNES SCHRODERUS, M.D.
5
Educated at Eton, and studied the law at Lincoln's Inn. He purchased
some estates in the county of Durham, where he discovered coal-mines which
produced him immense wealth. His wife having died in 1602, and leaving no
issue, he purchased the Charter-house, which he erected into an hospital and
seminary of learning. Born in Lincolnshire, 1532; died in London, 1611.—
Beeton, p. 994.
6
"Riverium jures pictum, si videris; idem Hippocrates, librum si medi-
teris erit."
490
APPENDIX.
59.
ENGRAVING OF MEDAL OF ANTONIUS MAGLIABECHIUS.7
["The great Earl of Pembroke gave me this medal of
Magliabechi, librarian to the Grand Duke of Tus-
cany."]
60. Ink SKETCH, face, of VESALIUS.
8
61. Tinted PORTRAIT, face, of LIPSIUS.
62. ENGRAVING, half length, of QUERCETANUS, æt. 60, A.B.
"Hæc Quercetani corpus quæ pinxit Imago est
63.
Ingenio at melius pingitur ille suo.
Junge animam membris, quæ doctâ pingitur arte
Scriptorum, et totus tum tibi pictus erit."
Ink PORTRAIT, face, of GULIELIMUS PHILANDER.
'Architectus eras nec te præstantior alter
Par tibi cum docto gloria Vitruvio."
64. Tinted PROFILE OF JOHANNES FERNELIUS AMBIANUS,
MEDICUS.
65.
ENGRAVING OF "GEORGE ENTIIS, ESQ., auratus, Med.
Doct. et Coll. Med. Lond. Socius," by R. White.
66. Tinted PROFILE OF "HIERONYMUS CARDANUS, Medio-
lanensis Medicus," 1553. Done at corp. Xti. Coll.
Camb., 1705.
67.
Ink SKETCH OF HERMOLAVS BARBARUS, architectus.
68. Ink PROFILE OF HIERONYMUS FRASCATORIUS VERONENSIS.
"Picta Frascatorii-Stuckleie revixit imago
Quo caruit nascens, os tua dextra dedit.”
M. Mattaire.
A learned Italian, who corresponded with most of the learned men in
Europe, and astonishing things, bordering on the marvellous, are told of his
memory. An old cloak served him for a garment by day and a covering by
night. He had one straw chair for his table, and another to sleep on. Born
at Florence, 1633; died in 1714.-Beeton, p. 678.
8
Andreas Vesalius, a Flemish physician, who studied at Paris under James
Sylvius. Shipwrecked on the island of Zante, where he perished. Born 1514;
died in 1564.-Beeton, p. 1055.
9
John Francis Fernel, physician to Henry II. of France, was the author
of a number of medical works. Born 1497; died 1558.—Beeton, p. 395.
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
491
69.
70.
71.
ENGRAVING OF PETRUS GASSENDUS10 DINIENSIS.
(ENGRAVING). "Effigies viri clarissimi Doctissimique
Jacobi Jehude Leonis" Hebræi structuræ tabernaculi
mosaici et templi Salomonis typi auctoris, ætatis anno
50."
ENGRAVING OF "PETRUS PIGRÆUS, Henrici IIII. Gal. et
Navar. Regis Chiriatros, æt. suæ 75.” Thomas de
Leu fecit, 1608.
"Virtutem res gesta canit, genus arguit alma
Virtus, ingenium littera docta suum ;
Hæc stet in æternum, mentis vivatis imago,
3
Ullo nec vultus, sole tadente ruat."
72. Tinted face of JOHN GRAY. Corpus Xti. Coll., Camb.,
4
1706.
3
73. Tinted bust of CARVILIUS MAGNUS. (Agricola, Sir John
Clerk).
74. PROFILE OF DITTO.
75. PROFILE OF SIR JOHN CLERK, by Dr. S., at Grantham,
20 May, 1727. ["20 May, 1727. This day Sir John
Clerk, Bart., Baron of the Exchequer in Scotland, visited
me, then seated in my pleasant house at Grantham. I
took him to Tickencote most ancient church or oratory,
built by King Peada; showed him the admirable spring,
or vast bason, pouring out continually, where he stood
for a considerable time in a surprise at so wonderful a
production of nature."]
76.
10
ENGRAVING OF "SIR THOMAS POPE," from an original by
H. Holbein. ["The picture is in the Lodge of Trin.
Coll., Oxford, which he founded."]
Peter Gassendi, a French philosopher and mathematician, was appointed
teacher of rhetoric at Digne before he was 18 years of age. At 20 years of age
he was professor of divinity and philosophy at Aix, when he ventured to oppose
the system of Aristotle. He then became canon of Digne. After visiting
Holland he applied himself to astronomy. In 1631, he was the first to observe
a transit of Mercury, which had been previously calculated by Kepler. Born
near Digne, in 1592; died in 1655.—Beeton, p. 436.
11
James Leoni, a Venetian architect, who settled in England, and published,
in 1742, an edition of "Palladio's Architecture." Died in 1746.-Beeton,
p. 644.
492
APPENDIX.
77. ENGRAVING OF GUYBERT, æt. 54, full face, holding book
with right hand, on which is "Le Medecin Charitable,"
by J. Picart.
78.
(6
Guybert par ces escritz malgré les envieux
Conserve la santé des jeunes et des vieux."
ENGRAVING OF MONSIEUR VOITURE,12 by M. Vandergucht
Uratisl. Siles. Phil. et
medic. facult. in Acad. Witteb. Profess. Pacsen., æt. 55,
1627." "Hæc est Sennerti facies: quem jure Meden-
tum Dixerim Aristotelen, Hippocratemque sophren.
August. Buchner.
Sam. Weishun. fecit, et sculp.
79. ENGRAVING OF DANIEL SENNERT. 13
""
80. ENGRAVING OF JAMES NAYLOR, the quaker, Pseudo
Christus.
81.
"Of all the sects that night and errors own,
And with false lights possess the world, ther's none
More strongly blind, or who more madly place
The light of nature for the light of grace."
["Dorcas Erbury and Martha Symonds going up to
the knees in mire, by his horse's side, and a man lead-
ing his horse, bareheaded, they entered Bristol, 1656,
crying out Hosanna, &c., Holy, Holy, Holy, &c."]
Tinted PORTRAIT OF CHAUCER.
"Ex originali penes
Rogerum Gale Arm., 31 Jan., 1733-4.”
82. PROFILE OF JOHN, DUKE OF MONTAGU.
83. ENGRAVING OF T. HERNE, by Parr, Sculp.
"Hearnius, behold in closet close y-pent,
Of sober face, with learned dust besprent ;
To future ages will his dulness last
Who hath preserved the dulness of the past."
84. PORTRAIT OF DR. STUKELEY, M.D., by Vandergucht.
12
Vincent Voiture, a French writer, whose works consist of poems and
letters, and an unfinished romance. Born at Amiens, 1598; died 1648.-
Beeton, p. 1064.
18 A German physician, professor of physic at Wirtemberg, who sought to
reconcile the theories of Paracelsus with those of Galen. Born 1552; died
1637.-Beeton, p. 933.
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
493
DRAWINGS BY DR. STUKELEY.
1. Sketch in pen and ink of S. Martin's, Canterbury. South
view. Nave, chancel, and low, square tower, embattled,
at west end of nave. Chancel, a round-headed door-
way and window ditto, both blocked up with masonry,
aud in S. W. corner a lancet window with cill near ground.
Nave, a trace of a blocked, round-headed doorway, a
decorated window of 2 lights, both near S. East end,
and a small lancet window at S. West end. Norman
buttresses: a note is added, "S. Ethelred and S. Bertha
buryed in the porch."
2. West and south elevations of the very old church on north
side of Westminster Abbey, 28 Sept., 1750 (destroyed).
3. Sketch in pen and ink of ruins of St. Gregory's Chapel,
Canterbury. The west gable, and parts of the east,
and N. and south walls, west door and window over,
apparently round-headed. High up in east wall a trace
of a circular window.
4. Slightly tinted Sketch of S. Paul's Church, Lincoln, 16
July, 1735; view looking S.W.
5. Plan of Wolfingcester (Torksey), 17 July, 1735; and a
Sketch of Castle, which then consisted of an octagonal
tower (N. W. angle), and a north wall or curtain wall;
the other angle towers and walls gone.
6. Pen and ink Sketch of Rumsey Church, 14 June, 1724,
showing the Norman chancel, chancel aisle, and north
transept; view looking S. W.
7. Kneeling figure of
RADVĽFVS ƉE STWE, in painted
window in chapel, north of the high altar, Dorchester
cathedral.
8. Sketch of Norman doorway in north-west corner of Dor-
chester Cathedral, 2 Sept., 1736.
9. Sketch of leaden font, Dorchester cathedral (Norman),
2 Sept., 1736.
10. Piece of Sculpture of S. Chad's Shrine, Lichfield cathedral,
494
APPENDIX.
11. S. Chad's Well, by Lichfield.
12.
13.
Site of S. Chad's Cell, on the N.W. of the church; and a
ground plan of it.
Prospect of S. Chad's Hermitage, by Lichfield, 6 Oct.,
1736.
14. Effigy of S. Chad in the front of Lichfield cathedral,
7 Oct., 1736.
15. Shrine of S. Kyniburga, in Castor church, 10 Sep., 1737.
16. View of part of S. Wilfrid's Monastery at Oundle, 2 Aug.,
1735.
17. Prospect of the Monastery of St. Wilfrid (general view).
A cross or obelisc marks the spot where the prelate's
body was washed. (Hedda's Life of S. Wilfrid).
18. Interior view of S. Wilfrid's Chapel, Oundle.
19.
West view of S. Wilfrid's Monastery, Oundle, 25 Aug.,
1735.
20. Interior view of the old part of S. Sepulchre's church,
Northampton, 8 May, 1733.
21. View of Stukeley Church, Bucks. (Norman); nave, chancel,
and central tower; view looking S.E.
22. View of the chapel and hermitage called Guy's Cliff,
7 July, 1725.
23. The Statue of Guy, Earl of Warwick, in the chapel at
Guy's Cliff, near Warwick.
24. Pen and ink Sketch of Leofric and Godiva, in window of
Trinity church, Coventry.
25. Mitred head of S. William, Archbishop of York, kinsman
of K. Stephen, who died 8 June, 1154, from painted
window in Wistow church, 12 Sept., 1737.
26. Exterior view of Church of Holy Sepulchre, Northampton,
8 May, 1733.
27. Small Sketch of S. John's Church, Devizes, looking N.W.
28. Tinted Sketch of north entrance of Avebury, taken from
Monkton road; and scale elevations of 3 stones of circle
within the entrance,
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
495
29. Turketil's Manor at Cotenham, which he gave to Crowland
Abbey. 28 August, 1731 (pen and ink).
30. Pen and ink Sketch of Street, and Episcopal Church at
Leicester.
31. Sketch of Ovin's Stone, 27 Sept., 1736.
32.
33.
Part of the old Church at Ely, built by S. Audry, dedi-
cated to S. Peter (pencil drawing).
East end of S. Audry's Church, interior view.
34. S. Audry's Closet, interior view.
35.
36.
View of the most ancient parts of S. Audry's Monastery,
showing the East end (exterior) of the Church, her bed-
chamber, her closet, her garden, and churchyard where
she was buryed.
Drawings of all the sculptured Capitals representing S.
Audry's life, in lantern of Ely Cathedral, 14 Sept., 1737.
37. S. Audry's Shrine (interior view) in Ely Cathedral, 27
Sept., 1736.
38.
South West view of Pythagoras's School, Cambr., 26 May,
1736; also a ground plan of the same.
39. The Priory of Dovor, 7 Oct., 1722.
40. The appearance of Dovor at the time of Cæsar's landing,
(from the sea).
41. Pen and ink Sketch of Magiovintum (Stoney Stratford,
Bucks), 11 Sept., 1722.
42. Prospect of Londonthorp and Welby, Linc., from the stone
cross on the Roman road on Lincoln Heath, 2 July,
1729.
43.
Pen and ink Sketch of Avebury Church, Wilts., S. W. view.
44. Inside of Duke Humphrey's tomb, S. Albans.
45. Sketch of King Offa in S. Albans.
46.
Pen and ink Sketch of Gatehouse (from within), S. Albans,
1717.
47. Brass of Abbot (John de la Moote), with part of Canopy,
S. Albans.
496
APPENDIX.
49.
Brass of Sir Anthony de Grey.
Ditto of Thomas Rutlond, sub-Prior.
Ditto of an Abbot, parts of inscription "Benedicta sit
sancta Trinitas," and 2 coats of arms, with supporters,
apparently goats.
48. View of Vaudy Abbey and Gatehouse, 12 July, 1736.
Pen and ink Sketch of the Abbot's lodgings (query,
Glastonbury), now demolished; drawn by Strachey.
Section of the Abbot's kitchen, Glastonbury; with ground
plan, 16 Aug., 1723. "Thomas Prew, a Presbyterian
tenant to the Duke of Devon, demolisher of the Abbey."
Pen and ink Sketch of Glastonbury Tor.
50.
51.
52. Sketch in pen and ink of the Episcopal Palace, Ely, 23
July, 1741.
53. Ink Sketch in outline of Wingford Church, by Ely, South
view, 24 July, 1741.
54. View of the Roman Camp and Roman Causeway into the
Isle of Ely, called Audrey Causeway, now called Belsar's
hills.
55. A slight Sketch of Little Dryfield, Yorkshire, 2 July, 1740,
and drawings of heads of a king and queen, dripstone
ends of North door of Church.
56.
57.
Elevation of nave wall, Great Driffield Church.
South doorway of Godmundham Church, Yorkshire, 1
July, 1740; also front and ground plan of Tower,
showing position of font.
58. Ink Sketch of North side of nave of Tickencourt Church.
59. North East view of Tickencourt Church.
60. South side of Tickencourt Church, July 20,
61. East end of the same, 16 July, 1731.
62.
Chancel arch of the same.
1731.
63. Interior of chancel of the same, in foreground Stukeley and
Peck are standing.
64. Ground plan of chancel of the same, to scale,
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
497
65. Transverse section of chancel, looking west.
66. S. Wyburga, and another female saint bearing a book in
right hand, and a palm branch in left, in the chancel
windows at Burton Latimer Church, Northants.
67. S. Kyniberga, from an ancient painting in her coffer in
Castor Church, 1739.
68. S. Kyniswitha, a painting in her coffer in Castor Church.
69. Archbishop Wulstan and Bp. Elfgar, from paintings in
Ely Cathedral.
70. Sketch of North and South doorways of Wingford Church,
by Ely, 24 July, 1711.
71.
South porch of Careby Church, near Stamford.
72. Remains of priory Church of S. Leonard (Norman), by
Stamford. Engraving by John Langton.
73. Chapel of S. Thos. a Becket, in Peterborough Minster
Yard, 8 June, 1748. Small sketch in outline.
74. Outline Sketch of chancel of Bytham Church, Linc., 3 Dec.
1734.
75.
76.
View of Ripon Market Place, looking S. E., 14 Sept., 1725.
Elevation of Nave wall of Southwell Minster, in outline,
17 Sept., 1734.
77. Ground plan of Lesnes Abbey, in Earith, 9 Oct., 1752.
78. South wall inside of Chapel of Lesnes Priory, Kent.
79.
West gable of S. Tibba's Cell, N.W. angle of Ryhall Ch.,
near Stamford; also S. Tibba's shrine, 22 June, 1736.
80. Figure of S. Oswald in painted window, drawn by F. Peck,
14 Aug., 1740.
81. Ground plan of S. Wilfrid's Monastery, Oundle; and a
drawing of a boss carved on a beam there, representing
3 rabbits, so arranged that 3 ears answer for 6.
82. Sketch of South side (exterior) of Gretford Church, Linc.
83. Drawings of 2 small Medallions in painted glass, S. Peter's
Church, Stamford, one representing symbol of S. Matth.,
the other a chalice and wafer, in rays of glory.
GG
498
APPENDIX.
84. South doorway of Essendine Church (Norman), Rutland
5 May, 1733.
85. Coloured drawing of S. Wilfrid in S. window of S. Tran-
sept, York Minster.
86. Pencil drawing in outline of a Medallion in window South
of the high altar, Dorchester, representing S. Birinus,
2 Sept., 1736.
87. Tinted drawing of gable of S. Tibba's Cell, by M. Tyson.
88. Wolfer (Wulfhere), King of Mercia, statue in the gate of
palace, Peterborough.
89. Statue of S. Kyniburga, in palace gate, Peterborough.
90. Ink outline of Sketch of West front of Tower of Wrexham
Church.
91. Ivy Cross in Sutton, S. James, Yorksh., 23 Aug., 1722.
92. W. view of S. Michael's Church, Coventry, 11 July, 1725.
93. Double piscina, and coats of arms in S. Chapel in transept
of Soham Church, 13 Sept., 1745, quarterly, 1 and 4,
Az a fess dancette 0, with 3 martlets (?) between 8
garbs 0, 2 and 3, Barry 0 and Az a canton erm, second
coat on a lion rampant Ar a bend O and Az.
94. North view of Soham Church.
95. S. Audrey in painted glass, in Ely house, 14 April, 1757.
96. Plan of roof of Prior's kitchen, Durham.
97. Gurgoyles and other details, and upper part of an effigy
of knight, in chain mail and surcoat, Burton Coggles
Church, Linc., 27 July, 1745.
98. General view of Whaddon Hall, Bucks, and grounds, the
seat of Browne Willis, Esq.
99. Ink Sketch of Hobson's Conduit, Cambr., Aug. 21, 1722.
100. Small Sketch in ink of Town Hall, Spalding, built by
John Hobson, in 1621, 28 Aug., 1722.
101. Tinted Sketch of a view in Newark, 7 Sept., 1722.
102. Prospect in ink of Claremont, 20 Sept., 1722.
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
499
103. Ink Sketch of the monument on Lansdown, near Bath,
17 July, 1723.
104. General view of the ruins of Glastonbury Abbey, Aug. 17,
1723.
105. View of Salisbury Cathedral, from Harnham hill, Aug.
26, 1723.
106. Prospect of the same from Wilton park.
107. Winchester Cross, and Wm. Rufus's tomb, 10 Sept., 1723.
108. Chichester Cross, 15 Sept., 1723.
109. View of Portsmouth, 11 Sept., 1723.
110. Tinted view of the spring head by Uffington meadows,
which Mr. John Stukeley (the Doctor's grandfather)
made and sett round with trees, 11 July, 1724.
111. Prospect of Stamford, from the London road and Hermen
Street, 13 July, 1724.
112. Tinted view of Crowland Bridge, 14 July, 1724.
113. Ink Sketch of Fereby sluice, alias the confines of hell,
24 July, 1724.
114.
Elevation in outline of a building adjoining to John of
Gaunt's palace at Lincoln. 26 July, 1724.
115. Tinted Sketch of Antiquity Hall, near the ruins of
Raleigh Abbey, Oxford, 8 Sept., 1724.
116. View of Blenheim Castle, from Rosamund's Bower,
9 Sept., 1724.
117.
"Cyngetorigis Regis palatium," 13 Oct., 1724, general
view of the house and country, from the park.
118. The Hall and ruins of the king's palace at Eltham,
17 Oct., 1724.
119.
Mr. Stephen's house (the historiographer) at Edmondton,
17 Nov., 1724.
120. Tothill Castle by Dunstable, 4 July, 1725.
121. Prospect from the top of Stafford Castle, 17 July, 1725,
the Wrekin and Malvern hills in the distance.
122. Prospect of Tutbury Castle, 20 July, 1725.
500
APPENDIX.
123. The Cascade at Chatsworth, 26 July, 1725.
124. Pool's hole in Derbyshire, 26 July, 1725.
125. Prospect of Buxton, 27 July, 1725.
126. Prospect of Stafford Castle.
127. Prospect of Kendal Church and Castle from Kirkbarrow
Hill, 14 Aug., 1725.
128. "Venusii Brigantum Regis palatium," the seat of Roger
Gale, 13 Sept., 1725.
129. Robin Hood's well, and the Hermen street, 20 Sept., 1725.
130. Robin Hood's grave, drawn by Dr. Johnston.
131. A grotto designed by Inigo Jones, at Woburn Abbey.
132. Tickenhall near Bewdley, Worc. (timber house).
133. Boston Cross.
134.
135.
"Cella fratris Johis Murray, ordinis eremitarum, apud
Sacomb," Herts, 6 June, 1726.
Woodcroft Castle, in Elton Parish, Notts., where Dr.
Hudson, minister of Uffington, was killed in the Civil
Wars, 6 June, 1648, 6 Nov., 1734.
136. The remains of Nocton Priory (Sir Richard Ellys's),
31 Aug., 1727.
137. The front of Averham park house, 24 July, 1728 (distant
view).
138. Ditto, a near view.
139. A prospect of the Cascade and gardens of Hough, the
seat of Edward Payne, Esq., 9 Nov., 1728.
140.
A view at Aserby, Sir Francis Whichcote's, 16 July, 1730.
141. Cotenham house, 19 May, 1731.
142. Prospect of Whittlesea mere, 8 June, 1733.
143.
144.
"Memoriae illustrissimi Grimei," 4 July, 1735.
Gate house of Vaudy Abbey, now the keeper's lodge of
Grimsthorp park, 4 July, 1735.
145. Ground plot of Fokingham Castle, the ancient seat of the
Lacys, 15 July, 1735.
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
501
146.
Outline drawing (N. West view) of Toft Chapel, 13 Sept.,
1735.
147. Edmund Weaver's Uraniburg (originally a hermitage
with a chapel), 16 Oct., 1735.
148. Single-stone window from S. Tibba's Chapel, and a single-
stone window in Harding of Ryhall's house, 22 June,
1736.
149. Vaulted Cellar in the Manor house at Ryhall, once of
Harding of Ryhall.
150.
Part of the Manor house at Ryhall, once Harding of
Ryhall's; and also once the dwelling of Waltheof of
Northumberland.
151. Outline drawing in pencil of Mr. Warburton's house at
Brent Broughton.
152. Pencil Sketch of Boughton garden from the house, 5 Oct.,
1706.
153. Plan of Grimsthorp garden, 26 July, 1736.
154. A view from Grimes walk in Grimsthorp gardens, 27 July,
1736.
155. The parterre at Grimsthorp, 28 July, 1736.
156. View of the site of Vaudy Abbey, in the Duke of
Ancaster's park, 29 July, 1736.
157. The Duchess's bastion in Grimsthorp gardens, 10 Aug.,
1736.
=
158. A view in the park of Barington house, 31 Aug., 1736.
159. Outline Sketch of the house my ancestors lived in at
Castor, by Peterborough, toward the pasture, 1737.
160. View of the garden front of Sir Rob. Walpole's seat of
Houghton, 23 July, 1740.
161. Abraham Cowley's house at Chertsey, 16 July, 1752.
162. The Mausoleum in the garden at Boughton, 7 Sept., 1742.
163. Rough Sketch of Lord Gainsborough's Cascade in Exton
park, 26 June, 1744.
164. View of the Cascade at Boughton, 8 Sept., 1742.
502
APPENDIX.
165.
View in Boughton gardens, 16 Sept., 1744.
166. View of the bridge designed by Dr. S. for the Duke of
Montague, but never erected, 1744.
167. View of the parterre garden, Wimpole Hall, 8 Oct., 1747.
168. View of the grand avenue, Wimpole Hall.
169. View of Boughton house, 8 Oct., 1748.
170. Chapel in S. East angle of Weekley Church, with a design
by Dr. S., at the Duke's request, for his Grace's grave,
171.
66
a young man and woman to be marryed over the
grave on Mayday morning annually, with £100 por-
tion," June 1744.
Profile of the Duke of Montague, drawn by Dr. S.
"Memoriter."
172. The seat of W. Peirson, Esq., at Stokesley, from the
West, 26 Oct., 1754.
173. Prospect of Stokesley and Rosebury toppin, 26 Oct., 1745.
174. The seat of Thomas Williamson, Gent., at Allington,
22 Dec., 1727.
175.
176.
177.
"Castellulum Vanbrugiense apud Grenovicum," 18 Aug.,
1722.
South view in outline of Castor Church, by Durobrivis,
(Chesterton), the site of an old Roman Castrum, 13
July, 1724.
S. Hugh's Shrine, 17 July, 1735.
178. Virgin and child in painted window, Holbech Church.
179. Ground plan of a house at Impington, 8 Aug., 1754.
180. View of King's Coll. and Clare Hall, Cambr., 8 Aug.,
1754, from the garden.
181. Flitcroft house, 7 Feb., 1726.
182. Ancient house, Grove Street, Hackney, Mr. Aynsworth's
dwelling, 16 May, 1725; pen and ink Sketch.
183. Sketch of Tom Train's house at Fencote, 24 June, 1740.
184. Pen and ink drawings of the Hurlers, Boscawen-ûn, and
the Mên-an-tol, by Dr. Borlase,
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
503
185. The alate Temple at Barrow, Linc., on the banks of the
Humber, 25 July, 1724.
186. Part of an avenue of Monoliths, in Cornwall, and plan of
“Arthur's Hall," a square of Monoliths (in same
county), 60ft. long, 35ft. broad, on a plain of a
mountain.
187. Stonehenge, as restored by Inigo Jones.
188. Stone circle, "Long Meg," Aug. 16, 1725.
189. Stone circle, "Medgley's Fold," Shropshire, 1754.
190. Long barrow by the Foss road at Radcliff, Notts, near
Cosington, 8 Sept., 1722.
191. Circle near Little Salkeld, from the S. West.
192. Mayborough circle, near Penrith, 15 Aug., 1725.
193. Circular earth-works on the bank of the Louther, near
Penrith, 15 Aug., 1725.
194. Alate Temple on Navestock Common, Epping Forest.
195. View of the stones of Stanton Drew, drawn by Mr.
Strachey.
196. Plan and section of a broch (Glenbogg) in Scotland; also
of Castle Telloe (broch).
197. View of the country showing situation of Kits Coty house,
15 Oct., 1722.
198. Prospect of a Cursus called Dike hills, at Dorchester,
Oxfordsh., Sept., 1736.
199. View of Stanton Drew circle, the village, and country,
July, 1723.
200. Scenography of Avebury, restored.
201. Ground plan of Stonehenge.
202. Stonehenge, restored.
203. Ditto.
204. General view of Avebury Monument, according to
Stukeley, 1724.
205. Prospect of Avebury, from the South side of Vallum,
19 July, 1723.
504
APPENDIX.
206. Bronze Celts found near Margate, in the possession of
Lord Winchelsea, 21 Feb., 1722.
207. Mr. Bryan's bronze Celt found in Scotland.
208. Silver spoon found with Roman silver coins at Richmond,
Yorks.
209. Roman inscribed stones found at Bath, 1723.
210. Female head, Dr. Musgrave's Andromache, found near
Bath.
211. 2 statuettes in possession of Mr. Jackson, Warleigh, Essex,
found in a cavity in parish of Shenfield, 1725.
212.
215.
Syfer spring at Castor, Linc., (a Roman work), 26 July,
1724.
213. Inside view of East Gate, Chester, 2 Aug., 1725.
214. Riding Gate (Watling Street), Canterbury, 6 Oct., 1722.
Coloured drawing of Roman pavement at Cotherstock,
Northants., to the scale of 2in. to one foot, Aug., 1736.
Coloured drawing of part of pavement found in Denton
fields, Feb., 1727-8.
216.
218.
217. Drawing of a pavement at Aldborough, 1725.
Mosaic pavement found at Great Tew, Oxfordsh.
219. Part of a pavement found in the Dominical Friary, Leic.,
1754.
220.
Coloured drawing of another pavement at Aldborough,
near the Manor house.
221. Section of the Hypocaust at Lincoln, 1740.
222. Plan of the Roman Hypocaust (baths) found at Bath, 1755.
223. 2 coloured drawings of a Becket Shrine found in Mr.
Pulleyn's house, S. Neots, by Frances Stukeley, 23
Nov., 1748.
224. Outline Sketch in ink of S. Albans Church, S.E. view.
225. Ink Sketch of interior of ditto.
226. S. Edmund's Chapel, S.E. view, and the Lighthouse near
Hunstanton, Norf.
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
505
227. Section of the Prior's Kitchen, Durham, 12 Sept., 1725.
228. Side of Knight's tomb, Burton Coggles Church, 27 July,
1745.
229. Sketch of Shrine in Lady Chapel, Lincoln Cathedral.
230. Outline Sketch of Abbot Wheathamsted's Tomb in S.
Albans Abbey.
231. Brass of Sir Nicholas de Styvecle, North aisle of Great
Stukeley Church, Hunts., 9 July, 1721.
232. Brass of Abbot Thos. De la Mare, in S. Albans Church.
233. Transverse section of King's Coll. Chapel, Cambr., July,
234.
1734.
Brass of Abbot Frederick, in S. Albans Church, (probably
that of John Stoke), effigy lost with exception of
mitred head, top of pastoral staff, and 2 inscribed
labels, under triple canopy.
235. Alderman Ailwin, sculptured slab in Ramsay Churchyard.
236. Various details of windows, &c., in Oxborough Church,
10 Sept., 1745.
237. Prospect of Glastonbury Abbey, taken from near the
kitchen.
238.
239.
240.
Bishop's head, dripstone terminus, outside of South win-
dow of Balderton Church, Notts., 14 Aug., 1745.
Female head, dripstone terminus, outside of S. window,
Balderton.
Crowned head of Richard I., North side of Roiston
Church, 4 Oct., 1745.
241. Prospect of Glastonbury Abbey, looking North, 17 Aug.,
242.
1723.
Details in Balderton Church, 14 Aug., 1745 (coats of
arms, Or, a lion rampant, G., Barry, Arg. and Sa.),
South East window taken from outside.
243. The reredos of High Altar, S Albans, Dec. 28, 1720.
244. Back of the same.
245. Abbot Ramryge's Tomb, S. Albans, (outline elevation).
506
APPENDIX.
246.
Shrine of S. Alban.
247.
Brass of Thomas de la Mare, S. Albans.
?
248. South side of Gate house, West end of S. Albans.
249. North side of ditto.
250. North side of Gate house, on North side of S. Albans.
251. Ground plan, and elevation of S. side (within) of Stow
Chancel, Linc.
252. Sketch of Chancel Arch (looking West), Tickencote Ch.
253. Sketch of Chancel (inside) of ditto, looking East.
254. Ground plan of ditto.
255.
West front of Lichfield Cathedral.
256. Ancient sculpture, (head of S. John Baptist in a charger,
with surrounding figures), in possession of Dr. Stukeley,
the gift of Samuel Gale, 1739.
257. Prospect of Kirleys Abbey, taken from the footway
leading to Hartshead Church.
258. West side of Norwick Castle, 21 May, 1734.
259. Steeple doorway of S. Lawrence's Church, Norwich.
260. Section of Roiston Cell, 19 Oct., 1742.
261. Sculptures on West side of ditto (2 drawings).
262. Ditto (2 drawings).
263. Ditto on S. side of ditto.
264. Ditto on S. West side of ditto.
265. Carving in spandrel of steeple doorway, S. Lawrence's
Church, Norwich, representing the Saints' Martyrdom.
266. North side of S. John's Hospital gate, London, 18 Feb.,
1723-4.
267. Lady Rosia's seal.
268. Part of an ancient alabaster portable altar, representing
the passion of some Saint.
269. S. Guthlac's Cross, and bottom of S. Ovin's Cross at
Haddenham, Cambs.
LIST OF PORTRAITS, DRAWINGS, ETC.
507
270. Stukeley's design for strengthening weak arch of West-
minster Bridge, 30 Aug., 1750.
271. Lady Elwill's House at Langley, Kent, 1718.
272. Stukeley's House at Boston, Nov. 3, 1714.
273. The new building, Staple Inn, Garden Court, built 1699.
INDEX OF NAMES.
The letter n after the number of the page refers to the note.
ABRAHAM, 162.
A
Abruger, Sir Thomas, 222.
Acquitani, the, 225 n.
Adam, 88.
Addinall, John, 242 n.
Addison, Mr. Secretary, 322, 327.
Aelius, Hadrian, 136; Maximus, 136.
Aemilian, family, 184.
Aethelbald, King, 159. 159 ₪.
Aethilwald, King, 159 n.
Agatha, mother of Ulfus, 457.
Agricola, 212, 215, 216, 417, 422, 425.
Agripina, 229, 321, 322, 440.
Agrippa, 269.
Ailesbury, Earl of, 336.
Ailwin, Alderman, 505.
Ainsworth, Mr., 189.
Aislaby, John, Esq., M.P., 337.
Alan, Earl, 366, 367, 457.
Albemarle, William, Earl of, 331, 332.
Aldborough, ancient family of, 278 n.
Aldwin, 280 n.
Alfred, King, 83, 83 n, 304, 329, 330.
Algar, Count, 169; Duke, 457.
Alectus, coin of, 30, 145, 148, 359.
Alkfrid, Prince, 48; King, 382, 383.
Alexander, Severus, 61; Bishop of
Lincoln, 160 n, 220.
Alla, 298, 361 n.
Alphred, of Beverley, 296, 298.
Alsagar, arms of, 52 n.
Altingius, 438.
Amandus, architect, 350, 396, 396 n,
398.
Ambiliati, 214 n.
Amelia, Fielding's Novel, 136, 136 n.
Americans, the, 266.
Amherst, 478 n.
Aminadab, 162.
Amminianus, Marcellinus, 43, 62, 396,
397, 398, 399.
Ammonius, M., 136.
Anastatius, Emperor, 221.
Ancaster, Duke of, 10, 237 n, 501.
Ancaster, Duchess Jane, 478.
Andrew, Abbot, 47, 48, 48 n.
Anglois, Mrs. Esther, 125.
Anne, Queen, 22, 319, 340 n, 485 n.
Antoninus, coin of, 60, 229, 400.
Antoninus Pius, 85 n, 99, 99 n, 107,
129, 230, 244 n, 400, 411, 413.
Antoninus, Philosophus, 146.
Antoninus, Iters of, 74, 75, 78, 78 n,
79, 80 n, 81 n, 83, 94, 132, 139, 147,
252, 264, 291, 296, 297 n, 300, 304,
400, 401, 419.
Antonines, the, 146, 321.
Antonia, 410 n.
Antony, Marc, 58, 410 n.
Anstis, Mr., 280.
Anstitius, 108.
Apollo, 101, 110, 111, 118, 120, 129,
181, 289.
Apuleius, 373.
Arabs, the, 441.
Arbuthnot, Mr., 326.
Arderon, Mr., F.R.S., 30, 30 n, 462.
Areskin, Ch., M.P., 409.
Aristotle, 491 n.
Armenians, 190 n.
Athelstan, King, 384, 384 n.
Arthington, Mrs., 343, 344.
Arthur, King, 23; Prince, 279.
Artis, Mr., 54 n.
510
INDEX OF NAMES.
Ashburnham, Mr. John, 447, 447 n,
449, 450, 452, 453, 454, 455, 459,
460; Earls of, 447 n.
Ashmole, Mr., 202.
Ashurst, Edward, 486.
Astaroth, 96 n.
Asserius, 208.
Astarte, 96 n, 97 n, 130 n, 133.
Astures, the, 131 n.
Athol, Duke of, 424, 425.
Attacotti, the, 38.
Aubrey, John, 246 n, 370 n, 386.
Augusta of Wales, Princess, 211.
Augustas, Coins of the, 382.
Augusti, 351.
Augustus, 139, 185, 269, 286, 321, 322,
400, 464.
Aulus Plautius, 213.
Aurelius Germanicus, 286.
Aurelius, Marcus, 145, 148.
Austrians, the, 349 n.
Ausonius, 399.
Aynsworth, Mr., 502.
B
BAAL, or Bell, 433, 433 n.
Bacchus, 109, 255, 481, n.
Bacon, family of, 72.
Bacula, Abbot, 53.
Bainbridge, Rev. Mr., 52.
Baker, Mr., 14, 31, 472.
Ball, Mr. Philip, 484.
Bar, Count of, 332 n.
Barbarus, Hermolaus, 490.
Bardolf, 161 n, 470.
Barnes, Mr., 208 n, 431.
Barton, Mr., 71; Rev. Richard, 74, 462.
Basil, Bishop of Seleucia, 396.
Batavi, the, 100.
Bathurst, Lord, 211.
Battie, Mr., 22.
Baxter, Mr., 227 n, 353, 440, 486.
Beach, Mary, 21.
Beaufort, John, Earl of Somerset, 65 n.
Beaumonde, Rev. William, 74.
Beaumont, Mr. Anselm, 484.
Bebe, Richard, 57, 57 n.
Becket, à, Thomas, 2, 13, 497.
Bede, 6, 12, 81, 199 n, 205 n, 213, 216,
217, 225, 295, 297 n, 298, 381, 382.
Bedford, Duke of, 54, 471.
Bedingfield, family of, 471.
Begerus, 110.
Beke, Dr., 245 n.
Belasis, Lord, 452.
Belatucadrus, 400.
Belgæ, the, 215 n, 225, 248, 249, 253.
Bell, Beaupré, 326, 468, 471.
Bellomonte, Roger de, 469, 469 n.
Beornredus, 330.
Benedict, Abbot, 28, 48.
Bennett, Richard, Esq., 210 n.
Bentley, Dr., 183.
Benzik, Mr., engraver, 19.
Berenice, 320 n.
Bernak, Ralph de, 68, 68 n; Roesia
de, 68, 68 n.
Bernard, Sir John, 474.
Bertie, Mr., 236, 242.
Bevalius, 470.
Beweforest, Sir Richard, 162, 162 n;
Margaret, 162 n; Richard, gent.,
163 n.
Bird, Mr., 462.
Birinus, 160, 160 n, 161, 163.
Blackett, N., M.P., 351; Sir Edward,
361 n.
Blackwell, Mr., 105, 105 n, 111 n.
Blanche, Eustachius le, 470.
Blandy, Miss, 16.
Blessens, Peter, 68.
Blomefield, Mr., 29.
Blund, or le Blound, 469, 469 n.
Boadicea, 232, 245, 305.
Bodin, Mr., 462.
Bogdoni, Mr., 124, 124 n.
Boileau, Sir John P., 200 n.
Boleyn, Anna, 485, 488.
Bonner, Bishop, 17, 17 n.
Booth, Lawrence, 336.
Borlase, Rev. Dr., 502.
Borrow, Rev. W., 74.
Boscawen, 478 n.
Boteler, Francis, 315; Le, 470.
Bourn, Thomas, Abbot, 74.
Bowes, Sir Thomas, 368.
Bowles, Mr., 270 n, 409.
INDEX OF NAMES.
511
Bowyer, Mr. Wm., 182.
Boxhornius, 138.
Boyd, Mr. Zachariah, 414.
Brachmans, the, 266.
Bradshaw, Serjeant, 319 n.
Bragge, Mr. Robt., 5.
Brakenridge, Dr., 474, 475, 479.
Breval, 323, 324.
Bridges, Mr., 65 n.
Brigantes, the, 358, 397, 398, 400.
Brigantia, 233, 345, 350, 350 n, 351,
395, 396, 396 n, 397, 400, 402, 404,
409, 410, 420, 434.
Britannia, 127, 129, 148, 233, 233 n,
345, 350, 351 n, 372, 420.
Britons, the, 64, 75 n, 84, 91, 92, 93,
123, 165, 190 n, 203, 204, 206, 209,
213, 213 n, 215, 217, 218, 221, 225,
225 n, 236 n, 243, 252, 266, 273, 275,
296, 297, 298, 347, 348, 375, 378,
389 n, 425, 471.
Brook, Sir James, 285, 287, 287 n;
Lady, 293, 293 n.
Brown, Mr., 16, 156; Wm., 73; Mar-
garet, 73; John, 453; 455, 456, 458.
Broxholme, Dr., 16.
Bruce, Sir Wm., 422; Sir John, 422;
Sir Michael, 242, 428, 429, 430, 432,
433; Rev. Dr., 114 n, 419 n.
Brudenel, family of, 67, 67 n, 173;
Mr., 462; Robert, 67 n; Edmund,
67 n; Sir Robert, 67 n; Margaret,
67n; Phyllype, 67 n; Lord, 67 n;
Colonel, 71.
Buccleugh, Duke of, 323.
Buchanan, Geo., skull of, 416.
Buchner, Aug., 492.
Buck, Mr. Sam., 150, 459.
Buckingham, Duke of, 447.
Buerton, Arms of, 52 n.
Burgh de, Abbot, 73.
Bullen, Francis, 5; Wm., Surgeon, 487.
Bullock, Dr., 63.
Burleigh, Lord, 201 n.
Burnett, Sam., 257; Dr. Thomas, 335.
Burlington, Lord, 355, 356, 359, 380,
381, 386.
Butler, Mr., 66, 349; Mrs., 365; Bever-
ley, Esq., 456.
Burton, Rev. G., 167, 196, 199, 325,
356, 471.
Burgred, King, 132, 132 n.
Byrom, Dr. John, 480, 480 n, 481 n,
482, 483.
C
CADBY, William, 246.
Caecilius, 123 n.
Caesars, Coins of the, 283.
Cæsar, Julius, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 125, 165
203, 204, 206, 206 n, 207 n, 208, 209,
214, 214 n, 215, 225, 226, 249, 297,
398, 495.
Caius and Lucius, Coin of, 44, 62;
Mannius, 180; Severus, 183 n, 193;
Arris, 188; Caligula, 324.
Calder, Thomas, 411 n.
Caledonians, the, 425.
Calverley, Sir Henry, M.P., 336.
Camden, Mr., 6, 10, 23, 25, 65 n, 66,
75 n, 76, 79, 80, 81, 81 n, 95, 97, 99,
125, 114, 156, 187, 206 n, 217, 218,
222, 227 n, 233, 252, 258, 265, 282 n,
296, 297, 299, 301, 302, 308, 309, 311,
314, 315, 354, 355, 376, 382, 404, 417,
440, 442.
Camillus, 411, 411 n, 412, 413.
Campbell, Dr., 476.
Campion, Mr., 33, 36.
Canaanites, 275.
Cantelupe, family of, 19.
Canterbury, Archbishop of, 204.
Capes, family of, 210 n.
Caracalla, 107, 233 n, 282, 351, 397.
Caratoc, 298, 321.
Carausius, Coins of, 30, 42, 133, 139,
145, 148, 183 n, 192, 197, 269, 271,
320 n, 346, 358, 359, 442.
Cardan, Jerome, 490.
Cardigan, Lord, 67, 67 n, 68, 173, 462.
Cardismandona, 321.
Carew, Sir Nicholas, 205 n.
Carey, Lord, 10.
Carlisle, Lord, 312, 334, 334 n, 368,
373 n.
Carmelites, the, 222.
Carvilius, 243, 247, 251, 485.
512
INDEX OF NAMES.
Carter, Mr., 278.
Cary, Sir Nicholas, 486.
Cassibelan, 8, 9, 10, 18 n, 206, 207, 209.
Castile, Constance of, Arms of, 162.
Cat, Monsr. le, 474.
Cataratacus, 213.
Catharine, Saint, 47.
Catus Decianus, 236, 236 n.
Caux de, Abbot, 65.
Cavendish, Lord Charles, 476.
Caxton, printer, 75 n.
Cay, Robert, 110, 118, 120.
Caylus, Count, 192.
Ceawlin, 250 n.
Cedwallas, King, 217.
Celsus, 263.
Celts, the, 225, 243.
Censores, the, 399, 405.
Ceolwlf, 132 n.
Cerberus, 379.
Cerdic, 298.
Ceres, 101, 101 n, 109, 120, 350.
Chandler, Dr., 479.
Chandos, Duke of, 8.
Charles I.. 3, 17, 22, 30, 67 n, 150,
201 n, 280, 445, 471, 489; II., 22,
99 n, 205 n, 279, 422.
Chaucer, 492.
Cheron, painter, 64, 462.
Chesney, Robert de, Bishop of Lincoln,
151.
Cheyne, Mr., 249.
Chichester, Bishop of, 232.
Chishul, Mr., 189 n.
Chinese, the, 266.
Cholmley, Sir Henry, 336.
Christiern, C., 486.
Chrysostom, 232.
Chyndonax, 20.
Churchill, General, 3; Mr., 294, 294 n.
Cicero, 143, 189. 189 n, 398, 405.
Cingetorix, 245, 249, 249 n.
Ciolwf, 132 n.
14
Cirencester, Richard of, 178, 204.
Cissa, 217, 220.
Clamp, Mr., engineer, 150, 459.
Clare, Brian de, 469.
Clarendon, Lord, 448 n, 458.
Clark, Mr., 164.
Clarke, Richard, Chamberlain of Lon- .
don, 210 n.
Claudia, 140, 233.
Claudian, family, 229; poet, 111, 295.
Claudius, Emperor, 63, 212, 213, 214,
214 n, 215, 227, 227 n, 229, 236, 321,
440; Coins of, 44, 62, 235, 343.
Claxton, Sir Jeremy, 353.
Clemens, 189, 189 n.
Clement, Pope, 13.
Clerk, Sir John (Baron), 32, 45, 86,
91, 92, 105, 109, 114, 114 n, 120, 126,
129, 181, 230, 231, 262, 264 n, 265 n,
389, 390, 391, 393, 394, 395, 400, 401,
404, 406. 406 n, 407, 408, 409, 410,
411, 412, 413, 416, 417, 418, 420, 421,
424, 428, 429, 430, 432, 433, 434, 435,
437, 491; Lady, 437; Joshua, 257 ;
John le, 336; Gilbert, 463.
Cleypole, Lady, 468.
Clifford, Arms of, 372 n.
Cnut, 366.
Coates, James, 306.
; Ed-
Coatsworth, John, Esq., 136 n
ward, 136 n; Michael, 136 n.
Cobham, Thomas, Bishop of Worces-
ter, 315, 316.
Cock, auctioneer, 5.
Cogidubnus, 233.
Cohen, 327 n.
Coke, Lord, 462.
Cole, Rev. W., 445; I., engraver, 40 n.
Coleby, Dr., 462.
Coleraine, Lord, 28, 322, 473.
Colburn, Mr., 462.
Collins, Mr., bookseller, 277; painter,
484; collector, 59.
Collinson, Mr., 472.
Columbus, 243.
Commodus, 110, 129.
Comyn, William, 82.
Coney, E., Esq., 27.
Constantine, 12, 13, 42, 43, 59, 61, 140,
145, 148, 170, 172, 181, 242. 289, 290,
348, 359, 379; Junior, 41, 43, 58.
Constantius, 62, 145, 189 n, 287, 289,
290, 347, 348, 359, 364, 379, 398.
Conyers, Lord, 340, 340 n, 341.
Cooksey, family of, 279.
INDEX OF NAMES.
513
Cookson, Isaac, goldsmith, 110, 110 n,
114, 118, 119, 305.
Copley, Sir Godfrey, 476.
Coram, Capt., 16 n.
Cosins, Bishop, 334; Mr., 102.
Costa, Mr. de la, 14.
Cotton, Sir Robert, 125; Sir John,
299.
Courtnay, arms of, 372.
Cowley, Mr., poet, 7, 209, 210, 210 n;
Abraham, 501.
Cowper, Mr., painter, 152.
Coyfi, 381, 382.
Creed, Mrs. Elizabeth, 58 n.
Crescens, 189, 189 n.
Cretans, the, 190.
Crispus, 145, 148.
Cromwell, Oliver, 3, 17, 22, 279, 303,
468; Lord, 21.
Crowe, Mr. Christopher, 340 n, 431.
Croyland, Nicholas, prior, 74.
Cudred, King, 159, 159 n.
Cugerni, the, 100, 100 n.
Cumberland, Bishop, 14. 463, 166.
Cumin, Robert, 329; William, Chan-
cellor of Scotland, 332.
Cunobelin, 213.
Currie, S, 134, 434.
Curtis, Mr., 14, 445.
Cymen, 217.
Cynegil, King, 160 », 161.
Cynric, 250 n.
Cyril, 232.
DACI, the, 136.
D
D'Acosta, Mr., 180, 443.
Dacres, Lord, 334, 369.
Daimon, 266.
Daivel, Goscelin, 332, 333.
Daltary, Mr., 358.
Dalton, Mr., 16; Sir Charles, 280.
Danby, Thos., Esq., 368; Sir Abstru-
pus, 368; James, Esq., M.P, 336;
Christopher, 369 n.
Dance, the elder, 4 n.
Danes. the, 29, 56, 57, 58, 82, 163, 169,
205, 205 n, 220, 283, 371 n.
HH
Daniel, 415.
Dannye, Rev. Robert, 309, 317.
Darcy, Lord, 340, 340 n.
David, King of Scotland, 331; King
of Israel, 162, 481 n.
Davis, Dr., 191, 193, 269, 271; Mr.,
139, 424, 441.
Dawson, Mr., 138.
Deae Matres, 304, 304 n.
Decentius, coins of, 131.
Decian, 28 n.
Degg, Mr., 195; Sir Simon, 195 n.
Dekelun, Richard, Rev., 73, 73 n.
Denman, Mr., 18.
Denmark, George, Prince of, 485 n.
Derby, Earl, arms of, 162.
Deslandes, 439.
Despencer. arms of, 372.
Devereux, arms of, 162.
Devon, Duke of, 196.
Diablintes, the, 214 n.
Diana, 109, 112, 113, 118 n.
Dickenson, Mrs., 62, 66, 72, 150.
Didius Julianus, 397.
Digby, Mr., 173; Mrs., 173.
Dio Cassius, 107, 213, 213 n, 214.
Dioclesian, 270.
Diodora, 96, 96 n, 97.
Diogenes, 301.
Diomedes, 278.
Dingley, Mr., 22.
Dionysius Halicarnassus, 194, 376.
Dive, family, 151, 151 n.
Dobuni, the, 250.
Dodwell, Mr., 304.
Domitian, Coins of, 2 n, 53, 145, 145 n,
146, 149, 286.
Domitius Enobarbus, 229.
Dormer, Robert, Esq., M.P., 337.
Douglas, Dr., 174, 174 n.
Dowman, family of, 198, 199; Mary,
199; Mildmay, 199; Jane, 488.
Dowson, Rev. Ralph, 368 n.
Drake, Francis, Dr., 318, 320 n, 324,
325, 327, 342, 345, 347, 350, 351, 355,
359, 360, 362, 363, 364, 365, 378, 379,
380, 380 n, 386, 425.
Drayton, Sir John, 162 ; Isabella,
162 n; Michael, poet, 165.
514
INDEX OF NAMES.
Driffield, Mr. T., 130, 130 n.
Druids, the, 23, 24, 72, 139, 165, 178,
179, 211, 227, 276, 348, 358, 359, 375,
376, 383, 385, 386, 388, 441, 477.
Drumlanrig, Lord, 473.
Drury, Robert, 199; Ann, 199.
Drusilla, 440.
Drusus, 229, 410 n.
Dryden, Sir Henry, Bart., 153 n.
Duane, Mr., 130, 134, 194.
Ducarel, Dr., 178.
Duck, Stephen, 211.
Duccius, Lucius, 179 n, 180, 379.
Dugdale, Sir William, 157.
Dumferlin, Lord, 454.
Duncan, 458.
Dunch, Edmund, 164 n; Elizabeth,
164 n.
Duncombe, family of, 203 n.
Dunstan, Saint, 6.
Durer, Albert, 489.
Dutch, the, 190.
Dykelon, John, priest, 74.
E
EADBALD, King, 373 n.
Earconwald, Bishop, 205 n.
Eden, Sir William, 312 n.
Ecgfrid, King, 216.
Edgar, King, 205 n.
Edgard, Coin of, 167.
Edgcomb, Lord, 462.
Edleham, Rev. Robert, 74.
Edmund, King, 29, 29 n; Coin of, 167.
Edward, Confessor, 13, 173, 175, 280,
280 n, 365 n; I., 3 n, 64, 171, 172 n,
336, 368, 389; II., 13, 47, 332, 333,
335, 368, 372 n, 374 n; III., 12, 13,
47, 70 n, 331, 369; IV., 456; VI.,
22, 462.
Edwards, Mr., 59, 61.
Edwin, King, 298, 373 n, 379, 381, 457.
Egyptians, the, 110, 266, 267, 275.
Elaneia, Goddess, 314.
Eleanor, Queen, 64, 64 n; Cross of,
64, 64 n, 171.
Elfgar, Bishop, 497.
Elfin, Abbot, 167.
Eli, 18 n.
Elizabeth, Queen, 6, 19, 22, 63, 166 n,
170, 234 n, 285, 306 n, 368, 471; of
York, 204.
Ella, 217, 221, 222, 223, 224; Rev.
William, 144, 149 n.
Ellicot, Mr., 466.
Elliot, Mr., 227 n.
Ellis, Mr., 28.
Ellys, Sir Richard, 468, 500.
Elwill, Sir John, 485, 486; Elizabeth,
Lady, 486, 507.
Engayne, Richard, Senr., 72 n.
Entiis, George, Esq., 490.
Epimenides, 190.
Epiphanius, 232.
Erbury, Dorcas, 492.
Erskine, Mrs., 173.
Esculapius, 208 n.
Eshall, John, 306, 306 n.
Esk, son of Hengist, 222.
Ethelbert, King, 379.
Ethelburga, Queen, 379.
Ethelred, Coin of, 167, 361, 493.
Ethelwerd, 216, 221, 223.
Eubulus, 233.
Eugenius, Pope, 48 n.
Eutropius, 327.
Evans, John, Esq., 327 n.
Eve, 88.
Exeter, Bishop of, 204; Dean of, 180;
Lord, 168.
Eyles, Mrs., 487.
Eyre, Mr., 3; Serjeant, 475, 483.
Ezekiel, Vision of, 64.
F
FABIUS VALENS, 185.
Fairchild, Mr., 480 n; Rev. Mr., 480 n;
Mrs., 277.
Fairfax, family of, 73, 73 n; William,
73 n; Lord, 284; Brian, 287; Gen-
eral, 454.
Falconbridge, Richard de, 469, 469 n.
Farringdon, Mr., 442.
Faustina, Coin of, 129, 148, 229, 230,
326, 327, 420.
Febris, 350.
INDEX OF NAMES.
515
Felix the Burgundian, Bishop, 198,
198 n.
Fenwick, Robert, Esq., 354.
Fergus, 441.
Fernel, John Francis, 490, 490 n.
Ferrers, arms of, 162; Lord, 19, 19 n.
Festus, 114.
Fielding, Henry, 136 n.
Fingall, 277.
Fitz-Alan, Aymund, 470; Hugh, arms
of, 372, 372 n. Fitz-Walter, John,
Lord, 161. Fitz-William, Lord, 57.
Fitz-Warren, William, 471, 471 n.
Fitz-Lewis, 68.
Flavius Julianus, 397.
Fleetwood, Mr., 14, 389 n.
Fleming, Mr., 443.
Florilegius, 298.
Florus, 297.
Floyd, Rev. Mr., 483.
Folkes, Martin, 7, 8, 14, 29, 44, 200,
235, 274, 354, 472, 481 n, 482, 482 n.
Foote, Francis, Esq., 485.
Foresia, 189 n.
Fortune, goddess, 350, 481 n, 482.
Foudrinier, Mr., engraver, 384.
Foulis, Sir David, Bart., 337.
Fountaine, Sir Andrew, 28.
Fountains, Abbot of, 341.
Fowler, Richard, 247, 487; Mr. Wm.,
255 n.
Fox, John, 488; Mr., 203.
Francis, King, 13; Mr., 174 n.
Franklin, Dr., 466, 472, 473, 480.
Frascatorius, Jerome, 489, 190.
Frederick, Abbot, 505; Mr., 17.
Freeman, Mr. E. A., 160 n.
French, the, 189, 416.
Friga, 322.
Friend, Dr., 14.
Frithwold, 205 n.
Frotheringham, Mr., 466.
Fuller, 233.
Furnival, Lord, 372 n; F. de, 469.
GAIUS, 405, 406.
G
Gainsborough, Lord, 501.
Galba, coin of, 286.
Gale, Roger, 27, 28, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45,
47, 61, 74, 76, 77, 81, 81 n, 83, 91,
92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 105,
106, 109, 110, 114 n, 115, 116, 118,
120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 128, 139, 141,
143, 144, 146, 149, 153, 153 n, 155,
175, 181, 182, 188 n, 195, 227 n, 228,
229, 230, 232, 233, 236, 241, 241 n,
242, 245, 245 n, 249, 253, 256, 257,
259, 261, 262, 266, 268, 273, 273 n,
274, 280, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 311,
311 n, 312, 312 n, 313, 320, 320 n,
329, 331 n, 337, 339, 342, 344, 348,
352, 358, 366, 369 n, 370, 370 n, 372,
373 n, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380,
382, 386, 389, 390, 391, 393, 394, 395,
400, 401, 404, 407, 409, 411, 412, 413,
415, 418, 419, 420. 421, 424, 425, 427,
429, 430, 431, 435, 437, 440, 468,
481 n, 492, 500; Samuel, 44, 55, 195,
206 n, 273, 278, 305, 315, 318, 324,
325, 345, 348, 349, 506; Henry, 431;
Rev. Dr., 4, 145, 147, 281, 286, 291,
294, 294 n, 295 n, 296, 299, 309, 325,
346, 438; William, 170; Rev. Tho-
mas, 241, 361, 369 n; Roger, junior,
346; Mary, 241; George, Lord
Mayor of York, 326.
Galen, 492 n.
Galfridus Rufus, Bishop of Durham,
332.
Gallienus, 148, 327, 327 n, 343.
Garden, Dr. James, 386, 387 n.
Gauls, the, 91, 101, 214, 214 n, 225,
225 n, 413.
Gaunt, John of, 162, 499.
Gassendi, Peter, 491, 491 n.
Genebrier, 192, 269, 345.
Genoese, the, 189.
Gent, Mr., 318, 319.
Geoffrey Plantagenet, 151.
George II., 16 n, 164 n; Mr. William,
254, 255 n.
Gerard John, 201, 201 n; Sir Gilbert,
M.P., 336.
Germanicus, 229, 230, 410.
Germans, the, 189, 213, 213 n, 295.
Germain, Lady Betty, 72.
516
INDEX OF NAMES.
Geta Sidius, 213, 282.
Gibson, Bishop, 227 n, 281 n, 294, 314,
417, 440.
Gifford, Mr., 6; John, 51 n.
Gilbert, Rev. Michael, 302, 302 n;
Mrs., 302.
Giraldus, 25.
Glemham, Sir Thomas, 450.
Gloucester, Bishop Warburton of, 276,
277.
Glover, Robert, Somerset Herald, 4,
4 n.
Glyn, Governor, 476.
Godiva, 494.
Godwin, Mr., 332.
Goodfellow, Mr., 63.
Goodman, Richard, 311 n. 312, 312 n,
313, 313 n.
Gordian, Coin of, 440.
Gordon, Mr. (Secretary of Society of
Antiquaries), 44, 84, 84 n, 85, 85 n, 86,
87, 89, 94, 99, 120, 141, 233, 240, 264,
266, 313, 391, 395, 398, 400, 402, 407,
434, 476.
Gorgon, 112, 397.
Goropius, Becanus, 88.
Grafton, Duke of, 273 n.
Graham, George, 2; Sir Reginald,
Bart., 339; Sir Richard, 339, 340 n ;
Mr., 389, 466.
Graevius, 184.
Gram, John, 489.
Gratian, 146.
Gray, Charles, 46; John, 491.
Greeks, the, 174 n, 189, 266, 359.
Green, Rev. Dr., 22.
Greenwell, Rev. W., 274 n, 441 n.
Gregory, Mr. John, 74; Dr., 435.
Grey, of Rotherfield, arms of, 162, 372,
372 n; Dr., 462; Mr., 179; Sir
Anthony de, 496; Alderman, 300.
Gros, Dunstan le, 470.
Grundy, Mr. John, 320, 323, 323 n.
Gruter, 108, 135, 186, 188, 231, 301,
328, 350, 351, 396, 398, 399. 405,
406, 413.
Guest, Rev. Mr., 70.
Gugerni, the, 100 n.
Gunthard, 364, 364 n.
Guthlac, 506.
Guthred, 330.
Guthrun, the Dane, 330.
Guy, 469; Earl of Warwick, 496.
Guybert, 492.
Gyles, Henry, glass stainer, 303, 303 n.
H
HADRIAN, 84, 102, 132, 134, 135, 135 n,
142, 184, 189, 193 n, 365, 365 n, 379,
419 n; Coins of, 60, 127, 129, 144.
Hale, Dr., 10, 211, 212, 463.
Hales, Dr., 24; Stephen, 143, 310.
Halford, Mr., 275.
Haley, Professor, 301.
Halley, Dr., 435.
Hally well, Mr., 307.
Haman, Mr., 16, 16 n.
Hampff, Dr., 4.
Hanbury, Mr., 442.
Handel, 9.
Harding of Ryhall, 168. 170, 501.
Hardouin, 190.
Hare, H., 201.
Harlow, Sir Robert, 172.
Harold, King, 224, 457, 458.
Harrington, James, 57 n; Sir Sapcott,
57 n; Jane, 57 n.
Harris, William, 22; Rev. William,
440, 442, 443, 483; Dr., 218.
Harrison, Rev. Mr., 22; William, 306,
466.
Hart, Mr., 158.
Hartley, Dr., 481 n.
Harvey, Dr., 277.
Harwood, Dr., 175.
Hastings, Arms of, 162; Sir —, 469.
Hatfield, Thomas, Bishop of Durham,
333, 333 n.
Hatton, Lord, 40, 40 n. 44, 45.
Hawke, Sir Edward, 478 n.
Hawkins, Mr., 178.
IIawksmoor, Mr., architect, 9, 9 n,
16 n, 384 n.
Hawys, Dr., 486.
Hayes, Governor, 30.
Haym, Signor, 235, 274.
Ilayward, Mr., 250, 274.
INDEX OF NAMES.
517
Hearne, Thomas, 74 n. 91. 93, 304, 492.
Heath, Nicholas, Lord Chancellor,
55 n.
Hebe, 64.
Hebrews, the, 26 n.
Hebblethwaite, Thos., M.P., 336.
Hecate, 342.
Hedda, 494.
Heddius, 53 n.
Helena, 140, 359.
Heliogabalus, 173 n.
Hengist, 221, 222, 223, 324, 457.
Herbert, Mr., 344; Lady Betty. 485.
Henry I., 7, 171, 332: II., 7, 65 n, 68,
71, 151, 171. 309, 332; III., 7, 272 n,
313 n, 344, 368; V., 46; VI., 65 n,
73, 205 n, 206; VII., 13, 21, 55, 57 n,
67 n, 73 n, 204, 205 n, 206, 215, 323,
334, 340, 341; VIII., 3, 6, 13, 14, 17,
19, 21, 39 n, 67 n, 68, 370, 384, 393,
479; II., of France, 490 n; IV., of
Navarre, 491.
Hercules, 64, 96, 96 n, 97, 97 n, 98,
200, 286, 374, 439; Magusanus,
439; Tyrian, 442.
Hereford. De Bohun, Earl of, 162.
Herfast, priest, 198 n.
Heron, Margaret, 122 n.
Hermacora, 99.
Hermathena, Goddess, 398.
Hermannus, Hugo, 187.
Hermes, 174 n.
Herodian, 185, 284.
Herostratus, 429 n, 130.
Herring, Mr., 150; Archbishop, 152.
Hertford, Lord, 90 n, 92, 99, 103, 246,
248, 248 n, 250, 251, 256, 257, 259,
261, 263, 273, 309, 485; Lady, 244,
273, 485.
Hewet, Mr., 194.
Higden, Ralph, 75, 75 n, 296, 297,
297 n, 298.
Highmore, Mr., 16 n.
Hickes, Dr., Dean of Worcester, 306 n,
335, 361.
Hildyard, Mr., lawyer, 282, 287.
Hill, Mr., 8, 462, 471; Dr.. 141.
Hinde, Mr. J. Hodgson, 81 n.
Hippocrates, 489 n.
Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, Bart., 244 n,
487 n.
Hobson, John, 498.
Hobbs, Mr., 152.
Hodgson, Mr., 135 n; Noah, 281,
281 n, 286.
Hogarth, 16, 16 n, 17.
Hogin, Mr., 19.
Holbein, H., 6, 19, 68, 159, 370, 491.
Holden, Mr., 21, 150.
Holford, Mr., 245.
Holinshed, 297.
Holland, Rev. Thos., 487, 487 n.
Hollar, Mr., engraver, 280.
Hollingbury, Rev. Mr., 483.
Honorius, Pope, 160 n; Archbishop,
198 n.
Hood, Robin, 500; Well of, 373, 373 n.
Hook, Mr., 466.
Hoopel, Dr., 192 n.
Horace, 113, 174, 174 n, 263, 319,
321.
Horsfall, Reuben, 487.
Horsley, John, 78 n, 79 n, 81 n, 94, 95,
96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 100 n, 103, 104,
105, 107, 115, 116, 116 n, 123, 141,
182 n, 187, 188, 233, 245 n, 256, 257,
259, 261, 265, 311 n, 319, 325, 328,
351, 390, 392, 397, 403, 404, 405,
406 n, 407, 409, 410, 412.
Hortensius, 189.
Hortesia, 189 n.
Houbroken, Mr., 16.
Howard, of Bookham Grove, 203.
Howe, John Grubham, M.P., 340 n;
Viscount, 340 n.
Hubba, 330.
Hübner, Professor, 97 ԴՆ, 138 N, 192 n.
Hudibras, 462.
Hudson, Mr., 16; Dr., 30, 446, 447,
449, 450, 451, 452. 453, 454, 455, 457,
458, 159, 460, 460 n, 500; Sir Henry,
453.
Huddleston, family of, 313, 313 n;
Sir John, 313 n; Jos., 313 n; Sir
F., 313 n.
Huginus, 184. 185, 187.
Humphrey, Duke, 495.
Hungarians, 4.
518
INDEX OF NAMES.
Hungerford, Mr. Geo., 192, 269; Wm.,
269; Walter, 270; Sir Geo., 270 n,
295.
Hunter, Dr., 97, 106, 126; Mr., 476.
Huntingdon, Hen. of, 216, 217, 220,
221, 222, 223, 224.
Huntington, H., 298.
Hutchinson, Mr., 97 n,
Huss, John, 479.
122 n.
Hustler, Sir Willm., M.P., 337.
Hutton, John de; 161.
Huygens, 466.
Huxham, Dr., 476.
Hylactor, 113.
IMMANUENTIUS, 8.
Indians, the, 363.
I
Ingilby, Sir William, 368 n; Isabel,
368 n.
Inguar, Danish King, 330.
Ingulfus, 169.
Inet, Mr,, 58.
Innocent IV., Pope, 48 n.
Innys, Mr., printer, 273 n.
Ireton, Colonel, 451.
Irwin, Mr., 479.
Isaac, 162.
Ishmael, 16 n.
Isla, Lord, 94, 105.
Italians, the, 189.
J
JACKSON, Mr., 18, 504: Elihu, 311,
318, 319.
Jacob, 169, 170.
Jacobson, Mr., 16.
James I., 4, 6, 11, 22, 303, 339, 471;
II., 3; William, Bishop of Durham,
339.
Januaria, 314.
Januarius Ambacthius, 436, 439.
Jefferies, Miss, 16; Lord Chancellor,
234 n.
Jehovah, 481 n.
Jelf, Andrew, architect, 4, 487.
Jenkins, Henry, 339, 340, 340 n, 341.
Jernegan, Mr. John, 196, 196 n; Dr.,
196.
Jerome, St., 6, 439; of Prague, 479.
Jews, the, 13, 481 n.
John, Baptist, 12, 506; Evang. Epist.,
6; King, 7, 72 n, 272 n, 279, 338,
339; of Beverley, archbishop, 384;
of Salisbury, abbot, 47, 47 n, 48 n.
Johnson, Maurice, 28, 114, 123, 127,
128, 181, 236, 320, 329, 415, 424,
484; Junior, 342, 352, 354; Secre-
tary, 94; Dr., 136 n; Collector of
Excise, 325; Green, 352; William,
486; Ben, 489.
Johnston, John, 125.
Jones, Inigo, 273 n, 489, 500, 503; Dr.,
441, 500; Rev. Mr., 174, 174 n.
Joscelyn, priest, 367.
Julia Maesa, 173, 173 n, 229, 440;
Domna, 173 ; Soemias, 173, 173 n.
Julian, 396, 398, 399, 400, 402.
Julius, Flavius, 397, 399; Cerealis, 398,
402, 409, 409 n; Vitalis, 249, 252,
304 n; Frontinus, 26.
Juno, 111, 112, 118 n.
Jupiter, 112, 182, 182 n, 305, 437, 438;
Catius, 182 n, 191, 193; Conservator,
183; Stator, 148, 350; Terminales,
40 n.
Jurin, James, Esq., 136, 136 n, 138 n ;
Dr. James, 136 n; Mrs., 137.
Justina, coin of, 198.
K
KATHERINE, Queen, 393 n.
Keate, George, 270, 270 n.
Kellaw, Walter, prior, 333.
Kelsall, Rev. Mr., 159.
Kennett, Bishop, 433 n, 460 n.
Kepler, 491 n.
Ketellus, 367.
Kettlewell, John, 335.
Keysler, 438, 439,
Kildare, Bishop of, 140.
Kilpis, the Saxon, 456.
King, Mr., 72, 202 n, 427; Lord Chan-
cellor, 474.
Kingston, Duke of, 4.
INDEX OF NAMES.
519
Kircher, 385, 464, 477.
Kirk, Mr., 296, 298.
Kitchingman, Mr., 348, 375.
Klyftun, Robert, tomb of, 65.
Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 478, 485.
Knight, Rev. S., 342, 415, 464, 468.
Knowlton, Mr., 386.
Knyvet, family of, 39 n; Johanna, 39 n.
Kyneburga, St., abbess, 48, 383.
L
LABELYE, Mr., 2 n.
Lacedemonians, the, 321.
Lacy, family of, 500; Ilbert de, 374 n ;
Walter de, 468.
Ladon, 113.
Lalænianus, 343.
Lambert, Gen., 306 n.
Lancaster, Earl of, 162, 333, 374 n.
Langbain, Michael de, 334.
Langton, John, engraver, 497.
Langwith, Rev. Dr., 235 n.
Lascelles, Thos., Esq., 306, 337; Daniel,
Esq., M.P., 337; William de, 367;
Amicia de, 368; Roger, 368; Picot,
367, 368.
Latham, Mr., 158 n.
Laurence, Saint, 28 n; Mrs., 90 n.
Law, William, 481 n.
Lawrence, Rev. Mr., 18, 39, 49, 51, 461.
Lawson, family, 293 n.
Laycock, the carrier, 346.
Laythorpe, Adam de, 374 n; Robert
de, 374 n.
Layton, General, 435.
Laxham, William, 39 n; Guy, 39 n;
Margaret, 39 n.
Leek, John, 52, 52 n; Kathleen, 52.
Legg, Baron, 139.
Leicester, Lord, 462; Rev. Wm., 74.
Leland, 93, 252, 255, 272 m, 282 n, 332,
338.
Lennard, Sir Samuel, 485.
Lens, I., 40 n.
Lenthall, Mr., 159.
Leofric, 494.
Leoni, James, 491, 491 ; architect,
203 n.
Lethieulier, Mr., 32, 271, 390.
Lettuce, Letitia, 479.
Leven, Earl of, 432, 459.
Levins, Lord, 150.
Lexovii, the, 214 n.
Licinius, coin of, 287, 290.
Lignatores, the, 399, 405.
Ligniferi, the, 409 n.
Lincoln, Alexander, Bishop of, 9, 220.
Lindon, Richard de, 70.
Linus, 233.
Lipsius, Justus, 121, 490.
Lister, Dr., 146, 284, 284 n, 299, 302
481 n.
Littlebury, Sir Robert, 74.
Litton, William, 67 n; Audry, 67 n.
Livy, 185.
Lloyd, Mr. Edward, 155, 424, 460 n.
Locke, Mr., 462.
Lollius Urbicus, 85 n, 236.
Lombards, the, 13.
Longchamp, Gerard de, 470.
Longespee, Aylmer de, 470.
Longvillers, Thomas, Lord, 353.
Lort, Rev. Mr., 89 n, 320 n.
Lorraine, Pagan le, 470.
Lothair, King, 361.
Louis, King of Hungary, 4 n.
Lounneau, John, 288.
Loup, 353.
Lovat, Lord, 143.
Lowry, Captain, 16.
Lozinga, Herbert, 198 n.
Lucey, de, 469.
Lucius, King, 12; Amelius, 183; Duc-
cius, 328 n; Justus Salto, 436; Se-
cundinus Moderatus, 436.
Lucretia, 320 n.
Lucretius, 236.
Lucullus, 210, 215.
Lukyn, Isaac, 199; Lydia, 199.
Lupicinus, 398.
Lurginell, 469.
Lymington, Lord. 15.
Lynn, George, 30, 39, 39 n, 49, 51, 321;
William, 39 n; John, 39 n.
Lynthwait, Mr., 457.
Lyons, 174 n.
Lysons, Mr., 255 n.
520
INDEX OF NAMES.
M
MABILLON, Father, 105.
McCaul, Rev. Dr., 262 n.
Mackenzie, Mr., 122 n.
Mac Laurens, Mr., 436.
Mac Mahon, family of, 468 n.
Macrinus, 364.
Macrobius, 339.
Maffei, Marquis Scipio, 439.
Magliabechi, Anthony, 490, 490 n.
Magnentius, coins of, 41, 58, 131, 287,
289.
Maiden, Mr. Thos., printer, 5 n.
Malcolm, King, 13,
Malemayns, John de, 470.
Malmsbury, R. of, 216.
Mandubrace, King, 9.
Manilius, 183.
Manning, Rev. Owen, 207 n.
Mansfield, Mr. Isaac, 318.
Mansell, Stephen, 336.
Manubrantius, 207.
Marcellinus, 314.
Marcus, Junius Curio, 184, 186; Vale-
rius, 187; Aurelius, 107, 145, 327;
Petronius, 180; Secundinus Silva-
nus, 437; Tarinus, 439.
Mare, Abbot Thos. de la, 505, 506.
Marius, 185.
Markingfield, Andrew de, 368, 368 n;
Thomas, 368.
Margaret, Countess of Richmond, 55,
65, 65 n, 73 n.
Marlborough, Duke of, 462.
Marmion, arms of, 372, 372 n; Sir John,
372, 372 n; Lord, 372 n; Robert,
372 n; Elizabeth, 372 n; Maud,
372 n.
Marr, Lord, 422.
Mars, 99 n, 148, 289, 327, 350, 411,
411 n, 412, 413.
Marshall, Rev. Dr., 16, 22; Adam, 469.
Marsigli, Count, 2.
Martial, 233, 416.
Martin, Abbot, 47, 47 n, 48, 48 n; Rev.
John, 74; Mrs., 170; Mr., 172, 197,
200.
Martius, Father, 413.
Marwood, Sir H., Bart., M.P., 337.
Mary, Queen, 3; Virgin, 6, 63, 69 n,
70; of Scots, 422.
Massey, Dr., 28, 484, 489.
Matres Deæ, 103.
Mattaire, Mr., 98, 258.
Matthew, of Westminster, 222, 223.
Maud, Empress, 272 n.
Mauleverer (?), John, 470,
Mauri, Aureliani, 266, 395.
Maurice, Prince of Nassau, 125.
Mawley, or de, 469, 469 n.
Maxentius, coin of, 287, 290.
Maxey, Rev. William, 74.
Maximianus, coins of, 287, 289.
Maximinus, coin of, 287, 290.
Maynard, Serjeant, 4.
Mayne, Dr., 42, 62.
Mazarin, Cardinal, 446, 448.
Mead, Dr., 16, 140, 390, 474.
Meekam, Mrs., 18.
Mellent, Earl, 469 n.
Menapii, 214 n.
Melvin, Andrew, 125.
Mercians, the, 159, 159 n.
Mercury, 149, 285 n, 397, 398, 399, 401,
403, 406, 406 n, 409, 409 n, 410.
Merlin, 179.
Messaiina, coin of, 235.
Metcalfe, Mr. George, 306; Mark, 333;
Luke, 335; Nicholas, 335.
Meynell, Mr., 196; family of, 316.
Mexborough, John, Earl, 339 n.
Middleton, Mr., 156, 158
Milanese, the, 189.
Milbanke, Ralph, Esq., M. P., 337.
Milles, Thomas, Som. Herald, 4 n.
Millom, Adam de, 313 n.
Milo, of Gloucester, Earl of Hereford,
272 n.
Milton, 489.
Milward, Dr., 5.
Minerva, 118 n, 132, 182 n, 233, 398.
Mithra, 85.
Mithras, 362, 362 n.
Mithridates, 209.
Moine, Reginald le, 58 n.
Moivre, Abraham de, 487.
Moll, Herman, geographer, 486.
INDEX OF NAMES.
521
Monmouth, Henry of, 480.
Montacute, family of, 58 n.
Montague, Duke of, 8, 10, 11, 58, 58 n,
63, 64, 66, 66 n, 67, 68, 71, 172, 173,
273 n, 462, 482, 482 n, 488, 492, 502;
Elizabeth, 58 n; Mary, Duchess of
66 n; monuments of family, 66 n;
family of, 72.
Montfaucon, P., 342, 363, 405, 481 n.
Montefort, Hugh de, 469.
Montrevile, or Montreuil, 446, 447, 451,
452, 453, 454, 459, 460.
Montrose, Marquis of, 450.
Moore, Richard de, 333, 333 n, 334.
Morant, Rev. Philip, 443, 443 n.
Moray, Sir Robert, 386.
Morcar, Earl, 457, 458; of Brun, 169.
More, Sir Thomas, picture of, 159.
Moreton, Earl of, 422.
Morini, 214 n..
Moote, Abbot John de la, 495.
Morris, Rev. E., 281, 281 n, 285, 291,
302.
Mortimer, Dr., 6, 468.
Moses, 16 n. 31, 72, 481 n.
Mott, Mr., 91, 93.
Mount Fitchet, Alex. de, 469.
Mulso, monuments of family of, 65;
family of, 66.
Murray, John, 486, 489, 500.
Musgrave, Dr., 187, 187 n, 188 n, 189,
246, 504.
Myers, Mr. W., 197.
N
NAIADES, the, 433 n.
Nannetes, the, 214 n.
Nason, 162.
Natalis Cimes, 342.
Naylor, James, 492.
Nero, coin of, 144, 146, 147, 235, 235 n,
305, 321, 322, 326; Emperor, 228,
228 n, 229, 231, 399.
Nerva, coin of, 61, 66 n, 147, 286.
Nervii, Cohort III., 79, 80, 138.
Newburgh, Eneas de, 469, 469 n.
Newcastle, Duke of, 428, 447.
Newcombe, Dr., 428.
Newton, Sir Isaac, 15, 394, 461, 481 n,
484, 485.
Nevil, Mr., 488.
Nicephorus, 365.
Nicholas, Mr. Secretary, 447, 449.
Nicolas, William, 203. 243, 244.
Nicomedes, 233 n, 345, 350, 351, 351 n.
Nigellus, 470.
Nivernenses, the, 189.
Noble, Rev. Mr., 380 n.
Noel, Mr., 171.
Nothus, Eustachius le, 470.
Norfolk, Duke of, 365.
Normans, the, 353.
Norman, Robert, 469, 469 n.
Northumberland, Duke of, 97 n, 257 n ;
Earl of, 329, 368.
Northwich, arms of, 52 n.
Norwich, Dean of, 63.
O
OAKHAM, John, 173.
Octavia, 410 n.
Odo, Bishop, 224.
Offa, King, 132 n, 495.
Olivarius Vredius, 438.
Onslow, Lord, 203, 203 n; Sir Richard,
203 n.
Orange, Prince of, 22, 126.
Orford, Earl of, 3 n.
Oriuna, 270, 320 n.
Orkney, Earl of, 416.
Neal, Rev. Charles, 334.
Negociator Cretarius, 437, 438, 439.
Nehalennia, goddess, 421, 435, 436,
436 n, 437, 438.
Nemates, 182 n, 191.
Nematona, 182, 182 n, 191, 193, 194.
Nennius, 295, 296, 298.
Neptune, 233, 322, 346.
Orpheus, 255 n, 373.
Osbright, coin of, 361 n.
Osgot, Earl, 169.
Osismii, 214 n.
Ostorius, 54, 63, 66, 72, 200 n, 321,
317.
Oswy, King, 383.
Otewel, 353.
522
INDEX OF NAMES.
Otho, 185, 231, 232 n, 235, 235 n, 274,
286, 418.
Ovid, 111, 112, 113.
Ovin, 495, 506.
Owen, Dr., 206; Mr., 21.
Oxenden, Sir George, 164, 164 n; Eliza-
beth, Lady, 164 n.
Oxford, Lord, 17, 76, 199.
P
PABULATORES, the, 399.
Pacey, Mr., 159.
Page, Mrs., 377.
Pagus, Richard, 278.
Pallas, 112, 113, 118, 397, 405.
Palliser, W., Archbishop of Cashel,
335.
Palmentier, Mr., 170.
Pan, 285, 292.
Paracelsus, 492 n.
Paris, Matthew, 6, 7.
Parker, Rev. Thomas, 74.
Parkin, Rev. Charles, 28, 29, 471.
Parr, engraver, 492.
Parry, Mr. W., 156.
Parsons, Dr., 8, 14, 442, 474.
Patin, Mons., 231.
Patrick, Dr., 481 n.
Paul, 406.
Paulinus, 365, 379, 381, 382.
Pawlet, Mr., 3.
Payn, Mr., 32; Archdeacon, 65.
Payne, Edward, Esq., 500.
Peada, King, 491.
Peck, Rev. Francis, 72, 431, 496, 497.
Peckham, Edward, Esq., 234 n; John,
234 n; Abraham de, 470.
Peele, Samuel, 357, 364.
Peile, Rev. B., 134, 135, 136, 138 n, 434,
435.
Peirse, Henry, Esq., M.P., 337.
Peirson, W., Esq., 502; Mrs., 488.
Pembroke, Earl of, 2 n, 43 n, 68, 92,
235, 250, 251, 253, 257, 266, 274, 280,
396, 398, 462, 481 n, 485, 485 n.
Penda, King, 48.
Pennant, 265 n; Thos., 433 n.
Pepys, Edmund, 28; Joanna, 28.
Percy, arms of, 369, 370.
Peregrinus, 182, 182 n, 193.
Perry, Mr., 180, 210, 267, 294.
Pendlebury, Rev. W., 357.
Persians, the, 266, 440.
Peterborough, Abbot of, 56, 65, 65 n,
68; Arnulf, 57.
Petre, Lord, 235.
Pettingal, Mr. I., 181.
Pezrelus, or Peverel (?), 469, 469 n.
Phaebus, 322.
Philander, William, 490.
Philip and Mary, 339, 340 n.
Picart, 342, 492.
Pickering, Sir Gilbert, 58 n.
Picot, Gervaise, 366, 367.
Pictavia, Philip de, Bishop of Durham,
338, 338 n.
Picts, the, 38, 43, 51, 58, 62, 84, 422,
424, 425.
Pigot, 469, 470.
Pimlow, Rev. Ambrose, 484.
Pine, Mr., 16, 273 n.
Pius, coin of, 129.
Placida, 179 n, 180.
Plantagenet, Thomas, 162.
Plato, 267, 397.
Platorius Aulus, 135, 135 n.
Plaxton, Mr., 274.
Plessis, Madame de, 473.
Pliny, 100 n, 185, 215, 376.
Plot, Dr., 156, 157.
Pluche, Abbê, 342.
Pocock, Dr., 143, 444; Archdeacon,
440.
Podesay, John, 334.
Polio, 328.
Pollia, 180.
Pollio, 174 n.
Pond, Mr., 14,
Poppaea, coins of, 235.
Pope, Alex., 10, 21, 174, 174 n, 279;
Sir Thomas, 491.
Popes, the, 143.
Popham, Mr. Edward, 254, 255 n, 256.
Portsmouth, Lord, 269.
Postumus, Senior, 343.
Poulcher, 96 n, 133.
Prescott, Prebendary, 104.
INDEX OF NAMES.
523
Pressick, George, 336, 336 n.
Pretender, the, 15.
Prew, Thomas, 496.
Prideaux, Mr., 378; Humphrey, 98,
98 n.
Prince, Mrs., 380.
Probert, C. K., Esq., 134, 135, 136, 434,
435.
Prussians, the, 349 n.
Pryme, Sir Samuel de la, 9; Rev. A.
de la, 300, 301 n, 346.
Ptolemy, 115, 204 n, 225, 297, 300, 319,
320.
Publius, Ostorius Scapula, 200 n.
Puddings, Geofrey, 367.
Pudens, 140, 189, 189 n, 233.
Pudentius, 233.
Pudsey, Hugh, Bishop of Durham, 332,
332 n, 334.
Pulleyn, Mrs., 504.
Psyche, 373.
Purchas, Rev. Samuel, 488, 488 n.
Pythagoras, 495.
Q
QUEENSBURY, Duke of, 274, 473.
Quercetanus, 490.
Queyks, John, 374 n.
Quintillus, coin of, 61, 343.
Quintin, Herbert de St., 372 n; Lora
de St., 372 n.
Quintus Calpurnius, 85.
R
RAETICUS, Julius, 75 n.
Raikes, Robert, Esq., M.P., 333, 337.
Raine, Elizabeth, 336, 336 n.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 20, 271.
Ralph, Bishop of Orkney, 331.
Ramrygges, Abbot, 505.
Ranulf, Sir
Raper, Mr., 195.
(?), 470.
Raphael, 64.
Rastwold, Ralph, 163.
Ratcliffe, Dr. John, 335.
Rauthmel, Rev. Mr., 354.
Ravennas, 246 n, 252, 257, 260, 261,
262 n, 263, 295, 296, 297 n, 299.
Rawlinson, Dr., 344.
Ray, Rev. Mr., 125.
Redwald, King, 198 n.
Reed, John Watson, 366.
Regni, the, 204 n.
Reid, Mr., 152.
Reinesius, 98, 183, 184, 184 n, 186, 187,
188, 261, 438.
Remigius, 160, 160 n.
Remus, 148, 285.
Reveley, Councillor, 362, 363.
Reynolds, Mr., 245 n.
Rhee, Mr., 47.
Richard I., 3 n, 7, 505; II., 6, 14, 280,
344, 374 n, 375, 480; the Monk, 133,
142.
Richardson, T., Engraver, 489.
Richman, Professor, 473, 475.
Richmond, Duke of, 446, 447, 450, 462 ;
Margaret, Countess of, 65, 65 n, 73 n.
Ridley, Thomas, 122 n.
Ripon, Dean of, 293, 293 n.
Riverius, Dr., 489, 489 n.
Rob, of Risingham, 431 n.
Robb, Rev. Mr., 411, 412, 413.
Robert de Lindesey, Abbot, 48, 48 n.
Robinson, Thomas, Esq., 307, 311, 429,
429 n, 487; Sir William, Bart., 337 ;
Sir Thomas, 462.
Rogers, Dr., 40, 57; Miss, 61.
Roisia, Lady, 151, 199, 471, 506.
Rolloe, Robert, 125.
Romans, the, 2, 26, 27, 31, 35, 42, 58,
77, 78, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93,
106 n, 121, 124, 125, 128, 139, 140,
141, 147, 152, 181, 188, 189, 189 n,
191, 193, 194, 204, 209. 214, 215, 216,
223, 224, 225, 227, 229, 236, 243, 245,
246, 248, 250 n, 264, 283, 284, 291,
347, 359, 375, 393, 400, 405, 420, 425,
431.
Romulus, 89, 148, 185, 285.
Ross, Mr., 65.
Rotier, Mr., 461.
Roubilliac, 16, 16 n.
Routh, Mr. Thomas, 138, 237, 239, 241,
419.
Rubens, 415.
Rufus, William, 7.
524
INDEX OF NAMES.
Rupert, Prince, 446.
Rutland, Duke of, 140; Thomas, sub-
prior, 496.
Rymer, Thomas, 335.
S
SABINA, coin of, 129.
Sabinus, 123, 123 n, 213.
Salisbury, Earl of, 68.
Salmon, Nathaniel, 102, 104, 105, 115,
125 n, 319, 319 n; Rev. Thos., 319 n.
Salonina, Empress, 343.
Sappho, 86.
Salt, Mr., 474.
Salter, Samuel, 28.
Samwell, Thos. S. Watson, 57 n; Sir
William, 57 n.
Sanderson, Dr., 158.
Sandwich, Lord, 235, 274.
Satan, 276.
Saturn, 438.
Saul, 26 n.
Saunderson, Mr., 15.
Savile, Mrs. Anne, 339, 339 n, 340 n,
341; John, 339 n; Elizabeth, 340 n.
Savot, 326.
Sawbridge, H., 55 n.
Saxons, the, 38, 51, 58, 72, 82, 124, 152,
190 n, 217, 296, 297, 304, 371 n, 381,
382, 424; west, 159, 159 n, 218, 220,
221, 222, 250 n.
Scarborough, Lord, 272.
Scarth, Rev. H. M., 179 n, 182 n, 192 n.
Schelius, 183, 184, 187.
Schroderius, John, 489.
Scot, Mr., 16.
Scots, the, 30, 38, 43, 55, 62, 150, 331,
368, 370, 377, 422, 446, 449, 453.
Scott, Rev. Dr., 122 n; Sir Walter,
371 n, 431 n; Archbishop of York,
316, 316 n.
Scruton, William de, 369.
Scythians, 190 n.
Segonax, 244, 249, 249 n.
Selby, Mr., 347, 380.
Selden, 125, 222, 404.
Selwyn, Rev. Mr., 272 n.
Seneca, 263.
Senhouse, Mr., 313.
Sennert, Daniel, 492, 492 n.
Sergius Cornelius Orphito, 183.
Severus, 84, 135 n, 139, 142, 233 n, 240,
282, 284, 343, 351, 378; coin of, 61;
Caius, 193.
Sequani, the, 324.
Shaw, Mr., 59.
Sherman, brazier, 175, 242.
Sherwood, Mr., Sen., 8, 14; Jun., 14.
Shipley, Rev. Mr., 30.
Shore, Jane, 3.
Short, Dr., 175; Mr., 466.
Sibbald, Sir Robert, 99, 99 n.
Sicyonius, 113.
Sigebert, King, 198 n, 199 n.
Sigillarii, the, 405, 406.
Sigillo, Baldrick de, 368; Robert, Bis-
hop, 368.
Silbere, 54.
Simeon, of Durham, 329, 332.
Simson, Mr., 150.
Sinclair, William, Earl of Orkney, 416.
Sisson, Mr., 463, 478, 479.
Sithric, coin of, 364.
Siward, Earl of Northumberland, 330.
Skelton, Mr., 196.
Skipwith, Ralph, 455.
Skrine, Mr., 210 n, 242; Mrs., 243.
Sloan, Sir Hans, 1, 2, 17, 235, 299, 390,
391, 395, 461, 467, 481 n.
Smeaton, Mr., 465, 476, 479.
Smelt, Leonard, Esq., M.P., 256, 337;
Thomas, 306 n; Rev. Luke, 306, 335.
Smith, Mr., 11, 158, 382; Geo., 242 n;
H. Ecroyd, 281 n, 352 n; Rev. A. C.,
251 n; Samuel, bell founder, 303,
303 n; William, 317.
Smithson, Geo., Esq., M.P., 336.
Smyth, Captain, 199.
Soan, Rev. Mr., 58.
Solomon, 162, 202, 481 n.
Solyman II., 4 n.
Somerset, Duke of, 90, 92, 103, 109 n,
120, 128; Margaret, Duchess, 74;
Edith, 73,
Somner, Mr., 204 n, 221, 223, 227 n.
Sophia, Princess, 22.
Sophronius, 232.
INDEX OF NAMES.
525
Spanheim, 107,
Spanniards, the, 189, 425.
Speed, 125, 203 n, 354.
Spencer, Rev. John, 273, 273 n.
Spicer, Rev. N. J., 251 n.
Spon, Jacob, 111 n, 406, 438, 439.
Spruston, Mr., 129.
Stack, Dr., 47.
Stairs, Earl, 408; Countess, 408.
Stanesby, Councillor, 275.
Stanhope, Earl, 158 n.
Starbini, Abbot, 235, 320 n; Signor, 274
Stent, Mr., 150.
Stephanus, Byzantinus, 190, 191 n.
Stephen, King, 7, 83, 83 n, 331, 332,
332 n, 352 n, 494; Mr., historio-
grapher, 499.
Stephenson, Captain, 71; Mr., 319.
Stillingfleet, Bishop, 204 n, 233.
Stoke, John, Abbot, 505.
Stonar, Sir Jacob, 161, 161 n.
Stow, John, 12, 13, 171.
Stowe, Ralph de, 163, 493.
Strabo, 190.
Strachey, 496, 503.
Strada, James de, 288.
Strangwayes, Sir James, 333, 334, 369.
St. Amand, Isabella, 162 n; Mr., 166,
474, 474. n.
St. George, Mr., herald, 68.
St. John, 267; Rev. H. F., 28 n, 33 n,
153, 158 n, 178 n.
St. Anthony, 54; Audry, 71, 495; Ann,
210, 275; Alban, 506; Bartholomew,
173; Bertha, 493; Birinus, 498;
Catherine, 47, 151; Chad, 493, 494;
Clement, 232; Cuthbert, 427 ; David,
King of Scots, 342; Eabba, 169, 170;
Edmund, 163, 280; Edwold, 163;
Ethelred, 493; Guthlac, 506; Hubert,
129; Hugh, 502; John Baptist, 163,
280, 506; Kyniburg, 56, 57, 61, 494,
497, 498; Kyniswitha, 61, 497; Law-
rence, 506; Leonard's Priory, 71;
Oswald, 279, 497; Ovin, 495, 506;
Paul, 140, 161, 190, 232, 233, 402;
Peter, 69 n, 161, 173. 315; of Milan,
315; Tibba, 56, 167, 168, 169, 170,
497, 498; Thomas, Knights of, 71;
Timothy, 233; Wilfrid, 53, 53 n, 54,
71, 160, 383, 494, 497, 498; Wm.,
494; Wolstan, 279, 497; Wyburga,
497.
Stukeley, Rev. Dr., 7 n, 22, 23, 26, 28,
31 n, 32, 32 n, 33 n, 38, 40, 41, 42,
44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 59 n, 86,
104, 114, 130, 131, 133, 144, 150 n,
153, 155, 155 n, 156, 158, 158 n 159,
160 n, 167, 170, 171, 174 n, 178, 178 n,
181, 191, 192 n, 196, 202 n, 227, 234,
235, 237, 239, 241, 242, 244, 245,
246 n, 247 n, 249, 250 n, 251, 253,
256, 266, 267, 268, 269, 272, 273 n,
278, 281 n, 282 n, 305 n, 307 n, 309,
315, 317, 320 n, 342, 344, 348, 349,
351, 352, 354, 355, 357, 358, 360, 363,
389, 391, 395, 409, 418, 427, 428,
428 n. 429, 429 n, 430, 432, 434, 445,
461, 468, 474, 474 n, 480, 480 n, 481,
481 n, 482, 482 n, 483, 484, 492, 493,
496, 503, 506, 507; Mrs. William. 40;
Counsellor, 17; David, 57; Frances,
488, 504; Helen, 377; John, 499;
Sir Nicholas de, 505; family of, 65,
66; Walter de, 68.
Styles, Colonel, 460; family of, 486.
Suetonius, 185, 212, 212 n, 213, 214,
232, 236 n, 399, 410.
Suffolk, Duke of, 323.
Sul, 182 n.
Sulinus, 182, 182 n.
Surrey, Earl of, 341.
Sutton, Thos.. 372, 489, 489 n; Oliver,
Bishop of Lincoln, 150 n.
Swan, 16.
Switzer, Mr., 10.
Swynfen, R., M.P., 196.
Sylvius, James, 490 n.
Symonds, Dr., 197; Martha, 492.
Syrians, the, 275.
Sysang, engraver, 489.
Syward, Ralph, 367; Thomas. 367.
T
TABOR, Dr. John, 212, 212 n, 227 n.
Tacitus, 63, 64, 100, 185, 212, 214, 214 n,
215, 216, 225, 236 n, 321, 397, 422,
423, 425,
526
INDEX OF NAMES.
Tada, 373 n.
Talbot, Mr., 75; Roger, Esq., M.P.,
336, 470.
Tancinus, 188, 192 n, 193.
Tancred, family, 285 n, 293, 293 n;
Charles, Esq., 369.
Tanfield, Rev. Thos., 74.
Tantalus, 431.
Tathwell, Cornwall, Esq., 432.
Taylor, Mrs., 150; Alderman, 459.
Teasdale, tavern keeper, 451.
Temple, Lord, 272.
Terah, 162.
Testard, family of, 202 n.
Tetrici, the, coins of, 145.
Tetricus, Senior, coins of, 148, 343,
442; Junior, coins of, 148, 343.
Textovisius, 437, 439.
Thanet, Earl of, 282, 403.
Theobald, Mr., 2.
Theodoret, 232.
Theodosius, 38.
Thomas, Dr., 428.
Thompson, Alderman, 287; Mr. S.,
318.
Thoresby, Ralph, 144, 294, 296, 299,
302, 303, 304, 305, 343, 344, 374 n,
486.
Thornton, Sir Roger, 199; John, 199
Mr., architect, 384; Mr., 211.
Thorold, family of, 241.
Thorpe, Dr., 212.
Thurgisius, 367.
Thurston, Archbishop, 331.
Tibba, St., 56, 167, 168, 169.
Tibbald, Mr., 475.
Tibbins, L., 227, 232, 234.
Tiberius, coin, 159; Claudius, 183, 212,
229, 322, 410, 410 n.
Ticillia, Otho de, 353.
Tilli, Ote de, 352.
Tilliol, 353.
Tillneys, family of, 354.
Tilson, Dr., 104.
Timotheus, 190.
Timothy, St., 233.
Titus, Agrippa, 131 n, 214, 232 n, 246.
Todd, Mr. John, 306.
Todeney, Robert de, 458.
Togodumnus, 213.
Toller, Sergeant, 168, 169.
Toly, of Tolethorp, 169.
Tomms, Mr., engraver, 44.
Tooley, Mr., 488.
Topham, Mr., 462.
Torpel, family of, 65 n.
Torsin, 366.
Touchet, 469, 469 n.
Townley, Charles, Esq., 303.
Tracy, Chief Justice, 279.
Tradescant, John, 201, 201 n, 202.
Trafford, Mr., 482.
Train, Thomas, 502.
Trajan, coins of, 40 n, 64, 144, 343;
Emperor, 100 n, 107, 134, 147, 148,
150.
Tregagle, Mr., 272.
Tresham, family of, 65, 72, 173; monu-
ments, 65, 72; Sir Thomas, 63, 63 n.
Treveri, the, 182, 182 n.
Trevisa, John de, 75 n.
Trinobantes, the, 24, 207, 236 n.
Tryon, John, 55, 55 n.
Tufton, 4.
Tully, 229.
Tungri, Cohort I., 80.
Turnacenses, the, 224.
Turks, the, 4, 4 n, 209.
Turketil, 495.
Turnbull, Mr., 241.
Turner, Mr. Dawson, 30 n; Cholmley,
Esq., M.P., 337; Mr., 457.
Tunstall, Cuthbert, Bishop of Durham,
337.
Turnour, family of, 234 n.
Tuscany, Duke of, 3, 490.
Twemlow, arms of, 52 n.
Twining, Mr., 243, 246, 252.
Tyler, Wat, 5.
Tyrawley, Lord, 68, 462.
Tyson, Mr., 498.
U
ULF, 364, 364 n, 365, 365 n, 457, 458 ;
Fitz-Robert, 367.
Ulphus, horn of, 305, 324.
Ulpius, 123, 123 n.
INDEX OF NAMES.
527
Ulysses, 278.
Ursatus, 404, 468, 468 n.
Ussher, 233.
Vitellius, 183, 186, 188, 189, 192 n, 193,
343.
Vitruvius, 273 n, 380.
Voiture, Vincent, 492, 492 n.
Volusianus, 314.
Vortigern, 298.
VAILLANT, 174 n, 397.
Valens, coins of, 40 n.
Valentinianus, coin of, 37, 38, 61, 106 n,
231.
Valerius, coin of, 290, 343.
Valerius Latinus, 188.
Vanbrugh, Sir John, 373, 373 n.
Vandergucht, Gerome, 273 n, 484, 487.
489, 492.
Vanderspret, Mrs., 5.
Vangelder, Peter Matthias, 66 n.
Vardii, the, 100, 100 n, 101.
Varduli, the, 106, 107, 108, 127, 127 n.
Varro, 405.
Vaux, arms of, 63 n.
Vavasor, monument, 64; Mauger le,
66 n; Agnes le, 66 n; family of, 72.
Vegetius, 108, 187.
Velius, 189.
Venantius Fortunatus, 232.
Veneti, the, 214.
Venus, 173, 244 n, 290, 320, 322, 327,
Vere, Aubrey de, 199; family of, 200.
Vernon, Mr., 266.
Verral, Mr. Chas., 227 n.
Verrio, painter, 64.
Verstegan, 124.
Vertue, Mr., 3, 4, 33 n. 49 n, 181 n, 280,
320 n, 352 n, 354, 355, 364, 489.
Vesalius, Andrew, 490, 490 n.
Vespasian, coins of, 53, 144, 145, 147,
198, 286; counter of, 131.
Vespasianus Flavius, 213, 214, 214 n,
216.
Vesta, 111, 113, 118 n, 129, 148.
Vettones, the, 186, 189, 193.
Victorinus, coins of, 61, 148, 343,
343 n.
Victory, image on coin, 37, 404.
Villiers, arms of, 162.
Virgil, 8, 35, 111, 114, 121, 267, 373,
397.
Virgin Mary, 69 n, 70, 121, 151.
Vyner, Mr., 482.
WADA, Duke, 307.
Wade, 307.
W
Wadsworth, Thos., 489.
Wake, Barons of, 65 n; arms of, 162;
Archbishop, 204, 362, 474, 485, 486.
Wales, Frederick, Prince of, 210 n,
448; Princess of, 20, 140, 141, 143,
210, 210 n, 211, 212.
Walker, of Stamford, 460; O., 229.
Wallace, Sir William, 389, 414.
Wallis, Dr., 59 n.
Walpole, Sir Robert, 94, 422, 501;
Lord, 3, 3 n, 5, 27, 29.
Walter, Hubert, Archbishop, 162 n.
Waltham, Abbot of, 19.
Waltheof, 501.
Walton, I., 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 137.
Wanley, Humphrey, 76, 486.
Warburton, Bishop, 10, 75 n, 174 n,
501; Herald, 74, 76, 76 n, 77, 78 n.
80 n, 81, 81 n, 82 n, 83, 139, 143,
307, 366.
Ward, Dr., 473; Mr., 63, 116, 116 n,
183, 186, 193, 235, 257, 259, 261, 271.
Warde, Professor, 354, 404, 406 n, 407,
Warren, arms of, 161.
Warrenne, de, family, 352 n.
Warrington, Lord, 104.
Warwick, Earl of, 469 n; Mrs., 377.
Wasse, Mr. James, 334.
Wastell, Rev. Henry. 122, 122 n, 133,
139; Leonard, 340 n; Elizabeth,
340, 340 n; 377.
Watkin, William Thompson, 79 n.
Watkins, Rev. W., 23, 26.
Watkinson, Rev. Mr., 369.
Watson, Mr., 473; Dr., 201, 201 n, 202.
Weaver, Edmund, 501.
Webb, Mr. Carteret, 139.
528
INDEX OF NAMES.
1
Welsh, the, 24, 88, 189 n.
West, James, 3, 281.
Westminster, Matthew of, 222, 223;
Richard of, 356.
Westmoreland, Earl of, 368.
Wetherill, Rev. John, 368 n.
Wharton, Sir Michael, 384.
Wheathampsted, Abbot, 505.
Wheatley, Mr., 307.
Whichcot, T., Esq., 272; Sir Francis,
500.
Whiston, William, 2, 394, 436.
White, Taylor, Judge, 16; Mr., 21, 22:
R., engraver, 489, 490; John, 73.
Whitton, James, 306.
Widmore, Rev. Mr., 10, 206.
Wilde, Sir William, 407 n.
Wilfrid, Bishop, 53, 53 n, 54, 71, 216.
Wilkins, Dr.. 466.
Wilkinson, family of, 293 n.
Willes, Lord, Chief Justice, 9, 19.
William I., 7, 198 n, 224, 329, 332, 366,
367, 458, 468; II., 224, 330, 368,
378 n, 458, 499; III., 22, 340 n, 447 n ;
Archbishop, 494.
Williams, Mr., 17.
Williamson, family, 72, 150, 151; Thos.,
502.
Willis, Brown, 279, 427, 498.
Willison, Mr., 415.
Wills, Mr., painter, 16, 16 n.
Wilmington, Lord, 41, 44, 427, 429,
430.
Wilson, Edward, 196.
Winchelsea, Lord, 92, 93, 244, 246,
248, 250, 251, 273, 474, 504.
Wingfield, family, 68, 170, 172.
Winterton, Earl, 234 n.
Wise, Rev. Francis, 155, 178, 408 n.
Wishart, Principal, 432.
Wlencing, 217.
Woden, 348.
Wolf, Mr., 477.
Wolph, Mr., 454, 455, 456, 457, 458,
459.
Wolsey, Cardinal, 10, 21, 370, 462.
Wood, Mr., architect, 275, 277, 460 n.
Woodward, Dr., 2, 390, 391, 394, 395,
411.
Wooton, Sir H., 324.
Worseley, Myles, Esq., 73 n; Margaret,
73 n.
Wren, Sir Christopher, 5, 6, 6 n. 9 n,
16 n; Farrer, Esq., 78, 485.
Wright, Thomas, 406 n, 442, 443.
Wulphere, King, 48, 205 n, 498.
Wyld, Mr., M.P., 278, 280.
Wyn, Serjeant, 17.
Wyng, Mr., 58 170. 175, 461.
Wyngfield, Serjeant, 456.
Wyntringham, Robert, 52, 52 n.
Wytham, Archdeacon, 74.
Wyttlesey, William, Prior, 74.
Wyvill, Christopher, Dean of Ripon,
293, 293 n.
YARE, Mr., 436.
Yarrow, Mr., 139.
Yester, Lord, 386.
Y
York, Duke of, 6, 6 n.
Yorke, J. C., M.P., 427.
Young, Edward, 68.
Z
ZOUCHE, John, 73; Elizabeth, daughter
of Lord de Grey, 73.
INDEX OF PLACES.
A
ABALLABA, 103, 258, 260, 262 n, 266,
395.
Abercheider, 388.
Abercorn, Castle, 413.
Aberdeen, 386, 387, 388.
Aberford, 291, 298.
Abergavenny, 23, 26.
Aberlowe, 388.
Abingdon, 487.
Acklam, 357.
Acomb, West, 136 n.
Actium, battle of, 269.
Adel, 304 n; Moor, 304.
Adur, river, 234, 234 n.
Aelia Castra (Alchester, Oxon.), 142,
365.
Aesica, 103.
Agelocum, 144, 149, 150, 292, 347.
Ainderby Steeple, 366, 377.
Aire, river, 84, 295, 297, 375.
Airth, 459.
Aix, isle of, 478 n, 491 n.
Alauna (Alcester Lanc), 178 n, 257.
Albans, St., 297 n, 495, 505, 506;
Church, 504; Duke Humphrey's
tomb, 495; Library, 7.
Aldborough, 42, 74, 281, 281 n, 282 n,
283, 283 n, 285, 287, 287 n, 288, 291,
293 n, 302, 358, 359, 360, 364, 365,
365 n, 375, 504.
Aldby, 75 n, 80 n, 83, 377.
Aldermanbury, 175.
Aldham, 443 n.
Aldwark, 291, 293.
Alemannia, 148, 295.
Alfreton, 83.
Alionis, 78 n.
Allen, river, 79, 84; East, 79 n.
Allendale, 79, 79 n, 80, 96 n.
Allerton, Shire, 331 n, 332; by the
Water, 83, 83 n; Chapel, 83; Maul-
everer, 83, 338; West Riding of
Yorkshire, 83.
Allington, 150, 152, 459, 502.
Alloa, 435.
Almondbury, 295.
Alne, 81; river, 178 n.
Alnwick, 89, 90, 91, 92, 97 n, 123 n, 257.
Alonae, 78, 78 n, 79, 101.
Alps, 31, 92.
Alton Chesters, 102.
Altringham, 104.
Alverton, 83 n, 332 n.
Alwalton, 48 n.
Ambleside, 78 n, 79, 242.
Amboglana, 103, 258, 260, 261.
America, 389 n.
Amesbury, 487, 487 n.
Anan, river, 415; dale, 264, 395.
Anconae, 144, 147.
Anderida, 204, 212, 213, 217, 221, 222,
223, 224, 225, 226, 227 n.
Andes, 225.
Anemone Hill, 172.
Angers, 225.
Anglesey, 116.
Anker, river, 195 n.
Anneys, in Millom, 313 n.
Anterchester, 81.
Antiquarian Society, 3, 18, 25, 30, 31,
41, 44, 49 2, 129, 131 n, 139,
158 n, 193, 275, 305 n, 322, 354, 364,
365, 387 n, 391, 393, 396, 426, 442,
443, 444, 473, 478, 480.
Antona, river, 54.
Antonet, 234.
II
530
INDEX OF PLACES.
Appleby, 417, 418.
Appledore, 224, 224 n.
Arbeia, 262.
Archipelago, 170.
Arden, 369.
Ardoch, 308.
Armorica, 225 n.
Arthur's Oven, 241, 242, 389, 414, 428,
429, 430, 432, 433, 434; Round Table,
23, 240.
Arundel, 219.
Ascough, 377.
Aserby, 500.
Ashburnham House, 354.
Ashmolean Museum, 163.
Asia, 189, 322.
Askham, 284.
Askrigg, 75, 75 n.
Auchincorthie, 387, 387 n, 388.
Audry's Causeway, 378.
Aukland, 77.
Austerfield, 347, 347 n.
Austerley, 150.
Avalaria, Avalana, or Avelava, 260,
266.
Avebury, 153, 165, 239, 241, 243, 244,
245, 246, 247, 250, 252, 254, 266, 268,
273, 273 n, 274, 275, 280, 349. 385,
429 n. 435, 487, 494. 503; Church,
495.
Averham, bridge, 150; Park House,
500.
Avon, river, 66.
Avonae, 152.
Awnby Heath, 170.
Awst, 22.
Aydon Castle, 102, 258.
Aysgarth, 81.
Axelodunum, 103, 258, 260.
BABERHAM, 454 n.
Babylon, 481 n.
Bainbridge, 75 n.
Balbec, 9.
Balby, 352 n.
B
Balderton, 151, 152, 505.
Baldock, 452, 454.
Balearic Isles, 180 n.
Bamffshire, 388.
Banbury (Oxon), 250 n.
Bangor, 279.
Banna, 260, 261, 262, 262 n.
Banstead Down, 204.
Barbury Camp, 250, 250 n.
Bardney Abbey, 160 n, 163.
Barham Down, 206.
Barhill, 411.
Barington House, 501.
Barnack, 32, 55, 68, 170, 171.
Barnard Castle, 80, 80 n.
Barnborough, 295.
Barnby Moor, 380.
Barnet, 451.
Barnhill, 150, 171, 430, 456, 464, 482.
Barnsley Moor, 348.
Barnwell, 58, 58 n; Castle, 72.
Barrow (Linc.), 381, 382, 384, 385, 503.
Barwell, 440.
Barwick in Elmete, 295.
Batavia, 438.
Bath, 118, 181, 182, 182 n, 183, 186,
187, 192, 192 n, 193, 194, 242, 244,
244 n, 245, 248, 251, 252, 253, 304,
304 n, 305, 504; Lansdown Monu-
ment, 499; Stall Street, 193.
Battle, 227; Edge, 159; Abbey, 216.
Bawtry, 150, 292, 316, 347, 347 n.
Beamont, 240.
Beaupré Hall, 471.
Beckhampton, 244, 247, 247 n, 487.
Beckenham Church, 486.
Bedale, 74, 76, 77, 81, 196, 306, 335,
366, 370, 377.
Bedfordshire, 50, 151 n.
Bedwyn, Great, 246, 246 n, 250; Little,
274.
Beechy head, 221, 227.
Beeding, 234 n.
Beeston, 104.
Belgium, 108.
Belmsford Bridge, 168.
Belsars Hill, 496.
Beltont, 220.
Belvoir Castle, 152, 458.
Benefield, 63.
Bennington, 460.
1
INDEX OF PLACES.
531
Benonis, 248, 442, 442 n.
Bensington, 450.
Benwell, 131, 131 n; Hill, 102.
Berritt's Farm, 270.
Bowent, 81.
Bowes, 97, 193 n.
Bowness, 77, 103, 257, 258, 265.
Boxgrove, 234 n.
Berwick, 415.
Bethlehem, 140.
Bethnal Green, 17.
Beverley, 377, 383, 384, 426; St. John's
Well, 380.
Bewdley, 500.
Bicester, 142, 365.
Binchester, 74, 77, 193 n.
Birdoswald, 103, 258.
Bishopthorpe, 362.
Bishops Wearmouth, 90 n; Stortford,
319 n.
Black Dike, 83 n.
Blackmore forest, 308.
Blacknesse, 413.
Blakay Topping, 308.
Blatum Bulgium, 265, 391, 392, 410.
Bleatarn, 103, 258.
Blenheim, 272, 499.
Blenkensop, 299.
Blundesham, 468.
Blyth, 295.
Bolham, 77, 82.
Bolton-on-Swale, 80, 80 n, 340, 340 n,
341; Park, 81.
Bookham Grove, 203 n.
Borcovicus, 80, 102, 262.
Boroughbridge, 82, 83, 282, 282 n, 283,
283 n, 285, 285 n, 292, 293 n, 302,
309, 348, 359, 375, 375 n, 376, 377,
441; Stones, 85 n; Hill Camp, 170.
Borrowstone-nesse, 413.
Boscawen-ûn-Circle, 502.
Boston, 159, 353, 486, 488, 507; Cross,
500.
Bosworth, 440.
Bothwell, Bridge, 414.
Boughton, 8, 63, 64, 66, 66 n, 67, 68,
71, 72, 501, 502.
Boulogne, 227.
Bourn Abbey, 74; Streamlet, 417;
East, 212, 216, 217, 221, 224, 225,
227 n; West, 221.
Bourwallis, 373 n.
Bovium, 104.
Bradley Knolls, 268.
Bracchium, 75 n.
Bramber, 234 n.
Bramham, 300; Moor, 291.
Brampton, 81, 81 n, 101, 238, 313, 315.
Brancaster, 223.
Brandon, 454, 471.
Brannodunum, 100 n, 223.
Bravinium, 95, 95 n.
Brazennose Society, 159.
Brecknock, 23, 268.
Bremenium, 81, 81 n, 97.
Bremetenracum, 81 n, 101.
Bremetonacae, 75, 75 n, 354,
Bremetoriacum, 81 n.
Bremhill, 270 n.
Brent, River, 8; Broughton, 501.
Brentford, 1.
Brettenham, 197.
Bridestones, 309.
Bridgenorth, 175; Aldermanbury, 175.
Brigg, 145.
Brighthelmston, 217, 219.
Bridhow, 299. .
Bridlington, 375 n.
Brigantum, City, 375, 404.
Brile, 218.
Brill, the, 18.
Bristol, 492.
Britain, 42, 43, 62, 63, 85 n, 88, 92,
106, 109, 120, 127, 131 n, 140, 144,
146, 160 n, 181, 193 n, 212, 214, 214n,
215, 225, 225 n, 232, 233, 295, 321,
325, 351, 364, 365 n, 397, 398, 408;
ancient map of, 6, 7.
Britanny, 225.
Bromham, 151 n.
Bromhead,365.
Bromley, 204 n, 213.
Brompton, 80, 151 n, 335, 336.
Brough, 75 n, 381; upon Humber, 80 n.
Brun, 169.
Brunswork, 392, 417; Hill, 262, 264,
264 n, 265.
Brussels, 121.
532
INDEX OF PLACES.
Buckinghamshire, 451.
Burgadunum, 304 n, 342, 343.
Burford, 159.
Burdforth, Wapentake, 332.
Burgh, 53 n; on the Sands, 103, 258;
Castle, 200, 200 n.
Burley on the Hill, 458.
Burling Gap, 220, 221.
Burneham (Norfolk), 39 n.
Burnshill, 400.
Burton, 235, 235 n; Coggles Church,
498, 505; Latimer, 42, 62, 66, 72;
Church, 497.
Busy Gap, 83 n, 84, 84 n.
Buxton, 500.
Byfleet, 251 n.
Byrennes, 265.
Byrton, 28.
Bytham Church, 497.
Bywell, 132, 132 n.
CABUBN, 219.
Cadenham, 270 n.
C
Cade's Causway, 307, 308.
Caer Gwent, 252; Caratoc, 298; Vor-
wyn, 418; Pensavil Coit,, 298.
Caerin, 393.
Caerleon, 23, 25.
Caesarea, 187.
Cairneduim, 388.
Cairo, 235.
Caistor Castle, 30, 30 n, 31, 40,
40 n.
Calagrona, 297.
Calcaria, 146, 291.
Calder, River, 297, 375.
Cale, River, 297.
Caledon, 297.
Caledonia Sylva, 297, 422.
Caleteria, Sylva, 297.
Calne, 269, 270, 275.
Camalodunum, 213, 295, 297.
Cambeck Fort, 103, 258.
Cambodunum, 291, 297.
Camboglans, 262 n.
Cambridgeshire, 50, 259, 378.
Cambridge, 29, 105, 129, 199, 199 n,
320 n, 358, 378, 423, 424, 481 n;
Benet Coll., 319 n, 463, 491; Clare,
502; King's Chapel, 380, 502, 505;
Hobson's Conduit, 498; Magdalen
Coll., 463; Public Library, 22;
Pythagoras' School, 495; Peter-
house, 334; Queen's College, 484;
Trinity College, 136 n.
Camelesbury, 295.
Camphire, 436.
Campsall, 296.
Campus Cai, 295; Martius, 464.
Canada, 480 n.
Canewood, 297.
Canons House, 10.
Canswick Park, 81.
Cantaventis, 262.
Canterbury, 29, 504; St. Gregory's
Chapel, 493; St. Martin's, 493.
Cantium, 204 n.
Cantley, 352 n.
Cantlowes, 19.
Cape Breton, 478, 478 n.
Caprea, Isle of, 327.
Cardike, 50, 358, 359, 378.
Careby Church, 497.
Carlisle, 99 n, 141, 237, 239, 240, 241,
264, 265, 350, 417, 434; Old, 101.
Carlton House, 140.
Carrawburgh, 76 π, 102, 132.
Carrêg Druidion, 441; Fergus, 441.
Carmelite Friary (Northallerton), 333.
Carnarvonshire, 90 n, 298.
Carolina, South, 476.
Carron, River, 388, 389, 414, 432.
Carvilium, 43.
Carvoran, 75 n, 76, 76 n, 103, 137.
Casterton, Great, 170, 171, 458.
Castle Cary, 298; Hill (Oxfordshire),
164; Hill (Northallerton), 82, 82 n,
83 n; Telloe, broch at, 503.
Castleford, 295, 297, 375.
Castlegarth, 308.
Castlesteads, 103, 313, 315, 419.
Castor, 48, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 73,
501, 504; Churchyard Cross, 56;
Nunnery, 53, 56; Rom. pavement,
56, 57; Church, 494, 497, 502.
INDEX OF PLACES.
533
Cataractonium, 75, 75 n, 292, 294, 319,
320, 329, 330.
Castile, 172.
Catall, 291.
Caterham, 204 n.
Catesbridge, 457.
Catrail, the, 85 n.
Catterick, 74, 80 n, 81 n, 115, 299, 319,
320, 329, 330; St. Agatha, 377; St.
Martin, 377; St. Tronion, 377.
Catton, Beacon, 96 n; Upper, 301.
Cauriesis, 188, 193.
Causey, 138.
Cauthorn, Boroughs, 308.
Cave, 90.
Caxton, 7.
Cayly, 295.
Cetium, 182 n, 194.
Cetius, Mountain, 182 ».
Charing Cross, 1, 171, 172.
Charlestown (Carolina), 434.
Charter-house, Hinton, 194,
Chatsworth, 195, 500.
Cheapside Cross, 1, 171, 172.
Chelsea, 3.
Chenebury, 218.
Cherbourg, 209, 478.
Cherbury, 178.
Chertsey, 203, 204, 209, 210, 210 n;
Abbey, 205, 205 n; Bridge, 208,
209; Cowley's House, 501.
Cheshire, 3, 52 n, 104. 201 n, 323 n,
365 n.
Chester, 362, 366, 504; in the Wood,
75 n, 76, 82.
Chesterford, 133.
Chesterholm, 102.
Chesters, Little, 101, 102; Walwick,
102; Great, 103, 104.
Chesterton, 59, 61, 176, 176 n, 177.
Chichester, 29, 53, 140, 204, 204 n,
218, 219, 221 n, 227 n, 228, 228 n,
228 n, 229, 232, 233, 234, 235, 243,
246, 247; Cross, 499.
Chiltern, 297 n.
China, 3, 46, 477; Wall of, 142.
Cholerton, 102.
Cilernum, 102, 133.
Circus Maximus (Rome), 376.
Cimetzone, 252.
Cirencester, 77, 408.
Cissabury, 218, 219, 220.
Clandon Place, 203 n.
Clapton, 63 n.
Claremont, 498.
Clatford Bottom, 249 n.
Clea Hill, 267.
Cleveland, 336.
Cleves, 100 n.
Cliffe, 481 n.
Clipsham, 456.
Clotley, 270.
Clowedoc, river, 298.
Clyde, river, 85 n, 413, 415.
Coccium, 79, 79 n, 300 n.
Cocis, Temple of, 262.
Codley-gate, 138.
Codnor, 73.
Coganges, 262.
Colchester, 46, 443 n; (Northumb.),
132, 139.
Coledon, 297.
Collyweston, 54, 54 n, 55.
Colurton, 299.
Compton, Long, 153, 155; Low, 156.
Conanburgh, 298.
Condate, 104.
Condercum, 102, 131 n.
Congavata, 103, 261, 262, 262 n.
Conington, 101, 258.
Constantinople, 37, 43, 62, 149, 347 n,
348.
Cookridge (Leeds), 343.
Cooper's Hill, 485.
Copenhagen, 489.
Coppingford, 453, 455, 458.
Corbridge, 74, 78, 79 n, 95, 96, 96 n,
97, 97 n, 98, 103, 105, 109, 110, 118,
120, 123, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132,
132 n, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 258.
Corby, 67.
Cornaeden Forest, 178.
Cornwall, 57 n, 244, 247, 424; Mono-
liths in, 503.
Cornton, 252.
Corstopitum, 78,
Cossington, 503.
Cotenham, 47, 256, 378, 495, 500.
534
INDEX OF PLACES.
Cotterstock, 33, 33 n, 40, 41, 49, 51,
52, 58, 67; Chantry, 52; Roman
Pavement, 504.
Coulsdon, 204 n.
Coway Stakes, 10, 206, 206 n, 208, 209.
Cowbridge, 246 n, 252.
Cowton, 331.
Crackpott, 79.
Craig-Loch, 134.
Derby, 195; Shire, 83, 366.
Derventio, 75 n, 80 n, 83, 355 n, 357,
377, 380.
Dettingen, Victory, 431.
Devana, 291.
Devil's Causeway, 75, 82; Arrows,
281 n, 282, 282 n, 288, 292, 302, 375;
Ditch, Camb., 83.
Devizes, 191, 246, 249, 249 n; St.
John's Church, 494.
Devonshire, 133, 247.
Crakehall, 366.
Cranford, 71.
Crawford Moor, 415.
Crayford, 204 n.
Crimplesham, 455, 471.
Crondale, 180.
Cropton, 308.
Croydon, 203, 204 n, 486.
Croyland, 66, 204, 323, 431, 463, 499.
Cuckmere, Haven, 220.
Cumberland, 120, 141, 142, 179, 182 n,
258, 313, 353, 403, 410, 433.
Cunetio, 243, 244, 244 n, 248, 249, 250,
252, 309.
Coventry, Trinity Church, 494; St.
Michael's, 498.
Cymenes Ora, 217.
D
DALGUISE, 421, 423.
Dalkeith, 85.
Dalmatia, 100 n.
Danby, 81.
Dantzic, 1.
Danum, 146, 292, 347, 373.
Darlington, Church, 332 n.
Darwent, River, 78.
Davon, River, 152, 373.
Dee, River, 95.
Deeping, East, 73; Priory, 73, 74;
West, 74.
Delgovitia, 75 n, 80 n, 354, 355, 355 n,
356, 377, 381.
-Dena, Chapel, 388.
Dene, 67, 67 n, 173; Thorp, 67, €8.
Dengy, 223.
Denton, 77; Fields, Roman Pavement,
504.
Depyngate, 73, 74.
Dewsbury, 295, 298.
Dexio, 262.
Dieti, 262.
Dighton, 336.
Digne, 491 n.
Ditchling, 219.
Ditton, 462.
Don, river, 298, 365, 373.
Doncaster, 150, 242 n, 291, 292, 297,
352, 352 n, 363, 365, 373, 373 n; St,
George's, 353; Hall Cross, 352, 352 n;
Hall Gate, 352 n.
Donington, 458.
Dorchester, 158, 159, 160 n, 163 n,
164 n, 165, 166, 407, 450, 503; Cathe-
dral, 493, 498.
Dorking, 203, 204, 204 n.
Dornford, 68.
Dorsetshire, 255 n, 308.
Down, County, 443.
Downham, 30, 452, 454, 455, 471;
White Swan Inn, 30: King's Walk,
30; Park, 104.
Dover, 74, 224, 495; Priory, 495.
Drayton, 458; House, 72.
Driffield, 382, 383; Great, Church, 496;
Little, Church, 496 (Gloucestershire)
129.
Drumburgh, 103, 258.
Drumferling, 413.
Dublin, Academy, 407 n; City, 475.
Dubris, 224.
Dunbarton, 413.
Dunbritton, Fryth, 74.
Dundalk, 443.
Dunham, Great, 484.
Dunkeld, 423, 424.
Dunstable, 171, 499.
INDEX OF PLACES.
535
1
1
Dunwich, 198, 200.
Durham, 83 n, 95, 97, 97 n, 99, 100,
140, 141, 306, 329, 330, 352 n, 366,
415, 422, 425, 489 n; Chapter Lib-
rary, 75 n, 78, 78 n, 141, 332 n;
Chapter House, 332 n, 338n ; Galilee
332n; School, 335; Prior's Kitchen,
498, 505.
Durobrivis, 47, 56, 59, 60, 61.
Dyke Hills, 158, 158 n, 159, 165, 166,
503.
E
EALVERTUNE, 83 n.
Easingwold, 75, 75 n, 80, 80 n, 83, 377,
380.
East Bourne, 212.
Easton Hill, 55, 70, 70 n.
Eastwood, 488 n.
Ebchester, 74, 78, 78 n.
Eboracum, 75, 291, 351, 355 n, 356.
Ecclefeccan, 417.
Ecclesfield, 365.
Eccnp, 342.
Eddystone, Lighthouse, 476, 479.
Edghill, Battle of, 447.
Edgware, 8, 9.
Edenburgh, Fort (Newark), 459.
Edinburgh, 85, 91, 99, 99 n, 129, 150,
181, 257, 259, 263, 388, 396 n, 413,
414, 415, 416, 418 n, 420, 422, 423,
433, 434, 436, 440, 479.
Edmonton, 499.
Effingham, 203.
Egham, 485.
Egypt, 269, 342, 443, 464.
Elen, River, 101.
Elenborough, 101.
Elland, 295.
Ellenthorpe Hall, 287 n, 293.
Elmet, 298.
Elmetum, 295.
Elmham, North, 198 n.
Ellon, 388.
Eltabona, 152.
Eltham, Palace, 499.
Elton, 500.
Elveden, 198, 199.
Elvedon, 471.
Ely, Isle of, 27, 60, 69, 71, 455, 498;
Cathedral, 497; Monastery, 53, 468,
495; Palace, 496; Prebendal Houses
71.
Enfield Chase, 451.
England, 1, 3 n, 41, 46, 94, 124, 175,
178, 181. 211, 316, 346, 425, 475,
480 n; Arms of, 280.
Enstone, 154.
Epping Forest, 503.
Epsom, 203 n.
Erick-stane, 415.
Erith, 455; Lesnes Abbey, 497.
Ermin Street, 56, 59, 60, 61, 65, 74 n,
77, 84, 85, 85 n, 149, 204, 204 n, 330,
359, 499.
Erseley Moor, 380.
Essendine Church, 498.
Essex, 22, 214, 223, 242, 443 n, 451,
488 n.
Ethelburgh Hill, 75, 75 n, 79, 80, 81,
81 n.
Eton, 196, 462, 489.
Etton, 75.
Europe, 88, 89, 125, 189, 210, 305, 324.
Evocetum, 195, 195 n.
Exchequer, the, 3 n.
Exton Park, 173, 501.
F
FALKIRK, 414, 430, 432.
Fanocedum, 262.
Feetham, 80.
Feltham, 205.
Fencote House, 502.
Fereby Sluice, 499.
Ferry Bridge, 487.
Elmrows, 291.
Ellerbeck, 334.
Ellernand, 415.
Ellerton-on-Swale, 339, 340, 340 n,
341.
Fescamp, 160 n.
Fifeshire, 99 n.
Fineshade, Priory, 72, 332 n.
Flamborough Head, 80 n, 309, 355 n.
Flanders, 71, 438.
INDEX OF PLACES.
536
Fletton, 48 n.
Flitcroft House, 502.
Flodden Field, battle of, 300, 341.
Florence, 490 n.
Fochel, 388.
Fokingham Castle, 500,
Folly Farm, 244 n.
Force-beck Stream, 240.
Forth, Frith of, 85 n, 388, 413.
Fossdike, 50, 378; Road, 152, 176 n.
Fosse, the, 248, 304, 378, 380.
Fotheringhay, 49.
Fountains Abbey, 380 n.
Frampton, 255 n.
France, 88, 91, 189, 191, 198 n, 199 n,
227, 341, 448, 449, 480 n.
Froxfield, 257, 259, 260.
G
GABROSENTUM, 103, 257, 258, 261.
Gadington, 72; derivation of, 72.
Gallava, 79, 79 n, 97.
Galloway, lake in, 408, 409.
Galtree, forest, 291, 297.
Gamrie, 388.
Gariononum, 200 n, 223.
Gateshead, 257.
Gatherley Moor, 75, 77, 84.
Gaul, 225, 275, 364.
Gayford, 295.
Gebrim, 81.
Geddington, 63, 64, 67, 68, 72, 171,
172, 172 n; Castle, 65 n.
Germany, 3 n, 221, 222, 223, 235, 364,
371 n, 425.
Gethley, 23, 26,
Gilling East, Wapentake, 332.
Ginglekirk, 85.
Gladonway, 65.
Glamorganshire, 252, 442.
Glanovanta, 79, 81, 81 n, 82, 82 n, 96,
101, 262.
Glapthorn Field, 33, 49.
Glasgow, Hunter's Museum, 411 n,
412, 413, 414, 419 n.
Glastonbury, 194, 499, 505; Abbots'
lodgings, 496; St. John's, 194, 194 n ;
Tor, 496.
Glen, river, 81.
Glenbogg, broch at, 503.
Gloucester, 298; Shire, 22, 81 n, 129,
340 n.
Glynd, 219, 219 n.
Godmundham, 381, 382, 385; Church,
496.
Godstone, 204 n.
Gonshill, 218.
Goring, 219.
Gotham, 459.
Grafton, 71.
Graham's Dike, 85, 85 n.
Grampian Hills, 422.
Grange-holm, 173.
Grantham, 32, 86, 171, 241, 256, 257,
291, 389, 458, 488, 491; Church,
160.
Graveley, 452, 454.
Greece, 321.
Greenfield, Common, 19.
Greenwich, 485; Hospital, 122 n.
Greetham, 458.
Gresham College, 183 n, 259, 467, 497.
Greta Bridge, 115, 311, 312, 312 n, 315,
319, 320.
Gretford Church, 497.
Grimescar beck, 366.
Grimsthorpe, 10, 501.
Gringley-on-the-Hill, 150.
Grinstead, 204.
Guild Acre, 33, 51.
Guildford, 202, 203, 203 n, 208; Castle,
202 n; S. Mary's, 202 n; Friary,
203; Trinity Church, 202 n.
Guildsborough, 66.
Guash, river, 169.
Guy's Cliff, hermitage, 494.
H
HACKNEY, ancient house at, 502.
Haddenham, crosses, 506.
Hale-green, 168.
Halle, 121.
Hall-wood, 36, 49, 51.
Halifax, 296, 297.
Halton, 258.
Ham, East, 22.
INDEX OF PLACES.
537
Hampnet, 234, 234 n; East and West,
234.
Hampshire, 255 n.
Hambledon Hill, 380, 386.
Hampton Court, 10, 21.
Hamilton, 414, 415.
Harborough, 65, 446, 447, 453.
Hardeby, 171.
Harleston, 151 n.
Harnham hill, 499.
Harrogate, 417.
Harrow-on-the-Hill, 451.
Hart, 133.
Harting West, 216.
Hartley-pool, 133.
Harwood, 342.
Hartshead, Church, 506.
Haslewood, 297.
Hastings, battle of, 224, 227, 227 n,
367.
Hatfield Chase, 347.
Haverigge, 313 n.
Heddington, 245, 245 n, 246, 248.
Hen Dinas, 180.
Henley on Thames, 450.
Heracleopolis, 133.
Herald's Office, 139.
Herculaneum, 140.
Herculis, promontory, 133.
Hereford Cathedral, 11, 13; shire,
95 n, 297 n.
Hermitage, West Acomb, 136, 136 n.
Herscham, 203.
Hertfordshire, 124 n, 214, 319 n.
Hertland, 133.
Holderness, 360, 364, 365.
Holland, 324, 439, 461, 491 n; Linc.,
165; Marches, 457.
Hollingbury, 219.
Holm Abbey, 393 n.
Holmes, the, 32.
Holt, 241, 242; Nevil, 175.
Holwell, 151 n.
Holwood Hill, 204 n.
Holy Land, 141.
Holyrood Chapel, 416.
Horn, 55; Lane, 458.
Hopton House, 413.
Hornby Castle, 340 n.
Hough, 241, 500.
Houghton, 29, 44, 62, 77, 501.
Hounslow, 478.
Housteads, 80, 102.
Hovingham, 354, 356.
Hoxton, 480 n.
Hulme Hall, 481 n.
Hulne Park, 89 n.
Hull, 364, 384.
Humber, river, 50, 75 n, 90, 330, 360,
381, 385; Castle (Barrow), 384.
Hungary, 2; Lower, 4 n.
Hungerford, 254, 256, 257 n.
Hunstanton, S. Edmund's Chapel,
504; Lighthouse, 504.
Huntingdon, 66, 455; shire, 50, 54 n,
65, 67, 319 n, 453.
Hunno, 299.
Hunnum, 102, 258.
Hurlers, the, 502.
Herty Point, 133.
I
Hestholme, 313 n.
Heveningham, 199.
Hexham, 76 n, 85, 134, 135, 139, 140,
263, 419, 434, 435; Church, 53, 160;
Priory, 136 n.
Highdown, 219.
High Rochester, 81 n; Cross, 248;
Field, 245 n.
Highlands, the, 421, 424.
Hillingdon, 451.
Hitchin, 124 n.
Hoddam Castle, 265 n.
Holbeach, 466, 484, 485; Church, 502.
ICIANUS, 61.
Icknield Street, 365, 454.
Icklingham, 61.
Idle, river, 150.
Ilkley, 295, 296.
Imuocellum, 257.
Impington, 502.
Inchgarvie, 413.
Indies, East, 476; West, 472, 473,
480 n.
Inglistown, 99 n.
Inverness, 359, 435.
538
INDEX OF PLACES.
Ipswich, 370.
Kilvington, 316.
King's Barrow, 308.
Kingsbury, 8, 9.
Ireland, 109, 143, 364, 443, 444, 467,
475.
Isebrook, 71.
Iseham, 71.
Isis, river, 71, 159, 165.
Islington, 6.
Islip, 71.
Italy, 88, 100 n, 144, 185, 189, 215, 248.
315.
Isurium, 42, 75, 291, 297, 302, 358, 364,
375, 377.
Ithancester, 223.
Itunocenum, 256.
Ivenhoe, 73.
Ivy Church, 278, 278 n.
Izeig, 388.
Kingston, 203 n.
King-stone, 154, 155, 156, 157.
Kinross, 422.
Kirby, 40 n; Wiske, 335.
Kirby, Moor, 292; Malzeard, 242 n.
Kirkbarrow Hill, 500.
Kirkintilloch, 414, 419.
Kirkleys Abbey, 506.
Kirkoswald, 238.
Kirk Santon, river, 313, 313 n, 315.
Kirkstall, 295, 296, 297, 299, 302.
Kirkton, 458.
Kits Coty House, 244, 249, 249 n, 503.
Klip's Hill, or Kilpis Hill, 456.
Knaresborough, 292, 417; Castle, 358;
Moors, 375 n.
JABESH, 26 n.
Jamaica, 47.
Jarrow, 216.
J
L
Jedburgh, 85, 263.
Jersey, 443, 443 n, 448.
Jerusalem, 140, 142; St. John of, 278.
Julia Strata, 22.
Juliocenons, 257.
KEIGHLEY, 361.
K
Kelham Bridge, 150, 459.
Kendal, 79; Castle, 500; Church, 500.
Kennet, Avenue, 247.
Kensington, 10, 140, 362.
Kent, 204 n, 206, 213, 214, 215, 217,
223, 227, 227 n, 297 n, 361, 365.
Kentchester, 95, 104.
Kentish Town, 7, 8, 14, 19, 20.
Kettering, 42, 63, 65.
Ketton, 174.
Kett's Cabin, 59.
Keswick, 79 n.
Kew, 30, 210, 210 n, 211.
Kidderminster, 440.
Killaloo, 467.
Kilpatrick, West, 85 n.
Kilsyth, 411, 412, 414.
LACEDAEMON, 373.
Lackham, 245 n.
Lagecium, 296.
Lake, 277.
Lancashire, 14, 75 n, 259, 300 n, 323 n,
354, 389 n.
Lancaster, 357.
Lanchester, 74, 78, 81 n, 95, 96, 98,
100, 101, 106, 108, 117, 126, 227, 259,
260.
Langley Park, 462, 485, 486, 507;
Bush, 65.
Langthwaites, 313 n.
Langton, 80.
Landguard Fort, 30, 196, 197.
Lasenby, 336.
Lauder, 85.
Lavant, river, 234.
Lawe, the, S. Shields, 106 n.
Leachell Beandik, 388.
Leamington, 176 n.
Leatherhead, 203.
Lede, river, 297 n.
Ledbury, 297 n.
Leeds, 291, 296, 297, 300, 302, 305, 342.
Leeming, 366, 377; Lane, 81, 358, 359.
Legiolium, 146, 291, 297, 375.
INDEX OF PLACES.
539
Leicester, 165, 167; Church, 53, 495 ;
See of, 160 n; Rom. pavement, 504;
shire, 170, 248, 440.
Leintwardine, 95 n.
Lemannis, 224, 224 n.
Leon, 172.
Leslie, 99 n.
Leucarum, 252.
Leucomagus, 246, 246 n, 252.
Lewes, 212 n, 217 n, 219, 227 n; Abbey,
216.
Ley, Farm, 156.
Leyden, 324, 436 n.
Llandaff, 22, 442.
Lichfield, 195, 196; Cathedral, 493,
506; St. Chad's Well, 494; Cell,
494; Hermitage, 494.
Liddington, 52.
Liddlesdale, 122 n.
Liguria, 180 n.
Limen, river, 223.
Lincoln, 50, 149, 150, 150 n, 151, 160,
171, 180 n, 297, 298, 353, 360, 504;
Cathedral, 52, 160 n, 171. 505;
Heath, 495; Palace, 499; St. Paul's,
499; shire, 50, 145, 169, 171, 243,
256, 268, 297, 358, 362, 378, 379 n,
427, 457, 466.
Lindum, 292.
Linton, 454 n; in Craven, 241.
Lisleborough, 125.
Lithgow, 413.
Littleborough, 144, 145 n, 149.
Littlecot Park, 254, 255 n, 256.
Littleton, 205.
Liveden, 62, 63, 63 n, 72.
Liversedge, 295.
Loghor, 246 n, 252.
Loidis, 295, 297 n, 298.
Loire, river, 225.
Londesborough, 356, 359, 381, 386.
London, 1 n, 4, 5, 6, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24,
39 n, 44, 46, 66 n, 74, 86, 89, 92, 96,
106, 110, 116, 122 n, 138, 153, 177,
182, 195, 199, 201 n, 204, 206, 207,
242, 244 n, 247, 255 n, 270, 320, 344,
345, 356, 357, 390, 423, 433, 446, 419,
463, 474; Arundel St., 2; Aldgate,
19; Bedford Row, 44, 195, 318, 324,
344, 362; Blomesbury, 4, 14, 181,
Church, 9; Blackfriars New Bridge,
19; Bush Lane, 4; Buckingham
House, 20; Charter House, 335, 483,
489, 489 n; Cannon St., 5 n; Chan-
cery Lane, 10; Carey Street, 10;
Cheapside, 171, 172; Charing Cross,
171, 172; Change Alley, 4; Crane
Court, 344; Christ's Hospital, 473;
Devereux Court, 153; Fetter Lane,
44; Foundlings' Hospital, 9, 16,
16 n, 21; Great Poulteney St., 318;
Gray's Inn, 380 n, 485; Herald's
Office, 4 n, 139; Hatton Garden,
16n, 40 n; Horse Guards, 19; High
Holborn, 175; Jermyn St., 196 n;
Knaves Acre, 18, 18 n; King St.,
18, 196; Lincoln's Inn, 3, 366, 489 n;
Lambeth, 201, 201 n, 202, 204; Lam-
beth Marsh, 17 n; Long Acre, 18,
18 n; Leadenhall St. Chapel, 19,
255 n; Ludgate Hill, 55 n, St. Mar-
tin's, 488 n; Leicester House, 143;
Mansion House, 4, 4 n; Mary-le-
Bone, lɔ̃n; Monument, 15; Newgate
St., 21; Ormonde St., 309; Old
London Bridge, 19, Chapel, 19;
Parliament St., 12; Piccadilly, 18 n;
Park Lane, 15 n; Pudding Lane,
15; Queen's Square, 432; Red Lion
Square, 9, 21, 309; Russell Square,
476; Stone, 4, 5, 5 n; Sherburn Lane,
5 n; Sheer Lane, 15; Surgeon's
Hall, 19; Spittlefields, 146; South-
ampton Buildings, 305; Shoe Lane,
463; Shoreditch, 480, 480 n; Strand,
479; Staple Inn, 507; St. Paul's
Cathedral, 6, 6 n; School, 286, 291;
Sun Inn, Paul's Churchyard, 181 n ;
St. John's Hospital, 506; St. James'
Square, 196, Gardens, 76; St.
Bartholomew's Hospital, 20; St.
George's, Queen's Square, 16, 16 n,
167, 196, 272, 483; Sir John Old-
castle's Head, 22; Temple Bar, Rose
Tavern, 4, 153; Tottenham Court,
4, 19; Tower, 67 n, 124 n; Tyburn,
15, 15 n, 19; Watlin St., 4, 11.
Londonderry, 443.
540
INDEX OF PLACES.
Londonthorp, 495.
Long Meg and daughters, Stone Circle,
179, 503.
Longovicus, 227.
Louthairie, 297 n.
Louviers, 469.
Lowther, river, 240, 403, 503.
Lowick, 63, 63 n, 72.
Loyd, river, 298; Loyderis, 298.
Ludgershall, 272, 272 n.
Ludlow, 95.
Lugubalum, 262, 262 n, 392.
Lune, river, 315 n.
Lydia, 314.
Lynn, 29, 315; St. Margaret's, 28, 29;
St. Nicholas, 29, 29 n; Mile Lane,
315.
Lyons, 111 n, 121.
M
MADMARSTON, Castle, 155.
Maesia, 314.
Magiovintum, 495.
Magna, 23, 76, 95, 100 n, 103, 261.
Magneby, 367.
Magnis, 261, 262, 263.
Maidenhead, 451.
Maiden Way, 79, 79 n, 418; Bowers,
418; Castle, 418.
Maidston, 15.
Mais, 260, 262, 262 n, 263.
Malmsbury Abbey, 380 n.
Malpas, 365 n.
Malton, 306, 381; Old, 80 n, 355 n,
482.
Malvern Hills, 499; Great, 279; Priory
280, 280 n.
Man, Isle of, 143, 408.
Manceter, 125 n.
Manchester, 104, 296, 480, 481 n,
482.
Mancunium, 79.
Manduessedum, 195, 195 n.
March, 27.
Margan, 442.
Margate, 504.
Marlborough, 92, 244 n, 245, 249, 249 n,
257 n; Castle, 272 n.
Marsh Balden, 450.
Marshland, 27, 29.
Marston, 291; Moor, 377.
Martinsell Hill, 168, 250, 250 n.
Marton Mere, 389 n.
Marseilles, 474, 474 n.
Masham, 281, 288.
Mavis Bank, 416.
Maxey, 69, 73, 73 n, 74; derivation
of, 69.
May, Isle of, 413.
Mayborough, stone circle, 240, 503.
Mayn Loyd, 298.
Meath, County, 443 n.
Mecredsburn, 217, 221, 222.
Medehamsted, 53 n.
Medgley's fold, 178, 178 n, 179, 503.
Mediolanum, 104.
Medway, river, 206 n, 213.
Meeching, 219.
Melchet Park, 272.
Melmin, 81.
Melrose, 85; Abbey, 342, 425, 426.
Melton, 452, 455.
Mên-an-tol, 502.
Mende, 225 n.
Mepsall, 319 n.
Mercia, 48, 71, 132 n, 205 n.
Merionethshire, 443 n.
Mernis, shire of, 387.
Methley, 339 n.
Mexborough, 295.
Micklehow, Hill, 376.
Middleby, 233, 262, 264, 264 n, 265,
265 n, 350, 392, 395, 396, 396 n, 410,
417, 435.
Middleham, 81.
Middlesex, 1, 207, 214.
Middleton Quernhow, 81.
Midhurst, 235 n.
Milan, 315.
Mildenhall, 198, 244 n.
Milfield, 81.
Milking Gap, 135 n.
Millom, 313, 313 n.
Maridunum, 23.
Markham East, 150.
Minorca, 480 n.
Mohatz, battle, 4 n.
INDEX OF PLACES.
541
Moffat, 394, 415, 417.
Mole, river, 203.
Molwitz, battle, 349 n.
Molxby, Nunnery, 380.
Money Acre, 156.
Mons Editus in Sylvâ, 298.
Moreton, 366.
Morpeth, 100, 103, 104, 115, 116, 261,
319, 391.
Monmouthshire, 22, 25, 252.
Montacute, 72.
Montague House, 17.
Montgomery, 178; shire, 90 n, 442.
Montpellier, 489.
Mount Lee, 485.
Mortham, 312.
Mosse of Drumcrief, 394.
Murway, river, 298.
Mutuantonis, 230, 234.
NABURN, 361.
N
Nantwich, 104, 201 n.
Naples, 322.
Narborough, 73, 74.
Navestock, earthworks, 503.
Navis Ford, 72; derivation of, 72.
Nazareth, 140.
Neath, 252.
Nemansus (Nismes), 269.
Nen, River, 49, 50, 51, 54 n, 56, 59,
461.
Nesse, 227.
Netherby, 97 n, 138 n, 312, 392, 410.
Netherhall, 313.
Nettlebed, 451.
Neubourg, 469.
Newark, 2, 149, 150, 151, 152, 171, 173,
445, 450, 452, 459, 498.
Newburgh, 75 n. 76.
Newby Wiske, 362.
Newcastle. 66, 102, 110 n, 118. 119,
141, 142, 241, 287, 303, 450, 453, 454,
455.
Newdegate, 204.
Newenden, 222, 223, 224, 227 n.
New Grange, barrow, 443, 443 n.
Newhaven, 219.
! Newmarket, 454, 454 n; Heath, 83.
Newstead, Priory, 353.
Newton, 64, 64 n, 65, 71; Church of
St. Faith, 65, 72.
Nidd, 291.
Nidum, 252.
Nocton, Priory, 500.
Nonsuch, Palace, 3.
Norfolk, 28, 29, 30, 31, 50, 200, 223,
315, 451, 484.
Norham, 425.
Noricum, 182 n.
Normandy, 47 n, 458.
Northallerton, 82 n, 83, 83 n, 306, 306 n,
329, 330, 330 n, 331, 331 n, 335, 338,
341, 353, 370, 377, 418; Maison Dieu,
333; Castle Hill, 333; Moore's Chan-
try, 333 n; Hospital of St. James,
334; St. Lawrence Chantry, 336;
North Moor, 337; Cross, 338; Fairs,
338; Registry, 339.
Northampton, 42, 44, 57 n, 62, 171,
172, 272; St. Sepulchre's, 494; Shire,
32, 33, 33 n, 50, 51, 52, 54 n, 58, 66,
67 n, 72, 151 n.
Northumberland, 74, 75, 76, 78, 81, 83,
83 n, 84, 85, 89, 95, 122, 122 n, 136 n,
139, 142, 257, 259, 330, 353, 365, 415,
431.
Northumbria, 216, 360.
Northwick, 104; Castle, 506.
Norton, Chipping, 154; near Chiches-
ter, 227, 234; St. Phillip, 194; Con-
yers, 339.
Norwich, 29, 30, 31, 198 n, 462; Church
of St. Lawrence, 28, 28 n, 506;
Austin Gate, 31.
Nottinghamshire, 50, 144, 145 n, 171,
331.
Noviomagus, 204, 204 n.
Nunwick, 122 n.
Nuthurst, 234 n.
OAKENGATES, 180.
Oakham, 167, 173.
Oatlands, 206 n.
Ockley, 204 n.
542
INDEX OF PLACES.
Offerton (Derb.), 330.
Patrington, 377.
Paul's Cross, 1 n.
96
Peak, the, 177 n.
Peckham, 298.
Oldbury, 81 n, 234, 244, 246, 246 n.
Old, Ford, 17; Town, 79, 79
79 n,
96 n; Malton, 80 n, 355 n; Penrith,
403; Sarum, 377; Wall, 103, 258.
Olenacum, 101.
Olicana, 291.
Ollerton, 297.
Orkneys, the, 425.
Osmotherley, 386.
Othona, 223.
Otterburn, 104, 115.
Otterington, North, 334.
Oundle, 33, 36, 49, 53, 54, 58, 64, 73;
Monastery of S. Andrew, 53, 53 n,
494, 497; New Street, 54, 54 ni;
North End, 54 n; Chapel End, 54 n.
Ouse, River, 50, 358, 361, 375, 378,
471; Bridge, 285; Burn, 291.
Outwood, 297.
Overborough, 75 n, 79, 80 n, 354.
Overton, Market, 32, 170, 172; Hill
244, 245; East, 275.
Oxborough, 471, 505.
Oxford, 156, 159, 165, 166, 166 n, 202,
272, 284, 304, 408 n, 415, 423, 424,
427, 446, 447, 449, 450, 452, 453, 454,
455, 462, 474 n; Ashmolean Museum
163; Bodleyan, 166; Linc. College,
166; Trinity College, 491; Queen's
College, 22, 447; Christchurch, 334;
Magd. Bridge, 450; Wadham Coll.,
467; shire, 142, 153, 155, 156, 157,
250 n, 297 n.
Oxney, 48 n.
PALESTINE, 222.
Palmyra, 197.
P
Pampocalia, 295, 296, 297.
Pancras, St., 2; Camp, 7, 7 n, 8, 9, 18,
19; Church, 9, 9 n; Brill, 18; Brook
22.
Pannonia, 314.
Paradise, 88, 276.
Paris, 192, 225. 327, 480, 490 n.
Parkend, 122 n.
Parnassus, 166.
Peel Fell, 83 n.
Pekin, 477.
Pennocrucium, 177, 177 n, 195.
Pennycuik, 105, 120, 126, 416, 417, 418
421, 430.
Penrith, 238, 240, 403, 417, 503.
Pen-y-Givent, 295.
Perith, old, 101.
Perryhoe, 49, 50, 51, 68.
Perry Wood, 279, 280.
Perth, 413, 422.
Persepolis, 266, 481 n.
Peterborough, 46, 47, 48, 48 n, 50, 53
73, 378, 427, 428, 431, 460, 463;
Abbey, 53, 65, 70, 74, 167, 168, 169;
Cathedral, 497; Palace, 498.
Peter Culter, 388.
Petersburgh, 473, 475.
Petriana, 103, 261, 262.
Petuaria, 301.
Petworth, 235 n.
Pevensey, 216, 221, 224, 227, 227 n.
Peykirk, 74, 431, 463.
Philadelphia, 466, 472.
Picenum, 180 n.
Pickering, 307, 308.
Pickworth, 55.
Picts Wall, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 143, 257.
Piercebridge, 74, 77, 319.
Plymouth, 476.
Polebrook, 58, 64.
Pollentia, 180, 180 n.
Pollentum, 180 n.
Pons Ælii, 102, 261; Ælia, 133.
Pont, rivulet, 132; Eland, 132.
Pontefract, 373, 373 n, 374, 375, 375 n ;
Castle, 348, 374, 374 n; Hermitage,
348, 374, 374 n.
Ponthieu, 172.
Pontus, 210, 215.
Pool's hole, 500.
Poor Man's Wall, 218.
Porch House (Cowley's), 210, 210 n.
Portgate, 79, 258.
Portland, 14.
INDEX OF PLACES.
543
Portsmouth, 499.
Portus Limeneus, 223.
Potbrook, 74.
Potterne, 246.
Poynings, 218.
Praesidium, 100 n.
Praetentura, 358, 359.
Praetorium, 80 n, 301, 309, 355 n, 360,
377.
Prior Park, 277.
Princes' Hill, 158, 159.
Procolitia, 76 n, 102, 299.
Promontoriolum, Itunae, 258.
Pulhelly, 298.
Punctuobice, 246, 246 n, 252.
Purbeck, 228.
Q
QUEENSFERRY, 85, 413.
Quinton, 151 n.
R
RADNOR, OLD, 95.
Raleigh, Abbey, 499.
Rampton, 144.
Ramsey, 505.
Ratcliffe, 503.
Ravensburn, river, 213.
Ravensworth, 372 n.
Rawdikes, 165.
Reculver, 223.
Red Hill, 180, 270; Marshall, 352,
352 n.
Reed, river, 84, 85.
Reepham, 30 n.
Regnum, 204, 234 n.
Rhigton, 300.
Restormal Castle, 57 n.
Rhine, river, 194.
Ribchester, 81 n, 259, 300 n.
Ribble, river, 14.
Ribblechester, 79.
Richborough, 223.
Richmond, Yorks., 367, 504; Friery,
80, 377; Moor, 80, 80 n; shire, 311,
331 n.
Ridall, wapentake, 354.
Riechester, 97, 98, 99, 101, 116, 118,
259, 260.
Rigodunum, 300 n.
Ripley, 368 n.
Ripon, 294, 361, 361 n; Cathedral,
53, 160; Ailey Hill, 361 n; Common,
361 n; Market Place, 497.
Risingham, 431 n.
Robin Hood's Well, 373, 373 n, 500;
grave, 500.
Rochester (Northumb.), 74, 97.
Rockley, 251 n.
Rockingham forest, 56, 67 n.
Rodan, river, 95.
Roecliffe, 293, n.
Rokeby, 311, 312.
Rolright, Stone Circle, 153, 153 n, 157,
159.
Romana, 417.
Romanby, 80, 80 n, 81 n, 82, 83 n, 334,
336, 377.
Roman Wells at Castor, 56; Roads,
178, 348, 354, 355, 355 n, 356, 360;
Way. 81, 132, 248, 298, 329, 377;
Wall, 84, 139, 141, 143, 313, 390,
403, 412, 413, 414, 418, 419.
Rome, 87, 89, 93, 107, 160, 173 n, 214,
215, 233, 282, 284, 321, 347 n, 361,
365 n, 376; S. Peter's, 6, 48, 160,
379; Pantheon, 380.
Romney, New, 224, 226.
Romsey, 272.; Church, 493.
Roslin Chapel, 416.
Rosebury Toppin, 502.
Rossington Bridge, 150.
Rother, river, 223.
Rotherfield, 372, 372 n.
Rotherham, 84, 316 n.
Ronen, 474.
Rowbarrows, tumulus, 156.
Rowell, 72.
Rowton, 95 n.
Royston, 199, 451, 454, 454 n, 471, 505,
506.
Royal Academy, 441, 441 n; Society,
1, 2, 17, 25, 29, 30, 45, 72, 92, 136 n,
193, 211, 212, 235, 346, 362, 363, 364,
372, 386, 391, 392, 394, 396, 441, 442,
443, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 472, 474,
475. 476, 477, 481, 481 n, 482; Mount,
(Worcester), 279
544
INDEX OF PLACES.
Rudford Walk, 293.
Rudgate, 291, 293.
Rudge, 257 n.
Rudstone, 375 n.
Rugulbium, 223.
Rushforth, 197.
Rushton, 72.
Rutchester, 102.
Rutland, shire, 50, 167, 175; Wales,
442.
Rutunum, 95, 95 n.
Rutupis, 223.
Ryhall, 167, 168, 169, 170; Church,
497; Manor House, 501.
Ryknield Street, 365, 366.
Ryton, 131 n.
S
SABRINA, river, 54.
Sacomb, 486, 489, 500.
Sais, Convent, 47 n.
Salisbury, 68, 246, 251, 253, 267, 277,
278, 499; Cathedral, 278.
Salkeld, Little, 238; Stone Circle,
503.
Sandridga, 452.
Sandwich, 164 n.
Sandy Lane, 245 n.
Santon, 145.
Sawtrey Chapel, 455.
Scaleby Castle, 353.
Scandinavia, 371 n.
Scarborough, 242, 309.
Scilly, 448.
84;
Scotland, 74, 78, 83, 83 n, 85, 94, 122 n,
230, 242 n, 262, 263, 297 n, 350, 386,
390, 394, 400, 404, 407, 412, 415, 417,
424, 450, 451, 452, 474, 475, 504.
Scots' Pits, 331; Dike, 83, 83 n,
Nick, 84.
Scruton, 41, 44, 268, 269, 303, 304, 344,
352, 366, 367, 368, 368 n, 382, 415,
427, 431, 437; Church, 369; Chantry
369.
Scurf beck, 367.
Seaford, 220, 227 n.
Segedunum, 102.
Seine, river. 225.
Selsey, 216, 217, 227; Church, 53.
Severn, river, 22, 66, 95, 279.
Severus' Hill, 284, 357.
Sewingshields, 84 n.
Shaftesbury, S. John's Chapel, 102.
Shap, 237, 238, 239, 241.
Sheffield, 175, 366.
Shepperton, 10, 19, 204, 207, 209.
Sherburn Hospital, 332 n.
Sheriff Hutton Cascle, 380 n.
Shields, South, 106, 106 n.
Shipton, 156, 286.
Shire, Common, 67.
Shirewood, 353.
Shooter's Hill, 11.
Shoreham, river, 234.
Shorngate, Cross, 84.
Shropshire, 95 n, 175, 178, 180, 270.
Siberton, 54.
Sibson, 54 n, 60.
Sidbury (Worc.), 279.
Sidnacester, 149, 151, 152, 160 n.
Silbury Hill, 14, 245, 246, 252, 273, 275.
Simonburn, 122, 122 n, 133, 140.
Sinus Dunus, 307.
Siscia, 37.
Skelbrough, 373 n.
Skipton Bridge, 291.
Slough, 451.
Snite, river, 152, 459.
Soham, 198, 199; Church, 498; the
Mote, 198, 199.
Solway Firth, 264.
Somerby, 257.
Somersetshire, 14, 72, 181, 242.
Southampton, 75.
Sourwood, 297.
Southfield, 313 n.
Southorp, 60, 65, 65 n.
Southry Ferry, 455.
Southwark, 207.
Southwell, 30, 150, 151, 152, 316 n, 427,
428, 446, 447, 448, 449, 452, 453, 454,
458, 459; Minster, 497.
Southwick, 38, 39, 39 n. 49, 68.
Sowerby, 306 n.
Spain, 107, 189, 411, 480 n.
Spalding, 28, 123, 127, 128, 320, 329,
342, 354, 484; Town Hall, 498.
INDEX OF PLACES.
545
Spinae, 309.
Spittle, the, 418.
Spittlefields, 146.
Spittup Nick, 85.
Spofforth, 309, 317.
Spurnhead, 377.
Spye Park, 245 n.
Stafford, 195; Castle, 499, 500; shire,
177 n, 195.
Staines, 485.
Stainmore, 418.
Stamford, 14, 32, 38, 42, 44, 47, 55, 72,
73, 74, 152, 159, 170, 171, 173, 175,
239, 241, 266, 267, 268, 269, 291, 312,
317, 342, 348, 349, 351, 354, 356, 383,
427, 431, 445, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458,
459, 463, 464, 468, 471, 474, 481 n,
499; Barnhill, 349; St. George's,
73;
St. Leonard's Monastery, 53,
71, 383, 497; St. Peter's, 383, 497;
St. Martin's Church, 48; Browne's
Hospital, 460.
Stane Street, 204, 204 n.
Stangate Hole, 455.
Stannington, 365.
Stanridge, 204,
Stansted, 216, 217.
Stanton Drew, 247, 503.
Stanwix, 103, 258.
Stanyon Stone, 62, 67.
Stapleford, Bridge, 169, 170.
Stennit, the, 152, 459.
Stevenage, 452, 454.
Steyning, 218, 219.
Saint Alban's, 171, 297 n, 426, 451,
452; Cleer, 244 n; Ann's Hill
(Chertsey), 210, 210 n; George's
Hill, Camp, 203, 207, 207 n; Just,
247 n; Ives, 319 n; Stephen's Chapel
3; Neot's, 48 n, Shrine, 504; Os-
wald's Chapel, 419; Helen's, 77,
Ford, 291; Helier (Jersey), 443 n ;
Maur, Monastery, 438; Rooks, 218,
219.
Stibbington, 60.
Stilton, 59, 386,
Stirling, 413, 414.
Stockton, 196.
Stoke, 63.
Stokesley, 502.
Stonehenge, 92 n, 153, 165, 179, 211,
227, 235, 241, 243, 247, 248, 250, 251,
252, 253, 254, 268, 273, 273 n, 274,
275, 276, 277, 280, 346, 375, 376, 384,
385, 443, 503.
Stonesfield, 255, 255 n.
Stonehouse, near Falkirk, 430.
Stow, 160 n; Church, 506.
Stratford, Stony, 171, 495; rivulet,
177.
Strathawen, 388.
Streatham, 204, 204 n.
Streetington, 234.
Strensall, 316.
Strettons, the, 95.
Studforth, 292, 292 n.
Studley House (Wilts), 269, 270, 270 n,
272, 275.
Stukeley, Great, 66, 455, 505; Church,
494.
Sturbridge, 29.
Styx, river, 242.
Suffolk, 50, 61, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200,
471.
Sunbeck, brook, 333.
Sunbury, 480 n; Common, 19, 277.
Sunderlandwick, Driffield, 383.
Surrey, 201, 213, 214.
Sussex, 1, 12, 171, 204 n, 217, 222, 223,
224, 234, 235, 297 n.
Sustem Road, 459.
Sutton, St. James, 498.
Swacliffe, 155, 156.
Swafield, 14.
Swinton, 308.
Swale, river, 79, 332, 358, 363, 366.
Swansea, 252.
Swineshead, 458.
Syria, 173 n.
T
TADCASTER, 296, 297, 377, 380, 381.
Tadmarton, 155, 156.
Taenarus, 373.
Talden, 234 n.
Tame, river, 71, 158, 159, 165.
Tamworth, 165.
JJ
546
INDEX OF PLACES.
Tanfield, West, 283, 372, 372 n.
Tanridge, 204.
Tanshelf, 373, 373 n.
Taunton, 104.
Tay, river, 422, 423, 424.
Teddington, 10, 21.
Tees, river, 79, 84, 312, 312 n.
Telscomb, 219.
Temple Bolton, 250, 251, 251 n; Town,
388; Bar, 4.
Temsford, 165.
Tew, Great, 504.
Thame, 71.
Thames, the, 2, 8, 206, 206 n, 208, 209,
213, 213 n, 298.
Thanet, isle of, 373.
Thetford, 196, 198 n.
Thingdon, 66.
Thirsk, 75, 75 n, 80 n, 239, 329, 331,
377.
Thirtoft, 367.
Thirlwall, 122, 122 n.
Thistleton, 32, 173.
Thornaldby, 80.
Thornborough, 81, 81 n, 299; Moor,
283.
Thornbury, 81 n.
Thorney, 431, 471.
Thornscroft, 367.
Thornton, 81, 81 n, 82, 82 n; Rust,
81 n; Steward, 81; le Street, 334;
Watlass, 81.
Thorpe, 316 n.
Thrapston, 67, 73.
Three Charles Cliff, 221.
Thruxton, 255 n.
Tibbal's Hill, 167.
Tichmarsh, 72; derivation of, 72.
Tickencote, 174, 174 n, 381, 506;
Church, 32, 32 n, 151, 491, 496.
Tickenhall, 500.
Tilbridge Lane, 149.
Tickhill, 353.
Till, river, 353.
Tockwith, 291.
Toft Chapel, 501.
Tolethorp, 168, 169.
Torksey, 50, 493.
Torpel, 65, 65 n.
Tothill Castle, 499.
Tournay, 341.
Trent, river, 50, 145 n, 149, 150, 307,
393, 459.
Trethevy, Cist, 244.
Trevers, 193.
Treves, 148.
Trinobantes, the, 207.
Trinobantum, 18.
Troy, 111.
Trumpington, 14.
Tunocellum, 101, 103, 256, 258, 261.
Turin, 472.
Turkey, 2.
Tutbury, Castle, 499.
Tuxford, 150, 353.
Tweed, river, 330, 415, 423, 426.
Twickenham, 10, 21, 21 n; Kingston
Choir, 21, 21 n.
Tyburn, 19.
Tyne, river, 78, 80, 83, 84, 85, 102, 119;
Mouth, 77.
Tyre, 442.
U
UFFINGTON, 74, 447, 458, 499.
Ulshaw Bridge, 81.
Uppingham, 174, 175, 242.
Upton, 60; House, 57, 57 n.
Ure, river, 75 n, 81, 291, 358, 375.
Uriconium, 25, 177.
Utrecht, 108.
Uxaconium, 180.
Uxbridge, 451.
Uxelodunum, 260, 262 n.
V
VALLUM PICTUM, 50, 257; Antonini
Pii, 400, 413, 414; Hadriani, 264,
265.
Vaudy Abbey, 496, 500, 501.
Ve-Loyd, river, 298.
Venta Icenorum, 31; Silurum, 246 n
252.
Verlucio, 245, 245 n, 251.
Verona, 439, 490.
Verulam, 9, 305.
INDEX OF PLACES.
547
Via Trinobantica, 17.
Vienna, 327 n.
Vindobala, 102.
Vindolana, 102, 261.
Vindomora, 78, 78 n.
Vinovium, 77, 193 n.
Virosidum, 101, 262.
Volurtion, 262.
W
WALCOT, 32.
Wales, 95, 116, 175, 246 n, 268, 298,
424, 440, 441, 442, 443.
Wall of Antoninus, 419; Town, 138,
195 n, 253.
Walls, the, 175, 176, 176 n.
Wallington, 203.
Wallsend, 78, 102.
Walpole, 27.
Waltham, 481 n; Abbey, 171, 451;
Cross, 172.
Walton, 10, 197; on Thames, 203, 207,
207 n, 208, 208 n.
Walwick, Chesters, 102, 131, 131 n,
132; Grange, 123, 123 n.
Wansdike, 246, 248, 218 n, 250, 252, 253
Wansford or Walemsford, 54, 54 n,
55, 59, 60.
Wantsom, river, 31.
Warborough, 165.
Warkton, 63, 64, 66, 66 n; derivation
of name, 72; Church, 66 n.
Warleigh, 504.
Warminster, 245 n, 267.
Warwick, 178; shire, 157, 195 n.
Washingborough, 50.
Watch Cross, 103.
Water, Newton, 59.
Watford, 10.
Welbury, 306.
Welby, 495.
Weldon, 40, 40 n, 41, 42, 43, 45, 49 n,
58, 61, 68, 346.
Well, 471.
Welland, river, 54 n, 461.
Welshpool, 178.
Wem, 95, 104.
Went, river, 81, 295, 373; beck, 81,
82.
Wessex, 160 n.
Westburn, 221, 221 n.
Westbury, 245 n.
Westchester, 372.
Westerham, 203.
Westmill, 319 n.
Westminster, 1 n, 162 n, 206, 280 n,
474; Abbey, 3 n, 10, 12, 18, 20, 67 n,
171, 493; Bridge, 2, 2 n, 4, 11, 487 n,
507; Clock Tower, 11, 13; Canon
Row, 13; Chapter House, 13; Cot-
tonian Library, 5, 7; Petty France,
181; Sanctuary, 11, 12, 13, 18; St.
Margaret's, 19; St. Stephen's Chapel
3, 12.
Westmoreland, 238, 241, 417, 447.
Wetherby, 83, 291.
Weybridge, 206, 208.
Whaddon Hall, 498.
Wharfe, river, 291, 296, 298, 315.
Wheathampstead, 452.
Wheelfell, 83.
Whelp, Castle, 79.
Whinfield Park, 403.
Whinny Moor, 370, 370 n, 371.
Whitby, 308, 309.
Whitchurch, 104.
Whitebridge, 149.
Whitehall, 1, 6, 18, 19, 284, 316 n.
Wath, 295.
Watlass Moor, 81.
Watling Street, 75, 77 n, 81 n, 132,
180, 195, 291, 442, 504.
Waveney, river, 200 n.
Weald, the, 217, 217 n, 218.
Wear, river, 77, 77 n; Mouth, 216.
Weekly, 63, 64, 66, 67; Church, 66 n,
502; derivation of name, 72.
Whitehaven, 46, 143.
Whitehern, 379.
Whitelady's House (Worc.), 279.
Whitewater, 56.
Whittlesea Fen, 378, 500.
Whitley Castle, 78, 78 n, 79, 79 n, 101.
Wickham, West, 454, 454 n.
Wigan, 79 n.
Wight, isle of, 48 n, 214, 227.
Wighton, 75 n, 80, 377, 381.
548
INDEX OF PLACES.
Willeford, 80.
Willington Hill, 221.
Willowhall, 47.
Willy, river, 43, 62.
Wilton, 43, 62, 92, 175, 243, 251, 253,
254, 273; Park, 495.
Wilts, 99 n, 166, 168, 242, 246 n, 254,
257, 262, 263, 268, 273.
Wimbledon, 83.
Wimpole, 76; Hall, 502.
Winchester, 243, 253; Cathedral, 160 n;
Cross, 499.
Windeston, 312 n.
Windgate, 79.
Windmill Hill, 274.
Windsor, 205 n, 206.
Winet, 297, 297 n.
Wingford, Church, 496, 497.
Winston, 84.
Winterton, 255 n.
Wintringham, 75 n, 381.
Winwed Field, 295.
Wirtemberg, 492 n.
Wisbeach, 29.
Wiske, river, 332, 363.
Wistow, Church, 494.
Wittenham, Little, 164, 164 n, 165.
Wittering, 217.
Wittlesford Bridge, 454 n.
Wiza, river, 101.
Woburn, 171; Abbey, 500.
Womersley, 363.
Woodcroft, House, 460, 500.
Woodstock, 255.
Woolsenbury, 218.
Wolsthorpe, 445, 457.
Worcester, 153, 278, 278 n, 280, 316;
•
shire, 278, 281, 354.
Worfield, 175, 175 n.
Worsal, 336.
Wrekin, hills, 499.
Wroxeter, 95, 179.
Wulfox, 458.
Wrexham, Church, 498.
Wye, river, 203, 208, 209.
Wyke, 151 n.
YAFFORTH, 80.
Yal, rivulet, 80.
Y
Yare, river, 200 n.
Yarmouth, 200, 223.
Yatesbury, 251 n.
Yevrin, 81.
Yssel, 71.
York, 50, 83, 139, 142, 145, 233, 269,
281, 283, 284, 287, 288, 290, 291, 293,
296, 301, 303, 303 n, 307, 308, 318,
320, 321, 324, 325, 327, 328, 330, 332,
340, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347, 351, 353,
355, 356, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 365,
365 n, 366, 372, 375, 377, 378, 380,
384, 386, 420, 478; Assembly Room,
380; Bedern, 379; Brickhills, 327;
Boutham Bar, 284, 288, 291, 321, 378;
Buckingham House, 283; Castle,
353; Chapter House, 380, 426; Coffee
Yard, 318; Friary. 379; St. Leonard's
Hospital, 344, 378, 378 n, 379;
Minster, 53, 305, 316, 353, 379, 498;
All Saints' Church, North Street,
283, 284 n. 288; Micklegate, 284,
288, 342, 350, 351, 355, 372, 378, 386 ;
Mount, 288, 351; Knavesmire, 348,
375, 378; Ouse Bridge, 285, 347;
St. Mary's Abbey, 377; St. John's,
379; St. Helen's, 379; Severus's
Hill, 378; Trinity Lane, 379; Walm-
gate, 378; shire, 75, 79, 80 n, 83 n,
84, 90, 116, 139, 195, 239, 251, 256,
263, 281, 315, 331, 344, 354, 358, 362,
386, 395, 425, 431; shire Wolds,
301.
Z
ZANTE, island of, 490 n.
Zealand, 438.
ERRATA ET ADDENDA.
VOL. I.
Page 5, line 8, add note: "In the posthumous works of Sir Thos. Browne, the
Norwich physician, the inscriptions in the Cathedral are given."
""
""
""
""
""
""
11, last line, adl note: "Sarah Collingwood, widow, buried, 7 Feb.,
1697."- Holbeach Par. Register.
14, line 9, add note: "taking notes in shorthand, hence his interest in
Dr. Byrom's system." See vol. iii., Appendix.
14, line 22, add note: "James Ascough, apothecary and chirurgeon, bur.
March 6, 1703."-Holbeach Par. Register.
19, note 3, for a maribus, read e maribus.
20, line 20, after matriculated, add "as a sizar, 8 April."
30, line 23, add note: "John Stukeley, gent., buried March 8, 1705."-Hol-
beach Parish Register.
31, line 8, add note : "James Brecknock, M.D., died 23 Dec., 1746, aged
66."-Tablet in Holbeach Church.
54, note 13, for St. Martin's, read All Saints.
60, note 6, in second line, for Spencer, read Stanley.
64, line 9, add note: "Philip, Lord Stanhope, afterwards Earl of Chester-
field, was initiated on this day at the Queen's Arms Tavern, in St.
Paul's Churchyard, prior to the banquet, by George Payne, Esq.,
Grand Master."
68, note 25, add : "He was elected Grand Master of Freemasons, 17 Jan.
1722."
68, line 3, add note: "Francis Scott, Earl of Dalkeith, was elected
Grand Master, 24 June, 1723.”
75, note 37, for 1555, read 1655.
96, note 18, for Colus au, read Colus an.
99, note 7, add: "Folkes was ap ointed Deputy Grand Master of Free-
masons by Charles Lenox, Duke of Richmond, in 1724."
110, note 21, add: "Thornhill, was appointed Grand Warden by James King,
Lord Kingston, Grand Master, 27 Dec., 1728."
121, last line, before Highmore insert Joseph, "who was appointed Grand
Warden of Freemasons by Henry Hare, Lord Coleraine, Grand
Master, 27 Dec., 1727."
131, note 23, before Society insert the,
""
""
151, note 9, for scholarship, read fellowship.
,, 170, line 16, add note: "Hearne is in error, for there was an amphi-
""
"9
theatre at Silchester."
218, note 9, dele College.
281, last line but one, after probamque, dele comma.
284, line 32, for victisti, read vidisti.
285, note 17, for perveniat, read pervenit; and for Auç. read Aur,
550
ERRATA ET ADDENDA.
Page 292, line 15, for ranoeque, read ranaeque.
""
"
""
""
295, line 9, for ranoeque, read ranaeque.
298, line 4, for foemina, read faemina; 5, for quoe, read quae; 6, after
aperto, dele comma; 10, for nitidoe, read nitidae; 11. for quoe,
read quae; 14, for foemina, read faemina.
299, line 5, for quoe, read quae; 12, for foemina, read faemina.
305, note 1, for John, read Richard.
314, note 15, add "The figure, however, must have been that of S.
Mary Magdalen, and not of Rosamund."
319, last line, for benedictus, read benedicite.
325, in heading of letter, for Roger, read Godfrey.
326, line 23, for exas read ekas.
327, note 11, dele probably.
""
333, note 22, dele College.
341, line 29, for omnibus, read nominibus.
343, line 17, for in Britannici, read per Britanniam.
345, line 13, for Sis, read quibus; line 14, for proprior, read propior.
""
""
347, last line, after Tolosae, dele comma.
423, note 5, for Airey, read Airy.
""
443, note 14, for editor, read translator.
452, foot note, for Airey, read Airy.
VOL. II.
Page 4, note 14, add: "Six coins of Laelianus were found in 1879 in a hoard
of more than 5000 Roman coins, midway between Condercum and
Vindobala, on Hadrian's Wall, Northumb.”—Archael. Æliana.
""
""
""
""
""
73, line 6, add note: "Sir Geo. Fleming, Bart., son of Sir Daniel Fleming,
Knt., of Rydal Hall, Westmorland, born in 1677, was Archdeacon of
Carlisle in 1707, Dean in 1727, and Bishop of Carlisle in 1734, and
died in 1747.”
246, for Narborough, read Northborough, Northants.
247, after Burghley Park, insert Northants.
294, Cornewall Tathwell, add note: "M.D., residing in All Saints' par-
ish, Stamford, was one of Stukeley's principal parishioners. He was
buried in All Saints' church, and his monumental inscription is given
in' Drahard's History of Stamford,' 1822, p. 290."
296, line 4, for Billington, read Bennington.
., 317, line 14, add note: "This MS. is Gervase Holles' Church Notes, now
in the Brit. Mus.-Harl. MSS., 6829.
320, for Mareham le Fen, read Marholm, Northants; and add note: "The
church and the tombs are fully described in 'Gough's Castor,' 1819,
pp. 153-162.
ERRATA.
551
ERRATA.
VOL. III.
Page 4, note 9, for vol. i., 77, read vol. i., 37.
57, line 5, for the, read the.
59, line 27, for show, read Shaw.
""
""
248, line 22, for Marborough, read Marlborough.
,, 260, line 16, for oblative, read ablative.
""
""
261, line 25, for designed, read designed.
269, line 19, for hnmble, read humble.
""
272, note 11, after partizan, put comma.
""
272, note 11, for Aubery, read Aubrey.
""
278, line 12, for Caenobii, read Coenobii.
288, lines 14 and 15, after Strada and Louneau, put comma.
""
349, note 14, after 488, insert ].
""
367, line 1, for stilled, read still.
381, line 7, for geos, read goes.
""
394, third line from bottom, for place, read place.
397, line 12, for σpaisoeidei, read opuipoeidei.
σφαιροειδει,
422, line 26, for Brit. annorum, read Britannorum.
466, line 21, for Holbeck, read Holbech.
476, at end of first line supply hyphen.
""
490, line 22, for Hermolavs, read Hermolaus.
END OF VOLUME III.
RIPON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM HARRISON, MARKET-PLACE.
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