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TREATIES, &0.~
CONCLUDED BETWE EN
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA,
AXD BETWEEN
PERSIA AND OTHER FOREIGN POWERS,
VVHOLLY OR PARTIALLY IN FORCE ON THE
1ST APRIL, 1891.
HY
SIR EDWARD EI‘ERTSLET, QB.
(Librarian and Kepper 0f U/LG Papev's, Foreign (‘6).
L O N D O N :
BUTTERWORTHS, 7, FLEET STREET,
it’ufn @nhlishlzrs to @5132 @mcn's wast dia'rsllcnt .iﬂujrsty.
HARRISON & SONS, 59, PALL DIALL,
‘@ooiascllrrs tn El“): 62mm ‘Jr-h QFJBLLEQ. @Igc figrinrc of @ﬁlnlrs.

1891.
{A ll Rig]! is reserved]
LONDON :
HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY T0 HER MAJESTY,
ST. MARTIN’S LANE.
m l/ F’
:7’ /'
PREFACE.
_——-—-—..
IN January, 1875, the publication of a separate collection of
Treaties was commenced, the object of which was to show how
the Trade between Great Britain and Foreign Powers was regu-
lated, and what Privileges British vSubjects could enjoy in
certain Foreign Dominions and Possessions, not only under the
English Treaties concluded with those Powers, but also in virtue
of the Treaties which those Powers had concluded with other
Countries, the beneﬁts of which could be claimed by this
country under the most—favoured-natiou clauses of the English
Treaties. '
The First Part of this collection was devoted to an examina—
tion of the Treaties which AUSTRIA-HUNGARY had concluded
with Great Britain and with other Foreign Powers. This was
followed by a similar examination, in separate collections, of
the Treaties concluded by TURKEY, ITALY, CHINA, JAPAN, and
SPAIN.
The General Title given to these Volumes was--“ Treaties
and Tariffs regulating the Trade between Great Britain and
Foreign Nations.”
The present Volume relating to Persia is intended to form
one of this series ; but it has been found necessary to alter the
Title, since it has been considered advisable to include other
Subjects than those of Trade, and to insert in the Collection.
not simply abstracts but complete copies of the Treaties which
Persia has concluded, not with this country only but also with
other Powers, relating to Commerce, Navigation, Telegraphic
communications, the Slave Trade, Boundaries, and other
matters. I
The Title of the present Volume will therefore be--“ Trea-
ties concluded between Great Britain and Persia, and between
Persia and other Foreign Powers; wholly or partially in force on _
the 1st April, 1891.”
It has not been thought necessary to give copies of the
expired Treaties concluded between this Country and Persia
previous to the commencement of the present century, as they
are all to be found in the 6th Volume of “ Aitchison’s Collection

iv PREFACE.
of Treaties,” published at Calcutta; but it has been thought
that it might be interesting if the collection commenced with
the Treaties concluded in January, 1801, although all the
Treaties concluded between that date, and March, 1857 (with
the exception of the Commercial Treaty of 28th October, 1841),
have now ceased to be in force.
The following, then, is a List “of the Treaties and other
International Engagements which have been entered into
between Great Britain and Persia since the lst January, 1801 :—
No. Page.
1. 1801. January. Political Treaty . . 1
2. ,, January. Commercial Treaty. . . . . . . . . . 1
3. 1809. 12th March. Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. 4
4.‘. 1812. 14th March. Deﬁnitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. . 5
5. 1814. 2 5th November. Deﬁnitive Treaty of Friendship and Subsidy 6
6. 1828. March—August. Agreement cancelling the Subsidy Articles
of the Treaty of 25th November, 1814 . . . . . . 7
7. 1841. 28th October. Commercial Treaty . . . . . .4 9
(See also Treaty of 4th March, 1857, Art. IX, p. 19.)
8. 1851. August. Convention authorising the detentionand search of
Persian Vessels by British and East'India Company’s
Cruizers, with a view to the suppression of the Slave
Trade.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
(Conﬁrmed by Article XIII of the Treaty of 4th March,
1857, but cancelled by Art. IV of the Convention of
I 2nd March, 1882, p. 9. 1853. 25th January. Engagement contracted by Persian Govern-
ment towards the British Government, with regard to
Herat.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 141
12
r War was declared by Great Britain against Persia on the
1stw1$eternben 1856, and the Treaty of Peace was signed at
Paris on theﬁrliilggch, 1857.
No. . Page.
10. *185’7. 4th March. Treaty of Peace. Engagement with regard to
Herat and Afghanistan, 8:0. . . . . . . . . 16
11. 1862. 17th December. Engagement. Telegraph Line. Khana-
keen to Bushire, 'vici Tehran . 23
12. 1865. 23rd November. Telegraph Convention . . .. . . 25
13. *1868. 2nd April. Telegraph Convention . . . . . . . . 30
*1871. lSlJ—‘zlstll September. Arrangement. Boundary. Persia and _
Kelat .. .. .. .. .. .. 105 '
~ ~ *18’72. August. Arrangement. Persia and Afghanistan. Seistan
Boundary. British Award . . . . . . . 63
141. *1872. 2nd December. Telegraph Convention . . . . . . 32
—- *18‘78. 15th May. (Proposed) Amended Arrangement. Boundary.
Persia and Kelat . . .. . . . . . . . ., 106
15. =1‘*1882. 2nd March. Slave Trade Convention. . . 40
16. 1887. 3rd July. Agreements. Prolongation of Telegraph Con-
ventions of 2nd April, 1868, and 2nd December, 1872 . . 43
PREFACE. V
Those Treaties which are still in force are marked with an
asterisk; but a short abstract of the contents of those which
have expired is also given for convenience of reference under
their respective dates.
In addition to the direct Engagements which Persia has
entered into with this Country, she was also a Signatory, or an
Acceding Party, to the following general International Engage-
ments, to which Great Britain was also a Party :—
1865. 17th May. International Telegraph Convention (Paris).
“ State Papers,” Vol. LVI, p. 295.
1868. 21st July. International Telegraph Convention (Vienna).
“State Papers,” Vol. LIX, p. 322.
,, 11th December. Declaration. Non-use in time of war of Explosive
Projectiles under 400 grammes weight (St. Petersburgh).
“State Papers,” Vol. LVIII, p. 16.
1872. 14th January. International Telegraph Convention (Rome).
“ State Papers,” Vol. LXVI, p. 9'75.
1874. 5th December. Accession to (Geneva) Convention of 22nd August,
1864, respecting the Wounded in Armies in the Field.
“ State Papers,” Vol. LXX, p. 1168.
1875. 22nd July. International Telegraph Convention (St. Petersburgh).
“ State Papers,” Vol. LXVI, p. 19.
1877. 18th August. Declaration. Accession of Persia to General Postal
Union Treaty signed at Berne, 9th October, 1874‘.
“ State Papers,” Vol. LXV, p. 13.
1878. 15th August. Accession to Universal Postal Union of 1st June,
1878 (Paris). (“State Papers,” Vol. LXIX, p. 210.) (Amended
by Additional Act of 21st March, 1885.)
“State Papers,” Vol. LXIX, p. 276.
1880. 3rd November. Exchange of Postal Parcels without declaration of
value (Paris).
“State Papers, Vol. LXXI, p. 356. "
1884. 14th March. Protection of Submarine Cables. (Signed by Persian
Plenipotentiary, but not ratiﬁed by the Shah.)
“ H ertslet’s Treaties,” Vol. XVII, p. 495.
1885. 21st March. Additional Act to Convention of 1st June, 1878.
(“ State Papers,” Vol. LXIX, p. 210.) Universal Postal Union
(Lisbon).
“ Hertslet’s Treaties,” Vol. XVII, pp. 235, 241, 243.
The Shah of Persia has also issued the following Firmans,
&c., granting certain Commercial and other Privileges to Great
Britain and other Countries, and for the Suppression of the
Slave Trade :—
Page.
1823. July (August). Abolition of Export Duty on Horses . .. 117
1836. 5th May. Permission to British Merchants to trade with
Persia on payment of the same duties as those paid by
Russian Merchants (see also Treaty of 4th March, 1857,
Art. IX, p. 19) . . . . . . . . . . 4.8
1839. 15th September. Protection of Servants and Dependants of
the British Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1840. April. Ditto, ditto (amended). . . . . . .. .. 49
A2
vi PREFACE.
Pa e.
1844.. May (June). Protection of British Merchants in case of g
Bankruptcies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1848. 12th June. Prohibition against the importation of Slaves by
Sea .. .. ., .. .. .. .. .. 54—56
1888. 26th May. Protection of Lives and Properties of Persian
Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 57
1888. 30th October. Opening of the Karoon River . . . . 58
1890. 1st February. Notice. Prohibition against Traffic in Slaves
bySeaorLand .. .. .. .. .. .. 58
It may also be mentioned that an Understanding was
arrived at between Great Britain and Russia in 1834, with
regard to the maintenance of the INDEPENDENCE and INTEGRITY
of Persia, which was admitted to be in force, by an Exchange
of Notes, in 1838, in 1873, in 1874, and again in 1888 (page
209)
In 1834, an Understanding was also arrived at between Great
Britain and Russia, with regard to the SUGCESSION to the Persian
Throne (page 215).
In March, 18 65, an Agreement was arrived at between Great
Britain and Russia respecting a Map of the Turco-Persian
Frontier (page 218).
On the 27th July, 1880, a Protocol was signed between
Great Britain and Russia, ﬁxing the Boundaries between Turkey
and Persia in the Territory of Khotour, in accordance with
Article LX of the Treaty of Berlin of 13th July, 1878 (page 219).
On the 13th December, 1889, Two Orders in Council were
passed, one entitled “The Persia Order in Council, 1889,” and
the other “The Persian Coast and Islands Order in Council,
1889.” These Orders are too voluminous to ﬁnd a place in this
collection, but a short abstract of the contents of each of them
is given at pages 193, 199. i
A List of the Treaties, &c., which Persia has concluded with
Foreign Countries other than with Great Britain, is given at
page 61 ; and, as it is stipulated in Article IX of the Treaty of
Peace of 4th March, 1 857 (page 19), that “THE HIGH CONTRACTING
PARTIES ENGAGE THAT IN THE ESTABLISHMENT AND RECOGNITION
OF CoNsULs-GENERAL, CONSULS, VIOE-CONSULS, AND CONSULAR
AGENTS, EACH SHALL 'BE PLACED IN THE _DOMINIONS OF THE
OTHER ON THE FOOTING OF THE MOST FAVOURED NATION; AND
THAT THE TREATMENT OF THEIR REsPEoTIvE SUBJEoTs, AND
THEIR TRADE, SHALL ALSO, IN EVERY RESPECT, BE PLACED ON
THE FOOTING OF THE TREATMENT OF THE SUBJEoTs AND COM-
MERGE OF THE MOST FAvoURED NATIoN,” copies of those
PREFACE. vii
Treaties are given, in alphabetical order, preceded by an
abstract of their Contents.
They are classiﬁed again, ‘according to Subjects, in the Index,
which will be found at the end of the Volume; so that it can
readily be ascertained What Privileges have been conceded by
‘Persia to Foreign Countries. the beneﬁts of which can be
enjoyed by Great Britain, in addition to the privileges directly
conceded by Persia to British Subjects and their Trade.
In conclusion, I beg to state that this Work is not an oﬁ‘icial
publication but purely a Private Undertaking, and that I am
personally responsible for the statements which it contains.
EDWARD HERTSLET.
Foreign Oﬂice,
lst April, 1891.
PART 1.
Copies or Abstracts of Treaties, &c., concluded between Great
Britain and Persia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1801-1887
PART II.
Firmauns issued by the Shah of Persia granting Commercial
and other Privileges to Great Britain and other Powers;
and for the Suppression of the Slave Trade . . . . 1823—1888
PART III.
Treaties, &o., concluded by Persia with Foreign Powers other
than with Great Britain, which were wholly or partially in
force on the 1st April, 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . —. .
PART IV.
British Orders in Council respecting Consular Jurisdiction in
Persia; and in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (Persian
Coasts and Islands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13th December, 1889
PART V.
Agreements between Great Britain and Russia respecting
Persia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . 1834—1888
5
mod
4.5
59
191
207
CONTENTS.
PART I.
TREATIES, &o., CONCLUDED BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA,
1801—1887 :——
. Political Treaty between the English Government and the Shah of Persia.
January, 1801
. Commercial Treaty between the English Government and the Shah of
Persia. January, 1801
. Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between Great Britain
and Persia. 12th March, 1809
. Deﬁnitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between Great Britain and
Persia. 14th March, 1812
. Deﬁnitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between Great Britain and
Persia. 25th November, 1814
. Agreement between Great Britain and Persia, cancelling the Subsidy
Articles of the Treaty of 25th November, 1814. March-August, 1828
. Treaty of Commerce between Great Britain and Persia.
' 28th October, 1841
. Agreement between Great Britain and Persia, authorising the Detention
and Search of Persian Merchant Vessels by British and East India
Company’s Cruizers, with a view to the Suppression of the Slave Trade
August, 1851
. Engagement contracted by the Persian Government towards the British
Government regarding Herat. 25th January, 1853
Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and Persia. 4th March, 1857
Engagement entered into by the Persian Government towards the British
Government for the construction of a Line of Telegraph from Khana-
keen to Bushire, aid Tehran. 17th December, 1862
Convention between Great Britain and Persia relative to Telegraphic
Communication between Europe and India. 23rd November, 1865
Convention between Great Britain and Persia for extending and securing
Telegraphic Communication between Europe and India.
2nd April, 1868
Convention between Great Britain and Persia, for continuing the system
of Telegraphic Communication between Europe and India through
Persia. 2nd December, 1872
. Convention between Great Britain and Persia, for the suppression of the
Trafﬁc in Slaves. 2nd March, 1882
Agreements between the British and Persian Governments for prolonging,
until 31st January, 1905, the Conventions between Her Majesty and
the Shah of Persia of 2nd April, 1868, and 2nd December, 1872, rela-
tive to Telegraphic Communication between Europe and India.
‘ 3rd July, 1887
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
16.
PART II.
PAGE
1
1
4
5
6
7
9
12
_ 14
16
23
25
30
32
4O
43
FIRMAUNS ISSUED BY THE SHAH or PERSIA, 1823—1890.
July (August), 1823
Abolition of Export Duty on Horses.
5th May, 1836
British Trade with Persia.
Protection of Servants and Dependents of British Mission.
15th September, 1839
Ditto (Amended). April, ‘1840
PAGE
47
48
48
49
CONTENTS.
Bankruptcies, Protection of British Merchants.
Prohibition against Importation of Negro Slaves by Sea.
Protection of Lives and Property of Persian Subjects.
Opening of the Karun River.
Notice.
May (June), 1844
J une, 1848
26th May,’ 1888
30th October, 1888
Prohibition against the Traffic in Slaves by Sea or Land.
1st February, 1890

PART I 11.
PAGE
50
54
56
58
TREATIES, &c., CONCLUDED BY PERSIA WITH FOREIGN POWERS (OTHER THAN
WITH GREAT BRITAIN), 1693-1889 :—-namely, with
Afghanistan . . . . .
Austria-Hungary.
Belgium........
Denmark... .. ..
Egypt........
France
Germany
GreeOQ'OOQO‘I...
Italy
H
Kelat . . . . . . . . . .
Nétheriirlaé' . . ..
Oman (Muscat) . .
Russia.... .. .. ..
Aug.,1872.......
17th May, 1857 . .
31a July, 1857 ...
30th Nov., 1857. . .
1823. 1889 . . . . . .
12th July, 1855 . .
6th, 11th June, 1873
28th Oct, 1861 . . .
24th Sept., 1862 . .
29th Sept, 1862 . .
1st—4th Sept., 1871
15th May, 1873 . . .
3rd July, 1857 . . . .
17th Nov., 1856 . .
12th 0015., 1813 ..
22nd Feb., 1828 . .
22nd Feb., 1828 ..
22nd Feb., 1828
3rd July, 1844 . . .
13th Dec., 1869. ..
British Award. Seistan Boundary
Treaty. Commerce and Naviga-
tion .. ..
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Special Commercial Arrangements
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Friendship, Commerce, and Navi-
gation .. .. ..
Friendship, Commerce, and Navi-
gation .. .. .. ........ ..
Addl. Art. Silkworms’ Eggs and
Cocoons..... . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Notes. Great Britain and Persia.
(Beloochistan, &0.) Boundary. .
Amended Notes (proposed) ditto. .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Bender Abbas (terminated) . . . . . .
Peace and Friendship (Gulistan) . .
Peace and Friendship (Tourkman-
tchai).. .. .
Commerce (Tourkmantchai). . . . . .
Ceremonial. Reception of Diplo-
matic Agents (Tourkmantchai) .
Interpretation of Art. 14 of Treaty
of 22nd February, 1828. Dis-
orders on the Frontiers. Pass-
orts .. River Attrek to form Boundary on
East Coast of the Caspian Sea . .
Telegraphic (expired. But see Con-
vention, Jan., 1881) . . . . . .
Teiegraphic.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Akhal-Khorassan Boundary. East
of Caspian Sea. . . . .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
0.0.000...
Friendship and Commerce .. ..
Friendship and Commerce. Note..
Peace...........
Peace.........................
Peace.........................
Peace (Erzeroom) Limits (Erzeroom) .. .. . .. ..
...
PAGE
63
66
7 3
7 7
80
80
84
93
94
100
104
105
106
108
112
115
117
125
130
133
133
134
134
136
Spain .. .. .. .. ..
,, o o o o o c 0 o a 0
Sweden and Nor-
way
Switzerland. . . . . .
Turkey
00......‘
12
51th May, 1879 . . .
31st Jan., 188] . . .
9th
Dec., 1881 . . . .
21st
4th Mar., 1842 . . .
9th Feb., 1870. . . .
17th Nov., 1857 . .
23rd July, 1873 . .
1639 ..
23rd Oct., 1727 . . .
Jan., 1746 . . . . . . . .
Jan., 1747.. .. .. ..
28th July, 1823 . . .
31st May, 1847 . . .
144
1 46
149
153
153
155
160
163
169
xii coNTENTs.
PAGE
Turkey......... 28thNov., 1863... Te1egraphic.................... 173
,, . . .. . . . . . 3rd Aug, 1869 . . . Provisional Arrangement. Turco-
Persian Frontiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
,, . . . . . . . . . 20th Dec., 1875 . . . Consular Jurisdiction. Civil and
Commercial Suits. Trade Guilds.
Protection. Nationality, &c. . . 179
,, . . . . . . . . . 4th J an, 1876 . . . . Vizirial Letter explanatory of ditto 184
,, . . . . . . . . . 13th July, 1878 . . Cession by Turkey to Persia of
Town and Territory of Khotour 219
,, . . . . . . . . . 27th July, 1880 . . Protocol, Great Britain and Russia
ditto.. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 219
United States. . . . 13th Dec., 1856 . . Friendship and Cdmnierce. . . . . . . 186

PART 1 Iv.
ORDERS IN CoUNoIL EEsPEcTINe BRITISH CoNsIILAa JURISDICTION IN
PEEsIA AND IN THE PERSIAN GIILE AND GULF or OMAN :—
' ' ' ’ PAGE
In Persia 13th December, 1889 193
In Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (PersianCoasts and Islands)
13th December, 1889 199
*2... ._4_-___ ~~_.__-__-____¢-_~_J__._-
PART V.
AGREEMENTS BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND RUssIA RESPECTING THE
AFFAIRS OF' PERsIA. '
No. ,7 PAGE
1. Agreements respecting the maintenance of the Integrity and Independence
_of Persia. September, 1834 209
, [Conﬁrmed in 1873, in 1874, and in 1888.]
2. Agreement respecting Succession to the Persian Throne.
. August, September, 1834 215
3. Agreement respecting a Map of the 'I‘urco-Persian Boundary.
. , ' March, 1865 218
4. Protocol ﬁxing the Boundary between Turkey and Persia in the Territory
of Khotour. 27th July, 1880 219
List of British Ambassadors and Envoys' to the Court of Persia.
' ' ' ' ‘ 1800-1890 220
List of Persian Ambassadors, Representatives, and Envoys to the Court of
Great Britain, 1810-1890 . . . . . . . . . . ' ' _. . . . 222
SUBJECT INDEX. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 223
PART I.
“
COPIES OR ABSTRACTS OF TREATIES, &c.
CONCLUDED BETWEEN
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
1801-1887.

(No. 1.) POL [ T I CA L TREA TYbetween the English Government
and the Shah of Persim—January 1801.ais

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
Preamble.
I. Mutual aid and assistance.
II. Engagement of the Shah to lay waste the Afghan Dominions in event
of the Afghans attempting to invade India.
III. Peace to be concluded with the Afghans only on condition of their abandon-
ing all designs against India.
IV. Engagement of Persia to oppose hostile attack by Afghans or by the French
against the English.
V. Engagement of Persia to prevent the French from settling or residing in
any of the Islands or Shores of Persia.
Engagement of the English to assist Persia with Military Stores in the
event of war between the Persians and the French.

This Treaty was concluded by Captain (afterwards Sir) John
Malcolm on behalf of the British Government, and by Hajee
Ibrahim Khan on behalf of Persia. It is no longer in force.

(N0. 2.) UOZIIMER CIAL T REA. TY between the English Gov-
ernment and the Shah of Persia—January 1801.T

Art. TABLE or CONTENTS.
Preamble. _
I. Protection of Merchants, their Goods, and Cattle. ‘
II. No duties to be charged on Government Goods required by English
Employés.
‘1* See “ Aitchison’s Treaties,” Vol. 6, page 378. . _
1' See “Hertslet’s Commercial Treaties,” Vol. 13, page 660, and “Aitchison’s
Treaties,” Vol. 6, page 381.
1 B
Jan., 1801.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
Art.
III. Injuries inﬂicted by Thieves or Robbers. Payment of Debts.
IV. Recovery of Debts due to English Government by deceased Persians.
Hire and punishment of Domestic Natives by British Employés.
V. Right of the English to build or rent Houses in Persia.
Repair of damaged Ships in Ports of either country. Wrecks.
Final Article.
Right of British Subjects to leave Persia with their Property.
Additional Article.
Duties on certain British Goods to be charged 1 per cent. Duties charged
in Persia and India on other goods to remain ﬁxed.

This Treaty was concluded by Captain (afterwards Sir) John
Malcolm on the part of the British Government, and by Hajee
Ibrahim Khan, on the part of Persia. It is no longer in force.
The following account is given in “ Aitchison’s Treaties,” of
what passed between the signature of the Treaties of January,
1801, and the conclusion of the Treaty of 12th March, 1809 :—
“ In 1805, during the war between Persia and Russia, which
originated in the invasion of Georgia, the Shah of Persia,
having suffered severe reverses, and being threatened with the
vengeance of Russia for the ‘treacherous murder of a Russian
General, threw himself on the support of Napoleon, who was
then at the height of his power, and made overtures for a union
of political interests with France. He bitterly resented the in-
terpretation which the British Government put upon the Treaty
of 1801 and their refusal to give him the, assistance against Russia
‘which he claimed under that Treaty, and in consideration of
which he had offered, through his Ambassador, Aga Mahomed
Nubbi Khan, to relinquish the French alliance. The proposals
of the French were that they ‘should compel the Russians to
restore the provinces wrested from Persia, and that they should
furnish the Shah with military stores and officersto organize
his army on the European system, while the Shah on his part
was to declare immediate war with the English, to invade
India by way of Afghanistan, and to permit a French army to
invade India through his territories. These negotiations were
‘frustrated by the peace concluded at Tilsit between Napoleon
and the Emperor Alexander, but they had the effect of rousing
the British Government to efforts for the recovery of their lost
ascen dency at the Court of Teheran and the protection of their
Indian Empire by binding the western frontier States in a
chain of friendly alliance. Missions were sent to the Ameers of
Sind, Runjeet Sing, and the Court of Cabul, and Sir John
Malcolm was again accredited as envoy to Persia. Unfortu-
nately, however, without previous concert with the Indian
Government, and in ignorance of the measures concerted by
them, Sir Harford Jones was at the same time deputed direct
‘from England as Plenipotentiary on the part of the Crown.
This event led to unseemly complications7 which had the effect

3* Vol. 6, page 357.
C)
‘I
GREAT ‘BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [Jan., 1801.
of rendering both Governments ridiculous in the eyes of the
Persians.
“ Sir John Malcolm was instructed, in the event of Sir Harford
Jones arriving at Bombay on his way to Persia before him, to
proceed as Envoy to Bagdad for the purpose of establishing an '
alliance with the Pasha and the petty chiefs in Arabia, leaving
Sir H. Jones to conduct the negotiations at Teheran; but the
paramount importance of recovering a footing in Persia was to
overrule all other considerations, and Sir J. Malcolm was to
proceed 011 his mission to Persia without delay if he should ﬁnd
himself the ﬁrst in the ﬁeld. Sir John arrived in Persia ﬁrst,
while the Shah was still trusting to the liberal promises with
which the French amused him. Considering the dignity of
the British Government insulted by an attempt, which he attri-
buted to the inﬂuence of the French Embassy, to exclude him
from the Royal presence and draw him into negotiations with
subordinate ofﬁcials at Shiraz, he concluded that there was no
hope of a friendly alliance. He therefore abruptly quitted the
country, and, proceeding to Calcutta, induced Lord Minto to
prepare for the occupation of the Island of Kharrack, in the
Persian Gulf, as a position from which the British Government
could either negotiate with dignity" or act with effect if war
should be declared. The instructions given to Sir Harford
Jones were that he should remain at Bombay till the issue of
Sir John Malcolm’s mission was known, but that he should
proceed to Persia at once, in the event either of Sir J. Malcolm
being obliged to leave without attaining his object, or of his
succeeding in concluding a preliminary Treaty. On Sir John
Malcolm’s return, therefore, he set out for Teheran. Further
instructions to suspend his mission reached him too late. He
arrived at Teheran when the Shah had lost all faith in the pro-
fessions of the French, which, in consequence of the peace with
Russia and reverses in Europe, they were no longer able to
fulﬁl, and he therefore found no difﬁculty in concluding a pre-
liminary Treaty. By this Treaty, which was concluded on the
12th and exchanged on the 15th March, 1809* all Treaties con-
tracted by the King with European Powers were annulled, the
Shah engaged to prevent the passage of European armies
through his dominions towards India, and the English were to
assist him with troops or a subsidy if any European forces
should invade his territories, and to take no part except as
mediators in any war between Persia and Afghanistan.”

5* Page 4.
00
b'd"
[\‘J
12th March, 1809.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
(NO. 3.) PRELJZIIJNARY TREA TY of Friendship and Alli~
(mac between Great Britain and Persia—Signed at Tehran,
12th lilarc/z, 1809. .
I'Ratiﬁcations exchanged 15th March, 1809.]

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Preamble.
I. Preliminary Articles to form a basis of a Definitive Treaty of Peace and
Friendship.
II. Unalterable Friendship.
III. Abrogation of all Treaties or Agreements made with European Powers.
No European Force to be allowed to pass through Persia, India, or Indian
Ports.
IV. British Subsidy to Persia in event of European invasion. Persian assistance
to India in event of attack or invasion by Afghans or any other Power.
V. Non-retention of Island of Karrak or of Persian Ports temporarily occupied
by British troops. Disposal of Troops sent to Persia from India.
VI. Supply of Provisions, &0., to British Troops at Island of Karrak or in
Persian Ports.
VII. Nonsinterference of Great Britain in event of War between Persia and the
Afghans, except as a Mediator.
VIII. Preliminary Articles merely defensive. Non-conclusion by Persia of en-
gagements inimical to British interests.
This Treaty was concluded by Sir Harford Jones, Bart, on
i the part of Great Britain, and by Mahommed Sheifeeh and
Mahommed Hoossein on the part of Persia.
The validity of this Treaty, subject to such modiﬁcations
as might afterwards he agreed upon, was recognised by Lord
Minto, who, however, suspended the functions of Sir H. Jones,
directed him to withdraw from Persia, and again sent Sir John
Malcolm as Envoy to the Shah for the purpose of concerting
further arrangements. Meanwhile Sir H. Jones had received
orders from England to remain at Teheran till the arrival of
another Plenipotentiary, Sir Gore Ouseley, whose powers super-
seded those both of Sir H. Jones and Sir J. Malcolm. A Deﬁni-
tivev Treaty based on the Preliminary Treaty of 1809, was con-
cluded by Sir Gore Ouseley, on 14th March, 1812 (Page 5), but
some of the stipulations were altered in England, and it was
not till 1814 that the terms of the Treaty (Page 6) were ﬁnally
adjusted (Aitchison, Vol. 6, page 359).

GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [14th March, 1812.
(NO. 4:.) DEFIZVI T I VE TREATY of Friendship and Alliance
between Great Britain and Persia—Signed at Tehran, 14th
ilfareh, 1812.
__
Art. TABLE or CONTENTS.
Preamble.
All alliances formerly contracted between Persia and European Nations
declared null and void. N 0 European Army to be allowed to enter
Persian territory, nor to proceed towards India. N 0 European having
hostile designs against India to enter Persia. Persia to do all in its
power to induce European Powers not to attempt to invade India.
II. Assistance to be rendered by Great Britain by an armed force or by an
annual subsidy of 200,000 tomauns to defend Persia against invasion by
any European Nation.
III. Every endeavour to be made by England to bring about a friendly under-
standing with any European Power cngaged in War with Persia, in
event of Peace being concluded between that -Power and England.
Failing success, Persia to be furnished with an Army from India, or an
annual subsidy of 200,000 tomauns. In event of war continuing between
Persia and any European Nation, English Government to furnish
Oﬁicers. &c., for the purpose of drilling and disciplining the Persian
Army, if required.
IV. Subsidy granted in lieu of troops to be paid by British Government by early
instalments.
V. Persia to send an Army against Afghanistan in event of the Afghans being
at War with the English; such Army to be paid for by the British
Government.
VI. British Government not to interfere in event of War between Persians
and Afghans, unless its mediation be asked for.
VII. In event of Persia determining to establish a Naval Force on the Caspian
Sea, British Naval Officers, Seamen, Shipwrights, and others to be
allowed to enter service of King of Persia, on the understanding that
they be paid by His Persian Majesty.
VIII. Any Persian Subject of distinction showing signs of hostility and rebellion
and taking refuge in British Territories, to be turned out of the country
or seized and sent back to Persia.
IX. English Government to assist the King of Persia with Ships of War and
troops in the Persian Gulf, if convenient and practicable. Expense to
be paid by Persia. Ships to anchor in ports to be pointed out by
Persian Government.
X. Allowances to be paid by Persia to Officers, Drill Sergeants, and others
sent to discipline Persian Army. Power reserved of dismissal in case of
neglect of duty. ’
XI. Articles of Treaty to be binding on respective Heirs Apparent of the two
Contracting Sovereigns.
XII. Object of Treaty. Mutual assistance for defeating aggressions of Enemies.
Desire of Great Britain to strengthen and consolidate Persian Govern-
ment; to prevent Foreign Nations from invading Persia; to raise her
Political consequence ; and to increase her Territory. British Govern-
ment not to interfere in internal quarrels of Persia unless invited by
the King of Persia to do so, and not to accept a Persian Province if
offered by one of the contending Parties.

This Treaty was concluded by Sir Gore Ouseley on the part
of Great Britain, and by Mohammed Sh effee and Mohammed
Hossein on the part of Persia, but some of its stipulations were
altered in England, and it was not till the 25th November, 1814,
that the terms of the Deﬁnitive Treaty of Peace were ﬁnally
agreed upon. (See page 6.)

.25th Nov., 1814.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
(NO. 5.) DEF'LVI T [ V1? TREATY of Friendship and r1 ll'ianee
between Great Britain and Persim—Signerl at Tehran, 25th
.Norember, 1814?"
TABLE or CoNTENTs.
Art. '
Preamble. References to Treaties concluded by Sir Harford Jones on the
12th March, 1809, and by Sir Gore Ouseley on the 14th March, 1812.
Separate Treaty to be concluded relating to Commerce, 820.1“
I. All alliances between Persia and European Nations in state of hostility
with Great Britain null and void. No European Army to be allowed to
enter Persian Territor , nor to proceed towards India. No Europeans
having hostile designs against India to enter Persia. Persia to do all in
its power to induce neighbouring States to prevent invasion of India
through their Territories.
II. Lasting Friendship. Non-interference of Great Britain in disputes between
Princes, Noblemen, and Great Chiefs of Persia. British Government
not to accept from them a Province of Persia, if offered.
III. Mutual assistance against aggressions of Enemies. Deﬁnition of the
word “aggression.” Limits between Persia and Russia to be deter-
mined by Great Britain, Persia, and. Russia.
IV. British Subsidy to Persia in event of European Invasion to consist of
Troops and Warlike Stores from India or of an Annual Subsidy of 200,000
tomauns (conditionally) from British Government.
.V. Employment of European Oﬂicers to discipline Persian Troops.
VI. Endeavours to be made to include Persia in any Treaty of Peace between
' Great Britain and an European Power at War with Persia, failing
which military support from India and British Subsidy to Persia to be
ascertained.
VII. Payment of Subsidy by Instalments.
VIII. Assistance to be afforded by Persia tobthe English against the Afghans in
. the event of their being at War with them.
IX. Non-interference of the British Government in event of War between
Persia and Afghanistan.
X. Disaﬁ‘ected Persons of Distinction not to be sheltered in British Dominions.
Reciprocal Treatment between Contracting Parties.
XI. Assistance to be afforded to Persia by British Ships of War in Persian
Gulf.
XII. Amendments made in Deﬁnitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance of 14th
March, 1812 (Page 5).

This Treaty was concluded by Mr. James Morier and
Mr. Henry Ellis on behalf of Great Britain, and by Mahommed
Sheffeeh, Abdul \Vahad, and Isah (Meerza Bozoork) on behalf
of Persia. ‘
* See “ State Papers,” Vol. 1, page 261.
1' Sec Treaty, 28th October, 1841, page 9.
6
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [March, 1828..
(N0. 6.) AGREEMELVT between Great Britain and Persia,
cancelling the Subsidy Articles of the Treaty of 25th November,
1814.*-—Zlﬂirch—Aagust, 1828.1‘
Bond granted by Abbas Aleerza, Prince Rogal of Persia, to-
Lieutenant- Colonel M'acdonalcl, British Envoy. March, 1828.
(T ranslation.)
BE it known to Colonel Macdonald, British Envoy at our
Court, that we, the Heir Apparent to the Persian Throne, in
virtue of the Full Powers vested in us by the Shah in all‘
matters touching the Foreign Relations of this Kingdom, do
hereby pledge our solemn word and promise, that if the British '
Government will assist us with the sum of 200,000 tomauns
towards the liquidation of the indemnity due by us to Russia,
we will expunge and hereafter consider as annulled the Hlrd
and IVth Articles of the Deﬁnitive Treaty between the 2 States.
concluded by Mr. Ellis, and obtain the Royal Sanction to the-
same.
This Paper bears the Seal of His Royal Highness Abbas.
Meerza, and that of His Persian Maj esty’s Minister the Kaim
Mukum.
Dated in the month of Shaban, or March, 1828.
Raclcwn of His Highness the Heir Apparent of Persia, ratify-
ing the Abrogation of Articles II] and I V of the Treaty of
25th .November, 1814.———24th August, 1828.
RELATIVE to the Articles 111 and IV of the propitious Treaty
between England and Persia, which was concluded by Mr. Ellis,
in the month of Zeekand, A.H. 1229 [25th November, 1814]
_ (Page 6), agreeably to the Engagements entered into with yoiu"
Excellency, that in consequence of the sum of 200,000 tomauns,~
the currency of the Country, presented as an aid to Persia, in
consideration of the losses she has sustained in the War with
Russia, we, the Heir Apparent, vested with Full Powers in all
matters connected with the politics of this Nation, have agreed.
that the said 2 Articles shall be expunged, and have delivered
a Bond to your Excellency, which is now in your hands. _
In the month of Zikeyla, A.H. 1243, on our going to wait
upon His Majesty at Tehran, in consistence with the Note-
addressed to your Excellency by Meerza Abul Hassan Khan,
the Minister for Foreign Affairs, we were appointed Sole Agent.
in this matter by His Majesty, with unlimited authority ; there'-
fore, as the Government of England, through the‘, medium of '

* Page 6.
'I' From “ State Papers,” Vol. 1, page 264.
7
August, 1828.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
Colonel Macdonald, have afforded us the assistance of 200,000
tomauns, we, the Representative of His Majesty, have, on this
day, the 14th of the month Suffer, and the 24th of the Christian
month August, annulled the 2 obnoxious Articles of our pro-
pitious Treaty. -
- The Envoy, considering this Document as a Ratiﬁcation on
the subject of the 2 Articles, will know that it is liable to no
further comment from the Ministers of His Majesty’s Court.
Month of Suffer, AH. 1244.
Sealed by H.R.H. ABBAS MEERZA.
(3.) Firmaun of His lllajestg/ the Shah of Persia, ratifying the
above.
(Translation)
After Compliments.
LET it be known to Colonel Macdonald, the English Envoy,
exalted by our muniﬁcence, that our Noble Son having repre-
sented to us his having recently come to an arrangement rela-
tive to the 2 Articles of the Treaty with England, we have
ordered that what has been executed by our Son touching this
transaction, in conformity with the Firmaun of Full Powers
granted to him by us, be conﬁrmed by our Royal Ratiﬁcation
and Consent; and we duly appreciate the exertions of your
Excellency during the last year, which have obtained you the
good will of the Shah.
Regarding the crore of tomauns required for the redemption
of Khoee, agreeably to what has been laid before us, His Royal
Highness Abbas Meerza has directed the payment of 400,000
tomauns by Mahommed Meerza; and we have besides in-
structed the remaining 100,000 tomauns to be delivered to
Meerza Abul Hassan Khan, Minister for Foreign Affairs, for the
purpose of being transmitted to you.
Your Excellency will therefore, conceiving this Firmaun as
your security, become responsible for the payment of the above
sum, which will be afterwards paid to you by the Lord of
exalted rank, Meerza Abul Hassan Khan. Also make known to
us all your wishes.
Sealed by HIS MAJESTEFUTTEH ALI SHAH.
[The transfer of the British Mission at the Court of Persia
from the East India Company to the Foreign Ofﬁce was accom-
plished in November, 1835.]

GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [28th Oct., 1841.
(NO. 7.) TREATY of Commerce between Great Britain and
Persian—Signed at T ehran, 28th October, 1841?‘

[No date was ﬁxed for the termination of this Treaty; but
see also Treaty of 4th March, 1857, Art. IX, page 19.]
[Signed in the English and Persian Languages] .
TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
Preamble. Reference to Treaty of 25th November, 1814.
I. Privileges of Merchants. Import and Export Duties, Most-favoured-nation
Treatment. No other Claim to be made on Merchants (Taxes, &c.). Aid,
Support, and Respect to Subjects and Merchants, Most-favoured-nation
Treatment.
11. Residence of British Commercial Agents at Tehran and Consul-General at
Tabreez. Residence of British Resident at Bushire. Residence of Persian
Commercial Agents at London and Bombay.
PREAMBLE.
WHEREAS by the benign favour of the One Almighty God,
whose bounties are inﬁnite, from the day on which the Treaty
of Friendship and Attachment was concluded between the
glorious States of Great Britain and Persia, the renowned and
, just Sovereigns of the 2 everlasting States have, day by day,
.and at all times, attended to and observed the whole of its
Articles and Stipulations, and have caused the subjects of both
Governments to enjoy all its beneﬁts and advantages except
the Treaty of Commerce, which, in the Preamble of the Treaty
of the year 1814;!’ the 2 Governments engaged to conclude, and
which, up to this time, for certain reasons has been postponed
and left unﬁnished: therefore, in this fortunate year, that all
the stipulations of the auspicious Treaty may be fulﬁlled, Her
Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, (8130., &c., &c.,
has appointed Sir John McNeill, Knight Grand Cross .of the
MostHon ourable Order of the Bath, Her Maj esty’s Envoy Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Persia, to
be her sole Plenipotentiary; and His Majesty the Shah of Persia,
&c., &c., 81.0., has appointed His Excellency Hajee Meerza Abul
Hassan Khan, His Majesty’s Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs, to be his sole Plenipotentiary : and the said Plenipoten-
tiaries having concluded a Commercial Treaty in these 2 Articles,
have annexed and united it to the original Treaty, that, by the
aid of God, it may henceforth be observed between the
2 Governments, and be a source of advantage to the subjects
of both.
' Privileges of Zlferclzants.
ART. 1. The merchants of the 2 mighty States are recipro-
cally permitted and allowed to carry into each other’s terri-
tories their goods and manufactures of every description, and
to sell or exchange them in any part of their respective
countries :

" From “ State Papers,” Vol. 23. page 1110.
1' Sec Treaty, 25th November, 1814-, page 6.
9
28th Oct.,.l84l.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
Import and Export Duties. rlfost-Favoured-Zvation Treatment.
And on the goods which they import or export, customs
duties shall be levied, that is to say, on entering the country
the same amount of customs duties shall be levied, once for all,
that is levied on merchandize imported by the merchants of the
most favoured European nations; and at the time of going out
of the country, the same amount of customs duties which is
levied on the merchandize of merchants of the most favoured
European nations shall be levied from the merchants, subjects
of the High Contracting Parties:
2V0 other Claim to he made on Merchants. ('1 tires, cj’c).
And except this, no claim shall be made upon the merchants
of the 2 States 111 each other’s domimons on any pretext or
under any denomination :
Aid, Support, and Respect to Subjects and Merchants. Most-
Favom'ed-lvation Treatment.
And the merchants or persons connected ‘With or dependent
upon the High Contracting Parties in each other’s dominions,
mutually, shall receive the same aid and support, and the same
respect which are received by the subjects of the most favoured
nations.
Residence of British Commercial Agents at Teheran, and Consul-
General at T ahreez.*
ART. II. As it is necessary, for the purpose of attending to
the aifairs of the merchants of the 2 Parties respectively, that
from both Governments Commercial Agents should be appointed
to'reside in stated places; it is therefore arranged that 2 Coni-
mercial Agents on the part of the British Government shall
reside, one in the capital and one in Tabreez, and in those
places only, and on this condition, that he Who shall reside at
Tabreez, and he alone, shall be honoured With the privileges of
Consul-General :
Residence of British Resident at Bashire.
And as for a series of years a Resident of the British Govern-
ment has resided at Bushira]L the Persian Government grants
permission that the said Resident shall reside there as heretofore :

* “ Although, by Treaty, Busliire, Tabreez, and 'I‘eheran are the only places in
, Persia where British Consular Agents can reside, the British Mission has for many
years entertained Agents in Shiraz, Ispahan, and other cities of Persia, to assist
British subjects in their aﬁairs, and to transmit to the Mission-intelligence of passing
events, although these Agents have not the privileges of Consuls.” Mr. Murray to
the Sldi Azim, 8th November, 1855, “State Papers,” Vol. 47, page 101. There is
now a British Consul-General for the Province of Fars and the Coasts and Islands
of the Persian Gulf, another for the Provinces of Khorassan and Seistan to reside
at-Meshed, and another at Tabreez, as Well as a Consul at Resht, and Vice-Consuls
at Tehran and Bushire. See “Foreign ()ﬂice List,” 1891.
1' See Agreement of 12th April, 1763, anta'Ro-yal Grant of 2nd July, 1763, next page.
1
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [28th Oct.,-1841~
Residence of Persian Commercial Agents at London and Bombay.
And, in like manner, 2 Commercial Agents shall reside on
the part of the Persian Government, one in the capital, London,
and one in the port of Bombay, and shall enjoy the same rank
and privileges which the Commercial Agents of the British
Government shall enjoy in Persia.
This Commercial Treaty, We, the Plenipotentiarie's of the
High Contracting Parties, have agreed to; and in witness
thereof, have set thereunto our hands and seals, at the capital
city of Tehran, this 28th day of October, in the year of our
Lord 1841, corresponding to the 12th day of the month Ramazan,
in the year of the Hejj era 1257.
(L.S.) JOHN MGNEILL.
(L.S.) MEERZA ABUL HASSAN KHAN.
Agreement marle with Shailr Scaloon of Bushirc,9g 12th A pril, 1763.

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art. ,
I. No Import or Export Duties to be Levied ; 3 per cent. only to be charged
on Goods Bought from or Sold to the English.
I. Woollen Goods to be Imported and Sold to English only.
111. No other European Nation whatever is to be permitted to Settle at Bushire
so long as the English continue a Factory there.
IV. British Protection to Brokers, Linguists, Servants, &c.
V. Payment of Debts due to the English.
VI. The English to have such a spot of ground as they may pitch upon for
erecting a Factory, and proper conveniences for carrying on their com-
merce to be built at the Shaik’s expense. They are to hoist their colours
upon it, and have twenty-one guns for saluting.
VII. A proper spot of Ground to be allotted the English for a Garden and another
for a Burying Ground. ~
VIII. Religion.
‘IX. Surrender of Naval, Military, and other Deserters. ’
X. Goods Bought or Sold, otherwise than through English-Factory.
XI. \Vrecks.
XII. Goods not to be Purchased from English Vessels in the Roads.
..» ..
(2.) Regal Grant ' from Iﬂzrezn Ifha-n, K'ing‘of Persia, conferring
rem-‘ions Privileges on the English, anrl granting Permission to
them to establish a Factory at Bashire, and t0 Prarle in the
Persian Gulf. Schgrash, 2nd July, 1763.T

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
1. “The English Company may have as much ground, and in any part of
- EBushire, they choose to build a factory on, or at any other port in the
Gulf.- They may have as many cannon mounted on it as they choose, but
not to be larger than 6 pounds bore ; and they may build factory-houses
in'any part of thc'kin'gdom they choose.” -
it ‘From “ Aitchison’s Treaties,” Vol.6, page 371.
"I" From “ Hertslct’s Commercial Treaties,” Vol.8, page 61-3.
. '1 1
,Aug., 1851.] .GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
Art.
2. No Customs’ Dues to be Levicd on Goods Imported or Exported at Bushire or
elsewhere.
3. No other European nation to Import Woollen Goods.
4. Payment of Debts due to English Merchants and others.
5. Right of English to Buy and Sell Goods.
6. Prohibition against Clandestine Trade.
7. Wrecks.
8 .Religious Liberty.
9. Surrender of Deserters.
0. Exemption of Brokers, Servants, and others belonging to Factories from Bay-
ment of Taxes or Imposts.
11. “ Wherever the English are, they shall have a spot of ground allotted them for
a Burying Ground; and if they want a spot for a Garden, if the King’s
property, it shall be given them gratis ; if belonging to any private person,
they must pay a reasonable price for it.”
12. “The House that formerly belonged to the English Company at Schyrash, I
now re-delivcr to them, with the garden and water thereto belonging.”
(ANNEX.) Articles desired by the Khan. Schyrash, 2nd July, 17 63.
1. Purchase of Goods by the English from the Persian Merchants.
2. Mussulmans not to be Ill~treatcd.
3. Sale of Goods to principal Merchants.
4... Execution of Treaty by Persian Oﬂicials.

(NO. 8.) A GREEME'AlT between Great Britain and Persia
authorizing the Detention and Search of Persian Merchant
Vessels by British and East India Company’s Cruisers, with
a view to the Suppression of the Slave finder—August, 1851?‘e

(Translation)
THE Persian Government agrees that the ships of war of the
British Government and of the East India Company shall, in order
to prevent the chance of negro slaves, male and female, being
imported, be permitted, for the period of 11 years, to search
Persian merchant—vessels, in the manner detailed in this docu-
ment, with the exception of Persian Government-vessels, not
being vessels the property of merchants or the property of
Persian subjects; with those Government—vessels there is to be
no interference whatsoever. The Persian Government agrees
that in no manner whatever shall any negro slaves be imported
in the vessels of the Persian Government.
The Agreement is this :—
I. That in giving this permission to search mercantile
vessels and those of subjects, the search shall from the ﬁrst to
the last be effected with the co-operation, intervention, and
knowledge of Persian oﬁicers who are to be on board vessels of
the English Government.
11. The merchant-vessels shall not be detained longer than
is necessary to effect the search for slaves. If slaves should be
found in any of those vessels, the British authorities are to take
" possession of them and early them away, without detaining or
causing them (that is, the people of the ship importing slaves)

* Renewed by Art. XIII of Treaty of 4th March, 1857; but cancelled by
Art. IV of Convention of 2nd March, 1882, page 4-2.
12
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [Aug.,1851r
any other damage besides that of depriving them of the slaves.
The vessel itself (in which the slaves have been imported) shall,
by the co-operation and knowledge of the officers of the Persian
Government who are on board of the British cruizers, be de-
livered to the authorities of the Persian ports, who are there
on the part of the Persian Government, and the authorities of
this (the Persian) Government are to punish and ﬁne in a
manner suitable to the crime he has committed, the owner of
that slaving-vessel who has acted in contravention of the com-
ma-nds of His Majesty the King of Persia, by importing slaves.
The British ships of war are not in any manner to interfere
with the Persian trading-vessels, without the co-opcration of
the Persian Government oﬂicers; but the Persian Government
ofﬁcers also must not, on their part, be remiss in the duty com-
mitted to them.
This Convention is to be in force for the period of 11 years,
and after these 11 years have expired and the stipulated period
has elapsed, if the Persian vessels shall be interfered with for
even a single day beyond the 11 years, it will be opposed to
the course of friendship with the Persian Government and to
the maintenance of her rights, and this Government will make-
a demand for satisfaction.
Passports for Pilgrims to ill-coca or India.
III. If the slaves who have been heretofore in Persia, and
are now there, should from the present date and henceforward
wish to proceed by sea on a pilgrimage to Mecca or to India,
or travel by sea, they must, with the knowledge of the British
Resident in Bushire, procure a passport from the officer at the
head of the Persian passport olﬁce in Bushire, and no excep-
tions shall thereafter be taken to any slave holding a passport.
The assport (regulation) obtained with the knowledge of the‘
Britis 1 Resident at Bushire, is, like the other stipulations
Written above, to be for a period of 11 years.
This Agreement of [the right of] search, and the appoint-
ment of the Persian Government oﬂicers (to be on board the
British cruizers), will ﬁrst come in force on the 1st of Rebbee-
ool-evvel, 1268=January 1, 1852.
From the date of this document to the above date, there is
no right of search.
The Articles written in this document have from ﬁrst to last
been agreed to by both parties, and conﬁrmed by the Ministers
of both Governments, and nothing is to be done in contraven-
tion thereof.
\Vritten in the month of Shevval, 1267 (August, 1851).
JUSTIN SHEIL, filer Britannia .Majesty’s .Minister
Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary
at the Court of Persia.
MEERZA TEKKEE' KHAN, Ameer-i-Nz'zam of'
the Persian Government.

13
25th Jan., 1853.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
This Agreement was conﬁrmed by Article XIII of the
Treaty of Peace of 4th March, 1857, Page 20, but was cancelled
by Article IV of the Slave Trade Convention of 2nd March,
1882, Page 42.

(N0. 9.) ENGAGEMENT contracted by the Persian Government
towards the British Government regarding Iferat, 25th January,
1853.ale
(Translation)
THE Persian Government engages not to send troops on
any account to the territory of Herat, excepting when troops
from without attack that place ; that is to say, troops from the
direction of Cabul, or from Candahar, or from other foreign
territory; and in case of troops being dispatched under such
circumstances, the Persian Government binds itself that they
shall not enter the city of Herat, and that immediately on the
retreat of the foreign troops to their own country, the Persian
force shall forthwith return to the Persian soil, without delay.
The Persian Government also engages to abstain from all
interference whatsoever in the internal affairs of Herat, likewise
in (regard to) occupation, or taking possession, or assuming the
sovereignty or government, except that the same amount of in-
terference which took place between the two in the time of the
late Zuheer-ud-Dowleh, Yar Mahomed Khan, is to exist as
formerly. The Persian Government, therefore, engages to
address a letter to Syed Mahomed Khan, acquainting him with
these conditions, and to forward it to him (by a person), ac-
companied by some one belonging to the English Mission, who
may be in Meshed.
The Persian Government also engages to relinquish all
claim or pretension to the coinage of money, and to the
“khootbeh,” or to any other mark whatever of subjection
or of allegiance on the part of the people of Herat to
Persia. But if, as in the time of the late Kamran, and in that
of the late Yar Mahomed Khan, they should, of their own
accord, send an oﬂ‘ering in money, and strike it in the Shah’s
name, Persia will receive it without making any objection.
This condition will also be immediately communicated to Syed
Mahomed Khan. They also engage to recall Abbass Koolee
Khan, Peeseean, after four months from the date of his arrival, so
that he may not reside there permanently; and hereafter no
permanent agent will be placed in Herat, but intercourse will
be maintained as in the time of Yar Mahomed Khan. Neither
will they maintain a permanent agent on the part of Herat
in Tehran. There will be the same relations and privileges

* From “ State Papers.” Vol. 45, page 727. See also Treaty, 4th March, 1857,
Arts. V, VI, pages 17, 18.
14
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [25th Jan., 1853.
which existed in Kamran’s time, and in that of the late Yar.
Mahomed Khan. For instance, if at any time it should be
necessary, for the punishment of the Toorkomans, or in case of
disturbance or rebellion in the Shah’s dominions, that the
Persian Government should receive assistance from the
i- Heratees, similar to that afforded by the late Yar Mahomed
Khan, they may, as formerly, render assistance of their own
accord and free will, but not of a permanent nature.
The Persian Government further engages, unconditionally
and without exception, to release and set free all the chiefs
of Herat who are in Meshed, or in Tehran, or in any other
part of Persia, and not to receive any offenders, prisoners,
or suspected persons whatsoever, from Syed Mahomed Khan,
With the exception of such persons as, having been banished
by Syed Mahomed Khan from Herat, may come here and
themselves desire to remain, or to enter the service. These
will be treated with kindness and favour as formerly. Distinct
orders will be issued immediately to the Prince Governor of
Khorassan to carry out these engagements.
The above six engagements on the part of the Persian
Government, are to be observed, and to have effect; and the
Persian Ministers, notwithstanding the rights which they possess
in Herat, solely out of friendship and to satisfy the English
Government, have entered into these engagements with the
English Government, so long as there is no interference what,-
ever on its part in the internal affairs of Herat and its depen-
dencies; otherwise these engagements will be null and void,
and as if they never had existed or been written. And if ‘ any
foreign (State), either Affghan or other, should desire to in- '
terfere with, or encroach upon-the territory of Herat, or its
dependencies, and the Persian Ministers should make the re-
quest, the British Government are not to be remiss in restrain-
ing them, and in giving their friendly advice, so that Herat
may remain in its own. state of independence.
_ (Seal and autograph of the Sedr Azim.)
15, ltebbel-oo—Sanee, 1269 (25th January, 1853).
(Translation made by Mr. R. Thomson, April, 1857

[For the Correspondence which passed between the British
and Russian Governments on this subject in 1853, see “State
Papers,” Vol. 45, page 725.]

15
4th Mar., 1857.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
(NO. 10.) T REA T Y of Peace between Great Britain and Persia.
-—Signed at Paris, 4th hfarch, 1851*

[Ratiﬁcations exchanged at Bagdad, 2nd May, 1857
TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Peace and Friendship.
II. Evacuation of Persian Territory.
III. Release of Prisoners of War.
IV. Amnesty.
V. Withdrawal of Persian Troops from Herat and Affghanistan, 8:0.
VI. Relinquishment of Persian claims to sovereignty over Herat and Aﬁ’ghan-
istan; Coinage, Tribute, &c. Non-interference of Persia in Affairs of
Aﬁghanistan; Recognition by Persia of Independence of Hcrat and
Aﬂ'ghanistan. Friendly olﬁces of British Government in diﬂierences
between Persia and countries of Herat and Aﬁghanistan. British
inﬂuence to be used to prevent differences between Aﬁghanistan and
Persia.
VI I. Course to be pursued in event of violation of Persian Territory by Aifghans.
VIII. Mutual Release of Persian and Aﬁ'ghan Prisoners, &0.
IX. Appointment of Consular Oﬁieers, Most-favoured-nation Treatment. Sub-
j ects and Trade. hIost-favoured-nation Treatment.
X. Persian Apology for Insulting Letter to British Minister. Reception of
British Minister at Tehran.
XI. Claims of British Subjects against Persian Government. Claims of Persian
and other Subjects under British Protection against Persian Government.
XII. Conditional renunciation by British Government of Protection to Persian
' Subjects not employed in British Mission or in British Consulate.
h/Iost-favoured-nation Treatment.
XIII. Slave Trade in Persian Gulf. Renewal of Agreement of August, 1851.
XIV. Cessation of Hostilities. Withdrawal of British Troops from Persian
Territory. S u pplies .

‘ Separate Note referred to in Article X. Ceremonial to be observed on
re-establishment of Diplomatic and Friendly Relations. Annex to Ditto.
The Shah to the Sadr Azim, December, 1855.

In the name of God the Almighty, the All-\Ierciful.
HER Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of’ Great
Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty, whose standard is the
Sun, the Sacred, the August, the Great Monarch, the absolute
King of Kings of all the States of Persia, being both equally
and sincerely animated by a desire to put a stop to the evils of
a war which is contrary to their friendly wishes and disposi-
tionsj‘ and to re-establish on a solid basis the relations of amity
which had so long existed between the two exalted States,
by means of a Peace calculated for their mutual advan-
tage and beneﬁt, have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries, for
carrying into effect this desired object, the following, that is to
sa :
yHer Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, the Right Honourable Henry Richard

* Signed in the English and Persian languages. See “State Papers,” Vol. 47,
pane 4.2. ~ ~
O-l‘ For the Proclamation of War against Persia, issued from Calcutta on the
1st November, 1856, see “ Hertslet’s Treaties,” Vol. 11, pages 882, 883. '
~ 16
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [4th Mar., 1857..
Charles Baron Cowley, Her Majesty’s Ambassador Extra-
ordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of the
French, &c.;
And His Majesty the Shah of Persia, His Excellency the
Abode of Greatness, the Favourite of the King, Ferokh Khan,
Ameen Colmoolk, the Great Ambassador of the Mighty State
of Persia, &c.; v .
\‘V ho, having exhibited and exchanged their full powers,
and found them in due form, have agreed upon and concluded
the following Articles :—
' Peace and Friendship.
ART. I. From the day of the exchange of the ratiﬁcations _
of the present Treaty, there shall be perpetual peace and
friendship between Her Majesty the Queen of the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, on the one part, and His
Majesty the Shah of Persia, on the other, as likewise between
their respective successors, dominions, and subjects.
Evacuation of Persian Territory.
ART. II. Peace being happily concluded between Their said
Majesties, it is hereby agreed that the forces of Her Majesty
the Queen shall evacuate the Persian Territory, subject to con-
ditions and stipulations hereafter'speciﬁed.
Release of Prisoners of War.
ART. III. The High Contracting Parties stipulate that all
prisoners taken during the war by either belligerent shall be
immediately liberated. ’
Amnesty.
ART. IV. His Majesty the Shah of Persia engages, imme-
diately on the exchange of the ratiﬁcations of this Treaty, to
publish a full and complete amnesty, absolving all Persian
subjects who may have in any way been compromised by their
intercourse with the British forces during the war, from any
responsibility for their conduct in that respect, so that no
persons, of whatever degree, shall be exposed to vexation, per-
secution, or punishment, on that account.
l'Vithdrawal of Persian Troops from Herat and Afghanistan, (j'c.
ART. V. His Majesty the Shah of Persia engages further to
take immediate measures for withdrawing from the territory
and city of Herat, and from every other part of Aﬁ'ghanistan,
the Persian troops and authorities now stationed therein ; such
withdrawal to be effected within three months from the date
of the exchange of the ratiﬁcations of this Treaty.
’ 17 c
with Mar.,1857.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PEBSIA.
'Relinguis‘hment of Persian Claims to Sovereignty over Herat and
Afghanistan; Coinage, Tribute, (fie.
ART. VI. His Majesty the Shah of Persia agrees to relin-
xiuish all claims to sovereignty over the territory and city of"
Herat and the countries of Affghanistan, and never to demand
‘from the Chiefs of Herat, or of the countries of Affghanistan,
-any marks of obedience, such as the coinage, or “khotbeh,” or
tribute.
-Z\Ton-inteiference of Persia in A fairs of z-l‘fghanistan. Recognition
by Persia of Independence of Herat and Afghanistan.
His Majesty further engages to abstain hereafter from all
Iinterference with the internal affairs of Aflghanistan. His
Majesty promises to recognize the independence of Herat, and
~of the whole of Affghanistan, and never to attempt to interfere
‘with the independence of those States.
--Friena'ly Oﬁces of British Government in diferences between Persia
and Countries of Herat and Afghanistan.
In case of differences arising between the Government of
51Persia and the countries of Herat and Affghanistan, the Persian
' Government engages to refer them for adjustment to the
friendly offices of the British Government, and not to take up
- arms unless those friendly oflices fail of effect.
v.BritishInﬂuence to be used to preventDif'erences between Afghanistan
' aud Persia. _
The British Government, on their part, engage at all times
to exert their influence with the States of Affghanistan, to pre-
vent any cause of umbrage being given by them, or by any of
them, to the Persian Government; and the British Govern-
‘ment, when appealed to by the Persian Government, in the
event of difﬁculties arising, will use their best endeavours to
' compose such differences in a manner just and honourable to
_ Persia.
' Course to be pursued in event of Violation of Persian-Territory by
' Afghans.
ART. VII. In case of any violation of the Persian frontier
by any of the States referred to above, the Persian Govern-
ment shall have the right, if due satisfaction is not given, to
undertake military operations for the repression and ‘punish-
ment of the aggressors; but it is distinctly understood and
- agreed to, that any military force of the Shah which may cross
the frontier for the above-mentioned purpose, shall retire with-
in its own territory as soon as its object is accomplished, and
“that the exercise of the above-mentioned right‘ is not to be made
18
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [4th Mar., 1857,.
a pretext for the permanent occupation by Persia, or for the
annexat1on to the Persian donnnions, of any town or portion of
the sand States.
Zlilutual Release of Persian and A‘ﬁghan Prisoners,
_ ART. VIII. The Persian Government engages to set, at
hbcrty without ransom, immediately after the exchange of the
ratiﬁcations of this Treaty, all prisoners taken during the
operations of the Persian troops in Affghanistan, and all Aff-
ghans who may be detained either as hostages or as captives
on political grounds in any part of the Persian dominions shall,
in like manner, be set free; provided that the Atfghans, on
their part, set at liberty, without ransom, the Persian prisoners
and captives who are in the power of the Affghans.
Commissioners on the part of the two Contracting Powers
lsxhitll,l if necessary, be named to carry out the provisions of this
. r 10 e.
Appointnwnt 0f Consular Ojieers. Most-Farouretl-Zvation [reat-
ment.
ART. IX. The High Contracting Parties engage that, in the
establishment and recognition of Consuls-General, Consuls,
Vice-Consuls, and Consular Agents, each shall be placed in the
dominions of the other on the footing of the most favoured
nation.
Suhjeets and Trade. Zlfost—FaL'oureil-Zvation Treatment.
And that the treatment of their respective subjects, and
their trade, shall also, in every respect, be placed on the footing
of the treatment of the subjects and commerce of the most
favoured nation.
Persian Apology for Insulting Letter to British Zllinistzr. Recep-
tion of British Minister at Yehran.
ART. X9“. Immediately after the ratiﬁcations of this Treaty
have been exchanged, the British Mission shall return to
Tehran, when the Persian Government agrees to receive it‘.
with the apologies and ceremonies speciﬁed in the separate
note signed this day by the Plenipotentiaries of the High Con-.
tracting Parties. . ~
Claims of British Subjects against Persian Government.
ART. XI. The Persian Government engages, within three
months after the return of the British Mission to Tehran, to
appoint a Commissioner, who, in conjunction with a Commis-
sioner to be appointed by the British Government, shall

5* See Separate Note, page 21.
19 e 2
4th Mar., 1857.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
examine into and decide upon the pecuniary claims of all
British subjects upon the Government of Persia, and shall pay
such of those claims as may be pronounced just, either in one
sum or by instalments, within a period not exceeding one year
from the date of the award of the Commissioners.
Claims of Persian and other Subjects under British Protection
against Persian Government.
And the same Commissioners shall examine into and decide
upon the claims 011 the Persian Government, of all Persian
subjects, or the subjects of other Powers, who, up to the period
of the departure of the British Mission from Tehran, were
under British protection, which they have not since renounced.
Conditional Benunciation by British Gorernment of Protection to
Persian Subjects not employed by British Mission or in British
Consulates. Most-Favourcel-Alation Treatment.
ART. XII. Saving the provisions in the latter part of the pre-
ccdin g Article, the British Government will renounce the right of
protecting hereafter any Persian subject not actually in the em-
ployment of the British Mission, or of British Consuls-General,
Consuls, Vice-Consuls, or Consular Agents, provided that no such
right is accorded to, or exercised by, any other foreign Powers ;
but in this, as in all other respects, the British Government
requires, and the Persian Government engages, that the same
privileges and immunities shall in Persia be conferred upon,
and shall be enjoyed by the British Government, its servants
and its subjects, and that the same respect and consideration
shall be shown for them, and shall be enjoyed by them, as are
conferred upon and enjoyed by, and shown to, the most favoured
foreign Government, its servants and its subjects.
Slave Prade in Persian Gulf. Renewal of Agreement of August,
1851.
ART. XIII.* The High Contracting Parties hereby renew
the agreement entered into by them in the month of August,
1851 (Shawal 1267), for the suppression of the Slave Trade in
the Persian Gulf, and engage further that the said agreement
shall continue in force after the date at which it expires, that is,
after the month of August, 1862, for the further space of
ten years, and for so long afterwards as neither of the High
Contracting Parties shall, by a formal declaration, annul it;
such declaration not to take effect until one year after it is
made. ~
Cessation of Hostilities. Withdrawal of British Troops from
Persian T erritorg. Supplies.
ART. XIV. Immediately on the exchange of the ratiﬁcations
‘‘ Cancelled by Article IV of Convention of 2nd March, 1882, page 42.
20
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [4th Mar., 1857.
of this Treaty, the British troops will desist from all acts of
hostility against Persia; and the British Government engages,
further, that, as soon as the stipulations in regard to the evacua-
tion, by the Persian troops, of Herat and the Aifghan territories,
as well as in regard to the reception of the British Mission at
Tehran, shall have been carried into full effect, the British
troops shall, without delay, be withdrawn from all ports, places,
and islands belonging to Persia; but the British Government
engages that, during this interval, nothing shall be designedly
done by the Commander of the British troops to weaken the
allegiance of the Persian subjects towards the Shah, which
allegiance it is, on the contrary, their earnest desire to conﬁrm ;
and, further, the British Government engages that, as far as
possible, the subjects of Persia shall be secured against incon-
venience from the presence of the British troops, and that all
supplies which may be required for the use of those troops, and
which the Persian Government engages to direct its authorities
to assist them in procuring, shall be paid for, at the fair market
value, by the British Commissariat, immediately on delivery.
XV. The present Treaty shall be ratiﬁed, and the ratiﬁca-
tions exchanged at Bagdad in the space of three months, or
sooner if possible?“-
In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed the same, and have aiﬁxed thereto the seal of their arms.
Done at Paris, in quadruplicate, this 4th day of the month
of March, in the year of Our Lord, 1857.
CCVVLEY.
FEROKH (in Persian).
-—---—__
Separate Note referred to in Article X of the foregoing Treaty.
Ceremonial to be observed on lie-establishment of Diplomatic
and Friendly Relations.
THE Undersigned, Her Britannic Majesty’s Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Emperor of the
French, and His Persian Majesty’s Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary to His said Imperial Majesty, being duly
authorized by their respective Governments, hereby agree that
the following ceremonial shall take place for the re-establish-
ment of diplomatic and friendly relations between the Courts of
Great Britain and Persia. This agreement to have the same
force and value if inserted in the Treaty of Peace concluded
this day between the Undersigned:
The Sadr Azim shall write, in the Shah’s name, a letter to
Mr. Murray, expressing his regret at having uttered and given
currency to the offensive imputations upon the honour of Her
Majesty’s Minister, requesting to withdraw his own letter of
the 19th of November, and the two letters of the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of the 26th of November, one of which contains
* Ratiﬁeations exelanged at- Bagdad, 2nd May, 1857.
2 l
4th March, 1857.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
a rescript from the Shah, respecting the imputation upon Mr.
Murray, and declaring, in the same letter, that no such further
rescript from the Shah as that inclosed herewith in copy was
communicated, directly or indirectly, to any of the foreign
Missions at Tehran.
A copy of this letter shall be communicated, officially, by the
Sadr Azim to each of the foreign Missions at Tehran, and the
substance of it shall be made public in that capital.
The original letter shall be conveyed to Mr. Murray, at
Bagdad, by the hands of some high Persian oflicer, and shall be
accompanied by an invitation to Mr. Murray, in the Shah’s
name, to return with the Mission to Tehran, on His Maj esty’s
assurance that he will be received with all the honours and
consideration due to the Representative of the British Govern-
ment; another person of suitable rank being sent to conduct
him, as M ehmandar, on his onrney through Persia.
Mr. Murray, on approaching the capital, shall be received by
persons of high rank deputed to escort him to his residence in
the town. Immediately on his arrival there, the Sadr Azim
shall go in state to the British Mission, and renew friendly rela—
tions with Mr. Murray, leaving the Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs to accompany him to the Royal Palace, the
Sadr Azim receiving Mr. Murray, and conducting him to the
presence of the Shah.
The Sadr Azim shall visit the Mission at noon on the follow-
ing day, which visit Mr. Murray will return, at latest, on the
following day, before noon.
Done at Paris, this 4th day of the month of March, in the
year 1857.
COIVLEY.
FERCKH (in Persian).

ANNEX.--Y 716 Shah to the Sadr A zinaf
('l‘ranslation.) December, 1855.
LAST night we read the paper written by the English
Minister Plenipotentiary, and were much surprised at the rude,
unmeaning, disgusting, and insolent tone and purport. The
letter which he before wrote was also impertinent. \Ve have
also heard that, in his own house, he is constantly speaking dis-
respectfully of us and of you, but we never believed; now,
however, he has introduced it in an official letter. \Ve are,
therefore, convinced that this man, Mr. Murray, is stupid,
ignorant, and insane, who has the audacity and impudence to
insult even kings! From the time of Shah Sultan Hossein
(when Persia was in its most disorganized state, and during the
last 14 years of his life, when by serious illness he was in—
capacitated for business) up to the present time, no disrespect

*‘ For further correspondence which passed on this subject sec “ State Papers,”
Vol. 47, page 94.
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [17th Dec., 186?».
towards the Sovereign has been tolerated, either from the
Government or its Agent. What has happened now, that this:
foolish Minister Plenipotentiary acts with such temerity‘? It-
appears that our friendly Missions are not acquainted with the-
wording of that document; give it now to Meerza Abbas and
Meerza Malcum, that they may take and duly explain it to the
French Minister and Hyder Effendi, that they may see how
improperly he has written. Since last night till now our time
has been passed in vexation. We new command you, in order-
that you may yourself know, and also acquaint the Missions,.
that until the Queen of England herself makes us a suitable-
apology for the insolence of her Envoy, we will never receive
back this her foolish Minister, who is a simpleton, nor accept-
from her Government any other Minister.

(N O. 11.) EZVGA GEll/[EN '1 'enterecl into by the Persian Govern-‘
ment towards the British Government for the construction of a'
Line of Telegraph from Khanalceen to Bushire, via Tehran.——~.
17th December, 1862*

TABLE of CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Construction of Line of Telegraph from Khanakeen to Bushire m'ti Tehran. _
Right of English Government to use the Line.
II. Sum to be assigned by Persian Government for Construction of the Line.
III . Materials to be purchased from English Government.
1V. Line to be placed under an English Engineer Officer, to be paid by the ~
English Government. ~
V. Persian Authorities to supply Materials required by English Oﬂicer.
Persian Officer to accompany English Officer everywhere.
VI. Materials required to be purchased in England, and to be paid for by Persian. i
Government by ﬁve yearly instalments.
Acceptance of above Engagement by Persian Government.
Acceptance of the same by British Government.

Construction of Line of Telegraph from Khana/eeen to Bushire, 'Utti ‘
Teheq 'an .
ART. I. The Persian Government considers it necessary to:-
construct a line of telegraph, without delay, from Khanakeem
to the capital, T eheran, and from Teheran to the port of Bushire....
Right of English Government to use the Line.
And they agree that, whenever the English Government
may require to communicate by the said telegraph, they are to».
be at liberty to do so through the Persian Telegraph oﬁicers,.,

*9 From “Aitchison’s Treaties,” Vol. 6, page 418; but see Convention of"
2nd April, 1868, page 30, and 2nd December, 1872, page 32, and Agreements 0i‘
3rd July, 1887, pages 43, 41. 23
17th Dec., 1862.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
in the way they may desire, paying for the same at rates to be
speciﬁed hereafter.
Sum to be assigned by Persian Government for Construction of
the Line.
ART. II. The Persian Government will assign a sum sufﬁ—
cient for the constructiou of this telegraph, and for the purchase
of such materials as are not procurable in Persia, or can be
better obtained in Europe.
Zlfaterials to be Purchased from English Government.
ART. III. The Persian Government engages to purchase
from the English Government all the materials which are better
procurable in Europe, and the English Government agrees to
supply such materials at moderate prices.
- Line to be placed under an English. Engineer Ojicer, to be paid by
the English Government.
ART. IV. In order that the said line of telegraph may be
well constructed and oﬂicially worked, the Persian Government
agrees to place it under the superintendence' of an English
engineer oﬁicer, who isto be paid by the English Government,
and they further agree to ﬁx a period during which instruction
may be given and the line may be brought into good workin
order; and His Royal Highness the Itizad-oo-Sultaneh, the
Minister of Public Instruction, and His Excellency the Amin-ed-
Dowleh will have cognizance of the aforesaid oﬁcer’s pro-
ceedings. '
Persian Authorities to supply Materials required by English Oﬁicer.
ART. V. The said ofﬁcer will be fully empowered to call
upon the Persian authorities to supply any materials he may
consider requisite for this work, and the Persian authorities
will make no alteration in his requisitions unless it should be
impossible to obtain the thing required. -
Persian Qﬁ‘icer to accompany English Oﬁicer everywhere.
But a Persian oﬁicer will accompany him everywhere, so
that he may be informed of what is done, and of the prices of
the materials; and the accounts will be audited by the above—
mentioned Prince and by the Amin-ed-Dowleh every three
months, when a report will be drawn up and printed in the
4‘ Teheran Gazette.”
hfaterials required to be purchased in England, and to be paid for by
Persian Government by ﬁve yearly Instalments.
‘ ART. VI. In order to increase the friendship between the two
Governments, and to promote the above undertaking, the
English Government engages to purchase in England, at
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [23rd Nov., 1865.
reasonables rates, with the approval of the Persian Minister
Plenipotentiary, the materials required for this work, and
to convey them to the Persian frontier. and to receive from the
Persian Government the price paid for the above articles by
ﬁve instalments in ﬁve years after they are delivered on the
frontier of Persia.
(In the handwriting of the Persian Minister for Foreign Affairs.)
——
Acceptance of alrove Engagement by Persian Government.
The Persian Government accepts this engagement. If the
English Government desires it, the constructionof the line of
telegraph will be commenced in conformity with the above
stipulation.
Acceptance of the same by British Government.
Approved and accepted by Her Majesty’s Government on
6th February, 1863.

(NO. 12.) C ()ZVVE1VT1 ON between G1 eat Britain and Persia,
relative to Telegraphic Communication between Europe and
]ndia.*—Signecl at Tehran, 23rd lVoveniber, 1865.1‘
[Ratiﬁcations exchanged at Tehran, 1st May, 1866.]

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
1. Second Wire to be attached by Persia to Poles between Bushire and Khanikin.
II. Wire to be erected by English Engineers.
III. Wire, Instruments, 810., to be procured by British Government, but to be
paid for by Persia.
1V. Engagement of English Telegraph Oﬁicer and Staff for Five Years.
V. Conditions under which English Officer shall exercise Control over second
vWire.
Protection of Line between Hamadan and Bushire.
1nsubordination or misconduct on part of Persian Signallers.
Non-receipt of Money by English Oﬂicer.
VI. Supply of Vacancies.
VII—X. Separate Telegraph Oﬂices for each Wire.
XI. Indian Messages.
‘ XII. Use of ﬁrst Wire in case of Increase of Traﬂic.
XIII. Cost of other than Indian or Submarine Cable Messages.
XIV. Relative Values of Coin.
XV. Keeping of Accounts.

AS Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great

it From “State Papers,” Vol. 55, page 26. This Convention was continued in
force for three months from the 13th August, 1872, by an Agreement signed on
the 19th June, 1872 (See “ Aitchison’s Treaties,” Vol. 6, page 42) ; but see Further
Conventions, 2nd April, 1868, page 30, and 2nd December, 1872, page 32, and
Agreements of 3rd July, 1887 , pages 43, 4A. - _
1' Signed also in the Persian language.
2 5
23rd N or., 1865.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the King of all the
Kingdoms of Persia, are desirous of regulating the telegraphic
communication between Europe and India, and of placing this
Work on a sure and friendly basis, they have resolved that a
Convention for that purpose shall be concluded; wherefore
their esties have named as their Plenipotentiaries:
'=' Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, his Excellency Charles Alison, Esquire, Her
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court
of Persia.
And His Majesty the King of all the Kingdoms of Persia,
his Excellency Mirza Saeed Khan, His Minister for Foreign
Affairs.
And the aforesaid distinguished Representatives, after meet-
ing in the capital of Tehran, and perusing and exchanging their
letters of full power, and ﬁnding them in due order, have con-
cluded the following Articles:
Second I'Vire to be attached by Persia to Poles between Bushire and
K/zanihin .
ART. I. In order to improve the telegraphic communication
between Europe and India, the Persian Government agrees to
attach another Wire to the poles now standmg from Buslnre to
Khanlkln, and to bring it into working order as soon as possible.
The Wlre to be used solely for international messages sent 111
European languages.
l/Vire to be erected by English Engineers.
ART. II. In order that the second Wire may be attached in a
complete and effective manner, the Persian Government also
agrees that it shall be done under the direction and supervision
of an English engineer ofﬁcer and staff. And the Persian
Government Will use its best endeavours to collect the neces-
sary materials, and lay down the Wire with all expedition.
l/Vire, Instruments, do, to be procured by British Government, but
' to be paid for by Persia.
ART. III. The British Government agrees to procure for the
Persian Government, at a reasonable price, and with'the cogni-
zance of a Persian Commissioner, all the Wire, insulators, Morse
instruments, &c., that may be requisite for this Work, inclusive
of 200 iron posts for the marshy tract of Bushire, and to deliver
them over to the Government Commissioners at any seaport or
frontier town of Persia that may be suitable, receiving payment
in 5 years in 5 instalments.
Engagement of English Telegraph Og’icer and Staﬁ' for 5 Years.
ART. IV. The Persian Government, moreover, agrees that an
2 6
GREAT BRITAIN AND PER-SIA. [23rd Nov., 1865;.
English telegraph oﬁicer, with the necessary staff, not exceed»
ing 50 in number, exclusive of families, shall be engaged from .
the opening of telegraphic communication through the new"
wire, for 5 years, in organizing the Persian line of telegraph,
and giving instruction in telegraphy. And the British Govern~
ment agrees that the English officer and his staff shall, at the—
expiration of the prescribed period, make over the said line-
to the Persian Government and cease connection with the
Persian telegraph.
Conditions under which English Oﬂieer shall exercise Control
over Seeoncl Wire.
ART. V. The conditions under which the English ofﬁcer shall
exercise control over the second wire, during the prescribed
period, are stated in the following rules :
1. His Royal Highness the Itizad-es-Sultaneh, Minister of "
Science, or any other person who by the Shah’s order may be
appointed in his place, is to be considered the head and absolute
chief of all the Persian Government telegraphs.
2. Any order which His Royal Highness, or such other‘
person in his place, may issue concerning the protection of the-
line, its working, and the Persians employed on it, shall be given
tliléough and with the approval of the English telegraph-
o cer.
Protection of Line between Hamaclan ancl .Bushire.
3. For the protection of the line, the whole distance from;
the Turkish frontier to Bushire shall be divided from station to»-
station into 6 sections as follows:
From the Turkish frontier to Hamadan.
From Hamadan to Tehran.
From Tehran to Kashan.
From Kashan to Ispahan.
From Ispahan to Shiraz.
From Shiraz to Bushire.
To each of these divisions the Itizad-es—Sultanch shall ap-r
point a Persian officer, who will be responsible to His Royal
Highness for the protection of the line situated within his
limits.
To enable the said Persian officer or Yaver of each division
to carry out his duties efficiently, a certain number of horsemen.
shall be stationed under his orders along the line. The Yaver-
will of course accept any suggestions which the English tele--
graph officer may give with reference to his charge, due regard
being had to the customs of Persia and her power of carrying
out such suggestions. '
4. The organization of offices and instruction of enmloge's-
shall be exclusively in the charge of the English 'superintend~~
ing ofﬁcers, who will be responsible for the working of the
line in these respects; and the Persian signallers shall.
27
23rd Nov.,1865.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
be ordered to obey implicitly the instructions which the
English ofﬁcers may give in the performance of their
duties.
Insubordination or ilfisconduct on part of Persian Signallers.
5. In case. of insuhordination or misconduct on the part of
the Persian signallers, His Royal Highness the Itizad-es-Sul-
taneh engages to use his best endeavours in lawfully supporting
the authority of the English superintending oﬂicer, exercised
under the last rule. On the other hand the English oﬁicer
engages that the bounds of that authority shall in no way be
exceeded.
ATon-ireceipt of illoney by English Ojicer.
6. The English officer shall have nothing whatever to do
with receipts of money. A Mirza will be appointed at each
station, who will be directly responsible for the accounts to the
Itizad-es-Sultaneh. --
Accounts of Telegrams Dispatched to be rendered by English
Officer.
But the English superintending officer shall render to His
Royal Highness, or any person who may be appointed by the
Persian Government, such account of the telegrams dispatched
under his authority as may be sufficient for full information.
These rules, however general in some sense, are understood
to have special application to the second wire.
Supply of Vacancies.
ART. VI. In ﬁlling up vacancies which may occur among the
signallers employed under Article IV, the English telegraph
officer shall give the preference to natives of Persia, provided
they be qualiﬁed in his estimation by knowledge of the English
language, and other attainments necessary for this service, to
perform the duties required.
Separate Telegraph O‘ﬁices for each lVire.
ART. VII. As the telegraph oflices of these two wires ought
to be distinct, the Persian Government shall build a new ofﬁce
adjoining the existing one wherever there are not separate
rooms.
ART. VIII. If any injury befall the second wire, or delay
occur through press of trafﬁc, the ﬁrst wire, which is specially
used for internal communication in Persia, shall give assistance
to the second wire, and vice versd.*
ART. IX. For every measure of 20 words or less from Khanikin
to Bushire, or vice versci, l toman 5 kirans and 8 shahis, in

* See also Convention, 2nd December, 1872, Art. III, page 34‘.
28
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [23rd Nov., 1865‘
Persian money, or 14s. in English money, shall be charged, with
proportionate rates for the intervening towns.
The Persian Government accepts the tariff laid down in the
last Convention between Turkey and Englan d,* so far as regards
the rates of messages sent by the two Governments from
Bushire to India, and from Khanikin to Constantinople or
Europe.
ART. X. The yearly receipts will be credited to the Persian
Treasury: but should they reach a higher sum than 30,000
tomans, the surplus will be made over to the oﬁ’icers of the
English Government for the cost of their establishment.
Indian Zlfessages.
ART. XI. All Indian messages, at Whatever part of the line or
from whatever place received, shall be given over to the second
wire, and the accounts regularly kept.
Use of First I'Vz're in case of Increase of Traﬂz‘c.
ART. XII. Should the trafﬁc so continuously increase as to de-
mand more than in one day the fair day’s work on the second
wire, the excess of telegrams shall be handed over for dispatch
to the ﬁrst wire, the money received on them being separately
credited to the Persian Government. The adjustment of this
matter shall rest with the Itizad-es-Sultaneh and the English
superintending ot’ﬁcer. This Article is quite irrespective of the
provision for mutual assistance in the event of a slight and
temporary delay.
Cost of other than Indian or Submarine Cable llfessages.
ART. XIII. The cost of all other than Indian or submarine
cable messages shall be separately credited to the Persian
Treasury, although conveyed by the second wire.
Relative values of Coin.
ART. XIV. The relative values of coin shall be calculated for
purposes of account at the following rates:
ll. sterling=25 francs=22 kirans.-
ls.=1 franc 25 centimes=1 kiran 2 shahis.
1d.=10 centimes=2 shahis.
As a rule, accounts shall be kept in English, and payments
made in Tehran in Persian currency.
Keeping of A ceounts.
ART. XV. The telegraph accounts shall be made up by the
English superintending ofﬁcer monthly and sent to Constan-
tinople, where, by comparison with the Cable and Turkish
accounts, they will be checked by the British Commissioner
appointed for that purpose. On the return to Tehran of the

* See Treaty, 31d September, 1864-, “ Hertslet’s Treaties,” Vol. 12, page 842.
29
2nd April, 1868.] GREAT BRITAIN AND reasu.
audited accounts from Constantinople, the amount due to the‘
Persian Government will be certiﬁed by the English oﬁicer,
and speedily paid every 6 months, as stated in the last Article.
The above account shall always be open to the inspection of
the telegraph agent of the Persian Government at Constan-
tinople, or any person recognised by the Persian Minister at
the Ottoman Court, for the settlement of accounts of inter—
national trafﬁc 011 the Persian-Turkish lines.
ART. XVI. The telegraphic regulations drawn up at Paris on
the 13th [11th] of April, A.D. 1.865,'*' shall be carried out under
the superintendence of the Persian Government, so far as they
are not opposed to the terms of the present Convention or the
institutions of Persia.
ART. XVII. Any disagreement arising between the tele-
graphic employe's of the two Governments shall be referred to
their Excellencies the Persian Minister for Foreign Affairs and
the British Minister at Tehran, in order that, after necessary in-
vestigation, a just decision may be pronounced.
ART. XVIII. This Convention shall take effect from the open-
ing of correspondence on the second wire, and remain in force
for ﬁve years from the day that a telegram is ﬁrst dispatched
thereby. At the expiration of the ﬁve years it shall be null and
'void.1~ If at any time within the term appointed the capabili-
ties of Persian telegraphers for their work shall be proved to
the satisfaction of the chief of the Persian telegraphs and the
English telegraph officer, the full period shall be curtailed and
the line made over altogether to the Persian Government.
ART. XIX. The present Convention shall be ratiﬁed, and the
ratiﬁcations exchanged at Tehran within ﬁve months, or sooner
‘if practicable. '
Done at Tehran, on the 23rd day of November, AJJ. 1865.
(L.S.) C. ALISON.
(L.S.) MEERZA SAEED KHAN.

(NO. 13.) CONVENTION between Great Britain and Persia, for
extending and securing Telegraphic Communication between
Europe and India—Signed, in the English and Persian
Languages, at Tehran, 2nd April, 1868i
[Ratifications exchanged at Tehran, August 25, 1868.]

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Persian Gulf Cable : Construction and working of Line of Telegraph between
Guadur and a point between J ask and Bender Abbas.

“ ‘F These Regulations were revised in 1868, in 1872, in 1875, in 1879, and in
1885. (See “State Papers”)
1* This Convention was continued for three months from the 13th August, 1872,
by an Agreement ‘dated 19th June, 1872 (see “ Aitchison’s Treaties,” Vol. 6,
page 42) ; but see Further Convention of 2nd April, 1868, page 30.
‘ I‘ See Convention, 2nd December, 1872, page 32; and Agreement of 3rd July,~
1887, page 43, prolonging this Convention until January 3'1, 1905. .
30.
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [2nd_.April, 1868;
II. F acilitics to be afforded by Persian Government for its maintenance and pro- by
tection. 3,000 tomans to be paid by English Government to Persian Govern-
ment annually for leave to lay down Line on Persian Coasts and Places.

_ HER Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain aud Ireland, and His Majesty the King of all the
Kingdoms of Persia, being desirous to extend* and secure the
means of telegraphic communication between Europe and India,
have resolved to conclude a Convention for that purpose, and
have named as their Plenipotentiaries (that is to say) : - _
Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, Charles Alison, Esquire, Her Envoy ‘Ext-ra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Persia;
And His Majesty the King of all the Kingdoms of Persia,
his Excellency Meerza Saeed Khan, his Minister for Foreign
Affairs;
And the aforesaid distinguished Representatives, after
meeting in the capital of Tehran, and perusing and exchanging
their letters of full power, and ﬁnding them in due order, have
concluded the following Articles:
Persian Gulf Cable. Construction and IVorhing of Line of Tele—
graph between Guaelur and a point between Jash' and Bender Abbas.
, ART. I. In order to provide against any possible accident to
the Persian Gulf cable, it is agreed between the High Con-
tracting Governments of England and Persia, that the British
Government shall make arrangements with regard to the con-
struction and efficient working of a line of telegraph between
Guadur and a point between J ask and Bender AbbasT I
Facilities to be aﬁ'orelecl by Persian Government for its Zlﬁiinte'nance
and Protection.
ART. II. The Persian Government will employ, as far as
possible, their good offices and authority for facilitating its
construction, maintenance, and protection.
.Three Thousand Tomans to be paid by English Coi'ernment to
Persian Govern-ment annually for leave to lay down Line on
Persian Coasts and Places.
And the English Government will pay annually to the
Persian Government the sum of 3,000tomans for leave to lay
down the line of telegraph on those coasts and places which are
under the sovereignty of Persia, the payment of the above sum
being made from the day on which the work of laying the
.wires is commenced.

v
* See Convention, 23rd November, 1865, page 25. ' ‘ ' “
1' The land line from Guadur toJ ask was completed on the 15th August, 1869.
See Colonel Sir F. J. Goldsmid’s “ Telegraph and Travel,” 1874, page 372. '
'31
2nd Dec., 1872.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
Duration of Convention.
ART. III. The present Convention shall remain in force for
20 years.
Ratiﬁcations.
ART. IV. The present Convention shall be ratiﬁed, and the
ratiﬁcations exchanged at Tehran within ﬁve months, or sooner
if practicable.
Done at Tehran on the 2nd day of April, Anno Domini
1868.
(L.S.) c. ALISON.
(L.S.) MEERZA SAEED KHAN.

(N 0. 14.) C OZV VEN T I ON between Great Britain and Persia, for
continuing the System of Telegraphic Communication between
Europe and India through Persia—Signed, in the English and
Persian Languages, at Tehran, 2nd December, 1872*
[Ratiﬁcations exchanged at Tehran, March 31, 1873.]

TABLE or CoNTEX'rs.
Art.
I. English Government to erect a Third \Vire between Tehran and Bushire,
and to substitute Iron Standards for Wooden Poles. Persian Govern~
ment to pay in 10 annual instalments the sum of 10,000 tomaus. Assist-
ance to be afforded by Persian Government.
II. Telegraph Employés to be under Special Protection of Persian Local
Authorities.
III. Continued use of ﬁrst and second Wires for Local and International
Messages.
IV. How the three \Vircs are to be appropriated. First \Vire to be used for
Local Trafﬁc, and second and third Wires for International Traffic.
V. First Wire to be worked by Persian Employe's, and second and third
Wires by British Employés in separate rooms.
VI. As to Working of Wires in case of Breakage or Contact.
VII. Revenue derived from Local Trafﬁc on Persian Wire to belong to Persia.
Meaning of Local Traffic.
VIII. Transit Traffic between J ulfa and Bushire: all Claims to Revenue re~
nounced by Persian Government for the Annual Payment of 12,000
tomans or of two francs per 20 words. Revenue from Transit Traﬁe
between J ulfa and Bushire to be divided between English Government
and lndo-European Company. International Messages originating or
terminating in Persia, payments to be made by British to Persian
Government. British Government to decide which are Terminal or
which Transit Messages. Persian Government to oppose at Inter-
national Telegraph Conference any Alteration in Transit or Terminal
Rates.
IX. British Administration responsible for correctness of International Mes~
sages and Adjustment of Accounts, and to Collect Payments for Mes.
sages. Registration and Sealing by Persian Government of International
Messages originating in Persia. International Messages terminating in
Persia to be delivered by Persian Oﬂicials; Receipts to be given to
British Administration. Access of Persian Administration to English
Oﬂices and Records. Meaning of International Messages.

—____
. From “State Papers,” Vol. 62, page 262. See also Agreement of 3rd July,
1887, page 43, prolonging this Convention until January 31, 1905.
32
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [2nd Dec.,1872-.
X. Maintenance, &c., of Line, and Appointment and Payment of Guards to
remain in the hands of English Director and Staff‘. Persia to con-
tribute 1,000 tomans annually.
XI. Duties of Inspectors and Line Guards. Punishment of Oﬁenders for
Wilful Damage to Line. Complaints, 820., by English Officers to be
attended to by Governors of Districts.
XII. Persian Government to Pay for any ‘Vilful Damage to Line.
XIII. Testing the Lines ; Persian Oﬁicials to obey orders of English Director.
XIV. Debt .due by Persian Government to English Government on account of
Erection of ﬁrst and second wires, how to be paid. Reservation in
favour of Indo-European Telegraph Company. Punctual Payment cf
Instalments by Indo-European Telegraph Company. Liabilities of
Indo-European Telegraph Company towards Persia. .
XV. Articles required by English Staif to be admitted into Persia Free of Duty.
XVI. Application of Convention to Tehran-Bushire and Tehran-Khanekeen
Lines. -
XVII. Settlement of Disagreements.
XVIII. Duration of Convention until 1st January, 1895, when the whole Line is
4 to be handed over to Persian Government.
XIX. Right of British Government to hand over the Line at an earlier date.
XX. Bat-iﬁcations.
—_-_
HER Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the King of all the
Kingdoms of Persia, being desirous to continue the system of
telegraphic communication between Europe and India, through
Persia, already established in virtue of previous Treaties,ale have
resolved that a Convention for that purpose shall be concluded,
wherefore Their Majesties have named as their Plenipotenti-
ariesz
Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, Ronald Ferguson Thomson, Esquire, her
Charge’ d’Affaires at the Court of Persia; .
And. His Majesty the King of all the Kingdoms of Persia,
His Excellency Meerza Saeed Khan, his Minister for Foreign
Affairs, (TC. ;
And the aforesaid distinguished Representatives, after
meeting in the capital of Tehran, and perusing and exchanging
their full powers, which were found in good and due form, have
agreed upon and concluded the following Articles:
English Government to erect a Third Wire between Tehran and
BZtS/t’l’f’é, and to substitute Iron Standards for Wooden Poles.
ART. I. To expedite and facilitate the transmission of inten—
national messages, the English Government will, at its own
expense, and under the superintendence of its own oﬁ’icers,
erect a third wire, in addition to the two already in operation
between Tehran and Bushire, and will also substitute iron
standards for the existing wooden poles. The English Govern-
ment agrees to substitute the above iron standards at the rate
of 500 annually.

it See Treaties of 23rd November, 1865, and 2nd April, 1868, pages 25 and 30.
n 0
00 D
2nd Dean, 1872.]: GREAT BRITAIN ANDPERSIA.
Persian Government to pay-inten Annual [nstalments the sum of
10,000 tomans.
And the Pe‘rsian'Goyernment engages to pay in 10 annual
instalments the sum of “10,000 tomans to the English Govern-
ment towards’ defraying the expenditure incurred on these iron
posts' ‘ ‘
_ .télssistance to be ay'Porded by Persian Government.
During this work, the Persian Government engages itself to
render to the superlntendmg ofﬁcers every assistance in its
power of which they may stand in need.
Telegraph Employe’s to be under Special Protection of Persian
Local Authorities.
ART. II. Whereas all‘ British subjects in Persia are entitled
to the protection of the Persian Government, under the opera-
tion of Article XII of the Treaty of Paris, of 4th March.v 185 7,* it
is now provided that the British employee of the Telegraph
Department, being charged with public duties, shall be every-
where placed under the special protection of the local authorities,
who shall furnish guards when necessary, and otherwise assure
their personal safety.
‘Continued use of First and Second Wires for Local and International
Messages.
ART. III. Until the completion of the third wire provided for
‘by the above Article I, the appropriation of the existing ﬁrst
and second wires for local and international messages shall
remain as at present, viz., as regulated by Article VIII of the
Convention of the 23rd November, 1865.1‘
flow the Three Wires are to‘ be Appropriated.
ART. IV. After the completion of the third wire, notice of
which will be given to the Persian Government by the Director
of the English Staff, the appropriation of the three wires shall
be as follows ;--—
First Wire to be used for Local Tra and Second and Third l/Vires
for International
The ﬁrst wire, viz., the one set up originally in 1864, shall
be used for local traffic, while the second and third wires shall
be used for international traffic, with the exceptions hereinafter
speciﬁed in Article VI.

it Page 20‘. q i" Page 28.
c4
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [2nd Dec., 1872.
First Wire to be worked by Persian, Employe's and Second and
Third Wires by British Engaloye's in Separate Rooms.
ART. V. To prevent any confusion in the working of the
different wires, the ﬁrst wire shall be worked by Persian
Government employés, and the second and third wires by
English Government employés, separate rooms being provided
by the Persian Government for the said English and Persian
employés, in telegraph offices considered suitable by both
Administrations.
As to Working of Wires in case of Breahage or Contact.
ART. VI. (a.) Should the first wire be broken at any time, '
one of the others shall be temporarily lent for Persian corre-
spondence, until communication by the ﬁrst wire is restored,
provided‘always that both the second and third wires are at the
time in good working order throughout their length, and free
from contact.
(b) Should the first who be in contact with either the
second or third wire while the remaining wire is clear, the wire
in contact with the first wire shall be insulated, to allow free
working by the Persian employés on the first wire until the
contact is removed.
(0.) Should the first wire be in contact with the second or
third while the remaining one is interrupted, or should both
second and third wires be interrupted, or should all three wires
at any time be in contact, the resultant single line shall be used
by the English and Persian Administrations in the respective
proportions of two-thirds to one-third of the day, the exact
hours to be ﬁxed by mutual agreement between the English
and Persian Directors.
Revenue derived from Local Tragic on Persian Wire to belong to
Persia.
ART. VII. The revenue derived from the local traffic on the
Persian wire shall belong entirely to the Persian Government.
Meaning of Local .Trajie.
By local traffic are meant messages originating at one
Persian station and terminating at another Persian station.
Transit fl’raﬁic between Julfa and Bushire.’ all Claims to Rercnue
renounced by Persian Government for the Annual Payment of
12,000 tomans, or of 2 francs per 20 words.
ART. VIII. The Persian Government having already made
an arrangement with the Indo-European Telegraph Companyt

* See Concession made by Persian Government to Messrs. Siemens and Co.,
11th January, 1868, and Agreement between Persian Government and Indo-
European Telegraph Company, 24th May, 1860. “ Aitchison’s Treaties,” Vol. 6,
pages 25, 29.
35 D 2
2nd Dee, 1872.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERS‘IA.
regarding the revenue derived from the Indo-European trafﬁc,
the English Government will abide by that agreement as far as
they are concerned; that is to say, the Persian Government, in
consideration of a ﬁxed annual payment by the said Company
of either 12,000 tomans, or of 2 francs per message of 20 Words,
renounces all claims to any portion of the revenue from transit
trafﬁc over the line from J ulfa (on the Russian frontier) to
Bushire.
Revenue from rllransit Trajie between Jalfa and Bashire to be
divided between English Government and Lido—European Com-
pany.
This revenue shall therefore be divided between the English
Government and the Indo-European Company in such manner
as they themselves may decide, and the accounts between them
shall be settled Without the intervention of the Persian Govern~
ment.
International llfessages Originating or Terminating in Persia.
Payments to be made by British to Persian Government.
As regards international messages originating or terminating
in Persia, the Persian Government agrees to cede to the English
Government for a term of three years the entire Persian
terminal tax on such messages, in consideration of a ﬁxed
annual payment of 2,000 tomans, to be paid to Persia by the
English Government.
After the three years, the Persian Government shall be free
either to accept an annual payment calculated on the basis of
two-thirds of the average terminal receipts, or to claim two-
thirds of the receipts of all bonaﬁde terminal messages.
British Government to decide which are Terminal or which Transit
Messages.
The Persian Government agrees to leave it to the sense of
justice of the English Government to decide which are bond
jide terminal messages, and which are to be 'considered as
transit messages, being forwarded to Persia evidently for the
purpose of being retransmitted to other countries.
Persian Government to oppose at International ’1'elegra})h Conferences
any alteration in Transit or Terminal Rates.
During the time this Treaty remains in force, the Persian
Government engages itself to oppose at the International
Telegraph Conferences any alteration in the present transit and
terminal rates, unless a previous agreement With the English
Government shall have been made.
' 36
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [2nd Dec., 1872.
British Administration responsible for Correctness of International
hfessages and Adjustment of Accounts, and to collect Payments
for Messages.
ART. IX. The English Administration being responsible for
the correct transmission of all international messages, and for the
adgustment of the accounts, will collect the payments for these
messages according to the rates of the prevailing International
Telegraph Convention.
Registration and Sealing by Persian Government of International
JIIessages originating in Persia.
All international messages originating in Persia shall, before
transmission, be registered and sealed by oﬁicials appointed by
the Persian Government.
International M'essages terminating in Persia to be delivered by
Persian O‘yi-cials. Receipts to be given ‘to British Administration.
International messages terminating in Persia shall be
delivered to the addresses through the agency of the same
oﬂicials, who shall be bound to give receipts for such messages
to the English Administration.
Access of Persian Administration to English Oj‘ices and Records.
The Persian Administration shall at all times have free
access to the English oHiees, and to all records connected with
international traffic.
llieaning of International Alessages.
International messages are those which pass over the wires
of more than one State.
Zl/Iaintenance, do, of Line, and appointment and payment of Guards
to remain in hands of English Director and Stay‘:
ART. X. The maintenance of the line, including repairs,
and the appointment, control, and payment of the line guards,
shall remain in the hands of the English director and staff.
Persia to contribute 1,000 tomans annually.
As a contribution towards the expenditure under this head,
the Persian Government will pay to the English director the
sum of 1,000 tomans annually, this amount being deducted
from the royalty due to Persia by the Indo-European Telegraph
Company, as hereinbefore described in Article VIII.
‘ s 3.7
2nd Dee, 1872.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
Duties of Inspectors and Line Gudrds.
ART. XI. The duties of the telegraph inspectorsand line
guards are strictly conﬁned to repairing and mamtaimng the
line.
¢
Punishment of Ofenders for wilful damage to Line.
If the line be wilfully damaged, the Persian Government
will take the most stringent measures to oblige the local autho-
rities to apprehend and punish the offenders.
Complaints, dc, by English Oﬁcers to be attended to by Governors
of Districts.
The Governors of districts will be accordingly instructed to
pay prompt attention to all complaints and communications
made to them by the English officers.
Persian Government to pay for any wilful damage to Line.
ART. XII. In case of any wilful damage to the line, the
expense of repairing the same shall be defrayed by the Perslan
Government.
x Testing the Lines. Persian Qﬁtcials to obey orders of English
Director.
. ART. XIII. To enable the English director to have a perfect
knowledge of the state of the wires and oﬁices, and thereby to
provide for their general efficiency and the rapid removal of
any impediment to telegraphic communication, the orders and
regulations issued by him regarding the connections within the
ofﬁces, and the times and manner of testing the lines, shall
be strictly obeyed by the Persian telegraph officers and
signallers. -
Debt due by Persian Goeermnent to English Government on account
of erection of First and Second Wires. How to be paid.
ART. XIV. It having been ascertained that the debt owed
by the Persian Government to the English Government on
account of materials and erection of the second wire, together
with some items connected with the erection of the ﬁrst wire,
and the payment of line guards, amounted on the 31st Decem-
ber, 1869, to 115,079 tomans 8 krans, or 4:7,247l. sterling, the
English Government agrees to accept payment without interest,
in the course of 24 years, in 24 equal instalments, of the same
from the Indo-European Telegraph Company.
38
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [2nd Dec.,1872.
Reservation in favour of Indo-Iiluropea-n Yleleyraph Company.
_ Should the aforesaid Indo-European Telegraph Company
wlsh to pay the amount in question sooner, it is at liberty to
do so.
Punetual payment of Instalments by InclwEuropean T eleyraph
Company.
The English Government shall notify without delay to the
Persian Government any instance of failure on the part of the
Indo-European Telegraph Company in paying the periodical
instalments, and will then hold the Persian Government respon-
sible for any portion of the debt remaining unpaid.
Liabilities of Judo-European Telegraph Company towards Persia.
Nothing in this Article is to be considered to invalidate any
claim on the Indo-European Telegraph lompany, which the
Persian Government holds in virtue of the concessions granted
to the said Company. '
Articles required by English Stay" to be admitted into Persia free
of Duty. '
ART. XV. All articles required by the English staff from
abroad for the service of the line shall be exempt from Customs
or other duties in Persia.
Application of Convention to T ehran—Bushire and Tehran-
Khaneheen Lines.
ART. XVI. This Convention applies specially to the Tehran-
Bushire section, but shall apply equally to the Tehran-Khane-
keen section, should the English director at any time deem it
expedient to resume charge of that portion of the Persian
telegraph.
In such a case the tariff of the Tehran-Khanekeen section,
and the method of. account, shall be settled by a special
arrangement between the English and Persian Administra-
tions. ‘
Settlement of Disayreements.
ART. XVII. Any disagreement arising between the telegraph
employés of the two Governments shall be referred for decision
to the Persian Minister for Foreign Affairs and the British
Representative at Tehran.
Duration of Convention until lst January, 1895, when the whole
Line is to be handed over to Persian Govern-ment.
ART. XVIII. This Convention shall take effect from the day
on which its ratiﬁcations are exchanged, and shall remain in force
39 '
2115. Main, 1882.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
until the 1st of January, 1895,* on which date the English
staff shall make over the whole line, in whatever condition it
may be at the time, including iron posts and third wire, to the
Persian Government, and shall then cease to have any further
connection with the Persian telegraph.
Right of British Government to hand over the Line at an earlier date.
ART. XIX. After the erection of the third wire, it shall be
competent for the English Government, at any time before the
expiry of this Convention, on giving six months’ notice, to hand
over the line in its existing condition to the Persian Govern-
ment, and to withdraw its oﬁicers and employés from the
country, ceasing from that date to have any further connectlon
with the Persian telegraph.
Ratiﬁeations.
ART. XX. The ratiﬁcations of the present Convention shall
be exchanged at Tehran Within ﬁve months, or sooner if prac-
ticable.
Done at_Tehran, in quadruplicate, this 2nd day of the
month of December, in the year of Our Lord, 187 2.
(LS) RONALD F. THOMSON.
(L.S.) MEERZA SAEED KHAN.

(N O. 15.). C OZVVENT I ON between Great Britain and Persia, for
the Szgapression of the Traﬁie in Slaves—Signed in the English
and Persian languages, at Tehran, 2nd Zllareh, 1882.T
[Ratifications exchanged at Tehran, 14th June, 1882.]

TABLE or Coxrnxrs.
Art.
I. Permission to British Cruizers to visit and detain Persian Merchant~vessels.
Persons provided with Government passports not to be molested under
certain circumstances.
II. British Ofﬁcer to be present at adjudication of Captured Vessels. Disposal of
Condemned Vessels and Slaves found on board.
III. Persians engaging in Slave Trafﬁc by sea to be severely punished. Slaves
imported to be manumitted and protected.
IV. Agreement of August, 1851, cancelled.

In the Name of God, the Almighty, all Merciful.
HER Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britiin and Ireland, Empress of India, and His Majesty the

* Prolonged until the 31st January, 1905, by an Agreement dated 3rd July,
. 1887, page 4:41. -
1' From “State Papers,” Vol.73, page 31. This Convention was carried into
eEect by an Order in Council dated 18th August, 1882, page 42. ' '
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [2nd Mar., 1882.
Shah of Persia, being mutually animated by a sincere desire to
co-operate for the extinction of the’barbarous Traffic in Slaves,
have resolved to conclude a Convention for the purpose of
attaining this object, and have named as their Plenipotentiaries,
that is to say :—
Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, Ronald Ferguson
Thomson, Esquire, Her Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary at the Court of Persia;
And His Majesty the Shah of Persia, his Excellency Mirza
Saeed Khan, his Minister for Foreign Affairs ;
Who, after having communicated to each other their full
powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon and
concluded the following Articles :—
Permission to British Cruisers to visit and detain Persian
Merchant-vessels.
ART. I. In order to prevent the chance of negro slaves,
male and female, being imported into Persia, British cruizers
shall be permitted to visit and detain merchant-vessels under
the Persian ﬂag, or belonging to Persian subjects, which may
be engaged in, or which there may be reasonable grounds for
suspecting to be or to have been engaged during the voyage on
which they are met, in carrying slaves; and if any such slaves
are found on board such merchant-vessels, the vessel, with all
on board, shall be taken before the nearest Persian autho-
rities for trial.
Persons provided with Government Passports not to be molested
under certain circumstances.
But no person whatsoever who, being furnished with a
Government passport, countersigned by a British Resident or
Consul, may have gone from Persia to visit the places of
pilgrimage, shall, when returning. be interfered with, provided
such person be not accompanied by more negroes, either male
or female, than the number mentioned in his original pass.
The presence of any such additional negro or negroes shall be
primd facie evidence of an attempted Traffic in Slaves.
British Oﬁcer to be present at adjudication of captured Vessels.
ART. II. If any merchant-vessel under the Persian ﬂag be
captured by a British cruizer and taken into a Persian port for
adjudication, it shall be the oﬂicer of the British cruizer making
the capture, or some duly authorized oﬂieer of the British
Government, who shall be present at such adjudication.
Disposal of condemned Vessels and Slaves found on board.
In the event of the captured merchant-vessel being coir-
demned and sold, the proceeds of such sale shall go to, the
41
18th Aug, 1882] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
Persian Government, and all slaves found on board such
vessel shall be handed over to the British authoritles.
Persians engaging in Slave Traﬁic by Sea to be severely punished.
ART. III. His Majesty ‘the Shah of Persia agrees to punish
severely all Persian subjects or foreigners amenable to Persia-n
jurisdiction who maybe found engaging in Slave Trafﬁc by sea.
Slaves imported to be manumitted and protected.
And to manumit and guarantee the safety and proper
treatment of all slaves illegally imported, that is to say, im-
ported by sea into His Majesty’s dominions after the signature
of the present Convention.
Agreement of August, 1851, cancelled.
ART. IV. The present Convention shall come into operation
on the 1st May, 1882. After the Convention shall so have been
brought into operation, Article XIII of the Treaty between
Great Britain and Persia, signed at Paris on the 4th March,
1857 (Page 20), by which the Agreement entered into by Great
Britain and Persia in August, 1851 (Page 12) ,was renewed, shall
be considered as cancelled, except as to any proceeding that
may have already been taken or commenced in virtue thereof.
ART. V. The ratiﬁcations of the present Convention shall
be exchanged at Tehran within ﬁve months, or sooner if prac-
ticable.
Done at Tehran, in quadruplicate, this 2nd day of the month
of March, in the year of Our Lord 1882.
(L.S.) RONALD F. THOMSON.
(L.S.) MIRZA SAEED KHAN.

ORDER JN COUNCIL, for carrying the above Convention of
2nd March, 1882, into eject. 18th August, 1882.
a—__
At the Court at Osborne House, Isle of Wight, the 18th day of
August, 1882.
PRESENT: THE QUEEN’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY IN COUNCIL.
~_—-—
WHEREAS by an Act passed in the 37th year of Her Maj esty’s
reign, chapter 88, intituled “The Slave Trade Act, 1873,We it
was, amongst other things, provided that “Where any Treaty

'1‘ “ Hertslet’s Treaties,” V01. 14, page 717.
42
GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA. [8rd J uly, 1887.
in relation to the Slave Trade is made after the passing of that
Act, by or on behalf of Her Majesty with any Foreign State,
Her Majesty may, by Order in Council, direct that as from such
date, not being earlier than the date of the Treaty, as may be
speciﬁed in the Order, such Treaty shall be deemed” to be an
existing Slave Trade Treaty within the meaning of the Act,
and it was provided that “ thereupon (as from the said date, or
if no date is speciﬁed as from the date of such Order) ” all the
provisions of the Act shall apply and be construed accordingly.
And whereas on the 2nd day of March in the year 1882 a
Treaty or Convention was concluded between Her Majesty and
His Majesty the Shah of Persia for the suppression of the Slave
Trade, in the following terms, that is to say:
[Here follows the Convention of 2nd March, 1882, see Page 40.]
And whereas it is expedient that the said Treaty or Con-
vention should be brought within the operation of "' The Slave
Trade Act, 1878.”
Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by virtue and in exercise of
the powers in this behalf as aforesaid, is pleased by and with
the advice of Her Privy Council, to order, and it is hereby
ordered as follows :—
The said Treaty or Convention hereinbefore recited shall,
from the 1st day of May, 1882, being the day on which the said
Treaty or Convention came into operation, be deemed to have
been and to be an existing Slave Trade Treaty within the
meaning of “The Slave Trade Act, 187 8.”
And the Lords Commissioners of Her Maj esty’s Treasury, the
Right Hon. the Earl Granville, one of Her Maj esty’s Principal
Secretaries of State, and the Lords Commissioners of the
Admiralty are to give the necessary directions herein as to
them may respectively appertain.
C. L. PEEL.

(N0. 16.) AGREEMENTS between the British and Persian
Governments for prolonging, until 31st January, 1905, the
Conventions between Her Majesty and the Shah of Persia of
2nd April, 18 68, and 2nd December, 1872, relative to T elegraphic
Communication between Europe and India. Signed, in the
English and Persian Languages, at Tehran, 3rd July, 1887.
'—
I. Agreement between the British and Persian Governments to
prolong, until 31st January, 1905, the Convention of 2nd April,
1868, respecting Telegraphic Communication between Europe
and India. Signed at Tehran, 3rd July, 1887.
(English Version.)
IT is hereby agreed between the Undersigned, duly au-
43
3rd July, 1887.] GREAT BRITAIN AND PERSIA.
thorized thereto by their respective Governments, that the
Convention signed at Tehran on the 2nd April, 1868,* for ex-
tending and securing telegraphic communication between
Europe and India, shall remain in force until the 31st January,
1905.
Done at Tehran, this 3rd day of July, 1887.
(L.S.) A. NICOLSON, Her Britannia Majesty’s
Charge’ d’Aﬂaires.
(L.S.) Persian Minister for Foreign A fairs.
II. Agreement between the British and Persian Governments to
prolong, until 31st January, 1905, the Convention of 2nd De—
cember, 1872, respecting Telegraphic Communication between
Europe and India through Persia— Signed at Tehran, 3rd July,
1887.
(English Version.)
IT is hereby agreed between the Undersigned, duly au-
thorized thereto by their respective Governments, that the
Convention signed at Tehran on the 2nd December, 1872,’[
for continuing the system of telegraphic communication
between Europe and India through Persia, shall remain in force _
until the 31st January, 1805.
Done at Tehran, this 3rd day of July, 1887.
(L.S.) A. NICOLSON, Her Britannia Majesty’s
Chargé d’Aﬁaires.
(L.S.) Persian Minister for Foreign A fairs.
[No Treaties were concluded between Great Britain and
Persia in 1888, 1889, or 1890; but see Proclamation, Firmaun,
&c., pages 56-58.]

* Page 30. 1' Page 32.
44
PART II.

FIRMAUN S, &C.,
ISSUED BY THE SHAHS OF PERSIA, GRANTING
COMMERCIAL AND OTHER PRIVILEGES TO GREAT
BRITAIN AND OTHER POWERS, AS WELL AS TO
NATIVES; AND FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE
SLAVE TRADE. 1823-1890.

Pare
Abolition of Export Duty on Horses . . . . . . July (August), 1823 4’;
British Trade with Persia . . . 5th May, 1836 48
Protection of Servants and Dependants of British Mission
15th September, 1839 48
Ditto (Amended) . . . . . . . . . . . . . April, 1840 419
Bankruptcies. Protection of British Merchants . . May (June), 1844! 50
Prohibition against Importation of Negro Slaves by Sea . . June, 184.8 54
Protection of Lives and Properties of Persian Subjects 26th May, 1888 56
Opening of the Karun River . . . . . . 30th October, 1888 58
Notice. Prohibition against the Trailic in Slaves by Sea or Land
1st February, 1890 58
PART II.
FIRMAUNS
ISSUED BY THE SHAHS OF PERSIA, GRANTING COM-
MERCIAL AND OTHER PRIVILEGES TO GREAT
BRITAIN AND OTHER POWERS, &C. 1828-1890.

FIRZIIA UN of the Shah abolishing the Export Duty on Horses.—
July (August), 1823?“

(Translation)
THIS auspicious Firmaun is issued to inform our beloved and
renowned son, Hossein Ali Mirza, the Governor-General of Fars,
that the British Agent at the Court has represented to our
Ministers that the officers of the customs of Fars and the ports
have commenced to exact a duty on horses purchased in Persia
by British subjects for exportation to their own country.
According to his statement this regulation did not formerly
exist; and in consideration of the friendship between the two
States which has rendered their interests inseparable, it is our
wish in every respect to cultivate the present alliance; there-
fore our beloved son is ordered to give instructions, both with
regard to horses and other property and goods belonging to
British subjects, that no duties shall in future be levied on them,
excepting such as long-established usages authorize.
You are enjoined to pay the fullest attention to the purport
of this Firmaun, and not only to prevent the subjects of the
British Government from suffering any injustice or molestation,
but to extend them every protection and indulgence.
(L.S.) His MAJESTY FUTTEH ALI SHAH.
Dated Zilkad, 1288, corresponding with July and August,
1823.
I ..-—n—
[In 1823 the relations between the British Government and
Persia were transferred to the Governor—General of India, and
an Envoy of the Governor-G encral was substituted for a Pleni-
poterjtiary of the Crown. (Aitchison’s Treaties, Vol. 6, page
861.)

i‘ From Aitchison’s Treaties,” Vol. 6, page 396.
15th Sept., 1839.] PERSIA.
F IRMA UN of the Shah of Persia permitting British iMerchan-ts to
Trade with Persia on payment of the same Duties as those paid
' by Russian .Merchants.-—Received 5th lilay, 1838*

(L.S.) The Seal of MOHAMMED SHAH.
'WHEREAS the relations of friendship and amity between the
powerful and digniﬁed Governments of Persia and England are
ﬁxed upon the most perfect and ﬁrm basis; and whereas it is
agreeable to the exalted character of His Majesty, that this
friendship and amity should daily increase, and that mutual
advantage should thence result ; therefore, in the present
auspicious year, and henceforth, according to this gracious
Proclamation, we grant liberty and permission to the merchants
of the British Nation, that, having brought their merchandize
to the territorial possessions of Persia, they may dispose of the
same in perfect security and conﬁdence, and that they shall pay
to the ofﬁcers of Government the same public dues upon their
goods as are paid by the merchants of the Russian Govern-
ment.
In the month of Moohurrim, in the year of the Hegira 1252
(A.D. 1836). _
[Here follow the Seals of the witnesses]
Received at the British Palace, Teheran, on the 5th of May,
1836.
A true Translation, H. ELLIS.
__—-—_
Ea'tract from Article III, relative to Commerce, of the Treaty
a I between Russia and Persia of February, 1828.
[Referred to in Firmaun of 5th May, 1836.]
IL est convenu que les marchandises importées en Perse, ou
exportées de ce Royaume par les suj ets Russes, * * *6 seront
soumises, comme par le passe, a un droit de 5 pour cent percu
une fois pour toutes, a leur entrée et a leur sortie, et ne seront
assujetties ensuite au payement d’aucun autre droit de Douane.

F IRllIA UN issued by the Shah for the Protection of the Servants
and Dependants of the British Mission—15th September, 1839.1‘
(Translation)
ON account of the friendship subsisting between the two

it From “State Papers,” Vol. 24-, page 769. See also Treat-y, 4th March,
1857, Article IX, page 19.
"I" From “State Papers,” Vol. 28, page 125.
48
PERSIA. [April, 1840.
ever-enduring Governments of Persia and England, it is agree-
able to our favour-dispensing Sublime Majesty, that the servants
and dependants of the Ambassadors of the English Government
resident at this Court, should live in all conﬁdence and tran-
quillity, and should at all times be under the shadow of the
protection and favour of our Sublime esty ; therefore in this
auspicious year of the Hog, this auspicious Firmaun has been
written to this effect, that the servants and dependants of the
English Government, whether Persians or natives of other
countries, are safe and secure; and under all circumstances, in
the same manner as the people of that Government are treated
by other Governments, so under this Government also the same
treatment will be shown.
Rejeb 5, 1255 (15th September, 1839).
' (L.S.) THE SHAH.
[See amended Firmaun of April, 1840.]
-_-_—_
AMENDED FIRMAUN issued by the Shah of Persia, for the Pro-
tection of the Servants and Dependants of the British Mission.
——April, 1840.
( Translation.)
' Let the Governors and authorities of all the country know,
that referring to the unity existing between the two mighty
Governments of Persia and England, the object of our Royal
desire is, that the servants and dependants of the .llfissioni’i of
the mighty Government of England, who are stationary at the
Court of this haughty Government, may, in all conﬁdence and
tranquillity of mind, remain under the shadow of the protection
of our clemency and Sublime Majesty, and that never, in this
God-protected land, in any possible manner, should they be
exposed to loss or detriment of any kind in their lives or pro-
erty.
P Therefore this auspicious and happy Firmaun, which all the
world obeys, is proclaimed and issued to give notice to the
above-mentioned (Governors and authorities), that all the ser-
vants and dependants of the English Mission, whether these
be Persians or natives of other countries, are, as in times past,
in safety and under protection, and that they should rejoice in
the kindness and consideration of the Ministers of this haughty
State; and should any of these (servants and dependants of the
English Government) be guilty of any crime, they shall not be
punished without the knowledge of the English Minister.*'
Therefore these high personages (the Governors to whom
this Firmaun is addressed), fully regarding the amity subsisting

* The words of the Mission do not occur in the Persian copy from which this
was translated.
49 E
TMay (June), 1844.] PERSTA.
between the 2 great States, must act in conformity to this
order; and after having paid obedience to this auspicious Fir-
maun, let its meaning reach the ears of all the people of the
whole country, and let them know that it is imperative.
THE SHAH.
~——
[For the correspondence which passed between the British
and—Persian Governmentswith regard to the issue of the Fir-
mauns of 1839 and 1840, see “ State Papers,” Vol. 28, pages 123
‘to 147.]

FIRWIA UlV of the Shah of Persia relating to Bankruptcies, issued
for the protection of British Merchcmts.-—Il[ay (June), 1844.eke
m
(Translation)
THIS, that the high in rank (with other usual titles) Hossein
Khan, Adjutant Bashee, Governor of the province of Yezd,
honoured and exalted by the increasing favour of His Majesty,
may know that the Ministers of the British Government having,
from a high sense of justice, certiﬁed that, with reference to the
property remaining with bankrupts and insolvents, to be pro-
'portionately distributed and divided among their creditors, the
"subjects of the exalted Persian and British Governments, the
_dependants of that Government (British), shall not on this
head receive the slightest favour or distinction ; and having at
‘ the present time requested, through the medium of their Charge
d’Affaires, His Excellency Colonel Sheil, that suitable regula-
tions comprehended in certain. Articles, not incompatible with
‘the religion of Islam, should be passed for the protection of
anerchants, the dependants of the British Government, from all
'kinds of deceptions, frauds, and evil designs on the part of the
insolvent and fraudulent bankrupt, and His Persian Majesty
being earnestly desirous that foreign nations and merchants,
the subjects of other States in the protected territories of the
Shah in Shah, should be secured from every evil design of the
insolvent and fraudulent bankrupt, accordingly these com-
mercial regulations, which have been arranged between the
Ministers of the Persian Government and Hls Excellency
' Colonel Sheil, the British Charge d’Affaii-es, and have received
the auspicious approval and approbation of His Majesty, are
written and detailed for the information of that high in
rank, &c. (Hossein Khan), in the body of this document.
ART. I. All deeds of purchase and sale, bonds, &c., shall
henceforth be registered in the respectable (Dewan Khaneh)
'Courts of Equity in the special dufturs (records), which are

it From “Aitchison’s Treaties,” Vol. 6, page 399. See also “Hertslet’s
iTreaties,” Vol. 9, page 611.
50
_ PERSIA. [May (June), 1844.‘.
returned by the Governor of each province, sealed with the
Government Seal; in the said dufturs all claims should, accord-
ing to their respective dates and numbers, be entered. The
dates and numbers of the dufturs (entries) should also be
inscribed on the face of the agreement. The pages of the
duftin's should be numbered, and should contain no emenda-
tions or erasures.
ART. II. Agreements which have been rendered valid by
registry in the large duftur should be again separately written
in the Dewan Khaneh in alphabetical order, together with the
names of the contracting parties, and a numerical list of the-
large dufturs be framed. ,
ART. III. Should there exist in one spot two bonds in the
shape of claims for money, which have been duly registered in
the Dewan Khaneh, that whose entry in the Dewan Khaneh
shall bear the older date shallbe ﬁrst executed. This condition
not to supersede those regulations relative to the proportional
division of property which are to have effect at the period of
bankruptcy.
ART. IV. The registry of agreements is not essential, but
bonds which, according to regulation, have been rendered valid
by registry in the Dewan Khaneh, shall especially be held of
.greater validity over external bonds (contracted independently),
which shall not be executed until the execution of these bonds
which have been duly registered in the Dewan Khaneh shall
have taken place; such independently contracted bonds may
be brought to and registered in the Dewan Khaneh during the
‘space of one year.
ART. “Thoever shall (desire to) sell or place in pledge
his immoveable property, shall give into the hands of the
purchaser a deed of sale or (Jlrgjo) transfer; should he not pay
the money at the time agreed upon, he shall cause it to be put
up to sale, and the Dewan Khaneh, previous to registering and
rendering valid such agreement of purchase of sale, shall ascer-
tain that its deed of sale or transfer has been delivered into the
hands of the purchaser, and that the said real estate has not
been sold nor given in pledge or security to some other
person.
ART. VI. The payment of the money of a. bond shall not be
(considered) proved until both creditor and debtor shall have
attached their seals and signatures to the bond that the whole
of the money has been received; otherwise, at the time of
emergency, it will be necessary to establish the settlement of
the debt by producing evidence and making affidavit.
ART. VII. On the death of a debtor, the creditors shall have
the right of claiming their money from the heirs of the deceased
previous to the maturity of the bond or promissory note,
and the heirs to the property of the deceased shall satisfy these
claims.

it See also Article XVIII, page 53.
51
May (June), 12514.] PERSIA.
ART. VIII. Eveiy trader and merchant who shall appear
insolvent shall make aﬁidavit that he has not secreted any of
his property, and shall establish (prove) his insolvency; so,
also, his partners and agents shall take oath that they have not
secreted any of his property. .
ART. lX. Such bankrupt shall not be at liberty until he
shall have afforded bail for his appearance, and the magistrate
shall distrain the effects of the bankrupt, and those of his
children and women; but in the event of its being proved that
he has become owner of such property subsequent to his
insolvency, whatever belonging to his relatives, and in which
the bankrupt has no concern whatever, which has reached
them as inheritance, or as the product of a separate trade
or profession, or which has passed away to the husband as
the dowries of the daughters, shall be free from distraint.
ART. X. If the bankruptcy has been caused by accidental
ﬁre or shipwreck, proven, or by robbery by enemies, then in
that case bail shall not be required.
ART. XI. The punishment of the fraudulent bankrupt shall
be the same as that (laid down) for the thief and liar, and the
authority to mitigate punishment in certain exceptions shall
rest with the King only. The fraudulent bankrupt shall be
imprisoned during the period of investigation, and shall not (be
permitted) to hold communication with any one, even his own
governors. All his property shall be distrained, and he may
not a second time engage in trade, nor be (a Mabashir Kar) an
agent in business. Similar punishment shall be inﬂicted upon
his accomplices and those persons who may have secreted his
property. _
ART. XII. Agreements entered into by an insolvent after
his insolvency has appeared and been proven shall be null and
void ; and, in like manner, all deeds of gift drawn out after his
insolvency shall be null and void.
ART. XIII. The division of the property of a bankrupt
among his creditors shall take place after the lapse of four
months. If the effects of the bankrupt are of a kind (liable) to
be speedily injured or destroyed, such as cattle, articles of
food, &c., they shall, without delay, be turned into money.
Merchandize which, after the publication of his insolvency, may
be sent to the bankrupt, shall be distrained in the Custom
House and sent to the Dewan Khaneh, and, in like manner,
'letters of whatever kind to the address of the bankrupt, indica-
tive of absence of the truth of his insolvency, shall be taken to
the Dewan Khaneh.
ART. XIV. The bankrupt not having satisﬁed all claims
against him shall still be considered a debtor. His creditors
shall, of their own accord, allow him time on account of the
remainder of their claims, and in the interim whatever he may
obtain or become heir to shall be given up in payment of his
debts.
ART. XV. Should there be any discrepancy between the
d
PER-STA. [May (June), 1844.
entry in the duftur and the bond itself, and the Dewan
Khaneh have erroneously made the registry, it (the Dewan
Khaneh) shall make good the debts of the insolvent.
ART. XVI. Those reckoned fraudulent bankrupts are of the
following description :——1st, those who cannot establish their
insolvency nor give a public account of the money and
effects they have received from others; 2nd, those who,whether
secretly or openly, convey merchandize to their homes;
3rd, those who, aware of their insolvency, shall, after the same
having become apparent, make gifts with a view to securing to
themselves (lit, eating up) the property of their creditors;
4th, those who shall again sell or give in pledge immoveable
property, alreadysold to or in pledge with others; 5th, those
who shall sell or give in pledge religious endowments j
ART. XVII. His Majesty the King has abolished all places ol
asylum in the homes of individuals, except in certain mosques.
and sanctiﬁed places, such as the houses of well known
(Oolumas) priests and the King’s palaces, which, from olden
time, have been places of refuge; and has commanded that
none of the subjects of this Government (the Persian) shall
admit into their houses delinquents, such as thieves, bankrupts,
and others. WVhoever shall disobey these royal orders shall
subject himself to punishment.
ART. XVIII. Since, for the transaction of mercantile affairs,
a (Mullick-oot-Tijjar), or Chief of merchants, is in every place
necessary, accordingly the Ministers of the Persian Government
will appoint a Mullick-oot-Tijjar in every place in Persia where
extended commerce is carried on; and moreover, when the
business of British merchants shall be transacted in» the Dewan
Khaneh, it (the Dewan Khaneh) shall arrange and settle the
same in the presence of a delegate from the Mission or Con-
sulate; and so, in like manner, the distraint of the property of
a bankrupt or of the effects of a deceased debtor, in cases con-
nected with foreign subject-s, shall be made in the presence of
a delegate from the British Authorities. The British Agents
shall demand (the amount of) the claims of (due to the) bank-
rupts from his debtors, being natives of the country, in the
same manner as if the debtors were themselves subjects of the
British Government. _
Reverting to Article V, treating of immoveable property.
In Persia there are three descriptions of persons holding
villages: 1st, the King; 2nd, the landed proprietor (malik) ;
3rd, the inhabitants. Should the malik (desire to) place his
village in pledge, he shall, in order to obviate discussion, ﬁrst
obtain the permission of the King’s Government and of the
inhabitants. .
It is necessary that the high in rank before-mentioned should
make known and publish the above-Written details in the
Dewan Khanehs of the province of Yezd according to these
instructions, and strictly warn the authorities and executives of
the Dewan Khanehs of the province alluded to, to act up to the
53
'12th June, 1848.] - PERSIA.
commands conveyed in this august document, nor in any way
swerve from or disobey them. Let them consider the same
their bounden duty. '
Written in the month of Jemmadee-ool-Awul, in the year of
the Hegira 1260. May (June), 1844.
—_,_—-
FIRMA UN issued by the Shah u Hiya Ilfeerea A ghassee pro-
hibiting the Importation of IVegro Slaves into Persia by Sea.—
12th June, 1848."%
(Translation)
12th June, 1848 (10 Regg'eb, 1264).
YOUR ExcELLENcY THE HAJEE,
LET them not bring any negroes by sea ; let them be brought
by land. Purely for the sake of Farrant Sahib [Lieutenant-
Colonel Earl-ant], with whom I am much pleased, I have con-
sented to this. On this subject write to theGovernors of Ears
and Arabia [Persian Arabia].
Solely on account of the goodness of Farrant I have con-
sented, otherwise some trifling discussions still exist between us
and the English Government. '
_I_I.E. Hajee JlIeerza Aghassee. ' THE SHAH.
.FIRIIIA UIV issued by the Shah to the Governor of Furs, pro-
hibiting the Importation of Slaves into Persia by Sea.———12th
June, 1848.1‘
—
(Translation)
TO the high in rank, the pillar of nobility, Hoossein Khan,
the Comptroller of State Affairs and Governor of Ears, who has
_been exalted and supported by the distinguished favours of His
Majesty the Shah, &c., be it known, that it is a long time since
a request for the abolition of the importation of negroes by sea
has been made on the part of the Ministers of the British
'Government to the Ministers and authorities of this kingdom.
But their request during this long period has not met with an
answer or our consent.
‘But in consequence of the favour entertained by our august
Sovereign towards the high in rank, the sincere well-wisher of
the State, the chosen among Christian nobles, &c., Colonel
Farrant, Charge d’Affaires of the English Government, on ac-
count of the respectful conduct and manner of proceeding which
he has made manifest, and purely for the regard we entertain
it From “ State Papers,” Vol. 37, page 465.
1‘ From “ State Papers,” Vol. 37, page 466.
r
54
- PERSIA . [June, 1848.
for him, we have accepted and complied with his request. )Ve -
have ordained that hereafter that high in rank shall warn all
merchants and persons passing to and fro, to discontinue to.
bring negroes by sea alone, and that they shall not export
or import negroes except by land, which is by no means
forbidden. ‘
That high in rank will be held responsible for the fulﬁlment-
of the orders contained in this communication.
‘Written in the month of Rejjeb, 1264. 12th June, 1848.
THE SHAH.

FIRZIIA UZV issued by the Shah to the Governor of Ispahan and '
Persian Arabia, prohibiting the Importation of Slaves into Persia--
by Seen—June, 1848A"
(Translation)
TO the high in rank, the superior of Generals, the esteemed‘
of the Sovereign, Meerza N ebbee Khan, chief of the Civil Law
Court, and Governor of Ispahan, who has been honoured by the-
favour of the pure mind of the King of Kings.
Be it known, that at this time the high in rank, the noble
‘and exalted, possessed of dignity, the pillar of the Christian
nobles, the cream of the great men of Christendom, the un--
doubted well-wisher of the State, Colonel Farrant, Charge
d’Affaires of the exalted Government of England, who enjoys.
the ‘unbounded favour of His Majesty the Shah, whose resplen~
dent mind is desirous to gratify him, having made a friendly-
request on the part of the Ministers of his exalted Government-
to the Ministers of His Majesty the Shah, that with a view to
preserve the existing friendship between the two exalted States,
a decree should be issued from the source of magniﬁcence, the
Shah, that hereafter the importation of the Negro tribes by sea
should be forbidden, and this traflic be abolished.
In consequence of this, it is ordered and ordained that, that
high in rank, after perusing this Firman, which is equal to a
decree of fate, will feel it incumbent on him to issue positive
and strict injunctions to the whole of the dealers in slaves who
trade by sea, that henceforth by sea alone the importation and?
exportation of negroes into the Persian dominions is entirely
forbidden, but not by land. Not a single individual will be
permitted to bring negroes by sea without being subjected to.
severe punishment.
That high in rank must in this matter give peremptory orders.
throughout his government, and not be remiss.
Written in the month of Rejeb, 12 64. June, 1848.
THE SHAH.’

"" From “State Papers,” Vol. 37, page 467.
- 55
26th May, 1888.] PERSIA.
ORDER prohibiting the trade in Black Slaves and Sla've- Girls by
Sea—July, 18483!‘
The Governor of Fars, to the Governor of Bashire.
(Translation)
THIS high order has been issued, that the high in rank,
Sheik Nasir Khan, Governor of the port of Bushire, may know
that since, in conformity with His Maj esty’s imperative Firman, it
has been determined and commanded in this prosperous year,
Buch Eel, and thereafter, the merchants, subjects of this high
and everlasting State, shall relinquish the trade in the black
slaves and slave-girls, by sea and by the ports of Fars. Any
merchant desiring to prosecute the trafﬁc in black slave-girls
and slaves, is free and at liberty to do so by land, from what-
ever quarter it maybe; it is not forbidden; but by way of the
sea, to embark them in vessels, they must entirely relinquish it,
and not engage in this traffic. If after perusing this order any
one of the merchants or others bring slaves and slave-girls
by sea, he will render himself liable to punishment. That high
in rank must advise and warn all the merchants and trades-
people residing at that port, that, in consideration of the concord
between the two exalted States, the vessels of the British have
been permitted by the Ministers of this conquering State to pre-
vent the propagation of this trade by sea. Assuredly that high
in rank will not in any way deviate from the course now laid
down.
Sheik ,Nasir Khan. HOOSSEIN KHAN.
PR OCLAMA TI ON of the Shah of Persia respecting the Protec-
tion of the Lives and Properties of Persian Subjects—Tehran,
26th May, 1888.1‘
Oﬁieial Government Proclamation.
(Translation)
THE Great and Most High God having made our holy
person the source of justice and benevolence, and the executor
of his command and power, and having especially entrusted
the protection of the lives and property of the subjects of the
united countries of Persia into our well-skilled hands, in thanks-
giving for this great bounty, we consider it incumbent on us in-
the execution of this trust not to draw back from or evade the
distribution of justice and the protection of the lives and
property of the perople of this country from the encroachment
of oppressors, and (we consider it incumbent upon us) to so

"' From “ State Papers,” Vol. 37, page 469.
1' Laid before Parliament in “ Persia, No. 2 (1888).”
56
PER-SIA. [May., 1888.
properly endeavour and persevere that the people be masters of
their lives and property, in order that they may, with the
greatest ease and prosperity, engage themselves in enterprises
which are the basis of civilization and the source of wealth;
therefore, for the information and assurance of all the subjects
and people, in order to make them acquainted with the watch-
fulness, tempered with justice, of our sovereign mind, by the
issue of this great Proclamation and noble Address, we make it
generally known to the people of the united countries of Persia,
that all our subjects, as regards their lives and property, are
free and independent, so that they may, without fear or appre-
hension, exercise any right of proprietorship they like over their
own belongings, and any enterpn'se for which the combination of
money and formation of companies for the construction of
works and roads and any branch of the branches of civilization
and wealth which they may undertake will give us satisfaction
and pleasure, and the protection of such is our duty, and no one
shall have the right or power to lay hands upon, or take
possession of, or interfere with, the life or property, or punish or
chastise the subjects of the Persian Government, except it be in
execution of the religious and civil laws.
Month of Ramazan-ul-Mubareh, 1303 (May, 1888).
FIRMA. UlV 0f the Shah of Persia for the execution of the foregoing
Proclamatiom—hlay, 1888.
(Translation.) -
(THE Firmans contain the same words as the Proclamation,
with an additional injunction, of which the following, addressed
to the Veliahd, or Heir Apparent, at Tabriz, is a specimen.
It is commanded that the Dawn of the Soul’s Light, the Key
of the Gates of Victory, the Light of the Eyes of the Khilafet
and Kingdom, Resplendence of the Face of Sovereignty and
Empire, Dear and Most Noble Son, Light of the Eyes, Muzafer-
ud-Din Mirza, Veliahd of the Everlasting Kingdom of Persia,
Governor-General of the Province of Azerbaijan, will execute
this world—respected Imperial Firman, and not allow it to be
disregarded; and this very Firman is to be read in all Masjids
and meeting-houses, and is to be generally explained and
instilled into the people, and Published to all small towns,
districts, and even villages and settlements, so that all the
subjects of Persia be informed of this Imperial command, and
bonds are to be taken from the petty authorities, binding them
to carry out these commands, and any one disregarding this
order will be so punished and chastised as to be the wonder of
the spectators. (May, 1888.)

57
1888—1890. ,1 rERsIA.
PERSIAIV CIRCULAR announcing the Opening of the Karun
River, from Mohammerah to Ahwasx—SOth October, 1888.
(Translation) ——--
( Circular.)
THE Persian Government, with a view to the extension of
commerce and wealth in her provinces and the progress of
agriculture in Khuzistan and Ahwaz, has ordered that commer-
cial steamers of all nations, without exception, besides sailing
vessels which formerly navigated the Karun River, undertake
the transport of merchandize in the Karun River from Moham-
merah to the Dyke at Ahwaz; but it is on the condition that
they do not pass the Dyke at Ahwaz upwards, as from the
Dyke upwards the river navigation is reserved to the Persian
Government itself and its subjects, and the tolls which the
Persian Government will organize shall be paid at Moham-
merah. Such vessels are not to carry goods prohibited by the
Persian Government, and vessels are not to stay longer than
necessary for the unloading and loading of commercial loads.
24 Sefer (1303) (30 October, 1888).

PERSIAN 1VOTICE, prohibiting the in Slaves by Sea or
Land—1st February, 1890.
ON the 1st February, 1890, HE. the Saad-ul-Mulk, Governor
of Bushire, held a “ Mejlis ” at the Government House at Lingah,
to which he summoned all the principal persons and merchants
of the place, and publicly read a notice, announcing that who-
ever engaged in the trafﬁc in slaves, either by sea or land, would
be severely punished and ﬁned.
The Deputy-Governor was, at the same time, ordered to affix
copies of this notice in all places, and to take a bond from the
Customs farm er that he would bring to the notice of the authori-
ties any case of importation of slaves by land or sea.


~5's
PART III.

TREATIES, &c.,
CONOLUDED BY PERSIA WITH FOREIGN POWERS,
OTHER THAN WITH GREAT BRITAIN, WHICH
WERE WHOLLY OR PARTIALLY IN FORCE
ON THE 181‘ APRIL. 1891.
LIST OF TREATIES, &c., concluded by Persia with Foreign
Powers (other than with Great Britain),* and which were
wholly or partially in force on the 1st April, 1891.
Afghanistan . . . .
Austria-Hungary.
Belgium Denmark .. . . ..
EgyPtOOOOOOOIOU
France .. .. .... -
Germany. .. .. ..
Greece..........
Italy
ouuoooooct
Kelat .... ..
Netherlands . . . . .
Oman (Muscat) . .
Russia.. .. .. .. ..
’, 0000.00.00
,, I......‘..
’, .IOOIO'IO'
’, OOOOOOQOIO
,, 00.10.0000
Aug.’ 00 00000
17th May, 1857 . . .
31st July, 1857. . . .
30th Nov. , 1857 . . .
1823. 1889 . . . . ..
12th July, 1855 . . .
6th, 11th June, 1873
0013., 00 0
24th Sept., 1862 ..
Sept.’ 00
1st—4th Sept, 1871
15th May, 1873 ..
3rd July, 1857 .. . .
17th Nov., 1856 ~ .
12th 0a., 1813 . .
22nd Feb. , 1828 . .
22nd Feb., 1828 . .
22nd Feb., 1828 ..
3rd July, 1844 . . . .
13th Dec., 1869 ..
British Award. Seistan Boundary
Treaty. Commerce and Naviga-
tion ................
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Special Commercial Arrangements.
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . . {
Friendship, Commerce, and Navi-
gation .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ..
Friendship, Commerce, and Navi-
gation .. .. .. . .
Addl. Art. Silkworms’ Eggs and
.QQ'OQQOQO'OQQ'UO...
Notes. Great Britain and Persia.
(Beloochistan, &c.) Boundary ..
Amended Notes (proposed) ditto
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Bender Abbas (terminated). . . . . .
Peace and Friendship (Gulistan). .
Peace and Friendship (Tourkman-
tchai) ..........
Commerce (Tourkmantchai) . . . . .
Ceremonial. Reception of Diplo-
matic Agents (Tourkmantchai) .
Interpretation of Art. 14 of Treaty
of 22nd February, 1828. Dis-
orders on the Frontiers. Pass~
ports . . . . .
River Attrek to form Boundary on
East Coast of the Caspian Sea . .
0.000.000.0000‘...
Page
63
66
73
77
80
80
84
93
94
100
104
1 O5
106
108
112
115
117
125-
130
133
133
,, 0.0.0.0...
,, ‘0.01.0...
,, ..........
Spain...........
,, Sweden and Nor-
way
Switzerland . . . . .
12
54th May, 1879 ..
31st Jan., 1881 ..
9th
at‘ D80-, u 0 a 0
4th Mar., 1842 . . . .
9th Feb., 1870 . . . .
17th Nov., 1857 . .
23rd July, 1873 .. .
Telegraphic (expired. But see Con-
vention, 115:)? Jan., 1881) .. . . . .
Telegraphic... .... ........ ..
Akhal-Khorassan Boundary. East
of Caspian Sea . . . . . . . .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
134
134'
136
140
144-
146
149'
* See page 1.
61
PERSIA AND FOREIGN POWERS.
Turkey .........
3,
1639 .. ......
23rd 0015., 1727 . . .
Jam, 1746. . .. . . 00
Jan., 1747.. .. .. ..
28th July, 1823 . . .
318'; May, 1847. . ..
28th Nov., 1863...
3rd Aug., 1869 .. . .
20th Dec., 1875. . . .
Q Q Q .
13th July, 1878 . . .
27th July, 1880 ...
13th Dec, 1856 ..
Friendship and Commerce. Note .
Peace.................. .... .. .
Peace.. . . . . . . . ..........
Peace...... .
Peace (Erzeroom). . .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Limits (Erzeroom) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telegraphic . .... .. Hun“
Provisional Arrangement. Turco-
Persian Frontiers . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consular Jurisdiction. Civil and
Commercial Suits. Trade Guilds.
Protection. Nationality, &c. . .
Vizirial Letter explanatory of ditto
Cession by Turkey to Persia of
Town and Territory of Khotour
Protocol, Great Britain and Russia
ditt0.. .
Friendship and Commerce . . . . . . .
Page
153
153
155
160
163
169
173
” 000000000
,’ .IO...0-=.O
’, ........l
” .........
’, .........
,, 000000000
” 000000000
,, ..l......
” 00000000.
3, 000000000
United States.. ..
176
17 9
184
219
216
186
62
PERS'IA AND AFGHANISTAN. [Aug., 1872.
BRITISH A WARD on the Dispute between Persia and Afghani-
stan, with regard to the Seistan Boundary—A ugust, 1872.
[Accepted by Persia and Afghanistan, and conﬁrmed by the
British Government]

THE following substance of General Goldsmid’s arbitral
Award is given in “Aitchison’s Treaties,” V 01. 6, page 348 :—
“. That Seistan Proper, by which is meant the tract of
country which the Hamun on three of its sides and the Helmund
on the fourth cause to resemble an island, should be included
by a special boundary line within the limits of Persia; that
Persia should not possess land on the right of the Helmund;
that the fort of Nad Ali should be evacuated by Persian garri-
sons, and the banks of the Helmund above the Kohuk bund
given up to Afghanistan; that the main bed of the Helmund
below Kohuk should be the eastern boundary of Persian Seistan,
and that the line of frontier to the hills south of the Seistan
desert should be so drawn as to include within the Afghan
limits all cultivation on both banks of the river from the bund
upwards, the Malik Seah Koh on the chain of hills separating
the Seistan from the Kirman desert appearing to be a ﬁtting
oint; that north of Seistan the southern limit of the Naizar
should be the frontier towards Lash J owain ; that Persia should
not cross the Hamun in that direction, her possession being
clearly deﬁned by a line to be drawn from the Naizar to the
Koh Seah hill near Bundan ; ﬁnally, that no works were to be
carried out on either side calculated to interfere with the
requisite supply of water for irrigation on both banks of the
Helmund.”
The following account is also given in “ Aitchison’s Treaties ”
(Vol. 6, page 365) of the circumstances which led to the reference
of the Seistan Boundary dispute to British arbitration, and
which resulted in the above Award.
“ The rival claims of Persia and Afghanistan to sovereignty
over Seistan were for many years productive of disputes which
more than once threatened a rupture of friendly relations
between the two States. Seistan was in ancient times, and
especially under the Suffavean dynasty, a dependency of Persia.
'On the death of Nadir Shah it became an integral portion of
the Dooranee empire founded by Ahmed Shah Abdali. O11 the
dismemberment of the Dooranee empire, Seistan became de-
pendent at one time on Herat, when that province was isolated
from the rest of Afghanistan, with intervals of independence
more or less prolonged, and at a later one still on Herat and
Candahar alternately. Although no interference was exerciser
by Persia in the internal administration of Seistan, the dissen-
sions among the Barukzai family led to the diminution of Afghan
inﬂuence, and after the death of Kohimdil Khan in 1855, Ali
63
Aug, 1872.] PERSIA AND AFGHANISTAN.
Khan Sarbandee, who had been installed by him some years
previously as ruler of south-western Seistan, made overtures to
Persia, in hope of enjoying a greater amount of independence
under a power which from its distance would be less able to
enforce obedience. Ali Khan was received with honour at
Tehran, married a princess of the royal family, and returned
to Seistan with an allowance of 4,000 tomans per annum; a
sum of 3,000 tomans per annum was also bestowed on Ibrahim
Khan of Sheikhnassoor, the principal Chief of northern Seistan,
and the other Chiefs. In return for these subsidies the Chiefs
undertook to prevent Belooch raiders from entering Persian
territory. Towards the close of 1858 Ali Khan was assassinated
by his nephew, T aj Mahomed, but the latter eventually ex-
ressed his willingness to continue his predecessor’s engagements
with Persia.
“The sovereignty of Persia over Seistan was, however, never
recognized by the British Government, and an intimation to
that effect was conveyed to the Persian Government when, in
1862, the Shah claimed the execution of the 7th Article of the
Treaty of 1.857 (Page 18), on the ground of the alleged inten-
tion of Dost Mahomed Khan to require the submission of
Seistan. In 1863 Persia, again apprehensive of an invasion of
Seistan by Dost Mahomed Khan, who was then engaged in his
expedition against Herat, was anxious to obtain an assurance
that the British Government would not permit any such invasion
of Persian territory; but as the title to the territory of Seistan
was disputed, Her Maj esty’s Government declined to interfere
in the matter, and left it to both parties to make good their
possession by force of arms.
“ Towards the end of 1865, an armed advance was made into
Seistan by Persia, with the alleged object of enabling Taj
Mahomed to keep in check Belooch raiders who had committed
depredations on Persian territory. In 18137 the dominion of
Persia over the part of Seistan south-west of the Helmund was
completed by the removal of Taj Mahomed, his brother, and
uncle to Tehran. Thenccforward it was the aim of Persia to
obtain possession of the territory of Ibrahim Khan of Sheikh-
nassoor north of the Helmund, and Meer Alum Khan, the
Persian Governor of Kayen, succeeded in occupying the whole
of Seistan proper, the country lying between the Hamun on
the north and west, and the Helmund, below the Kohuk dam,
on the east. During the civil wars which, after the death of
Dost Mahomed Khan, distracted Afghanistan, the progress of
the Persians met with little opposition, but on the establishment
of Ameer Sher Ali Khan’s power the Afghans found themselves
in a position to retaliate, and raids on both sides of the border
became of constant occurrence.
“The Persian Government having expressed a wish for the
good oﬂices of the British Government in placing the relations
of Persia with Afghanistan, with regard to Seistan, on a m ore
satisfactory footing, Her Majesty’s Minister at Tehran was,
4
:PERsIA AND AFGHANISTAN. [Aug., 1872.
under Article VI of the Treaty of 1857 (Page 18), instructed to
offer British arbitration on the question of the sovereignty and
boundaries of the whole of Seistan on both sides of the river
Helmund, on the basis of ancient right and present possession.
The Shah eventually agreed that Commissioners on the part of
the British Government, Persia, and Afghanistan respectively,
should meet in Seistan, where the two latter were to state and
substantiate their claims—that if local enquiry should be neces-
sary the Commissioners were to proceed to any point for that
purpose and make a map of the districts that when the British
Commissioner considered that nothing further could be done on
the spot, the Commissioners should proceed to Tehran, where
the subject would be fully discussed with a view to its settle-
ment, and the British Commissioner would state his arbitral
opinion—that should either the Persian or Afghan Government
not agree to this opinion, reference should be made to Her
Majesty’s Government, whose decision should be ﬁnal and
binding on both Governments. Accordingly, after some delay
caused by the troubles in Afghanistan consequent on Mahomed
Yakoob Khan’s rebellion, the Commissioners met on the frontier
in the early part of 1872, and the arbitral opinion of General
Goldsmid, the British Commissioner, was delivered in the follow-
ing August. An appeal was preferred by the Persian Govern-
ment, but eventually the decision of General Goldsmid was
accepted unconditionally by the Shah and conﬁrmed by the
British Government.”
With reference to the north-west frontier of Afghanistan on
the side of Persia, it may be mentioned that on the 10th Sep-
tember, 1885, a Protocol was signed between Great Britain and
Russia, recording the Agreement which had been arrived at
between them respecting the frontier of Afghanistan between
the Heri-Rud and the ()xus. It was stated therein that the
frontier should start from the Heri-Rud about two versts
below the fort of Zulﬁkar ; and that commissioners should be
appointed to trace the frontier, ‘commencing their labours at
Zulﬁkar. (See Parliamentary Paper, “ Central Asia,No.4 (1885),”
page 75.)
011 the 22nd July, 1887, a Protocol was signed by the
British and Russian Commissioners appointed to deﬁne this
frontier, and in a paper annexed to that Protocol, giving a
description of the frontier, it was stated that it began on the right
bank of the Heri-Rud at a point marked on the map (which
was attached to the Protocol) by a pillar about 8,500 feet
distant from a small tower situated on a mound at the entrance
of the Zulfikar Pass. (See Parliamentary Paper, “ Central Asia,
No. 1 (1887))”


65 F
‘17th May, 1857.] PERSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
‘TREATY of Commerce and Afa'vigation, between Austria-Hungary
and Persia. Signed at Paris, 17th May, 1857??‘
[Ratiﬁcations exchanged at Paris, 13th November, 1857

TABLE or Cox'rnnrs.
_Art.
I. Friendship.
II. Reception of Envoys and Diplomatic Agents.
III. Access to respective Countries. Treatment of respective Subjects.
IV. Treatment of Merchants and Travellers. Most-Favoured-Nation Treat-
ment. Liberty to Import, Export, and Transport Merchandize. Hire
of Houses, Warehouses, and Shops. Taxes. Possession of Lands, Houses,
Shops, 850. Submission to Laws. Domiciliary Visits.
V. Customs Duties. Imports. Exports.
VI. Commercial Privileges to Austrian Subjects.
VII. Appointment of Consuls. Non-protection of Persian Subjects except those
employed by Austrian Diplomatic Agents or Consuls. Austrian Consuls
engaged in Trade.
VIII. Commercial Contracts and Engagements. Legalization of Commercial Docu-
ments. Treatment of Persians in Austria.
IX. Austrian Consular Jurisdiction in Disputes between Austrian Subjects.
Austrian Consular Jurisdiction in Disputes between Austrians and subjects
of other Powers. Austrian Consular Jurisdiction in Disputes between
Austrian and Persian Subjects. Revision of Judgment. Trial of Disputes,
in Austria in which Persians are interested.
X. Failures and Bankruptcies, &c.
XI. Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.
XII. Criminal Jurisdiction.
XIII. Proceeding in event of War with other Powers.
XIV. Ratiﬁcation; Duration of Treaty.

Au nom de Dieu clément et miséricordieux 1
SA Majesté l’Empereur d’Autriche, Roi de Hongrie et de
Boheme, du Royaume Lombardo-Vénitien, de Dalmatie, Croatie,
,Esclavonie, Gallicie et Lodomérie, Illyrie, Roi de J érusalem,
.Archiduc d’Autriche, &c.
Et Sa Majesté Auguste et tres-Sacrée, dont le Soleil est
vl’étendard, le Grand Roi des Rois et le Souverain absolu de
tous les Etats d’Iran,
L’un et l’autre égaleinent et sincerement désireux d’établir
vdes rapports d’amitié entre les deuX Etats, ont voulu les con-
~ solider par un Traité d’Amitié, de Commerce et de Navigation
réciproquement avantageux et utile aux sujets des deuX Hautes
Puissances Contractantes ;
A cet eﬁ’et ont nommé pour leurs Plénipotentiaires :
Sa Maj esté l’Empereur d’Autriche, le Sieur Joseph Alexandre
Baron de Hiibner, Son Ambassadeur pres Sa Majesté l’Empereur
des Francais ;
Et Sa Majesté le Shahinshah de Perse, le tres-illustre favori
~du Roi, Farrokh-Khan Amin-ol-Molk, Son Ambassadeur extra-
»ordinaire, as.
Et les deuX Plénipotentiaires s’étant réunis a Paris, ayant

5' From “ State Papers,” Vol. 47, page 1159.
(56
PERSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. [17th May, 1857.
échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs et les ayant trouvés en bonne et
due forme, sont convenus des Articles suivants :
Friendship.
_ AnT. I. A dater de ce jour, il y aura amitié sincère et bonne
mtelhgence entre les Etats et les sujets de la Haute Cour
, . _ I
d Autriche et les Etats et les sujets de la Haute Cour d’lran.
Reception ofEavoLz/s and Diplomatie A gents.
ART. II. Les Envoyés ou Agents Diplomatiques qu’il plairait
à chacune des deux Hautes Puissances Contractantes d’envoyer
et d'entretenir auprès de l’autre, y seront reçus et traités, eux
et tout le personnel de la Mission, comme sont reçus et traités
par cet Etat les Envoyés ou Agents Diplomatiques des autres
Puissances amies les plus favorisées, et ils y jouiront, de tous
points, des mêmes honneurs, immunités et priviléges.
Access to respective Countries. Treatment of respective Subjects.
ART. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
pourront désormais parcourir en pleine liberté les territoires
respectifs et les traverser pour se rendre dans les pays voisins,
sans qu’ils en soient empêchés par les autorités locales qui, de
leur côté, mettront la plus vive sollicitude a les préserver de
tout désagrément, en veillant continuellement a leur sûreté
personnelle, en les traitant avec tous les égards possibles, aﬁn
qu’ils n’éprouvent ni dommage ni entrave ou vexation quel-
conque dans leur voyage, et en les munissant a cet effet de
sauf-conduits, ﬁrmans ou autres documents.
Treatment of ﬁler-chants and Travellers. Most-Ricowed-Nation
Treatment.
ART. IV. Les sujets des deux Hautes Cours qui, en leur
qualité de marchands, commerçants ou voyageurs, se rendraient
sur les territoires respectifs pour leurs affaires, y seront accueillis
et traités, dès leur entrée jusqu’à leur sortie, avec les mêmes
égards et sur le même pied que les sujets des nations les plus
favorisées.
Liberty to Import, Export, and Transport ﬂferclzcmdize, to hire
Houses, Shops, and TVare/zouses. T ares.
En conséquence, les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contrac-
tantes pourront, soit par terre soit par mer, librement importer
dans les pays respectifs, en exporter ou y transporter des
marchandises et exercer le commerce dans toute l’étendue des
deux Empires, conformément aux règlements et aux lois en
vigueur dans les pays respectifs, y louer des maisons, des
magasins et des boutiques pour leurs affaires, et 11s ne seront
soumis, sous aucun nom ou prétexte, à un impôt quelconque
auquel ne seraient point soumis les sujets des nations les plus
favorisées.
67 -F 2
17th May, 1857.] PERSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
Possession of Lands, Houses, Shops, (5°C.
Il est bien entendu que si la Haute Cour d’Iran accordait aux
sujets d’une nation étrangère le droit d’acquérir et de posséder
en Perse des terres, maisons, magasins ou autres immeubles, ce
même droit sera aussi accordé aux sujets Autrichiens en Perse.
Submission to Laws.
Les marchands des deux nations qui voudraient faire le
commerce intérieur dans les deux pays, seront soumis, quant a
ce commerce, aux lois du pays où ce commerce se fait.
Domiciliary Visits.
Les oﬂiciers, employés ou subjets de la Haute Cour d’Iran ne
pourront ‘entrer de force dans le domicile d’un sujet Autrichien
ni dans ses magasins ou boutiques, et, en cas de nécessité, il
faudra en prévenir l’Ageut Diplomatique ou le Consul Autrichien,
la où il y en. a, et toute perquisition domiciliaire ne pourra se
faire qu’en présence des commissaires délégués par ledit Agent
ou Consul.
Dans les localités où il n’y a pas d’Agent ou Consul d’Autriche,
les sujets de cette Puissance seront traités a cet égard sur le
même pied que le sont les sujets des nations les plus favorisées
dans les endroits où il n’y a pas d’Agent ou Consul de leur
Gouvernement. ‘
Customs Duties, Imports and Emporte.
ART. V. Les sujets Autrichiens qui importeraient des mar-
chandises en Perse ou en exporteraient, seront traités, a l’égard
des droits de douane, sur le même pied que les sujets des nations
les plus favorisées.
Pareillement les sujets Persans qui importeraient des mar-
chandises dans les Etats de l’Empire d’Autriche ou en ex-
porteraient, seront traités à l’égard des droits de douane et
impôts, sur le même pied que les sujets des nations les plus
favorisées.
Commercial Privileges to Austrian Subjects.
ART. VI. En considération de l’union intime et des relations
particulières qui existent entre l’Autriche et les autres Etats
appartenant à. la Confédération Germanique, Sa Majesté l’Em-
pereur et Sa Majesté le Shahinshah sont convenus que les
sujets desdits Etats Allemands devront jouir en Perse de tous
les droits et avantages que le présent Traité assure au com-
merce et aux sujets Autrichiens, a condition toutefois que les
Gouvernements des Etats d’Allemagne susdits s’engagent, dans
l’espace de trois années à dater du jour de la ratiﬁcation du
68 '
PERSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUN GARY. [17th May, 1857.
présent Traité, à admettre a leur tour le commerce et les sujets
de la Perse a la jouissance des mêmes droits et avantages qui
leur sont accordés en Autrlche.
Appointment of Consuls.
ART. VII. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et équitables
relations entre les sujets des deux Etats, les deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes se réservent la faculté de nommer cha-
cune trois Consuls.
Les Consuls d’Autriche résideront à. Téhéran, Tabris et dans
un port situé sur le golfe Persique et à désigner plus tard.
Les Consuls de Perse résideront a Vienne, Trieste et Venise.
Ces Consuls des deux pays ouirout, tant pour leur personne
et l’exercice de leurs fonctions, que pour leurs maisons, les em—
ployés de leurs consulats et les personnes attachées à leur
service, des mêmes honneurs et des mêmes priviléges dont
jouissent les Consuls du même rang et les Agents commerciaux
des nations les plus favorisées. ‘
En cas de désordre publics, il devra être accordé aux Con-
suls, sur leur demande, une sauvegarde chargée d’assurer l’in-
Violabilité du domicile consulaire.
Non—protection of Persian Subjects, except those employed by
Austrian Diplomatic Agents or Consuls.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et Consuls d’Autriche ne devront
pas protéger, ni en secret ni publiquement, aucun sujet Persan
qui ne serait pas employé par la Mission Impériale ou par les
Consuls-Généraux, Consuls, Vice-Consuls ou Agents Consulaires
de l’Autriche ; mais si le Gouvernement Persan accordait a
une autre Puissance étrangère un pareil droit, le même droit
sera aussi accordé à. l’Autriche, et dans ce cas, comme pour tout
autre, cette Puissance jouira des mêmes priviléges que ceux
accordés a la nation la plus favorisée.
Austrian Consuls engaged in Trade.
Il est bien entendu que si un des Agents Consulaires de
l’Autriche en Perse s’engageait dans des affaires com-
merciales, il serait soumis, en ce qui concerne son commerce,
aux mêmes lois et usages que les particuliers de sa nation.
Commercial Contracts and Engagements.
ART.VIII. Tous les contrats et autres engagements des sujets
des deux Hautes Cours par rapport aux affaires de commerce
seront ﬁdèlement maintenus et protégés avec la plus grande
exactitude par les Gouvernements respectifs.
69
17th May, 1857 PERSIA AND AUSTRIAŒIUNGARY.
Legalization of Commercial Documents.
Pour mieux veiller à. la sûreté des sujets Autrichiens en
Perse, les billets de créance, lettres de change et lettres de
garantie, ainsi que tous les contrats faits par des sujets des
deux Hautes Parties Contractantes, relativement à des affaires
de commerce, devront être signés par le Divan—Khané et à
défaut de celui-ci, par l’autorité locale compétente, et, dans des
endroits où il y aurait un Consul Autrichien, aussi par ce
dernier, aﬁn qu’en ces de quelque différend, on puisse faire les
recherches nécessaires et décider ces affaires litigieuses con-
formément à la justice. .
En conséquence, celui qui, sans être muni des documents
ainsi légalisés, voudrait intenter un procès à. un sujet Autrichien,
et ne produisant cl’autre preuves que les déclarations d’un
témoin, ne sera point écouté quant a sa demande, a moins que
celle-ci ne fût reconnue valable par le sujet Autrichien.
Tv'eatment of Persians in Austria.
La Haute Cour d’Autriehe promet également de veiller à la
sûreté des sujets Persans dans ses Etats, conformément aux
lois et aux usages établis, et de les traiter à cet égard sur le
pied des nations les plus favorisées.
Austrian Consular Jurisdiction in Disputes between Austrian Subjects.
ART. IX. Toutes les contestations ou disputes et tous les
procès qui s’élèveraient entre des sujets Autrichiens en Perse
seront examinés et jugés par le Représentant de Sa Majesté
l’Empereur a la Haute Cour d’lran ou par le Consul Autrichien de
leur résidence ou de l’endroit le plus rapproché, conformément
aux lois Autriehiennes sans que l’autorité locale y puisse opposer
le moindre empêchement ou la moindre difﬁculté.
Austrian Consular Jurisdiction in Disputes between Austi'ian and
Persian Subjects.
Les procès, contestations et disputes qui s’élèveraient en
Perse entre des Autrichiens et des sujets appartenant à' d’autres
nations étrangères, seront jugés exclusivement par Pinter-
médiaire de leurs Agents ou Consuls.
Toutes les contestations ou disputes et tous les procès qui
s’élèveraient en Perse entre les sujets des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes seront ugés devant les tribunaux Persans, mais
ces diﬁ‘érends et procès ne pourront être décidés ou jugés qu’en
presence et avec l’intervention du Représentant ou Consul
Impérial ou, au nom de celui-ci, en présence du Drogman
Autrichien, le tout conformément aux lois et aux coutumes du
pays.
70
PERSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. L17 th May, 1857 '..
Revision of Judgment.
Le procès une fois terminé par la sentence du juge COHlm
pétent ne pourra plus être repris une seconde fois, mais si la
nécessité exigeait la révision du jugement prononcé, celle-ci
ne pourra se faire qu’avec l’avis du Représentant ou Consul
d’Autriche, ou au nom de celui-ci, en présence du Drogman
Autrichien et que devant une des Cours Suprêmes de Contrôle
et de Cassation qui siègent a Tehéran ou à. Tabris ou Ispahan.
Trial of Disputes in Austria in which Persians are interested.
En réciprocité de ces engagements, les sujets de la Haute
Cour d’Iran jouiront en Autriche, pour leurs intérêts et leurs
droits acquis, en cas de contestations, de la pleine protection
des lois et des tribunaux Autrichiens, de la même manière que-
les sujets nationaux et ceux d’autres Puissances étrangères ;.
et la Haute Cour d’Autriche' accorde aux Représentants, Consuls.
et Agents de la Haute Cour d’Iran, quant a une intervention
de leur part en faveur de leurs nationaux auprès des autorités‘.
Impériales, la même faculté dont jouissent en Autriche les‘
Agents Diplomatiques et Consuls des nations les plus.
favorisées.
Failures and Bankruptcies, (3'0.
ART. X. Si un sujet de l’une des deux Hautes Cours résidant“
dans les domaines de l’autre se déclare en état de fallllte ou falt:
banqueroute, on dressera l’inventalre de tous ses biens, de ses:
effets et de ses comptes actifs et passifs pour en faire la liquida-
tion requise et la uste répartition au pro—rata entre ses créanciers
qui devront, à. la ﬁn de cette procédure, restituer les titres de
leurs créances après en avoir reçu la somme proportionnelle qui
leur revient.
Cette procédure ne pourra avoir lieu à l’égard d’un sujet‘
Autrichien en Perse que de l’avis et sous" l’intervention du
Représentant ou Consul d‘Autriche, et celui-ci, sur la demande-
faite par les.créanciers, n’hésitera point de provoquer les
recherches nécessalres pour constater si le failli n’a pas laissé
dans sa patrie des biens qui pourraient satisfaire à. leurs .-.
réclamations.
Si un sujet Persan en Autriche se déclare en fallite ou fait‘
banqueroute, la Haute Cour d’Autrlche accorde aux Repré--
sentants, Consuls et Agents de la Haute Cour d’Iran, quant
à l’1nterventlon de leur part, en faveur de ce sujet Persan,
la même faculté dont jouiraient éventuellement en Autriche
les Agents Diplomatiques et Consuls des natlons les plus...
favorisées.
Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.
ART. XI. En cas de décès de l’un de leurs su'ets res Dectifs.
_ J l
71
17th May, 1857.] PERSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
sur le territoire de l’un ou de l’autre Etat, sa succession sera
remise intégralement à. la garde de l’Agent ou du Consul de la
nation du sujet décédé, pour que celui-ci en fasse l’usage con-
venable conformément aux lois et coutumes de son pays.
Criminal Jurisdiction.
ART. XII. Les affaires de la juridiction criminelle, dans
lesquelles seraient compromis des sujets Autrlchlens en Perse,
ou des sujets Persans en Autriche, seront jugées dans les deux
Q
.pays suivant le mode adopté a l’égard de la nation la plus
favorisée. ‘
Proceeding in case of Wars with other Powers.
ART. XIII. En cas de guerre de l’une des deux Parties Con-
tractantes avec une autre Puissance, il ne sera porté, pour cette
seule cause, atteinte, justice, préjudice ou altération a la bonne
intelligence et à l’amitié sincère qui doivent exister à jamais
entre les Hautes Cours d’Autriche et d’Iran.
Ratiﬁoalions. Duration of T reaty. (Till 13th November, 1882;
and then terminable after 12 mont/as’ notice.)
ART. XIV. Le présent Traité restera en vigueur pendant
25 années à compter du jour de l’échange des ratiﬁcationsie et
au delà. de ce terme jusqu’à l’expiration de 12 mois après que
l’une des Hautes Parties Contractantes aura annoncé à. l’autre
d’en faire cesser les effets.
Les Gouverneurs, commandants, douaniers, officiers et autres
employés des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes seront chargés
d’en remplir les stipulations avec toute l’exactitude possible et
sans y porter la moindre atteinte.
Des ratiﬁcations de leurs _Majestés les deux augustes
Souverains seront échangées a Paris ou à. Constantinople dans
l’espace de six mois, ou plus tôt, si faire se peut.
En foi de quoi, les Plénipotentiaires respectifs des deux
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont signé le présent Traité et y
ont apposé le sceau de leurs armes.
Fait a Paris, en double expédition, en Français et en Persan,
le 17me jour du mois de Mai, de l’an du Christ, 1857, et le 22me
du mois de Ramazan de l’Hégire l’année 1273.
(L.S.) HUBNER.
(L.S.) AMIN-OL-MOLK FARROKH KHAN.

*‘ 13th November, 1857.
72
PERSIA AND BELGIUM. [31st July, 1857.
THAI TE dﬂmz‘tz‘é et de Commerce entre la BeZgz'r/ue et la Perse:—
Signé à Bruwelles, le 31 Juillet, 1857.äE
[Ratiﬁoations échangées a Paris, le 22 Mars, 1858.]

TABLE or Comm-"rs.
Art.
1. Friendship.
II. Reception of Ambassadors or Diplomatic Agents.
III. Protection of Travellers, Merchants, and others. Most-Favoured-Nation
Treatment. Importation, Exportation, and Transport of Merchandize,
&c. Hire of Houses, Shops, and \Varehouses. Passports. Submission
to the Laws. '
IV. Duties on Ships and Merchandize.
V. Belgian Consular Jurisdiction : Disputes between Belgian Subjects. Belgian
Consular Jurisdiction : Disputes between Belgians and Persians. Belgian
Consular Jurisdiction: Disputes between Belgians and Subjects of other
Powers. Trial of Disputes in Belgium in which Persian Subjects are
interested. Criminal Jurisdiction.
VI. Succession to Property of Deceased Subj ects.
VII. Appointment of Consuls. Non-protection of Subjects of either Country by
Diplomatic or Consular Agents. Trading Consuls.
VIII. Non-interruption of Relations in event of War with other Powers.
IX. Ratiﬁcation; Duration of Treaty.

Au nom de Dieu clément et miséricordieux?
Sa Haute Majesté Leopold I, Roi des Belges, le monarque
illustre et libéral :
Et Sa Majesté dont l’étendard est le SoleiLle Sacré,l’Auguste,
le Grand Monarque, le Roi des Rois, le Souverain absolu de tous
les Etats de Perse; ,
Désirant se donner un nouveau et solennel témoignage de
l’amitié qui les unit et imprimer un plus vif essor au commerce
entre leurs Etats respectifs, ont résolu de conclure un Traité à
cet effet, et ont nommé pour leurs Plénipotentiaires :
Sa Majesté le Roi des Belges, le Vicomte Charles Vilain XIIII, -
son Ministre des Affaires Etrangères;
Et Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toute la Perse, son
Excellence Ferrokh Khan, Eminol Molk, Asile de grandeur,
le favori du Roi, Grand Ambassadeur du Sublime Empire de
Perse, 850.;
Et les deux Plénipotentiaires s’etant réunis à Bruxelles,
ayant échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs, et les ayant trouvés en
bonne et due forme, ont arrêté les Articles suivants:
Friendship.
ART. I. Il continuera d’exister une amitié sincère et une
constante bonne intelligence entre le royaume de Belgique et
tous les sujets Belges et l’emplre de Perse et tous les sujets
Persans.
* From “State Papers,” Vol. 47, page 622.
73
3lst July, 1857.] - PERSIA AND BELGIUM.
Reception ofAmbassadors or Diplomatic Agents.
ART. II. Les Ambassadeurs ou Agents Diplomatiques qu’il
plairait à. chacune des deux Hautes Puissances Contractantes
d’envoyer et d’entretenir auprès de l’autre, seront reçus et
traités dans les deux pays respectifs, eux et tout le personnel
de leur mission, comme sont reçus et traités les Ambassadeurs
ou Agents Diplomatiques des nations les plus favorisées, et. ils
y ouiront de toutes les mêmes prérogatives et immunités.
Protection of Trarellers, Merchants‘, and others. ﬂIost-Faronred-
Nation Ïl‘reatment.
ART. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractant-es,
voyageurs, négociants, industriels et autres, soit qu’ils se
déplacent, soit qu’ils résident sur le territoire de l’un ou de
l’autre Etat, seront respectés et efﬁcacement protégés par les
autorités du pays et leurs propres agents et traités à tous égards
comme le sont les sujets de la nation la plus favorisée.
Importation, Eæportation, and Transport of Jlferchandize.
Ils pourront réciproquement apporter par terre et par mer,
dans l’un et l’autre Etat, et en exporter toute espèce de mar-
chandises et de produits, les vendre, les acheter, les changer,
les transporter en tous lieux sur le territoire de l’un et de
l’autre Etat.
Hire of Houses, Shops, and I-Vcm'elwuses.
Ils pourront louer des maisons, des boutiques et des magasins
pour leurs demeures et affaires de commerce, sans qu’il y soit
apporté aucun empêchement de la part des employés du
Gouvernement.
Passports.
Les Belges qui, dans le but de voyager ou d’exercer le com-
merce, voudront visiter les Etats de la haute cour d’Iran,
obtiendront, pour leur sécurité, des commandements impériaux
et des passe-ports au moyen desquels ils ne recontreront aucun
obstacle et trouveront protection et assistance.
Submission to Lau's.
Mais il est bien entendu que les sujets de l’un et de l’autre
Etat qui se livreraient au commerce 1ntér1eur, seront soumis aux
lois du pays où 11s font le commerce.
Duties on Ships and Merchandise.
ART. IV. Les navires respectifs et les marchandises importées
ou exportées par les sujets respectifs des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes ne payeront dans l’un et l’autre Etat, soit a
l’entrée solt a la sortie ar terre ou ar mer ue les mêmes
9 3 3
PERSIA AND BELGIUM. [31513 July, 185".
droits que payent a l’entrée et a la sortie, dans l’un et l’autre
Etat, les navires ainsi que les marchandises et produits importés-
ou exportés par les marchands et sujets de la nation la plus
favorisée, et nulle taxe exceptionnelle ne pourra, sous aucun
prétexte, être réclamée dans l’un comme dans l’autre Etat.
Belgian Consular Jurisdiction. Disputes between Belgian Subjects.
ART. V. Les procès, contestations et disputes, qui, dans
l’empire de Perse, viendraient a s’élever entre Belges, seront
référés en totalité à l’arrêt et à la décision de l’Agent ou Consul
Belge qui résidera dans la province où ces procès, contestations
et disputes auraient été soulevés, ou dans la province la plus
voisme.
Il en décidera d’après les lois Belges.
Belgian Consular Jurisdiction. Disputes between Belgians and
< Persians.
Les procès, contestations et disputes soulevés enPerse entre
Belges et Persans seront portés devant le tribunal Persan, juge
ordinaire de ces matières, au lieu où résidera un Agent ou un
Consul Belge, et discutés et jugés selon l‘équité, en présence d’un.
employé de l’Agent ou du Consul Belge.
Belgian Consular Jurisdiction. Disputes between Belgians and
Subjects of other Powers.
Les procès, contestations et disputes soulevés en Perse entre-
des Belges et des sujets appartenant à d’autres puissances égale-
ment étrangères, seront jugés et terminés par l’intermédiaire de
leurs Agents ou Consuls respectifs.
Trial of Disputes in Belgium in which Persian. Subjects are
interested.
Dans le royaume de Belgique, les sujets Persans seront
également, dans toutes leurs contestations, soit entre eux, soit
avec des Belges ou des étrangers, jugés suivant le mode
adopté dans ce royaume envers les sujets de la nation la plus
favorisée.
Criminal Jurisdiction.
Quant aux affaires de la juridiction criminelle dans lesquelles-
seront compromis des Belges en Perse, ou des Persans en
Belgique, elles seront jugées, en Belgique et en Perse, suivant
le mode adopté dans les deux pays envers les sujets de la nation.
la plus favorisée.
Succession to Propertg of Deceased Subjects.
ART. VI. En cas de décès de l’un de leurs sujets respectifs-
‘sur le territoire de l’un ou de l’autre Etat, il sera procédé de la
75
3lst J uly, 1857.] PERSIA AND BELGIUM.
même manière qu’a l’égard des successions appartenant aux
sujets de la nation la plus favorisée.
Appointment of’ Consuls.
ART. VII. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et équitables
relations entre les sujets des deux Etats, les deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes se réservent la faculté de nommer chacune
trois Consuls. Les Consuls de Belgique résideront a Téhéran,
a Bender—Bouchirle et a Tauris,T les Consuls de Perse résideront
à Bruxelles, a Anvers et à. Liége.
Les Consuls des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes jouiront
réciproquement sur le territoire de l’un et de l’autre Etat où sera
établie leur résidence, du respect, des priviléges et des immunités
accordés dans l’un et l’autre Etat aux Consuls de la nation la
plus favorisée.
Ivan-Protection of Subjects of either Country by Diplomatie or
Consular Agents.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Belges ne pro-
tégeront ni publiquement ni secrètement les sujets Persans.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans ne pro-
tégeront ni publiquement ni secrètement les Belges.
Trading Consuls.
Les Consuls des deux Gouvernements qui dans l’un et l’autre
Etat se livreraient au commerce, seront soumis aux mêmes lois
et mêmes usages auxquels sont soumis lem‘s nationaux faisant le
même commerce.
Alon-interruption of Relations in event of IVar with other Powers.
ART. VIII. En cas de guerre de l’une des Hautes Puissances
avec une autre, il ne sera porté atteinte en aucune manière à
l’amitié et bonne intelligence qui existera perpétuellement entre
les deux cours.
Ratiﬁcation. Duration of Treaty. (Till 22nd ﬂfarolt, 1888, and
then terminable after 12 months’ notice.)
ART. IX. Le présent Traité de Commerce et d’Amitié,
cimenté par le sincère amitié et la conﬁance qui règnent entre
les deux Etats bien conservés de Belgique et de Perse, sera
Dieu aidant, ﬁdèlement observé et maintenu de part et d’autre
pendant dix ans, a dater du jour où les ratiﬁcations seront
échangéesi ; mais, si une année avant l’expiration du terme ﬁxé,
aucune des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes n’a annoncé
ofﬁciellement à l’autre l’intention d'en faire cesser les effets, il

3* Bushire. 1‘ Tabreez. I 22nd March, 1858.
r-y "a
10
PERSIA AND DENMARK. [30th Nov., 1857.
continuera à rester en vigueur pour un an, à dater du jour où il
aura été dénoncé, quelle que soit l’époque à laquelle cette dé-
claration aura lieu.
Les Plénipotentiaires des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
s’engagent à échanger les ratiﬁcations de leurs Augustes.
Souverains, soit a Bruxelles,a Téhéran ou Constantinople, dans
l’espace de 12 mois ou plus tôt si faire se peut.
En foi de quoi les deux Plénipotentiaires respectifs des deux.
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont signé le présent Traité, et y‘
ont apposé leurs sceaux.
Fait en double en Français et en Persan, le Slme du mois de
Juillet, de l’an du Christ 1857, a Bruxelles.
(L.S.) VICOMTE VILAIN XIIII.
(L.S.) FERROKH KHAN.

TREATY of Friendship and Commerce, between Denmark and
Persian—Signed at Paris, 30th November, 1857.*'
[Ratiﬁcations échangées a Paris, le 18th Août, 1858.]
TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Friendship.
II. Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
III. Protection of Travellers, Merchants, and others. Liberty to Import, Export,
and Transport Merchandize, &c. Submission to the Laws.
IV. Duties on Ships and Merchandizc.
V. Appointment of Consuls. Non-protection of Subjects of either Country by‘
- Diplomatie or Consular Agents. Trading Consuls.
VI. Ratiﬁcations ; Duration of Treaty.

Au nom du Dieu clément et miséricordieux!
SA Majesté Frédérik VII, par la grâce de Dieu, Roi de Dane-
mark, des Vandales et des Goths, Duc de Slesvick, Holstein,
Stormarn, des Dithmarses, de Lauenbourg et d’Oldenbourg ;
Et Sa Majesté dont l’étendard est le Soleil, le Sacré,
l’Auguste, le Grand Monarque, le Roi des Rois, et le Souverain
de tous les Etats de Perse;
L’un et l’autre également et sincèrement désireux d’établir
des rapports d’amitié entre Leurs Etats respectifs, ont Voulu les
consolider par un Traité d’Amitié et de Commerce réciproque?
ment avantageux et utile aux sujets des Deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes, et a cet eﬁet ont désigné pour Leur Plénipoten-
tiaires ;
Sa Majesté le Roi de Danemark : Son Envoyé Extraordinaire
et Ministre Plénipotentiaire près Sa Majesté l’Empereur des

3' From “ State Papers," Vol. 47, page 1156.
77
30th Nov., 1857.] PERSIA AND DENMARK.
Français, le Baron Jean Charles Daniel Ulysse Dirckinck de
Holmfeld, Son Chambellan et Grand-Veneur, &c.
Et Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toute la Perse : Son Excellence
Ferrokh Khan Eminol Molk, Ambassadeur du Sublime Empire
de‘ Perse, 810.
Et ces deux Plénipot'entiaires s’étant réunis a Paris, ayant
échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs et les ayant trouvés en bonne et
due forme ont arrêté les Articles suivants:
Friendship.
ART. I. A date de ce jour il y aura amitié sincère et une
constante bonne intelligence entre le Royaume de Danemark
et tous les Danois, et l’Empire de Perse et tous les sujets
Persans.
Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
ART. II. Les Ambassadeurs, Ministres Plénipotentiaires ou
autres Agents Diplomatiques qu’il. plairait à. chacune des
Hautes Parties Contraotantes d’envoyer et d’entretenir auprès
de l’autre seront reçus et traités dans les deux pays respectifs,
eux de tout le personnel de leur mission, comme son reçus
et traités les Ambassadeurs ou Ministres Plénipotentiaires ou
les autres Agents Diplomatiques des nations les plus favo-
risées et ils y ouiront de tout point des mêmes prérogatives et
immunités.
Protection of Travellers, Merchants, and Others.
ART. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes,
voyageurs, négociants, industriels et autres, soit qu’ils résident
sur le territoire de l’un ou de l’autre Etat, seront respectés et
efficacement protégés par les autorités du pays et leurs propres
agents, et traités a tous égards comme le sont les sujets de la
nation la plus favorlsée.
Liberty to Import, Ewport,ancl Jransport Merchanclize, cÿ-e.
Ils pourront réciproquement apporter par terre et par mer
dans l’un et l’autre Etat et en exporter toute espèce de mar-
chandises et de produits, les vendre, les échanger, les acheter,
les transporter en tous lieux sur le territoire de l’un et de l’autre
Etat.
Submission to the Laws.
Mais il est bien entendu que les sujets de l’un et de l’autre
Etat, qui se livreraient au commerce 1ntérieur, seront soumis aux
lois du pays où ils font le commerce.
Duties on Ships and Merchandise.
ART. IV. Les navires respectifs et les marchandises importées
ou exportées par les sujets respectlfs des deux Hautes Parties
Contraotantes ne paieront dans l’un ou dans l’autre Etat, soit à
78
PERSIA AND DENMARK. [30th Nov, 1857.
l’entrée soit a la sortie, que les mêmes droits que payent a l’entrée
ou à la sortie, dans l’une de l’autre Etat, les navires, les mar—
chandises et produits importés et exportés par les marchands
et sujets de la nation la plus favorisée, et nulle taxe exception-
nelle ne pourra sous aucun nom et sous aucun prétexte être
réclamée dans l’un comme dans l’autre Etat.
Appointment of Consuls.
ART. V. Pour la protection de leur sujets et de leur commerce
respectifs et pour faciliter de bonnes et équitables relations
entre les sujets des Hautes Parties Contractantes, elles se
réservent la faculté de nommer chacune trois Consuls. Les
Consuls du Danemark résideront a Téhéran, a Bender—Bouchir*
et a TaurisgT ceux de la Perse à Copenhague, Flensbourg et
Altona.
Les Consuls des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes jouiront
réciproquement sur le territoire de l’un et de l’autre Etat, où
sera établie leur résidence, du respect, des privilèges et des
immunités accordés dans l’un et dans l’autre Etat aux Consuls
de la nation la plus favorisée.
Non-Protection of Subjects of either Country by Diplomatic or
Consular Agents.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls du Danemark en
Perse ne protégeront ni publiquement ni secrètement les sujets
Persans.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans en Dane-
mark ne protégeront ni publiquement ni secrètement les sujets
Danois.
Trading Consuls.
Les Consuls des Gouvernements Contractants, qui dans l’un
et l’autre Etat se livreraient au commerce, seront soumis aux
mêmes lois et aux mêmes usages auxquels sont soumis leurs
nationaux faisant le même commerce.
Ratiﬁcations; Duration of Îl'reaiy. (Till 18th August, 1870, and
then terminahle after 12 months’ notice.)
ART. VI. Le présent Traité d’Amitié et de Commerce cimonté
par la sincère amitié et la conﬁance qui règne entre les mon-
archies du Danemark et de la Perse sera, Dieu aidant, ﬁdèlement
observé et maintenu de part et (l’autre pendant douze ans, à
dater du our où les ratiﬁcations seront échangéesi Mais si une
année avant l’expiration du terme ﬁxé, aucune des deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes n’a annoncé officiellement à l’autre l’inten-
tion d’en faire cesser les effets, il continuera ‘a rester en vigueur
pour les deux Parties pendant un an, à, dater du jour où il aura
été dénoncé, quelle que soit l’époque à laquelle cette déclaration
aura eu lieu.

4* Bnshire. ‘r Ël‘abreez.9 31 18th August, 1858.
7
12th July, 1855.] PERSIA AND EGYPT. PERSIA AND FRANCE.
Les Plénipotentiaires des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
s’engagent a échanger les ratiﬁcations de Leurs Augustes Souve-
rains a Paris on a Constantinople dans l’espace d’un an, on plus
tot, si faire se peut.
E11 foi de quoi les Plénipotentiaires respectifs des deux
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont signé leprésent Traité et y ont
apposé leurs sceaux.
F ait double en Francais et en Persan le 30me jour du mois
de Novembre, de l’an du Christ, 1857.
(LS) U. DIRCKINCK DE HOLMFELD.
(L.S.) FERROKH KHAN.
PERSIA AND EGYPT.
ART. XIII of the Commercial Convention between Great
Britain and Egypt of the 29th October, 1889, declares that its
provisions do not apply to the special arrangements existing,
or which may in the future exist, between Egypt and Persia.
Under Article II of the Turco-Persian Treaty of 28th July,
1823 (page 165), which was conﬁrmed by Article VI of the
Treaty of 31st May, 1847 (page 170), the import duty to be
levied by both Turkey and Persia on the trade between the
two countries was ﬁxed at 4 per cent; which duty was subse-
quently raised, by an exchange of Notes, to 6 per cent.

TRAITE cZ’Amz'tz'é et de Conmwrce entre la France et la Parse.
Signe' & Ie'lw'ran, le 12 Juz'llet, 1855*
[Ratiﬁcations échangées a Téhéran, le 14 Juillet, 1855.]

TABLE or Coxrnx'rs.
Art.
I. Friendship.
II. Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
III. Protection of Travellers, Merchants, and others. Most-Favoured-Nation
Treatment. Liberty to Import, Export, or Transport Merchandize, 820.
IV. Duties on Goods.
V. French Consular Jurisdiction: Disputes between French Subjects. French
Consular Jurisdiction : Disputes between French and Persian Subjects.
French Consular Jurisdiction: Disputes between French Subjects and
those of other Powers. Trial of Disputes in French in which Persians
are interested. Criminal Jurisdiction.
VI. Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.
VII. Appointment of Consuls.
VIII. Ratiﬁcations ; Treaty to be perpetual.

Au nom de Dieu clément et miséricordieux !
Sa Haute Majesté l’Empereur Napoleon, dont l’élévation est
pareille a celle de la planete Saturne, a qui le Soleil sert
d’étendard, l’ast-re lumineux du ﬁrmament des tétes couronnées,
___—-
* From “State Papers,” Vol. 47, page 869.
80
PERSIA AND FRANCE. [12th July, 1.1855.
le soleil du ciel de la royauté, l’ornement du diadème, le splen-
deur des étendards insignes impériaux, le Monarque illustre et
“libéral; ' ~ - ' " ' ' '
_ “Et Sa‘JMajest‘é' élevée comme la planète de Saturne, le Sou‘-
drïerain a qui le Soleil sert d’étendard, dont la splendeur etvla
magniﬁcence sont pareilles à, celles des cieux,‘ le Souverain
sublime, le Monarque dont les armées sont nombreuses comme
les étoiles, dont la grandeur rappelle celle de Djemschid, dont
la muniﬁcence égale celle de Darius, l’héritier de la couronne et
du trône des Keyaniens, l’Empereur sublime et absolu de toute
"la; Perse ;" "
'L’un’et' l’autre, également ‘et sincèrement désireux d’établir
Ides" rapports d’amitié entre les 2 Etats, ont voulu les consolider
par un Traité- d’amitié et de commerce réciproquement“ avan-
tageux ‘et utile aux sujets des 2 Hautes Puissances Con-
tractantesr; 1 '
A cet effet, ont désigné pour leurs Plénipotentiaires:
Sa Majesté l’Empereur de France, le Sieur Nicolas-Prosper
Bourée, son Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre Plénipotentiaire,
etc. : -
Et ,Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toute la Perse, son Excellence
Mirz‘a-Aga-Khan, son premier Ministre, Eetemad-el-Dowlet (con-
ﬁance du Gouvernement), etc. _
Et les 2 Plénipotentiaires s’etant réunis à Téhéran, ayant
échangé leur pleins pouvoirs et les ayant trouvés en bonne et
due forme ont arrêté les Articles suivants:
Friendship.
ART. I. A dater de ce jour et à. perpétuité, il y aura amitié
.‘sincère et une constante bonne intelligence entre l’Empire de
5 France et tous les sujets Français, et l’Empire de Perse et tous
,les sujets Persans.
Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
ART. II. Les Ambassadeurs ou Ministres Plénipotentiaires
quÎil plairait‘a chacune des 2 Hautes Puissa aces Contractantes
d’envoyer et d’entretenir auprès de l’autre seront reçus et traités,
eux et tout le personnnel de leur mission, comme sont reçus et
traités, dans les 2 pays respectifs, les Ambassadeurs ou Ministres
"Plénipotentiaires des nations les, plus favorisées, et ils y jouiront,
" de tout point, des mêmes prérogatives et immunités. -
Protection of Travellers, Jllerchants, and Others. .Jtjﬁfpgst-Favoured-
Nation fieatnmll. ‘:


ART. Iil. Les sujets des 2 Hautes Parties Contractantes,
Voyageurs, négociants, industriels et autres, soit qu’ils se
' déplacent, soit qu’ils résident sur le territoire de l’une ou de
l’autre Empire, seront respectés et efﬁcacement protégés parles
autorités du pays et leurs propres agents, et traités’, à tous égards,
comme le sont les sujets de la nation la plus favorisée.
' " G
12th J uly, 1855.] PEBSIA AND FRANCE.
Liberty to Import, Ezcport, or Transport Merchandize, cÿc.
Ils pourront réciproquement apporter, par terre et par mer,
dans l’un et l’autre Empire et en exporter toute espèce de mar-
chandises et de produits, les vendre, les échanger, les acheter,
les transporter en tous lieux sur les territoires de l’un et de
l’autre Etat.
Duties on Goods.
ART. IV. Les marchandises importées ou exportées par les
sujets respectifs des 2 Hautes Parties Contractantes ne payeront
dans l’un et l’autre Etat, soit a l’entrée, soit a la sortie, que les
mêmes droits que payent à l’entrée et ‘a la sortie, dans l’un et
l’autre Etat, les marchandises et produits importés et exportés
par les marchands et sujets de la nation la plus favorisée; et
nulle taxe excepticnelle ne pourra, sous aucun nom et sous
aucun pretexte, être réclamée dans l’un comme dans l’autre
Etat.
French Consular Jurisdiction : Disputes between French Subjects.
ART. V. Les procès, contestations et disputes qui, dans
l’Empire de Perse, viendraient à. s’élever entre sujets Français,
seront référés en totalité à l’arrêt et a la décision de l’agent ou
Consul Français qui résidera dans la province où ces procès,
contestations et disputes auraient été soulevés, ou dans la pro-
vince la plus voisine. Il en décidera d’après les lois Françaises.
French Consular Jurisdiction: Disputes between French and Persian
Subjects.
Les procès, contestations et disputes soulevés en Perse
entre des sujets Français et des sujets Persans, seront portés
devant le tribunal Persan, juge ordinaire de ces matières, au lieu
où résidera un A gent ou un Consul Français, et discutés et jugés
selon l’équité, en présence d’un employé de l’Agent ou du Consul
Français.
French Consular Jurisdiction: Disputes between French Subjects
and those of other Powers.
Les procès, contestations et disputes soulevés en Perse entre
des sujets Français et des sujets appartenant à d’autres puis-
sances également étrangères, seront jugés et terminés, par
l’intermédiaire de leurs Agents ou Consuls respectifs.
Trial of Disputes in France in which Persians are Interested.
En France, les sujets Persans seront également, dans toutes
leurs contestations, soit entre eux, soit avec des sujets Français
ou étrangers, jugés suivant le mode adopté dans cet Empire
envers les sujets de la nation la plus favorisée.
82
PERSIA AND FRANCE. [12th July, 1855.
Co'iminal Jurisdiction.
Quant aux affaires de la juridiction criminelle dans lesquelles
seraient compromis des sujets Français en Perse, des sujets
Persans en France, elles seront jugées en France et en Perse
suivant le mode adopté dans les 2 pays envers les sujets de la
nation la plus favorisée.
Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.
ART. VI. En cas de décès de l’un de leurs sujets respectifs
sur le territoire de l’un ou de l’autre Etat, sa succession sera
remise intégralement à la famille ou aux associés du défunt, s’il
en a. Si le défunt n’avait ni parents ni associés, sa succession,
dans l’un comme dans l’autre Pays, serait remise à. la garde de
l’Agent ou du Consul de la nation du sujet décédé, pour que
celui-ci en fasse l’usage convenable, conformément aux lois et
coutumes de son pays.
Appointment of Consuls.
ART. VII. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et équitables rela-
tions entre les sujets des 2 Etats, les 2 Hautes Parties Con-
tractantes se réservent la faculté de nommer chacune 3 Consuls.
Les Consuls de France résideront à Téhéran, a Bender—Bouchirﬁle
à, Tauris.T Les Consuls de Perse résideront a Paris, à. Marseille,
et à l’Ile de la Réunion (Bourbon).
Ces Consuls des 2 Hautes Puissances Contractantes jouiront
réciproquement, sur le territoire de l’un et de l’autre Empire où
sera établie leur résidence, du respect, des priviléges et des
immunités accordés dans l’un et dans l’autre Empire aux Consuls
de la nation la plus favorisée.
Ratiﬁcations; Treaty to be perpetual.
ART. VIII. Le présent Traité de Commerce et d’Amitié,
cimenté par la sincère amitié et la conﬁance qui règnent entre
les 2 Empires bien conservés de France et de Perse, sera, Dieu
aidant, ﬁdèlement observé et maintenu, de part et d’autre, à.
perpétuité, et les Plénipotentiaires des 2 Hautes Parties Con-
tractantes s’engagent à. échanger les ratiﬁcations impériales de
leurs augustes Souverains, soit à Téhéran, soit a Paris, dans
l’espace de 6 mois, ou plus tôt, si faire se peut.
En roi de quoi, les Plénipotentiaires respectifs des 2 Hautes
Parties Contractantes ont signé le présent Traité et y ont apposé
leurs sceaux.
Fait double, en Français et en Persan, le 12 du mois de
Juillet, de l’an du Christ, 1855, et le 27 du mois de Chawal de
l’Hégîre, l’année 1271, à. Téhéran.
(L.S.) P. BOUREE.
(L.S.) MIRZA-AGA-KHAN.
* Bushire. ' 'I' Tabreez.

83 G 2
11th June, 1873.]
PERSIA AND GERMANY.
IRA-I TE d’Amitz'é,
l’A Zlemagne et la Perse.--Sig~né
de Commerce, et de Navigation, entre
(‘a St. Pétersbourg, le 1] Iain,
187 33"
TABLE or Coxraxrs.
Art.
I. Friendship.
II. Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
III. Appointment of Consuls. Inviolability of Consular Domicile. Non-pro-
tection of Subjects of either Country by Diplomatic or Consular Agents
of the other. Trading Consuls.
IV. Commerce and Navigation : Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment.
V. Liberty to Subjects of either Country to travel in, and to pass through, the
Territories of the other. Passports.
VI. Treatment of Travellers, Merchants, and others. Liberty to Import,
Export, and Transport Merchandize. Liberty to Hire Houses, Shops, 810.
Liberty to Possess Lands, Houses, &c. Taxes. Submission to the Laws.
VII. Customs Duties, Imports and Exports.
VIII. Liberty to Merchant Ships of either country to enter Rivers, Ports, &c., of
the other.
IX. Port, Tonnage, Lighthouse, Pilota-ge, and other Dues.
X. Wrecks and Salvage.
XI. Inviolability of Domicile.
XII. Contracts. Bills of Exchange, 800. Legalization of Documents. Treatment
of Persians in Germany.
XIII. German Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction in Persia. Trial of Suits
and Disputes between German Subjects. Suits and Disputes between
Germans and Subjects of Foreign Nations. Suits and Disputes between
Germans and Persians. Protection of Persian Interests and Rights in
Germany. Intervention of Persian Diplomatic or Consular Agents.
XIV. Bankruptcies. '
XV. Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.
XVI. Criminal Jurisdiction.
XVII. Naturalization.
XVIII. N on-interruption of Friendly Relations in case of War with other Powers.
Employment of Good Oﬁices.
XIX. Duration of Treaty. Modiﬁcations of Treaty.
XX. Application of Treaty to Grand Duchy of Luxemburg.
- XXI. Execution of Treaty by Public Oiﬁcials. Ratiﬁcations.

Au nom de Dieu clément et miséricordieux!
SA Majesté l’Empereur d’Allemagne, d’une part, et Sa
Majesté, dont le Soleil est l’étendard, le Sacré, l’Auguste et
- Grand Monarque, le Souverain absolu et l’Empereur des Empe-
reurs de tous les Etats de Perse, d’autre part.
L’un et l’autre également et sincerement désireux de reserrer
les rapports d’ami’rié cntre l’Empire d’Allemagne et l’Empire
' Persan, sont convenus de reviser les Traités existants et de les
remplacer par un nouveau Traité d’Amitié, de Commerce et de
Navigation réciproquement avantageux et utile aux sujets des
Hautes Puissances Contractantes. -
A cet eﬁ'et ont nommé pour leurs Plénipotentiaires:
Sa Majesté l’Empereur d’Allemagne, son Altesse Sérénissime,
Monseigneur le Prince Henry VII. Reuss, Lieutenant~Général

* From “State Papers,” Vol. 63, page 45.
8A.
PERSIA AND GERMANY. [11th June, 1873.
et son Aide-de-Camp Général, son Ambassadeur Extraordinaire
et Plénipotentiaire, &c. ;
Et Sa Majesté le Shahinshah de Perse, son Excellence Mirza
Abdulrahim Khan saïd oul Moulk, son Envoyé Extraordinaire
et Ministre Plénipotentiaire, &c. ;
Et les deux Plénipotentiaires s’étant réunis à St. Pétersbourg
ayant échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs, et les ayant trouvés en bonne
et due forme, sont convenus des Articles suivants :
Friendship.
_ ART. I. Il y aura comme par le passé amitié sincère et bonne
intelligence entre les Etats et les sujets des Hautes Parties Con-
tractantes.
Reception of Diplomatic A gents.
ART. II. Les Ambassadeurs, Ministres Plénipotentiaires ou
autres Agents Diplomatiques respectifs seront reçus et traités
réciproquement, eux et tout le personnel de leurs missions comme
sont reçus dans les pays respectifs les Ambassadeurs, Ministres
Plénipotentiaires ou autres Agents Diplomatiques des nations
les plus favorisées, et ils y jouiront de tout point, des mêmes
honneurs, prérogatives et immunités.
Appointment of Consuls.
ART. III. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et équitables
relations entre leurs sujets, les Hautes Parties Contractantes se
réservent la faculté de nommer chacune 3 Consuls dans les
Etats respectifs.
Les Consuls d’Allemagne résideront à Téhéran, à Taurisale et a
Bender—Bouchirj
Les Consuls de Perse résideront en Allemagne partout où se
trouvent des Consuls d’une Puissance étrangère.
Ces Consuls des Hautes Puissances Contractantes jouiront
réciproquement tant pour leur personne et l’exercice de leurs
fonctions que pour leurs maisons, les employés de leurs Con-
sulats et les personnes attachées à leur service, des mêmes
honneurs et des. mêmes privilèges dont jouissent et jouiront
à l’avenir les Agents Consulaires de la nation la plus
favorisée.
Invz'olabz'lz'tg/ of Consular Domicile;
En cas de désordres publics, il devra être accordé aux
Consuls sur leur demande, une sauvegarde chargée d’assurer
l’inviolabilité du domicile Consulalre. -- -

* Tabreez. 1' Bushire.
85
11th J une, 1873.] PE RSIA AND GERMANY.
Non-Protection of Subjects of either Country by Diplomatic or
Consular Agents of the other.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et Consuls d’Allemagne et
réciproquement les Agents Diplomatiques et Consuls de l’Empire
Persan ne devront pas protéger, ni en sécret ni publiquement,
aucun sujet Persan et réciproquement aucun sujet Allemand qui
ne serait pas employé effectivement par leurs Missions ou par
les Consuls-Généraux, Consuls, Vice-Consuls ou Agents Con-
sulaires respectifs.
Trading Consuls.
Il est bien entendu que si un des Agents Consulaires de
l’une des Hautes Parties Contractantes s’engageait dans les
affaires commerciales sur le territoire de l’autre Puissance, il
serait soumis a cet égard aux mêmes lois et aux mêmes
usages, auxquels sont soumis leurs nationaux faisant le même
commerce.
Commerce and Navigation: Most-Favourecl-Nation Treatment.
ART. IV. Les sujets de chacune des Parties Contractantes
jouiront dans les territoires de l’autre des mêmes droits, pri-
viléges, immunités et exemptions dont jouissent actuellement ou
jouiront à l’avenir en matière de commerce et de navigation les
sujets de la nation la plus favorisée.
Liberty to Subjects of either Country to travel in and to pass
through the Territories of the other. Passports.
ART. V. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
_ ourront parcourir en pleine liberté les territoires respectifs et
Fes traverser pour se rendre dans les pays voisins, sans qu’ils en
soient empêchés par les autorités locales qui, de leur côté,
mettront la plus vive sollicitude à. les préserver de tout désagré-
ment, en veillant continuellement a leur sûreté personnelle, en
les traitant avec tous les égards possibles aﬁn qu’ils n’éprouvent
ni dommage ni entrave ou vexation quelconque dans leur
voyage, et en les munissant a cet effet de sauf-conduits, ﬁrmans
ou autres documents.
Treatment of Travellers, Merchants, and others.
ART. VI. Les sujets des Hautes Parties Contractantes qui,
en leur qualité de marchands, commerçants ou voyageurs, se
rendraient sur les territoires respectifs pour leurs affairs, y
seront accueillis et traités dès leur entrée jusqu’à. leur sortie,
avec les mêmes égards et sur le même pied que les sujets des
nations les plus favorisées.
86
PERSIA AND GERMANY. [11th June, 1873.
Liberty to Import, Export, and Transport Merchandise.
En conséquence les sujets des Hautes Parties Contractantes
pourront soit par terre soit par mer, librement importer dans les
pays respectifs, en exporter ou y transporter des marchandises
et exercer le commerce dans toute l’étendue de leurs Etats, con-
formément aux règlements et aux lois en vigueur dans les pays
respectifs;
Liberty to Hire Houses, Shops, Warehouses, cÿc. Termes.
y louer des maisons, des magasins et des boutiques pour leurs
affaires, et ils ne seront soumis, sous aucun nom ou prétexte, à
un impôt quelconque auquel ne seraient point soumis les sujets
des nations les plus favorisées.
Liberty to Possess Lands, Houses, eye.
Il est bien entendu que si la Haute Cour d’Iran accordait
aux sujets d’une nation étrangère le droit d’acquérir et de
posséder en Perse des terres, maisons, magasins ou autres
immeubles, ce même droit sera aussi accordé aux sujets de
l’Empire d’Allemagne.
Submission to the Laws.
Les marchands des deux nations qui voudraient faire le
commerce intérieur dans les deux pays, seront soumis quant à
ce commerce, aux lOlS du pays où ce commerce se fait.
Customs Duties, Imports, and Exports;
ART. VII. Les sujets de l’Empire Allemand qui importe-
raient des marchandises en Perse ou en exporteraient seront
traités, à l’égard des droits de douane, sur le même pied que les
sujets des nations les plus favorisées.
Pareillement les sujets Persans qui importeraient des mar-
chandises en Allemagne ou en e'xporteraient seront traités à
l’égard des droits de douane et impôts sur le même pied que
les sujets des nations les plus favorisées.
Liberty to Merchant Ships of either Country to enter Rivers,
Ports, cÿa, of the other.
ART. VIII. Il sera permis aux bâtiments de commerce de
chacune des Hautes Parties Contractantes, soit chargés soit sur
lest, de fréquenter librement dans les Etats respectifs, toutes les
baies et rivières ainsi que tous les portes, rades et ancrages
ouverts par le Gouvernement territorial au commerce maritime.
Cette liberté comprendra pour les navires et les sujets des
Hautes Parties Contractantes la‘ faculté de faire le commerce
d’importation et d’exportation dans la même étendu que les
navires et les sujets des nations les plus favorisées, ainsi que la
87
llthJuno, 1873.] PERSIA AND GERMANY.
faculté de se livrer a toutes les opérations commerciales dont
l’exercice est permis, en vertu des lois en vigueur, clans-16's pays
respectifs; les bâtiments de commerce et les sujets respectifs
seront enïtout' pointtraités ‘à. cet égard sur le ‘même pied que les
navires et les sujets des nations‘ les plus favorisées. A ' ‘4 î
Ir
_ Port, Tonnage, ‘Lighthouse, Pilotage, and other Dues‘.
ART. 1X. Les bâtiments de l’une des Hautes Parties Con-à»
tractantes qui arrivent soit sur lest soit chargés de quelque pays
que ce soit, dans les ports de l’autre seront traitéstant'à leur
entrée qu’à. leur sortie sur le même pied que les bâtiments des
nations les ‘plus favorisées par rapport aux" droits de port, de
tonnage, de fanaux et de pilotage, ainsi qu’à. tout autre ‘droit ou
charge de quelque espèce ou dénomination que ce soit revenant
à la Couronne, aux villes ou ‘a des établissements particuliers
quelconques.
Ï/Vrecks and Salvage.
ART. X. Relativement aux cas de naufrage les Hautes'Partieé
Contractantes s’engagent à prendre les dispositions nécessaires
pour qu’il soit voué au sauvetage de leurs navires respectifs
échoués sur les côtes de l’une ou de l’autre, ainsi qu’à desâper.
sonnes et des objets de tout genre, qui se trouveront a leur bord,
les mêmes soins qu’en pareille circonstance seraient apportés au
sauvetage des bâtiments de la nation la plus favorisée. .Elles
s’engagent également à veiller à, ce que les débris du navire
naufragé, les papiers du bord, les espèces, effets, .utensiles et
autres objets de valeur soient mis sous bonne garde ainsi que
cela se pratique à l’égard des navires naufragés des Puissances
.les plus'favorisées', à ‘ce qu’il soit donné connaissance du fait au
‘Gouvernement intéressé par l’organe de son Consul ou Agent
commercial le plus rapproché ou par toute autre voie en :mettant
le tout a sa disposition de la manière la plus convenable et enﬁn
à ce que tous les objets sauvés ou bien Je prix-‘de ‘leur vente,
.dans le cas où celli—ci aurait du 's’effectuer, soient ﬁdèlement
‘
:remis aux propriétaires ou a leurs fondés. de pouvoirs ou'bien- à
défaut des uns et des autres a la charge du Consul ou Agent de
Gouvernement intéressé. I
¢ - Inviolabz'lity bf Domicile.
ART. XI. Les officiers, employés ou sujets de la Haute Cour
-d’Iran ne pourront’ entrer de force dans le domicile d’un
Allemand, ni dans ses magasins ou boutiques ; . en cas de néces—
sité il faudra en prévenir l’Agent Diplomatique ou le Consul
duquel cet individu relèvera, et toute perquisition domiciliaire-ne
pourra se faire qu’en présence des Commissaires Délégués par
le dit Agent ou Consul. Dans les ‘localités où il n’y a pas
'd’Agent ou Consul les sujets de l’Empire d’Allemagne- seront
traités à. ‘cet égard sur lemême pied que le sont les'sujetsdes
PERSIA AND GERMANY. [11th J une, 1873.
nations les plus favorisées dans les endroits où il n’y a pas
d’Agent ou Consul de leur Gouvernement.
Contracts.
ART. XII. Tous les contrats et autres engagements des
sujets des Hautes Parties Contractantes par rapport aux affaires
de commerce seront ﬁdèlement maintenus et protégés avec la
plus grande exactitude par les Gouvernements respectifs.
Bills of Exchange.
Pour mieux veiller à la sûreté des sujets des Etats de l’Empire
d’Allemagne en Perse, les billets de créance, lettres de change
et lettres de garantie ainsi que tous les contrats faits par des
sujets des Hautes Parties Contractantes relativement à des
affaires de commerce, devront être signés par le Divan-Khané
et à défaut de celui—ci par l’autorité locale compétente, et dans
les endroits où il y aurait un Consul d’Allemagne, aussi par ce
dernier, aﬁn qu’en cas de quelque différent on puisse faire les
recherches nécessaires et décider ces affaires litigieuses con-
formément a la justice ;
Legalization of Documents.
En conséquence celui qui sans être muni des documents ainsi
légalisés voudrait intenter un procès a un sujet Allemand en ne
produisant d’autres preuves que les déclarations d’un témoin,
ne sera point écouté quant à sa demande, à. moins que celle-ci
ne soit reconnue valable par le dit sujet Allemand.
Treatment of Persians in Germany.
L’Empire d’Allemagne veillera également à la sûreté des
sujets Persans en Allemagne conformément aux lois et aux
usages établis et les traitera a cet égard sur le pied des nations
les plus favorisées.
German Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction in Persia. Trial of
Suits and Disputes between German Subjects.
ART. XIII. Toutes les contestations ou disputes et tous les
proces qui s’élèveraient entre des Allemands en Perse seront
examinés et jugés par les Représentants respectifs près la Haute
'Cour d’Iran, ou par les Consuls desquels ils relèveront ou les
plus rapprochés de leur domicile conformément aux lois de leur
pays sans que l’autorité locale y puisse opposer le moindre
empêchement ou la moindre diﬁﬁculté.
89
11th June, 1873.] PERSIA AND GERMANY.
Jurisdiction. Suits and Disputes between Germans and Subjects of
Foreign Nations. '
Les procès, contestations et disputes qui s’élèveraient en
Perse entre des Allemands et des sujets appartenant à. d’autres
nations étrangères seront jugés exclusivement par l’intermé-
diaire de leurs Agents ou Consuls.
Jurisdiction. Suits and Disputes between Germans and Persians.
Toutes les contestations ou disputes et tous les procès qui
s’élèveraient en Perse entre les sujets des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes seront jugés devant les tribunaux Persans, mais
ces différends et procès ne pourront être décidés ou jugés qu’en
présence et avec l’intervention du Représentant ou du Consul
Allemand, ou, au nom de celui-ci, en présence du Drogman qui
en sera employé à cet effet, le tout conformément aux lois et
aux coutumes du pays.
Le procès une fois terminé par la sentence du juge compé-
tent ne pourra plus être repris une seconde fois, mais si la
‘nécessité exigeait la révision du jugement prononcé, celle-ci ne
pourra se faire qu’avec l’avis du Représentant ou Consul duquel
les sujets Allemands, dont il s’agira, relèvent ou au nom de cet
Agent en présence du Drogman respectif, et seulement devant
une des Cours Suprêmes de Contrôle et de Cassation qui siègent
à Téhéran, a Tauris ou a Ispahan.
Protection of Persian Interests and Rights in Germany. Interven-
tion of Persian Diplomatic or Consular Agents.
En réciprocité de ces engagements, les sujets de la Haute
Cour d’Iran jouiront dans les Etats de l’Empire d’Allemagne
pour leurs intérêts et leurs droits acquis, en cas de contestations,
de la pleine protection des lois et des tribunaux de ces Etats, de
la même manière que les sujets nationaux et ceux d’autres
Puissances étrangères; et les Représentants, Consuls et Agents
de la Haute Cour d’lran y jouiront, quant à une intervention de
leur part en faveur de leurs nationaux auprès des autorités de
ces Etats, de la faculté qui y est accordée aux Agents Diploma—
tiques et Consuls des nations les plus favorisées.
Bankruptcies.
ART. XIV. Si un sujet de l’une des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes résidant dans les domaines de l’autre, se déclare
en état de faillite ou fait banqueroute, on dressera l’inventaire
de tous ses biens, de ses effets et de ses comptes actifs et passifs
pour en faire la liquidation requise et la juste répartition entre
ses créanciers.
En cas qu’un Allemand résidant ou se trouvant en Perse se
déclare en Etat de faillite, la procédure susmentionnée ne sera
effectuée que de l’avis et par l’intervention du Représentant ou
90
PERSIA AND GERMANY. [11th J une, 1873.
Consul respectif, résidant à l’endroit le plus rapproché du lieu de
séjour du banqueroutier.
Si un sujet Persan fait faillite en Allemagne il sera accordé
dans la procédure de faillite, au Représentant ou Consul Persan
‘le même droit d’intervention dont jouissent en pareil cas les
‘ Représentants ou Consuls de la nation la plus favorisée.
Sur la demande faite par les créanciers, les Agents Diploma-
tlques ou Consulaires respectifs des Puissances Contractantes
provoqueront les recherches nécessaires pour constater s1 le
‘failli n’a pas laissé dans sa patrie des biens qui pourraient satis—
faire ‘a leurs réclamations.
Succession to Property of Deceased Subjects.
ART. XV. En cas de décès de l’un de leurs sujets respectifs
sur le territoire de l’u‘ne ou de l’autre des Hautes Parties Con-
tractantes, sa succession sera remise intégralement à la famille
ou aux associés du défunt, s’il en a. Si le défunt n’avait ni
parents ni associés, sa succession dans les pays des Hautes
Parties Contractantes, sera remise intégralement à la garde des
Agents ou des Consuls respectifs, pour que ceux-ci en fassent
l’usage convenable conformément aux lois et coutumes de leur
pays.
Criminal Jurisdiction.
ART. XVI. Quant aux affaires de la juridiction criminelle,
dans lesquelles seraient compromis des sujets Allemands en
Perse ou des sujets Persans en Allemagne elles seront jugées
dans les Etats respectifs suivant le mode qui y est adopté à
l’égard de la nation la plus favorisée.
Naturalization.
ART. XVII. Le Gouvernement Impérial d’Allemagne s’en-
gage a n’accorder a aucun sujet Persan des lettres de naturali-
sation qu’a la condition expresse du consentement préalable du
Gouvernement Persan s’engage aussi de son côté a n’accorder
-des lettres de naturalisation a aucun- sujet du dit Empire
Allemand sans le consentement préalable du Gouvernement de
celui-ci.
“ Non-interruption of Friendly Relations, in case of War with other
Powers.
ART. XVIII. En cas de guerre de l’une des Puissances Con-
tractantes avec une autre Puissance, il ne sera porté pour cette
seule cause, atteinte, préjudice ou altération a la bonne intelli-
gence et à l’amitié sincère qui doivent exister à jamais entre les
Hautes Puissances Contractantes.
91
11th J une, 1873.] PERSIA AND GERMANY.
Employment of Good Oﬁces.
Pour le cas où la Perse serait impliquée dans un différend
avec .une autre Puissance, le Gouvernement d’Allemagne se
déclare prêt à employer, sur la demande du Gouvernement de
Sa Majesté Impériale le Shah ses bons oﬁices pour contribuer à
applanir le différend. ‘ '
Duration of Treaty.
ART. XIX?‘ Le présent Traité restera en vigueur à dater du
{our de sa signature jusqu’à l’expiration de 12 mois après que
’une des Hautes Parties Contractantes aura annoncé à l’autre
l’intention d’en faire cesser les effets.
Modiﬁcations of Treaty.
Toutefois les deux Hautes" Parties Contractantes seréservent
la faculté d’introduire, d’un commun accord dans le présent
Traité toutes modiﬁcations qui ne seraient point en opposition
avec son esprit ou ses principes et dont l’utilité serait démontrée
par l’expérience. '
Application of Treaty to Grand Duchy of Luwemburg.
ART. XX. Les dispositions du présent Traité sont applic-
ables également au Grand Duché de Luxembourg, tant qu’il
sera compris dans le système de Douane et d’inipôts Allemands.
Execution ofTreatyby Public Oﬁieials.
ART. XXI. Les gouverneurs, commandants, douaniers,
officiers et autres employés des Hautes Puissances Contrac-
tantes seront chargés de remplir les stipulationsde ce Traité
avec toute l’exactitude possible et sans y porter la moindre
atteinte. > "
Ratiﬁcations.
Le présent Traité sera ratiﬁé et les ratiﬁcations en seront
échangées à St. Pétersbourg dans l’espace de 3 mois ou plus-
tôt si faire se peut. ’ ‘
En foi de quoi, les Plénipotentiaires respectifs des Hautes
Parties Contractantes ont signé le présent Traité et y ont apposé
le sceau de leurs armes.
Fait à St. Pétersbourg ce 11 Juin, 1873, en 4 expéditions
dont deux en Français et deux en Persanile '
7 Le 15 Rabi-oul—Sani l’an 1290 de l’hègire.
(L.S.) H. VIL P. REUSS...
(L.S.) ABDULRAHIM. _

a‘ See Additional Act, 6th June, 1873, page 93
92
PERSIA AND GERMANY. [11th J une, 1873.
ACTE ADDITIONNEL au T mité d’Amitie', de Commerce, et
de Navigation, conclu entre l’Allemagne et la Perse.—-Signe’ à
Berlin, le 6 J win, 12573."E

UN Traité d’Amitié, de Commerce et de Navigation ayant
été conclu à St. Pétersbourg entre Sa Majesté I’Empereur
d’AHemagne, Roi de Prusse, d’une part, et Sa Majesté l’Em-
pereur de Perse, d’autre part, traité dont l’Article XIX porte:
Duration of Treaty. (For 10 years from Exchange of Ratiﬁcations,
and then terminable after 12 months’ notice.) Modifications.
Le présent Traité restera en vigueur à dater du jour de sa
signature jusqu’à l’expiration de 12 mois après que l’une des
Hautes Parties Contractantes aura annoncé à l’autre l’intention
d’en faire cesser les effets.
Toutefois les deux Hautes Parties Contractantes se réservent
la faculté d’introduire, d’un common accord dans le présent
Traité toutes modiﬁcations qui ne seraient point en opposition
avec son esprit ou ses principes et dont l’utilité serait démontrée
par l’expérience.
Et les Hautes Parties Contractantes ayant l’intention de
donner à, ce Traité une durée de 10 ans au moins, les soussignés
sont convenus à déclarer que leurs Gouvernements respectifs
s’engagent à ne pas exercer le droit de dénoncer le Traité
susmentionné pendant les 10 ans qui suivront l’échange des
ratiﬁcations de ce Traité.
En foi de quoi les soussignés ont dressé le présent Acte
additionnel dont les ratiﬁcatmns seront échangées en même
temps, que les ratiﬁcations du Traité précité et l’ont signé en
double expédition.
Fait à Berlin le 6 Juin, 1873.
(L.S.) DE BISMARCK.
(L.S.) MIRZA HUssEIN KHAN.

‘k The 11th and 6th June, 1873, respectively are the dates given to the Treaty
and to the Additional Act, as published in the German “ Reichs-Gesetzblatt ”
and in the “ Journal de St. Pétersbourg.”
9
28th Oct.,1861.] PERSIA AND GREECE.
T RAI 1 E d’Amz'tz'e', de Commerce, et de ZVavz'gatz'on entre la Grèce
et la Perse— Conclu à Constantinople, le èâ Octobre, 1861.*T
ô
[Ratiﬁcations échangées a Constantinople, le 11 Mars, 1862.]

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Friendship.
II. Reception and Treatment of Diplomatic Agents.
III. Rights of Subjects of either Country to have access to, and to pass through,
the Territories of the other. Passports.
IV. Treatment of Merchants and Travellers. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment.
Right to Import, Export, and Transport Merchandize, &c. Right to
Hire Houses. \Varehouses, and Shops ; Taxes. Privileges, &c., granted
to a third Power to be conceded by either country to the other on the con-
cession of an equivalent. Submission to Laws relating to Internal Trade.
Inviolability of Domicile.
V. Import and Export Duties ; Taxes.
VI. Duties, &c., on Vessels. Duties on Merchandize Imported or Exported in
Vessels of either country.
VII. Wrecks.
VIII. Appointment of Consuls at certain places in either country. Consular
Privileges. Inviolability of Consular Domicile. Non-protection of
Persians not employed by Greek Mission or Consulates. Position of
Consular Officers engaged in Trade. Employment of Dragomans and
Guards.
IX. Jurisdiction. Civil Suits in Persia. between Greeks, or between Greeks and
other Foreigners. Civil Suits in Greece between Persians, or between
Persians and Foreigners. Civil Suits between Greeks and Persians.
Criminal Jurisdiction. Disposal of Property of Deceased Subjects.
X. Non-interruption of Friendly Relations in case of War with other Powers.
XI. Duration of Treaty. Ratiﬁcations.
Protection of Natives. Interpretation of Article VIII.

Au nom de Dieu clément et miséricordieux!
SA Haute Majesté Othon I, Roi de Grèce, le Monarque illustre
et libéral, et Sa Majesté, dont l’étendard est le Soleil, l’Auguste,
le Grand Monarque, I’Empereur de toute la Perse, l’un et l’autre
également et sincèrement désireux d’établir des rapports
d’amitié entre les deux Etats, ont voulu les consolider par un
Traité d’Amitié, de Commerce et de Navigation, réciproque-
ment avantageux et utile aux sujets des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes.
A cet effet, ont désigné pour leurs Plénipotentiaires :
Sa Majesté le Roi de Grèce, son Excellence le Sieur Mare
Renieri, son Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre Plénipotentiaire
près la Sublime Porte Uttomane, &c. ;
Et Sa Majesté I’Empereur de toute la Perse, son Excellence
Hadji-Mirza—Houssein-Khan, son Envoyé Extraordinaire et
Ministre Plénipotentiaire près la Sublime Porte Ottomane, &0.
Et les deux Plénipotentiaires, réunis à Constantinople,
ayant échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs, et les ayant trouvés en
bonne et due forme, ont arrêté les Articles suivants:

* Signed also in the Greek language.
1' From “ State Papers,” Vol. 51, p. 533.
94
PERSIA AND GREECE. [28th Oct, 1861.
Fm'endshz'p.
ART. I. Il y aura, désormais, amitié sincère et une constante
bonne intelligence entre l’auguste Royaume de Grèce et les
sujets de ce Royaume et l’auguste Empire de Perse et les sujets
de cet Empire.
Reception and Treatment of Diplomatic A gents.
ART II. Les Envoyés ou Agents Diplomatiques qu’i] plairait à
chacune des deux Hautes Puissances Contractantes d’envoyer
et d’entretenir près de l’autre, y seront reçus et traités, eux et
tout le personnel de la Mission, comme sont reçus et traités par
cet Etat les Envoyés ou Agents Diplomatiques des autres
Puissances amies les plus favorisées, et ils y jouiront, de tous
points, des mêmes honneurs, immunités et priviléges.
Right of Subjects of either Country to have Access to, and to Pass
through the Territories of the other. Passports.
ART. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
pourront désormais parcourir, en pleine liberté, les territoires re-
spectifs, et les traverser pour se rendre dans les pays voisins,
sans qu’ils en soient empêchés par les autorités locales, qui, de
leur coté, mettront la plus vive sollicitude a les préserver de
tout désagrément, en veillant continuellement a leur sûreté
personnelle, en les traitant avec tous les égards possibles, aﬁn
qu’ils n’éprouvent ni dommage, ni entrave ou vexation quel-
conque dans leur voyage, et en les munissant, a cet effet, de
sauf-conduits, ﬁrmans, ou autres documents.
Treatment of Merchants and Travellers. .Most-Favoured-Nation
Treatment.
ART. IV. Les sujets des deux Hautes Cours qui, en leur
qualité de commerçants, industriels ou voyageurs, se rendraient
sur les territoires respectifs pour leurs affaires, yseront accueillis
et traités, dès leur entrée jusqu’à leur sortie, avec les mêmes
égards et sur le même pied que les sujets des nations les plus
favorisées.
Right to Import, Export, and Transport illerchandt'ze.
En conséquence, les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Con—
tractantes pourront, soit par terre soit par mer, librement im-
porter dans les pays respectifs, en exporter ou y transporter
des marchandises, et exercer le commerce dans toute l’étendue
des deux Empires, conformément aux règlements et aux lois en
vigueur dans le pays respectifs;
Right to Hire Houses, Warehouses, and Shops. Taxes.
y louer des maisons, des magasins et des boutiques pour
95
28th Oct, 1861.] PERSIA AN D GREECE. '
leurs affaires, et ils ne seront soumis, sous aucun nom ou pré-
texte, a un impôt quelconque auquel ne seraient pomt soumls
‘les sujets des nations les plus favorisées. '
Privileges, ¢§~c., granted to a third Power to be conceded by either
Country to the other on the concession of an equivalent. ’
Il est bien entendu que tout avantage, droit ou privilége
que les deux Hautes Parties Contractantes accorderontà une
nation tierce, ce même avantage, droit ou privilége sera aussi
accordé aux sujets des deux Etats respectifs, sauf les avantages
que l’une des Parties Contractantes accorderait sur l’assurance
d’avantages particuliers. Il est entendu pourtant que chacune
des Hautes Parties Contractantes est en droit de demander
ces mêmes avantages sur la concession d’un équivalent, à con-
dition que cet équivalent soit de nature a être agréé et accepté
par l’autre partie. '
Submission to Laws relating to Internal Tmde.
Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes qui :vou-
dralent faire le commerce 1ntér1eur dans les deux pays, seront
soumis, quant a ce commerce, aux 1018 du pays où ce commerce
se '
Inviolability of Domicile.
Les officiers, employés ou sujets de la Haute Cour d’Iran ne
pourront entrer de force dans le domicile d’un sujet Grec, ni
dans ses magasins ou boutiques, et, en cas de nécessité, il
faudra en prévenir I’Agent Diplomatique ou le Consul de Grèce,
là où il y en a, qui, (le leur côté, s’empresseront de se con-
former à la demande de l’autorité locale, et toute perquisition
domiciliaire ne pourra se faire qu’en présence des commissaires
délégués ar le dit Agent ou Consul.
Dans es localités où il n’y a pas d’Agent ou Consul de Grèce,
' les sujets de cette Puissance seront traités, à cet égard, sur le
même pied que le sont les sujets des nations les plus favorisées,
dans les endroits où il n’y a pas d’Agent ou Consul de leur
Gouvernement.
Import and Export Duties. Taxes.
ART. V. Les sujets Grecs qui importeraient des marchandises
~ en Perse ou en exporteraient, seront traités, à l’égard des droits de
' douane, sur le même pied que les sujets des nations Chrétiennes
les plus favorisées. ..
Pareillement, les sujets Persans qui importeraient des mar-
chandises dans les Etats du Royaume de Grèce ou en expor-
teraient, seront traités, à l’égard des droits de douane et
impôts, sur le même pied que les sujets des nations les plus
favorisées.
«.
96
PERSIA AND GREECE. [28th Oct, 1861.
Duties, ($13., on Vessels.
ART. VI. Les bâtiments de commerce qui entreront et sé-
j ourneront dans les ports de l’un ou de l’autre Etat, qu’ils soient
sur l’est ou chargés de marchandises, jouiront, dès leur arrivée
jusqu’à leur départ, de tous les égards et privilèges, et ne seront
assujettis à. d’autres ni a de plus forts droits que ceux acquittés
par les navires des nations les plus favorisées.
Duties on Merclzanclize Imported or Exported in Vessels of either
Country.
Les merchandises et produits de toute espèce, sans distinc-
tion de leur provenance ni de leur destination, qui seraient
importés ou exportés par les navires respectifs des deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes, paieront, dans l’un et l’autre Etat, les
mêmes droits de douane que paient les navires de commerce
des Puissances Chrétiennes les plus favorisées, soit a l’entrée
des marchandises et produits dans les Etats respectifs, soit a
leur sortie.
W reeks.
ART. VII. q’il arrive que quelque navire Hellène ou Persan
fasse naufrage dans les ports ou sur les côtes des territoires
-respectifs, tout secours possible lui sera donné de la même
manière qu’aux navires des Puissances les plus favorisées.
Appointment of Consuls, at certain places in eitlzee' Country.
ART. VIII. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et équitables rela-
tiones entre les sujets des deux Etats, les deux Hautes
Contractantes se réservent la faculté de nommer chacune
3 Consuls. ’
Les Consuls de Perse résideront à Athènes, Syra et un autre
port de la Grèce, à, désigner plus tard.
Les Consuls de Grèce résideront à Téhéran, Tabris et dans
’ un port situé sur le Golfe Persique, à désigner plus tard.
s - Consular Privileges.
Les Consuls des deux pays jouiront, tant pour leur personne
et l’exercice de leurs fonctions que pour leurs maisons, les em-
ployés de leurs Consulates et les personnes attachées a leur
service, des mêmes honneurs et des mêmes priviléges dont
jouissent les Consuls du même rang et les Agents commer-
ciaux des nations les plus favorisées.
Inviolability of Consular Domicile.
En cas de désordres publics, il devra être accordé aux Con-
suls, sur leur demande, une sauvegarde chargée d’assurer l’in-
violabilité du domicile consulaire.
97 H
28th Oct., 1861.] PERSIA AND GREECE.
Non-Protection of Persians not employed by Greek Mission or
' Consulates.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et Consuls de Grèce ne devront
pas protéger, ni en secret ni publiquement, aucun sujet Persan
qui ne serait pas employé par le Mission Royale, ou par les
Consuls-Généraux, Consuls, Vice-Consuls ou Agents Consulaires
de la Grèce.*
Position of Consular Oﬁcers engaged in Trade.
Il est bien entendu que, si un Consul, Vice—Consul ou Agent
Consulaire de la Grèce, en Perse, s’engageait dans des aﬁ‘aires
commerciales, il serait soumis en ce qui concerne son commerce,
aux mêmes lois et usages que les particuliers de sa nation.
Employment of Dragomans and Guards.
Les Ministres et les Consuls des deux Hautes Parties Con-
tractantes se serviront de tels drogmans et employeront pour le
service de leur maison tel huissier et gens qu’ils voudraient, sans
distinction de nationalité ; mais s’il arrive qu’un ou plusieurs em—
ployés ou gens de service soient d’une conduite déréglée, le
Ministre ou le Consul auprès duquel ils se trouvent, doit le con-
gédier a la demande de l’autorité locale compétente, si cet em-
ployé ou gens de service relèvent de cette autorité.
Juriscliction. Civil Suits in Persia between Greeks, or between
Grades and 0H16?” Foreigners.
ART. IX. Les procès, contestations et disputes qui s’élèveraient,
dans l’Empire de Perse, entre sujets Hellènes, ou Hellènes et
étrangers,
Jurisdiction. Civil Suits in Greece between Persians, or between
Persians and Foreigners.
ou, dans le Royaume de Grèce, entre sujets Persans, ou
Persans et étrangers, seront jugés selon le mode adopté dans
chacun de ces Etats à l’égard des sujets des Puissances les plus
favorisées.
Jurisdiction. Civil Suits in Persia between Greeks and Persians.
Les procès, contestations et disputes qui seraient soulevés,
en Perse, entre des sujets Grecs et des sujets Persans, seront
' portés devant les tribunaux Persans; mais ces différends et
procès ne pourront être discutés et jugés qu’en présence de
l’Agent Diplomatlque ou Consulaire Hellénique, où, au nom de
celui-ci, en présence du Drogman Hellénique, le tout conformé-
- ment à ce qui se pratique à l’égard des nations les plus
- favorisées.

* See interpretation ,of this Article, page 100.
98
PERSIA AND GREECE. [28th Oct., 1861.
Criminal Jurisdiction.
Quant aux affaires de la juridiction criminelle, dans lesquelles
seraient compris des sujets Grecs en Perse, ou des sujets
Persans en Gr‘ece, elles seront instruites et jugées, en Grèce et
en Perse, suivant la loi adoptée dans les deux pays envers les
étrangers les plus favorisés. '
Disposal of Property of Deceased Subjects.
En cas de décès d’un de leurs sujets respectifs sur le terri-
toire de l’un ou de l’autre Etat, sa succession sera remise in-
tégralement ‘a la garde de l’Agent ou du Consul de la nation du
sujet décédé, pour que celui-ci en fasse l’usage convenable, con-
formément aux lois et coutumes de son pays,
Alon-Interruption of Friendly Relations in case of War with other
Powers.
ART. X. En cas de guerre de l’une des deux Parties Con-
tractantes avec une autre Puissance. il ne sera porté, pour cette
seule cause, atteinte, préjudice ou altération a le bonne intelli-
gence et ‘a l’amitié sincère qui doivent exister à jamais entre les
Hautes Cours de Grèce et d’Iran.
Duration of Treaty. (Till 11th March, 187 4; then terminable after
12 months’ notice.)
ART. XI. Le Traité d’Amitié et de Commerce qui a été conclu
en considération de la sincère amitié et conﬁance qui règnent
entre les deux Etats de Grèce et de Perse, sera avec l’aide de
Dieu, ﬁdèlement observé et maintenu de part et d’autre
pendant 12 ans, à dater du jour de l’échange des ratiﬁcations ;*
et si, 12 mois avant l’expiration de ce terme, l’une ou l’autre
des Hautes Parties Contractantes n’avait pas annoncé a l’autre,
par une notiﬁcation officielle, son intention d’en faire cesser les
effets, ce Traité demeurera en vigueur une année au délà, et
ainsi de suite jusqu’à l’expiration des 12 mois qui suivront une
pareille notiﬁcation, à quelque époque qu’elle ait lieu.
Ratiﬁcations.
Les Plénipotentiaires des Hautes Parties Contractantes s’en-
gagent à échanger les ratiﬁcations de leurs Souverains a Con-
stantinople, dans l’espa ce de 3 mois, ou plus tôt si faire se peut.
En foi de quoi, les Plénipotentiaires respectifs des deux
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont signé le présent Traité et y
ont apposé leurs sceaux.
Fait en double, en Persan et en Français, le 4;: Octobre,
1861 (le 24 du mois Rebivoul-akhir de l’liégire, l’année 1278) à
Constantinople.
(L.S.) M. RENIERI.
(L.S.) MIRZA HOUSSEIN KHAN.

* 11th March, 1862.
» 99 H 2.
2tth Sept, 1862.] PERSIA AND ITALY‘
Protection oj'Natz'ves. Intm‘pretation of Art. V] I I.
Les Soussignés, munis de pleins pouvoirs de leurs Gouverne-
ments respectifs à l’effet de négocier et signer un Traité
d’Amitié, de Commerce et de Navigation entre les Etats de
Grèce et de Perse, entendent, d’un commun accord, sur la portée
do l’Alinéa 6 de l’Article VIII du Traité signé en ce jour, que
cet alinéa ne peut, en aucune manière, accorder aux Ministres,
aux Consuls-Généraux, aux Vice-Consuls ou aux Agents Con-
sulaires de l’une des Hautes Parties Contractantes le droit de
protéger, comme étant leurs employés, des sujets de l’autre
partie en nombre supérieur a celui que les Traités antérieurs
ont accordé à. la nation la plus favorisée.
La présente interprétation est signée en double; les Pleni—
potentiaires la transmettront a leurs Gouvernements respectifs,
aﬁn que, par l’échange des ratiﬁcations, cette interprétation
acquière et possède la même valeur que si elle était insérée dans
le texte même du Traité signé en ce jour.
Fait double à Constantinople le gig Octobre, 1861 (24 Rebij-
oul-Akhir, 1278).
(L.S.) M. RENIERI.
(L.S.) MIRZA HOUSSEIN KHAN.

TRAITE d’Amitie’, de Commerce, et de Navigation, entre l’Italie
et le Persa—Signé à Téhéran, le 24, 29 Septembre, 1862."e
[Ratiﬁcations échangées a Paris, le 15 Décembre, 1862.]

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Friendship.
II. Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
III. Treatment of Merchants and Travellers. Most-Favoured-Nation Treat-
ment. Right to Import and Export Merchandize, &c. Submission to the
Laws relating to Internal Trade.
IV. Import and Export Duties.
V. J uriscliction. Civil Suits between Italians in Persia. Civil Suits in Persia
between Italians and Persians. Civil Suits in Persia between Italians and
other Foreigners. Civil Suits between Persians in Italy. Criminal
Jurisdiction.
VI. Disposal of Property of Deceased Subjects.
VII. Appointment of Consuls at certain places in either country. Consular
Privileges. N on-protection of Natives by Diplomatic or Consular Agents.
Position of Consuls engaged in Trade.
VIII. Duration of Treaty. Ratiﬁcations.

Add. Arts. Silkworms’ Eggs and Cocoons. Appointment of Consuls.
4
Au nom de Dieu clément et miséricordieux!
SA Majesté le Roi d’Italie, et Sa Majesté dont l’étendard est
le Soleil, le Sacré, l’Auguste, le Grand Monarque, le Roi des Rols,
le Souverain absolu de tous les Etats de Perse ;

‘l’ From “ State Papers,” Vol. 57, page 318.
100
PERSIA AND ITALY. [Zith Sept.,1862.
L’un et l’autre, également et sincèrement désireux cl’établir
des rapports d’amitié entre les deux Etats, ont voulu les con-
solider par un Traité d’Amitié et de Commerce réciproquement
avantageux et utile aux sujets des deux Hautes Puissances
Contractantes, et a cet effet ont désigné pour Plénipotentiaires:
Sa Majesté le Roi d’Italie, le Sieur Marcel Cerruti, son
Ministre en mission extraordinaire, &c.;
Et Sa l\_lajcsté I’Empereur de toute la Perse, son Excellence
Mirza Said Khan, Ministre des Affaires Etrangères, Secrétaire
d’Etat, &0. ;
Et les deux Plénipotentiaires s’étant réunis à Teheran, ayant
échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs, et les ayant trouvés en bonne et
due. forme, ont arrêté les Articles suivants:
Friendship.
ART. I. Il y aura amitié. sincère et une constante bonne intelli—
gence entre le Royaume d’Italie et tous les sujets Italiens, et
l’Empire de Perse et tous les sujets Persans.
Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
_ ART. II. Les Ambassadeurs ou Ministres Plénipotentiaires
qu’il plairait à chacun des deux Hautes Puissances Contractantes
d’envoyer ou d’entretenir auprès de l’autre, seront reçus et
traités dans les deux pays respectifs, eux et tout le personnel
de leur mission, comme sont reçus et traités les Ambassadeurs
ou Ministres Plénipotentiaires des nations les plus favorisées, et
ils y jouiront de tout point des mêmes prérogatives et im-
munités.
Ïreatment of Merchants and T rarellers. Most-Faroured-Nation
’ Treatment. ' *
ART. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes,
voyageurs, négociants, industriels, et autres, soit qu’ils se
déplacent, soit qu’ils résident sur le territoire de l’un ou de
l’autre Etat, seront respectés et efficacement protégés par les
autorités du pays et leurs propres Agents, et traités à. tous
égards comme le sont les sujets de la nation la plus favorisée.
Right to Import and Export Mere/zandize, «5?.
Ils pourront réciproquement apporter par terre et par mer
dans l’un et l’autre Etat, et en exporter tout espèce de mar-
chandises et de produits, les vendre, les échanger, les acheter,
les transporter en tous lieux sur le territoire de l’un et de l’autre
Etat.
Submission to Laws relating to Internal Trade.
Mais il est bien entendu que les sujets de l’un et de l’autre
Etat, qui se livreraient au commerce intérieur, seront soumis aux
lois du pays ou ils font de commerce.
101
21th Sept.,1862.] PÊBSIA AND ITALY.
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Import and Export Duties.
ART. IV. Les marchandises importées ou exportées par les
sujets respectifs des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes, ne
paieront dans l’un et dans l’autre Etat, soit a l’entrée, soit a la
sortieﬂdans l’un et dans l’autre Etat, les marchandises et pro-
duits importés et exportés par les marchands et sujets de la
nation la plus favorisée; et nulle taxe exceptionelle ne pourra,
sous aucun nom et sous aucun prétexte, être réclamée dans l’un
comme dans l’autre Etat.
Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Italians in Persia.
ART. V. Les procès, contestations, et disputes qui dans
l’Empire de Perse viendraient a s’élever entre sujets Italiens,
seront référés en totalité à l’arrêt et a la décision de l’Agent ou
Consul Italien qui résidera dans la province ou ces procès, con-
testations, et disputes auraient été soulevés, ou dans la province
la plus voisine. Il en décidera d’après les lois Italiennes.
Jurisdiction. Civil Suits in Persia between Italians and Persians.
Les procès, contestations, et disputes soulevés en Perse entre
des sujets Italiens et des sujets Persans, seront portés devant le
tribunal Persan, juge ordinaire de ces matières, au lieu où
résidéra un Agent ou un Consul Italien, et discutés et jugés
selon l’équité, en présence d’un employé de l’Agent ou Consul
Italien.
Civil Suits in Persia between Italians and other
Foreigners.
Jurisdiction.
Les procès, contestations, et disputes soulevés en Perse entre
des sujets Italiens et des sujets appartenant à d’autres Puissances
également étrangères, seront jugés et terminés par l’inter—
médiaire de leurs Agents ou Consuls respectifs.
Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Persians in Italy.
Dans le Royaume d’Italie les sujets Persans seront égale-
ment dans toutes leurs contestations, soit entre eux, soit avec
des sujets Italiens ou étrangers, jugés suivant le mode adopté
dans ce Royaume envers les sujets de la nation la plus favorisée.
Criminal Jurisdiction.
Quant aux affaires de la juridiction criminelle, dans les—
quelles seraient compromis des sujets Italiens en Perse, des
sujets Persans en Italie, elles seront jugées en Italie et en Perse
suivant le mode adopté dans les deux pays envers les sujets de
la nation la plus favorisée.
'1'02
PERSIA AND ITALY. [24th Sept_., ‘.1862.
_ Disposal of Property of Deceased Subjects.
ART. VI. En cas de décès de l’un de leurs sujets respectifs
sur le territoire de l’un ou de l’autre Etat, sa succession sera
remise intégralement à sa famille ou a ses héritiers et ayant
droit, avec l’intervention du- Consul de sa nation.
Si le défunt n’avait sur les lieux ni héritier légitime, exécuteur
testamentaire, la succession serait dans l’un comme dans l’autre
pays remise a la garde de l’Agent ou du Consul de la nation du
sujet décédé pour que ledit Agent ou Consul, après avoir acquitté
les dettes locales du défunt, en fasse l’usage convenable, con-
formément aux lois et coûtumes de son pays.
Appointment of Consuls in certain Places in either Country. _
ART. VII?“ Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur 00m.-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter des bonnes et équitables rela—
tions entre les sujets des 2 Etats, les 2 Hautes Parties
Contractantes se réservent la faculté de nommer chacun
- 3 Consuls. Les Consuls d’ltalie résideront à Téhéran, a Bender-
Bouchir, et a Tauris; les Consuls de Perse résideront a Turin, à
Gênes et a Caghari.
Consular Privileges.
_Les Consuls des 2 Hautes Parties Contractantes jouiront
réciproquement sur le territoire de l’un et de l'autre Etat où
‘sera établie leur résidence, du respect, des privilèges et des
immunités accordés dans l’un et l’autre Etat au Consuls de la
nation la plus favorisée.
Non-Protection of Natives bg Diplomatic or Consular Agents.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Italiens ne pro-
tégeront ni publiquement ni secrètement les sujets Persans.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans ne pro-
tégeront ni publiquement ni secrètement les sujets Italiens.
Position of Consuls engaged in Trade.
Les Consuls des 2 Gouvernements respectifs qui dans l’un ou
l’autre pays se livreraient au commerce seront soumis aux mêmes
lois et aux mêmes usages auxquels sont soumis leurs nationaux
faisant le même commerce.
Duration of Treaty. (Till 15th December, 1874; then terminable
after 12 months’ notice.) -
ART. VIII. Le présent Traité de Commerce et d’Amitié,
cimenté par le sincère amitié et la conﬁance qui règnent entre
les Etats bien conservés d’ltalie et de Perse, sera, Dieu aidant,
fidèlement observé et maintenu, de part et d’autrc, pendant
12 ans à dater du jour où les ratiﬁcations seront échangées 5]"
mais si une année avant l’expiration du terme ﬁxé, aucune des

4* See Add. Article III, 29th September, 1862, page 104.
‘r 15th December, 1862. 4
103
29th Sept.,18i62.] PERSIA AND ITALY.
2 Hautes Parties Contractantes n’a annoncé ofﬁciellement à»
l’autre l’mtention d’en faire cesser les effets, 1l continuera à rester
en vigueur pour les 2 Parties pendant un an à. dater du jour où‘
il aura été denoncé quelle que soit l’époque à. laquelle cette
declare/£1011 aura heu.
Ratiﬁcations.
Les Plénipotentiaires des 2 Hautes Parties Contractantes
s’engagent à échanger les ratiﬁcations de leurs Augustes
Souverains a Paris dans I’espace de 6 mois, ou plus tôt si faire
se peut. °
En foi de quoi les 2 Plénipotentiaires‘respectifs des 2 Hautes
Parties Contrac tantes ont signé le présent Traité et y ont apposé
l'eurs sceaux.
Fait double en Français et en Persan le 24 Septembre, 1862,
à Téhéran.
(L.S.) M. CERRUTI.
(L.S.) MIRZA SAID KHAN.
Articles Additionnels, relatif au vente et à l’eæportation de la Graine
des vers-à-soie et les Cocons, (512., le 29 Septembre, 1862.
Silkworms’ Eggs and Cocoons.
ART. I. Le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté Persane s’engage
pendant l’espace de 4 ans à. autorlser pleinement les sujets Persans
a vendre la grame des vers-a-sole et les cocons, et à autoriser
aussi l’exportation de ces deux produits par les sujets Italiens,’
sauf, bien entendu, en faveur du trésor Persan la perception du
droit ordinaire de 5 pour cent à la sortie.
ART. II. En cas de dissentiment au sujets des droits de
Douane entre les Agents de la Douane et les négociants Italiens
ou leurs Agents il ne sera jamais permis de séquestrer, retenir
ou apporter des retards quelconques a la sortie des graines des
vers-à—soie parcequ’elles pourraient être perdues pas ces causes
et leurs conséquences. .
On se contentera d’exiger de l’exportateur une caution solide
égale au montant de la somme réclamée par les autorités
Persanes, et la difﬁculté pendante sera jugée suivant l’usage à
T éhéran par le Gouvernement Persan et la Légation de Sa
Majesté Italienne.
Il est évident que les sujets Persans employés par les négo-
ciants Italiens seront soumis a la loi Persane.
Appointment of Consuls.
ART. III. Le Gouvernement Persan autorise l’établissement
de Consuls ou Agents Consulaires Italiens dans 3 places com-
merçantes de la Perse : a Tébriz, Bushyr, et Rescht. Ces
Agents seront traités sur le même pied que ceux de la Puissance
la plus favorisée.
104
PERsIk m) KELAT; [1-4 Sept;,1871:
Le Gouvernement Italien s’engage en outre des stipulations
contenues dans le Traité a autoriser l’établissement d’un Consul
Persan dans une des villes du Royaume d’Italie au choix du
Gouvernement Persan et selon qu’il 1e jugera convenable pour
les intéréts des négociants Persans.
ART. IV. Ces ArticlesAdditionnels au Traité signé aujourd’hui
Seront considérés comme faisant partie du meme Traité et
seront inclus dans les memes ratiﬁcations pendant l’espace de
4 années.
Fait en double a Téhéran, aujourd’hui 29 Septembre, 1862
(4 Rebbi us sani 1279 Hégire).
(L.S.) M. CERRUTI.
(L.S.) MIRZA SAID KHAN.

A GREEMEN T between Great Britain and Persia, respecting the
Boundary between Persia and Kelat (Belooehistan and Melcran).
--lst-4t/t September, 1871.
()n the 1st September, 1871, the following note was ad-
, dressed by the British Minister at Tehran (Mr. Alison) to the
Persian Minister for Foreign Affairs :—-~
“The undersigned, Her Britannic Majesty’s Envoy Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Persia,
acting on the part of his Government, has the honour to sub-
mit, for‘ the approval of His Majestyr the Shah, a map in which
the boundary line between the territories possessed in Balu-
chistan by Persia, and the territories forming the exclusive
property of the independent State of Kelat, is delineated.
“ This line may be described z—Commencing from the
northernmost point, or that which is furthest from the sea, the
territory of Kelat is bounded to the west by the large Persian
district of Dizzuk, which is composed of many dehs or minor
districts, those on the frontier being Jalk and Kallegan. Below
these two last named is the small district of Kohuk, which,
together with Punjghur, comprising Parum and other depen—
dencies, is on the Kelat side of the frontier, while on the Persian
side is Bampusht.
“ Below P unj ghur, the frontier'possessions ot Kelat to the sea
are Boleida, including Zamiran and other dependencies, Mund
‘and Dusht. Within the Persian line of frontier are the villages
or tracts belonging to Sirbaz and Bahu Dustyari. The boundary
of Dusht is marked by a long line drawn through the Drabol
hill, situated between the Rivers Bahu and Dusht, to the sea in
the Bay of Gwuttur.
“To summarize,-Punjghur and Parum, and other depen-
dencies, with Kohuk, Boleida, including Zamiran and other
dependencies; Mund, including Tump, Nasserabad, Kedj, and
all districts, dehs, and dependencies to the eastward; Dusht,
105
15mm)’, 1873.] PERSIA AND KELAT.
with its dependencies as far as the sea. These names'exhibit
the line of actual possession of Kelat, that is to say, all tracts
to the east of the frontier of actual Persian possession, which
frontier comprises Dizzuk and Bampusht, Sirbaz and Peshin,
Bahu and Dustyari.”
This note was accepted by the Persian Government in a
letter which was addressed by Mirza Saeed Khan to Mr. Alison,
on the 4th September, 1871.
“ Your Excellency’s letter of the 1st instant, together with the
map of General Goldsmid, the British Commissioner, respecting
the frontier line between the Persian possessions and depen-
dencies in Baluchistan and the Baluchistan dependencies made
over to the independent State of Kelat, have been received and
have both been submitted to His Majesty the Shah.
“ In obedience to His Majesty’s orders, I beg, in reply, most
respectfully to state that the Persian Government, notwith-
standing the clear right which it considered itself to have over
Baluchistan, simply out of regard for the wishes of Her Britannic
Majesty’s Government, that this question should be brought to
a satisfactory conclusion by the deﬁnition of a boundary line,
has hereby accepted your Excelleney’s letter and the map.
The Persian Government now looks forward to the desirable
results and important advantages which it expects from the
British Government for this great act of compliance and co-
operation on the part of Persia, and awaits to see what will
emanate from the suitable manner in which the matter will be
represented through the good offices of your Excellency, an
experienced Minister and a well-wisher, perfectly cognizant of
the whole details of the merits of the question.”
A request was subsequently preferred by the Persian
Government that the small district of Kohuk, lying between the
Jalk and Kallegan sub-divisions of the Dizzuk district, and
which had been included on the map within the Kelat frontier
might be made over by Persia. This was so far agreed to that
Her Majesty’s Government agreed that the line forming the
western boundary of Kelat was drawn to the east of Kohuk,
but no opinion was expressed as to the position of the Persian
frontier (“ Aitchison’s Treaties,” Vol. 6, page 365).

On the '15th May, 1873, the following amended note was
proposed by the British Government to be substituted for that
signed and sealed by the late Mr. Alison and the Persian
Minister for Foreign Aﬁairs, on the 1st September 1871:—
“ As, under the agreement concluded at Tehran on the 1st
September, 1871, by the late Charles Alison, Esquire,_C.B., Her
Britannic Majesty’s Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary at the Court of Persia, and Mirza Saeed Khan, Minister
of Foreign Affairs to His Majesty the Shah'of Persia, it was pro-
posed that, for purposes of future reference and identiﬁcation, an
English ()ﬂicer of Engineers should meet an ‘Oﬁicer'duly ap-
106
PERSIA AND KELAT. [15th May, 1873.
pointed' by the Government of Persia, to, lay down themore
permanent landmarks and features of the actual line of frontier
etween Persian Baluchistan and the Kelat State determined
by the British Commissioner, Major-General Goldsmid, making
a careful survey thereof for record; and as, under the terms of
~the said agreement, Major St. John, an Officer of the British
'Royal Engineers, and Mirza Ashraf Ali Khan, a nominee of the
Persian Government, both deputed on the aforesaid duty, pro-
ceeded to carry out the work required, and returned to Tehran
with maps, which maps have been duly submitted for inspection;
and as, moreover, the Persian Government have moved Her
Britannic lVl-ajesty’s Government to reconsider the question of
the exclusion of the Kohuk District from the Persian, and its
inclusion within the Kelat territory ruled by the British Com-
n1issioner,-—the delineation shown in the accompanying map,
explained in the following verbal description of the frontier, is
understood on both sides to be correct and binding in substitu-
tion of any former drawing, paper, or agreement whatever, as
now certiﬁed by the undersigned, Her Britannic Majesty’s
Minister at the Persian Court, acting on the part of his Govern-
ment, and . . ., Ministerial representative of the Government
of the Shah of Persia,—
“ Commencing from the northernmost point, or that which is
furthest from the sea, the territory of Kelat is bounded generally
to the West by the large Persian District of Dizzuk, which is
composed of many dehs, or minor districts, those on the frontier
being J all: and Kalegan. But below the two last named, and
between Dizzuk and Punghur, is a tract of land called distinc-
tively Kohuk, but comprising Kohuk, Kunabasta, and Isfunda,
.with reference to which the line will be drawn so as to include
the barren lands of Gurh and Segzi within the limits of
Punjghur, these lands thus marking the actual Kelat frontier.
“ 2. Below Punjghur, the frontier possessions of Kelat to the
sea_ are Boleida, including Zamiran and other dependencies,
Mund, and Dusht. Within the Persian line of frontier are the
villages or tracts belonging to Sirbaz and Bahu Dastyari. The
boundary of Dusht is marked by a long line drawn west of the
Draboly Hill, situated between the rivers Bahu and Dusht, to
the sea in the Bay of Gwuttur.
“3. To summarize,—-Punjghur, including Gurh and Segzi,
also Parum and other dependencies; Boleida, including Zamiran
and other dependencies; Mund, including Tump; Nasserabad,
Kedj, and all districts, dehs, and dependencies to the eastward;
Dusht, with its dependencies as far as the sea—these names
exhibit the line of frontier of Kelat, that is to say, all tracts to
the east of the frontier of actual Persian possession, which
frontier comprises Dizzuk, inclusive of Bampusht, Sirbaz, and
Peshin Bahu and Dastyari. _
“ 4. It is, moreover, understood that the Persians assert no
claim, right, or title to the tracts north of. Punjghur, or on the
right bank of the Mashkid river, from Kohuk upwards.
107
3rd July, 1857.] PERSIA AND THE NETHERLANDS.
“ 5. And it is provided that any minor disputes as to ‘doubtful
land, water, right of way, &c., &c.. which may eventually arise,
and cannot be settled by the litigants themselves, shall be
referred for decision to the British Political Agent at Gwadur.
“ 6. The undersigned, on behalf of their respective Govern-
ments, exchange congratulations on the happy termination of
this troublesome question, and in the consequent removal of
those serious causes of trouble and anxiety which disturbed the
harmonious relations so desirable to cultivate between the au-'
thorities of Great Britain and Persia.”

[The Persian Government declined, at this time, to give
their formal acceptance of this revised Note; and they have
not since done so.]

TRAITE d’Amz'tie' et (16 Commerce, entre les Pays-Baa et la
Perse.——Signé at Paris, Is 3 Juillet, 1857.alé
[Ratiﬁcations échangées, le 30 J anvier, 1858.]

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Friendship.
II. Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
III. Treatment of Merchants and Travellers. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment.
Right to Import and Export Merchandize, &c. Submission to Laws relat-
ing to Internal Trade.
IV. Import and Export Duties; Taxes. Exception in favour of certain Special
Privileges granted in N ether-land Colonies. Persians to enjoy same Rights
as those granted by the Netherlands to British, French, and Ottoman
Subjects.
V. Appointment of Consuls at certain places in either country. Consular Privi-
leges. N on-protection of Natives. Position of Consuls engaged in Trade.
VI. Duration of Treaty. Ratiﬁcations. -

Au nom de Dieu clément et miséricordieuxl
SA Majesté Guillaume III, Roi des Pays-Bas, Prince
d’Orange-Nassau, Grand Duo de Luxembourg, &c.
Et Sa Majesté lmpériale, le Sacré, l'Auguste, le Grand
Monarque, le Roi des Rois, le Souverain absolu de tous les Etats
de Perse ;
L’un et l’autre également en sincerement désireux d’établir
des rapports d’amitié entre les deux Etat-s, ont voulu les con-
solider par un Traité d’Amitié et de Commerce réciproquement
avantageux et utile aux sujets des deux Hautes Puissances
Contractantes.
A cet eﬂ‘et ont désigné pour leurs Plénipotentiaires:
Sa Majesté le Roi des Pays-Bas, le Sieur Léonard Antoine
Lightenvelt, son Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre Plénipoten-
tiaire pres Sa Majesté l’Empereur des Francais, &c.
Et Sa Majesté l’Ernpereur de tonte la Perse, son Excellence
' A
. From “ State Papers,” Vol. 47, page 514.
108
'PERSIA AND THE NETHERLANDS. [3rd J uly, 185:7.
Farrokh Khan, Eminol Molk, Son Ambassadeur Extraordinaire
près Sa Majesté l’Empereur des Français, 850.
Et les deux Plénipotentiaires s’étant réunis à Paris, ayant
échangé leurs pleins pouvoirs. et les ayant trouvés en bonne et
due forme, ont arrêté les Articles suivants :
F riends/zip.
ART. I. A dater de ce jour il y aura amitié sincère et une
constante bonne intelligence entre le Royaume des Pays-Bas,
ses colonies et possessions d’outre-mer, et tous les sujets Néer-
landais, et l’Empire de Perse et tous les sujets Persans.
Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
ART. II. Les Ambassadeurs ou Ministres Plénipotentiaires,
qu’il plairait à chacune des deux Hautes Puissances Contrac-
tantes d’envoyer et d’entretenir auprès de l’autre, seront reçus et
traités, eux et tout le personnel de leur mission, comme sont
reçus et traités dans les deux pays respectifs les Ambassadeurs
ou Ministres Plénipotentiaires des nations les plus favorisées, et
ils y jouiront, de tout point, des mêmes prérogatives et immu-
nités.
~Treatment of Merchants and Yravetlers. Most-Favoured-Nation
Treatment.
ART. III. Les sujets des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes,
voyageurs, négociants, industriels et autres, soit qu’ils se dé-
placent, soit qu’ils résident sur le territoire de l’un ou de l’autre
Etat, seront respectés et efficacement protégés par les autorités
du pays et leurs propres agents, et traités à tous égards comme
le sont les sujets de la nation la plus favorisée.
Right to Import, Export, and Transport Merchandize, &c.
Ils pourront réciproquement apporter, par terre et par mer,
dans l’un et dans l’autre Etat, et en exporter toute espèce ‘de
marchandises et de. produits, les vendre, les échanger, les
acheter, les transporter en tous lieux sur le territoire de l’un et
de l’autre Etat.
Submission to Laws relating to Internal Trade.
Mais il est bien entendu que les sujets de l’un et de l’autre
Etat qui se livreraient au commerce ultérieur, seront soumls aux
lois du pays où ils font le commerce.
Import and Export Duties. T axes.
ART. IV. Les navires respectifs et les merchandises importées
ou exportées par les sujets respectifs des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes, ne payeront dans l’un et l’autre Etat, soit à.
l’entrée, soit a la sortie, que les mêmes droits que payent à
109
Srd'JuIy, 1857.] PERSIA AND THE NETHERLANDS.
l’entrée et a la sorties dans l’un et dans l’autre Etat les navires
ainsi que les marchandises et produits importés ou exportés par
les marchands et sujets de la nation la'plus favorisée, et. nulle
taxe exceptionelle ne pourra, sous aucun nom et sous aucun
prétexte, être réclamée dans l’un comme dans l’autre Etat.
Eæception in favour of certain Special Privileges granted in
iVetherland Colonies.
Il est fait exception à cette règle du présent Traité, en ce
qui concerne les faveurs spéciales accordées ou à. accorder par
la suite dans les colonies Néerlandaises des Indes-Orientales
aux nations Asiatiques de l’Archipel Oriental, pour l’importation
des produits de leur sol et de leur industrie ou pour leur expor-
tation.
Persians to enjoy same Rights as those granted by the Netherlands
to British, French, and Ottoman Subjects.
Il est bien entendue que, sous ce rapport même, les sujets
Persans seront traités de la même manière que ceux de la nation
la plus favorisée de l’Europe, de l’Amérique ou de l’Asie, par
comprise sous la dénomination de nation Asiatique de l’Archipel
Oriental, et qu’ils auront nommément les mêmes droits que les
sujets de leurs Majestés Britannique, Française et Ottomane.
Appointment of Consuls at certain places in either country.
ART. V. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter les bonnes et équitables
relations entre les sujets des deux Etats, les deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes se réservent la faculté de nommer chacune trois
Consuls. ,
Les Consuls des Pays-Bas résideront à Téhéran, a Bender
Bouchir,"e et à TaurisT
Les Consuls de Perse résideront à. Amsterdam, à Rotterdam,
et à. Batavia.
Consular Privileges.
Les Consuls des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes jouiront
réciproquement sur le territoire de l’un et de l’autre Etat où sera
établie leur résidence, du respect, des priviléges et immunités
accordés ‘dans l’un et dans l’autre pays aux Consuls de la nation
la plus favorisée.
Non-Protection of Natives.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls des Pays-Bas ne
protégeront ni publiquement ni secrètement les sujets Persans.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans ne pro-
tégeront ni publiquement ni secrètement les sujets des Pays-
Bas.
* Bushire. 1' Tabreez.
‘ 110
PERSIA AND THE NETHERLANDS. [3rd July, 1857.
Position of Consuls engaged in Trade.
Les Consuls des deux Gouvernements Contractants, qui
dans l’un et l’autre Etat se livreraient au commerce, seront
soumis aux mêmes lois et aux mêmes usages auxquels sont
soumis leurs nationaux faisant le même commerce.
Duration of Treaty. (Till 30th January, 1870; then terminable
after 12 months’ notice.)
ART. VI. Le présent’l‘raité de Commerce et d’Amitié cimenté
par la sincère amitié et la conﬁance qui règnent entre le Royaume
des Pays-Bas et l’Empire de Perse sera, Dieu aidant, ﬁdèlement
observé et maintenu de part d’autre pendant douze ans, à dater
du our où les ratiﬁcations seront échangées.* Mais si une année
avant l’expiration du terme ﬁxé aucune des deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes n’a annoncé ofﬁciellement à l’autre l’in-
tention d’en faire cesser les effets, il continuera à rester en
Vigueur pour les deux parties pendant un an à dater du jour où
il aura été dénoncé, quelle que soit l’époque a laquelle cette
déclaration aura lieu.
Ratiﬁeations.
Les Plénipotentiaires des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
s’engagent à échanger les ratiﬁcations des leurs Augustes
Souverains ‘a Paris ou a Constantinople, dans l’espace de six
mois, ou plus tôt si faire se peut.
En foi de quoi, les Plénipotentiaires respectifs des deux
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont signé le présent Traité et y
ont apposé leurs sceaux.
Fait double à Paris en Français et en Perse, le 3 du mois
de Juillet de l’an du Christ 1857.
(L.S.) LIGHTENVELT.
(L.S.) FARROKH KHAN.

*“ 30th January, 1858.

17th Nov.,1’856.] ‘ PERSIA AND OMAN (MUSCAT).
TREATY betuieen the Shah of Persia and the Ruler of Oman,
respecting the T own and District of Bender-A bbas.-—17th No-
vember, 1856?‘

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Bender-‘Abbas, Kishm, Ormuz, &c.
Bender-‘Abbas and Dependencies to form portions of Persian Territory.
II. Conditional Deposition of Ruler.
Ill. No new Castles to be Erected or Moats to be Dug. ,
1V. Ceremonial to be observed in event of Governor-General of Fars visiting
Bender-‘Abbas.
V. Persian Flag to be hoisted at Bender-‘Abbas on certain days.
VI. Extent of Jurisdiction of Ruler of Bender-‘Abbas.
Assistance to be rendered to Persian Troops proceeding to Beloochistan, 8w.
VII. Surrender of Fugitives.
VIII. Annual Revenue to be paid to Rulers.
IX. Properties of Persian Merchants impounded at Kishm to be restored. ' ' '
X. Dues to he Levied on Commercial Effects introduced into Bender-‘Abbas
from other parts. _ ' ‘ "
('l‘ranslahon.)
I take refuge with God from Satan the lapidated.
In the name of God, very compassionate, most compassionate.
O ! our Lord God, unto Thee do we apply for assistance ; O ! Thou
most Gracious One !
THIS is a copy of the mutual writing that took place in the
(Hijra) year 1272, between His Highness our Lord the Seyyid
' Sa‘id, son of Sultan, son of the Imam ’Ahmed, son of Sa‘id, Ruler
of ‘Uinan (Oman) and the (East African) Coasts’r (’Es-Sewahil),
and His Highness the Shah, the Greatest, Nasiru-’d--Din Shah,
Ruler of the mainland of ’Iran (Persia), and this is the text
thereof, as it appears.
Bender—‘Abbas, Kishm, Ormuz, dc.
_ I. Condition the First, which is the ﬁrst Chapter (or,
“ Article”), and which is that the Ruler of Bender-‘Abbas, who is
on the part of the ’lmam, possessed of magniﬁcence, the Seyyid
Sa‘id, over ‘[in] Bender-‘Abbas, and Shemil and Mina, and the
two islands ’El-Qishrn (“ Kishm”) and Hurmuz (“ Ormuz ”),
together with the appended territories, is appointed and commis—
sioned, and shall deliver to the Agents of the Exalted Govern-
ment [of Persia] a document to the following effect, namely :—
Bender-‘A bbas and Dependencies to form portions of Persian
Territory.
Bender-‘Abbas, with all its Dependencies, as well as the
appendages of that frontier, is [shall be] placed [accounted] as

* This arrangement was terminated in September, 1868. Bender-‘Abbas is now
under Persia.
1- This means in the local dialect the East Coast of Africa. At that time the Ruler
of Oman was also Ruler over the East African possessions at Zanzibar. (J. W . R.)
112
PERSIA AND OMAN (MUSCAT). [17th Nov., 1856.
a portion of the territories of Persia (or, “ Fars ”), and the Ruler
of the whole of that frontier is subject to the exalted Govern-
ment of ’Iran (Persia). . .1;
Conditional Deposition of Ruler.
II. Condition the Second, which is the second Chapter of
this mutual writing and which is, that: the said Ruler, when.
there shall proceed from him a derogatory act in the affair of the
frontiers, when upon investigation, a derogatory act shall have
proceeded from him, [then], by the mere notiﬁcation from His
Highness the Governor-General (Ferman-ferma, Command-
issuer) of Fars to His Highness the Imam, the said Ruler shall
be deposed and another appointed speedily.
No new Castles to be erected or Moats to be dug.
III. Condition the Third, which is the third Chapter of this
mutual writing, which is, that: in the said sea-port town
(“bender ”) there shall be no new building erected, such as
castles or towers; but, if repair be needed, it shall be repaired,
and any repeated digging of the moat shall not be, the former
castles with the towers being sutlicient without erection of new
castles or digging of a moat.
Ceremonial to be observed in event of Governor-General of Fars
visiting Bender-‘A bbas.
IV. Condition the Fourth, which is the fourth Chapter of this
mutual writing, which is, that: if at any time His Highness the
Governor-General of Fars shall move towards the Territories of
Bender-‘Abbas in view of relaxation, the Ruler of Bender-‘Abbas
shall arise and continue at his service like other Rulers of towns
[or countries] in the parts requiring services, meeting him with
ceremonial honours and respect, and receiving him with the
most sacred, most holy attentions and marks of favour.
Persian Flag to be hoisted at Bender-‘Abbas on certain days.
V. Condition the Fifth, which is the ﬁfth Chapter of this
mutual writing, which is, that: on the days of the Festivals, on
Fridays, and on the birthday of the centre of the aspect of the
Universe, the very great Shah, on which the ﬂag of the Badshah
shall be hoisted in Bender-‘Abbas for the sake of a blessing and
of joy, there shall also be appointed a sufﬁcient number of work-
men to execute this service, so that there be no negligence in
this respect.
Extent of Jurisdiction of Ruler of Bender-‘Abbas.
VI. Condition the Sixth, which is the sixth Chapter of this
mutual writing, which is, that: [in] the villages and parishes
which may be in the jurisdiction of the Ruler of Bender-‘Abbas,
113 I
17th Nor-2, 1856.] PER-SIA AND OMAN (MUSCAT).
in a more general sense, of the territory of Fars or Kirman, the
Ruler of Bender-‘Abbas shall not exercise any contr'ol'or 1n'ter—
ference therein.
Assistance to be rendered to Persian Troops proceeding to
Belooehistan,
And if it be that troops, on the part of the exalted Govern-
ment [of Persia], be on their way to the countries of the Bulush
(Belooches), or any other parts, passing the frontiers of Bender-
‘Abbas, then the Rulers who may be [acting] on your part shall
give them provisions and a guide for the heaven—assisted
[Persian] forces, taking from them a receipt. They shall render
tllenr'requisite services, as also the subjects (Ri‘aya)_of Mina
and Shemil, and of those parts which, in the space of the last
two years, have served the exalted Government in ﬁdelity, and
are known to His Highness the most sacred and holy.
From this day forward, the Ruler of Bender-‘Abbas shall not
turn against them any evidence, or seek to cavil against them
on the subject of damage or the like.
Surrender of Fugitives.
VII- Condition the Seventh, the seventh Chapter of this
mutual vwriting, which is, that: if any one of the subjects of Fars
should run- away, and ﬂee to the said frontiers, and join yon,
[then,] on the mere indication’ of his most sacred Highness the
Governor-General, the fugitives shall be delivered over to him.
Annual Revenue to be paid to Rulers.
VIII‘. ‘Condition the Eighth, which is the eighth Chapter of
this mutual writing, being that: the regular revenue and the
honorarium are 14,000 tomans ; in this wise: the revenue is 12,000
tomans,'_and the honorarium 2,000 tomans, in every year; this
being paid in four instalments, delivered, and receipts shall. be
given to all the Rulers.
Properties of Persian Merchants impounded at Kishm to be
' '- restored.
IX. Condition the Ninth, which is the ninth Chapter of this
mutual writing, being that: the properties of Persian merchants
impounded in Kishm shall be entirely and totally released and
delivered to their representatives, who shall give receipts on
delivery‘of their goods.
Dues to be levied on (bmmereial ltzﬁ'eets introduced into Bendew
‘Abbas from other parts.
X. Condition the Tenth, which is the tenth Chapter of this
mutual writing, being that: from the tenour of what the mer—
chants, subjects of the exalted Government of Persia, have
represented, that formerly one of the Baniyans' (Banians),'who'
-‘ ‘ - 114 ' v '
PERSIA ‘AN D RUSSIA. [12th Oct’, 1813.
farmed the dues* of the Bay of Masgat (Muscat), had some one
on his part, who resided. in Bender-‘Abbas, over the commercial
effects belonging to the subjects of the exalted Government of
‘Iran, which were carried from Bender-‘Abbas to India and other
‘parts, and who used to collect from them the Muscat duties,‘&c.',
at Bender-‘Abbas. And that, in all countries [towns], and with
all Governments, this custom [due] does not exist [that], a
thing which does not enter the country [town], they [should]
take tithes therefrom. And this is contrary to the rule and the
law; indeed, it is an evident innovation [that] property which
does not enter the country [town] shou d be made liable to
tithes. It is necessary that His Highness the ~Imam should
do away with this innovation altogether. And whosoever in-
troduces commercial effects ‘into Bender-‘Abbas from any places
h'enceforward, let them deliver up the tithes [thereof] in like
manner as took place in the time of Seyf, son of Mihnan, not more.
.Written' on the 17th of Rebi‘u-‘l-ewwel, in the (Hijra) year
1273 (November 17, 1856). “s /A
God the Most Loving! 4 ,,
(L.S.) SA‘ID, son of Sultan
(L.S.) TAHMAS MIRZA. '
Translated by J. W. REDHOUSE.

'[ 'RA I TE de Paz'w et d’Amz'tz'e' perpétuelle, conclu entre Z’Empire ([6
Russia et celui de Perse dans le Camp Russe, sur la Riviera de
Siewa dams le Gulz'stan, [e 12 Octobre, 1813.1‘

I'Ratiﬁcationsiexchanged at Tiﬂis, 15th September, 1814.]

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
Preamble.
I. Cessation of Hostilities ; Peace and Friendship.
II. Status quo pre'sent to form future Frontier Line between Russia and Persia.
' Description of the Boundary Line.
III. Cessions by Persia to Russia.
1V. Assistance to be rendered by Russia to Heirs to the Persian Throne. N 0
Foreign Enemy to be allowed to interfere in Persian Aifairs. Russia not
to interfere in Differences between the Sons of the Shah unless invited to
do so by the Shah.
V. Navigation of the Caspian Sea by Merchant Vessels. Coasting Trade.
Wrecks. Russian Ships of \Var only to be allowed on Caspian Sea.
VI. Restoration of Prisoners of ‘Var.
V[I. Reception of Diplomatic and Consular Agents.
VIII. Commercial Relations. Right of Merchants of either country to Enter,
. , Reside, ard Trade in the Territories of the other,
1X. Duties on Imports not to exceed 5 per cent.
X. Right of Merchants to Trade without requiring Permits.
XI. Cessation of Hostilities. Ratiﬁcations.
* Customs dues appear to be considered as “ tithes.” (J. W. R.)
‘I’ Abrogated bywar: sec Treaty l—Ot—h February, 1828, Art. II, page 118. For
22nd
Treat-y, see “ State Papers,” Vol. 5, page 1109.
115 ' 1 2
IZth'Octq 1813.] .PERSIA AND RUSSIA.
Description of the Beundary Line.
ART. II. Cette ligne commence près la Forêt Odina-Basara,
traverse en droite ‘ligne le Desert Maganais, jusqu’a la digue
d’Edibuluk près la rivière Arax, de la en montant le long de
l’Arax jusqu’a l’endroit où la petite rivière Kapanaktschaja y
entre, et plus loin à la droite de la petite Rivière Kapanaktschaja
jusqu‘à la crête des montagnes de Migrin, et continue a s’etendre
de la par les limites des Chanats Karabag et Nachitschewan sur
la crête des montagnes de Alegas, jusqu’a la Forêt Daraleges, où
se touchent les limites des Chanats de Karabag, Nachitschewan,
Erivan, et d’une partie du Cercle d’Elisabethpol (lequel appar-
tenait autrefois au Chanat de Ganschin); en suite de la par la
limite qui sépare le Chanat d’EriWan, des terres du Cercle
d’Elisabethpol comme de celui de Schamschadit et de Kasach
jusqu’a la Forêt de Eschok Meidan, et de là sur les crêtes des
montagnes en suivant a droite le cours de la petite rivière et de
la route de Gimsatschiman le long de la crête de la montagne
de Bambak jusqu’au coin de la limite de Schuragel; de cet
angle enﬁn jusqu’à la hauteur du mont glacial d’Alages, et de
la le long de la crête des montagnes par la frontière de Schn-
ragel, entre Mastaras et Artik jusqu’a la petite Rivière de
Arpatschaja. Au reste, comme le Territoire de Taluschin a
passé pendant la guerre tantôt sous le pouvoir de l’une tantôt
sous celui de l’autre Puissance, les limites de ce Chanat du côté
de Sinsel et Ardawil seront, pour plus de certitude, réglées après
la signature et la Ratiﬁcation du présent Traité par les Commis-
saires réciproquement nommés d’un accord commun; lesquels
Commissaires dresseront, sous la direction des Commandans en
Chef des 2 Parties, une description ﬁdèle et détaillée des terri-
toires et habitations, comme aussi des rivières, montagnes, lacs
et forêts qui se trouvent jusqu’a ’époque présente dans la
possession effective de l’une des 2 Parties; et alors il sera tiré
une ligne de délimitation du Chanat du Taluschin sur la base de
’état de possession actuel, de sorte que chaque partie reste en
ossession de son territoire. De la même manière, si dans les
limites ci-dessus tracées la ligne dépasseroit en quelque point la
possession actuelle de l’une ou de l’autre des 2 Parties, chaque
Partie obtiendra après examen des Commissaires des 2 Hautes
Puissances, une indemnité proportionnelle sur la base de l’état
de possession actuelle.*
Cessions by Persia to Russia.
ART. III. Sa Majesté le Schach, aﬁn de prouver à Sa Majesté
I’Empereur de Russie la sincérité de ses intentions, reconnoit
solennellement, tant pour lui que pour ses successeurs au Trône
de Perse, que les Chanats (Gouvernemens) ci—dessous appar-
tiennent en propre à l’Empire Russe: le Chanat de Karabag et
*3‘ See Map facing page 120.
116
Ï PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [22nd Feb.,1828.
de Ganschin, qui son maintenant réunis et une Province sur
‘le nomme d’Elisabethpol, ainsi que les Chanats de Schekin,
_Schirwan,.Derbent, Kubin, Bakiu et Talischin, avec les terres
dépendantes qui se trouvent maintenant au pouvoir de la Russie .;
.en outre tout le Daghestan, la Grusinie (Georgie,) avec la Pro-
vince de Schuragel, lmirezie, Guriel, Mingrélie et Abchasie, de
même que tous les territoires et fonds de terre qui sont-situés
entre la frontière qui vient d’être déterminée et la ligne du
.Caucase, avec les Pays et les Peuplades que conﬁnent a cette
‘dernière et a la Mer Caspienne.

, [War was declared by Russia against Persia on the 28th
September, 1826.] a

TRAIT de Paie: et d’A mitz'é entre ‘Sa Majesté Z’Empereur de toutes
les Russies et Sa Majesté Le Sc/zalz de Perse. Signe’ à Touris-
mantclzaî, Février, 1828.*T
—_—9
TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art. r
I. Friendship.
II. Obligations of Treaty of 12th October, 1813, terminated by ‘Var.
III. Cessions by Persia to Russia.
IV. Description of New Frontier Line.
V. New Territories belonging to Russia. A
VI. Pecuniary Indemnity to be paid by Persia to Russia on account of the War.
VII. Recognition by Russia of Prince Abbas Mirza as Successor to the Persian
I - Throne. -
VIII. Right of Russian and Persian Merchant Vessels to Navigate the Caspian Sea.
Coasting Trade. Wrecks. None but Russian Vessels of 'War allowed on
' the Caspian Sea.
‘IX. Reception of Ambassadors and other Diplomatic Agents.
X. Commercial Relations; Protection of Subjects and Commerce. Appoint-
ment of Consuls and Commercial Agents.
XI. Payment of Debts suspended during War.
XII. Three Years allowed for Settlement of Question respecting Immovable
Property in ceded Territories.
XIII. Prisoners of War.
XIV. Extradition of Fugitives and Deserters.
XV. Amnesty.
vXVI. Cessation of Hostilities. Ratiﬁcations.

Au nom de Dieu tout-puissant!
SA Majesté le Très-Haut, Très-Illustre et Très-puissant
Empereur et Autocrate de toutes les Russies, et Sa Majesté le
Padischah de Perse, également animés d’un sincère désir de
mettre un terme aux maux d’une Guerre entièrement contraire

* See also Commercial Treaty, and Agreement respecting Ceremonial to be
observed on reception of Ambassadors and Diplomatic Agents of same date, pages
125130. . _ Un,
if From “ State Papers,” Vol. 15, page 669.
117
22nd Feb., 1828.] PERSIA AND RUSSIA.
a leurs mutuelles dispositions, et de rétablir sur une base solide
les anciens rapports de bon voisinage et d’amitié entre'les deux
Etats au moyen d’une Paix, qui porte en elle-même la garantie
de sa durée, en éloignant tout sujet de différend et de
mésintelligence futur, ont désigné pour leurs P lénipotentiaires,
chargés de travailler a cette oeuvre salutaire, savoir: ‘
Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toutes les Russies, le Sieur Jean
Paskévitch, son Aide-de—Camp Général et Général d’lnfanterie»:
Et le Sieur Alexandre Qbrescoﬁ‘, son Conseiller-d’Etat actuel
et Chambellan; »
Et Sa Majesté le Schah de Perse, son Altesse Royale le
Prince Abbas-Mirza;
Lesquels, après s’être réunis à Tourkmantchaî, et avoir
échangé leurs Pleins Pouvoirs, trouvés en bonne et due forme‘,
ont arrêté et conclu les Articles suivans:
Fa'z'endshz'p.
ART. I. Il y aura, à compter de ce jour, paix, amitié et
parfaite intelligence entre Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toutes les
Russies d’une part, et Sa Majesté le Schah de Perse do l’autre
part, Leurs Héritiers et Successeurs, Leurs Etats et Leurs
Sujets respectifs, à perpétuité.
Obligations of Treaty of 12th October, 1813, terminated by W'ar.
ART. II. Considérant que les hostilités survenues entre les
Hautes Parties Contractantes, et heureusement terminées au—
jourd’hui, ont fait cesser les obligations que leur imposait le Traité
de Gulistanﬁ Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toutes les Russies et Sa
esté le Padischah de Perse, ont jugé convenable de remplacer
ledit Traité do Gulistan par les présentes Clauses et Stipula-
tions, lesquelles sont destinées à régler et à. consolider de plus en
plus les relations futures do paix et d’amitié entre la Russie et
la Perse.
Cessions‘ by Persia to Russia.
ART. III. Sa Majesté le Schah de Perse, tant en son nom .
qu’en celui do ses Héritiers et successeurs, cède en toute
propriété à l’Empire de Jtussie le Khanat d’Erivan, tant en-deçà
qu’en-dela de l’AraXe, et le Khanat de Nakhitchévan. En
conséquence de cette cession, Sa Majesté le Schah s’engage à
faire remettre aux Autorités Russes, dans l’espace de 6 mois au
plus, a partir do la signature du présent Traité, toutes les
Archives et tous les Documens publics concernant l’administra—
tion des deux Khanats sus—mentionnés.
Description Of New Frontier Line.
ART. IV. Les deux Hautes Parties Contractantes conviennent
#4—
* 12th October, 1813, page 115.
118
PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [22nd Feb., 1828.’
O
d’étalolir pour F routière entre les deux Etats, la Ligne de‘.
Démarcation suivante : En partant du point de la Frontière. des?
‘Zn
Etat-s Ottomans, le plus rapproché en ligne droite de la sommité. ‘i à.
du petit Ararat, cette ligne se dirigera jusqu’a la sommité de ‘g- '\
cette montagne, d’où elle descendra jusqu’à la source de la ‘
rivière dite Karassou inférieur, qui découle du versant méridional * i‘
du petit Ararat, et elle suivra son cours jusqu’à son embouchure s. et
dans l’Araxe, visa-vis de Chérour. Parvenue à ce point, cette l
ligne suivra le lit, de l’Araxe jusqu’à, la Forteresse 'd’Abbas-I-g \
Abad; autour des ouvrages extérieurs de cette-place, qui sont? w '
ÿ ‘:4 : Isitués sur ‘la rive droite’ de l’Araxe, il sera tra é un rayon'd’unj , Q
- m” demi-agatch, ou 3 verstes et demie de Russia? lequel’ s’é'tendra ‘ Ï ‘&
ç Z‘o'y’tî dans toutes les directions ; tout le terrain qui sera renfermé dans & ë
pm M ce rayon appartiendra exclusivement " la Russie, et sera‘ (à Ÿ
v :4, démarqué avec l‘a‘p‘lus ande exactitudeädans l’espace de deux-j’ Ë {7 mois, a dater de ce jourî epuis l’endroit où l’extrémité orientale "

Hw‘:
de ce rayon aura rejoint l’Araxe, la Ligne Frontiére continuera à
a suivre le lit de ce ﬂeuve Jusqu’au gué de Jédiboulouk, d’où le _ Territoire Persan s’étendra‘le ‘long du lit de l’Araxe sur un à?
espace de 3 agatch ou 21 verstes de Russia; parvenue à ce
point, la Ligne Frontière traversera en droiture la plaine du r r"
Monghan, jusqu’au' lit de la rivière dite Bolgarolï,’ a l’endroitqui . *- 5
se trouve situé a 3 agatch ou 21 verstes, abri-destins du conﬂuent‘ des deuxwpetites rivières appelées Odinahazar et Sarakamyche.-.
De ila,.cette Ligne remontera de la rive gauche du .Bolgarou;
jusqu’au conﬂuent desdites rivières Odinabazarfet Sarakamyche,
et s’étendra le long de la rive droite de la rivière d’Odinabazar.
juSqÏu’à ‘sa source, et de là jusqu’à la cime des hauteurs de Djikoïn.
de manière, que toutes les eaux qui coulent vers la Mer Caspienne. -
appartiandront a la Russie, et toutes celles dont le versant est
\
du côté de la Perse, appartiendront a ‘la Perse. La limite des .
deux Etats étant marquée ici par la crête des montagnes, il est‘:
convenu que leur déclinaison du côte de la Mer Caspienne
appartiendra à la Russie, et que leur pente opposée appartiendra
à la Perse. De la crête des hauteurs de Djiko'ir, la Frontière suivra jusqu’a la sommité de Kamarkouïa, les montagnes quill-
séparent le Talyche du. district d’Archa. ‘Les crêtes des mon-._, 5*
tagnes séparent de part et d’autre le versant des eaux, déter-
mineront ici la Ligne Frontière de la même manièrequ’il est dit
ci—dessus au sujet de la distance comprise entre la-source de-
l’Odinabazar et les sommités de DjlkOïI‘.’ La Ligne Frontière
suivra ensuite, depuis la sommité de Kamarkou‘ia, les crêtes des -
montagnes qui séparent le District de Zouvante de celui d’Archa,
jusqu’à la limite de celui de Welkidji, toujours conformément au
principe énoncé par rapport aux versans des eaux. Le District ,
de Zouvante, a l’excepiion de la partie située du côté opposé‘ de
la cime desditcs montagnes, tombera de la sorte en partage à la
Russia. A partir de la limite du District de W elkidji, la Ligne
' Frontière entre les deux-Etats suivra les sommités de Klopou-ty
et ‘de la chaîne principale des montagnes qui traversent:- le,
District de Welkidji jusqu’à la source septentrionale de la rivière
mante/mir,“
: o I?“
1
22m1 F eb., 1828.] PERSIA AND RUSSIA.
dite Astara, toujours en observant le principe relatif aux versans
des eaux. De la la Frontière suivra le lit de ce ﬂeuve jusqu’à
son embouchure dans la Mer Caspienne, et complétera la Ligne
de Démarcation, qui séparera dorénavant les Possessions respec-
tives de la Russie et de la Perse.
New Territories belonging to Russia.
ART. V. Sa Majesté le Schah de Perse, en temoignage de son
amitié sincère pour Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toutes les Russies,
reconnaît solennellement par le présent Article, tant en son nom
qu’au nom de ses Héritiers et Successeurs au Trône de Perse,
comme appartenans a jamais a l’Empire de Russie, tous les Pays
et toutes les Hes situés entre la Ligne de Démarcation désignée
par l’Article précédent d’un côté, et la crête des Montagnes du
Caucase, et la Mer Caspienne de l’autre, de même que les Peuples
nomades et autres, qui habitent ces Contrées.
Pecuniary Indemnity to be paid by Persia to Russia on account of
the War.
ART. VI. Dans le but de compenser les sacriﬁces considérables,
que la guerre, qu1 a éclaté entre les deux Etats, a occasionnés à
l’Empire de Russie, ainsi ,que les pertes et dommages qui en-
sont résultés pour les Sujets Russes, Sa Majesté le Schah de
Perse s’engage à les boniﬁer moyennant le paiement d’une
Indemnité pécuniare. Il est convenu entre les deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes, que le montant de cette Indemnité est
ﬁxé à, dix kurours de tomans raidje ou 20,000,000 de roubles
d’argent et que le mode, les termes et les garanties du paiement
de cette Somme seront réglés par un Arrangement particulier,
qui aura la même force et valem' que s’il était inséré mot à mot
au présent Traité.
Recognition by Russia of Prince Abbas ‘Mire/a as Successor to the
Persian T/zrone.*
ART. VII. Sa Majesté le Schah de Perse ayant jugé à—propos
de désigner pour son Successeur et Héritier Présomtif son
Auguste Fils le Prince Abbas Mirza, Sa Majesté l’Empereur
de toutes les Russies, aﬁn de donner à Sa Majesté le Schah de
Perse un témoignage public de ses dispositions amicales et de
son désir de contribuer a la consolidation de cet Ordre de Suc-
cession, s’engage à reconnaître dès aujourd’hui dans l’Auguste
Personne de Son Altesse Royale le Prince Abbas Mirza, le Suc-
cesseur et l’Hériti er Présomtif de la Couronne de Perse, et à le
considérer comme Légitime Souverain de ce Royaume dès son
avènement du Trône.

* See Agreement between Great Britain and Russia. of August, September, 183 1,
page 2] 5. . _
120
To Face page 120.
MAP ILLUSTRATING ROUGHLY, THE TER ITORIES CEDED TO RUSSIA BY PERSIA
BY THE TREATIES OF 12 OCTOBE 1813, AND 22 FEBRUARY 1828.

45' I
50'
@p2 _/'
iv!» /
l
B.
nu. la‘a Yedl
\

(KARABACH
‘ l


1
40° “Mammali-


mamsuunsuns‘ LII-JI- unvms uuLwc

_ SHOWING TERRITORIES CEDED T0
SHOWING TERRITORlES 050;!) T0
' RU S SIA BY PE RSIA. * RU S SIA BY PERSIA.
by the» Treaties of 12 October,1813, ’ , by the‘ Treaties of 12 OctnbeMSlB,
and 22, February, 1828 . _ ‘ and 22, February,1828 .
PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [22nd Feb., 1828.
Right of Russian and Persian Merchant Vesselsv to Navigate the
' Caspian Sea. Coasting Trade. VVTec/cs.
ART. VIII. Les Bâtimens Marchands Russes jouiront, comme
par le passé, du droit de naviguer librement sur la Mer Caspienne
et le long de ses côtes et d’y aborder. Ils trouveront en Perse
secours et assistance en cas de naufrage. Le même droit est
accordé aux Bâtimens Marchands Persans de naviguer sur
l’aneien pied, dans la Mer Caspienne et d’aborder aux Rivages
Russes, où, en cas de naufrage, les Persans recevront réciproque-
ment secours et assistance?‘
None but Russian Vesselsof War allowed on the Caspian Sea)“
_ Quant aux bâtimens de guerre, ceux qui portent le pavillon
Militaire Russe, étant ab antique les seuls qui aient eu le droit de
naviguer sur la Mer Caspienne, ce même privilege exclusif leur
est, par cette raison, également réservé et assuré aujourd’hui,
de sorte, qu’à. l’exception de la Russie, aucune autre Puissance
ne pourra avoir des bâtimens de guerre sur la Mer Caspienne.
Reception of Ambassadors and the Diplomatic Agents.
ART. 1X. Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toutes les Russies et Sa
Majesté le Schah de Perse ayant à. cœur de resserrer par tous
les moyens, les liens si heureusement rétablis entr’eux, sont
convenus que les Ambassadeurs, Ministres et Chargés d’Aﬁ‘aires.
qui pourraient être réciproquement délégués auprès des Hautes
Cours respectives, soit pour s’acquitter d’une Mission temporaire,
soit pour y résider en permanence, seront reçus avec les honneurs
et distinctions analogues à leur rang et conformes à la dignité
des Hautes Puissances Contractantes, comme à l’amitié sincère
qui les unit et aux usages du Pays. On conviendra à cet effet,
moyennant un Protocole espécial, du cérémonial a observer de
part et d’autreT
Commercial Relations; Protection cf Subjects and Commerce.
ART. X. Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toutes les Russies et Sa

* On the 24th November, 1869, the following decision of the Council of the
Empire of Russia was published, prohibiting the establishment of Companies for
the navigation of the Caspian Sea, except by Russian subjects, and the purchase by
foreigners of shares in such Companies 2-—
“ART. I. Désormais, il ne pourra être établi pour la navigation de la Mer
Caspienne d'autres compagnies d'actionnaires et d’autres maisons de commerce par
association ou en commandite (y compris les commanditaires), que celles exclusive-
ment composées de sujets Russes. Pour la constatation de ce fait les actions des
compagnies de cette nature ne pourront être que nominatives.
“ ART. II. A dater de 1a promulgation de cette règle, les actions et commandites
dans les entreprises de navigation sur la Mer Caspienne ne pourront être acquises
par les étrangers.” (“ State Papers,” Vol. 63, page 925.)
1' See Protocol (Procès-Verbal) of saineldate, page 130.
2
22nd Feb., 1828.] PERSIA AND RUSSIA.
Majesté‘ le'Schah de Perse considérant le rétablissement et‘
l’extension des Relations Commerciales entre les deux Etats,
comme un des premiers bienfaits que doit produire le retour de
la Paix, sont convenus de regler dans un parfait accord, toutes.
les dispositions relative à. la protection du Commerce, et à lait
sûreté des Sujets respectifs, et de les consigner dans un ‘Acte
séparé et ci-annexé, arrêté entre les Plénipotentiaires respectifs, _‘
et qui est et sera considéré comme faisant partie intégrante du‘
présent Traité de Paixf‘e
Appointment of Consuls and Commercial Agents.
Sa Majesté le Schah de Perse réserve à la‘ Russie, comme
par, le passé, le droit de nommer des Consuls, ou Agens Com-
merciaux, partout où le bien du Commerce l’exigera, et il
s’engage à fan‘ jouir ces Consuls et Agens, chacun desquels‘ ~
n’aura pas une suite de plus de dix Individus, de la protection,
des honneurs et des privilèges affectés à. leur caractère public.
Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toutes les Russies promet de Son
côté, d’observer une parfaite réciprocité à l’égard des Consuls ou
Agens Commerciaux de Sa Majesté le Schah de Perse. En cas
de plainte fondée de‘ la part du Gouvernement Persan contre un
des Agens ou Consuls Russes, le Ministre ou Chargé d’Aﬁ'aires
de Russie, résidant Ma, Cour de Sa Majesté le Schah, et sous ,
les ordres immédiats duquel ils seront placés, le suspendra" dé
ses fonctions, et en conférera provisoirement la gestion à qui il
jugera convenable.
Payment of Debts, suspended during Wa-r.
ART. XI. Toutes les affaires et réclamations des Sujets re:
spectifs, suspendues par l’évenement de la Guerre, seront reprises
et terminées suivant la justice après la conclusion de la Paix.
Les créances, que les Sujets respectifs peuvent avoir les uns
envers les autres, ainsi que celles sur le ﬁsc, seront promptement-
et entièrement liquidées.
Three Years allowed for Settlement of Questionefespecting Immovable
Property in Ceded T errz'tomes. '
ART. XII. Les Hautes Parties Contractantes conviennent
d’un commun accord, dans l’intérêt de Leur Sujets respectifs, de
ﬁxer un terme de 3 Ans, pour que ceux d’entr’eux qui simultané—
ment des propriétés immobilières en deçà et en delà de l’Araxe,
aient la faculté de les vendre, ou de les échanger librement.
Sa Majesté Impériale de toutes les Russies excepte néanmoins
du bénéﬁce de cette disposition, en autant qu’elle La concerne,
le ci—devant Sardar d’Erivan, Houssein Khan, son Frère Hassan
Khan et Kérim Khan, ci-devant Gouvernour de N akhitchévan. I

‘È See Commercial Treaty of same date, page 125.
122
PER-STA’ AND RUSSIA; [22nd Feb., 1828‘
Bo'isoners 0 f Î’VaT.
' ARTfXIIIfËl‘o'us‘les Prisonniers de Guerre faits de part et
d’autre, soit dans le cours de la. dernière Guerre, soit auparavant,
de même que les Sujets des deux Gouvernements réciproque-
ment; tombés-en captivité, a quelqu’époque que 'ce soit, seront
rendus dans le terme de 4 mois et après avoir été pourvus'de
vivreset autres objects‘nécessaires, ils seront dirigés sur Abbas
A'b'adæ.-pzôur'y êtreremis entre les ‘mains des Commissairésgürét
spectivement chargés de les recevoir et d7'aviser a leur renvoi‘
ultérieur. dans ‘leurfoyers; ‘Les Hautes'Prarties Contractantes ‘enj-
useront de même à l’égard de tous les ‘Prisonniers’de Guerre ‘et
de.--t'ousiles—S.ujets Russes et Persans'réciproquement tombés en"
captivité, qui n’auraient pas été restitués dans le termesusmena
tion'né, soit'en. raison de l’éloignement où ils se seraient trouvés;-
soit par toute. autre cause, ou circonstance. Les deuX‘Gouverne-
ments se‘ réservent expressement le droit illimité de les réclamer
en touttems, et ils s’obligent a les restituer mutuellement a
mesure qu’il s’en présentera, ou à mesure‘ qu’ils les réclamerontï
. l I
Extradition of Fugitives and Deserter3.*
‘ ART.‘ XIV. Les Hautes Parties Contractantes n’exigeront pas
l’e‘Xtradition des transfuges et déserteu‘rs, qui auraient passé sous
leur‘ domination respective avant ou pendant la guerre. Toute;
fois-pour ‘prévenir les conséquences mutuellement préjudiciables,’
qui pourraient résulter des intelligences, que quelques-uns de
ces transfuges chercheraient a entretenir avec leurs anciens
Compatriotes, ou VassauX, le Gouvernement Persan s’engage à
nepastolérer dans ses Possessions, situées entre l’AraXe et la
Ligne formée par la Riviére dite Tchara, par le Lac d’Ourmie,
par laBivière dite Djakatou et par la Rivière dite Kizil-Ozane,
iusqu’a son conﬂuent dans la Mer Caspienne, la présence des
Individus qui lui seront nominalement désignés maintenant, ou
qui lui seraient signalés àl’avenir. Sa Majesté l’Empereur de
toutes les Russies promet également de Son côté de ne pas per—
mettre que les transfuges Persans s’établissent, ou restent demeure dans les Khanats de Karabag et de N akhitchévan, ainsi
que dans la Partie du Khanat d’Erivan située sur la rive droite
de‘l’AraXe. Il est entendue toutefois que cette clause n’est, et
ne ‘sera’ obligatoire, qu’a l’égard d’Individus revêtus d’un carac—
tère public, ou de certaine dignité, tels que les Khans, les Begs
et les Chefs Spirituelle ou Mollahs, dont l’exemple personnel, les
instigations et les intelligences clandestines pourraient exercer
une‘ ‘inﬂuence . p’ernicieuse sur leurs anciens Compatriotes,
Administrés, ou VassauX. Pour ce qui concerne la masse de la
Population dans les deux Pays, il est convenue entre les Hautes
Parties Contractantes, que les Sujets respectifs qui auraient

* See Explanatory Convention of 8rd July, 1844, page 133.
123
22nd Fob., 1828.] PERSIA AND RUSSIA.
passé ou qui passoraiont a l’avonir d’un Etat dans 1’autro, soront
libros do s’étabhr, ou do séjournor partout on Io trouvora bon 1o
Gouvornomont sous la domination duquol ils so soront plaoés.
Amnesty.
ART. XV. Dans lo but bionfaisant ot salutairo do ramonor 1o
oalmo dans sos- Etats, ot d’écartor do sos Sujots tout ce qui
pourrait aggravor los maux qu’a déja attiré sur oux 1a Guorro a
1aquo11o lo'présont Traité a mis si hourousomont ﬁn, Sa' Majosté
1o Sohah aooordo uno Amnistio ploino ot ontioro a tous los
Habitans ot F onotionnairos do 1a Province dito l’Adzorbaidjano.
Auoun n’oux, sans exception do oatégorio, no pourra étro ni
poursuivi, ni molosté pour sos opinions, pour ses aotos, ou pour
la oonduito u’il aurait tonuo soit ondant' 1a uorro; soit
’ _%
pendant l’oooupation tomporairo do 1a dito Province par los
Troupos Russos. 11 lour sora aooordo' on outro lo tormo d’un an,
a dator do oo jour, pour so transporter libromont avoo ‘lonrs
families dos Eta-ts Porsans dans los Etats Russos, pour oxportor
ot pour Vondro lours bions-moublos, sans quo los Gouvornomons,
ou los Autorités Locales, puissont y mottro 1o moindro obstacle,
ni prélovor auoun droit, ou auouno rétribution sur los bions ot
sur los objots vondus, ou oxporto's par oux. Quant a lours bions
immoublos, i1 lour sora aooordé 1m tormo do 5 Ans pour los vondro,
on pour on disposer a lour gré. Sont oxooptés do ootto-Amnistigo
ooux qui so rondraiont ooupablos, dans l’ospaoo do toms susmon—
tionné d’un. An. do quoiquo crime, on délit passiblo dos poinos
punios par los Tribunaux.
Cessation of Ifostz'l'itz'es.
ART. XVI. Aussitﬁt apros 1a Signature du présont Traité do
Paix, les Plénipotontiairos rospootifs s’omprossoront d’onvoyor
on tous lioux los avis ot injonotions néoossairos pour la cessation
immédiato dos hostilités.
Ratiﬁcations.
Lo présont Traité do Paix, drossé on doux Instrumons do 1a
mémo tonour, signé par los Plénipotontiairos rospootifs, muni du
Cachot do lours Armos, ot éohangé ontr’oux, sora oonﬁrmé ot
ratiﬁé par Sa Majosté I’Emporour do toutos los Russios, ot Sa
Majosté lo Schah do Porso, ot los Ratiﬁcations solonnoll'os,
rovétus do Lour propro Signature, on soront éohangéos ontre
Lours Plénipotontiaires, dans lo tormo do 4 mois, ou plus tot si
fairo so pout. _
Fait au Village do Tourkmantohai,1o $7} Févrior, do l’An
do Grace 1828, ot 1o 5 do Sohobono do l’An 1243 do I’Egyro.
(L.S.) J. PASKEVITCH. (L.S.) ABBAS MIRZA.
(L.S.) A. OBRESCOFF. a

124
PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [22nd Feb., 1828.
"TREATY of Commerce between Russia and Persia—Signed at
Youricmantchai, 33% February, 1828.ale

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Passports. Persian Trade with Russia by the Caspian Sea or across the
Frontier. Property of Russian Subjects dying in Persia.
II. Registration of Contracts and other Documents relating to Commerce.
Legalization of Documents. Observance of Contracts. Reciprocity.
III. Duty of 5 per cent. on Merchandize imported or exported by way of the
Caspian Sea, or across the Frontier.
IV. Non-interruption of Trade in case of \Var with a third country.
V. Right of Russian Subjects in Persia to lwe and acquire Possession of Houses,
Shops, and \Varehouses. Inviolability of Domicile; N oil-entrance of
Houses, Shops, &c., of Russians without authority of a Russian Diplo-
matic or Consular Ofﬁcer. _
VI. Right of Russian Diplomatic and Consular Staff to Purchase Goods for their
own use Free of Duty. Reciprocal Treatment of Persian Diplomatic and
Consul Staff in Russia; Protection of Persian Subjects in Russian employ ;
Punishment by Persian Authorities when Guilty of Misconduct.
VII. Russian Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction : Civil Suits between Russian
Subjects. Russian Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction : Civil Suits
between Russians and Subjects of other Nations. Russian Diplomatic‘
and Consular Jurisdiction: Civil Suits between Russians and Persians;
Second Trials.
VIII. Criminal Jurisdiction: Crimes committed by Russian Subjects. Implication
of Subjects of other N at-ions. Witnesses. Deportation of Convicted
Criminals t > Russia to undergo Punishment.
IX. Enforcement of Foregoing Stipulations.

('l‘raduction.)
Au nom de Dieu, Tout Puissant!
ART. I. Les 2 Hautes Parties Contractantes désirant faire
jouir leurs sujets respectif's de tous les avantages qui résultent
d’une liberté réclproque de commerce, sont convenus de ce qui
suit:
Passports.
Les sujets Russes munis de passports en bonne forme pour-
ront commercer dans tout-e l’étendue du Royaume de Perse, et
se rendre également dans les Etats voislns dud1t royaume.
Persian Trade with Russia by the Caspian Sea or across the
Frontier.
En réciprocité de quoi les sujets Persans pourront im-
porter leurs marchandises en Russie, soit par la mer Cas-
pienne, soit par la frontiers de terre qui sépare la Russie de la
Perse, les échanger ou i'aire les achats pour l’exportation, et
ils jouiront de tous les droits et prerogatives accordés dans les
Etats de Sa Majesté 'Impériale aux sujets des Puissances amies
les plus favorisées.

"" See also Political Treaty, and Agreement respecting Ceremonial to be observed
on reception of Ambassadors, of same date, pages 117, 130.
1,25
2nd Feb., 1828] PERSIA AND RUSSIA.
Property ofRassian Subjects dying in Persia. _
En cas do décés d'un sujot Russo on Porso, sos bions moublos
ot iminoublos, commo appartonant a un sujot d’uno Puissanco
amio, soront rcmis intégraloinont a sos parents ou associés,
losquols aui‘ont droit d’aliénor los dits bions, sclon qu’ils jugoront
convonablo. A déf'aut do parents on d’associés, la disposition
do cos Inénios bions scra conﬁéo a la Mission ou aux Consuls
do Russio sans aucuno ontravo do la part dos autorités localos.
Registration of Contracts and other Documents relating to
Commerce.
ART. II. Los contrats, lottros d’échango, cautionnomonts ot
autros actos passés par o'crit ontro los suj ots rospoctif‘s, pour lours
aﬁ'airos do commorcc, soi'ont onrogistl'és choz lo Consul do
Russio ot choz lo Hakim (Jugo Civil) ot la, ou il no so trouvo
pas do Consul, choz lo Hakim soul, aﬁn qu’on cas do contesta-
tion ontro loo 2 parties on puisso fairo los rochcrchcs nécossairos
pour décidor lo diﬁ‘érond conformémont a la justice.
Legalisation of Documents.
Si lluno dos 2 parties sans étro pourvuo dos documents
drossés ot légaliso's commo il est dit plus haut, losquols soront
valablcs par-dovant chaquo cour dc justico, voulat intontor un
procos a l’autro on no produisant quo dos prouvos dos tosti-
monialos, do tollos prétontions no soi-ont point admisos a moins
quo lo défondour lui-mémo n’on roconnaisso la légalité.
Observance of Contracts.
Touto ongagomont contracté ontro los sujots rospoctifs, dans
los iormos ci-dossus proscritos, sora réligiousomont obsorvé ot
rofus d’y satisfairo qui occasionnorait dos portos a l’uno dos
parties donnora liou a uno indomnité proportionnollo do la part
do l’autro. En cas do faillito d’un négociant Russo on Porso,‘
sos créanciors soront payés dos bions ot oﬁ‘ots du failli, Inais loA
Ministro, lo Chargé d’Aﬂairos ou lo Consul do Russo no ro-i
fusoront pas s’ils on étaiont roquis, lours bons oﬁicos pour
s’assuror si lo failli n’a point laissé on Russio dos propriétés dis-
poniblos qui puissont sorvir a satisfaii-o los mémos créanciors.
Reciprocity.
Los dispositions arrétéos dans lo présont Article soront 1'éci—
proquomcnt obsorvéos a l’égard dos su1ots Persons qui com—
morcont on Russlo sur la protection dos 101s.
Duty of 5 per cent. on MZTCZLdﬂd’IiZL’ imported and exported by way of l
the Caspian b'ea or across the Frontier. ' '
‘ J~
" ‘ART. III. Aﬁn d’assuroizau commerce dos sujots'rospoctifsglos'l
126
PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [22nd F eb., 1828.
avantages qui font l’ohje't des stipulations antérieures, il est
convenu que les _marchandises importées en Perse ou exportées
de ce Royaume par les sujets Russes et pareillement les produc-
tions de la Perse importées en Russie par les sujets Persans, soit
par la mer Caspienne, soit par la frontière de terre entre les
2-Etats, de même que les marchandises Russes que des sujets
Persans exporteraient de l’empire par les mêmes voies, seront
soumises, comme par le passé, a un droit de 5 pour cent, perçu une ,1 ü‘ '
fois pour toutes a entre. à. hug-“sortie, et ne seront assujetties
ensuite’ au payen’ï’e‘nt d’aü’cîin autre droit de douane. Si la Russie
jugeait nécessaire d’arrêter de nouveaux règlements de douane
et de nouveaux tarifs, elle s’engage néanmoins à ne pas hausser
même dans ce cas, le droit ci-dessus mentionné de 5 pour cent. '
Non-interruption of Trade in case of War with a third Country.
ART. IV. Si la Russie ou la Perse se trouvait en guerre avec
une autre Puissance, il ne sera pas défendu aux sujets respectifs
de traverser avec leiu's marchandises le territoire des Hautes
Parties Contractantes pour se rendre dans les Etats de la dite
Puissance.
Rights of Russian Subjects in Persia to hire and acquire possession
of Houses, Shops, and Warehouses.
ART. V. Attendu qu’après les usages existants en Perse, il
est difficile pour les sujets étrangers de trouver a louer des
maisons, magasins, ou emplacements propre au dépôt de leurs
marchandises, il est permis aux sujets Russes en Perse non-
seulement de louer, mais aussi d’acquérir en toute propriété, des
maisons pour les habiter, et des magasins ainsi que des em—
placements pour y déposer leurs marchandises.
Inviolability of Domicile. Non-entrance of .Houses, Shops, éf’a, of
' Russians without authority of a Russian Diplomatic or Con-
sular Oﬁlcer.
Les employés du Gouvernement Persan ne pourront entrer de,
force dans les dites maisons magasins ou emplacements, à. moins
de recourir en cas de nécessité a l’autorisation du Ministre, ou
du Chargé d’Affaires, ou du Consul de la Russie, lesquels délé-
gueront un employé ou Dragoman pour assister a la visite de la
maison ou des marchandises.
Right of Russian Diplomatic and Consular Staﬁ' to purchase Goods
for their own use free of Duty.
ART. VI. De même le Ministre ou le Chargé d’Aﬁ'aires de Sa
Majesté Impériale, les employés de la Mission de Russie, les
Consuls et les Dragomans ne trouvant à. acheter en Perse ni les
effets qui servent a leur__habillement ni beaucoupd’objets'rde'
consommatlon qu1 leur sont nécessaires, pourront faire venir ‘
1-27—
22nd Feb., 1828.] PER-81A AND RUSSIA.
franc de droit et de rétributions, pour leur propre compte, tous
les objets et effets qui seront destinés uniquement a leur
usage.
Reciprocal Treatment of Persian Diplomatic and Consular Staﬁ' in
Russia. '
Les agents publics de Sa Majesté le Schah résident dans les
Etats de l’empire Russe, jouiront d’une parfaite réciprocité a cet
égard.
Protection of Persian Subjects in Russian employ. Pmzislzment by
Persian Authorities when guilty of misconduct.
Les sujets Persans faisant partie de la suite du Ministre ou
du ‘Chargé cl’Aﬂ'aires et ' des Consuls, et nécessaires pour leur
service, jouiront, tant qu’ils se trouveront auprès d’eux de leur
protection l’égal des sujets Russes, mais s’il arrivait qu’un
d’entre eux se rendit coupable de quelque délit et qu’il encourût
par la le châtiment des lois existantes, dans ce cas le Ministre
Persan ou le Hakim, et à son défaut l’autorité locale compétente‘
s’adressera immédiatement au Ministre, Chargé d’Aﬁ‘aires ou
Consul Russe, au service duquel se trouvera le prévenu, aﬁn
qu’ll soit livré à la justice; et Si cette demande est fondée sur
des reuves établissant la cul ablhté de l'accusé, le Mmlstre
P ,
Chargé d’Aﬂ‘aires ou Consul ne fera aucune drﬂiculté d’y satis-
faire.
Russian Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between
Russian Subjects.
ART. V Il. Tous les procès et toutes ‘affaires litigieuses entre
les sujets Russes seront soumis exclusivement à l’examina-
tion et la décision de la Mission ou des Consuls de la Russie,
formément aux lois et coutumes de l’Empire de Russie ;
Russian Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between
Russians and Subjects of other Nations.
de même que les différends et procès survenus entre les sujets
Russes et ceux d’une autre Pulssance dans le cas où les parties
y consentiront.
Russian Diplomatic and Consular Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between
Russians and Persians. '
Lorsque il s’élèvera des différends ou procès entre les sujets
Russes et les sujets Persans, lesdits procès ou différends seront
portés par-devant le Hakim ou Gouverneur, et ne seront ex-
aminés et jugés quïen présence du Dragoman de la Mission ou
du Consulat. '
' 128
PERSIA AND RUSSIA. - [22nd Feb.,-1828.
Second Trials.
Une fois juridiquement terminés, de tels procès ne pourront
être informés une seconde fois. Si toutefois les circonstances
étaient de nature d’exiger un second examen, il ne pourra avoir
lieu sans que le Ministre ou le Chargé d’Affaires ou le Consul de
Russie en soient prévenus, et dans ce cas l’aﬁ'aire ne sera
instruite et jugée qu’au’ Defter; c’est-à—dire, en la Chancellerie
Suprême du Saba-h, a Tabriz ou a Tehran, également en pré-
sence d’un Dragoman de la Mission ou du Consulat de Russie.
Criminal Jurisdiction. Crimes committed by Russian Subjects.
ART. VIII. En cas de meurtre ou d’autre crime commis
entre sujets Russes l’examen et la décision du cas seront du
ressort exclusif du Ministre ou du Chargé d’Aﬁ‘aires ou du
Consul de Russie, en vertu de la juridiction qui leur est déférée
sur leurs nationaux.
Implication of Subjects of other ZVations.
Si un sujet Russe se trouve impliqué avec des individus
d’une autre nation, dans un procès criminel, Il ne pourra être
' poursuivi, ni inquiété d’aucune manière, à moins de preuves de
sa participation au crime, et dans ce cas même comme dans
celui où un sujet Russe serait prévenu de culpabilité directe,
les tribunaux du pays ne pourront procéder a la connaissance et
au 'u ement du crime u’cn résence _d’un déléo'ué de la
. J 23
Mission ou de Consulat de Russie, et s’il ne s’en trouve pas sur
le lieu où le délit a été commis, les autorités locales feront
transporter le délinquant la, où il y a un Consul ou un agent
Russe constitué.
T/Vitnesses.
\
Les témoignages a charge et à décharge du prévenu seront
ﬁdèlement recueillis par le Hakim et par le Juge de l’endroit, et
revêtu de leur signature; ‘transmis dans cette forme la où le
délit devra être jugé, ces témoignages deviendront des docu-
ments ou pièces authentiques du procès, a moins que l’accusé ne
démontre évidemment la fausseté.
Deportation of convicted Criminals to Russia to undergo
Punishment.
Lorsque le prévenu aura été dûment convaincu et que la
sentence aura été prononcée, le délinquant sera remis au
Ministre, Chargé d’Aﬁaires ou Consul de Sa Majesté Impériale
qui le renverra en Russie pour y recevoir le châtiment porté par
' les lois.
Enforcement of foregoing Stipulations.
ART. IX. Les Hautes Parties 'Contractantes veilleront à ce
j ‘.129 . K
22nd Feb., 1828.] PERSIA AND RUSSIA.
que les stipulations du présent Acte soient strictement observées
et remplies, et les Gouverneurs de leurs Provinces, Com-
mandants et autres autorités respectives ne se permettront dans
aucun. cas d’y contrevenir, sous. peine d’une grave ‘responsabilité
et même de- destitution en cas de récidive duement avérée.
A cette ﬁn, nous Soussignés Plénipotentiaires de Sa Majesté
I’Empereur des toutes les Russies, et de Sa Majesté le Schah de
Perse, avons réglé et arrêté les stipulations contenues dans le
présent Acte, lesquelles sont la conséquence de l’Article du
Traité principal conclu ce même jour a Deckargane,été et auront la
même force et valeur que si elles étaient inserées mot à mot et
ratiﬁées.
En conséquence de quoi le présent Acte séparé, fait double,
a été signé par nous, munis de nos cachets respectifs et
échangés. -
Fait au village de Tourkmantchaî, le 5-3- Février de l’an de
Grâce 1828, et le 5 Schebone de l’an 1243 de l’Egyre.
(L.S.) J. PASKEVITCH. (L.S.) ABBAS MI‘RZA‘. '
(L.S.) A. OBRESCOFF.

PROTOCOL (Proees- Verbal) between Persia and Russia, respecting
the Ceremonial to be observed on the reception of Ambassadors
and other Diplomatic Agents. Signed at Tourhmantchai, 22nd
February, 1828.

LES Plenip‘otentiaires de la Russie et de la Perse s’étant
reunis a l’effet de régler conformément à l’Article IX du Traité
principal de ce jour,T un; Cérémonial convenable pour la recep-
tion des Ambassadeurs, des Ministres, et des Chargés d’Aﬁ‘aires,
qui pourraient être réciproquement délégués auprès de leurs cours
respectives, il a été arrêté d’un accord commun, ce qui suit.
Dès que le - Ministre Persan aura reçu l’avis officiel de
l’arrivé d’un Ambassadeur Russe à Tiﬂis, il fera choix sans perte
de temps d’un individu d’un rang correspondant a la dignité de
l’Ambassadeur, et il l’enverra à sa rencontre jusqu’a la frontière.
Le Ministre Persan informera en même temps le Commandant—en-
Chef de Géorgie du départ du Mehmandar ou de l’individu choisi
pour accompagner l’Ambassadeur en lui indiquant le our de son
arrivé probable a la frontière. L’Ambassadeur aura soin de son
côté de calculer son voyage de manière à pourvoir y arriver à
peu près en même temps que lui. Du moment que le Mehmandar
a rencontré l’Ambassadeur, il devient responsable de Son Excel-
' lence et des honneurs et des égards qui lui sont dus.
L’Ambassadeur sera reçu a chaque station par un Isteehbal
ou dép‘utation composée du chef ou du principal de l’endroit,
des notables et d’une suite convenable. Si l’Ambassadeur
4
* Deckarganë is a town near Tourkmantchaî. See Treaty of Tourkmantchaî
_ page 117.
1' Page 121.
~ 130
PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [22nd Feb., 1828.
s’arrête dans un lieu, chef d’une province, le Gouverneur (le
Hakim) se placera lui-même a la tête de la deputation, pour com-
plimenter Son Excellence, et il l’accompagnera jusqu’au logement
qui aura été préparé pour “Elle. I
Si l’Ambassadeur s’arrête dans une ville qui est gouvernée
par un ﬁls de Sa Majesté le Shah, le Prince Gouverneur de la
Ville enverra son Vizir a la rencontre de l’Ambassadeur pour le
complimenter. Si Son Excellence fait une visite au Prince,
l’Ambassadeur et tous les individus composant l’Amhassade
seront invités à s’asseoir et l’on présentera une chaise a son
lîxceﬂence.
Partout où il se trouvera des troupes sur 1e passage de Son
Excellence, elles seront sous les armes et lui rendront tous les
honneurs militaires qui seront d’usage.
Le Mehmandar aura soin d’informer en bon temps le Ministère
Persan de l’arrivée prochain de l’Ambassadeur, a ﬁn qu’il puisse
faire les préparations necessaires a son entrée et a sa reception
solennelle. ' ‘
Parvenua la dernière station de la Capitale ou du camp où se
trouverait Sa Majesté le Shah, l’Amhassadeur sera reçu par un
personage de marque au nom de son auguste Maître. A
‘chemins de la Capital ou du camp, Son Excellence sera
rencontrée par une grande deputation du Shah laquelle sera
conduite par un des grands dignitaires de sa cour.
La garnison de la ville ou du camp presentera les armes à,
Son Excellence et lui rendra les honneurs militaires qui lui sont
dus et le chef de la députation du Roi conduira aussitôt
l’Ambassadeur a la demeure qui aura été preparée pour lui et
où Son Excellence trouvera une garde d’ honneur.
Le lendemain de son arrivée les Ministres du Roi et les
grands dignitaires de la Couronne rendront visite a Son Excel-
lence. Le surlendemain Elle aura son audience solennelle chez
Sa Majesté le Shah, et le Grand Maître des Cérémonies viendra
lui annoncer à l’heure convenue que tout est prêt pour sa récep-
tion. L’Ambassadeur se mettra alors en marche dans l’ordre
mnvant _
Les Farraches du Shah ouvriront le cortège ; ils seront
suivis d’une partie de la garde ou des valets de pied de
l’Ambassadeur, Son Excellence montant le cheval de parade
envoyé par le Shah ou le sien propre, précédée d’un Ecuyer du
Roi, ayant à sa droite le personnel de l’Ambassade et sa suite,
et à sa gauche le Maître des Cérémonies et ayant des deux côtés
les coureurs du Roi, suivra immediatement après, un détachement
de la garde de l’Ambassadeur ou ses valets de pied et des
Farraches du Roi fermeront le cortège.
Les troupes qui seront placés dans l’enceint du palais ou- du
Camp Royal jusqu’a l’entre’e des cours intérieures ou Saraperdé
(Tente Royale), présenteront les armes a l’Ambassadeur. Le
Maître des Cérémonies qui précédé Son Excellence aura soin
que tous ceux qui se trouveront sur son passage se tiennent
debout.
131 K 2
.22nd Feb., 1828.] . PERSIA AND RUSSIA.
L’Ambassadeur mettra pied a terre a l’entrée des cours
intérieures ou Saraperdé et sera conduit dans l’apartement du
Premier Ministre, ou dans la tente du Sipih Salar (Général-en-
Chef), où Son Excellence reposera quelques instants jusqu’a la
sortie de Roi.
L’Ambassadeur avec sa suite, précédé du Grand Maître des
Cérémonies, entrera alors dans l’encient des cours intérieurs ou
Saraperclé. Les gardes ou les valets de pied de Son Excellence
resteront dans l’encient extérieur. Le Grand Maître des Céré-
monies ayant annoncé Son Excellence à Sa Majesté, l’invitera
de la part du Roi, a entrer dans l’appartement ou dans le tente,
et Son Excellence, y sera admise avec toute sa suite, mais il ne
sera pas exigé dans aucun cas, ni de l’Ambassadeur ni des
individus composant sa suite, qu’il soit apporté aucune modiﬁ-
cation-au costume dont ils seront révêtus. Toujours Son Excel-
lence et sa suite auront soin de se pourvoir de galoches, qu’elles
déposeront avant d’entrer dans l’appartement ou dans la tente.
Après avoir harangue le Shah, l’Ambassadeur sera prie par Sa
Majesté de s’asseoir et on présentera a Son Excellence une
chaise. La conférence ﬁnie, l’Ambassadeur retournera dans le
même ordre dans lequel il est venu, sans pourtant entrer dans
l’appartement du Grand Vizir ou dans la tente du Sipih Salar.
Après cette première audience solennelle, l’Ambassadeur rendra
les visites qu’il a reçues.
Ce cérémonial reste le même pour la réception d’un Ministre,
ou d’un Chargé d’Aﬁ‘aires Russe, excepté que les employés
qu’on enverra a leur rencontre seront d’un rang inférieur, leur
suite sera moin nombreuse et que toute le garrison ne sortira
pas pour eux. Les troupes qui occupent les corps de garde
leur présenteront seul les armes. Le Premier Ministre de Sa
Majesté le Shah ne leur fera pas la première visite mais il le leur
rendra sans faute le lendemain.
Si l’Ambassadeur le Ministre ou le Chargé d’Aﬁ‘aires Russe
est porteur d’une lettre de Son Souverain, Sa Majesté le Shah
de la Perse la recevra de ses propres mains.
Le même cérémonial sera aussi observé par la Russie à
l’égard de l’Ambassadeur des Ministres ou des Chargés d’Aﬁ‘aires
Persan, qui viendront à la cour de St. Pétersbourg, en égard
néanmoins à la difference des usages existans dans les deux
pays.
Le present procès verbal, fait double, revêtu de la signature
des Plénipotentiaires respectifs et muni des cachets de leurs
armes, aura la même force et le même valeur que s’il était inseré
mot à mot au Traité Principal de ce jour.
Fait au village de Tourkmantchaî le {T3— de Février de l’an de
Grâce 1828, et le 5 de Schebone de l’an 1243 de l’Egyre.
L.S. JEAN PASKEVITCH.
L.S. A. D’OBRESCOFF.

132,
PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [13th Dec., 1869.
CONVENTION entre la Russie et la Perse, pour Z’interprétation de
l’Artiele XIV du Traite’ de Paire de ïburkmantchaî (du 22
_ Février, 1828).*—Conolue à T e'he'ran, le 3 Juillet, 1844. ' '

Arrest of Subjects of either State entering the Territories of the other
. without Passports.
DANS le but de faire cesser les désordres et les abus que les
habitants des provinces limitrophes de la Russie et de la Perse
font souvent de la transmigration, les fondés de pouvoirs des 2
Parties Contractantes, avec la permission et l’autorisation de
leurs Gouvernements respectifs, ont signé l’arrangement suivant:
ART. 1. Les sujets des 2 Puissances ne pourront désormais
passer d’un pays dans l’autre sans passeport et sans permis en
règle de leur Gouvernement.
ART. II. Tout individu sujet de l’un des 2 Gouvernements qui
se rendrait sur le territoire de l’autre sans s’être 30111‘V11 d’un'
9
passeport, sera arrêté et livré aux autorités frontières les plus
proches, ou bien au Ministre, Chargé d’Affaires, ou Consul de sa
nation, avec tous les objets d’habillements, d’armements, &c.,
dont il sera porteur. - - -
ART. III. Toute demande que les sujets des 2 Etats addres-
seront a leur Gouvernement pour obtenir l’autorisation d’émigrer,
devra se faire sans intervention étrangère.
ART. 1V. Si les préposés des 2 Gouvernements, en considéra-
tion de l’amitié qui les unit, demandent l’un à. l’autre des
passeports, on ne les refusera pas pour quelques familles, a
moins qu’il n’y ait des empêchements légaux.
Signé à Téhéran le 3 Juillet, 1844, (28 Djoumadi—el—sani
1260). '
(L.S.) HADJ [-MIRZA—AGASSY. A. MEDEM.

A GRËEMENT between Russia and Persia, recognizing the River
Attreh' as forming the Boundary between the two States on the
East Coast of the Caspian Sea. 13th December, 1869.T

ON the 13th December, 1869, the following Agreement was
signed between Russia and Persia recognizing the sovereignty
of Persia up to the banks of the Attrek :-——
“His Majesty the Shah having on the 12th instant (4th
December) requested the Undersigned, Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor, to
explain for What object the fort at Kizil S00 (Krasnovodsk)
Was being constructed, and having also required an assurance
,—i
* February 22, 1828. “State Papers,” Vol. 15, page 669.
"I' See Further Convention, 21st December, 1881, page 136.
133
3lst_J_'an., 1881.] PERSIA AND RUSSIA,
that the Russian authorities would in no way interfere with the
affairs of the Yemoot Turkomans, and of those living on the
Attrek and Goorgan Rivers; also, that no fort or stronghold
should hereafter be built at the embouchures of the Attrek or
Groorgan Rivers; and likewise that they should not interfere in
any way with the possessions of Persia, but that the Persian
Government should continue to maintain the authority they
have hitherto held in respect to these tribes and their territories,
in accordance with the wish expressed by His Majesty the Shah,
the Undersigned lost no time in referring by telegraph to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of His Majesty the Emperor, and he
has now the pleasure to bring to the knowledge of the Ministers
of His Majesty the Shah the reply which he has just received to
the effect that the Government of His Majesty the Emperor
recognizes the authority and sovereignty of Persia up to the
banks of the Attrek River, and that they have no intention to
construct any fort.
‘ “ M. BEGER.”
011 the 26th March, 1873, the British Chargé d’Aff-aires at
Teheran (Mr. R. Thomson) reported that the Persian Govern-
ment considered that the Declaration made by Russia on
the 13th December, 1869, had no reference to the territory in
the interior towards Khorassan, but regarded only the territory
‘adjoining the Province of Asterabad, that is to say, from the
Caspian Sea, at the mouth of the Attrek, along the banks of
that river for about 30 miles, to where the Croorgan district
ended.’ls -

C OIVVEN T 1 ON between Russia and Persia, for the construe.
tion of a Telegraph Line from C/ze/eishlar to Asterabacl.—%l%:
January, 1881,
(Translation) ——
AS the Telegraph Convention of the é—Zth May, 1879 (2nd
Jemadu-es Sanee.1‘296), contracted between the Ministry ‘for
Foreign Affairs and the Russian Legation at Tehran has expired,
and the Russian Government wish to keep up communication-
with their military authorities on the east coast of the Caspian
Sea, the Undersigned have agreed upon the following
Articles :—
ART. I. In order that the aforesaid communications may‘
pass through Without loss of time, the Persian Government

'* See also Convention of 21st December, 1881, page 136..
' ’ - 4- A * 134
PERSIA. AND RUSSIA. [31a Jam, 1831-.
engage to protect as far as is in their power such telegraph
wiresof the Chekishlar-Astrabad line as pass through Persian
territory. In virtue of Article XI of the Convention of the
5th ‘May, 1879,* the lines which have been constructed on
Persian territory have become the property of the Persian
Government, which now engages to protect them and keep
them in working order, that is to say, their “ exploitation,” and
the horsemen who are employed to protect the telegraph lines
will accompany the Russian telegraph employés on their inspec-
tion of these lines.
' ART. II. The Russian Government on its side engages to
pay all expenses of repairs to the wires from Chekishlar to
Astrabad during the time that this Convention is in force. The
Persian Government also engages not to claim customs duty for
any material and implements which may be necessary for the
construction and keeping in repair of the said line.
ART. Ill. The Persian Government will give permission for
stationing Russian telegraph oﬁicers at Persian stations from
Zulfa to Chekishlar whenever they may be deemed requisite for
the transmission of messages in due order and without delay,
and their duties and rights will be the same as those enacted in
the Convention of the ;-:th May, 1879.
- ART. IV. For messages in transit between Zulfa and
Astrabad, and also between Russian stations on the eastern
side of the Caspian and Tehran, with the Persian telegraph
stations to the north of that place, in conformity with the
Arrangement of the 2nd April, 1880, between the Governments
of Russia and Persia, which is known in French as the “ Declara-
tion,” the Persian Government is to receive 30 centimes a word,
and between Russian stations on the east of the Caspian and
the south of Tehran 60 centimes will be paid to the Persian
Government.
ART. V. The transmission of all Government messages
passing over Persian lines between Astrabad and Zulfa will
take precedence of all private messages from Persian telegraph
stations, but not of the official messages of the Persian Govern-v
ment.
ART. VI. In order that no delay should take place in the
transmission of messages between Zulfa and Astrabad, the lines
must be inspected and repaired; therefore the Persian Govern-
ment engages to set aside one-tenth of the amount received by
Persia for messages, in virtue of this Convention, for the neces-
sary repairs, and the Persian Telegraph Department shall
expend that amount in making the said repairs, unless in the
case of its being found that so'large a sum is not required for
that purpose.
ART. Vll. This Convention will be in force so long as the.
Russian Government requires to keep up telegraphic communi-

' _ - '5' Expired. See Preamble.
21st Dec., 1881.] PER-81A AND RUSSIA.
cations with‘its military authorities in the Caspian, and when no
longer necessary for such communication the Russian Govern-I
ment will without delay inform the Persian Government of the
fact.
(L.S.) JEAN ZINCVIEVV.
(L.S.) MIRZA SAID KHAN.
3O Sefer, 1298 ($15‘ January, 1881).

CONVENTION between Persia and Russia, deﬁning the
Boundary- between the two Countries East of the Caspian Sea
(A/chaZ-K/zorassan Boundary).—Signecl at Tehran, December,
1881.*T
[Ratiﬁcations exchanged at Tehran, March, 1882.]

TABLE or Gon'rnnrs.
Art.
I. Frontier between Russia and Persia, east of the Caspian Sea.
II. Commissioners to be Appointed to Trace the Boundary in Detail.
III. Persia to Evacuate Forts of Giamab and Kulkulab, reserving right to With-
draw Inhabitants within Persian Territory. Russia not to Erect Fortiﬁca-
tions, or to establish Turcoman Families within those localities.
IV. Persia not to interfere with Water Supply ﬂowing to Akhal through Persian
territory, nor to increase number of Villages or extent of Land now under
cultivation along sources of the River Firuzé and other streams.
V. Commercial Intercourse between Akhal and Khorassan ; Construction of
Roads.
VI. Neither Russia nor Persia to allow Arms or War Material to be supplied to '
the Turcomans.
* From “ State Papers,” Vol. '72, page 97.
1' This Convention was laid before Parliament in 1882, with Correspondence
respecting the Aﬁairs of Central Asia, and formed an inclosure in the following
despatch :—
“Mr. Thomson to Earl Granvillai—(Receioect 6th March.)
(6 My Lord, “ Tehran, 23rd January, 1882. l
“ I have the honour to transmit herewith, for your Lordship’s information,
translation of the Akhal-Khorassan Boundary Treaty, lately concluded between
Russia and Persia, as reported in my telegram of the 4th January.
“ This translation has been made from the Russian text by Mr. Stephen.
Comparing it with the Persian version, I observe that the terms employed in
Article V are not the same in both languages. In the Russian text it is stated
that both Governments engage, with a view to the development of commercial
intercourse between the Trans-Caspian province and Khorassan, to come to a
mutually advantageous agreement for the construction of Waggon-roads between
the above-mentioned provinces; whereas in the Persian version of this clause it is
said that, in order to facilitate commercial operations between the Trans-Caspian
provinces and that of Khorassan, the two Contracting Powers engage, as regards
the construction of Waggon-roads for the transport of merchandize between the
aforesaid countries, to make such arrangements as may be of mutual advantage to
them.
“ The Minister for Foreign Affairs has informed me that the N asseer-ed-
Dowleh, who was formerly employed in the Persian Foreign Ofﬁce, and lately in
the Ministry of Justice, will be named Commissioner under Article II of this
Convention for the local demarcation of the line of frontier, on the basis agreed
upon in Article I. “ I have, 820., A
“ Earl Granville. ‘ . “RONALD F. THOMSQN."
136
1'0 Face page 136'.

C OPY OF MAP
FURNISHED BY
RUSSIAN MINISTER IN TEHRAN T0 PERSIAN GOVERNMENT
FOR NEGOCIATION 0F AKHAL—KHORAS SAN
BOUNDARY QUE STION
' DECEMBER “38:.

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Note‘ (bursa of‘ Atl'ek river fmm PeeshKuleh to Koocluzn
was originally claimed Igyﬂussia as lim: 0/‘ f‘mm‘ier.

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MAP MAP
0'’ OF
AKHAL-KHORAS SAN ' BOUNDARY 1 ~ AKHAL-KHCRAS SAN BOUNDARY
December 1881. . December 1881.
PERSIA AND RUSSIA. [21st Dec., 1881.
VII. Appointment of Russian Agents in Persian Frontier Towns to Preserve
Order and Tranquillity among Turcomans.
VIII. Conﬁrmation of all existing Treaties, &c., between Russia and Persia.
‘ IX. Ratiﬁcations. '

‘ (Translation.)
In the name of God the Almighty.
HIS Majesty the Shah of Persia and His Majesty the Emperor
and Autocrat of All the Russias, acknowledging the necessity of
accurately deﬁning the frontier of their Possessions east of the
Caspian Sea, and of establishing therein security and tranquillity,
have agreed to conclude a Convention for that purpose, and
have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries:
His Majesty the Shah of Persia, on the one hand, Mirza Sa'id
Khan, Moutemid-ul-Mulk, his Minister for Foreign Affairs ;
His Majesty the Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias,
on the other, Ivan Zenovief, his Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of His Majesty the Shah ;
Who, having exchanged their respective full powers, found
in good and due form, have agreed on the following Articles :—
Frontie/r between Russia and Persia East of the Caspian Sea.
ART. I. The frontier-line between the Possessions of the
Russian Empire and Persia, east of the Caspian Sea, is ﬁxed as
follows :—
Beginning at the Hasan Kuli Gulf, the course of the River
Atrek serves as the frontier as far as Chat. From Chat the
frontier-line follows in a north-easterly direction the ridges of
the Songou Dagh and Sagirim ranges, thence extending north-
ward to the Chandir River, reaching the bed of that river at
Tchakan Kale. From Tchakan Kale it runs in a northerly-
direction to the ridge of the mountains dividing the Chandir
and Sumbar valleys, and extends along the ridge of these
mountains in an easterly direction, descending to the bed of
the Sumbar at the spot where the Ach-Agaian stream falls into
it. From this point eastward the bed of the Sumbar marks the
frontier as far as the ruins of Medjet Dainé. Thence the road
to Durrun forms the frontier-line as far as the ridge of the
Kopet Dagh, along the ridge of which the frontier extends
south-eastward, but before reaching the upper part of the
Giamab Pass turns to the south along the mountain heights
dividing the valley of the Sumbar from the source of the
Giamab. Thence taking a south-easterly direction across the
summits of the Misino and Tchoubest Mountains, it reaches
the road from Giamab to Rabab, passing at a distance of 1 verst
to the north of the latter spot. From this point the frontier-
line runs along the ridge of the mountains as far as the summit
of the Dalang Mountain, whence, passing on the northern side
of the village of Khairabad, it extends in a north-easterly direc-
tion as far as the boundaries of Geek Keital. From the
boundaries of Geek Keital the frontier-line crosses to the gorge
137
21a Dee, rear] rn-nsrn AND RUSSIA.
of the River Firuzé, intersecting that gorge on the northern
side of the village of F iruzé. Thence the frontier-line takes a
south-easterly direction to the summits of the mountain-range
bounding on the south the valley, through which the road from
.Askabad to Firuzé passes, and runs along the crest of these
mountains to the most easterly point of the range. From here
the frontier line crosses over to the northernmost summit of the
Aselm range, passing along its ridge in a south-easterly direc-
tion, and then skirting round to the north of the village of
Keltechinar, it runs to the point where the Ziri Ken and Kizil
Dagh Mountains join, extending thence south-eastward along
the summits of the Ziri Kou range, until it issues into the
valleyof the Baba Durmaz stream. It then takes a northerly
direction, and reaches the oasis at the road from Gavars
to Lutfabad, leaving the fortress of Baba Durmaz to the east.*
Commissioners to be appointed to trace the Boundary-in detail.
ART. If. ‘Whereas, in Article I of the present Convention,
the principal points are indicated through which the frontier
between the possessions of Russia and Persia is to pass, the
High Contracting Parties are to appoint Special Commissioners,
with a view of accurately tracing on the spot the frontier-line,
and of erecting proper boundary-marks. The date and place
of meeting of the said Commissioners shall be mutually agreed
upon by the High Contracting Parties.
Persia to evacuate Forts of Giamab and K'uZ/cnlab, reserving right to
withdraw Inhabitants within Persian Territory.
ART. III. Whereas the forts of Giamab and Kulkulab, situated
in the gorge through which the stream watering the soil of the
Trans-Caspian province passes, lie to the north of the line
which, in virtue of Article I of the present Convention, is to
serve as the boundary between the territories of the two High
Contracting Parties, the Government of His Majesty the Shah
engage to evacuate the said forts within the space of one year
from the date of the exchange of the ratiﬁcations of the present
Convention, but shall have the right during the said period to
remove the inhabitants of Giamab and Kulkulab to within the
Persian frontier, and to establish them there.
Russia not to erect Fortiﬁcations or to establish Tnrcoman Families
within those localities.
On its part, the Government of the Emperor of All the
Russias engage not to erect fortiﬁcations in these said localities
nor to establish any Turcoman families therein.

* The Russo-Persian frontier has been technically marked out as far as Baba
Durmaz, but no steps have apparently yet been taken to complete the delimitation
technically between Baba Durmaz and the Heri-Rud.
138
QPERSIA AND RUSSIA. [Zlst Dee, 1881.
Persia not to interfere with IVater Supply flowing to Alchal through
Persian Territory ; nor to increase number of Villages or extent
of land now under cultivation along sources of River Firuze' and
other Streams.
ART. IV. Whereas the sources of the River Firuzé, as Well as
of other streams watering the soil of the Trans-Caspian pro-
vince contiguous to the Persian frontier, lie within the Persian
territory, the Government of His Majesty the Shah engage
on no account whatever to permit the establishment of fresh
Settlements along the course of the said streams and rivulets
from their sources to the point where they leave Persian terri-
tory, and not to extend the area of land at present under
cultivation, and under no pretence whatever to turn off the
water in larger quantities than is necessary for irrigating the
ﬁelds now under cultivation Within the Persian territory. With
a View to the immediate observance and fulﬁlment of this
stipulation the Government of His Majesty the Shah engage to
appoint a sufficient number of competent Agents, and to
subject any infringer thereof to severe punishment.
Commercial Intercourse between Ahhal and Khorassan. Construction
of Roads.
ART. V3“ With a view to the development of commercial
intercourse between the Trans-Caspian province and Khorassan,
both High Contracting Parties engage to come to a mutually
advantageous agreement as soon as possible for the construc-
tion of Waggon-roads suitable for commercial traffic between
the above-mentioned provinces.
Neither Russia nor Persia to allow Arms or War ﬂfaterial to be
supplied to the Tarcomans.
ART. VI. The Government of His Majesty the Shah of
Persia engage to strictly prohibit the export from His Maj esty’s
dominions, along the whole extent of the frontier of the Pro-
vinces of Asterabad and Khorassan, of all arms and war
material, and likewise to adopt measures to prevent arms being
supplied to the Turcomans residing in Persian territory. The
Persian frontier authorities shall afford the most eﬂ‘ective sup-
port to the Agents of the Imperial Russian Government, whose
duty it shall be to watch that arms are not exported from the
Persian territory. The Government of His Majesty the Emperor
of All the Russias, on its part, engage to prevent arms and War
material being supplied from Russian territory to Turcomans
living in Persia.

*" See note, page 136.v
139
.ah Man,1842.] PERSIA AND SPAIN.
Appointment of Russian Agents in Persian Frontier Towns to
preserve order and tranquillity among Turcomans.
ART. VII. With a View to the observance and fulﬁlment of
the stipulations of the present Convention, and in order to
regulate the proceedings of the Turcomans residing on the
Persian frontier, the Government of His Majesty the’ Emperor
of All the Russias shall have the right to nominate Agents to
the frontier points of Persia. In all questions concerning the
observance of order and tranquillity in the districts contiguous
to the possessions of the High Contracting Parties, the appointed
Agents will act as intermediaries in the relations between the
Russian and Persian authorities.
Conﬁrmation of all Treaties, (jean, between Russia and Persia.
ART. VIII. All engagements and stipulations contained in
Treaties and Conventions concluded up to this time between
the two High Contracting Parties shall remain in force.
Ratiﬁcations.
ART. IX. The present Convention, done in duplicate, and
signed by the Plenipotentiaries of both parties, who have
aﬁi‘xed to it the seal of their arms, shall be conﬁrmed and.
ratiﬁed by His Majesty the Shah of Persia and His Majesty the
Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias; the ratiﬁcations to
be exchanged between the Plenipotentiaries of both parties at
Tehran within the space of four months, or earlier if possible.
Done at Tehran, the 2% December, 1881, which corresponds
to the Mussulman date of the 29th Muharrem, 1299.
(LS) MIRZA-SAID-KHAN, Minister of
Foreign Afairs of Persia.
(L.S.) IVAN ZENCVIEF,

TREA TY of Friendship and Commerce between Spain and Persia.
Signed at Constantinople, 4th .ZVCZ’PCIL, 1842* ' '
[Ratiﬁcations exchanged at Constantinople, 13th November,
1850J


TABLr. or Commits.
Art.
I. Friendship.
II. Right to Travel and Trade, and Hire Houses, Sec.
III. Merchants and Travellers. Customs Dues and other Imposts.
IV. Appointment of Commercial Agents at certain Places in either Country.
V. Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Subjects of either Country. Intervention
of Consular Agents. Bankruptcies. Debts of Deceased Subjects.
VI. Non-interruption of Friendly Relations in event of War with any other Power.
VII. Ratiﬁcations. Treaty to be perpetual.
* From “ State Papers,” V01. 50, page 592. Conﬁrmed by Treaty of 9th February,
1870, page 144. '
140-
PERSIA AND SPAIN. [4th Mar-, 1842.
(Translation)
In the name of God Almighty.
THE Courts of Spain and of Iran, equally animated with the
desire of affording to the industry and commerce of their re-
spective countries all possible incitements and facilities, and
persuaded that nothing can contribute so much to the attain-
ment of such a desirable object as the arrangement and stipula-
tion of the relations which are to exist in future between the
subjects of the two Powers, founding them on principles of
justice and mutual convenience, have resolved by common
consent to adjust and conclude a solemn Treaty of Friendship
and Commerce, which shall specify their ben eﬁcent intentions,
and for that purpose have thought ﬁt to appoint as their Pleni-
potentiaries, that is to say :
Her Majesty Donna Isabella II, Queen of the Spains, and in
her august name, and during her minority, the Regent of the
Kingdom, Don Baldomero Espartero, Duke of la Victoria and
of Morella, Don Antonio Lopez de Cordoba, &c., &c.; and
His Majesty Muhammed Shah Kadzar, Sovereign King of
the vast provinces of Iran, the most Excellent and Illustrious
Mirza Djaafer Khan, his conﬁdential Minister, Inspector-in-Chief
of the Engineer Corps of the Persian Army, his Ambassador and
Minister Plenipotentiary to the Sublime Ottoman Porte, &c., &0.
Who, after exhibiting to each other their full powers, and
ﬁnding them in order and due form, have agreed upon the
following seven Articles :
Friendship,
ART. I. From this day henceforward, and for ever, there
shall be perfect friendship and constant good understanding
between the States and subjects of Her Majesty the Queen of
Spain and the States and subjects of His Majesty the Shah of
Persia.
Right to Travel and Trade, and Hire Ifonses, (30.
ART. II. The subjects of the two High Contracting Parties
may in future traverse their respective dominions in full free—
dom, carry on trade therein, rent houses, warehouses, and shops
for their business, and the local authorities cannot prevent their
doing so for any cause or pretext; the said authorities shall
take the greatest pains to preserve them from all inconvenience,
continually watch over their tranquillity, pay them the greatest
attention, and treat them in the best manner, so that they may
not experience prejudice, obstacle, or vexation of any kind in
their travels and occupations; and for the greater security of
their persons they shall obtainv without difficulty or delay such
orders and passports as they may require.
.141
4th Main, 1842.] - PEBSIA AND SPAIN.
.llferchants and Travellers.
ART. 111. The subjects of both High Courts who may pro-
ceed'to any of their dominions as merchants, traders, or travel-
lers, shall be received and treated from their arrival to their
departure with the proper distinction, and they shall always be
exempt from all taxes or other contributions.
Customs Dues and other Imposts.
Traders who import or exportlmerchandize in their respec-
tive States. shall pay the same Customs dues and other imposts,
and in the same manner and form as the subjects of the most
favoured nations.
Appointment of Commercial Agents at certain Places and in either
Country.
ART. IV. To secure more completely the tranquillity and
conﬁdence of their respective subjects, established in or passing
through the territory of each of them, the two High Contracting
Powers reserve to themselves the right of appointing Com-
mercial Agents to reside in the most suitable places, to protect
their subjects and watch over the welfare of their persons and
interests. The High Court of Spain will allow a Commercial
Agent appointed by the Persian Government to be established
in the capital, Madrid, and another at Barcelona, or instead of
the latter place in any other Spanish port that may be preferred.
The High Court of Iran will also agree to the establishment of
a Commercial Agent, appointed by the Spanish Government, in '
the capital, Teheran, and another at Taurisa
Jitrisdiction. Civil Suits between Subjects of either Country:
Intervention of Commercial Agents.
ART. V. In any cases of altercation, dispute, or litigation
occurring between subjects of the two High Contracting Parties,
upon mercantile affairs, or those of any kind, the cause can
neither be decided nor tried without the previous consent and
intervention of the Commercial Agent, or in the name of that
functionary, in presence of the interpreter of his Government,
and all in accordance with the laws and customs of the country.
Bankruptcies.
If any of the subjects of the said Powers should fail or be
declared in a state of bankruptcy, an examination shall be made
of all their property, their effects and accounts, for the purpose
of arranging a proper liquidation, and making a just distribu-
tion pro rata amongst their creditors, who at the end of all these
proceedings must give up the securities which they possess,
after having received their shares.

* Tabreez.
142
PERSIA ‘AND SPAIN. [4th Mar.,1842.
Debts of Deceased Subjects.
If any subject of the two Courts should die, the respective
Commercial Agent shall take charge of all that belonged to
him, in order that, after payment of the debts left by the
deceased, he may make proper use of the whole according to
the laws and customs of his country.
Non-interruption of Friendly Relations in event of War with any
other Power.
ART. VI. In case of war between one of the two High Con-
tracting Parties and any other Power, not the least diminution
or alteration shall occur on that account in the good under-
standing, or in the ﬁrm and sincere friendship which are to
exist for ever between the High Courts of Spain and Iran.
Ratiﬁeations. Treaty to be Perpetual.
ART. VII. The present Treaty of Friendship and of Com-
merce shall, with the favour of God, be faithfully observed and
maintained reciprocally and perpetually, and without suffering
the least detriment or contravention of its contents; and the
Plenipotentiaries of the two High Contracting Parties engage
to exchange the respective ratiﬁcations at Constantinople in the
term of 5 months, or before, if possible?“
Conclusioa—These 7 Articles having been stipulated and
agreed to in the manner and form preceding, the two aforesaid
Plenipotentiaries have agreed to the present Treaty, drawn up
in two copies, each of them signed and sealed in their respective
languages, and have exchanged with each other the proper
authenticated instrument. '
Done at Constantinople, the 4th day of March, 1842, and of
the Hegira, the 21st Muharrem, 1258'.
(LS) ANTONIO LOPEZ DE CCRDOBA.
(L.S.) MIRZA DJAAFER.

* Ratiﬁcations exchanged 13th November, 1850.

9th Feb, 1870.] PERSIA AND SPAIN.
TREA TY of F rienrlsbip and Commerce between Spain and P n'sia.
Signed in London, 9th February, 1870?“
[Ratiﬁcations exchanged in London, 18th June, 187

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Art.
Preamble. Delay in Execution of Treaty of 4th March, 1842.
I. Conﬁrmation of Treaty of 4th March, 1842. ‘
II. Appointment of Consuls at other Places than those mentioned in Treaty of
1842.
III. Ditto.
IV. French Text to be observed.
V. Ratiﬁcations.
(Translation .)
Preamble. Delay in Erecution of Treaty of 4th Marcie, 1842.
i In the Name of God Almighty.

HIS Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Spain, and His
Majesty the Shah of Persia, equally animated by the desire of
drawing closer the relations of friendship happily established
‘between the two States by the Treaty concluded on the 4th of
_March. 1842, and 21 Muharrem, 1258, of the Hegira,T the execu-
tion whereof has been retarded by causes independent of the
will of the two High Contracting Parties ; and likewise desiring
to contribute to the establishment and development of the com-
merce between the two countries, have resolved to stipulate
and conclude the present Treaty, and for that purpose have
appointed as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say:
His Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Spain,
D. Manuel Rancés y Villanueva, Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to Her Majesty the Queen of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c. ; '
His Majesty the King of Persia, Hadji Sheik Mohsin Khan,
General of Division in the Persian Army, Resident Minister of
Persia at the Court of Her Majesty'the Queen of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c. - I
Who, after having communicated to each other their full
powers, and found them in order and due form, have agreed
upon the following Articles :—-— '
Conﬁrmation of Treaty of 4th Zlfarcb, 1842.
ART. 1. The stipulations contained in the Treaty concluded
between the kingdoms of Spain and of Iran, on the 4th of
March, 1842. and 21 Muharrem, 1258,]‘ of the H egira, are expressly
ratiﬁed by the present Treaty, of which they are to be considered
integral parts.
* From “ State Papers,” Vol. 62, page 878.
1* Page 140.
144
PERSIA AND seam. < < - ~[9a1 Feb'., 1870.
Appointment of Consuls at other Places than those mentioned in
‘ " - - Treaty of 1842. '
ART. II. In the interest of both countries and for the pur-
pose of providing greater facilities for the development of
commerce, it is agreed that the Spanish Government may
establish a Consulate, either in the Port of Bendir-Bushir’ie or in
some other of the Persian Gulf, at its choice; and, reciprocally
the Government of Persia may establish a Consulate at Cadiz,
or in the Spanish port that it may select for this purpose.
The Consular representation, then, shall be established on
the part of Spain at Teheran, Tauris,T-and Bendir-Bushir,aie or the
port speciﬁed by the Spanish Government, and on the part of
Persia at Madrid, Barcelona, Cadiz, or the port selected by His
Majesty the Shah’s Government.
Appointment of Consuls at other Places than those mentioned in
Treaty of 1842.
' ART. III. As it is the intention of the two High Contracting
Parties to concede reciprocally to the respective commerce the
advantages enjoyed by the most favoured nation, it is stipulated
from this time that in case the interests of the commerce should
in future require an increase in the number of the Consular
Agents stipulated by the present Treaty, the said two High
Contracting Parties shall come to an agreement in order to
provide for the fresh necessities demonstrated by experience.
French Tart to he observed.
‘ART. IV. The present Treaty shall be drawn up in Spanish
and Persian, and each of the Plenipotentiaries shall keep the
corresponding authentic instrument, furnished with the usual
formalities. A translation shall be made in the French lan-
guage; and the Plenipotentiaries, after having recognised its
conformity with the original, shall also sign and seal two copies
thereof, each Plenipotentiary keeping one of them.
The French text shall decide in case of doubts.
Ratiﬁcations.
ART. V. The present Treaty shall be ratiﬁed, and the rati-
ﬁcations shall be exchanged in London by the respective
Legations, as soon as possible.
In faith whereof the above-mentioned Plenipotentiaries have
signed it, and affixed to it their respective seals.
Done in London on the 9th day of February, in the year of
grace, 1870, and of the Hegira, the 8th of Zilkaada, 1286.
' (L.S.) M. RANCES Y VILLANUEVA.
(L.S.) H. CH. MOHSIN KHAN.
* Bushire. I 1* Tabreez.
14.5 L
17th Nov., 1857.] PERSIA AND SWEDEN AND NORWAY.
T RE A TY of Friendship and Commerce between Persia and Sweden
and Norway—Signed at Paris, 17th November, 1857 ."Ë
LRatiﬁed at Teheran, February, 1858, and at Stockholm, 2nd
March, 1858.]

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Friendship.
II. Reception of Ambassadors and Ministers Plenipotentiary.
III. Right of Subjects of either Country to Reside and Trade in Territories of the
other. Right to Import or Export Merchandise, &c. Internal Trade to
be carried on subject to Laws of the Country.
IV. Customs Dues on Imports and Exports. Taxes.
V. Appointment of Consuls at certain Places in either Country. Consular
Privileges. N on-Protection of Natives. Position of Trading Consuls.
VI. Duration of Treaty. _
Au nom de Dieu clément et miséricordieux !
SA Majesté Oscar I:r, Roi de Suède et de Norvége, des Goths
et des Vandales :
Et Sa Majesté, dont l’étendard est le Soleil, le Sacré, l’Au-
guste, le Grand Monarque, le Roi des Rois, le Souverain absolu-
de tous les états de Perse;
L’un et l’autre également et sincèrement désireux d'établir
des rapports d’amitié entre leurs états respectifs, ont voulu les
consolider par un Traité d’Amitié et de Commerce réciproque-
ment avantageux et utile‘ aux sujets des Deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes, et à cet effet ont désigné pour Leurs Plénipo-
tentiaires :
Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède et de Norvége le Sieur Louis
Baron de Mandersträm, Son Chambellan, Son Envoyé Extra-
ordinaire et Ministre Plénipotentiaire, Grand Croix de Son Ordre
de l’Etoile Polaire, Chevalier de l’Ordre de Charles XIII, Com-
mandeur de celui de Szt Clave de Norvége, Grand’ Croix de
.l’Ordre du Lion Néerlandais et de celui de Dannebrog, &0.
Et Sa Majesté l’Empereur de toute la Perse Son Excellence
F errokh Khan Emin-ol-Molk, Grand Ambassadeur du sublime
Empire de Perse, Porteur du portrait Royal et du cordon Bleu,
et de la ceinture de Diamants, &c.
Et les Deux Plénipotentiaires s’étant réunis à Paris, ayant
échangé Leurs Plein-pouvoirs, et les ayant trouvés en bonne et
due forme, ont arrêté les Articles suivants :—
Friendship.
ART. I. A dater de ce jour, il y aura amitié sincère et une
constante bonne intelligence entre les Royaumes de Suède et de
Norvége et tous les sujets Suédois et Norvégiens, et l’Empire de
Perse et tous les sujets Persans.

”“ From “ State Papers,” Vol. 75, page 906.
146
PERSIA AND SWEDEN AND NORWAY. [17th Nov., 1857.
Reception of Ambassadors and Ministers Plenipotentiary.
ART. II. Les Ambassadeurs ou Ministres Plénipotentiaires,
Il’il plairait à. chacune des Deux Hautes Parties d’envoyer et
’entretenir auprès de l’autre, seront reçus et traités dans les
pays respectifs, eux et tout le personnel de Leur mission, comme
sont reçus et traités les Ambassadeurs ou Ministres Plénipo-
tentiaires des Nations les plus favorisées, et ils y jouiront de
tout point des mêmes prérogatives et immunités.
Right of Subjects 0 f either Country to Reside and Trade in Territories
of the other.
ART. III. Les sujets des Deux Hautes Parties Contractantes,
voyageurs, négociants, industriels et autres, soit qu’ils résident
sur le territoire de l’un ou de l’autre Etat, seront respectés et
efﬁcacement protégés par les autorités du pays et leurs propres
Agents, et traités à. tous égards comme le sont les sujets de la
nation la plus favorisée.
Right to Import or Ewport Merchandise, cÿc.
Ils pourront réciproquement apporter par terre et par mer
dans l’un et l’autre état et en exporter toute espèce de mar—
chandises et de produits, les vendre, les échanger, les acheter,
les transporter en tous lieux sur le territoire de l’un et de l’autre
état.
' Internal Trade to be carried on subject to Laws of the Country.
Mais il est bien entendu que les sujets de l’un et de l’autre
état, qui se llvreralent au commerce 1ntér1eur, seront soum1s aux
lols du pays, où 11s font le commerce.
Customs Dues on Imports and Ewports. Taxes.
ART. IV. Les navires respectifs et les marchandises im-
portées ou exportées par les sujets respectifs des deux Hautes
Parties Contractantes ne paieront dans l’un et dans l’autre Etat,
soit à l’entrée, soit à la sortie, que les mêmes ‘droits que payent à
l’entrée et à. la sortie dans l’un et l’autre état les navires ainsi
que les marchandises et produits importés et exportés par les
marchands et sujets de la nation la plus favorisée, et nulle taxe
exceptionnelle ne pourra sous aucun nom et sous aucun prétexte
être réclamée dans l’un comme dans l’autre état.
Appointment of Consuls at certain Places in either Country.
. ART. V. Pour la protection de leurs sujets et de leur com-
merce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et équitables rela—
tions entre les sujets des Hautes Parties Contractantes, Elles
se réservent la faculté de nommer chacune trois Consuls. Les
Consuls de Suède et de Norvége résideront à Téhéran, à. Bender
Bouchir* et à Tauris ;T les Consuls de Perse résideront à Stock-
holm, à Christiania et à Gothembourg.

”" Bushire. ‘f Tabreez.
147 L 2
17th Nov., 1857.] PERSIA AND SWEDEN ANDVNORWTAY.
Consular Privileges. p _ ,4 V _ M t A V Les Consuls des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes‘ jouiront
' ' ' ' ' ' I \
réciproquement sur le terrltoire de l’un et de l’autre etat, ou sera
I o u _ g o ’ a
etabhe leur résldence, du respect, des privlleges et des 1mmu-5
nités accordés dans l’un et l’autre état auxConsuls de la nation
la plus favorisée.
Non-Protection of Natives.
Les Agens diplomatiques et les Consuls de Suède et ‘de
Norvége ne protégeront ni publiquement ni secrètement les
sujets Persans. ' '
Les Agens diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans ne protége-
ront ni publiquement ni secrètement les sujets Suédois et
Norvégiens. ' '
Position of Trading Consuls.
Les Consuls des Gouvernemens contractants, qui dans l’un et
l’autre état se livreraient au commerce, seront soumis aux
mêmes usages, auxquels sont soumis leurs nationaux faisant le
meme commerce. ' '
Duration of Treaty. (Till 1870, and then terminable after
l2 months’ notice.) ' '
ART. VI. Le présent Traité de Commerce et d’Amitié, cimenté
par la sincère amitié et la conﬁance qui règnent entre les roy-
aumes bien conservés de Suède et de N orvége et de Perse, sera,
Dieu aidant, ﬁdèlement observé et maintenu de part et d’autre ‘
pendant 12 ans, à dater du jour où les ratiﬁcations seront '
échangées. Mais, si une année avant l’expiration du terme ﬁxé,
aucune des Deux Hautes Partles Contractantes n’a annoncé
ofﬁciellement à. l’autre l’mtention d’en falre cesser les eﬁ‘ets, il
continuera à rester en vigueur pour les Deux Hautes Parties
pendant un an, à. dater du jour où il aura été dénoncé, quelle
I
que soit l’epoque à. laquelle cette déclaration aura eu lieu.
Les Plénipotentiaires des Deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
s’engagent à ce que l’échange des ratiﬁcations de leurs Augustes
Souverains ait lieu, soit à Constantinople, dans l’espace d’un an
ou plutôt, si faire se peut.ale
En foi de quoi les Deux Plénipotentiaires respectifs des Deux "
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont signé le présent Traité et y
ont apposé Leurs Sceaux. Y
Fait double en Français et en Persan le 17 du mois de
Novembre de l’an du Christ 1857, et le trente du mois de '
Rabbi-01 avval de l’Hégire, l’année 1264.
(L.S.) L. MANDERSTROM.
(L. S.) FERROKH-KHAN.
* Ratiﬁed at Teheran, February, 1858, and at Stockholm, 2nd March, 1858.
‘ .148 ’ .. I 7
PERSIA AND SWITZERLAND. [23111 July, 1873.
IRA] TE d’Amitie' et de Commerce entre Za Suisse et la Perse.
, Signe’ ‘à Genèse, le 23ml Juillet, 1873."ê
[Ratiﬁcations échangées à, Paris, le 27 Octobre, 1874.]

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Friendship. ,
II. Reception of Ambassadors and other Diplomatic Agents.
: III. Right of Subjects of either country to Reside and Trade in Territories of the
. other. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment. Right to Import and Export
' Merchandise, &c. ‘ Internal Trade to be carried on subject to Laws of the
- Country. '
-‘ IV. Customs’ Dues on Imports and Exports ; Taxes. Most-Favoured-Nation
v Treatment.
' V. Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Swiss Citizens. Civil Suits between Swiss
Citizens and Persian Subjects. Civil Suits between Natives and Subjects
of other Powers. Criminal Jurisdiction.
VI. Succession to Property of Deceased Citizens or Subjects.
VII. Appointment of Consuls at certain Places in either country. Consular
Privileges. Non-protection of Natives. Position of Trading Consuls.
VIII. Duration of Treaty.
IX. Ratiﬁcations.
LE Conseil Fédéral de la Confédération Suisse et Sa Majesté
l’Empereur de tous les Etats de Perse, également et sincèrement
désireux d’établir des rapports d’amitié entre la Suisse .et la
Perse, ont voulu les consolider par un Traité d’Amitié et de
Commerce, également avantageux aux citoyens et sujets des
deux pays. A cet effet, ils ont désigné pour leurs Plénipoten-
tiaires, savoir:
Le Conseil Fédéral de la Confédération Suisse, Monsieur
J can-Conrad Kern, son Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre
Plénipotentiaire près la République Française ; et
Sa Majesté l’Empereur de tous les Etats de Perse, Monsieur
le GénéralNazare-Aga, son Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre
Plénipotentiaire près la République Française; ‘
Lesquels, ayant échangé leurs pleins-pouvoirs et les ayant
reconnus en bonne et due forme, ont arrêté les Articles suivants :
Friends/Lip.
ART. I. A' dater de ce jour, il y aura amitié sincère et con-
stante bonne intelligence entre la Confédération Suisse et tous
les citoyens Suisses, d’une part, et l’Empire de Perse et tous les
sujets Persans, d’autre part. ' -
. I Reception of Ambassadors and other Diplomatic Agents.
ART. II. Les Ambassadeurs, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et
autres, Agents Diplomatiques qu’il plairait à chacune des deux

à" From “State Papersg Vol. 63, page 625.
14
23rd J uly, 1873.] PERSIA AND SWITZERLAND.
Hautes Parties Contractantes d’envoyer et d’entretenir auprès
de l’autre, seront reçus et traités dans les deux pays respectifs,
eux et tout le personnel de leur mission, comme sont reçus et
traités, dans les deux pays respectifs, les Ambassadeurs,
Ministres Plénipotentiaires, et autres Agents Diplomatiques des
nations les plus favorisées, et ils y jouiront de tout point des
mêmes prérogatives et immunités.
Right of Subject of either Country to Reside and Trade in Territories
of the other. Most-Favonred-Nation Treatment.
ART. III. Les citoyens ou les sujets des deux Hautes Parties
Contractantes, voyageurs, négociants, industriels et autres, soit
qu’ils se déplacent, soit qu’ils résident sur le territoire de l’un ou
de l’autre Etat, seront respectés et eﬁîcacement protégés par
les Autorités du pays et leurs propres agents, et traités à tous
égards comme le sont les citoyens ou les sujets de la nation la
plus favorisée.
Right to Import and Eaport Merchandise, &c.
Ils pourront réciproquement importer dans l’un et dans
l’autre Etat, et en exporter toute espèce de marchandises et de
produits, les vendre, les échanger, les acheter, les transporter
en tous lieux sur le territoire de l’un et de l’autre Etat.
Internal Trade to be carried on subject to Laws of the Country.
Mais il est bien entendu que les citoyens et sujets de l’un
et de l’autre Etat qu1 se llvreraient au commerce mtérleur,
seront soumis aux 101s du pays où 11s feront le commerce.
Customs Dues on Imports and Exports. Taxes. Most-Favoured:
Nation Treatment.
ART. IV. Les marchandises importées ou exportées par les
citoyens et sujets respectifs des deux Hautes Parties Contrac-
tantes ne paieront, dans l’un et l’autre Etat, soit a l’entrée, soit
à la sortie, que les mêmes droits que paient, a l’entrée et a la
sortie dans l’un et l’autre Etat, les marchandises et produits
importés et exportés par les marchands et sujets de la nation la
plus favorisée, et nulle taxe exceptionnelle ne pourra, sous
aucun nom et sous aucun prétexte, être réclamée dans 'l’un
comme dans l’autre Etat.
Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Swiss Citizens.
ART. V. Les procès, contestations et disputes qui, dans
l’Empire de Perse, viendraient à s’élever entre des citoyens
Suisses, seront référés, en totalité, à l’arrêt et à la décision de
l’Agent ou Consul Suisse qui residera dans ‘la province où ces
procès, contestations ct disputes auraient été soulevés, ou dans la
province la plus voisine. Il en décidera d’après les lois Suisses.
150
PERSIA AND SWITZERLAND. [23rd July, 1873.
Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Swiss Citizens and Persian
Subjects.
Les procès, contestations et disputes soulevés en Perse entre
des citoyens Suisses et des sujets Persans, serc nt portés devant
le tribunal Persan, juge ordinaire de ces matières, au lieu où
résidera un Agent ou un Consul Suisse, et discutés et jugés
selon 'l’équité, en présence d’un employé de l’Agent ou du
Consul Suisse. -
Jurisdiction. Civil Suits between Natives and Subjects of other
Powers.
Les procès, contestations et disputes soulevés en Perse entre
des citoyens Suisse et des sujets appartenant à d’autres
Puissances également étrangères, seront jugés et terminés par
l’intermédiaire de leurs Agents ou Consuls respectifs.
En Suisse, les sujets Persans seront également, dans toutes
leurs contestations, soit entre eux, soit avec des Suisses ou des
étrangers, jugés suivant le mode adopté en Suisse envers les
sujets de la nation la plus favorisée.
Criminal Jurisdiction.
Quant aux aﬁaires de la juridiction criminelle dans lesquelles
seraient compromis des citoyens Suisses en Perse, des sujets
Persans en Suisse, elles seront jugées en Suisse et en Perse,
suivant le mode adopté dans les deux pays envers les sujets de
la nation la plus favorisée.
Succession to Pnopei'ty of Deceased Citizens or Subjects.
ART. VI. En cas des décès de l’un de leurs citoyens ou
sujets respectifs sur le territoire de l’un ou de l’autre Etat, sa
succession sera remise intégralement à la famille ou aux
associés, du défunt s’il en a. Si le défunt n’avait ni parents ni
associés, sa succession, dans l’un comme dans l’autre pays, sera
remise à la garde de l’Agent ou du Consul de la nation du
citoyen ou du sujet décédé, pour que celui-ci en fasse l’usage
convenable, conformément aux lois et coutumes de son pays.
Appointment of Consuls at certain, Places in cit/ter Country.
ART. VII. Pour la protection de leurs citoyens ou sujets et
de leur commerce respectifs, et pour faciliter de bonnes et
équitables relations entre les citoyens et sujets des deux Etats,
les deux Hautes Parties Contractantes se réserventla faculté
de nommer chacune 3 Consuls.
Les Consuls de Suisse auront leur résidence à Téhéran, à
Bender-Bouchir, et a. Tauris. Le Gouvernement Persan pourra
choisir les résidences de ses Consuls en Suisse.
151
28rd July, 1873.] PERSIÀ AND SWITZERLAND.
Consular Privileges.
Les Consuls des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes jouiront
réciproquement, sur le territoire de l’un ou de l’autre Etat où
sera établie leur résidence, du respect, des privileges et des
immunités accordés dans l’un et l’autre Etat aux Consuls de la
nation la plus favorisée. ‘
Non-Protection of Natives.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Suisses ne pro-
tégeront ni publiquement ni secrètement les sujets Persans‘.
Les Agents Diplomatiques et les Consuls Persans ne pro-
tégeront ni publiquement ni secrètement les citoyens Suisses.
Position of Trading Consuls.
Les Consuls des deux Gouvernements Contractants, qui dans
l’un et l’autre Etat se livreraient au commerce, seront soumis,
en ce qui concerne leur négoce, aux mêmes lois et aux mêmes
usages auxquels sont soumis leurs nationaux faisant le même
commerce.
Duration of Treaty. (Ï ill 22nd October, 1886, and then terminable
‘after 12 months’ notice.)
ART. VIII. Le présent Traité d’Amitié et de Commerce,
cimenté par la sincère amitié et la conﬁance qui règnent entre
les deux Etats, sera, Dieu aidant, ﬁdèlement observé et maintenu
de part et d’autre pendant 12 ans, à. dater du jour où les ratiﬁ-
cations seront échangés.* Mais si, une année avant l’expiration
du terme ﬁxé, aucune des deux Hautes Parties Contractantes
' n’a annoncé ofﬁciellement à l’autre l’intention d’en faire cesser
les effets, il demeurera obligatoire jusqu’à. l’expiration d’une
année à partir du jour où l’une ou l’autre des Hautes Parties
Contractantes l’aura dénoncé, quelle que soit l’époque à laquelle
cette déclaration aura lieu.
Ratiﬁeations.
ART. IX. Le présent Traité sera ratiﬁé et les ratiﬁcations en
seront échangées a Paris dans un an ou plus tôt si faire se peut.
En foi de quoi, les Plénipotentiaires respectifs des deux
Hautes Parties Contractantes ont signé le présent Traité, et y
ont apposé le cachet de leurs armes.
Fait double à Genève, le 23 Juillet, 1873 (28 Djemadi-Ouvla
1290 de l’année de l’Hégire).
(L.S.) KERN.
(L.S.) NAZARE-AGA.

”“ Ratiﬁcations exchanged, 22nd October, 1874.
152
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [23rd Oct., 1727.
TBA! T E de Paie: entre la Turquie et la Perse, le 23 Octobre,
1727?‘

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
Preamble.
Province of Huveise and Jurisdiction of Sultanie.
Mecca Pilgrims.
Persian Ambassador at the Porte.
Persian Commerce.
Right of Persians to visit Temple of Immamaazem.
Hussein Bey to be set at Liberty.
Annual Payment to be made by Persia to Turkey. Terms of Peace. Ratiﬁ-
cation.. , i '
I.
.4 II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Traité de Paie; entre Eschreﬁ' Schach de Perse & le Grand Seigneur,
contenu dans une Lettre du Sohaeh à Sa Ifautesse, du 23 Octobre,
1727. - I
Au nom de Dieu miséricordieux!
PREAMBLE.
LOUÉ soit Dieu qui m’a fait la grâce de me mettre au nombre
des Fidèles, & de me créer pour poursuivre les Hérétiques qui
sont en abomination à, tout le monde. Loué soit aussi notre
Prophète Mahomet, Bien-aimé de Dieu; & le Seigneur bénisse
jusqu’au dernier jour sa Postérité, & tous ceux qui sont aimez
de lui! ‘ '
Sur ce je prens la hardiesse de faire une très-humble Pro—
position à V. IL, vous qui desservez les 2 Villes Sacrées de la
Mecque & de Médine, Roi des Rois d’Arabie, Gouverneur d’un
grand nombre de Nations, Défenseur de la Foi Mahométane,
Soutien des Armées & de tous ceux qui combattent pour la Foi,
Vicaire du Prince, Protecteur des Savane, Exterminateur des
‘Inﬁdèles qui croyent plus d’une Divinité, Réformateur de la
Religion, le plus illustre des Monarques du tems passé, Vain-
queur des Mécréans, Propagateur de la Justice, Extirpateur des
Idoles & de ceux qui croyent plus d’une Personne dans la
Divinité, Haut & Puissant Monarque, le plus célèbre des Souve-
rains, l’asyle & la consolation de tous les hommes, l'Ombre de
Dieu sur la Terre, l’Empereur & le Refuge du monde, Dieu
veuille combler votre Personne & vos Etats de toutes sortes de
prospéritez, & vous accorder jusqu’au dernier jour la continua-
tion de ses bénédictions!
Et aﬁn que nous achevions notre Traité suivant les termes
de l’Alcoran, qui dit: “ Soumettez-vous à Dieu, au Prophète &
à ceux qui ont l’autorité absolue, nous avons résolu de prendre
ce chemin 'd’obéissance, & de l’avis des Commissaires nommez
de part et d’autre, nous sommes convenus de la Paix aux con—
ditions suivantes : ' -

' Dumont, V01. 2, Part 2, Supplement, page 208. The ﬁrst Treaty concluded
between Persia and Turkey was signed during the reign of Sultan Murad IV, on
the lst of Shawal, All. 1049 (A.D. 1639), with reference to the delimitation of
the Frontier.
153
.‘3 l’
jeu/,1!
<.’ÎLr’\...'x\ if‘. vin 2
(
/ i c’
"A (-61 C4 K" ’ fig ,5
23rd Oct, 1727.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.
Province of Huveise and Jurisdiction of Sultanie.
ART. I. Que la Province d’Huveise et la Jurisdiction de
Sultanie doivent être cédées à V. H. comme faisant partie du
Royaume de Perse. '
Mecca Pilgrims.
ART. II. Que de notre côté nous devons nommer tous les ans
un Conducteur des Pèlerins qui vont à la Mecque.
Persian Ambassador at the ‘Porte.
ART. III. Que nous aurons toujours un Ambassadeur à. la
Porte, selon l’ancien usage.
Persian Commerce.
ART. IV. Qu’il sera libre a tous les Marchands d’exercer leur
Commerce, qui seul peut rendre un Etat ﬂorissant.
Right of Persians to visit Temple of Immamaazem.
ART. V. Qu’il sera permis de visiter le Temple d’Imma-
maazem, sans que personne puisse y former aucun obstacle.
Hussein Bey to be set at Liberty. >
ART. VI. Que Hussein Bey, de la Race de Bracki, Peuple de
Lesgi, qui est détenu par les Muscovites, sera mis en liberté.
Annual Payment to be made by Persia to Turkey.
ART. VII. Qu’il sera payé tous les ans au Trésor de V. H.
1,500 Bourses, chacune de 500 Rixdalers en espèces. ' '
Terms of Peace.
C’est sur ce pied-la que la Paix doit être gardée, tant pour le
présent que pour l’avenir, & ce conformément à l’Alcoran, qui
veut que tous les Musulmans soient véritablement Frères, qu’ils
entretiennent entre eux une amitié fraternelle, & qu’ils ne don.
nent lieu à. aucune haine ni division.
Puis donc que nous nous soumettons a'l’obéissance & aux
ordres absolus de V. H. Elle accordera aussi de son côté que
tout soit exécuté selon la teneur de notre Convention.
Ratiﬁcation.
Et aﬁn que cette Convention soit fermement & ﬁdèlement
exécutée a jamais & que rien n’y soit changé, nous attendons la
Ratiﬁcation de V. H. espérant qu’elle y consentira & ne per-
mettra pas qu’il y soit fait aucun changement.
MEHEMED EMER ESCHREFF KAN.

154
PERSIA. AND TURKEY. [Jam 17 4:6.
TRAITE de Paix: entre la Ïurquie et la Perse. Janvier, 1746.*
(La Ratiﬁcation Impériale a en lieu vers la mi-Zilhidjé de la
même année.)
[Referred to in Treaty of 28th July, 1823.]

' TABLE or Oonrim'ra.
Preamble.
Basis of Treaty—Maintenance of Limits.
I. Persian Pilgrims proceeding to Mecca.
II. Reception of Diplomatic Agents.
III. Release of Prisoners.
Maintenance of Limits ﬁxed by previous Treaty.
Religion. Pilgrims to Mecca, Medina, and other Holy Places.
Customs Dues.
Non-protection of Fugitives. Extradition.
Ratiﬁcations.
m
Traite’ de Paix conclu, vers le commencement de 17 46, entre le Sultan
Mahomet, Empereur des Turcs, (5' le Sohach Nadyr, Roi de
Perse.
Preamble.
(Traduction.)
AU Nom de Dieu très-miséricordieux. Grâces soient rendues
a cet Etre Suprême, & louanges à son sacré Prophète, à sa sainte
Famille & a ses illustres Compagnons.
‘Les Lettres, qui ont été ci-devant adressées à la Porte de
Félicité de la part de Sa Maj. Persanne, ont fait voir que par
l’Assistance Divine, & par le concours des Grands du Roïaume
de Perse, assemblés dans la grande Plaine située dans le Mougan,
les jeunes & les vieux avoient, d’une voix unanime et sans
aucune restriction, choisi pour l’ornement du Trône de leur
Capitale le Très—Haut et Très-Généreux Prince, aussi brillant
que la Lune, aussi éclatant que le Soleil, le gage précieux du
Monde & de la Religion, le centre de la beauté du Musulmanisme
& des Musulmans, le Monarque dont les Troupes égalent le
nombre des Etoiles, celui qui est aujourd’hui assis sur le Trône
de Cosroës & de Dgem ;T le Schah Nadyr, dont Dieu perpétue la _
gloire & la prospérité!
Sa Maj. Persanne, à l’exemple de ses glorieux Ancêtres,
attachée au Hanésismei des vrais Musulmans, & ne pouvant
souﬁ‘rir la conduite blâmable de cette Nation, refusoit déjà.
d'accepter la Couronne, lorsque ces Peuples s’empressèrent a lui
donner des preuves de leur aveugle soumission à ses ordres, en
abandonnant les mauvais Principes qui jusqu’alors avoient servi
de fondemens à leurs dérèglements.

1'‘ Rousset, Vol. 19, page 477.
i‘ Names of two of the ancient and famous Kings of Persia.
1 One of the four Orthodox Seats, the one most followed among the Turks.
155
au, 1746.] rERsIA. AND TURKEY;
Les sentimens de religion & de générosité, profondément
gravés dans le cœur de Sa Maj. Persanne, lui inspirèrent bientôt
un véritable désir de mettre ﬁn à tout ce qui pouvoit contribuer
depuis si longtems a fomenter le feu de l’inimitié, & à aiguiser
les traits de la vengeance entre la Turquie & la Perse.
Il envisagea comme un service insigne & important a ses
Etats, à la Sublime Porte &' àl'tous les Musulmans, de faire
revivre parmi eux l’ancienne Union, qui avoit fait un tems leur
bonheur.
Il écrivit dans ce dessein d’augustes Lettres au très-vertueux
Empereur des Ottomans, pour remettre entre les mains de Sa
Hautesse la gloire de couronner l’oeuvre glorieuse & mémorable,
qui faisoit le plus cher objet de ses vœux. . -
De cinq Articles qui composoient les Propositions de Sa
Maj. Persanne, l’on applanit les difficultés sur trois, & on les
accepta comme étant de pure politique, & dépendant absolument
“du bon plaisir de Sa Hautesse ; mais la rigueur des Loix n’aïant
été trouvée susceptible d’aucun tempérament pour les deux
autres Articles, l’o‘n représenta plusieurs fois à Sa Maj. Persanne,
qu’on en appelloit à sa discrétion & à son équité. c . A
Les Décrets éternels s’opposoient encore à l’exécution d’un
projet, dont le succès étoit depuissi long tems désiré, et une
fermeté mal entenduë fomentoit encore l’animosité des Parties,
lorsque Sa Maj. Persanne envoïa dernièrement à la Sublime
Porte des Lettres, par lesquelles Elle tém'oijgnoit que ses vœux
n’aïant pour but ni Possessions, ni biens, ni inimitié, ni guerre, il
avoit sous ses augustes auspices ramené, & réüni dans la voie
droite des vrais Musulmans tous les Habitans de la Perse, pour
procurer au Peuple du Prophète le repos & la tranquillité, en
faisant succéder à une Guerre odieuse les avantages d’une
heureuse Paix.
Ces Lettres contenoient, ala vérité, quelques Propositions:
nouvelles concernant les Limites, mais comme elles étoient
conçues en forme d’insinuations, & dans les termes les plus
ménagés, & que Sa Maj. Persanne, bien loin d’appuïer sur sa
demande, en remettoit entièrement le refus ou l’acceptation à
l’équitable choix de Sa Maj. Khalifale, celle-ci, sensible a cette
façon de traiter amicale, se détermina à entrer en Négociations
paciﬁques.
Sa Maj. Impériale, l’Ombre de Dieu, écrivit, en conséquence,
une Lettre Impériale pour faire part à Sa Maj. Persanne que,
par le résultat d’un grand Conseil tenu a la Sublime Porte de‘
Félicité, il avoit résolu de vériﬁer & de soussigner en tout point
entre les deux Puissances le Proverbe de Prætem'z't quad præteriit.
Qu’à. l’égard de sa nouvelle demande aïant été regardée comme
contraire aux Loix & aux Canons, il convenoit pour la bonne
union des Parties que Sa . Persanne voulût bien s’en désister,
pour donner son auguste & heureux consentement à un Traité,
entièrement dépouillé de tout point susceptible de tâche & de
déshonneur pour la Maj. des Hauts Contractans, proposant pour
base de ce Traité celui qui avoit été arrêté & conclu pour les
15.6
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [Jan., 1746.
Conﬁns & Limites sous le règne de l’Empereur Sultan Murad
Khan IV,* qui jouit en l’autre Monde du printemps du Paradis;
qu'au reste Sa Maj. Persanne devoit être assurée qu’à cette
Condition, rien ne pourroit désormais ébranler les fondemens &
les arcboutans de l’Amitié de l’Union réciproques, tant qu’il
auroit en mains les Rennes de la Félicité, & qu’il auroit le
pied dans le brillant Etrier de la Fortune, & non seulement
sous son glorieux Règne, mais encore sous celui de ses De-
scendans & de ses Successeurs.
Sa Maj. Impériale, l’Ombre de Dieu, me députa à cet effet en
qualité d’Envoïe, me chargeant d’une agréable Lettre Impériale,
qui accordoit au Très-puissant, Très-clément & Très-magniﬁque
Ahmed Pacha, Gouverneur de Bagdad & Bassora, & Séraskier
de ce Département, le pouvoir spécial pour entamer & terminer
les opérations de cette Négociation dans le forme ci-dessus, &
j e fus pareillement honoré pour moi d’une Lettre dans le même
sens. Ahmed Pacha me donna pour adjoint l’Eﬁ'endi de son
Divan, le Très-éclairé Vely Effendi, avec lequel e me rendis en
Perse. Aussi-tôt que nous fûmes heureusement arrivés au
Camp Roïal de Sa Maj. Persanne, entre Tharan & Casbin, j’eus
l’honneur de lui présenter la Lettre Impériale de l’auguste asyle
du Khalyfat, en lui représentant avec tout le respect dû à Sa
Maj. tout ce qui m’avoit été recommandé & ordonné, et Sa Maj.
aïant témoigné le penchant et le désir sincère qu’Elle avoit de
terminer & de conclure ce Traité selon les intentions & les in-
spirations de S. Hautesse, Elle nomma quelques personnes de sa
Cour pour conférer avec nous sur l’oeuvre pieuse de cette
Paciﬁcation, dont nous parvînmes a la conclusion dans une
seule Conférence, en établissant une Base, une Condition, trois
Articles & un Appendice, qui font tout le contenu de ce Traité ;
& sur le compte qu’on en rendit à Sa Maj. Persanne, Elle permit
d’en dresser & d’en signer l’Acte de part & d’autre.
On verra ci—après la teneur de la Base, de la Condition, des
trois Articles & de l’Appendix de ce Traité, depuis si longtems
désiré pour l’union & la tranquillité du Peuple du Prophète, &
conclu en conséquence du pouvoir spécial, dont j’ai été muni &
honoré dans la forme ci—dessus par I’Empereur, l’asyle de Musul-
manisme, le Monarque miroir de la Justice, le Prince des Princes,
l’Ombre de Dieu, le possesseur des Troupes qui égalent le nombre
des Etoiles, le Dépositaire du Khalifat, le Serviteur des deux
sacrées & nobles Villes,’r le Maître des deux Terres & des deux
Mers, le Sultan, Fils du Sultan, le Très—puissant, Très-redoubt-
able, Très-magnanime & Très-généreux Empereur Sultan
Mahmoud le Conquérant, Fils du Sultan Moustafa le Con-
quérant, dont Dieu illustre le Règne & prolonge les jours I

* 16th September, 1639. See Professor Creasy’s “ History of the Ottoman Turks,”
Vol. 1, page 412. Sultan Murad Khan IV reigned from 1623 to 1640. f Mecca and Medina.
' 157
Jan.,1746.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.
Maintenance of Limits.
Base du Traité—On observera de part & d’autre sans.
altération, changement, ni diminution, les Conﬁns & Limites qui
ont jusqu’à présent été observées, & qui ont été réglées dans la
dernière Paix prise aujourd’hui pour modèle, & conclue autre fois
sous le Règne glorieux du Très-puissant Empereur Sultan Murad
Khan IV,* qui ouït dans l’autre Monde du printems du Paradis.
Condition—En accordant & en observant envers les deux
Parties, dans la forme convenable, tout ce qui est dû à leur
honneur & à leur gloire, l’on évitera soigneusement tout ce qui
peut être réciproquement susceptible de distinction de Religion
& de déshonneur.
Persian Pilgrims proceeding to ﬁlecca.
ART. I. Quand les Pèlerins de Perse iront ‘a la Mecque, par
la voie de Bagdad et de Damas, les Gouverneurs, les Juges &
Emir-haggs,T qui se trouveront sur ces routes, donneront toute
leur attention pour protéger, & soutenir en toute occasion ces
sortes de Pèlerins, & pour les faire arriver sains & saufs.
Reception of ‘Diplomatic Agents.
ART. II. Pour manifester au Public la bonne intelligence &
l’union des deux Cours, la Sublime Porte enverra une personne
pour résider à la Cour de Perse, & celle-ci pareillement en e11-
verra une pour résider à la Porte de Félicité, 81; ces Chargés
d’Aﬁ'aires seront défraïés & raisonnablement entretenus comme
les hôtes des Cours où ils résideront, & seront changés tout les
trois ans.
Release of Prisoners.
ART. III. On élargira de part & d’autre les prisonniers re-
spectifs; on ne pourra les vendre ni les acheter, & on ne.
s’opposera point à leur départ dans les endroits où ils ne voudront
pas rester, quand ils demanderont à. se repatrier.
ﬂlaintenance of Limits ﬁned by prenions T reaty.
Appendice—Comme les Conﬁns & Limites sont ‘réglés selon la
teneur ci—dessus, conformément au Traité conclu sous le Règne
du Sultan Murad IV)‘ les Gouverneurs des Conﬁns réciproques _
observeront avec exactitude tout ce qui ‘se pratiquoit ancienne-
ment, & se donneront bien de garde de contrevenir en rien a la
condition de ce Traité, dans les Aﬁ‘aires qui pourront survenir
concernant les Conﬁns. ' ' '

* See Note on preceding page.
1* The Title of those charged by the Porte to conduct the Mecca Caravan.
158
PERSLA. AND TURKEY. [Jan., 1746
Religion. Pilgrims to Mecca, Medina, and other Holy Places.
Puisque par un effet de la Grâce Divine, les Habitans de la
Perse ont entièrement renoncé aux Maximes illicites innovées
sous les Sophis, qu’ils sont rentrés dans le giron du Musul-
manisme, en acceptant les anciens Dogmes des sunnites ou
vrais Musulmans, & qu’ils chantent les loüanges & les éloges des
Khalifes Rachidins, & des autres illustres Compagnons sur qui
soit la Bénédiction de Dieu, les Pèlerins, qui iront dans la suite
à la Mecque, à. Médine, & dans tous les Etats Musulmans, seront
traités avec tous les égards possibles, comme tous les autres
Musulmans, & l’on se donnera bien garde de les inquiéter &
les molester, & d’exiger d’eux la moindre chose sous le nom de
De'ri'r'me'.
Religion. O'ustoms Dues.
Quand les Marchands des deux Nations auront païé, selon
l’exigence des lieux, la Doüane des] Marchandises qu’ils appor«
teront dans les Etats respectifs, ou ne pourra les molester par
aucune autre exaction.
Persian Pilgrims to Mecca, Medina, and other Holy Places,
Lorsqu’il viendra de Perse a la Meeque & à Médine, 85 aux
Tombeaux situés à. Bagdad, des Pèlerins, qui, attirés par la seule
dévotion de Pèlerinage, n’auront point avec eux des Marchan-
dises, les Juges & autres Oﬁiciers ne pourront exiger d’eux
aucun droit, ni les inquiéter en aucune façon sans raison
légitime.
Non-protection of Fugitives. Extradition.=
Si après la date du présent Traité, quelqu’un des Sujets &
des Rayas des deux Cours venoit à. se réfugier dans les Etats
respectifs,il ne sera accordé aucune protection a de pareils fugitifs;
ils seront au contraire rendus aux Chargés d’Aﬁ‘aires réciproques
sur la demande qu’ils en feront.
Tant que l’on observera exactement de part & d’autre les
Articles ci—dessus, on ne négligera rien pour perpétuer cette
heureuse Paix, même sous le règne des Descendans & des Suc-
cesseurs des Hauts Contractans, sans autre borne que la volonté
de l’Etre suprême.
Ratiﬁcations.
Conclusion.--La. Paix étant enﬁn conclue dans la forme
ci—dessus par l’assistance du Très-Haut, il a aussi été arrêté que
vers le premier jour de la nouvelle Année de l’Egire 1160, les
deux Cours s’enverront des Ambassadeurs Extraordinaires du
même rang, avec la Ratiﬁcation du Traité, & le Très-puissant
& Très-magniﬁque Hassan-Aly-Khan, l’un des plus illustres
Khans de la Perse, nous aïant remis, en vertu de ses Pleins-
pouvoirs, l’Ecrit scellé portant le consentement de Sa Maj,
159
Jam, 1747.] PERSIA AND
Persanne a la Base, à la Condition, aux ,trois, Articles & à
l’Appendice ci-dessus, nous l’avons reçu & accepté, vu qu’il est
conforme a nos instructions, & avons pareillement présenté &
remis en échange à Sa Maj. Persanne le présent Ecrit, signé &
scellé par le susdit très—puissant & très-clément Ahmed Pacha,
& par moi en vertu de nos Pouvoirs. w ’ Fait le 17 de la Lune de Chabon l’an de l’Egire-1159, ou vers
le commencement de Janvier, 17 46. -
- HASSAN ALI KHAN.
AHMED PACHA.

TRE’A T Y of Peace between Turkey and Persz'a.-Jcmuar ,
17 47 .*
_——o
' TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Art.
Preamble.
Parts of Provinces of lrak and Azarbigian ceded by Persia to Turkey.
Perpetual Friendship. .- -
I Î. Persian Pilgrims. '
II. Commissioners to be appointed to receive Mutual Tributes.
I_II. Freedom of Slaves. Slave-trading ; Religion.
Frontier Disturbances.
Pilgrims to Mecca, Medina, or other Holy Cities.
Customs Duties.
Observance of Stipulations of Treaty.
*
Traite’ de Paire entre Nader Chah, Empereur de Perse, le Sultan
‘Mahmoud, Empereur des Turcs.
PREAMBLE.
(Traduction
GLOIRE soit à Dieu, qui a plongé dans le sommeil les yeux
de la commotion, en éveillant les ‘cœurs des mona‘rques; qui a
fait découler la fontaine de la paix parmi le genre humain, en
arrêtant le cours de la rivière de la discorde entre les Rois, &;
les puissans Sultans; qui a rétabli par leur amicable agrément
désordre des affaires des ﬁdèles croyans; qui a dépouillé leurs le
cœurs de tout ressentiment, aﬁn de pouvoir guérir l’âme blessée
de son peuple ; qui a déraciné toute haine & inimité de leur sein,
& leur a ordonné de garder inviolablement leurs Traités, ainsi
que dit le livre à jamais glorieux: 0 vous, qui croyez, gardez

vos Conventions !
* Wenck, Vol. 2, page 305.
160
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [Jan., 1747.
Puisse a présent le Très-Haut être gracieux envers son Pro—
phète Mohammed, dont le siège est exalté; envers sa Famille &
ses Compagnons, & particulièrement ses successeurs, les Califes,
qui marchent dans la voie droite, & qui usent d’une extrême
diligence, pour maintenir la Vraie Religion!
Après ces prémises, il suit: Dans les vastes plaines de Mogan,
le peuple de l’Iran désira, que nous acceptassions le diadême
royal ; mais voyant les troubles que les hérésies de Chah Ismail
avoient suscités dans la Perse, & l’inimitié qu’elles avoient
causée entre les Turcs & les Persans; considérant aussi, que la
secte des Sunnis étoit suivie par nos nobles ancêtres, & grands
progéniteurs, nous refusâmes leur proposition. Mais après
‘plusieurs instances réitérées, nous consentimes de régner sur
eux, sous condition, qu’ils abjureroient de coeur & de bouche
leurs anciennes erreurs, & reconnoitroient la légitime succession
des grands Califes (auxquels Dieu soit favorable!) ils consen-
tirent a nos demandes, & quittèrent leurs hérésies.
Maintenant, puisne Sa Haute Majesté, exaltée au-dessus des
autres rois de monde, qui a le pouvoir de Salomon, l’éclat du
soleil, le protecteur des ﬁdèles croyans, le vainqueur des inﬁ-
dèles, le roi des deux continens & des deux mers, un second
Iskander Z oulkarnein, serviteur des deux cités sacrées, l’Empereur
& Victorieux Sultan Mahmoud Khan, dont Dieu a étendu l’ombre
sur tout l’univers, véritable Calife des croyans, & lumière de la
famille Turcmane, nous a demandé l’accroissement de notre
amitié, nous, en conséquence, espérant la continuation de ces
sentimens favorables, la dispensons de deux des Articles, que
nous avions proposés, & ne demandons que la conﬁrmation ‘des
trois autres, pour l’uniformité de religion, & pour la préserva-
tion de notre empire, désirant à. cette Négociation une conclu-
sion heureuse. _
Et quand même nous n’aurions pas eu l’intention d’écarter
tout sujet d’aliénation entre nous, & de donner la paix a nos
sujets, en faisant fleurir les boutons de rose et cet amicable
Traité, nous aurions, néanmoins, pour l’honneur des ﬁdèles
croyans, notiﬁé a Sa Haute Majesté, exaltée ainsi que Salomon,-
notre changement fortuné de religion, & la désertion de nos
anciennes erreurs.
Parts 0f Provinces of ‘Ira/c and Azarbigian ceded by Persia t0
Turkey.
Comme quelques parties des Provinces de l’Irak, & de
l’Azarbigian, pendant le règne agité de Chah Ismail, furent
transférées à la Cour Ottomane, aﬁn qu’il ne reste aucun sujet
de complainte, nous donnons, en présent, un de ces Territoires
à Sa Majesté l’Empereur des Turcs. Et puisque dans la lettre
royale, que'le très-noble Netif Effendi nous a portée, Sa très—
haute Majesté désire d’établir l’amour & la bienveillance entre
les deux Empires, de génération a génération, de notre part
nous croyons, que la conﬁrmation de cette amitié, & la tranquil-
lité de nos Dominations, sont des objets aussi importans qu’avan-
161 M
Jan, 1747.] .PERSIA. AND TURKEY.
tageux; nous désirons donc que la paix faite autrefois, dans le
tems de Morad quatrième, entre les Turcs & les Persans, soit
renouvellée; & nous demandons, que Sa dite Majesté acquiesce
gracieusement à. ce présent Traité de paix, qui contient le plan,
la stipulation, trois Articles, & un Supplément.
Perpetual Friendship.
Que la paix conclue dans le tems du Sultan Morad lV,*
d’heureuse mémoire, entre les deux Empires de Perse & de
Turquie, soit renouvellée ; puisse-t—elle demeurer ferme, & per-
pétuelle dans toutes les Provinces, & puisse sa continuation
n’être altérée ni troublée par aucun manquement I
Stipulation.—Aprés que toutes commotions sont endormies,
que le sabre est replacé dans le fourreau, après que tout ce qui
peut renverser la paix, & détruire l’amitié, est écarté; que la
bénédiction de Dieu, le pacte d’amour & d’unanimité, soit
durable entre les deux empires, & les familles des deux
monarques, jusqu’au jour du jugement.
Persian Pilgrims. .
ART. I. Que les pèlerins de Perse, qui passeront par Bagdad,
ou par la Syrie, pour se rendre au temple sacré, seront conduits
d’une station a l’autre en sûreté, & protégés par les magistrats
& gouverneurs des places, qui se trouvent dans leur voyage.
Commissioners to be appointed to receive Mutual Tributes.
ART. II. Pour conﬁrmer l’amitié & l’alliance entre les deux
Cours, que tous les trois ans un Commissaire soit envoyé de la
Porte en Perse, & .de la Perse en Turquie, pour recevoir les
tributs mutuels.
Freedom of Slaves. Slave Trading.
ART. III. Que les esclaves de chacune des deux nations soient
mis en liberté, & qu’il ne solt pas permis de les acheter, ou
vendre, mais qu’ils ayent le privilège de retourner dans leurs
pays respectifs.
Frontier Disturbances. Religion.
Appendice, ou Supplement—Que les Gouverneurs de toutes
les villes frontières évitent toutes commotions, qui peuvent
tendre a la dissolution de ce Traité; & que les Persans s’ab-
stiennent de toutes expressions peu convenables relativement
à la religion qu’ils ont embrassée, & a celle qu’ils ont désertée,
pour suivre la secte des Sunnis.
Pilgrims to Mecca, Medina, or other Holy Cities.
Qu’ils ne mentionnent jamais les grands Califes, sans due

5* See Note, page 153.
162
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [28th-‘July, 1823. '
révérence & prières; que lorsqu’ils voyagent pour aller ou .- an
temple de la Mecque, ou à. Médine, ou dans quelques autres
cités célèbres, ou qu’ils traversent la Natolie avec d’autres
pèlerins du pays, ou de quelque autre nation Mahométane, ils
ne leur montrent aucune marque d’aversion ou d’aliénation.
Customs Duties.
Qu’aussi dans les Villes Impériales on ne mette aucun impôt
sur ceux qui ne font aucun proﬁt par le commerce, mais que les
officiers de la douane fassent payer des droits seulement aux
commerçans, & ne demandent rien de plus, & qu’enﬁn dans
ces occasions on tienne la même conduite dans les deux
Empires.
Observance of Stipulations of Freaty. ,
Nous déclarons donc, en vertu de ce Traité, que la susdite
paix & les Articles mentionnés en icelle, demeureront a jamais
fermes entre les deux Empires & les familles de leurs souverains,
bien entendu, tant qu’il n’y aura aucune action contraire de
commise, de l’un ou de l’autre côté. Quiconque de sa part
sera coupable d’une telle violation, offensera contre sa propre
conscience, & quiconque observera ces Conventions, recevra du‘
ciel une récompense. -.
Eerit dans le mois sacré de Moharrem, l’année 1160 de notre
Prophète, auquel soit louanges & saluts! [January, 1747

TREAT Y of Peace between Turkey and Persia—Signed m5
Erzeroom, 28th July, 1823.*‘ '


TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
Preamble.
Conﬁrmation of Treaty of January, 174-6, of other Agreements respecting
Boundaries, Pilgrims, Merchants, &c.
Restoration by Persia to Turkey of Places taken Possession of during late
‘Var. Prisoners of War. '
‘ I. Non-interference in Internal Affairs of either States or on side of Bagdad and
_ Khoordistan. Frontier Tribes. Tribute. Rent of Pasture Lands, &c.
II. Persian Pilgrims proceeding to Mecca and Medina. Pilgrims to Kerbelah
and Nujuﬂ’. Reciprocity to be shown by Persia towards Ottoman Subjects.
Persian Pilgrims ; Customs Duties, &c. Free Sale of Persian Pipe-sticks
at Constantinople. _
III. Tribal Disputes on Frontiers : Hyderanloo and Sibbikee.
IV. Non-protection of Deserters and others.
V. Restitution of sequestered and other Property.
VI. Disposal of Property of Deceased Subjects.
VII. Reception of Ministers. Deserters.
Final Article—No Claims to be advanced on account of Plunder, Losses, or War
Indemnities. Ratiﬁcations. "
* Conﬁrmed by Treaty of 33%? May, 1847, Art. IX, page 172.
163‘ M 2
23th July, 1823.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.
(Translation)
In the Name of the Most Merciful God.
Preamble.
ARISING from various circumstances, of late years the
amicable relations between the Two powerful Mahomedan
States became interrupted, and their friendship and good
understanding were converted into strife and enmity, which
terminated in open warfare. The interests of the religion of
Islam required a reconciliation, the Two Governments were
anxious to prevent the further effusion of blood,--and the
renewal of the ties of amity was mutually desired and proposed.
\Vith this view, by the authority of a Firman from His
Majesty the King of Kings, the Hakan son of a Hakan, the
Conqueror Feth Alli Shah, the Sovereign of Persia, and also
invested with discretionary Powers from His Royal Highness,
the Heir Apparent, Prince Abbas Mirza, the High in Dignity,
Mirza Mahomed Alli Mustofee, has been honoured with the
rank of Plenipotentiary; and in virtue of a F irman, His Majesty,
the Protector of the Faith, the Guardian of the Holy Cities,
Sultan of the Sea and Earth, the Sultan, son of a Sultan, the
Conqueror Mahmood Han, Emperor of the Ottomans, has
named for His Plenipotentiary, the Illustrious Mohammed Emin
Raauf Pasha, Seraskier, Governor of Erzeroom, and Wallee
(Lieutenant) of the Eastern Provinces of the Ottoman Empire,
who, on the exchange of their Full Powers, have concluded
their Conferences and Discussions, in the before-mentioned
City, by assentin g to the following Conditions of Peace.
Conﬁrmation of Treaty of January, 17 46, of other Agreements
respecting Boundaries, Pilgrims, Merchants, 3&0.
Basia—The Stipulations of the Treaty concluded in the
year of the Hegira 1159 [January 17 461* respecting the ancient
Boundaries of the Two' Empires, and the former Agreements
relating to Pilgrims, Merchants, the delivery of Refugees, the
free egress of all Prisoners, and the residence of a Minister at
the respective Courts, are considered valid, and are to be
strictly observed. The slightest deviation from the engage-
ments therein detailed shall not be permitted, and the amity
between the Two powerful States shall be for ever preserved.
Restoration by Persia to Turkey of Places talc-en Possession of
during late War. -
Stipulations—Hemeforward the Sword of Enmity shall be
sheathed, and every circumstance shall be avoided, which may
produce coldness or disgust, and may be contrary to friendship
and perfect union. The Countries within the boundaries of the

Page 155.
164
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [28th July, 1823
Ottoman Empire, which, during the war, or previously to the
commencement of hostilities, have been taken possession of by
Persia, including Fortress‘es, Districts, Lands, Towns, and
Villages, to be restored in their present state, and, at the
expiration of sixty days from the signature of this Treaty, to be
delivered over to the Ottoman Government.
Prisoners of War.
And in token of respect for this happy peace, the prisoners
captured on both sides, without concealment or prevention,
shall have free permission to depart. Provisions and other
necessaries requisite for the journey shall be afforded them,
and they shall be sent to the Frontiers of the two Countries.
Non-inteoy’erenee in internal Aﬁ'airs of either State, or on side
of Bagdacl and K/zoordistan.
ART. I. The Two High Powers do not admit each other’s
interference in the internal affairs of their respective States.
From this period, on the side of Bagdad and Koordistan no inter-
ference is to take place, nor with any Districts of the Divisions
of Koordistan within the Boundaries, is the Persian Government
to intermeddle, or authorise any acts of molestation, or to
assume any authority over the present or former Possessors of
those Countries.
Frontier Tribes. Tribute. Rent of Pasture Lands, $1}.
.And on that frontier, should the Tribes of either side pass
the boundaries for a summer or winter residence, the Agents
of His Royal Highness the Heir Apparent, with the Pasha of
Bagdad, shall arrange the tribute customary to be paid, the rent
of the pasture lands, and other claims, in order that they may
not cause any misunderstanding between the two Governments.
Persian Pilgrims proceeding to Mecca and .Zlfedina.
ART. II. Persian subjects proceeding to the Holy Cities of
Mecca and Medina, as to other Mahomedan towns, such as
Pilgrims, and persons travelling through the Ottoman Terri-
tories, are to be entirely exempted from all contributions ;, and
other impositions at variance with lawful usage are not to he
demanded from them.
Pilgrims to KerbeZa/z. and Ahij'uf.
In like manner the Pilgrims to Kerbelah and Nujuﬂ‘, as long
as they have no merchandize, neither tribute nor tax of any
kind is to be extracted from them; but in case they have in
their possession articles of commerce, the just rate of Customs
is to be levied on such goods, and nothing extra is to be
' demanded.
165
28th July, 1823.] PERSIA. AND TURKEY.
Pilgrims. 'Reciprocity to be shown by Persia ‘towards Ottoman
Subjects.
The Persian Government is likewise bound to pursue the
same line of conduct towards the Merchants and Subjects of the
Ottoman Empire. In conformity with former Engagements,
from this period, on the part of the Vizirs the Emir-Elhadj,
and other Commanders and Governors, the ancient Stipulations
respecting the Persian Pilgrims and Merchants shall be con_
sidered as in full force and acted upon.
Persian Pilgrims. Customs Duties, do.
The Pilgrims shall be conducted from Damascus to the Holy
Cities, and back to Damascus, and on the part of the Emir-
Elhadj every attention shall be shown towards them; whilst no
treatment at variance with the existing engagements shall be
permitted; on the contrary, every exertion shall be made to
afford them aid and protection. In case any disputes should
arise amongst the Persian Pilgrims, the Emir-Elhadj, in con-
junction with the chief person among them, is to settle their
differences. To the female attendants of His Persian Majesty,
the wives of the Royal Princes, or of the Grandees of the
Empire, who may be on pilgrimage to Mecca, or to Kerbelah
and N ujuff, every respect and honour shall be paid according to
their respective ranks. Persian Merchants and Subjects shall
pay the same rate of Customs as those of the Ottoman Govern-
ment. The duties are only to be exacted once, and they shall
be at a computation of four piastres to a‘ hundred on the value
of the merchandize; Teslcérés shall be given; and whilst the
goods remain in the possession of the ﬁrst proprietors, and are
not disposed of to other Persons, no further duties are to be
demanded. ‘ ‘ ~
Free Sale of Persian Pipe-sticks at Constantinople.
The Persian Merchants, who carry the Cliooboolcs, or'Pipe-
sticks of Sheeraz to Constantinople, shall be allowed to trafﬁck
them without any restrictions, and to sell them to whomsoever
they may think proper. To the Merchants, Subjects, and
Dependants of the Two High Powers, ‘visiting the two Countries,
in consideration of the Mahomedan religion, every friendly
treatment shall be extended, and they shall be preserved from
all molestation and injury.
' Tribal Disputes on Frontiers. Hycleranloos and Silibilcees.
ART. III. The Tribes of Hyderanloo and Sibbikee, which
have been the cause of contention between the Two High
Powers, and are now dwelling in the Territory of the Ottoman
Empire, should they from thence transgress the boundary of
Persia, and commit any ravages, the Turkish Frontier Authori~=
166
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [28th July, 1823.
ties will endeavour to prevent such proceedings, and punish the
offenders. In case that these tribes continue to invade and
molest the Persian Territory, and the Frontier Authorities do
not put a stop to these aggressions, the Ottoman Government
shall cease to protect them, and should these Tribes of their
own will and choice return to Persia, their departure shall not
be prohibited nor opposed. But after their arrival in Persia,
should they again desert to Turkey, the Ottoman Government
shall afford them no further protection, nor shall they be re-
ceived. In the event of their return to Persia, should these
tribes disturb the tranquillity of the Ottoman Territory, the
Persian Frontier Authorities agree to use every effort to prevent
these irregularities.
Non-protection of Deserters and others.
ART. IV. In conformity with ancient engagements, the
deserters from either Oountry shall not be received; and in like
manner, from this period, the wandering Tribes and others
quitting Persia for Turkey, or Turkey for Persia, shall not
receive protection from either party.
Restitution of Sequestererl and other Property.
ART. V. Theproperty of the Persian Merchants sequestrated
at Constantinople, with the cognizance of the Law and accord-
ing to the public registers, from the date of this Treaty to the
period of sixty days, wherever the sequestration may have
taken place, shall be restored to the Proprietors. Besides the
goods under sequestration, whatever effects during the war
may have been taken by force from the Persian Pilgrims and
Subjects throughout the Ottoman Dominions, by the different
Vizirs and Governors, on the representations of the Persian
Government, Firmans shall be delivered up to the Agents of
such persons, who, on giving lawful proofs of the authenticity
of their claims, shall receive the required restitutions.
Disposal of Property of Deceased Subjects.
ART. VI. 011 the demise of any Persian Subjects in the
Ottoman Dominions, should the deceased have no lawful heir
and executor present, the Officers of the Treasury (Beit ul Mal)
shall, with the cognizance of the Law, register the property,
and shall enter it upon the Records of the Court of Judicature.
For the period of one year the effects shall be lodged in a secure
place, until the lawful heir or administrator of the estate may
arrive, when, according to the Register of the Courts of J udica-
ture, the property shall be delivered up. The customary fees
and the hire of the place for depositing the effects are to be
paid, and should they be burnt or destroyed within the above
stated period, no claims are to be advanced for the recovery of
the property. If during the said period the heir or the executor
167
28th July, 1823.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.
of the deceased does not arrive, the Officers of the Treasury,
with the knowledge of the Agent of the Persian Government,
shall sell the property and keep the amount in deposit.
Reception of ZVIinisters.
ART. VII. Agreeably to former Engagements, and for the
purpose of adding fresh ties to the Alliance, a Minister shall be
sent every three years to reside for that period at the respective
Courts.
Deserters.
The subjects of the Two High Powers, who, during the
War, may have deserted from either country, in consideration of
this happy Peace, shall suffer no punishment for the offence
committed.
No Claims to be advanced on account of Plunder, Losses, or l/Var
Indemnities.
Final Article—The Capitulations detailed in the Basis of the
Treaty, and the Stipulations and different Articles which have
been the result of the Conferences, shall be approved of by both
Parties. No claims shall be advanced on account of plunder
and losses, or any indemniﬁcation required for the expenses of
the War, and the principle adhered to by both Governments
shall be to overlook all past occurrences.
Ratiﬁoations.
According to established custom, the Ratiﬁcations of this
Treaty shall be exchanged; and, from the signature of this
Authentic Instrument, to the space of sixty days, Ambassadors
of secondary rank shall meet each other on the Frontiers of the
two countries, and from thence proceed to the Courts of the
respective States, for the purpose of delivering the Ratiﬁed
Treaty. In this manner the Alliance has been renewed and
conﬁrmed, and the truest reconciliation has taken place from
the date of this Treaty. N o alterations shall be made in the
above-Stipulations and Agreements, nor any measures hereafter
pursued, in repugnance to the rights of friendship.
The Plenipotentiary of the Ottoman Government, in virtue
of his Full Powers, has signed and sealed this Treaty on the
19th day of Zilkaade, in the year 1238,* for which this Instru-
ment in exact conformity thereto, has been delivered by the
Plenipotentiary of His Persian Majesty, agreeably to his Full
Powers. ,
(L.S.) MOHAMMEI) EMIN RAAUF.
(L.S.) MAHOMED ALLI.

* 28th July, 1823.
168
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [31st May, 1847.
TREA TY of Limits, between Qlurhey and Persia.*--Signed at
.Erzeroom, 21%} Mty, 1847.
[Ratiﬁcations exchanged at Constantinople, 21st March, 1848.]

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Abandonment of all Pecuniary Claims on either side.
II. Abandonment by Persia of all Lands to the west of the Province of Zohab.
Abandonment by Turkey of all Lands to the east of the Province of
Zohab, including the Valley of Kerrind. Withdrawal of Persia to any
Claim to the Town and Province of Suleimania. Recognition of Persian
Right of Sovereignty over the Town and Port of Mohammerah, the Island
of Khizr, and the lands on the left bank of the Schatt-ul-Arab. Right
of Persian Ships to navigate the Schatt-ul-Arab.
III. Commissioners to be appointed to deﬁne Boundary between Turkey and
Persia.
IV. Commissioners to settle questions of Losses sustained on either side since
acceptance of proposals of Mediating Powers of 1845 or 1846.
V. Abode of Fugitive Persian Princes to be ﬁxed at Brussa. Other Fugitives to
be given up.
VI. Customs Dues payable by Persian Merchants.
VII. Right of Persian Pilgrims to visit Holy Places in Ottoman States. Privileges
and Protection to be enjoyed by Persian Pilgrims and all Persian subjects.
\ Right of Persia to appoint Consuls in Turkey, except at Mecca and Medina.
Right of Turkey to appoint Consuls in Persia.
VIII. Suppression of Brigandage, &c., on Frontiers.
IX. Conﬁrmation of former Treaties. Ratiﬁcations.

(Traduction)
Abandonment of all Pecuniary Claims on either side.
ART. I. Les 2 Puissances Mussulmanes arrétent que les
réclamations pécuniaires qu’elles avaient élevées jusqu’a present,
l’une a charge de l’autre, soient totalement abandonnés; mais
que nulle atteinte ne soit portée par cet arrangement aux dis-
positions (prises) pour le réglement des réclamations insérées
dans l’Article IV.
Abandonment by Persia of all Lands to the [Vest of the Province of
Zohab. .
ART. II. Le Gouvernement de Perse s’engage a ahandonner
an Gouvernement Ottoman tous les terrains plats, c’est-a-dirc.
les terrains de la partle occidentale de la province de Zohab.
Abandonment by Turkey of all Lands to the East of the Province of
Zohab, including the Valley of Kerrind.
Et le Gouvernement Ottoman s’engage de son cote a
abandonner au Gouvernement Persan la partie orientale, c’est-
a-dire, tous les terrains montagneux de la province de Zohab,
avec la vallée de Kerrind.

* Correspondence passed in 18417, 1851, and 1865, respecting the demarkation of
the Turco-Persian Frontier which was laid before Parliament in the latter year
‘(see “ State Papers," Vol. 56, page 648).
169
Blst May,184’7.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.
Withdrawal of Persia to all Claim to the ÎI own and Province of
Suleimania.
Le Gouvernement Persan se désiste de toute espèce de pré-
tention relative à la ville et a la province de Suleimanié, et
s’engage formellement a ne jamais exercer nulle espèce
d’immixtion ni d’empiètement par rapport au droit de
souveraineté du Gouvernement Ottoman sur la dite province.
Recognition of Persian right of Sovereignty over the Town and Port
of Mohammerah, the Island of Khizr, and Lands on the Left
Bank of the Sehatt-ul-Arab.
Le Gouvernement Ottoman s’engage formellement à ce que
la ville et l’échelle de Mohammara, l’île de Khizr, le lieu
d’ancrage, et aussi les terrains de la rive orientale, c’est-à—dire,
de la rive gauche du Schatt—ul—Arab, qui sont en la possession
des tribus reconnues comme relevant de la Perse, soient dans la
possession du Gouvernement Persan en pleine souveraineté.
Right of Persian Ships to ‘lVaoigate the Schatt—ul-Aralr.
Outre cela, les navires Persans auront le droit de naviguer en
pleine liberté sur le Schatt—ul-Arab, depuis l’endroit où ce ﬂeuve
se jette dans la mer jusqu’au point de contact des frontières des
2 parties.
Commissioners to be Appointed to deﬁne Boundary between flurlceg
and Persia.
ART. III. Les 2 Parties Oontractantes ayant par le présent
Traité abandonné leurs autres réclamations territoriales, s'enga-
gent à nommer immédiatement des 2 côtés des Commissaires et
des Ingénieurs, aﬁn que ceux-ci déterminent les frontières entre
les 2 Etats d’une manière conforme à l’Article précédent.
Commissioners to settle questions of Losses sustained on either side
since acceptance of proposals of mediating Powers of 1845 or
1846.
ART. IV. Il est respectivement décidé que des Commissaires
seront immédiatement nommés de part et d’autre, pour juger et
régler d’une manière équitable les questions des dommages
essuyés des 2 côtés depuis l’acceptation des propositions amicales
tracées et communiquées par les 2 grandes Puissances média-
trices au mois de Djémaziy-ul-evvel, 1261 [1845 or 1846]: ainsi
que celles des droits de pâturage depuis l’année où leur paiement
a été arriéré.
Abode of Fugitive Persian Princes to be ﬁxed at Brussa.
.ART. V. Le Gouvernement Ottoman promet de ﬁxer à
170
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [3lst May, 1847.
Brousse le domicile des Princes Persans fugitifs, et de ne pas
permettre qu’ils s’absentent dudit lieu, ni qu’ils entretiennent
des relations clandestines avec la Perse.
Other Fugitives to be given up.
* Et les 2 Hautes Puissances s’engagent à ce que, conformé-
ment au‘ précédent Tralté d’Erzeroum,9re les autres transfuges
solent tous rendus.
Customs Dues payable by Persian Merchants.
_ ART. VI. Les négociants Persans paieront en nature ou en
argent comptant les droits de douane pour leurs marchandises,
selon la valeur actuelle et courante des dites marchandises, et
de la manière indiquée dans l’Article relatif au commerce du
Traité d’Erzeroum conclu en 1238 [28th July, 1823]. On ne
demandera rien (pas une pièce de monnaie) en sus du montant
ﬁXé dans le dit Traité.
Right of Persian Pilgrims to visit Holy Places in Ottoman States.
ART. VII. Le Gouvernement Ottoman promet d’accorder les
priviléges nécessaires pour que, en conformité des Traités pré-
cédents, les pélerins Persans puissent visiter, en toute sûreté et
à, l’abri de toute espèce de veXation, les lieux saints qui se
trouvent dans les Etats Ottomans.
Privileges and Protection to be enjoyed by Persian Pilgrims and all
Persian Subjects.
, Et, de plus, désirant raﬁ‘ermir et consolider les liens de
lÎamitié et de la concorde qui doivent subsister entre les 2
Puissances Musulmanes et entre leurs sujets respectifs, il s’en—
gage a prendre les mesures les plus convenables a ce que, de
même que les pélerins Persans jouissent de tous les privilèges
dans les Etats Ottomans, les autres sujets Persans aussi en
participent, et que, tant pour leur commerce que sous d’autres
rapports, ils soient mis a l’abri de toute sorte d’injustice, de
molestation, ou d’incivilité.
Right of Persia to Appoint Consuls in Turleey, except at Mecca
and Medina.
Outre cela, le Gouvernement Ottoman promet de reconnaître
les Consuls qui seront nommés par le Gouvernement Persan dans
tels endroits des Etats Ottomans où les intérêts commerciaux et
la protection des sujets et négociants Persans l’exigeraient, à
l’exception de la Mecque la vénérée, et de Medine la resplendis-
sante ; et d’observer à, l’égard desdits Consuls tous les privilèges

28th J uly, 1823, page 163.
1.71
Slst May, 1847.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.
dûs à leur caractère ofﬁciel et qui sont observés envers les
Consuls des autres Puissances amies.
Right of Turkey to Appoint Consuls in Persia.
De son côté, le Gouvernement Persan s’engage à user en
toute chose de procédés réciproques, soit envers les Consuls qui
seront nommés par le Gouvernement Ottoman dans tels endroits
de la Perse où ils seront jugés nécessaires, soit à l’égard des
sujets et négociants Ottomans qui fréquenteraient la Perse.
Suppression 0f Brigandage, 5-0., on Frontiers.
ART. VIII. Les 2 Hautes Puissances Musulmanes s’engagent
à adopter et a mettre a exécution les mesures nécessaires pour
empêcher et réprimer les vols et‘ les brigandages des tribus et
des autres peuplades établies sur les frontières; auquel effet,
elles placeront des troupes dans les lieux convenables. Et elles
s’engagent à. s’acquitter de leur devoir quant à toute espèce
d’actes d’agression, tels que pillage, déprédation, ou meurtre, qui
auraient lieu sur leurs territoires respectifs.
‘ Les 2 Hautes Puissances laisseront une fois pour toutes a la
libre volonté des tribus qui, leur Suzerain n’étant pas connu,
sont contestées, la faculté de choisir et de désigner les endroits
où ‘dorénavant elles demeureront toujours; et il est arrêté que
les tribus dont la dépendance est connue, seront forcées de
rentrer dans le territoire de l’Etat dont elles relèvent.
Conﬁrmation of former Treaties.
ART. IX. Tous les points et les Articles des Traités précé-
dents, et particulièrement ceux du Traité conclu à Erzeroum en
1238,* qui ne sont pas spécialement modiﬁés ou annulés par le
présent Traité, sont conﬁrmés dans toute leur force et dans
toutes leurs dispositions, comme s’ils eussent été insérés mot-a-
mot dans cette pièce. ‘
Raiicaiio'n s.
Il est convenu entre les 2 Hautes Puissances qu’après que ce
Traité aura été échangé, elles l’accepteront et le signeront, et
que les ratiﬁcations en seront échangées dans l’espace de 2 mois,
ou plus tôt.
' 16 Djemazil Akhir,1263 (gig May, 1847).
(L.S.) ENVARRE EFFENDI.
(LS) MIRZA TAKKEE KHAN.

* 23rd J uly, 1823, page 163.
17?-
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [28th Nov.,1863.
TREATY between the Sublime Porte and the Shah of Persia, for
the Establishment of a Line of felegvaph—Signed at Con-
stantinople, 28th November, 1863.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Art.
I. Branch Lines to be established.
II. Lines to meet at Hankin.
III. Telegraphic Despatches between Persia, &c., and Turkey, &c., and vice versé.
IV. Employment of Morse’s System.
V. Telegraphic Despatches.
VI. Charges.
VII. Charges for Telegraphic Dcspatches passing by Turkish, Asiatic, and by
Persian Lines.
}Telegraphic Despatchos sent by Hankin and by Bagdad and Bussorah.
X. Telegraph Employés.
XI. Commencement and Duration of Convention.
XII. Ratiﬁcation.
(Traduction)
Brame/L Lines to be established.
ART. I. Le Gouvernement Persan promet d’étendre une de
ses lignes télégraphiques jusqu’à un endroit situé sur les
frontières Ottomanes, et de son côté le Gouvernement Ottoman
s’engage d’établir un embranchement d’un endroit quelconque
de sa ligne télégraphique entre Scutari et Bagdad jusqu’a
l’endroit où la ligne télégraphique Persane serait porté.
Lines to meet at I-Ianhin.
ART. II. Il fut convenu entre les deux Parties Contractantes
que l’endroit nommé Hankin sera ﬁxé comme point de rencontre
des deux lignes; cependant, si plus tard il y a nécessité de
faciliter et d’élargir les communications télégraphiques, elles
pourront être réunies également sur d’autres points des
frontières.
Tbtegraphie Despatches between Persia, (Sea, and Twhey, cÿa, and
vice versci.
ART. III. Le Gouvernement Ottoman promet d’admettre et
de faire passer sans difficulté les dépêches télégraphiques trans—
mises du Royaume Persan ou bien d’un Etat qui est en com-
munication télégraphique avec la Perse, en destination pour les
Etats de Sa Majesté le Sultan, ou bien pour un Etat étranger
ui est en communication télégraphique avec le Gouvernement
ttoman; et il est de même convenu que le Gouvernement
Persan admettra et fera passer sans difficulté les dépêches télé-
graphiques transmises de la Turquie ou bien d’un Etat qui est-
en communication télégraphique avec le Gouvernement Otto-
man, en destination pour la Perse ou pour un Etat étranger qui
17 3
28th‘ N 0v.‘, 1863.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.‘
est en communication télégraphique avec le Gouvernement
Persan. v ~ ' A
- Lee» dépêchestélégraphiques (le la Perse dans les Etats Otto-
mans, et les dépêches télégraphiques- des Etats Ottomans en
Perse, participeront aux mêmes “avantages et obligations que
les dépêches intérieures respectives ou bien celles d’un autre
Etat étranger. --
Employment of Morse’s System.
ART. IV. Les deux Parties Contractantes s’engagent d’em-
ployer l’appareil Morse, employé actuellement en Europe, pour
la transmission des dépêches télégraphiques qu’ils auront à
échanger; et de même en ajoutant la Convention de Bruxelles‘*‘
a ce Traité, elles établissent qu’elles se conformeront, en toutes
choses, aux clauses de la susdite Convention pour ce qui regarde
la transmission des dépêches télégraphiques.
Telegraphic Despatches.
ART. V. Les dépêches télégraphiques, qui seront échangées
entre les deux Parties Contractantes, sont divisées en deux:
1, les dépêches Persanes et Ottomanes qui partent d’un des
bureaux télégraphiques de l’un des susdits-Gouvernements pour
les Etats de autre; et 2, les dépêches des Gouvernements
étrangers qui passent par les Etats de l’une des Parties Con-
tractantes en destination pour l’étranger.
Charges.
ART. VI. La taxe à percevoir pour les dépêches de la première
catégorie est ﬁxée à 30 paras par fersah, ou ‘bien a 20 paras par
heure, en commençant de Hankin jusqu’a l’endroit de leur desti—
nation. La taxe ainsi calculée ne concerne que les dépêches
qui contiennent 20 mots ou moins que cela, tant dans l’Empire
Ottoman qu’en Perse; quant a celles qui contiennent plus de
20 mots, elles seront grêvées de 10 piastres par chaque 10 mots
ou même d’une fraction de 10 mots qu’elles contiennent.
Charges for Telegraphic Despatches passing by Zhm'h'ish, Asiatic,
and by Persian Lines. -
ART. VII. Les dépêches télégraphiques de'la seconde caté—
gorie seront taxées d’après la Convention de Bruxellesale annexée
au présent Traité, seulement lorsque celles-ci passent par les
domaines Asiatiques du Sultan et par les lignes Persanes, elles
y seront taxées d’après le mode ci-dessus mentionné; de sorte
que la taxe des dépêches qui appartiennent à cette catégorie
sera perçue dans le bureau établi a la frontière Persane en sahib

7 3" This Convention was concluded between Prussia, on her own behalf and in
the name of Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Wurtemburg, Netherlands, Baden,
and Mecklenburg-Schwerin.——Belgium and France at Brussels on the 30th June,
1858. See “State Papers,” Vol. 57, page 1095.
' = " -— 174
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [28th Nov, 1863.
kerans et en piastres, tandis que la taxe de ces dépêches dans les
parties d’Europe jusqu’a l’endroit de leur destination sera perçue
en francs, et ce mode de perception de taxes sera observé dans
la transmission des dépêches télégraphiques des Etats Ottomans
aux Indes Orientales.
Telegraphic Despote/tes sent by Hcmlcin and by Bagdad and
Bussorah.
ART. VIII. Les dépêches télégraphiques partant de l’Europe
par les lignes télégraphiques Ottomanes, en destination pour les
pays Asiatiques situés au-delà. des domaines Persans, et celles
transmises de ces pays au continent Européen, sont divisées en
deux parties égales, dont l’une passera par les lignes de Hankin
et de la Perse, et l’autre par Bagdad et Bussorah.
ART. IX. La correspondance télégraphique entre les Etats
Ottomans et ceux de la Perse sera fait en langue Turque,
Persane, Française, et Anglaise.
Telegraph Employés.
ART. X. Les employés du télégraphe, aux service des deux
Parties Oontractantes, échangeront leurs comptes à, la ﬁn de
chaque mois, et chaque semestre ils régleront déﬁnitivement
leurs comptes d’après revaluation monétaire suivante:
Piastres. Paras.
Keran Q 0 o o o o 5 O
Toma/[1 o o I o o o I O O
Franc o o o o o o o o 41 Abas . . . . . . . . O 1
Commencement and Duration of Convention.
ART. XI. La présente Convention sera mise en exécution à
l’expiration de 4 mois, et plutôt si cela est possible, et elle sera
en vigueur pendant 10 ans depuis le jour de l’échange des
ratiﬁcations.
Ratiﬁoations.
ART. XII. Cette Convention sera ratiﬁée par les deux
Gouvernements et les ratiﬁcations seront échangées à. Constan-
tinople dans l’espace de 3 mois depuis ce jour.
Constantinople, 17 Djemaziul—ahir, 1280 (le 28 Novembre,
1863).

175
3rd Aug, 1869.]
rnssm AND TURKEY.
TEMP ORA R Y B O UZVDA R Y A GREEllIEIVT between Turkey
and Persia, 3rd August, 1869.’is

TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art.
Maintenance of Status Quo.
I. Security of Frontiers.
II. Land Disputes. ‘
III. Temporary Authority of Party in Possession.
IV. No Buildings to be erected on Disputed Lands.
No existing Buildings or
Marks to be considered Proofs of Possession.
V. Repair of Houses at Kazlee Gioul.
VI. Disputes on this Point to be referred to Central Government.
VII. Temporary Agreement to hold good pending Settlement of Boundary Line.

Maintenance of Status Quo.
In order to conﬁrm the status
gao stipulated between the two
Governments respecting their
disputed grounds, this< tempo-
rary document has been ex-
changed between the Sublime
Porte and the Persian Lega-
tion :—
Pour consolider et donner
plus de force an réglement
de stat'zt guo adopté par les
Gouvernements Turco-Persan
au sujet des lieux en litige des
frontieres, la présente conven-
tion a été provisoirement
échangé entre l’Ambassadeur
de Perse et la Sublime Porte.
Security of Fro‘vjitiers.
I. The two parties williusep‘,
every exertion towards in-
creasing the security of the
frontiers lying between their
respective States.
I.’ Pour sécurité et maintien
de bon ordre dans les frontieres
qui séparent les deuX états 011
veillera scrupuleusement des
deux cotés de maniere a pre-
venir tout état de choses dé-
favorables a la se'curité et con-
ﬁance respective.
Land Disputes.
II. The status quo respecting
disputed lands, such as was
deﬁned by the Commissioners
of the four Powers, is to con-
tinue in force until the boun-
dary line is settled. The two
II. Le reglement de statu
qua qui a e'té adopté de part
et d’ordre lors de l’enquéte
des (Jommissaires des quatre
Gouvernements au sujet des
lieuX litigieux des frontieres

* In September, 1869, and February, 1870, a copy of the “ Identic Map ” agreed
upon between Great Britain and Russia in March, 1865 (see page 218), was oﬁicially
communicated to the Turkish and Persian Governments respectively, but no
boundary was marked upon it.
176
PERSIA A ND TURKEY.
[3rd Aug, 1869-
Governments and their frontier
authorities shall exert them-
selves to preserve this stipula-
tion, and shall refrain from any
action that may be opposed
thereto.
Land Disputes.
III. Every place which was
considered disputed land when
the status quo was accepted by
the arties shall remain under
the authority of the State
which governed it at that time
until the boundary is settled.
But this supervision will not
confer the right of ultimate
possession.
doit être maintien tel quel
jusqu’à une délimitation déﬁ-
nitive, et les autorités limi-
trophes respectives en obser-
vant scrupuleusement 1e main-
tien de ce statu guo se garde-
rent de toute démarche et con-
duite contraire pouvait porter
attente au dit règlement.
T emporarg Authority of Party in Possession.
III. A partir de l’époque au
le statu quo a été adopté par les
deux Gouvernements les lieux
litigieuse en question qui se
sont trouvés placés sous l’admi-
nistration de chacune des deux
parties seront encore pareille-
ment administrés par elles
jusqu’à la délimitation déﬁni-
tive des frontières mais il est
bien entendu que cette admi-
nistration ne sera point pre-
valer comme le droit et les
dits lieux litigieuse ne seront
aucunement par cela seul con-
sidérés des propriétés acquises.
No Buildings to be Erected on Disputed Lands.
IV. On these disputed lands
no buildings of any description
shall henceforth be erected by
either party,
IV. Aucune construction a
l’avenir ne sera élevé sans
aucune demeuration que ce
soit dans les lieux en litige qui
se trouvent à l'administration
de l’une et l’autre partie,
No Existing Buildings or Afar/es to be considered Proofs of Possession.
and any buildings or marks
which may have hitherto been
erected on such lands shall not,
when the boundarylline is ﬁxed,
be considered as proofs of pos-
session by the party unentitled
thereto.
et toutes elles qui ont en lieu
jusqu’a ce jour ainsi que toutes
les manques et idées de limite
ne seront a le délimitation
déﬁnitive aucunement con-
sidérées comme preuve de droit
et propriété acquis.
Repair of Houses at Kazlee Gioul (Cazlighure).
V. The repairing of the
houses which were demolished
at Kazlee Gioul does not form
part of the stipulation pre-
V. Exceptionalement à l’ar-
ticle précédent toutes les
maisons ruinées a Cazlighure
seront reconstruites par leurs
177
N
3rd Aug, 1869.]
PERSIA AND TURKEY.
viously explained; and it is
agreed upon by the two States
that the occupants of these
houses may repair them; but
their doing so shall not be
considered, when the frontier
line is settled, as having con-
ferred upon them the right of
proprietorship.
proprietaires; mais ces con-
structions comme il est dit
plus haut, ne seront point con—
sidérées comme preuves de
droit acquis a la designation
des frontier-es.
Disputes on this Point to be Referred to Central Gove'mment.
VI. Should any dispute
arise between the frontier au-
‘ thorities on this subject, they
must in the ﬁrst instance 'dis-
cuss the matter between them-
selves in a manner suitable to
the dignity and rights of the
two States, and to the friend-
ship subsisting between them.
But if they should not be able
to agree, they shall then, with-
out having recourse to any
action, refer the case to their
respective central Govern-
ments and await their instruc-
tions.
VI. Si des contestations
venaient a s’éléver entre les
autorités limitrophes respec-
tives relativement aux lieux
litigieuse en question, on
s’adresser en premier lieu selon
toutes ces marques do con-
sideration de cordialité et de
bonne entente pour aplanir la
difﬁculté entre eux, mais en
cas de misintelligence on s’em-
pressera de part et d’autre de
rapporter l’aﬁ'aire sans y pro-
céder a leur Gouvernement
respectif et attendra leurs in-
structions y relatives.
Temporary Agreement to hold Good pending Settlement of Bonn-
dary Line.
VII. This temporary agree-
ment shall hold good until the
boundary line is settled.‘* With
regard to the disputed lands
and the question under discus-
sion between the tWo Govern-
m ents, no verbal or written
communication or protest
which may have been made
can alter the present stipula-
tions.
Sealed by ALI PASHA.
,, the MUSHEER-ED-DOWLAH,
Persian Envoy.
VII. (Jette convention pro-
visoire sera observée scrupu—
leusement jusqu’a la delimita-
tion deﬁnitive des frontieres
sans annuller ne'anmoins toutes
les réclamations et protesta-
tions échanges de part et
d’autre .au sujet des lieux
litigieuse question, et des con-
structions y élevées qui toutes
gardent leur eﬁ'et et vigueur.
Fait le 3 Aout, 1869.
AALI.
HOUSSEIN.

”“ The actual Boundary Line has not yet been settled.
(April, 1891.)

178
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [20th Dec, 1875.
CONVENTION between Persia and Turkey, relative to Consular
Jurisdiction, Civil and Commercial Suits, Trade Guilds, Protec-
tion, ZVat-ionality, (gory—20% December, 1875*

TABLE or CONTENTS.
A _ Preamblez—Conﬁrmation of former Treaties.
rt.
-_I. Jurisdiction. Trial and Punishment for Personal Injuries, Crimes, and Mis- '
demeanours. _
Diplomatic and Consular Protection of Subjects of their Country. Trials
and Punishments to be Open and Public. Trials of Suits and Disputes
between Persian and Ottoman Subjects, relating to Commerce, &0. Execu-
tion of Sentences.
II. Entrance of Persians to Trade Guilds, &0.
III. Privileges of Persian Consular Agents and their Interpreters.
IV. Protection of Persians by their Agents or Vice-Agents. Estates of Deceased
Persian Subjects. "
V. Passports, Travelling Permits, and Quarantine.
IVI. Exemption of Persians from Military Service, &c., in Turkey.
VII. Persian Consular Jurisdiction. Suits and Disputes between Persians, Civil
and Criminal. Detention of Persian Delinquents by Ottoman Police.
Information to be given to Persian Diplomatic or Consular Agents.
VIII. Non-interference with Dues payable by Persian Subjects to Persian Agents.
IX. Naturalisation of Persians as Ottoman Subjects.
X. Reciprocal Treatment of Ottoman Subjects in Persia.
XI. Possession of Real Property by Persians.
XII. Suits and Disputes between Persians and other Foreign Subjects.
XIII. Bankruptcies.
XIV. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment to be enjoyed by Ottoman Subjects
resident in Persia and by Persians in Turkey. Mutual Execution of
Articles of this Treaty. .
Trial and Punishment for Personal Injuries, Crimes, and Misdemeanours.
Settlement of Suits and Disputes. Detention of Persians by Ottoman
Police.
(Translation) .
CONVENTION arranged and concluded on the 21st of the month
of Zi-’l-Qa‘da (A.H.) 1292 (20th December, 1875), between
the exalted Persian Legation and the Ottoman Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, with the condition of the continuance and
observation of the execution of the stipulations of the
Treaties concluded and existing between the two exalted
Governments, Persian and Ottoman, as heretofore; and in
like manner, With the condition of the continued observance
of the stipulations of the Agreements that have been ratiﬁed
and put in force.
Jurisdiction. Trial and Punishment for Personal Injuries, Crimes,
and Zlfisdemeanours.
ART. LT The subjects of the exalted Persian Government
: who are m the Ottoman dominions, in every matter relating to

it From “ State Papers,” Vol. 67, page 542.
‘f See Turkish Vizirial Letter of January 4, 187 6. Page 184.
179 N 2
‘20th Dee, 1875. PEBSIA AND TURKEY.
personal injuries, crimes, and misdemeanours, shall be individu-
ally subject to the Regulations and Laws of the Ottoman
Empire, and directly to the police and tribunals of the said
Empire.
Jurisdiction. Diplomatic and Consular Protection of Subjects of
their Country. Trials and Punishments to be Open and Public.
But, since this clause must not in any manner invalidate the
rights of protection of Persian officials with respect to their own
subjects in the way set forth in Article IV, for this reason the
investigations and punishments of acts in the nature of misdeeds
that take place openly and publicly shall, as heretofore, be
carried out directly by means of the police and tribunals of the
Ottoman Empire; and in other than these kinds of public and
witnessed offences, in order that the true circumstances of any
one of the Persian subjects taken into custody and detained on
an accusation of an act relating to personal injuries, crimes,
and misdemeanours, may become known in all the preliminary
investigations that take place in respect of him, whether in the
abode of felicity (Constantinople), or whether in some exterior
(provincial) place, the knowledge and cognizance of the Persian
Agents or Vice-Agents, and their presence, will be permissible,
until (or, in order that) the culpability or innocence of the
(accused) person shall become apparent. And in all cases, in
order to the sentencing of individuals whose crime, oﬁ'ence, or
misdemeanour has been proved, the judicial sentence issued
shall be communicated to the Persian officials in a certiﬁed copy
thereoﬁ
Jurisdiction. Trials of Suits and Disputes between Persian and
Ottoman Subjects relating to Commerce, (90.
Suits and contestations relating to commerce and ordinary
rights, as between Persian and Ottoman subjects, that may
chance to arise, shall be tried and decided in the Ottoman
Tribunals; and when the time comes on for these kinds of
trials, it shall be permissible for an interpreter to be present on
the part of the Persian Agents.
Jurisdiction. Ewecution of Sentences.
In respect of the execution of the tenours of the sentences
relating to commerce or rights, by which Persian subjects may
be condemned, recourse will be had to the intervention of the
exalted (Persian) Legation and Agents. And if, as is conceiv-
- able, in the space of time necessary for the execution of the
said sentences, non-performance or inability of performance
shall become patent and evident on the part of the exalted
Lcgation or Agents. they shall be carried out directlv bv the
Ottoman officials. . " "
1W)
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [20th Dec., 1875.
Entrance of Persians into Trade Guilds,
ART. II. If the Persian subjects resident in the Ottoman
dominions may wish, in like manner as Ottoman subjects, to
enter into the character of any trade-guild, and to take up a
craft and industry, they shall, just as they participate in all the
regulations and laws executable in respect of the general com-
munity of the trade-guilds, therefore, so long as they shall
carry on a trade, art, and industry, they shall be subject to the
said regulations, customs, and laws, and by this means they will
be unavoidably (liable) to the dues charged upon Ottoman
tradesmen. In matters and dealings related to tradesmanship
tlcflﬁey will be individually subject to the Ottoman tribunals and
0 01a s.
Privileges of Persian Consular Agents and their Interpreters.
ART. III. The Agents and Vice-Agents of the exalted
Persian Empire who are in the Ottoman dominions, and whose
oﬂicial capacity is recognized in conformity with the diplomas
and commands of the Government, as also their interpreters,
shall enjoy the privileges, favours, and exemptions enjoyed by
the Consuls and Vice-Consuls of the friendly Powers, and their
interpreters.
Protection of Persians by their A gents or Vice-Agents.
ART. IV. Considering that the Agents and Vice-Agents are
commissioned to procure the means of safety, advantage, and
protection of such subjects of the exalted Persian Government
as travel to the Ottoman dominions by land or by sea, or who
reside therein, they will have to make verbal and written com-
munications on these subjects to the Local Governments. And
furthermore, whenever a complaint against the Ottoman ofiicials
and, authorities shall be made on the part of Persian subjects,
the Agents and Vice-Agents will proceed to make the necessary
verbal or written communications. And the individuals, sub-
jects of Persia, who will require to be sent to the Persian
dominions, will be forwarded thither by the Agents and Vice-
Agents. And, in case of need, they will have the right, when
so sending them, to have recourse to the Agency and assistance
of the Local Governments; for the Local Governments, in con-
formity with their representations, shall put in execution the
needful assistance.
Estates- of Deceased Persian Sabjeets.
In respect to the estates of deceased Persian subjects who
may die in the Ottoman dominions, since it pertains to the
Agents and Vice-Agents to take possession ofvsuch deceased
estates and to effect the registration, 810., thereof, in case of an y
claim being set up against an estate by an Ottoman subject, it
181
20th Dec., 1875.] PERSIA AND TURKEY.
will be brought before the tribunals and councils charged with
such business, in conformity with the regulations.
Passports, Travelling Permits, and Quarantine.
ART. V. Persian subjects Who have no oﬁicial capacity, but
who travel and go about in the Ottoman dominions, and thus
become subject to the regulations concerning passports, travel-
ling permits, (and) quarantine, which are submitted to by other
foreign subjects, do not thereby cause any prejudice to their
quality of being foreign subjects.
Exemption of Persians from Military Service, (90., in Turkey.
ART. VI. Since Persian subjects who reside in the Ottoman
dominions possess the quality of foreign subjects, they are
exempt, like other foreign subjects, from services and charges
exclusively special to Ottoman subjects, such as military service
andjdues for exemption therefrom.
Persian Consular Jurisdiction : Suits and Disputes between Persians,
Civil and Criminal.
ART. VII.* All kinds of suits and contestations arising
between subjects of the exalted Persian Government shall be
settled by the action of the Agents and Vice—Agents: that is
to say, every kind of chance suit or contestation between
Persian subjects, whether relating to rights, or whether relating
to offences, crimes, or personal injuries, shall refer to the Persian
Agencies (Agency-houses—Oonsulates), there to be decided,
judged, and settled’[ (or the chastisement); punishment, and
other actions thereto pertaining, shall rest with them.
Detention of Persian Delinquents by Ottoman Police. Information
to be given to Persian Diplomatic or Consular Agents.
In any case where delinquents, at the time of the occurrence
of acts requiring punishment, are taken and detained by the
(Ottoman) police of the locality, upon communications being
made on the subject of their nationality, information shall be
given, in Constantinople to the Persian Legation, and elsewhere
to the Agencies, and on proof of the truth of their being
subjects of Persia, they shall be delivered to the Legation or
Agencies. And if, in such cases, the Agents or Vice-Agents
apply to the Local Governments, the requisite assistance shall
be afforded to them.

it See Turkish Vizirial Letter of January 4‘, 1876. Page 184.
1' , , (tertib) is here, probably, a clerical error for L3,,” (terbiyet),
chastiseinent. " i
182
PER-81A AND TURKEY. [20th Dec.,1875.
Alon-interference with Dues payable by Persian Subjects to Persian
Agents.
ART. VIII. In like manner as no interference shall take place
on the part of Ottoman officials as to the relation of the affairs of
subjects of the exalted Government of Persia to their own
Agents, so also, in the matter of dues payable by such subjects
to their own Agents, no kind of interference shall‘ occur on the
part of the Local Government.
Naturalization of Persians as Ottoman Subjects.
ART. IX. If any subject of the exalted Persian Government
should desire to enter into Ottoman subjection, then, in con-
formity with the special rule observed with regard to other
foreign subjects, after compliance with the special Regulations,
and execution of the tenour of the explanations of the said
Regulations, dated the 24th Jemazi-’l-Ula, (A.H.) 1285 (11th
September, 1868))‘5 communicated to all the Embassies: i.e.,
the execution of the system and method observed in respect of
foreign subjects desirous to abandon their original nationality
and to enter into Ottoman subjection; which must be fully and
carefully observed in respect of Persian subjects also, who may
desire to become Ottoman subjects. And without the obser-
vance of this system, no one of the subjects of the exalted
Persian Government shall be received as an Ottoman subject
to the infringement of the rules and regulations.
Reciprocal Ireatment of Ottoman Subjects in Persia.
ART. X. As it is but natural that the rule of reciprocity be ob—
served in respect of Ottoman subjects resident in the Persian
dominions, therefore, whichever of the clauses of favour laid
down in the present Convention as executory in respect of sub-
jects of the exalted Persian Govermnent may be refused or not
executed towards Ottoman subjects residing in the guarded
realms of Persia, that same favour will cease to be carried out
in respect of subjects of the exalted State of Persia who may be
resident in the Ottoman dominions ; and in this respect also the
principle of reciprocity will be acted upon by both parties.
Possession 0 Real Pro ert'z b Persians.
P ./ y
ART. XI. If it be desired on the part of the exalted Persian
Government that Persian subjects may enjoy the rights of
possessing real estate, a separate Convention shall be drawn up
for the purpose; and until the time when such Convention may
be arranged, the question of possessing real estate will remain
on the same footing as heretofore.

* 26th March, 1869. See “State Papers,” Vol. 67, page 1251, and Vol. 70,
page 720. 183
4th Jan, 1876.] PERSIA AND TURKEY,
Suits and Disputes bet-ween Persians and other Foreign Subjects.
ART. XII. With respect to the procedure in cases of suits and
contentions happening between subjects of the exalted Govern-
ment of Persia and other foreign subjects, until such time as an
understanding shall have been arrived at between the exalted
Persian Legation and the other Embassies, the system hitherto
acted upon shall remain in force.
Bankruptcies.
ART. XIII. It is a settled question that a case of bankruptcy
of subjects of the exalted Persian Government shall be left
exclusively to the Legation and Agencies. But, in this case,
should one of the creditors be an Ottoman subject, whenever
they may wish, he shall be appointed to a second syndicate
(sindiqi).
Most Favoured ZVation Treatment to be enjoyed by Ottoman Subjects
resident in Persia and by Persians in Turkey.
ART. XIV. In matters outside of the tenour of the 13 pre-
ceding Articles, the subjects of the exalted Government of
Persia resident in the Ottoman dominions, and Ottoman subjects
who may be in the guarded realms of Persia, shall enjoy the
same privileges and favours as are enjoyed by the subjects of
the most favoured foreign nation.
Mutual Execution of Articles of this Treaty.
Every one of the clauses and matters mentioned in the said
Articles which may not be put in execution by the exalted
Persian Government will also not be carried out 011 the part of
the Ottoman Government.
21st Zi-’l-Qa‘da, 1292 (20th December, 1875).
(No signatures indicated.)
Tur/cish l/Iiziiial Letter eai'planatory of the Convention with Persia
of December 20, 1875.—— Constantinople, 4th January, 1876.
('I‘ranslation.)

EXPLANATIONS of the foregoing Convention, made under date
of the 8th Zi—’l-Hijja the Sacred, (A.H.)1292 (4th January,
1876), on the part of the Sublime Porte, in a Vizirial Letter
notiﬁed to all the Judges of the Ottoman Dominions, a copy
thereof being officially communicated to the exalted Persian
Legation residing in Constantinople.
Although 12 out of the 14 Articles contained in the said
184
PERSIA AND TURKEY. [4th Jan., 1876.
Oollation (muqabela-namaal‘) are of a kind clear and manifest,
still, for the purpose that, in the interpretation of Articles I and
VII, no manner of discrepancy shall remain, it is undertaken,
as follows, to give certain explanations to this effect :
Trial and Punishment for Personal Injuries, Crimes, and rlfis-
(lenieanours.
Although, in accordance with Article I, “the subjects of the
exalted Persian Government who are in the Ottoman Dominions,
in every matter relating to personal injuries, crimes, and mis-
demeanours, are individually, subject to the Regulations and
Laws of the Ottoman Empire, and directly to the police and
tribunals of the said Empire ;” and “in order to the sentencing
of individuals whose crime, offence, or misdemeanour has been
proved, the judicial sentence issued shall be communicated to
the Persian officials in a certified copy thereof;” and “in the
preliminary investigations that take place in respect of ‘ them’
until the culpability or innocence of ‘them’ shall become ap-
parent, ‘the presence ’ in person, or by a representative, of the
Persian Agents and Vice-Agents will ‘necessarily’ be per-
missible :” still, as the effect of this Article covers such kinds
of acts as may have occurred between subjects of the exalted
Government (of Turkey) and subjects of the exalted Persian
Government, it will become needful in this case, that, for one
individual Persian wronged or bodily injured, an Ottoman ad-
verse party should exist; and thence a right and capacity
ensues for the Persian officials to inquire into the punitory
result decreed against an Ottoman subject. Any information
of this kind that may be asked for by them must be given.
Settlement of Suits and Disputes. Detention of Persians by Otto-
man Police.
Again, since, according to the details set forth in Article VII,
“ every kind of suit or contestation,” “whether relating to
rights,” “ offences, crimes, or personal injuries” that may arise
between two Persian subjects must be settled by means of the
Persian Agents and Vice-Agents, the decision and determina-
tion of all such suits andtheir other mutual dealings must be
relegated to the Agents and Vice-A gents ; for this same reason
it will be necessary in the case where the delinquents are taken
and detained by the local police at the very time of their
criminal act, whenever they may be proved to be really Persian
subjects, they shall be immediately delivered to the Agents and
Vice-Agents. And this act of detention shall only then be put
in practice when the said acts take place openly. Otherwise,
whenever they occur in the place of abode of one individual

* MU A? lino a muq‘zbeza-"ﬁma, appears to be a clerical error for 45B,“ ’
mugdveZa-nzima, 2. Convention, ‘
185
13th Dee, 1856.] PERSIA AND THE UNITED STATES.
Persian, such conduct and action will naturally be observed, as,
according to what is set forth in Article XIV, shall be con-
sistent with the system which, in like cases, is practised in
respect of other foreign subjects.
(No signatures indicated.)
[For Protocol between Great Britain and Russia respecting
the Cession by Turkey to Persia of Territory of Khotour,
'27th July, 1880, see page 219.]

TREATY of Friendship and Commerce between The United
States and Persia.—--Signed at Constantinople, 13th December,
1856.*T
[Ratiﬁcations exchanged at Constantinople, 13th June, 1857.]
TABLE or CONTENTS.
Art. ,
I. Good Understanding between Persia and the United States.
II. Reception and Treatment of Ambassadors or Diplomatic Agents. ' ,
III. Protection of Travellers, Merchants, and other Residents.- Right to Import
or Export all kind of Produce and Manufactures. Internal Commerce.
IV. Payment of Duties on hIerchandize imported or exported. Taxes.
V. Consular Jurisdiction in Persia. Suits and Disputes between Persian
' Subjects and United States Citizens. Suits and Disputes between United
States Citizens. Suits and Disputes between United States Citizens and
Subj ects of other Foreign Powers. Trials in the United States of Disputes
between Persian Subjects or between them and United States Citizens or
Foreigners. Trials for Criminal Oﬁences.
VI. Effects of Deceased Subjects or Citizens.
VII. Protection of Subjects and Citizens and their Commerce. Right to appoint
Diplomatic Agents and Consuls in certain places. Consular Privileges, &c.
Persian Subjects not to be protected by the Diplomatic Agents or Consuls.
Trading Consuls. Employment of Domestics by United States Diplomatic
and Consular Agents to be limited.
VIII. Duration of Treaty.
IN the name of God, the Clement and the Merciful,
The President of the United States of North America, and
His Majesty, as exalted as the planet Saturn; the Sovereign to
whom the sun serves as a standard; Whose splendour and
magniﬁcence are equal to that of the skies; the Sublime
Sovereign, the monarch whose armies are as numerous as the
stars: whose greatness calls to mind that of J einshid; whose
magniﬁcence equals that of Darius; the Heir of the Crown and
Throne of the Kayanians, the Sublime Emperor of all Persia,
being both equally and sincerely desirous of establishing re-

* Signed also in the Persian language.
1" From “ State Papers,” Vol. 47, p. 355.
186
PERSIA AND THE UNITED STATES. [13th Dec., 1856.‘
lations of friendship between the two Governments,.which they‘
wish to strengthen by a Treaty of friendship and commerce,
reciprocally advantageous and useful to the citizens and sub-.-
jects of the two High Contracting Parties, have for this purpose
named for their Plenipotentiaries : '
The President of the United States of North America,
Carroll Spence, Minister Resident of the United States near the
Sublime Porte; and his Majesty the Emperor of all Persia, his
Excellency Emin ul Molk Farrukh Khan, Ambassador of His.
Imperial Majesty the Shah, decorated with the portrait of the
Shah, with the great Cordon Blue, and Bearer of the Girdle of
Diamonds, 810.
And the said Plenipotentiaries, having exchanged their full
powers, which were found to be in proper and due form, have
agreed upon the following Articles:
Good Understanding between Persia and the United States.
ART. I. There shall be hereafter a sincere and constant good
understanding between the Government and citizens of the
United States ‘of North America and the Persian Empire, and.
all Persian subjects.
Reception and Treatment of Ambassadors or Diplomatic Agents.
ART. 11. The Ambassadors or Diplomatic Agents whom it
may please either of the two High Contracting Parties to send
and maintain near the other, shall be received and treated, they
‘and all those composing their missions, as the Ambassadors
and Di lomatic Agents of the most favoured nations are
received and treated in the two respective countries; and they
shall enjoy there in all respects the same prerogatives and
immunities. -
Protection of Travellers, Afercliants, and other Residents.
ART. III. The citizens and subjects of the two High Con—
tracting Parties, travellers, merchants, manufacturers, and
others, who may reside in the territory of either country, shall
be respected and efficiently protected by the authorities of the
country and their agents, and treated in all respects as the
subjects and citizens of the most favoured nation are treated.
Right to Import, Eleport, and Trade in all kinds of Produce and
' lilanafactares.
They may reciprocally bring by land or by sea into' either
country, and export from it, all kinds of merchandize and pro-
ducts, and sell, exchange, or buy, and transport them to all
places in the territories of either of the High Contracting
Parties. It being, however, understood that the merchants of
either nation who shall engage in the internal commerce of
187
13th Dec, 1856.] PERSIA AND THE UNITED STATES.
either country shall be governed, in respect to such commerce,
by the laws of the country 111 which such commerce is
earned on;
Internal Commerce.
And in case either of the High Contracting Powers shall
hereafter grant other privileges concerning such internal com-
merce to the citizens or subjects of other Governments, the
same shall be equally granted to the merchants of either nation
engaged in such internal commerce within the territories of the
other.
Payment of Duties on Merchandise Imported or Jtlcported. Tacos.
ART. IV. The merchandize imported or exported by the re-
spective citizens or subjects ofthe two High Contracting Parties
shall not pay in either country, on their arrival or departure,
other duties than those which are charged in either of the
countries on the merchandize or products imported or exported
by the merchants and subjects of the most favoured nation, and
no exceptional tax, under any name or pretext whatever, shall
be collected on them in either of the two countries.
Consular Jurisdiction in Persia: Suits and Disputes between
Persian Subjects and United States Citizens.
ART. V. All suits and disputes arising in Persia between
Persian subjects and citizens of the United States, shall be
carried before the Persian tribunal to which such matters are
usually referred at the place where a Consul or Agent of the
United States may reside, and shall be discussed and decided
according to equity in the presence of an employé of the Consul.
or Agent of the United States.
Jurisdiction. Suits and Disputes between United States Citizens.
All suits and disputes which may arise in the empire of
Persia between citizens of the United States, shall be referred
entirely for trial and for adjudication to the Consul or Agent of
the United States residing in the province wherein such suits
and disputes may have arisen, or in the province nearest to it,
who shall decide them according to the laws of the United
States.
Jurisdiction. Suits and Disputes between United States Citizens
and Subjects of other Foreign Powers.
All suits and disputes occurring in Persia between the
citizens of the United States and the subjects of other foreign
Powers, shall be tried and adjudicated by the intermediation of
their respective Consuls or Agents.
188
PERSIA AND THE UNITED srxrns. [13th Dec.,1856.
Jurisdiction. ‘Trials in the United States of Disputes between
Persian Subjects, or between them. and United States Citizens or
Foreigners.
In the United States, Persian subjects, in all disputes arising
between themselves, or between them and citizens of the
United States or foreigners, shall be judged according to the
rules adopted in the United States respecting the subjects of
the most favoured nation.
Jurisdiction. "rials for Criminal Oﬁ'cnces.
Persian subjects residing in the United States, and citizens
of the United States residing in Persia, shall, when charged
with criminal offences, be tried and judged in Persia and the
United States in the same manner as are the subjects and
citizens of the most favoured nation residing in either of the
above-mentioned countries.
Eﬁ'ects of Deceased Subjects or Citizens.
ART. VI. In case of a citizen or subject of either of the Con-
tracting Parties dying within the territories of the other, his
effects shall be delivered up integrally to the family or partners
in business of the deceased; and in case he has no relations or
partners, his effects in either country shall be delivered up to
the Consul or Agent of the nation of which the deceased was
a subject or citizen, so that he may dispose of them in accord-
ance with the laws of his country.
'_ Protection of Subjects and Citizens and their Commerce.
ART. VII. For the protection of their citizens or subjects,
and their commerce respectively, and in order to facilitate good
and equitable relations between the citizens and subjects of the
two countries,
Right to Appoint Diplomatic Agents and Consuls at certain Places.
the two High Contracting Parties reserve the right to
maintain a diplomatic Agent at either seat of government, and
to name each three Consuls in either country; those of the
United States shall reside at Teheran, Bender-Bushire,* and
'I‘auris ;T those of Persia, at Washington, New York, and New
Orleans.
Consular Privileges, do.
The Consuls of the High Contracting Parties shall reciprocally
enjoy in the territories of the other, where their residences
shall be established, the respect, privileges, and immunities

* Bushire. "I" Tabreez.
189
13th Dec, 1856.] PERSIA AND THE UNITED STATES.
granted in either country to the Consuls of the most favoured
nation.
Persian Subjects not to be Protected by United States Diplomatic
Agent or Consuls.
The diplomatic Agent or Consuls of the United States shall
not protect, secretly or publicly, the subjects of the Persian
Government, and they shall never suffer a departure from the
principles here laid down and agreed to by mutual consent.
Trading Consuls.
And it is further understood, that if any of those Consuls
shall engage in trade, they shall be subjected to the same laws
and usages to which private individuals of their nation engaged
in commercial pursuits in the same place are subjected.
Employment of Domestics by United States Diplomatic and Consular
Agents to be limited.
And it is also understood by the High Contracting Parties,
that the Diplomatic and Consular Agents of the United States
shall not employ a greater number of domestics than is allowed
by Treaty to those of Russia residing in Persia.
‘Duration of Treaty. (T ill 13th June, 1867; and then terminable
after 12 months’ notice.)
I ' ART. VIII. And the High Contracting Parties agree that the
present Treaty of Friendship and Commerce, cemented by the
sincere good feeling and the conﬁdence which exists between
the Governments of the United States and Persia, shall be in
force for the term of 10 years from the exchange of its ratiﬁca-
tion ; and if, before the expiration of the ﬁrst 10 years, neither
of the ‘High Contracting Parties shall have announced, by
'ofﬁcial notiﬁcation to the other, its intention to arrest the opera-
tion of said Treaty, it shall remain binding for one year beyond
that time, and so on until the expiration of twelve months,
which will follow a similar notiﬁcation, whatever the time may
be at which it may take place; and the Plenipotentiaries of
the two High Contracting Parties further agree to exchange
the ratiﬁcations of their respective Governments at Constanti-
nople in the space of six months, or earlier, if practicable.
In faith of which, the respective Plenipotentiaries of the two
High Contracting Parties have signed the present Treaty, and
have attached their seals to it.
Done in duplicate in Persian and English, the 13th day of
December, 1856, and of the Hijereh the 15th day of the moon
'ofRebiul Sany, 127 3, at Constantinople.
(L.S.) CARROLL SPENCE
-(L.s.) EMIN UL MOLK FARRUKH KHAN.

190
PART IV.

ORDERS IN COUNCIL
RESPECTING BRITISH CONSULAR JURISDICTION
IN PERSIA AND IN THE PERSIAN GULF AND
GULF OF OMAN.

Page
In Persia . . . . . . . . . . . . 13th December, 1889 193
In Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (Persian Coasts and Islands)
13th December, 1889 199
GREAT BRITAIN. onnnn IN COUNCIL. [13tl1Dec.,1889.
ORDER [IV C O UlVCZL, relating to British Consular Jurisdiction
in Persia.--13th December, 1889*
(Extract)
_—
At the Court at Windsor, the 13th dag of December, 1889.]L
‘PRESENT! THE QUEEN’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
Lord President, Earl of Coventry, Lord Morris, Sir William
Hart Dyke, Bart., Mr. Ritchie.
WHEREAS by Treaty, grant, usage, sufferance, and other
lawful means, Her Majesty the Queen has power and jurisdiction
1n Persia:
Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by virtue and in exercise of
the powers by the Foreign Jurisdiction Acts, 1843 to 1878, or
otherwise in Her Majesty vested, is pleased, by and with the '
advice of Her Privy Council, to order, and it is hereby ordered,
as follows :__.
188%. This Order may be cited as the Persia Order in Council,
2. This Order is divided into parts as follows :—

Parts. Subject. Articles.
I . . . . Preliminary . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
II . . . . General Provisions. . . . . . . . . . 5-9
III . . . Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
IV . . . . Registration of Persons . . . . . . . . 12-15
V . . . . Assessors . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-18
VI . . . . General Jurisdiction and Procedure . . . . 19-66
VII . . . . Civil Jurisdiction and Procedure. . . . . . 67-178
VIII . . . . Proceedings on Death . . . . . . . . 179-213
IX . . . . Appeal to Consul-General. . . . . . . . 214-229
X . . . . Appeal to Her Majesty in Council . . . . 230-232
XI . . . . Criminal Authority and Procedure . . . . 233-281
XII . . . . Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . 282-289
XIII . . . Supplemental . . . . . . . . . . 290-299


I. Preliminary.
3. In this Order, unless the subject or context otherwise
requires—
“ Secretary of State” means one of Her Majesty’s Principal
Secretaries of State;
“ Prescribed ” means prescribed by any Consular instructions

‘f’ See also Order in Council, page 199.
1' This Order in Council was published in the “London Gazette” of 24th
December, 1889.
193 o
13th. Dec, 1889.] GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL.
or by any order or notiﬁcation signed or authorized by a
Secretary of State. '
“Persia ” means the dominions and territories of the Shah
of Persia within the limits of this Order;
“ Consul-General ” means Her Maj esty’s Minister and Consul—
General in Persia, or the person for the time being acting as
such, with the authority or approval of a Secretary of State;
“ Consular oﬁicer” includes any person for the time being
acting by virtue of Her esty’s Commission, or with the
authority or approval of a Secretary of State, as Consul—General,
Consul, or Vice-Consul, or Consular Agent;
“ Treaty ” includes any Convention, Agreement, or arrange-
ment made by or on behalf of Her Majesty, and any Regulation
appended thereto;
“ Court” means any Court or person exercising jurisdiction
under this Order ;
“British subject” includes a person enjoying Her Majesty’s
protection in so far as Her Majesty has jurisdiction in respect of
any such person, and includes by virtue of 89 and 40 Vict-.,
cap. 46, subjects of the several Princes and States in India in
alliance with Her Majesty, residing and being in Persia;
“Foreigner” means a person, whether a native or subject of
Persia or not, who is not a British subject, as herein deﬁned; _
“ Native ” means a native or subject of Persia, or of the limits
of the Persian coasts, not being a British subject; .
“ Native Indian subject ” means a native of India, as deﬁned
in the Act of Parliament of 1858, “ for the better government of
India,” not of European descent.
“ Person ” includes a Corporation or association of persons;
“ Will” means will, codicil, or other testamentary instrument ;
“ Ofﬁce copy ” means a copy, either made under direction of
the Court, or produced to the proper oflicer of the Court for ex
amination with the original, and examined by him therewith, _.
and in either case sealed with the seal of the Court as evidence
of correctness;
“ Oath” and "' affidavit” and words referring thereto, or to
swearing, include aﬁirmation and declaration, or to the making
of an aﬁ'irmation or declaration, where an affirmation or declara-
tion is admissible in lieu of an oath or affidavit;
“ Proved ” means shown by evidence on oath, in the form of
aﬂidavit, or other form to the satisfaction of the Court or
Consular ofﬁcer acting or having jurisdiction in the matter;
“ Month” means calendar month.
The plural includes the singular and the singular the plural,
and the masculine the feminine.
Expressions referring to print or to writing include either
print or writing, or a combination of both.
“ Crime” includes oﬁence. ‘
4. For the purposes of this Order, the word “ Persia,” or any
term or expression referring to Persia, does not (except as in this
Order expressly provided) include or apply to any place for the
194
GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL. [13th Dee, 1889.
time being included within the limits to which any other Order
in Council for the time being in force relating to the Persian
coasts and islands applies, which limits are in this Order referred
to as the limits of the Persian coasts.eie
In case of dispute or doubt whether any place is within the
limits of Persia for the purposes of this Order, or is within the
limits of the Persian coasts, the Consul-General may provision-
ally determine such dispute or question in such manner as he
thinks ﬁt, and his determination, unless and until the Secretary
of State otherwise directs, shall be conclusive in all causes and
matters arising under this Order.
Any provision of this Order referring to a country or place
out of Persia includes any place within the limits of the Persian
coasts.
II. General Provisions.
5. All Her Majesty’s civil jurisdiction exercisable in Persia
for the judicial hearing and determination of matters in differ-
ence, or for the administration or control of property or persons,
and all Her Majesty’s criminal jurisdiction there exercisable for
the repression or punishment of crimes or offences, or for the
maintenance of order, shall be exercised under and according to
the provisions of this Order and not otherwise.
6. Subject to the other provisions of this Order, the civil and
criminal jurisdiction aforesaid shall, as far as circumstances
admit, be exercised on the principles of and in conformity with
the Common Law, the doctrines of equity, the Statute Law, and
other law for the time being in force in and for England, and
with the powers vested in and according to the course of pro-
cedure and practice observed by and before Courts of Justice
and Justices of the Peace in England, according to their re-
spective jurisdictions and authorities.
. 7. Nothing in this Order shall deprive Her Majesty’s Con-
sular ofﬁcers of the right to observe and to enforce the observance
of, or shall deprive any person of the beneﬁt of, any reasonable
custom existing in Persia, except where this Order contains
some express and speciﬁc provision incompatible with the ob-
servance thereof.
8. In any case in the decision of which,'under any Treaty,
any of Her Maj esty’s Consuls may or ought to concur, a Consular
oiﬁcer exercising jurisdiction under this Order shall alone act on
the part and on behalf of Her Majesty.
9. Crimes, offences, wrongs, breaches of contract against or
affecting the person, property, or rights of natives or other
foreigners as herein deﬁned, committed by persons subject to
thisOrder, are punishable or otherwise cognizable under the
provisions of this Order, with the consent of such natives or
foreigners, in the same manner as if the same were committed
against or. affected the person, property, or rights of British
subjects.

* See page 199.
195 o 2
13th Dec, 1889.] GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL.
III. Courts.
10. Courts for the purposes of this Order shall be held as
follows :—
(1.) Courts of First Instance, in this Order called Provincial
Courts, shall be held by such Consular oflicers in and for such
districts as the Secretary of State from time to time directs.
(2.) The Consul-General shall at such place as the Secretary
of State directs hold a Court, in this Order called the Court of
the Consul-General, for the purposes of his appellate and other
jurisdiction under this Order.
(3.) The Provincial Court for the district in which the Court
of the Consul-General is held may be held either by the Consul-
General or Vice-Consul, or by such other Consular oﬁﬁcer as the
Secretary of State or the Consul-General directs.
If it be held by the Consul-General, the provisions of this
Order relating to appeals from a Provincial Court to the Consul-
General are inapplicable, and the provisions of this Order with
respect to appeals to Her Majesty in Council shall have effect as
if the judgment, order, decree, or sentence of the Consul-General
were a judgment, order, decree, or sentence of a Provincial
Court affirmed on appeal by the Consul—General, and no other
appeal shall lie.
11. In any matter, civil or criminal, a Court within whose
district (in civil matters) the matter of complaint wholly or in
part arose or happened, or the subject in dispute is wholly or
partly situate, or the contract in question was wholly or partly
made, or the breach thereof wholly or partly occurred, or the
defendant resides or carries on business, or (in criminal matters)
the crime was wholly or partly committed, or the accused person
happens to be, shall have jurisdiction, and may deal with the
case, as if every material fact or thing had happened, or was
situate, within its district; but any such Court, if, in its opinion,
justice or convenience so requires, may decline or suspend the
exercise of jurisdiction, and may, if it thinks necessary or just,
require security from the defendant or accused person for his
appearance before some other Courtlhaving jurisdiction in the
matter, and for obedience to any' judgment or order of such
other Court, and further, in a criminal case, if necessary, may
arrest and commit the accused person‘, and cause him to be re-
moved under warrant and in custody, to be dealt with by such
other Court.
IV. Registration.
12. Every resident British subjecti(except a native Indian
subject), being of the age of 21 years or upwards, or bein
married, or a widower or widow, though under that age, shall,
in January in every year, register himself in a register to be kept
at the Consulate of the Consular district within which he resides,
subject to this qualification, that the registration of a man shall
196
GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL [13th Dec, 1889.
be deemed to comprise the registration of his wife (unless she
is living apart from him), and that the registration of the head
of a family, whether male or female, shall be deemed to comprise
the registration of all females being relatives of the head of the
family (in whatever degree of relationship) living under the
same roof with the head of the family at the time of his regis-
tration.
Every non-resident British subject (except a native Indian
subject) arriving in Persia at a place where a Consular oflice is
maintained, unless borne on the muster-roll of a British vessel,
shall, within one month after his arrival, register himself in a
register to be kept at the Consular office there, but so that no
person shall be required to register himself more than once in
any year, reckoned from the 1st of J annary.
Any person failing so to register himself, and not excusing
his failure to the satisfaction of the Consular oflicer, shall be
deemed guilty of an offence against this Order, and shall be liable
to a ﬁne of not more than 5l., and any Court or authority acting
under this Order may, if it thinks ﬁt, decline to recognize him
as a British subject.
18. A native Indian subject resident in, or resorting to,
Persia, may, if he thinks ﬁt, register himself at the times and in
manner aforesaid.
A native Indian subject not so registering himself shall not
be entitled to sue in the Court, or to receive the support or pro-
tection of a Consular officer with respect to any suit or proceed-
ing to which he is a party in a Court or before a judicial officer
of Persia, or in a Court or before a judicial ofﬁcer in Persia of
a State in amity with Her esty.
14. The Consular ofﬁcer shall give to every person regis-
tered under this Order a certiﬁcate of registration under his
hand and Consular seal; and the name of a wife (unless she is
living apart from her husband) shall be indorsed on her
husband’s certiﬁcate ; and the names and descriptions of females
whose registration is comprised in that of the head of the family
shall be indorsed on the certiﬁcate of the head of the family.
15. Every person shall on every registration of himself be
liable to pay a fee of 2s. 6d.
V. Assessors. 1 6-18.
16. An Assessor shall be a competent and impartial British
subject of good repute, resident in the district of the particular
Court, and nominated and summoned by the Court for the
purpose of acting as Assessor.
17. There shall ordinarily be not fewer than two, and not
more than four, Assessors. Where, however, by reason of local
circumstances, the Court is able to obtain the presence of one
Assessor only, the Court may, if it thinks ﬁt, sit with one
Assessor only ; and where for like reasons, the Court is not able
to obtain the presence of any Assessor, the Court may, if it thinks
ﬁt, sit without an Assessor—the Court, in every case, recording
197
13th Dec., 1889.] GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL.
in the minutes its reasons for sitting with one Assessor only or
without an Assessor.
18. An Assessor shall not have any voice in the decision of
the Court in any case, civil or criminal ; but an Assessor dissent-
ing, in a civil case, from any decision of the Court, or, in a
criminal case, from any decision of the Court or the conviction
or the amount of punishment awarded, may record in the
minutes his dissent, and the grounds thereof, and shall be
entitled to receive, without payment, a certiﬁed copy of the
minutes.
VI. General Jurisdiction and Procedure.
19-66. The Consul-General shall have in all matters, civil
and criminal, an original jurisdiction concurrent with the juris-
diction of the several Provincial Courts, to be exercised subject
and according to the provisions of this Order. .
VII. Civil Jurisdiction and Procedure.
67.
68. Bankruptcy.
69. ‘Lunacy.
70. Matrimonial Causes.
71-72. Probate.
78-85. Arbitration. '
86. Decision on Fact or Law, without Suit. (a.) Question
of Fact.
87. Question of Law.
88-98. Bills of Exchange and Promissory ZVotes.
94-96. Claims under 20l.
97-116. Claims for 20l. or upwards. A. Ordinary Pro-
visions.
117-178. B. Exceptional Provisions.
VIII. 17 9-2l8.--Proceedings on Death. 7
IX. Appeal to Consul-General.
214-218. 1. General Provisions.
219-228. 2. Appeals by Petition.
229. 8. Appeals by Motion.
X. 280-282.-Appeal to Her Majesty in Council.
XI. Criminal Authority and Procedure.
288-288. 1. General Provisions.
289-241. 2. Court of the Consul-General.
242-244. 8. Provincial Courts.
245-249. 4. Preliminary Procedure.
250-262. 5. Summary Trial.
198
GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL. [13th Dec.,1889.
263-27 6. 6. Trial on Indictment.
277. 7. Appeal on Law to Consul-General.
278—280. 8. Punishment.
281. 9. Deportation of Offenders.
XII. 282—289.-Mscellaneous.
XIII. 290—299.—-Supplemental.

TFHE Fuasr SCHEDULE.
Forms.
I. Civil.
II. Probate and Administration.
III. Criminal.
'FHE SEcoNn SCHEDULE.
Fees.

ORDER IN COUNCIL relating to British Consular Jurisdiction .
in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (Persian Coasts and
Isla-nds).-—13th December, 1889*
( Extract.)
At the Court at Windsor, the 13th day of December, 1889.1‘
PRESENT: THE QUEEN’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
Lord President, Earl of Coventry, Lord Morris, Sir William
Hart Dyke, Bart, Mr. Ritchie.
WHEREAS by Treaty, grant, usage, sufferance, and other
lawful means, Her Majesty the Queen has power and jurisdiction,
in relation to Her Maj esty’s subjects, and others, in that portion
of the coasts and islands of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman,
which is within the dominions of His Majesty the Shah of
Persia;
Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by virtue and in exercise of
the powers in this behalf by the Foreign Jurisdiction Acts,
1843 to 1878, or otherwise, in Her Majesty vested, is pleased,
RV and with the advice of Her Privy Council, to order, and it
i.--; hereby ordered, as follows 2-—

* See also Order, page 193.
+ This Order in Council was published in the “London Gazette” of 24th De-
cember, 1889.
199
13th Dec., 1839.] GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL.
PART I.——Preliminary.
1. This Order may be cited as “The Persian Coast and
Islands Order in Council, 1889.”
2. This Order is divided into Parts, as follows :—
Part I.—-Preliminary.
Part II.——Application and Effect of Order.
Part III—Application of certain Portions of the Law of
British India.
Part IV.——Criminal Matters.
Part V.—-Civil Matters.
Part VI.-Vice-Admiralty.
Part VII.—-Persian and Foreign Subjects and Tribunals.
Part VIIL—Registration of British Subjects.
Part IX.-—Proceclure.
Part X.—-Supplemental Provisions.
3. In this Order—
(1.) “Persian coasts and islands,” or the expression “the
limits of this Order,” means the coast and islands of the Persian
Gulf and Gulf of Oman, being within the dominions of His
Majesty the Shah of Persia, and includes the territorial waters
of Persia adjacent to the said coast and islands:
“ Inland Persia” means the territories and dominions of the
Shah of Persia, so far as not included within the limits of this
Order:
(2.) “ Secretary of State ” means one of Her Majesty’s
Principal Secretaries of State:
(3.) “ Consul-General ” means the person for the time being
holding the office of Her Maj esty’s Consul-General for Fars and
the coasts and islands of the Persian Gulf, being within the
dominions of Persia, and of Political Resident in the Persian
Gulf, and includes a person acting temporarily with the approval
of the Governor-General of India in Council as, or for, the
Political Resident in the Persian Gulf:
(4.) “ Judicial Assistant” means an officer appointed by the
Secretary of State, or, with his previous or subsequent assent,
by the Governor—General of India in Council, to be a Judicial
Assistant to the Consul-General, and includes an officer acting
temporarily by order of the Consul-General as, or for, a Judicial
Assistant:
(5.) “British subject ” means a subject of Her Majesty, by
birth or by naturalization:
((3.) “British-protected person” means a person enjoying
Her Majesty’s protection within the Persian coast and islands,
and includes by virtue of the Act of Parliament of the Session
of the 39th and 40th years of Her Majesty’s reign ( 187 6),
chapter 46. a subject of a Prince or State in India, in alliance
with Her Majesty, residing or being within the Persian coast
and islands :
200
GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL. [13th Dec., 1889.
(7 “ Resident ” means having a ﬁxed place of abode within
the Persian coast and islands:
(8.) “Persian subject” means a subject of His Majesty the
Shah of Persia:
(9.) “Foreigner” means a subject or citizen of a State in
amity with Her Majesty, other than Persia:
(10.) “Persian or Foreign Court” means a Court of the
Government of Persia, or of any foreign State in amity with
Her Majesty, and exercising ‘lawful jurisdiction within the
Persian coast and islands, and includes every member or ofﬁcer
of such a Court:
(11.) “Administration” means (unless a contrary intention
appears from the context) letters of administration, including
the same with will annexed, or granted for special or limited
purposes, or limited in duration :
(12.) “ Ship ” includes any vessel used in navigation, how-
ever propelled, with her tackle, furniture, and apparel, and any
boat or other craft:
(13.) “Offence” means any act or omission punishable by a
Criminal Court:
(14.) “ Imprisonment” means imprisonment of either descrip-
tion, as deﬁned in the Indian Penal Code:
(15.) “Month” means calendar month:
(16.) “ Will” means will, codicil, or other testamentary
instrument :
(17.) “Person” includes Corporation.
(18.) Words importing the plural or the singular may be
construed as referring to one person or thing, or to more than
one person or thing, and words importing the masculine as
referring to females (as the case may require).
4. (1.) This Order shall be published in the “Gazette of
India,” within such time after the assing thereof as the Secre-
tary of State may prescribe, and shall come into force on such
day (hereinafter called the commencement of this Order), within
six months after that publication, as the Governor-General of
India in Council may, by notiﬁcation in the said Gazette, appoint
in this behalf.
(2.) But any appointment under this Order may be made at
any time after its passing, and no proof shall, in any proceedings,
be required of any of the matters prescribed by this Article.
PART II.—Application and Eject of Order.
5. (1.) This Order applies to—
(i.) British subjects being within the Persian coast and
islands, whether resident or not :
d(ii.) British ships being within the Persian coast and islands ;
an
(iii.) Persian subjects and foreigners, in the cases and
according to the conditions in this Order speciﬁed, but not
otherwise.
201
13th Dec, 1889.] GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL.
Such of the provisions of this Order as refer to British
subjects, or to British subjects only, extend to British-protected
persons in so far as by Treaty, grant, usage, suﬁ'erance, or other
lawful means, Her Majesty has jurisdiction within the Persian
coast and islands in relation to such persons.
6. All Her Maj esty’s jurisdiction, exercisable within the
Persian coast and islands, under the Foreign Jurisdiction Acts,
for the hearing and determination of criminal or civil matters,
or for the maintenance of order, or for the control or adminis-
tration of persons or property, or in relation thereto, shall be
exercised under and according to the provisions of this Order,
so far as this Order extends and applies.
PART III. —Application of certain Portions of the Law of British
India.
7.
PART IV.- Criminal .Matters.
8-22.
PART V.- Civil Matters.
28-81.
PART VI.-— Vice-A dmiralty.
82.
PART VII.-Persian and Foreign Subjects and Tribunals.
88. (1.) Every suit in which a British subject is a defendant,
and a Persian subject is a plaintiff, shall within the Persian
coast and islands be heard by a Court established under this
Order. ‘
(2.) The High Court of Bombay shall not exercise jurisdic-
tion in any such suit, but where a decree or order in any such
suit has been passed by any Court subordinate to the Consul-
General, the Consul-General may call for the proceedings, and
pass thereon such order as he may think ﬁt, and any order so
passed by him shall be ﬁnal.
84. (1.) Where a foreigner desires to bring in a Court esta-
blished under this Order a suit against a British subject, or a
British subject desires to bring in such a Court a suit against a
fereigner not being a subject of a Mahommedan Power, the
Court shall entertain the same, and shall hear and determine it.
(2.) Provided that the foreigner, if required by the Court,
ﬁrst obtains and ﬁles in the proper ofﬁce of the Court the consent,
in writing, of the competent authority (if any), on behalf of his
own nation to his submitting, and that he does submit by
writing, to the jurisdiction of the Court, and, if required by the
Court, gives security to the satisfaction of the Court, and to
such reasonable amount as the Court thinks ﬁt, by de osit or
otherwise, to pay fees, costs, and damages, and abide Iby, and
perform, the decision to be given by the Court or on appeal.
(8.) A cross-suit shall not be brought in the Court against a
202
GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL. [13th Dec, 1889.
plaintiff, being a foreigner, who has submitted to the juris-
diction, by a defendant, without leave of the Court ﬁrst
obtained.
(4.) The Court, before giving leave, may require proof from
the defendant that his claim arises out of the matter in dispute,
and that there is reasonable ground for it, and that it is not
made for vexation or delay.
(5.) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the defendant from
bringing in the Court against the foreigner, after the termina-
tion of the suit in which the foreigner is plaintiff, any suit which
the defendant might have brought in the Court against the
foreigner if no provision restraining cross-suits had been in-
serted. in this Order.
(6.) Where a foreigner obtains, in a Court established under
this Order, a decree or order against a defendant, being a
British subject, and in another suit that defendant is plaintiﬁ
and the foreigner is defendant, the Court may, if it thinks
ﬁt, on the application of the British subject, stay the enforce-
ment of the decree or order pending that other suit, and may
set off any amount decreed or ordered to be paid by one party
in one suit against any amount decreed or ordered to be paid by
the other party in the other suit. _
(7.) Where a plaintiff, being a foreigner, obtains a decree
or order, in a Court established under this Order, against two
or more defendants, being British subjects, ointly, and in
another suit one of them is a plaintiff and the foreigner is de-
fendant, the Court may, if it thinks ﬁt, on the application of the
British subjects, stay the enforcement of the decree or order
pending that other suit, and may set off any amount decreed or
ordered to be paid by one party in one suit against any amount
decreed or ordered to be paid by the other party in the other suit,
without prejudice to the right of the British subject to obtain
contribution from his co-defendants under the oint liability.
(8.) Where a foreigner is co-plaintitf in a suit with a British
subject who is within the Persian coast and islands, it shall not
be necessary for the foreigner to give security under this
Article as regards fees and costs, unless the Court so directs;
but the co-plaintiff British subject shall be responsible for all
fees and costs.
35.—-(l.) Where it is proved that the attendance of a British
subject to give evidence, or for any other purpose connected
with the administration of justice, is required before a Persian
or foreign Court, the Consul-General may, if he thinks ﬁt, in a
case and in circumstances in which he would, if acting in his
judicial capacity, require the attendance of that person before
himself, order that he do attend as required.
(2.) If the person ordered to attend, having reasonable
notice of the time and place at which he is required to attend,
fails to attend accordingly and does not satisfactorily excuse
‘his failure, he shall, independently of any other liability, be
liable to be punished with imprisonment for a term Which may
203
13th Dec, 1889.] GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL
extend to two months, or with fine which may extend to 1,000
rupees (459-7 7 dollars), or with both.
36. (1.) If a British subject wilfully gives false evidence in
a proceeding before a Persian or foreign Court, or in an arbitra-
tion between a British subject on the one hand, and a Persian
subject or foreigner on the other hand, he shall, on conviction
before a competent Court of Criminal Jurisdiction, be liable to
be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend
to two months, or with ﬁne which may extend to 1,000 rupees
(459'77 dollars), or with both.
( 2.) Nothing in this Article shall exempt a person from
liability under any other British or British Indian Law to any
other or higher punishment or penalty:
Provided that no person shall be punished twice for the
same offence.
37. (1.) Every agreement for reference to arbitration
between a British subject on the one hand, and a Persian sub-
ject or a foreigner on the other hand, may, on the application
of any party, be ﬁled for execution in the proper office of a Court
established under this Order.
(2.) The Court shall thereupon have authority to enforce the
agreement, and the award made thereunder, and to control and
regulate the proceedings before and after the award, in such
manner and on such terms as the Court may think ﬁt: '
(3.) Provided that the Persian subject or foreigner, if so re-
quired by the Court, ﬁrst obtains and ﬁles, in the proper office
of the Court, the consent, in writing, of the competent authority
(if any) 011 behalf of his own nation to his submitting, and that
he does submit by writing to the jurisdiction of the Court, and,
if required by the Court, gives security to the satisfaction of the
Court, and to such reasonable amount as the Court thinks ﬁt,
by deposit or otherwise, to pay fees, costs, damages, and ex-
penses, and abide by and perform the award.
PART V Ill—Registration of British Subjects.
38. (1.) Every resident British subject, being of the age of
twenty-one years or upwards, or being married or a widower or
widow, though under that age, shall, unless already registered,
register himself or herself at an office appointed by the Consul-
General in that behalf for the local area within which the
British subject is resident.
(2.) Every such British subject, not resident, arriving at a
place within the Persian coast and islands where there is an
ofﬁce as aforesaid, unless borne on the muster-roll of a British
or foreign vessel there arriving, shall, within one month after
arrival, register himself or herself at the office. But this pro-
vision shall not be deemed to require any person to register
himself or herself oftener than once in a year reckoned from the
ﬁrst day of January.
(3.) The registration of a man shall, nevertheless, comprise
the registration of his wife, if living with him ; and
204
GREAT BRITAIN. ORDER IN COUNCIL. [13th Dec., 1889.
(4.) The registration of the head, male or female, of a family,
shall be deemed to comprise the registration of all females
being his or her relatives, in whatever degree, living under the
same roof with him or her at the time of his or her registra-
tion.
(5.) The officer in charge of the oflice shall give to each
person registered by him a certiﬁcate of registration signed by
him and sealed with his seal.
(6.) The name of a wife, if her registration is comprised in
her husband’s, shall, unless in any case the Consul-General sees
good reason to the contrary, be indorsed on the husband’s cer-
tiﬁcate.
(7 The names and descriptions of females, whose registra-
tion is comprised in that of the head of the family, shall, unless
in any case the Consul-General sees good reason to the contrary,
be indorsed on the certiﬁcate of the head of the family.
(8.) Every person shall, on every registration of himself, pay
a fee of 2 rupees 8 annas (1'15 dollar), or such other amount as
the Secretary of State, or, with his previous or subsequent
. assent, the Governor-General of India in Council, from time to
time appoints.
(9.) The amount of the fee either may be uniform for all
persons, or may vary according to the position and circumstances
of different classes, as the Secretary of State or the Governor-
General of India in Council, as the case may be, from time to
time thinks ﬁt, but shall not in any case exceed 2 rupees
8 annas (115 dollar).
(10.) Every person by this Order required to register him-
self at an oﬁice shall, unless excused by the officer in charge of
the ofﬁce, or unless such person is a woman who, by the custom
of the class to which she belongs, is prevented from appearing
in public, attend personally for that purpose at the oflice on
each occasion for registration.
(11.) If any person fails to comply with the provisions of
this Order respecting registration, and does not satisfactorily
excuse his failure, the Courts established and ofﬁcers appointed
under this Order may, in any casein which they think ﬁt, decline
to recognize him as a British subject.
PART IX.— Procedure.
39-42.
PART X.—Supplemental Provisions.
43-60.
C. L. PEEL.

205
PART V.

AGREEMENTS BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND
RUSSIA RESPECTING PERSIA, 1834—1888.

Pa e
1._ Understanding respecting the maintenance of the Integrity g
- and Independence of Persia. September, 1834 209
[Conﬁrmed in 1873, 1874.‘, and 1888.]
2. Agreement respecting Succession to the Persian Throne.
August, September, 1834 215
3. Agreement respecting a Map of the Turco-Persian Boundary.
March, 1865. 218
4. Protocol ﬁxing the Boundary between Turkey and Persia in
the Territory of Khotour. 27th July, 1880. 219
GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA. [1834-1888.
A GREEIIIENT between Great Britain and Russia to respect the
Integrity and Independence of Persia. 1834-1888.

In 1783 the Caucasian range formed the northern boundary
of Persia, although the Province of Daghestan extended beyond
those mountains.
In that year Georgia revolted to Russia, and on the 24th
July the Provinces of Cartalinia and Cachet were united to
Russia by a Treaty concluded between the Russian authorities
and the “ Czar ” of those Provinces.
in March, 17 96, war was declared by Russia against Persia.
In 1801 the Kingdom of Georgia Was incorporated with the
Russian Dominions by a Russian Proclamation dated 28th
January.
By the Treaty of Peace concluded between Persia and;
Russia at Gulistan, on the 12th October, 1813, the Khanates of
Karabag and Ganschin, which formed the Province of Elizabeth-
pol; the Khanates of Schekin, Shirwan, Derbent, Kubin, Baku,
and Talisch, and their dependencies; Daghestan, Georgia; the
Provinces of Schuragel, Imiritia, Guriel, Mingrelia, and Abassia;
and the territories included between them and the Caucasian
line, on the one side, and the Caspian Sea, on the other, were
ceded to Russia. .
A detailed description of this boundary is to be found at page
116.
By the same Treaty, Persia formally surrendered her right
of having ships of war in the Caspian Sea.
On the .j-g-th September, 1826, war was again declared by
Russia against Persia; and by Arts. IV and V of the Treaty of
Peace signed at Tourkmantchai on the gs, February, 1828, the
Khanats of Erivan and N aktchivan, in Armenia, were ceded by
Persia to Russia.
A detailed description of this boundary is to be found at
page 118. _ f
In this Treaty it was again recorded that none but Russian
ships of war were to be allowed in the Caspian Sea (see
age 121 .
bOn thg 14th September, 1829, a Treaty of Peace was concluded
at Adrianople between '1 urlcey and Russia. In this Treaty,
Turkey acknowledged that Georgia, Imiritia, Mingrelia, Gouriel,
Erivan, and Naktchivan, which had been ceded to Russia by
Persia, formed part of the Russian Empire ; and she then herself
ceded to Russia a part of the Pashalik of Akhaltjik, with the
littoral of the Black Sea from the mouth of the Kuban, as far as
the Port of St. Nicholas.
The boundary, therefore, between Persia and Russia, as
deﬁned by Treaty, on the western shore of the Caspian Sea,
extends from Mount Ararat to Astera. The places named in the‘
Treaties of 1813 and 1828 are marked on a Map inserted at page
120. .
‘ 209 P
1834-1888.] GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA.
The boundary between Persia and Russia, to the East of the
Caspian Sea (known as the Akhal-Khorassan Boundary) was
deﬁned by the Treaty of 21st December, 1881 (see page 186).
In 1834, on the occasion of the nomination by the Shah of
Persia of Mahommed Merza as his successor, an “ Understanding”
was come to between the British and Russian Governments
to respect the Integrity and Independence of Persia. N o formal
Treaty has been concluded on the subject, but this understand-
ing has since been conﬁrmed on several occasions, the last
occasion being on the 12th of March, 1888. It was ﬁrst recorded
in a despatch addressed by Viscount Palmerston to H.M.’s Am-
bassador at St. Petersburgh on the 5th September, 1834.
The following is a copy of that Despatch :—
Viseount Palmerston to Mr. Bligh.
“ SIR, ' Foreign Ojiee, September 5th, 1834.
IN acknowledging the receipt of your despatch of the 6th
Au_gust,'*' I have to instruct you to take an opportunity of ex-
pressing to ‘the Russian Government the satisfaction of His
esty’s Government at the decision which has been taken by
the Shah of Persia to nominate Mahommed Meerza as the suc-
cessor to his throne; an event which, it is to be hoped, will
avert the danger of civil war in Persia on the next demise of
the Crown; and you will also say, that His Majesty’s Govern-
ment are gratiﬁed to ﬁnd that the Governments of Great
Britain and Russia are acting, with regard to the affairs of
Persia, in the same spirit, and are equally animated by a sincere
desire to maintain, not only the internal tranquillity, but also
the Independence and Integrity of Persia.
His Majesty’s Government will, at all times, ﬁnd a real
pleasure in co-operating with that of Russia for such purposes;
and instructions have been sent to the British Resident at
“ Tehran, to communicate conﬁdentially with the Russian Repre-
sentative, in furtherance of the common views of the two
Governments.
I am, &c.,
PALMERSTON.”
In November, 1838, Russia alluded to the “happy agree=
ment of views and actions” which the two Governments
had so much at heart to form in 1834, and a copy of the fore-
going despatch, written by Lord Palmerston to Mr. Bligh in
September, 1884, was forwarded from St. Petersburgh to the
Russian Ambassador in London, in order that he might show it
to Lord Palmerston, with an assurance that the same desire
which then inﬂuenced the Russian Government to have a
friendly understanding with England upon the affairs of Persia
still existed, and an expression of regret upon the part of Russia
that the good understanding which had existed between the
Court of London and that of Tehran was disturbed for the time.

* Respecting the Aﬁairs of Persia and Afghanistan.
2
GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA. [1834-1888.
_ Lord Palmerston expressed his entire satisfaction at re--
ceiving this declaration that the Russian policy with regard to
Persia remained unchanged, and that it was the same which
the two Powers had agreed to adopt in 1834.
The following are extracts from the correspondence which
passed in 1838 :—
Count A'Tesselrode to Count P0220 cli Borgo.-—-( Communicated by
Count Poezo di Borgo, November 11.)
(Translation)
(Extract) “ St. Petersburgh, October 20 (November 1), 1838.
“ IT will not be without advantage, M. le Comte, to place
again before Lord Palmerston at the present time, the despatch,
which at that period he addressed to the Minister-of England
at St. Petersburgh, and which the latter was then directed to
communicate to us.
“ Your Excellency will ﬁnd a copy of it annexed. With this
document in your hand, you will have the goodness, M. l’Am-
bassadeur, to make known to Lord Palmerston that the same
sentiments which guided us in 1834, and which led us at the
time to desire a friendly understanding with England upon the
affairs of Persia, are now also the motive of the present step,
and inspire us with the full confidence of seeing it lead to
results fully as satisfactory as that which preceded it.
'16 ti? :‘;1: 9k 9K
“ Assuredly, it will rest with that Government alone to re—
establish, between the Missions of Russia and of Great Britain
at Tehran, that happy agreement of views and of actions which
we had so much at heart to form in 1834, and which had at
that time been attended with consequences so beneﬁcial for
the consolidation of the internal tranquillity of the Persian
Monarchy.”
Viscount Palmerston to Count Pozzo 'fdi .Borgo.
(Extract) Foreign Ojice, December 20, 1838.
“THE despatch from Count N esselrode which your Excellency
has communicated to me, contains upon these points assurances
the most full and complete; and Her Majesty’s Government
accept as’ entirely satisfactory, the declarations of the Imperial
Cabinet that it does not harbour any designs hostile to the
interests of Great Britain. in India; that its own policy with
respect to Persia remains unchanged, and is the same which in
1834 the two Powers agreed to adopt.”
The understanding of 1834 was again alluded to in the fol~
lowing Russian despatch written in J annary, 1839 :—
211 P 2
1834-1888.] GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA.
Count ZVesselrode to Count Pozzo cli Borgo.—-(Communicated by
Count P :30 di Borgo, February 25.)
(Translation)
(Extract.) St. Petersburgh, January 29, 1839.
“ THE Government of Her Britannic Majesty has received
from us the formal assurance that it in no wise enters into the
views ,of.our Cabinet to desire to direct the slightest hostile
combination against the security of the English possessions in
India; and that, far from that, our policy, in respect to Persia,
has invariably remained the same as it was in 1834, at the time
when a perfect understanding was so happily established on
this matter between Russia and England.
“ In return for this clear and precise declaration, we consider
that, 011 our part, we may rely upon the intention and upon the
desire which the British Cabinet has, on its part, expressed, to
the effect of replacing the order of things in Persia on its
ancient footing, by re-establishing its relations of friendship
and good understanding with that country.”
These despatches were laid before Parliament in 1839, with
other papers relating to the affairs of Persia and Afghanistan,
and the passages quoted above are to be found at pages 3, 191,
and 192.
In June, 1873, the Persian Government inquired what un-
derstanding existed between Great Britain and Russia respect-
ing the maintenance of the integrity of Persia, when it was
informed of what had passed in 1834 and 1838 in a note which
was addressed by Earl Granville to the Sadr Azem, of which
the following is a copy :—
Earl Granville to Sadr Aeem.
“ SIR, Foreign Qﬁice, July 2, 1873.
“YOUR Highness, in your letter of the 30th June, has
expressed a wish to be made acquainted officially with what
may have, passed between Great Britain and Russia in regard
to the maintenance of the integrity of Persia. I have the
honour, in reply, to state to your Highness that, although no
formal Treaty or agreement exists by which the two countries
mutually agree to respect the integrity of Persia, yet that, in
the year 1834, an understanding was arrived at between the
two Governments on the occasion of the nomination of
Mahomed Meerza as successor to the Throne of Persia. That
understanding was based on the sincere desire of the two
Governments to maintain, not only the internal tranquillity,
but also the independence and integrity of Persia; and in the
year 1838 Count Nesselrode adverted to the agreement entered
into by the two Governments as still subsisting in full force, as
t was also acknowledged to do by Her Majesty’s Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs.
212
GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA. [1834-1888.
“Her Maj esty’s Government, as they recognize for themselves
the principles which guided the general policy of Great Britain
and Russia in favour of the independence and integrity of
Persia in the year 1834, have reason to believe, from informa-
tion which they have received from Lord Loftus, Her Maj esty’s
Ambassador at St. Petersburgh, that the Russian Government
refer with satisfaction to the mutual assurances which were
made on this subject in 1834 and 1838. Her I\Iajesty’s Govern-
ment consider that the best mode of conﬁrming both Powers in
those sentiments is, that Persia, while steadily maintaining her
rights as an independent Power, should studiously fulﬁl in all
respects her Treaty engagements with each, and so insure the
continuance of the friendship which both Powers, even for their
own interests, should desire to maintain with her.
I am, &c.,
Sadr Azenz. GRANVILLE.”
Count Brunnow was also told of the communication which
had been made to the Persian Government, at which he ex—
pressed his satisfaction, as will be seen from the following
extract from a despatch addressed by Earl Granville to Her
Majesty’s Ambassador at St. Petersburgh on the 10th July,
1873 :-—-*
Earl Granville to Lord A. Loftus.
(Extract) Foreign ()ﬁlce, July 10, 1873.
“ I ALSO informed Count de Brunnow, as he had broached the
subject of the Shah’s visit, that the Persians had inquired as to
the nature of the engagements which subsisted between Great
Britain and Russia as to the integrity of the Persian territory.
and that I had told the Grand Vizier that, although no formal
Treaty or agreement existed, by which the twp cquntries
mutually agreed to respect the integrity of Persia, yet that in
the year 1834 an understanding was arrived at between the
‘two Governments. on the occasion of the nomination of
Mahomed Meerza as successor to the Throne of Persia ; that
that understanding was based on the sincere desire of the two
Governments to maintain, not only the internal tranquillity,
but also the independence and integrity of Persia; that in the
year 1838 Count Nesselrode adverted to the agreement entered
into by‘the two Governments as still subsisting in full force,
as it was also acknowledged to do by Her M ajesty’s Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs, and that Her Majesty’s Govern-
ment, as they recognized for themselves the principles which
guided the general policy of Great Britain and Russia in favour
of the independence and integrity of Persia in. the year 1834, had
reason to believe, from information which they had received
from Lord A.‘ Loftus, Her Majesty’s Ambassador at St. Peters-

’”‘ “ State Papers,” vol. 65, page 981.
213
1834-1888.] GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA.
burgh, that the Russian Government referred with satisfaction
to the mutual assurances which were made on this subject in
1834 and in 1838; and that Her Majesty’s Government con-
sidered that the best mode of conﬁrming both Powers in those
sentiments was that Persia, while steadily maintaining her
rights as an independent Power, should studiously fulﬁl in all
respects her Treaty engagements with each, and so insure the
continuance of the friendship which both Powers, even for their
own interests, should desire to maintain with her.
Count de Brnnnow expressed satisfaction.
I am, &c.,
Lorcl A. Loftas. GRANVILLE.”
On the 23rd December, 1874, M. de Westmann, the Russian
Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs, again assured Her Maj esty’s
Ambassador at St. Petersburgh that he fully admitted the
existence, at that time, of the understanding arrived at in 1834
and 1838.
The engagements entered into between Great Britain and
Russia to respect and promote the integrity and independence
of Persia were renewed and conﬁrmed in 1888 by an exchange
of Notes, from which the following are extracts :—
T/ie Marquis of Salisbury to Sir R. Morier.
(Extract) Foreign, Ojice, February 21, 1888.
“ I HAVE noticed in the extracts from the Russian press which
you have forwarded to this ()ﬁice that there is a tendency to
attach importance to Sir H. Drummond Wolif’s appointment as
Her Maj esty’s Minister at Tehran, and to look upon it as
evidence of an endeavour on the part of Her Majesty’s Govern-
ment to obtain predominant inﬂuence in Persia, to the detriment
of Russia.
“ He [Sir H. \Volif] will be authorised to give the Shah the
strongest assurances of the continued desire of Her Majesty’s
Government to respect and promote the integrity and inde-
pendence of Persia, and it would be satisfactory if he could be
enabled to state that Her Majesty’s Government had ascertained,
by an exchange of views with that of Russia, that the agree-
ment arrived at on this subject in 1834 and 1838, and renewed
by mutual assurances on several subsequent occasions, remains
in full force.”
The reply of the Russian Government is recorded in the
following despatch :—
Tlie Marquis of Salisbury to Sir R. Morier.
(Extract) Foreign Qﬁiee, March 12, 1888-
“ M. DE STAAL called here this afternoon and read .to me a
despatch from M. de Giers. His Excellency was not authorized
to leave a copy of it.
214
GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA. [Aug.~Sept.,18341.
“EThe despatch was written in very ﬁ'iendly terms. '
“ After brieﬂy recapitulating the interview which he had with
your Excellency, and in which he had stated that he would
convey through M. de Staal the deﬁnitive conclusions of the
Russian Government on the several points touched on in the
despatch, M. de Giers went on to mention and discuss those
points.
“ In the ﬁrst place, as regards our desire for an assurance that
the engagement between the two Governments to respect and
promote the integrity and independence of Persia is considered
by the Russian Government as remaining in full force, M. de
Giers states that, although, in their opinion, there are no present
grounds for apprehending any danger to Persia, and although
they have received no communication on the subject from,
Tehran, yet the Russian Government have no objection to
placing again 011 record that their views on this point are in no
way altered. The Persian Government, his Excellency adds,
have on more than one occasion had tangible proof of this; and
he alludes to a military demonstration made at the request of
the Shah in 1880 on the Caucasian frontier, when a portion of
the Province of Azerba'i'djan was suffering from the incursions
of bands of Kurds. . . . . . -. .
“ I have expressed to M. de Staal, and I request your
Excellency to offer M. de Giers, my best thanks for this frank
and courteous communication of the views of the Russian
Government. It has been highly satisfactory to Her Maj esty’s
Government to learn that those views are so much in accordance
with their own; and they owe their acknowledgments to M.
de Giers for enabling Sir H. D. Wolff to inaugurate his mission
by an assurance to theShah that the engagements between
Great Britain and Russia to respect and promote the integrity
and independence of the Persian kingdom have again been
renewed and conﬁrmed.”
I am, &c.. '
1
st’ R. lilorier. SALISBURY" .

AGREEMENT between Great Britain and Russia respecting the
Succession to the Persian T hrone—August—September, 1834.
u—---
ABBAS MIRZA, who was Prince Royal of Persia under Fath-Ali
Shah, and who had been named by His Majesty as Heir Apparent
to the Throne, died on the 22nd October, 1833, during the life-
time of his father, leaving several sons. At his death the ques-
tion arose as to the succession to the Persian Throne, and a corre-
spondence passed between the British and Russian Governments
on the subject. Various candidates aspired to the Throne: but
in the case of Fath-Ali Shah and his predecessor, Aga Moham-
med, it had been laid down as a principle, in the selection 0
215
Aug.-—Sept.,1834.] GREAT BRlTAIN AND RUSSIA.
the Heir-to the Throne, that he should be descended from
Kajars, by his mother as well as by his father, and Abbas
Mirza was accordingly chosen, in preference to his elder
brother; Fath-Ali Shah was, therefore, anxious on the occa-
sion of the death of Abbas Mirza, to nominate his grandson,
Mahommed Meerza (eldest son of the late Crown Prince,
Abbas Mirza, by an Akdi* wife of the highest rank of the
Kaja-r Tribe) as Heir. The British and Russian Governments
were in favour of the pretensions of Prince Mohammed Meerza,
son of Abbas, they being of opinion that this choice was, on the
whole, the most eligible one, and the British Resident and the
Russian Ambassador at Tehran were accordingly instructed to
recommend the Shah to settle the crown upon that grandson.
His Majesty accepted this advice, and eventually decided upon
nominating that Prince as his successor. The correspondence
which passed on the subject was laid before Parliament in 1839
with the “ Correspondence relating to Persia and Afghanistan,”
and it included the following despatches (see “ State Papers,”
Vol. 23, page 863) :—
(1.) Substance of a Despatch from Count lVesselrode to Count
Medem ; and communicated to Viscount Palmerston by Count
Medem, 22nd August, 1834. ' '
(Translation)
“ We expect to see the Representatives of Russia and England
in Persia, authorized to act in concert in a spirit of peace and
union, as the despatch from my office of the 30th of June has
already expressed the desire should be the case.
“ The importance of providing, with this view, the two
Representatives with corresponding instructions, is no wise
diminished by the mere fact of the nomination of the hereditary
Prince. That event, however satisfactory it may be, is never-
theless not in itself sufﬁcient to consolidate the tranquillity of
Persia, and to remove from that country all the elements of
internal discord and disturbance.
“ We consequently continue to think that a conformity of
language and conduct on the part "of the Representatives of
Russia and of Great Britain, would, of all political combinations,
be‘the one which would most effectually contribute to maintain
the tranquillity of Persia, and to prepare the country for a new
reign, without exposing that Empire to the disorders inseparable
from any contested succession.”
(2.) Viscount Palmerston to lltlr. Bligh.
4 gm’ Foreign Qﬁice, 5th September, 1834.
“I have to instruct you to take an opportunity of express-
ing to the Russian Government the satisfaction of His

‘1* A higher Order of Marriage than-the “ Sighah.”
216 .
GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA. [Aug.-Sept.,1834.
Majesty’s Government at the decision which has been taken by
the Shah of Persia to nominate Mahommed Meerza as the
successor to his throne; an event which it is to be hoped will
avert the danger of civil war in Persia on the next demise of
the Crown; and you will also say that His Majesty’s Govern-
ment are gratiﬁed to ﬁnd that the Governments of Great
Britain and Russia are acting, with regard to the affairs of
Persia, in the same spirit, and are equally animated by a
sincere desire to maintain, not only the internal tranquillity, but
also the independence and integrity of P ersia.*
“ His Majesty’s Government will at all times ﬁnd a real
pleasure in co-operatin g with that of Russia for such purposes;
and instructions have been sent to the British Resident at Tehran
to communicate conﬁdentially with the Russian Representative,
in furtherance of the common views of the two Governments.
I am, &c.,
PALMERSTON.”
The Hon. J. D. Bligh.
_§_____*
(3.) Mr. Bligh to Viscount Palmerston.--(Received
January 5, 1835.)
(Extract) St. Petersburgh, December 8, 1834.
“ I have just seen Count N esselrode, who has given me some
details respecting the death of the Shah of Persia. Count
Nesselrode seems to anticipate that Persia will inevitably
become the scene of civil commotion, and expresses his satisfac-
tion that, under such circumstances, the British and Russian
Governments should have come to a good understanding upon
this matter.
J. D. BLIGH.”
Viscount Palmerston.

Fath-Ali Shah died in October, 1834, when Mahommed Shah
succeeded him on the throne. In the following year, Shah
Mahommed nominated his son Nassir-ud-din, then an infant only
4 years old, as his successor. N assir-ud-din was the eldest son
of the Shah by an “Akdi-Kajar ” wife, and his nomination was
approved by the British, Russian, and other European Govern-
ments.
Shah Mahommed died on the 4th September, 1848, and on
the 20th October, the Heir Apparent, who was then about 19
years of age, entered Tehran, and formally ascended the throne
as Nassir-ud-din Shah; and, in August, 1852, the Shah nomi-
nated his son, Prince Moo-eer-ood (Muzaffer-ed-deen), Heir to the
throne.

* See Understanding between Great Britain and Russia, 1834, page 209.
01 7 .
‘I
Man, 1865.] GREAT BRITAIN AND ‘,nussni.
AGREEZIIENT between Great Britain and Russia respecting Zlfap 0f the Tame-Persian Bozmclary.-——Mareh, 1865.'xé '

THE Treaty of Erzeroum was signed on the 31st May, 1847 ,T
for the settlement of the Turco-Persian boundary. 7
Subsequent meetings of the Commission were held in 1849,
1850, and 1851 at Bagdad and Mohammerah.
In 1851 Lord Palmerston, in a despatch to Sir H. Seymour,
at St. Petersburgh, stated that it was clear that no settlement
would be come ‘to except by an arbitrary decision on the part
of Great Britain and Russia; and he therefore proposed that
the general line of frontier should be traced by the Agents of
the Mussulman Powers at Constantinople, assisted by the Com-
missioners, in conformity with the stipulations of the Treaty of
Erzeroum, leaving doubtful localities to be settled in detail in
the future.
The Russian Government agreed to this proposal, and the
work of surveying the country from Mount Ararat to the
Persian Gulf was then commenced. When this was done the
preparation of a map of the Turco-Persian frontier, embracing
territory 700 miles in length by from 20 to 40 milesbroad, was
put in hand, and this Work lasted from November, 1857, till
March 1865, when the Porte was informed in May of that year
that, “in the opinion of the Mediating Powers, the future line
of boundary between the respective dominions of the Sultan
and the Shah was to be found within the limits traced on the
Map; that the two Mahommedan Governments should them-
selves mark out the line; and that, in the event of any differences
arising between them in regard to any particular locality, the
points in dispute should be referred to the decision of the
Governments of England and Russia.”
This boundary has remained unsettled down to the present
time, and disputes have frequently arisen between the Turkish
and Persian Governments respecting their respective claims to
Ian in the Posht-i-Ku District, known by the Turks as the
a-“ eyd-Hassan Lands and by the Persians as Bagsai and
Ghoreibeh. These districts include a portion of the Saiﬁ and
Malkhatari Lands. .
In 1873 an Agreement, which had been entered into be—
tween the Two Powers two or three years previously, was re-
newed, by which it was agreed that Ghoreibeh and Bagsai
should remain intact, and should not be interfered with on
either side, and that neither side should claim or institute any
right of possession by cultivation, or otherwise, until the Com-
mission appointed had expressed its opinion.

i‘ A temporary Boundary Agreement was signed between Persia and Turkey on
the 3rd August, 1869. See page 17 6. In September, 1869, a copy of this “ Identlc
Map” was oﬁicially communicated to the Turkish and Persian Governments re-
spectivcly (see note, page 176).
i" Page 169. '
218
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HARRISON l SONS LIT". Sf MARTINS LANZJMC.
GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA“? [27th July, 1880.
PROTOCOL 0F CONFERENCE between the British and '
Russian Commissioners respecting the Delimitation of the
Territory of Khotour, with the object ofﬁa'ing the Frontier Line
of that Territory in conformity with Art. 60 of the Treaty of
Berlin.if Sary Kamish, gem July, 1880.
(Translation)
Present:
For Great Britain—
Major-General Sir Edward Hamley, K.C.M.G., C.B.
Captain Everett (Assistant).
For Russia-
Major-General Zelenoy.
Colonel Koulberg (Assistant).
General Sir Edward Hamley and General Zelenoy, after
having exchanged their powers, carefully examined that part
of the labours of the mixed Anglo-Russian Commission which
concerned the territory of Khotour alone. Those labours con-
sisted in tracing the frontier line laid down upon two maps on
the scale of 53314-13, an English reduction from the great ofﬁcial
map 7311,36, by the hands of the Commissioners of the Anglo-
Russian Mixed Commission; General Kemball for Great Britain
and Colonel Zelenoy (actually the same General Zelenoy, the
signer of this Protocol) for Russia.
General Sir E. Hamley and General Zelenoy declare, General
Zelenoy from his own knowledge, and General Sir E. Hamley
from evidence shown by the said maps and the precise explana-
tions given by General Zelenoy, that the two delegates of the
said former Commission were agreed with regard to the deﬁni-
tive frontier line of Khotour, of which the tracing made by them
is shown on the two English reductions above mentioned from
the ofﬁcial map. _ _
The task of the former Commission being, not the partial
delineation of the Valley of Khotour, but the entire Turco-
Persian frontier, of which the delineation of Khotour ‘only pre-
sented a very small part, it naturally followed that, in this
continuity of the entire frontier, it was sufficient to determine
alone all the frontier west of the Valley of Khotour, and the two
extremities by which this frontier of Khotour was connected
with the rest of the entire Turco-Persian frontier.
However, considering the question of Khotour from its
history as a separate question, the said Commission is also
agreed upon the frontiers north and south of the Valley of
Khotour. Consequently all the frontier line of the territory of
Khotour traced by General Kemball and Colonel Zelenoy upon

Art. 60 of Treaty of Berlin of 13th July, 1878: “The Sublime Porte cedes to
Persia the Town and Territory of Khotour, as ﬁxed by the mixed Anglo-Russian
Commission for the delimitation of the frontiers of Turkey and of Persia.” [A
Boundary Line was suggested by the British and Russian Commissioners, General
Sir A. B. Kenrball and General Zelenoy. inCJul)’, 1879-]
2 1 J
BRITISH AMBASSADORS Ann ENVOYS TO J’EREIA.
the said English reduction of the great official map follows the
following line actually described by the undersigned on the
map annexed to the present Protocol.
The frontier on the north, starting from the Ber-i-Kurgin
Mountains, proceeding in a general direction towards the west,
reaches the mountains Guerdi-Be'ranan and Bere Gevran, and
continues as far as the summit of Mount Khydyr-Baba, where
the northern frontier joins the western frontier of the territory
of Khotour. During the whole of its course, the frontier to the
north joins the water parting of the left affluent of the
Khotour-tchai, afterwards the waters of Beledgik to the west,
as far as the waters of the Bere-i-Kurgin Mountains to the
east, with the right aﬁiuent of Tchewentchyk over the same
s ace.
p The western frontier starts from the same summit of the
Khydyr-Baba Mountains, proceeds in a general direction
towards the south, by the Kemarouk, Guedouk, and Tépé
Avristan Mountains, as far as the left bank of the Khotour-tchai,
leaving to Persia all the dale of Beledgik, and to Turkey the
dale of Kan-i—man-Yourl, then remounting the left bank of the
Khotour-tchai to the north of the main road, the frontier
crosses this road and this river opposite to the mountains which
stand on the left bank of the Schiwa-resl stream; follows the
crest of these mountains, and rejoining, by the line of the
water parting of Khotour and of the Alback-tchai, the Mir-
Cmar Mountains, leaving to Persia the deﬁle and village of
Razi, the village of Gharatil, and the village of Panamaik, and
to Turkey the village of Kevlik. The frontier to the south starts
from the Mir-Omar Mountains, proceeds in a general direction
towards the east by the summit of Mount Srurowa, as far as
the extremity next of the Kerpilay Mountains, following from
west to east the water parting of Khotour and of Alback-tchai,
and then of Khotour-tchai and of Dere-dishivan.

LIST or Bnrrrsn AMBASSADORS AND ENVOYS TO THE COURT
or PERSIA, 1800-1890.
A.D.
1800. Nov. Captain (afterwards Colonel Sir John) Malcolm
(sent by Lord W ellesley, Governor-General of India, to
Fat-h ’Aly). (Concluded Treaties of January, 1801.)
1807. 5th June. Sir Harford Jones, Bart. (afterwards Sir
Harford Jones Brydges), Envoy Extraordinary (sent
by George III to Fat-h ’Aly). (Concluded Treaty
of 12th March, 1809.)
1810. Sir John Malcolm (sent by Lord Minto, Governor-General
of India, to Fat-h ’Aly).
,, 6th March. Sir Gore Cuseley, Ambassador (sent from
England). (Concluded Treaty of 14th March, 1812.)
' 220
BRITISH AMBASSADOR-S AND ENVOYS TO PERSIA.
AD
181A.
1815.
1826.
1835.
1836.
9’
1844.
1848.
. 3rd September.
18th April.
ad interim.
18th April. Mr. Henry Ellis (afterwards Right Honourable
Sir Henry), Minister Plenipotentiary, ad interim, in the
event of Mr. Morier’s absence. (Treaty of 25th Nov.,
181.4, concluded by Mr. Morier and Sir Henry Ellis.)
30th June. Mr. Henry VVillock, Charge d’Affaires.
29th July. Colonel (afterwards Sir John) Macdonald,
Envoy Extraordinary from the Supreme Government
of India. (Concluded arrangement in 1828 for can—
celling Subsidy Articles of Treaty of 1814.)
30th June. Right Honourable Sir Henry Ellis,
Ambassador. (To hear the King’s congratulations to
the Shah of Persia, on his accession to the Throne.)
9th February. John M‘Neill (afterwards Sir John),
Minister Plenipotentiary.
25th May. The same, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary. (Concluded Commercial Treaty of
28th October, 1841.) '
17th September. Lieutenant-Colonel Justin Sheil (after-
wards Lt.-General Sir Justin), Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary. (Concluded Slave
Trade Agreement of August, 1851.) (Died 17th April,
1871)
Lt. Colonel Farrant, Chargé d’Affaires.
Mr. James Morier, Minister Plenipotentiary,
[Diplomatic relations were suspended from 4th N o-
vember till 26th November, 1853, but the Mission
was not withdrawn from Tehran]
Honourable Charles A. Murray (now
Rt. Hon. Sir Charles), Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary.
[In December, 1855, a letter was addressed by the
Shah to the Sahr Azim, which contained most
insulting remarks respecting Mr. Murray. Diplo-
matic relations were in consequence suspended,
5th December, 1855, and War was declared by
Great Britain against Persia at Calcutta, 1st
November, 1856 ; a Treaty of Peace was signed
at Paris, 4th March, 1857, the ratiﬁcations of
which were exchanged at Bagdad, 14th April,
1857. The Honourable Charles A. Murray (now
Sir Charles) was then sent back to Persia by the
British Government, when the Shah received
him with great state, and apologised for the
insult which had been offered to him in December,
1855. The insulting letter which was withdrawn
was annexed to the Treaty of-Peace]
221
PERSIAN REPRESENTATIVES TO GREAT BRITAIN.
A‘
A.D.
1859.‘
-Iseo.
1872.
I879.
.x. .
5-1;
/§ars’
‘ 1ss5.
1887.
Kly-‘fk; 1k.
f
9;»: L
v I 5,. V ,3.‘ 3“ '. "F" ‘*d “~
1 2-51%..’ '
16th April. l\lajor-General Sir Henry Creswicke Raw-
linson, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary.
7th April. Charles Alison, Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary. (Died at Tehran, 29th April,
1872)
15th July. William Taylour Thomson (afterwards Sir
William), Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary. (Died 15th September, 1883.)
14th June. Ronald E. Thomson (afterwards Sir
Ronald), Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo—
tentiary. (Died 15th November, 1888.)
4th November. Arthur (now Sir A.) Nicolson, Chargé
d’Affaires.
3rd December. Right Honourable Sir Henry Drummond
Wolff, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten~
tiary.
“ma:—
* Lisa‘ on PERSIAN REPRESENTATIVES ACCREDITED TO THE COURT
o J’) i-
Gvwt'k-J/é “- ‘l
I - AoD
J \ Atfv’v’lg ‘QK‘P'AJ‘I 0
H r M _
‘w ‘my, | \- , .
I. x -' I 1 8 2 2 I
.er»/~=? ‘1889.
@"i‘": A r : v*“‘- *‘ 1852.
r f’ \ ~"» ‘3. ‘ ‘- h .1 ‘ v 1
' A 1800.
f ‘I i‘ \_ .I "
Mine-1.... "r =~ i-
v. 1862.
h . _
i’ if! r-- "i ‘F
)\ _ .
V
*%\sf+r theIss7.
‘-
, j . 1869.
v4’; Cit/‘J’ ‘ﬂuff a r—
I "I! l b l 10
:51. Qﬂﬂifgrjf
. ' A ) ‘
'l >. J '5’, (J -
.7
1887.
1890.
OF GREAT BRITAIN, 1810-1890.
Mirza Abul Hassan.
1819-1820. Mirza Abul Hassan.
September. Mirza Saleh.
ff'“871826—1827.Sadek:Bey
I-Iussin Khan (not received by Her esty).
Sheffee Khan, Chargé d’Affaires.
September. Shafee Khan, Envoy Extraordinary and
‘Minister Plenipotentiary.
F erukh Khan, Ambassador Extraordinary.
Mirza Hassan Ali Khan, Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary.
May. Mirza Djaafer Khan, Ambassador Extraordinary.
October. Mahmoud Khan, Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary.
April. General Hadji Muhsin Khan, Charge d’Affaires.
May. ,, ,, Minister Resident. .
31st October. General H adji Muhsin Khan, Envoy Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.
October. Mirza Malcom Khan Nazem Oul Moulk
(afterwards Prince Nazem Malcom Khan), Envoy
Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.
Prince Hissam-us—Sultaneh, Ambassador Extraordinary
on Special Mission to convey Jubilee Congratulations
to Her Majesty.
10th March. Mirza Mahommed Ali Khan, Envoy Extra-
- ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.

,__
222
SUBJ ECT INDEX
/
Abbas Mirza, Prince. Succession to Persian Throne. Treaty. Russia.
22nd February, 1828. Art. 7, page 120.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. Agreement. Great Britain and Russia. August, September,
1834, page 215.
Afghanistan. Attempted Invasion of India. Treaty, January, 1801. Arts. 2, 3,
page 1.
. . .... . . . Mutual Engagements. Great Britain and Persia. Eventuality of
War. 14th March, 1812. Arts. 5, 6, page 5 5 25th November, 1814'.
Arts. 8, 9, page 6.
. . . . . . . . . . British Award. Dispute. Persia and Afghanistan. Seistan
Boundary. August, 1872. Page 63.
. . . . . . . . . . . Withdrawal of Persian Troops. Treaty. Great Britain. 4th March,
1857. Art. 5, page 17.
. . . . . . . Relinquishment of Persian Claims to Sovereignty. Ditto. 4th March,
1857. Art. 6, page 18.
. . . . . . . . . Non-interference of Persia in affairs of. Ditto. 4th March, 1857 .
Art. 6, page 18.
.. . . . . . . . . . Persian recognition of Independence. Ditto. 4th March, 1857.
Art. 6, page 18.
. . .. . . .. . Differences between Persia and Afghanistan. British good oﬂices
and inﬂuence. Ditto. 4th March, 1857. Art. 6, page 18.
. . . . . . . . . . . Eventual Violation of Persian Territory by Afghans. Ditto. 4th
March, 1857. Art. 7, page 18.
. . . . . . . . . Release of Prisoners of War. Ditto. 4th March, 1857 . Art. 8, page 19.
See also Boundaries.
“ Aggression.” Deﬁnition of Word. Treaty. Great Britain. 25th November,
1814. Art. 3, page 6.
Akhal-Khorassan. Boundary. Treaty. Russia and Persia. 21st December, 1881,
page 136. (Map)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial Intercourse. Roads. Treaty. Russia. 21st De-
cember, 1881. Art. 5, page 139.
Aielial IVater Supply. Treaty. Russia. 2lst December, 1881. Art. 4, page 139.
Ambassadors. Persian to the Porto. Treaty. Turkey. 23rd October, 1727,
Art. 3, page 153.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Persian to Great Britain. List, 1810-1890, page 220.
. . . . . . . . British to Persia. List, 1800-1890, page 222.
See also Diplomatic Agents.
Amnesty. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 15, page 124.
. . . . . . . Treaty. Great Britain. 4th March, 1857. Art. 4, page 17 .
Apology. Insult to British Minister. Treaty, 4th March, 1857. Art. 10, page 19.
Arms, so. Non-supply to Turcomans. See Turcomans.
223
SUBJECT INDEX.
i Army. See Persian Army.
Asterabad. Telegraph to Chekishlar. See Telegraphs.
Aitrek River. Boundary. Caspian Sea. Agreement. Russia. 13th December,
1869, page 133.
. . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty. Russia. 21st December, 1881. Art. 1, page 137.
Austria-Hungary. Convention. 17th May, 1857, page 66.
Award. ‘British. See Beloochistan, Kelat, Seistan.
Azerbijan. Part ceded by Persia to Turkey. Treaty, January, 1747, page 160.
Bagsai. See Posht-i-ku. : -
Bankruptcies. Firmaun. Protection. British Merchants. May (June), 1844, page 50.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857 . Art. 10, page 71.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 14, page 90.
Belgium. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 31st July, 1857, page 73.
Beloochistan. Boundary. Agreement. Great Britain and Persia. 174 September,
1871, page 105. _
. . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Proposed Amended Agreement. Ditto. 15th May, 187 3,
page 106.
Bender-Abbas. Treaty. Persia and Oman. 17th November, 1856, page 112. _
Bender-Bushire. See Bushire. - ,
Bombay. Residence of Persian Consul. Treaty. Great Britain. 28th October,
1841. Art. 2, page 11. ‘
Bonds. See Subsidy. , I ‘
Boundaries. Persia and Afghanistan. Seistan. British Award. August, 1872,
page 63. v
. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Heri Rud, near Zulﬁcar Pass. Protocol. 10th September,
1885, page 65.
. . . . <. . . . . . Ditto. Ditto, ditto. 22nd July, 1887, page 65.
A Persia and Belooohistan (Kelat and Mekran). Agreement. 1st—-4th
September, 1871, page 105. ~
. . .. . . . . . . Ditto. Alteration proposed. 15th May, 1873, page 106.
1 Persia and. Russia. Georgia, &c. Treaty. 12th October, 1813.
Arts. 2, 3, page 116.
. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. 22nd February, 1828. Treaty. Arts. 3-5, pages 118-120.
. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. East of the Caspian Sea. Agreement. 13th December, 1869,
page 133. ‘
. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Akhal-Khorassan. Attrek-Lutfabad. Convention. 21st De-
cember, 1881, page 136. -
Persia and Turkey. Treaty, January, 1746. Art. 3, page 158.
v. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 28th‘July, 1823. Preamble, page ‘163.
. . . . . . .. . . Ditto. Treaty, 31st May, 1847. Arts. 2-4, page 169.
c. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Agreement. Great Britain and Persia. Mount Ararat to
Persian Gulf. March, 1865, page 212. I
Brigandage. Treaty. Turkey. 31st May, 1847. Art. 8, page 172.
British Claims. Against Persia. Treaty, 4th March, 1857. Art. 11, page 19.
British Minister. Servants and Dependents. Firmauns. 15th September, 1839,
and April, 1840, pages 48, 49. k
. . . . . . . . . . I Apology for Insult to. Reception at Tehran. Treaty, 4th March,
1857 . Art. 10, page 19. ‘
British Troops. Withdrawal from Persian Territory. Treaty, 4th March, 1857 .
Art. 14, page 20. .
Bushire. Agreement. . Shaik Sadoon. British Factory. Garden. Burial Ground.
Trade, &c. 12th April, 1763, page 11.
_
_l_

~—
224
, SUBJECT INDEX.
Bushire. Royal Grant. British Factory, &c. 2nd July, 17 63, page 11.
. . . . . . . . British Resident. Treaty. Great Britain. 28111 October, 1841. Art. 2,
page ‘10. '
Caspian Sea. Persian Navy. Treaty, 14th March, 1812. Art. 7, page 5.
- - . . .. . . . . . Navigation by Russian Vessels of ‘Var. Treaty. Russia.
12th October, 1813. Art. 5, page 115. A
. . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 8, page 121.
- . . . . . . . . . . Navigation by Merchant Vessels. Treaty. Russia. 12th October,
1813. Art. 5, page 115.
. . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 8, page 121.
. . . . . . . . . . . Coasting Trade. Treaty. Russia. 12th October, 1813. Art. 5,
page 115.
. . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 8, page 121.
. . . . . . . . . . . Persian Trade with Russia. Duties. Treaty. Russia. 22nd Feb-
ruary, 1828. Arts. 1, 3, pages 125, 126.
. . . . . . . . . . . Russian Prohibition against Establishment of Companies for Navi-
gation of Caspian Sea, except by Russian Subjects, and against purchase
by Foreigners of Shares in such Companies. 24th November, 1869,
page 121.
. . . . . . . . . . Boundary. East of. Agreement. Russia and Persia. 13th December,
1869, page 133. _
. . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty. Russia. 21st December, 1881, page 136.
Cazligkwre. See Kazlee Gioul.
Coded Territories. Immovable Property. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828.
Art. 12, page 122.
Ceremonial. Visit of Governor-General of F ars to Bender-Abbas. Treaty.
Oman. 17th November, 1856. Art. 41, page 113.
. . .. . . . . . . Reception of Ambassadors. Agreement. Russia. 22nd February,
1828, page 130. -
. . . . . . . . . . Re-establishment of Diplomatic and Friendly Relations with Great
Britain. Treaty. 4th March, 1857. Art. 10, page 19. Separate Note, page 21 .
Cessions. See Boundaries.
Chekishlar. Telegraph to Asterabad. See Telegraphs.
Civil Jurisdiction. See Consular Jurisdiction.
Claims. Persian and Turkish. Treaty, 31st May, 1847. Art. 1, page 168. See
also British Claims.
Coasting Trade. See Caspian Sea.
Coin. See Currency.
Commerce and Commercial Treaties. See Separate Countries.
Commercial Contracts. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art.8,page 69.
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 12, page 89.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 2, page 126.
Commercial Documents. Legalization. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857.
Art. 8, page 69.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 12, page 89.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 2, page 126.
Commercial Privileges. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art. 6,
page 68. -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denmark. Treaty, 30th November, 1857. Art. 3,
page 78.
-. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France. Treaty, 13th July, 1855. Art. 3, page 81.
225 Q
SUBJECT INDEX.
Commercial _Privileges. Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 187 3. Arts. 5, 6, page 86.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 3, page 101.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Arts. 3, 4, page 109.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 10,
page 121. ' .
. . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Arts. 1—5, pages
125,126.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkey. Treaty, 23rd October, 1727. Art. 4, page 154.
See also Guilds and separate Countries. '
Consular Jurisdiction. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857 . Arts. 9, 12,
pages 70, 72.
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857. Art. 5, page 75.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Franco. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 5, page 82.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. Treat-y, Hth June, 1873. Arts. 13, 16,
pages 89, 90, 91. -
. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Great Britain. Treaty, 4th March, 1857 . ‘Art. 9, page
19. Order in Council. Persia. 13th December, 1889, page. 193.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Ditto. Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
(Coasts and Islands). 13th December, 1889, page 199.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 9, page 98.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 5, page 102.
- . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . Netherlands. See‘ Consuls.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Arts. 7, 8, pp.
128,129.
. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain. Treaty, 4th March, 1842. Art. 5, page 142.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' Sweden and Norway. Treaty, 17th November, 1857.
Art. 5, page 147, 148.
Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 5, p. 150.
Turkey. Convention, 20th December, 1875. Arts. 1, 7,
179,182.
page 188.
Com-Ms. Appointment and Privileges. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May,
1857. Art. 7, page 69. -
Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857. Art. 7, page 76.
. Denmark. Treaty, 30th November, 1857. Art. 5, page 79.
. . .. . France. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 7, page 83.
. . . Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 3, page 85.
. . . . . . . Great Britain. Treaty, 28th October, 1841. Art. 2, page 10.
. . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 4th March, 1857. Art. 9, page 19.
. . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 8, page 97.
. . . . . . . Ditto. Explanatory Article, page 100.
. . . . Italy. Treaty, 24th Septemberf1862. Art. 7, page 103.
. . . . . . . Ditto. Additional Article. 29th September, 1862, page 104.
. . . . Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857 . Art. 5, page 110.
. . . . . . . Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 10, page 122.
. . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. > Art. 6, page 127.
. . . . . . . Spain. ‘Treaty, 4th March, 1842. Art. 4, page 142.
. . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 9th February, 1870. Arts. 2, 3, page 145.
. . . . . Sweden and Norway. Treaty, 17th November, 1857 . Art. 5, page 147.
.. .. .. . Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 7, page 151.
. . . . . . . Turkey. Treaty, 31st May, 1847. Art. 7, page 171.
. . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 20th December, 187 5. Art. 3, page 181.
United States. Treaty, 18th December, 1856. Art. 5,
22(3
SUBJECT merit-i?
Consuls. United States. Treaty, 13th December, 1856. Art. 7, page 189. See
also Consular Jurisdiction.
. . . . . . . Right of Consular Staff to purchase Goods for their own use, duty free.
Treaty, Russia, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 6, page 127. See also Consuls.
Contracts. See Commercial Contracts.- '
Criminal Jurisdiction. I See Consular Jurisdiction.
Currency. Relative Values of Coin. Convention. Great Britain. ' Telegraphic.
23rd November, 1865. Art. 14, page 29.
Custom-s Duties (Imports and Exports). Austria~Hungary. Treaty, 17th May,
1857. Art. 5, page 68. l
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857. Art. 4, page 74.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Denmark. Treaty, 30th November, 1857 . Art. 4, page 78.
. . . . .. . . . . . . . France. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 4, page 82.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 7, page 87.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Great Britain. Treaty, 28th October, 1841. Art. 1, page 10.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 4th March, 1857. Art. 9, page 19.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Arts. 5, 6, pages 96, 97.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 4, page 102.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857 . Art. 4, page 109.
- - - . . . . . . . . . . Oman (Muscat). Treaty, 17th November, 1856. Art. 10,
page 114. I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Russsia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 3, page 126.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Spain. Treaty, 4th March, 1842. Art. 3, page 142.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden and Norway. Treaty, 17th November, 1857 . Art. 4,
page 147.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 4, page 150.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkey. Treaty, January, 1746. Art. 3, page 159.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. January, 1747. Art. 3, page 163.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 28th July, 1823. Art. 2, page 166.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 31st May, 1847. Art. 6, page 171.
. United States. Treaty, 13th December, 1856. Art. 4, page 188.
Debts. Deceased Subjects. Treaty. Great Britain. January, 1801. Arts. 3, 4,
page 2.
.... .. Payment of, suspended during ‘Var. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February,
1828. ‘Art. 11, page 122. See also Property. Succession.
Deceased Subjects. See Property.
Denmark. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 30th November, 1857, page 7 7 .
Deserters. Surrender. See Extradition.
Diplomatic Agents. Reception, Rights, and Privileges-
Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857, Art. 2, page 67.
Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857 . Art. 2, page 74.
Denmark. Treaty, 30th November, 1857 . Art. 2, page 78.
France. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 2, page 81.
Goods duty Free. ~
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. 4th March, 1857. Art. 10, pages 19, 21.
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 2, page 85.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 2, page 95.
Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 2, page 101.
Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857 . Art. 2, page 109.
Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 9, page 121.
OOIOOOQOIUIIQIUOI
OIQOQOOOOOUOQOII.
Great Britain. Treaty, January, 1801. Art. 2, page 1.'
227 Q 2
SUBJECT INDEX.
Diplomatic Agents. Russia. Goods duty Free. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. "
I Art. 6, page 127..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Protocol. Ceremonial, 22nd February, 1828,
' page 130.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden and Norway. Treaty, 17th November, 1857. Art. 2,
page 147.
. . . . . .-. . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 2, page 149.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkey. Treaty, 23rd October, 1727. Art. 3, page 154.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, January, 1746. Art. 2, page 158.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . United States. Treaty, 13th December, 1856. Art. 2,
page 187.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See also Persians. Protection.
Diplomatic Jurisdiction. See J urisdiction.~
Disputes. See Consular Jurisdiction.
Documents. Legalisation. See Commercial Documents.
Domicile. Inviolability. Austria-Hungary. Treaty. 17 th May, 1857. Art. 4,
page 63. _
. . .. . . Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Arts. 3, 11, pages 85, 88.
. . . . . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Arts. 4, 8, pages 96, 97.
-. . . . .. . . Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 5, page 127.
Dragomans. Treaty. Greece, 28th October, 1861. Art. 8, page 98. See also
Protection.
Duties on Ships. See Ships.
. . . . . on Merchandize. See Customs Duties.
Egypt. Special Commercial Arrangements with Persia. 1823, 1889. Page 80.
Ellis, Zllr. Henry. Treaty, 25th November, 1814, page 6.
Envoys. Sec Diplomatic Agents.
Erzeroom. Treaty. Turkey and Persia." Boundary. 28th July, 1823, page 163.
. . . . . . . .. Treaty. Ditto. Ditto. 31st May, 1847, page 169.
Evacuation. British. Persian Territory. Treaty, 4th March, 1857 . Art. 2, page 17.
Explosive Projectiles. Declaration renouncing use, in time of War, of Explosive
Projectiles under 400 grammes weight. 17th December, 1868. See
“ State Papers,” V01. 58, page 16.
Exportation of Goods. See Trade.
Ewport Duties. See Customs.
Extradition. Persian Refugees. Treaty. Great Britain. 14th March, 1812.
Art. 8, page 5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 25th November, 1814. Art. 10, page 6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Oman (Muscat). Treaty, 17th November, 1856. Art. 7, page 114.
. . . . . . . . . . . Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 14, page 123.
. . . . . . . . . . . Turkey. Treaty, January, 1746. Art. 3, page 158.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 3lst May, 1847. Art. 5, page 171.
Failures. See Bankruptcies, Subjects.
Fh-uze River. Villages and Lands along source. Treaty. Russia. 21st December,
1881. Art. 4, page 139.
Flag. Persian. Hoisting at Bender-Abbas. Treaty, 17th November, 1856‘,
Art. 5, page 113.
Fortiﬁcations. Non-erection by Russia of, in Territory evacuated by Persia.
Treaty. Russia. 21st December, 1881. Art. 3, page 138.
Forts. Persian evacuation. See Giamab, Kulkulab.
228
sUeJEeT INDEX.
France. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 12th July, 1855, page 80.
. . . . . . Persian opposition to hostile attack by French againstv the English.
Treaty. Great Britain. January, 1801. Art. 4, page 1.
. . . . . . Persian opposition to French settling or residing in Islands or on Shores
of Persia. Treaty. Great Britain. January, 1801. Art. 5, page 1.
. . . . . . British assistance to Persia in event of War between France and Persia.
Treaty. Great Britain. January, 1801. Art. 5, page 1.
Frontier Disturbances. Treaty. Turkey. January, 1747. Art. 3, page 162.
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treaty. Turkey. 31st May, 1847. Art. 8, page 172.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treaty. Turkey. 3rd August, 1869. Art. 1, page 176.
Frontier Trade. Treaty. Russia. Commerce. 22nd February, 1828. Arts.
1, 3, pages 125, 126.
Frontiers. See Boundaries.
Fugitives. Surrender. See Extradition.
Geneva Convention. Persian Accession. 5th December, 1874. “ State Papers,”
Vol. 70, page 1168.
Germany. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 6th—11th June, 1873, pages 84, 93.
Gkoreibek. See Posht-i-ku. '
Giamab Fort. Evacuation by Persia. Convent-ion. Russia. 21st December, 1881,
Art. 3, page 138.
Gombroo-n. See Bender Abbas.
Goods. See Customs Duties. Merchants.
Great Britain. Treaties, &c., with Persia :~—Agreement. Sheikh of Bushire.
12th April, 1763, page 11.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . British Privileges. Factory at Bushire. Trade in Persian Gulf.
2nd July, 1763, page 11.
. . o\ . . . . . . . . . . Political Treaty. January, 1801, page 1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial Treaty. January, 1801, page 1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preliminary Treaty. Friendship and Alliance. 12th March,
1809, page 4'.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Deﬁnitive Treaty. Friendship and Alliance. 14th March, 1812,
page 5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deﬁnitive Treaty. Friendship and Alliance. 25th Novem-
ber, 1814‘, page 6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bonds cancelling Subsidy Articles of Treaty of 25th Novem-
ber, 1814‘. March—August, 1828, page 7. '
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Firmaun. Equal trading privileges with Russian Merchants. '
5th May, 1836, page 48.
. . . . . . . = . . . . . . Firmaun. Protection of Servants and Dependents of British
Mission. 15th September, 1839, page 48.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Ditto. April, 1840, page 49.
. . . . . . _. . . . . . . . Commercial Treaty. 28th October, 184d, page 9.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Firmaun. Protection of British Merchants in cases of Bank-
ruptcy. May (June), 1844, page 50.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slave Trade Agreement, August, 1851, page 12.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Engagement with regard to Herat. 25th January, 1853, page 14.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treaty of Peace. 4th March, 1857, page 16.
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Engagement. Telegraph Line. Kanakeen to Bushire. 17th
6 December, 1862, page 23.
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Telegraph Convention. Europe and India. 23rd November,
1865, page 25,
22 9
SUBJECT INDEX.
Great Britain. Telegraph Convention. Europe and India. 2nd April, 1868,
page 30.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arrangement. Boundary. Persia and Beloochistan (Kelat).
1—4th September, 1871, page 105.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telegraph Convention, continuing Convention of 23rd November,
1865, for three months from 13th August, 1872. 19th June, 1872, page 30.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arrangement. Persia and Afghanistan. Seistan Boundary.
(British Award). August, 1872, page 63.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telegraph Convention. Europe and India. Third Wire, &c.
2nd December, 1872, page 32.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Proposed) Amended Arrangement. Persia and Kelat
(Beloochistan). 15th IS/Iay, 187 3, page 106.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slave Trade. Convention, 2nd March, 1882, page 40.
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . Agreements prolonging Telegraph Conventions of 2nd April,
1868, and 2nd December, 187 2, until 31st January, 1905. 3rd July,
1887, page 43.
Greece. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 28th October, 1861, page 94.
Guilds. Turkish. Entrance of Persian Subjects. 20th December, 187 5. Art. 2,
page 181.
Gulz'stan. Treaty. Russia and Persia. Peace. 12th October, 1813. Abrogated
by War. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828, Art. 2, page 118.
Herat. Persian Engagement towards Great Britain. 25th January, 1853.
Page 14.
.. .. . . Withdrawal of Persian Troops. Treaty. Great Britain and Persia.
4th March, 1857 . Art. 5, page 17.
. . . . . . Relinquishment of Persian claim to Sovereignty. Treaty. Great
Britain. 4th March, 1857. Art. 6, page 18.
. . . . . . Persian Recognition of Independence. Treaty. Great Britain. 4th
March, 1857 . Art. 6, page 18.
. . . . . . Diﬁerences with Persia. Friendly oﬁices of British Government.
Treaty. Great Britain. 4th March, 1857. Art. 6, page 18.
Holy Places. Pilgrims. See Pilgrims.
Hormuz Island. Treaty. Oman. 17th November, 1856. Art. 1, page 112.
Horses. Abolition of Export Duty. July (August), 1823. Page 47.
Houses, Shops, and Warehouses. Right to build or rent :—- '
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857,
Art. 4, pages 67, 68.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857 . Art. 3
page 74. ’
............................ Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 6,
page 87.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Great Britain. Treaty, January, 1801. Art. 5,
page 2.
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 4,
page 95.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 5
page 127.
See also Kazlee Gioul. Land. Property.
Hussein Bey. Liberation. Treaty. Turkey. 23rd October, 1727. Art. 6, page
154.
HNI‘P;S(,. Province. Treat). Turkey. 23rd October, 1727. Art. 2, page 154.
230
SUBJECT INDEX.
I uunanunazem Temple. Right of Persians to visit. Treaty. Turkey. 23rd
October, 1727. Art. 5, page 153.
Importation of Goods. See Trade.
Import-Duties. See Customs.
Indemnity. Pecuniary. Persia to Russia. War. Treaty. 22nd February, 1828.
Art. 6, page 120.
Independence of Persia. Understanding between Great Britain and Russia.
1834—1888. Page 209. ‘
India. Attempted Invasion by Afghans or any other Power. See Afghanistan.
. . . . . . Measures for Defence. Treaty, 14th March, 1812. Art. 1, page 5.
. . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 25th November, 1814. Art. 1, page 6.
See also Pilgrims.
Integrity of Persia. Understanding between Great Britain and Russia. 1834-—-
1888. Page 209.
Internal Trade. Laws respecting. Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 4,
page 96.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 3, page 101.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857 . Art. 3, page 109.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 3, page 150.
Intestate Property. See Property.
Inviolability of Domicile. See Domicile.
Irate. Part ceded by Persia to Turkey. Treaty. January, 1747. Page 160.
Italy. Commercial Convention with Persia. 24th September, 1862. Page 100.
Additional Article. Silkworms’ Eggs and Cocoons. Appointment of Con-
suls. 29th September, 1862. Page 104.
.0...
Jones, Sir Ha/rford. Preliminary Treaty of Friendship and Alliance. Great
Britain and Persia. 12th March, 1809. Page 4. .
Jurisdiction. See Consular Jurisdiction.
Karun River. Persian Circular. Opening of, from Mohammerali to Ahwas.
30th October, 1888. Page 58.
Karmic, I. of. Non-retention by Great Britain. Treaty, 12th March, 1809. Art.
5, page 4.
. . . . . . . . . . . Supplies for British Troops, Treaty, 12th March, 1809. Art. 6,
page 4.
Kazlee Gioul. Repair of Houses. Treaty. Turkey. 3rd August, 1869. Art. 5,
page 177.
Kelat. Arrangement. Boundary. Persia (Beloochistan and Mekran). 1st—4th
September, 1871. Page 105.
Amended Arrangement (proposed). Ditto. 15th May, 1873. Page 106.
Kerrind Valley. Abandonment by Turkey. Treaty, 31st May, 1847. Art. 2,
page 169.
Kizizr Island. Persian Sovereignty. Treaty. Turkey. 31st May, 1847. Art. 2,
page 170.
Khorassan Boundary. See Akhal-Khorassan.
Khotour. Protocol. Great Britain and Russia. Boundary. Persia and Turkey.
27th July, 1880. Page 219. (Map).
Kislim Island. Treaty. Oman. 17th November, 1856. Art. 1, page 112.
Kokule. See Belooehistan.
Kullrulab Fort. Evacuation by Persia. Convention. 21st December, 188].
Art. 3, page 138.
23]
SUBJECT INDEX.
Land. Right to possess. ‘Treaty. Austria-Hungary. 17th May, 1857. Art. 4,
page 68.
. . . . . Ditto. Treaty. Germany. 11th June, 1873. Art. 6, page 87.
See also Houses.
Land Disputes. Treaty. Turkey. 3rd August, 1869. Arts. 1—7, page 176.
Laws. Submission of Foreigners to :~——
. . . . . Austria-Hungary, 17th May, 1857 . Art. 4, page 68.
. . . . . Belgium. 31st July, 1857 . Art. 3, page 74.
. . . . . Denmark. 30th November, 1857 . Art. 3, page 78.
. . . . . Germany. 11th June, 187 3. Art. 6, page 87.
. . . . . Greece. 28th October, 1861. Art. 4, page 96.
. . . . . Italy. 24th September, 1862. Art 3, page 101.
. . . . . Netherlands. 3rd July, 1857. Art. 3, page 109.
Lighthouse Dues. Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873, Art. 9, page 88.
Mecca and Medina. Pilgrims. See Pilgrims.
Merchandize. Duty on. See Customs Duties.
Mehran. Boundary. See Beloochistan.
Malcolm, Sir John. Treaties. Great Britain and Persia. January, 1801. Page 1.
Merchants and Travellers. Privileges, Protection, and Treatment :—
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art. 4,
page 67.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denmark. Treaty, 30th November, 1857. Art. 3,
page 78. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 3, page 81.
. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Germany.‘ Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 6, page 86.
Great Britain. Treaty, 28th October, 1841. Art. 1,
pages 9, 10.
. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 4,
page 95.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 3,
page 101.
. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Art. 3,
‘ page 109.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 10,
page 122.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, Commerce, 22nd February, 1828.
Page 125.
See also Subjects.
Military Service. Treaty. Turkey. 20th December, 1875. Art. 6, page 182.
Mohammerah. Persian Sovereignty. Treaty. 31st May, 1847. Art. 2, page 170.
Money. See Currency.
llfonopolies. See Merchants, Privileges.
Morz'er, Mr. James. Treaty, 25th November, 1814, page 6.
Most Favoured Nation. Commerce and Navigation, Subjects, &c :—
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art. 3,
. . Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857 . Art. 3, page 74.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 3, page 81.
Great Britain. Treaty, 28th October, 1841. Art. 1, page 10.
. . . . . . -.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Great Britain. Treaty, 4H1 March, 1857. Art. 9, page 19.
. . . . . .. Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 4, page 86.
232
SUBJECT INDEX.
Most Favoured Nation. Commerce and Navigation, Subjects, &c. (contd.) :—
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 4, page 95.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 3, page 191.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Art. 3, page
109.
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Arts. 3, 4,
page 150.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkey. Treaty, 4th January, 1876. Art. 14, page 184.
See also Consuls. }
lluscat. See Oman.
Natives. See Persia. Protection. Subjects.
Navigation Dues. See Ships.
Netherlands. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 3rd July, 1857, page 108.
. . . . . . . . . . . Colonies. Special Privileges. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Art. 4,
page 110.
Olnan. Treaty with Persia respecting Bender Abbas, &e. 17th November, 1856,
page 112.
Oman, Gulf of. Order in Council. British Consular Jurisdiction. 13th December,
1889, page 199.
Ormuz Island. See Hormuz.
Order in Council. British Consular Jurisdiction in Persia. 13th December, 1889,
page 193.
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto in Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. 13th December,
1889, page 199.
Onseley, Sir Gore. Treaty, 14th March, 1812, page 5.
Passports. Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857. Art. 3, page 7 4.
Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 5, page 86.
.. .. .... . Great Britain. Agreement. For Mecca or India. August, 1851.
Art. 3, page 13.
. . . . . . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 3, page 95.
Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 1, page 125.
. . . . .. . . . Turkey. Treaty, 20th December, 1875. Art. 5, page 182.
Persia. Independence anal Integrity. Understanding. Great Britain and Russia.
1834-1888, page 209.
Succession to Persian Throne. Agreement. Great Britain and Russia.
August-September 1834, page 215.
See also Consular J urisdietion. Slave Trade.
Persians. Hire and Punishment by British Employee. Treaty. Great Britain.
January, 1801. Art. 4, page 2.
Hire and Punishment by Persian Authorities when in Russian Employ.
Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 6, page 128.
Proclamation and Firmaun. Protection of Lives and Properties of
Persians. 26th May, 1888, pages 56, 57. See also Protection.
Persian Army. British Otﬁcers. Treaty. Great Britain. 14th March, 1812.
Arts. 3, 10, page 5.
Ditto. Treaty. Great Britain. 25th November, 1814. Art. 5,
00.‘...
‘0......
page 6. .
Persian Gulf‘. Assistance to Persia by British Ships of War. Treaty,
25th November, 1814. Art. 11, page 6.
233
SUBJECT INDEX.
Persian Gulf’. British Trade. Royal Grant.‘ 2nd July, 1763, page 11.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Exclusion of the French. Treaty. Great Britain. January, 1801.
I Art. 5, page 1.’ _ ' ‘ - - "
i.. . . . . . . . . . . . British Jurisdiction. Gulf, Coasts, and Islands. Order in
Council. 13th December, 1889, pages 193, 199.
Persian Princes. Fugitives. Treaty. Turkey. 31st May, 1847. Art. 5, page
169.
Pilgrims. Holy Places. Mecca, Medina, India :—
. . . . . . . . Great Britain. Agreement. .r ‘ugust, 1851. Art. 3, page 13.
. . . . . . . . Turkey. Treaty, 23rd October, 1727. Art. 2, page 154.
. . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, January, 1746. Arts. 1 and 3, page 158.
. . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, January, 174"’. Arts. 1 and 3, page 162.
. . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 28th July, 1823. Preamble, page 164.
. . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 31st May, 1847. Art. 7', page 171.
Pilotage Dues. Treaty. Germany. 11th June, 1873. Art. 9, page 88.
See also Ships.
Port Dues. See Ships.
Poskt-i-lcu. District. Disputes. Persia and Turkey. Note, page 218.
Postal. Accession. Persia. (18th August, 1877 General Postal Union Treaty
of 9th October, 1874. See “State Papers,” Vol. 65, page 13.
. . . . . Accession. Persia. (15th August, 1878.) Universal Postal Union Con-
vention of lst June, 1878 (as amended by Additional Act of 21st March,
1885), “ State Papers,” Vol. 69, page 276. ,
. . .. . . Convention. Exchange of Postal Parcels without Declaration of Value,
See “ State Papers,” Vol. 61, page 356. ‘
. . . . . . Additional Act to Convention of 1st June, 1878. 21st March, 1885.
, See “ Hertslet’s Treaties,” Vol. 17, pages 235, 241, 245.
Prisoners of War. Release. Treaty. Great Britain. 4th March, 1857. Art. 3,
page 17 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty. Russia. 22nd F ebruary. 1828. Art. 13,
page 123.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty. Turkey. January, 1746. Art. 3, page 158.
Privileges. See Commerce. Consuls. Most Favoured Nation.
Property]. Succession and disposal, deceased Subjects :—
. . . . . . . . Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857 . Art. 11, page 71.
. . . . . . . . Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857. Art. 6, page 7 5.
. . . . . . . . France. Treaty, 12th July, 1855. Art. 6, page 83.
. . . . . . . . Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 15, page 91.
. . . . . . . . Great Britain. See Most Favoured Nation.
. . . . . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 9, page 99.
. . . . . . . . Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 6, page 103.
. . . . . . . . Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 1, page 126.
. . . . . . . . Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 6, page 151.
. . . . . Turkey. Treaty, 20th December, 187 5. Art. 4, page 181.
. . . . . . . . United States. Treaty, 13th December, 1856. Art. 6, page 189.
See also Ceded Territories. Houses, Shops, and Warehouses.
Protection. Servants and Dependents of English Missions in Persia whether
Natives or Foreigners. Firmaun. 15th September, 1839, page 48.
. . , . . . . . . Ditto. Firmaun. April, 1840, page 49.
. . . . . . . . . Diplomatic and Consular. N on-protection of Persian Subjects (except
those employed by Foreign Diplomatic Agents or Consuls) :—
. . . . . . . . . Austria-Hungary.’ Treaty, 17th May, 1857 . Art. 7, page 69.
1
234
SUBJECT INDEX .
Protection. Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857. Art. 7, page 76.
. . . . . . . . Denmark. Treaty, 30th November, 1857 . Art. 5, page 79.
. . . . . . . . . Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 187 3. Art. 3, page 86.
. . . . . . . Great Britain. Treaty, 4th March, 1857 . Art. 12, page 20.
. . . . . . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 8, page 98.
. . . . . . . . . Italy. Treaty, 24th September, 1862. Art. 7, page 103.
. . . . . . . . . Netherlands. Treaty, 8rd July, 1857 . Art. 5, page 110.
. . Sweden and Norway. Treaty, 17 th November, 1857 . Art. 5,
page 148. I
. . . . . . . . . Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 7, page 152-.
. . . . . . . . . Turkey. Treaty, 20th December, 1875. Arts. 1, 4, pages 180, 181.
. . . . . . . . . United States. Treaty, 13th December, 1856. Art. 7, pages 189, 190.
See also Bankruptcies, Consular Jurisdiction, Merchants and Travellers.
Quarantine. Treaty. Turkey. 20th December, 1875. Art. 5, page 182.
Religion. Treaty. Turkey. January, 1746. Art. 3, page 159. See also
Pilgrims.
Residents. See Merchants and Travellers.
Rivers. Notiﬁcation, Navigation, Karun River. 30th October, 1888, page 58.
.. .. .. Firuze and other Streams. Villages and Lands along sources. Treaty.
Russia. 21st December, 1881. Art. 4‘, page 139.
Russia and Great Britain. Understanding. Integrity and Independence of
Persia. September, 1834.‘, page 209.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agreement. Succession to Persian Throne. August
—September, 1834, page 215.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agreement. Map of Turco-Pcrsian Boundary.
March, 1865, page 218.
. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protocol. Boundary. Turkey and Persia. Terri-
tory of Khotour. 27th July, 1880, page 219. (Map).
Russia. Treaties with Persia z-— i
. . . . . . Treaty. Peace and Friendship (Gulistan). 12th October, 1813, page 115.
. . . . . . Ditto. Treaty. Peace and Friendship Boundary (Tourkmantchai). 22nd
February, 1828, page 117. (Map).
. . . . . . Ditto. Treaty. Commerce (Tourkmantchai). 22nd February, 1828, page
125.
. . . . . . Protocol. Ceremonial. Reception of Ambassadors and Diplomatic Agents
(Tourkmantchai). 22nd February, 1828, page 130.
.. .. .. Convention. ‘Interpretation of Art. XIV of Treaty of Peace of 22nd
February, 1828. Passports. 3rd July, 1844', page 133.
. . . . . . Agreement. River Attrek. Boundary. East Coast of Caspian Sea.
13th December, 1869, page 133.
. . 31st January,
. . . . . . Telegraphic Convention. m 1881, page 1345.
. . . . . . Treaty. Akhal-Khorassan Boundary. East of Caspian Sea. Convention.
2% December, 1881, page 136.
. . . . . . Conﬁrmation of all previous Treaties. Convention. 5%; December
1881, Art. 8, page 140.
Salvage. See Wrecks. -
Self-star. British Award. Dispute. Persia and Afghanistan. Boundarv.
August, 1872, page 63. '
.S'ez/zZ-Hassan. See Posht-i-ku.
235
SUBJECT IND EX.
Shatt-ul-Arab. Persian Right to certain Lands. Treaty. Turkey. 31st May,
1847. Art. 2, page 170.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Right of Persian Ships to Navigate. Treaty. Turkey. 31st May,
1847. Art. 2, pagel70.
Ships. Repair of. Great Britain. » Treaty. January, 1801. Art. 5, page 2.
. . . . . . Duties on. Belgium. Treaty. 3lst July, 1857 . Art. 4, page 7 4.
.. . . . . Ditto. Denmark. Treaty. 30th November, 1857 . Art. 4, page 7 8.
.. . . . . Ditto. Germany. Treaty. 11th‘ J unc, 1873. Art. 9, page 88.
. . . . . . Ditto. Greece. Treaty. 28th October, 1861. Art. 6, page 97.
Shops. See Houses.
Silkworms’ Eggs, and Cocoons. Italy. Additional Articles. 29th September,
1862, page 104.
Slave Trade and Slaves. Great Britain and Persia. Agreement. Right of
Search, 850. August, 1851, page 12.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty. Persian Gulf. 4th March, 1857,
Art. XIII. Renewal of Agreement of August, 1851, page 20.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Convention. Suppression of Traﬁic in Slaves.
Right of Search, 820. 2nd March, 1882, page 40. Agreement of August,
1851, cancelled.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Order in Council for execution, of Convention
of 2nd March, 1882. 18th August, 1882, page 42.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treaty. Turkey. Freedom of Slaves. Slave Trading.
January, 1747. Art. 3, page 162.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Firmauns. Prohibiting Importation of Negro Slaves
into Persia by Sea. 12th June, 1848, pages 54, 55.
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Prohibiting Trade in Black Slaves and Slave-
Girls by Sea, July, 1848, page 56.
. . . . . . . = . . . . . . . . . . . Notice. Prohibition against Tratﬁc in Slaves, by Sea or
Land. 1st February. 1890, page 58.
Spain. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 4th March, 1842, page 140.
. . . . . . Ditto. 9th February, 1870, page 144.
Subjects. Treatment. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857 . Art. 3,
page 63. _
. . .. . .. . . Ditto. Great Britain. Treaty, 28th October, 1841. Art. 1, page 10.
See also Merchants, Most Favoured Nation, Protection, Property.
Subsidy. British to Persia (conditional). Treaty, Great Britain, 12th March,
1809. Art. 4, page 4.
Treaty, Great Britain, 14th March, 1812. Arts. 2, 3, 4, page 5.
Treaty, Great Britain, 25th November, 1814. Arts. 3, 4, 7, page 6.
Agreement. Ditto. Subsidy Articles of Treaty of 25th November,
1814, cancelled. March—August, 1828, page 7.
Succession to Persian Throne. Treaty. Russia. 12th October, 1813. Art. 4,
page 115.
.. .. Treaty. Russia. 22nd February, 1828. Art. 7,
page 120.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. Agreement. Great Britain and Russia. August——
September, 1834, page 215.
Succession to Property. See Property.
Salad-mania. Abandonment of Persian Claims. 31st May, 1847. Art. 2, page 17 0.
Sultanie. Jurisdiction. Treaty. Turkey. 23rd October, 1727 . Art. 1, page 154.
Sweden and Norway. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 17th November, 1857,
. page 146.
Switzerland. Commercial Treaty with Persia. 23rd July, 1873, page ‘149.
236
SUBJECT INDEX.
Tabreez. Residence of British Consul-General. Treaty. Great Britain.
28th October, 1841. Part 2, page 10.
Tmu'is. See Tabreez.
Taxes. Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857. Art. 4, page 67.
. . . . . . Germany. 11th June, 1873. Art. 6, page 87.
. . . . . . Great Britain. 28th October, 1841. Art. 1, page 10.
. . . . . . Ditto. 4th March, 1857. Art. 9, page 19.
. . . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Arts. 4, 5, pages 95, 96.
Netherlands. Treaty, 3rd July, 1857. Art. 4, page 109.
. . . . Spain. Treaty, 4th March, 1842. Art. 3, page 142.
. . . . .. Sweden and Norway. Treaty. 17th November, 1857. Art. 4, page 147.
. . . . . . Switzerland. Treaty, 23rd July, 1873. Art. 4, page 150.
. . . . . . United States. Treaty, 13th December, 1856. Art. 4, page 188.
Teheran. Residence of British Commercial Agent. Treaty. Great Britain. 28th
October, 1841, Art. 2, page 10.
Telegraph. Great Britain and Persia. Khanakeen to Bushire. Engagement.
17 th December, 1862. Page 23.
. . . . . . . . .. Ditto. International Telegraph Convention (Paris). 17th May, 1865.
See “ State Papers,” Vol. 56, page 295.
. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Europe and India. Convention. 23rd November, 1865.
Page 25.
. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Concession. Persian Government to Messrs. Siemen and Co.,
Indo-Em'opean Telegraph Company. J oulfa (Russian Frontier) to
Teheran. 11th January, 1868. See “ Aitehison’s Treaties,” Vol. 6, page
xxv.
. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Europe and India. Convention. 2nd April, 1868. Page 30.
. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. International Telegraph Convention. 21st July, 1868.
See “ State Papers,” Vol. 59, page 322.
. .. .. .. .. Ditto. Mr. G. Siemen (IndmEuropean Telegraph Company) and
Persian Government. Agreement. See “ Aitehison’s Treaties,” Vol. 6
page xx1x.
. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. International Telegraph Convention (Rome). 14th January,
1872. See “ State Papers,” Vol. 66, page 975.
.. .. .. .. .. Ditto. Continuation of Convention of 23rd November, 1865, for
three months from 13th August, 1872. Agreement. 19th June, 1872.
See “ Aitehison’s Treaties,” Vol. 6, page 42.
. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Europe and India, through Persia, &c. 2nd December, 1872.
Page 32.
. . . . . . . . . . Ditto. International Telegraph Convention (St. Petersburgh). 22nd
July, 1875. See “ State Papers,” Vol. 66, page 19.
.. .. .. .. .. Ditto. Prolongation of Convention of 2nd April, 1868, and 2nd
December, 1872, until 31st January, 1905. Agreements. 3rd July, 1887.
Page 43.
. . . . . . . . . . Russia and Persia. Convention. Chekishlar to Asterabad. 31st
January, 1881. Page 134.
. . . . . . . . . . Turkey and Persia. Treaty, 28th November, 1863. Page 173.
Tonnage Dues. Treaty. Germany. 11th June, 1873. Art. 9, page 88,
See also Ships.
Tourlrmanielmi. Treaty. Russia and Persia. Peace, Friendship, Boundary, &(3,
22nd February, 1828. Page 117.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Commerce. 22nd February, 1828. Page 125,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protocol. Ceremonial. Reception of Ambassadors, &0. 22nd
February, 1828. Page 130.
9
237
SUBJECT INDEX.
T male Privileges. See Commercial Privileges, Guilds, and Separate Countries.
Transport 0y“ Goods. Belgium. Treaty. Slst July, 1857. Art. 3, page 74.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Denmark. Treaty. 30th Nov., 1857. Art. 3, page 78.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France. Treaty. 12th July, 1855. Art. 3, page 82.
See also Commercial Privileges.
Travellers. See Merchants and Travellers.
Treaties. Abrogation of all Treaties between Persia and European Powers. Treaty.
Great Britain and Persia. 12th March, 1809. Art. 3, page 4.
Ditto. Ditto. 25th November, 1814. Art. 1, page 6.
Conﬁrmation of all Treaties, 810., between Persia and Russia. Treaty.
Russia. 21st December, 1881. Art. 8, page 140.
See also Separate Countries.
Trials. See Consular Jurisdiction.
Tmv-o-Persian Boundary. Treaty. Turkey and Persia. 28th July, 1823, page
163.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treaty. Ditto. Ditto. 31st May, 1847, page 169.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agreement. Great Britain and Russia. March, 1865.
Page 218.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Turkey and Persia. Agreement. 3rd August, 1869.
Page 176.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protocol. Great Britain and Russia. Territory of’
Khotour. (Map) 27 th July, 1880. Page 219.
Tm'eomans. N on-establishment by Russia in localities evacuated by Persia.
Treaty. Russia. 31st December, 1881. Art. 3, page 138.
. . . . . . . . . . Non-supply of Arms or War Material to. Treaty. Russia. 21st
December, 1881. Art. 6, page 139.
. . . . . . . . . . Appointment of Russian Agents to preserve Order. Treaty. Russia.
21st December, 1881. Art. 7, page 140.
Turkey. Treaties, &c., with Persia. Treaty. Limits. 1639. Note page 153.
. . . . . . . Treaty. Peace, Commerce, &c. 23rd October, 1727. Page 153.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Annual payment to be made by Persia, 23rd October, 17 27 . Art. 7,
page 153.
. . . . . . . Treaty. Peace. January, 1746. Page 155.
. . . . . . . Treaty. Peace. January, 1747. Page 160.
. . . . . . . Treaty. Peace. 28th July, 1823. Page 163.
. . . . . . . Treaty. Limits (Erzeroum). 31st May, 1847. Page 169.
. . . . . . . Convention. Telegraphic. 28th N ov., 1863. Page 173.
. . . . . . . Provisional Agreement. Frontiers. 3rd August, 1869. Page 176.
. . . . . . . Convention, Conﬁrmation of former Treaties. Consular Jurisdiction.
Civil and Commercial Suits. Trade Guilds. Protection. Nationality, &c.
20th December, 187 5. Page 179.
. . . . . . . Vizirial Letter, explanatory of Ditto. 4th January, 1876. Page
184.
. . . . .. . Protocol. Great Britain and Russia. Delimitation of Territory of
Khotour. 27th July, 1880. Page 219.
. . . . . . . Limits. See Boundaries.
l’m'lerl Sin/m. Connnercial 'l‘reaty with P01‘\l{l. 13th December, 1856. Page 186.
rem/.9. See Ships.
SUBJECT INDEX.
W'ar. Non-interruption of Trade in event of War with other Powers :—--
. . . . . Austria-Hungary. Treaty, 17th May, 1857 . Art. 13, page 72.
. . . . . Belgium. Treaty, 31st July, 1857. Art. 8, page 76.
. . . . . Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 1873. Art. 18, page 91.
. . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 10, page 99.
. . . . Ditto. Debts. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 11, page 122.
. . . Russia. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 4.‘, page 127.
iVarekouses. See Houses.
W ater Supply. Akhal. Non-interference with, by Persia. Treaty. Russia. 21st
' December, 1881. Art. 4, page 139.
Wills. See Succession to Property.
IVounded in War. Persian Accession to Geneva Convention of 22nd August, 1864.
5th December, 1874. See “State Papers,” Vol. 70, page 1168.
TVreeks and Salvage. Germany. Treaty, 11th June, 187 3. Art. 10, page 88.
. . . . . . . . . . . . Great Britain. Treaty, January, 1801. Art. 5, page 1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greece. Treaty, 28th October, 1861. Art. 7, page 97.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditto. Treaty, 22nd February, 1828. Art. 8, page 121.
Z 27ml. Abandonment, by Persia and Turkey respectively, over certain lands.
Treaty, 31st May, 1847. Art. 2, page 169.

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